Asdell’s Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-Specific Data [2nd ed.]

Citation preview

Asdell ’s Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction Asdell’s Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction A COMPENDIUM OF SPECIES-SPECIFIC DATA Virginia Hayssen , Ari van Tifnhoven , and Ans van Tienhoven

A Compendium of Species - Specific Data VIRGINIA HAYSSEN SMITH

ARI

VAN

((

ANS

cm 11or

TIF. NHOVF. N

> R N|I I i l N I V f HHTV

VAN

TIENHOVEN

ITHAC A, Nl W NHIK

COMSTOCK PUBLISHING ASSOCIATES A DIVISION O f

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHAC A AND LONDON

This book wav printed from camera - ready pages provided by the authors

.

.

Copyright I‘>4r> by Comstock Publishing Company Inc. Copyright © 1964 1993 by ( burned University

.

All rights reserved Except for bncf quotations in a review, dm hook or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from die publisher For information, address Cornell University Press 124 Roberts Place Ithaca. New York 14850.

.

.

First and second editions of Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction published 1946 1964 Asdeti' s Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Spectes Specific Data published I‘>93 by Cornell University Press.

.

-

.

Hayuen, Virginia Douglass AKICII S pattern # of mammalian repudiation : a compendium of tpocies -fpectfic data / Virginia Haysxen, An van Trenhoven. Ans van Ticnhovcn. p. cm. Rev . ed. of: Pattern* of mammalian reproduction / 5.A- AadclL 2nd cd. 19t»4. Includes btbliograpluod referents and uidea . ISBN 0 014 -1753 ( alk paper ) 1. Reproduction. 2. Mammals Physiology 1. Van Ticnhovcn An. D V*i Ticnhoven Ans. III. AsdelLS. A. ( Sydney Arthur ). 1897-19*7. Patterns of mammalian reproduction IV.Title. V Title: Patterns of mammalian reproduction. QP251 . H33 1993 599' .016 dc20 92 56775

—

*

..

.

—

I Yin ted

in

the United Slates of America

The paper in this KM meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences IVrmanencc of Paper for Pnnted Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48 19 R4

*

.

VH adds a personal dedication to the memory of her bnalier Sandy

-

Library of Congress Cauloging in -Pubtic&uon Dm

^

We dedicate this book to Kenneth F. Wing, without whose administrative support it would not liave survived beyond an early embryonic stage. Wc also dedicate this book to our teacher* who represent die past, our colleagues, who represent die present , and our students, who represent die future Their inspiration, knowledge, and labor provided the foundation idae Family CaMondae Family Anomalunriae Family Pcdetidae Family Cricctidac Family Spabicidae Family Rhimmyulae Family Arvkolidae Family Murubr Family Glindae Family Selevinndac Family Zapodulac

Family Phncncnidar

343

Family DipodidaC

345 346

382 384 386

Family llystricidae Family Ficthizontidae Family Cavudae Family Hydrochacndae Family Lhntunyidac Family Agoutidac 1 amily lTasvproctulac Family Oiuxhillidac Family Capromyubte Family Nlyoeastundae Family Octodontubic Family ('tenomyidae Family Abrocomidae Family Fchmiyidac Family lliryonoroyidae Family Pctmmyidae Family Bathycrgidae Farai1y ( Vnodacty1idae Order UgonotplHi Family Ochotnnidac Family I ^puridae Order Maamcclkbic ranuly Macroscclididae I.iteraturc Cued

389

Appendices

390

Mammalian Species Accounts Core Journals Index to Popular or Well Known Mammals Index of Species

Family Hyacnidac Family Felidae Family Omnidac Family Odobemdae Family I’hncidae Order Cetacea Family Platanistidae

Family Monoduntidic Family Physctcridae Family Ziphiidac 1 anuly Fschrithlidac 1 amity lialaenopicnduc Family Halocnidoc Order Sircrua Family Dugongidae I amity Trichechiduc Order Proboscidea 1 amily FJcphanuduc Order Pemsodactylu 1 amily Fquktac Family lapindac Family Khinooerotidac Order H yracoidea Family Procavudac (

( )rder

>rder Tuhulidentala

Family Orycieropodidae ( )rder Aniodactyla Family Suidae Family Tayasmidac Family llippr>[YUamidar Family Camel nine Family Tragulidnc Family Ccrvidae 1 amily Ciruffiduc Family fiovidac Order PbolhJota Family Mamdae

348

349 351 356

358 358 359 361 361 365 365 368 369 373 373 376 376 377 377

415 418 460 460

-

vi

v

462 462 463 498 502 511 514 515 516 568 568 569 606 647 651

651 654 657 659 660 663 664 664 665 666 668 670

671 672 673 673 675 676 676 678 680 680

683 702 702 705 991

901 995 998

1001

The collection oi the data would have been less thorough if it were not for die crucial support we received from a mulutude of librarians Ihc reference librarians at Mann Library Cornell University, and the staff librarians at dK Smidi College Science Library were always willing to go the extra mile to find articles for which wc had incomplete Citations or to find information on obscure species Ihe collegialiiy of these librarians has been an example of pvofessionabsa and a source of friendship Ihc librarians handling mierlibrary loam at both Cornell I diversity and Smith College were equally helpful and patient with us as were the desk librarians W!M > were always ready to search for publications which were not in their appointed places J . Craig of the Morrill Science Library University of Massachusetts at Amherst, spent many, many hours of his time finding and copying references His generosity and dedication were boundless and are admired as well as appreciated Wc are also grateful to J P. Hearn and the librarians of the Zoological Society of London for making the van I icnhovcns sabbatical stay in the society’ s library a pleasant ami profitable one We Uiank the librarian of the Library of the Royal Society of London for his cordial welcome and the free use of the collection Use of ( he research library at the Brookfield Zoo Brookfield Ill as well as much appreciated desk space, was made possible by C» Rnhb. M Rabb P Parker, and R Ijicy A Petrie of dK Brookfield Zoo supplied gestation lengths for some hoofed slock from the zoo's records. M Jones and K Bcmrschkc provided access to data from the San Diego Zoological Society's records as well as helpful advice L. Gordon smoothed our use of the mammal cotioclion at the Natimal Museum of Natural History We i c utdebted to C, and E Janet Adelaide, Australia. J Wnght Carlisle Penn ., and the late W Wimsait Ithaca, N* .Y „ for access to their personul libraries. We are grateful to die following colleagues who graciously sent u.s compilations ol their reprints for review or provided data from obscure source : K Aniuuigc R.TJ* Bernard, K . Bliatnagar, H E Bfoadbooks, G.N. * ( amenm. L N ( amw y, J.A Chapman, D . Dewsbury , J E.C. Uux, M Gosling, P.D. Hcidcuun, N R. Holler * D D Hopkins B E. Horner, II Ikcda J VM Jarvis, U. Judes, J Kcnagy. M L Kennedy D Klingener J A l 4»ckcy , J . Munc, D K Odell, RJL Pine, A.L Roest, L. Sclwood M Tuttle, T A Uchida. T. Vaughan. B J. Verts, and D.W. Walton Our dunks to PJ. Carden, Cornell University, ft* translating Russian figure legends and table headings and to V W Hayasen, I Finland, Wise., and G. Erf , Smith College, ft help with French and German KJIODLS * Ihc scienufic names of mammals change over time. Wc are in debt to M Carfcton, Nau< iaJ Museum ol * Natural History , Suuthsoinan Institution K.A R . Kennedy, Section of Ecology and Systematic , Cornell * University, K . Koopman, American Museum of Natural History, and D K Md learn Section of Ecology and Systematic*. Cornell University, lor their help in resolving many of our most intransigent taxonomic synonymies IlKir professional courtesy and gracious willingness to decipher die systematic lexicon are a credit to the field. * Ihe patience and help of I Ferrara, Cornell University , and S Bcaumier. Smith College, in word processing and data entry are gratefully acknowledged Ihc many work -study students who helped code and enter Nbhographic and scientific data also deserve our sincere thank you Ihe financial support of Cornell University Smith College, and the Friends of the Smith College l il ary * for clerical assistance w Oeyctoktgus ) , porceHus and white rabbit

.

.

.

.

.

—

.

—

.

—

.

What if you do not know thr family of the animal? family An index of mammalian species provides the page number for the appropriate What if you do not know the ackcntifk' name of the animal? page number for fixe appropriate An index of the camnum names of over WO well - known mammals provides the family

.

anatomical or

factional asymmetry ,

Placental morphology ( layers and shape ) Implantation ( kicatkin and deptli ) Uterine shape I*resence o! placentophagia or postpartum estrus • Developmental state of neonate ( by genus if apfvapriMe) furred or uaked at birth • •

-

-

-

blukl or umc to eye opening of mammae ( by genus if appropriate) • Male reproductive anatomy • Citations, by topic, of puhlicaUon* which detail reproductive structure H1A » function *

.

What taxonomy ww uvrd ? Whenever possible, our taxonomy follows Mammal Species of the World by J , H Honacki K E Kinman, and J W Kocppl M Cur let* in ( National Museum of Natural History , Smithsonian Institution ) K A R , Kennedy ( Section of Ecology and Systematics Cornell University), K Koopman ( American Museum of Natural History ), and D K MeCteam (Section of Ecology and Systematic*, Cornell University ) powided expert assistance in resolving taxonomic synonymies as did colleagues at the 1991 meeting of the American Society of

*

induced ovulation -- copulalory plug copulatury tie

-

.

Organization of the Book

• Number

What do the citations grouped at the end of each familial account cover ? reviewing the literature we read many papers which detailed the struct ore or faction of reproduction in various specie , hut which did not fuse data appropriate for inclusion in the tables We grouped citations to such * by pafrrv uvpic and listed them at the ends of the familial accounts. Thus these bibliographical listings arc not exhaustive lor a given topic, but instead cue die literature we encountered m our search for reproductive djta In general , we categorized papers into the following topics female anatomy (histology , fine structure, or devclopmcnl of ovary, ov inan follicles Corpora lutea, uterus, ducts, reproductive glands including nummary gholds ), male anatomy ( histology, fine structure, or development of testes, accessory glands ducts or secondary sex characteristic*); end > < reproductive hormone levels, pharmacological experiments, gnrudectomy experiments, hypophysectoroy experiments, binding protons uterine reacmwis corpora lutea function ); spcrmatogenrsi* ( spenmogcnevis testicular blood flow , sperm morphology seasonal changes in testicular morphology, pbysiokigy or function ); cnpalatfa (courtship sexual behavior effects of hormone on sexual * behavior ), nulk raiMpnattinn reproductive Margefir i (energetic cost of tactutioa or gestation, metabolic rates during reproduction ), and hchi ( effects ii photoperuxl. melatonin levels, and pinenlectomy on reproductive processes ) K»r some families other topics (or subtopics ) arc included

In

.

.

**

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

What arc the sources of thr unannotaled information ? I noma Mated infoniuiion came from tlic following sources or from review's cited in them common names Corbet and Hill 1980, Nowak anil Paradiso 1983, Nowak 1991; character synopses; Anderson and Jones 1984; natural history Orztmek t Encyclopedia of Mammals 1990, Now ak and Pvodiso 1983 Now ; 1991, accounts ui Mammalian Specie* and regional compilations; sex chronoromet: f redga 1970 Hie American Society of Mommakigisis lias synthesized tlic literature on over 400 mammalian species in separate short pamphlets in their senes Mammalian Species Ihesc arc listed by taxon in Appendix I

.

—

*

.

What Iptdwipadflc data tahlrv are provided for rath family ? I abk*s of ne* Hiatal mass neonatal length. weaning mass, weaning length, age at sexual maturity, cstrous cycle length, ecstatic «1 length, lactation length, number of Inters per year and/or imerbtrth/intcrlitier interval, and seoscNiahty of reproduction are provided for each family if appropriate data were available

.

.

3

Organization of the Book

How arc the data organized within each table? l- or each reproductive category , the data are » *gaiu / cd alphabetically by genus and alphabetically by specie* within each genus l or each specie* independent estimates arc listed separately and the citations given All dau arc numerically ordered for each species from smallest u> largest, but some arc grouped into subcateguncx as follows:

.

.

*

.

NEONATAL MASS, WEANING MASS

Neonate mass --- Sea -mass

refers to mass at birth data arc accompanied by an age when reported Weaning b noted when oppn >prute NEONATAL LENGTH* WEANING LENGTH Net mate length refers to length at birth Wcaning -lcnglh data are accompanied by an age when reported Sex ts fXHed when appropriate Cfowibfump < CR ) or head -body ( HID lengths arc indicated if known < unfortunately, many published data do not indicate what was measured CR MB. or total length ) LITTER SIZE • Units ( e g* embryos, corpora lutca. or young ) provided when available AGE AT SEXUAL MATURITY Female ( 0 data first, then male ( tu ) data, then unknown or both if /m ) l or each sex data are grouped by sequence of occurrence

-

--

.

--

-

-

for males for females: large testes 1 st estrus 1 st spermatogenesis 1st mating 1 st sperm 1st conception 1st mating 1st pregnant 1st sue offspring 1st both ESTKOUS CYCLE LENGTH Pnmons of the cycle are listed first ( t c follicular phase, luteal phase, menses, proestrus estrus. metestrus dicstniv. anestnrs ) followed by length of enure cycle

-

.

.

GESTATION LENGTH Tune of unpbnuuon first , followed by full gestation length with gestational delays noted LACTATION LENGTH The following measures of locution length arc repined in an approximate sequence of occurrence (unfortunately, many sources did not state the measuie used ): teat attachment den emergence 1 st solid food

-

-

-- pouch exit •

• duration weaning

of

nursing,

suckling, lactation

-

NUMBER Of UTTERS PER YEAR or INTERBIRTHANTEtUnUfc INTERVAt Inicftunli/miefliucf intervals with and without lactation arc unlicalcd tf appropriate SEASONAUTY OF REPRODUCTION along with where The months or lime of yem wlien specific reproductive stages occur arc presented the data were collected 11K follow mg measures of seasonality arc used

-

.

-

--- season -- season young testes large mating

pregnant females present birth lactaung females present found • • reproductive period

«

4

Organization of the Book

-

Ambiguous citations to ’ breeding seas* MIS " were ussumed to mean " rcproducuon occurs* and arc listed

as "icpro* m tlie tables

HIT each species, the atwvc measures are listed by sequence of occurrence

- Within each measure, data arc hsted chronologically by month or time of year How n each line of data organized ? 1 or each line of data the mean ( numerical average ) is presented first, followed by the standard deviation ( sd ) the standard error ( se ) the medial or mode, the range ( r ) and the sample size ( n ). Unspecified estimates of vanabdily are indicated by ± Confidence intervals arc indicated by ci and reported verbatim frewn the references, i e. if only one number rather than an interval was provided, only one number b reported here , English measures were converted to metric and usually rounded in such a way as to retain the accuracy of UK original data. Uata In mi the same reference may be given for more than one entry if they represent different measures, treatments, populations, or subspecies, ami if the samples were large few all groups w the data appeared to he ur were, statistically different Identical data from different references may be merged to OIK entry if the data were from die same author, the data were from secondary sources* or UK data were from different authors who used each other’ s wort Similar data from different references may he merged in one entry if they were from the same author and not significantly different The largest sample size is reported if similar data were merged. Some data were not used Data published before World War I winch conflicted with those published after World War II were deleted Data from review articles were not used if they duplicated data from (he primary literature If many more accurate data were available UK following may have heen deleted anecdotal data, data wiUi small sample size ( nl 2 ) data given wiUiout methods, data given wiUtnut estimate of variability, data given without sample size.

.

.

.

.

.

-.

Some word* of caution

Ihc data are only as good as their sources, and the sources are quite variable We accurately recorded what has been published, but wliat has been published may not he accurate We spent eight years collecting and fumuiiuig UK data Resolving all the controversy wiUun them could take another eight ytms, at least If a particular value is critically important, please establish its veracity by direct observation Hie adult mass data may be for only the best known species or for only a few specimens and should be considered approximate Most adult mass data are from UK publications we reviewed, augmented by general sources* such as Walker s Mammals of the World, Crzimek ' s Encycfopeilia of Matnmals or regional accounts. I inaily we would like to make a plea hi all Uiosc readers who will write, edit or review manuscripts which have data satiable for a compendium such as this Please make sure that units are included with each measure and that an indication is dearly made as 10 which estimate of vaiation was used

-

.

.

6

Abbreviations

Abbreviations Australian Statcs/Tenilones Australian C apital Territory New South Wales Northern lemtory

ca

corpus albicans

seasonality

cl

corpus Kttcum

an CR

centimeter

crown - rump length

fall rcpro spr

spring

fall , autumn reproduction occurs

d

day

sum

summer

ea

each

win

winter

cmb

embryo or fetus

>T nl

year round

CM

estimate

f

FA

female forearm length ( (Tuniptcra )

S

gram

gesl

gestaltng gestation

h fin

hour head - body length inirrbirih or interlitier interval kilogram Inctatmg, lactation litter nude or meter millimeter month postpartum cstms pregnant placental scars reproducUon removal of pouch young total length vaginal perforation week young year

ibi

M

lad

It m

mm mo ppc preg

rcpro rpy

TL vag pcrf wk y y»

*

months

Ian Feb Mar

.

Apr

May June July Aug Sept

Oct Nov Dee

January February March April May

June July August September October

November 1fecember

>

Co

. .

E c I N n R S, s

.

W w

approximately less than equal lo or less than greater than equal lo or greater than

Cl

unknown variance cMunatc confidence intersal

CM

estimate

±

mm

minimum

max n

maximum

r Ml

sc

sample

.

Countries UK

US USSR

US States AK

AL AH AZ CA CO

Cl IK ’

location county East ( eastern )

island North ( northeni ) river

South ( southern ) West t western )

statist » LS

-
istrict of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii

Iowa Idaho Illinois Indiana

KS KY

Kansas Kentucky

LA MA MD ME

1 out sun J Massachusetts

Ml MN MO MS

.

Maryland

Maine Michigan

Minnesota

NJ NM NV NY

Missouri Mississippi Montana North Carolina North Dakota Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Nevada New York

OH OK OR PA Rl

Ohio Ok lath >nia Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island

SC SD

South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah

MT NC ND NE Nil

TN TX ITT VA VT WA W! WV

WY

Virginia Venmwit Washington Wisconsin

West Virginia Wyoming

Class Mammalia

Order MonutrentaU

-

Lactation is the quintessence of mammals and Lite production of milk from mammary flands distinguishes mummah tan all other animals The three major taxa of mammals Monotrcmaia Futhcria, ami Marsupialia arc also choractcn /ed by their reproductive biology. The motHMirme* ( Protodvtu or Munoiremata ) are the only mammals which lay and incubate eggs, while both Use Fudirna and Use Maisupiaha are viviparous Alter very short gestation lengths, marsupials give birth to uny offspring which depend on milk for most of their growth and development . Consequently, lactation in marsupials is unusually complex and iis physiological control ts highly evolved In contrast , euiherians use gestation to provide a large portion of their maternal investment and the placental structures of euthenans are highly derived The length of lactation vanes almost three orders of magnitude from 4 d ( Cyxtophora hooded seal ) to over 900 d ( Pongidae ). In utcn> development ( gcstatiiKi or pregnancy ) is less variable and ranges from 10 14 d in several marsupials to over 650 d ui elephants Most mammals give binli to between I and 15 young at intervals ranging fn >m 3 4 wk for many rodents to 3 44 years for siren tans, elephants, and rhinos among others The highly specialized monotremes lay 1 3 eggs every 1 2 years Mammalian blastocysts are hilanunar witli a trophottast Embryo formation is either from the outer layers of die blastocyst ( monotremes and marsupials) or from the inner cell truss (euthenans ) Embryonic Wolffian duels different cite into the male reproductive system, while Mullcnan ducts form the female reproductive tract and arc medial to the ureters in euthenans Both sexes have paved gonads which secrete steroid honnones and produce gametes The uterine limng (endometrium) and the placenta have endocrine as well as nutmivc functions. Reproductive products may exit die body directly or in combination with rcual metabolites via a urogenital sinus or with both renal anti digestive material via a cloaca. Females have I ( probably 2, Pistoechuns ) to 29 ( Tenrec ) mammary glands as well as a pair of oviducts and uteri . Uteri may be fused along some ( bipartite ) or all ( simplex ) of their length Ihc utero tubal junction separates die oviducts from the uteri, while ihc cervix separates the uterus from die terminal portirai of the female tract ( die vagina ). Female roonutiemex and cutbtrian* luve a single vagina, whereas the simcture is paved in die Marsupialia Male epididymides and dclcrcnt duels are paired, but lure bclorc d*y pass duough the penis which may be adorned with diverse prutrubcrances, split aloug some *»u» aoHMfuj bnjrjni

WEANING SIZE Zagiosmv* bruifii LITTER SIZE Tachygfosaus acuMia

.

378 mg 380 mg

12 mm

.

6664

4069 11151

17 mm 400 g. r»1; pouch axil 400 g pouch axil

6063

.

11151

306 mm pouch axil

11151

1 egg 1 *99

11901 9763 3356 3360

.

1338

-

.

.

.

10698

12.5 mm 14 7 mm

-

.

4069 331

t 03. M *2; n140 N 2 agga nt t 2 agga . ft 3; n2 f mod# 1 egg , rt -3

ZsgkJMUs bnjtfu

-

.

.

HATCHLING MASS Tacfiygbssue acufeafu*

Zm&oaaut

. .

8164

11151

I IK left cotam* kiU ta tAKr*L let lets, the iqx and more variable I allies! sexual maturity is at about twice die lactation length ( 3 6 mo). Itotyovular follicles arc common for Itodelphis ( 4443). fhdelphid sperm become pawed in the epididymides (934a ) lhe bifid penis is posterior to (he scrota m Philander nn < l Caluromys ( 1423, 9088a)

.

-

.

.

.

,

-

-

—

. . . . . . . . . . .

.

.

.

.

.

Details of placentation < 600*> h 6010, 6011), shell ( 6009a ), anatomy ( 484 490. H\4, 3315 3352, 5845, 4439 4766, 5201, 6154 6916, 7830 7948, 7748a 8484, 9204 9746 11012), endocrinology ( 2032, 3108a 313« 3722 4363, 4364, 4365 6155 6916 8083a, 838a 11309, 12093), sex differentiation ( 1463a 1463b 1463c, 1463e, 3141, 443ft 7491c 749 ld 7507b, 9045a 9355a, 9355b) ovulamm/amccption ( 606, 710, 3136 3137 3139, 3840, 4439, 6916 9206 9207) spermatogenesis ( 710, 934 66*74 8129). and milk composition ( 807a, 2143) are available

. .

NEONATAL MASS Cak / romys phdander Dkielphis marsupials

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

200 mg

438 . 439

-SO mg

630

150 mg

4452

» 0994 439

100 mg 200 mg

Drdelphrs

vrrgruena

Mannose muma Marmosa tobmsom Monodetpbts ekmtdtata Monodelphis domestic *

PhAander opossum NEONATAL SIZE

Caluromys phdander Dtdelphis mersupmks

Dtdelphis vrrgruena

Order Marsupialia, Family Didelphidair

-

Order Maisupiaha. Family Didelphidac

12

The taxonomically and ecologically diverse marsupials give bwih in extremely allncul neonates with pchnauJ special t / it ions of Hie pectoral girdle and digits ( 5863) I ja tat net I lung and biphasic while gestation is * xhoit Ncuntalcs arc an exceptionally small proportion of maternal mass and cinbryogene.Ms is completed during the first phase of lactation, when neonates iwc continuously attached to a teal Marsupial development at teat detachment Hirst pouch exit for those marsupials with pouches ) is often comparable to that of eutherian neonates at birth A pouch encloses tlic mammary teats in many, but not all. families I ouches are not ;in ancestral trail ‘ for marsupials and probably have evolved independently several times Females have a duplex uterus with two cervices and a median birth canal between die Literal vaginae The birth canal in some families is reformed with each pregnancy Only prramclids use chorioallantoic placcnialiun all other marsupials use cbortovitclhnc placcntalaHi only Testicular vasculature includes a fete mirabile ( 4136 ) . the ptosiatc is disseminate lhe penis is often bdid except in Notoryctidac and Tareipidac and lacks a bacuhun Wlien present, the scrotum is prcpcnial lhe spemuua/ oan acrosomc is exceptionally stable ( 6*741 ). I nlike eutheruns X chromosome inactivation in marsupials is incomplete and non - random ( the paternal X is inactivated; 4013 ) Scrotal development occurs when a single X chromosome is present (even in the absence of a Y chromosome ), while puich dcveh *prncni proceeds with a pair of X chmmcMomcs ( even in the presence of a V chromosome 4013). Reviews exist on the following topics: reproductive physiology (9852, 11008 10998a ) captive breeding ( 1987, 3721, 9205 ), anatomy (8292, 11098, 11100 ), sperm ( 2169 ), sperm pairing ( 934 ), sex differentiation ( 9041a ) placental nil (5075 9038 k parental investment ( 9378, 9379), and milk composition ( 4026). More general reviews exist for severed taxonomic or ecological groups: Australian mammals (10474); carnivorous marsupials ( 356); possums and opossums ( 357 ); bandicoots and bilbies (9719 ), pissums and gliders ( I 0OKX ). kangaroos, wallabies, and rat - kangaroos ( 4071 )

Marmosa extent* Marmosa manna

Marmosa robinsont Monodepfus < mtdiata Monodelphis domestic * PhAander opossum WEANING MASS Cakjromys phAander Dtdelphis app Dtdelphis marsupials

*

Dtdeiphts wgntana Marmosa robtnsorv

Monodelphis domestic*

Philander opossum

WEANING SIZE Caluromys phiander Dtdeiphts vvgmtana UTTER SIZE Cakiromys spp Caluromys derbtonus

.

Cakiromys phiander

Cakimnry stops rnupta

- 300 mg

5146

130 mg

4444

150 mg. » 140- 190. n4 100 mg

4284

7492

00 mg

2956

100 mg 70 00 mg r80- 110 mg. A3 100 mg

608

200 mg

439

10 mm

438 . 439

--

2222 8555

3142. 11215

10 mm

-HB10 mm 13 8 mm. » 13 0- 15

439 5146 4, n2fl yg 9 It, 1 d

9074 4284 7492

CR : 14 mm 14 mm 10 mm 10 mm 6- 14 mm 8- 12 mm CR : 10 mm 10 mm

8555 11215

-

439 439

451 1987

10 mm

439

11 g 75-80 d pouch ax* 75- 105 g

438

25 g controls, 39 g. tood supplemented 120- 150 g 150 g 10-12 g 34 g 3 wk r16.53-24.05 g. n4 gmups, n3S 1, 56 d 100- 120 g

608

75 mm : 75-80 d pouch *xt HB: 195.2 mm . r171 6-217 7. n41 yg. 10 It 95 d

430 9074

mode 3-4. rl -6 2 emb; nl f 2 75 yg »2-3: r>4 f 3 yg . nt It 33; »2-4; n 13 It 4 yg; n 1 t 4 yg. nl II 4 1 yg: »2-7; »»42 « 4 2 yg : »2-7; n28 6 ygaa »»3 8 2 yg nt t . vw photo

11007 461 1464

5473 8744 2063

1987

3027 931

931 4228 8482

5423c 4766 439 438

7994 5201

.

.

.

.

.

. ( amity Dtddphidae

Order Marsupialia Ctwonactas

nvnmut

13

23 4.67; r4 6; rv3I ma S 4.2: »d1 40. mod 4 5; »2-7; n10 ll 6.2. sd2 2; »3-0, M2 6 6.5 amb; 12.4; »3 10, n35 f

3027 0282 7465

19 31 oocytes 4 - yo 4 , 49 adV 36; mod® 5; M 7; n41 It 4.5: 12 7, 042 R 4.67 yg; »2 7; n3 1 5*10 yg 5 yg; fti ! 5.0; 12 10; MS 6.0 yg »2 0 029 6.54 «d2 10 mod 7; rl 11, 037 It 7 yg n1 It 7.5; »3 10 7.5, 16*0 02 II 7.52: MO 36; Mi f 7.61; MO 34; o20 f 6 yg: H1 It, «7 wfc mod 6-0; »7 10 9.76 yg; »S-17; o9 f 10 yg; ol f 11.7;Mi 12; »»3 6 yg nl f 6.26; mod 7; »3 11; o50 It 6.7; M -14 6 8 yg n65 II 6 6 yg, n 10; 066 It 7 yg a. n2 I 7.1 yg 0 10L M 11; M 43 f 7.2 yg »*od 7; »411; n44 It 7.33 yg »6 9; o3 f 7.4 yg; mod 7; M 12 n28 It 7.74 yg n57 8 8 5 yg 40 mm; 0 6 yg >40 mm 7.9 yg; n8S 8 7.91; mm 1 o58 t 6 yg; M f 6.0 yg »6 9. 04 R 6.2 yg »S 11; n5 lt not atbirth 8.6, 023 It 6 65 ± 1 63 mod 6-10 »6 12 31 8 0.66; mod 9 »2 15 o346 It 8 6 yg r3 -i3 ; MO It 6 9 yg mod 8 »5 13 n42 8 9 yg »6 -12: o7 It 9 67 yg 7 13 o3 f mod 12 16 mb »7 27 13 yg; ol f 14 yg ol f 195 yg; rl6-2l; n2 t. max 13 14 attach 22 ova; M 22 ova; max 43

4756 sin 11007 439

-

Drdatphrs aftwnfn

*

Dfdeiphts aunta Dtdstptots marsuptats

*

* -

-

*.

-

-

-

-

.

. * -

.

*

.

-

*

Drdafphts \nrgnmns

-

.

.

*.

-

*

-

. ** * . . *

.

. .

-

- .

*

-

. - .*

. * . -*

.

*

*- .

* - *

. -. -

-

23 amto; ol I max 25 mb

*

Lutraohrui crsttrcaodala

.

29 6 oocytaa M 9- 40 »30- 56 ova Waatocysta nl11 max 50 ovutebons max 70 ovtiabons 7 yg »M It mod 6 -9 f7 10

. . *

-

11007 10494

1675

.

3022 3024 5146

11751

< Infer Marsupialia. Family Dtifelptiidae

14 Marmot app

*

.

» Marmots csnascans

Marmots onsras

Marmots Constantsa Marmots aiagont

Marmots

hjtcala

Marmots taptda

7004, 7996 3320 1t 007 9029

Mamwsa manes Marmots msxtcana

7004 7096 7908

Marmots mums

.

12126 461 461

7624 6064a

Marmots psrvuSsna Marmots robmaon

.

Marmots tytansns Malachtrut nuchcaudstus

MonodaJpfta btavreaudsts

2191 3212

MonoMpNs dimMists

Monodaiptss domasbea

9074

9206 4446 1464 4444

372

*»l «

10663

*

.

5 yg M 1 yg 10 yg. 01 t n yg. M It 13 yg, n1 f 5 5 yg. »4 7 n2 1 5-6 yg yg 8 4. max 11; rv33 It 12 Ml *13; n3 It 6.5 mb »6-7; n2 t 4 8 - 7.07 yg n3 samples 60. o70 It 6 91 yg »1 12 011 « 7 8. ad3 1; old H parental g n ra»on 62. ad3 6 015 8 F,; 9 1. ad2 7 o16 8 fr »1 13 90. »6-10 n2 t 10.0 yg »6-13 016 12 yg. M It 12 25 yg. »3-16 r>4 t not birth

•

-.

.

*

.

.

** . .

.

14 0; »13-15 M3 19.8 ct 10.9, food 21 n23 3 enlarged teats n1 2 yg »1-3.02 8 max 9 6 yg 7 5 »7 -6 o5 8 i£ »6- 16.02 8 1 11 3 79- 5 55 « an 5-13; 13 ra»

.*

.

.

.

-

*

-

6

11834 6907

290 4436 4446 10263 4436 4446 4264

439

6 ovulabonVovary 6 00 7 45 yg 7 yg »3 14

9073

'

10663

676

*

2190 4264 6326

9745

7995, 7998

5410

• . •. .

.

4030 »465

»70

6

2937 5410

. . .

6514

4976

6022

*

9602

.

-

•*

-

7576 5423c 1464 1465 7492 6295 2899 1290 7077 9074 10471 3286

3021 5063

9 nl tt 9 0 »6 10 02 R 8 yg ; n2 I 13 mb; M f 2 yg nl 5 yg M 2 max 11 n4 8 8 yg »7 *» o2 17 mb; M 8

*

2064 6021

£ MR

6 yg M f

Phiandsrspp Ptilandst opossum

-

. -

-

.-

. -

5111 5111 5111 439

2956 6553 604 606 10613

3640 2937 3320 605 451

.

7996 7996 3840 10663

3024 1967 5111 7995. 7996

2222. 8555 10493 2063

11215 490

2063 3142 10797

0 4; adE.6 »6 11 8 6 yg ad2 6; »2 13 1 3 3 M1.3 ft 3 43 yg M 7; n7 t 3 67 yg «2 5; n3 It 4.2, »2-7 M 79 It 4 6 yg »2-7; »v34 4 75 yg; »4-5; n4 8 5,0 yg »4 6 o2 8 5.75 yg; »4-7; n4 1 6 yg; nl f 6 0 yg. »5 7 o2 t 6 05; mode 7; »3 7 n21 8 7 yg o1 8 8 emb n1 8

.

-

10683 10663 1475 3750 3212

.

-. -.

10494

.

3136 6009 9746 3024

5111 3024

439 3320 3212 4228

7624 5423c 2341 8483

4766 3016

.

Order MarMjpulia Family Didelphufcr SEXUAL MATURITY

-

Drdatptu* app Drdetphrs abnantns Dtdaiphis maraupraita

wgruana

1987

-

-

•

439 0093 11007

10494 5146 4452 439

. nio F 1 1 sstrus 40 wk

Vm 8 mo

fuaoata

Marmota roiunaom

*

Monodalphts brweaudata Mooodatpfna domestic

*

Phdandat opossum CYCLE LENGTH Cakrromys darbtanus Cakjromya lanatus Caturomya pbdandar Cturonactaa rrummua Didalpbrt manuptah* Dtdalpffia snrpruana

-

1 mo

608

7998 7998

10921 6744 11215 10494 1987 439

*

-

-

-

-

- .

-

estius 3 d 156 d ssO 7; mode 15. M 3 19: nlO cycles, 36 t 23 d; (18 31 25 5 d seO 5 mode 24 (23 30 n23 cycles 21 t

27 d

MonodmW domaattc*

. 40 g. rv200

mods 27 29 d rie 39, nl 1 mode 27 29 d (20 31; n3 f 38 6 d. ssl 4; (28 46. nl 4 cycles 4 f sstrus max 24 h 7d sstrus 3 5 h sstrus 36 h 23 28 d 25 5 d; r17 38 28 d; (22 45 4 6 wk 29 2 d. ssl 0; (22 42; n24 cyctes, 18 » 29 5 d (22 38 n8 iO ( increases throughout season

-

Marmota robmsoru

7998 606 604

-

-

-

. .

- .

.

1422

1422 8093

6915 9745 9074 3174 5473 4439

490

--

-

^

.

4439 1465

9745 7492

-

13 d; V12 8S 13 19; n18 f 2 wk 14 d S13 d . Inal paired to birth min 13 d. painng to b» if > min 14 d pairing to birth 13 5 14 5 d

Mooodalphta domaatre*

LACTATION Caluiomya pfuiandar ctwonaclma mtrumvs Otdmlphu app Dtd*lptv $ marsuptakt

Didatptvs

ytrgnmn*

Marmot* app

Marmot* moon* Marmota icbmson

Monode Juna Jan, Australia mate yr rd Arnhem land Austral* bath Apr Dec peak MayJtey 74%; lab truth Juna - Jufy . Dec . Australia mate May - Aug . TAS , Australia kxrth Apr- Aug Oct-Fab; n22: capwe

-

Scb&nobatas volans

10061

--

10061

- .

.

-

9669

10120

.

11159

bath Apr-Dee . peak and May earty Jure, rmd Oct; VIC Austraka bath Apr -Dee . peak May Jme VIC Australia bath peaks May-Aog Nov-Dee, VIC Australia tact t May Dec; VIC, Australia spermatogenesis Dec -Jufy . peak Mar. NSW Australia tastes: large Mar amNI Aug-Sect NSW Austraka birth Apr - May ; NSW Australia birth July - Aug VIC Au strata

10060 4636 9363

ween 5 mo

.

birth bath birth birth

10096

10120

-

-

GESTATION GymnobaSdaua teadbaaten Pa taunt a bravtcaps

mate Aug perhaps Mar. law data. OLD. Auatrake bath Feb Aug: OLD, Australia bath Mar- Dec , peaks Apr - Juna Oct Oac; VIC. Austraka bath Apr. Aina Aug- Dee tew date ; VIC AuNraka bath Apr. Nov -Oec r\3; NSW Australia bath June Oec peak Joly -Sapr nlO NSW. Austral* bath yr rrS eicapt Nov; OLD Austraka bath Aug Oct. n4. VtC. Austraka bath yr rd OLD. AuNraha male June- Nov. nl 4. capbve mate peak Sept- Dec , VIC. AuNrsha birth Mar Sept , Dec. peaks Apr June; r>22, 200 btrth AAy. VIC. Austria

-

10141

29 d nl 26 d rpy to estrus 0 d

.

Dactyiopad tnwrgete

4192

-

voters

CYCLE LENGTH Pvtaunjs

39

SEASONALITY

SEXUAL MATURITY

Scbolnobatas

.

.

Order Marvupulu Family IVt iurubc

5063 5017

-

. .

-

.

-

-.

*

-

-

.

-

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . - . . .. - . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .a . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*

. . .

..

.

.

.

Order Mampolu, Family

40

.

.

..

. . . . .. .

.

.

Mjcn > pndidac

. .

.

Order Marsupuliu Family Miicrnpafidao

tacIMHX) ( 21K4 6449 9857) milk cuinpoMllon (497 1066 1945 1985 2160 4026 4070, 5445 5499, 5500 6574 6375, 7215 72471», 7249 8674 10162 11982A), u tuning ( 9276) and seasonal quiescence ( 2176, 2177 2183 659a 6592, 6593) are available

Lagostrophus fasaatua

NEONATAL MASS Button# Qjumard) Bolton# tosuoun Macropus agAs

Macropus donahs Macropus ougomi

.

.

.

* *

Macropus eugeru Macropus Macropus Macropus Macropus

tuhgnosus #gantous parma

rufognsovs

Macropus njtus

Potrogat xanthopus Potorous tndactytus

*

Sotorvx brachyvrvs

Thytogats btarchon NEONATAL SIZE Bottongta losuoun Maoopus tul»gmosus Macropus parma Macropus mfognsous Potorous tndactyius

WEANING MASS Bolton# garmardi

*

Botfoogra pomeMata Macropus agths Macropus parma Macropus rufus P« radon:as concern Patrogala pomoNat Potorous todadyfus Sotorua brachyurua Thytogsto btanhon WEANING SIZE Macropus parma LITTER SIZE Aopyprymnus rufoscant

* *

Botton# a gatmant

Botton#a losuoon Bolton# pomdOatm * Cafopryrnnus camposins Oondtolajus matachmi

Dondroiagus utsmus DoREAPUM vsnhoum hyptiprymnodon moschatus Lagorchostos conspraKatus

..

.

307 mg «05. n5 317 mg »267 -344 , n9 634 mg rS80 60 n5 413 8 mg. »363 492; n4 444 2 mg. ed$ 1. n25 934 33 mg; »828-1113; n6 898 87 mg; r740- 1(X ; n3 506 7 mg $ 10 »436569 nl7 537 mg 1453*690 rv4 558 mg r493*600. n« 700 mg n« 817 mg r745-900; n5 508 mg r460-572; n3 333 mg nl 310 350 mg 382 5 mg »»43 6 r30® 4 477 4: n22 500 mg 420 mg r»3 yg

9278

^-

.*

11451

Macropus grgantaus

8666 oer r WhAl

6994, 6999

7219 11411

6597

.

9861 9662

8672 5072

Macropus Jrma Macropus parma Macropus parryi Macropus robostus Macropus rutognaous

11981 9910

Macropus rufus

591 9281

Onychogaloa haonota Potrogato pomaOata

13 75 mm; r13 00 14 30 n9 22 1 mm; nl; near torn * 18 33 mm , taO 21; M6 5 19 7 n17 16 6 mm 054 17 5 n6

10991 8671 6994 6999 11411

Potrogalo xanthopus PotOWUS longtpos Potorous tndactytus

14 7 16.1 mm 18 mm; »10- 19; n4

4129 6072

*

-

CR CR CR CR CR CR

Macropus tuhgmosus

11009

»

-

-

-

- .

.

354 6 g sd50; (291 - 460 nl 7 pooch ox it 1046 1400 g 23 24 v mm 145 g pooch xit 2286 7 g; »d256 8 m 2: pooch o it 754 g M25; I621 468 «10 210 d pooch aul 5 kg pouch amt 300 g 735 g sd26; r706 760; n3; pooch axil 90 145 g 1 1 pooch axil moda - 500 g pooch ax4 1029 g; tdl 12, »857 1170; n6, pooch ox

* *

-

.

..

-

-

*

-

276 9 mm

M2 9 »264 - 291. n10

.

1 yg aa n27 8 1.07 M 2 015 8 1 amb 1 yg aa n?3 R 1 amb aa «70 f 1 04; rl 2, n20 R 1 aa n8 ll 1 yg nl 1 yg n ioit 1 yg; n71

. -.

. . . -

.

1 79 1 yg r>8 II 1 aa nl8 R l; nl II 1 yg

.

.

2; nl II 2 Y9 » yg

.

*

210 d pooch axil

9277 9278 10125

7216 6994, 6999 9862

7834 1909 3683 9910 9281 6994 6999

5359 12128

3367 9276 3359

12128 10991 9194 11310

Setoni bracbyurvs

*

ThytogaJo Mardran Waiiaba btcotor SEXUAL MATURITY Aopyprymnus rutoscons

Boflongi m goman

*

Batton#a tesuevn BoGoo# pomctUata Hypsiprymnodon moschatus Lagorchastas consprciNatus Lagostrophus tasoatus

*

Poradorcas concmna Macropus agrhs Macropus augann

Macropus hdtgnosus

3257 8089 5111a 2152 12128 7983 8901

5363

5362

1 yg aa n9 1 mod 1 d, rl 2 1 yg aa ni5 R i yg aa o64 R 1 01 yg. n - 2 nl 34 It 1 aa n311 1 01 yg rl -2 n262 birth 1 07 yg rl-2; nU R 1 00; rl-2; n280 R 1 01 yg rl-2; n 170 R 10 ygaa n 118 It 1 00 yg rl 2 n20i 11 1 02 yg r1 2; n4l R i yg 1 cl; 1 yg 1 yg aa nl6 R 1 yg 0.2% tarns 1 yg aa n9 II 1 01 yg M 2 0103 It 1 16 yg M 3 n51 R 1 yg aai r>44 R 1 yg 1/1000 twna 1 yg ni It 1 aa n7 It 1 ygaa, n i2 H 1 06 yg n 2; n36 R 1 yg. nt 1 yg aa n5 1 1 yg ea o30 * It 1 yg ea n38 R 131 1 yg ea M2 R 21I i yg ni 1 yg aa n23 R 1 yg 1.1 yg rl 2; n7 R

Macropus gganious

10989

-

*.

Macroput a#li»

10991

7216

41

10909

7703 7210 5814 12126 5154

.

.

-

.

12120 7955

-

8666

8666

-. -

. .

. .

*

8286

12120 9120 6997 6996 2059 9426

-. -.

3311 12128 12128 9059

12128 12128

--

5360

12128 9720 4S85

. . .

5072

.

646 4129 3299

.

.

9911

10474

. -

12120

t 1 1 mala 313 d, M m lal mala 379 dt nl » 1st birth 272 d t53 m testosterone surges: 30 a ; i 5 kg m 1«1 mate or spemi in unrva 272 d 153 f 1st mate 217 d; »207 227, n2 ( 1 st brth 200 d ton and ist yr ton 1« yr ton 1 y » ton as! 1 yt t 1st birth 470 d; nl f 1 1 estrua: 330 480 d m apiddymal sperm 385-401 d

*

-

*

-

-

-

*

f i i mala < 1 yr m rapid taste growth 18 20 mo m: 2 yr t teat avers on 657 4 d. »426 949, n9 I 1st mala 647.1 d: »493 791 o9 f 1st kxrth 7491 dt »524- 1096; nil 1 1st birth 20 mo

*

*

*

- .

m; tubular sparrn: 20 mo m; actwe sperm 31 mo 1 laat eversion 636 d, »543-751 n8 f 1st mala 639.3 d »579*707 n3 1 1st mate moda 21 mo, rl 7 -28 t. 1st balh 812 0 d 1018 1446 n9 1st bath 20 36 mo

.

-

. -

5359

5359 9277 9270

9277

10991 10991

10609 5363 5362 10909

7034 5814 5014

,

301 590

5155 590

8671 8671 8671

8667 8667

8671 0871

6871 5810 0671

6669

Order Marsupuha, f amily Macropodidae

42 m aptdtymal spam 20 30 mo m: active aparm: 48 mo m: l at aparm. 20-98 mo Mn: 1st rapro: 18 mo I 1 1 mow 367 -491 d t 1st mato: oat 19 mo m: 1st sparm: 19- 20 mo m: la! aim 24 25 mo I 1st mate; 24 25 mo f: 1»l mat : 2 y l t. tat mow . 13 mo f 1st loci 14 16 mo m: wswa s za 18 - 22 mo * I 1st mow . mm 14-20 mo m: 1st aparm 2*3 yf t 1at mow 540 d m: 1st mats 590 d 1 1st conca«v# 18 mo t 1st birth. 541 3 d adi 12 6 021-675. nIO . lat birth: 11 S-l7 mo m: 600 g t 1st moto 1 y» f. 1st mow 16 23 mo, 2 5 hg f: 1st birth: 6 10 mo «5 m: 1st sira; 369*455 d n7 d t 1st birth: 14- 15 mo m: 14 mo; 3 9 4 ,75 kg

5610 6671

WaOabta break

* CYCLE LENGTH

Mn IS mo

5613

Aepyprymnus mtascars

ipy to astrus:

Beftonpa g&marx

21 0-25 0 d. n5 cycWs 4 I 33 8 d Sd2 1 mod# 33-38, r28 36 nil cycWs. 4 f ipy to astrus 18 9 d adl 4; nl

Macropus parma

*

Macropus parry Macropus robostus Macropus rvSognsaas

Macropus rufus Pstrogaia paructiata Patrogai xarthopus

*

Potpfous trtdacfytus

Satawx brachyutva

Jhyhgah btHarimn

*

B&ttonga tesueun

Macropus agks Macropus etyaniV

Macropus gigantaus

Macropus party Macropus njtognsaus Macropus

njfus

*

-

7 hyiogaie btBar&en

.

3525. 9656. 9661 3525. 9656. 9061

-

-

.

-

.

-

.

-

8 5 d 804.2; r4 i4; n4

.

«

.

.

22 6 d Sd3 5 M 7-37; n48 cycWs. 10I ipy to aabua: 21 50 d; mod 22; rl 6-28, n14 22.17 d mod# 23; rl 145, M8 cydas r29-34 d n8 cydos. 4 f 32 4 d sd2 2 r26 41; n23 cycWs. 6 I astrus 12 h; n7 cycWa. 7 f ipy to o«rua 26 4 d adO 57; r25 5 28 5; nIO cycWs w#i gastabon, 101 ipy to astrus 30 4 d; adO 99. r28 5 31 5; n 10 cycWs, 101 28 4 d MO 1 29 4 d adi 26 r28 30. nIO cycWs noth gostaboo , 10 f 29 6 d a«0 45; r27- 32; nl 2 cycias with gestation, 6 I 30 6 d adl .17; r29-33 nlO cycWs 10 f 32 1 d; eeO 56. 00 37: M6 cycWs, 6 f ipy to estrus: 6.3 d adO. 1 34 6 d, »d3 2; 125-46; n165 cycWs, 6 f 34 85 d ad4.42; r2S-S5; n292 cycWs. 31 I r41 43 d n4 f 45 56 d; ad9 62. 06 81; m 06 cycWs, 19 f ipy to astrus: 6 15 d 40 34 d ±0 47 06 48 n51 cycias 41 78 d sa0.72. 136-59, n56 cycles 16 f ipy to astrus: 6 d nl 42 2 d 141 44, n5 ipy to astrus: 26 d 32 9 d ad2 3. 08 40 n36 cycWs 6 I 33 4 d ad2 3; 00 38; n14 cycWs 41 rpy to astrus: 34.0 d seO 69 n8 rpy to astrus: 34 46 d; 9dl 82; m3 cycles, 10 f 34 30 d; saO 50; n23 cycWs 9 1 34 64 d Sd2 22: n42 cycWs 13 f

*

. -

.

-

.

-

-

- -

..

Patrogai xanthopus

2659 7054 1665

-

Macropus parma

*

55610

-

Macropus fuitgmosus

7001 6997

Paradorcaa concmra pont&tiM

PatrogaW

Potorous tndactylus Satomx brachyu /us

*

•

8689

8266 6997 6999

.

Order Marsupialia Family Macrupodidac

-

-

- . -

8997

1665

5380

5380 4993

6872 9718

5074 4126 2611 9910 9910

WMlatxa tsootor

Battonpa grsmarx

*

Battongia tasuavn

Battoogia peotcMlata Dandroiagus matschw Lagorcbastas consptollaSus

Macropos ogtfjs

8277 Macropus augartt

7216 6373 Macropus fuhgrosut

Macropus grgantsus

7217 6674a

Macropos parma

8667 6667

Macropos pa/ ryi

6671 5610

Macropos robustus

Macropus rufognsaus

6671 6997 6995 6998

7219

Macropus rufus

7219 9655 9657

9656 9657

-

-

.

02 37 d n3 41 5 d; r39 44 r»5 cycWs luwai phase 20 d rpy to astrus 26 d 26 d ipy to astrus 29 2 d 07-31, n6 remove cl to astrus 11 d n2 30 3 d, 00-32 M 2 cycWs rpy to astrus 26 d 03 26. n3 32 d 07 44 n5

.

-

-

.

9260 9260 9260 9859

Paradorcas concmra Patrogata pantcitlatm

9859 5369

5369 7504

-

9277

19 5 d 21 3 d; sdD 8. 20-22; ms rpy to wnptontolion 21-22 d rpy to b rth 20.00 d mods 20; M 7 24; n14 * 21 33 d mode 21; 02-23: n6 21 21.6 dm ipy to birth 17.75 d sdl 12. n20 32 d rpy to birth 26 30 d 29-31 d no lac taboo 5 mo with diapause rpy to birth 25 65 d 042 27 7 r>4 29 4 d adO 9. 06 31 «16 It. 61 30.52 d 09 0 33.1 04 R 4 f rpy to birth 26 2 d. aaO 67; r23 5 26 5; n10 rpy to bath 26 9 d adD 56 nIO rpy to bath 27 30 d adO 95. rv30 ipy to bath 27 6 d adt 2; nl6 28 4 d saO 2 m 2 12 mo with dapausa 30 56 d ad2 55. moda 30 r27 46 n1l5 tt 301 30 8 d Sd1 6; f28 -35. n25 R 6 f 36 44 d adl 63. moda 36. 03 45. n53 23 t 36.7 d; r35 36, «14 rpy to birth 314 d OO 5-39 n6 34.54 d aaO 13. moda 34 35 03-36. n28 , 16 » 36 3 d. 04-36, n3 rpy to birth 33 34 d 35 d mahng to birth, 6 9 mo wrth diapauaa rpy to birth 22 Od KM S rpy to bath 26 6 d adOf , n6 rpy to birth, 27 d MO 2, n5 rpy to birth 27 3 d r26 -26; n3 malng to ppa: 30 d §d1 4; r28 5*34. nl2 R, 5 f matng to ppa: 30,5 d adt .7; I29-41. ni9 > 8 1 max 12 mo with diapauaa ipy to bath: 31 34 d; saO 35 08 ipy to bath: 31 64 d ado 65 n7 1 33 00 d »dO 32 n20 lt 14 t 33.17 d aaO 16 nu 30 d m ipy to birth 29 1 d 127.6 30 n6 30.6 d 00 32, n5

-

-

-

-

.

-

.

. .

.

.

.

.

-

- .

-

-

-

- .

-

-

5360 5360 6672 6672

5072

.

.

-

9655 9655 7634

9651 9659 9851.9859

rpy to b rth 16.7 d M 8-20 S * 02 0 23 6 d n5 25 5 d; sd9 6 01 30, n2 rpy to bath 17 6 d adO 9 rl6 19

.

6997 556 ia 5561a 11459

.

-

10991

7217 7217 790 7217 8674a

.

- .

Aapyprymrus rufascars

7504

10991 5614

.

GESTATION

9260

«277

34 61 d saO 63. n16 nonprsg 35 53 d aaO 52, nl7 preg 33 73 d adl 65 mods 35; r3l 36 n52 cycWs rpy to astrus : 31 d n2 31 06 d 00.2 32 0. n5 cycWs, 5 ! rpy to estrus: 34 375 d; nl

.

9260

7504 5359

43

*.

*

9746

9275 9277 11459 10991 10991

10442 10125 8069 5362 5362 5362 5614

7216 6614 7217 12041 11451 11009 791 799 791 799

. .

8666

8667 8666

5610 6998 6995 8997 55616

5612 5612 7219 11412 2163 3311

7219

7219 3311 9655 9657

9657 9665

7634 5360 5360

«rv

s j s8 5 2 j5 S g s 2 S 5 g 2 S s a s 3 5 3 8 3 : g :? .. § 5 2 2 2 * 2 8 2 2 2 3 a S 5 a 5 | 5 sSSsssSlussSSai $ s 2 s l 8 s s s £ $ i5 2 £ sSSsSt^ sssssSSssSssSsSsSsUsSSsSss i

--

:-

,

s i c

I U 51 * | z f ill il 5, » I If

s XI s» a m

^ 2 n

111tillill!tl! !

!l

g

j i

5

1I

:

3

ifi]

Ijl

1

1 5*

*

M M If I

a

«»

.

.

«A

I

1

I

2

8

8 f t raog5i 5 S a S g f iWc S S

2

5« §s

6

«o

§

SI5

c

l!

§« 2 1

* 8 S S| 6 s * * ’

§ 1

*

^

*rth yr rd. 70% Dec-Fab, TAS, Macropus parma

birth yr rd OLD Australia

5813

.

-

Maaopus robustus

Macropus rvfoQnsaus

-

Macropus njfus

. .

.

.

.

Psradorcas oonemna Pstrogala panrcMata Pstrogah xanlhopus

Potorous tonppes

Potorous tndactyius

-

.

-

.

-

.

Satorux brachyunjs

.

,

.

-

Thytogata bMantan WarfatMa

.

tacotor

8286 8669 6996

--

Macropus parryt

Australia

bath yr rd. km winter ; e Aua&aJ* male yr rd. low July -Oec , captve brth peak Fefe-June , NSW Austral* birth yr rd nl yr. Mar July nt yr New Zealand birth yr rd peek Mer Juiy : NSW Auetralie male yryr. peak Sept Nov; WA Australia birth yr rd WA Austraka prostate max Fab-Mar. low Aug Oct New Zealand mala peak end summer TAS Australia birth Jan July TAS Australia birth Jan Aug ee Austral* birth Feb Mar, New Zeeland birth July -Dee. peak Aug ; captive birth yr rd peek Jan; OLD. Austraka esirua yr id; capave birth yr rd NSW Australia birth yr rd , WA Australia birth yr rd. n44, 100 small pouch young Aug. NT Australia birth yr rd. captive mate yr rd captive t»rth yr rd n 36 . zoo b«rth est yr nt ae Australia mate winter; TAS, Australia mate yr rd peak Dec feb TAS , Australia mate yr rd peaks and Aug early Oct Jan TAS Australia mate eat yr id; TAS Australia birth not May June TAS Austrafca twrth yr rd TAS, Australia bath yr rd. peak Sepl Nov captive bath yr rd. captrve brth yr id captive anestrus Aug -Jan , WA. Australia mate yr nt WA Australia birth Jen - June, Rohnert 1 Australia birth yr rd mainland Austraka birth peak Feb-Mat WA , Austraka birth peak Mar, WA. Auetraha birth yr rd. peak Feb May WA Australia mate yr rd. TAS. Austraka birth peak Apr Juna TAS. Austraka birth yr rd ni 8 captive

-. . .

.

.

.

Order Marsupialia Family Phascwlarctidae Genus Phascolarctos SEXUAL MATURITY PhMaCOi* fCtO$ CinarSUS

5681a

2857 9421 1665 4126 7219

7219 1665

CYCLE LENGTH Phascotarctos cmaraus GESTATION

Phascolarctos cmaraus LACTATION

2864 10122 8700 8706

--

9421

-

-

12128 9465

INTERLITTER INTERVAL Phascdsrctos cmaraus

-

6733

5072 4585

27*» d

25-» d 34 6 d; r34-36. n 7 It teat attach 5 5 mo pouch exit 5 mo. M pouch exit 56 mo pouch exit 6*7 mo pouch exit 205-224 d pouch axil 240 270 d wean 10 mo wean 11 mo wean ; $12 mo wean : 12 mo ^dependent , 1 yi

9658 3525

4127 4128

10122

-

Phascolarctos omaraus

3311 7054

5360 8672 12128 10474 3353

I 1st conceive 2 yr, n3 t 12 Umo t end 2 yr f eod 2 yr m: 1st sre 3 yr '

7000 7001

2884

6854

10122 8700 3300

7107 2884 10122 9379

8700 8704 . 8706 6898

2684 10122 7107 2884

lyr

7107 10917

--

mala ; Oct ae Auetrafca birth: Jan Mar VIC, Australia

birth Fab -Sept VIC. Australia birth Oct Jan 80%. OLD Australia birth Nov Mar OLD. Austraka

9718 4133 648

10122 8706

5 12 mo

every other yr SEASONALITY Phascolarctos cmama

47

-

1550 6890

7107 10122 6899

9849

9912

Order Martupialia, f amily Vumbatidue

9912

9909. 9912 9849

9910 2811 9280 9260

12126

Order Marsupials, Family Phastolarctidae. Genus Phascolarctos

.

Wanbm ( Lauorhinus kreJJUt, L laufnms Vomhaius ursmus ) arc 20-40 kg of muscle uisidc u lough intcgumcnl Iliesc crepuscular and nocturnal, solitary herbivores bumm extensively in tlac senu and regions of Australia I emale* are larger than males ( 5336 ) A copulatory plug occurs ( 2158 ). Details o( aruiomv ( 1329, 8000 ), endocrinology ( 84130 9790) and placentation (8294 ) jire available

.

-

.

NEONATAL MASS Lastotfunus tab front NEONATAL SIZE

500 mg n3

3632

Umoifunus lattfrons

2 am; nS

3632

1,4*3 4 kg 8 mo 2 kg; solid food 5 5 7.5 kg 1 yr 13 55 kg *0.79; «10; 1 st capture 5 7 kg n 2

3632 11587 3632

WEANING MASS

-

Koalas ( Phascolarctos anereus 4 14 kg ) are solitary , arboreal folivures of Australian forests Maks arc larger than females ( 7107 10081 ). Their Sertoli cells have crystalloid inclusions (4370a, 5696 ) and thetr sperm arc structurally heterogeneous ( 11681) A copulatory plug is produced ( 10122). Females have 2 teats and a posteriorly opening pouch ( 10698, 11901 ). Young are coprophagous (7358 ) Two symposium volumes review koala biology ( 807 6345). Details of semen ( 11681) and placentation ( IM9. 8294 ) are available

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Phascolarctos cmaraus WEANING MASS Phaacoiarctoa anaraus

UTTER SIZE Phascoiarcto* onaraus

Lasnrtunua tabfrons

Vombatus ursmus LITTER SIZE Lasnrtunu* tabfrons

2158

Lauorfunus tatrfrons

f 18 mo 1 lad : 18 75 kg

Vombatus ursmus

f /m 2 yr

3632 11587 3632 10698

ursmus

10917

Vombatu*

0 82-1 49 kg, n14; 12 mo

10122

SEXUAL MATURITY

1 yg n4 It

3300 10896

10122

11587

8747

1 yg n4 It 1 yg; n81 1 yg. nl H 1; Nans recorded

360 mg

1; 2 occasional 1 yg ea. n31 8, 25 1

- . .

m: spermatogenesis 16 mo

11587 2021 10696

( )nler

4# CYCLE LENGTH

.

.

33 d (32-34; n8 cycles 4 t

8400

L*s*oftnno9 lat/tron*

20-21.21 - 22 d; n2

2158

Lmuottum* krtifrons

old food 265 d ni •pouch exrt 6 mo

2158 11587 3632 11587 3632

Vombatus untnus

GESTATION LACTATION

,

pouch exit 9 mo wean 8 9 mo

-

wean 12 mo Vombatus unmus

pouch exit 9 5 mo mdspendsnt 12 15 mo

8747

male turn mar,

96S2

-

SEASONALITY

*

-

Vombatus urstnus

,

Order F.drntutu, Family M > rmeci| > >hagi< Uc

.

rentral ;uid Soutli American untcatcrs ( Cyclopes Myrmecophaga, Tamantlua ) inhabit neotropical forests and savannas The solitary , giant antcater ( Myrmrcophaga tndactyia 20 40 kg ) is diurnal and terrestrial, while the silky antcater ( Cylcopes duUia\Iu % 175- 350 g ) is nocturnal and arboreal Tanunduam ( / mexicana T letradjcnla 2-7 kg ) arc active on the ground or in trees, during the day or at night Females have a terminally, bipartite vagina and a urogenital sinus ( 3394 ) The docktoatc, hemochorial, diseouial or cotyledonary placenta implants in the fundus of a simplex uterus (231. 695 3394. 4953, 7563. 10310 10958, 11840 11841 ) and «s occasionally eaten ( 628 4953 7922 ). A postpartum estrus occurs at 5-8 d ( Shrmecophuga 4953 5965) After birth , neonates suckle from 2 pectoral mammae and can climb without assistance onto their mother s hack ( 3024. 8798) *

.

6747

.

.

Hooey possums ( Tarupes sprn\ f r a e ) arc small < 10 20 g ) gregarious, arboreal inhabitants of south wesi Australian heath where they subsist on pollen anil nectar Females are larger than males ( 2108 9046, 10081 11911) and have 4 teats ( 217 ), 9046). A postpartum esiras and embryonic diapause are present ( 9037). The penis is not bifid (11926). Neonates open tlieii eyes at 56 d (9046), Details of anatomy ( 2168, 2373 930$) and sperm structure ( 4370, 4371 10735 ) tire available

NEONATAL MASS ktyrmacopbaga tndactyia

NEONATAL MASS Tarstpa* spansaraa WEANING MASS Tarvpbs spansaraa

.

.

.

UTTER SIZE Tarstpa* spansaraa

SEXUAL MATURITY Tarsipa* spansaraa

-

Tarawa spansaraa LACTATION Tarspe# spansaraa

LITTERS/YEAR Tarupa* spansaraa

SEASONAUTY Tarstpa* apansaraa

.

.

CycJopaa drdactyius

1

3024

lyg

5111

Mymtacophaga tndactyia

1 emb; n 1 1 oa «2 II

7324 4953 628

2.47 yg mode 2 65%. M «4; n 154 It 2 67 yg MSI 2 8 yg M *4 «2011 5 amb

2804 11911

GESTATION

9037

Uyrmecophaga tndactyia

9526

181 d M 76 164 ; n2

9039

183 d 188 197

f 1st tact 8 -10 g. «46 t 5 6 mo. 8 10 g m: 5 6 mo 7 -9 g

2804 11911 11911

Tamandoa tatradactyfa LACTATION

21-28 d 3 mo

7983 11911

SEASONAUTY

-

-

wean 90 d; m It

pouch ewt 63 69 d

9380 9380

eats

9046

.

mate yr rd a WA . Australia forth yr *d: WA Australia birth: yr rd. peak spring, low Dec Jan WA Australia led I panics Fab- Mar Jime-Juty Sept OcL tow Dec a WA Australia

.-

.

.

.

11911

9526 9046

11911

'

UTTER SIZE

1191! 2804 2804 11911

- .

..

5985 4953 628

9046

*

.

.

790 g siiHbom t 1480 g; ni m: 1720 g. n1

2 g pouch exit 2 5 g; n 2. pouch ©id 4 -5 g; wean

*

GESTATION

.

.

4 3 mg. r3 6. n3

.

.

'

Order Mursupialie, family Terdpedida* Gems Tarxipet *

.

.

11587 10698

-

.

^

Anieatcrs. sloths, and annadillofi arc live highly specialized remnants of a diverse heritage. Males have abdominal testes f emales are monotonous and have a simplex uterus PrecoeuI offspring arc usual except for armadillos. Hdcntaie biology has been reviewed ( 7482 ). Details of anabwny (5574 11840), physiology (9350), and placet!tatum ( 2396 10958 ) are available

10896

SA Austral** txrth Oct Oec; SA. Australia male yr rd peak summer fel , Australia forth: June; s V)C , Ausf /asa

Lavo \tnuM iabtrvns

=

Order h kntiLi \ rnarthra

Marsupials Family Vombaudae

Tamandua tatradactyto CYCLE LENGTH Myimacopbaga tndactyia

1 ©a . n2 It 1 emb ea , nIO f 1 yg. M -2

695

•situs 2 3 d

5965

-6 mo. .

7983

4953 5965 628

-

-.

(

•190 d ; n8 N 1 130*190 d

7922

t

7963 628 8798

solid lood 12 wk independent ; 5 6 mo

Myrmacophaga tndactyia

-

.

male Apr. zoo 6 nr Mar Dec. n3; captwe

Myrmacopbaga tndactyia

5965 628

.

-

forth Nov Dec. n2, zoo forth not seaaonai n8 AOO

4953 7922

. .

. irnus Brndypus

.

Order Fcltnlatn Family Brwhpodidae

(

-

.

Ihree- tocd sloths tBtadypui tofquatus, B. tridactylux , B. vuritgului ) are 3 6 kg solitary. arboreal folivorex tropical forests of Central and South America Mates arc smaller than females (717 ) Mating may cxtrnd over 2 d ( 3024 ) The 60 g deciduate, labyrinthine placenta is partially cndotheliolchonnl and partially IUMIUH 1UHI.II . ( 2396 770 2395 694 1022 231 , cotyledonary or bidiscoidal , diseoldal and is variously described as diffuse 2397 4*8)6 5384, 5736 7563 10310 10957 11836 11838 11839 11840 ). Implantation ink) the simplex uterus , X40 ) Placcntophagia occurs < 4657 ' I he , is superficial, central ind /iw anlinievomctnal ( 231, 770, 7563 11838 11 ) fum*d and open - eyed neonates suckle from 2 mammae (717. 4657, 11840 Ihe Sertoli cells of males luce ( ) crystalloid inclusions ( 10883 ) Detail of endocrinology ( 3786) and placental fine structure 57 36 arc available in

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

.

.

. "

-

Order Edentata. l anuiy Uradypodidac, Genu* Bradypus

50 NEONATAL MASS

.

GESTATION

.

m: IS5 g Hi term latua m : 340 9. n1

770 4657

m: 19 0 on ; n1 TL: 31 cm

4657 11640

Bradypua tndactytus

1 yg

Bradypua vanagatus

1 1

5111 717

Bradypua trtoacfyhta B/ mdypua vanagatua

NEONATAL SIZE Bradypua vanagatua

UTTER S4ZE 3024

1

7463

1 amb

aa; n3l 1

11840

GESTATION Bradypua tndacfytua Bradypua vanagatvs

106 d 4 6 mo 5-6 mo

4910

-

LACTATION

11638 7483

food 5 wk •did did food 4 d •did 2 wk •nursafood : 3-4 wk

Bradypua tndacfytua Bradypua vanagatus

INTERLITTER INTERVAL Bradypua vanagatus

* V"

7483

Bradypua tndacfytua

courtship: Mar - Apr , British Guyana txrth Jdy Sapt , dry saaaon British Guyana

717 717

Bradypua vanagatus

prag f ; Aprddy; Panama praglact f Jan ; Panama birth Nov , saily dry saason . n1

11638

-

.

100

3024 4657

. . Two- toed sloths Choloepus duiactyius. C. hoffmanni) are 3-8 kg. long - lived, arboreal foltvores from the Order KdrntatB Family Cholncpidac, < rnus Choloepus

(

Ncotropks They have 100 g, deciduate, labyrinthine, discmdal or lobular placentae that arc transitional between sytklcMnochon.il and endotheliochorial (770, 2396, 2397, 9400, 10957, 10963, 11839) and eaten after btflh ( 11155). Estrus occurs 1 J alter removal of young ( 2940 ). Neonates are luncd and mobile with open eyes (7230, 9067, 11282 ). Females have an additional chrumasmic ( 3492) and meuMruate ( 770) Maks have seminal vesicles, but no expressible penis ( 7230 11840). Details o! anatomy ( 7358a. 9400) and birth (7038) are available

.

Chotoapus dtoactytua Choioapua hoftmarvu

NEONATAL SIZE Chotoapus drdactytua

UTTER SIZE Chotoapus chdactytus

.

300 g 3 d altar daatt 364 3 9 r 309 - 408; n3 r350 454 9 n7 t 375 g; ni

-

16-18 cm

SEXUAL MATURITY Chotoapus dktecfytos Chotoapus hoffmanni

LACTATION

9067 11282

1 amb , ni f 1 yg. nl 1 y n1 1 yg. ni it

Chotoapus hoffmanni

INTERLITTER INTERVAL

iwnflOl aa n2 t

7232

f: >3 yr m: >4 , 5 yr 1: 1st prag 2 yr; n 1

2940

2940 7230. 7232

-

birth Jan Mar . May - Aug.

Choioapua 6dactytua

manaas I 4 d

7230

67d

7230

-

2940

2940

Oct Dae. n21 ; capfeva

7036

Order Edentata, Family Daxypodidae

--

.

.

-

Armadillos ( Cabassous 2 6 kg. Chaetophractus 800 4600 g Chlamyphorus 85 g. Dasypus 1 10 kg Luphractus 3 6 kg, Prtodontes 29 60 kg; Tofypeutes 1.25 1.5 kg Zaedyus 1 2 kg ) are solitary, terrestrial, predominantly nocturnal predators of ants and termite , tn the New World Male Chaetophractus are reported larger than females ( 4055 11610). Cabassous sperm form rouleaux ui die epididymis ( 4553) The penis can be 30 40% of die head body length ( 2944, 7224a 11480). The hemochorial, villous, discoid or zooary ( ring shaped ) placenta lias a superficial, amimewmctnal unplantatioti ( 231 273 1717 25‘Jb 3007 3008, 3011, 3232, 6174, 7563, 7868 9707, 10310 10478 11345 11968) into a stmpkx uterus ( 762, 3014 3231 3582, 3586 6174 826a 10M0 cf 762, 3231, 3582). Armadillos are uionoestruus and inonuovular altlmugh pulycabryony and die subsequent production of genetically identical siblings arc common ( 3009, 3231, 3582, 7867 7868 8259 8260) Implantation is often delayed ( 1415, 3012, 3015, 4288 10641 ) Neonates ore blind ( eyes open 16 30 d Chaetophractus 6085, 7983; 22 25 d Euphractus 4121, 3 4 wk Tobpeutes 7222, 7224a ) and generally naked, akbough Chaetophractus has some ventral hair at 7223, 7229, 9160 ) Female* have 2 4 mammae ( 2944 2952 6174 ) birth (4121 72 Details of anatomy (210, 3014, 7358a 10640 11503), endocrinology ( 1292 1293, 2205, 3013 4294 6143, 7756 7757 8364 8365 8366) nude function ( 708 1593 2200, 3586, 5574 7747 7748 7949, 8367 9649 10874, 11100 11480, 11503 11840), follicular development (7866. 8362 ) spermatozoon fine structure ( 7748) und enlarged fetal adrenals (762 7558) arc available

-

-

-

-

.

-

.

. . . .

-

li

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.. - .

.

.

.

. .. . . . .

»: 113 g. ni

Chaatophrmdus rtfosus

f ; 102 m 113 g ni 142 g 155 g r286 111 4 g 065 r 48 25 111 4 ; without 266 133 9 ni 95-115 g

m 100 g ni

.

-

-

.

Pnodontaa maximua

max 113 g

Totypauta matacus Zaadyus pichiy NEONATAL SIZE Dasypus novamcfoctua LITTER SIZE Cabassous spp Cabassous cantraks

1 l 3 g. 3 d

Chaatophractua vttosua

Dasypus hybndua

7229 7229

. g; ni

700

700 6065 7963

10466

502 4121 7963

7222

95 115 g

-

7963

25 cm

6174

1 e« ; n2 R 1 yg amb. n8 f 12 1 ,82. rt 2 n8 It 1 62; n 2 n8 It 2 yg ; m it 4; ni R

7229 3562

-

.

--

.

.

-

NEONATAL MASS Cabassous spp

*

.

.

.

. . .

.

- .

-

.

.

.

. .

CYCLE LENGTH Chotoapus hoffmanni

7232

-

SEASONAUTY

9067

1 yg

11282 7230

423 d. r361 622. n 14 , yg diot 800 (t r472-1093 n6 yg livas

Chotoapus ddacfyfes

Dasypus novamonctus

10482 9067 2940

2940

1

7230 8479

9400 7038

10452 2940 7232 11155

old food st wk •waan 5 mo sold food 15-27 d. n2 maternal cars 6 mo

Chotoapus ddactyiua

Euphmetua saxcmclua

*

Choioapua hoffmanni

Choioapua hoffmanm

11262

.

-

717 7749 7483 7749

51

5 mo 20 d. n1 > 263 d , ni daalh of m to b*1h 309 325 d. ni . pa nng to tnrt»; >7 mo ni > 225 d 28-9 mo; daisy ?

Chotoapus dtoactytus

4667

nursa: 2 mo

SEASONALITY

Order Edentata. Family Choloeptdac, Genus Cholot pus

1212S 700 3712 9169 12128

.

.

.

..

.

Order kdcfiLUa 1 dimly Dasypoditiac

52

•

r7-12 mb n60 f M2 6 emb M n2 I B 4 mod 9 (7 -9 , n® B

*

Dasypus kapptao

Dasypus novsmandu

*

.

8* 12 yg 2 ea; i 4 It 3 25 amb r1 4; n4 f

*

*. . . .

4 emb

m1 4 yg. n1 It 4 ea. n2 It 4 emb ea. n2 f

9029

8269

8362 10478

-

4; mode 4 4 -6 seldom t 2 1-3 1; nt It t 6 rl 2; n4 It 3 emb; nl 1

.

1-2 YO

t 1 ea. n50 lt i yg ea nia B mode 1 1 emb ea n2 t 2 M3

*

*

Eophracius sexonctus Pnodontaa maxxnua Zaadyus ptchiy GESTATION ChaatophracKis \htosus Dasypus hybodus Dasypus novamcmctus

0- 75 d - 4 mo

Dasypus sobarucoU Dasypus saptamcmctus Euphractus saxanctus

Prtodontos maxtmus Toiypautas matacus Zosdyua ptchiy

3712

Dasypus sobatucola

10641 8260 8363

Euphractus saxanctus

0999 7983 7983

.

1415. 3012. 6143 6144

3.5 mo delay + 4.5 mo gestation

8361 8364

134 d delay 3 wk. 140 d mating to b«th season 4 4 5 mo development •4 mo delay 12 -24 3 mo: n2 V capture to birth mo 24 120 d 0 65 d 74 d

5721

-

4

mo

.

-

60 d

10641

8260 4288 10464a 10465

7963

120 d pairing ID b 9i 5 6 mo; field data

*

7224a 2944 7983

birth Mar - Sept n9 , wo birth Nov; Santa Pe Argenena implant early June Argentina preg 1 June- 7 Buenos Aires. Argentina birth Oct, Argentna prostate large Dec - Jan. small June Aug se Brazil sperm yrrd TX sperm yr id TX Ft testes targe Apr - Sept smai Jan-Uar; TX testas large Nov Jan Bela Honzonte Brazil testosterone high Mar Aug low Oct Dec captive mete Od Nov TX estrus June July TX ovulate. June- Aug TX ovulate July TX ovulate July Aug Oct Dec lab ovulate July Sept TX imptanr Oct-Jia>e TX mptant Nov Dec lab implant end Nov -earty Dec TX birth Feb Apr Mexico birth Mar - Apr, TX, FL birth Mar - Apr TX birth Mar - Apr TX birth m d Mar -rmd Apr lab birth end Marearty Apr TX conceve Apr May ; Apu e Venezuela birth: AugSept Apure. Venezuela ' spermatogone arrest May; Brazil CWe, ab preg f Jan lew data Uruguay prog f Jdy ; Matte Graeeo . Brazil preg f Sept Ocl few data central Brazil mate Mey -June; Bofcvwn Chaco birth: Nov Bolivian Chaco birth: Nov -Jan Aaunaon Paraguay preg t July - Aug. n2, Marto Qraaao Brad birth: Jan Feb; Mendoza Son Aian, Argentina

12128 6023

-

. .

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

3* 5 mo delay * 4 4 5 mo development

8183 8798 4121 9169

6023

‘*

-

Totypautas matacus

4292

-

7963

.

conceive; Sept; Santa Ea Argentina

*

7223

--

7222

.

9169

-

wean 72 d wean 6 wk

•

2944

-

7222 2962

-

9456a

-

7963

•

.

7223 3562 7224a

. -

9169

762 4121 8798

-

7983

IVn 9 mo n2 t yr t 1 st mate I 5 y r f progesterone twgh 17 20 mo ttn. 9 mo I'm 9 12 mo ton 9-12 mo

-

.

8259 1411 8183 3582

12120 9456a

.

-

eolid food 55 d; 13 cm wean 4 5 mo solid food 1 mo ween ; 4 wfc wean 4 6 wk did food 59 d wean est 5-6 wk

. .

509 1411

8798 4121 1717

.

Totypautms tnemetus Zaadyus ptchiy SEXUAL MATURITY Chastophractus vtMosus Dasypus novamcmetu

Dasypus novamcmctus

«174

. -

* *

*

Hoaus

Dasypus hybndus

7624

.

Tofypauta matacu

Chastophractus

5410

.

Pnodoota maxvnus

Zaadyus pchry SEASONALITY

0260

4

Dasypus saplamcmctus

*

4228

*

Euphractus saxanctus

*

Pnodontaa maxima Tolypautss matacus

3232

emb ea n3 f 4 0; mod 4 95%; r3 6: n«0 f 4 - 5 emb; 1 chonon 6 emb 7th resorting n1I

Dasypus sabamcota

Dasypus novamdnetua Euphraciu saxanctus

3231 5111

3012 3582 782

4

Chastophractus vtUosus

11345

3582

-

53

LACTATION

3231 762

mod 4 mode 4 r2 5 mode 4, r2-6 4 y9 1 d 4 emb 1 ov»an 4 emb 1 oviiatoon 4; nl It 4 emb. nl 1

Oxter Ldcnuia. 1 aimly D^ ypodklac

.

.

To/ypautaa tnemetus Zaadyus ptchiy

. .

.

4292 3231 4292 1593

7045 3582 7045 10874 8367 8260

3012 4280 4294

8362

10641 4200 6144

3012 11303 3582 4266

8260 8366

3012 8183 8183 7949

0909 9456a 0999 2944 I 2944. ; 7223 9456a

7223

55

Order Inscctivora, family Tcnrocfcte Order liMxlivun

The six families of the order Inscctfvora arc a taxonomic hixlgc-p» xige with little close phylogenetic rrbuonship A 19th century monograph on the order is available ( 2662) as is a review of reproductive physiology ( WO)

NEONATAL MASS Echinops Wtmn

Hamcanbbs Mtcrogah talazma Satrbr mfotot Tanmc acaudafus

sarmspinosus

Order lavectivora, f amily Sulenodontidae, Genus Solenodon

.

.

The 1 kg nocturnal soJcnodonts ( Solewdon culxjnus, 5- paradoxus ) from Cuba Santa Domingo and Haiti arc insecdvomes with anumcsometrial implantation of a hemochorial , discoidal . labyrinthine placenta uuo a uterus with a large body and two blunt horns ( 176, 11853 ). Naked and Wind young (176 1285, 11269 ) suckle from two teats near the base of the tail ( 176, 310 ). The teats are also used to transport young ( 2930). f emales have a urogenital sinus ( 176, 11853). Testes are abdominal and the penis retracts into the abdominal wall ( 176, 2662, 8967 ) A German monograph on S paradoxus is available (7426 7427. 7428, 7429; cf 2933).

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Sobnodon paradoxus

LITTER SIZE Sobnodon cubanus

2930

moda 1 *2 1 amb n1 f 1 amb, n1 f 1 yg. nl It moda 2; rl 3 3; nl It

10609

.

Sobnodon paradoxus

11653 176 1265 7428 11269

-

CYCLE LENGTH

-

Sotenodbn paradoxus GESTATION Sotenodbn paradoxus LACTATION Sobnodon paradoxus

bbnvcanbbs aamteptnoaua

Toorsc scaudatus WEANING MASS Tan me acaudatus LITTER SIZE

H m/centetes sanwspmosus

*

2930

aal >80 d

2930

btkrogab dobsom Wcfog*(a tatazao

2930

*

a*t 75 d

bbcropotamogsb rvwanzort Pot&mogab veto

S#liter satoaus

Order Insctthora, Family Tenrecldae

-

.

The solitary, nocturnal tcnrccs and theu relatives llMsogale , Echinops 110 250 g Geogale 71 mm , Hemiccnietes 70 170 g ; Leptogale , UmnogaU 50 90 g Microgale 34 85 g, Micropotamogale 135 g, Qrywnctes 42 48 g , Potamogale 1 kg ; Seiifer 125 365 g, Tenrec 830 2400 g ) arc terrestrial, semiaquatic or scmilivssonal predators on invertebrates in Madagascar and Africa. Ibe reproductive biohvgy of Oasogale, Geogale , Leptogale, Umnogale and Oryzorictes is not known Male Echinops have an additional chromosome ( 3492 ) . Poiamogale has a simplex uterus with two nonfunctional cornu (4762), while other genera have biconiante uten ( 3218 3855, 9236, 10484 ). females have well developed prostate and bulbourethral glands (6364 8436 ). Hemiccnietes ( 3218, 3857) and Settfer ( 8620) are reportedly poiyestrou* although lemon may be induced ovulaaort ( 7984 ) Ovarian follicles lack antra, and fertilization occurs within llie ovary ( 3218, 3219, 6169, 7892, 10484 10485) tolyovular follicles arc common ( Tenrec 7890) Hemiccnietes has no morula ( 3855) hut Tenrec docs (7892 ) . The labyrinthine, hemochorial, discoui il or diffuse placenta lias a ctrcumplaccntnl chonon a licmnphagous organ , but no consistent implantation sue ( 1025, 3218 3854 3855, 3856 41(34 4762, 4814 7563 7891, 10310, 10486) Phiccmophagia occurs ( 3975, 4949, 8620) The naked neonates open their eyes at 7 9 d ( Echinops 2942, 3844 3975 cf 9 15 d 4949 9138), 7 10 d ( Hemtcemeies 2934, 2942 3454 3975), 9 14 d ( Seiifer 2934 2942, 3975 8620 8798, 9138 k 9 15 d ( Tenrec 2934, 2942, cf 4-6 d 66CU ), or 18 d ( Microgale 2939 ). females have 6 ( Limnogale 2934 ), 10 ( Seiifer 2934 8798) or 21 29 mammae ( lenrec 6604 7890, 9236). Males have abdominal testes ( 2662 2934 7890a, 8436 ) and die penis retracts into Use cloaca ( 176). I>eiads of endocrinology ( 7891 ) and birth ( 8622 ) arc available

-

-

- . -

-

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

-

.

.

.

.

.

Tanrac acaodafus

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

. . .

esl 24

7891

25 mm 60-66 mm r64-92 mm ; n 4

2934 2934

.

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

-g .

-

-

.

-

- -

-

.

-. . -

--

.

. -

"

SEXUAL MATURITY

-

-

Echinops taltrun

t 1st ooncaiva 6 mo nig

Ham /canbtss

t 1st concarva 30 35 d. nl 5

samtspfnosua

t 'm 1 yr t/m 14 mo f 8 wk

Mtcrogab dbbaom Utcrogah tabuaa Salter aatoaoa

Tanrac acaudatus

2939

3975 6604

2934

6604

rt 10 yg n3 II 1.7; rl 3 r\3 It l f 3 4 yg; r2 5. n9 It 3 5 , f 2 * 12 M 2 It moda 5 yg, r1 9. 025 X 5 4 ; r3 6. n5 It 5 85 r2- l 0; n 13 6 121 2; nl It 3 6 yg, M 11; rv 36 It max 10 amb 2 67 yg r2-3; n3 I! rl -3, r>4 It 2 amb; n1 f 1 2 yg 1 4 amb yg M -2, n 6 X 1 4 amb 16 2 5 yg; rt 4 rtf X 2 6, r2-3. n5 II 2 6 rt 5; o« U 2 7 yg , rt 5; o i 3 » man 6 amb max 10 amb r1 4 yg n3 It 10 32 amb 10.5 cl; ±0 5 r3 l 6 12 amb. r» l f, 15 ovuiabona 12.3 amb , rtO- 15. n3 f 19.75 amb. r16 25, 04 f 21 yg; t X 25 yg. rt 9 31; n 2 X 24 amb; rl 6-32; «2 f max 42 oviiabons. max 32 amb

-.

3844 3844 3975

3454

150 300 g; 5 wk

-

9 13 d

wtan :

3975

NEONATAL SIZE

Echtropa fa /fen

as< 100 g

.

3 8- 8 6 0 amal asl d»a 77 gnB 8 6 g n9 11 5 g r9 9 12 9 n4 y g n i 3 6 g n1 1 d 24 7 g 10- 18 g r22 8 27 4 Q rv4

2942

8622

«138 9623 3844 4949

3975 3454

.

2934 , 2942 3975 8436

2939 2934.2939 6852 4364a 2753 2942 8620

2942 5573 9523 9138 10484

8436 2942 2942 7892 9236

5573 8906 3864 6604

3854 1026

2942 9523 4949

-

l/m mrt 22 mo bin 2 21 mo I 1st concaiva 2 mo f 1st concaiva 6 mo n2 1 u< txrth 14 mo. nl m 6 5 mo , nl f 1 st eoncanra 6 mo. n1

2934 2942 3975 2939 2939 9138 2942 6796

8798 2942

Order Inscctivura, f amily Tcmrculac

56

.

Order Ittectivom f amily Tcnrcculac Potmmogale veto

CYCLE LENGTH

-

Echtnop tmiUnn

* GESTATION

Echtnop teitmn

*

3844

49 d; nl si 7 wk

3844 9523 10797

*

60 d 62 65 d; n5 66 d 4 wk fiord date 45-65 rtf > 50 d capture to bulb 55 58 d

-

H+micmn l93 aermspmasus

*

-

.

.

-

58-84 d 58 84 d 5 wk held date 7 wk. Hold date, not many 51 -56 d 5181 d, pajnng to birth 54-57 d; ibi or paimg to b rth * 63 d 6589 d; n1 imptent: 9 7 d; 10.5 53 d r5B84 d n3 st 60 d - 9 wk fiak) date, not many

Mtcropab debtor * Mcmgate taiazao Setter setoaus

*

9138 9523

Mic / ogttie dobaom MtcrogeUe telaiaot Setter aetoaua

6604

2934 2942 7891

5573

oW food 1204 d •soW food 13 d

9138 3844

soW food 16 d wean. 30 d

4949

9138 3844 2942

10797 3975 4949

wean 32 d wean 33 d wean 5 wk field data don ©mergence 9 d solid food 13 d wean r 18-25 d nl5 B wean 28 30 d wean 28 30 d soW food 12 14 d wean 15-20 d: n2 H wean 30 d nest emergence est 15-20 d solid tood 1 wk wean 25-30 d n1 It

-

3218 2934 2934 2942 3975

.

2939 2939 9138

2942

9138 7891 6604

.

2942

2

Setter aetosu Tenrec ecaudate

2 1; 2 >ore

Echmops teHfun

mate: est Nov -Dec . Madagascar mate: all yr; captive b«1h: Jan-Mar, Madagascar birth. July - Aug, capbve birth June - Sept peak July , n15 00 mote: Sept Dec Madagascar

*

* SEASONAUTY

HemKentete

erm

** *

Microgate dobsont

u

**

ptno

.

-

.

-

-

.*

May Madagascar birth Nov -Jen. Madagascar young tound yr nt anecdotal reports Madagascar mate Oec -Aug. captive birth. Feb May . captive

-

104S4

5575 5573 9138 8620 8436 7892 2934 7891 5573 8906

8436 2934

5573

3975 4949

9523 9523 9138

2934 3976

2934 8436 2934 2934

.

-

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Ambtyaomu hottentotea NEONATAL SIZE

-

Ambtysomus hoftentotes ChryeocNont stuhtmann

HB 47 mm

*

UTTER SIZE Ambtysomu hottentotu

*

Chryao spate vUoaua * Erem,talpa grant>

45g

8136

6135 5759

-47 mm

*

10158

2 emb n1 t 2 emb nl f 1 emb ea n2 f

*

LACTATION

10158 4927

-

6759

nurse: 2 3 mo

Chrysochtons stuhlmanni SEASONAUTY

.

8136

repro yr »d S Atnca birth: perhaps summer S Alnce birth: winter; S Alnca mate Oct Nov S Afnca

Ambtyeomos hottentotua

Chrysochtons apattca Eramtat pa grand

10158 10158

.

11106

.

Order Imcctivora Family KrituKthhc

2934

mate Nov

11253 5573 2934

Golden moles ( Ambtysomus 40 100 g Calcochlnm 20 Vf g, Chlorouilpa 50-75 g Chrysochloris 40-90 g Chrysospalax 350 550 g Cnptochioris cst 20 g Eremitatpa 15-20 g) arc blind, subterranean carnivores from equatorial and southern Africa Reproductive data for Cakockloris Chinrotalpa, and Cryptocklons are lacking Male Ambtysomus are slightly larger than females (6136). Hie cniMichal. d&cotdal, labynnihme placenta has a Superficial, mesometrial implantation into a bicocnuate uterus ( 2394. 2662, 7563 10310 111010. Testes are abdominal and the penis ts retractile (6136). A urogenital sinus is present (6136). Neonales arc naked (6135 6136, 1015# ) and suckle from 4 teats < 6135 10158)

2753 5573

.

647

Order Inset tivura. Family ( Tinushlrtridar

2942 7892

LITTERS/YEAR Potamogale veto

*

»460

2934

-

Tenrec ecaudates

.

8620

independent 30-35 d wtin r1822 dnl8 R wem 23 d

Hemrcentetes serruspnosvs

*

.

-

.

Tenrec ecaudate

5573

.

Echtnop tetfam

.

2930, 2939

-

LACTATION

Stator aatosus

3218

>

Tenrec ecaudatus

•

2942 2934

3218 2942 3454 2934 2930 2939

.

preg f Apr - May . taw data Camenoun prag f June. n2; Camaroun. Bamto equatorial Quinaa birth tarty ramy season. Zaira mate Sept after Nov. ne Madagascar mate: Sapt mid Oct Madagascar ovulate Sept -Oct , no data other mo Madagascar prag f: Nov Dec , n5 Madagascar prag tmeariy fufl grown yg Nov Dec ne Madagascar birth: Jan-fab, Apr June. Aug-Nov. none Mar. July Dec; zoo birth: July Dec. none Mar. few data ?; captive young fount yr rd, acconkng to natives. Madagascar mate Aug-Oct Seychsites mate Oct’Nov; Madagascar mate annualty; Seychelles prag t Dec -Jan , n3. Madagascar prag f Oct Nov rv4 Madagascar bidh Dec Fab , Madagascar birth: Jan fab Madagascar tact t fab; nt ; Madagascar

*

6 -7 d; r 4 13. n7 cyda . 2 1

57

.

.

-

Gymnurcs and licdgelnigs { Echmowrtx 0.5-2 kg Ennaceus 140-I4U) g Hemtechinus 220 400 g; Hylomvs 15-80 g Ntokylomys 50 59 g, Neotetracus 101- 111 mm Paraechtnus 150-450 g; PoUogymnura 50-70 nun ) arc solitary, nocturnal, terrestrial insccUvurcs in Eurasia and Africa Male Erbtacens may be huger dun females ( 2045; cf 4688 ), while die reverse is reported for Ethwosorex < 2313 ) Coitus may induce ovulation in Ennaceus ( 10416; cf 3795) and a vaginal plug is present after mating { Ennaceus 157a 5759 10416) lire hemocinkrliclial labyrinthine, discoid placenta has a deodica basalts and an eccentric aiituncMWicimL uuerstitul implantation ) i to into a Nctvnuaie or hipurtilc uterus with a massive cervix ( 2662, 672 7, 7178 7563, 8219, 16 8, * 8 , 10310 . A ( FM) postp irtuin cstrus is not usual ( 2045, 2417, 6439 6440, 7537, 7529, 7530

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.^

‘

.

Order Insect!vora Fantty Ennacctdac

38

. . . . . . . .. .. . .

Neonates arc Wind, but feacnlly have quills ( 2951, 4158 4690 5224 7226 8049, 8718, 9175, 114381. Eyes open at 8 22 d m Erinaceus (69 1301 2045 2384, 3571 4687 5759 (440 7529 753a 10153) and at 23 29 d in Paraechtnus ( 2951). Female liave 4- 10 mammae ( 179 2662 2951, 6369 7621 10158 ). fetes arc abdominal ( 2662 6727 ) Maks have seminal vesicle* and females have homologous gland* and a large clitoris ( 2662, 3984. 7454 ) A urogenital sums is present ( 3985) Details of ovarian function ( 2417 3436, 3795 8219 9 X 39 9842) and testicular function ( 165 912 1570 1839 2075 2823 2957 3436 3794 3984 3985 9410, 9411 9412, 9413, 9414 10747) are available

*

..

. .

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Ectunoaorax gymnuru Ennaeaua afb/vanJn

*

*

Ennaeaua concotor Ennaeaua auropaaua

Ennaceu trontak

*

*

.

. .

-

Harwachinu auntua

*

ParaecArnus aattvopeus NEONATAL SIZE Echtnoscrex gymnurua Ennaeaua auropaaua

Ennaeaua trontabs Hanvachtnus auntua

. . . . .

Ennacaus auropaeus UTTER SIZE Echinobomx gymnurua

Ermacau atowantna

*

*

.

.

.

.

1301

8 11 g

7226

22 Q 10 7 g 15 g; »8 -22 m 16 1 g; rl 2 8 *20.12. n7 t: 17.17 g; rtl 9 25.14; n5 9 8 - 11.3 g m 10 87 9 r9 5 12.0. n3 F 10 8 g r 10.5 11 5 n3 8gM 8 325 g 11 g; nl 13 15 g M 0 -9 g n3 1 d

9632 69

.

*

. .

5224

5224

.

Hytomya $wtua

-

25 mm

10338

Naolatracus sinanas Pa/aachtnua aaVvoprcus

56 4 mm m 68 mm f: 91 5 nun »87 -96; n2 f: HR 52.3 mm; »51 53; n3 m HB 52 5 mm »52 5-53 n3 47 mm 50 mm, nl H9 61 mm nl

69

Pmraactunua hypomataa

4686 4686

Paraacfwujs mie/ opus

306 0 g. tS7 4 n8 125 345 g 40 d

6042

-

7529

160 mm

2045

.

-

19; r1-fcn7 ll 2 anvb; n 1 t 2 amb; n1 1 2 amb; n1 t 2-4 yg »2 3; n6 It 3 30 rl 8 4 anib , nl t 9. nl 11 3 yg n1 naal 2 yg ni f 2 -3 d mod® 3 8; »2 10 3 0; n113 1 3 86 yg »3-5 n7 It 4 5 mw 7 n67 4 7 amb

SEXUAL MATURITY Ennaeaua abrvantns

Ennaeaua auropaaua

*

Ectunoaorax gymnurua Ertnacaua abivantna

Ennaeaua auropaaua

3795

40 4 25 yg »2 6. n78 r

**t*

Ennaeaua tmntabs

2417

Hanvachmua auntu

7538

4645 8049 910

4158

7161 6369 170 2961 2961 9175 8049

t /m 1st mat® 4 mo 1/m 61 66 d t /m yr alter tarth ft tal birth 11 mo f: 1M birth 1 yr t/m 5 mo capbva; 9 mo. wild t/m 10-12 mo

6440

-.

.

6718 11438 4158

«

-

1301

5759 7529. 7530 4688 6439 3571

7 9 d; n16 cyclaa, 25 1 proa strut 1 90 d rl 3: matesbus 1 6 d »1 2.5 aairus 1.2 d »0 5-2 2; dastrvs 2 5 d 1 54 5

-

3540 d 26 40 d; paifmg k> birth 54 v moda 36 d »3444 pamng to birth 37 d »37 -38 d n3 1 mo 34 35 d; »31 39: n13 ft

-

.

7529, 7530 6922 6439 69

4690 8049

yg; nl f 1.5 yg rl 2 n2 1 4;n1 ft 5 yg 1

3540 d 54 wk. » 3449 37 d mm ibt 3040 d

3571

.

9632

7716

34

*

4924

2109

11438

6727 8716

-

GESTATION

6440

9632

10158 2384 5224 917S

.

CYCLE LENGTH Harmachmua auntu

4693 1301

- -

. -

4690

11436

2313 4354a 7226

-

.

5224

9175

10336

6965 4180

4.3 emb, »4 5. n3 ( 2 amb. nl f 4 yg; nl It 4

5224

7161 7178 557

-

-. -

.

-

2 3 yg

2951

7161

-

-.

9632 8718

80 5 mm f80 81; n2

6035 6049

.

10154

11438 4690

.

.

Harmachmua auntu

*

- 40 d 30-32 d

3542 d 36-37 d nl

d

.

4666 4667

11390 1590

- . --

4686 4687, 4668 4686, 4667, 4688

- .

7527 11255

. -

.-

-

Enrxocmut frontata

7529 7530

-

.

.

4.4 healthy amb , 4 6 implanted amb; n53 t 4.5; »4-6 n2 f 4.7 »3 7 n3 II 4.75; moda 44 »2 9 5 amb nl 1 5.2 waarv #d2 0 s«0 2; n85 6.0 yg »5 6; n3 I 6,8 amb yg; »5 6 n4 It 36 4; n1 It 4 rl 9 5; »2 10 9 nl It 14 2; n1I 2 33; r1*5; m2 It 2 4 yg. »24; n5 ft 2.5 yg. »2-3; n2 rwsta 3 amb nl 1 4; nl ft 4 yg; n1 1 47 5; »4 6 nS ft 5 6 »2 4 6 yg; 1 ft 2 amb; n1 1

. -.

6440

7+ 9

.

Ennaeaua concotor Ermacau auropaaua

.

59

.

-

7161

14 5 g, 04 15; r>2 04.5 g

.

WEANING MASS Ennaeaua spp Ennaeaua auropaaua WEANING SIZE

.

.

Order Inseaivora Family Ennaccidac

-

9039

9639 9639 6369 722 4693

«

1301 6440

4694

2662 7527 7529 8922 4687. 4688 6439 2364

10153

12094 9175 4690

.

Order Inscctivora Family Lnnacculuc

60 wk -307-35 d

Hytomys Statfli AMMcfanui mcropus

*

-

-

Ennncaua afo /vantris

Ermacaua auropaaus

wean 2 mo dan emergence. 3 4 wk dan emergence 3 6 wk

8798 7527 7529 7538

tokd tood 18 20 d sokd food 23 24 d sokd food: 25 26 cf. n2 It waan 36 44 d wean 36 45 d. n5 li wean 40« d waan 45 d forage 6 wk aofcd tood: 1 mo dan emergence 3 wk sofcd food 40 d wean est 5 wk

3571 4687

-

6042 5759

.

-

.

7527 7529 7527, 7529 7536

-

-

* Hamvctunus auntus

Paraachnut aalhtOfMUJ Paraacbnus mempus LITTERS/YEAR Ecfunosorei gymnurus Ennacao au / opaaus

*

*

Harvach/nus aunius

Paraecf>nus frypomeUM SEASONALITY Echtnoaora gymnurus

*

Ennacaos aibnrantris

-

-- .

.

1 prog t May Jun# , Sapt . Nov; Madagascar prog t md July ftsd Aug; n1 /5 N Borneo , Indonesia rapro art yr nt Thailand strua yr rd captive mate Apr, nl ; captive preg t. May. nl ; Somalia Ethiopia. Sudan birth : May nl . capbve bath June. Sepl. Oct n3; captive spermatogenesis Jan May Europe spermatogenesis Apr Aug , peek mid Apr-mid June captive

-

.

.

•

.

,

7161 2313 6369 4693 6440 4924 6440 4694

2075 7527

spermatogenevR May Aug , central France testes: longs Mar Apr small Nov -Dec: France testes (ergs Apr. smalt July Jan Europe testes large Apr May. Bn tab Isles testes targe Apr Aug Wales England UK testes: large Mey . small Sept, increase Jen. caper a testes active Dec Sept , France d present: Apr Sept , Wales. England UK estrus: Apr Sept; Germany

3794 9413

mate Mar; captive mate Mar Juty Switzerland

7530

-

--

.

.

-

.

estrus Oct Mar. captive

10747 9413

2417 9678 4693

- . mate Mar -Aug cenlral Europe mate Apr -Sept France mate end Apr Aug/eerty Sept captive ,

male end JiOySapt

2075 2662 165

Denmark

mate apnng - summer copsva prog t May June Oct; Britsh Isles preg I May -Sept. Great Bniaan

850 3571

3795 7527 11399

4687 2662

7529

8798

5224 10154 10158

10153 3965 402 6727 4693 9839

.

-

9176 8720 910

.

10338

4687

4666 6439

.

Mezmechrrtus auntus

11399

7527 9175 4645 9175

7527 3795 2045

-

2417

-.

11399

2109

.

6369

12 1 2 2 may not ba axcaptoral 1.5; rl 2 n2 2; nl I 1 1

4687

-

Frineceuf fronted

2951 11436

2

.

Ennacaua auropaaus

6922 6439 4667 10156 6049 6049

-

1

.

6035

-

69 4686

.

5759 6798

-

Eunacaua t /vntnh

birth end May -early June, 1 It 23 June: USSR birth: June; m : lab befh end AAy captive birth peak Aug, Denmark birth Sep(; nl zoo birth mid Sept ; captive birth end Sepl France birth spring Bntam Ireland birth , eummer. central Europe birth winter, captive Switzerland repro Apr Aug , e Europe mate Nov S Africa beth Ocl- Mar Botswana birth Oct Mar/Apr, S Africa birth Nov ; Zimbabwe sperm : Mar Aug Rajasthan , India testes: large Jan Aug email Sept Dec Jaipur Inda testes: large summer Agra , tafta estrus: msd Feb- May ; captive estrus: Apr Aug Rajasthan , India mete after hibernation, Pakistan both July - Sept Ra»as*on India both July ; Stavropol Russia both peak Aug-Sept Pakistan both early summer Europe , w USSR tact t June, nt; e Europe , n Asia prog t Mar nl; Malaysia repro est yr net Thailand tact h Arne; nl; Egypt both end apnng-earty summer . Pakistan tact ( May ; n1; e Turkmenia repro seasonal India

6042

-

9410 3571 7530

.

sohd tood 21 23 d wean 42 5 d; r42 43 n 2 soW food 1 mo waan 40 d solid tood : 44 d

-

61

birth: May -June Sept Oct captive birth : May/June-Sept, central Europe bath: end May captve

4645 6369 11430

•st 35 -3» d

LACTATION Emecevs spp

.

Order Inscctivora Family bnnaccKlac

9175 4645 8049

.

Hylomyt statfus Paraecfnnus aatfuoprcus Pnmachmus hypometas

Plesaecfenus mrczopu*

7161 6369 11*68

9175

8049

912

Order Imectivorih Family Soritidae

-

- .

.

.

-

Shrews ( Anourusore.x I 4 35 g; Marina 7 30 g MarineU are terrestrial in scmiaquaiic soUtary insedivores Grom Eurasia Africa hkrth and Central America, and northern South America Males have been reported to he larger than females { Marina 8299 Crocutura 4601 Mwsorex 9329; cf 673 Sorex 716 5789 9159 cf 1912 3423 7893, and Suncus 572, 1331, 8501, 8903, 11999a ) 8) ) Ovulation may be induced by coitus ( 1210, 1217, 2001 , 2737, 672-8, 7410, 7420, 7524, 82* , 8757, 10677 ) ( A copuluiory tic is rcpiwied in Manna ( 8299 ) Crypum 3 10158, 11313 11314. 11391 cf 11473 1 2

.

. .

.

.

.

. . .

.

. . ..

.

.

.

..

. . . . .. . . . . .

.

.

.

.

.

.-

.-

.

Order Inscdmva, Family Sonetdae

62

.

.

. -

.

.

.

.

7410; Sineus 27 V>, 2744 3373 9175, 9914 11315 ) 15 18 945. cf 8798 Crypiaiis 4494; SortX 502, 1474 2548 7621 9175) or 10 14 mammae ( Neomys 7274 8757). The vagina may be sigmoid during estnis ( Marina 3725 ) Male have a sigmoid penis which may have grooves or spicule , abdominal testes which may migrate * seasonally ( Manna is asenitai) and seminal vesicles which may not be present m all genera ( 373, 1211 2742 2845, ,3984, 4277, 6888, 6*145, 7438 7441, 8299, 8774) Sorts arameus males liave an additHttal chronMMone ( 3492 ) Details of anatomy (1210, 4827 4828 6019, 8757 10558, 10676, 11677 11678 ), interne ( 1216), endocrinology ( 2743 3565 4605, 11807; Suneus 494 2738, 2739 3161. 4476, 4480, 4481 6728, 7170 9146 9147 9149), spermatogenesis ( 2742, 3603 3604 9995 ), sexual behavior ( 1900, 9143 9144 9145 9146 9148, 9153), milk composition (2744 ), 7581), pilotopenod (9151 11499), and reproductive energetics ( 3698, 7581 7582) arc available

.

-

.

. .* *

.

.

.

‘

.

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Btanmi bravtcauda Ctvctdum txcotor

Cmcxtum ftavoscons Croctdura tart

*

Croctdura teocodon

Croctdura maaula Croctdura soavaotana Croctdura vana Ciyptotta parva Myoaorax vanua Naomya anomalua Naomya todana

Sore a ran&us

*

Sorax coronatu

Sorax mmutua

..

. .

.

.

.

.

*

Sorax stnuosus Sorax vagrans Suncua atmacua

Sonata murinua

.

.

.

.

. -

1 34 g n1 36 46 h 0 25 o «. o2

•.

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

.*

-

-

.

-

»*

.

* -

.* .

*

.

.

.

.

. *

. . ..

11473

-

-

. . . . . .

4266

Ugnl id 2 26 g sdO 20: n2 19 0 eg 1 0 g n2 19 0.78 g 10 5 1.1; n3B 1.11 g »d0 23 o 40 0 53 g »0 42 0 67 1 39 g »d0 23 nl3 0.3-0 4 g 0.32 g 1g 0 52 0 61 g 0 53 0 8» g n72 yg 9 II 0 62 g n34 yg 31 batom nursmg 10 g 0 391 g; rO 345 0 431; n16 0 4 0.5 g 0 42 g 0.5 g 01g 0 26 g MO 02 (0 230 36; n16 0 57 g; d0 10; nl2 022 g M 025 g 05g 0.5 g 0 18 0.27 0 19 g (0.17 0 21. n2 020 g f: 2 0 g; rt 4 3 4. n32 tom wifi 02 g mrik 2.1 g MO I; ri -4; n211 f : 2.2 g; sdO 4; n7 m 2 3 g d0.3. n6 m: 2.3 g ri 6 3.1; n26 some with 0.2 g 2.7 g. n40 , 82 yg 2.8 g » 0.2 M 6, n61 ll 3 1 g nt ll 4 yg m 3 6 g; ftdO 6. n4 f: 3 7 g; d0 4; n2

-

.

.

.

.

-

Sorax ctnaraoa

.

2589 3698 7167a 3455

.

.

.

NEONATAL SIZE Bianna bravtcauda Croctdura btcoktr Croctdura htrta Croctdura ntaauia ktyoaorax vanua Naomya fodtana Sorax aranaus Sorax ctnaraoa Sorax minutua Suncua atmacua

WEANING MASS Croctdura btcoktr Croctdura (lavascana Croctdura tuna Croctdura msauta

Croctdura suavadans Croctdura vtana Cryplota parva Naomya hdians

Sorax aranaus

3458

Sorax ctnaraoa

3571

.

4602 4603 3696

.

11313 11314 3698

7409 4279

2156 3423 3696 3698

7275 1836

-

3423

5116 3373. 3375

-

3 0 or 3 4 g 23 d 20.7 g sdl 4 r»3 10 g 15 20 dL from gr eh 1 6 8 g 15 01 9 0. o49 m: 7 3 g r 4 -10; n52 90 g; sd0 7; ni9

2569

#»1

-

-•

.

.

-

•

.

-

. *-

.

-

-

.

-.

-

-

.

-

.

Somx

ireten9

-

.

Sore caocutions

*

Somx ctno/ ous

.

-

. . .

. ** .

. .

.

• - . -. . *

-

•

-. -

-

-

. .

529 1871b

10877

1123 9771 9916

3190 3190 9712

Somx coronates Somx cyhndncAuda Somx daphaanodon

Somx draper Somx tontnaia Somx turnout

9712 3190 7901 10346

1210 11314 11316

10677

10482 11390 8773 1210 10348 4577 1838 10339 1210 8372

Somx graaftmus Somx haydonj Somx hoy

*

Somx i »odon Somx bngnootnt

Somx morruuni Somx nunutus

5039

1428

506 5210 506

Somx montfcok/ s

Somx nanus Somx omatut Somx paerheut

495

506 716

Somx palustns

8058a 8058a 8058a 6058a

1474 574 502

10839 3423

Somx taddo* Somx trowbndpi

Somx tundmnm Somx ungurtutokjx

1426 8808

8766

.

4277 11956

10144

»

6 0 ive emb ee nfi ( 1 I w»ti an addibood roao/femg emb) 4 10 yg

-

5 3 emb; »3-8: n3 t 6 emb. ni f 7 emb, ni t 7 1 emb; #e022 mode 7; fl 10; n61 I 3,9 emb; adl 36; r1 6. M 5 f 4 emb: ni I mode 4 6-10 yg 8 0 emb, ewelinga. iS 7. n3 f 2 emb . ni f mode 5-6; r2 -9 5; ni R 5.57 ct mode 6 max 7. n2i f 6 emb ni 1 6 0 »4 9; n9 I 6 0 emb; »2 10; rv3 1 6.23 emb »2 8; »v31I 6.5 otnb , »6-7 n2 I 6.77 d. »5 8; »»39 f 9 yg, ni H

.

-

-

-

-

-

.

7 emb. »6-8; n2 t 6-7 yg 47

.

-

Somx vagrans

* .

6058a 8058a

1671a 6554 4525 9700 10019

3512 2821b 1474 3511

5352 9771 1123 7901 4001

7382

8773 9159

1217 10339

1217 3696 1474

1871a 1871a

8.5 emb «6 -8, n4 4 -6 emb 4 2 emb. aeO 2; »3 5 n20 1 4 6 ps 9 0.5 r3 6; »>8 1 3 emb 4 7; r36, n31 5 emb. ni f 5 43 emb p rl 8; n14 t mode 6 emb; f3*l0 6 en>b. m f 6 emb, ni ( 2 7 emb, n3 3 77 p«; mode 4 r3-4; M 3 f 3 89 emb mode 4, »3 5, »i28 t 3 94 d, mode 4. n34 f 5; »36, ne 1 12 »mb; ni I 5 0 d edl 5 »26; n12 non p»eg 1 5 5 emb >8 mm sdO 5 »56, ni 1 f 5 6 emb bs

*

-

.

Scabpus aquabcus

-

-

Scapanus oranus Scapanus towrsend*

Ta/ pa altaica Tatpa auropaaa

.

.

.

Scapanus tattmanus

.

.

6459 8461. 8462 2231 2231 6825« 2068 2231

2005 2005 12006#

1290

5405b, 1474

1474 9575 1122 1122

-

.

.

.

. ^ ”*

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

- -

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

Tape mtenua Urvtnchus taipodos

.

10666

2075

2045 6543

10567

9007 10668 3832 10341 3842

718« 63

6543 10668 6832

8274 2423 8274 3832

3831 3831 3833, 383^ 6573a

.

3636

11255

.

10341 10344

7902 3831

10668 7186

8049

*

-.

4645

7357

.

63

6855 2045

.

.

.

8274 6573a 7161 5168 12023 11051

* .

.

.

lad f mid Feb-7. Fukucka Japan

12023

lad t and Apr mid June, Japan

11051

-

8736

-

.

.

-

2068

- . .

*

testes large Jan May: Fukucka Japan testes large Mar, sma Oct Japan mate Feb May. small peak Aug- Sept, Nfcg&ta Honshu Japan 5137 12023 pisg t. md Jani Fukucka, Japan 5168 prsg f Mar - Apr, Chba. Japan 11051 pregfr Mar-June Japan

2844 1474

5209 1474 3616 3816 1474 2088

birth: mid Apr-md May s European USSR birth: mid Apr June. peak May Ukraine w of Deeper birth: mid Apr -June. England UK birth: end Apr earty May England UK birth: May June Britain birth: and May -aarty June 25% preg wmmar central. a Ural. USSR lad t Feb Jure Span lacf f Mar. n1 Malaysia. Cameron htaghtonds acbve cauda epK dymis Feb-May Chiba, Japan

.

4268 4645

...

.

*

4268

.

79

-

2861 1474

.

-

.

.

Paratcakxp brewer;

.

.

.

.

Order Imcciivora Family Takpidae

.

.

-

.

-

-

Tree shrews lAnatharui 175 200 mm Dendrogale iS SS g; Pnlocercus 2 T -b0 g Tupaia 30 320 g; Urogalf 350 g) arc arboreal omnivores from tropical rainforests of southeast Asia Tupaia males may be larger than IVmales ( 4026 ) Ovulation may be induced ( Tupaia 2011, 4474, 6890 9917) The labyrinthine, bidiscoidal placenta has been described variously as hemochorial, endotheliochorial, or epitheliochorial, depending upon fetal age and it lias a superficial, bilateral, anumcsomctnul implantation at arras of the biumuaie uterus licit are free of endometrial glands ( 231 1491 4764 6087 6622 6623, 6890 7179 7180 9684 685 10310, IIIII 11256) Placcntophagia occurs \ lupaiu 10281) as docs a postp;uium occasionally prcpofluin cslnis ( Tupaia 3709, 4474, 4626 6087, 6890, 7986, >682, 9685, 9917 10224 10281, 10482, 11164. UrogaU 2109 ) Delayed imptonUUuo may occur ( 6087, 6622, 6890 cf 9684) Tupaia young are suckled once every 48 hours (6889, 6892, 7986,

.

.

. . .

.

‘.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

9682) lupaia neonates arc naked and open their eyes at 13 -25 d ( 398 3706, 6889, 7161, 7535, 7986, 9217, 9917, 10223, 10280 10281). Females menstruate ( 2011; cf HIM) and have 2 6 mammae < 1990, 2313 6678, 7161, 10279 10281, 11899). Males have pcepenial testes, seminal vesicles, and an ampullary gland ( 1491, 1990 2310, 6890 11256 11899). Amttkma males have abdominal testes ( 11256) . Details ol anatomy ( 136, 2777, 6311 10482, 11256, 11899), endocrinology < 1989, 7179 9685), spennatogeaesis ( 1591), and nulk composition ( 2209, 6890 9682 11716b ) are available

. . . . .

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Tupma jjdrs

Tupaia montana UrogaJe erarefB

NEONATAL SIZE Tupam gbs

Uroga/a a\mrot» WEANING MASS Tupam spp Tupma ghs LITTER SIZE Anaf/virvi v rougl >! an< * Tipata ghs

.

--

n5

11 0 19.0 g 11 2 g na 128 g sucMad once m 12 9 g f9 1-193 m: 14 5 g mo 15 g; witn -6 g milk; r-5 20. n8 11 Og rS.0 157; n3 19 15 g; nl, 2 d 20 8 g nl

-

-

.

.

.- - .

.

2 amb 2 amb; nl 1 2 amb as . n2 t 2 yg M; n4 It 1 I 2 yg aa n9 It 2 0; n5 II 2 0 yg rl 3, n57 B 2 09 kva yg mode 2. r1 3: rv2i N 2 23; rl-4; mod# 2 n56 It 2 25 emb; rl 3; r>4 ( 2 37 r2 3; n8 B 2.38. rl 3; nie It 2.5 yg nS4 It 27; r2 3 n3 It 2 83 r2 3; n6 B 3 amb; nl t 3 -5 yg max 2 4 5 cL 2 amb

.

-

. . -. . -

-

6889 6890 10224 2109 2109

Tupam mcobanca Tupaia tana

Urogato «wr«f» SEXUAL MATURITY Tupam pjkt

..

Tupaia minor

CYCLE LENGTH Tupaia gks Tupa mootana

* GESTATION Tup&a gb$

-

-

LACTATION Tupam g/rs

7535 6890

Tupma tana

7986

3706 10824

4813« 4764 10482

UrogaJa avarefP INTERUTTER INTERVAL Tupaia gha

2209 2313

9217 6678

I 1 1 birth 150-300 d t 1 1 birth 6 mo t 1st preg 130 g m tarsia 50% 114.5 g 95% 190 6 g m parm 90 d m 5 mo m 6 mo f/m 90 d Vm 90 100 6 I/m est 3 -4 mo I/m 58 mo f. 1 1 prag 46 g m tarsi® 50% 16 3 g 95% 449 7 g

9663 10261 4406 4406 1969 398 10281 5591

* - *

*

.

-

11612

9917 9913

7535 4406 4406

.

astrus: 2 4 h 10 12 dor IS 22 d r9- 12 d; n16 imaroopuletion interval

2011 2011 10223

implant: 7 d 43-45 d 43-46 d 43-46 d n7 « 43 2 d 44 d n1 44 d r40-47 45 d r40 52 n3 45 d att 46 50 d 46-50 d 47 d mods 49. r 41 50, n39 45 53 d n20 tt 56 d

9664 9917 10281 4474

-

. . - .

-

- . -

leave nasi: 23 d leave nestbox: 32 d

dan amarganca 33 d waan (aw d altar dan amarganca solid food 35 d waan 30 d wean 30 d wean 6 wk did lood 4 w did food 31 d attempt nurse: 53 d dan emergence 1 mo

-

9683

4406

10224 6676

2109

-

Tupaa montana UrogaSa avsfott

2209 7161 2313

.

-

.

4406

9662 6678 3706 10281

-

.

4626

398 4474

-

-

5581 6201 6678 2313

-

*

11258

11344

-

13 19 yg rl 2; nflI 2 amb H n 4 f 2; naan rt -3 yg: nl9 t emb : M I 13 2 amb aa. n3 f 2 5 yg r2 -3 n2 9 4 emb; nl f 1 67; n 2; n3 It 1.86 yg; n 2 n7 It 3 I

.

9662

5 amb, nl f 1.83 amb nvoda 2 M - 2 n6 f i t; n 2 n10 9 mode 2; r1-4

-

9917

TtgMNi moo tana

6689

80 g r 50 110 n8 100 g

-

8798 10223 10281 10280 9682

Tupaia minor

10281 10223 2109

79 mm n8 100-140 mm 130 mm , 2 d

.

Tupam favamca

.

-

.

no 12 g

81

Order Scandentia I anuly luputulae

.

Order Scandtntia Family Tupaudac

•

*

•

-

. -

.

44 d mode 43 45 r41 120 45 d mm 45 d 45 3 d: r43 47 mode 49 d. r 4l -50

-

10224

9682

398 6087

3706. 3709 753S 10624 462« 2011 10223 10224

.

11612 3706 781a 6690 6892

.

6892 396 9662 11344

7535 9217 10223

10223

2109

.

.

9662 9683 9685 11344 6890, 6892 7986

2011

SE ASONAUTY Tupata gts

-

testes large Feb, email Sept , lab mane: yr rd; lab male Jan - May captwe preg f end Apr mid Aug n 2H 0. N Borneo. Indonesia preg T Aug. nl ; Phg Guy. Vietnam birth : yr rd ; Malaysia lacMpreg t Jan June , none July- Aug; Malaysia repro est yr rtt captrve repro Feb J»*>e Pen any I, Malaysia birth : yr rd. peek Mey - Juty Malaysia birth : yr id; capeve preg 1 Jury Aug Nov no Feb Ajne deta. Java , Banka Index*** preg 1 rmd -and Jcrfy; n3/l5; N Borneo Indonesia birth : Aug. Oct Dec; nl pr zoo

-

.

-

-

Tupaia

.

Order Dtrmoptera, Vamity Cynncephalidae t o n u s Cynocephalus

.

Order Somdenua family lupandae

82

-

mnof

Tutma montana flawue tana UrogUm avaratt

.

.

-

1990 2011 4626

2913 10624

7161 6200 4474 6201

7161 10224

12120 2313 2109

.

.

The 1 2 kg nocturnal flying lemurs ( CynocrpHalus wnegatus C wlans ) glide through the tropical m in forest of southeast Asia seeking fruit young shoots, ami leaves The sexes are often dimorphic with respect to color Ihc hetiMK honul. lah>Tinihme or dtscoidal ( 7563 10310) placenta hits a superficial antmiesonietriaL eccentnc (7563) implantation into a duplex uterus ( II IMl. l emales have 2 pair of auxiliary teats ( 7161 11611 ) Copulation can occur during lactation ( 1 1833a ) ami lactation can occur concurrently with gestation ( 7161 ).

.

'

NEONATAL MASS Cynocapfraks volans NEONATAL SIZE Cynocaphakia votana LITTER SIZE

35 6 g.

near term

.

11633«

max 254 mm

291a

Cynoc& phakjs vanagatus

1

t yg m t t yg. nt 1

7161 557 2313

Cynocaphakja volant

1 1

11611 11833a

f yg

986a

-*

6369 11633a

GESTATION Cynocaphakja vanagatus Cynocaphctkta vcriant LACTATION Cynocophatus volant

.

8 k

eat 150 d dependent;

-200 emicus Ptaropua omatua Piaropua pohocaphatua

Plaropus

rayrten

Ptaropua rodocensts Ptaropua njtua

Ptaropua scapula fun

.

.

11273

.

.

Pleropua tammmeto Pt0fopu9 tooganus

5387

10776 11881

«

134 11801

11273 0044

11273

Pteropus

009

vampytvs

7835

9457 9457

Rouaattun amgypttaco

*

7073 7073 7073 7073 009

7078 7508

7073 10314 0440

10314 7161 135 7608 8461

f wilh yg June Juty , or Aug. nl ; New Gunea teslas targe Nov -feb . New Hebrides Leydig cets large Oct - Feb New Hebndes male Feb. New Hebndes preg t Feb Oct . New Hebndes preg 1 May; New Hebndes prag £ June; New Caledonia birth- peak end Aug-eady Sept. New Hebndes preg f: Apr, nl ; Philpptnes prag £ Nov -Jan. lew data; Selangor. Malaysia birth and Mar -eerty Apr. Thailand sperm yr rd peak Feb Apr . Egypt testes peak Apr. Aug min Nov. Feb June - Aug. Uganda mate end Apr. not seasonal , Egypt mate. June-rrud Sept Cape Province . S A Inca male: est Nov Jen. Egypt mala ; yr rd; Egypt preg t Mar; nl; Mt Nimba Libena preg t Aug; nl; Mt Nimba. Liberia preg I Oct 90% Transvaal, S Alnca preg t and Oct -early Dec ; n11. Mt Nmba. Libena preg f Dec -Mar. Juty - Sept Uganda birth: Mar , Sept , betore peek rain Uganda birth: peak Mar , Sept e Alnca birth: Ocl-June; S Alnca birth: Nov - Dee Transvaal S Alnca b«th: yr rd. sa Zaira Rwanda birth yr rd. n73 . zoo birth: yr rd; zoo lact f Feb. W Alnca tact f Mar May Egypt lact f Aug nl; Mt Nimba. Liberia mate May -July; Java preg t Feb. Apr. June Dec; nlO; Malaysia preg t Mar. n2 SUawesi, Indonesia prsg t. Juty, Sept. n2. Bougainville . Solomon 1 praglact t- peak Feb- Apr, fhdppnes praglact £ June- Aug New Gurnee birth Mar-May; no dale Jute-Jan. Tenor. Indonesia lact f Jan. nl; New Gunea lact 1 Dec. nl; Sulawesi Indonesia lact f Dac - Jan. nit Solomon 1 prag 1 fab Dec n2. Mt Nimba. Ubena preg 1 July - Sept. Mt Nmba, Ubena birth: June. Nov-feb; se Zaire. Rwanda bath: Dec-Jan, Cameroon prag 1 Mar; n 1 Sulawesi Indonasia bath Mar nt , Sulawee . Indonesia lact 1 Apr; r\3; Sulawesi . Indonesa male yr rd: e Alnca anestnjs July -Nov. Inda seminal vesclas enlarged Oct Apr; kwka spannatogenaais: Nov -Mar. India testes abdominal May-Oct India mate Nov -early Dac . Pakistan concave irwd Nov -mkJ Mar, India prag t Nov -Juty. India bath mid fab -early Mar. Pakistan bath Mar. Jiiy. Inda bath Mar. July- Aug Inda prag 1 and Aug eady Sapt Nov . n3 , Mt Nimba Lbena birth and Dac-aarty Jan central Alnca lact: Fab Apr. central Africa

.

.

.

2214 009

517 9457 7059 7410 3937

.

.

Rousertus ampiexiCAudntus

.

3370 6845 6047

3915 1340. 1342. 1346 1340 1342. 1340

.

7416 7859

.

3370 517 6845 0494 . 0501

Rouasttua angoienua

7059

Rouaettos CAhbAtMMS

8790 8401

9457

Rouse nut lanosus Rousettus taacfwnsutl

10114

9457

7065

.

10878 10879 7833a 9457 0401

1625 1625 6906 8954a 0954a 7833a 623

93

Order Ouruptcra Iaiiuly l*lcropodHlac

Scotonyctens opfuodor

.

.

.

10114

517 4097 4097 517 9457

9457 517 7586

7161 6369

6721 7679 6093 6549

8817

6721 11273 11081 5226 1946

7678

«

767 . 7679 6084 4690

5226

255 12128 517 5387 0017 5924 6446 009 7073 135 10114

3903 7073 809

8481

11273 11881

255 2948 809 809 009

5759 3916 3930 1342 3938 9175 3018

3915, 3921 9175 3916 1340. 1342 11081

252 252

.

Onto Chiropm Family llaopodidae

4

male Aug-Sept central Africa preg f Aug nl , M! Nvnba, Libona preg f Nov ftl , Ml Ncnba . Libana b«th Dec Jan, central Africa Iact Dec -Mar/ Apr central Africa lact f- Oac; n1; Mt Nimba Lfcena prag t Jan Mar-May July Sept; n12 Papua New prag t Fab. n4 Baarwah OLD Austrata lact t Jan; n2; Papua New Gumea

Scotonycttrs zankan

252

.

.

Syconyctons aostraks

.

.

.

.

.

.

lact f Apr; n1 New Guinea prag f. Jan. n2 Suiawaw Indonaaia

Thocptwa ntgrasoans

.

11273 7073 2841 7073 7073

-

The mwtivonHis. immse -tailed bats < Rkinopoma 10-45 g) range fmm western Africa to southeast Asia Ihc zygote enters the uterus in the morula stage ( 55 6 ). The labyrinthine, endotheliochorial, discotda) placenta has a superficial, mcsomctrial, circumferential, circumpuntial implantation into a symmetrical Ncomuale uterus ( 13 917 55 2 55 4 , 55 5 55 6. 10288 11799) and is not normally eaten ( 248 ) . Birth lasts 20- 25 min and die miked, blind neonate is bom head first ( 24K 55 4 9175 ) Females have 2 pectoral mammary glands. 2 pubic false tents ( 24«. 55 4 5759. 6720) and arc monoesuout (248 55 4) Males have ampullary glands, which More sperm, abdominal testes (248. 55 6065 9999), ureihr.U glands (7440) and seminal vesicles (9178) Details of female anatomy ( 553 9 7, 55 4 6161, 10288) and endocrinology ( 553) are available

*

.*

*.*. *

.

*.

NEONATAL MASS Rhmopoma har& icka\ * WEANING MASS Rhtnopoma harchvicket UTTER SIZE Rhmopoma hanfmc at * Rhmopoma tnetephytium

*

Rtunopoma mcrophyttum GESTATION Rhmopoma hanhvickai Rhmopoma rnctophyhum

LACTATION Rhmopoma hardwtokai

Rhtnopoma mtcrophyBum INTERLfTTER INTERVAL Rhmopoma hanhvickai Rhtnopoma mcrophyNum SEASONAUTY Rhtnopoma hanhvtcket

.

.

*.

.

*

.

5534

2-3 g n

.

7 « g 20 d 12- 13 g 2 mo

5534

1

553 6534 24«

5534

.

1 1 /8 1 amto; r1 -2 1 Mt twin n237 ( tabta) n273 ( taxi) f

*

SEXUAL MATURITY Rhmopoma hardwtckai

.

-

.

8720 6161 5534

f : 8.5 9 mo fc 9-9.5 mo m. 16-17 mo

553

fan; 2nd yf

246

96*100 d 70 80 d 4 mo 123 d mm 123 d

563. 5534

laat attachment 20 d wean. 2 mo WOOD 4 6 wk

5534

1 yr

553, 5534

lyr

24

. India * regress MarNov Oac. India spermatogenast * mate: mid Feb -earty Mar. Incta

5533 5633

5534

-

1340 6161

3915

«

24

-

553

24«

«

testa

--

mate mid Feb rwd Apr Incta mala end Feb mid Apr; India ovulata md Mar India ovulate md Mar Apr India conceive: Apr India preg f Apr Egypt

- .

.

.

.

809

.

*. *

.

*

Rhmopoma mtcrophyNum

Order Chiroptcra, Kamil) khinoprxiulidar Genus Rkinopoma

» .* . *. *

1340

-

252 252

Gianea

95

9175 birth: June. Pakistan 553 birth mid Junn nnrty July. Agra. India 5534 birth: mid June-Jufy Inaa 5759 birth a»1 July. Sudan 9082 lact t Juty. nl. India 5903 half grown juvenile mid July; n4 W Africa ' 248 torpor end Ocl-Feb earty Mar, Irvda India 246 small Oct end Jan Apr . large a mcreaae and siza tas« » «181 mala Fab-Mar; India 248 mala Mar India 3937 mala Mar India 10288 male: Apr early July; Bengal India 1340 birth: June, India 8181 birth and Juna; Incta 248 birth; and July early Aug, India 5903 half grow yg Aug: W Africa

11M1 1948

.

.

. birth June. Irvin

Order (Tuxuptera. Family RhinopomaUdac Genus Rhuwpoma

563 5533

5534 553 5534 5533 8810

Order Chiroptcra, Family Fniballnnuridar

.

Sbcuth tailed, sac winged, and ghoat hits UUilatUiopteryi 5- 9 g; Cemnmycteris 5 g Coleura 9- 11 g; Cormura 10 g, Cxttarop.t 50- 55 mm; Diclidvnu 19 g; F.mballonura 4-40 g; Reropieryx 6- 19 g; Rhyuchonycteris 2 -4 g. Saccolaimus 55- 105 g. Saccopteryx 3- 11 g. Taphozous 10- 30 g) are inscctivorrs from the tropics and subtropics Females may be larger than males ( 1186, 1187. 6^68. 7122, 8494. 10114. cf 575*)) Taphozous exhibits reproductive asymmetry as the right ovary and uterus are used preferentially (4 99. 5261. 5262. 5715. 5716. 5829. 9491; cf 911, 912, 60 0 94*8)) Halantinpienx and Reropuryx use both wanes ( 6568. 11804) The labyrinthine. endoAebochorial discotdal placenta has a placental hemaioma and a superficial, circumferential or lateral implantation into a bipanne nr bicomuatc uterus ( 3912. 91 917, 5715. 5716. 6568. 6627 6966. 8948. 9178 9491 11799 11808 ) Development may be delayed ( Taphozous 6029). Placcntophagia is repined ( 9175 ), as is estnis postpartum ( 1 40, 1 46. 4 99 6029. 60 0. 8948. 9491; cf 58 1 ). but immuesiry also occurs ( Balantiopteryx 83 ) Neonates are 25- 30% of adult mass and most are hen blind and naked ( 5759, 7161 8501, 9175 , 9491, 10669, cf 5903 ); however. Taphozous is born fuiml with open eyes (5 80). Taphozous females have 2 mammae ' , ( 6720) Males have penial spines and ampullary glands or seminal vesicles (5829, 6065. 6966, 7440, 7441. 662 ) 9178 ) Details of anatoms ( 419. 6721. 9490), cndocnnology ( 5383 k spermatogenesis ( 5382. 74 9 , and social

*

.

.

.

*

. .*

*

.

* *.

*

*

* *. *

*

*

.

*

*

. 1187. 1188. 1189 ) are available

aiton ( 1186

( vgant /

NEONATAL MASS Butuntopturyx pheata

-«

2341

2g

«

656 10669

2 Saccopfary tatnaata Taphozous gaorgtanus Taphozous meianopogon

*

NEONATAL SIZE Taphozoua goorpanus Taphozous nudrvertns WEANING MASS Taphozous gaorgaruts Taphozous matanopogon Saccoptaryit taknaata

WEANING SIZE Taphozous georpanus LITTER SIZE Balanboptaty to Balanbopivy pheata

* *

35 g r3.2 *40 7 8 g r 7 3 *6 1; i*4

5380

.

7 5 g r7-« rv2 neonataa, 7 -8 g ful term

9491

HB 50 2 mm ; r46 56; n4; FA 35 5 mm: r34-36, n4 47 -51 mm

5380 111

5380

-

13 1« g. 18 33 d 20 g m 66 g M041, m3 f: 7 0 g c0 31. n

-

*

-

9491

10669 10669

«

-

.

MB 62 6« mm. FA 54 61 mm

16 -33 d

5360

364

1 V0 1 VO 1 emb; m f 1 emb ea; n3 f 1 amt) aa ntO f 1 amb ea n2l t

..

2341

.

2350 2351 3204

1937 5409

..

Order Chiroprcra 1 uiuly I -mbalUaiuruk*

96 Cantronyctens mnxrmltanr Coiaura afra

Dtdkkifua a/bus EmbaUonura ntgraacans EmbaBonura monticola Paroptaryx macro

**

Rhynchonyctans naso

.

\ emb nl f

8280

1

10158

1 1

5759 2S2 1871 7073

1 VS

«9 f

1 ©mb ©a

7161

1 1

191 8404 8501

i yg; ni f t ©mb: ni f t yg; ni f 1 ©mb ©a n2 t t ©mb ©a. n2 f 1 ©mb ©a . rv4 1 l ©mb, yg ©a; n4 I

7181

.

Saccoptaryx bftnaata

.

.

7824

.

.

• . «2 ft ©

1 ©mb, «1 f 1 ©mb «1 f 1 aa: «2 II 1 ©mb ©a «2 f 1 ©mb ©a «3 f 1 ©a; n311 1 yg; «282

.

.

Taphozous gaorganus

Taphozous longrmanus

Taphozous

maunsanus

Taphozous matanopogon

7824

1162 3024 4226

11471© 10074

9113 452 7824

452 3909©

5425 452

5405c 2345 7075

1

3031

1

6030

1 yg 1 ©mb; «1 f 1 ©mb ©a «12 t 1 vg

8501 3927

.

3012 3027

«2 f

111 1340 8811

«2 f

10158

-

Saccoptaryx laptura Taphozous gaorgranus

Taphozx>o 9 malanopogon

GESTATION

»

I 1st birth max 8 mo t; 1st mai© 9 mo m 1st sperm 8-9 mo m: let mala 21 mo f: 1st conceive: 6 mo I/m not Wm 1st yr

- momo. , >

**

5

-

Taphozous longirnanus Taphozous maunbanus Taphozous malanopogon

-

.

-

-

-

6568 8948

6568 6568

.

5379 5380 5829

.

6029 6030 5573 9491

Rhynchonyctans naso

weo« 3 mo eoM food 2 wk

Saccoptaryx txhnaaia

«

d food 18 30 d w©an 8 10 wk w©an - 2 mo wear 2 5 mo wean 2 3 wk independent 18-33 d wean 5-6 wk nurse 2 mo

* -

Saccoptaryx taptura Taphozous longtmarHj » Taphozous gaor&anu

*

Taphozous malanopogon

UTTERS/YEAR Batan topiaryx pbcata

-

Coiaura afra Paroptaryx Kapptan Rhynchonyctans naso

Taphozous malanopogon Taphozous nudrvantns

1186

10669 1186 60X1 5380

9491 1342

1

1187 6568 5759 7122

2230 1187 10669

1187 1340 6029

3912 3937 5714. 5716

1 1 1

2

10786 1187

.

2 2

min

Taphozous parforatus

1188 10669

7161

1

*

1189

wean 2 mo

1

5714, 5716 7075

5380

5716 9491

383 383 1189

Taphozous longtmanu

9491

1167 5380 5380

1et fry: 2 wfc weart 9 wk wean 3 mo

3927

. 5261. 5282

1187

Batanbopiaryx pbcata

max 2

3927

1187

5714 256

Taphozous perforates LACTATION

Saccoptaryx taptura

1348

1167 7122

4 mo 3 mo

Saccoptaryx bAnaata

1 1 1

191

-

r4 5 8 mo field data 4 -4 6 mo 4 4 5 mo 3 mo est 4 mo 105 d let pr»g 66 d; 2nd prog; ru3r ©ct 6 wk. fidd data, not many 120 125 d 45

Balanttopt&yx pbcata Paroptaryx kappiatt Paroptaryx macro Saccoptaryx fapfura Taphozous gaorgumus

1340 1342, 1348 7181

252 10156

«

9175

1 1 2; f1’2 3 max 2 >1 1

5759

1 1 1

1d 1 ©mb ©a; «57 f 1 emb ©a; «89 1 1 ©mb, yg ©a, n146 II 1;M

1

1

10006

I: 1st bath. 1 yr 1: let birth 1 yr f: tel birth max 18 mo t let birth 1 yr

1188

5380 1340, 1348

. »

SEXUAL MATURITY Baiar.nopteryx pbcata Cotoura atia Rhynchonyctans naso Saccoptaryxr b/ bnaata

Jyral

1

1

Taphozous nudrcJuruatua?

3909©

.

1; «5

1

11528 452 10074

1475 5405© 1835 2230. 4228

l ©mb as: n7 i 1 ©mb ©a «381 1 aa «41 I

Saccoptaryx oanascans Saccoptaryx laptura

3909©

1340

1 1 ©mb © a 1 ©mb © a

*

9113 10974 7824

1 • 1 el

Tapfyozous pariot afu

1 emb, nl f 1 ©mb ©a. n3 1 l ©mb, yg ©a. n14 f 1 ©mb as. n20 1 l ©mb. nl 1 yg: «1 1 ©mb ©a: n2 t 1 ©mb ©a; «3 f 1 ©mb ©a; rv3 1 1 ©mb ©a rv4 1 1 ©mb ©a n6 t 1 yg ©a; «9 R 1 ©mb ©a ni$ 1 1 ©mb yg ©a, «17 f

.

Sacoolaimus pair Saccoiaimus saccolramus

Taphozous nudrvantns

1

97

Order Chirupicm, Family Ijnhallonurvlae

1342

9175 2

10008

9297

.

Order (Jliiruptcra I amily I mMInnuruluc

98 SEASONALITY Balanbopfaryx to

Baton ttopt oryx phcalu

. .

prog 1 Apr n2 Veracruz Mexico lad f : July; «3, Oasaca, Mexico sperm yr rd. low May Aug Central America mate end Jan -mid Feb; Central America ovulate: Mar Central America prog f May n3. El Salvador preg t: May-July; nIO; Mexico prog f June rv2 t ; Sinaloa Mexico prog t June Jdy; «14 Smatoa. Mexico birth: June -mid July Central America birth: synchronous end June, Costa Rica birth; end June-early July , Mexico lact f : July; Oaxaca Me»oo lact f : Sept; «1; Jaisco Mexico preg f. May . nl. Nicaragua preg 1 May. n2. Costa Rica mate end June, end Dec; Kenya ovulate Juty, Dec . Kenya preg t end Dec Tanzania birth: end Jan; central e Africa birth: Mar - June Oct - Dec Kenya bwth: Ocl end of rams; Sudan birth: Nov -Dec; Seychelles preg f Aug- Sept; French Guiana preg t Jen June, Jatoco Mexico preg f Mar May ; n2. Michoocan, Mexico preg f Feb Mar Oct - Nov; Selangor, Malaysia preg t Oct Dec; «2; Malaysia birth Mar. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia preg f Feb May July n9; Papua New Gunea conceive May June. Dec -Jan. Colombia preg t Apr Costa Rica birth peak Mar May, Oct -Dec Colombia birth mid May -earty June Costa Rica preg f Feb Mar nj Guatemala prig f Apr; n 16 Yucatan, Mexico preg t Apr Aug - Sept. rv20; Peru

.

.

. -

.

.

.

.

Caolronyctans maximbam

Coteoia afra

.

Cobora sayebattansts Corrrora brevwstns Dtdtdunts atbvs

EmbaPonura monheoia

EmbaPooum nqrascanx Paroptaryx kappia/i

Patoptaryx mac/ ota

-

.

. -

.

-

preg f

.

.

.

. Oct French Guiana ;

.

Aug; nt ; Quntana Roo

Rtiynchonyctans naso

Mexico lad f preg t Jan-Feb, Apr Veracruz Mexico preg t Feb, n3 Campeche Mexico preg f Mar n2. Tnnidad preg f Mar; n3. Guatemala preg t May r\3 El Salvador preg f Mey July Sept; n9; Peru preg md July -ned Aug n4; Tnrudad preg t Aug nt . Guelemale preg t Oct Oec. French Guana birth; Apr, none Nov Mar, Costa Rica lact f July. Chiapas, Mexico lact f Oct. Veracruz, Moxico epididymal sperm Aug; Gabon prog t June, Dec. n3 ne Zaire birth: Jan; Gabon birth- Jan, July; ne Zaire preg f Sept. nt Malacca se Asia preg t Sept Nov; Sn Lanka lact t. Sept -Nov, Sn Lanka mate Dec; Panama preg f Feb. n2. Veracruz, Mexico preg t Feb. Apr. n2, Guatemala preg f Mar; n2. Jaliaco, Mexico preg t Mar n1; El Salvador

.

.

^

-

SaecoUumua pah

Ssccoiatmus saccotaanus Saccoptoryx Mnaota

-

-

.

.

.

.

523 6566

-

.

Saccoptoryx Upturn

6566

1187 2341 523

11471a 4046, 6260

-

7122

Tapbozoos gaorgtanus

7122 5759 252

-

.

.

.

Tapbozoos tongtmanus

4671 4671

7161 6446 3974

. . .

.-

«

894

6260

Tapbozoos maunttaou

*

6946

1167

-

S405e

.

.

3999a 10974 1350a

.

2230 4226 3900a 540 Se

Tapbozoo malanopogon

*

1475 3999a. 10974 2552 1350a 1187 1641 4228

-

.

.

-

252

-

252 252 6501 6493 6494 10669 4226 5405e 11471a

.

.

191.252, 1207 7161

.

- .

1635

*

.

.

-

54241 5424f

.

. *.

.

-

.

-

7073

3204

•

-

7122 5759 7693 1350a

.

-

-

6566 6568 3204 1937 5409 5413a

.. .

preg t Mar-May , July Tnr rtad Apr nl, Panama prog t June. rv4. Veracruz Mexico preg f June Aog Oct M8 Paru bMi May June Panama Coala Rica birth synchronous early May; Panama birth and May m*d June Tnrudod iact f; June-Jiiy; Trtradad lact f. July. nl Guatemala preg f Fab ; n2; Nicaragua preg f Fab; «1; Panama preg f . Mar, nl; Nicaragua prag f Apr-May; n2; Nicaragua prag t; May , Tnradad birth: May. Cotta Rea birth: May, Nov; Costa Rica birth June July; Trinidad accessory glands anlarge spring, central OLD . Australia prdMjymai sperm yr rd central OLD. Australia sperm yr rd tow md toll mid winter; WA . Australia scrotal testes summer WA Australia scrotal testes Nov Fab OLD Austrate birth: Oct -Peb. WA Aualraha birth: and Nov -earty Dec OtD Australia quiescent Sept -Dec. India mala rmd Jan early Fab May earty Ajna Varsnae. Irate mala mid Jan end Apr -mto May. Irate mala yr rd: Irate preg f Sept, nl; Sn Lanka preg/lect t yr rd Irate birth: and Apr early May Varena , India birth: yr rd; India testes large Oec ne Zaire, Tanzania mate July, ne Z re Angola. Tanzania, s Sudan male Oct Nov , Katanga Zambia mala Dec Jan na Zaire Tanxanro birth Feb Katanga. Zambia birth est Apr May ; ne Zaire . Tanzania birth: Oct Nov; ne Zaire Angola Tanzania s Sudan young found yr rd Zaire repro yr rd; equatonal Alnca ana strut Dec; Irate regression genital system Oct-Nov; Irate preg t jan-May. India preg f Jan June peak Feb Apr «522, Irate preg f Jan Mar. Oct Nov no data otoer mo. Malaysia preg t only FotxMay ; India prog » May June, totte progtact f Sept. Sn Lenka birth mid Apr -mid May India bath end May -earty June Irate bath end July early Aug Irate lact f Sept; irate wean Jirtie rntd July; Irate young of alt ages tound: Sept. Sn Lanka hbemate Dec Mar Iraq epiddymaJ sperm JarvFeb Oct Cairo, Egypt spermatogenesis: Feb- May; Cairo Egypt mate Sept. Pakistan mate (art. Iraq ovulate Mar. Iraq projectI: July, lew data Burkina Faao. w Alnca bath m*d Apr Potoslan b th end May , Iraq

preQ t

2230a 4228

54241

99

Order Omopicra I anuly Ijnholknundac

Tapbozoos nu&vantns

’ .

.

*

.

.

3900a 4226a 6146a 3999a. 10974

3322 10669

1106 3900a

2552 5405c

2345 5425

2345 39O0a

1187 1167 1106 5301 5381 5629. 5631 5629 5380 5382 5629 5831 5380 6030 6029 6030

3912 6501 3911

6029 1340 1345 3912

.

.

252 252 252 252

252

252 252 191 253 5262

5262 9491

5716 7161

5715 5262 6501

.

1340 1342 9491

5262 5262 9491

.

6494 6501

111 6721 6721 9175 HO Ill

.

111 5903

9175 111

Order Chiruptcra. I dimly huiballufiundac

100

.

birth: mad June-nwd July India mat© Jan -Mar, Africa

Tap hozoos perforates

preg t Fab -Mar, Niger bath Apr May. Indus bath; Apr May Keny © bath: May Juna Nigeria birth and May ^ariy June; law data; Nigena wean rrud June; Africa nearly ful grown mid Aug; Bulkina Faso, w Africa repro est not seasonal; ©guatonat Africa

.

1340

256 8611

1340 252. 256

252. 255

wean: 45-60 d

Nyctans thabarc

wean: 45 60 d wean 2 mo wean: 2.5 mo

*

5903 253

Nycteris htsptda Nyctans macrotit

1 or 2 23

Nyctans nan Nyctans thabarca

1 12

-

Crasaooyctans thongtongyar

2747

*

SEASONAUTY Nyct&ns ary©

NEONATAL MASS Nycteris arga or N ma/ or UTTER SIZE Nyctans arge or N ma/or Nyctans gmndts

Nyctans hrsptda

.

.

1 emb nt f 1 ®mb nt t 15 ©mb rl -2 n4 I

.

. .

1 1 ©mb; n1 f

Nyctans javanca Nyctans macrotis

Nyctans nan Nyctans thabarca

*

.

1 amb yg; n2 It 1 ©mb; n1 f 1 ©mb; nl f t yg. nl 1 1 ©mb ©a. n21

Nyctana grand

**

.

Nyct&ns

hrsptda

GESTATION Nyctans bsputa Nyctans mocrotrs Nyctans nano Nyctans rhabarca

6611

Nycteris /atonic

*

Nyctans macrobs

2 5 mo

11270 255

10158

7719 185 18«

.

11270 255 624

.

.

.

. birth Od-0©c; Ubena Tanzania

10154

.

Nyctans nana

-

Nycteris thabarc

*

.

lad f: Dec lew data mate ©arty Dec Zaire mat© ©od D©c ©arty Jan. central Afnca burth irmj|tan©oua y rmd Mar central Africa both m»d Mar. Zaire wean May-mid June; Zaire wean mid May. central Afnca etlrus July Natal , S Afnca mate Apr, Rwanda mat© June; Natal 9 Afnca

.

*

.

252 252

252

11272 11272 252 252 252 252 11811

11270 252 252

252 5387 191

*

.

4924

331 9945

W Arfica

birth; Jan, Jun© Zn e birth: F©b Mar, Cameroun birth; Mar Apr Tanzania Zaire birth; ©od Mar -early Apr, Zaire birth: Sept -Oct; Gabon b rth Dec n3, w Great Rift VaHey a Afnca loci f Oct Dac , Rio Muni, W Arfcea wean May Cameroon wean June: Garamba Nal Parti Zaire wean Jun© July . Tanzania. Zaire wean Nov, Gabon w©an 0©c, Rto Mum, Gumea preg t Mar; n1; Pertis, Malaysia birth Apr. nl; Kuala Lianpur , Malaysia lad f: Nov, Hi; Selangor, Malaysia mat© Aug, OcL central Afnca mat © 0©c Garamb© Nat Parti. Zaira pr©g t M© y; n1; Niger preg t and Dec nl; Tanzania twrth Jan Kenya birth Jan Mar, Rwanda birth Mar Garamba Nat Park Zaire birth Oct Nov, ©arty Jan; Rwanda

*

8611

1 ©mb; nt f 1 ©mb; n 1 f 1 emb ©a n3 t 15 ©mb rl-2. r»2 f

.

- .

-

252

8965

5 mo

.

-

.

11273

1 1

3 mo 2 5 mo 3.5 mo; field data

.

male: Dec Cameroon preg f: Aug; nl; Rio Mum, preg t Aug n1; Zaire

11273 1347

11270 191 7161

252

.

11273

11270

.

-»

.

1 1

.

252, 256 11270 256

- .

*.

4 g; m ©mb

11270

-

tMrth Jan; Zaur© birth Apr May Zaire preg f: Mar, Dec: n3 ; Albert Park, Zaire tact f: Apr nl; Albert Parti Zaire wean Mar -June/July; Garamb© Nat Park Zaire birth: Jan, Cam©roun birth mid Apr , ©ady Aug mid Dec , Gabon birth: May Garamba Nal Park Zare tact f Juiy Aug; n2, M1 Nimba. Ubena malt: ©arty Jan , Zaire male Jan Tanzania Zaire mat© Ain© July Gabon

.

. *

255

.

Nyciends { Nyaens ) are 5-43 g inscctivorcs primarily from Africa, but also from Malaysia and Indonesia. ) Implantation may preferentially occur in the right horn of liie btcomuale or duplex uterus ( X 24. 6066. 10154 . A ). ( postpartum estrus is present HI tropical species ( 255 6062, 6066 ) alter the birth of a funed neonate 11270 Temperate forms arc monoestrous but have two periods of folliciilar ilevelopment ( X 24 ) Females have 2 *4 mammae ( 331, 502 4070 6720 75 7 ) Males have ampufiary glands and a hacuhim (606 6966).

.

824

mala: Jan-Fab, Zaire mat© : Oct Zatr©

Order ChtropTera, Family Nycterfcbe, (irnui Nycteris

.

5759 255 252 11270

-

*

2747 repro end Apr ?, Theland

-

LITTERS/YEAR

2747

vw

101

nurse 2 mo wean: 2 mo

Nycteris nan

4399

Few reproductive duta have been repnned for Cnseemyctms thongiongyau a 1.7-2 g hat endemic to Thailand Females fiavc 2 pcctorul mammae and 2 inguinal false teals ( 4746 ) Details of its natural history anr loadable ( 3576, 474K, 7100 ) 1

LACTATION Nycfnt arge Nyctans macrotts

252

Order ( Triroplrra, Family Crwogyctcridw, lirnus Croseonyctem

UTTER SIZE Cmsaonyctens thongfongyai INTER LITTER INTERVAL Crasaonyctens thongbngyai SEASON AUTY

Order Ouruptcru. Family Nycicndae, Genus Nycteris

11270 252 252

11270 252

6966

5387 252 11270 252 252

252

7161 3974 7161 252. 256 252 8611 5759 252 252 256 2S2

.

252

255 186

11270 252 252 11270 11270 252 824

252 624

.

Order (.'hiruptcra I anuly Nyctendac, Genus Nyttens

102 mate July; se Zaire mate Aug; Zambia

-

. Tanzania

SEXUAL MATURITY Magaderma tyra

252 262 262

Tanzania mate Oct concaiva early Nov, eaity Juna; Natat . S Africa prog f : and Jen -earty Fab; n2; Africa prag f May. n3; Saudi Arabia prog t Aug; nt; Zambia prag f Aug Oct only; Zimbabwe preg t Oct nl ; Namibia prag t Dec nl Tanzania both Jan-Fab, Konya, Tanzania birth: July , Rwanda birth Sept Fab; law data, Botswana birth mid Oct; Katanga, Zaira berth: aarty Nov; Zambia birth aarty Nov Natal S Africa both: aarty summsr, Transvaai S Africa birth: yr rd; va Zatte. Rwanda waan Jan Fab. Zambia waan Apr; Kanya Tanzania waan and Sapt; Rwanda waan and Dac : aa Zaira, Tanzanui

Nov,

Kanya,

824 185

•

GESTATION Canfodo / ma cot

771© 331 1015 9945

«

-

. .

Lavia irons Magadarma tyra

186

262 262

-

10154

252 252 824

.

Megaderma spasma

LACTATION Lavia frona

8965 255 252

-

Megaderma spasma Magadarma lyra

252

252

UTTERS/YEAR Cardtodarma cor Lavra Irons SEASONAL!TY Cardodatma cot

252

.

Order Oiiroptcrn Fanuly Mr ]>adrrnwli(bc

-

!- AISC vampire and yellow winged bans arc 20- 170 Africa ( Cardiftderma Livid ), tropical Australia ( Macroderma), India, and southern and southeastern Asia ( Megaderma ). Females may be larger than ( Cardiodenna 7121 hivui 49241 or equal to ( Meguderma 8494 ) males in siit Ovulation in Megaderma is predominantly from the left ovary < 8872 8876, 8890) while Cardioderma uses both ovancs ( 6966). Muliiovular follicles are common ( 5937 ) Connective tissue links the ovanes with the uterus (3937). Embryos enter the bipartite iw Ncornuate utenis in the morula stage where they develop endotheliochorial, discoid placentae with superficial, circumferential, implantation that can be either mcsomctnal aiHimesofnetnal or lateral ( 3910, 3917, 3928 3929 6966, 11799) Ihe left utenne horn is used preferentially (3928 8872 8876 8887 9490 cf 3910) Placcnlophagui occurs occasionally (3930, 11270) after the birth of cither naked and blind ( Cardioderma 4924 5759) or funed iLavta 11270) and open eyed ( Megaderma 5930) neonates Females have 2 functional, pectoral teats and both sexes have 2 nonfunctional pubic teals ( 2698 4669 6966, 7161, 9297) Males have urethral glands, ampullary glands or seminal vesicles, and a Kiculutu ( 5704, 6065, 6*)66, 7663 9178) Details of birtli ( 3930) arc available

.

.

f predators on insects and small vertebrates in equatorial

.

. ...

.

.

.

.

.

-

NEONATAL MASS Magadan iyra

**

LITTER SIZE Lavfa Irons

s Macndarma Magadarma tyra

**

apaama

.

as 1 1 1 1 Vfl 1 amb; nl f 1 vg 1 1 i yg mod# 1 yg stAbom twins; nt it 1 amb. 0 3% twins, M 2. n330 f 2; nl It

*

-

.

. .

3927

8887

1 yg 2 rara

8494, 8601 1340 1343, 1346

mod# 1; r 1-2

7161

1

.

.

11270

•3 5 mo, field date 5 mo field date 150 d field data 150-160 d 150 160 d 70-90 d 5 mo

.

-

3916. 3926 8876

7161

-

6890 1340

-

7161

11234

wean >50 d wean 2 5 mo wean 4 5 wk . few data wean 2 mo

252 8876 8890

252

mm 2 1

11270

.

male Apr -May Kenya male Sopt Oct, Tanzania preg m«d- Way -mid- Aug, Nov Jon: Kanya preg f m»d Oct mid Jan: Tanzania pragAact f yr rd lew data. Kenya birth aarty Jan, Tanzania bath Jan Aug Kenya birth Aug* Entrea to n Zambia lact t Aug; nl; Afnca wean mto Apr. and Oct Kanya wean end Mar Tanzania mate Jan nl; Seronera Tanzania mate end May. se Zaire

-

-

.

.

•

.

.

.

.

Macmdarma

»fli

-

-

.

Magadarma tyra

.*

.

-

.

. *

*

.

.

252

252 252 252 7121 262 252 5759

4924 252 252 11663 252 252 11270 191

bulb end Mar; Rwanda birth end Aug se Zaire both eerty Apr Za*a both eerty Apr. n2. Kenya both mid Apr mid- Aug ned Nov , md-Jan, Tanzania repro yr rd, equatorial A 1nca male end Ocl earty Nov, n Australia preg f June : nl; nw Australia preg t Aug. nl OLD. Austral both Oct-Nov, Pllbara. WA Australia bath Sept , nl , nw Ausireka young oaen Sept -Nov, Australia spermatogenesis Juty Dec; Maharashtra tod» sperm July Jan, India Sn Lanka testes large Oct mal Dec «n< a. Sri Lanka mate eerty Oct. Inda mats early -mid Nov; Intha mate end Nov Inda. Sn Lanka preg t Feb Apr central Incfca preg t end Nov ^nol Apr Meherashva. inrAa preg t and Nov Apr; India. Sn Lanka p«eg f Nov May India both Mar, nl; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia bath end Mar, hda

- .

9297 11270

8876 1340 1343 3930 3031

252 5759 5759

--33 mo mo

.

11663

8890

8890

mate: end Dec: Rwanda mate end Dec, Zaire preg t Mar nl Zaire

3915

11233, 11234 191 7075, 7076

6890

3 mo

.

Lavia trona

6876

f 1st mate 1.5 yr m; 15 mo t: is mo

.

.

3930

103

*

.

.

.

7 *« 0 10 25 g; rS 6 - 11.36: nil

.

Magadan

.

Order Chiroptera Fanuly Mcgadcnnathlae

252 252 11270 11233 252

253 10809

.

2697a 2698 7076 2696

2696 10696 8690 8876

8876 3937 3928 9876

5705 8890

8876

3915 3974 1340

Order Chiruptcra. family Megadermatidae

104

6867 3928 6876 6890 6876

birth : Apr, nl ; India birth : mid Apr; *nd*a birth and Apr, Inda. Sri Lanfca (act f Mory -Juna; Maharashtra , into mat# atf Nov ; law data . Inda , Sri Lanka mate Dec -Jan . Inda preg t Fab- Apr, Aug; no data other mo . Selangor Malaysia bath: Feb. n 1621 ; Kuala Lumpur . Malaysia bath: Mar- May . Inda buth . eat end Apr. tew data Inda . Sn Lanka b«rth: May. Sri Lanka ted t May; tew date : Sn Lanka

Megaderma spaama

WEANMG MASS

-

-

.

.

.

. . . . .

. . .

Htppostderos ab&e

Htppostderos ater

6501

HlppOSKtoroS blCOlOt

-

.

.

.

.

. .

Htppostderos ater Htppostderos btoolor

Htppostdefos calter Htppostderos cammetsoni Htppostderos ktbus Htppostderos iankadba Htppostderos laivatus Htppostderos ruber htppostderos spsorts Rhtnolophus oomutus Rhtnolophus euryate Rhtnolophus terrumeqianum

NEONATAL SIZE AseAa rnctons Htppostderos caller

.

.

.

NEONATAL MASS

Rhtnolophus roust

.

* .

*.*

.

.

. . . . .

-

.

.

1 1.5 g 1 9 2 8 g, *0.9 . n 8 taim amb 28 g. ni 22 g 8 g nl ; imaiteftt naonate 8 - 11 g; term amb r3 5-4 0 g; n3 3 0 g tami amb 2 1 g nl 24 0 2 55 g 12.4 2 7; n2 39 g r3-4 5; nil S8 g 1 8-21 g 4.2 g r3 7 -4.7; n4

*

-

27.7 -29.6 mm FA 26 mm ±50; nl 7

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

-

. .. . .

.

. . . *.

. .. .

.

-

.* * . . . .

.

.

.

. .

.

-

.

.

rouju

Cbeohs percnrait Co ops tnttv

1340. 1343 6676 6493

-

.

. . . . . . . * * . . . . . . . . *. * . . .

.

. .

-

comutus

Rhtnolophus

-

7161 3974

50 mm, Asellm o IO g, ASCULSCUS 3 8 g, Cloeotis 3-8 g; Horseshoe, leaf -nosed, and Indent Cotlops 6-9 g; Hip post Jeros 5 180 g , Ruracoelops 7 g; Rhtnolophus 2 32 g , Rhmonyxieris 8 10 g; Inaenops X 25 g > are old world mscctwecs Females are often larger than maks ( 4968 8494 9297, ‘7945 11270. cf 191). Ovulation may be induced ( 1640 ) . Asymmetry of female reproductive ( unction is common and either side may predominate ( 202, 826 828 832 906 908. 3573 918, 919 3925 *934 9 6 3941 3942, 5527, 5528 5^ 29. 5538, 6627 6718 6956 7161. 7208 7681 8057, 8875. 8882, 9241 9489 10068 cf 6966 ). Vaginal plugs ( 357 6956 8055 8X 30, 8918 92 8 92 9. 9241 94 7 11318 ) sperm storage (826 828 830 8 * 1 3573 3574. * * 6956 7208, 7519 8918 9437 11018 11019 ) delayed development (832, 3942 8882, 9489) delayed implantation ( 3**42, 7208, 8882 ) monocslry ( 832, 1348 8875), and polyovular follicles ( 11318 ) are reported The endothclkxhonal or vasochnrnU labyrinthine, hidiscoidal placenta has a mevoinetrial or circumferential , superficial impLuiUUon into a bicomuale or bipartite utcniv (202 828, 8*2 905 < X)6, ‘8)7, 90S 1228 1524, 3574, 3913 3917 3918 3919, 3925 39 4 936, 942 5527 5528, 5529 55 8 6718 6966 7563 7681 9178 10068, 11318, 11799 ) and Is often eaten after birth ( 8873, 8877 11270) A btcuniualr vagina is reported ( 5529 5538 ). Neonates, up to 25** of adult mass (7681 ) arc blind and either miked t* covered with downy hair ( 897, 1.343, 1349 3571 6718 7b81 8798 8873 8875, 8877 9175 10285 11270, 11623, 12021 ) Eyes open at 3 15 d ( Rhtnolophus 3571, 12021 ). Most females have 2 non functional pubic teals as well as 2 pectoral nummary glands ( 331, 3571 4669, 6720. 6956 7161 9297 10158 ). Seminal vesicles, ampullary or urethral glands and a haculum are present in males (828, 3574 57( 4. 6065 6957, 6966, 7440 9178 ) Details of female anatomy (832, 3937 6718 6956. 8878 9178 11093 11318 ) male anatomy (831a, 2830 6957 8054 11293) endocrinology (83a 3936, 4661 ) spermatogenesis (8056) spenrnophagy/abnormal sperm (827. 829 11019 ) and conception (8057 ) are available

-

Rhrtohphus

Asebtacus tncusptdetus

Order Chlroplera, I until ) Khimduphtdae

hats (Amhops

. .

.

.

3915. 3934 3915

Htppostdefos cafler

Htppostderos Htppostderos

aneraceus commerscw

Htppostderos cyclops Htppostderos dtademm

12021 10285

3915. 6718

9489

897

10872 11273 8873 6115 12021 2402 6115

8677 10265

t /9

10114

1 mmb aa . n12 f 1 amb

7073 10156

t amb ea n2 ( or 2; terga numbar of young suggests 2 12 1 V9 1 amb or yg n2 It 1 amb aa: n208 f 1 yg. n many 1 amb . m t 1 amb aa n 24 f

7963 2S2

1

11270

1

-

Htppostderos galentus

Htppostderos lankadva

Htppostderos tantalus Htppostderos rrdkyr Htppostderos ruber Htppostderos speons

Rhtnolophus affnts Rhnolophus akyone Rhtnolophus capensts Rhtnolophus cltvosua

Rhtnolophus comulus Rhtnolophus darhngt Rhtnolophus eurymts Rhtnolophus terrumequinum

11270 3916. 3927 . 3931 , 3934 5340

3927 1340. 1343 10672 3916, 3936

1 amb i yg

10158 1348. 1351

1 amb a*. n 3 f

8611

1 amb a*, n >40 f 1 amb . nt f 1 amb; n1

7861

10672

»

5705

1 amb. nt f

*t

yg

i

yg

331 1361

yg aa; n6 It amb aa n3 f amb aa. n 12 I 1 amb aa . nl 231 1.03 amb M -2; n 4 f

1 1

*

1349

7681

7 1 g rt 5-7.9 55 4era Family Rhmolophtdjc

1.25 amb M -2; n4 f t yg 1 amb aa n 3 ( I amb aa r> 4 f 1 yg aa; n5 It 1 1 amb aa nM I 1 amb aa . ni 691 1 amb aa . n 3 (

—

1 amb rH ( 1 emb. yg rv4 It 1 1 ; n * varaf" 1 yg aa; rv200 It 1 amb aa. n260 f

1 amb 1 amb; ni f 1 1 amb . yg 1 V9 1 amb 1 . saldom 2 1 1

2 amb ; ni f 1

t 1 1 . wsMom 2

1 ovum 1 amb

11270 7161 7075 8494. 8501 5527

3927 3915. 3927 . 3931 . 5528. 6718 10672 8494 8501

7073 6447 7075

3927 3927 9489 10872

3974 11273 3918, 3927 . 3931 8494 8501 1340. 1343

3927 7161 11273 10158

10158 9945 8965

252 6115 8965 10158 436 6115 11318 3571 11019 8049

OnJcf ChttOpttn,Family RlunolupJmJae

106

11270

1

Rhmotopbos hjmfgatus

1 «rrib M 1 emb

•mode 1; 2 •mb ni f

Rhmotophu Mdabmnd Rh 1 yr f lit prog 2 yr 20%: 3 yr 67% I- litetfrus 6 mo m 1st mat© 2nd yr f ; 1st birth: 2-3 yr m spermatogenesis 2 -3 yr f ; ovary development 18 mo f; 1st mat 15 mo f; 1st mate 2 yr f: 1st birth: 3-4 yr 1: 1st bath: 5 yr, r3 -7 m testes development 18 mo m spermatogenesis 3 -4 yr m urethral gland size. 3 yr 1 1st estru some 4 mo, most end 2nd yr f . large toad sperm In vagina 1 5 yr f ; 1st birth 1 2 yr f: 1 1 birth 15 mo f : 10-15 mo

f /m f /m f /m 1/m : f/m

-

-

*

Rhinolophus tvppo&Ja/ os

•

*

*-

*

f; 2 yr m sperm - 12- 14 mo m spermasogenesrs 1 2 yr t *m: 1st male: 1 15 yr 1/m: 1st male: 2nd yr 1 mm 19 mo m mm 16 mo fAn: 1 yr

.

Rbinotophus rouxi

-

-

*

10068

436

3571 1524 3573, 3574 252.255 10158 1340 7161 5705 1340

8494 , 8501

7161 73 7074, 7075 8882 8494. 8501 1340 1343

. .

3927 3927 3941, 3942 331 7161 252 1341 5759 1349 1349

5759 9469 3918

1341 828 11818

826

626 2586 2586 9239 6956 9241

256« 8835

9239 2586 9241 3573 10068

2586 6956

3574 9241 3574, 3580 2586 3571 1524 3942

3942

1343

Order Chiruptcra. Family Rliinoloptudae GESTATION 1 1

-

-

9 10 wk 3 mo 3 mo 155* 160 d 190 200 d

Cfoeofw perc vaA HipposaU / os aba Htppoatdfos star

*

Hippopdfos brcobr Htpposxforos carter

110

255 11270 3915

40-45 d preenpiant 21 d M4- 28 possmptant 199 d

-

.

.

3 mo Md data

HipposKtaros commarsoni

Rtpposrdaros cyciops Hipposidaros fotvo

*

Htpposjderos tankadrva HipposrdAfos rubar Hipposxtoros spoons

Rtmoiophua Mntri RhnolopbuB capensis Rbmotopbus cirvosus Rhmokxpbus aoryaU Rbmotofjfru tarrum qu \um

* *

*

Rtmoiopbus lurmgatus Rhnotophut hildsbrandb RNnotophua htpposxiaros

Rhmotophus tandan

Rtunolophus

rouxi

Rtimolophua simulator Rhaiotophus simnnyi

LACTATION Htpposidaros ater Hippotrdaros caltar Htpposidaros oommarsom Htpposidaros cycbps Htpposidaros tuKus

Htpposidaros lartkadiva Hippoudtoa spaorrs Rhmoiopbus capensts Rbmotophus chvosus Rhtnoiophus comuius Rtonotophus auryaia Rfvnokjphus tarrumaqixnum Rhtnoiopbus himigatus Rhaiotophus htppoardervs Rtwotophus landan Rhmotophus magaphybus Rhnotophu rouxi

*

80 100 d fteld data 220 d 5 mo with 2 mo delay 5 mo; field data 3.5 mo

3934 3915

632 632 7641 1349

632

.

252 254. 255 1349

11270

.

150 160 d

3915 6718

150 160 d 260 d w«!h delay 3 mo

5527

-90 d

9489 252 255

.

1340

135 140 d 3 mo 3 4 mo field data 3 mo

3918

3.5-4 mo eat 3 mo; laid data 10 11 wk eat 3 mo 3 4 mo est ovulaoon to birth

826

-

-

-

-

3 mo 3 mo, held data

--

3 mo

7 wk 75 d 25 mo delay: 2 mo poetdeiay gestation 3 mo 5 mo implant: 40 45 d 3 mo; visible emb to bMl 150 d ? 6 . with delay, field data 3 mo 3 mo

-

-

-

.

-

wean 2.5 3 mo nurse 2 mo wean : 3r mo wean; 5 f mo solid food 2 mo wean: 22 d wean; 2 mo wean; 3 mo we v 50 55 d wean: 2 mo nurse 2 mo independent 55 d wean eat 3,5 mo wean est 2 mo wean 2 mo wean 4 6 w wean 2 mo waan. 2 mo

-

-

-

*

-

-

-

-

*

nurse t - 3 mo

nurse

-2 mo leW data

255 828 255 2402 9238 9437 6918

255 11270 252 255 9175 3571

.

3573, 3574

.

252 255

. 252. 255 6882 252 255

10285

3942 8875 6882

255 252. 255 3934

632 1349 1349

.

252 11270 5527 6718 9489

3918 628 826

12021 9241 9437

11270

3573. 3574 255 2830 1640

3942

.

Order Chiropteia Family Rhimilophidae

108 LITTERS/YEAR Hippostdatoa aba * Hjppoaideros catfar

hppoaidaroa bbppoatdaro cyclop« * HVPOAIDAAM pabntus Hipposfdaros spaons Rfmotophus eoryaie Rrunotophus tefnjmactonom commaraonj

Rfunoiophus fumrgatua Rftmoiophus hddabrmnda Rfunoloptw fuppoaideros

*

Rrunotoptovs roua

1

11270

1 1

11270

.

Order Cluruptcra I uuuly khmolupbiiLr

1340 , 1351

Hrppoederos camanjnan&s

1351

1 1

11270

Htppoadanta ctnaracau

*

B494

1 1

1 1 1

1343 9241 3571 9241 11270 252

1

9241

1 1

3571

1 1

1343

Hjppostderos commarsont

Atebscux lncu»p Htppostdaroa cyctopa

110

5903

birth Oct- Dec. Feb- Apr. central Afnca birth Oct-Dec S Afnca iact t Nov ; Rio Mum, W Afnca preg t Oct m2 Cameroon Iact t Oct , n2, Cameroon male Oct , Mateyea b«th end Apr, Malaysia preg f Mar nl; central India mate May Gabon mate May ne Gabon emb development Ji >e - ; central Afnca * bvth Oct ne Gabon birth Oct Gabon

’

SEASONALITY AseMa tndans

109

Rhnotophua alcyooa

11270 10158 5387

2955 2955 7161

7161 5705 254 1349

252 1349, 1351

254

255 10314

11270 11272 11270 11270 3974 6446 7586

3974 7161 252 71 6718

5527 5527 5528 8501 5705

8718 3915 6526 5706 8494 6501

6447 7073

3974 906

«

90

897 906 9489 908

3974 262 11881

252

252. 256 8878

3918 11507b 1340 1343 8494 8501

7161 7161 252 5759 5759

252

5759

View Page 100

.

Order Chtroptcra I ainily Khu»nlif >hidae

I K) Rhmolophus Near

.

.

828

Capa Prownce S Africa ep« dymal sperm Apr -Way; Capa Provwice S Africa mate Aug- Sept; Capa Pwnca, S Africa ovulate Aug-Sapt Cape Province, S Afnca bath Nov Dae Capa Provnce S Afnca birth. Dec; S Afnca birth mid Dec ? Capa Province. S Africa tact ft Dec Jan Capa Provmca, S Africa mala Apr -May Sept Oct. Natal, S Afnca mala Juty Ao$ se Zaira Rwanda prag ft Nov Transvaal, S Afnca birth Ocl Novr. sa Zaire Rwanda birth and Nov earty Oac Natal S Africa birth Dec fab Natal S Afnca bath aarty July; Japan prag ft Oct nl , Tranavaal S Afnca birth eat early summer. S Africa mate Oct?; Franca bath and June-July; Franca wean rrad Sept Franca sperm at uterus; Nov War; Gloustershira England epiddymal sperm yr ret Franca spermatogenesis May -Oct Franca aparmaitoganaata May Oct Bologna. Italy m sex organa developed Sept May regressed May - Aug. Franca astrut Oct; Gkxjstershire, England mate Aug earty winter Gtoustershre, En and mate nad and Oct; Japan mala Oct Franca mala Oct Nov Franca coputelory plug; Mar, Franca ovulate earty Apr, Japan ovulate aarfy mid Apr GlouMarsh re Entfand * ovulate Apr Franca ovulate Apr Gloustershira, England implant before Mar 15; Sa/drua. Italy Italy pregI; Mar - Apr, Sard bath. May -July Germany belh June, Algeria

MO 828 828. 830 828

balh June. Franca terth June-July. Gloustershira. England b»rth and June-earty »Wy; Franca birth July Aug; Glousterahira. England male: Dec; Zaire. Efitopta prag ft Feb; n2; Niger birth Mar - Apr Ethiopia. Zaira bath Oct -Nov Kenya bath eat Ocl Oec, S Africa mate Aug- Sapt . central Afnca prag I; eat Oct -earty Mar Uganda bath Dec -earty Jan central Afnca bath Dec -Jan, se Zawe Rwanda bath est summer Od-Oac S Afnca

9238 9241

*

.

.

*

.

-

Rhmolophus chvosus

.

-

.

.

Rhmolophus comutus

Rhmolophus dmiinp Rhmolophus muryab

Rhmolophus torrumsejuryum

- .

.

.

.

.

.

-

’- .

. - .

^

’

.

.

-

.

Rhmolophus tomtgatus

**.

Rhmolophus hippostdsros

»

6 58

»437 »437

»241 6956 8918 7519, 8057 241 »437 »437 751 , 8057 6956

»

Rhmolophus Ispidus

Rhmolophus

kjetus

Rhmolophus mperobs Rhmolophus mogaphyBus

Rhmolophus roust

9437 8918

3517

.

. .

10158

7680

.

10158 6956

3574 2075 9241 6956

255 7208 10158 7208

255 255

255

.

252 255

Rhmolophus ptvsstns Rhmolophus simulator

Rhmolophus tntobatua

. *

.

.

-

.

-

.

'

Triasnops perstcus

.

8494 8501

-

.

Rhmolophus sfhsrro Rhmolophus swmnyi

252 7208 7161 1340

-

-.

252 252 255

7208 252

birth Apr ; India preg f : Aug nl central Africa birth Sept Oct sa Zaira Rwanda prag ft Feb Mar Malays testes: peak Apr - May na NSW. Australia birth trad Nov -0ec, rva NSW . Australia wean Jan na NSW, Aualraka mate Mar. Sardinia Italy preg ft and Mar -ear June Algeria testes peak Sept-Nov regress Dec, Bangalore Inda mate Nov earty Dec . Bangalore , Inda mote Nov Dec, Bangalore Wide mate Dec w Ghats, India prag ft Jan Apr India preg I : Jan-May . India birth Apr; India birth Apr May Sn Lanka birth end Apr earty May Bangatora India lact ft Apr -June India birth Oct, tew data, central Afnca mate Aug central Afnca birth est Od Nov S Afnca buth Nov sa Zaira birth ast Nov . Cameroun preg ft Feb- Apr Pahang Malaysia mate: July se Zaira birth Oct, se Zaira preg I; May June . Sept Nov. Selangor Malaysia prag I: Mar Part s Malaysia pragI; Apr Oct, n2; Malays sperm high Juie-Ort tow Dec Jan, Tanzania spermatogenesis end Dec central Afnca prag 1 Dec; Mhukimuzi. a Afnca birth Jan. Tanzania

.

3517 3871 5988

3574

.

.

Rhmolophus mehe/yi

»

8611 252 255 252 255

sperm n uterus Nov Mar . Gtouatoratura England spermatogenesis May Sepl. Czechoslovakia sparmatogsnaais July -Oct Europe testes da eloped Sept Franca astrut Oct Glousterahira. England

.

6956 9241 10068

^

*

ftfimotaphue madaudt

11293

. .

6956

3571

.

11818 82«. 831 12021 8965

.

.

.

258 8965 252. 255

9437 8918 8919 255

-

-

828

826

6956

-

Rhmolophus htktobmndb

10158

3573 3574

ovulate Apr Gloustershira. England bath (May) June July Europe bath June July Gloustershira, En and birth Juneduty. France birth June - Aug Netherlands both July Czechoslovakia sperm. Jirty Dec Nigeria mete June, central Africa mate Nov; Nigeria prag ft Mar Ngena preg t Oct nl; Zimbabwe unimplanted trophoblasts Nov Nigeria anplant Fab; Nigeria implant June; Tanzania bath end Apr. Nigeria b 1h Sapf -Oct Tanzania birth Ocl- Jan. Cameroon lact f May. Nigeria preg f; Feb - Apr, Pahang Malaysia birth mid Apr mid May; fnda preg f: Jan. nl; Sn Lanka

-

Rhmolophus Utncisn

10158 »241 »241 »241

.

.

828 831

10068 3573, 3580 9241

.

285 2404«

spermatogenesis Oct May Cap Province S Africa spermatogenesis Jan - Apr ineefrre: June-Sept.

111

mate Jan; Namehands mate Oct - Apr Moraine Czechoslovakia mate Oct; France ovulate Apr Moravia Czechoslovakia

72

birth June , n Afnca birth Dec se Zaire lact ft May nt; Iran

.

Rhmolophus caperma

..

Order Chtroptcra I umly KhumlopImLic

.

*-

.

1340

73

255 7161

2830 2830 2830

3517 5968 8875 8875 8862

8882 10285 3942

1340, 1343

.

8494 8501

8875, 8882 10285

252 252 10158 252. 256 2955 7161

252

252.255 7161 7161

6446 6735 252 5759

252

.

.

Order Chiwpiera Family Noclilioiikbe Genus Noctiiu)

112

.

.

-

.

-

Bulldog bais ( Noctibo albivtmris N lepohw ) are 30 80 g piscivnres and inscctmwcs fnwn Central and South America Maks arc Iwgcr Ilian females and may he differently colored l7Ka; cf 290Sa) Ovulation may ( alternate between left and right m anes and conception is reported to occur in the ipsilaieral oviduct XM44 K945 ) Blastocyst begin differentiation in the oviduct before the superficial, lateral to antimcsomctnal * implantation of an endotheliochorial. discoid placenta new the cranial end of the endometrial ridge of the bipartite or bicomuate, symmetrical uterus ( 275 4957 6627 9178, 11799) NcuruUe are naked, but have open eyes ( 137!) Ihc ditons is Luge (9178 ). Seminal vesicles are present ( 9178 ), but a baculum is not Pockets of ( ) skin associated with the scrotum may be glandular ( 2808a 390(h). Sperm have very large heads 3414 Details of anatomy ( 4957) and reproductive failure ( 8949) are available


pidar

.

4966 3999a

-

. .

Monvoops mvgatephyOA

2345 4671

solid food 44 7 dt ad4 3; »36 49 n9 ours© 80 5 d sd5.2: r75-90. n8

-

NEONATAL MASS Pl&vnotus fukgtnosus NEONATAL SIZE Pteronotus davyt LITTER SIZE

10974

*

-

Noctho hponrma

2552

.

3900

SEASONALITY Noc&fro alxvwitns

54241 5411a

-

5425

.

Noe&io atoventns

5413a

-

The insectivorous, ghost - faced hats ( Mormoops 13 18 g ) and moustached bats iPtrroaotu t 7.5 25 g) range from southwest United States to Brazil Bolivia, and iVm Ovulation occitn only from die right ovary and implantation is predominantly m the cranial pinion of llie ngbl uterine hom ( Pternnotu.t 3613 4957, 11804 ) The endotheliochorial placenta implants in a bicomuate uterus ( 4957, 11799 ) Males have inguinal testes ( Pttnmotus 3613). Pmbryos can reach 3(V3 of maternal inass Details of anatomy (4957) arc available

8944 8949

*

LACTATION

Order

134« 3900a

1006

11471a

• .

*

.

*

.

113

birth Dae Fab. Manoo, Cuba lact fr Fab-Mar Trinidad lact t June. n3; Sinaloa. Mexco lact t July; o 7, Campacha, Maxico lact t July; rv2 LaMar Anfrila lact f Sapt n2 Guatemala

Order Chlroplrra Family NoctiUnnklaw, Genus S o i lUrn

.

.

Order Cluruptcm family Noctiliomdac Genus NoctUio

Pteronotus personam*

GESTATION Pteronotus pameHu UTTERS/YEAR Mormoopt mega/ophyOa SEASONALITY Mormoops megatophyBa

1475 11471a 5405a 3205 1937

1 emb ©a ; nil f 1 emb ea; n21 1 1 amb aa; n40 1 1 amb, n 1 f 1 amb; nl f 1 emb; n1 1

5405#

5413a

-3 5 n*o

3613

1

1474

prag f: Fab. n2, Campacha, Maxico preg f ; Mar. ol; El Salvador prag t Mar. May n5, CoabiMa Maxico prag f May; n1; Mbchoacan Mexico prag f. June; nt; AZ

54241 1475 522 4671 690a

.

Order

114

(

tun jHcra. I dimly MontKA>ptdac

fcKflh June -July . »w US lac!t Mir Tnmdad pr g f Mar. nl; Guatemala preg f Mar. May. n3, non Jan El Sat victor * prag f Apr - May; nIO; Yucatan Mexico prag f May; nt ; N Amarica prag fc May r>4; Nicaragua prag t May June. ni6. Jataco Mexico prag f June; nl; Smaftoa, Mexico preg f: May nl; Ha« prag I: Fet -Jiaie pea May Cube pragI peak May Puerto Rioo mala Dac Jan r« w data El Salvactor p»ag f May; nl; nor AugSept, Oec El Salvador preg t : May n4; Ei Salvador pragI; May; n3; Nicaragua pregI; Aug. r\3, Peru tact t Aug nl; Coat Rea pragI; Jan nona Sapt Dec; El Salvador preg 1: Feb. n45, Compeche Mawco prag f Fab Mar n2 Nicaragua prag f; «nd Feb eaily Mar nl 3; Jamaica preg f- «nd Fab -May; Chmamoca, Mexico preg t; Mar nl; El Salvador preg t Mar. n2; Mchoacan Mexico preg f Mar nfi Panama preg f Mar n21 Guatemala preg f , Apr nl, Sonora, Mexico preg f Apr May ; n3, Yucatan, Mexico preg f : Apr May Costa Rica preg f May; n6; N Amenca preg f : May -June: n2; Sinaloa. Mexico preg r May June, n11 Jahaco, Mexico preg f: June; n1; Sinaloa, Mexico preg f : June; n2, Durango. Mexico preg I; June, Aug r 5; Peru pregI; July. nl Margarita I Venezuela pregI; July n2; Sunname preglact h peak Mar June low July-Jan; Panama birth Mar - Apr Panama Costa Rtoa tact fc Apr; Nicaragua tact f; June, nl, Sinaloa Mexco tact t: July, nl; Guatemala male. Jan nt, 0 Salvador preg I Mar nl; Guatemala preg f May; nl; N Amenca preg f : June; n1; Smatoo, Mexico

PV/onotoi davyr

*

.

.

*

*

.

-

Pfrronotua gymnoootu

*.

.

Pfaronotus pamaflu

. -

3999a 2670e

-

7103a 3613 1475

-

6261

.

-

.

-

.

.

Carol ha parapefata Cboamnyctan maveana DtphyOa acaudata Dasrnodus rotundas

*

5425 523o 9113

Laptorryctana aanbomt

3205 5405# 1937

Micronyctam mmuta

5413a

.

.

New workl Icaf MUd bats ( Ametnda 8- 10 g; Anuura 4 - 20 g Ardops 15- 19 g Anteux 9- 13 g Artibeus 1087 g; Brachyphylla 45-67 g, Camilla 10- 25 g Ceniuno 17- 28 gt Chtroderma 13- 29 g, Choeromscui 5-9 g; Choeronycterts 10-22 g; Chrmopierus 75-90 g. Desmodus 15- 50 g Utplrylla 24- 34 g, Uiophylla 6- 13 g ; Prophylla 65-75 mm , Glossophofa 9- 16 g; HxUmyctens 6-9 g Lepumycteris 17- 30 g; LicHonycteris 5-8 g, Ltonycteris - 50 mm LtmchopkyQa 7- 16 g; Lonchorhina 11- 17 g. Macrophyllum 6- 10 g; Mac rums 12- 20 g; Micronyxtens 4 - 16 g; Motion 9- 23 g; MtmophyUus 8- 17 g, Musonyciens 70- 79 mm ; Phylbderma 57- 71 g; PhylUmycteris 14- 21 g; Phyllops -48 mm Phyllostomus 20- 100 g; PUttalma 72 min Pygoderma to 27 g; Rhmophylla 43 -48 mm; ScUronycteris 57 min; Sphaemnycteris - 53 mm Stenoderma 25 g; Sturmra 15-67 g; Tonalui 7- V> g ; Trachops 24- 39 g ; Uroderma 14- 23 g. Vampyressa 7- 10 g; Vampyrodes 33 g; Vampyrops 12-72 g; Vamps rum 120- 190 g) have diverse diets ami range thnnighnut the tropics and saNvopcs of North, Central, and South Amenca Males of Am >ura ami Phyllostomus may he larger than fcm;tics ( 1070, 7745 ). while female

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

5 0 g r< B 5.2: n2 tafgaM amb 52 g f45-5.7; n3 5.9 g nl; with placanta 7 8 g; nl amaAast young

Brachyohytia nana

Order C hir »|»tcra, family I’tiylt'islomida*

-

.

.

.

3 35 g r3 0-3 7 n2 abortad tatm #mb

10112a 3705c

1070

.

.

Anoaf a gaoffmyi

3999a

3322

.

.

Pfaronotus paraonatua

.

.

.

.

.

-

8 9 g, nl 10 7 g nl

523a 5405b

.

.

Anouia cutUaia

ArWaus famatcensts ArMaus Mu rains

1937 5413a 11471a

.

*

.

.

NEONATAL MASS

950

.

.

are available

1939

.

. .

.

4671 1476 5405a

.

.

.

5425

.

.

.

.

1475

3205 54241

.

.

Delayed development occurs in Artibeus (3318 ) and Macrotux ( 1198 1199. 1460. 1461, 1462 ) Macrotus Leptonycieris and Chnernnvcttns are monoestrus ( 11754 ), Glossophaga Camilla , Sturmra, Uroderma Vampyrops, Vampyrodes Vampyressso Artibeus and Desmodus arc continuously or more often bimndally polycstrous ( 2109 3318. 3322. 9113 10654. 10658, 10785 11754. 11813; cf 8816 ). Concurrent gestation and lactation occur ( Artibeus 4671). Neonates are I4- 509& of adult mass ( 5857 ) hive fur. and have open eyes ( 577 2408 3973 4523a 5431 5433, 7353 9615 10661 10663, 10664). Twinning is rare (595). DiphyUa females have 2 mammae ( 4494 ) Males have a multipartite sex -gland complex whose components can be resolved histologically ( 6065. 6072, 9178 ) Details of female anatomy ( 2374. 4957 8941 8942 ) endocrinology ( 6072). sperm ( 3413 ). mating < 4(M8a > birth ( 902. 903 7353. 10664 ) milk composition ( 5087 5296. 10524 ). and female reproductive cycles ( 11754 )

5425

.

.

. . ( 5433. 9615. 11859 )

3205 3205

.

*

.

11471a 5413a 5873 9213 9213

.

.

.

.

. .

5425

.

.

Ptoroootua tuhgmosus

.

Artibeus Choeromscus Desmodus Phyllops,, Pygoderma Stenoderma, and Uroderma arc recorded as larger than males ( 3608 3900B, 5423a. 5873 7696. 10657 ) Sexual dtchromatism may occur ( 6639. cf 279a ) Artibeus , Camilla Choemmscus , and Pygoderma males have an extra chromosome « 3492. 7606 ) Ovulation and implantation in Macrotus occur in the nglu ovary ami uterine born, respectively (999 1001 1199 1647 11804 ) l Tn fertilized ova degenerate within the oviduct ( Glossophaga 8946) The hemochorial or endotheliochorial lahynnthmc. discoid placenta has an interstitial implantation, usually into the intnimural cornua of the simplex or bicomuaie uterus ( 967, 1000 1038 1039 3318. 3917. 4289. 4290 4293. 4957, 6627, 7563 8816 8941, 8942 8943 8946 9178 10661 11798, 11799, 11813 118 *9) ami occasionally is eaten after htrth

1474 3900a 5405# 3205 850 1937

.

115

Order Chiruptcra, family lliyllostonudac

PhyNostomus dtscotot Stanodarma njfum Stumita amtatfiomaai Stumim Mao Vampyrataa pusMa Vampyrops hnaatua NEONATAL SIZE Anoora cuJtrata Afttaus /am vc#nvx Arttaot Muratus

.

Choaronyctens mawcana Stanodarma rutum Stumita aratathomaai Vampyrops hnaaluB WEANING MASS Catotka parsptcMata

10658 10658

10663

-

*

-

3900a 11613

.

.

3.2 g nl targ# #mb 8.3 g n1

.

Urodarma

tubpmtum

.

.

4523a 4523a 3900a 3900a 10664

8 IS g r7 7 8 6; n2 nuramg juvonita

6372a 903 10661

7612 10664

10785a

11737 5857 5867 4523a

- 10 g. 4 wk from graph

graph -1515 gg 6lat«8rIrom >t ^ -

4049

11737

20 6 mm r20 0-21 3 n2 aboxtod tarm emb 31 mm; nl; FA 15 mm nl 58 mm, m 29 mm n2 #mb 45 mm; nl; FA 29 4 mm nl 23 mm, nl tarm #mb 46.5 mm nl

.

902

10785a 3900a 8412

13 6 g n1 term #mb 2.2 g n1 larg» emb

k

L aptony c tan $ aanbomi

10694 5857

7612

*

CR HB HB CR HB FA HB

10661 10594

-

*

T9

3900a 3900a 903

12 2 g. nl; ast r7 8 15 5 g; term #mb isl obsorvod yg 9 9 g; targastl amb 15.1 g . small# ! yg 5 0 g r 4.1*5.9. n13 4 4 g r 4 3 4 5 n2 omb 4.4 g with some m#mfcranas 57g 6.9 g 16.7 7.1; n2 amateal yg 115 Q nl 7 1 g; »6.2 7 9 n4 8 3 g; nl targ» 1 #mb 1 8 g; nl smallest yg 7 g nl. may not be n#onata

- .

6372a

*

2562

r*

»

8

0*

_ _. I _

i :

-

—

_

soi S i

- c r r - ^c c c c c‘ !!* ? ? i E c 5:s 3 3

iill s -1 ssS

5 ? il

I

. •

“

cd

ry

c c

ca c* c*3

^

’

1 lijill lliiillilil 111 iliiillhmin c

£ Xi i

—miifiiiiii - * —= —= eim N S

c c

3

.

«

(U

«

Ul N

c c

3S 8

C4

c c

c

i s

8

c c

c rc

£

£>

a

c c

~

c c c

Ptayl

Fam.ily

hiruptera

«

!I

•

'C

I

Order

i

II

I

^

.

1

1

3

PhylosUitmdae

I

Family ,

Cbiruptca Order

c

3

i - ii

S c g S’

c c c c c

r

3 3 3 3 C 33

i ^1111 *1111111

},\

til

8 £

cef

III

Sv

: &

5

c c

? ? £c 8ss

o « -i s i i:s | 3 3333 d) n c c

K «0

>

»

S2

c c c

c c c c c

^

?c

^ iiiiiiiliiii 3iil miiiUfi 1111111 iiiiiiiii i i 88833

^

f

3 3f

«

>

I?

a*

= 33 33133

Order CkimpKn, Family PhylloMoaiidae

118 1 ©mb; nl f 1 yg. nl It 1 wnb N n2 f 1 ©mb BA. n4 1 1 ©mb ©. n 4 I 1 ©a, n5 1 1 emb ©a nIO f 1 amb ©a. n16 t 1 emb aa n3i « mod 1 cl. sometimes 2 twins prob bom prerrvatur©

•

*

Diphytta acaudota

1 1 Y9 1 ©mb; nl f 1 ©mb ©a n3 1 1 ©mb; nl f 1 ©mb «. n21 1 ©mb; nl 1 1 ©mb ©A n6 f 1 ©mb ©A n7 1 1 ©mb; nl f

.

EcbpbyNa alba

EcbphyHa macconnah

•

.

Erophytta aarakomi

Gtosaophaga

commtssansj

Glossopbaga laachtt

Gbsaophaga longtroatna Gbsaophaga mastcana Glossophagn soncma

.

lyg nil 1 1 ©mb rl 2, nlO t 1 ©mb; nl f 1 ©mb ©a n4 f 1 ©mb; nl t 1 ©mb ©a. n5 f 1 ©mb ©A n 5 1 1 ©mb ©a. n16 1 1 ©mb © n4 t 1 amb ©a. n8 t 1 VO

. -

•

*

1 1 amb; nl f 1 yg. nl It 1 ©mb ©a. n3 t 1 amb a . nl6 I 1 yg © a; n21 It 1 ©mb ©a n38 I 1.002; r1 2, n6U It 1 yg 1 ©mb ©A. n3 t 1 ©mb ©A. n 3 f 1 ©mb ©a n7 f 12 t 2 yg 1 ©mb ©a. n12 f 1 79 1 emb or yg n97+ It 1 ©mb. nl f 1 ©mb ©A . n2 1 1 ©mb; n1 f 1 ©mb ©A. n2 1 1 ©mb; nl f 1 ©mb; nt f 1 ©mb; nl f 1 ©mb ©a n2 f 1 ©mb aa. n21 1 vg

*

Hybnyctans undarwoodt

Laptonyctans curasoaa Laptonyctans nivalis

Laptonyctans sanbomt Ltchonyctan obscura

*

Ltorrycfans spunaBi

Lonchophytia monjax Lonchophylla rotx/ sla

Loncbophytta thomat

Loochorhtna aunta Macrophytum macrophyNum Macrotus cahtomtcus

-

-

-

.

1 1

1 yg

* yg

2084 7353 260A 5405© 452

Maerolut wafarbousit

11813 1483 1346

2229 3999A 2228a 3608 1852

Mtcronyctws braebyotts Mtcronyctona da mat Mcronyctam hirauta

10974

.

11471«

1937 3900a 10112a 11527 10618

452 10974 1475 5405a 1937 10660

3999« 595 5424 8483a

KkcronycHna mtnuta

MKionycfos mcaton Manon cojumalaa

M non cfnulatum

*

MonophyUus redmarv MooophyVus ptathodon Pbyibdarma abnopa PbyHonyctens aphyfta Phylbnyctana poay>

PftyUops hatiensis PhyBosbmut dtscobr

f+yfbstomua akwgatus

577 4523a 3608 1641 10974 3999a 3608 3999a 10657 3999a 3995a 4401 1474

1199

.

f f

. .

1 ©mb nl f 1 ©mb nl f 1 ©mb, nl f 1 ©mb, m f 1 yg ni f 1 ©mb nl 1 1 emb nl 1 1 ©mb ©a, n2 1 1 amb ©a n2 1 1 ©mb ©a; n8 1 1 ©mb n1 f 1 ©A , n5 It

.

.

1;nl H 1 ©mb nl f 1 ©mb; nl 1 1 ©mb ©a. n2 f 1; nl II 1 ©mb; m 1 1 ©mb nl 1 1 ©mb ©a, n2 1 1 ©mb aa ; n2 f 1 amb aa. n7 t

.

.

asl

1

. .

1 amb aa n21 1 amb aa n4 I 1 emb 1 amb nl f l emb; nl 1 i emb ©a n3 1 1 ©mb ©a n many 1 ©mb ©a n19 1 1 1 ©mb. nl 1 1 emb ©A ; n2 1 i ©mb aa n2I 1 yg ea. n5 II 1 yg © AL n6 f

.

.

.

.

1474

577

. n5 1 . n51

1 emb ©a 1 ©mb ©a 1 ©mb nl 1 ©mb , nl

.

11471a 10112A 217

. .

1.3 ©mb rl 2 n3 1 1 ©mb aa n5 »

.

Mcronyctans magatobs

3B99A

1635 11055 A 983A 11754 595 5405A 11471a 8285a 4228

577

.

1 emb ©a. n5 1

3207 1937 3999a

119

1 amb aa n 4 f 1 amb aa. n6i 1

950

10785

1 1; nl f

Order Chiroptera, Family Phyllostonudac

1 ©a, n2 II

1 ©mb ©a; n5 f

.

1 ©mb ©a ni 5 I

PhyMoatomus ha status

Piatalma ganovanarum Pygodarma bilabtalum RhmophyUa ftsetserae RhtnophyU pumtbo Stanodarma ruhav

Stumita a/ atathomam Stumtra btdens

1346

Stumtra bogotanaia

1 1 ©mb ©a n2 f 1 ©mb ©a nl2 I 1 ©mb ©a. rv3l II 1 emb; nl 1

.

. . . 1;nl li 1 ©mb a. r»6 f 1 mb a. n2 I t ©mb a. n3 1 1 mb a. n15 1

1 ©mb ©a n>60 1 1 emb AA rv3 f 1 ©mb ©a n9 f

1471a 4079 1937 1937 5424© 5873 11471 © 7154a 9113

10974 3999a

10974 3999a 3900©

4671 1475

10974 5425 3999A 3608

452 452

9113 1641

4228

452 3705c 5405d 3606

10974 3999a

3902

5873 4941

9685a 6260

3902 5873 7328a 5873 10618 10112A 3999A 5405c 10660 8953 452

10974 3999a 10785 5425 10974 3999a 3999a 7696 3999a 3999a 10664

©

5423a

©

©

10765a 3606a

©

©

©

1 ©mb ©a, n22 I

3999a

3999a

.

Order Chiroptera Family lliyllustomidac

120 Stum> ra arythmmo

1 «mb; nl f

6372

1 amb aa , n47 li

Sturrwa Mum

1

3999a t 06 t 8

*

.

1 «mb r» t f 1 emb; nl f 1 mb aa, n2 f 1 emb ea n2 f 1 emb M n2 1 1 emb ©a. n3 f 1 «mb M n3 1 1 ea; n5 It 1 emb ea n15 f t «mb M n32 t

•

.

.

1

Sturrvra ludovtcx

1 «mb aa, n& t 1 «mb ©a. n8 f 1 «mb M. n6 f

Stum .a MAGRMI *

1 emb ea n2 t 1 emb; nl f 1 emb; nl 1 1 emb M. n4 1 t emb ML n5 t 1 emb; nl f 1 emb M n2 f 1 emb nl f 1 emb, nl f 1 emb ea. n4 1 1 «mb aa. nlO f 1 emb. nl f 1 emb nl f 1 emb ea n31 1 emb M n5 < 1 emb M nlO f

Stunwa mordax Stum

* nan

* hkiaa * Stunura Tonaba bdans

.

Tonaba brasikanse

Tonaba sttocola Trachops ctnhosus

.

.

Urodarma bdobatum

1

emb. nl 1

Urodarma magr rostrum * Vampyrasaa btdana

Vampytasui makssa Vampyrassa nymph

***

Vampyrassa pus/ tta

*

Vampyrops dorsalis

452 5405# 3999a 10785 5424c 11471a 3999« 3608 3999« 3900« 3999«

1635 3606 3999« 6258 2345 11065 10974

.

3999«

10974 3999«

1475 1641

5405« 5405«

10974

.*

.

1 emb nt I

1 emb ; n1 f 1 emb ea n2 I 1 emb ea n27 1

. .

1 emb ea, n4 f 1 1 emb ea n2 f 1 emb, nt f 1 emb, nl f 1 emb; nl t 1 emb; nl f 1 emb nl 1 1 emb ea n15 1 1 emb, nl f 1 emb; nt f 1 emb; nt f 1 emb ea n31 t emb M n4 f 1 emb m. n3 f t emb ee nt 2

.

.

Vampyrops brachycaphakis

3701 1635

1475 3207 5405c 10660 2342

.

Vampyrvdas caraceto

950 10974

1 emb M rv4 t 1 emb «a rv4 f 1 emb ea rv4 f 1 yg «. r 6 tt 1 emb ea rv8 1 1 emb M n26 * 1

•

.

»

1 t emb M: n33 1

Vampyrops hakan

Vampyrops tnfuscus Vampyrops knaatus

Vampyrum spectrum SEXUAL MATURITY Arabaus Muratus Carol ha parsptollata

Macrotus cahlomtcu

*

CYCLE LENGTH Dasmodus rotundus Gtossophagn sonctna GESTATION Anoura caudilar A.rtbous tamatcansis Arbbeus kturatus A/ bbaos planirostns CarolHa porsptollata

Ourodarma donas Chtrodsrma vHtosum Chmtoptanjs muntus Dasmodus rotundus Gkftsopraga soncma

Macro tus cakfomicus

10765 3606

8412 2346 9113 11055

5425

M /cronyctsns magabkt Phytostomus discolor PtrytSostomus hastatus Stumtra Mum Urodarma bdobatum

Vampyrops knaatus LACTATION Brachyphyia cavamarw Carolha parsp&lata

10974

1835 3999a 3999a 10618 3999a

.

3608

.

2345 3999«

2109

f: 48 3 g f: 1st birth: 13 5 mo; rll-16; n2 t Vn: lei male 8 9 mo I. 1st mate 3-4 mo 1 1st conceive 4 mo. no emb dev unel 9 mo m 1 si male 15 16 mo

.

-

1199 1199 1199

Ml > 3 5 mo 2 5 mo delay, 3 5 mo «l > 3 5 mo 1 5 4 mo si > 3 5 mo

10618 3318

.

.

•

•si > 3 5 mo • -4 mo

99 d; nl; capture to t»rth > 5 mo nl capture to birth 205 d; nl implant 12 14 d est > 3.5 mo depausa 4 5 mo delayed development 9 mo; 8 mo; with delayed development; Se d data

.

.

-

-

.

*

10618 10618

6123 10618

10618 10618 10618 11813

.

9614 9615 8941, 8943 10618 999

1461, 1462 1199 999

.

1038 1039

4 mo si > 3 5 mo -4 mo

10618 10618 10618

est > 3.5 mo

527 10618

• si » 3 5 mo • est 4 - 5 mo -

1st tty 2 mo 1st fly ; 2 5-4 wk

33 d. r21-49 thinner * m4k: unti - 56 d. r42-72

sobd lood 2 mo sobd food 6 mo

Glossophaga sonctna

wean 9 mo nurse 300 d lal fly 25- 28 d. nt wean 2 mo: nl w««n 4 « wk

Laptonyctans aanbomtT Macrofus caktonvcus Urodarma bkobatum

8683

9615 8941, 8942

. -

Dasmodus rotundus

5425

10661

8683

eslrus 2-3 d 24 d; mode 24 »22 26 n43 cycles 39 1

thick m

10974

3999«

. . .

85 mo 9 mo wifi delayed development

2345

3999« 9318« 3999« 10785

2345 452 6258

-

3999a

5405d

10785

1 emb. nt 1 1: n3 It 1 emb ea. n3 f 1 emb e« n3 f 1 emb ea nl4 t 1 emb «a nl5 t 1 emb M n6 1 1 1 emb aa n25 f 1 emb nt f 1 emb ea n2 f 1 emb aa, n4 f 1;nt It

.

Vampyrops vittatus

3999«

5425 3705« 2343« 3999a 3999a

121

1

11938 9113 134

1 emb nl 1

.

Order Chiruptcra, Family Phyliostomidae

-

nurse 1 mo ^dependent 1 mo

10618

7828a 8683 8684 5667 5857

.

4049

9615 9615 4049 5857 5857 5296 1199

527

Order

122 INTERLITTER INTERVAL Arbbaus bturatus Cnrvika parsptciUata Dasmodus rotundus SEASONAUTY Amafnda cantuno Aroora caudtfar

- . -

220 d; r200 240 n2 t 159 d; r119 4l7 9 10 mo

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

Anoura cufirata

-

.

Anovra gaottroyt

-

.

-

Ardopa rvdroNsi

Artbaua andaraani

Arbbaus aziacua

.

.

-

*

Arbbaus onaraua

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

Artbaua ooncobt Artibaos tratarcutus Artbaua fuhgtnoaoa Arbbaus hartti

.

.

-

-

.

prag f Apr May nt 9 Colombia prag f : Aug -Sept, Nov -Dac. n6 Peru lact t Apr, nt . Michoecan, Mexco lact f May Juty Costa Rea lact f: Aug; Costa Rica lact f. Juty, Sapt; n2 Colombia preg f: Feb, June, Aug; r>8 Jaksco Mexco prag 1 Apr May , n3 Sonora, Mexico prag f: May; n8 Sonora, Mexico

.

- .

.

Arbbaus fersutu

*

-

F amily MhylloMnmidae

Order Gbiropten, Family Ptiyllosiomuiae

.

pmg f: May; n2 Guerrero. Masco preg f; Jiiy n1; Chihuahua Masco prag t Aug; nS. Sinaloa. Masco prag t Sapt nl5; Sonora. Mexico lact f; Juna nl Smaioa Manco laclf: June. Aug Jalisco. Mexico lact f; Sapt mb; Sonora. Masco prag f : May, Honduras lact f: July; nl; Honduras prag f : Jan. n4 Providence, Caribbean Sea Colombia prag f ; Jan-Fab. Apr Jiiy, Smaloa , Masco prag t Jan June Jalisco, Masco prag f: Fab; n1; Guarraro , Masco pragI: Fab; Veracruz, Mexico prag f ; Fab, n1; Tobago WaH Indies pragI: Fab; n6. Tobago. West Indies pragI: Fab Mar Sapt. Nov Dec: r 8: Mchoacan, Meoco pragI; Fab-Mar. nS; Guatemala prag f; Fab Mar. Juna. St Croa Virgin I prag (; Fab Apr July, peak Jiiy Yucatan Mexico prag f: and Feb -eerty Mar ; n5 Jamaca prag f: Feb-May . July; Tnnrdad prag t Mar n6; TamaiApaa. Maxioo prag t. Mar - Apr n7, Yucatan Maxioo prag t Mar. May -Sept, Nov -Jan, n34. Cokwoia prag t Apr; nl; Yucatan. Masco prag f. Apr July. Virgm I prag t May ; n1; Tamaukpaa, Mexico prag f; May; n1 Guatemala preg f: June; n3; San Luis Potosi, Masco prag f June; n3; Sinaloa. Masco preg (: June; Puerto Rco preg f: June; Tnradad preg f: June; n1; Colombia preg f: June Aug. Dec Jan. n13; Hoi prag t Juna or July; n3 Venezuela prag I; July, Hidalgo Mexico prag f; July; rv4, Morelos. Masco pragI; July; nl; Lesser Antilles pragI; July; r>9 Guadeloupe Lesser Anti lias pragI: July; nl Colombia pragI: Aug; nl. Veracruz Masco prag t. Nov; nl , Paraguay prag 1 Nov Juty. Sept. rv42; Costa Rea pragI; Dec; nl6 El Salvador prag 1 Dec; n6. Jamaca prag t Dec July r»136 Panama prag t and wet season. Brazil preg I: yr rd peak Jan-Mar. low Sept Nov Panama pregAact f Apr -May 10% n289, July Aug 9% n243. Sept 0% nl52; Guatemala bath: Mar. July Guana Virym Islands bath: peaks Mar Apr , Jiiy Aug. Panama berth; July; nl. Lesser Antilles lad 1 Jan- Apr June Aug Oct. n29; Cdomba lact 1: Feb May. July Dec; n48. Cosia Rea lact t May JulyAug Yucatan. Masco lact f: Mar Apr S» Croat Virgo I lact 1 Mar -Oct n134, Panama lact f Mar. Nov. Paraguay lact f Apr - May . Juty Oct Jakaco. Masco lact t Apr , June-July, Sapt; Tnnidad lact f: Juna or July; n2 Venezuela lact f; July; nl; Guadeloupe . Lesser Antilles

. .

1635

10618

Artbaus nopinatus

8368 1350a 3999a 10765 10663 10618 6084a 3999a

123

.

2552 8683 11703

preg 1: July - Aug Tnradad ©pddymal sperm yr rd peak Apr-June n57. SAo Paulo Brort prag f: Jan; n2 Brad prag I; Jan Fab French Guana prag f; May. July Sept Nov. n8; Pern prag f May Nov; n2 Colombia preg f: June; n1 Colombia prag f ast yr id Sio Patio. Brazil lact I; Fab nt Brazil prag 1 Apr -June; n3 Peru prag f July Aug. n5. Colombia preg f: Aug; nl; Costa Rea lact f July; nl. Colombia lactt Aug nl; Peru lacl t Aug; few data Peru preg f; Mar; nZ Costa Rea prag f: May Aug; n8 Peru preg I: Juty. nl; Nicaragua preg 1; Nov; n56. Tnrnded lact f ; July; n3. Hidalgo, Masco lact f: Nov nS; Colima Masco prag I: Mar Apr n5, Dommca, Leaser Antilles preg L July; n2. Guadeloupa Lesser Antilles lact f: Apr . nt . Dommca, Lesser Ankles lact t: July; n2 Guadeloupe. Lesser AnWes preg f: Juna. Aug Nov; rv4 Peru preg f. Mar Apr. rmdde Amarica prag f: July; nl . Durango. Masco prag f: Juty ; nt 8; Sinaloa. Mexico preg f Juty - Aug n2 Tamaulipa Masco lact f; Sapt. nt. Maico preg f; Jan; n7; El Salvador prag f : Feb Apr July Aog Nov. middM Amerce prag f; Feb . Aug; n2; Nicaragua prag f Mar, nt . Guatemala prag f : Apr-May Juty - Aug. Oct -Jan; n20; Cdomfcsa prag f ; June Jiiy, n2, Brazil prag f : June- Sept Nov; n2t ; Peru prag I: June Oec -Feb; n4 Panama prag (: July, nt. Venezuela prag f: Aug; nt; Colombia lact f: Jan, Mar May , Aug Sapt . n5 Colombia lactI: Apr. Aug n 4; Panama lact 1: July Aug. n4. Vsnezueto lact f Aug; n5; Colombia preg f Feb. nt . Colombia preg f: June Aug Dec . rv46. Peru preg June Dee; n24. Peru preg f : Jan May -June, n3 Costa Rea

-

.

CbmifXcra

Artbaua famatcanata

-

.

8372a 7746 3608

8372a, 7745 1639b 7745 6809 3999a, 10974

5425 3900a 1640a 11754 5424d 527a 5424d 527a 3999a 2342a 523a 5405d 5413a

217 11754

.

1475 2342b

5425 5405a

10785 11754 3999a

3322 11754 352a 10765 3322 11754 352a 10785 3999a 3999a 3608

10785 3999a 4671 3606

366b 10788 11741a 1137 1139 279a

.

.

-

-

-

.

.

*

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

. -

-

. . . . -

-

.

279a 2aoa 5413a 3254b 54!3a 11741a 3254b 11524 2670a 10654 5413a 11471a 11754 4226 5433a 3900a 4671 5405a 16052a

54241 7103a 3900a 2390 950

10785

1162 595 217 9113 1937 11754 344a

5433 10657 5873 8562a 1640a 7978 541la 527a 352a 595 7699a 3322 1475

3902 3322

11736 1070 2552 6307

3318 541la

10785 3322 5424f 16052a 3322 7699a 11471a 3900a 8562a

527a

.

OOcr Chiroptera f amily I’hyHoMomidic

124

lad t July : n7; Leaser An ee lad t Juty - Aug. n4; Colombia lad f Sept, Nov; Sinaloa Mexico spermatogenesis yr rd Me gar Colombia pragl Jan nl QuerStaro. Mexico prag I: Jan-Fab, Apr July n6; Yucatan Mexico prag 1: Jan-Fab May July. n5; Costa Rica prag t: Jan, Mar May Aug n14, Panama prag f; Jan Mar-Juna, Aug. Oct-Nov n31. Colombia prag I Fab; nl; Tobago prag t Feb-Mar n5; Guatemala prag f Fab Apr June -July Sinaloa Maxioo prag f; Fab-May Nor n9 Michoacan. Mexico preg f: Mar n2 Tamaulipas, Mexico prag t; Mar n3; Panama prag f: Mar- Apr, June-July. n8; Jalisco Mexico preg I; Mar Ji y; Tnrudad prag f: Apr; n5: Oaxaca Mexioo prag I: Apr Juty Aug OctOec, nie Peru prag I; May; MO; Tamaulpas. Mexico preg I: May, nl; Morelos Mexico prag I: May; n2 Panama prag I; July; n5 Colombia prag I: July; nl; Marganta I, Venezuela prag f: July; n2: Brazil prag ft July Aug Brazil prag f: Aug; nl; Vanezuoia prag f: Aug Sept; French Guiana prag f: law end wet season; Brazil preg f: yr rd low Aug Sept M83 Colombia preg f; yr rd; Melgar, Colombia pregI: eel yr rd; S o Paulo, Brazil pregtad t Jan-June, Sept -Nov Panama pregAad t Juty Aug Hidalgo Mexico praglacl I: Juty - Aug 8.4% M07 Sept 8 5% n47 Apr May 17 6% M 43 Guatemala lad I: Mar Apr. Sept-Oct, Ml; Panama tadI; Mar , May July Od-Nov; Ml; Colomfca tact f : Apr May July nS; Costa Rica lad f; Apr-May Oct Trinidad ladI; May n2 Guatemala lad 1: June; n2 Durango, Mexico lad f; July; nIO Colombia lad t July -Oct Jalisco Mexico lad f July Od; Sinaloa Mexico lad f Sept nl Tobago lad f: yr id; MOO; Colombo preg I: Jan-Mar, MO Campeche Mexico prag f: Jan - Apr June, Aug M 5 Panama preg I Jan Apr June Aug mKtte America preg f: Jan June none Sept Dec; Panama preg I Jan, Apr June; M8; Jalisco . Mexico preg f: Mar, nl; Guatemala prag f Mar May Dec M 3 Michoacan Mexico preg f : Apr, nl; Guatemala preg f Apr Aug Sept. s Mexico preg t : Apr , Aug - Sept. La Selva Costa Rica preg t May ; n2; Guatemala preg I July, rvt, Sinaloa , Mexico pregI; Aug n2: CozumelI Mexico

*

.

.

Arbbecs bturalus

. *

.

.

.

.

.

. .

. . .

-

*

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- .

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

*

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

- . .

.

.

..

.

Artbeus phaeobs

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

- . - .

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

5411a 352a 5413a

125

Order Ctairopicra Family Phyllostomidac

Artbevs piantrostns

3322 10661 3900a 5405a 5413a 4671 2390

Artbeus toltacus

.

.

.

.

.

10112a 11754 8368

.

.

BrachyphyBa cavema /um

11736 10785 10558 10818 1070

.

.

.

1640e

Bractiyphyka nana

.

.. .

Carolina brevicauda

.

.

10785 5424a 3322 2342b

.

.

. . . . -

1070 11471a 5405« 4671

7624 11754 6261

.

.

-

5413a 54241

Caroika castanea

.

preg t July, nl , Nicaragua preg f: Aug; n1 Guatemala preg f Aug-Nov, n28. Peru preg t Oct; nl Pern lad f Feb nl; Panama lad f Mar Apr. n2 Coeta Rica lact f Apr May. n3; Tabasco. Mexico lact f Apr June: n9; Honduras lad f July, nl Nicaragua preg 1 Jan-Mar nl5. Panama preg 1 Jan -Mar French Guiana preg Jan Mar Apr July Aug MO Panama

.

9113

.

.

.

.

5413a 2342a 4671

5425 6261 2345 2390 1640a

2587 5413a 2345

11471a 7983, 11754

. . 7827a

.

.

-

1475

11471a

344a 527a 54lia 1429c 10594 5873 8561

preg f Feb nl Guatemala preg f: Feb Mar. n5 Guatemala preg f; Mar, Veracruz. Mexico preg t Mar, nl Ecuador preg f: Mar n2 Oaxaca, Mexico preg f: Mar, n18 Veracruz Mexico preg 1 Mar Apr n4 Costa Rica preg f: Mar - Apr. Aug La Selva. Costa Rica preg 1 Apr nl Quintana Roo. Mexxo preg t Apr nl Yucatan perunsula. Mexioo preg t Apr; n2 San Lias Potas* Mexico preg f May June. n6. Honduras preg t June -Ji#y n7 Chiapas Mexico preg f July, nl Hidalgo. Mexoo

.

10618 10112a 6256a

7983 11754 7828a 7983 11754

lact 1 Aug nl. Herb preg f; Jan-Mar, rv20 Panama

. .

54241 950 1070 11754 11471a 10618 5433a 3999a 10112a

.

.

.

3322 10661

.

.

4228a 352a

3322 3900a 9113 5405b 352a 11471a 5413a 3900a

tact f : June Oct s Mexico tact f : Aug nl Jaltaco Mexico epdidymaJ sperm: yr rd. n35, SAo Paulo, Brazil preg 1 Feb: n6 Tobago W Indies preg f Apr, June Sept Nov -Jan, n45 Peru preg f: July; r»4 Marganta 1 Venezuela preg f ast yr rd SAo Paulo, Brazil lad f July; n2 Marganta 1 Venezuela preg f Jan; n2 Puebla Mexico preg f; Jan, n7. Et Salvador preg f: Jan Apr June-July , n33; Jalisco, Mexico preg 1 Jen, May Oct. Smaloa. Mexico preg f Jan- Aug middle Amanca preg t Mar , Sept; n3. Michoacan Mexico preg 1 Apr. June; n9; Nicaragua preg 1 Apr . Aug, Monte Varda. Costa Rica preg t and June-early July; n4 Chiapas, Mexico prag 1 July; nl Tamaulipas Mexico preg f: July; n4; Hidalgo. Mexico tact f Apr - Now , peak Aug-Od. Costa Rica tact 1: May; Sinaloa Mexico lad f May Aug n2; Chiapas. Mexico tact f June Sapt Jalisco Mexico preg t Fab ; Puerto Reo preg f Mar, St Crorx Virgin 1 birth and May early June Virgin 1 tact f . Apr n1; Puerto Rico lad f Apr; n1 St Croix Virgn I iact 1. July. Puerto Rico lact f: July; n3, Guadeloupe. Lesser AnMies led 1 July n4 Lesser Antilles preg 1 Mar nl2 Caxcoa 1 Greater Antilles preg f Dec -May; Cuba

-

11754 3999a 217 1937

2552

.

.

.

1006 11471a 3900a

11754 1350a

.

.

.

10658 10682 10261a 54241 3322

.

tact f: Mar nl; Campeche Mexico led f Apr; n1 Quintana Roo Mexico lad f : peak May Sept Barro Colorado 1 Panama

. .

9113

8551

4228 8551 8551 8551 8551 6261

8551 54241 8551

8551 8551 1640a

8551 S405e 3999a

8551 8551 8551 8551

8551 8561 5425 1350a

3322

Order ( ’hirupicra, I amity Phyttotlotnidae

126

.

-

107S5 Jan, Mar - Apr Sept Nov; nl4, Cotombui 8551 and Jan mid Mar; nl5; Panama 8551 Fato Mar n4 ; Coala Rica 5425 Fab Mar Aug n7; Coala Rica 5425 prag f Mar July. Nicaragua 6261 prag t Apt Aug La Setea Costa Rica 8551 prag f: May , Juty; n4 ; Honduras 3990O prag f: June- Sept Nov Dec n24 Paru 10785 lad h Jan Apr-May; n5; Colombia 3322 lac! f Juna; n1 Panama 8551 laci f Aug; n1 Costa Rica 10618 epiddymel sperm yr id n28, Sfc> Pauto Baud 8368 m rogro May, Oct -Nov Rio de Janeiro Brazil 3206 mat Nov Jan El Salvador 3322 prog t Jan - Apr Juna-Aug n32, Costa Rica 10660 prog f: Jan Mar n2; Colombia 181 prag t. Jan Aug. Amazon Valley 8551 prog t Jan Aug. n7 Braz 8368 prog t Jan Sapi Oct Rio da Janairo Brmz4 8551 prog t Fab -Apr Juna; n13: Panama 8551 prag f Feb- Apr July Aug M 4. Costa Rica 3900o prag h Feb-Aug Oct; Tnmdad 8551 prag f Fab Apr - Aug n16; Nicaragua 11736 , Brazi June f . prog low Feb' 6261 prag »; Fab Aug La SaNa Costa Rica 8551 prog f: Mar; n1; Ecuador 1475 prog t: Mar; n1; 0 Salvador 5405# ; prog 1: Mar n3 Guaiamalo 8551 prog 1; Mar n£ Guatemala El Salvador 3024 prog 1: Mar, n1 Panama 420ia prog f: Apr Tumepec Mexico 54241 prog t: May r\2, Campacha Mouco 11754 , Mexico ; preg f: May n3 Veracruz 8551 prog f May, July; 4 Honduras 4201a preg f. Juno ; Tnmdad 6148a prog f : Juno JiAy , n2 Varacruz. Mexico 8551 prog t : June >hJy; n5; Colombia 8562a prog f Juno-July n7; Venezuela 8551 prog f ; July Aug r>5 Ouintana Roo Mouco 54241 prog 1: July -Aug; n ; Ouintana Roo Monoo 352a prog 1; July - Sopt r\55 Colombia 1350a prog f: July Nov; French Guiana 3999a, 10074 prog 1; July -Doc , nS7 Peru 8551 preg t: Aug; nl; Pom 8551 prog t: Aug Sopt n2. Bolivia 10785 prog t Oct-Jan Mar - Aug n29. Colombia 3322 prog t Dec -Sept n96 Panama 10616 preg t ost yf rd Sfto Paulo, BrazJ prog tact t Jan-Juno, tew Sopt -Nov; Barro Colorado 1 Panama 1070 8684 bmh Mar Apr July - Aug; captive 11713 birth Mar - Apr Aug Sopt; Costa Rica 6123 birth mid Mar -mid May , nod Aug-mid Nov; zoo 8683 birth: yr rd peaks Mar Apr. Aug-Sopt; captive 10785 ladI Jen June, Sop! Nov. MS. Colombia 8551 ted t Feb-Apt Aug; n8; Costa R*ca 8551 tact f Mar - Apr n2: Panama 3322 lad f Mar Oct n47 Panama 3206 tact ! Apr. ni; El Salvador 3322 lad 1: Apr May Aug n26, Costa Rica 10660 lad t Apr Oct n2; Cotombui 8551 tacit May; nl Nicaragua 8551 Honduras lad t May July n7: 3900a lac! f May -Oct Tnmdad 8562a lad f Juno or JUty ; nl Venezuela

preg t preg t preg f prag t

-

- .

.

.

.

.

M

pttptctUmlA

. .

.

*

. .

. .

.

-

.

*

.

Canto no tanox

.

.

.

.

"

-

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

. .

Chtrodarma saMm

.

.

-

»

Chirodama tnmtatum

.

.

.

- .

- .

. .

.

.

. .

- .

. ..

Chtrodarma vtUoaum Choeromscus godman

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

Chitodarma donaa Cturoderma vtfiosum

.

.

.

. . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

**

iact f: Aug: nl; Chiapas. Mexico tact f Aug. nl6 Colombia repro. Jan Aug Oct -Nov; no data Doc; sw CotomUa prog Jan -Mar Oct n51; 0 Salvador prog t Fob n6. Chiapas, Mouco prog I Fob n6. Guatemala preg f May; n2 Oaxaca Mouco prog 1 July - Aug n7 Chiapas, Mexico preg f ; July Aug. n2; Ncaragua prog f Aug; nl. Guatemala preg t Doc; nl; Guerrero, Mexico prog t Doc -Mar Panama tact f May. Oct n2, Chiapas Mexico tact f: Nov; n2; Guatemala prag f Fob -Mor n3; Nicaragua prag t Fob, J 9 D i O O I

09

O

a n

*: * O* O* 0» 0» *" O M> 9 9

1

4

ill 2

II II

I

-o I

I* K>

»1

|

t K

Q

4

9 Ol Oi B &

4,

i i 4J 4 ^ ^ O O O O I> O

5

g ••

£ 1 |

£ >* , * S 0> ,l> W i f *' *’ *" *

4

O O H> O t t> O i O .

4'

*'

^

fc

-

5

*’ 4'

ailSiHiSlS

Order Onroplcru, I aimly fthylkisumudac

136

. .

11754 9113 352a

lac11 May n 1 Chiapas , Mexico lact fc May; n 1; Guatemala lad t Aug. n 2. Colombia lad t Dae Jan . Apr May . n29. Colombia

-

Vompyropa ntuscua

Vampyrops tneatua

prog I Mar; n1. Colombia preg f; July Aug Nov n6 Peru lad t Mar n3; Colombo! eprddymal sperm yr id; n 39 , SAo Paulo. Branl preg f Jan Mar Dec Brazil prag f May Mar Sko Paulo. BraH preg f: July-Aug n25; Peru preg 1 July Mar Brart lacl t Nov -May . SAo Paulo. Bratf preg f Mar CoOa Rica preg f: Apr n2; Costa Rica prag f - May. Oct; n2. Colombo preg f June; nl. Costa Rica preg f Aug; n 4 ; Pern lad t May -July, n6; Costo Rica birth June , nl ; captive birth July; nl captive

. . .

.

-

Vampyrops vittatus

Vampyrum spectrum

. .

.

-

(

10618

8368

11737 3999a

11736.11737 11737 6260 2345 10785 3608 3999a 3608 4048b 2109 3900a

lad t May, n1; Tnnidad

Order

10785 6014a 3999a 6814a

.

himptrra, Family Natalidae ( ienus Natalus

-

Funnel cared hats ( Natalia 5 10 g ) arc inscctivorcs fn*n die ncotropic* of North and Central America Females have a bicomuute uterus ( 3255 ) and arc monoetinis ( 7375). limbryo development is slow and the left uterine cornu is used preferentially (7375 ) Males have seminal vesicles and a taculum ( 6065 ) Neonates are over 50% of adult mass ( 7375). NEONATAL MASS Natnkis sframmeue

GESTATION

Natakta stramtnpus SEASONAUTY Na tabs strammeua

.

Order Chiroptera Family Furipteridae

11* Central and South American funptend hats, AmorpluKliiliis schnuhlu and Furipterus horrent ( 3.3 g ), forest dwellers Females arc larger than nudes (5125. 11026) Two ahdraiuiial nummary glands are a familial distinction ( 5125. 11026 ). Bacula are present ( 5125 )

art insectivorous

UTTER SIZE

aa, n8 f 1 amb aa n 16 t

AmorphochiJus schnab!*

1 amb

Funpterus honans SEASONAUTY

i

Amorphocfutus schnabt*

.

7375 7375

.-

1 emb 1 emb; nl 1 amb; nl 1 emb; nl 1 amb aa . 1 emb ©a 1 amb aa

7375 527a

f f

yg

Thyroptera tricolor and 7 daci/ era are small < 3-4 g ) hats from tropical Central and Smith America ( 11753. 11757) . The labyrinthine , bemodichortal placenta has an niterstitial implantation into a bicornuaie uterus ( 11805, 11806 ) A large civpus makes the utems appear simplex ( 3255 ) lii »4 h sexes have a pair of axillary nipples ( 11753 ). The testes arc partially inguinal and partially abdominal, and die penis lacks a haculum ( 11753). NEONATAL MASS Thyroptara tncoior NEONATAL SIZE Thyroptera tncoior

UTTER SIZE

0 98-1.2 g; near term

11806

CR: 18 mm; near term

11806

.

Thyroplara tnoolor

-

SEASONAUTY Thyroptara tricolor

.

11805 11806

5 mo

.

-

11805 11806

prag I Jan May; nB. Veracruz Mexico prag f Fab - Mar. French Guiana preg f: May , June, Dec . Colombia prag f Ally; n3. Para prag f : Aug. Costa Rica

1360# 11806 3999a

3255 4228a

tact t May; Panama

Order Chiroptera, Family My/ opudkiae, ( ientis Myzopoda

7375

sperm ; Sept - Mar n hemisphere prag f ; Jan n2. non# May Aug . Dec , El Salvador preg t Feb- Mar. n10. Michoacan Mexico prag t Apr nl . El Salvador prag f May June , ni 6 Mexico prag f. May July, n25. Bapi CA Mexico preg t June; nl. Snafoa. Mexico prag f June ; nfl . Jaksco, Mexico preg t. July nl Guadeloupe. Lesser Antilles implant ; Dec early Jan Sonora Mexico birth and July Aug Sonora Mexico

.

.

GESTATION Thyroplara tncoior

3255 3999a 11805, 11806

. .

5424a

8- 10 mo; ifc» w growth

-

217a

1 amb nl t 1 emb ea. n3 t 1 emb aa n3 f l cl amt n8 f

11471a 1937

n25 f

.

3999a

prag t June , Aug Od n 16, Peru

Order C hiroptera, Family 1 hyropteridue, ( Santi* Thyroptera

950 1475

f nB I n 16 f

5125 3999a 11026

.

.

-

1 45 1 75 g 1erm amb

2.1 g rl 7 2.6

LITTER SIZE Nat&h/ s strammaos

137

Order Chiropiera, Family I unpteridac

.

. . - . . . . -

6065 3208 4671

1475 1937 5424# 5413a 11471a 527a 7375 7375

The rainforests of Madagascar have yielded only a few specimens of and no reproductive information on » ) penis is short ami hicks a haculum ( 10784 A sh» »rt review « f its natural

-

Myzopoda aunta ( 57 mm ) lbc history is available (0599 ).

There are no tabular data for Myzopoda

.

.

Order Chiropiera Family Vespertilhmidae

-

.-

.

-

-

.

4 40 g Eudermu Vcspcnilionids ( Antrozous 14 39 g ; Barbastclk 6 13 g Chalinolobus 6 15 g. Epteskta 55 75 mm, HetpcwpicnuS 6 1 32 g 14 20 g Fudinopus 40-45 mm Gliu hroptu 3 54 5 g Harpiociphatul 48 g; Lasumvcteris 6 14 Hi Mint us 54 70 mm. la 89 KM mm; Uionycteris 8- 20 g, Kertxoula 4- 10 g . Laephotis 245 g Alyctalus 11 55 g; 3 g Lauurus 6 35 g. Mimrtillia 6 11 g, Mtntoptenu 4 20 g Marina 12 g MyoHs g Phonucus 9 10 g 9 Nycticetus 4 20 g . Nyctophilia 7- 18 g Oloaxctens 18- 20 g Phawtts 50 nun . PhtUtor 13 78 mm Scotophilia 15 72 5 ; g 4 Scotomanes g Scotoecns 10 3 Rhogressa Pipistrellus 2 20 g Plecoius 5 20 g with a worldwide distribution 40 g Timopeas 24 g ; T\lon\cieris 3 11 g VespenUio 14- 33 g ) are mscctivores

.

-

.

-

-

.

.

- .

- . - . -

.

-

- . . .

-

-

.

.

- .. -

-

.

- -

-

. -

(

138

>nlcr Oumptcra, Family

. . . . .

Vespcrtilumidae

.

. . . . .

,.

« females arc olurn larger tluu» males ( 217 2045 3216 3W 4231 54056 5759 6717 8494 8 M5 9297 9945 9989 11270, 11714 cf 191, 8127 11759) Lasiurus exhibits sexual dichromatism ( 178a). Male Glischropus liavc an exua chromosome ( 11339) Miniopterus exhibits extensive rcpmducuve asymmetry only one ovary, either left i right is functional; one uterine honi is often much longer than the oilier, and UTIPLANTATION occurs only on the right side ( 820, 823, 2075, 3945 6966 / 163, 7518, 9102, 11015 11128 11131 11133, 11134 11418 ) Other vcspenUtomdi abo exhibit utenne asymmetry (Chalinolohus 12042; « Eptetkus 5834 Myotis 825, 1417 1524 2947 3517 4177a 6070 6106 7695, 7950 8X43 >645 10070 11318 Nyctaits II 318 PiptstrtUus 1524, 854, VespertWo 2824.9240) The endotheliochorial or hemochorial, labyrinthine, discoid placenta has accessory placentae and an antimesomctrial superficial or interstitial implantation ( 1228 1735, 2163 3020, 3730, 3908, 3909, 392 3, 394 3 4402. 5530 5531 5648 5728.6740 7563 8879, 9178 11133 11145a 11318, 11793 11796, 11799) into a bipartite or biconiuatr uterus ( 820 2824 3020 3730 3907 3909 3917 3939 3943, 3944 3945 5530 5531 6064.6966 7759, 7950.8695 8839 8843, 8879, 8883.9002, 9102 10070 11094 11131 11133 11134 11418,

.

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

«

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11793; cf 1735. 9178 l luccnioph ia occurs 1043, 2945, 2948. 5386. 5939. 7610. 8127. 9398. 9895. 11270. common 1043. 40.38 12042 12042. cf 9306 llrccch births arc* 4038. 5830. 6026. 6716, 7695. 11759 . vagtnul Monuestry 6028, 6064. 9102. 11137 , postpartum 825. 1524. 2134. 2135. 2420, 3933. 3935. 4102. 4449. 4819. 4820. 33. 6025. cf 2420 . sperm plugs 5860. 6025. 6026, 6027. 6028. 6064 6068, 6070. 7164. 7512, 7513, 7515. 7695. 8198. 8828, 8843, 8998 9240. 9679. 11095. 11138. 11139. 11792, 11792a. IIXII . delayed implantation 822. 5727. 8463. 8464. 9102, 11128. 11129, 11132. 11418 . and delayed development 2947, 3564. 8826, 8840, 11017. 11145b occur > 3, 2828 2842. 2948, 3973 5024. 5759, arc naked and blind 577 1344 1474. 2228. 25‘ Most 6175 6714. 6715.6717, 7163.7164. 8 849. 8314. 8492 8493 X ‘. 10158. 11132, 12042; cf 3944.6000, 6106. 6722. 8049. 8658, 11270 Neonates open tltcir eyes 2 - 10 d Antrozous 7523, 2335. 8127. Myotis 1474. 2945. 3571. 6000. 7424. 7523, 8798. 9895 cf 3216. 3973. Piipistrdlus 3932, 5845. 7523. 8798, 8865. 9175. 11622 , II d Nyaalus 2945. 3571. 5845. 6722. 7523. 8798. Vespemho 3563. 9240 . I wk EfHesuus 5759. 5845. 8798. have fine hair birth and open their eyes Miniopterus 3571 , « - 10 d Plecotus 1474 Lasiurus * and open have few 10- 12 d 577 1043. 5210. 7523, 7619, 8656 . while Nycticeuu mass birth may reach 40 of maternal hours of birth 577. 5386. 7523. 9398. 11470 I * 6107 10295 , although Lasiurus hits 4 9175 8314 04 356 3571 6720 . 1474 . . 577 . . mammae . 2 . haw Females * *‘ 3900u, 8656 and Otonyaeris may have multiple nipples per gland 6720 . A bncultan. ampullory and urethral > 57, 6966. 7439, 7440. 7441, «v , 9178 m Use males of most species 5704, 6064, 6068. ‘ glands are 191 3906. 6966

.

.

>

)

(

(

)

( 5X

)

(

,

,

, 4M (

,

at

)

,

,

(

,

8

)

,

)

(

alter

)

(

(

)

)

6

(

present

.

7

4

.

)

Miniopterus and Scotoptulus males have postanal scrota and Miniopterus has no bacuhtm ( 9102 ) Details of female anatomy ( 347 759 820. 821, 823 1416 3609 3907 3945 4176 4177 4177a, 4946, 7695 8175 9002, 1( 8)70, 11093, 11130, 11132, 11148 11794 11810 11812 ), male anatomy (831a 2069 3906, ttdocrinotafy ( U * 344 1417 uix. 1419 1555* 2074* 9907, 4161.6069a 6957 805 • 2185, 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242, 3372, 4163, 4164. 4167, 4177 4662, 4666 5729 6138 8176 8465, 10051 10107 11143) ovulation ( 1414 586(X 7517 8831, 1005a 10069, 110141 sperm/spermatogenesis ( 127Z 2073, 3523 4661, 4826a 4881 5729, 6062a 8829) OMthtg/conception (3940 5210, 7514. 7516 10523b 11015 ). birth ( 3932 6122a 8127, 9895 11470 11795 11801), milk composition ( 5296, 6114 10296) reproductive energetics ( 340, 685, 2099.6121, 6122, 6140, 6141 8841 10520, 10521 10522, 10604), and light ( 6X 3 686 688 2237 8833 ) »c available

.

.

. .

.

. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

.

.

. .

NEONATAL MASS Antrozous paikdus

Chabnohbus mono Eptesicus capons * Eptesicus fuscus

*

.

-

3 3 g; ni6 4 g. r3 4 4.5: «10

-

-

.

-

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

.

'

.

.

.

.

.

.

Myotis myotis

2945 5845 9297

.

5 8 g rS.2 -6.ft n4 a fcttie bigger than a bee 2 9 g r2 6 3.25 n2 4 g; nl

- .

2666 2865

m: 1.1 o nl t 1.24 rl.10 1.38. n2 i 85 g n 8 i.ft n2

^ - 2 5 g• « with placenta n2 3 175 g. n 4 not neonates -

5 8 g; rS 3 6 8 n4 probably not neonates nearly 5 g 9 3g 2 416« ft 237 * d emb 2.744 ft sdO 14ft n2. 2404 d emb est 2 5 3 0 ft smallest juv 2 6 3 4 g 2 5 g se0.2; r2- 1 -2-8. n10 neonates 2 7 g; saO.1, i2 4*3.1; n25 term amb 3 g; saO 2 34 g 1 12 ft M .10 V 15; n2 2.09 ft n1 r1.08-1 36 g n5 2 9 ft sdO 24. r2 4*3.4 n94 1.36 g. n6 term emb 1 50 g. n . 45 1 56; n2 1.5*1 9 g 2 4 g. r2 0 2 8. n3 2 08 ft sdO 18. n19 2.17 ft n3 term emb 2 2 g. sdO.14 n36 wrlh umt> CTJS 2 3 ft sdO 26 n121 neonates 0.6 -23 g; unknown age emb 1.5 g 56g 61g 6 2 ft rS 6 7 6. n28 1.0 g, r>4 22% of adult mass 3 2 ft seO.03. n89, 1*2 d r3.4 6 4 g; n8 twins 6 9 ft rS 5 8 3 n2 erngtotons 4055g m: 5.65 g; nl 57 ft r 47 67. M0 t 2.4 g. m 1 4 16 g 2.0 ft «11 1.2 g. term emto 1.27 Q r 1.2-1 4; neonate 0 88 ft 10.9* 1.1; n15 term emb, neonates 1.1 g

«

»

.

.

-

-

-

Myotis rvgricans Myotis thyaanodes Myotis vokter Nyctaius lasroptervs ttyc talus noctuta

Hycttcems balstoni Hyctrcevs humeralis

PtpistreAjs ceytontcus

Pipist / eikjs rrumus Piptstrelkjs pspistr&Hus

12042

11273 1829 8485

6107 1455 2354

11627

*

Myotis macrodactyfus

8127 2335 2335

t 7.8 g 4 81 g. n1

-

PtptstreOus javantcua

.

3 1 g; r2 9-3.3 n2 m 30 o sa0.13 ; r2 4*3 ,5 , n9 f: 32 g; saO 19 r2 4 4 4; nil 1 7 ft rl.5 2.0c twins: 1.5 g ea; n4 2 g nl emb 2.5 g r2 5 - 2 6. n5 2 85 g; 1275 - 2 95 turn emb 3.14 g; 127 3.6; n5

.

Myotis austronpenus Myotis daubentoni Myotis evotia Myotis grisescens Myotis ksotugus

thetr eyes macs

hairs

)

usually

(

a

neonates at

139

.

at

at

neonates

)

(

,

within

(

Lasiurus mtermedius Miniopterus sebretbera

{

)

)

Lasiurus onerous

) 4

,

(

(

Lastotvs boreahs

,

)

(

Lasionyctens noctrvngens

(

)

neonates

-

Eptesicus tenu pmms

Euderma maculatum

)

cstrus (

storage ( ,

)

Eptesicus servtnus

)

,

)

(

.

Order Chiroptcra Family Vcspcmliomdae

Pipistre/lus suMavus

Plecotus rahnesquu

-

- .

-

-

-

-

0.5 g 19 10 i.O g. eeO.16. r0.6 i 4; n16 1.027 g ea; twins 1 323 ft singletons 1.4 ft n.3-1.5 n9 0 94 ft rO 93 0 96; n2 52% ol matoms! postpartum mass 2.3 26 g

-

-

-

-

.

7235 7235

6105a. 6109 6122a 10298 10296

5210 1043

577 11132 11132 2828 11129

11129 3945

6115 9695 2945

6780 10975 3254 7424 11795 1526 10106 2842 6111

1455. 6111 7522

6115 9596

6000

2402, 2403 11752 8005

6106

6722 6722 2593 2945 5645 5660 9396

.

3629 5386

.

3915, 3932 6715 3915 3932, 6715 7521

.

11016 3944 2420

8827 8666 1179 1179 5645 6175 3549

5397

.

Order Chiropten I aimly Vcspcrulitmidac

140 Ptecotus toanaenebt ScotophUus heath*

Tyionyctens pachypus Tytonyctena robustuta Veaperttbo aupamna

NEONATAL SIZE Antrozoua palMua Chaknolobua argantatua Chaknolobua goukMr Chaknolobua mono Chalmdobus tubercuSatus Epie us tuacua

**

Epteucua regulua Eudemui maculatum Laatonyctena noebvagena

Lasiunts borealis Lasiunts ctnoreo

*

Lasiunts inlerme&us Myoba evoba Myobs keen * Myoba ktofugua

-

.

8314 6028

2.4 g r2 1 2.7; MO 5.0 g 5.56 Og t 06 g; n1 0.7 g I©rm ©mb 1.25 g; n2 term emb

7164 7164 3583

20 m: FA: 17 4 mm. aeO 38: M 6 20 n9 FA 17.5 mm; M7 1S n2 45 5 mm. r 45 46. n2 151 mm. m 20; a2 CR: 21.7 mm; term ©mb CR : 24 mm m: CB: 132 mm; r11.9-14 6 n2 ©mb FA 16.1 mm; r15 1 17 0; n5 FA: 16.8 mm. ni 6 f: CB 18 mm. largest ©mb HB 39 mm FA 21 mm TL 45.8 mm HB: 32 3; FA 12 5. n1 TL 45.9 mm; r 44 7 47.1; FA 14 1 mm. r14 0-14.2. n2 TL 43 mm. r 4i 44; n3 large ©mb m: HB 40 5 mm; n1 FA : 18 5 mm 46 mm ©a: n2 2 d FA I8* 19 mm FA: 16 mm Tl r 40 -47 mm n5 CR: 50 mm HB 30 mm FA 15.8 mm; ad0.78; n36 with umbilicus FA 16.1 mm; sdO 76; n12l neonates

-

-

-

-

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

Myobs myoba Nyctakia noctula Nyctophrkn geottmyi Nycbcetus balstom Piptairelktb /avantcua Pipistreilus piptstreNus PiprtreOua alenoplenta

46 6 mm 65 mm; nl 35 mm; r34 36 n2 t : 31 3 mm; nl HB 23 6 mm; M9.5 2S 5; M 5 n©onates, term ©mb 17.5 mm 37 mm nl 3 d

Ptecotus try nsendu * WEANING MASS Epteucus fuseus

CR 24 mm

Kemouia phataena Laaturua borealis Lasiunts onerous Mmioptenta achrmberv

Myoba gnsescens Myoba ktolugua

Myoba rugneana Myoba thyaanodaa Nyc talus lastoptents Nychcetvs balstom Nycbcetus humeraka Pip straths ceytomcua * mtmus Piptstretkta Piptstrelkts subOavus WEANING SIZE Myoba rugneana

- .

-

-

.

.

172 g; rl 1 4 - 224 n33 Hodge 75% adult ana 1 lound carrying yg 34 her size m; 6 26 g; r5 6-7.0; n4 juv ©nil© s f : 7 12 g »6 4 8 1; n6 juv#mtes 9-10 g: 3 wk 12 5 g; n28 lighter at weaning the farther they have to 8y to water 1 el flight 84% adult bum: 22 d adult mass before weaning adult mass of 3 wfc 22-30 g 30 d fly 40 45 d 5 6 g; 29 d 2 6 g; 4 wk 4 5 6.5 g. 1 mo 1 5 g; detach from mother 2 g end of lactation 52 g; r4 1-7.5: n17

.

-

.

-

-

adult

-

-

si z

*

UTTER SIZE Antrozoua dubtaquercus Antrozoua pathdus

8717 7164

.

.

Order Onrupicra Family Vcspcniliontdae

at weaning

.

141

1 emb, nl 1 1-2 emb 1 2 ©mb 1 *2 yg 1 33 yg M 2 n f 1 5 ©mb r1 2 rU f 1.5 emb M -2 n27 1 1 75 ©mb. r1 -2 n4 1 1 8 ©mb yg, mod© 2 rl -3 n28 It 1.6; rl 3 1 1 triplets n61 It

8564 502 4079

-

2335

- - .. «

.

10455 1471a 502 10455

.

2335

6127 8127 71

i

5830 5833 2259 6107 1455

. . . * 82 yg M -2; n70 It

2 ©mb; nt 2 emb ea: 2 ©mb ©a. 3 ©mb. nt

5834 2865 6105a 6122a 9961

7619 7847 577

Bartoasteta ba / basteNus

.

Chehnohbus dwyen Chahnoiobus govktii Chahnoiobus mono Cha/ tnotobus ptcatus Chaitnotobus tubercutabua Chahnoiobus vanegatus Eptestcus brasAensts

Eptestcus capensts

8827 4625 577 6298 1455

9297 4260 4260

5210 2828 10977 1455 11752

8005 0722 9398 5386 6715 3944 6298

11752

f n2 f n2 f

1196a 522, 523a 11228a

f

4079

12

3571 4645 8049

1 ©a; n30 N 1 6 yg ni3 f 1 ea; n29 ft mod© 2 2 *9 ova ovary 2 9 d mode 1 yg; 1/32 f with twins 1 3 yg rt -2; n3 8 15 ©mb n24 f Z nl It 1 ©mb ea; n2 1 1.3 amb r1 2; n3 f 1 ©mb ©a; n12 1 2 2 r2 4 n9 1 ©mb n1 f 1 6; mode 1 2; rl 3 3 rare 2 ©mb several f 2 25 ©mb n4 t 1 implantation ©a, rU f 2 amb nl t 2 emb; nl t 2 ©mb ©a n5 f 2 0 ©mb mod© 2 1st It mode 1 2nd t rl 4. n24 1 1 Vfl 1 * 2 yg 1 2 yg 3 7 ova shed mod© 1 but twins observed 1 ©mb nt f 1 ©mb: n1 f 1 ©mb ©a n2 f 1 emb ea n4 f 1 yg ©a n 361 1e; M 2 1- 13 emb, r1 2. n115 f 1 25 emb, mod© 1; rl-2. n 4 f 1 27 ©mb mode 1; M 2 nl5 f 1 75 ©mb n8 f 1 75 yg. n5 t f 1 89 ©mb; mod© 2; M - 2. n54 t 1 9 ©mb, r 1-2, nil I 19 ©mb, M 2 nil late g© 1a»on 19Syg M 2; n2l 1 mod© 2 yg 83%

.

.

.

-

.

.

-.

.

Epteaicua funnel *

*

-.

-

.

7074 9398 7521

-

639 640

2 2

577 6780 2864 2842 6111 1455 6111 6000 2593

8127

-.

.

.

-

.

Epteaicua tuscua

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

-

-

-.

. .

-

-

-.

2 7 cl 2 ©mb, n1 f 2 ©mb ©a n2 t 2 ps ©a n2 f

.

.

*

7075 2829 5340

5830 5833 12042

12042 7075

2259 191 3999a

452

11273 10158

»945 8965

9113 4071 5425 950 7695 502 1279 11796 6059 1649a

11471a 5424

,

1119

5027 10964 9643

3703

2197, 5405b, 5405a 2354 11627 950a

8107 1850 1829

11794

5415 10954 a 11956

Order Chuuptcra, Family Vefepertilknidae

142 2.1 yg; nil t 3 0 mb r2*6 ; n10 ©arty gestabon

• • . 1 2 mb a . n2 f 1; M -2 M -2 yg: 35 -40 I 2 4 mb nl

.

6107 4387

Eptasrcus reguius Eptaucu sarotmus

1 1*2 1.17 yg M 2; n6 It 1.21; M 2: n28 I 2 yg i yg 1 yg 12

3571

EptesKus somat cus * Eudarma maculatum

2; n1 It 1 yg

9219 577

Hasparoptanus bckatlt Histrotua macrotus idfonyctmns phytoba

mode 1 1 ©mb ©a n3 1

8493 8494 8501 3999a

1 yg

577 969 3607, 5396 262 1347 6447 6494. 8501 252 11956

Eptaucus rstssont

©

©

rv

Eptestcus pumilus

. -

*

2

K#nvWa cuprots

Kartvoufa tanosa Kartvouia papittosa Kenvouta pteta Konvouia smithi Lastooycfna nocOvagans

-

1 ©mb; ni f 1 ©mb; nl I 1 ©mb; nl f 1 ©mb 1 ©mb; nl I 1 ©mb

1

• n2 f ©

1 ©mb; n1 I

*. - .

1 P nl I U : n 2 on 1.78 ©mb, rl 2 n9 I

-.

.

.

Lasiunjs

boraalts

-.

-

.

..

. -

-

*

-

.

-

-.

.

. -.

-

.

»

. .

.

•

•.

* 09a

Lmtmnj

10954

1.84 ©mb n36 f 1.86 yg; M -2 n7 I 2 ©mb; nl f 2 ©mb nl I 2 ©mb n1 I 2 yg m I 2 ©mb ©a, n4 I mod© 2 M 2 r1 4; 5 caa© » of 3; 3 case of 4 2 4 yg 2 ©mb, nl I 2 emb; nl f 2 ©mb. nl I 2 yg; nl f 2 yg; m f 2 ©a n2 It 2 67; mod© 3; »2-4; m 2 2 78 yg M -4; n9 t 2 8 ©mb. mod© 3; »2 3; n5I 2.9 ©mb mod© 3; r2 3; nl2 f 2.96 yg; »2 4 n27 f 3 ©mb nl f 3 ©mb; nl f 3 yg, nl It 3 0 ©mb r2-4; n2 f 3 0 »2 4 n4 N 3 17 ©mb; mode 3; »2 5; «12 f 3 17 ©mb; »2 4, 018 3 24 ©»nb; »2-4 n29 I 3 35 ©mb; »2-5 n34 I 3 38 ©mb »3 -4 M 3 f 3 45; »3-4; nil f

-

2066 2733 8249 261a 4525 10954a

-

LasMjrus

mtarmadtus

6122a 495 502 181 1196a 4525 5396 4054 6105a 452 11450 950a 4079 1290 5414a 1973c

Mmatillus molonayi Mntoptarua australis

Mauoptarus

Mauoptarus mutants' Manoptarus schtibaiu

*

«

589a

6677 11627 1937 5414a 7606 7610, 7611

6298

-.

1 ©mb 1 ©mb ©a 1 yg 1 yg

. n31

Maucptarus mad us

438

-. -

1 1 1; n many 11

toflatus

5405b,

-

.

-

Lasturus sam / nokts

4222

. 6263

-.

.

Lasairus onerevs

4645

.

143

3 5 r3-4 n4 f 3 8 yg »3 4 »>6 I 4 emb; nl I 4 ©mb. nl I 4 yg. m t 4 yg; nl f 4 yg © a n2 t W rl-2 1 83; M -2 n6 It 1 9 yg M 2 n® t 2 2 4 yg 2 ©mb; m I 2 ©mb; nl f 2 ©mb, nl I 2 yg; nl I 2 yg; nl f 2 yg. niI 2 yg; ni t 2 ©; n2 It 2 ©mb ©a n2 f 2 yg © a n2 1 2 ©mb © . n3 f 2 ©mb ©a n4 I 2 yg © a. n4 f 2 ©mb ©a. n6 I max 4 1 5 ©mb rl - 2; n2 f 2; nl 11 2 ©mb; n3 f 2 ©mb M n31 2 3; »1 3. n15 2 9 ©mb mod® 3 »2 4 n17 t 3 0 ©mb mod© 3. r2 4 n7 f 2 ©mb. nl f 2 0 ©mb M 3 n2 I 3 ©mb; nl I 3 yg © a n2 t 3 4 ©mb «3 4; nl3 I, ©at 2.6 bom 24 2 ©mb; nl f 2 5 ©mb. r2 3 n2 f 3 0 ©mb »2 - 4; n2 f 3 3 ©mb mod© 3-4; M -4 , n2lI 1 ©mb. nl I

3828

10158 3571 5102 8049 4038 7075 6713 6714 7074 5834 8049

Eptaecus mafekorum

.

Order niiroptcra Family Vespertilinnidae

Munna tubmans Myotis taSrarsus Kfyotia albascans

187ia

2197, 5405b, 1812a 8187 10298 10954 1043 5414a 181

502 1196a 10954a

11244 1812a 7619

7847

.

8656 8656

2197

11627 4222 5414a 1043 9711 8764

2068 950 190

577 5424« 452 7695

528 5413a 950

6257 9896a

577 1474 1973C 589a 7498a

577 1346 7163 9102 7075 252

10158 9457

1361

1 ©mb

8965

1 ©mb nl f 1 mod©, 1/150 I with tmn» 1 ©mb ©a nil t 1 emb ©a. n40 f 10 ©mb M 2 n312 f e; IN lact f, July. n2l; MT lact f: July n3; ND lact f: July nt; SO lact t. July . n8, w SD lact t July Bata CA. Mexico lact t July , nl; Durango Mexico lact f Sept nt; NE birth June, central Africa preg f ; Oct n2. Cape Prov ce , S Africa birth June Germany testes: large Nov; TAS. Australia birth end Novmid Dec central Austrafca birth end Nov -rmd Dec; TAS. Australia mate autumn; sw Australia conceive end venter, store sperm sw Austral birth end Nov -Dec; sw Australia birth end Mar early Apr, Garamba Nat Park Zaire spermatogeneses May -Sept; Europe male Apr . nt Pakistan male: mid Sept Germany male Sept, spring, Germany mate: after mrd Nov, Portugal male faR Iraq ovulate Mar Portugal preg 1: spring Iraq birth end May . Portugal birth June, Germany birth June Germany birth spnog early summer Pakistan male Jan. central Alnca birth Mar nt; Cameroun birth Mar, Cameroun birth Oct Albert Nat Park. Zaire lact 1 July , 1)1 Ubena lact f June , n3, NM preg t : May (many ) Dec (fit ); Sn Lanka birth May, Sn Lanka birth earty June; Sn Lanka preg t: Oct n3 Pern tact t Dec; n4. Chile repro; mid Sept, Rio de Janeiro Brapl preg f: June; nl; NM preg 1 June AZ preg t June; Durango Mexico preg t June; nl Durango Mexco birth June- July US forth ast June-July AZ NV CO lact t. June , n4 Ourango Mexico lact f June -JUty n9 NM lact f July AZ lact t Aug; n2. AZ birth # st Jan , Cameroon Kenya birth: Jan. central Alnca

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

.

Eptestcus guwnsis Eptestcus melckonrm EptosKUS tvbsoru Eptestcus pumrkis

Eptosxos rwgutus

Eptestcus r&ndaKi Ep testeus serotinus

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

Eptestcus tenuipcirtia

Euderma macula turn Hasperopfnus ticket

Hisbotus macrotua Htstrotus mon tonus Hisbotus vatatus idtonyctens phyUotis

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

.

.

Kanvoota cup lout Kem ouia ianosa

-

Family Vcspertilmnuhc

5405b, 1829 6298 10964

.

Kenvouia papulosa Kanvottla anvttu Lastonyclans noctivagans

9643 2068

262

spermatogeneses May -Oct, peak end Oct; NM mete July , BC Canada mete end Sept sprtng NM ovulate Apr-May . NM preg f May June, n4; MN preg f. June; nt . SO preg f; June; nt. w SO pregI June n2 LongI NY preg I; June Jv/y. n9; 1A terth end Mey -eatiy July; SD bulh end May -early July , NE

.

.

.

11627

-

,

5424 3703 2618

birth: June , nt; Ml

10954a

-

5424#

523a 5405b 252 10158 3671

,

4038

5834 5834 5834

»

.

2075 9176 2945 3571 436 110

.

7777 3671 9175 262 2948 262 252

lact f : Jure nl KS

5396

2196 3607, 577 1474 3607, 5396 1939a 3254a

lact f: June n3: NM lact I Jure nt . Coehurfa, Meoco lact t June 'mid July; LA lact f July; n bory

*

-

.

.

mate: end May -early June; NSW, Australia mete end May early June, Australia mate July ?; few data. SW Afnca mate: mid Oct; Japan mate: Sept; Pyrenees, France mate: fa before hibernation % France male: toll, spring nw Sardinia. Italy ovulate Jan Feb. Portugal ovulate Feb Mar S Afnca ovulato Mar earty Apr s Transvaal S Atnee ovulate Mar Apr S Afnca ovulate Mar Apr, peak end Mar s Transvaal S Afnca ovulate Apr Natal S Afnca

7235 10954a 6105a 6166 7695 7695 7695 7695

birth end springearty summer ?; NY fact »; June; n1; w SD Inc t f end June July . IA lad f July n 1; se MT opermategenesa: Dec -July Paraguay testes: large Mar - May . Paraguay epidkfymal sperm Mar -Sept Paraguay mate May Paraguay ovulate mid Aug; Asuncion Paraguay ovulate ; mid Sept, Chaco, Paraguay

.

.

-

.

- . -

7695 7695 577 7695

.

5424e 4046,

589a 1973c 7498a 1474 7498a 588a 1973c 1346 5759

2831

518 7163

. -

7163

.

9102

2627. 2832

-

9102 518 7163

.

-

-

.

-

1351 9102 2075

546

.

-

-

9102 2827 2632 518 022 822 10158 252, 255 1349 252 6966 252

2628

-

-

.

2827 2632 518

821 3945 11131, 11134. 11135 822 2827 2632

. .

. .

252 5759

11134

.

ovulate May. NSW Australia ovulate Aug Sept; Pyrenees, France ovulate mid Oct rtopause rrwd Oct mad Dec Japan ovulate mid Oct Japan ovulate fal before hibernation, s France implant Feb; a France implant Mar, Pyrenees. France implant Mar Apr, Pyrenees, France implant before mid Mar Sarcinia, Ita/y implant Juty - Aug peak end July; Transvaal. S Afnca implant Aug, Austraka implant Aug- Sept NSW. Australia mpfant mid Aug; Natal S Afnca cmplant mid Sept; a Australia implant Aug- Sept, n Australia implant mid Dec - early Jan. Japan preg f Mar - Apr Sardrua, Italy preg f May Dec NSW Auelraka preg t Sept Feb; a France preg f Oct, Nov. Transvaal . S Afnca preg f rrad Od early Ally, Japan preg f : Nov nil; Nalal S Atnca birth rmd Apr -end June Algeria birth: May; a France birth May July: Germany birth: June; Pyrenees, France b»rth: end June early July Japan birth: Oct Nov; se Zai*e birth ned Od. se Zaira birth early Nov Zambia birth end Oct rrod Dec. peak mid end Nov s Transvaal. S Afnca beth: Dec: NSW . Australia birth: Dec . Australia birth: Dec Natal. 9 Afnca birth mid Od>tan; Australia birth early summer; Transvaal. S Afnca lact t June Juty: Pyrenees. Europe fact f Ally Aug Jnp^ lact f Dec -Mar NSW Australia wean after July ?; s France preg f Feb; n1 Pahang Mateywa preg t May nS. M*shmi Hals Assam Incka preg f Mar n2 Papua. New Guinea birth Jan Oct M 9 OLD Australia lact t Mar. n4 Papua New Guinea sperms!ogenews Mar Dec Paraguay testes small Jen - Mar Parana / mate May ; Oct Paraguay ovulate July . Oct; Paraguay preg f Jan n3. Costa Rica

-

3606 5413a 9096a 1640a S22e

8574

157

Order Chmipicra, Family Vespcrtilionidac

Munna eyelotis Mvnn tubtnans MycUs advar&u

*

.. .

*

Uyot $ mlt»9cmn

*

.

.

.

.

.

11418 9102 6966 11015 6463

2075 3517 436 11134 11129 11128 11129 621 622 11418 6464

.

5727 11015 2075 6574 8464 8463

3517 11129 11131 11133 11135

.

.

.

9102 11418 821 2832

2832

.

5727 5729 3517 2828

6574 8965

5729 4402 5988 8574 3571

. .

8463 8464 3562 5727

255 252 252

.

11129 11131, 11135 2827 2828 2832 9102 821 822 2840

.

.

8965 8464

3562 2828 8574 7161

4613b 7073 2833

7073 7695 7695 7695 7695

6260

.

.

Order Chiroptera Family Vefcpcrlittoaidae

I 5K preg 1. June, Aug; n11; P#ru f: Juty nl; Honduras preg t Aug nlO, Peru

3009a 2670a 10074

birth Oct Jan Paraguay preg f June nJ. Chihuahua M»« eo birth: Juna US ep*ddymts larga Nov -mid Apr; FL caplrve birth and Apr -May; FL birth and Apr -mid May. FL captrve birth May Juna. US birth June Juty. Garmany teslas larga Juty Labanon

7605

. .

Dreg

Uyobt aunaJus Myott muitronpsnuM

-

Myotis becftsteirv Myobi bfyttu

-

spermatogenesis: Aug -Sapr. paa Sept Yugoslavia mala JulyOct Algana Kirgizia mala Aug- Sapi Czechoslovakia. Bulgaria birth Apr May, Algana prog t Mar, nl Niger birth Mar, Gabon birth Apr Rwanda birth Jan. June Aug Oct Zaire birth yr rd cantral Africa preg f Apr nt Smatoa, Mexico prag f and Apr -mid Juna; CA preg f: May Juna CA prag f ; Juna; n3 Ourango. Mexico birth May-June US birth end May -mad Juna; US birth Juty BC Canada birth Juty n1; UT spermatogeneses non# Nov - Apr, Europe prag t Fab JiJy n3; Costa Rica mala 40% before mid Nov rest mid Nov -mrd Apr; St Petersburg Russia ovulate Jan rmd Apr Netherlands

.

Myotts bocagei

.

*

.

.

Myobs cabtomicus

. .

-

.

.

.

Myotts capacctrvi Myoht eMoenm Myoks dasycneme Myoks daubenlora

.

.

-

mate Feb Netherlands mate Sept Jan Poland mate 17% before m«3 Nov rest m d Nov mid Apr

-

*

kfyotii Pagans

Myoks emargioatus

Si Petersburg, Russia ovulate: Mar , Dec, Netherlands birth and June-early Arty ; Germany birth early July Germany prag f: Fab; m Campeche Mexeo preg I Apr. Coeta R*ca preg f Juna; n2: Veracruz. Mexico lact t Juna. n2, Caribbean Guatemala mala: Aug. France mala Sepf Oct Netherlands birth June Netherlands birth end June mid July; Garmany birth end June-Juty Garmany preg 1 May -Juna, n2 SD prag f May - Juna niX SO preg 1: May Juna; n2; CA preg f June. n2 ID preg f June. n2; NV prag 1 rmd June mrd July , WY prag f : July; n2 BC Canada prag I July; n2 MT birth end June July . US ** birth July. n5; WA lact t July n3. sa MT lact t July; NM prag f: June; n4; Sinaloa. Mexico birth m d June-end July; Japan

-

-

Myotts evohs

-

.

.

.

-

. . -

.

Myoks tcutdeos Myotis frater

*

.

-

260a 577 9060 577 0080 1474 3571 6418 5902 4980 4960 5968 8611

159

Order Chiroptera, Family Vespatibonkhe Myotts grrsescans

spermatogenesis June - Aug estrut Oct Nov, MO

-

MO

mate: and fall, US bath May Juna. central US

-

Myofis hsiseltu

Myobs keaysi Myobs keenu

belh June, MO birth: Juna. US lact f: Juna; MO lacl f : Jan Malaysia prag f May Juna Aug Nov ; Costa ftca prag f July n7 Peru preg f irsd May -mid Juna. IA prag f Juna; n7 Durango Meico birth early -mid Juna, IN birth: June; nl MO birth: and June^Juty a US lact f : and June July IA tad I: June. n2 Durango. Mexico mate Apr n 1; IN preg f . May; nt . NM

.

.- . .

.

.

.

- .

252 252

Myobs ledu

252 253 5413a

6060 11226a 3607 1474 577 2068 12104a 3608

10495 11095 11183 4074 10405

11005

3571 7777 54241 6260 6146a 7024 9240 10070

10070 5175 3571 6780

28la

11228a 11646a

6780 1871a

2088 5424 1474

,

6780 6166 6780 5413a 6723

..

prag f Juna; nl MT prag f : Juna; n3 ND prag f : Juna; nl; w SD prag f: June- JiJy SD prag f : July; nl NE preg/lact f June , s central BC Canada birth: May July US lad f: July; nl; se MT spermatogenesis Apr Aug, ne US spermaiogeneeia June Aug. MO uterus epitheluxn high Oct-Fab; MO mate Aug Sep«. ONT . Canada mala and Aug- 7; ONT , Canada mate Sept AZ mate Sept Oct Apr NY mala Sept -Mar ne US mate Od IN mat# early tad NY mate: fall. MO ovulate Fab Apr , peak Apr MO

.

,

2075

.

.

.

Myobs ktotugus

.

.

-

Ovulate and Apr -May , ONT Canada ovulate spnng PA prag 1 May. nt 4 SD prag f : May - Jute MN prag f Arne, IA prag t mid Juna , 9/21, BC Canada prag h end June-early Aily; n40, CO prag f July; MO. NM birth May -July . US birth May July NE birth peek; and May. NY birth: mid May mid AJy. IL

. .

.

-

-

-

birth: and May 7, W1 birth June -early JUy. Canada. NY birth: June -early July. ONT Canada both June md July; ALB, Carted# b»rth June -mid July; ONT Canada birth June-July, ne US birth June July ONT Canada birth rted June-mid AJy, ALB. Canada birth July, BC Canada birth July, WY

-

.

.

birth rmd summer. NY lact f and June July n38, CO lact f July IA

.

7330 7330, 10107 577 1474

4174 577 4173a 7161 6261 3999a 6105a 3607, 2043 2864

1474 6105a 3607 4202 502 5424

.

.

3703 10954a 10954 6807a

3217 1474 6166

.

343 4161

7330 9002 8843

10779

6070 2135 343

4202 7651 4174, 9002 4174, 4175 1414 11794

261a 495 6105a

3217 2353a 2353a 1474 5405b, 784 1526

5210 3214 3214

9645 2842 2355 2842 9645

2068 3254 7661 2353a

6106a

.

Order Cliifoptcra I anuly VcspcrtilnmiiLr

160

» July. n9, NM lact ends mid July; ne US birth May. June Futoen. Yunnan. China mala Aug. Tarek Re on. Russia mala Sept AZ mate SeplOct , Netherlands maw m»d Sept Germany mate spring? . Germany maw spring, fa . Japan mate Ml. also captiva Jan . Germany maw fall. USSR mala oat tail ; Sardinia Italy ovulate : and Dec-mid Apr Netherlands ovulate Jan Netterlanda ovulate : Fab Portugal ovulate : Mar Apr ; Germany implant : before rmd Mar. Sardma Italy prag 1: Mar- Apr, San nia, Italy birth May-Jurw . Portugal birth end May Pyrenees. France birth end May -mid June . E el mla. Germany birth end May -mid June ; Bohemia. Czechoslovakia birth end May *June/July; Germany birth: end May -early Arty. Germany birth June. Beig^m

lact

Myob muncola MyoPs myotts

*

’

^

*

. .

*

*

b»rth June. France birth June. Germany birth June. Netherlands birth June . Tranacaucasus Georgia birth end June Netherlands birtt- end June - early Arty ; Guadalajara. Spam mate Jan Netherlands mate mid Nov -rmd Apr St Petersburg Russia ovulate Dec - Apr . Netherlands preg f Feb. Apr. June Aug Oct n7; Malaysia preg t yr rd. peak Apr May Malaywa birth June Germany birth June July . Germany b«rth end June-early July. Ireland. UK lact f mid June-mid Aug; Germany spermatogenews Dec - Aug. Panama spermatogenesis: yr rd Paraguay tesws small Feb. Banos Ecuador mate Jan-mid Sept; Panama mate peak May June Paraguay maw est end Dec -earty Jan. Banos Ecuador preg f peak JarvFeb Apr May , Aug; Panama preg f: Jan- Nov Costa Rica preg f Feb. Apr June - Aug Oct-Nov; n58; Peru preg f June n2, Pern preg!act f 42% Aug 84 % Sept Guatemala preglact 1 yr rd. Paraguay birth end Feb- Nov ; Panama preg f : June; hi . Peru preg f: Apr- June . Costa R *ca preg I: Aug nt. Peru preg f: Arty - Aug. n3. Peru preg f : Oct; Paraguay maw lak MO maw Oct midwest US pieg f May- June , MO preg f. June ; nl; IN birth end June midwest US birth end June -earty July; IN ,

,

Myotts mystacinus

Myob5 nattered Myobs rwgncans

,

,

.

.

Myob on yob/ * Ktyobs riparius

*

Myobs

stmos

Myobs sooaks

Order CUrupIBB, I amily VcspcTtiliimidae

2353a 343 17®

Myot fhyutnoetoa

*

8049

6070

10070 2945 9679 4819 9679 1524

Myobs tncotor

3517 11095

.

Myobs vrifer

436

1657 9220 6001

3571 5938 4663 9596 2945 10070 8049

754 2402

Myotts

vtvast

11183

10495 11095

Myob a volans

6446

7161

7777 3571 2045 6246 11756 7695 10659

11755 7695 10659 11755 3322 3999a

.

.

*

10974

2552 7695 11755 3999«

6261 3999« 3999a 7699a

lact f: June- Aug n6, Ml preg f Feb. nl Chiapas Meuoo preg T May; n2; Jalisco. Me»co preg f June; n2. Chihuahua , Mexico preg T. June; n3, SD birth: June -July w US lact f: June; nl. San lute Potosi , Meawo lact h Aug: n£ Hidalgo. Mexico male Ape?; Natal, S Africa ovulate end Sept; Natal. S Africa conceive; Sept Natal , S Afnca implant end Sept -Nov. Natal. S Afnca b rfh: end Oct -mid Nov . Cape Province. S Afnca birth: mid Nov-mid Dec: Natal. S Afnca birth: let 3 wk Dec Natal, S Afnca birth: Dec -Jan, Zaire. S Afnca mate Apr n3 KS mew Sepl Oct. sw KS mate peak Sept - Oct Dec -Mar. AZ conceive mid Apr; sw KS preg t Mar. Dec. lew data . Veracruz Mexico preg t May; nl; Jalisco . Mexico preg 1 June; nl; Chihuahua Mexico preg f June; n9. Durango . Mexico preg f June -Jirty ; n 19* Sanafoe. Mexico birth June -July, aw US brrth: est mid June; sw KS birth : end June mid Jirty, KS. OK preg f: May. n27 ; Pescadora , 1 Mexco preg f - June; n2: PartxJa 1 Mexico bfrth May - Jurw CA to Sonora. Mexico lact 1: June. n25. Parade 1, Mexico ovulaw Mar May. NM preg I May; nt CA preg f May; n2 Jalisco , Mexico preg f June; n2 SD preg f June; niOO; CA preg t June or July ; n4>; NE preg I rmd June-mid July; NV preg t; July; nl se MT preg 1 Arty ; n? MT preg t Juty ; NM preg f: July; NM preg f July ; Ba a CA Mexioo preg f July - Aug. WY birth May-earty Aug. NM birth June; n many; CA birth . June; w N America birth: end June mid Aug; WY lact f : May Aug NM lact f: June; nl Durango. Mexico lact t: July . nt . ae MT lact 1: July ; n3. MT Met 1: Aug; n1 SD preg f June , n7. OK preg f: June; n-34 t; NM preg f June nt ; Sinaloa. Mexico birth Mey -June w US birth May -July WY birth May -July US tact f June; 26 59 sw 0C Canada lact f July; nt ; CO lact f Aug. n2 Jalisco Mexico birth: May-July Japan

-

10069 436

2947 3517 3517

161

Myob a yvmonmsts

4174 4231 2867 7609 4231 5096c

.

Hyctalvs aviator

.

6119a 1641 11471a 280a

10954 1474 2228a 1640a 825 825 825 825 10158 825 11818 255 3288 6106 2135. 6070 6106 4228 11471a 1196a 5405b 5409, 5413a 1474 6106

577 9002a 1469a 1346 1469a

2733 11226a 11471a 261a 2231a 8307a 11466 6166

5424, 2353a 11466

5424a 3254 2733 22310 1474

1871a

2733

3607 , 6166 5424, 261a 3803a 1996a

54130 1474 1871a

577 3217 2353a 11471a 3033

.

Order Cbkruptcra f amily Vcycrtilknidie

162 Nyctaios lasjoptams NycWus Itsian

Nyclakis noctula

birth mid June -mid July, Japan preg f June earty Aug Jan: India birth May -July Germany epidrtymai sperm: Nov Mar Germany teslas Increase mid May July, lab testes large Juty - Aug Germany

.

-

6722 8883

Pipstrelkis coromandra

3571 546

-

3631 testes large Sept nt smal Jan, nt ; Germany 6029 testosterone peak Sept lab 4102 malt July, Germany 0137 male Aug. Vorooesh, Russua 2945 mate end Aug; Germany 10071 ; 7 Sept mate. - Netherlands 5860 mate: Sept Oct, captrve 3571 mate la Ircm end Aug, epnng, Germany 11318 mate fall; Europe 11147 mate fall Belgium 9679 mate: fall: Germany 11148 ovulate : May; Belgium 3571 conceive 5 10 d after hibernation Germany 11147 implant : Man Apr, Belgium 11148 pregI: May - June; Belgium 4645 Russia May June birth 764 birth May-June Netherlands 8049 birth end May -early June7: Russa 3571 birth end May July; Germany 10071 birth earty -mid June. Netherlands 11622 birth June few data. UK 8137 birth June . Voronesh Russia 11148 birth June or later, Belgium 4102 birth July . Germany 10071 lad f Aug: Netherlands 1290 preg 1: Apr May; n5 NC 5414a preg t May. nl; KS 589a preg t May. n3 AL 5405b, preg t. June; n2: NE a 950 , KS nl 1 preg June 6105a preg f: June; nl: IA 2868 preg f: June JxAy; n4 , IA 577 birth mid May -mid June, se US 5386 birth end May -early June . MS 11472 birth mid June MO 7498a lact f May FL 5414a tad f ; June; nt;KS 2868 lad t June-July; n9; IA 11138 mate June; Transvaal S Africa 11138 ; , S Africa Transvaal Aug ovulate 11137 preg f Sept - Nov; nil; Transvaal S Alnca 252 birth: Nov; central Afnca 11136, 11136 birth Nov -mid Dec ; Transvaal, S Africa birth est early rainy season few data; Burkina Faso w Afnca 5903 4038. 4039 birth Nov TAS. Australia 7074 lad f Nov nl VIC Austrafca 8492 spermatogenesis: summer. ACT Australia 6492 sperm storage Jan-Sept . ACT . Austroke 8492 Apr Australia ACT earty mate 8492 ovulate Sept earty Oct; ACT . Australia 6492 birth: Od-Nov ACT Australia 6447 preg f June; nl Malaysia 200 rec zlr+Uu 3 slanoptm /v *

PtpiMtrwilUB Bubflmrut

.

.

.

-

.

PipistreHus fer»u«.« Pfecotus auntus

.

lact t June; FI lacl f . Juty, nl IA preg I: Jan-Mar, May June Aug. Oct; Papua New Guinea piddymal sperm Aug Sept, Scotland UK male rmd Oct-Nov ; Ireland. UK preg f June -earty Ju y; ne Scotland UK birth; Apr?; May July Geimany birth June, Germany birth. June ?; Portugal b »rth Jufy . ne Scotland, UK bnth spnng; UK repro Apr-mid May , Ireland UK preg 1: Apr, n& Jalisco Mexico lact f May m . Jaliaco Mexico lact I July San Luis Polos! Mexico preg 1: Jirfy; WA birth end May early June NC mate; Qct Apr. CA mate Oct Feb. US mate, est fall. CA ovulate Feb Mar CA ovulate: Feb- Apr US ovulate spring CA preg 1: July nl SO birth; Apr -July US

.

-

•

.

*

Piecotus

maxtcanus

Pfecotus ntinesQuii

Pfecotus tovmse^du

.

.

.

. .

.

-

.

.

. .

11316 2420 6049 1524 11146

Rhogee&sa parvuia flhogeessa

2420 1524

3571 7777

Scofoecu fynjndo * Scotophikis heath/

6665 6104 2420 1179 10603

-

Scotoph us kuhb ^

4202

4174 1290 3549 1474

ScotophAjs rvgnta

10247

7413 10246 3571 2945 436

7413

Tytonyctana pachypus

.

.

-

8314

1474

.

-

.

10942a 9578a 587

1474 2226 10954, 10954a

-

’-

11471a 10942a

1474 2226 8314

•

-

Scotophdua leucogaatet

6175

10246 2045

-

-

4386

7073

-

-

6068 6066

3549 7496a 6105a

.

-

11622

3549 1474 3549

bnth; June; TX bath rmd July. 0C Canada lacl 1: July, n 19 -22. SO preg 1 Apr; m Vbchoacan, Mexico preg f May June n6, SmaJoa Mexico preg f Mar n2: Costa Rica preg f : Mar; n£ Guatemala preg f Aug; n2 Guatemala lad 1 Mar n2 Costa Rtca lad f May; n1. e Afnca spermatogenesis Ocl-Mar 1sl sperm Jan; India spermatogenesis Oct -Nov ; s India testes scrotal yr rd, small Mey Ort India epxdidymal sperm: Sect-Oct. n2; central Inda quxescenl f Aug Nov, India mate; Jan earty Feb; India mate: Mar - Apr Pakistan mate: Nov -Dec s Inda ovulate early Mar, Inda ovulate end Dec; s India implant mid Apr , Inda Sn Lanka preg f: Jan- Apr India birth mid July, India lad f : June Jufy . centra India eptdidymal sperm: Oct n2; central India spermatogenesis Dec ? peek Feb-Mar; Inda testes large Jan Feb small May Oct s Inda testes large Feb Mar India mate : rmd Fob-mid Mar. s Inda preg f MarJuly; s Inda preg f Sep1-Oct n3, Sn Lenka birth Mar, Inda birth: June July , a Inda lad f : June; JeomomiKenog Ava juveniles: June July central India preg f Feb -earty Mar nl; Africa preg 1 Mar, nl. Zaira preg f Apr-Oct S Afnca preg f May; nl Niger birth prob Dec Tanzania mate: end Dec -early Jan; central Afnca preg f Jan Mar. boreal central Afnca preg f: Aug-Oct, austral central Afnca preg f Mar, n2. Zaire birth peak Jan Mar . Aug- Sept M 2, e Afnca birth: Mar Angola Burundi birth Oct Nov; se Za*e lacl f : rmd Apr/early May na Zaire lad f; end Dec - Jan, Rwanda Uganda testes large Od, smal Jan May; w Malaysia male Nov; w Malaysia mate end Nov mid Dec IMa Gombak. w Malaysia ovulate Jan. w Malaysia implant Jan . w Malaysia preg f Mar May. Selangor Malaysia preg f . Apr May , Malaysia birth Apr -May w Malaysia teslas large Od smal May Malaysia mate: rmd Nov. Malaysia ovulate Jan. Malays* implant and Jan Malaysia preg ! Apr. Malaysia preg ( Apr May Malaysia twlh Apr Malaysia

-

9175 10603 252

252 331 11139 3571 7161 7161

165

.

2075

mala fall USSR mate: fall, spnng, Germany

*

.

Order Ctairoptcra Family Vespcrtiliomdac

6104

Dec n1, Spain mala fall, France mala fall Europe

mate

Vcspcrtilnxiidac

Tylonyctans robustufa

.

. *

.

11870 2066 10954, 10954a 4671 5413a 3608 5405« 2552 3608

5759 6028 3935

6020 5705 6028 6027, 6026

9175

3935. 6717 6027 6028 3935, 6717 6027 6717

.

6027, 6026 5705 5705

7415 3906

3907 3905, 3906, 3937, 7415 3907 3915 6501

.

9175

.

3905. 3907 7415 179

5705 5759 191 11145b 6611

252 252

252 252 191 5759 252 252

252 252 7164

7164 6639

7164 7164

7161 7164 7164

7164 7164 7164 7164

7164 7164

7161, 7164

.

Order I 'hmiptcru Family Vesper til mnidae

166

apermatogeneete . May - Sept. Europe mate Sepf. s Frarroe mate and Sapt Franca ovulate: Mar Apr. a France birth May June . Ru »*a birth and May -earty June ; a Franca wean Aug; a Franca birth summer; Ohzukue I Jena , Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan

Vaapafttb murious

2075 9240

•

Vaspartko supamns

Mobssus moJossus Mops thersites Tadarida btasthonsis

9240 9240 3563

.

,

NEONATAL SIZE

9240 9238. 9240 8049

-

.

167

Order Chiroptera Family Molossidae

-

CR: 30 mm. term amb 57.5 mm , s©3, n 7 31.67 mm . r30 34 , n 3 f FA 17 ,8 mm n5 m. FA : 18 6 mm , n3 CR : 23- 27 mm CR : 25 8 mm

8087

1 amb 1 emb , «1 f 1

5548 10872

1 1 i yg 1 emb nl f 1 emb ea n5 f 1 emb nl 3 1 1 emb ea. n 54 f 1.1 emb , mode 1; rl 2; n 101

252 331 7883

LITTER SIZE Order Chiroptera, Family Mystadnidae, Genus Mystacino

Cbaaraphon pheata

.

The 12-35 g New Zealand Mystacma tuberculuta eats pollen, fruit and insects ( 2257 ) in forested areas Males form leks ( 22 aia on ihe reproductive physiology and endocrinology of primates are too extensive for thorough review in this context. Reviews of cervix uteri ( 4189 ) anatomy (2625, W 2, K616a), spermatogenesis (3993X repnxluctivc cycles ) (6177 10264a ). copulation ( 2536, 2626) placentalion (769, 6626 ) birth hour ( 5378 ) and litter si /e (6406 exist Several joumaLs arc devoted solely to primates including American Journal of Rnmalology Contributions to Primaiology, Folia Primaiologica International Journal of Pnmatology Journal of Medical Pnmatology, Monographs ui Pnmatology, and Pnmaies

.

.

.

.

.

.

SEXUAL MATURITY Microcebus munnus

.

.

.

CYCLE LENGTH Cheirogaleus major

Order IVimatrs* Kamils Cbeirogokidoe

.

.

.

.

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Ch&rogateus major Ch& rvgaleus medrus Microcebus coquereh Microcebus munnus

.

. --

18 07 g M 7 2 19 5; fO yg. n1 It 18 g

18 «

m: 2.7 g M 4g

-I.

4 3 g; nl

Phaner hjrcttot

4722

-

88 g adl .3; n56 5-8 g

-

.

8443. 8444

GESTATION

3810 3810

Cheirogaleus major Ctwiropaleus m&dkjs

8375 8435

Chetrogahus medius

mod* 2. r2 -3 3 yg; 1 It 2 0 yg; rl 4; n32 It 9 f

Microcebus coquereh

23 17; sd0 47; M 2; n9

major

-

-

-

mode 2 Microcebus munnus

--

2-

34

Microcebus rufus Phaner fumfer

--

1 83 yg mod* 2; rl 3; M 2 It 1 88 yg. mod* 2; M 3; n 7 it 2 v« mod* 2 amb , soroe &mes 3 mod* 2. r2 3 2 3 yg 2 4; 1 rare 2 0. M 8.02 N 2.17; mode 2 r1 3; r>35 It

3

1

-

-

. -

.

f l< rocebus coquereh

.

8432 8435

Cheuogabus

308 3810 6443 8444

Microcebus munnus

8443

.

8443 3383

-r

-

-

-

30 d 19 66 12 It 1.95 yg 1-3 022 8

-

2

4

.* - .

8435 3362

*

*-

*

6 yg; nl It

Lemur caffe

*

Lemur comoatu

Lemur macaco

*

Leptemur muswmus Vanaa vanegata

CYCLE LENGTH Lemur carta

.

f 1st conceive 19 56 mo; sd5 57: 10*31 f>9 f f 1st b« tt>: 2 5 y m 13» are: 3 yr f 1st conceive 20 mo; nl !: 1st birth 3 yr Urn 15 2 5 y ton est 1.5 y t ; 1st # slrus 9 mo f . 1st esirus 20 22 mo f : 1st conceive 20 5 mo; r20-21 n2 m tesies descend 16 *22 mo t /m 20 mo

*

*

*

-

-

*

*

-

.

h slnjs 24 h vaginal estrus 3.67 d; t0.37; r2 5 luteal phase 25 d n4 1 tc4icular phase 14 A n4 1 39 d; n4 M 3 d MO . 6. 78% 37 *42, 33 45 M 7 cycles 39 87 A sA2 66; 32 -45 n40 cydes, 16 f

esirus 30 cycles 4 f in visual contact 28 3 d se2 3; 24 33 n22 cydes, 6 1 30 d; n21 slrus 25 h toftkcula phase 5 d; n6 cycles 2 1 luteal phase 26 d luteal phase 28 d. n6 cycles. 2 f 33 d; n6 cycles. 2 f 33 3 d. 32 -35. f>3 cydes 40 d 37 3 d; 29-48 n9 sl us 12 24 h slrus 24 h mate; 1 A n8 genital changes 9 85 A sd1 67 nB folicular phase 14 d n3 cycles 1 f luteal phase 24 d n3 cycles 11 luteal phase 26 d 14 8 d 8 -22: nB5 cydes 30 d; n9 cycles. 4 1 38 d, r>3 cydes. 1 1 40 d; between ovulabors 40 - 42 A n3 f 40-44 d

.

1127

mod® Z max 6 2 0 yg, mod® 2 rl -4 n38 2 16; mod® Z 1-6; n326 It 222; adO 81; nl 8 H 2 47 yg 1 3; n15 8 2 83 yg. adO 52; mod® 3 i2 *3, n6 It 2 64 yg mods 3; 1A n89 It 3; n1 It

. .

Lemur mongoz Venae vanegata

8443 3340 7947 8936

* .* . * *

14

;

*

5573

*

.

Lemur macaco

4722 4736 4722 4718 8432 8433 10962 8432. 6433 8444

4

,

,

.

.

metestrus

.

3340 8936 8432 8433 8936 4716

.

;n

slrus

SITUS 4

.

1 aa n3 II 1 #4 n4 a 1 aa; n5 It 1 08 yg; nllO 15 12 n2 M

Lemur rubm/enler

Lemur tutors

8443 1230 4736

* .* - *

•34 2 d. sdS 8 26-46 12 cycles. 1 * • : 24d-;48 h 6 d diestrus d; pr«esl us 3 d * "strus 6 7 d *4-10; niO cydee. 2 f • 1 no visual contact 26 9. seO 2 r>36 eye slrus 1 d

;

8432 8433

1 yg 2 occasional 1 st n2 lt 1 02 yg: «82 It 1 04 mod 1 1 2; >24 II 1 39. adO S3; n44 11

Lemur mongoi

Lemur comnatus

8936 8936

.

.

40 d between ovulations 6 wfc

8936

11? ado 33; n17 It

179

.

4736

1.03 yg ni 70 1 06 sdO 28; n31 It 1 08 adO 25, «99 11

. .

.

Order Primates Family lxrmundac

4 5 mo; nl 125 d n41 It 11 1 127 d. >2 127 129 d 128 - 129 d; n3 4 5 mo 4 mo 3 wk , 120 135 d. held data 143 d

.

- *

* -

6476 8443 8936

4722 3538 1044

.

8432 8433 8444 , 8445 4582

Order Pmiuies, Family Lcmurulae

180 Lemur mor>goz

4722 4718. 4722 6432. 8433

114 nl 126 d

*

4 5 mo

L rr>ur rubnventer

*

Lepdemur mustebnus

.

8432 8433 5573

-

.

Vareae venegeta

.

- .

.

.

.

101 d nl; induced ovulation 102 d; nl 102 d; sd1; 199-106; n14 102 d; me It 7 f 102 d: n35 lt 11 t 102 5 d, 11.8; moda 102 103 »99- 106 n21 It 103 d 104 d 104 d m twna; vaginal aweftnfl to birth

LACTATION Hapehmur gnseus Lemur cans

.

8936

Lemur macaco Lepdemur rmjstobnus

3362

6476 5880 379 4718

Lemur carta Lemur macaco

Lemur mongoi Lepdemur musteimus

SEASONALITY aureus Hapalemur gnseus

Hapalemur

8433

8433 8444

8443 8443 8444

Lemur mongoz

6476

4722 8432 8444

..

-* -

male, end Apr. Madagascar mate: end Oct -Nov; zoo

.

.

birth Mar-June. peak Mar n2l/37; zoo Egypt birth: Mar Jirfy: ZOO b lh Apr June, Madagascar birth: Aug-Nov Madagascar

-

.

.

.

*

.

.

-

-

8438

mate Jan captive

.

.

. .

male May July Nosy Be 1 Madagascar

326

b*dh Jan-Fee ne Madagascar bulh: Sept; zoo bulh: Dec Jan. Madagascar birth: Jine captive testosterone high Sept. Dec -Jan low Apr capt e mate : Mar Ji »e; zoo male: end Mar early July, s Madagascar male Apr; % Madagascar

-

Lemur rubnvenier Lepdemur musteimus

8432 8444

birth: Dec Hanometana. Madagascar

.

-

768

mode 1 1 1 1 1

-

-

-

8443

1 1

.

--

8433 8433

-

Lemur carta

Lemur macaco

8433

UTTERS/YEAR

preg f Juty - Aug ne Madagascar preg f: end July mid Aug. n4 Madagascar birth mid Feb -rwd July, peak Apr Mey. captive birth: Mar-June n29 zoo birth Mar -Jufy n26. zoo, Egypt bulh: end Mar -May; captive birth: Aug. Nov. ne Madagascar mate Apr June ne Madagascar mate, irsd Apr -June , Madagascar birth Mar - Apr; zoo birth Mar June. n14 ; zoo England birth: Mar Jufy , peak Apr; n24. zoo Egypt b«rth: Apr June Madagascar bulh: Aug-Nov . Madagascar turth: Sept; n2; zoo birth : Sept Oct Noey Be 1 Madagascar birth Sept-No Madagascar mate Dec; zoo birth: Apr zoo birth: Apr June Madagascar bulh: peak Apr -June also Jan Mat July; captive buth; Apr - June . Madagascar spermatogenesis: May - Aug Madagascar estrus Feb May Madagascar mate Apr -Juty Madagascar male May -June Nosy Be 1 Madagascar

.

7947

independent 6 mo sohd food 1 mo wean : 5 mo; »4 -6 independent 6 mo sohd food: 45 d nibbles sobd food 1 5-2 5 mo nurse : 2.5 mo wean S4 mo wean mm 4 mo

.

- . -

1300 7175

wean : 6 mo solid food: 1 mo wean: 5 mo

.

-

.

6936

.

-

.

male Apr gone ne Madagascar male Aug Oct Apr peak Dec captive mate Nov - Apr captive France mete: Nov Oec captive

1044

- .

.

.

Lemur tubus

1127 9905. 9908 5525

-

. .

-

Lemur ooronatus

8444

8445 8443 8432 8433

>4 mo 4 -5 mo eat 5 mo 4 5 mo 90 90 100 95- 100 105 d n4 It 10075 1 < sd1 16; r100 103; nB fl

birth: end Aug; Madagascar birth end Aug t Madagascar birth end Aug-Nov; Madagascar birth end Oct s Madagascar birth Sept; Madagascar birth: Sept Oct 30/31 zoo " estrus cycles: end Nov - Mor captive buth: Apr -July , peak Apr May . zoo Egypt birth May n2 zoo estrus Feb mid May ne Madagascar mate: Apr. Madagascar ,

9527

137 d; n26-159; n4; 159 d prob includes 1 cycle 4 5 mo 14 wk: field data; no! many 120- 150 50%. zoo

3362 9906 6476

turth June; captive

6476

birth peak Apr May . zoo birth Apr -June. n7; zoo. Egypt birth Sept; zoo

-

bulh: Oct Nov: e Madagascar

.

1300 9906

3340

6445 8432, 8435

Order Primate , Family Indrudac

*

1X2

Order Primates Family Daubeninnndae. ( lenus Doubenionu

Order Primates, Family Dauhentoniidae, Genus fkiubentonui

Order Primates, Family Indriidac

-9 kg ) are social, arboreal Indus ( Indn 7- 10 kg), avahis ( Lichanolus ttXMOOO g), and sifakas ( PropUhecus 3 , diffuse placenta impi mis in a bicornu.ite or epithcbochonal Ihc rainforests ' s Madagascar from herbivores , 9096). Neonates are furred and open( bipartite uterus (7563 8444, 10962) and is eaten after birth 2X 54. X4 J 3 ( X 443. X444 ) Details of female vesicles seminal ) and baculum a have Males MXM . 444 K K ( , .• Cve«l X432 443 anatomy ( 4793. X 44 t, X444 ) and birth (9096) are available

.

NEONATAL MASS

Profxthtcus vermauxt

NEONATAL SIZE Ochanofus tamper LITTER SIZE

Lichmnotu tamper

*

PfOptihVCU

* MfTWkUXt

SEXUAL MATURITY Propahecut

vermauxi

.

-

35 40 g. nl

115

HB 90 mm

8443 8444

1

8444 6445 8432 6435

.

.

8443

f /hn U1 male 2 5 yf ftm e$t > 2.5 yr

5376

.

INTERBIRTH INTERVAL Daubantonm madagaacanansts SEASONAUTY Dauber )tone madagascanansrs

4374 6435

1 ea n3 It 1*2

^

LACTATION Daubanton*e madagascanansis

.

1

The rare, nocturnal aye-aye DtiubenJoniu madagascariensis front Madagascar eats fruit, flowers, and insect larvae Males of this 2 - 3 kg, solitary and art* veal omnivore have scrotal testes extremely small seminal vesicles, large Cowper ’ s glands, and a haculum (5572, 8163 8444 ) . Females have 2 inguinal teats ( 8435, 1 IX 2 IX a short clitoris, long perineum, and scrntel- ltkc appendages lateral to the clitoris ( 47X 9 ). The villous, laminar , epitheliochorial, diffuse placenta ( 4765, 7563) implants into a bicomuatc uterus ( 4765). Details of anatomy ( 8177, 8443, 8444 ) arc available LITTER SIZE Daubantonn madagaacarmnms

.

1 1

183

5376

.

.

1

6432 6434 8437

•wean

ohd food 3 mo. nl : 6 -7 mo; nl

11621 11621

-

6437

2 3 yr b*rth: Feb Mar Madagascar birth: Od Nov Madagascar

8432 6434 6437

.

.

8444

Order Primates Famil) l .nrisidar

17 22 wfcfieW data 4 5 mo st 5 mo 15 vrfc field data, not many at 4 -5 mo at 5 mo; nl . swollen gerutaJs to birib 5 mo 5 mo; field data 5 mo Md data 156.75 stparluit » estrus may occur tf the neonate dies ( 1739 5195 5198. 530»), 6767 88X8 ). Neonates are fumed and open - eyed ( 34. 974. 1736. 2092. 4( XW , 5758 ) . I entitles have 2-6 mammae ( 173f », 4774. 5198. 7161 ) and pseudoscrota ( 5758 ) Males liavc abdominal testes, seminal vesicles, and a haculum ( 5 X42. 8443. 8880, 8881 8X86 ) Details of female nnaiomy/cHigcocsis ( 249. 1737. 22*8 ) 2774, 2776, 3733, 5160, 8925), endocrinology ( 8371a ), ami birth ( 1736 )

wean 6 mo-< 1 yr oiid food: 53-57 d Mhd food: 1 2 wk did food: 7 wA ohd food 115 wk wean: < 5 mo

6648

Ltchanotus lamger

1

6444

PropithecuS varreauw

1

GESTATION Indn tndn Ltchanotus tamper Propithecus diadems Propftbecvs verwnuxi

-

-

•-

5573 5575 2854

-

8435 8443 8444 6445 9095 4374

- .

LACTATION Indn mdn Proptihecus tp Pfopithecus verreauxt

•

• •

Lrcbanotus lantger

Proprfhecus vatrenunt

6648 8648

•

Madagascar b 1h and Aug. no Madagascar * birth: Oct Nov. Madagascar birth: Sepl Oct e Madagascar slrus mid Nov Mar, nw Madagascar mate: Jan-Mar nw Madagascar Madagascar mate Jan Mar, w ie coart Madagascar male: Feb Madagascar Madagascar male Mar nw preg t and n ns, non# June-Dee n Madagascar birth May - Aug w s e coart Madagascar birth June July, nw Madagascar b»rth and June mid July Madagascar bath early mat July Madagascar birth: Aug; nw s Madagascar

-

Propithecus dutdema

•

Nyctrcebos coucang

-

•

.

.

.

-

.

.•

*. . .

. . -

.

.

.

27 g; r24-30; n2 t 37 g. nl 33 0 g n1 stillborn 50 g; nt t 50.75 g. 0 5 51.0 n2 m: 51 57 g r43 5 57 0 n3 60 g; nl. 3 d 26 g nl 35 7 g; r30-42; n6 t 52 g nl

.

*

6432 6445

• birth Aug- Sept, ne.

.

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Arctocabus calabarensts

2854 9096

mate Jan-Mar e Madagascar Madagascar txrth end Mar

.

are available

4374

1

Indn tndn

.

.

8432 9096

-

LITTERS/YEAR

SEASONAUTY

.

•

•-

.

.

Perodrctrcus potto

.

6432 6435 8444, 6445 8444, 8445

8435

5573

NEONATAL SIZE PerodMtcu.n potto UTTER SIZE Arctocabus calabarensis Lons tardgradut

.

6444 6445 6435

5376 9095 5575

.

9095

-

.

.

.

2109

.

2092 2095

.

1736 1742

11 75 mm nl

2109

1 yg ea n3 It 2 f 1 yg ea n9 11 1 yg. 2 very occasional

1736 5195 6937

1 . 2 occasional 1 5 emb. r1 2 n2 It 1 6 emb: rl 2; n87 f fyg i 1 yg; m It 1 yg; n3 6 1 yg ea nl9 It 1 25; mode 1; rt 2; n6 ft 13 rl -2 n6 It

-. -

Nycttcabus coucang

6435 5573 8444 6445 5376, 5377

-

1736. 1742 5309 5198 34 5196 5198 4765

. .

-

.

6501 8680

4771 6666

2313 8619 34

4765 5196 8937 2109 651

.

View Page 164 184 Panxtcticus polio

.

Order Primates Family Lorisidac

-

SEXUAL MATURITY

•

Arclocabu cabtbaranus Lons tar&gradus

Nycttcabus coucang

--

CYCLE LENGTH Arctocobus calabaransis Lons far&gradus HycScabus coucang

Perodict >cu3 potto

-

Arctocabus calabarensts Lons tar&grndus

5198

174 d 192 2 (tsd 3 6; rite-197; n9 lL 5 f 193 d nl

Perodct/cvs potto

193 d; nl

LACTATION Arctocabus caiabaransxs

Lons tardgradus Nycttcebus coucang

INTERBIRTH WTERVAL Arctocabus cSabarensts

Lons tardgradus Nycticabut coucang Paroc&ciKUS potto SEASONAUTY Arctocabus calabaransls

Lons tar&grudus

Nycbcabua coucang

8443

Galago sanagalansis

.

5195 8937 8937 5198

2109 5758 1742

-

txrth Nov - May; R*> Mum. equatorial Guinea birth : yr rd low June Aug n33: Gabon epicAdymal iparm yr rd Bangalore , Inda accessory glands paak May ; Bangalore, India ettru* June Juty , Sapt-Nov; Bangatora, * India male; June -July; Bangatora Inda lerm emb Mar - May . Nov . Bangalore * ImAa birth Apr- May, NovOec. Bangatora IrvAa preg f: yr rd . peak May M 46; captrve

-

•

zamittancus Otofamur crasstcaudatus

Galago

5309

Galago saoagalansts

Galago damrdovu

1739

Otoiamur crasstcaudatus

5195 5198

WEANING MASS

8507

Galago sanagalansis

UTTER SIZE Galago dsmtdmu

1742 8680. 8661

8661 8666. 8688 8881 8888 8660

12120

.

24 9 5 10 g 11 6 g. nl 25 g 9 3-9.6 g: near term m 11 45 g; n23 11.50 9 r8.5- l 5 5 n42. 12.11 g; n 10 singletons 11 31 g *. n32 twms t 1156 g. 019 f 11.7 g r8 5-14 8; n26 in 1190, r86-15 6 n26 15 g. n2 15.6-22 6 g; smgle births 14.1 g M 3 1S n3

.

-

40 g 47 4 g. sd6 ; hwns each 45 9 g n16 63 g r46 4 72 7; n3

75 mm 56 mm . n 2 101.0 mm f6M06 n3 min 112 mm n5

.

.

-

90 110 g.

m*an

-

lad , from graph 70 d

1 2 emb. rt 2. n 1 B t 13; rl -2. n3 N 1 5; rl 2; MOI

2. nl nl

Galago atagardutus Galago Justus Galago sanagatanas

5 g. n5

n-

1742 1742 2788

.

1*2

5758 10154

.

.

1; north. 2; »outh

.

.

.

.

2712 2712, 2714

2712 2711 2711 5936

.

2712 2714 4122 5758

.

11062 11063 7670

11575

5758 5936 7870

11575

2711 1742

2768 5758 973 6443

n

2 0 emb, n3 « 1 emb aa n 9 t 1 emb nl f

.

.

-

mm 72 NEONATAL SIZE

.

.

.

1740

2092

.

.

1742 8861

.

.

.

. .

.

.

•

1738

16 2 mo. r9 38; n7 f

.

NEONATAL MASS Galago afbnt Galago damkfovs

WW 1736.1742

.

.

5159 8787

*

131 < nl 4 5 S 0 mo; n1

.

.

5196.8937

solid food ; 5 wk wean 120 -180 d wean 2-3 mo

mm 6 5 mo

5159

.

-

-* 95 mo

5196

8787

7881 1564

wean mm 9 mo

PerodictKus petto

8787 51®5

.

6195.8937

sd >d lood ; 1.5 mo seen ; 100 130 d wan 5 mo ; from graph milk present 169 «t $432 0; n5 irulk present ISO & sd 11 3; n2 wean - -6 mo; n5 It 4 I

-

.

8787 8788

.

4928

*

.

.

6767.6768

-

Nycocabus coucang

-

1742

134 d; f13M 36; n3 163 d; rl80*166; n2 167.2 d. adl.S. r168 l 69. n4 174 d. n1

647

Hush babies ( Galago 45 360 g; Owlemur 0.6 2 kg ) are nocturnal, arboreal omnivores from African forests , Males are larger than females (4361, 4362, 5758 7770 ) Oogenesis occurs tn adults ( 14%, 1498 3728 3732 3733, 4665 5160). The endotheliochorial and epitheliochorial, diffuse placenta has a central, superficial, often 1497, 2479, 37M , 37 * 2 , nntime some trial implantation into a bkromuaie uterus ( 1489, 1491, 1493, 1494 1495 4761, 4764 5732 7563, 8221 8222, 10154 10310) and is eaten alter birth ( 2714 ) A postpartum cstrus occurs , 11063. , in Galago, but not as regularly m Olokmur ( 1490, 2712 2713, 2714. 4631, 5758, 5936 9507 11062 507 11171). Neonates are furred and open eyed ( 973, 1491, 2711, 27.58 , 4122, 5758, 5936, 6444a 6615 8443 ‘> ) and ( 10158 ) Females have 6 mammae ( Galago 331 1491 1493. cf 10158) Males have seminal vesicles 1491 ( 12031 ) ) androgen dependent penial spines ( 2619 2637) Details of anatomy ( 1491, 4211 gonadal development ) ( endocrinology ( 1444. 2268. 2636 2872 5194. 11170), birth ( 2714 ), milk composition 8541 , and reproductive energetics (9511 ) arc available

5196

5198 5198 5758

-

.

Order Primates, Family t alagidae

8881

- .

-

8654 1739. 1742 2109

.

8681

.

-

-

tact «: Fab; nl . Kenya

,

39 d; r36-45. o4 cycles 11 33 6 d. *44 5. r29 40. n31 36 4 d . sd4 5; r29 45. n 28 cycles. 10 t. inlawttrua interval 42 3 d. mode 40; r37 54 o17 cycle*. 2 1 37 9: *4 10, n36 cyda*. 2 f, vagmal smears astnj 1 8 d . metestrus 4 6 d * diestnjs: 27.8 d: proestms: 3.7 d 38 3 d; i21 46. n37 cycles. 3 f

50 d

GESTATION

-

.

3195

8937 5 95

-

5196 1739 5758

-

1742

fhn 9 10 mo f: 1st eatrus: 10 mo. n 1 f ; 1st etfrus 340 d; *d56 5 n 4 f : HI eoncatve 364 dt M I: 1st repro: 2 yr m 1s1 tpermalogene** 10 11 mo I: 1st eslnjs: 19 mo; r17 21; n2 f . HI mala: 20 3 mo M 8-23; r>3 t: 1st birth 3 yr M m IIIM: Umo. nl fAn 9 mo (An: 18 mo

851

.

-

PfoeUcttcus potto

2098

.

Perodcticus potto

bath: Nov Apr, nl 6/20. captive balh Mar May n12/19 capbva testes large Mar May . no data after May; Africa birth : Apr May; n5; Nov fab; n9: e Afnca bath June, nl; Zaira bath; Aug Jan, nl 7; Gabon bath: not seasonal ; n7; roo tact I Jan, n1; * Cameroon, Benito Equatorial Guinea

2109

-

185

-

974 1 H01 57S8

1, o1 lt 1; O1 It 1; rl 2; 2 ran 1 ea; n7 It l .2 yg ; rt 2; nS It

.

Order Primate* Family Lorisidae

6221 1742 5758 9507

5758

Order l*nnuUCJi, 1 atmly ( ialagidjc

1H6

.

1 emb ea n5 f 1 ea n6 K 1 1 1 03 f 1 2 n36 » 1.25 emb r1 2; n4 It 1 55 yg sdO SO n42 162; M 3, n29 It 1 875 yg rt 3; n6 It 4 1

4926 9137

2

8443

. - .. -

Galago zanvbancos

-

*

2712 2714

.

.

-

-

.

2

-

-.

-

SEXUAL MATURITY Galago alien Galago damtdov* Galago senegalensis

-

f/m. 8 10 mo Urn 8 10 mo f : 1st eslrus: 8 mo 1 1st eslnjs: 265 d; sd95 6; n17 1 1st conceive mode 200 d mm 120 f : 1st mate 20 mo I/m 11 mo 324 d; nl f /m 1 yr f : 1st estiut 445 d; sd89 6. n8 f: 1st male . 1 yr f : 1st male mm 16 mo: mode 19 mo f: 1st male mm 22 mo mode 26 5 mo f 1st conceive 1 89 yr edO 85. iO 99^ 56. n20 f 1st conceive 2.52 yr edO 97; rl . 45-3 83 n5 m: 1st re: mm 10 mo; mode 18 5 mo m 1st aire mm 22 mo. mode 26 mo f/m 1.75 yr

-

.

*

-

estrus: 3 6 d estrus 4 8 6 7

-

d n11 f

estrus 7 d 14 d 26-30 d 4 -6 wk 31 7 d, mode 31 i29 39 n31 cycles 4 f 32 9 d. seO 6 r29 2-39 3 per f; m 68 cycles 11 f 39 d r36 42 rv3 cycle , 1 f 6 wk eslrus 5 6 d luteal ptvaae: 24 d 39 d; s#4 5; mode 34 38 n79 cycles 43 8 sd4 56 r39-49, n5 f 44 d; sd8 0; r35-59. nIO cycles 50 3 d mode 17 r3 l04 n54 cycles

. -

. - .

Otobmui craevcAodatus

.

.

*

- .

.

.

. -

1742 1742 575 8937 2711 1495 2268 5758 8937 1439 2855 2855

«

.

.

.

139 d; 13. n30 145 d, rt 44 146 n4 120 d r»4 125 2 dl »# 2 69 f121 133; n4 128 d sd13; f>69 18 5 wk 4 mo 10 d n2 130.2 d sd2 5 «12 131 9 d ed3 4 M 28 -134 n20 132 2 d ad4 76 r126 138 132 8 d ad2 6 rl30-136; n5

.

-

.

.

.

.

LACTATION Galago demidova

Galago sanagabnsis

2855 2855 1848

2714 1490. 1491

6787 2268 8443

9507 2870 2872

.

2872

4631

2637 2870. 2872 11062, 11063

INTERLITTER INTERVAL Galago mnagabnats

•

nurse 100 111 d nurse 100 3 d. sd9 9. n44 nurse 101 d sdll 1 n28 nurse: 3.5 mo solid food 1 mo solid food > 1 mo solid food: mode 8 d solid food 1 mo wean begins 21 d nurse 10 wk nurse 3 * mo nurse 134 d. sd10 5 n9 nurse 136 4 d sd1! 4. n19 nurse 139 9 d sd16 3 n17

-

median 189 d r124 325, n22 young d« 7 5 mo median 259 5 d; M67 454 n38 young hve mm 119 d

-

Otobmur crasmeaudatus UTTERS/YEAR

2655

Galago dtnvdovd

1

Galago zanztbancus

mode 2 2

27

.

11062 11063 1439 6443 5196 4631

2637

2872

solid food 2 wk suckle mm 5 wk mean ; 40- 50 d wean: -6 wk ; n5 olid tooci 4 wk solid food 4 ark solid food; 2 mo nurse 14 d 1st decline, 45 d 2nd decline nurse: -6 wk

-

8442

4122

.

-

9507

.

2268 2714

1589

.

Otobmur crassKAodakjs

.

5196 8937

6767

7670 5194 5196 8937

-

Galago zamibancoa

2712

2713

nurse 10- 11 wk

11171 11171

.

133 d 133 d 12 135 6 d sd3 7. n21

.

1495 6815 8442 2268

estrus: 48 h esirua: 3 6 d

1468 1490 2714 5936

.

681.2713

. . .

CYCLE LENGTH Galago seoegabnsif

.

*

7789

.-

Galago zanzibancus Otobmur c/ aaaKMudalus

Galago zanzibancus Otobmut craaveaudatu

. .

2 3 66 100%; M 3 2 0. mode 2; rl 3 n8 It

-

6758 1742 8443

-

2637 8253 11171 2855 5196. 8937 11253

.

9507 6615

mo

-

11062 11063

.

4 mo;

-

4631

. -

1589 5541

field data 4 mo 4 mo, Md data 122-125 dn4 It 2 f 123 124 d 123 5 d M2M24 (11 d); n13 124 5 d. Sd2 4 . n28

5196 2109 2334 6443 2855

1742

3-4 mo 111-114 d 4

Galago aaoagnbnais

7769 5756 4122

-.

.

133 d 1 3.7 mo; nl ; paring to birth 6 wk

Galago albtu Galago demidovw

7769 6615

1.29 r 1 2 n7 R 13 l; nl 11 1 yg nl 1 ea, n2 It 1 f 1 03 yg: rl 2; n86 It 1.11 yg, mode 1; rl 2: n20l It 1.1Z rl-2 n69 1 1.14 rl 2 n180 lt 421 16 yg; seO 09 rt 3; n60 It 1.64 yg ad0.63 n77

. -.

GESTATION

.

4665 5196 8937

mode 2; n>11 It 2; nl It 1w

12

Otolamu / cra s /CAudaiui

-

. -

.

1468 1491 1493 1496

187

Order l *nmatcs Family GaLaguiac

.

1589

1742 5758

10158 9507 5758

2711 5758 2711 2713 5192

.

5193 8937

6615 5758

4122 9507

5758 10158

10158 5758

8937 5192. 5193 5192, 5193 5197

2712 5197 2855 1742 11253 7769 4122

.

Order Primates Family ( ialagidac

188 SEASONAUTY

.

maH yr rd Cameroun

Galago alleor

Galago demidow

.

-

-

-

.

-

Galago zanzibancus

Otobmur cra$$ caoda& js

*

. .

-

- .

1490

3732 2713

Order Primates, Family Tarsiidae, Gmus

..

4926 4665 7769

.

.

*

Tamus synchta

1

2714

GESTATION Tamus boncanus Tarsius spectrum Torsto s synchta

5758

1230 2713 681

10154 5197

657 6310 10482 11613

•

7769 3732

1662

22 5 d; 13 24 0 d K0 2 M8 -27; n6 smears 25.9 d sd3 2; n9; visual swethngs

5192 11942

178 d

5199

11942, 11943 11942, 11943

.

11942

557

178 d as 6 mo

4374a 11036

•olid food 3 wk

6310

262 4 d M87 406 n5 intervals, 3 f

4374a 6310

*

-

SEASONAUTY

2713

.

11253

2313 12120 6310 11164 6310

.

Tamus spectrum

.

. .

.

.

.

Tamus synchta

1848 7769

3364

birth Mar -July. Borneo Indonesia prog 1 Augi n2 N Borneo, Indonesia mate yr rd; n88; capbve concede OctOac Borneo Indonesia preg f : yr rd peak Oct Nov n1000 Indonesia pregAact t Oct -Fab, Borneo Indonesia bulb: Jan Feb Apr May Aug Oot Nov; n9 captive

Tamus boncanus

5756 2109 10158 7789 5758

.

4374a

Order Primates, family rallithrkidac

2713 661 8965

* .

11063

Tarsius

.

.

23 5 d: 10.7; r23-28; nl f

lyr

8965

.

9647

-6 mo

LACTATION Tarsius spectrum INTERBIRTH INTERVAL Tarsius spectrum

7769

.

2313 2313

.

6615

. . . . .. .

.

Strut 2 2 d. r1-3 • gemtaha swollen 6-9 d

1491

Tamers ( Tortus bancanus, T spectrum T nrichta ) are small (80- 160 g), arboreal insectivorrs fawn tropical forests of southeast Asia. Ihcy arc solitary except for reproduction ( 33M 6310) Copulation lasts 60 90 sec with multiple thrusting and docs not result in a coptllatary plug ( 11943; ef 4788a ) Tl»e 1 2-2 5 g deciduate, hemochorial, labyrinthine, dtscoidal or diffuse placenta has a superficial, mcsoinctria) unpbntauon into the bicorauair ix bipartite utems (231 1491 4113, 4757 4759 5199 5733 6124 7563 11036 11164 ) Neonates are mobile, furred, open-eyed, and up to 20 of maternal mass ( 557, 4374a 6310, 11613 ). Females have 6 mammae ( 4788a ) Male seminal vesicles arc large ( 4788a) Details of anatomy ( 4788a 11910a ) are available

.

1 1

CYCLE LENGTH Tamus spp Tamus boncanus

1468 1491 1495

,

5192 5199 3364

1 mb M n5 II

2714

.

1 1

Tarsros spectrum

5197

- .

11036 11036

1 emb aa n2 f 1 emb ea. n2 It

1491

.

-

UTTER SIZE Tarsus boncanus

.

m 62 cm nl f 66 cm nl

.

186

.

- .

4374a 11036 11036

.

NEONATAL SIZE Tamus synchta

5756

.

-

,

557

f 25.3 g. n 1 m 27.2 g n1

5756

.

8310

-232620g; 120-31.5. «9

Tamos synchta

1742 5756

.

5199

265 g, nl 24 9

9466

.

..

Galago senegalen9rs

1742 5758 3732 5758 1742 11253 5756

-

.

Galago inostus

NEONATAL MASS Tamo9 boncanus Tamos spectrum

9468

.

.

.

Galago slegantulus

. -

birth JanMar May . July - Aug Nov Dec nIO Gabon testes: mod-small Dec: Uganda mala: end May Katanga Zaira mate: yr rd peak Aug. Uganda birth peak Jan Apr. low June - Juty Gabon brrth Oct -Nov; Zaira birth yr rd. peaks Dec -Feb Juna. Uganda male low June-Oct Camaroun birth Sept -Fab. Apr-May; nil; Gabon tastes small JiAy; nl cantral Afnca, s. w Uganda mate: peak Nov Dec central Afnca s.w Uganda preg 1: Fab, nl; cantral Afnca s w Uganda anastrus mid Feb; Tanzania estrua: Nov -Jan Aug. 3.5 mo anastrus. Sudan estrus: yr rd; Sudan sshus yr rd; capttva mate Mar -Sapt, capfrve mate and May Katanga. Zaire mate end May July. and Sept Oct S Afnca preg f; Dec Jan Mar - Apr Oct; n24; Sudan preg f: Feb , Nov Dec n5. Kanya preg f; Sept Rwanda birth Jan-Fab. m»d Sepl - Nov ; Transvaal S Africa birth: Mar-Apr. June, Dec n4; Sudan birth Apr. nl , captive birth; July -Jan; captive birth Aug -Doc peak Sapt -Oct. Zambia, s Tanzania birth mid Sept mid Nov , n5 zoo brrth Oct Fab Mar n Transvaal. S Afnca tnrth Oct Nov Jan Mar peak Fab; S Afnca birth yr rd. Botswana birth yr rd capava preg f: Fab Juna Dac; Kenya birth Fab Mar. Aug Oct; Kanya mate: end May. Katanga Zaira mate June July Transvaal. S Afnca mate est Jine-July , na Transvaal S Afnca birth: Mar Somalia birth: May;n t ; zoo birth Aug-Sept Zambia Zimbabwe birth ast Aug Oct , law data; Kanya birth Aug-Nov Tanzania. Zambia birth: Oct -Nov. Zaira birth: Oct-Nov. S Afnca b«rth Oct - Nov; Transvaal, S Afnca tnrth; Nov. S Afnca; ne Transvaal S Afnca birth Nov; Transvaal. S Afnca birth yr id. captive

189

Order Primates, Family Taniidae, ( ienus farnus

-

-

-

.

) Uontopilhfcus MO MO p Sogukmt Marmosets and tatiunns ( CuttlihrLx 190 00 g Cehuellti 100 IV g; ( cniml and South ( xnnivewes from die forests of tropical arbixeal iaL s x : ix monogamous ) 225 -900 g are * of a group breed ( Calhthm\ 5 8 9314. Sagumus 2 V»K i enuics base 2151 3503 10199 12098). Neonates arc furred with open eyes parental care by carrying ymgiCalltthnx * 1#k mammae ( Calltihm 5147) Males and siblings contribute to Sagumus 3051, 5584 0477 7 X 1067 II 77 4545 6621 6813, 10673 11577; Lemtopitheats 4838 10184 ) 11594 11733

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

.

-

.

.

Order l»ruiutcs f amily Callithrtddae

190

.

. ..

, , , Details of anatomy ( 10337, 1 IH47, 11851) endocrinology (4306; Callitkrix 2 3, 5 8 1167 1686 2623 4566 4567, 2624 263a 2635 2869 31|9a 4307, 4308 4372 4378 4379, 4380 4540 4542, 4M5 4549 4550 , 4568 4844 4858 4859, 4862 4864 4865 4865a 4867 4868, 5664 5719, 5720, 5927 6646, 7110 8750 9050 9813 10551 11517, Cebuflla 12100a; Leoniopiihecus 3507 3508 3509 5859 Sapuiims 1234 1235 3054 ) 3055 3055a, 3504 3505 3694 4590 4591, 48M 4866 8748, 8752 8767 10671, 12098, 12099 12100 sexual development ( 2 6, .3052, 3053 3397, 3695, 10671 12099), spennatogenesi ( 4203 ), birth ( 10389) and reproductive energetics ( 5819 ) are available

. .

.

.

.

. ...

.

NEONATAL MASS Calbthnx /acetous

.

.

.

. . . . . . .

. .

.

. . . . . .

.

.

. .. . .

14 5 g; n34 twins, 17 tt 18.6 g n36 mpteta 12 It

. 22 y n2

*

**

- .

-

*

.*

.

.

.

-

*

.

-

.-

*

^

** - .

.

.

-

NEONATAL SIZE Cattittonx /acetous

Laontopithecus rosalia

Sagutnus oadipus

WEANING MASS Cathttonx /acetous Sagunus oadipus

LITTER SIZE CaRribnx spp

CalUfifix argantata

.

.

.

1753 3897 3

1 33; rt Z n3 tt 1 f 1 54 rt *3 n4lI

.

.

2 mod 2; rl 3

.

-

2* mod 2 rt -3 2 03 yg, mode 2. rt 4. m 15 tt 2 05 yg; 1 80 aM n 6 It 30 I 2 05; »1 3. n87 R 2.1; mod 2; ri -2 2 18; mod 2 rl -3; n17 N 2 2 yg ; mod 2. n *3, nl 24 tl 2 22 yg; mode 2, rl 3. M 59 tt 2 3 2-3 n3 tt 2 33 yg 1.7 ate , r tt 2 pr 2 33 yg 1 71 ahv ; mod 2; rl -3 n24 tt 2 42 yg. mod 2 3; »1 4 n50 tt 2 48 yg. mod 3 M 4; n202 tt d 2 5 yg; r? 3. nl4 tt; tnptels not r 2 51 t>om. mod 3; M -4 , n87 tt 2 57: r2-3 n14 R 281 yg. M 4 . nlW 11 2 68; mod 3; rl 4 nl 29 lt 2 69 yg mod 3; f 1 4. n202 It usualy 2 nursed 2 82 yg »2 -4; n28 tt no mot Rian 2 yg r ai d 1.78; mode 2; rl 3; n9 »t 1 85 yg mode 2. r 1 3. n41 R mode 2 2. M W 2 yg; nl 11

.

CR 68 6 91 8 mm nl 4 neonates CR 70 72 mm 146-149 d of gest tnptets CR 78 3 mm. »72 84, n6 80 mm CR 84.1 mm; »76 09. n11 «a twms HB 100 114 mm m 122 mm; n1 CR 89.3 mm; (67 91, n4 ea trlptets CR 92.0 mm i«2 103; n20 ea twins CR 95 5 mm. »94 -97 n4 aa singteloos

.

-

-

-

---

•*

-

.

60 y 4 wk 75 g; 6 wk 125 g; 12 wk 70 g; 4 wk 100 110 g; 7-8 wk

-

-

. .-..

1 86 rt 3 n250 It 1.5 yg rl 2 n2 It 1 B3 mode 2; rl 2 n12 It

-

‘

2

.

2 n3 lt 2 yg . n7 It

•*

-.

* . * *

4306

2 4082

3049 6820 6621 4306

3049 1821 1822

.

*

11749

2792

215 Cabuofla pygmaaa

4306 4306

4306

-

.

2 M, n21» 2 0: n3 tt 2 a n3 lt nl I 2 «o n4 It n1 (

*

5854 215 4306 4306 Sagmnus spp S 0uinvs fusocoBis

*

5768 5768 5768

. .-

.

.

2 1; rt 3 nil tt 1 f 2 17 r2 -3; n6 R 1 63 yg mod 2 rl -3 n295 1 65 yy M 2 n31 tt 17 f 1 70 yg mod 2; M - 2 n 44 it

.

- .*

4309 4306

Sagutnus lob&tus

4313

Sagmnus mtdas Saguinus mystax

. .. .

* * .

.

1 72 yg. 1 44 alive; mode 2 rl -3; n43 It, 17 1 1 82 yg. mod 2; M -3; n 48 tt 1.85 yg mode 2 r 1- 3 n319 tt 1 92 yy mod 2 rl 3; nl84 It

* 2 0, n5 tt. 1 1

5768

5768

-

2 nl R 2; nl tt

4306

5767

* *

2

4306 4545

10390

*

-

2 02 yg, 1 74 nhve, mode 2: rt -3; n39 tt 2 1 yg. »2 -3; n8 N 3 I 1 65 yg n23 tt 1 6; 2 1. n2 aamptes 1 9; mod 2; rl 3; nil tt 1 94. mode 2; rt 3; nl7 tt

*

8486 8486

5768

-

.-

.

Laontoptitoacus rvsalia

11874 11674

4306

*

-.

***

2 yg; ni It

11874

11874

.

* * * .- - * *

.

6222

3049 11874

**.

-

6647

11875 11874

-

.* .

1687 4544 4545

4838

.

-

—

.

*.

-

.

»

yy 1.18 aliv rl -3. n27 It 2 ea; n2 It M It 2 15 yg. r1 2; n2 tt 1 93 yy rl 3 n29 tt mod 2

1 81

-

*

-

.

.

-

-

.

1687 4541 4544 4549 7497 6813 9313

-

*

2 nl It 2 0; r1*3. n2 It 20 yg; rl 3; nU tt 2 0 yg; node 2; rt 3; m 44 tt

6647 10388

25 g, from graph 25-30 g 25-32 g. vane inversely with litter size 26 g n > 25 28 9 g; i27 5-30 0; n3 tnpl t . 1 d preterm 30 y n1 30 3 g; r21 38 n9 ea twins 32 5 g; d3 7; 3 wngtelons 34 7 g nl 14 16 g 27 g nt stillborn 49 6 g; » 44 0 53 3 51 9 g; »50 2 -53 65 n2 1 d m 57 g; nt 60 6 g; d6 22, r52.1 74.6 y nil; bom graph 43.5 g; mo 1 30 5 g r2S 0 42,0; n2 tnptete 34.3 g; r32 40 n3 ea triplets 36 1 g; »25 45 n20 aa twn singteloos 37 0 g; 34 -40; n4 m 38.2 y r312 -43 5 n6 tnptets 41 g n1 f 42 1 g »35 7 52.0 M 2 twins m 44.0 y nl sm$atoa m 44 0 g r35 3-50 8 n20 twins f : 46 4 y »38 5 56 8 nt wngtelon

.

Sagmnvs nqnco&s Sagutnoa oadipus

*

6647

.

.

Loontcpithacua rosaJia

C Mhrix /acetous

*

23 6 g M 6-27; n4 ea tnptels

Cabuaila pygmaaa

*

. .. .. ... . . .

.

191

Order Pnmalci, f amily Callithncidac

8620 8621 430« 4313 4545 5768 10675

.

5767 4551 4550 I486

8487 12128 11874

5147 9315 9316 10388 1468 3120

9317 8663 1167 10391 4306, 4313

12100a 10198

5767 8891 5768 6222 1821, 1822 2579a 5856 4838

5853 1626 5458 767 3383 2109 1967 8825 4200 11749 11035

.

4309

11874 4306

10675

11874

.

3696 3697

11874.11875 1681

8043 3383 1821 1822

.

4304 8042

5584

.

Order Pnsnam Family Calhihricidac

192

4306 4304

2 : n1 It Sagumus nigncofts

Saguinus oadipus

. -

16 r1 2; n5 lt 1.7 rt 2, r»SH 1.82. mode 2; rl-3: n68 It 1 92 yg rt 2; m 3 H 1 2 yg; 3 rare 14 yg; rl 2, n5 « 1.7 emb; M - 2, nlO I 1.72 yg; mode 2: r1-3. n138 B 1.75 yg mode 2 rl 2 ne It, 6 I 1 82 yg; mode 2 M 3: n6l It 1 64 mode 2; rl 3; n55 It 1 88: mode 2; n -3; n83 It 19 emb; rl 2; mo ll 1.91 yg, mode 2; rl 3; n68I 1 92 yg, rl 2; M2 It 1.95 emb. mode 2 87.5%; rl 3; rv40 H 1 98 yg, 1 68 akve; n41 It 17 f mode 2 2 w n2 It 2 0; n9 It 2.04 1.62 ilive mode 2; n -3; nl06 « 47 I 2 05 modi 2; rt -3; ni9 It 2 09- mode 2; rl 3; n54 It 2 15 M 3 3 0 n2 8

. -

-

.

.

SEXUAL MATURITY CaNithnx jacchus

3697

11874, 11875

11852 10672 7583 11510 5767 10675

Cebuetla pygmaaa Laontopithacus rosalui

Sagumus htactcoMre

.

-

m high testosterone 250 360 d m: proven tortile 15 mo; min 11 mo m testes large min 250 d. mode 550 - 700 d f /m 13 mo f/ro 400-600 d I; 1st birth 32 7 mo; medum 32. sd7.6, r24 -42 n7 f /m 2 3 yr I. 1st conceive 29 3 mo f: 1st birth: 2 yr m: 1st mete; 28 3 mo, n16 fAn: 10 mo f: 1st conceive 220 d r2H 229 n2 f : 1st conceive 500 d r39883l f : 1»I birth 19 32 mo m: 1 st sire 320 d; n2 f /m glandular development 18 mo I: 1st mate 27 8 mo. ae2 5 f 1st birth 24 mo; nl I: 1st birth or abortion 31 mo; idB 5; n28 I f : 1st birth: 32 mo f : 1st birth 34 0 mo f : 10-11 mo; I with m. 15 17 mo I wi tam ty f : 43« d «30 2. housed vwth m f : 590 d «54 6 housed in nalal groups m 1st are: 26 mo; nl I/m 1st mete 15 mo

.

-

.

-

Sagumua my abut Sagutnus oedtpus

..

-

.

.

.

2, 6. 4540 4541 4544, 4549

*

.

GESTATION Caftifi/u jacchus

2 4544, 4551 6621 8487 10391 2 4546. 4547 6 4540 4549 5215 2 4544 4549 4551 8664 3 12100a 1822 5858 5850

.. . . .

.

--

-

. .

148 d te4 3

5584

10872 7231

CabuaOa pygmaaa

5817

Leontoptihacus rosalta

4306

10672

Saguinus bicolor Sogumus tuaocolht Saguinus mysia Saguinus oadipus

*

.

.

.

-

135 d max 136 8 d. » 160 d 145 152 d; m 150 d >4 5 mo. n4, signs o< pregnancy to birth 144 150 d 147 d. nl pamng to birth 165 170 d 165 5 d 166-202 d; nl painng to birth

.

3504

.

.

1686, 4544 4545 4548,

-

-

8748 12099 1234

10388

.

*

.

8253 8663

151 d M 50-153 n 4 107 d. mrn ib* 19 1 wk. M 7 20 n5 122 d 128 6 dl M 25 132; n9 max 134 d

-

3509 5850 5851 3508 3054 3054 3055

.

.

3054

.

.

144 146 d mode 144 185 d M 44 402 n28 p»rmg to birth 145 3 yrnaefl

Laontoprihacus rosaha

Sagumus oadipus

INTERUTTER INTERVAL CalHhrix argantata Calhthnx jacchus

3049 6751 3289 4540, 4551, 4546 6620 3049 1753 1822

. -

-

-

11510 3049

.

CabuaHa pygmaea

-

Laontopithacus rosalm

SaguinuB

fuaacoOts

Saguinus latoatus

-

-

-

6 mo

.

-

222 d »162 367; n60 224 4 »165 317

Laontoptthecos rosotia

3503

-

- . .

Caboaila pygmaaa

-

-

-

-

10390 10390 4545 5952a 4306 10391

4541 10388 8663

4540 9313 1167

.

8749 6751 9314

,

birth : yr »d , zoo btflh . yr rd ; tab b«1h: y » id ; n 92. captive btrth: y» »d; n30 zoo repro: yr rd; captive birth : July; no Pern birth peaks Nov -Jan , May -June, Peru birth : Feb. Apr July; n1 pr; zoo bath peek Feb May. Jufy Aug captive birth: Sept - Feb. Braztl b*rth: Sept - Mar Rio de Janeiro Sao Paulo. Brazil btfth y» »d ; capbve b«rth : peak Feb Mar, lab birth yr rd. n40. zoo birth yr rd , peak Mar-June; lab birth : middle & end yr captive mate peak Nov Dec . captive ovulate Nov -Fab , Panama preg f Feb-Juty; Barro Colorado 1 , Panama btflh : Mar onfy 3 mo data, Cernbbean Atlantic Coast birth : Mar-June. Panama birth paek Mar Jun . low July Sept . n44 , zoo birth smell peek Apr- May , none Sept, captive birth yr rd , peak Mar May ; lab birth yr rd , peak end Apr eaity June Panama btflh . yr rd , peak Nov - Mar 2846 none Aug. captive birth: yt rd ; zoo young seen Feb-earty June , peak May; n Colombia, central Panama

4550 3049 8487

6648 3697 6646 6648

6222 1822 10196

1821 4309

12100 11035 4200 1661 3697

8043

-

.

Ssgumus tuscfco/hs

Saguinus mystax Saguinus oadipus

-

-

.

-

-

7231 4304 4304 11874

11874 11594 3113 5816, 5817 3697

6749 12102 9313 5059 1230

,

.

215 5854

3113 3503

9401

,

215

.

mate May. Feb. Aily . M pair zoo conceive low Jufy - Aug. captr. e birth: Fab few data capbve birth and Oct- Nov. end Mai Apr Brazil fa zoo b«rth peak *

5584 8042 1628

1232

balh : y » »d ; n 41 . zoo mate est Sept Nov. Feb Apr. Brazil

spring

5654

-

-

,

1822

5 mo 5-6 mo 153 8 4 M 5 M 56; n9 enduchng on# at 275 d mode 154 d ; r145 190, n>60 155 d 155.5 4 M 55 156, n2 madan 158 d. »145-382. n> 130 159 d, nl 159 8 4 rl 50-267; n28 It 5 1 160-200 d 160 262 d; n 3 f 171 d; r 152 305, n 28 179.1 4 sd28 l medan 175; ri 51 246; n22 after abortion 188 4 r126 335, MO 204 9 4 sd 55 2 median 186.5. »147-441; nl 52 ( n38 yg died ) 212 6 4 sd 57 7 median 206 0. »147 441; nl 14 yg bves 158.96 4 »148- 164 8. n8 t r107 191, r»32 intervals 19 20 wk 5 7 mo 21 23 wk 185 4 n2 t 212.7 4 sd 1223: median 166: ri 49 746. n31 intervals 132 5 4 r132 133, n2 mewnum lengths 8 1 mo »4-19; nil It 10 »> tervats

-

CaJithnx argantato Cadtihnx humarakfar Cali thru jacchus

.

-

-

SEASONALITY

6222 1821 1822

median 6 5 mo » 5 13 median 7 5 mo. r 5.5 i 0 4 5 5 0 »no most 147 167 4 r147 290. M 66 148 d; nl

.

.

1166«

•

187 d 1st to 2nd birth 274 d. 2nd to 3rd; 201 d 3rd to 4 th 172 d shortest 207 d , ad 16 9. »195- 238 n5 yg die 208 5 d sdl 6 3. n3S intervals . 6 f 222 7 1 yr aofcd food 10 d sold food 2 mo wean: 8- 10 wk wean 12- 14 wk wean 9 mo sold food 8 mo wean mm 16 mo wean: - 10- 12 mo; n6 yg wean 2 * yr 26- 28 mo wean: - 21 mo wean: 12- 16 wk wean : > 4 mo wean: 9 mo nurse est 9 12 mo nurse 4 mo sold food 3 mo wean : 177 d; M

.

Order Primates Family C'chulae

Chtropofas satanas Lagothnx lagothncha Saxnin aero reus

bath:

Dec -Jan Guyana

repro : not seasonal, captive testes large Apr- Aug captive. Argentina vaginal comificaSon high Jan Aug. low Oct lab estrus yr rd , peak June- Sept lab male June - Aug. captive , Argentina mate July - Sept Amazon, S Amenca mate Aug-Feb. lab mete Sept Mar, zoo mate after Oct lab mate : Nov - Mar captive mate Dec - Mar lab male: nr»d Dec-Mar, captive concerve mid Oec -mid Mar. lab preg I: Oct - Jan. capttoe preg t yr rd. captive belh Jan Mar Amazon 9 America both: Feb - Sept zoo Mi: May-July captive birth June - Aug captive birth: June - Aug lab birth 65% June - Aug. 87% May Sept, lab birth peak Oct Nov . captive Argentina birth: end July-Oct; Surinam and captive birth yr rd, 72% May Aug capbve

1606 11845

5394 1886. 3600 4228

2147

2931

11845 218

11837 7355 3633 1607 10606 5110 3381, 3382 3381, 3362 5770, 6932

5770 4296

4296 1022 5254 1230

5254

5110 11845

8117 3501 11189

11718

1974 9287 10889 1974 2790 11776 2790 12012 7202 2542 2791 11719 11869

9288 2790 2790 9354

2791 2542 5520 1974 3650 6938

Order Itomalcs, Family C'crcupttbecidae

202

.

.

424 g.

I lilillllSIij iiiligii SiSllliililllii SiiiiiiSiii lilliiilll 8 H 8 R S

55»

55

1

1

I is

*»L

4I « , «??5 a < «!i

I*

I

it 2

-

a sU 30

I

5 ;

E

•*

§

•

«

I

!

8

5

5

si

* ii

*

3 r~

:c

«5

5

2

IIa ft il o

I

-

s

c

3

! ii

i

I

a

»5 II

31

w

3

5

I

«5

-

8

-

*1 3S

I

o

•

II

II

1 ! §

3

-

*

11 11

.

Order C arnivora Family !*iocyomdac

260

1230 5332a 035a 9457

mat yr ret zoo concaiva: Fab -mid Juna; n18; AL prog 1 Apr Sapl. n9; s FL birth Jan- Apr IL blrth Mar Ml birth Mar -May; Ml birth Mar July; zoo birth Apr-early May; KS birth pMk Apr May; W1 birth; Apr - May; IL Wl birth Apr May; Europa birth Apr-May NO birth Apr-Juna, Oct; n6 zoo birth Api - Aug. peak Apr. MD birth peak mid Apr; IL birth mid Apr, Adirondack NY birth and Apr-a»arty May: PA birth and Apr oarly May . Emopa twrth paak May. GA FL birth May - Aug; AL birth Aug. nl; WV birth 1 S pt as 3 mo animats taled Doc ; IN birth Dac - Apr w US laett Juna; n1; SO tact t July. NE

*

-

.

-

.

10297 5210

3528 12128 2806

-

. .

9467 7234

*.

7979 7078 8587 786 6363

** * .

5146 261a 54056,

Order Carnitora, Family Mustelidae

.

MusicIids ( Aonyx 1- M kg. Arctvnyx 7 - 14 kg; Conepatus 0.9-4 5 kg Lira U> kg. Enhydra 15-45 kg, Calictis 1 kg; (Julo 7 35 kg Ictonyx 420 1400 g, Luira 3 16 kg Lyncodon 300 350 mm Martes 06 5.5 kg, Meles 6.5-34 kg MeUivora 7-14 kg Melocale 1- 3 kg; Mephitis 700-6300 g. Mustela 25- 1600 g. Mydaus I 3-3.6 kg Poecdictis 200- 250 g Poecilogaie 115 -41«) g Ptenmura 22 34 kg Spilogale 200 1000 g; Taxidea 4 - 12 kg Vormela 370-715 g) are a diverse group of terrestrial to semiaquauc, primarily carnivorous inhabitants of the 3 New World, Eurasia, and Africa. Males are often larger than females ( 190, 1304, 2068, 2421, 3076 3797, xu2 8715 , , 8636 8501 8495 , 7599 7250 7195 6927 5761 5681 5583 5631 5678 5210 , 4576 4225. 4269 4285 9327 10499; d 8637). , Ovulation is triggered by lengthy coitus (ovulation 834. 958, 1632 16.33 , 2422, 26X7 2689, 3026, 3028 , 4299 4300. 4340, 6156 7655 7975 8276 9391, I01K9 11277, 11381 11382; d 7126 duration of coitus 958 2687 4299, 43( 8) 4340 4391 4458 4M 3 5681, 60X9 6725 8276 8715 9326 9610 8627 10499). In Maries , development may be slow ( 5966). Implantation may also be delayed ( 1578, 11945. Martes 487 1580, 1586 3030 5438, 6385 Metes 1102 1103 1104, 1572 1573 1574 1575, 1576, 1577 1579 1581 1584 15 X 5 282Z 4416 4429 6160, 6167 7457 7460, 7975 9502; Mephitis 11383 Mustela 489, 2255 2421. 3028, .3406 4340 5325 5326, 6906 7132 7134 7135, 7637 7638, 7640, 7643 7643a 7644 8522. 9271 94*0 9880 98 X 1 ( 840 10469, 11946 Taxulea 3245) Some Spibgale subspecies have delayed implantation, while others do not 3019 3185, 3407a. 3408. 3410 7126, 7127 7129 7129a. 7130 7132a, 7133, 7140 7141, 8969 8970 10002 10003) Precocious implantation in Mustela uson is induced experimentally by a) transfer from natural daylight by the to long photopenods (6907 ); b) administration or prolactiOQ which stimulates sccretioo of progesterone corpus lutcum ( 6905, 7641 7642 8226a); c) administration of pimozide which stimulates prolactin secretion by ) die hypophysis (7639 ); and d) the administration of progestagens ( 2018 5264 d 4303 7638 . The labyrinthine, cndothcliodiurial zonary or bidiscoid placenta has a mcsometnal or antimesometnal , , superficial implantation into a bipartite or bicomuaic uterus ( 1412 2126, 2789, 3006, 3026 4261, 4340 4576 S0) and may he eaten after birth 9 , , I , 1 11857 10532 11277 MKXM 10003 10000 , , 8715 , 8303 7655 7126 7563 ( 2421 4269 4689 7655. 7709 8627, 9822 ) A postpartum esims occurs ( 1104, 1474 1572 1573 1577 1578 2088 4225, 4285 4299 4416 4643 NU7 6559 7979 cf 1578 1582, 6559 7975, 9028 ). , Most musiclids arc blind and naked or sparsely furred at birth ( 334 576 1240 3416. 5146 5210, 5761 6385 6387, 6559, 7234 8276 9325, 11277; cf 9610) Their eyes open at 20 30 d ( Coneputus 8798 ) 3 - 5 wk ( Mephitis 10330 11277) 4 wk (Aonyx 5761 MeUivora 296. 6559) 4-6 wk ( Meles 3571 4643 6559 7813,

.

.

. .

. .

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

. . .

. .

.

. .

. .

.

.

. . .

.-

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

.

-

-

. . . . .

.

.

-

.

-

. . . . .. . . .

. .

.

-

.

. . . .

.

.

.

. . . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

. .

.

.

.

.

. .

. . . . . . . . .

9164

.

..

.

.

2060 3571

.

.-

.

. . .

2109

.

.

. .

6587

-

261

. . .

. . . .

.. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

.

.

.

.

7975, 7979 10199, Mustela 2862 3571 4269 4458 4576, 4689 7598 7599 8769 9344, 10499 10571 11321 cf 1304 4645 ) 4 7 wk ( Manes 410 1240 2068 3571, 4225 7137, 10499), 41 -48 d ( Arctoayx 8232, Ictonyx 9326 9327 10158) 51- 54 d ( Poecilogaie 9326 9327 10158) or 62 d ( Lira 8631). Other neonates have fur but do not open their eyes until 4 wk ( Pteronura 465, 2812; Spihrgale 2100 10758 ) or 4- 5 wk ( ('Julo 1474, 4643, 6046; Ultra 5242 6927 8318 10499, cf 1941 7979 9175; Taxulea 5210, 6559 7250 ) Enhydra neonates are fully developed with fur and open eyes ( 565 5678 56X 1, 8303 9589, KM99) Females have 4 mammae ( Aonyx 10158. Ictonxx 10158; Martes 1474, 2068 3571 9175; d 14*74; MeUivora 6559, 9945, 10158 ) 5 mammae ( Lyncodon 8618 ), 6 mammae ( Antony \ 6559, Omepatus 502, Meles 3571 Mvdaus 6559k 4-6 mammae (Lutra 1474 3571 4643, 5277, 9175, 10158, Poecilogaie 332, 4744 9325 10158), 6- 10 mammae ( MustekI 502 1474. 3571 4269 4643, 5210 7655 ) X mammae (Spitngak 502, 1474 Taxidea 502, 1119, 1474), or 10- 15 mammae ( Mephitis 502 1474. 3134 6387) Males have a bacuhim (636, 1473 2068 4576 4643 4776 7128 7979 10199, 11277) For Mustela, details of anatomy ( 1517, 2963 3026, 5945, 6734 6849, 11497k endocrinology ( 161, 664 699, 995 996 1049 1053 1054. 1413 1632 1633 2018 2424 2425 2686. 2687. 2690 2691 2692 3083 30X4, 3409 3473 4143 4144 4145, 4527, 4775 5769 5839 6905 ® 12 70X 5 7113 7136 7137 7142 7448 7451, 7645, 7798 7799 8966 9127 9393 9394, 9395 9X79 10010, 10011 10228 10855, 11716a 11961 11962), spermatogenesis (1049 1129, 5317 5971 7799 8338 9123 10815a 10815b 11439) semen (9958) mating ( 6540. 7316a), conception ( 59 1694 4300k fertility ( 3777 7635, 7636, 10553 10556 10557k sex « differentiation (662 3083 3085, 6883 10854 ) temperature (7654) light < 454 665 959 160 961, 1050, 1051 1646 2688 2762 4302, 4651, 4652 4653, 4777 4911, 5046, 5977, 6312, 6851, 6*8)6 6907, 9391, 9392, 9393, 9394 9396, 10800 10812) milk composition ( 1999, 7580 9635), and reproductive energetics ( 3172 11448a) arc available. For other genera details of anatomy ( Enhydra 10000 Luna 9584 Meles 1108, Taxulea 11950), endocrinology ( Culo 7138. Martes 444. 445 4X8 834 1101, 15 X6, 9955; Meles 100 446 447 448 1103 1587, 3264 6981 6983 (W85 6986 6987 7457 7460; Mephitis 4194 11277; Spitogalc 7133. 8970 Taxidea 3245), ( , , ) oogenesis ( 1517 ), ovulation ( 4051 ), eolation ( 4391 ), milk composition ( 5297 , light Martes 756 3030 Meles 1574 1576, 69X4 ) and reproductive energetics (43X 1, 8716) are available. One journal lutra. focuses on

.

3723

.

Order Carnivora Family Mustelidae

.

.

.

. .

. .

. ..

. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

. . . .. . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lids

music

.

NEONATAL MASS Aonyx ansrea Arctonyx coHans

Eira harbara

Enhydra lutna

m 57 g nl 58 g m 77 96 g; f74 4 81 5. n2 t: 85 05 g; r78 0 92.l; n2

-

-

1300 g 1500 g M 400- 1600 m 1750 g; M200 2500 n4 f 1960 g M020 2830 n6 2000 g. nl 2000 g r1600- 2500; n3 2000 g r1700 2400, rv3 3000 g nl m: 73 g near 1aim f 83 g near 1 rm 64 g i\3 88.1 g r84 5 -94 1; n3 1 d 107.7 g n4 W«n #mb 10 0 15 0 g 132 g nl naar tarm M 40 - 145 g; n4 n«ar larm

-

Guto puto

*

.

ictonyx sfnalus Lutra canadanata Martas awancana

Martes marlas Mafias pannanh

-

.

.

.

.

28 g nt 30 40 g 30 g t 28 9 g r26 0- 30 7 n3. nl II m: 30 0 g; n1 m 39 0 g; nl. 3 d f 41 2 g. n1. 3 d

-

.

6393 8232 0631 8631

1474

.

4643 7979

. .

.

5677 5678 5677 5678 566 9589

7470 3617 4643 4643

7171 9916a 548a 10156 4286 4739 1240

5210 9610 6385

6385 8715 8715

.

.

Order Carnivora Family Mustciidac

262 Maries zrbetkna

30 g. r25-34; (34 g sjngtatorvs. 25 g Itsi »1) 30 g 30 35 g

-

Mules mefes

50- 132 Q

75 g 75 g «3-84 69 5 g; 105-94 n2

.

Mettvora capensis Mephitis mephitis Mustek emenea Mustek evertmanni

Mustek trenata

Mustek futreota

Mustek nrvahs

210 g; nl 32 35 g 33.4 g; »287 41.4; nl 2 1.7 g n8 id 3 g »2.7 4 2 4 -6 g 45g 84g 3 1 g n6 1 ft 1 d 6.5 g 1: 76 g m. 84 g 1 42 g rl 09* 1.70 n8

-

-

.

-

159 Mustek putonus

Spilogale putonus Spilogale pygmaea

Taxidea taxus NEONATAL SIZE BfS Barbara Enhydra lutns

Goto gulo

Lut / a canadensis Maries zibekna

465 2100 10758 6559

.

f : 137 rom. nl

.

.

.

Mettnora capensis MepMis mephitis Mustek evertmanni

94 2 mm, n5, 1 It 65 70 mm

65- 70 mm 80 mm 52 mm; nl 1 d 56 mm TL 1: 71.9 mm TL: m: 73.9 mm 42 mm »38 -43. n8 HB 50 mm n2 60 mm nl 4 d

.

-

.

.

..

Mustek nivalis Taxidea taxus WEANING SIZE Manes zibelhna UTTER SIZE Aonyx capensis

8631 8631 4643 7979

4643 546a 7171

7979 10499 296

11277 4643

10499 11321 4269 1871a

12050 12050 4576 2663 2862

50 90 mm m 327 mm »310 335 n3 t 330 mm; »325-335 . n2 HB 63 mm

.

-

.

465 10758 6630 0630

*

4576 4570 4576 6559

390-400 mm; 2 mo

4643

-

*

-

-

Eira barbara Enhydra lutns

36 1 75, mode 2; rl 2; n4 It 1 yg

Gulo guto

4643 10499 465

1290 g. rl 134- 1146. n2 60 d 2125 g. »2100-2150; n2. 90 d ast 6000 15000 g 10000-13600 g f ast 15200 g m as) 16200 g 327 g rv3 436 400 g 660 g 600 g 1 28 2 g nl. 35 d m 32.5 g; »30-34.7; n4. 35 d 1 30 5 g 4 w m 38 7 g 4 20 g; 3 « ; from graph f 50 g 8 wh. from graph m: 60 g; 8 wA. Irom graph half grown

Conepatus teuconotus Conepatus mesokuevs

Aonyx ceteree Arctonyx coftmns

4643

4643

-

4689

-

-

9916a 4739 1871a

6276

-

53 mm. »51 55 70 mm

mod# 2 yg mods 2 3 2 *3 25 max 4 125; M 2; n4 1 f 3 yg; n 4, n3 4 3 yg »2 -4. n2 4 2 -4 mode 3 5; »2-10

465

m: 137 mm M 34- 140 n2 300 mm 500-550 mm 500- 560 mm CR 112 5 mm; »v4 term amh CR 121 mm (text soys cm) n3 122 125 mm; a taw days balora birth HB 157 3 mm M 56-160; n3 1 d CR 136 mm; rv4 naai tarm

100 mm

Mustek nivalis

10499 10158

.

max 130 mm

Mustek tutreola

Mustek freneta

4643

m: 189 g M61-213; n3 f 219 5 g »209 230 n2 9 5 g. nl { alcohol ) 6,9 g 93 5 g »89 5 97 5 n2

Metes metes

Mustek trenata

Manes ttoelhne

10571

600 It 4 62; n2032 It 4 74, s«0 17 MS8 4 8 yg: ±2 6; nIO f, 10 5 16 mated after Mar 21 5 20; ri 8, n5 young 1 5 3 yg se0 9 MO add! f 5 34 seO 09 5 47; ae0O9 5 5; eeO 1 5.7 emb. »5 7 n3 1 6 emb; nl f 6 17; »4 12; n30 lt 9 8 d n50 max 17 rare 1 3 yg 2 yg; nl It 13

-

4289

7 blastocysts. nt R 8 - 9; »3 14 max 18 9 7; »9 10; n3 It 9 7 d. 8 8 emb rS - 13 11 emb nl f max 19 ova 4 - 14, mode 8 9 6 8 yg »4 - 10; pnmipsrous t 8 -11; max 18 9 5; r3 18 13.25; n4I 8* 11; max 18 3 9d 4 yg. nl f 8 9 yg mode 6 r3-8 8 5 yg; »6 -7; n2 R 9 yg n1 oesl mode 4 5 r2 7

.

vtaon

8769 502 7598 9175

7 yg M f

- . -

Mustek

5146

. -

Mustek Sibtnca

4645 4843 7652

-

267

.

2418 1474

-. -

-

.

Order Carnivora Family Mintdidac

3571

4843

-

tm: 1 yt I/m: 1st mate

7983

-10- 11 mo f 1st estms: 23 mo nl m testes descend 6 mo f. 1st mate: 2 yr m 6 8 yg Urn 2 y» f 1st male 1 y» f 12 15 mo

.

8798 8630 5583 7979

-

3098

-

11949 1871a 6505

t 2 y»

4643

.

Order Carnivora family Muvtclidae

268

tctony status

*

Lutra canadensis

Lutra lutra

Varies amencana

Varies fotna Vanes

manes

f 4 yr m: >3 yr ton; 1-2 yr ton: 2 yr I: 1 birth: 10 mo m: testes scrolal 16 -20 wk m: 1st mol 22 mo f 1st birth 2 yr. nl f Mm 1st male 24 mo I/m: 2nd yr I/m: 2 yr, max 3 yr t 1 yr m: 1st wre 18 mo m: scrotal sac length 20 -22 mo; nl m: 2 yr I/m 1st mats: 3 yr (soma suisr ) I/m 2 yr mid; 1 yr f /m 2 3 yr soma 1 yr f: 1st mala 2 yr I: 1st mala 2 yr I: 1st mate not as yarning I 1st birth tstyr m: 1st mate: 1 yr ton 1st mala 15 mo I: 1st birth 1 yr I/m 2 yr I 1st mala 456 d; nl m: 1st mala: 14 mo f/m 2 yr 3 mo f /m 2 3 yr I: 1st mala 1 yr t 1st mala: 1 yr n1 t : 1st birth 2 yr I: 1st birth 2 yr m spam* 1 yr m 2 yr I/m 1st mate 1 yr I/m 1st mate 1 yr f/m i yr I/m 1 2 y» 1: 1st mala: 18 mo ( 20%) I: 1st prog 26 33% 1 yr t /m Is! mate: 15 mo f /m 15 mo f/m 15-16 mo I/m 15 10 mo

«

*

-

.

-

.

-

-

Vanes pennanti

.

.

.

-

Varies zrbeiltna

-

-

-

Males metes

Vustela frenata

11502 5267

Vustela krtmola

eversmanni

- .

10499

6927 4643

3571 5146 11949 5438 1474

Vustela mgripes Vustela nivalis

5430

6821 4645

Vustela putorrus

6047

7979 3571 2060

-

-

-

Vustela

11949

6365 4285

vison

Poectlogmte attxnucha Spttogale putonus

1871a 9610 4643 9955 8276 7979 488

Tarudea taxus

89

Bra bartara Lutra lutra

10419

.

3571 4643

11277

manes

Vanes zrbeilme

-

4643

4645 11946, 11946

11947.11940 12050 3571 7979 4645 4643 3416

11716 4576 4776 4576 11564 1871a

3571 9394 9344

5167 9028

3571 4643 7979 1129 3026 9326

2813

26 d; m f

6393 6395 8627

.

. -

.

11502 2613

36 d; via estratfol peaks 40 45 d estrus 14 d 1 mo estrus 3-4 n34.24 f estrus 10 d 3 7 d; r3 18; n34 cycles 24 f estrus 1 2 d, rarely 3 estrus 1 3 d estrus 2 d; nl 16 f 7 20 d mode 9-12 d r7 17; nl77 cydes 116 f 10 12 d estrus 1 n

-

-

-

10499

7979

6559 11950

24 30 d

.

-

Vephrts meptuts

7137

11951 7250

estrus 12 1 d «5 20; n20 3 f estrus 14 d 24-28 d

-

4144 , 11564

4283 7137

6559

-

1671a 10752 11564 7596 7599

t tt1 mate: 4-5 mo f: 6-9 mo

m: sperm 15 mo m: 1st mate: 16-17 mo m: >1 yr ton: 1st mate *1 yr

CYCLE LENGTH Aonyx anerea

10512 1871a

7126 1871a 7250

t 10 mo ton 5 mo

Vanes

.

-

-

4225 2068 2060 2060 0714

Lutra perspictUata

-

-

-

3571

0047

7979 10499

f/m 2 yt f: 1st mate 1 yr I/m 10 mo t: 1st mala: 17 75 n29 t 1st mala Mwk bafora «eanmg f : 1st mate 3 mo nl f : concede 56 wfc

f. 3 4 mo ra spermatogenesis 1 yr m 1 yr t 1st mate 10 mo f: 1st birth 1 yr ton: 9 mo Mm 10 mo ton: 10 mo completely developed 2 yr ton: 1 yr t 1st mate: 3 4 mo m: 1st mate 1 yr f 9-10 mo ton 9 mo ton: 1 yr Un nasi spring ton: yr after birth ton: 1 yr ton 1 yr h 1st mate 16 wfc m tastes 4 mo m: 1st mate: 32 wk m 1st mate 1 yr ton; 3 4 mo ton: 3-9 mo f: vulvar edema 30 -50 ni h 1st mate 6 9 mo m. spermatogenesis 8 mo Un: 1st mate 1 yr ton: 9 mo ton: 1 yr ton: 1 yr m spermatogenesis 8 9 mo ton: 10 mo m 1st mala 33 mo

-

4416 4429 4645 3968

-

Mu stela emunea

Vusteta

9326 9326 6443 7195 657 0796 10499

m spermatogenesis 1 yr m sparmatogenes* 2 yr m spermatogenesis > 2 yr m 1st mate ; i yr m: 15 mo f /m 1 yr

I/m 1 yr lAn 1 $ yr

4263

-

9320

4416 89 4645

-

269

I 1st preg 3 mo I: 3 mo

6046 6505 6048 10499

h i s t mate 12-17 mo f : 1st o \n4ate l3 m o I: 1st birth 1 yr

*

Vepfutts meph /ts

Order Carnivora, family Musiclidac

-

*

.

10918 11BO® 9 75

,

2813 9610 6047 9610

6276 4643

9610 4643 9510

8276 4194

.

Order Carnivora I* amity Muslclidac

270 Mustek ermnea Mustek eversmarw Mustek kitreda

Mustek ntgnpes

Mustek putonus Mustek trtson

GESTATION Aony capensis

*

4 wk estrus 41 d; 1 27 estrus 5 d metestrus 10 d r1-32

•

*

Conepatua teuconotua Conepatus mesokocus

Eire barbara Enhydra tutns

Gub gub

-

-

• •

• •

-

*

*

63 d -63 d 63 d 60 64 d poabmptantation 6 wV 5-9 5 mo

-

Aonyx were Arctonyx OO/krk

. . -

dtoaiua: 17 d r3 4l; ru »lrus 32 42 d: nl f proestrus: 2 -3 wk. r8-3l d estrus 3 -5 d strut 4 5 mo e 9 trus max 17 wk tlrut mod 8 d r1 40 slots. 3 wk tlrut 1 mo; n tom f 7-10 d; mtoreatrus inlerval

-

-2 mo 42 d 63-67 d; 027 -70 < n1

*

-

*

-

Ictonyx stnatus Lulra canadensis

-

.

-

Lutra fehna Lutra lutra

-

•-

-

. - .

61-67 d. 1st vt last mating to birfi

61 63 d 61 74 d 63 d 9 wk

-

Lutra macukcoMia

Lutra perapKittata Maries amenemna

9 10 Wk 2 mo 2 mo 61 63 d 62 d implant est 60 102 d Implant: >6 mo implant: 7-8.5 mo implant 248 250 d postimplantation: -27 d posbmptanlntion 26 29 d 220 230 d 244 d

-

-

-

271

-

4643 11716 7559 12050 12050 11716

Maries tona

11716 7979 6156 4299 7979 3026 4643

8 5 9 mo 259 275 d 259-276 d; with delay 266 5 dt r261 - 276; n2 9 mo 9 mo with delay implant 2 *3 mo implant 240 d postimplantation 28-30 d postimptanlahon 5 5 - 7 5 mo 236-274 d wifi delay 236 275 d with delay 9t 8-9 mo 8 5-9.5 mo with delay 268 - 270 d wifi delay implant 5 7.5 mo implant 240 d poabmptantation 27 28 d poabmptantation 30 d postimplantation 2 3 mo poabmptantation est 2 3 mo 194- 106 d; n3 230 270 d 230-275 d with delay 236 274 d with delay 8 9 mo 0-9.5 mo with delay 264 274 dL n1 270 d with delay 267-291 d implant 9 mo implant 10 mo postimplantation t mo poetimptantotion 2 mo 9 mo 327 358 d 11.5 mo 350 d; »211 370 352 d; 030 350 MS

-

•

1871a Martes nxertes

11697 5761 10153 2813 8232 6232 1474 6796 8627 8630. 8631 11235a 3098 5678 5681 10499 4643 1871a 7852 7429a 1871a

-

-

-

-

.

6.5-9 mo st 6 mo with delay est 0- 9 mo 238 < nl; rf 9 mo active development 30-40 d 4 mo 215 d; n1 250 d with delay 272 d nl 36 d ea; n3 active development 50 d max 43 d. nl 245 365 d 9 mo 18 d nl 9.5 10 mo 9 mo 18 d 12 mo 15 d at 12 mo with 9 mo delay 60 120 d 59 d 153 100 n5 60-62 d 61 71 378 d; 018 11 mo 1 yr; with delay implant: delay 279 d r205-337 nl8 35-42 d 39 48 d aometima 71 76 d 40-43 d 42 46 d 8-8 wk 43-72 d 42 7 d SdO 7 r 42 45 o62

-

.

»

. ^

.

Mu stela vtson

1871a 11944 11948, 11949

4269 4224 1871a

7979

3571

5 wk 5 wk 5 wk 35 mode 35; r34- 36. r»9

1304

.

35 1 d r33 36 35 7 d r35-36. n3 36 d; r35-37; n4 58 wk . after mam muting. 8- 10 wk; reel of yr • 42 d mm 7 wk 50 d implanl 11 13 d miplant 12 d anplant 13 d implant 12-13 d 40-43 d - 40 d 40 d 17 h; r39 d 5 h-42 0 d o5 41 d

-

-

-

42 d; mode 42. r41 43. n21 42 d; sd3 28 30 d 28 30 d or 2 mo -30 d 35 42 d implant 1 - 46 d implant 9-20 d implant 14 16 d implant 2 3 wk. max 1 mo implant 16 20 d implant 21 23 d postimplantation 26-26 d postlmplantntion 28 30 d postimplantation 29 35 d postimf .antation 31-33 d postimplantation 40 d 36 75 d with delay 3885 d 42 d r39 76 46 4-56 8 d 48 0 -51 5 acme treatments 78 wk 49 05 d seO 19. n374 49 66 d d4 89 r39*76 n924 50 95 d r39 78. 0747

-

-

-

-

-

. -

*

* -

-

.

11944 11945, 11946 11948

* -

-

41 d

2421 1871a 3571 7979

4643 10499

.

11383 11382 8245 11674 1355 11362

36-43 d with delay 38 -41 d 40.8 d; ±1.2; r39-43; n9 40 42 d implant 8 mo

.

11381

62 d 63 d

*** ahatca

Mustela n233 51.3 d r 40-65 51 7 d, sdS 2; riO 71; n 59 522 d; ±5 1 nIOl 53 3 d; seO 3; n390; last mafing to birth 56.2 d; sel 8; acton

.

-

.

*

60 d

2 mo. n2

Poactbcbs ttbyca

Poaatogala albtnucha Ptaronura prasthansis SprtoQAl putonus

*

61 8 gala aibmucha Plerortura bfasikanas Spilogala putonus

Taxidaa Uuus

INTERUTTER INTERVAL Enhydta lutns

Goto gulo

Lutm canadensis Lutra fahna Lutra lutra

Lutra macuhcoihs Hart

**

omancana

Martas fotna Manes manes Martas pannanh Malat males

Mephitis maphits

Mustela attaica Mostala emvnea

Mustata eversmanni Mustela franata MusJaia Jutrao/a Mustata nnrahs Mu stela mustelai? Mustafa putonus

Mustela vtson Vormata peragusna UTTERS/YEAR Conapatus masoMucus Gulo gulo

Ictonyx stnatus Lutra lutra Males males MaOnrora capensis

Mephitis mephitis Mustela nnrahs

-

10 wk wean 6 -« wk wean < 3 mo

nurse

independent 2 mo wean 4 5 wk wean 2 mo

wean 2 mo solid tood 20 *25 d ween 2 *2.5 mo solid tood 35 d wean 11 wk wean - 4 mo solid tood s36 d solid tood 40 d wean 50 d ween near 6 wk

-

-

1 yr

2+ yr 1 yr 2 3 yr 1 yr

4290 10512 707 3571 4643 10409 4643 4643 0326, 0327 0326

»

.

*

1 yr 1r

Poeatogole attmucha

SEASONAUTY

6210

Aonyx cmaraa Conapatus leuconotus

10400 5678

E> ra barters

6048

Enhydrn lutris

7234

5761 1474

.

.

3571 4645 7979 10499 1586 3571 4645 797 2068 1474 2088 4429 4646 3571 8245 1474 502 10499 4145 1474 3571 7979 9176 4643 4645 7979

. . .

-

-

Gulo gulo

.

.

.

.

.

9327

11253 9175

Ictonyx stnatus

Lutra canadensis

- .

.

.

. .

-

.

.

. . .

.

birth Feb-Apr AK birth end Fet^earty Mar; USSR birth. Mar Apr. AK birth: and Mar Sweden birth Apr early May too birth: Apr-June; w US b«lh: end winter mid >nng w Siberia tastes large Sept Apr. small May - Aug, capere btrth: Sept Dec, capture lact 1 Feb June. Sept Oct . lew (lata Kenya Tanzania estrus Oct May. captive mate est Jan Mar NC mate Apr. ID mate winter -early spnng; MS birth Jan -May Wl birth Mar. ID

-

4643 1474

3571 3571 6559

-

-

3467 4645 2421 9344 4645. 5146 4645

4845 3571

mate July - Aug Zambia mate Mar Zimbabwe tsrth: yr rd?; S Afnca yg emerge Mar - Apr, central, e Afnca repro not seasonal; captive mate: Feb: sw US n Mexico birth Apr May sw US n Mexico male: JarvApr June Oct, zoo spermatogenesie: yr rd w US mete peak Mar - Apr; USSR mate peak Mar-May; USSR mate Mar May July Aug USSR mate peak spnng; Commander I, tar e Russia mate yr rd peak tell w US ummptanied blastocysts yr rd AK birth: Fab-May, Oct -Nov: w US birth est June , w US birth: yr rd; CA birth: yr rd peak May; AK twlh: yr rd, peak spnng USSR lact f: yr rd; USSR testes: regressed Aug Jan; captive WA spermatogenesis end Apr May USSR spermatogenesis end June AK mate : Apr -May; Finland Sweden mate: Apr Aug AK mate: Apr Oct AK male early Jime nl central AK mate June. Aug n2. AK male June Sept USSR male Apr Oct AK mate Sept -Oct w Stoena male Dec Jon n Europe, n Asia, n N Ameoca implant Jan AK terth: end Jan-Mar Finland birth FebMar Finland Sweden birth Feb -Mar. Sweden

-

.

8245

11253

.

-

.. .

.

8798

-
1 12

-

Aonyx capensis

1 yr

1 yr 1 yr 1 yr lyr lyr 1 yr 1 yr 1 yr iy * lyr at times 2 yr? 2 5 mo n2 I 1 yr 1V lyr i yr

Mustela putonus

2812 1871a 2100 1474

1474 7195

277

-

0344

-

1 yr

.

Order Carnivora Family Mustclxlac

.

-

-

.

-

.

*

10153

10153 10156 5761 2813 1474 1474

8627 5678

7979 10499 4643

565 5678 10000

5678 1474

3273 7478 4643 10499 7138 4643

4643 6046 6048

.

1474 11955 6049

6725 4643 4643 10499

7652 11955 8793a 6046, 6048

4201 1474 4643

11955

12091 4643 5146 10499

9326 9326 5761

2813 11763 7195 6442 5210

7195

27

Order Carnivora, f amily Muslelidae

«

. . mate Feb- Apr. USSR

mate: eod Jan -Mar Germany

-

mate July Aug captwe mate peak winter, a Sweden mate yr rd peak Fab July. Germany birth Mar -Ocl Shetland UK birth Apr May , sometime Aina, rare Dec; birth Apr-May; Germany

*

.

*

.

birth Apr -May USSR birth: end Apr-earty May. Petschora, USSR birth June early July. Volga delta USSR birth May. Eur USSR birth mid Oct; captive birth peak spnng lower Sauony Germany birth epnng earty summer Pakistan birth yr rd. low Mar Apr nw SooBand. UK birth yr rd. peak Apr Juoe; Germany birth yr rd, Aberdeenihire UK birth yr rd. Sri Lanka birth yr rd. n240. England UK mate July; Tanzania birth Sept. Tanzania birth end Aug. nt Pakistan male est yr rd. CNIe mate June- Aug peak July Wl mate m d June-Aug; ALB. Canada * mate end June Juiy, AK mate July - Aug. nw MT mate July Aug captive mate July - Aug captive ID mate July Aug. MT. 10 mate mid July early Sept, captive male rmd July Sept. NY mate end July -earty Aug n N America mate end July -mid Aug. captive mate Aug. captive mate Aug. zoo urumplanied blastocysts Nov Jan ID implant Feb Apr nw MT imptent: after Feb 19. no location given birth Mar-Apr. MT ID birth Mar Apr , zoo birth end Mar -mid May. peak Apr Wl birth Apr captive birth Apr captive, ID

.

-

-

.

. .

Lutra macukcoths

Lutra parspicMala Lutra provocax Maries amancana

.

-

.

.

- -

-

.

.

birth Apr n N America birth mid Apr capbve birth end Apr -earty May; IL Wl mate June-July perhaps Mar; USSR birth spring USSR birth epnng earty summer, Pakistan testes small Nov Jan large May. capttve mate June Juiy Belgorod. Ukrame mate June- Aug s, central Europe male July; USSR mote July France mate: July Aug Germany mate: Aug; Eur USSR

.

Marias ttaviguia

-

Martas fotna

- .

- .

.

-

-

mate mid- summer. USSR

.

i 474 7234 1871a 10767 10613 4643 7979 10490 1041 3075

USSR

Manas marlas

mate Jan. ni pc captive mate June - Aug n, central Europe mate end June earty Aug peak July, captive mate: end June -earty Aug peek end July -earty Aug,

-

-

.

8495 8501 6927 6760 8760

.

9175

Manas pannanti

.

8312 411

-

11949

6821 3029 1474 411 410

1240

9175

.

444 445

4643 7652 7979

1586 3571 4645

10499

.

.

.

.

8312

10499

-

.

1240 5210

10499

.

.

-

6863 5436 3030 11949

1474. 5146 410 2060

.

'

1869 1869 5438

Martas ri>atkna

-

.

- . - . . - ^.

.

.

-

.

9175 5966 4645 3571 4643 1586

9175 4643

1942

7652 9610 4643

.

mate: end June- Aug Germany mate: July Austna mate: July, captive mate: July - Aug Europe w USSR male summer USSR mate: summer USSR ovulate July captive implant Mar ; captive implant Mar; Europe, w USSR txrth: Mar May Germany beth; mid Mar Apr, capbve txrth: Apr Austna txrth Apr. nt captive birth. Aprearty May ; Europe w USSR birth midend Apr captve mate Mar?; irvjrect ewtence Canada mate end Ma -earty May Wl mate and Mar -mid May, BC Canada mate earty Apr ONT Canada mate Apr; cap&ve CA mate Apr May . Canada imptent Feb; NY imptent end Feb; ONT Canada implant after Feb Canada birth: Feb May. WY birth end Feb earty Apr Canada birth Mar - Apr. captive CA birth est mid-end Mar NY birth rmd Mar ried Apr Wl birth rmd Mar- Apr BC , Canada birth end Mar, ONT Canada bath: end Mai early Apr MAN Canada bath; and Mar -early Apr; n N Amenca bath: end Marearty Apr w US bath: end Aprearty May. IL Wl bath earty May; NY spermatogenesis mid May July, USSR mate end June-mid Aug, peak mid July; captive mate June July USSR mate June Jtey 30 85 d; USSR mate: June -J jr captive mate June Ji/y captive mate ned June-mid Aug; As mate July - Aug n e S*bena implant end Feb earty Mar USSR implant Mar delayed Asia birth end Marearty May ; USSR txrth: Apr Asia both Ape captive txrth Apr May USSR txrth: mid-end Apr; captve

.

3571 5267

411

.

Europe, w USSR

9175 6075

5210

birth Mar-May , Germany birth and Mar - Apr USSR birth end Mar-early Apr France beih early apimg. Baluchistan Pakistan saiuaf quiescence Sept -Mar. Europa. w USSR

.

6075 7979 10513 10499 4643 4643 4645 1941 9063

10809

279

mate: end summer Pakistan diapause until Mar, Crimea USSR birth: ea/ty May Europe w USSR

11763

birth «91 War Apr NC birth Apr-May, US b rth mid Apr NY * birth Nov -Way. peak Mar- Apr. WY mala Jan Mar Iraq

.

Lutra krtra

.

Order Carnivora family Mustelidae

*

.

3571 6047 1578, 1580 4645

7979 10499

1580

1578 4643 3571 1576, 1580 6047 1942

4645 9610

2068

5210 2088

8715 4225 3031 2852

8715 3031 1871a

2068 4225 2852

5210 2068 8715 6385 1474 5146

2060 7234 4643 9610 468

7979 756 834

8278 7652 4643

8276 4643

8276 9955 7979 9610

View Page 140 Order Carnivora, f amily MuMcbdar

280

.

Metes metes

birth May captive ept< dymal sperm yr id. peak Jan-feb; Switzertand fertile m: yr id; Sweden sparmalogervesis spnng-summer USSR spermatogenesis yr id Franc# spermatogenesis yr id peak June -Feb. France spermatogenesis yr id Franc# teslas large Jan -Feb, Franc# t#sles large Jan-Feb; Switzerland teslas large Feb, low July Franc# testes large Fab-Mar. smal Ocl Nov Sweden testae, large early Aug Germany testes regressed Oct Oec; Germany Austria testosterone high Feb Apr captive mate Jan -Feb. France mate Feb Mar adult. Apr -Jun#; yearlings; Switzerland mate Feb- Apr w France mate late Mar May. JiJySept; Somerset England UK mate May. nt Swoden mate early Aug-early Nov ; Europe w n ASM Sw#d#n mate Apr June mate: (late Apr) June- Aug Germany mate June zoo mate July -Aug. Germany mete July - Aug? Germany mate summer Oct Germany ovulate: Feb, June Sept-Oct sw England UK ovulate: July -Aug Germany conceive Feb: lab implant Nov Jan, sw England, UK implant : rmd Nor -Jan Germany Implant : after Nov Germany implant : early nwd Dec. sw France implant : Dec Jan Switzerland implant: -mid-end Dec . Bordeaux. Franc# implant early Jan; s Sweden implant . Jan lab birth midJan mid Mar. sw England UK birth mid Jan nvd Apr Gennany birth end Jan Mar Switzerland birth end Jan -early Apr Germany birth Feb sw France birth Feb-mid Mar Germany Austria birth Feb-Mar. nil; zoo birth Feb Mar, s Sweden

*

.

. . .

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

- .

.

.

.•

.

. . .

-

.

.

.

- .

.

.

-

- .

.

-

.

.

.

Metog&ie personate Mephitis macroura Mephitis mephitis

756 398 69

7979

69

3522 10419 6963

Apr Apr 4 # , est Apr n ; nl; birth twice/yr rainy periods. Zaire birth yr rd?; S Afnca

.

birth just before rainy season. Thailand mate end winter, Mexico birth May-June n Mexico spermalogenem end Dec - Aug NY, NJ testes large Mar small Aug; n U « strut: end Feb-earty Mar. NY NJ

.

.

.

. .

mate Feb- Mar. IL mate mid Feb-mid Apr captive

.

.

1572. 1577 1578

11444 6986 4429 6564 7652 7975 3571

Mu stela aSatca

.

.

.

3522 3263 3264

^

4416

3522 1104

4416

3263. 3264 3522

1572. 1573 11444

*

.

1577. 1578 1562

- . -

,

.

.

7975 1104 4416

-

3264 11444 3571

.

1572 1573 1577 10419

12126 7975

.

7613 4645

-

7979

10499 4643 1230 11253 10158 6369 6367 1474 4194

Mustsla

everamarvM

.

.

.

-

-

.

11277 4194

11277

-

-

Mustsla emvnea

7613

6420

. birth Mar- . USSR Mar - . S > na USSR birth birth end Mar- . 7 zoo zoo birth Feb.

.

-

3988

9027

birth Mar zoo birth Mar - Apr, Europe w USSR birth Mar Apr Lebanon

mate: early Mar OR mate Mar May captive mate: Apr -May TX txrth: early May ; US birth May ALB Canada birth May OR birth May -early June. WY birth. May . July, captive birth. May mid June; W1 birth May June ALB SAS, Canada birth May July captive birth peak May , PA birth end May . IL spermatogenesis end Dec -mid Jan; USSR mate: mad Jan early Apr Kazakhstan mate: Feb-Mar . Kazakhstan mate: Feb-Mar ; Kazakhstan Altai, w Sayan, central Russia birth: early Apr mid June USSR yg found early May; USSR spermatogenesis Apr - Aug, lab testes large rmd Feb Aug dedme Sept lob testes: peak Apr Netherlands sperm m testes Mer, Germany ovanan wt peak Nov Netherlands ovulate: Mar. July , Aug Germany mete: Feb Mar, n. w Europe w Asia mate; Feb Mar. June-July; Germany mate: Feb mid June; n Kazakhstan mate Feb Oct peak May -July. captive mate: m»d Feb-early Apr mid June -earty Aug. Germany mete: May July lab mate: Juna Juty. n2 lab mate: Ju y -Aug Wl mate: Nov 0#c . New Zeeland mate: spnog- summer. Europe , w USSR mate: summer Pakistan implant after Feb. MT implant Mar. captive implant Aug Oct New Zealand birth rmd Jan -rmd Fab n2, lab brth: end Feb-rrsd May. Europe, w USSR birth Mar - Apr Germany birth: Mar-May May -Jufy; 2 regons; USSR birth: Apr. captrve birth. Apr -May; ne nw N America birth; Apr-May; w US birth: Apr -June . Germany brth: mid Apr -early May Wl birth May n1 captive birth Sept Oct New Zealand birth: spnng Pakistan birth spnng, USSR testes large end Oec -fivd May. peak end Feb. captive estrus Feb mid Mar. Kazakhstan eslrus Feb Mar USSR mate rmd Feb -mid Mar USSR mate end Feb mid Mar Kazakhstan mate Mar, captve mate Mar-?; Europe, w USSR mate end Mar - Apr capkve birth mid Apr May . USSR birth: end Apr -early May USSR birth end Apr May ; Europe, w USSR terth rmd May . captive

.

448 449 447 449

3522 6564

-

281

.

«

birth Feb Mar, Germany birth mid Feb mid Mar, Sweden ,

Mettoprs capenns

.

.

.

Order Carnivora, Family Mustehdae

.

11382 11363

11674

6245 2192

1474 966

11674 1671a 6245

5210 9644 11382 9164

11277 4643 4643

7979 10499 4643

7979 4144

4144 11190 11497 11190 11497

7652 3571 4643

7599 10512 4144 7596

5210 5744 4645 9175 11945 4145

5744 7596 4645

10612 4643 4145 1474 5146 3571 5210

4073

.

5743 5744

9175 7979 7137 9772 7979

10499

9772 4643

4645

7137 10499 7979 4645

7137

r^i

3

g Hilii!lSiilai!Kiil!iil!!i IIlilsitllifsililiiSfiigiJIHHSbi 2

Ia

l

ia

- liillliilli til f I ? i IliiiififlllHis lltslllsfilf filslll iiiilifiif MusicUda

amily f

,

arnivora

I

C

i

1

Order

!

Maumcliidaley 1

,

COarlndiveora 2

5

2

X ~

.1! ‘

!

.

??!

UiiiiH ;f titHiiiii

0 5

m

! §

1

iffsisillllililiiiltiilllliiiitIIIfitEifsiiiffillllililiiiil •»

I !

i

1

1

i

i

i

.

Order C arnivora Family Mustelidae

284 Apr May. N Amenca Apr May USSR mid Apr. PA end Apr early May; captrve end Apr -early May; captive end Apr-mid May. WY birth early May. captrve birth: early May . NY birth May. captrve birth May captive birth May lab birth May USSR te$te» large Sept- Apr small May - Aug. S Africa mate Oct Dec . Zambia mate spnog summer. Natal S Afnca birth Sept Apr. captive birth Nov -Mar S Afnca mate ar>d Oec , zoo birth mid Mar, zoo birth Apr -Ocl Surinam teste regress end Apr -May. e US estrus cycles Sept - Jan; captive

birth birth tnrth birth birth birth

Poaabgnte albtnucha

.

-

-

Ptmtonura bramhenets

.

Spitogale putonus

*

.

mate Apr a US mate end Sept -early Oct wr US mate earty Oct; lab imptent: early Apr; OR implant Apr aarty May; w US implant end Apr -May; lab birth May mid June W1 birth May-June WY

.

-

-

-

birth May June US birth: mid May. lab

.

Spitogale pygmaea

Taxtdea taxus

b«1h end May -June e US testes: scrotal Dec -May Pacific coast Memo birth Juty - Aug Paofec coast Menco testes: large May end Aug. SD mate Juty - Aug America mate: end July -mid Aug; SO MT ovulate Aug; SO MT conceive JulyAug, 0 imptant Feb; ID

-

.

. .

.

.

*

implant Feb; SO MT

-

-

-

.

.

285 Order Carnivora, Family Vivcrridae

1474 10499 9164 3026 4340

1871a 8522

.

Viverrids ( Arctictis 9 -22 kg Arctogalidia 2- 2 5 kg, Chrotogale 51-64 mm; Cnettictis 7- 20 kg, Cryptoprocta 7 12 kg, Cytwgale 3 5 kg, Eupleres 2-4.6 kg, fossa 14 - 2 6 kg. Genetta 1 3.5 kg Menu gains 745 g- kg, Macrogalidia 4-6 kg; Nandinia 1 S- 5 kg Osbornictis 1.5 kg; Pagunia 3.5 - 5 kg; Paradoxurus I 5-5 5 kg; Potana

-

-

5046 6907 4643

9326 10153

9327 9326

10158 465 485

2812 7126

4051 7126 7130. 7133 7129 7140

-

.

.

-

.

6670

NEONATAL MASS Arcttcbs bmturong

.

CnitvcH c/ wrr1

11951

Cryptoprocta taron Euptaras goudotx Fossa fosii Genetta spp Ganatta genetta Herntgaha darbyanus Paradoxurus harmaphroditus

11950 11950

7250

7250 11950 4287 1474

.

.

.

.

. .

Pnooodon Itn&ang NEONATAL SIZE ArcJfctis bmturong Cnrattictrs ctvatta

Euptarae goodote Genetta genetta

WEANING MASS Gtvfftcfrs ctvatta

162 g; nl, 6 d f 319 g. nl naa/ tarm m 324 g. n3 near term 717 g »880-792 n3 4 d 100 g 150 g 85-70 Q 61-82 g 60-85 g 83 g; r77 8 rv3

.

LITTER SIZE Arctrcbs bmturong

^.

125 g; n2 83 g; »89- 102 94 3 g. »92-98 40 g; rv2

. .

.

500 g »440 530 n3 17 d 763 g »680-810; n3 33 d 2 94 3 62 kg rv5 73 80 d

. -

-

1 98; saO 1; mode 2. rl 6; nl 48 If 2 yg; ni H 2 n 3. n3 2 3; M -3. mode 2; n3 8 2 5 »2 3. n2 It 3 yg; m 8 3 yg; nl 11 3 yg; n2 It

. -

.

-

4; n1 ft

Arctogahda tmnrgata

CnraWctt ctvatta

2 emb, nl f 3 yg nt ft 1 yg; m 1 2 0 yg n -3; n2 8 22 yg. rt 4 n22 It 5 1

.

.

-

.

10154 6754 116, 120

120

.

119 120 11329 9216 11326 6603 47

42

.

-

6125 3135 10154

6603

HB: 21 5 cm; nl t 14 cm nl m 14 8 cm; n3 m HB: 20.35 cm ; M, i 5 d 15 cm HB 14 6 cm M4 - 15, n3

-

.

6l7 la 349

.

-

.

11591

307 4 g n9 310 g; 1270 350. n2 319 g (283 7 340 5 n4 333 g nl

-

.

. . * . * * . * *. . .. *.. .. . . . .

.

6570 11951

. .

*

.

7126

*

.

650 g; Prumodon 600-800 g; Viverra 2- 11 kg. Vtvemaila 1.8 -4 kg ) arc scfiitarhttrr il, solitary, nocturnal carnivores or omnivores from Kurasia Afnca and Madagascar Males are often larger than females ( 120, 122 8495, 8 V ) 1 ) The endothelial, / < ury placenta has a mesometrial implantation into a duplex or bipartite ulcnis * ( 1597, 6563, 7418, 7563 ) and is eaten alter btnh ( 120, 9216). Ihc furred netwates open their eyes at 0 4 d Arcticfts Civrttictis Eupleres Eossa ( 119, 120 121 49 1 5 71 5761 6125 675 6754 10154, 11589 ); 8 11 d Arctogalidia, Genetta Hemigalus, Paradoxurus Viverra (42, 47, 652. 2301 5761 6603 8615 9216 11326); or 12 25 d Cryptoprocta Paguma, Pnonodon < 116, 120, 122 179, 5929, 6603 ). Males have a haculum ( 1596) . females have 2-6 mammae ( 119, 331 6446a 7161, 10158 ) Cryptoprocta females have a large, erectile clitoris with spines and an os clitoridis ( 1596, 656 ). Details of anatomy (5274 5601, 10459) and the hormonal control of male scent glands ( 10230) ore available

7130 7133 10003

5210 187ia 1474 7133

.

-

.

.

7234 2778

implant mid Feb KS birth: Feb-May: w US 6559 birth: Fab-June US 1871a b«th’ Mar-earty Apr WY 7250 birth Mar Apr ID 11951 birth: early Apr; SD. MT 5210 birth: end Apr early June. Wl 11950 wean. May Jine SD, MT 9175 bath Mar Apr Pakistan 4645 mala Mar Europe, w USSR 4643 birth Fab-earty Mar Kazakhstan, later, n Caucasus Mountains 10490 birth Feb-Mar, Kazakhstan, central ASM 7979 bath est end Feb. Balkhash. Kazakhstan 4645 birth May; Europe, w USSR

.

Vormeto ipp Votmela peregusna

.

.

Order ( anti viva Family Vtvemdae

.

6125 10154

10154 6746

120 11326

3135 3135 6754

11591

.

3707, 3708 3713 6125 8046 349

11974 2109 1443 9634

8619 652 185

12128

.

.

.

6745 6746 6753 6754

.

Order Carnivore family Vivemdae

286 2 4 yg »2-3; n5 It 1 I 2 5 yg (7 3: n2 4 2 5, »2 3; r\2 li 3 0; n4 II 4 amb, nl I 3 0; »2 -4; n2 It 2 2 3 emb » yg 1; m W 1 M n5 It 2 3 yg 1 yg; nl It 2 5; »2 3; «2 II 2 amb; n1 f 2 amt nt f 2 ©a n2 It 2.14 »2*3; n7 II 2.25 yg; »1 3; n4 It 2 34 mod Z n-3; n35 II 2.6 amb, »2-4; n11 f 2 75. »1-3 n H. 1I 2.8, n5 It max 5 2 amb 1I 2 yg i f 2 3 yg 1-2 2 yg aa; n4 It 2 yg. »1 -3 n2 4 2.9 max 5; n10 3 yg. n1 3 amb; n2 I 2 yg. nl f 1 yg. m It mod 2-3 yg 2: max 4 2 amb , nl t 1 emb; nl f 1.71. rl 3 n7 lt nl f 2; nl II 2 yg «a; n3 It 3; nl 11 3 0 yg: rt -4. n7 4 2 3 yg 3 yg. m It mod 3 3-4 yg 5 yg nl I 2 3 yg

-

C/ yptopfocta tom Cynoga/a bannattN Eupbrmi goudoth Fossa fossa

Ganatta spp Ganatta fabn

*

Gaoefta ganatta

-

-

-

-

.

.

*

.«

Ganatta macutata

-

Ganatta sanaltna Ganatta bgnna

.

.

Usmtgalus datbyanus Nandnta bmotata

*

Osbomicbs ptsovora Paguma larvala

Patadoxurns harmapbroctilus

-

-

*

Paradoxurus zaytonen&s Poiana nchandaont Pnonodon bnsang Pnonodon patdtcoktt Vtvarra tangalunga

Vivam zibatha Vtvamcula ndica

-

2

»

2 yg; m 2 5 amb »2 3; n2 1 2 yg mod 2 2 amb aa. n2I 3

-

*

-

24 3 5 yg 35 4 5 yg 4 a»nb nt I

-

.

3135 6612

Order Carnivora, f amily Vivemdae SEXUAL MATURITY Arcbchs bmturong

647 1230

10153. 10154 116, 122

Cnatttcbs ctvatta

556

11329

12128 9945 8965 4924

6 mo estrus i-6 d strut 11 d

Oyptoprocta taro * Fossa fossa Ganatta ganatta

5277 10714 10158 8965 6603

12128 4354a

Ganatta bgrina Nandtma btnotata Paradoxums harmapbrodttua LACTATION Arctxbs bmturong

Arctogaiida towgata Ovatttebs ctvatta

Cryptoprocta farox

2538 8501 647

Eupteres goudot * Fossa fossa

6603 6446a

Ganatta ganatta

120 8495 8501

.

Nandinta btnotata Paguma latvaia

Vrvameuia indca

INTERLITTER INTERVAL Arcbcbs bmturong

9175

988a 8906

-

.

*

-

.

-

.

11974

.

11591 349

6125 552

.

6746. 6753 6754 3135

6753. 6754 118, 120 119, 120 11326 9216

den emergence 1 mo

3708

5761 47

olid food 2 •solid food 8 wfc

solid food 65 d nun 5 mo mayba longer solid food: 3 wfc leave nasi 8 d solid food 21 d solid food 6 wfc wean 84 d nurse: 14 20 4 olid food- 3 mo

*

•

*

5 mo

3708 3707 11974

11974 652 11253 6753 6754 3135

.

6753

3135 118

. . 119. 120 116 120

solid food 15 mo

121 11® 120

wean 9 wk

wean 2 5 mo solid food 6 wfc wean 2 mo wean 9 wk wean 64 d solid food 6 wfc wean 4 -4 5

-

5761 11326 10158

5761

7181 120

.

271 9 8 it rl *4 yg. n14 f 2 emb. nl I 2 4; »1 4 2 4 mod 3, »1 4 n35 2 5 yg. »2 3; n2 a 1 f 2 7; nt 1 It 2.7 yg, nil It 9 f 2 76. mod 3; rl -4 2 9; »1 4. n7 It 1 f 2 9 yg rt 5; n258 It 3 mb nl f 3 yg, nl 1 3 0 yg »2 -4; n4 It 3 4 mb, rl 6. »»66 f 4 yg; nl It

.

2262

-

9565 6622

7362

-. * * . -. -

.

7979 35 41

.

9365

7324 7066 1230 8822a

-.

*-

.

2861

.

6545 11338

- *

5761 75 29

9565 6240

Feks geoffroyi

4237

6723 8468

*

9066

-

*

2186

7234 9105

-

*

4617

1

9165 502 5476 6268 9574 300

-.

1 67 yg »1 2 n3 2.0 yg. rl 3; n2 2 57 yg »2-3 n7 It 3 amb; nl f

6240

-

4237

2020 6240 6240

1; nl It 4 "® yg

Feks marpanta

mod 3. »2 5

7259 11331

3202 3202 3202 3202

-

56

Feks mermorate Feks ntgnpes

Feks panjeha

10156 6795

Feks rubtgtnosa

i 1

7992

.

10670 26 6448a 7781

3614 6639 0619 179

9175

4646 9564

370 6423 11311 9675

-.

-. . -. . -

2 »1 3 n6 lt 2.5 yg »2 3; n2 1 2 yg

9674 11311 9567 12128 5900 6422 8502 8501

-

2 yg; nl 6 2 mb. nt f 2 yg nl It 2 3 yg 1 yg; nl It 2 17 yg n6 It 11 2 35 yg »1 4, n20 R, 3 f 2 4 yg; rl -4; nil II, 1 f 2 5 amb »1-3; n7 f 3 yg; nl It 4 d; nl f

*. -

1016 1014

-

2873. 2860. 2883 10020 3001 3002 11284 10869 11333

9573

.

13; »1 -2 n3 It

11065 334 6792

9556 10499 9559 4616

6.0; r4 -8. n2 It 0 n1 It 2 yg 16; »1-2 n5 It 17 yg. 1 2 n3 2 amb nl f 2; »1 3 n3 lt

.

10766 3339 4659

11977 9563

-

*

4

11283

.

Felts menul

3338 6794 9504 0793

1 yg n1 R 2 yg m it 2 yg, nl It

. -

.

.

-

1 yg. n1

2.5 yg »2 3; n2 3; nl II 3; nl It 3 yg nl II 3 yg. nl It 3 yg; n2 It 1 f

Fetts eureta Felts bengalensts

9563 7979

2212 5 fl 12100 2300; r»4 90 d 3 4 kg 1 2 mo m 362 73 g »266 4 - 466 7 n6 4 wk 396 g sd?0 »264 -521; n70. 30 d t 402 42 g r330 2-475 4; n6. 4 ah 604 g sd102; »390 876; n70 50 d 600 g I 663 8 Q »644 8 760 0 n6 6 wk m: 713-92 g; r556 7 620.4; n6 8 wk 966 0 g; »690 1230; n5 2 mo 1055 g rl 030 1060; n2, 62 d f 1055 g »1060 1060. n2 6 *k 7500 g ea. n2 32 wk m: 1155 g n1.6 wk 12000 g. nl 32 wk 11003 g; »10760 11850. n3 . 86 d

-

Felts cheus

9574

-

-

UTTER SIZE

7088

.

-

Neofebs nebutose

12046

.

.

.

Order Carnivora Family I dnl ic

Feks sthrestns

.

-

2 0; »1 4. n4 It 2 4, »2 3 nS It 3-5; max 10 mod 3 5; »3 10 3 rlHfc ni6 II 3 3 ©mb r1-6 , n39 1 3 4 »2 5 n7 H 3 42 yg. rl 6, n61 It 3 59 yg sdl 55 mod 3; rl 6 n51 R 3 0 mod 3 »2 6. n25 ft 3 63 yg d1.30 mod 3 -4; rl -6 n t I t

- . * . -. -

.

. .- * * *

*

11370 3166 10153. 10155 10157 334 9327 10671

-

.

346

7979 4645 11331

2490 10154 2019, 9560

6362 2020 6362

.

Outer Carnivora Family IclKlae

300

-

4237

3 88 yg. mode 3, 4; M 8; n33 R 4 yg , nl

II

4; n6 R

-

-

--

.

.

-

. -

Falis tervmineki

yg 2 yg 12 15 yg; r1 2: n2 2; nl It 2; nl It 1 emb ; n1 2 yg. nl H i

Fahs ttgnna

Falls martin* Felts madhi

Felts yagouaround

Lynx canadensis

max 2

- -

3-4 1 yg. 1 It

-. -

4

mod# 2 3 rl 5 mod# 2-3; r1 5 mode 2*3; r1 5 2 yg. m It

3571 7979

-

8772 6102 736 3527

--

2 yg. nl R

-

.

-

.

-

-

1 emb M

.

n 21

2 emb n1 1 2 yg nl 1

.

-

-

- ..

-

-

. -

.

-

.

.

.

Panther* ones

Panthera pardus

.

14

.m f

5365 8239 5884a 5885 5885 1871a 502 9066 12044

3625 11815 3625 3625 3625 3660 7648 3202 3378 30 9546

5761 2278

.

2875 2882

2039 12128 852 9360

10158 2583 9066 9358 9730 10170

10412 10170

10170 1230 9360 11167 10809

1 # mb

7324

1 67; rt 2 »v3 1 93 mode 2; ntS It 24

10332 9730 1474 1230

.-

. . -

2 n5 3 yg ; nl It 12 14 14 1 5 yg »1 2 n2 R 16 yg mode 1 -2; r1-3. n 39 It 1 7 yg. rl 3 n60 It 8 t 1 70; s#0.06; M 3, mode 2; ni 59 It 1 75; mode 1; n -3 1 77 yg n39 R 1.78; rl -3

-.

.

.

-

. -. .

6137b 6103 6137a 6137b 8813 3527 10809 11070 11228« 8316 4249

.-

.-

.

10499 4314 9066

2 0. M 3; n6 lt 2 2. n 3; n5 It 4 I 2 26 yg; mod# 2. r 1 4; nl 9 R 2- 5 emb. n4 1 2 50 #mb #dO S3; »2 -3 2 88 cl; »dO 64 f 2-4; n0 t 3 0. n3 R 3 10 d aaO 16; »1 10. n 104 f 4 18 ps; n95 1 4 2 d ; 12 -10; 2 5 ps . ri 4; »»64 l 2 3 yg 2.5; mod# 2; rl 4; nl 4 It

-

-

11226

rare

-

.

11501

max

-

-

833 12128 9496

-

rvtus

*

1230 9327

2.2 yg; rl -4; n37 lt 2 3 »2 3; n3 II

Lynx

Panthat bo

6223 10156 5995 9175 5592

-

26 2; rt 3 2; n 2; n6 2 yg. m 1

Lynx pardtnus

*

9945

si 2 4

mode 2,

Naofeha nabulos

10158

2-4; max 5

Lynx lynx

2044

24 6605 4813b

9510# 1229 5620 5146 8758 5761 101 &3

-

2 02 pa n664 f 2 22 2 74 p*. rl 4; rv3 ages 2 3 yg. n 3; n9 R 2 54 pt 1 09 n 167 2 71 pa *tO. 79. n53 2 8 yg 3 0 emb. »2-4. n3 1 3 0 yg *a. n 3 R 3 0 emb; r2-4 n8 1 3 2 amb. mod* 3. rl 4. n356 f 3 3 r2 -5. n6 It nl 1 3 5 yg. mod# 4. M 6; n47 f 3 9 pa . mod# 4 »3 5 n 12 f 4 8 d . mode 5. »2-9 n21 f 1 5 yg n 2; n2 R 1.82; rl 2; nil R 3 yg; 1 * « yg; 11 i yg; ni R 17-2 3 mod# 2 4 , M *9 2 1; n -4. n 7 It 2 4 n41 H 2 48 yg rt -5 n64 H 2 5; mode 3; rl -5 2 5 yg. »2 3; n59 It, 44 wh 2 57 yg M 4 nl 12 It 2 6; rl 4. max 6 n19 2 76 » 1 4 , n4 R 2 9 yg. »2 4; n15 It 3 mod# 3 528» rl 4; nl 9 It 4 *fc 3.01; rl 4, mod# 3 n 707 ll 3 02 yg mod# 3. rl 4. n47 It 3 04 f 14; mod# 3 n323 It 3.08 cl; mode 3. rl -5; n25 f 3 08 #mb . mod# 3; rl -5; m 2 1 3 1 mod# 3; n 5; n84 It 3.3; r3-4. n6 It 7 n 1 It

.

10639

M 4 #mb, n 7 f 1*6

•2-6 2 -6

11072. 11074

1474

-

24

7259 9197 5400

1474

2 yg. m H 4 3 11 9 d acrow age mod# 4; »1 6

Lynx caracal

6468

9368 7624 8207 5090

mode 2 2 *3 1 ps. 4 ca nl f 2; ri 4

max 4 yg

1973 9843

6422 11038 5275

-

*

301

-

6395

mod# 4 , r3 5 mode 4 5; »2 -6 4 ; rl 6; M 6 R, 4 f 4 20 yg; MO 06, rt 10; n973 R 4 35 #mb; sdi 27 »2 7; 5 07 d sdi 28. »3 7; r»17 f 4 50 emb ; #d1.12. r2 - 7 S 88 d tdl 12; »4 -8; 2 66 weaned sd0 76. nl 7 4 7 *mb »1 9; M 4 1 yg

-

.

Onter Carnivora I anitly Felidae

mode 2; »24 2 3; »2 5 2 3; max 6 mode 2-3. max 6

-

24 24 26 2. nl It

.

2109 9546

2439 6223 2109 2494 2878 9196 12128 2494

1230

9175 10499 331 10158 6654

9945 7979 6712

-

Order Carnivora, Kamily t clida:

302 2: rl -3, nlTIt 2 09 »#006 mod 2 4 rare. M 4. «171 ft 2.2 yg. rl 3; nlO 0 2.32; mod® 2 n75 It 2 4 yg. (2 3 2 5 yg. r2 -3. n2 II 3 yg. nt f mode 3 bom; mode 2 weaned mode 3 4; »2 0

.

.

*

-

-

-

-

Panther tigrts

*

-

4 1 53 mode 2: n«4 ; n30 It mode 2 3 rl 5 2 3; mode 3 2 3; «530 ft 2 33 yg; n 3; ni2 H 2 5 yg i2 4 r» 1S It 2 53 yg; n *5 n6S2 It

.

-. -

-

. -.

. 55 yg. r14; r 27 It

« \ 2 2.6; mode 2.4; rl-5; n22 It 146 n ll 65 2 2.79. mode 2 3; rt 7;nl07 ft 2 8 yg r 1 -5 nl 5 It 3 yg. nl It 3 63 n 49 ft 5 emb, n2 I mode 2 3; r2 -5 2; nl 2 yg nl It mode 2; rl«4; n6 ft 2.04 r1- 4. n47 It 2.2; mode 2; rl 3. 19 ft

. .

Panther

* uncta

SEXUAL MATURITY Actnonyx jubatus

«

-

-

-

-

-

I: let conceive 21 22 mo I: let birth 3.67 yr

-

I 21 24 mo

Fobs bengalensts Fehs chaus Felts concobr

-

I/m lei both 2 5 3 5 yr f/m 14 16 mo t/m 2 yr I: 1st birth 13 14. 31.36 mo. n3

-

-

-

t : 11 mo t : 1st mate 2 3 yr I: let birth 2021 mo

Felts pardaks

Fahs serve!

Felts sihrestns

f: repro; 3 4 yr m: 1st male 16-29 mo t 1st estma: 251 d m spraywig: 228 d f/m. 1st male 20 24 mo f /m 16 18 mo 1 istestrua; 26 mo f: 1st mate 26 mo f: 1st birth 28 mo m 1st mate 17 mo I; 1 st cl: 8 mo f ; 1st birth 11 13 mo; n5 f : lat birth: 1 yr I; 10 mo I: 10 mo t 10 12 mo; 2500 g f; < 12 mo m spermatogenesis 7 mo, 2 4 kg, 10 17; rmn 2 2 m: spermatogenesis 2600 g m 9 10 mo m 1 yr m 12- 14 mo. 3200-3800 g

-

-

- -

-

-

-

Lynx canadensis

9730 9066 9726

Lynx caracal

9725 8501

5761 11263

.

303

f /m 1st season ton: 1 yr 1 1st conceive 9 mo IAn 1st mete 1 yr I4n: lat mate 22 mo ton; 22 -23 mo 1 lat birth 15 mo f 21 mo m 1 st sr« 12 5 14 mo t large ovary. 7 5 11 5 mo 60% t. 1st repro 1-2 yr f 1.75 yr m large testes 19 5 23 5 mo 50% m spermatogenesis 10-1 5 yr m: 2.75 yr f m 1st mate, end 2nd yr ton: 2 yr f laid >12 mo ! 1st mate 1 2 yr 1 1st b rth 1 yr * t 1 st birth 2 yr. nl f 1st estru 21 8 mo . sd2 9 M 7 28 n9 f 1 »1 conceive 26 3 mo, sd7 9, M 3 38 . nl3 m 25- 5 mo; sd6 6; M 6-38; n16 f 1st estnjs: 3 5 4 5 yr f 1 st mate 2 3 yr; n2 t t 1st conceive 2.5 yr L 1 st conceive 48 mo r 43 -55 1. 1st belh: 24 mo nl ; 1st birth 2.87 yr 1 1st birth 4 75 yr m: 1st sperm: median 30 me r26-34 m 1st mate : 2 17 3.5 yr nB Lin 1st mate 20 24 mo Mm: 1st male.

e

v»

fO

II

I

-

iililiililiHiilillllililMilil , , , , ; ‘ 'i r ' f « i ,i!’,it ,i« j t ^ = *s h | I

1

t ii F> iw ia ? rs ! !eif ‘iimr-!i i i r nnu i i mm I Hi1?! i« w

g

*

I

‘

fH

fitiilflp

a

*

§ I5

W

5

*

§

HII

?

a

4*

5 s |!ii ii|* ilium l & iiiliiiiii 5|!iii|lii 5||iIi $ S| * I* s I

u

«

s

Order

Cmniarnivo

,

\

\

y

§

r

Ouindae Order

(T )

I

i

'f t

I

mi

tar-ty

;

Fat p eak .Jan ,

,

'

I

i

£

i

-

C

J

15

f*

S

1 236 iiiil § li!i l l l l l l i i g i l i l l l l i i i » Bij 2 y H I » l * 3 l i §= .1 237 1 239 ,

-

amily

Otaridc

Hill Itll

Urugayn

Carnivo

. ' ft

gj 8 JS|Msll|!ll 9 8 8 OB

OB

N

S

«0

.

Order ( ami vara Family Otahidae

318 birth mid Dec - m»d Feb Argentina b» rth Nov -Oec ; s hemisphere birth Dec . Auckland 1 birth Dec -early Jan ; Auckland I

Pl>ocarctO$ hookan

ZJophus

.

.

.

.

m lert»te 8 10 yr m 5 yr m: 5-6 yr

spemietogsnesis 7 10 yr m testes large 7 yr. tew date

-

.

-

-

—

.

•

LACTATION Odobaous rosmarvs

M

K I

( |

swim

NEONATAL MASS

Odobenus rosmarvs

.

.

levies

)

(

»: 33 2 kg 41 kg 55 kg

.

Odobanvs rosmarus

f 100 cm 105 cm m 112 cm r104-122. n6 f 113 cm (95-123; nil m 1194 cm ; nl , teim emb f 121 4 cm ; (102 133; n30 m 122 4 cm H 12 137 ntS

.

. - .

WEANING MASS Odobanus rosmarvs LITTER SIZE Odob+nus roemama

Odobanus

1457

--

3181, 3182, 3183

-

solid food: 6 6 mo wean 1-2 yr wean: 1 2 yr. 2 yr more common wean »1 yr perhaps 2 yr wean >1 yr; probably 2 yr

3182 1332

1282 753 6789 6600 1457

1514

.

3182 3181 5171

2 yr 2 yr 2 yr / 2 yr 2-3 yr 2 3 yr 2 4 yr

1514 6600

3182 3181

1332 1474 6789

*

3182

SEASON AUTY Odobanus rosmarvs

3182 6786 3181

-

mote Jan Mar. circumpolar mate peak Feb -Mar, Greenland mate Feb- Mar Greenland Canadian arctic Chukchi Laptev seas male early -md June Benng Sea. Pacific mote Nov May peak Apr May ; e Canari an Arctic mate Dec Mar, Bering Sea ovulate Jan -Feb; Benng Sea implant June Benng Sea tHrth/mate Apr June . Novaja Zemra. Russia birth: Apr -early May . Benng Seo birth Apr - June. Eskimo account . Hudson Bay , Canada birth : Apr-June, AK birth mid Apr -early June , peek May Benng Sea birth : early May . Benng Sea . Pacific birth Apr June. peak May; Greenland, w Canadian Arcbc

.

3181

--

753 3181, 3182

-

5171 1282 6789

-

1332

12 1; 2 occasion*

5171

.

753 1332

-

3181

1514

.

rosmarvs

.

8789

- . -

1282 1984

-

3181 3182

1 1

I: 1st d 5 6 yr I i st cl: 6 25 yr r5-9. n 4 f tstcfc 6 7 y» f : 1st mete 10 mo f 1st mate: 4 yr f 1st birth 5 yr few dele 1 repro: 5 yr 20% 7 yr 50% f : 3 4 yr I: 4-5 yr L 5-7 yr

mo

INTERLITTER INTERVAL

6789

.

-

wean : 16 mo wean *18-24 mo wean 2 yr wean: *2 yr. some 3 yr wean 2 5 yr

(

200 kg 1 yr

1: 2 mm

SEXUAL MATURITY Odobanut rosmarvs

.

1332 1457 6789

nl

f 63 3 kg. r33 6 65, n15 m 63 8 kg; r45-77 n5

NEONATAL SIZE

)

2 ) arc available *2 67*6 7627) and nulk composiuoo (31*1 31*

S73 M Details of anatomy (31

5 mo

- .

;

(

--

lyr 1 yr 15 mo with delay 15 mo 15 16 mo with delay

roman s «00 1900 kg ) arc circumpolar *«*«ri«» into

1282 3181 5755 3182 3182

--

, Walmscs larger tusks < 128., 1474.3181. M*Z «< > the northern hemisphere Males ue Larger than females ami have 12*Z 31*2 Oulls eat Uic placenta after hulh uterus hicomuatc a . Ini plan tat « Neonates can can ( Vdobenus

-

4 mo 4 5 mo

aat 11 mo 11 mo; field data

-

.

1282

3 3 5 mo

poslimplantatcn 10 mo postimplantahon: 11 5 12

.

( Order larimora Family Odohenldae, Genu* hiohrnui

1514

-

implant implant implant mplant

3181, 3182 1332 3183 753 6786. 6789

m ; 6 yr m : 5 10 yr

GESTATION Odobanus rosmarvs

.

.

-

m

3160 6828 8417

.

-

319

*

11239 5755

m lemtone! May Aug peak June . San Nicolas I CA 5683 mate May -June; CA Mexico 5146 mate May Aug w US 8023 8024 mate June-Juty. San Nicolas l CA 6417 mate/txrth June -July. San Ncolas I CA 2924' birth Jan Galapagos i . Ecuador 10900 Ecuador Galapagos l birth mid May /June AAy / Aug. SanSago * 2128 brrth end May -earty June ; M 2; too 6939 birth end May -June; CA Mexico 8023 8024 birth m d May -Jtete; San Nicolas I CA 10635 birth June 90%; n38; zoo 2914 birth June . n5 same fc zoo birth June Juty ; Pacific coast 2922 birth peak Aug Oct , low Apr May. Galapagos. Ecuador 8«3» birth Oct Oec; Galapagos Ecuador , L,. . *. n8 29 kg, (23 35. n 17 30-40 kg 4 5

,

Hydnjrga leptonyv

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

625 9783 1156 1158 . 8038 9005 6691 5353 1456. 1457. 1458 10431 3571 1092. 4725 2187 3186

240 2067 233. 234 1067 59*0

Monachus atbnanter Monachus monachus

Monachus schauinsland)

Ommatophoca roasi

Phoca caspica Phoca taaefata Phoca groanlandtca

1180

1180 5900

6479

5755

30- 34 kg 30 kg (22 - 45 S f 31 5 kg 34 kg m : 36 0 kg 40 kg 29 1 kg (26 7 30 5; n3 30 6 kg 00 - 31 . r> 4 m; 31 kg . nl f 35 0 kg; nl 9 m 37 kg. 00-50. M 3. Sept birth 37.7 kg n46 t 38 1 kg. MO 8 . n 7 3« 5 kg ±7 0. n29 38.5 kg t6 5. n56 m 38 9 kg , M2 1 ; r>8 t 39 kg n3 m 39 09 kg , n 27 t 39 3 kg sd7 29, n3 t 39 4 kg. sew 9. n28 40 9 kg »d5 1 . r>6 41 kg . coett»c *ent of venation 36 6 m . 41 kg . (28-54; n 14. Od tnrth 41 02 kg. *d5 3 n61 41.8 kg stdtbom. 38 6 kg; dead witwi 24 hr m 42 4 kg ; sdS 3; n 33 m 42 5 kg. «12 14 . n3 m: 43 kg. n3 45 50 kg t 45 kg 09- 51 . nB 45 2 kg 9dS 7; M 2 m 49 kg (43 56 n 7 17 kg . term emb 17 - 26 kg 20 kg 10.65 kg; nIO 15 2 kg stifeom. 18 6. 19.3 kg

-

16.8 kg.

Phoca hisprda

n1

6333 6329 6330, 6331 6329 2061 . 9024

7853 5861 5881 6507 1624

6507 2024 4137 4137 2024 1397

6507 6507 6507

6507 1396 1624 6507

5879 6507 6507

1397 6482 6275

7019 6275 10910

1145 9788 11831 9090

10781

•5stkg27 kg

6289 8681

6.5 kg. n «ai term

1457

10 kg 10 5 kg

10430

2.7 3 6 kg 3-4 kg

3571 625

1459

-

6 2- 14 kg 9 30 kg seO 62 . n6 9 9 kg sdl 7; n32 10 14 kg 10.7 kg sdl 6 : n48 10 6 kg 95%a 0 65 MO 3 5 4 kg 4 0 kg 4 - 6 kg 7.5 kg mod* 8- 12; (5 5 19 5 kg 6 1 kg 7 1 kg »6 9- 7 3 t 5 -4 5 kg

-

Phoca largha Phoca mtmea

6285 654 7062

5679 1281

-

10158

1399 1399

20 kg 22 kg

-1616-17kgkg

2067

1359 4904 2400 10729 854

321

Order Carnivora Family lliocidac

3 kg

10402 8038 5978, 6264

4012 5976. 6264

5152. 10404 5363 1457

8679 3188

3571 3634 1089 10782 8680

IJE

Older Carnivora, Family Ptmcidae

322 Pboca wtukna

« 9- 15 kg mod* 8-9 kg: r7 10 5

3571

-

m: 8 9 kg, nl m: 9 kg; n1 9 11 kg

11829 233

9246 4415

925

m : 87-115 cm

Engnalbvs ba'.batus

87 cm 120 cm

Hahcboarvs grypus

Lobodon carctnophagus

-

-

-

120-130 cm no** tail 113.03 cm. M 02 120. term emb 114 127 cm; n 19 120 cm 130 cm, r115 145; rv35 term emb 132 cm; nl 150 cm

-

-

-

ktirounga angusfirostns

120 cm 127 cm

-141 6 cm

selO

I: 147 cm Mrrounga /aonrta

m: 153 cm 1. 116 0 cm . M2 6. n 7 m : 116.0 cm ; s*9 0; n8 120 127 cm 130 cm 136 5 cm , M 33 142 , n4

-

Uonachus atoivontsr

Monachus monacbus Monacbus scbaumsland Ommatophoca roast

Pboca casptca Pboca fasoata Pboca gwerlandica

7864 1142 1142

Pboca vrtukna

-

120 cm; term emb 80 cm 98 8 cm , 187 -120 100 cm 100 cm 96 cm

-105-120cm cm •es«1 105

65-79 cm 80 cm 85 cm , near term 75-90 cm 90- 105 cm

1087 1091 4904

6121 1359 854 5755 8278a 6278a 8265 8121 8121

WEANING MASS Cystopbora enstata Engnathus barbatus Hakchoorus grypus

Laptonychotas wadda i

5755 5755 7062 6333

Mtrounga angustirostns

6329 6329

2024 2024 6275. 6277. 0206 6482

Mtrounga laorwna

10910 9788 1145 1281

8661 104» 1457. 1459 10402 6264

7067

-

-

85 cm r78 0 92 5 term emb 70 cm 226 mm, emb m 75 cm ; M t. 75.78-77.26 cm , n2 samples m : 75 94 -78 16 cm n2 samples m ; HB 76 cm nl 76 4 cm. r75 9-77 7 lor 3 yr data mode 80 cm , r71 -90 81 8 cm . 95% o 6 2. n9 84 cm

Monacbus sebaumsiandt Pboca groantandrea

8680

10702 233 1143 1143

9248 1146 11829 925 1457 5166 4511

42 6 kg sel 37; n i l . 4 d 43.6 kg s«1 78, n5 43.7 kg s©1 9 m 2 43 90 kg 85 kg m 1 f 35 8 kg m 40 0 kg 41 - 45 kg; 17 d 41 8 kg

1158 8038

42.5 kg

2187

45.1 kg sd7 7; n17 50 kg. from graph m 93 75 kg. n8. 5 w 2 »te* T 101 67 kg «8 5 wk 2 sites 110 kg 120-140 kg 125 kg 135 kg n1, 52 d f 129 73 kg ; se10.55 n4 136 kg rl 13- 238 m: 137 53 kg sei 9 30; n5 158 kg m 70 5 kg 163 78 n2 106 5 kg; ±26.5 n36. 3 wk 109 0 kg; *21 0: n22 3 wk 110 160 kg 119.5 kg. ±130; n20. 3 wk 127 0 kg; ±22 5; rv40. 3 vvk m 129 kg; n3. 3 wk f : 141 kg; n3. 3 wk 182 kg

11933 3186

7752. 7753 1088

982 cm . *#32

-

.

*.

-.

-64 kg -

m 20-55 kg 22 40 kg ; 12 15 d 31.4 kg. sd 4 6 n 15 34 4 kg; 95%ci 2 6 n29 38 6 kg ael 45 n5

.

.

Pboca htspida Pboca vttukna

.

7752 7753

95 105 cm 98 cm . r» 20

- -

5881

5679 5755 8121 6289

318B 1069

-

5755 2187

76-85 cm

65 cm n5; n3 term emb , 2 new bom

85 cm

7066

5353 1457 1456 3571

8679 3534 1457

.

5166

.

LaptofTychotos wadcMh

Pboca ubtnca

10431

*

Hydrwga /epfcvy*

1143 1143

7864

m: 129 25 cm ; M 27.5 131.0. n2; 1 term emb , 1 pup 130 cm 1313 cm. m 3 60 110 cm 78 cm 63.5 cm ; 187 100. n 2 m ; 87 105 cm 95-105 cm 150 - 180 cm est 150- 160 cm 157 5 cm n1 120 cm

-

50 60 cm 64 72 cm

Pboca targha

4511

.

3571

5152

54 cm 58 cm

1457 1143

.

NEONATAL SIZE Cystopbora cnstota

95 cm 105 cm

Pboca htsptda

1143

I: 9 49 kg 9 SOI 81 kg m . 9.53 kg 10.2 kg; 95%ci 1 5. n9 t 10 4 kg m: 10 59 kg t 10 71 kg «12.76 M 3 I 11 kg m : 11 kg m: 14 81 kg. sd2 74: n5 15 kg est 15-18 kg: nl

323

Order Carnivora, l aimly PhocuJae

14 kg

-

.

17 kg from graph 3 wk m 20 9 kg; r19 1 22 7, n2 f 25 3 kg. r20 9-28 6; n8

1156 8691 1456, 1458 5960 5980 2067 240

1399

1399 6787 10729 2400

6479 9025 6331 9024 , 9126

.

9025 2061.6329, 6330 2024 4137 4137

6482 4137

4137

1397 1397 6277 5679 10402

5978 11933 10404 8038

3534 11829 925 925

Order Carnivora, Family Pboddae

324

.

1146

t 26.2 kg n6 m: 27 kg; nl m 27 27 kg nil WEANING SIZE M foun&t laontna '

9246

.

2024 2024 1456 10402

Phoca groeniandics Phoca vtuhna

.

147.3 cm; rue 87 110 cm f 00 0 cm; »>5, 30 36 d m; 90 7 cm n11.30 36 d

-

Cystophora enstata Engnathus barbatus Hakchoarus gtypot

-

Hydrrurga taptony Leptonychotes wedded

*

1474 7086 1979

1 1

.

.

Mrounga laoruna

Monachus schaoiosland Ommaiophoca rossi Phoca laactata Phoca groantandtea Phoca h/ spida

6479 854

8121

.

5055

4062 6275 6276. 6277

.

9090

3534

8252

925

.

.

*

Engna9>u barbatus

.

.

-

Hahehoervs grypus

-

-

-

.

.

*

.

.

.

Hydnjrga laptooy

.

f: 1st ovulale median 2 8 yr. r?-9 n t t 4 I: 1st birth medan 3 0 yr, c3-n n t l 4 m 4 8 yt t 1st cl: 3 yr f 1st cL 3 yr 4 yr 20% hav© d f; 1st d: 6 yr f: 1st conceive 5 yr f: id birth 8 yr 1: 3 yr (8%) 4 yr (70%) 1 5 8 yr m increase testes: 4 5 yr m testes large 7 yr m 5 yr ( 50%) 8 yr (66%) 7 yr ( 100%) m: 6 7 yr t: 1st male 3 4 yr t 1st preg 4 yr 50% f : 1st birth S yr 16% 6 yr 45%; 7 yf 39% f; 5 yr I©w data m. tsl male 3 4 yr m: 6 yr fee data 1 1st ovulat ©st 2 yr n1 f ; 1st cl: 2nd yr f; 1st cl: 3-6 yr

-

•

.

9590 9246 7391 11829

Monachus monachus

8122 8122

Uonachus schautnstandi

9005

.

Ommaiophoca

rossi

10833 10431

Phoca tasciata

caspfca

8691

10833 10431

1979

2187 8121 4259 10634

.

-

Phoca groantandtea

-

- .*

-

7086

4465

.*

.

Phoca

2187

. -

-

1466 8691 7086 1456 1456

1979 1174

.

-

3571

.

$

Khrounga laoruna

1474 1474

-

-

-

8121

1 yg. 1 repod of twin emb 1 yg nl It 1 yg © a, n2 It 1 01 1.26% twins r1 - fc , n556 It

SEXUAL MATURITY Cystophora cnstria

-

Khrounga anguatrostns

2097 6330

1 1 1; 2 rare 1 1 emb ea . n7 I 1 mode 1; occasionally 2 1; rl -2 1; 2 uncommon 1,02 yg; 2 2 3 9% twins; rl -2

-1

Phoca mbifka Phoca vttulma

» -

6637

1; n-61 1; 2 pr twins found dead 1; twins 1% 1 ©mb; 0.4% twms, n -2. n226 f 1

-

* -.

-

10846

1374

1

Lobodon carcmophagus Uifounga angustirostrrs

Lobodon caronophagus

4843 8121

1

T. 2 yr fc 3-6 yr m: 3 6 yr, sooaf malunty; 7 8 yr t/m: 1st mat 6 8 yr t 1st ovulate 3 yr median 3 5 yr 1 st ovulate 3 Syr f 1 st d 3 5 yr f . 1st birth: 5 yr 2 8 yr m: epdKfymai sperm 3 6 yr m testes large 4 7 yr f 1st b»rttv 3 -5 yr f: 1st t»rth; 3-5 yr mod© 4 yr T 1st repro: 3 9-4 6 yr m 3 y r n1 m: 4 -5 yr sooaf malunty 9 10 yr f 1 st mat© 2 yr t: 1st mate: 3 yr r2 5 f 1st birth 3 yr f ; 1at birth: 4 7 yr t 1st birth; mode 4 yr r3 5 m; 1st sperm 3-4 yr m: 1st mat© 4 6 yr m: 1st mate 6-7 yr m 1st mat © 10 yr m: 1st mate 10 yr m: 5 6 yr t 1st mate 4 yr Vm: 4 yr l'm: ©st 4 yr © w data f 5 yr f 1st ovulate 3 6 yr r2-7; n7 t laid. 3 5 yr t 3-4 yr few data m; lestes large 3 -5 yr m: 2 7 yr ©w data f ; 1st birth: 5-7 yr m: 7 yr 1: 1st birth: 2 yr, 50% 3 yr f: 2 yr 44% 3 yr 86% f : 2 4 yr m 2 yr 15% 3 yr 69% m 3 yr 22% 4 yr 75% m 3 5 yr t 1stct 3 yr 1 1st d 4 3-5 5 yr f 1st ovulate 3 6 yr 1 1st ovulate 4 - 5 yr f maten 6 yr m: tesles large 50% 3-5 yr m: medan 6 yr f/m 3 5 yr 1/m 4-5 yr

-

1079 6396

1 ea n3 It 1 ©mb ea rv36 f 1 ©mb ea mo I

1 1st conceive 3 to just ov©r 4 yr f 1st conceive 5 yr m m: epuddymaf sperm 3 6 yr m: histology testes 3rd yr m: testes large 4 5 yr f : 1st conceive 26 mo 1 1st preg 4 yr 50%. nS/16 t 1st preg: 5 yr 1 1st birth 4 -5 yr r2 8 I: 1st birth 4 *6 yr 26% n45/170 f 1st birth mode 6 yr mean 7.1 yr

. -.

1146

1

1

-

Lapfonychotas wadda u

1146

UTTER SIZE

325

-

1146

I 123 0 cm. M5 3 n7 m: 12S 4 cm se4 8 n7

Enynafftvs bastoalus

.

Order Carnivora Family Pliocidac

-

. -

6278 8121 8121

4259 10834 854 10428

6787 2161 2886 10759

•

479 2400

2400 10427 8121 761 10834 761

6285 8121 10034 6329, 9024

5055 5056

10278 6329 6276, 6277 6287 6276, 6286 1622 7017, 7019 6275 6276 ,

.

.

6267 6276. 6286 1822 5401 1622

9243 4417 1145

5332 8121 10834 6289 10834 6289

6681 8681

1459 10833 10430 10033 1459 10430 7786

9782 9245 9780

6264 9782 6284 7786 9244

.

Oder Carnivora Family IWulac

326 Phoca htspida

.

f: 1st cl: 5 yr nl /12 6 yr nlO/10 t: 1st cl: 5-8 yr t 1st concaiva 4-7 yr f 1st ovulaia: 4 yr t: 1st ovulaia 6 yr t: islet: 3 yr f 1st cl: 4 yr, 12 5% m Cumberland 40 9% Home Bay »: 1st preg 7-8 yr 525 1: 4 yr ( 185 ), 5 yr (74%) 1: 5*7 yr m spermatogeneses 7f» yr m tastes sue. aperm m ejaculate 7 yr m : 5 yr (40%) 6 yr (43%) 7 yr (100%) m; 5 7 yr nr 6-6 yr m: 7 yr f/m 3 yr 20%; 4 yr 60%; 5 yr 80% 1: 3 4 yr m: mating attempts: 4 yr nv 4 5 yr 1: 1st mate 5-6 yr 1 1st mate mode 6 yr r4 6 m: 1st mate £7 yr m: 1st male: 7 8 yr f: 1st ovulate: 3 7 yr f: 1st cl: 2 yr 20%; 3 yr 38% 4 yr 34%; 5 yr 8% f : 1st d: 3 yr 20% 4 yr 100% f: 1st conceive end 3rd yr f : islpreg 4 6 yr I: 1st birtfi 3 yr t 2 5 yr f 3 yr 10%; 4 yr 98% 1: 4 yr t 6 yr m large baculum 3 yr m spermatogenesis 3 yr 20% 4 yr 100% m end 3rd yr nv. 3 yr 33%; 4 yr 100% m 3 -6 yr I/m 3 7 yr

.

.

-

Phoca largha

.

.

-

-

Phoca stbtnca

-

-

Phoca vitulma

.

.

-

.

-

CYCLE LENGTH Mirounga bonina

Phoca vrtutna GESTATION Cystophora enstata

estate 4 d estrut 5 d esitus 1 9 wk: proestrus: 3 4 wk

-

-

-

implant: 16 wk. held data implant : 4 mo po$ mplantation 7.7 mo poabmptantatnn 240 250 d field data lie mo 11 5 mo 50-51 wk. held data 11.7 mo implant ; 1 5 3 5 mo implant 2 mo implant : 2 mo; held data implant: 2.3-3 mo implant 2 5 mo implanl 2 5 mo postimplantation 7 mo postimplantation 6 mo posSmplantation 8 5 10 5 mo posSmplantation 9 mo postimplantation 9 mo; field data

*

Engnathus bartabs

-

-

-

Hahehoan/ s grypus

10145 4594 10833 3188 5353 7087 10633 3534

3188 10145

Hydmrga teptociyx

1089

739 1089

4515 925

Laptonychotas maddaH

7752 4511 4515 9590 1068

10633 11829 9246

4511 7752 11829 10633 925

Lobodon caronophagus

kbrounga angusbrostns

1146

Mirounga laonma

mo

est 8 9 mo II mo with 2 5 3 mo delay lyr implant 1 mo implant 1 mo

-

-

implant 2 mo posbrnplantatjon: 9 mo poatimplanlation: 11 mo eat > 9 mo and < 10 mo 10 d est 9 5- 10 mo 11 mo 11.5 mo 1 yr implant: 2*3 mo posbmptantabon: 8 -9 mo 9 mo 11 mo implant 3 mo implant 4 mo postimplantatoon: 8 3 mo 11 mo field data 11.3 mo implant: 16 w implant 4 mo

-

*

-

implant 4 mo poshmplantation: 7 mo postimplantation : 7 5 mo

9763 9005 1991

-

-

postomplontation : 8 mo

-

5755 9005 9763

11 mo 11 5 mo

6691

1 yr

Monachus monachus

1456

7066 7086 10431 8691 10833 1458

-

8691 1087 4708

1171, 1172 5552b 5552c 5396

1007 1171 4708

2187 5552a 6287

5755 6287 4259

1374 10834

6287 6287 854

2400 2400 6287 6479

654 2400

5755 6207

8285, 6287 6285 6287

. 6285. 6287 854

6329 5755

6329 7062

6329 6482

6275. 6276, 6277, 6286, 6287

9005

9763

10633 1458 10431

1458

.

7021

6276 926

10833

implanl 130 d implant 135 69 d. Sdf 4 334 d nl 343 d nl 355 d 11.5 mo 1 y» 1 yr I yf 373 d nl implant 1 mo implant 2 5 3 5 mo postimplantation: 11 mo *8

6680

10782 10782 8660

10.6* 11 mo 11 mo 11 mo field data 12 mo implant 3 mo

-

3261

6655

7066 10431

9 5 mo

5353 7087 3534 10432 3534

327

Order Carnivora, Family Pbocidae

Ommaiophoca rosst

Phoca caaptca Phoca fascist

*

.

.

1 yr

11 mo

implant 2 mo postimplantatwo 9 mo 9 mo

.

6287 3763 6482

.

.

6275 6270, 6277 6286, 6287 3763

12 mo n2 10 mo est 11 mo implant 3 5-4 5 mo 11.5 mo

almoal

3763 6462 6275, 6276 6277, 6286

5879 4417 1145

5755 5755 10696

.

5755 8681 10833 10833 10062

Order ( 'amkvura, Family Fhucidae

32« 10 5- H mo 11 mo

Phoca groenlandtca

-

implant 2 3 mo implant 11 wk implant 4.5 mo posbmplantalion: 7 mo poabmplanletion 7 5 mo poabmplantabon 6 mo 11 mo 11 mo 11.5 mo 11.5 mo implant 2 mo implant 3 5 mo implant: 3.5 mo poabmplanlabon 7 7 5 mo postimplaniabon . 8.5 mo posbmplantation 0 mo 8 mo 9 mo 10.5*11 mo 11 mo 11 mo

*

Phoca hispid

*

-

-

-

lyr 10 5 mo 9 mo with delay implant : 1*3 mo implant : 2 mo implant 2 mo implant est 2 3 mo implant 3 mo implant 3 mo

Phoca targha Phoca si bines Phoca vftubn

-

*

- poabmplantation 7 -9 mo poabmplantation 8 mo posbmplantation 9 mo

9 mo 9 5 mo; f »d data 10 mo 10.5 11 mo 11 mo 11 mo

Engoathvs barbatus

waan 4 : 1 mo wean: 5-6 wk wean 3 4 wk wean 3 4 wk wean: 8 -12 d wean 10 d wean 10 12 d wean: 12 15 d wean 13 d wean 3 wk wean 3 4 wk wean 4-6 wk wean 4 5 7 wk wean 5 7 wk wean: 2 mo wean 5 mo wean 2 3 wk wean 15-2 5 mo wean 2 - 2 5 mo wean 2 3 wk wean 2 6 wk wean 3 wk wean 28 d wean 30 d wean 3-4 wk wean 4-5 wk wean 4 6 wk waan 4 6 wk wean 4 -6 wk wean 4 -6 wk wean 4 -6 wk. then 8- 14 d fast before aokd food

.

Monachu% monachua

10833

-

329

permanent separation 50.3 d r 40-5S, n18

1146

-

*

9245 1991 6264, 10406 9244 10833 10432

7752 5470

-

Hydrvrga toptony

9244

1088

-

Hahehoarus grypus

6264 , 10406 6264 , 10406 9245

8680

11 mo with 2 2 5 mo daloy 341 d 341 and Mysliccu ( hulecn whales ). llic birth of u singleton, highly precocuil offspring is normal for this order Males have abdominal testes. Females have elongate mammary glands whose teals are endorsed within deep pockets on cad ) side of the urogenital slit Several periodicals cover cetacean reproduction, among them arc Aquatic Mammals Cetnlogy Hvalradets Skrilter. Investigations on Cetacea, Marine Mammal Science, Norsk llvatlangsMidcndc ( no longer in publication ) Reports of the International Whaling Commission, and Scientific Reports of the Whales Research

.

.

Institute

Order Cetacea, Family llatantstidae

1064

1146 4416

928 1146 928

3276 1146 4515 1084 4416

925, 928 7752 928 10195 10833 7753 1146 1143 1142 7753

3275 5755 674 5683 7752 7884

67B8 7753 4415 4416 4961 9246

1084 4511 926

233 11245 3571

-

The 10 240 kg river dolphins ( /nw , Ltpoies, Platanum, Pomoporia ) inhabit large nver systems of Asia and South America, where they feed on a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates Female Pontopona are larger than males (5560) and ovulate primarily from tlieir left ovary ( 4422 ) Hie villous diffuse, epitheliochorial placenta implants into a biconiuate uterus which is asymmetrical in Lipotes ( 1778, 3739, 4418, 7563 ) In one observed captive birth, the young was U »m tail first Unia 10949 ) f emales have 2 U shaped nummary gLands ( Lipotes 1778 ) and may have a postpartum cstms ( Pontoporia 4423). Details of anatomy ( 1778 4418 4422, 4423), copulation (8529), and birth < 5069, 10949) are available

-

925. 928 7864

5146 1474

.

.

NEONATAL MASS hwi geoftrenm Platamsta mtnor

6 8 kg. nt

10949

7 kg

9175

NEONATAL SIZE Anna geottrenu$

-

76 80 cm

4421

81 cm. nl min 81 cm ; nl at 80 cm

10949

873

•45 cm 59 cm; n1 •TLat 63 -70 cm n5 term amb 70-85 cm

9049a 9175 4421 1377 4423. 5560

Into geotfren&is

1 yg

Lipotes v jfittffer

»

Platantsta gangetica Pteinmsta rruoor Pontopona btartvtSSat SEXUAL MATURITY

1 emb; nl f 1; sometimes 2

4421 10949 9049a 8532 8530 4421 4423

Lipctes vexiHifer Platamsta mtnor

Pontopof* blamvittor

,

UTTER SIZE

*

hum

GEOTTRENUJ

Lipotes vexitl /ter

Ptatamsta app Platamsta gangetica

Pontopona biaewtDi

11829 1457 5470

.

.

t yg ni it yg

f ovulate 183 cm m; spermatogenesis 198.5 cm ovulate 8 yr 184 5 cm * 10 yr 170 cm 1*1 d: 200 cm m : teslea lorga 180 185 cm t 1st dt 2.7 yr »2 4 yr r137 146 cm t 1st cf 151 170 cm t 137 145 cm m ; testes ; largt 2 3 yr. 131 cm 25-29 kg

»

Ptatamsta

minor

10195

.

.

-

-

-

GESTATION true geoffrensts Lpotes rexiNiter

.

i yg

. - .

-

-

.

8 5 mo nl est 10 11 mo 8 9 mo 12 mo hunter reports

-

- .

Pontopona blaetvMei Pontopona btenvcAlar

1377 5560 10949

9049a 9175

10 8 mo est 10 kg

> 10 kg 113 15 9 kg

-

m 12 kg n 1 I 24 5 kg. r 1«-30 n2 sttflbom 26 5 kg. r23 30. n2 3 4 d 25 kg. 10 July Black Saa birth yr id peak summer S Afnca birth yr id peaks Fab' May Sepl-Nov; CA. FL birth mid winter, a CA young seen Juty Jan paak Nov; Napier Hawk s Bay, Naw Zaaiand conceive peak Apr -May; Japan fatal length vaned Oct w North Atlantic preg f: hgh June, tow Dec Japan birth paak July - Aug; Japan birth Aug winter; CA Mexico mate Apr May . a NEW, Canada birth 7 Oct peak Aug a NEW Canada

.

*

.

-

.

-

-

.

.

.

. .

.

-

Globtcaphala mstcro/ hynchus

.

.

Gtotxophata malaan

*

Grampus gnsaus

Laganorhynchus acutus Laganorhynchus obdqwdans Laganorhynchus obscurus Orctnos orca

-

-

.

-

Paponocaphota atactra Sotaka Huvtatths

Sousa spp StanaUa app Steooila attenuate

-

.

- . . -

.

.

Stenella coarulaoalba

.

.

birth ast Dec - Apr. S AJrica birth May Aug paak June/AAy; ME, MA birth; May Sept s CA vanad length of young aummar -tai; CA Mexico mate late summer; S Afnca mate May July Japan mate: Nov-Jan. n Atlantic mate: May Jufy. n Pacific conceive peak Sapl Jan, Norway prag f Aug; e Auslraka birth Aug-Oec s hemisphere conceive Dec -Jan. Amazon. S America birth Oct Nov Amazon, S America birth yr rd 5075 Dec -Fab. S Afnca birth Apr June. Mexico mate: Feb-Mar . July . Nov; Japan birth epnng, (alt. Cambean. Atlantic birth peak spring, tal. some summer, tropical PacAc birth yr id peek Feb Apr north popn also peak Sept; Pacific testes: peak Oct mn Feb. Japan conceive Jon, July Japan mate: Jan Feb. May June, Sept Oct; Japan mate Fob-May. July Sept Dec. Japan birth yr id. peaks Oec -Fab. Jufy Aug. Japan

.

.

3093 10061

5085

1975

l) Ovulatim is usually from the left ovary ( 1777 3276 7506 1( 8)63; cf 80641 A 700 g (nl ) epitheliochorial, diffuse or divcoulaJ placenta implant into the left horn of the hicomuate of bipartite uterus ( 1777 2287, 4146 4428 52 8 * 5843 7506, 7563, 10063 10737 11849). Details of anatomy ( 1777, 4428 7506, 7507) and milk composition ( 1034, 11698a 11980) arr available tcinpcrjic and arctic waters

.

.

.

. . . .

NEONATAL MASS Naophocaana phocaanotdas

Phocoana phocoana

Naophocaana phocaanoidas

Phocoana dtoptnea Phocoana phocoana

2365 5278

24 5 kg nl immature

4428

-

.

. -

-

Naophocaana phocaanoidas Phocoana dtoptnea Phocoana phocoana

.

77 cm 188 5 an, r 186 191. n2 term emb m 40 3 cm. nl slillbom 60 cm n1 near term 67 -80 cm 70-99 cm 70 5 cm, r70 7l; n2 75 cm 76 2 99 1 cm m 78 5 cm r70 87 mm; n2 near term est 80 cm 80 88 cm 82-85 cm f: B4 cm; n1 near term m 74 cm ; nl yg with fetal Wds 44 cm n1 near term 95 100 cm 100 cm

-

WEANING MASS Naophocaana phocaanotdas WEANING SIZE Naophocaana phocaanoidas UTTER SIZE

.

5567 5567

-

Phocoana smut Phocoana spvuptnms Phocoanordas dad /

.

m 6.6 kg, nl stillborn m: 7 2. 7 4 kg. n2; 4 17 d m : 3,1 kg; n1 stiBbom 5-8 kg m; 9.1 kg; n1 near term t 9.5 kg, n1 near term

NEONATAL SIZE

7929 10158 10158 1826 2363 1398

9408

4420

-

.

7980

< 420

9175

Order Cetacea Family Phoi'iwnider

10158

873 873

.

-

2051 9407 3890a. 6539a 38900 869a 10065b 1975 1977 1975 1977

11586 594 7123 594 9407, 10693 11889

,

Turstops truncatus

11889

**

.

-

testosterone high Apr July; captive birth Mar - Apt Sept , Pacific birth mid May -rmd June FL birth: yr rd; Paata mate yr rd, peak Sept Oec, captive birth Feb May. Aug-Dec rv33; caper ® birth; Mar -May. Pakistan tHrth Feb-June, England. UK birth yr rd peak Feb-May , Sept New capbve birth yr rd peak Mar Apr, Oct FL birth est May CA; lew data, captive birth yr rd, peak Oct -Mar, captive, S Africa birth ; yr rd; law data. S Afnca birth: yr rd; n Gull of Mexico birth yr rd, nl 8 . captive

6322

2 yr 2 * 4 yr 22 7-27 6 mo; 2 samp 4 yr nl I

*4*

-

5238 5517 3276

3276

5238 5843 11191 9963 3628 8066 3626

3278 9695a

3626 12058 3276

1378 1380 5279

5557

.

4428

1 emb n1 f 1 emb ea; n2 f 1 emb. n 1 f 1 emb; m f 1 emb ea; n2 f

5567

130 cm nl immature

.

5278

5238 5843

3278

.

. *.

(

344 Phocotna onus Phocoana sp*ntp> nrrs

Phocoanoiass dan SEXUAL MATURITY Naaphoceana phocaanotdas

Phocoana phocoana

Phoooanordss da

*

. Family Pbococoidae

>rdcr Cetacea

.

1 Y9 nl t 1 emb; n1 f 1 emb o n39 f

1378 7370 5557

f : tat d: 141 cm n1 m: spermalogeneais 140 150 cm I; 1st prog 14 mo 50 kg 1: 4 yr 145 cm m: 3 yr 133 cm m 6 yr t/m 3-4 yr 1: 3 yr, 170 171 cm 1 6 8 yr 186 5 cm t 7 yr t: 170 cm m 5 -6 yr 182 cm m: 7 9 yr 195 7 cm

4428 4428

*

.-

- . - .

7422 3276 3276 11191

3626

. -

5279 5557 11191 7370 5279

.

.-

5557 7370

m: 185 cm Mu: min 2 yr

5566

GESTATION Neophocaana phocaaoedas

Phocoana K>P Phocoana phocoana

Phoooanotdes da

*

Neophocaena phocaanodas Phocoana phocoana Phocoanotoss da:ti

INTERLITTER INTERVAL Naophocaana phocaanotdes Phocoana phocoana

5561 4146 7422

10-11 mo 11 mo 332 d 7 9 mo i3 5 m m 10-11 yr. 13 5 m m 1212 cm. 5% fiducial limits 1194 * 1227 m: 12.2 13.1 m m 12 6 12.9 m m 128 m f /m 1st mate 2 5 yr, 13 5 m (An: 8 -9 yr f /m: 11.6 m f /m: 13.7 m

.

.

Balaenoptera bo reeks

.

.

-

-

-

-

353

8071

f: 1st cL 11.7 m f 1st cl 12 2 m 1 75% 1st cl 12 5 m, 95%a 12.0 12 8 fc 5 yr m; testes large 11 9-12 2 m. inshore 12.2 13 1 m offshore m , testes large 665 9935a IOI 35 11484 11485 114X7), endocrinology ( 1239 1592, 1731 2412 4327 4701 4702 486*1 5235 5549 6733a, 7111 MMX 8602, 8607, 88*14 8*140, 9935a 9936 10116, 10691a) reproductive cyclicity (9350), sperm maturation ( 2264 4*137, 5357, 5426, 5427, 5429, 5430), copulation ( 2936 2941 5233, 5762) birth (6187k suckling ( 6351) and milk composition (7039 8401) arc available.

.

.

.. . . ..

.

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Elaphas maximus

.

.. . . .. ... . . . r 79 4 - 96 8 kg. n3 90 kg nl 90 kg 90 7 kg; 2 d

-

. -

m: 91 6 kg rSO 150, n14 92 5 kg r63-102; n2 ( 93 kg. n1 97 kg; n1 st 100 kg 100 kg 101 kg nl f 101 2 kg; r77 127 104 35 kg; r70 133; n10 107 kg rSO 150 n25 114 25 kg: r106 5-122 n2 138 kg nl 15 d 73 kg; term #mb 78 5 kg r78 -79. n2 89.8 kg; r84 1 95 5; n2 term t 90-100 kg 94 96 kg; r80 0-113 113 kg 113 kg 118 kg 120 kg m; 120 kg

.

•

-

-

- .

.

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

1

. .‘ .

.

.

.

.

.

2597 6681 11047

1715 3063 10491

1283 2597 9065 2596

2597 6733a 331 1485

9310 9972 9310 9065

6187 4319

6290. 1

706 6032

11047 12018 8514 331

11253 4327

1

1d 1 #gg f«rt z»d 1: 2 occasional 1; 2 rar® 1;nl 1 rl -2; 002% twins; nfiOOO 11

*

.

.

8501

1 yg nl It 1 yg nl It twins n1 sat 1 m 1 f 1

.

.

8394

6292 9972 6187 7204

.

.

.

.

6119

1 mod® 1; r1*2 1 stillborn nl It

.

Loxodonta ofneana

.

3341 308 7751 8501 0498

.

-

UTTER SIZE Elaphas maximus

.

.

. . .

91 kg

Loxodonte atneana

* . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

*

. . . .

.

.

Oder Piuboscitlea Family Etepbantidac

362

SEXUAL MATURITY Ef ph«

* *

maximoa

10163 . 10165 0310 9801

f 1st conceive 6 -7 yr 8 yr f: 1st mat

2941 6119 6119

.

* --

f 1st birth 10 yt 1st birth 13, 14 - 16 yr r»2 t 1st birth 15 16 yr m: 1st sir# 7 yr m: 1st » ra: 14 15 yr t/m mm 9 yr f foftetes large: 14 42 yr; ±1 17 f : 1st mala 13 14 yr f : 1st ovulate 11 yr f : 1st ovulat® 12-13 yr 1 1st ovulate 14 yr

.

t

.

-

*

Loxodonta afneana

-

.

-

--

-

-

-

-

-

Elephas maximus

-

.

estrus mode 4 d »2-8 follicular phase 4 2 ark; ±0.5 follicular phase 6 8 wk ± 1.1 luteal phase 10 5 wk ±0.3 luteal phase : 10.6 wk ±0.6 luteal phase: 10.7 wk , ±0 3 17.7 d r18-26; n3 cycles 2 f 22 d M 8-27; n6 cycles 6 f 3 5 mo; behavior 14.7 wk seO 5 MO cycles 2 I 16.1 wk . sd2 . t ; nS cycles, 1 f between progeslerone peaks 16.3 wk. nl5 cyctes 6 f behavior 16 6 wk adt 6 n5 cyctes 1 f between estrogen peaks peaks 16 6 wk seO 6 n14 cyctes. 2 f , between progesterone 16 wk; r> 14 cyclea 7 f

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

GESTATION Eiaphas maximus

2597 6290 6292 6282

-

.

.

5762

»

follicular phase 5 9 wk ±0 6 luteal phase 10.0 wk ±0 3 16 d; n1 f. smears 13 3 wk ±1 3; nl1 cycles 3 f 15 9 wk; seO 6 n4 cyctes. 25 f

.

3341

-

363

estrus i-2 d estrus 2-10 d n7

.

3341 2941

-

.

.

8501

I: 1st d: 12 13 yr f : 1st d; 17.8 yr. M 2 22 f : 1st conceive 7 yr f 1st conceive: 12-14 yr I 1st preg mm 9 yr 75% 12 yr. few data f: 1st prog 7-15 yr f: preglact 15 yr I: 1st birth: 8 -12 yr I: 1st birth 9 yr f: 11 yr f: 13 15 yr f : 15 20 yr m sparm: 7 -8 yr; abundant 9 yr m sparm: 8 - 12 yr m: sparm 10 yr: r3-15 m spermatogenesis 13 yr m spermatogenesis; 14 yr m spermatogenesis: 14 43 yr; lO 76 m sparmatoganasis 15 yr m tastes large 6-8 yr m tubule dam increases 15 yr m 1st repro 17.2 yr; r10 17; sperm 2 -3 yr earlier m: 10 yr m. 15 20 yr m 1800 kg ton; 1st male: 7 yr ton: 8 13 yr ton: 12 13 yr

CYCLE LENGTH

Loxodonta afneana

10135

< 1% twins 1.01 emto. rt 2, 0 6% twins n351I 2 emb, n1 f 2 emb nl f

-

.

Order Proboscklca Family lleph mikLie

11731 5696 4320 9901 6292 5202 6349

17 mo 17 d-24 mo 13 d 18-22 mo 18-23 mo mode 19 mo; M 8-22 20 mo 18 d 20 mo 20 d 20 mo 21 d 21 mo 21 mo 18 d nl 630 656 d; last vs first mating to birth 630 3 d; »624 637 n3 634 5 d; r634 -635, n2 643.7 d; »614 -668 . n15 646 d 666 d nl 644 d »628 668 n3 25 mo nl 20-20 5 mo; stated 20- 24 mo; field data 21 22 mo 649 661 d nl last vs first mating to txrth 22 mo 22 mo

-

- .

.

10163 10134 7469

Loxodonta afneana

8395 1485

10158 4319

.

-

-

LACTATION Elaphas maximoa

8395 5356 9901 5698 6290 6292 4320 4322

Loxodonta afneana

.

.

.

-

-

6057 5358

- .

.

.

solid food est 3 mo solid food 4 - 5 mo wean SI8 mo solid food 3 mo dependent on milk 24 mo nurse 2 yr nurse 4 -8 yr

8607

11487

1239

8607 1453 308 8501 8498 2058 1355 4582 6119 102 1715 3063 6681

2597 11047 6032 2596 10491

11897

5762 6187 4320 5202 7751 6681 9946 6349

.

6349 6351 9972 6292

-

4322 6292 10158

7560 8607

wean 6 18 mo wean 36 mo wean est 4 8 yr

5762 6349 10134

mm 2 yr 2-2.5 yr nl 4 yr r3-5 yr 2 2 5 yr 2 5 9 yr 3.3 3 7 yr 3.35 yr 3.5 yr 3 5 yr 3.5 yr good habitat, 7.6 yr poor habitat 3 9 yr. adl l r2.2 - 5 3 n15

3658 12018 6119 9972 5762

INTERLITTER INTERVAL

6057 6291

Etephas

maximus

1485

9972 8514

.

Loxodonta afneana

.

2936 2941 5233 8607 4702 4701 8607 4702 8894

8939 6733S 4701 6733a 10691a 4702

.

-

-

.

.

2936. 2941 5233

8607

.

.

4 yr 4 y»

.

4320 5698

6412 7469 5202 11731 8514 4319 6395

4 yr 4 yr 4 5 yr

-

5 yr 5 6 yr r 4 86 8 6 7 yr 8 yr 9 1 yr r2 6 13.5

.

.

.

.

9901

-

10165 7560 6290. 6292

6282 10134

6292

Order Proboscidea. Family I Jepbantidae

364 SEASON AUTY Etophas maximus

Loxodonta alncana

mate: yr rd; India repro yr rd Sn Lanka repro: yr rd, peak Mar Oct. Dec low Jan Fab Sapt - Nov zoo hormones high yr rd ; Uganda mala Jan-Fab; Angola conceive Oct-Ju»y peak Jan -Mar 88% Nov Apr Zambia concerve Nov Apr 70%; S Africa concetve Nov - Apr 88%; Zimbabwe

.

-

-

Nov - Apr. Zimbabwe

.

.

-

.

.

-

conceive

.

-

birth . Apr June Zaira birth : ast Oct Dac; Ofcawango Angola birth: yr rd peaks Fab. July Nov; Bonyory Uganda birth: yr rd; Zimbabwe birth: yr rd; Uganda birth: yr rd; S Afnca birth : yr rd , peak before peak ram ; central, a . ae Alnco repro yr rd; S Alnca

.

.

.

2058 8501 2597 7111 11697

Order I'ertssodactyla

Horses and their relatives, tapirs, and rhinos form a group colloquially referred to as odd - toed ungulates as they have one or three functional toes on each of their hmdfect These large herbivores have prccocial singleton offspring which suckle from ingum il mummac Males lack a haculuni Reviews of secondary sc* ratios ( 7407a ) and rcpnxlucuvc cyclicity (9350) arc available

.

.

4318 4320

Order rrrissodattylji Family Equidac, Genus Equus

10165 11731 5698 112S3 11697 6292 331 8394

3145 5762 10158

.

.

Horses, asses, and zebra ( Equus 175-800 kg ) arc social, terrestrial grazers predominantly in Alnca and Asia The 2 5 3 5 kg epitheliochorial, diffuse placenta, which secretes gonadotrophic hormones ( 78a 198a, 198 h, 751, 7059h 9296a 11048a ) implants in a hicomuatc uterus ( 2673, 5598, 6635, 10168 11963), and may he eaten after binh ( 5868 10168; cf 5872, 6193 11377 ) Estnis usually occurs within 10 d ( 789 5762 5868 5869 10168 10984 11377 cf 11336 ) of Uic birth of a prccocial furred, and open eyed neonate ( 558 4643, 5453 5868 6193 11253 11377 11963). Females have 2 mammae ( 331 5453 5756 ). Details of anatomy ( 1121. 10168), endocrinology ( 1761, 1973b, 2201a 5749 5804a, 6954, 9428a ) embryo transfer ( 10550 ) spermatogenesis (8356 ) birth ( 5872 11377) and milk composition ( 251 5756 8041, 9657 10620) are available Supplements 23 27 32 ami 35 of the Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, published in 1975, 1979 1982, and 1987 respectively, contain a wealth of information on virtually all aspects of reproduction in the domestic horse, thus such is not reviewed here

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Equus cabttBus Equus grevy * Equus zebra

WEANING MASS

. . .

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Equus as*nus Equus burcheHi

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

27 31 5 kg n3 28 4 kg n9 30 35 kg f 31 5 kg r25 35 n18 m 33 3 kg f28 37 5; n 14 33.7 kg » 1 39 n 4 34 82 kg; r3l 78-39 04; n13 term ©mb 79 2 kg sd100; 1 wfc 40 kg f: 35 kg nl

- .

. .

.

.

.

6193 5169

575« 11377

11377 10166 10166 2694

5756

5189

205 0 kg. S01 O 75; n6. 1 yr

10166

Equus spp

1 emb; nl f

Equus as/nus

1

Equus burchelh

1 1

5052 5365 11253 5869 6612 2109 1230 5868

Equus burchelk

LITTER SIZE

1 emb; nl f 1 ea . n2 It 1 ea. n l l l It 1 M 51 + births 1 2 very rare 1 M. 9 R 10 r1 2. 0.18% twins. n567 It 1 yg 1 ea . n 13 11

.

Equus cabaSus Equus grevyi Equus hemtonus

.

. -

1 1 1 1 emb; nl f 1 yg ea n 24 It

1 1 ea

SEXUAL MATURITY Equus asmus

10253

2109 12128 2300 4643

1

Equus zebra

331 2109

8972 558 182 5964

5189

mo 11

1230

-

f 1st prog 1 2 yr f 1st birth < 2 y r f 1st b«rth 2 yr

-

fiYn 2, 5 3 yr

9367

8060 11906 6193

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

.

.

Order Penssodactyla Faintly Eqnkbe Genus Equus

366

.

5867 5869 1: 1st estrus 12 15 mo 11377 1: 1st estrus 15 5 mo 5868 f: 1st estrus 18 mo mm 13 5756 f: 1st slrus 1 83 yr nl 5756 1: HI conceive 20 mo r22 33 11377 f aborted 2 yr 19 d 5867 f ; 1st birth: 3 yr 5868 5869 f: 1st birth: 3 5 yr 11377 1: 1st birth 3 yr 7 mo 14 d 7204 1: 2.5 yr 11377 m 1st mate 1 yr 6 mo 19 d 5868 5869 m 1« mat 5 -8 yr 10169 m epididymal sperm: mods 3.5 yr mm 2 5756 m testes targe 2 5 4 yr 9450 t: 1st estrus yeartmg 10984 f: ut estrus 2 yr 3195 f; 1st mate mods 3 yr mm 2 yr 11286 \ : 1st prog: 28 75 mo. 126 31.5; n2 9705 f : Ht birth: 2 yr 9450 f : 1st birth mods 3 yr mm 2 11334 1 2 yr 11286 m 1 st sire 30 5 mo; r30-31; n2 11334 m 31-36 mo 3616a. 3616b m/I: 2 yr. n targe 5756 f: 3 4 yr 5756 m 4 yr 559 t: 1 st birth 2 3 yr 10696 I: 1st birth: 4 yr 559 m 3-4 yr 8322 I/m: 3 yr 5454 f: 1st estrus: 12 13 mo 5454 f 1st birth: 3 yr 10158 h 1st birth 4 5 yr 8355 f: 1st birth 53 4 ml r 48 58 n5 8355 t 1st birth 66.5 mo. r38 - 105; r\29 8354 t 1st birth medar 67 mo 5453 m 14 16 mo sxpelted from group, but was sexualy immature 5454 m: testes large 3 5 yr

-

Equus burchoBi

..

-

*

-

.

Equus zebra

.

LACTATION Equus burchoNi

-

-

Equus bomtonus

-

-

Equus zebra

-

.

Equus ktartg

.

.

Equus grevyi

Equus hemionus

.

•

Equus cabaNus

Order Poissodactyla, Faintly Equidae, ( kmus Equus

-

Equus cabaNus

Equus grevyi Equus hemtonus

Equus zebra

Equus cabaHus

estrus: 6 d 17 24 d estrus 1 wk 19 7 d ni 5 cycles 6 1 21 d seO 6 n5 1 estrus 3 7 d

-

.

Equus bomtonus

GESTATION Equus astnus Equus burcbeth

.-

.

.

-

11 mo r377 389 d; n15 11 mo 6 d 11 mo 20 d. r»2 359 379 d 380 390 d 1 yr 371.2 d r361 390; n28 372 d n18 396 d n1 last mating to birth 11 mo 20 d-11 mo 25 d 320 1 wk 678 -763 g. n3. 1 wk 454 g; r32O-680, n6 561 g; n7 term emb f 600 g nl8 m & t 618 a; ±134; n7

.

.

-

SEXUAL MATURITY

1230

.

-

383

2.0, seO 3; n15 It 2.13 emb; mode 2; r1-4, n23 1 2.17; rl -4; n29 It 5 emb; nt f 5.5 emb rS 6; n2

4645

Order Artiudact> la Kamil) Tayassuidae

.

.

Order Artnxiactyla Family l ayassutdac

-

- TX. .

birth: peak July Sept, zoo birth: yr rd peak May July. TX birth: yr rd, 74% June-Aug AZ birth; yr rd, peak June-Aug; nl 46, AZ young found: yt rd; AZ

.

-

.

5298

2656 6613

7787 10238 5889

.

Order Aitiodactyta Family Hippopocamidae

34

*

CYCLE LENGTH Choeropsis hberrensts

Order ArtiodactyU, Family Hippopotamldat

-

.

-

655 2100 kg ) are Hippopotamuses ( Choeropsis hheriensis 160 275 kg Hippopotamus amphibtus 9 kg ( n I ), epitheliochorial villous Oil fuse scnuaquatic nocturnal herbivores in Africa south of the Sahara The that is ipsilaieral to the side of placenta has a central implantation into the horn of the bicomuate utcms ) after birth ( 220 8798) A ovulation ( 220 231 237 4323 628K 7563 10173; cf 238 and is not eaten ) after the birth of a mobile neonate postpartum estnis occurs 4 ( Choeropsis 9307 ) or 50 d ( Hippopotamus 6288 9945, 10158 ). Males have ( ( 1353 2109 8798 10158 11253 ) Females have 2 inguinal mammae 331 333 ( 6288 9520 ) endoennokigy ( 10035) and milk anatomy ) of ( Details 6288 penis sigmoid a and seminal vesicles composition ( 4023) are available

.

. . . . . . .

NEONATAL MASS Choeropsis hberiensis

Hippopotamus amphi»us

.

-

4 5 6 5 kg 5 7 kg 5.73 kg, r3 6 7.0 6 56 kg. 15.0 7 A r>5 24.4 kg. n1 stillborn •25 kg nl 25 4 55 kg 30 kg 30 40 kg 30 50 kg 36 5 40 kg 44 kg. nl . hMvwst fetus 50 kg

-

-

.

-

--

NEONATAL SIZE Hippopotamus amphibtus

.

-

Hippopotamus amphibtus

SEXUAL MATURITY Choeropsis hbenensis Hippopotamus amphibtus

GESTATION Choeropsis hbenensis

8798

8525 6405 10365

Hippopotamus amphibtus

2109 4023

-

-

birth

- 4 yf

I ; 5 6 yr; nl pc f ; « yr r7 15 f mode 11 13 yr r7 20 m sperm: lew 2 5 yr many 6 yr m 1st sperm; 7-8 yr m - testes large 7 -8 yr f6- l 3 m: 1 st mat* 3 yr m 1 st sire 3 5 yr nl pr m. histology : 6 6 yr m . r4 11 yr m 6 yr nl pr m mm 6 yr mode by 8 yr f /m: 3 yr. m pair

-

- .

- . -

.

-

f /m: mode 3- 4 yr »2 5 8

8798 10365

28 30 d 1 mo

10500

10365 8798 5689 5689

-

estrus 3 4 d estrus 4 -10 d 3-4 wk

-35 .

d nl pr

2109

-

6405

188 d; M 87 204 M 92 196 d; n 4 199 d; M 90-210 200 d; nl 205 3 7 mo 227 240 d 233 2 d mode 235 r225 238 n15 236 75 d. »227 -242; n4 237 d 238 25 d. »234 243; n4 . 1 f 240 d; »225-257 240 d

-

- -

879« 5689 6862 6286

-

10500 8798 2109 10365

-

.

9307

1355

1230 11332 2449

- .

-

11153

5689 11290 2439 1353. 1355 8798 6288 11697

*

est 8 mo

-

est 8

LACTATION Choeropsis hbenensis

Hippopotamus amphibtus

2109

I: 3 4 yr m 4 5 yr f : 1st cl: 50% 9 5 yr; rS 17 f : 1st male 4 yr f : 1st conceive 3 5 yr nl pc t: 1st preg; mm 5 yr, mode 9- 10

-

estrus: 3 d estrus: 3 d

- .

220 5762

6196

1

- -.

Hippopotamus amphibtus

2595 6288

1; 2 very rare 1 ; 2 very rare 1 yg ea ; n4 tt t f 1 ea ; n8 It 1; rl -2; 0.7% twins n274 It

(: 1 st

.

2439

1; nl H 1; nl It

-

.

220

1270 mm Choeropsis hbenensis

.

238

748 mm 750 mm ; n1 800 mm m 940 mm ; n 1

UTTER SIZE

.

385

-

.

.

.

.

Order Aruixlactyla Family Hippupotamidac

9064 5762 331 333

.

1353

INTERLITTER INTERVAL

1230 6266

Hippopotamus amphibtus

8798

SEASON A UTY Choeropsis hbenensis

8798 62S8

11153 11332

10173 10158 2109 5762 6862 9520

.

10173 10035

6268 11153 11332 6862

5762 2109 9520 318 2609

Hippopotamus amphibtus

mo

10173

solid food; 15 d wean: 3 mo wean : 6 mo wean : 9 12 mo solid food 1 mo, graze 5 mo wean : 9 mo; n1 wean : min 10 mo, nl wean : 10-12 mo

-

5762 1353 6862 628«

wean: 1 yr wean : 14 mo

5762 6288

.

5790

2109 10500 6196

-

8798

17 mo rl 3-2 ; nl pc 21.8 mo 2 yr

10173 6288

male: Aug. nl ; zoo birth Jan. Mar Aug Sept, Nov rv4 l . zoo birth Mar May June n3. zoo m fertile : yr rd ; w Uganda mol*: peak Feb Aug w Uganda mole: June , Sept Oct Zambia mole: July Aug. Zaire male: yr rd; Namibia mole: yr rd , peak May; n23. zoo. Netherlands conceive : yr rd , peaks Feb . Apr tow Od Nov; w Uganda

.

.

-

.

-

.

birth Feb - Mar; Zaire birth peak Mar -June , ne S Africa birth Apr -Dee; Zambia birth Apr Oct w Uganda birth Oct Mar 70%; S Africa birth yr rd. peak Feb S Afnca birth yr rd. Zambia

-

2109 5818 2109 6288 6288 333

11253 9945

8339 6288

11253 3145 333 6288

10173 10173 331

Order Artiodactyla, f amily

386

(

amclidac

Order Artiodactyla, Family (.'amclidac

.

Order Art induct ) la Family Camclidae

-

.

-

Camels ( Camelus 3001019 kg Lama 40 155 kg; Vicugna 35 65 kg ) are terrestrial herbivores from Asia, , Africa, and South America Ovulation is triggered by mating ( 1772 1774 1775, 2991, 3035 3036 6811, 6812 7667 7783 7785 8217, 9828 ) and sperm storage occurs ( 10366 ) The 21 kg ( Camelus ), epitheliochorial, villous, crescent shaped placenta usually oilplants into the left horn of a bicomuuic or bipartite uterus ( 1772, 2991 3230 3233 5173 7556 7563, 7668, 7785 9824 9828, 9846 10546, 10692 ) and is not usually eaten after birth ( 1420, 5915 5994 ) Right horn implantations survive less than 50 d ( 389 390). Estrus occurs 4 6 wk ( Camelus 13, 11987 ) after the birth of a mobile, fumed, and open-eyed neonate ( 2971, 3636 5762. 5915, 5917 ) Males have a sigmoid penis and ampullary glands (151 2432. 2456, 2456a, 2457, 2992, 5174, 7408, 10546). Details of anatomy ( 389 842, 2991, 3518, 3754, 9829 10692 ), endocrinology ( Camelus II 12, 77, 78 713 2146 2968 2969 3882 4947 6811 6X 12, 7982, 8268a 9290 9828, 11978 11986, 11987; Lama 3036 3234 3235. 6383) spermatogenesis ( 10 2457a 8140 8141 ) copulation ( 1751 5709 9998 ), birth ( 2971 ), and milk composition (23 476 2027 2767 3164 3826 4115 6224 8035 10620 11988) are available

.

. . . . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Camelus bactnanus Camelus dromedanus

.

. . . . . . .

.

NEONATAL MASS

.

. .

. . .

. .

.

.

Vicugna

vicugna

- .

-

LITTER SIZE Camelus bactnanus

Camatus dromedanus

896

5926

Camelus dromedanus

3475 1420 9607 9607

-

-

- -

5762 10692 Lama glama

9607

8796 855 655

642 1773 6942 7785 5446 6942 2969

5446 7667

384 d r370 39S 385 406 d 13 mo 390 d r375 4 t 2. bactnanus 'dromedanus cross 402 22 d. sell 5, n 23 r34S 360 d n24

-

2843 8798 8739 2843

.

11987

12 12.5 mo 12 13 mo 370 375 d 370-390 d 377 d. r360 411 377 1 d; sel 2 06 r360 411 n 142 386 52 d s«1 75; n60

1355 5762

-

-

-

.

- .

389 87 d. M2 1, n33 391.1 d; ±16 7. n296 13 mo 398 d. r375-412; bactrtanus/dromedanus cross 404 32 d se4 82. n 56 412 d r380-439 245- 260 d

1772

390

6942 5926 11779« 584

7173 9647 14

2843

6670 2643 1046

11 mo

1355 3035 3475 5994 1355

Lama pacos

f 1st estrus; 4 yr

1772

m ; 3 yr

1772 8796 6942

-

2456 10546 9607 3474

330 (1 »9.5 348 368 d

2109 12128

-

-

5926 6942

7784. 9828 9831 7668 389

9066 1230 3233 3474

t/m : 3 yr f 1st ovulate 3 yr 1; 1st mate 4- 5 yr f: 1 st birth 3 4 yr

--

.

969

11779« 5762 13 5926

7668

1 yge* M 9 R 1 e«. n40 R

n -2; n22 1

-

-

mode 1 mode 1

104 emb. i; n

follicular maturation. 6.8 d. with ovulation lolUcular maturation; 12.4 d; no ovulation 5 8 lo 31-40 d 19 0 d. ±4.25; folhcutar development to regression estrus 3 4 d estrus 4 64 d ±2 29. rl 15 estrus 5 00 d; seO 26; r3 6. n11 14 d 17 2 6 t: 32 5 kg ; n3 f: 37 kg 37.3 kg r26 4 -52 3 m ; 38 kg t: 36 25 kg M 1.0 m: 41.84 kg Mt 2 42; t5.6; n63 8-16 kg 8-15 kg 6-7 kg 7 92 kg r 5 9 5. r>4 4 6 kg 6 kg. rS 6 8 *3 1 6 2 kg; r5 0 7.9, n6 m: 6 5 kg; rS 9 7 8 ; n 4

.

Lama paces

.

.

Lama guamcoe Lama pacos Vicugna vicugna

-

f 1st birth 54 3 mo se6 3; r45 6 71 3 n37 t 1st repro 5 yr f 8 12 mo m: 1 si rut 3 yr m: mature testes: 9- ? 0 yr m 6 yr m: testes anatomy ; 2 yr f : I yr f . 1st birth 2 4.25 yr t 2 yr m: 1st mate 2 33-2 5 yr

-

.

-

.

.

-

Lama glama Lama guanicoe

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

387

t; 1st birth: 4 yr

5926 13

guanicoe

Vicugna

vicugna

-

-

13 mo 11 mo 345 360 d 342 -345 d 345 d 330 350 d 346 356 d

-

3475 3475 10547 3474 3475

.

9607

Order Aitiodactyla,Family ( 'amclidae

388 LACTATION Camolus spp Campus

bactnanus

Camolus dromedanus Lama glam Vicugna vicugna

*

wean ; 6 - 10 mo solid food: 14 d

6342 8798

-

8798

wear : 10*11 mo solid food: 1 yr f /m; 14 mo f /m; 2nd yr

-.

*

Csprpoius capr+ctua

-

* *

-

-

7235 4250 7043 10965 4705 10681

11256 5674 9282

6243

*

6134 9112

9282 7941 7652

11642 7652 2109

Z nl It 2 9 d; 11% 5-7, rt 7; n73 SEXUAL MATURITY Alces aJcvs

5464 548

-

1; 2 rare 1 set of twins , cted w :n 12 h 2 rare; 1/10.000 tt

5464

7878 7614

1

11260 8180

10909 3446 10609 4719

1 yg ea n9 it 1 ea ni5 R

4506

8605 1013a

*

«

6244 6211 4705

.

1 yg; nl It

4500 470 5874

-

1-2

.

-

.

- 1.6 d

12072 7827 3024

2 emb; m f 2 d; n l l twins nlO birth 2 yg. nlO R, 1 f 2 0 emb; nil adult 1 2 03 cl. n460 f 2 27; rl 3, n44 R 2 33 yg rt 3; nl 2 H 1 1 3 emb; nl 1 4 emb nl 1 1 ea n20 R mod 1; rt 2

-

9303

8182 1770 9609 2263

-

.

5303 7156, 7157

11637

1.0 emb ea n6 lawns 1 09 cl. fawn 2.27 d aduR 1.1 d; n 4 1 2 emb; n5 f 1 2 yg; r1 - 2 n6 It 1 21 cl n19 f n , 22-2 18 cl; rl 00-1.92 emb, n8 samples 1 25 d lawns; 2 04 d yearling 2 22 d add! 125; rl 2; n16 It 1 25 emb, s«0 07; n91 1 1 26 emb n32 1 1.26 emb; mode 1; rl 2; n186 1; md 4 lawn 1.3 fawn minimal production 1974 - 1977 1 3; rl 2; n7 R 1.3; n -2; mo R 1.4 emb; n12 15 f 1.45 mode 1, rl 2 n42 It 1.5 yg rl 2; n2 R 1 5 emb; nlOO I

.

7878 10595

emb; n 100+?

y -A

.

1466

9088

11780 11780

4504 9164

-

*-

7145

-

rt 0-2.267 1 yg nl It

7590

9365

.

. -

*

2 2 emb mode 2 mod Z rl 2 2. rt 3 2 d; 3 emb

952

-.

-

.

9000

7156 7825

*

.

6244

*

-

-

10773

952 9184 5065 1758

-

-

. -

.

-

397

.

1 63 emb 01103 1 1 66 yg; 1 77 d. rt 3 1 66 emb nl08 1 1 67; rl 2; n12 R 1 67 emb ; n936 1 17 emb; m 2 yearimg 1 74; rt -3; 3 rare; n27 It 1 79 emb; seO 09; n389 f 18 emb 1 -8 emb; n65 t 1 86 emb mod 2 70% rl 3; n361 f 1 86- 2 25

6491

6244 6243 4165 10595 9713

. . . -.

.

Order Aniodactyla l - aiinly Cervidac

11369 6232

*.

a96

7057 7055 7046 2288 9978 6816 4643 1871a 1474 4643

1012 8862 4643

6547 11156 9686 3477 3571 11443

8759

10925 3388

3388 10925 3571 4645

.

Order Aniodaciyla Family Ccrvidac

398 Census axrJ

F 14 -17 mo

Can/ us dams

f 1st birth 3 yr £ 15 18 mo f: 16 mo F 16 mo

--

fAn 1»Imat# 3 4 mo: ni fAn: Hi mot# 12 24 mo

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

.

-

-

-.

f: 1 yr m: mature sporm yoarting m motilo sporm 14 16 mo m opKjidymal sporm: 2nd yr

-

m secondary sox characters 9- 15 mo m testes large '4 yr m 1 st sire yearling I/m maturo gonads 18 mo I/m 1st repro 3 yr

-

Census ruppon

I/m active 5-6 yr 1: 1st conceive 468 9 d; r340-583; n16 1 f; 1st birth: 31,5 mo; 121 42: n2

-

£ 1st prog: 8 mo; ni f: 1st prog yearling f: 1st birth. 3 yr I; mm 6 mo f /m: 1st mate 3 4 yr f /m: 1 25 1 5 yr I/m: 16 18 mo I/m: 1 5 yr f : 1st mate: 11 12 mo f: 1st concorvo 2 yr 3 mo f: 18-20 mo

-

Census timoransts

11023 a «ia 4426

Elaphodvs cephabphus

1708

-

Carsua aki

Census urucotot

371

m: lottos large 13 mo m: spermatogenesis 7 mo m: spermatogenesis: yearling m sperm: 14 mo m sporm 16 mo m: epicSdymal sporm 13 mo m ; eversion ol prepuce transition zona slops 9 mo, rocommoncos 17 mo m: 2nd yr Irn istmoto 17 20 mo f /m 1st mate active 4 5 yr I/m 2.25 yr F 1st btfttv 3 yr 1 1st mats 1-3 yr F 1 st mate 2 yr 4 mo t 1 st mato 2-4 yr F 1st malo 3 5 3 9 yr f ; 1st conceive 1 5 yr F 1st conceive 20 mo nt F 1st concoivo ; 2 -3 yr F 1st prog 1 yr 1st prog 18 mo ni £ 1st prog 20 mo ; ni 1: 1st prog 0-76% yoarlmg f : 1st prog 8 - 17% yoarlmg f 1st prog yoarlmg but not many t 1st b«rth 14 16 mo ; 65 leg 1st birth 2 yr I 1st birth 2 yr £ 1st birth 3-25-3.64 yr f ; 1st birth 3 4 yr F 1st birth 3 4 yr f: 1st toct 2 yr n4

•

3989 2936 i

F. 16 17 mo

Can/us duvauceb Census elaphua

-

-

-

Order Artiuiactyla, Family Corvidae

9545

10380 3267 3199 1701 1706. 1708 1709

Hydropotes mermis Mazama gouazoubtra

Moschus moschrtarus

Moschus atfantcus

3267

1711 10380 3266 4643

3571 9545

Munbacus cnnifrona Munbacua munlfac Munbacua

raavaai

Odocotieus hemtonua

.

7365 7367

644 7366

1921 11532 643

-

.

.

-

I: 1st male 85% yearling 1 1st birth 50% 1 yr 22 5 33.5 kg F 1st birth 2 yr 1: 1st lact: 1.5 yr ni I: - 1 yr n1 I 2nd yr I/m: 1st mate 18 mo I/m: 1st mate few as fawns, yearling I/m: 1st ropro 1 yr I/m: 195 212 d I/m: some 16 mo f/m: some 1.5 yr I: isl estrus 11 mo 1: 1st ovulate 1/25 yearling; est 2 yr I; 1st d 4 7 mo 1: 1st d: 6 6 mo 5/21; 8 10 mo 17/17 1: 1st conceive 0.5 yr n3/73 . mode 1.5 yr 1; 1st concorvo 6 mo. 5/160 I: 1st conceive. 6 mo 24% 18 mo 21% F 1st concoivo 214 d; n1 I 1st mate 5 8 mo F 1st mate 0 5 yr I 1st mate 1 5 yr F 1st prog: 6 mo F Isl prog: 9 mo mode 10 15 f 1st birth 1 yr F isl birth: 463 d. ni f : 6 -9 mo m epMfrdymal sperm 48% fawns m 1st nr# 202 d. m m: 1st «re:

* 8

s

i

5

*

Corvidae

I

5»

*

I£

5

iiiiiiiiiiiliiliiUilitiii

nm Z

$

51" \" H 1 tf iiiir|’s! m H I s S I * S * 1 Hs s S H a i

c

I

I

C

*

8

Hk

2

r

s

c

§

s

§

IV

S§

si

N

1

8

.

5

~-

c

ft

Order


43 f 8 0 yg; r7 9 Ammo«permop/u/us nelson

*

CaHosdurus adamsi Catiosourus caniceps Catiosourus erythraeos

Catiosourus ntgrovittatus Catiosourus notatus Catiosourus prevosti

3481 3401 4270 3240

Cynomys gunmsonl

5618a

1361 5909 10920 2896

Cynomys leocurus

Cynomys iudovtcisnus

.

-

-

-

. -

.

-

.

-

.

.

- .

.

. -

.

*

.

. .

2671

6560

. -.

.

*

4025 4825 8511 5658 6297

10110« 10110« 502

.

.

9115 6992 9119

7788. 7709 7700. 7709 7709

-

14; n9 f 8 9 emb re- 11 12 ps; nl f 2 emb nl 1 2 2; mode 2 rl 5 014 It 2 emb nl 1 2 emb. nl 1 2 2; mode 2 rl -4; n23 It 2 2; mode 2; n 4; n2S It 3 emb ea: n3I 3-4 yg 1 ygm It 12; mode 1; rl -2; n5 II 2-3 yg 2 33 emb ; r2 3; n3 f 34 3 5 ps r3 4; n2 1 mode 4 4 1 ps. n12 young 1 4 17 emerge; n 12 It 4 69 emb, mode 4 . rl -7; n29 f 4 9 pa n34 f mode 5 r4-6 5 6 emerge; r3 10; n39 It 4 90 ps. adO 77 n20 f 5 yg. M 0 5 40 cl sdO.72, n40 f 5 48 emb, r2 10 n67 f 5 64 emb «d0 74 r3 8, n25 f 5 05 ps r2 -8 n40 1 2 7 yg; sdl 2 n28 3 11 emerge; #0 08 r1 0; n190 It 124 f 3 3 emb; yearling f 3 3 yg; sdl 0 nl 7 r 4 -7 emb; n> 12 f 4 yg nl f 4 00 ps sdo 30 . n10 f yearlings 4 24 p sdO 49. n2l 1 4 3 ps; yearling f 4 4 ; sdl 2 m 53 It 4 56 ps r2 7; n25 I 4 6 emb; rl -0 m 3 f 4 61 ps sdO 24; n38 f 5 0 emb; adult f 5 02 emb mode 5; r2- 10. n50 1 5 4 ps; adult f 5 5 yg; n8 It 5 61 ps sdO 35; n36 0 ps. 0 ca nl t 3 emb nl 1 6 yg nl It, 12 d

.

Cynomys mexteanus

Cynomys parvtdons

Dremomys loknah Eptxenjs obx Exihsourus exihs

Funambuhjs layardt

.

.

.

20 4.8 yg; r3 6; n4 II 25 4 emb; nl f 2; n1 2 emb ea n2 f 2 5 yg. r2 3 n2 f 3 emb ea. n2 f 2 5 emb r2 3. n2 1

-

-

.

5661 6960 0348

.

10496

7145 7709

-

.

11959

3239 3240 7550 8050

4

.

7540

11959 5909 1871 1871 8050 5909 5658

r» It . 9 emb. r5

8 11

259 2700 259

1460 7550 5909 5909

467

-. -

.

-

.

4061

4512a 4512a

2313 4406 10826 10027 182 4406 4406

.

2313 557 2904 11975

557 2313 9583 145

8572 6561

3291 145

6561

502 0909

531 1071« 531

.

10436 10437 531 10035 3612 3371

5916 3612 11300 5342 10441

10441 5916 5895

10635 339 10441

5916 11300 5916 1649a 10441 6166

522 8573 10609

0571

7303 7303 2997 2996 2313

.

2006 2006 8500 0501

.

Order Kodciitia Family Scturidac

468 Funambulus patmarum Funambutus permanb

Funambokts subitnaatus FurusQurus anerythrvs

2 -3 275; r2 3 r>4 H 2 9 ©mb; rl 4; n20 1 3 yg. 2,4 ror© 3 ©mb ©a nIO 1 3.23 ©mb. ±0 119 . mod© 3; r2-5. n30 f 5 yg ©a; n2 2 yg; n1 nest 1 08 ©mb, mod© 1; rl 2; n37 1 1.2 ©mb, r 1*2; n77 1 1.5; rl 2; n4 2 ©mb ©a; n2 f 2 yg ©a; n3 nests 2; n8 tt 2.0 yg; n8 It 1 ©mb ©a, n6 1 18; rt *3 n4 1 ©mb ; nl f 1 ©mb m f 1 ©mb; m f mod© 1 ©mb rl -2 16 yg; n10 It 1.6;rl 3 n31 II 2; nl It 2 yg 2 ©mb; n1 t mod© 2 3 yg 3 yg ©a. n3 n©st 4 yg. r2 6 4; nl It 5 ps; n1 I 2 ©mb ; nl I r2 -4 yg; n9 n©sts 2.1 yg n41 It 2 5 ©mb. r2 3 n2 f 2 54 . M018 r2 4; n13 H 2 6 yg; r2 -4; n5 n© sts 2 8 oW yg; r»60 n©sts 3 yg; m It 3 yg; nl nesl 3 yg; nl nest 3 yg n1 n©at 3 yg. r2 5; n6 1 3 0 ©mb. yg. r2 4 n9 f 3 1 yg; rl 4 n24 f 3 17 yg; ©dO 36; r2 6. n24 It 3 40 ©mb, yg; rl 6 , n63 f 3 5 yg; n33 n© sts 3 67 r3-4, n3 It 4 yg. nl f 4 ©mb; n1 I 4 ©mb nl f 4 yg nl I 4 5 yg; n2 n© sts 3 0 ©mb; n2 f 15 1-5 1.5 ©mb r1 2 n2 l mod© 2 yg 4 ©mb , nl 1 3 ©mb; n1 1 2 yg. ni n©st mod© 2-3 yg

-.

-

-

-

Futuscwivs congtcus Fumsaurus tsabaila Funisciurus lamruscatus Furusaorvs taocoganys Funisctutus pyrrhopus

.

.

.

-.

GJaucomys sabnnua

GUujeomys volans

-

.

-.

. -

.

-

-.

-. -

.

.

Haboseturus gambutnus Haboseturvs rvfobrachtum

.

-

. -.

Haboacturus ruwamom Hyiopataa aJboruga

'

-

8501 6163 6500 6588

.

554 8720 1764

Order Rudenua. Family Setundae Hyfopotes fvnbnatus

Hyiopatas lapidus lomys horsfieldti Lanscus hosat

8723 8501

2446©

Marmota baibacma Marmota bobak

8855

2997, 2998 8610 11300 10158 11302

2997. 2996

.

2997 2998

2953, 2955

Marmota caJ.igala

Marmota c&mtsctiabca Marmota caudata

2998

187 8855 2821, 9522 6755

Marmota ttavivantns

5304 2065, 2088 9385 2085, 2088 1871a 7685 7809 11896

5803

10206

105 7687 7161 7161 2313 8050

5172

-

8050

5-6 max 7 max 12 45 mode 4 5 5 ©mb nl 1 mode 5; r3 l1 3, r2 4 5 occasional 3 6 forest 4 9, subalpin© 3.4 ©merge; r2-4; n5 It 3 64 5 13 yg n7 locations st 4 5 nl R 4 07 w©en©d s©0 45. nl5 lt 4.14 s©0 857, r2 6; n7 R s© t©flit© 4 15; s©0 19 ri 8 n65 R colonial 4 2 cl; n4 subadult 4 46; s©0 39 rl 8. n13 R; sat ©llit© 4 50, s©0 187; r2 8; n52 It; colonial 4 7 d; n7 adult 4 8 ©mb; r3-6 5 pa; r2-8 n2 » mode 5 6 emb r3 - ; n5 f 5 26; 19 R 5 3 yg: r5-6: n3 1 5 5 emb; rS 6; n2 f 8 emb; nl f 2-4

-

.

-

-

-.

•

-

-.

.

.

. . -

.

-

.

-

.

-

Marmota marmota

-

27

1872 5210

5747

9175

.

-

4716 3853 495

1290 8978a

mod© 3-4 4; n1 2.0 ©mb rl -4; n39 I 2 5 yg n2 It 3 ©mb nl 1 2 ©mb; nl 1 6; r3-8 4 -5 4 5; 6 occasional

.

184

3790

469

Marmota menzbten Marmota monax

4716

10584

4716

10205 331

185 4354a 10158 8856

7382 7383

Marmota stbinca

2708 7803 7803 10954

5029 366

7803 10954 5029

7433

8050

-

5760 10153

7803 366

3-6

-

.

. .

. .

495

2708 366

3571 8770

.

576

11194©

502 5328

8798

-

.

8978a 12128

8050 2361 9175

mode 3 5; r2 -8 7; n1 R 7; m R 15 2.5 cL'ovary seO.3, n5 postpartunent 1 mode 3- 4, rl-9 3.7 ps s©0.4; nB R 3.75 ©merge. r2- 5 n8 It 4 ©mb nl 1 4 yg; n1 4 *6 yg. max 9 4 07 ©mb pa n49 1 4.1 yg s©02; r2 6, nl 7 R 4 32 ©mb n t 2 2 f 4 58 pa; nl 69 f 4 8 ©mb ps max 8; n29 1 4 7 implantations s©0 6 n6 I 4 7 r4 5; n3 It 5 ©mb. nl f 5 yg; m f 5.19 d; n238 1 6 pa; 1 1 9 yg; nl R 13 6 ettovary; set 5; n7 nonpartunsmt f 15 3 cifovary; s© 2 2; n3 nonportunent yearlingI

.

10206 6497a 11025

10516 4645 8798 1474 2088 5029 5518

-

8771 6924 2016 12043

2015 2414 9639a 5038 5029

4270 2015 10187 10187 4083

2015 570 10217 11956 10187 10839

5210 2016 2016

.

Order Rtxknua f amily Sriundae

470 Marmots vancouverensts Myosaums pumrbo Paraxems alexandn Paraxems boebrrn

Paraxervs cepapr

7746

2.7 emerge . n6 II 3.0 emerge , r>5 It 4.6 emerge; r»5 R 2

.

2997

.

.

mode 2 2 emb; nl f 24 24 2.1 emb. r1*3; n39 f 3 emb nl I 1; nl II 1 2 yg 2 emb ea. n2 I 12 1.60 yg 10 52; mo 1.71 yg; 10 49, n7 1.3; n 2; n6 2 emb; n1 I 2 emb nl I mode 1; r 1 2 1 emb ee; n2 f 1 Vfl 1 emb; nl f 1 emb ea ; n2 f mode 1; r1 2 mode 2 2 yg mode 1 emb M 2 1.5 emb. rl 2; n2 I 2 emb. nl I 2 yg n1 mode 2 3; n 4 24 1 3 emb. r1 -2; nU I 1;nl 1 yg ea. 3 II

Paraxervs poensts Petaunsta slogans Petaunsta magnificat

Petaunsta petaunsta

-

Protoxervs Siangan

Pteromys volant

Pleromyscvs pulvemlentus Pa tufa bicolor

.

2955

.

7382 7383 7382. 7383 8142 8501 7161

-

. -

Pa tv fa macrovra

Ptnnosaums tatuzaudatus SciunNus pustilus Sciums abort

187 11441 8053

Scturvs caroimensis

7687

8270 11741

Scrums gnseus

40

7383

1

10559

mode 1; M -2 mode eat 3 -4

8501 8500 8798

10828

3 -5 4 yg; nl f 1.3; M -2; n3 It 2 emb n1 I 2.9 emb. ps 3 5 yg 3 emb ; nl I 3 20; tO 65 r2 4 ; n5 It 3 3 emb r3-4; n3 f 3 4 yg; sO.9; r2-5; n8 nests 3. nl It 2; nl It 2 emb ee n2 f 1 45 wetm: rl -2; n11 It 101

.

-

. -

.

.

1 6 wean/season 2 emb; n1 I

2 25. n8 It 2 5 emb seO.74. rl

Scturvs granatensts

4645

2 -3 yg yg ea; n2 It

.

Scturvs atteni Sourvs aureogaster

Scrums deppet

2997. 2998

1 2 yg

Rotate mdrea

.

Scrums cottiaei

9175 8501 6855

-

-

-

. 1948

7383

-*

; n26 I

Scrums nsysnteneis Scrums niger

.

.

.

.

. -

35 3 5 yg 2.5 emb r2*3, n2 1 2 19 ps; seO 32 nl6 yearlmgs winter 2 27; M 4; nil It 2 5«; n l l O R 2 6. r1? 4; nl4 It 2 77 yg n13 It

-

.

.

-

.

11507b

.

4406

2 80 ps; ie0 33 nlO yearlings summer 2 85 ps. seO 11; n52 1 summer 2.97 emb. n38 t 3 0 r2 4, n2 It 3.01 ps. seO 10; nBO f winter 3 11 emb. me 1 3 23 ps; n22 f 3.5 yg r3 -4 n4 nests 5 5 ps. r5 -6. n2 f 7 emb. nl 1

8087 10378 1871 6387 3165 7145 5616a 522

. -

*

4228 2341 9190 2088 5803 8188 7297

-

.

-

2997 2998

-

-

.

11302

-

3 emb 3 0 pe M 4; nl6 It 3 0 12 4. n2 It 3 ps ea n3 f 3 02; n447 it 3 05 Ig emb rl 5 n21I 3.1 emerge seO 4; n58 f 3 14 ps; i2 5; n37 I 3 19 emb: nl6 f 3 43 ps; seO 09; M 6; n98 f; 2.7; seO 14 winter; 3 49; seO 11; spnng 36 3 8 emb; n5 f 3 96 sm emb; r1-6; n24 f 4 emb; n1 f 4 yg; n1 nest 5 yg; nl nest 7 emb nl f 8 yg; 1 nest. 62 t; r2 4- 3.3. over 5 yr 2 94-4 22 emb ps; sd0.73- t.45; n6 samples 3.04 emerge; seO 96. n20 It [but n86 yg28 It

.*

10541

*

Sp+rmophitua cdumbumu

Sparwopbiiua efegons

6968 7547 7547 7082

»

.

Sptrmophdus dauncus

7547

.

.

.

9900

.

3 2 emb rl 5; n28 f 3 3 d; r2 -4 ; n29 It 3 3 ps; rl -5; n54 It 3 36; n12l It with food added 3 4 yg; rl -5; n l 5 f 3 5 juv, r3-4 , n4 It 3 5; r2- 7 3 57 emb ; r3-4 ; n7 1 3 6 yg; rt 6 nil 3 65 emerge r1-6; n92 It 3 70 yg mode 3 -4 nl 74 3 9 d; rl -7; nt 2 It - 4 ; r2- 7 4 04 . r2.9-6.7 across 5 populations. n37 It 4 2 emb; r4 -5, n5 f 4 6 yg. n5 It 4 6 pa. r3- 7 n8 It 5 4 emb; »2-7, n56 1 6 6 yg. r5 -8; n7 It 5-8 5 emb; nl f 2 7 emerge. se0.23. nl 5 It 3 6 emerge. seO . 75. M2 yeadng f 4 8 emerge; se0.50. nt 9 adult f 5 2 emerge. s 0 40; n2 t It 5 3 emb; r 4 * 9 n16 f 6 0 yg r5-8; n5 f 6 1 ps r4 -9; n40 f 7 0 yg. r5 -9; n6 II 7.5 yg rS- 11. n8 It mode 7-9 emb n426 f mode 6-7 yg; r5 -8 7 5 emb; rS- 11. n26 t » 4 ps. emb yg r2- 13 9 7 ; se0.6; r7- 12. nIOIt 10 emb; n1 1 6 r4 - 13; more accurate account 5-9 6 . mode 5-9; r 4 - 13 6; rS-9

-.

950

3-6

473

-

3749

9. hunted , 4 . unhurled 3 emb; n1 f 3 yg; m f 5; n 1 ft; hybnd with S deppi

Saurvs yucstan+nua

.

Order Kodcntia Family Saundae

SparmopMus madrer>s*s

7631 7631 7631 2658 3242 7631 2068

2546 11959 3244 12062 7631 6798 11959 7831 9873 7831 9872 5909 8050 182 8469 8469 6469 8469 1865 1865 1865 2484 5909 8050

5210 10235 5185 10948 495 8050 4645

10645 1474 8346 10055

2415 1871 6489

145 4001

7080. 7082 7080. 7082 10055 10762 7080. 7082

.

1323 1324 1323 . 1324 10055 10055 7009 8489 7593a 6560 886 886

Order Kodentui, l amily Sciundac

474 Sparrnophtius mexicanus

-

.

SparmopNtua mohovensia

SpermopNIus parry*

5 9. n4 H

.

6 »010 M f 6 yg m nest 6 , 1 emerge sdl 00; r 4 8 n14 It 6 1 yg; sdO 99; n19 H 6 5 ps; r -7; n2 f 7 emb: nl 1 6.5 emb. »6-7; n2 1 5 43, 6.13, 7.6 emb n3 authors 6.7 mode 7; r2 12 7 7 emb; mode 7; »4 13; n252 f 7 75 emb. mode 6 r 4-13; n302 I

.

-.

.

Spermophilus nchardsonn

.

-

.

2 -10

.

3 4 seO 05; n7 yearling t 3 8 emerge sdl .3; rl-6; n24 1 4 3; seO 4 n8 H 2 f; 3 5 seO 4 nl5 It 11 ; 4.9 yg aeO 3; n15 f 4 4 emerge. se0,5 11 It 4 6; seO 03 MO adrit f 6 3 emerge sd2 1; n26 adult f 6 4 emerge sdE.1; n55 yearling f 7 4 emerge sdB.2: n32 yearling f 7 4 emerge sdl . 4 n53 yearling I 7.5; »6- 11 7 9 emerge sd2.7; nl 9 adult f 7 93 emb; M5 t near term 8 1 emerge, sdl 8; M 6 adult 1 8 19 d; 6 93 live emb seO 18; n126 t 8 25 yg 16 11 n4 It 8 75 emb; r4 -13; rv84 f 9 85 ps; »6-15; nt 3 1 4 14 sd0.86; rl-5 n37 4.17 yg sdO 62 r3-5 M8 1 7 emb; nt 1 4 57; r3 7; n7 II 5 12 5 emb; nt f 6 yg; M f 6 emb; »5-7 n3 1 6.6; r4-11 6 6 yg; »4 -12 7 emb. M 8 nl 6 emb ea n2 f mode 4 -7; r4 l2 mode 7 »5 11 n120 f 5 5 emb. r3-9 1 86 yg n14 It 3 5 emb KM; n2 f 3 6; MO It 6-12 emb 6 1 emb rS 10 Ml f 6 43; n92 6 5; »4 9 n26 8 6 5 emb 0222 f ; r3 3-9.0; dflerent sites 6 7 ps; »2 9, r»35 4 6 yg, r1 10; M 2 It 5-10 , rarely 15 7 7 emb ps, aeO 2 n51 yearling 1

.

.

.

.

.

.

. - .

Spermophilus saturatus

Spermophtius apifosoma

..

-

.

. .

-

.

»

. »

Spermophilus susheus

Spermophilus terebcaudus

.

. -

-

-

. .

. -

.

-.

Spermophilus townsendn

-

.

»

.

.

»

Spermophilus tndeceml/ neatus

-

-.

-

6 10 emb

7264 7284 7284 7286

-

7826

7268 9890 5909

Spermophilus undulatus

8424

7788

7789

».

3 emb; nl f 3 8 yg. n It 4 emerge; rt -7 4 emb , M I

-

4645 8050

9116 1474 10110

-

-

Spermophilus vanegatus

2349 5405b,

9078

-

- .

145

7789

- .

»

7826 7826

7789 7789

.

. -

7268

4061 8348 1474

.

.

5030

10496 1871a

. .

6.1 emerge seO.8 yearling f 6.9 emerge seO 8 adult t 7 10; rarely 14 7 ps, 8 ca; n1 f 7.0 emerge se0.3 adult I 1st It 7 4 emerge , aeO 4 , adult 1 1st It 7 5 yg r1 10 8 1 emb; n269 1 8 4 16 11; M 2 It 8.57 yg. »5 13 n28 It 8 67 emb; sdl 14 »7 11; M8 1 9 yg 9 ps; nl 9 1 emb; r6 -i3 r>9 f 9 3 emb; »6 12 n6 f 10.2; rlO-11; n5 It prob birth 11 emb; M f 1 4 yg 5-11 r7-9 emb nl60 f 7 8 yg; »5 10; n6 6 It

-

7288

10496 502 978 502

- .

6.0 yg. (2 10 n2 It

7288 7288

5658 5663 2068 522

.

-

. .

2341

.

-

7.99 emb. ps; r7 15 9 11 over 6 yr; n2S7 It 8 3 emb; n22 f 8 3 yg; sdl 7 n135 yearling f 8 5 yg »6 13; n20 It 8 5 emb; M 29 f 8 6 yg. »8-12. n4 f 8.6 emb; r4 l6 n52 8 75 emb; rB -10; rv4 f 8 9 emb; r7 10 9 0 emb r4 -l2; n21 f 9 2 emb ps; seO 3; n21 adult 1 9 3 emb; n163 f 9 4 yg; sd2.2; n60 adult f 15 emb; nl f 5 13 4.2 emerge; seO.8; yearling f 4 9 emerge se0.6. yearling f 1st It 5.7 emerge set .3. adult 12nd It mode 6 7 r5 -10

-

5030

6050 9453 6050 11322 1474 7284 7263

475

-

7069 6993

«

Spermophilus perotensis Spermophtlus pygmaeus

.

Order Kodctuia lainily Sciundar

1474 12035 522 2901 2901 8348 1471 6993 7089

4 10 5 yg; n -10 5 emb; n1 f 5 yg; nl H 10 emb m 1

Spermophilus Washington)

Spermophilus xanthoprymous Sondasaums lom Sundasaurus tenuis Tamias amoenus

57 5 emb. r3 9 5; M It 5 emb. M f 5 emb. nl 1 6 emb. rS 7. n2 t 7 emb M f 5 11 8 emb. ps; Ml 8 emb. 15 11; n26 46 2 5 emb. r2 3; n2 1 3 0. mode 3 »2 4. n4 It 46 49 5 yg; »2 9 »5 7 emb. n5 I 5 0 emb. nl f

-

-

.

-

-

-

. -

-

-

10110 9582 9117 5343 6354 9115

9582 5030 5030 5343

10110 139 9117

5312 5030 7023

7023 7023 2060 502

11379 7023 7023 1474 6166

7023 7023 1871a

2140 1286 12108 3294 5343

3703 495 5405b, 7023 1812a 7656 10616 8050 6992 1649a

5347 6019 4962

1474 6019

522 7145 4914 502 2341 1474 9562

9562 6050

2313 4406

2068 5662

1871a 1295 11646a

Order Kodentia. Family Sciundac

476

-

ramus buNan Tamias dorsalis

Tamias minimus

5 0 yg; »4 6; n2 f 5 14 d; 4 6 emb seO 14; n 42 f 5 8 emb. n7 f 6 1; »4 8 nl 7 n 2.5 emb. »2 3. n2 t 4 6 yg 5.0 emb. »241. n 4 f 5 3 emerge »5 6. n 3 It 26 4 yg. nl It 4 ps. n 1 f 4 emb. »3 5. n2 1 4.2 ps »3 5. n5 4.5 emb. »3 6 n4 I 4 54 d ; 4.03 emb; seO 18; n59 f 6; »2 6 5 ps. n1 1

-.

.

9889

1295 10762 523a

-

-

1871a 4433a

-

-

.

-

-

5 yg. m It 5 ca ; »3-7; n2 5 0 emb. mode 5. »3-7; n9 f 5.1 ps; r3 8. n17 It 5.4 ps seO.25. »3 8; n 24 f 5 5 yg »3-9 5 7 yg; seO 52. »6 8; n 7 5 7 emb. seO. 15; »3 8 n52 f 5 7 ps; seO 15 »2 10 n97 f 6 4 emb , seO.31 ; »5 9; nl 1 f 7 emb; nl f 3.75; n 4 tt 4 20 emb; mode 4; »3-6. n15 1 4 0: n4 N 5 75 emb; r4 9. n4 f 4 4; »2 6 nlO It 8 yg; nl It 3 25 emb ; r2 4. n4 f 4 6 emb 5 0 ps; »4 -6; n2 1 4 65; se0 13; n24 It 5 16 seO 20; n24 It r3 2 6 8. n 12 colonies mode 4 5; r3 l 2 rarely 1 2

Tam/as palmen Tam /as pananvntmus Tamias quadnmaculatus

Tam/as quadnvrttatus Tamias ruficaudbs Tamms sibincus

-

-

-

-

- -.

-

.

46

- -.

4 4 emerge sd1 6; 66% 3 5; »1 8 n 176 It, 56 4 8 6 9 emb yg; vanes w / regwo & yr 5 yg; nl II

-

Tamias apaciosus Tamias stnatus

.

983 9953 9416

5 57 emb; »3-10 4 3 n3 R 18 emerge , rl -4. n 44 2 6 5 3 emerge over 3 yr 3 emb n1 f 4 -5

8053

4 67

8225

- .

-

4 emb , ps; rl 6; n13 f yg; r4-5; n3 f 4.7 yg; »4 6. nil tt 5 emb; n 1 1 5 emb; nl t

-

. -

5 »3 7; n2 It *

6 emb; n 1 f 7.0 emb »6 8, n2 1

-

-

11989 6511

1472 9164 12014

10839

175

-.

-

-

-

Tamtops maccfeUandi

Tamtops smnhoai Trogoptams nanthtpes Xerus erythropus

-

Xarus mauns Xarus njtihjs

SEXUAL MATURITY Ammosparmopbtlus harnsii

Cattosourua camcaps

1474

36

2068

-

-

3.5 emb , »3 4 . n2 f 4; »2 6

Ammosparmophdus /aucurus

36

-

34

10839 9612

10220

.

34

175 2022 9639a

-

-

10762

11956

5 02 emb ; mode 5; »2 7 n 41 f 5 2 ps; »2 7; n5 f 6 emb; nl f

Tamms townsandi

10177 I

- -

.

-

4914

.

-

-

-

2415

726 726 982 4645

-

-

10762 9302a 4962 502

-

-

3 75; ado 45, »3 4 M 2 4 5 yg. r 4 5 n2 It 4 5; r3 5, n6 II mu 7 emb 44 5 0; r4 -6; n 5 It 5 yg mode 56; r3 7 3 emb nl I 3 emb nl f 3.0 yg; »2 -4 n2 nest 3 ps ea; n2 I 3 2. 4 1 d 3 2 yg; n9 f 3.3 emb. mode 3 »2-5; n 16 f 3 4 ps mode 4 95% ci 3 1-3 7; rl 5, n43 3.4. »2 5. n61 3.5 yg. M - tO 3.7 ps. n34 f 4.0 ps. n20 f 4 -5 yg , rt9 It max 4 emb , 5 ps. nl I 4 ps , n 4 4; r1 6 4.1 emb, ps, n 164 I 4 2 yg; »2 7. nl 1 nests 4 2 nl 2 It 4 2 emb. »1 6; nl 7 t 4 2 emb r3-5; n 38 I 4.3 ps. mode 4 , 95%ci 3 9-4.7; »2 «; n39 4.37 d. r2*7; n83 It 4.5 yg »4 5. n2 f 4.7 ps. r3 8. »>46 f 4.7 d . ni 23 f 5 ps; »4 6; n3 I 5.0 emb. »4 6, n 4 t 5.4 yg; r4 « n7 I 5.4 yg ; »4 -3. n8 I 2 emb . nl f 3 emb. nl f 2 5 emb 1 64 yg. mode 1 -2; r1-4 n25 It 2 -4 yg

.

279 10954 10053 1871a 10053 11230 11230 10053 10218. 10219 4825 2415 4825

--.

. -

Tomiasourxjs hudsontcvs

10839

-

.

Tamiascjurus douglasu

3703 261a 10639 10954 9889 2088 261a 3390

-.

.

Tamms urnbonus

4433a 1474 10053

477

Order Kodentia, Family Sciundae

1295

Cstlosciurus nigrovitlatus CaNosoo/ us notatus Cynomys gunnisom

-

-

14 1.9; rl *3

10762 1871a 1474

10098 5146 6387 495

6560 4496

6166

2324 2324 2671 5641 10097 10096

.

1871a 7299 11894

4274 12049 10839

2088 9374 6297 6158 6297 4274 5641 7299 10585

6297 9374 11956 10954 3241 3241 8745

.

4813b 7161

10825

.

11447 11448

4354a 5277 2439 1149 5760

12134 4697 10154 . 10158 8017

-.

2.2 emb. rl 3 n27 I 2 emb. nl f 2 emb. nl f

8017

-

I vag pert 10 11 mo m sc»otal testes 14 -19 w* I. 1 y» m testes large 1 yr I: istpreg 230 g m fertile 50% 210 g 95% 259 g f : 1st preg 130 g m fertile 50% 149 g; 95% 269 g f : 1st p »eg 150 g m fertile 50% 113 g; 95% 257 g f ; 1st preg: 1 yr >

5658 3391

-

.

7788 7788 5661 5661 4406 4406 4406 4406 4406 4406

6661

Order Rodcntia, Family Sciuridae

478 Cynomys taucurus Cynomys ludovicianus

Cynomys parvidans

Funambutus pennant

1: 1st male most 1 yr I: 1st mate: 2 yr. some 1 yr

531

f: 1st conceive: yearling f preg 40% yearlings 88% 2 yr m: 1st mate 2 yr I/m. 1st mate 2 yr I/m 2 yr I/m 1 yr 1 1st male 7*10 mo t; 6-8 mo f: 6-8 mo m: spermatogenesis 7 9 mo I/m 7*11 mo 1: 1st preg 190 g 1/m 2 yr f /m 3rd summer I/m 1st mate 4 yr f; 1st male est 2 yr fAn 3rd yr f /m 4th yr f: 1st mate. 2 yr fAn: 1st birth 2 yr median 3 yr f/m 2 yr fAn 3 4 yr Kill grown 2 yr f /m 3rd summer, rarefy 2nd yr 1: isf male: 1 yr. n6/2 t m: 1st mate 1 yr M 545 t /m 1st mate mode 2 yr f /m 3rd summer f : 1st birth 126 d nl f /m. 2 yr 1: 1st preg: 170 g 1: 1st male 124 d 1; 1st birth yearling 1; 1st birth mode 1 yr 1/99 f 500 g m: fertile 10 mo m testes large 9-11 mo m tastes large 10 13 mo spring bom m testes large 14 16 mo summer bom f /m 1st male 10 11 mo f /m 1st mate 2nd yr

-

Lanscus insignia

Marmota bobak

Marmots cal)gate Marmots esudata

Marmota Itavnrentns Marmots marmota

Marmota menzbten Marmots monax

Marmota srbtnca Paraxerus poensts Ratufa macroura Rhtnoscturus laticaudatus

Sctunis carobnensis

-

.

--

.

.

-

-

.

-

-

,

-

-

Sciurus mger

Sciums vutgans

-

Spermophdus citebus Spermophdus cotumbionus Spermophdus frankbnb Spermophdus lateralis

.

-

-

Spermophdus beecheyi Spermophdus bekbngi

. .

f: 1 yr f /m: 1st mate: 1 yr f /m: 10*11 mo f /m: 1 yr I ovulation: 1 yr sometimes 7 8 mo 1 1st birth 6 10 mo 1: 8 12 mo f /m 8-10 mo fAn 1 yr f /m 1st mate 1 yr t: 1st repro: 1 yr m mate 1 yr m 1st repro 2 yr f/m: 9 10 mo f/m: 1st male rl 2 4 yr n82 f /m: 1 yr n4 f /m: 1st repro: 10 11 mo 1 vag perl: 11 mo 1: 1 3 yr m: 1 yr

-

-

-

.

-

-

-

-

-

-

Order Rodenua, I ami I y Sciuridae m 2 - 3 yr

4958 5916 5895

Spermophdus mqor Spermophdus nchardsonx

4958

1474 10139 10809 8735, 9799 554 9175 8996

1764 4406 8798 8050 5172

Spermophdus Sptrmophitvs SpermopMus Spermophdus

spibsoma tereticauckis townsend#

tndecemhneatus

Sundascrunis 7 torn Sundasc /urvs tenuis

Tamias amoenus

1323

m: 1 yr

f 1st birth yMrlngi IAn 11 mo I/m 1 yr I/m 1st mate 10*11 mo f: 1st preg yearlings t 1st male 1 yr m: testes descent 72 d; n2 m: sperm 7.5 mo I: 1st preg 62 g I: 1st preg 66 g m fertile 50% 50.2 9 95% 68.3 g f; 1st birth: 1 yr m: 1st mount 51 d I/m: 1 yr (An: spring after birth I/m. yearlings t: 1st mate yearlings fAn 1st repro min 8 mo but not likefy in w4d l/m: 1st male yearlings I: 1st birth. 12 mo I/m 10*11 mo l ist birth 18-29% 1 yr t/m: 1st mats yearlmgs I/m: 11 mo I/m: 1 yr I: 1st preg 3 5 mo; moat 1 yr I: 3 mo m: testes largt 7 -8 mo f: 1st repro 4 mo nl f; 10 mo t season of birth I/m; 1st male: 1 yr I/m 1 yr I/m: isf mate 22 mo; n1 pr I/m 1 yr

-

.

-

-

2068 8050 2361

Tamias

2708 5328 8798

minimus

Tamias quadnvittatus

3571

Tamias ruheoudus Tamias sibmeus

6924

4270

4270 4083 8050 2998 8798

Tamias stnatus Tamiasourus doogiasu Tamiasourus hudsonicus

4406 589 2088 10133 9214

7297 9943 9214

589

7297 7297 2426 9943 1474

170 1871a

Trogopterus xanth /pes Xarus tnauns CYCLE LENGTH Cynomys ludovicianus Funambutus pennant Sctunis vutgans Spermophdus beidngi Spermophdus coiumtnanus Spermophdus parryu Spermophdus nchardson * Tamias sibmcus

8796 6526

.

-

-

-

.

-

eslrus 1 d estrus 16 h eslrus 2 wk ; standing esbus 3- 4 d StlUS: 4 7 h; *0 04; n54 14*15 d; mlerestrous interval eslrus 1 d S.1 dt sdl S; r3 7; MO estrus 12 h 12 d ea n7 cycles 1I 13 6 d; sdl .6. mode 13 37% 80% 12 14 rl1*21; n02 cycles 3 f estrus 3-10 d

-

•

.

.

-

.

.

4645 8053 3571

Tamias stnatus GESTATION

8796

10662 9900 4931

Ammospermophdus harnsn Ammospermophdus laocurus

9900 3571 2658 2659

Ammospermophdus nelsoni Caliosaurus p / avosti Cynomys gunnison Cynomys teuourus

3242 5185 12115 1323

Cynomys ludovicianus

.

601

479

mm 29 d, n1 4 wk mm 29 d; n4 H est 26 d held data 47 2 d; r46-48. r>5

.

30 d

-

est 27 33 d est 30 d

-

28 32 d 30*35 d 32 d 34 8 d, seO 1; f34 37; n32 II 36 d; r33*37

- .

SOSO 9890

7289 9723 7788

9117 5345 5343

11581.11562 4406 4406 4406

1295 1295

1295 1474 9889

11230 10053 9889 11385

11385

728 983 8053 10422

12014 1472 12014 5922 6158 6297 2324 8798 11447 11448 4697

.

4958

9175 8053 4317 9873 7090 7285

6736 6736

983 10102

7788 5661 8348

4512a 11975 8572

.

10436 10437

531 10139

10954 5916 3371 339 3404

.

Order Rodentia. Family Sciundue

480 FunambiAus palmanjm Funambukjs pennanfr

witoln 20 *40 d. nt ?

•40-42-30d d si

41 d; r 40-42

554

42 d

105 8720

43 d 44 d

.

-

-

Sciurus gnseus Sc / urvs nigsr

•

44 d

45 d Saunjs

vutgans

- 45 d

32-40 d 32-40 d 35-40 d 35 40 d

-

35- 40 d 38 d 38 d

-

SpsnvopMopus teptodactyfos SpsrmopMus armatus SpermopMus be&cheyt

38 26 d n10 It 27 d esl 28 -29 d d; est 24 d 20 > esl 24 d 27 d; nt 27 d n7 27-28 d 27 28 ct nl 27 28 d. n2 28 d. mode 28; n7

-

’

-

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

10806 10862 9897 10953 1552

7433 3571 9872. 9873 7632 8050 3143

5210 4645 0050

7080, 7082 1562 8348 8349 8348

6993 11322 8050 7281, 7282, 7285 7288 7288 7288

7288 7288

7288 7288 5030 8050

4645 8348 9078 7788, 7789 139

9116 1286

3432 12108

-

5343

4 wk

7493 6992 4850 1474

25 d 1 mo; from graph esl 30 d 28-30 d mm 30 d 26 -31 d mm 33 d, capture to t>rlh mm 36 d; capture to birth 31 d est 30 33 d 28 d 31.3 d; adl.1 mode 31 57%, r2B 35 n56 It, 171 35 40 d 35-40 d 30 d 31 d nt f 31 d 31 d

-

-

-

.

-

12139 9774

.

- .

.

8050

4274 1241 5143 1474 5146

. -

• -

2088

8798 5618a 5618a 3165 11514

.

---

frankhnu

fuh/ us

3481

8770. 8771

4 wk 30 d 23 - 26 d. mating to decrease in f mass 27 31 d 25-30 d 28 d 28 d 125-30 d 23 75 d r23 24 n4 It 4 f 24 2 d; MO.21 r23 5 25 0 n7; sperm m amaar to decrease in f mass 30 d 22 23 d nl

-

SpsrmopMus citeUus

Spsrmophitut Spsrmophitut SpsrmopMus Spsrmophlus

4X 1

-

.

.

11379 5345, 5346

1871a 8549 1871a

4825 4825

9302a 11385

9416 983 4645

8053 2981 1472 12014 10102

-

oc

*

%

8

n

i

5

Iz ®

Is 2*

TJ

•o

D

TJ

t » * ** 1 « ” * r 2s t

^

I i

TJ

«?

?

! TJ

O

£ 41 8 £ « **

T

=

2

o'

«

2

I 4

y

Ini i ldcnua Ip rder

|

am

|

; (

< > a

• '-

i

8 8

5

) (

S

5it

-

slS

3

i

14

-

N N N fc (M

«*»

— —— ———————— — *n

in

O

CMC

O

*- -

5 •

A CM

——

IAJ

ui

1

li

5

-

a

S3

3

1

a

.

?

i

I

a»

1

A

i ji

$

i

l

*

?

1 i

%

-

*

if if

'I

If if

If

s

V

1

I I

*

8

t

* sI I

$

s

©

.

Order Rodcnua Family Sciundac

496

birth: MayJune. SAS Canada birth: MayJune . WY lac! 1 Jun® n1; ID weonhng emergence: Jun®; nw US tw Canada prag t June July ; n2, Durango Mexico lact f ; Jun® -July: rw , Durango, Mexico lact f: July Aug n2. Coahuila Mexico birth; peak Jun® AZ m fertile Jan-Jun® A2 mat® May early Jun®. AZ prag f non® July; n23 UT birth May -Sept. NM birth ®nd Jun®-® arty Ally ; AZ lact I July; Sonora Mexico wean Aug; AZ testes large Mar small mid summer , scrotal Mar-June WY testes: large May small mid Jun® no Apr data Canada mate Apr Wl mat ® Apr Aug. Ml male May no Apr data Canada mate after hibernation CO prag t Apr-Jun®, WY pr®g t May. n2, SO preg f: May - June no Apr data; Canada preg f May -nsd July CO pregI: mid June -aaity July; n /20 CO pr ®g1act f: Jun® SD forth May BC Canada b*rth May early Jun® WY birth May June, no Apr data; Canada lact t Apr; NV lact f May nl; SO lact May - Aug WY lact I. JuneJufy; n2, sa MT lact t Jun® July; n5; ND lact I ? - Aug; Ml preg I: end May mid Juna; CA male est end Feb-Mar; UT mate early -mid June . Mt Taylor Valencia Co, NM forth May n1; NM mat# end Apr - May MT birth end May -June. MT strus Apr May Amur Zaya R. Sib®na Ruseia mala Apr USSR mot® Apr -early May USSR mat® Apr May; zoo mat® peak Apr-May Germany mate end Apr early May; Amur Z®ya R . Siberia, Russia mate early spring Europe w USSR birth; end May Amur -Zeya R Siberia Russia birth and May early Juna 20 30 d later mt ; Srbena Russia birth May -early Juna; USSR birth May earty Juna. USSR emergence early July; USSR repro seasonal; CA spermatogenesis peak Mar, Wl testes; large mid Feb-earty Oct, NY conceive rrad Mar ®a/1y Apr mid June-mid July NY mate; Feb- Apr June - Aug, NY mate; mid Fob early Mar Ally . OH mate mid Mar ?; ONT Canada mate rmd Mar mid Apr July; Wl mate Apr July Aug e US male: Apr - Sept; Ml

.

Tamms button

-

Tamms aneratcolhs Tamias dor sat 3

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

Tamias

minimus

. .

. .

.

.

.

-

.

Tamms quadnvittatus

.

.

-

.

Tamms ruftaaudus

Tamms stbincus

» .

. .

.

Tmuas quadnmaculatua

.

.

.

•

.

.

-

- .

.

.

-

-

.

.

. . -

.

.

*

-

Tamms spaciosus Tamias stnatus

* . .

.

.

-

.

.

.

Order Kodentia Family Stiuridac

9689 1871a 11846a 1474 523a 523a

-

522 8549

2805 2340

1471a 2805 10053

07M

Tamias townsend /

11230 10053

Tamiasciurvs hudsomeus

11230 279 10954

26 la

6796 10762 11385

-

4962

502

726 726

Tamtops macctoHand Tamtops swmhoai Trogoptaros xanttupas Xarus arylhropus

3662

10177 4645 10177 9953 10422 8053

Xarus mauns

8053

Xarus rutitus

12014

6796

.

-

.

3703

2981 11989 10102 5210 1474

-

mate early spring, Mexico mate MarJuly; CA forth June Oct w US lact t May - Sept, nS0%; BC Canada eptdkdymaf sperm end Jan Sept NY testes: large Apr -early Sept QUE Canada t ®st® s: inactive Sept -Nov. NY mate find Jan-Sept. Wl mate Feb Mar , JuneJuly; n N America mate mid Feb Sept NY mat ® peaks Mar Apr JuneJufy QUE Canada male Mar -May; n SAS Canada mat® Apr Jun®, CO mat® end Apr BC Canada pr®g f: Feb - Sepi NY pregI: Apr nt ; MN forth Mar -May WY forth Mar July, SD forth Apr 1, NY forth Apr - May Aug - Sept n N Am®nca birth early May Canada forth Mayearty Jun®, BC Canada lact t May July; n5/7; sa MT preg t Apr nl ; Malaysia repro spring- fall n Vietnam birth Mar -mid Apr, captive yg found peak Aug Oct; s Uganda repro yr rd Senegal preg 1: July -Nov , Transvaal, S Afnca preg f Aug. Oct; n2; sw Transvaal S Africa preg f; yr rd; Transvaal S Afnca preg f : yr id none Apr Sept few data; Botswana forth Aug-Nov. Transvaal , S Afnca repro yr rd S Afnca preg f Aug, nl; Ethiopia preg f Sept nl. Kenya pr®g f Sept Nov n2; Afnca juveniles yr id, e Afnca

.

10053 6166

10762 8224 12014

.

-

.

9889 6488

8053 2654

-

.

.

-

2068 1871a

10177 10422

.

.

.

Tamiasauws dougtasa

9889

261a 9889

-

.

.* -

9889

5210

.

-

2805

502 2805

497

preg f Mar. nl; MN preg f: Apr Sept. Ml preg f: Mar, June NY preg 1: Mar -Oct OH preg I; July; n1. NY birth Mar -May. July Sept. NY birth Apr; July NY birth mid Apr mid May . mid July mid Aug NY forth end Apr earty May. Aug t OUE, Canada forth peak May Aug OH forth May Aug Sapt ; e US lact f and May Aug lew data Ml mate Apr , BC, Canada mate Apr w US mate end Apr ®ar1y May; WA forth May; BC Canada forth end May earty June; n11 It; WA testes scrotal MarJuly; n50% BC , Canada

. .

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

. . . •

495 1472 175

2022 9639® 2961

175 12014 11956

2022 1474 6796 2088 1474 5658 2068 5658 10543 6387 5922 1474 10543

4274 11956

6297 5210 1474 4274 6158

2324 2671 2068

6297 495 1871a 10954

7235 1474

5882 2068 6166 7161 10625 11448

5760 1149

12134 8965 4697

10154 12134 10158 8017

8017 5760 5760

.

Order Kodcniui Family Geomyidae

498

Order Rodent!*, Family

(Iwimyld

.

Order Kodenlia Family ( ienrmidac Geomys ptnetis

**

499

-

13

-

.

g; Zygogeomys 450 g ) are solitary, subterranean herbivores from die United States south to northern South America We found no reproductive information on Zygogtamys . Males are larger lhan females < Geomys 5670 11728, 11729; Thomomys 1474 3740 5021, 10100) The hemochorial, discoid placenta has a partially interstitial, an timesome trial implantation into a bipartite uterus (756 T , 7569 7574 10310, 10924 ) . A postpartum cstrus may

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Males have a baculum seminal vesicles, coagulating glands, inguinal testes, and scrotal 1474 1475 2344 epididymides ( 1473 4157a 5669 10924 ) Details of anatomy ( 3128 5739 ) endocrinology ( 4157 ) and conception ( 7574 ) arc available

4745 )

.

NEONATAL MASS Geomys bursanus

Pappogeomys castanops Thomomys bottae

Thomomys taipcudes Thomomys bulbrvorus

NEONATAL SIZE Geomys bursanus

Pappogeomys castanops Thomomys butbtvorus WEANING MASS Geomys arenaous Geomys bursanus

Pappogeomys spp Thomomys buibrsrorus WEANING SIZE Thomomys bulbtvonis

LITTER SIZE Geomys arenahus Geomys bursanus

.

.

.

.

4 3 g nl 5.1 g r4 9 5 4 n4 5.125 gn 4 67g 6 07 g ; r3.8 7.9, n3 2 3g 4.1 g r 4 4 2; n2 2 77 g seO 14; n6 yg 1 II 3 58 g ; MO 09. n 20 yg 4 It 612 g

- .

-

-_

.

.

Thomomys bdbtvorus

11727

18 4 cm

11®71

. -

5424a

4 7 emb r4 6; n3 f

1.7 ps; ae0.23; n34 f

mode 2-3, M -5 2.0 yg; r1 3; n2 f 2.3 emb seO 35 n16 f 2.38 amb yg rl 3; n 25 I 2 5 amb. r2 4 nIO I 2 5 d ; M0 30. n6l f 2 52 ps; rl 4; n 23 I 2 66 yg, rl 4; n6 nests 2.70 emb. rl -5; n31 f 3 4; r2 6 3 5. r1 6 3 yg ea. n3 nests 3.40 amb. ±0 13 mod# 3 4 68% ; rl 6; n73 f 3 46 p» ±0 03; mode 3 4 67%; n155 3 6 emb, r2 6; n13 I 3.9 emb r3-6; n20 f mode 4 5 r3 6

.

. . -. -

- - -

.

-.

-

--

-

4 yg. nl It 4 0 ps «2 6; nl 9 I 4 15 amb; mode 4; rl 6; n34 3.18 emb; »2 4; n11 I

. -

Geomys personntus

«91

86.0 g

-

-

I

11719a 4dS 10534

11719a 3042 5670 11719a 11890

11890 11890

5210

^ 474

11891

11229 11229 5405b, 11«57a

2060 11229 11957a 9574a

5670

. -.

. -.

-

.

-

.

-

4565 11671

’

-.

-.

-

10534

1 10160 10160 11671

.

.

-

-

11229

CR: max 30 mm 22.5 g ; nibble food m 90 g, lowest wgt 1st capture f ; 110 g. lowest wgt is!capture

.

.

.

11891

. -

-

.

256 258 11671

.

.-

Pappogeomys memamt Pappogeomys tyiofhmus Thomomys bottae

646 ^4743

CR: 38 mm nl Cfl: 40 mm; r>4 TL 47 mm. n4 40.97 mm r38 43, n3 50 mm

-

.

Pappogeomys button Pappogeomys castanops

11229 10534 5210 4565

-

.

.

Onhogeomys htspidus

-

1 52 emb; ±0 11; rl 2 . n i 9 f 1 73 pe ±0 09; n 5 n60 f 1 74 emb . sdO 51; mode 2; rl 3; n64 f 2 10 cl. sdO . 54; n64 1 2; m It 2 emb ; n1 f 1 emb; n1 f 13 18 emb rl 3 2.08 emb r1 -4; r\25 f 3 8 emb. pa yg i2 5 n22 f 2 emb nl I 2.0 amb. rl 3; r»4 It 2 5; rl 4 n2 3 r2 4 r>4 It 3 2 ps; 6 R 3 33 emb i2 4 n3 f 3 8 emb n 7 3 91 emb; n >50 1 4.33 lg viable emb. *#0 47 n21 f 4 5 pe; rl 9; n59 1 4 6 yg eeO . 11; n 36? R 4 75 med viable emb seO 34; rv40 f 4 92 emb eaO 15; rt 9; n l l O f 5 53 em v»aWe emb; seO 24; n 70 t 5 74 ernto ; rl 10 n 74 f 5 05 emb. n >50 1 6 emb ; n1 f 6 223 emb. mode 6; r3 l 2 ( 16?); n220 f 6 3 emb; n10 f 8 emb; n1 f 39 4 9 yg 4.2 emb. nfi f 4 68 ps seO 17; mode 5. r2 0. n59 f 10 locations 5 yg ea n 3 It 8.33 emb r8 9 r»3 f mode 6 7 mode 3 4 2 emb nl 1 2 89 M 5; n9 f 39 3.3 emb ps n 400? 1 3.65 emb ps. n670 1 3 67 emb r2 5; n3 1 4 emb; nl 1 4 emb; n1 t 4 amb; nl 1 4 yg r3 10 4 0 emb. n2 f 4 0 emb. eeO 53. r2 7; n l 2 f r of x 4 3 5 2 emb pe; r o( M 0 2 0.4 4.4 emb ps ; e«0 13 4 4 emb. pe; s«0 21; n33 4 7 emb. pe; e«0 24 n33 4 8 emb. ps 4 9 emb. pe seO 14; m 2 4.9 large ps; 5 6 afl ps r3 6; m 2 I 5 amb ; n >50 f 5 1 ps seO 16 r2 8 n66 f 5 2; rS 6 n5 It 5 5 emb. rS-6 n 2 f 6 pa; rS 7; n3 f

-

-

-

Thomomys ctusius Thomomys monticota Thomomys talpotdes

.

-

-

.

. -.

-

. . . . -

. -

-

.

-

-

.

.

-. -

-

. -

1474

11816 11816 1367 1367 4228 2341

3702 1474

522 2305 4565 2341 2050 9646

2700 552 522 145 9580 6542 6294

5021 6542 7329

6542 6294

9580 502 1074 9580 7480

9575

.

11671 11672 9580 11280

11671 11671 499

5145 261a 2138 9575 4336 4336

279 4962 4745 6468 i B7 i a

10954

11230 4337

10924 4336 4336 11830

4336 260 9560

11230 258 10219 3703

.

Order Kodentia Family Geomyidac

500

.

.

6 32 ©mb r 4 -9 n25 1 6 4 #mb. ps seO 18 n86 II

-

.

.

mode 6 7 9 7 ps; r6 l3; n3 f 5 ©mb ©a ; n2 f 5.7 emb r5-6; n3 1 6 83 mode 7; r3 10, n12 f 7.1 emb rS-9, n7 f 2 ©mb; n1 1 2 ©mb; n1 1

Thomomys townsendti

,

.

Thomomys umbnnus

-

.

-

-

23 SEXUAL MATURITY Geomys bursanus

1 loss of pobiC symphysis 100- 127 g m testes scrotal: 140 g f/m: 3 mo t/m: 6 mo f 1st birth: mm 1st yr f : 1st birth 3? mo f Mason of birth m yr otter birth I: 1st mat ©- mm 1 st yr t 1st male yr after birth f /m: yr after birth f : 1st mate: yearling

Geomys ptnetts

Pappogeomys spp Thomomys bottae

Thomomys monbcola Thomomys talpoides CYCLE LENGTH Geomys bursanus

-

.

.

Thomomys bottae

- 28 d

Thomomys talpoides

LACTATION Geomys bursanus Thomomys talpoides Thomomys butbivorus

food tn cheek pouches 32 d leave den: 5-6 wk solid food 17 d solid food 3 wk wean : 6 wk

INTERLITTER INTERVAL Thomomys talpoides LITTERS/YEAfl Geomys bursanus

Pappogeomys costanops Thomomys botlae

Thomomys bufbivorvs Thomomys monticola Thomomys talpoides

"

11890 11816

10160 5021 2232

5334

1474 10534 9646 5021

2088 10534

mm 2 mm 2 max 4

• 2 occasional st 1 1;

20 mod© 1 1 mode 1 1 1 1 1

2

Geomys persona tus Geomys ptnetis

Orthogeomys hispidus

Pappogeomys castanops Pappogeomys mernami Pappogeomys tyiorfunus Thomomys spp Thomomys bottae

11706 258

11816

2305

Thomomys butbivorus

502 5021 7329

Thomomys monbcola Thomomys talpoides

11673 1474 1474

-

-

,

-

- .

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

11706 1474

11230

-

.

11890

5144 5145 9575 502 4336

.

.

11229 1474

9575

.

-

11671

1 t

-

.

2232

11230

1«2 Thomomys townsend

11706

5145 5144 11230

preg f June, Aug; n3. TX fertile m: Jan June; CO mate: JarvFeb-July; TX mate: end Mar-May ; Wl preg t Jan Mar. June, non© Apr -May. Bee Co TX preg f : Jan-May KS preg f Feb- Aug TX preg f peak end Mar- Apr, TX preg f: Apr-May MN preg f: Apr July; m 3; NE preg f end Apr -July; MAN Canada birth Feb- Aug; s US btrth Apr. IL Wl birth peak Apr -May ; CO birth. Apr -July; n US tact 1 Jan June July; tew data, TX lact f : Apr. June. NE lact f: Oct. n2. KS repro 1. peak Jan Apr TX preg f Dec -Mar May. Bee C TX epiddymal sperm low Ocl Jan; FL epiddymal sperm yr rd, FL male est yr rd. FL repro: yr rd; FL preg f: July; nl; Mexico lact t May, nl ; San Luis Polos!, Mexico repro; est seasonal. Veracruz Mexico mate: June Aug. Dec Mar, Coahuda Mexico preg f : June Aug TX preg f yr rd TX preg f : Aug; nl; Mexico sperm peak Sept-Od; Mexico preg f Ajne; n high altitude spnng-summer. s N Am uten large Apr Aug- Sept; Mesa Verde CO mate: Mar - Sept Mesa Verde CO mate yr rd, low fall; CA preg f: Jan-mid Apr Siena Nevada . San Joaquin Valley, CA preg f: Feb Mar NM preg f : peaks Mar - Apr, Oct -Nov; CA preg f end Apr-May; Mesa Verde CO preg f May; n1 NM preg f: June-July. Dec ; n3; Coahuila Mexico birth Feb -rmd Apr Sierra Nevada San Joaquin VaHey CA buth Oct -June, w US lact t May, not Aug - Sept Mesa Verde, CO Juvenile caught. May - Aug; n A2 repro m: Feb- Ju» y , n A2 repro I Mar - June, n AZ mate: Apr - June Wdlometle Valley OR buth Apr -July; Willamette VaHey. OR b th July Aug CA testes large Mar - May. MT fertile m: July -Sept, Grand Co. CO mate: Mar -July; OR mote: Apr June. sw WA mate: May June. CO preg f end Mar mid June; CO preg f Apr June . MT preg f mid May June WY preg f May July WY preg f June; nl . SO preg f June, nl Mirabel Spring, Valencia Co NM preg ! June -July, Grand Co, CO

-

11706

3042

-

Geomys pmehs

522 2341 499

2700

501

-

11646a

1 yr

1; north; 2* \ south © st 2; 1 31; est 1 31 1.70 perhaps 2

SEASONALITY Geomys arenanus Geomys bursanus

4963

2500

18 d nl; capture to birth 18 19 d mm 51 d; nl; capture to birth 19 d n2 © st 30 d

-

4336 499 6166 11646a 11646a

2500

estrus: 29.5 h 8 d r7 9; n3

GESTATION Geomys bursanus

11673

.

Order Rodcima Family Geomyidae

.

.

*

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

5424a 11229 3042

5210 5670 9574a

11890 11229 495

5405b, 11957a 1474 2060 11229 1474 11706 5405b

.

1612a 11719a 5670 11816 1367 1367 11816 2341 2228a 4228

522 2305 2305 2341 2050 499

2700 2700

7329 5021 145 1074

2700 502 522 5021 1474

2700 552

552 552 9575 11671, 11672

5145 10924

11230 11673

9575 11230

4336 10924 11830

1871a 261a 4962

11230

Order RodcnUa, Family (ieomyidae

502

.

prog f July n2. Black Mia. SD. WY birth Apr BC, Canada birth mid May -mid Juna MT prog » Apr June; «12 I0 birth Mar Apr a ID n NV preg t Jan; nl; Coahulla, Mexico prog f July; nl; Moiooo

.

Thomomys townsmndn

-

Thomomys umbnnus

-

.

.

10954 20M 10924

.

WEANING MASS Dtpodomys heermanm Dipodomys mernami

1

1474 522

Dtpodomys

2341

Order Rodentia Family Hetemmyidae

*

.

-

Pocket mice and kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys 30* 180 g Heteromys 35 85 g; Liomys 30-90 g; Microdipodops 10-25 g, Perognathus 5 - 50 g) are nocturnal terrestrial to scimfossmal herbivores in the New World Males arc often larger tlian females ( 4913 5651 6488 6978 ) The hemochorial endotheliochorial, or hcmocndothelial labyrinthine, discoid, deciduous placenta has a mesometnaJ or antimeaometrial interstitial implantatioo into a , duplex uterus ( 5737 6355, 7563 7X96 10820) As simultaneously lactaimg and pregnant females are observed a ). Neonates are blind and naked , 2236 cf , , 8007 6978 ( 5661 4913 4518 2928 1120 is possible estnis postpartum , ( 1785 4913 8798, 9221 10197, 11364 ) F.yes open at 9- 17 d ( Dipodomys 1474 1503, 1782 2164, 2693, 2927 2935, 3282, 6148 9075, 9076 9221a, 10398a, 10670, Perognathus 2927 2935, 4517 ) or 17-21 d ( Heteromys 3321, 9252; Liomys 2927 2935; cf 3321) Females have 6 mammae ( 502, 1120, 1474 1475, 2236, 3024, 4080, ) , 4494 4745 11364) Males have a bacvlum (884a 1473, 6431 9224 ) Details of anatomy ( 2768 8472 8475 ( 882, ) intcrscx ( 671) copulation ( 162a, 737 5652), milk composition ( 5958 10524 , and light or green vegetation 1197 5657 5660 6978 8145 9010a 9353 10197a 11097) are available

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

Dipodomys deserti

Dipodomys

mernami

.

.

.

.

.

.

3 04 g; 12.2-4 6 5 g from graph 2 8 g; c2 3 3.2 «4 premature 3 65 g; r3.4-3 9; r>4 4.3 g. sdO 46; r3 6-4 8; r»6

-

Dipodomys heermanrn

.

.

. . . . .

NEONATAL MASS

.

. . . .. .. .

- .

max 5 g 30 g 3 g n6 tt 3 04 g; r2 2 -4 6: n9 It 3 5 g: r3 2 3.8. n3 40 g, n6 40g 2.2 g rl 5 3.5. n7 yg, 4 It 4.0 g; nS st 5 g. 1 d; from graph 4 5 g «3 7 7 g. r6 0 -0.7, n7 7 8 g. rS. 3 0.3 rv3 4 4 g; »3 8 -4.7 3.3 g 30 g 2 5 g; n5 19 g 1 0 g; n5 1 5 g. nl, 2 d 10 g 0.5 g 1.3 g; n2 6

-

-

Dipodomys microps Dipodomys mtratoides Dipodomys ordii Dipodomys panammtmus Dipodomys spectabths

Dipodomys Stephen

*

Heteromys nnomalus Heteromys desmaresbanus Liomys ptetus Liomys sa/virv

Microdipodops pallidas Perognathus California# Parognathus fotmosus Perognalhus longimembns

NEONATAL SIZE Dipodomys desert Dipodomys memanv Dipodomys onto Dipodomys speclabihs

'

Dipodomys Stephens

. -

• .

- .

-

TL

-

52 mm 42.5 mm, n6 65 mm 1 d from graph est TL HB 40 mm, n1 CR 60 mm; largest emb HB 40 0 mm r37 44

.

. -

.

.

Order Rodentia Family Hctcmmyidae

.

.

.

.

.

.

microps

Dipodomys nitmtotdm Dipodomys Stephens * Liomys pictus Perognalhus callformcas Perognathus formosos Perognathus longimembns LITTER SIZE Dtpodomys agdts Dipodomys deserti

Dipodomys elator Dtpodomys caJdomtcvs Dipodomys compactas Dipodomys heermanm

10670 9221, 92210 3202

Dipodomys mgens

5661

Dtpodomys merrtarni

Dipodomys

microps

2927 2927

677 6148

-

2 6; ±0 7; r2 4 015 f 3 29; mode 3; r2-5; n7 fl 3 43 emb mode 3; rl -6 3 5 emb; r3-5; n4 I

Dipodomys nelson Dtpodomys mtratotdes

Dtpodomys onto

9221a 9076 5661 1784 5661

2927 6148

2927 2927 5661 5661 6708

1503 1504 881 11044 a

-

2 4 emb 2 65 emb r2 - 4. n20 f 2 emb; nl f

666

2 ps nl

666

1642 2224

»

2-5 2-5 2 64 yg. r2-3, nl4 II 2 65 n20 f 2 76 yg. n25 It 3 emb. nl f 3.0 emb r3-4; n4 f 3 5 yg. r3 4. r»2 It 3 5 emb, r3-4; n2 f 3-4 max 6 4 6 emb. yg. ps, n7 5.25 emb r5-6; n4 f 1 67; n3 It n5 2 emb . n1 1 2.02 emb. r1-3 nl 33 f 2 11; r2 3. n9 II 2 25; r2 3; rv4 It 2 46 emb. p», yg. sdO 72 r2 5. n70 f 2 5 rl 6. n129 It 51 2 6 ps. 0157 1 2 6 emb. rl -5; n163 f 2 67 emb r2 -3. n6 f 2 67 emb. rt 5. ni 27 f 2 83 yg n12 II 3 yg. nl f 3 1 emb; r2*4; n32 t 2 4 yg rl -4 n49 It 43 f 2 42 emb ps. yg; sdO 53; M 3, n65 I 2 5 emb, r2 4, n6 f 3 emb. nl f 4 emb ea n2 f 2 emb. nl f 2 emb nl f 2 emb; r\2 f st Z M 3 2 3 yg. mode 2 r1 3 ni 2 It 1 6 yg 1 67 emb rt 2. n3 f 2 2 emb; rv33 non adult 2 35 emb. n40 f 2 37 emb , r2 -3 2 5 d; max 5 2 5 emb, r1 5

.

.

.

»

.

-

.

•

. -

-

.

3321

9070 10111 502

• •

. -

502

881

-

-

4913

5661 5661 4517

-

.

-

2927 10111 2927

2927

• •

^

-

10670

6148 9252 3321

.

36 2 g. ed1 02 r29 3-47 5 n24, 2 32 d 10 g; 2 wk mergence 17 g, 4 wk 1st capture 20 23 g mergence 21 g; 4 wk 20 g; 20 d from graph 25 - 28 g; 18-20 d 20-25 g; 25 30 d. from graph 10 g; 20 d; from graph mergence 8 g; 4 wk mergence 4 g; 4 wk

.

881 1503

10197 1782 2693 9076 5661 2164

503

-

-

-

-

-

5146 1474 3282 3282

9221a 11044a 10398a 10396a 10670 1474 11715

4080

522 502 9075, 9076 2693

.

2927 2935 5661 2236 1197 6978 1197 6970 4897 6430

. .

1782 1786 140

2236 5661 6488 7489 6560 523a 078 870 2164 2927 2928 2935 1871a 145

.

882 7041 5372 3611 3611

Order Rodeniia. Family Hetcromyidae

504

. -.

2 5 emb r2 3 n2 f 2 5 pa » 38 I 2 5 emb 0133 adull 2 8 emb ms f 2 87 on ) , edO 56 »2 4 , o31 f 3 emb; o1 f 3 0 emb; r2-4; n2 f 3 0; »2 4 o2 It 3 0 yg; r2 4 niO It, 6 I 3 1 emb. »2 5 013 t 3 1 d; o49 I 3 25 emb o 4 f 3 25 mto; o73 f 3 6 emb; r2 5 o50 f 3 8 emb 4 emb ; o1 f 4 emb; o1 t 4 emb; nl t 5 emb; ol f 3 5 »3-4 o2 H 4 2 amb »4 5 o5 f 2 67 «»ob »2 3; »>3 8 1 emb ea n2 f 1 81 emb pa yg; mode 2 M 3; o69 t 2 75 emb, ps, yg »2 -4 n l 2 f 3 4 yg 2 67 yg n6 It 1 yg o l nest 2; »1 3 n2 It 4 14 emb »3 -5; o7 I 2 83 emb »2 4. 06 f 2 57; rl 4 nl4 t 2 7 weaned; mode 3; »3 - 5. n6 It 3,1 emb 3.3 yg; n6 It 3.67 emb. r3-4 o3 I 4 0 emb »3-6; o4 f 2 emb ol 1 3 ps; rl 5 o2 t 3.0 emb; »2 4 o3 I 4 emb . »3 5 o2 I 3 emb. nl I 4 yg; »3 5 3 2 emb; »2-4; o 5 f 4 8 emb; r4-6 n9 I 3.5 emb; r3-4; n4 f 4 3 emb »1 6; n6 I 4.39 emb mode 4. »26 o 52 5 emb ol f

. *.

.

-

*

-.

-. -.

.

• -.

Dtpodomys panammbnus Dtpodomys phtlkps

*

Dtpodomys spoctabiio

. . -.

.

-

. . .

-

-

Dtpodomys stephonst Dtpodomys venustus Hoteromys anomalus Hoteromys austratis Hoteromys dosmarosttanus

Heteromys gaumen

Hoteromys orostorvs Ltomys adsporsus Liomys irroratus

.

Uorrrys sabnnt

Porognathus baiteyi

522

2370

5405b, 4873 502 7041 140 9353 502

4962

.

2927 2935 5158 2228a 1120 4913

502 6148 4512

.

.

-. -. -. -

.

. .

.

30

. -

3.5 »2 5. n6 It 3.80 emb; mode 3. r2-6; n49 I 4 29 emb; r36; n17 t 4 5 emb; »4-5; n2I 2.5; r2 3; n2 It 3 emb ea n2 t 3.55 emb. mode 3 »26 3 8 emb 4 yg; nt It 5 emb nl f 1 7 emb 3 9 emb. »1 7; o54 f 4 0 emb: »16; o37 f 5 0 emb r 46; n2 f

-

.

-

Porognathus tlavoscons

11044a 4228b 11044 a 6151 11044a

-

1474 8271 8271 9077 2927 2928 2935 11044a

.

.

-

..

..

-

.

6166

3703 6770 6770

-

-

6166

3703 5405b, 6166 6770

.

.

3702a

505

3 5 emb; n6 f 4 0 emb; r16; o 56 f 4 2 emb; »36; o 5 f 2 emb; nl f 4 5 emb; »26; n6 f 3 4 emb 3 5 emb 3 6 ps mode 4 emb 4 0; »26 n3 It 3 emb. nl f 4 d ol f 5 1 emb; »2 7; o9 1 5 42 emb; »2 9 5 64 ps »2 12 5 7 emb r3 9; n7 f pa; nl f 6 pa; n1 f 6 ps »3-9 n6 t 6 0 d »4 -9 6 0 ps »3-11; 014 I 6 1 emb; »4 10 06 I 3 67 emb »2 5 f»3 f 4 emb ea. n3 f 5 yg; nl I 6 emb ol f

•

1119

11957a 11957a

- . . -.

5405b, 495 495 495 1474, 1871a 5405b, 4962 502 1474

.

Porognathus flavus

11044a 3321 3321

.

Porognathus cabfomtcus Porognathus fattax Porognathus tasoatus

1470

-.

. -

-

Porognathus anthonyt Porognathus aronanus

9252 11044a 11044a

.

Mtcrodpodops mogacophatus

Mtcrodpodops pathdus

-. .

.

bomys petus

1012a 4873 882 4873 3294 3703 4745

Order Rodcnua. Family llcterutnyidac

-

.

4494

4228 217 2707 2707

Porognathus htsprdus

Porognathus tnomatus Porognathus mtermodius Porognathus lonpmombns

9176

.

2927 2928 2935 7060 11388 4228

Porognathus nolsont

3209 1475

Porognathus parvus

1634

3321 3321 11044a 1474 4228b 4229 110443

4745

.

emb ol 1 4 5 amb. »4 5; n2 1

3319 11044a

2935

.

4

Porognathus lormosus

950 950 5423b 9223a 3990,

-.

36 4 nl 11 4 emb ol 1

3321 7624

2590

26 2 75 emb. r2 3 n4 1 3 emb. nl 0 3 emb. »2 4. o2 f

. .

522 11044a

6 yg n1 It 5.34 emb. pa yg. ed0.94; »4 7 o35 f 5 38 mode 5

.

-.

26 29 5 emb. nl f 5 pa. ol f 5 5 emb; »56; o2 1 8 emb. nl 1

-

-4

2773 1474

6272 2547 5405b, 5405b, 10954 2928 1474

36

7 emb. nl f

.-

502

5661

37 4 »16 057 It 4 25; r36; 04 H 4 75 emb ps. yg; sdO 77; r46; n16 f 5 38; mode 5

.

36 yg

.

3 0 »26; 05 It 3 7 o3 It 4 emb; m f 4 67; r46 o3 It |uv I 4 77 ps r46; n16 t 4 91 emb r46 n23 f 4 93 emb: nit f

.

.

.

11044a 1474

4518 1785 5661

2773 2226a 522 8007

2544 10262 5184 5184 11281

.

Order Kodcmia I amily Hclcruniyidac

506

.

.

5.16 emb. mod® 4 , r2-8 n132 f

.

Pgrognathus penicillatus

Pgrognathus spmatus

SEXUAL MATURITY Dipodomys desert / Dipodomys heermanm

Dipodomys marnnmi

Dipodomys mtcrops

9579 9581

2773

5.38 mod® 5 5.5 emb rS 6, n4 f 57 emb. mod® 6; r 4 - 7; n6 f 8 ®mb; nl f r3 4 ®mb; rO 1 3 4 ©mb; r2 4 4 38 emb; r3 6 n16 f 4 5 emb r3-6; r\2 1 325 emb; r3 -4. ru 1 4 emb ea, n 2 f

. -

-

-

1119 6488

2544 523a 9077 377 522 11044a

-.

4079a

^

f : vag pert 24 -33 d m scrotal testes: 85 d f: 1st estrus: 40 43 d f: 1st mate 1st yr m scrotal testes 35 -30 d I/m; 1st yr 1: vog perl 24 33 d 1 vag perf : 24 33 d

881 881

-

9221a 1474 9221a 5 U6 1782

-

f 1st conceive 64 d f 1st birth 97 d f: istyr m : scrotal testes: 84 d m scrotal testes: 85 d m: yearling f: 1st estrus 34 2 d; t2.9; r29 39 f: 1st yr m tesles large; ®s1 1 yr f 1st conceive 84 d I: 1st eslros : 41 d nl f: 1st mate 3 mo f: 1st yr 1: 1st concaive mm 3- 4 mo. most 1 yr m: fertile: 1 yr f: 1st conceive 98 d ftav 166 d I: 1st conceive 1 yr m lesles large 1 yr f 1st conceive; 41 d I: 1 st conceive: 1 yr m: testes large 1 yr f : 1 st birth i s t y r

-

-

Dipodomys nitratodas Dipodomys ordn

Ltomys adsporsus

Liomys ptetus Pgrognathus tafia* Pgrognathus formosus Pgrognathus

long/ mgmbns

Pgrognathus parvus

---

CYCLE LENGTH Dipodomys hoormanru Dipodomys mgrriomi Dipodomys microps Dtpodomys onto

Pgrognathus momatus Pgrognathus longimgmbns GESTATION Dipodomys desarti

Dtpodomys

hgarmanm

Dtpodomys

mgrnami

Dipodomys

-

-

-

-

Dipodomys nitratorfas

. .

2236 5661 5661 2928. 2935

.

Liomys

sahnni

Pgrognathus caiifomicus Pgrognathus fallax Pgrognathus fasaatus Pgrognathus flaws Pgrognathus formosos Pgrognathus longimgmbns

Pgrognathvs parvus

LACTATION Dipodomys dasgrti

Dipodomys

mgrnami

4510

5661 5661 4518 5661

Dtpodomys microps Dipodomys mtratoidss

5661 10262

Dipodomys panammtmus Dipodomys spoctabitis

9221a 2236 11764 2236. 11764 5374

Dipodomys Stephens

2928

Pgrognathus cahfomrcus

1504

*

Lmmys pictus

Perognathos formosus Pgrognathus hisptdus Pgrognathus longimgmbns

.

1786 5661

2935

-

-. -

-

- .

. - .

-

solid food 15 d wean 15 25 d solid food: 18 - 24 d solid food 23 d wean 25 d wean 25-32 d w®an 26 d

Pgrognathus parvus

INTERLITTER INTERVAL Dipodomys momomi Dipodomys onto Dipodomys spgctabihs

2370 8798

.

2927 2935 502 877 1474 3321 2927 2928 2935 3321 2927 2928. 2935

. . . 4516 1474 2935 5661 5661

4518

5184 9581

1503 1503

9221a 3282 3282 9221a 10396a

wean 6 wk

10809

sokd food: 9 d solid food 10 d solid food: 11 d

9076 9075

solid food: 13 d nurse 3 wk nurse 3 wk wean 17-22 d wean 19 22 d wean 20 25 d wean 3 wk

-

2928. 2935

2928 4518

ast 29 -30 d 29 30 d 29 30 d, n1 17 d n1 22 27 d 27 d ast 27 -28 d; r23 30; r»4 25 d. r24 26 n2 27-28 d; n1 25 d; n2 f24-26 d; n4 4 wk 6 Baja CA . Mexico tact f; Apr. nl; Baja CA Mexico male: June Oct. peak June Sept; AZ preg f: Apr- Aug AZ birth: Apr-May; sw US male: spring lew data CA pregtact f: Oct; n3; CA preg f : June- Aug r»9; NO preg f July, n7; se MT preg f July mid Aug; MAN. Canada birth Apr - Aug, WY lact t July; nl; se MT preg f: May; nl; MN preg f: May, July n3; NE birth May nl; MN lact f: July; nl NE repro Apr - Juty central US mate: Apr - Nov; w central US preg f: Mar Ocl; NM preg t May; nl; Valencia Co NM preg 1 May -June; n2; NM preg f June. nl. none Mar Apr, Coahmta Mexico preg I July; n1; NM preg t Juty - Aug; n2; TX birth: June; nl; NM lact f: July, nl; TX lact f; Aug. nl; San Lias PotosJ Mexico lact f : Dec NM male earty Apr CA preg t peak June; UT birth: 1st 3 wk May Owens Valley . CA birth: May -Juty; CA. NV UT preg f Aug; n1; SD. WY preg f Aug - Sept. n2; NE birth yr rd. s US seasonal, n. mid US

1138 1138

.

- .

-

Uomys irroratus

Uomys pictus

Ltomys satvim Kftcrxxipodops megacephaJus

Microdipodops pattidua

Parognathus ampius Parognathus anthonyi Parognathus a tananus

Parognalhus batlayi

Parognathus fatlax

Parognalhus tasaatus

- . . . .- . -

- .

.

.

-

.

. .

-

.

.

-

Parognathus ftavascans

.

.

Parognathus ftavus

.

.

-

.

-

.

Parognathus formosus

Parognathus hisptdus

.

«

Parognathus mtarmadius

«

9223a 3319

3319

11044a 3317 2341 2707 7060

-

Parognattnjs neiaom Parognathus parvus

««

113

4228 11044a

9077

1474

«

670

11228a 3703

«16«

11957a 1871a 6166 495 5405b, 495

5405b,

1474 1474 1871a 4962 502 522 11044 a 11044a

5661

2773 5661

1474 10954 5405b, 1474

.

.

-

5661

2773 1474 522 2228a 5657 8007 6488

8007

2773

-

Paroptathus pania/latus

tact t May Sept peak June July. WA repro m MarfApr -June July; WA mate end Ape May; no data June-fob Alamogordo NM preg f Feb. June, few data; Coahuila. Mexico preg t May- Sept AZ preg f : June July n3; Durango Mexico birth May -Sept; sw US, n Mexico preg t Apr m2 , tower Colorado R CA preg f : Apr n4 Ban CA, Mexico

'

-

.

.

- .

Parognathus spmatus

.

.

. .

*

10262 1871a 5184 1474 8007

8007 979 522 9077 523a 1474

4079a 11044a

Order Rodentia, Family LVitoridae, fienus Castor

America and Beavers ( Castor canadensis . C fiber ) arc 5 -45 kg, sctniaqualic herbivores of temperate North ( , 4 X 15. 8050) Eurasia. Males have been reported to be larger than, smaller Uuui and equal to females 4570 (6056). n»e Urogenital and digestive products exit via a cloaca ( 8050, 11791, 12065). A vaginal plug occurs into , hcmodichonal, labyrinthine, renifoim placenta with a subplacenta has a superficial mesometrial implamaiion ) and is eaten after birth ( 4564. 8255. 9817 ). A 7565 7561 1766 1268 . . 2649 200 . , uterus duplex a Y - shaped < ( 321. 1474 1571. 4124. 4564. 5146, postpartum estrus ( 2109 ) follows die birth of furred and open-eyed neonates ( 1474. 3571. 4032 7411. 8050. 4 teals ) have Females , cf . 11045 , 9817 . 10922 7411, 8050. 8133. 8255. 8798 breeding season ) and have a 9187 ) Males arc ascrotal ( testes descend into a subpelvic diverticulum during die ( 2645, 2 f >46, 1766. ) baculum and seminal vesicles ( 1471. 2648, 2649. 3524. 8050, 11791 . Details ot anatomy 8133 8763) birth ( 9817). ami milk composition ( 12137. 12138 ) are available

.

.

.

*

.

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Castor canadensts

Castor fibar

- .

361 7 g; r265 490; n5 380 g r365 390 n2 387 9 -614 5 g; term emb 490 g; r390-700; n10. 3 1 300 700 g

-

380-620 g

475 g: n1 suborn f 548 5 g. rS27-570 555 g; n9 3 It 700 g; nl

502 11044a 2226a 502

-

0010

birth June- Aug; n39; BC, Canada birth end spnng-earty summer, w US

9010

11044a 11044a 6151 11044 a 11044 a 9010

11044a 1474

-

9176

11044 a 1474 4229 11044 a 0004 11044 a 11044 a

.

preg h Apr; nl az birth May July aw US repro 1; June Sept peak June, AZ male end Apr early May; CA preg t peak June. UT birth Apr July; aw US preg f end Mar July. Coohuila , Mexico birth; Aug. San Luia Potoai Mexioo teatea large spring e WA astrus Apr June. WA preg t May early June. n6; central NE preg t May - Aug. peek June -July; WA preg f peak June; UT pregAact t May Sept; no data other mo; ID birth: May -June; WY

-

Parognathus longimambns

3319 11044a

511

Order Rodentia. I amily llcteroinyidac

.

NEONATAL SIZE Castor fiber WEANING MASS Castor fiber

LITTER SIZE Castor canadensis

. 2. 1 d ft

245 mm; nl stiHbom

«. n2 It 90 d

4 2 kg. n

1 -6 yg 1.5 emb rl 2 n2 f 1 7 rO 9 2 5 f 6I 3 6 d; o27 I 3 66 mode 3 4 r2-5; n9 f 3.72 yg mode 4; n 8; o65 3.8 emb 3.9 ps. n20 f 4 0; 02 It 4 0; r3 3 4 7;I2 5 yr 4.08 emb r2 7; n11 f 4.4 d; o48 f 4.5 emb; r3-6 04 I 4 81 mb 5. i9 d; 016 f 5.3 ps r4*7; o18 f 5.50 mb; 5 04 without resorption; rl 9. o24 f 5 6 emb; r3 7; 017

•

-

-

.

-

-

-.

.

-

-

-

•. • 6 yg. nl I

-

»

7 emb; ol f 8 emb 9 d; nl f 10 emb ol f 1.7 yg sdO 67; mode 2 r 1-4 0120 yg, 71 sites mode 2 5 r2 7 2.57 emb, r 1 4 o18 I 2.7; M 6 0117 It 3 0 rl 4; n3 H 3 0 ps r1 5; o5 3 0 r2 *5; n10 It 4.7; r4 -5 o3 It 4.7 emb; max 8 o9 1

.

Castor hbar

.

.

.

-. -.

.

-. -

. .

.

SEXUAL MATURITY Castor canadensis

.

.

£ 1st d ps yeerliog £ 1st met 2nd season afler birt> f: 1st mate 2 5 yr f: 1st preg 1 2 yr f: 1st preg 1.5 2 yr

*

-

- 2 yr £ st preg I parous: by 2.5-3 yr thus mature 15-2 yr est

1

;

£ 1st repro: 1.5 yr m: sperm 1.5 2 yr m: epidcfymaf sperm : yearling m: 1st repro est 2 yr t/m 21 mo £ 1st d: 6 mo f: 1st estrus 2.5 yr t 1st male 1.5 2 yr f: 1st birth. 2 yr 29% 1: 1st birth 3 yr t/m. 1st mate 3 yr t/m mode 3 -4 yr

-

Castor fiber

.

.

Onkr Kodctma f amily Castundac Genus Castor

512

-

-

-

.

11875 11678 8280 8280

.

CYCLE LENGTH Castor fiber

6360

14

GESTATION Castor canadensis

6679 8133

Castor liber

1202 4634 8254

LACTATION Castor canadensis

4634

5405b, 4634

Castor fiber

11956

1278 11956 9817 11658

LITTERS/YEAR

4514

Castor canadensis

5210 12136 3571 4570

Castor fiber

2109

Castor canadensis

8248

1278 6221 11675 6221 6679 1278 5210

2088 5210 1203

120 d est 128 d nl 90 d 90 d max 107

.

2109 3571 6056

.

4645 8050 4815

. .

4564

2649, 12135 7433

den emergence 4 wk nurse 50 d wean: 52 mo sold food -4 wk sdd food: after 30 d nurse 8 wk wean 2 mo nurse 90 d

4032 4818 1871a 3571

1 1

1202

12138 3571 11791

12135, 12138

11675 8254

2109 3571 4645

.

1

7433

8050

1

SEASONALITY

6679

- 90 d

-

1

4570

0133 1474 500

8050

1

12138

6157

-

1

2649

4564

14 15 d

-

4011

10922

2647 2647 2649 4615

3.5 mo 105 107 d 105 107 d 105 107 d 106 3

2

£

4

*

C

i

S

« »9

)

111 I

I

|

i

m

•) •»

c

s.

n




|I 1|

ii i

111

1

II H

f if

? I

1

Order Kodcntia, Family Cnceudae

V»6 ReObrodontomys maxicanus Refthrodontomys montanus

Ra / throdontomys ravivantns

Reithrodontomys sumicbrasb Rt )tprdomys maslacahs Rhombomys opimus

Saccostomut compos tns

.

preg/tact t; Nov; n2 San Luis Pofosl, Mexico preg f Mar, June-Jufy, n4. NE preg f. June, nl; SO preg f Oct, nl; KS birth yr rd, s US fertile m yr rd CA mate Mar Nov; n CA preg h yr rd; CA repro f: Mar -Nov. n CA preg h Jan n1 Guatemala preg t. Mar. nl. Panama preg f: est yr rd n Venezuela birth end Apr earty Sept Mongolia repro Jan mid June; USSR repro peak Mar, none Nov lab mate summer S Afnca conceive Apr May. Aug- Sept, Dec -Jan. Malawi preg f Jan- Apc. Botswana preg f Feb , Apr. July. Oct; captive. Malawi preg f Dec. nl Namibia birth Oct Apr ; Transvaal. S Afnca juvenile yr rd. Africa

-

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

.•

Saccostomus maamsi Scaplsromys lumidus

Scohrromys tegutna Scotmomys xersmpaitnus Sakaatamya caSurus

Sigmodon alstom Sigmodon fotvivantar Sigmodon htsptdus

Tatar a alra Taiera brantsi

18120 1474 3279

3279 9887 11044a 11044a 7996 7996 10516

. -

.

.

.

-

. .

.

.

,

- .

.

-

-

birth est summer S Afnca preg t . Nov nt ; subSaharan Afnca birth. Feb nl; Zambia birth July, n2, Malawi birth Oct -May S Afnca

.

.

.

*

Tat& ra bucogastor

Talma rugncauda

Tatara rotusla

7029

Tatars vatida

7253 5423b 1290 522 7029 6303

4228

2590

3317 1475 6303 522 331 10158

5760 331 4329 10158

-

.

-

4212 4212 9710

3211 1812a 502 11388

.

.

.

950 11507 a 523

-

.

5760

4967 4967 7983 7995 7996, 7998 1527 4212 4212

.

. -

.

.

10154 10158 4329 9945 8965

596 596 4683

testes; Large June-Dee; S Africa preg f : Aug- Mar S Africa preg t: Jan. July Nov n6 Kalahari Gemsbok Nat Pari . S Afnca preg I; yr rd. n63 S Afnca birth Apr-June 40% Juty Sept 4% Oct -Mar 13 17%, Zaire birth yr rd peak summer. Namibia repro: yr rd, S Africa fertile m: tew Nov Jan Pakistan scent gland: peak Dec June low July - Nov Irwko sperm present: July Apr , India mate Sept -Oct. Jan Feb. Rajaslhan, India mate yr rd, Pakistan preg f . Jon. nl; ban preg f : Mar Nov peak Mar - May, July - Sept. Pakistan preg f: yr rd; India preg I: yr rd peak monsoon Rajasthan Indio birth yr rd, peak Oct - Ape Sn Lanka fact t Apr rv2, Nepal loci f May - Dec. ni6 t ; Rajaslhan, India repro: yr rd; Inda repro; yr rd; Mysore, Intha mote : Sept Apr, Transvaal. S Afnca male peak rainy season. 7 mbla male yr rd Zambia preg f peak Fab-Mnr S Afnca preg f: 80-100% Oct May 28 d;

Spalax leucodon

10479

1

7860 9452 10479 8050 4645

t 1 1

-

t ; rt 27 SEASONALITY

-

Spalax leucodon

birth: peak rrad Jan mid Feb 67%, Israel birth ; early Feb-7, peak early Apr ; Lebanon birth: end Feb Mar. Odessa, Crimea birth : Mar Apr. Sofia Bulgaria male eat Mar ; USSR male: spnng Europe, w Ukraine , w Kazakstan preg t ?- Apr USSR birth end Feb mid May, Voronesh , Russia

-

Spalax microphthalmus

.

-

.

-

NEONATAL SIZE Tachyoryctes splendens

UTTER SIZE Cannomys badius Rhizomys prunosus

Rhizomys sinensis Rhizomys sumatrensis

--

140 - 43 d. n3 z22 d nl 37 40 d 38.5 d. r37 -40 44 - 53 d rv6

7161 2449 5268

Rhizomys pnunosus Rhizomys sumatrensis

Tachyoryctes splendens

wean

-

2938 10830

7161 7161 5267

-

4 6 wk

-

wean 43 d , r35 50

5268

173 d

5268

-

10630

birth Feb Apr Vietnam birth: Apr- May. central Asa tacit May ; nl ; China young in nest June^luly, Nov; Ctuna birth Feb- Apr . June-Aug. Vietnam preg t Oct m , e Atnca preg f: yr rd . except May. Kenya preg/lact f: Feb; n3; e Atnca

Rhizomys pnunosus Rhizomys sinensis

Rhizomys sumatrensis Tachyoryctes splendens

182 182

182 10830 4925

5267 4925

.

Ordrr Kodentia Family An icol idee

-

-

-

2446a 8857

3 5 yg 5; nl It 5 yg; n 1 tt , 1 wk

2938

nurse 3 mo

SEASONAUTY

10479 8050 4645 8050 8154

HB 55-60 mm ; n10

-

8057

solid food : 23 d wean 8 wk independent : 4 mo solid tood 29 d

9452

8057

.

2938

-

Tachyoryctes splendens

.

15 g 15 25 g. n 10

mode 2 n5 It 2.0 emb; rl 3; n 3 1 3 yg; nl 1 5-6 yg , hunter reports 3 yg; n 1 nest

2446a 5267 4925

INTERLITTER INTERVAL

7860 7863 6419

-

NEONATAL MASS Tachyoryctes splendens

8857

5268

LACTATION Cannomys badius

Bamboo ( Cannomys badius 500 800 g Rhizomys 1 4 kg ) and mole ( Tachyoryctes macrocephalus 3 W 930 g T splendent 160 280 g > rats are fossorial herbivores from tropical and subtropical regions of east Africa ( Tachyoryctts ) and Nepal through southeast Asia (Cannomys, Rhizomys ). Maks are larger liuui females ( Tachyoryctes 4925, 5760). Tachyoryctes arc solitary ( 5268). A copulatory plug is present ( Cannomys 2938). Tachyoryctts probably has a postpartum cstrus ( 5267 ). Neonates arc naked and open their eyes at 3 4 wk ( Cannomys 2938, Rhizomys 182. 7161, 8045 ) Rhizomys have 8 10 teats ( 182, 7161 ).

-

2448a. 2449

. -

F 120 d

Order Kodentia, Family Rhi / omyidac

.

5268

.

wean : est 1 2 mo

LITTERS/YEAR

Spalax microphthalmus

Rhizomys sumatrensis Tachyoryctes splendens

7860

-

Spalax leucodon

Spalax leucodon

Cannomys badius

8154

nl

LACTATION

Tachyoryctes splendens

7880 9452 4645

4925 2446a 5267 8855

-

1.64 emb . n37 f 2 yg. n1 1

-5 g mode 3 4 . rl 6 mode 3 4; rt 4

569

1 emb ea n2 1 1 20 emb. n38 1 1.25; max 4. n 322 It 1.3 rl 2 1 46 emb mode 1; M 4. n 356 t 1.51 emb mode 1 M 4 . n82 !

Tachyoryctes splendens

Order Kodentia, Family Sp» lacidae, Genus Spalax

-

.

Order Kodentia Family Rhizoinyidae

2938

10830 10830 10830 182 10830

6369

7161 8045

.

-

-

.

Voles and lemmings ( Altunin 22 69 g Arborimus 28 g; Anicola 70 310 g, Ciethrionomys 10 59 g peracnus 22 60 g; Dicrastonyx 20 112 g ; Dinaromys 30 82 g; EUobius 30 88 g; Eolagurur, Eothenomys 27 g ; H\ g; Phenacomys Lagurus 11 51 g Lemmas 21 113 g Microtus 10 170 g; Neofiber 156 357 g; Ondatra 330 2400 ) to fossonal 16 56 g, Pirymys 13 58 g Pwedromyr, Prometheomys 60 88 g; Synapmmys 15 50 g are terrestrial (9762 ) in males Lemmas than larger reported arc Females mirth Eurasia and America North herbivores from . 11878 ), 10954 9894 , . 5486 cf 6632 . 5794 , ( . , 5511 3112 2466 1933 Microtus larger in while males an reported within die same Neofiber (944 ) and Ondatra (9503) Each sex has been reported larger in Ciethrionomys even ( 6199 6881, 9273 10954. species ( 716, 2524 5501, 5798 7238 11679 ). The sexes arc ol e ual size in Pitymys cf 7904 ), Prometheomys (10275), ami Synaptomys ( 2026 ). 1271, 1638 Ovulation is induced ( 289, 462 481 794 1248, 1249. 1250 1251 1267 1268 1269 1270 4052 4053 4015 4014 , 3968 3610 , 3220 1964 , . 2330 1918 1919 80 X 1 18 X 1 1876 1749, 1750 1807, 1875 6692 7291 7334 7335 4169, 4264. 4475, 5000 5281 5283 5284. 5672 5674, 5675 5676 5809 6348 6389 , 10421, 11603, , 7336 7339 7341 7342 7343, 7595 8021 8251. 8958, 9009 9110 9111 >478 9517 9530 11604 I IN ) *' i ( see ns ( 2389, ) The usual sex determination docs not obtain tn Dicrastonyx tarquatus 3780 Ellobtus lute oregoni ) , < 1370 3492, Microtia and , 11375 10372 5502 ( 3494 3493 6651 6973 7736) Lemmas schi sticotor ( , , 1501 1837 2113, 6973, 8062, 8557, 8998a ). Pheaolic plant extracts may alter reproduction 793 795 796 797 ( Ciethrionomys 4172 5594 8425 4X 13, 5963 7812 8558 8562 ‘>462, 9538). A copulaiory plug is present , 9111 ). 783 Pitsmys 4460 4459 . 4278 1218 , 3466 Microtia Lemmas , inesomctnal implantation The 5 g ( Ondatra ) , hcmodxrial Labyrinthine, discoid placenta has an interstitial t4 ( 3081, 3082, 5735, 7271, / 563 7567. 9479, into a biconiuale, bipartite, or duplex uterus 1222. 24 > . 2467

-

-

-.

- .

.

.

.

.

. .

. .

.-

.

. . .

. .

.

.

. . . .

.

. .

-

.

.

-

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .‘

. .

.

.

-

^

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . . . .

.

. after birth 4278, 4893, 5240. 9503 . Ivstrus occurs postpartum 501, 660. 944. 981, 1218, 10421> and 1222, 12 V . 1407, 1806. 1875, 2026. 2015, 2077. 2087, 2529, 2562. 2563. 3061. *457. 3459. 3462. 3465. 3466, 3468, 3571. 3622, 3652, 3745. 4014. 4053. 4172, 4264, 4275, 4278. 4469. 4645. 4660, 5039. 5135. 5240, 5593. 6041, 6.347, 6348. 6 97. 6693, 6782, 6806. 7271. 79cus

|

)

delay implantation (Clethrionomys 7271). Arvkolids are born Mind and naked ( 1474 2243, 4219 5311, 8179 9656, 11467, 12007). A few papers rcpt *rt Ondatra ( 3081, 8051, 10580) and Pitymys ( 783 3283, 6051) as furred at birth Eyes open at 8 - 11 d (Anicola 2045 3571 7433 8052, cf 4660) 8- 13 d Mtcrotus 501, 1965, 2087 3457 3465 3468 3571 4275 4278, 4490, 4970 4999 5148, 5313, 6128 6347 7433 8052 9009 9013 9269 9355 9724 9747 >967, 11225 12049, 12105) 9- 13 d (Clethrionomys 3571, 5148, 7002 7238 7433 7546, 8052 8425 cf 10569; Laguna 1474 3516 5240 cf 8634 Lemmut 2386 3462 5135, 6806 8051, 10210, cf 716 Pitymys 783 3283 3571, 9111, cf 6051) 10- 12 d { Synaptomys 2026, 10329) 10- 14 d ( Dicrostonyx 4335 8051, 4273, 6199, 7433 8810) 11-20 d (Ondatra 3081, 3082, 3571 7433 8051 9503, cf 7291), 14 d { Seojlber 944), 14 16 d { Phenacomys 3429, 5150 ) 18-23 d ( Arborimus 4264 5026), or 21 d < Ellobius 6403 ) Females have 4 mammae lArbrirunus 1474 Eothenomys 182 ), 4-6 mammae { Pitymys 1474 2376, 3571, 4645, 619*), 8052 9175 9530, 9536) 4-8 mammae ( Synaptomys 1474, 2026, 6486, 10329), 6 mammae ( Hyperacrius 9175; Neofiber 944 1474) 6- 10 mammae ( Ondatra 1474 3571 7433, 8051 10580, 11934) 8 mammae ( Alticola 8052, Anicola 3571 74 3 8052; Clethrionomys 502, 1474 2548 2564 3547 3571 4035, 7433, 8052, 9612, 10516 10569, 11362; Ellobius 182, Lacuna 1474 8052; Lemnua 655 8051 Microtus V)2, 1218 1474 1965 2376, 2562 3571 4278 4745, 7433, 8052 8986 9612, 9724 9967; Phenacomys 1474, 5551; Prometheomys 8051) , Males have ampullary glands, preputial glands, seminal vesicles, penial scales, and a haculum ( 352, 2460 2464 2467, 4891, 5091 6805, 6897 8051 8052 8984 12081 cf 10323, 10327) iX'tails of anatomy (668, 1878, 2463 4468 8402 9479, 11606 ), endocrinology ( 7707, Clethrwnvmys 3424 6055a 7849 10625 11602, Dicrostonyx 1441, 1779, 9521, LI lobms 10328, 10335, 10336 Lemmas 304 Microtus 64 724, 1746 1748 1749 1882, 2266 2657 3424, 4015 7(M8 7339, 7341 7344 8409 8410, 9152, 11274 11932, Ondatra 719 723 a Pitymys 9537), oogenesis ( 8402 ), parthenogenesis (9478 ) spermatogenesis ( 4091 4092 8517), copulation ( 1637 1639 2385, 2506 2514 2531, 4016, 4017 4018 4019, 5675), implantation (78 V )), pregnancy failure ( 1336 1916 1917, 5250, 5594 5673 6760, 6760a 6822 7337, 7338, 7340 8958 9531 9533 9539, 10073 10332a 10333 HU57 KU58 11486 ), milk (7065a), reproductive energetics ( M 49, Clethrionomys 5477 Microtus 7292 10911; Pitymys 6533 ), and light { Clethrionomys 3193, 6052 10622, 10624 10748; Dicrostonyx 4471 4472 8809; Microtus 519 1747 1873, 1882, 1883 2087, 2115 2116 " 220 4087 4088 4089 40*8) 4998 4999 5139a 5731 6339 6340 6341 6356, 6357 6358 6359 6900, 6901, 6910, 6911 7842, 9087 9352 10249 1025(1 10251, 11275; Pitymys 2493 7840 7841, 7844 10074) are available A monograph on New World Microtus < including some Pitymys ) is available ( 10648a )

.

.. .. . .

. . .

.

.

.

.

. .

. .

.

..

.

. . . . .

.

.

.

. . . .

.

.

.

. . . .

.

.. * .

.

.

.

. .. .. . .

. .

.

.

.

.

.

. . . . . . .

.

.

NEONATAL MASS Arbonmus longtcaudus

Arvtcola terrastns

Ctathnonomys

gapped

Clethrionomys g - jraolus

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

502«

.

50 g 5-6 g 1.18 g 1.75, s©0 03, n229 19 g rl.7 2.3 f ; 1.55 g. »©0.032, r 1 3 1 0; n15 m 1 59 g; s«0 051; rl .2 1.9; nl 7 1.8 1.7 g 1 77 g; spring summer; 2 03 g; fall 1 8 g n 4 18 d ©mb 1 015 g 18 d ©mb 1 91 g; rl.672- 50. n80 27 g 2 0 2 5 g; n13 1 d

-

-

-

.

-

-

.

Eothenomys smrthi Lagurus curtatus Lagurus lagurus

.

Lammus lammus

Lammus scbtsbcolor

Lammua sibmcus

Microtus brawari Microtus abbreviates

Microtus arvahs

-

Microtus brandti Microtus cahfomicus

8810 8051

2560 7545 7545 294 a 6925

.

5240

1.47 g n6 1 2 g. m

29

- .

.

I. 3 6 g 12 2 4 3 n4l 3 67 g r2 74 4 59; n45; from graph 39 g m 3 9 g. r2 6 -4 6; r>32 4 55g f: 4 6 g n55 m 4 9 g; n74 3 2 g r2 4 3g 36 4.0 g f 4 0 g rv47 m: 4 3 g; nS9 35g f 3 3 g; n70 m 3 6 g; n9i t 1 09-1.29 g 1.1 3.2 g 1 22- 2.77 g m: 1.35 151 g 1 75 g 1 79 g. rl 26-2 64 19 g 1 94 g. r\29 f 1 95. 3©0.0015; n1418 1 99 g. M0 0006; n2736 m 2.03 »©0 0015 «1320 2 53 g. rl 5 3.4 ; n348 1 9 g; rl 42 0, r> 140 2 8 g: M9 yg 5 0 3 18 g. nlO. 2 It 3 4 g r2 7 4 0. n35. from graph 2 4 2 5 g. » 0 03 0 06, n4 group 3g 2 29 g. rl 65 3 0 n17 f 2 8 g; n88 m 3.0 g n120 2 2 g; nl8

-

.

-

-

8052

.

-

.

-

.

Mtcrotus goanthan Microtus mtunjs

6425 11362 1222, 2077 8287

7545 7545

- .

.

4660

8179

-

4335 4469

-

Mtcrotus canicaudus

2045

7545

-

-

3571

5148 5149 10569 12080 12000 1032 7002

7545

f: 2 9 g; n98 m 3.0 g. n100 3.8 g. r2 7 4 8 n34 44 g I: 4 6 g; n66 m 4 6 g. n39 2.5 3 g 3 4 g. f2.0 4.2 n23 5 g; from graph m 5.2 g. nl 12 f : 5.4 g. nl 22 2.13 g. M0 06. rl 98226. n16 0 65 g

15 g

4660

-

-

Ctathnonomys rutocanus

4264 1362

2 33 g; n35 2 50 g 2.562 60 n2 3.1 g m r3 19 7.84 g n55 3270 g t r3 20 7 32 g. n55

Drcrostonyx unalascansis

.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dicrostonyx torqvatus

.

.

. . .

. . . . .‘ . . . -

.

.

.

.

. . . . .

.


6 mb, 1 f

.

»

28 g 3 5 r2 7 -4.2; n28 72. n3 izi g no 0 14 9 n7 16 20 g

8153

21 g

11467 3081 3062

» »

.

Pitymys duodeomcostatus Pitymys tusitamcus Pitymys ochrogoster

Pitymys pmetorum

6267

-

21 3 g; maduin 21. M6 28; n4l 23 0 g; sd2 56 n70 1 d 25 g 28 g 1 89 g; M0.07 2 05 g; n14. 3 It 2 36 g; n18, 4 It 1 d 2.4 12.0 2.7 f 2 2 g, 10 03 n50 m 2 2 ±0 02; n39 2 24 g; »2-2.8; n2l 1.7 rl 5 1 9 n3 2 0 g. sa0.3; n 16 2 84 n264 2 9 10 05 12.0 3.8. n67 yg 27 It 3 1 sdO 27 , s»0 06; r2 4 -3.5. n34 2 0 s 0 1; nl9 N

-

»

.

»

- .

»

» » » »*

.

.

-

2.3 » nl5, n4 It t. 1.42 n1 m; 1 43 g, n.4 M 45 . n2 1 58 g r>59 1 95 fl, soO 26; n20 2 55 g r2 4- 2 7; n2 39 r3 1 4.3; nil

»

.

Synaptomys cooped

NEONATAL SIZE Ciethnonomys gap pen Ciethnonomys glaredus

»

.

-

CR 30 mm 22.0 mm; MO 53. »16- 26 rv32 25 35 mm CR : 26 5 mm; 18 d »mb 38.5 mm r\32 CR 20 27 mm HB 35 mm nl, 1 d

.

-

.

Dicrostorryx groanlandcus

Dtcmstorryx torquatus Lagurus curtatus Lagurus lagurus Lemmus lemmus Lemmus stbwcus

Microtus montanus Neohber alien

. 33-38 mm HB: 27 mm. r>8

.

32 mm n1

--

Pitymys sikimensis Pity mya sutler mneu 3 Prometheomys schaposchmkowi WEANING MASS Arbonmus longicaudus Cbthnonomys gappen

Ctethnonotnys glareoius

5150 4219

4219 3429 4123

4123

Drcrostonyx torquatus Lagurus tagurvs Lemmus schisbcobr

Lemmus sibmcus Microtua agresbs Microtus arvahs

Microtus caMomkus

Microtus canlcaudus

15 18 mm 32 40 mm 33 mm; n13 TL: 82 mm; n3

Microtus guanthen Microtus montanus

Microtus montebetii

Microtus oeconomus Microtus ponnsytvameus

7238 12080

Ondatra cbettucus

Pitymys ochrogaster Pitymys pmatomm

2434 8051

8051 8051

9724 4282

-

.

.

»

-.

-

. »

. .-

.

.

.

-

.

»

-

.

.

-

-

.

-

.

Pitymys subterranaus Synaptomys coopen WEANING SIZE Lagurus lagurus Pitymys pineto rum

.

* -

»

.

-

.

»

- - . »

8052 8425

5240 11647

.

.

-

-

10329 2026

7002 4335

.

.

.

6051

3852 6199 6199 3654

- »

»

6881

6533

8288 10159 7382 9856 12007

.

»

Ciethnonomys rufocanus Dicrostonyx groenlandicus

6361 11820

9111 3283

-

3429

6061 3263

17 25 g 9.16 g 14 d 16- 18 d 11 5 12 8 43 g; n563I 9 1; sdl 9 n2l9 9 44 g n134 R 10.0 sd1 5 n77 12 20 d 10 g 20 g 26 0 g M 6 5-346; 22 d r23 28 g n> 30 19 d 5 5 -6 0 g m 15 6 g rl 1 2 21 2 n60 20- 22 d 1 15 7 »9 6 23 8 n60 20 22 d »24 30 g; n> 30 19 d 7 64 g M0 13; r»37 It 170 yg 10.23 MO 18. n19 It 66 yg 6 2 -6.2 g 8 90 g 3 wk 9 18 17 d 9 69 g 3 wk 9 87 g 17 g; rl2 5 23 n29 16 d 21 g; n5, 20 d m 10 7 16 8 g sa0.4 - 1 0; n4 groups 16 d t 12 0 16 4 g; s 0 2 0 8. rvS groups 18 d 15 g; from graph 9 33 n18 4 It 15 16 d 17 6 g 12 g; I1 12 d; fcrst outside nest 15 6 g M 4 7 16 4 M 7 19 g n> 30 19 d 11 52 14 d 14- 16 g 109 3 4 wk meckan 150 g 150 165 g 197 n9 31 d 19 0 sd2 6l M0.51 M3.9-24 1; 21 d 7 5 95 3 wk 8.7 9 0.3 n19 It 18 d 10-11 18 d 111 g 9 0 4; r»19 lt 21 d 9 44 g Ml 23 rv37 20 3 wk. from graph

.

4273

22g

Pitymys subterraneus

Pitymya pingtorum

OCQC

3061 9503

2695 9503 3062

28 5 mm. sd2 15 ; r>70 96 mm 100 4 mm; median 102 »85 115 rv41 CR 30 mm CR 30 -35 mm 40-50 mm CR 27 * 29 mm TL 39-48 mm 27 5 mm; largest ®mb 28 25 mm ; M4 33 36 mm

-

* *

12049 4282 944

.

-

. .

Phenacomys mtermackus

Phenacomys mt m dsjs Pitymys oebrogoster

.

•

21 g

2087

.

235 g

»

Ondatra zibettucus

6347 4272 4278 5149 5148 2660 2660 2660 9263 501 2562 7545 4969 8052

.

*

2563 7545 2563 7545 4970

.

573

.

Order Rodeniia Family Arvicolidac

-

. » » . »* » * »

.

.

40 mm TL 89 96 mm. 3 wk

-

4264 5148

7238 4173 4343

4173 4343 1835 5501 4469 4335 5466 11647 6135

5135 5466

1805 1805 6910

9013 11867 9013 7292 6041

9747 4196a 4196a 1965 9967

7762 10681 3468 5466

5148 4278 8051 3082 2695 3081 6051

8268 . 10159 6533

4273 6533 9656

2026 11647

6288. 10159

.

Order Rixlcniia Family Arvioolidac

574 UTTER SIZE Albcola royiei

Alberta stohenkanus Alberta strrtzowi

Arbonmus attupas Arbonmus bnpeaudus

. -

4 3 r 4 5; n3 It 5 6 emb; n64 t 6 pa; nl f 8 emb n1 t 3 6 emb; r2 0 (2 3

.

-•

- •-

arty

MASOO

. 2 -6 late season)

7 11 mb 7.1; r3 13 2 3 yg 2; n 3 2 5 yg rl -4 nl 4 It 3 yg; ni nest 3 «mb nl f 3 mb. nl f 4 yg; nl nest 3.31 016 r2 5 nl9 f

-

-

3060 5245 5026 4264 5311 1362 702 11672a

.

*

* . -.

-

-

-

4660 11666 11204 901 11249 11250

64 d 6.4 emb by palpation 6 9. f3 14 3.12 4 91 r for 7 yr 4 mb , nl f 17 4 -0 emb 2.3 ova, n 3 n6 f 3 33 emb r3-4; n6 I 3.6 d; rl 7; n9 1 4 «mb n1 f 4 emb nl f 4 yg; nl nest 4 emb ea . n2 t 4.17 yg; n6 0 5 f 4.33 emb yg r3 yg 5.5 emb n3 f 4 5 emb; r4 -5; n2 f 4 6 yg. r3-7; n20 It mode 5 yg; r3 0 5 yg nl f 5 emb nl f 5; r2 0 5.2 emb MO 22 r3 7 n20 f 5.29 emb. r3-7; n7 f 5 3 emb; r3-7; n6 f 5.3 emb, ps ±1 6; n22 f 5.36 emb. pa r 4 -0 n21 f 5.47 yg; ±0 13. r3-8 n49 It 5 56; MO 19. motto 0 r2 0; n41 II 5.7 emb r5-0; n3I 5 9 emb ps 10 6 nl5 f 6 emb; n1 f 6 emb. nl f 6.0 emb; rS-7; n6 f

8392 10447 0052 0256 6700a 634 8052 3220 575 3220 502 4035 495

.

• . -. .

.

.

-

-

.

.

Clathnonomys spp Clathnonomys cakfomicus Clathhonomys cantrail s

Clathnonomys Qoppan

-•

-

-

.

.

-. .

-

. .

.

.

-

.. . -

.

.

. -.

.

.

.

..

-

-

,

-

.

.

-

.

Clathnonomys gtoraokis

2-10 2 5 emb; c2-3 n2 f 3 emb. nl I 3 emb; n1 1 3 0 yg. *0 1. n62 non lactabng f 32; ±0 1; n109 primipacous 3 3 emb; MO 4 0 7 d seO 7; n12 f 3 4 -6 2 n3 locobons 3 42 yg live, ±1 51 rl 7. n03 It 3 44 se0 04 mode 4 ; rl -7 n 140 It

.

.

. -

.

3 52 yg nl7i2 lt

.

3 6; n26 It 3 62 emb; r1-6; n21 f 3 65; ±0.1 n299 multiparous 3 66 yg. mode 4; M 10 n782 0 264 f 3.71; nl4 0 3 77 emb. motto 4 rt -6, n90 f 3 795; r1 -0; n83 It 3 97 yg MO 11 n 5 lt 131 4 emb; motto 3-5 4.0 wean r3-6 4 ea; n2 It 4 00 yg mode 4; »2 0; n20 It 4 0 emb »2 7; n58 I 4 04 cl. r2 7 n23 I 4 06 emb »2 6 n49 f 4 09 emb s«0 104. mode 4; r2 8 n94 I 4 11; mode 4 r1-0; n70 II 4 2 yg ±0,2 n43 lactabng I 4355 4 3 seO 1 nl 04 0 4 31 pe; eeo 155 motto 4 rt 1l; n94 f 4 45 emb nil f 4 5 yg sdl 4, n85 ll 466 1d 4 73 emb mode 5 r3 7; n44 f 4.84 yg; mode 5 M - 10 n799 ll 4 85; f 1-9; n54 It 4 88 emb seO 055; n546 f 4 9 yg; sdi 2; nl 4 i n 4.902 emb se0 065, motto 5 M -10; n388 f 4.980 ps seO 085; mode 4 5 M 11; n347 f 5 0 yg; r3 7 5 01 d; *0 2; n65 5 03; n726 It 5.2 emb; n110 f 5.22 emb; mode 6, r3-9; r>45 f 5 24 emb; mode 5-6 r3 7. n29 I 5 32 emb; n368 I 5 82 yg mode 6 . rl •13 n342 II 5 96 emb n82 f 6 0-6 8 emb 6 M 10 3

.

1590 11660

11204 11660

7772

4645

.

.

- .

.

8392 6007

.

-

-.

. -. .

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

2540 10569

.

6796 6799 4280 11956

.

-.

.

-

.

.

. -

.

5210 9802 11504 9164 10839 279

.

2025 8713 10101 2002 5149 279 8713 9612 10210. 10220 10144

-

.

3571

3 3; M -0; n107 0 3 42; seO 096; sd1 294 ; n173 f 3.02 yg mode 4; f2-5: nl7 ft 4.2;i2 -7 4 40 emb ad1.23 seO 13 mode 4 r2 9 r>80 t 4.5 mb r 4 5; n2 f 4 52; MO 120 n119 It 4 87 emb mode 5. M 9; nil ® f 5 25; MO 396; n20 It 5 5; saO Z M 10 5.7 emb n14 f 5 7 emb; n122 f mode 6-0 »6-14

.

.

11240 7433

27 mods 2 0.12 14

575

6 0 yg; t 1 68 MO It 6 ps; r5-7; n3 f 6 01 emb ps; n115 f 6 1 emb; seO 50. r4 8; nIO f 6 33 emb; r6-7; rv3 f 6 4 emb stated, (5.86 from data); f 4 7; n14 I 6 65 cl. MO 127 r4 -13 6 19 ps; MO 118; r3 l0; 6 07 emb. seO 123 »3-10; n107 f 7 emb; nl f 7.0 emb »6-8; n4 f 8 emb; n1 I

9175 10516 0052 0052 0020a 0052

.

AM cola saptdua Arncoia tarrastns

.

Order Kodcntia Family Arvioolidac

.

-. -

-

. -

.

Clathnonomys rufoennus

.

-

.

0303 3703 7895 11230 7809 5798

723 4388

3703 5333 10589

10274 7888 6548 1881

1874 1077 8052

8021 10383

1874 7002

12076 1874 1408

5307

2077 8021 157 516

5477 3555 11362

10175 12076 1844

12079 1222 1881

453 1874

12079 955 4343

7271 10339, 10340 10344 4172 4173 5103 12082 4343 12077 12079 12077 12079

.

5477

..

1874 1874 9404

11670

11679 10373 4173 1076 223

4645 5493

.

Order Kodcntia Family Arvicolidae

576 3 ©mb; mode 5; «2-9 3 SO yg. s© 1.5 max 8 4 ©mb; nl 1 5.0 ©mb r 4 -6 n4 f 5 16 ©mb , ps; mode 5; «3 8 nl 25 1 5 3 ©mb; mod© 5.6; 88% 4 7; n 10; n747 1 5 9; «4 11; Ml It 6 0 ©mb, «5 7; n6 f 6 ©mb; mode 6; r2 10; n285 f 6 1 d; «2 - 14; n439 I

7760 7760 10516

.

.

-

Clethnonomys rvtlus

-

. -

.

. -.

.

-

-

. . .

Drew stonyx groenlandrcus

.

.

-

Draostonyx hudsomus Dicrosiorryx rubricates Oterostorryx tonjoates

Dtctostonyx unalascensis Dinaromys bogdanovi Elfobius tuscocapiHus

Ettobius kitescans EHobtus talpmus

Eolagurvs loteus Eothenomys mei Eothenomys melanogasler

Eothenomys emithi Hyperacnus ferbtis Hyperacnus wynnei

»

-

.

. ..

*.

. .

»

-. -

.

-

»

. -

.

-

.

2 -4 30 mod© 4-5; r1 7

-

»

-

mode 6-9 yg; «4 10

2 ©mb; nl f 1.5 ©mb rl 2; n2 » 2 67 mb «2 3, «v3 1 2 56 ©mb; mod© 2-3 ri 5; n120 f 4 1; «2 -7; nl3 8 4 45 yg seO 12. rt 9. M88 N 23 2.5; «2 emb, 3 ps. n2 f

. -

• . -

-

-

-

3547 8052 5493 2564, 7544

Lagurus iogurus

Lemmas lemmas

Lemmas echisbcoior

Lemmas stomeus

6013 2434 10101 6781

8052

12111 4645 9951 182 182 182 10665

12026 294b 9175 9175

.

9762 3462 4830 7544

Mtemtes spp Mtcrotus abbreviates

Microtes agrestis

5493

-. -.

6806

5 29 yg mod© 5 6. rl 0 n80 It 8.4; mod© 5; r2 13 n50 tt 7 5. «6 9 n2 H max 9 yg 4 1 ©mb; «©0 36; r2 6 n35 I 53 ©mb r3 7 5 5 ©mb. pa. sdi 25; n95 f 7 0 ©mb, ps; sdi 6; n30 f 1 7 weaned 3 1 yg 3 8 -8.1 Cl 4 7 -8.1: vanes with season 5 5; r3 -9 6 13 ©mb 6 2 yg; «2 9; n25 It 6 9 ©mb, «3-10. ni 4 f 7 ©mb. n 13 n286 f 7.89 «6 12; n9 It; 2 d 4 6 d. ±0 48 2 -2 weaned

-

11679

10210 2386

-

. -

10016 8051

1077 1077 7544 7544 6013 716 9071

8051 7595 6710

-

-

177

6651. 11367 11367

-

3 75 6 62 4 0 yg; ©dl 87 rM6; n630 R 4 1; n 7; n77 It

-

6710 3561 1474

8051

9950 7544 5967

-

.

4469

0810 2560. 7544 7983 8052 9175

-

5

5039

177 8810

3516 9950 8052 8634

-

1913 8052

9697 4467a 6781

11647 3652 11647 11647

-

4 5; rl 7

6015 8808

4724 4724

10218.10219

. -

-.

2545 12105

7325 7491


42 1 5 p© n11 5.28 mb; mode 6; r 1-11, n281 I

.

5140

6 2 ©mb «3 13 34 3 6 w©an. 13 7 4 ps. nt 11 4 9 yg; 12.1 5 ©mb; n1 f 5 0 ©mb r4-6 n2 f 5 2 ©mb r4 6. n 5 f 5 3 ps; «4 6 n3 I 5 50 ©mb; n78 pnmiparous 6 05 ©mb; r 4 9; M8 f 6 1 yg; «5 8; n8 8 6 25 ©mb; n94 multiparous 7 ©mb; n1 1 7 0 ©mb «3-9. n4 t 7 6 ©mb rS 9 8 3 ©mb «6-10.6 1 50- 3,33, «16, varies wage, panty 2 35 wean, nS2 It 2 52 yg s©0 09; n52 H 3-4; max 7 3.1 yg; seO 13; M -6; n116 It 3 1 sd1 n6 It 3 3; M -8 3 41; »©0 21; M 7; n56 8 485d 4 1 yg. «2 -7 n6 4 78 ©mb , yg, p» r3 -9; n9 » 5 47 ©mb , p s©0 33; «2 11; n30 5 5 «36 M7 8 5.7 ©mb ps. «U7 1 3 4 rl 7 3.0 ©mb rv3 7 2 ©mb «5-11; n5 f 2 63 rl 4; n8 8 3 76 1; «1-11; varies ag© & parity 3 83 «26; n9 8 2 8 yg: sdi 2 2.1 yg survive, sdi 0; survive nl88 It 2 3 yg 3 yg; nl It 3 -5 4 8 ©mb. 10 38 n24 f 12 9 ovulabons, ±1.7: M7

-

Lagurus cvnates

11679

- -. -

577

Order Kodemta, Family Arvicolidac

- .

-

7595 655

3.0 yg

-

2546 «3 4 - 5 9 yg. n133 8. varies wrth panty 3.5 weened s©0 30. nl9 8 3.50 yg. n490 8 140 t 35 36 3.7 ©mb. «3 4 n3 I 3 73; r1 7; «089 8 39 d mod© 4 7; r3 11 4 7 ©mb n6 f 4 0 yg; «36. n9 nests 4 0 7 5 ©mb, «\2 location© 4.1 «2 7; n60 8 4 3 ©mb. s©0 4; 5 8 d; »©0 6 n11 4 6 weened a©0 25 n37 8 4 66. mod© 5; rl -7; n32 8 4 7 d. 10 50 4 7 «46 n7 It

.

-

-

-

.

-

-

.

.

-

5674 7544 7544 1872 1877 1805

-.

6397 519 8966 8921

-

1248 3571 1590

.

»

3835 7703 6008

1877 1805 12070 7339 10340

(

578

5 0 emb; 5.5 ova ovulated 5 07 ®mb; n329 f 5 1; s 0 3; n23 B 5.61 ©mb ps. seO 35, 4 8; n13 f 6 1; n80 It small islands 5.3: nl 40 It large islands. »3 10 max 8 max 8 mod® M2; »1 13 2 1; rl 3. n6 It 267; »1 8 n508 ll 2.7 wean ni2 It 37 30 3.25 emb; n8 t 3 73 medan 5. »1 11; n2518 It 3.79 yg; mod® 3 4; »1-9; n1018 It mode 4 -9 ®mb, »2 15. mode 4 7 yg

*

Microtus arvaks

,

'-

-

.

-

--

.

-

.

-

-

.

-

4 5 emb n4 t 4 ps; n1 1

-

.

.

. ..

Microtus brewotl Microtus califomicus

.

-

.

.

.

-.

. .

-

11.6 12 2 d 13 12 d »2 50 . n526 episodes

6433

.

.

5675 5675

. -

- .

. -

3.9. »26 3 95 r®«»®d. rl 7; n37 It 4 7 emb 48 4 ps; nl I 4.5 emb. »4 5 n2 I 4.76 emb »46 n17 » 4 8 emb, »46; n5 < 4 9 emb; r 46; nlO f 5; »3 7 5.0; n26 5 2 mod® 6; »36 n5 ll 5 5 yg. »56. n2 notts 5 6. »2 8. n39 6.0; »5 7 n3 7 emb; n1 f 7 ®mb; n1 f 7 ps; n1 1 5 9 ®mb 18 »2 3 ®mb; n3 f 3 5 emb »2 5 n2I 2.23 ©mb; ±0 32; mod® 2; n -4 n22 f 2 25 emb; ±0 22; mode 2. rl -4 n8 I 2.3 emb. mode 3 »1 - 4. nS9 f 2.6 emb. rl 3. n 7 f 2 6; »16. M 5 B 3 emb mode 3 4 »2 5 mode 56; »36 2 8 wean 3 9 txfth 4 - 12 emb »4 - 7 emb; nlO 1 46 ©mb 4 10 emb 4 16 yg »1 10; n254 B. 31 t

-

-.

Microtus maximowrcz Microtus miMtcanus

*

-

-

-

-

4893

6433 4053

«

-

1995 9747

6433

. -

-.

6040

4893

»

--

6041

9747

.

-

6040 4052. 4053

.

-

.

Microtus tongicaudus

4893

. -

-

.

10648

7326 4490

.

.

9012 12106 8052

4 29 new ps r>42 1 4 69 reared. »1 9. n42 It 4 8 yg »4 5 n5 It 4 94 emb ri 10; n73 I 5 ©mb; nl 5 05 ©mb; 4 82 healthy emb; 280 f 5 57 ps 108 f 9 29 d max 29 n82 1 11 6 cl s©2.4; 5.0 live emb se0.3. nlO f

.

-

10343 7899 11867 7905 3460 10516

4 20 6mb; seO 11; sd1 41; mod© 4 r1 9; n154 f 4 24 seO.11; sd1.8; mode 4 n295 4 25; s©0 28 »1-10 n65

.

.

Microtus gud Microtus guonthan

3465

-

-

-

6361 12082

- -. .

-

-

Microtus grogaUs

10344

.

.

.

741

.

34 mode 4 5 yg 2 7 yg 4 17 old ps n35 f 4 17 se0 20; »1 10. n220

8052

.

.

Microtus torts

11225

.

.

6902 955 3459 9013

. -

.

4645

-

.

Microtus chrotorrhnus

11256 9269 11867

-

-

2466

7292 11593

.

.

-

6398

11427

579

3 23 »2 10 n44 It 4 1 5 2 yg s©0 2 0 4; n4 group® 2 88 emb; mod® 3 »2 5 n8 f 3 5 ©mb d pa; m 3 f 3 56 yg. ±0.19; »2 -5; n9 tt 3 71 ®mb s®0 19. mod® 4 »1- 7 3 91 ®mb. mode 4; »2-5; n11 museums 5 32 ©mb r3-8; n16 I 3-7 yg 5 5 ®mb r58.33 emb r7 9 ; n3 t 5 13; r8-9. n2 locations mod® 7-9. r7 1S 7.5 ®mb; r7 8; n2 11 emb; n1 I 6 ©mb n1 f mode 4-8 rl-21 5 5; r 4 5 6 3; n 365 H 5 6 emb; median 6, r 4- ; n21 f 6 1 mode 7 M 10 6 2 , max 15 8 emb max 13 8 82 ®mb . adl 29 16 11; n17 l 9 3 emb; r9- H n3 f 10 73 ps adS.35; »6 19 nil 2 emb nl 1 3 5 ©mb r3 4; n2 ! 3.7 ®mb; »2 5. n9 f

Microtus c&mcaudus

1590

4 ps; n1 t 4 0 emb; »3-5; n2 f 4 1 emb »3 7; n18 t 4 2 »1 8; n19 It 4 25; »3-5 n4 It 4 25 n17 B 4.31 emb. »1 8 n16 f 4 5 emb r 4 5; n2 f 4 8 n111 B 4 92; n67 bght f 5 10 mode 5-6; most 4 -7; »4- 15 5.17 ©mb; »3-9; n30 f 5.24 ©mb . »3-9 n105 1 S.39 mode 5; »2 9 n44 It 5 41 ©mb seO 039 nl507 t 5 47 »19 n75 N 5 49; »2 9 r>84 1 5 86; »4 - 10; n7 B 5 96; n32 h©avy f 6 0 ©mb »5-7 ; n5 t 7; max 12 8 0 ©mb; »5-11 n2 1 5 0 max 8 n22 It 5.0; »2 8 n28 It »5 -9 ; »6 12 n2 samples

.

1218 10373 1250 8336 8645 10345 8920 3571 8153

.

Order Kixlcntia Family Arvicoltdac

6293 6293 6293 2465 9269 6237

. - .. . . --

Microtus brand!i

>rtlcr Kixlcntia. Family Amcolidae

-. -

nuddendortfi Microtus nuurus

Microtus

Microtus montanus

. -

.

11011 4196a

5794 10838 . 10642

2062 6896

5794 5796 5424, 162

8052 8052 4645 8052 10516

8052 1037 1036

6115 1965 3610 6419 1962. 1966 7905 1968 2544 10598

12049 6632 1995 502 1474

7009 11646a

10954 1119 4897 2068 10161 6488

10596 4226 10161 6560 4745 12049

8052 9176 523a 502 1365 1365 1813 4228

522 2341 1474 0052 7544 7544 1474 2226 7809

502

7811

.

Order Kodentia Family Arvtcolulae

580 4.3 d; ±0 6 4.5 yg. r3- ; n4 It 4 65 yg rl 10; »»6011 12 f 4.7 emb. se0.5. 5 6 d se0.4. nl2 f r 4 8 -6 6 emb. pa; m 7 seasona 5 emb r 4 6, n8 1 5 1 d; 8«0 93; n12 5 5 emb; rS 6; n2 f 5 8 emb se0.25 ; r2 10 n46 t 5 98 reared; r3 6; n42 tt 6 02 pa; n75 t 6 47 emb. r2 10 nl09 f 6 75 d; rl 13 n194 f 7 emb; nl 1 7.0 emb r6 8; n2 f »7 8 pa

. .

-

. -

-

- .

-

- .

Micro tvs montobetii

- . . -

-

-3.53 emb

. -

-

- . -.

. . -

.

Microtus osxacmnsis Microtus ooconomus

12

.

-

2 12 2.2-2.3 weaned 3 11 3 9-4 0 yg mode 4-7 »2 12 4.04 emb mode 7 » 4 -8; n25 1 4.41 emb n8G f 4 6. »4 -6 50 78 5 19 emb n31 f 5 3 emb, »4 -6; n3 1 5 33 yg n6 II 5 48 emb ; mode 5; r2-8 n25 f 5 67 emb mode 6. »3-8 n 18 1 5.7 emb »4 -7; n3 1 5.7 yg mode 5. r3 9; n4 It 5 7; mode 5. »3 -9 n25 It mode 6 9; r3 l2 6 0 emb; »5-9 n8 f 6 1 emb; n16 f 6 4 r3 -8; nIO It 6.5 emb; f6-7; n2 1 6.74; aeO 27 n41 f 6.94 emb. mode 7 »1-12 n373 1 7.15; mode 7; n119 f 7.7 emb »6 9 n6 f

-

. . . .

-

.

.

.

-

. .

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

. -.

.

.

Microtus orogort

7811

581

. .

2.79 yg; mode 3 rl 5 n28 It ; n26 It 3.11 amb; mode 3; rli 3 2 #mb. pa (3 1 amb 3.5 p») modi 3; rl 8; n29 It 8 n I 3.3 emb 3 41 d; n34 It 3.5. M0 21; nl2 it 3 8 reared r1 C nlSIt 4.0 emb »2 6 n21 f

.

.

2330 6561 11646a 4014 6468

11230 1995 4893 4893 4893 10305

2544 7009

3969

.

3.75 emb s«0 28 r2-5; n12 t 4.11 yg; ±1 49 mode 4 r1 8. ni 68 4 3 n68 11 45 4 9 emb. r2 8; n8 f 5 1 emb; aeO 3; mode 5; r2-9; n40 f 6.00 emb; seO 29; rS-7; n9 f 2 4 emb 2 87 »1 4 n3 lt 3.0 emb. »2-4; n23 f 3.1 emb mode 4 »2 -4. n12 1 mode 4-8 emb rl 9 4 emb. nl 1 5 emb ni 1

.

Microtus nivahs

5672 9967

.

Order Rodenda Family Amcolidae

7392 5511

7762 16 9443 9919

5510. 5512 5511 5984

3457 6313 5486 6919 6293 6293

9176 7433

2563. 7544 8845

.

2563 7544 3571 3460

3468 3655 716 6015 10516 9355 11679

11679 10516 659 10340

8052 10339 12049

10344 8808 5969 5493

10681 1913

-.

-

Microtus ponnsyh/ antcus

-

.

29 2 6 weaned, tl 6 3 7 aeO 6; r»12 It 3 72 yg «d1 88. r1 9; n4l6 it 3 78 yg aeO 23 n37

.

.

-

.

.

.

. .

502 6347 6346 495 9612 2902 5976 2562. 7544 2546 2069 2549 1832 2059

.

.

. -.

-

2376

45 4 5 emb »3 6, n2 f 4 54 emb. ad1 51; n152 f 4 72 yg 0 26. n2S 4 8 yg. mode 5. »2 7; n73 5 emb nl I 5 emb ea. n2I 5 0; r 4 6; n2 f 5 yg. »2 9. ni7 It 1 I 5 0 emb; mode 5 r3 8; n24 5 00 yg ±0.17, »3 -9; n41 It 5 05; mode 5; »3 7 . n39 H 5 09 emb; n87 f 5 1 yg 4 8 yg alive; r1 11; n106 It, 27 I 5 24 d. sdl 10 n151 f 5 25 emb r4 -7; n16 text 5.20 emb ni 5 table 5 3 emb; rS6. n4 f 5 3 emb; »2-10. n67 I 5 32 uterme swelhngs; sdl 61 n25 f 5 49 yg seO 27; n47 5 52 yg; aeO 31; n23 5 52 reared. »2 8 n31 It 5 5 emb. n4 I 5 5 emb mode 5. rl -11 n440 f 5 6 59d 5 67 pa; »5-6 n3 f 5 6 yg. r4 -9. nil It 5 86; »2-10 0144 f 5 9 yg. mode 6 r4 8. n28 6 yg nl f 6 emb ea; n2 f 6 emb. r4 8. n2 f 6 0 emb. »5 7; n2 f 6 0 yg. nl 4 II 6 00 d adl 27 4 25 emb adO 83. M6 lI 6.09 d aeO 115 r3 12 5 59 emb aeO 110 rl 11, n25 6 2 emb. »4 -9. n12 I 6 2 emb. mode 7 »3 -8 nl 3 I 6 3 emb. »5 0. nl5 I

—

. -

.

-

-

..

-

-

-

-

-

.

-.

.

.

-

.

. -

.

-

.

.

-

.. . . .

3622 1370 1995 4970 501 2562, 7544 8642

.

. .

1615

7116

4 8 emb 4 yy; rl -9 4 emb; n1 f 4 yg n1 neat 4 yg r3 -5; n3 nests 4 0 yg; mode 4; M -6; n23 4 1 yg; ±17 4 12 emb , r3 -6; n8 I 4 18 yg n51 It 4 25 imb »4 5 n4 f 4 37 emb tdt 43 rv51 I 4 46 emb aeO 13 mode 4 »1 9 4.80 d n153 f 4.48 emb pa rl 8. n35 f

. .

3622

5673

-

.

2087 2087

.

-

10648

2611 5629 7116 5976 6796 2902

7809 501 5976

2062 5149

6015 10463 5629

10639 5798 12049

1832 7116 7118 1995 11646a

4278 1919 261a 11956

2660 5976 6769 10218 10219

.

10220

4745 11518 4016 721 723 5405b 5976 3703

.

,

.

582

Order Kndentia f amily Arvicolulae 6 3 yg; n24 It 6 6 emb, »2-9; n36 1 6 7 emb; »5-9; n10 1 6 0 mb »4 - 12 nl 7 t 7 ©mb nl t 7 ©mb; nl f 7 ps nl f 7 8 pe »6 9. n5 f 8 emb; n1 f 8 yg; nl It 8 14 mb. »6 9 n7 f 4 7 yg

.

Microtua nchardsom

•

-

5 yg; »2 5 17 mb

11504

•

-

*

. .

-

*

Microtua robtrii Microtua aachalmanaia Microtua aocukhs

.

2 00-6 88 4

Microtua townaanda

©mb;

nl f

5 67 ©mb. rS-7; n3 f mode 6; r 4- 11 max 9 2 10 4 ; rl 9

Microtua xanthognatoua

Naohbat niorv

. .

-

-

.

-

.

. -

-.

-

.

-

-

-

.

.

-.

.

- .

4969

7809 6631, 6632

.

6630 6630 6630 6630

11366 2995 6293

. - . . .

*

-

-

-

.

*

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

. .

.

6376 11878 11519 944 944 4282 1290

7093 8762

.

--

6693 6693 6693 2053 6153 12049 11678

2243

.

-

1474 2053

2243

.

.

10274

10580 11762 4832a

.

. -

1369

10580 7291 11762 8015

-

.

. - * . . - .

.

2088

.

Ondatra ztbothicua

.

6631 6632 6630

.

.

. .

6630

2053

4 92-5 42 ©mb, a©1 00- 1 19; n3 seasons 4 8 yg. »2 -6; n13 5 4 yg »2-7; n12 6,0 ©mb; r5 7; n20 1 7; »5 -6 21 r 1-4 nl 7 11 8.0 yg. r7 10; nil 8 8 0 ©mb »6 10; n7 I 8 33 ©mb. r7 10; n3 f 8 8 ©mb sdl 62; »6 - 13; n71 f 1 5 yg nl2 8 2.2 emb. ps; mod© 2 rl -4; n104 f 2.7 cl; M -5; mod© 3 »>46 I 3 yg ©a; n211 1.5 ©mb rl 2; n2 1 2.65 yg; rl 5 ni7 rvests 3 9; ( 7-9 start oi season, 3 5 end of season) 3 3 yg mod© 3 r 1 5; ni 06 It 3 47 ©mb rl -5; n103 f 3 62 emb mod© 4 rl 6; n66 t 3.7 emb; mod© 4; rl 6 n208 f 3 9 yg rl -8, n23 It 4 5 95%o 4 0-4 9 rMO 4.8; 95%o 4 3 5 3 rMO; It 364 It »6 35-8.41 n22 y » 7 7 ps; »7 -9; n3 yg t 7.7 ©mb »4 11 »>331 82 ©mb »5 11; »>6 I 8 4 ©mb sdl 2; n9 I 8 7 ps; n7I 9 ©mb nl I 9 9 1 ©mb; »2 10; n16 f 10 93 ps n16 2 sites 12 06 ps; n103 12.7 ps. »>48 1 17 ps r12 24 18 31 ps; 11 01 19 8 ps; »>36I mods 4 5: max 8 4 24 yg. seO 12 mod© 4. »2 7 n59 8 4 4 yg. n8 It 4 8 yg »2 8 yuversles 3 8 aAjIts 5 9 4 8 emb seO, 75 , »3 6 n4 t 4 8 emb yg »2 -8; n43 It 4 9 yg ©mb, ps. r3-8 n37 1 5 3 ps s©0.52. »2 9; nil I 7 ©mb nl I

-

5210

#

1915 3621 5884 11174

-

3703 10101 10218

*. * 0 44. n19 1

9529

5.8

2545 10652

-.

.

-

6166 10101

.

-

5 38 ©mb; mode 5. r3 7 nl3 1 5 4 ps; nSO 6 36 f 5 4 yg. r2 9 n62 nests rS 5-8 5; n25 locabons

4272 10954

.

.

583

Order Kodemiu. f amily Arvicolidac

.

-

.

.

Phanacomya mtarmadiua

-

. . . . .

-.

.

-.

.

-

.

6805 90 2616 4491

3061 11934

2697 3061 705 9503 2685 10112 3061

10410 9003 4892 3062

705 4891

9503 351 703 3558 5333 11467 10066

9003 2665 0000 3621 6805 9003

8104 719

8237 3082 8761 9690 3081

8237 3558 8234

6267 9690

2685 2685 8762 8236

10112 8237 2068 5150

4219 555a 11230 3429 10101

11230 10220

.

Order Rndentia Family Arviooladae

584 Pitymys Afghanus

Pitymys duodaomcostatus

7 emb as , n2I 3 5 mb. r3-4; n21 2 0 emb; sdO 8. mod® Z rl -4 n37 t 2 2 amb , mod 2 2 4 yg; rl -3; n5 2 66 moda 3; M 4, n32 It 2 7 emb. M 5 3 0 emb. rl 4 n9 1 3 43. »2 6 n60 It 3 63 r2 7; n70 It 2 emb; n1 1 2 0 yg rl 3; n56 It 2 26 emb rl 4; r 57 t * 2.75 IK/ a amb . rl 4; r>4 3 7 emb

•

. .

*

Pitymys /uldaschi Pitymys taucurus Pitymys hsttameus Pitymys ma/on

Pitymys muftptaxt Pitymys octirogastar

-

-.

-. . . -

.

-

-

-

3 1-6

*

»

. n -6; n65 It

0 24; median 3

*

3 27 emb 3 27 emb; sdl 28 n160 1 3 3. seO.2; n22 It

.

-

. .

• .

-.

. . . . . -. .* -

. -

.

-

.

.

.

Pitymys ptnalorum

-.

. -

.

.

.

-.

-

. -

-.

-. . .

1057 1057

Pitymys quasiatar

Pitymys stkimansis

10274 8052

6370

Pitymys sobtarranaos

-- .

5629 5629

2059

2059

Pitymys tatneus Pitymys thomasi Promatbaomys schaposcbmkom

9235

Synaptomys boraahs

261a 5673 6298

Synaptomys coopan

3648 1612a

2547 11957a 261a 4525 11059

783 8988 6290

3803

3852 9530

. -

-

-

4 yg; r4 6 mode 4-5 r2 -8 4 5; »2-8 4 4 emb »3 6; n10 f 1 emb nl t 1 7 yg 2 4 emb 2 emb n1 1 2.5 yg »2 3. n2 f 2.0 emb. »2 4, n5 1 mode 3 yg »2 5 3 yg; n J 3 emb; n1 1 3 emb, n1 1 3.20 yg ±0 19 r2 -5. n9 11 3 33 emb »3 4 n3 1 3 7; n6 X 1 f 4 0 emb r3-S; n4 f 4 5 emb. r4-5 n2 f 4.7 emb r4 -6 . n6 f

.

-

--

. . -

. .

. .

6475

3747

. -

.

2547

3852

. -

-

11957a

6533 8268 6487 5405b,

5281

. -

.

SEXUAL MATURITY Arvicola tanastns

-

-

-. .

(; 1st conceive 15 cm 1 1st preg 76 96 g 1: is! bi»th 1st summer

-

»: -6 wk. 120 g

-

t ; 35 40 d 1; 60 65 g 1: 116 g

.

2493

182 3571 7904

-

-

2493

9530 9636

7362

22 22 emb; r1-3, n5 1 225 emb. se0 077 M 4. n71 » 2 4; M 4 2 4 yg se0.2, n28 pnmiparous 2 5 emb »2 3; n2 1 2 5 »2 3; n22 It 2 65 yg 2.30 wean; seO 1; mode 3 rl 5; n3l7 It 2 66 emb. seO 095 . M -4. rv38 f 2.74 yg; »node 3 M 5. 2 26 ween; n143 It 2 875 ps n8 It 2 86; »2-4. n32 H 3 emb; nl 1 3 0 emb; se0 081; »2 4; n6l f 4.45 emb. sdl 58 »1-8; n20 f 2.7 emb ps. M -4; n6 It 3 5 emb »3 4 ; subadult 1 mode 4 -5 emb r1-5; adult f

-

6051

3652

2341 4226 2256

-

.

1995

495

.

-

3747

9164

. .

-

5405b, 5629

4 ps; nl 1 8 emb; n1 f 1 emb; nl f 2.1 emb r1 4, n12 It 2 emb; n1 1 2 32 emb rl -4; n22 f 3 emb; nl f mode 2 5. rl 7 2.0 rl -4; r>6 It

9164

-

-

3283 4019 2376 5241 9273 6298 10954

9111

9536 4273 1474

2 17 2 - 45 ovulatoona

2529 6881

3703

2 75 wean seO 09 2 79. r2 -4; n14 It 3 -4; »2 7 3 0 pe »2-4; n3 1 3 yg ea. n4 It 3 2 yg; seO 1 n50 It 3 31 yg. seO 09; mode 3; »1 6, n150 It 3 4 yg; seO 3; n25 II

.

6361 1843a 11620

7382 11820 11820

585

.-

e e T 11255 11820

10333

3 37 yg. 40.075, n82 It 3 36 emb; 5 16 d; n20 1 3 40 mb ps n 6; n35 f 3 4 emb; M 7 n58 f 3 42 emb 3 79 ct nl 82 1 3 5 emb; »2 5 nil f 3 6 r1 6 n28 It 3 6 emb mode 3 n -6 n110 t 3 7 emb r1 6 n3 3 73 Cl d106, nl 56 l 3.77; r1 8, n280 It 3 87 yg; rv54 I! 3 89 emb; seO 10; mode 4 i2 7; 4 35 ci; n134 1 3 93 reared; M -7. n20 X 4 0 emb, r3-5, n2 f 4.19 emb. rl 9; 4.17 ps «198 1 4.25, n8 It 4 4 emb; »3 6 n9 1 4 5 sa0.6 013 H 4.7 ps r3 7; n7 f 5 0 seO 4 5.0 emb, r 4 -6, n2 f 5.0 emb; r3 7; n2 I 5.8 emb; »5 7 o5 f 6 ps ea n2 I 7.2 ps. 16 10 n15 1 10 ps. nl f 1 9 emb mode 2-4 2 emb; nl f 2 emb; nl f 2 emb ea. n2 1 2 emb ea. n3 1 2.2 yg aeO.l; rl 3 nl9 II 2 25 emb M 5; n138 f 2 33 r2, 2 emb 3 yg; n2 f 2 33 emb »2-3; n3 1 2 44 ps; »2 5 n9 It 2 5 emb »2 3; n2 1 2.5 emb; »2-3; n2I 2 54 emb »2 5; nlS I 2 59 wean; M 6 nl 50 It

. -

279 8052 8216

2137

.

2 3 yg. saO 5 n6 3 18;

.

Order Rodenua Family Arvioohdae

10379 4114

6004 9656

5262 5966 6199 5282 8335

1407 4114 7903 5986 6004

7905

10275 12007 12007 555a 2086 1474

12049 5405b, 1469

10329 2025 10329 6475

5210 555a 6298 11956

2062 4525 2026 5798 6486

5405b,

11204 11250 4645 8392 10944

8052 8392

Order Rodentia. family Arvicolulae

586 m: spermatogenesis 15 cm m: testes mature 6 10 wk 65-95 g m testes mature 85-90 g m 1 st male 43 47 d m 110 g f /m: mate not yr of birth Mm; 2 2 5 mo f 1st b:rth 1st summer 1; 12 g. 5 6 wk ni m testes large 6 wk m fertile 20 g m 6 wk f /m 50-60 d f: vag pert 11 d f : 1st mate 21 d f: 1st birth 33 - 34 d f 1st birth 40 d mode 60-65 I: 1st birth 40 d, mode 00-89 ; 1st birth 41-57 d f: 1st birth 47 144 d t: 1st birth 50 d f: 20-25 d f : 47 -90 d or 59 90 d m epickdymat sperm. 35 d m 2nd mo f /m: 1-2 mo to >4 mo f /m 9- 12 wk W grown 6 10 wk f /m: 68 d f: vag pert 3 wk f: 1st birth 8 wk f 1st mate. 20 d f 1st mate 25 30 g f 1st preg 3 wk 9 mo f 10 15 g m: sperm 40 g m: 1st mote 6 wk m: 1st mate: 3540 g fAn: 25-30 g f 1st conceive 18 22 d f 1st conceive 30-50 d; nl /20 90 120 d; n4 B f preg f 21 g preg f TL 131 mm. nl f M8 >140 mm 30 g m HB: >150 mm; 30 g I 3 5 4 mo; 106 mm

-

Lemmus sdtisticolor

10569

7238 1075 1075

587

Order RcxScntm Family Arvicolidae

»

.

-

-

6806 6806 3462 9762 5967 8051 5135 3466

5135 10016 5135 10016 5135

9071 716

7595 7595 6013 1075 8920 1875

6397 6397 9011

3571 1872 11294

1218 521.6397. 8920 1218 1872

12070 3460 6902 3460

4645 3459 9013

9269

3465 2465 8052

6902 8052 6903

3571 6237 9012 9012 4490 4893

4053 4052

4053 4490 4893 6434 4196a 8410 5796 5796 6896 6896

8052

Order Rodentia. Family Arvieolidac

588

-

Mtcrotus gragaiis

m : 2 mo: 20 g f /m repro yr of btrth

Mtcrotus guanthen

f vag pert 30 d 1; 1st mate; 50 d f; 1st preg; 60 d m: sperm. 30 d nl m ; sperm 85 d mod# > 100 d m: 1st mete 62 d; mode 95 d m: 1st mate 11 mo Wm male most 9 12 mo few season of birth Wm repro yr of birth t /nv 2 mo f: vag pert: 18-42 d; n42 f: 1st mate: 19-29 g m: 35 g Wm 3 4 wk Wm summer of birth f /m 1st repro; 60 d; 32 2 g f: 25 g Wm: repro yr of birth f: vag perf 51.38 d f 1st birth 6 wk f: 3 wk f: summer of birth m testes large 48 4 d Wm mate yr of bir8i f; 1st mate 22 - 24 d t 1st conceive; 27 36 d m 1st male 34 38 d m: 42 d t 1st male: 25 d f: 1st conceive: 4 wk; 24 g f: 1st birth 45 d I: 3-4 wk f meduin 18 8 g; 95%d 17.7 - 20 1 f : yr of birth; 45 49 g m: lesles 1 mo: 25 30 g m; 1st male 45 d m: 5 6 wk m: me< an 23 6 g. 95%o 202 27 4 Wm male 35 g t /m 30-40 d I: mate: season of birth I: 1st birth 45 -60 d f vag pert 2 5 -7.5 wk. nl6 /20; 15-19 g m: >30 g f /m 90 100 d 230 - 280 g f: vag pert; 4 mo 1: preg 3-4 mo 1: preg 1 yr some yr of btrth f; tst birth- 1st summer m: 4-5 mo; mode 7-8 mo m: 7 8 mo m: 1 yr f /m 4 8 mo f /m 1•yr f /m yr of btrth; n3/594 f: 1st male istyr f; 1st mate 4 -6 wk f: 1st birth: 7 wk f; 1st birth; yr of birth f: 4 -6 wk f /m 1st mate 1st summer

8052 10616

.

.

Mtcrotus longicaudus Mtcrotus mtddandorffi Mtcrotus montanus

-

-

-

Mtcrotus montabalti Microtus nivalis Mtcrotus oaconomus

Microtus oragoni

-

Microtus pecn sylvanKUS

-

-

Microtus nebardsoni Microtus social $ Mtcrotus townsandu Naotrbar nttaru Ondatra Z/ batNcus

-

--

Pbenacomys mtermedius

-

-

* -

-

.

.

1965 1966

3610

.

Pitymys lusnarvcus Pitymys och togas ter

1965

1966 1965 3810 1966

Pitymys

pine to rum

1962

502 8052 9518 4693

3571 3571

Pitymys tatneus Promatheomys schaposcfuvkowi CYCLE LENGTH Ctethnonomys glar&oius

2067 2088 501

501

2850 7293 12007 4278 501

Dictostonyx groaolandicus Logurus lagurus Mtcrotus agrestis

2850 7293

6347

Mtcrotus townsand

*

2088 6832 4845

Naottoat aMam

6691

Ondatra zibathicus

944

702 705

Pitymys ptnatorum GESTATION Arbonmus longtcaudus

4645 10490

Arvtcola tarrastns

11027 704 3571 11467 8761 1474 3429 555a 5150 1474 11230

. . .-> mode 3 d; most 2 8. r>300 cycles. 30 I -

.. - .

.

.

-

.-

10204

10204 6824 1408

8425

6.5 d r 3-l2 n29 f 9 66 d sd2 2. n41 cycles 18 f 7 d vaginal smears 3 4 d during lactation 5.18 d r2 5 11,5 n28 cydes 7I; diestrous intervals mods 4 d moat 2 9, n70 cydes 10 f

.

.

-

.

6 10 d 8 5 d r6 11; n6 cydes eslrua. 4 5 d rl 19 dieatrua 3 2 d; n - 18; m 2 1 8 d; mode 4 ; most 2 8 70%. 5 cydes >14; r2 28; n40 cycles 12 S15 d esirus: 1 d 6 1 d mode 4 r2-22; n136 cydes. 10 I 28 7 d; r24 34; nl 1 cydes. 7 f esirus; 1-22 d dlestrus 1 9 d; MO f no cycles

- .

-

. «

. .

.

*

-

127 0 28 5 d; n4 ! 33-42 d n2 f 2 5 3 wk 21 d 21 d mode 21 d 121 26 21 22 d 22 24

.

11847 1806

7334 6824 3810 6039 6692 8692 7983

719 7094

.

719 720 9530

«052 7772 7433

-

-

10204

9521

4264 4264

-

-

Ctathnonomya gappan Ctathhonomys giareotus

-5

0.5 d; rt - 5 proeatrus; 1.5 d rO esirus 1 8 d 0 7; postestrus 2.7 d; 0 7

anestnjs:

-

6693

.

..

4 -8 d

Microtus arvabs Mtcrotus guenthen Mtcrotus oeconomus

10066 4891

10379

8335 10379 6005 6004 12007

m: 18 6 g m: fertile; 13 17 g m; testes large: yearlings f: 1st cl: 23 g sometimes 18 g I: 45-49 g yr of birth

4 d, smears

.

4272 4278

11820 11820 11820 3283 1474 9111 9111 1871a 9536 6388. 6389 9530 9536 8268 9536 9530 6388. 6389 1407 6335 6004

9656

-

10681

.

Mm: by 100 d

I. 1st preg 13-14 g

5313

2067 2088

-

f; 16 3 g f; 1st ct 13 5 g f; 1st conceive 90 d

7762

2087

-

.

Pitymys subtar raneus

5510 6919

5313 10516

t IN preg 5 wk; n1 m: 1st sperm: 33 d m: 1st siro: 7 wk ; n1 f: 1st conceive 1 mo; mode 7 11 wk f: 1st mate 30 d f; 1st male ; 33 -34 d not fertile: >60 d fertile m; 1st sire 49 d l/hrsaod f: 1st d: 10*12 wk f; 1st conceive 62 d, median 50; r32 -l15; n13 f: 1st conceive 11-24 wk; n21 t 1st conceive 105 d t 1st preg: TL 108 mm; n2 m: 1st sperm 6-8 wk or 60 d m ; 1st sire 51 - 77 d. nl 2 m: 1st are 69 d medan 57 r44 -99; n12

4893

7808 11230

589

Oder Kndrntia Family Arvicoltdae

881

8571

.

mode 17 d; M 7 19 n6 cases 5 f 16*35 d lactation delay possible

17 5 d 17.5-18 d

4660 10569

8425 7002 052 0SS9 8477

»

18 d 18 d 18 d; r 18 - 23. n25 pnmiperous

.

'

4173

Order Kodcmia. Family Arvicolidae

590 18 3 d: seO 07; n12; pnmtparous 18 32 d r17.5 21S, n7 19 d 19-20 d, 3 d longer with lactation 19 5 d. s#0 01 n74 st 20 d min it * mod# 20 21 d; M 9 - 34 painng to birth

.

.

•

.

-

.

20 d 20 d; nl 21 d 21 21 5 d with lactation 25 d r2O-30 max 37 d; with lactation implant: 5 d 19-21 d 19 5-20 5 d

-

Dicroatonyx groeotandicua

-

20 d

Dtcrostonyx hudsomua Dtcrostony torquatua

*

Dtcrostonyx unalascensis Dinaromys bogdanovt Elbtxus tatpmus Eothenomys smitht Lagurua curiatua Lagurua lagurua

. - .

-

-

19- 20 d: min ib < 20 d; r15-23

.

Lemmus lemmus

Lemmas schist color

Lemmas sibmcus

Microtvs agrests

-

-

Microtvs arvaiis

.

.

23 d implant 3 5 d 18-21 d 18-22 d 2023 d 20 5 d nursing 20 7 d. rv32 20 76 di r20 5 - 21 5; M 3 21 d 21 d 18 d 18 d 19 d «16 23 mode 19 21 d; «16 24 20 d 2028 d

.

.

-

Microtus miurus Microtus montanus

.

Microtus nivalis

8810 8051

Microtus oeconomus

2560

Microtus oregom

7983

Microtus pennsytvameus

12111 294b 5240 142 8052

Microtus montebetii

.

Microtus nchafdsoni

Microtus aoemtia Microtus town send*

5135 3466

Ondatra zibettucus

Neofber aMem

8051 7595 6013

716

.

Phenacomys mtermedius

Pitymys lusitanicvs Pitymys ochmgoster

2466

-

21 d; r21 25; mm to 21 d 20 5-21 d 21 d n314 H 43 f mode 21 d; r2i 26. it * 29 d; it 20 d; eatms to birth; 22 d; ibi 21 d 21 d 20-23 d: mating to birth, it 21 d 23 8 d f23 33 24 5; n4 It 20.0 d, sdO 0 n6 without lactation

.

-

*

*

.

.

-

21 d 21 d 21 d 21 d r 19 22 21 Od M0 2 n12 21 5 d. adl 4 mi with lactation 22 d; n2; painng to birth 22 d; n3 mm to 42 d; with lactation 19- 20 d 21 d 21 24 d; n3 24 d; n1 nursing 5 bab«es 26 d; mm to; 29 d, death of m to birth. n2 1 mo; nl: removal ol m to birth 21 d 21 23 d 25 d 28 d

-

.

.

.

-

-

4 wk 29 d «28 30; n2 30 d st 30 d 30 d ibi 1 mo 1 mo; n76 19 d. capture lo birth 21 - 24 19 24 d n2 20 d n2. mm it 21 d

-

-

.

. -

Pitymys ptnetorum

.

*

-21 d 21.5 d; «20 5 -23. .

3571 6339

-

*2123dd

•- - . -

3571

7433 6397 8920 7292 10911 4645

-

.

1249

1806

-

.

8051 6806 3462 2386 9762 7705

1875 1250 12070 12070

. -

21 d

8634

20 2 d; flfl 54 21.29 n67 painng to birth mm ibi 20 d; r2021; mating to birth mm ibi 3 wk mode 3 wk 14 d est 22 -25 d 24 d 18 d 2020 5 d n12 21 -21 5 d: n2

-

Microtus canrcaudi/s Microtus guenthen

6759 6759 6759 1474

4645 3516 3652

.

16 d

.

Microtv a brewen Microtus calrformcos

11647

20* d mode 20; r20-21 20 21 d vaginal smears 2022 d

-

4335 4468 4469 4468 4469

20 d. «16- 36. ibs 20 56 14 d solid lood: 2 wk wean 3 wk leave nest: 3 wk wean 18 d wean 20 21 d sokd food: 14 d wean 14 d wean 16-18 d wean 1 mo wean 60 d did food: 15 d nurse 25 30 d leave nest: 12 d; rl0-i5; n7 It solid food: 14 d; rl2 l6 may nurse 25 d * wean 21 d solid food 10 d solid food: ii d den emergence 13 30 d independent: 15 d den emergence 2-3 wk solid food: 11 d leave nest: 12 14 d lact - 20 d wean 12 14 d lact: 14 d, 13 16 independent 14 d solid food 14 d solid food 14 d

-

.

-

Dicrostonyx groanlanchcus

Dicrostonyx torquatus Ellobius talpmus Eothanomys smrthi Lagurus curtatus

Lammus lemmus

-

•

-

-

-

Lammus schisticotor

Microtus agrastis

Microtus amahs

-

-

-

independent 14 d wean 15-20 d wean 16 d wean 16 d

Microtus brandh

Microtus cal/ tomicus

Microtus camcaudus Microtus gragahs

.

6022 9530 9531

. .

-

Ctathnonomys gtaraolus

.

24 d; n several hundred 20 d n2. mm ibi 21 d 21 d mode 21. r20-2l, n4 22 9 d; seO 3; r21 25 n28 pnowparou 23 d; nursing

-

•

•

9656 6199 5282 2026

4660

-

Microtus guanthan

Microtus montanus

Mtcrotus monfebeth Microtus nrvaJts Microtus oaconomus

Microtus Oregoni Microtus pennsytvameus

7238 10569 1871a

Microtus sooahs

8052 4335 6781

4335 8051

Microtus townsands Microtus xanthognathus Neotibar aBani Ondatra nbathicus

4645 294a 294a 4905 4905

4905 5240

Phanacomys intarmadiut

6806

0061 8051 2186a 11679

5135

9012 9747 4490

.

4052 4053

Pitymys pmatorum

Pitymys subtarranaus Promathaomys schaposchnikowi Synoptomys coopen

INTERLITTER INTERVAL Anncota tarrastns

6041

9747 4490 4196a

4645 8052

9967 9967

5250 1871a

7762 3571 10681

3571 3468 4970 4278 7066

-

-

.

4272 4275. 4278 501 7066

6347 5148 10463

-

•

•

4645 8052 4645

.

-

6693 12049 944

10364

3571 2695 3001 11934

8051 1871a 3429 5150 3429 1871a

11820

-

9111

7066 3283 7066

-

8052 9269 2465 10911 3460

.

12003

-

Pitymys kjsrtamcus Pitymys ochrogastar

5135 5135 8920 8921 1805 3571

1965 3610 1965 1966

w«ar\ 15 21 d wean 18 20 d solid lood 11 d wean 15 d abandon young 13-16 d independent 2-3 wk wean 20 d wean 3 wk leave nest 11- 12 d solid lood 2 wk wean 20 d wean 15 d solid food. 9-12 d solid food 13 14 d wean I1 12 d wean 12 d rnirse; 12 - 14 d wean 14 d wean 144 d wean 18 21 d olid lood 20 d olid lood 20 d den emergence 15 d wean 15 d n15 It wean 1 mo wean 3 wk den emergence 3 wk den emergence 3 wk wean > 24 d wean: 4th wk independent 4 -6 wk wean: 30 d independent 2 mo solid lood 14 d solid food 1

-

3460.3465

.

-

2 23 2233 2 4; M 6

3459

7762

10 12 23 3 summer 1 5- 2 3 M 2 -4/season, south, more north 34 3-4; r2-4 4. mode 2 54%; rl 4

-

9013

3457 2563 7544 10681

-

-

-

7811

25.3 d; M 7 8 1I 7 wk 23 5 54 d mode 20 d 70% 18 24 r 18 48 n71 It 19 f 21 d; r19 23 95% 21 d 21 d

-

Pitymys tusitamcus Pitymys ochrogaster

Anncola tanastns

1806

1966 3610 7544 4014

-

Microtus oeconomus

Pitymys /uktaschi

-

-

Microtus ntvalts

Altcota roylai

AJbcota straizowi

8052

25 d 33 2 d 21 d; r18 30 mm 21 26 d MO 21 d; n3!4 It 43 f mm 18 d; mode 20 21 33; r22 -44; n2 20 d; r16 25

Microtus moniebeUi

Microtus sooahs

- .

40-45 d

Microtus montanus

Ondatra zrbathicus

.

-

LITTERS/YEAR

5135

7544 7544

24 25 d 27 6 d; sei 8 66 1%; IB- 25 d; 13 5% 26 -36 d. 20.4%; 37 -88 d 22 29 d 23 8 d; mode 24 120 26; n78 24 58 d

6806 3462

-

Microtus mturus

Pitymys subtarranaus

8051

-

Microtus torts Microtus guenthen

Pitymys pmefonom

12111

mode 25 d; 60% 23-28; r22-40 M70 intervals 21 d; r10 27 18 26 d 20 26 d; M 9-24 n42 20 d; M 6 36 mode 20 d; r16 36 0417 18 132 d 22 8 d; M 9- 49 25 30 d

Microtus agresbs Microtus an/ aks

1875 1881

294a

21 d 21 d 40 d Lemmus schtsbcolor Lemmus sinncus Microtus abbreviates

. .

mode 21; n ? 24 78%; r37 -42, 7.5%; M164 It mode 22 23 d; n large, with lactation max 5.5 rk with lactation * 45 55 d 50 60 d 20 2 d; sd1 4; n12 intervals 40-50 d 17.5 d; r14-22; n36 intervals

595

Order Rodentia, Family Arvicolulae

25

-

34 3 -4 4

-

n 7r 175 B 4645

8052 8634 3516

5967 8051 6806

3462 8051 10016 1474 8051 2088 1872

3571 7433

12070

.

Order Rodentia Family Arvicolidac

596 4

Microtus arvatts

-

-

- . -

Microtua brondti

Microtus cahtomrcus Microtus chrotorrtvnus Microtus forks Microtus gregohs Microtua gud

Microtus guenthen

-

.

-

-

10

Microtus ton&caudus Microtus montanus

Microtua nivalis

1.9; rt -4 4 38-5.15; over 3 yr 1 2; M 3

-

-

2 2 23 Microtus oeconomus

-

-

max 5

-

16 23 23

10639 2562

.

4 0 ±3 9

max 5 It/ season 5 10 est 5 6. thecrebcaJ max 17 max 17 2

-

Microtus nchardsooi Microtus sochaltnensis

Microtus soctahs

Microtus xanthognathus Neofiber aHeni Ondatra nbettucus

3

-

-

max 2/season 0-2 35 4 -8 2 K/season 4 -5 >1 2 1-2 1-2; north; 3; south mode 1; rl 3 14 mode 58; rl 8 1 rl 2; 2 rare. 4/1331 2 2 2 mode 2 2 2. 3 rare 2 2 motto 2

-

-

. -

-

7116

4276 4278 501 1369 6632

mode 4 35

3 26 45

7433 10421

motto 4; max 6

7291

-

8051 1474 5150 1474

34

Phenscomys nterm+d*us

min 2 max 3

Pttymys ochrogaster

3 -4/season min 5 It/summer

Pttymys pmetorum

14 3-4

Pttymys subterraneus

mm 2 2 3; r28

2137

-

3652 1474 6052

-

3571 7433 9656 7904

58 8 7 /9 mo max 10

Promettwomys schaposettmkow

Synaptomys coopen

SEASONALITY Aflicota str&Jzov

*

Arbonmus longtcaudus

2 2 2 -3

12007 6051 1474

repro Mar -Oct peak Aprdune, Kazakhstan repro end Apr-mid July; USSR mate yr rd CA male yr rd n Canada nw US birth yr rd. OR CA preg f; Feb -Oct, Spam

8020a

’ .

.

Arvicola sjtptdus Arvicola terrestns

11366

fertile m Feb Nov; n Austria testes; large Fed- Aug Netherlands testes: large Mar - May regressed Dec ; s France male Mar Apr; G8 mate end Mar Sept, lab mate end Mar early Oct Germany male Apr Sept; USSR male Apr Oct Europe mate peak Juiy Aug; lab preg f: Jan Mar Switzerland preg f : Mar - Sept s France preg 1: Mar-Nov Spam preg 1 Apr -Oct; Czechoslovakia preg f: Apr -mid Oct n Austria birth Feb Oct n Austria birth Mar Oct Netherlands birth begms Apr May . USSR birth Apr - Sept; s France birth Apr Oct Europe b«th Apr-Oct Germany birth May -Aug Scotland UK (act t Sept n1 Iran preg 1 Aug, n1; OR

-

4645 6052 11878 944 9003 3550 11934

-

. .

-

.

-

.

6266

2243 6104

6015 7093 719 10410 6267

-

-

-

8762 10410 11467

7015 8762 3060

11027 3571 9164 6214 2697

-

3 4; r3 5 3-4

1965

2563 3622 2068 5151

48

-

28

4893

7433 3571

38

Microtus pennsylvantcus

4053

3571 7433 6313 6919

4645 3062 9529 8237 9503 10112

-

2.0. mode 2. rl 4. n76 t 2.3 236 2.7. rl -4; 2 5; 2 yr

10681 4645

34 34 3 -4 34

Microtua oregoni

-

6832 8052 8052 10516 8052

4893

12112 1474 720 90

2-3. north. 3-4 souIti

8052 9012

2563 8052

29

mm 3

2-3 23 23

9269 9013 3571 6052 11225

1962. 3610 6632

-

est 2 3 It/ season

8052

1 11 2; rt 5 3 10 rO 12 57 16 mm 2* 3 3; rl - 5; n5 4 4 56 9 30-11 22; over 3 yr mm 2 6 good yr 2 3 -4 23 motto 1 3; rl 5 6-7; 7 is theoretical

597

Order Kodenua. Family Arvicolidac

. .

Oethnonomys cokfomtcus

.

3068 782 5028 1474 11248 11668

11204 2471 2045 8392

3571 10944

7433

7772 7261

2470

.

11250 11251

6007

11668 11668

11204 8052 2470 7433

3571 10447 6293 6706a

598 Qethnooomys centrais

Clethnonomya goppen

Order KodciiUa, family Arviculuiac

.

testes large June -mid Aug USSR birth: June mid Aug. USSR birth yr rd. lab male end Mar - Nov, PA

-

.

Cfethnonomys gtareokis

.

preg f : July; n4; NO preg f Sept; n1, NM birth Mar -Oct boreal N Amenca birth: Apr - Aug: MAN. Canada birth: June-Sepfc BC, Canada repro: Mar-Oct Wl femte: yr rd, peak summer -fall, lab sperm Feb-Oct. peaks Apr -May, low Aug England UK spermatogenesis Mar OcT> Czechoslovakia spermatogenesis peak Juna. low Jan; UK spermatogenesis peak July Aug UK testes: large mid May -mid Sept; Norway testes large June - Aug smal Aug-Sept; AK epiddymai sperm Apr- Aug, Wales UK ovulation: earty Apr UK ovulation Apr - Aug; s Sweden mate; Jan mid Apr, lab mate : Mar Sept Alps, Europe male Mar Oct Poland male Apr - Aug USSR male Apr -Sept Europe. UK mate Apr - Sept. some Dec France mate; Apr - Sept, some wrnter Czechoslovakia mate: Apr Oct peak May some winter England, UK male imd Apr -earty Oct Germany mate. May Aug; USSR male May - summer peak June; Channel I UK male peak May. low Oct Jan. Czechoslovakia mate: June- Aug: AK male skjne- Aug Smolensk. Russia mate ends Aug- Sept; n Sweden 2 mo earner s Sweden mate Dec. England. UK mate. Dec Mar; s Sweden mate Dec Mar ; s Sweden mate low winter, s Sweden preg or vag pert Mar -Oct England UK preg f: Feb Jirfy, peak May . Czechoslovakia preg t Feb Oct Germany preg f: Mar Nov peak July; Pyrenees. Spam preg f: Apr ?; Germany preg f: Apr - June. Germany preg I: Apr - Sept peak 76.®% Aug Germany preg I: Apr -mid Sept. Germany preg t. Apr Oct peak June. England UK preg f: peak Apr Sept low Nov Mar; Czechoslovakia preg t May - Aug Wales. UK preg I: May-Oct; s Sweden preg f: mid May - Sept; Czechoslovakia preg I: mid May -Sept Norway preg I: peak June-Aug; UK preg I: 6% Oct USSR preglocl t: May Sept. Switzerland birth Mar - Sept, peak June July ; lab birth Mar Oct. peak July -Sept. France birth Apr Oct Alps, Europe

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

- .

-

.

-

.

-

.

.

10101 3703 502 1474 0303

5210 8021

11679

Clethnonomya mbfus

2077 7988

6052 0053

2077 12095 1644 11362

2470

3571

’-

.

.

955

7271 10339 1222 12079 5307 7905 5103 11679

’

.

12076

7873 7271 8052

10340 t 0344

.

’

12095

7433 943

12077 6548 11255

.

.

3571

3073 3342

-

-

2077

716

4342 72s1

.

.

5041 616

8052 7988 10175

-

-

9342

12078 716

.

.

Clethnonomys rvhcanus

2008

5307

.

7433 birth Apr Oct. Europe UK 10274 birth begins May ne Turkey 6055 birth May Aug; Poland 11679 birth June Soot Norway 6091 birth Nov Jan. Germany 10363 birth peak May - Aug, lab 810 repro end Mar - Sept; s Sweden 5302 repro Apr - Sept. Denmark 10339 repro: Apr -Sept. Germany 6091 repro: yr rd low winter, Germany 6370 repro: yr rd low Jan May. se France 8052 testes large Apr - Aug. USSR 10516 male Apr -earty Oct Mongolia 5140 male mid May mid July , n Norway 11603 mate June - Aug n Sweden 12105 preg f 7 Aug, few data; Manchuna 11679 preg f Moy - Sept Nonway 5501 prog (: May Sept; Finland 8052 preg f mid May. USSR 5493 birth May earty June Finland 5593 birth: synchronized earty June; Japan 12105 (act f -Sept few data; Manchuna 8052 spermatogenesis peak mid May. USSR 5039 mote: Aug n Norway 8052 mate Apr - Aug Altai Mongolia 8052 mate - mid June -?, w Siberia 3774 male May - Sept, sw YUK Canada 6782 mate: June- ; n Canada 6645 mate: Jan; n3; n Norway 6782 preg 1 ?-mid Aug: n Canada 5493 preg f low Mar F iland * 12105 preg t July , Manchuna 5493 birth: May -earty June, Finland 1474 birth; May-Sept nw Canada 8052 birth. June - Aug; USSR 6015 Sept Canada . YUK repro f : May -Aug. m end Apr mid 6013 mate June -July; NWT, Canada 10101 preg t June-July, MAN Canada 6710 preg f. end June-earty Aug, NWT , Canada 9211 repro f . July - Sept. NWT Canada 177 mate -mid Aug Arctic 177 ; Arctic birth end June -early July 1779 mate Mar Juty. Oct -Nov; Russia BQ11 preg t peak end June USSR 8051 birth: end wmler earty July USSR 7983 repro Mar , June Yugoslavia, nw Greece 10323 captive spermatogenesis yr rd. 12111 mate yr rd USSR 6052 birth Apr -Oct USSR 10516 repro Apr Oct Jarantaj Mongolia 9951 repro summer USSR yr rd lab 7393 yg appear Ju»y Oct; Japan 182 mate most of yr China 182 conceive Oct. China preg f yr rd, peaks end spring Oct -Nov low Juty - Aug Japan 10665 12026 repro m Nov - Mar, f Nov Apr Japan 9175 birth spring, end summer. Pakistan 5240 sterile July -Nov; WA 6925 mate yr rd OR 7491 mate yr rd; OR 7606 mate yr rd peak summer ID 1474 mate yr rd w US 1871a birth: yr rd tow summer, WY 3703 tact f June ni; ND

.

11956 10144

. preg f: mid June-early Sept MAN Canada . .

599

-

80S2 0052 634 9164 6796 11230

male: May - Sept; Ml male: May Nov, CO preg I: end Apr -early Sept 9 QUE, Canada prog f: May July rv3, NS Canada

-

.

Order Kudcnlta I aim I y Arvicolidac

Dicrostonyx groenlan&cus

Dicrostonyx rub neatus Dicrostonyx torquatus

.

’

-

-

Dmaromya bogd&nov1

EBobtus luteseens Eltotxus tatpmua

.

.

-

Eolngurus tuieos Eothenomya andersoni

Eothenomys melanogaster Eothenomya smith

Hypenarioa ferttis Lagurus curtatus

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

..

.

.

3

?i

3

1

3

5

f ©

I

a

I

> Z

i

is

i

!

I

*5

a

!!!

I

91

u

I

hhniUi JIHtltmmmiiilliiilmfiitiltlEiiimiiilliMtiltlitHEM U

AFravicnoludaley

3

1

I I

O

I

1

Order

«n

1 3

in

W

-

A * J :

J

•

J

•

i

,

Rodcnlia

•

1

I1 I

t

i

33

I!

AFravimcolxialey .

RixJenua

Order

Ia

11i

i i

«

1

! .

a

V

*

i

I 5

28

is

si

IliilillihfiilfiilllliiilUniHlilliiHiliillimiliiiffilifill! 3

f §

I

*>

1• 5

Order Kodenua. Family Arvicolidac

602 Microtus

mexicanus

mate yr ref? ; NM preg t; Jan, Jufy Aug. Coahuilo. Mexico preg f: July . n3 Durango, Mexico preg t Aug. Oct NM prag f; yr id Mexico preg f: est yr rd; Mexico brrth early Apr mid Oct USSR male June- Aug; AK, nw Canada mate Mar -mid Nov , none mid Nov -early Mar WA mala Apr Aug. no wmter data CO prag f: Jan Mar Apr. n8. ID prag : Fab Sept. UT prag t Apr. r»1; UT

-

.

.

Microtus nvddsndorffi Microtus miurus

Microtus montanus

-

.

. .

»

prag t Apr -Oct. CA prog f yr nd. low winter: WY birth yrrd; WY

Microtus montebetb

testes: regress Sept; Japan mate Apr -Dee peaks early summer, end fall; Japan mate May -June Sept Oct, tow winter Japan mala yr rd peaks spring fall; Japan prag f Apr 70%. Aug 60%; Japan prag f May Nov , peak June , Japan preg f: none July; Japan testes large June -Oct smal Nov-Jan . no data Jan-June

.

.

Microtus nivalis

.

.

.

502 522 523a

Order Kodenua. Faintly Arvicolidac M /crotus pennsyfvantcus

1813 8052

-

.

Microtus Microtus oeconomus oaxacensjs

-

.

-

1474 9724

-

-

Microtus orogoni

. .

-

-

-

-.

.•

7293 3741 3742 11956 4278 10639

.

.

.

.

11230

11646a 7008 10305 4803 5251 1871a

1290 495

- .

2082 10101 11646a 3703 10954 6166

.

. .

5510 9443 9443 7392 5510

2376

.

-

7392 15

4278 3878 26 la 5405b,

.

.

-

- .

12049 10648

721 187 la 10463

.

birth yr rd II tact f Mar Oct MA lact t June nl; SD Iact t July n4. se MT sex active »: lew Od Mar OH repro f: mid May - Aug; m May mid Sept YUK Canada repro: yr rd. peak Mar-June; IN repro: yr rd most Mar -Nov; Wl

-

.

- .

10647

261a 6166

2376

-

6015 2059

.

Microtus nchardsoni

5210

.

end May -early Sept; ALB, Canada preg I: Juty Aog WY : preglact f July; n4; OR

conceive

6631 6632

- .

1871a

.

Microtus roberti Microtus sacha/ mensis Microtus soaahs

birth end June-Sept BC . Canada yg trapped early June-?; Turkey mate: May Sept ne Sachaln. Russia male mid Jan Apr. end Aug-mid Sept; USSR pregI: Nov; Iran birth spring-fall, Europe USSR juveniles; Aug Sept. Iran scrotal testes yr rd. peak 100% Apr -Jufy low 50% Nov Dec BC Canada mate Mar Sept. BC. Canada mate Apr - Aug, no data after Aug. BC Canada birth Mar - Sept, w US. s BC. Canada birth yr rd. captive. Turkmenia mate est May Oct NWT. Canada preg f May mid July; AK mate est Jan fall; lew data . GA preg f : yf rd not Mar, FL buth mid June, lew data: FL gonads increase Mar July , regress Aug Nov: Wl sperm: Dec Oct MD sperm: yr rd TN spermatogenesis: Feb Aug Germany spermatogenesis Mar July . Wl testes enlarge Dec large Mar- Aug; Germany testes enlarge Mar, Canada testes large Feb Sept. Netherlands testes large Apr -May. Kazakhstan testes max May, prob sperm yr rd; MD testes large May Aug smail Sept Dec. Germany testes large June - Sept; USSR m fertile Mar - Sept Netherlands

-

-

.

,

Microtus toivnsendir

.

.

.

-

- .

-

.

. - .

.

-

.

Apr -June Oct Nov, Ml end Apr - Sept; s QUE Canada yr rd low winter, NY none winter, MN preg f: Jan, Mar- Apr Oct-Nov, NC

preg t Feb -Nov MN preg t Mar Nov NY preg t Mar -Dec , Ml preg fc May -June . n2 SD preg t Apr -May, July; M2 NE preg t: peak Apr Sept OH preg t Apr -Oct ONT Canarte preg t est May Aug. MAN. Canada prag t June . ID preg f. June Aug nl 5 i ; NO preg f mid June - Aug; no data other mo SD preg t July MO ae MT preg f peak mid July mid Sept YUK. Canada preg f: Nov Fab prob also other mo; MA preg f: yr rd; MN birth yr id; WY

.

-

.

male end Mar -Nov MAN. Canada

male mate mate mate:

502 0176

5466 Alps. Germany 6128 estrus: Sept; Germany 6128 estrus: Apr captive 3457 mate Apr nl; captive 6313 mate Mey - Aug. France 7433 mate June - Aug; USSR 3571 mate June early Aug; Germany preg f : July - Sept no data Jan June ; Bavarian Alps Germany 5486 6293 preg f : Aug nt . Iran 3457 bath. Apr n1; captrve 6128 birth: May; captive 3571 birth June - July Germany 7433 brrth June Aug. USSR 6919 repro rwd Mar - eerty Sept USSR 9176 preg f: Apr June, Nov nil; Oaxaca. Mexico 11679 testes: large May Sept; Norway 5039 testes: regress Aug; n 1; n Norway 10340 testes small Sept. Germany 10516 mate. ? -Sept Mcogofca 7433 Scandinavia . , , Sept Apr Germtny mate 8052 mate rmd Apr -mid Sept, peak May June. USSR 5969 mate prt>b mid Apr Ocl Finland 10681 mate May - Sept; Finland 5301 mate end July early Sept; s Norway : Norway 4342 ; mate winter s 8052 preg t Apr. nl . USSR 10339, 10340 preg f: Apr -earty Aug. Germany 11679 preg f; May- Sept. Norway 3468 birth Feb- Apr. Aug -Nov, lab Berlin, Germany 3468 birth yr id. lab Oldenburg. Germany 7433 birth Apr Sept, Scandinavia Germany 5493 twth May early June low winter; Finland 3571 btrth yr id. peak Mar Ocl; Germany 6015 repro f; mid May - Aug, m; May-Aug; YUK , Canada 3622 sperm: Feb- Sept: OR 2067, 2088 mate imd Mar mid Sept BC. Canada 1474 mate May - Aug+, w US BC. Canada 3622 preglact f : Mar Sept. OR 4970 yg trapped yr rd peak June-Jiiy; OR

603

Microtus transcAspicus M /crotus xanttiognathus Neot/b+r a/Yerv

Ondatra pbetfucue

-

.

-

-

-

-.

.

-

-

- .

-

-

4969 2068

10274 11366 8052 6293

4645 6293 3792 2068 3792 1474 8153 2704 11876, 11878 4386 944

8267 719 3392 8529 7291 71 704 3558 11174

»

10490

12112 7291 9690 2697

.

Order Rixlcntia Family Arvicolidac

6(M d present: Jan-Feb. MO d present : Jan Aug; OH uterus large Feb -June, Bertin , Germany mate Jan Oct Germany mate Feb- Mar Berlin, Germany mate m d Feb -mid Aug, peak Apr-June ; WJ mate end Feb -Mar UK mate end Feb-mid Nov; IA mate Mar-7; Kazakhstan mate. Mar - Apr, Netherlands mate: Mar - Aug N Am mate mid Mar -mid Apr; NY mate: Apr May WY mate Apr - Aug; n N Amenca mate Apr early Oct; Mongolia mate Apr -Oct. Europe, UK mate end Apr -early May Canada

-

- .

.

*

. .

-

.

.

mate May Sept, s BC Canada

.

mate July; MAN Canada mate June Aug; e Srbena mate yr rd peaks Nov Mar . low Juty Aug; LA mate yr rd, CA ovulation Mar June; Wl preg 1 Feb Aug; OH preg f: Mar July; n2 NC preg f: Mar early Aug s Bavana preg f: Mar Sept, peak June; Netherlands preg f: Mar Sept Germany preg t: Apr Aug. TN preg f: Apr - Sept; Netherlands preg f: end May Aug , sometimes Sept; ne Sweden preg f : June Dee, East Germany preg I: low Oct -Mar; Germany preg I: Nov: n1; NB Canada preg I: yr rd peak Nov - Apr LA btrlh Feb -Nov, Germany belh peak mid Fab Oct CA belh Mar early Sept Wl b 1h Mar Oct peak Apr Jdy, rare Oct IA * birth: Apr , peak end June. USSR birth Apr, June Sept N Am birth: Apr-July ONT Canada bath Apr - Aug peak Apr-June, NE birth Apr Aug; e Canada birth Apr Sept N Amenca birth Apr Oct; Europe, UK birth end Apr -earty Jdy peak after mid May; Wl birth end Apr-July; s ONT. Canada bath end Apr -earty Oct UK birth: end May July; Canada birth end May -June MAN Canada birth end May mid Aug birth May Aug NB Canada birth May mid Aug USSR birth May-Sept; Sweden birth May Sept; captve birth May -Sept, peaks monthly ; Wl birth mid May -Aug; MAN, Canada birth mid May - Aug, peak early June; captive birth peak May - June QUE Canada birth peak May July; IA birth June-Jufy; Netherlands birth yr rd law Nov Feb, w US lact f July, nf; ND

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

-

.

-. .

-

. .

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

. .

.

-

.

-

.

-

.

Pitymys mafon Pitymys ochrogastar

7093 5946 8015 2616

4891

7291

Pitymys pinatorum

2695 3082

8051

2243 6267 2695

8104 7094 10410 3080 11174

5146 3703

- .

-

.

.

-

preg f June Juty; n3. ND preg f Dec Jan; nt ; KS preg I yr rd. low Dec Mar; TX preg 1 yr rd. low Dec Jan; KS birth: peak Mar Sept , central, nw US birth: mid May Sept. MAN. Canada lact ( May; n2; SD repro »: yf rd, peek Apr-Juty , IL repro yr rd peak Mar June; IN repro: yr rd, peak Juty Sept low Dec Feb; Wl scrotal m yr rd; OK mate Jan Oct. n US mate Jan Oct NY mate mid Feb-mid Nov. CN

-

-

^

-

preg f Feb -Nov, peak July - Aug. low Feb-Mar. no data Dec Jan PA preg f Apr, Aug , Dec; n3 , NE preg 1 Apr-Oct VA preg I. yr rd. low Dec Jan. NC repro yr rd. most Mar -Sept; Wl repro yr rd peak Oct-May; OK preg f Mar. Aug- Nov , n22, Nepal spermatogenesis Mar -Nov; France testes large. June Oct Germany m fertile - Mar Nov, no data Nov Feb; Germany m ferule Apr - Sept; no data before Apr; Czechoslovakia mate ? Oct; Europe mate Feb. Apr earty Oct Germany male Apr 7 Tatry Ml. CzeckoSlovakia preg I male mid Fab Sept, peek May. Czechoslovakia preg 1 Apr Sept peak June Czechoslovakia preg f Aug Oct. n5. Germany preg f yr rd Germany birth ? Sept Tatry Ml. Czechoslovakia birth 7 -Nov; Europe birth Apr Sept Europe USSR birth May Nov , Germany birth June Nov France repro peak Mar Sept , lab

- .

11934

9503 8237 6214 7433 719

9003 8236

.

.

6214

7093

.

-

Pitymys sikrmansts Pitymys subterraneous

-

-

-. -

.

-

-

.

.

.

5210 702, 704 11027

707 5150 11230 3429 10101 5150 1474 8216

.

11255 0052 5241 5241

9111 9273

. KS

mate Apr - Sept captive NY

9690

11934

.

-

-

.

8234

11467 3558

spermatogenesis: yr rd; KS mate : yr rd; captive mate : yr rd, low winter, Jufy; KS preg f : peak Mar June none Jan preg t: Mar Sept; SO

-

11174

10580

m

Mar, Oct n2; KS Apr n2 MN Apr -Nov. nl 10; NE peak Apr Sept tew Oct Mar OH May Juty Aug, n5; MAN Canada preg I May - June; n9. SO

2685 1290

3571 2616

. USSR fertile: yr rd; KS

mate peak June

preg I preg 1 preg f preg f preg I

719

6905

.

*

Pitymys duocteamcosJatus

3558 2088

-

.

- . -’

1474 2362 7433

.

.

Phenacomyt fotermadtu

10066

11174 6214 3061 1871a

-

repro. mid Feb mid Aug. Wl repro: Mar Aug Germany repro: Apr Sept; Germany repro ends Sept, Dnepr Ukrame preg 1: end May -early Sept; ALB. Canada preg 1 June -Sept; CO preg t : m*d June-early Sept MAN . Canada birth May -Sept ALB. Canada birth June-Sept N Amenca preg 1 peak Oct - June s Spam preg t Dec - Apr Pyrenees. Spam

-

3062

705 2697 10421 9529

-

-

-

3392 2685 705 3571 705 720 11467

605

.

Order Rodentia Family Arvicolnlac

5241 10954 1812a 495

5405b,

2376 11957a 261a 3703 5241 3284 3283 1474

2137 261a 682 2059 5210 3852 1474

783 3747 4273 9987 5405b,

11059 8268

5210 3852 7382

2470 4114 6199 6005

7433 3571 10379 8335 6004 4114 6199 10379 7433

4645 3571 2470 9656

606

Order Kndentia, Family Arvicolkiac m fertile Apr-Sept; no data before Apr, Czechoslovakia preg f. Apr- Aug. Czechoslovakia mate Ape USSR b*lh May. USSR birth end May mid July ; USSR repro spring lal ; Turkey birth : May - Aug; n N Am bidh : May - Aug BC Canada male Apr -Nov peak May ; no data Nov -Apr. NJ male yr rtt mid e N America preg t : May. Oct; n7: NE preg t yr id. KS birth May Sept, a central N America repro Mar Nov. Wl repro f : yr rd , 11

Pitymys tatnevs Ptometheomys schaposchmkowt

12007 12007 8051 10275 1474

.

Synoptomys coopen

2068 1474

5405b, 1469

555a 5210

-

682

Order Rodent ia. Family Muridae

-

-

- . . -

Rab and mice ( Acomys 11 90 g. Aethomys 25 150 g, Anisomys 500-600 g, Anonxmomys 125 nun; Apodemus 13 64 g Apomys 19 50 g; Anicanthts 35 183 g B47 g Chiropodomxs 15 43 g Chiruromys 115 175 mm Chrotomys 115 160 g ; Colomys 50 75 g; Coni I urus 100 200 g, Crateromys 255 mm Cremnomys 30 60 g ; Crossomys 205 mm Crunomys 55 g; Dacnomys 230 290 nun ; Dasymys 47 164 g . Dtomys 40 70 g Dipiothrii 230 mm EchkXkrix 200 250 mm; Eropeplus 195 240 min Gatamtya Golunda 50 80 g Grammomys 24 -80 g Hadmmys 66 g; Haeromys 55 75 mm Hapalomys 120 165 nun ; Hybomys 30 70 g; Hydrotnys 400 1300 g Hylomyscus 8 42 g; Hyomys I kg. Kadarsanomys 176 230 g Komodomys 125 2( 8 ) nun. Leggadtna 15 25 g Lemniscomys 18 72 g Lenomys 235 290 nun. Lenothrix 81 273 g Leopoldamys 200495 g, Leponllus 140 200 nun Leptomys 145 160 mm, Umnomys 125 mm , Lophuromys 23- 111 g Lorentzunys 12 13 g Macruromys 150 250 nun Matacomys 48 145 g Mallomys 980 g 2 kg , Margaretamxs 115 150 mm . Mastacomys 100- 200 g ; Maxomxs 29 284 g . Mayermys 17 21 g; Melasmolhrix 40 58 g ; Melomxs 30 2(8 ) g; Mesembriomys < 1 kg, Microhydromys 80 mm Micwmys 3 12 g. Millardm 47- 100 g; Muricuhts 70 95 mm; Mus 2-50 g . ,V/ v/n«iv.v 46- 190 g; Neohxdromxs 92 mm Nesokia 112 185 g; Ntxixenter 26 240 g ; Notomys 20 60 g; Oenomys 15- 121 g Papagimixs 130 175 mm; Parahydmmys 240 mm . Paraleptomys 120 140 mm ; Paruromys 350 5(8) g; Pelomys 46 170 g ; Phloeomxs 1.5 2 kg, Pithecheir 58 146 g; Pogonomelomys 51 65 g ; Pogonomys 35 75 g Praomys 8 100 g Pseudohydromys 20 g; Pseudomys 12 105 g; Rattus 30 550 g; Rhabdomys 25 75 g Thynchomys Solomys 230 330 nun; Srilankamys 145 nun; Stenocephulemys 120 195 nun Stochomys 27 104 g; Taeromys 185 250 nun ; Tarsomys 135 min Taltomys 35 OS g Thallomys 37 128 g Thamnomys 30 100 g, Tokudaia 125 175 nun Tryphomys 130 175 mm, Uranomys 31 53 g , Urvmys 600 1000 g Vandeleuria 10 g. Vernaxa 90 mm Xenummys 1000 g, Xeromys 40 60 g, Zelolomys 38-85 g; Zyzvmys 35 143 g ) arc primarily terrestrial herbivores from Kurope, Asia Africa, and Australia. Males are larger than females in Acomys ( 2532 4329 k Aethomys ( 4329; cf 9893 ) Apodemus ( 2193) Bandicota (S 5( X ), cl 728 ), Golunda (85(8 ). 85< ih, Millardin (730), Nesokia ( 728 ) Oenomxs ( 5760 ), Praornxs ( 4329; cl 4350. 4925 ), Pseudomys ( 101 IT) Rattus (899 2841 4841 10501 10696, 11475, 11832, 11833; cf 2954 4925, 85( 80 and Uranomys ( 4350) while females arc larger than males in Notomys ( 1258 1261 10117 cf 2532 ) In Grammomys either males or females may be larger ( 4329 4350 ). A copulatnry plug is present in Acomys ( 2532 ) Hxdromxs (8103 ) Notomys ( 1258 1266 cf 2532; Pseudomys 1263 ) Praomys ( 1215 5366 ) Pseudomys ( 5647 ), and Rattus ( 6162, 6237, 8393) Sen chromosome abnormalities occur ( 3492; Acomys 6974 ) I lie 50 g ( Rattus 6366 ) Itcmochonol. hcmoendotitclial ur epitheliochorial. labnnilunc discoid or diffuse placenta has a mcsomctml or wlunesotnetriah uiterstitial implantation into a hicomuate uterus ( 231 432 1215 1256 3011, 5735 7563 8326, 8794 9356) and is eaten alter birth ( 4992. 9175, 9213, 10696). lustms occurs postpartum ( 427, 845. 947 1215, 1255, 1335 1814 1815, 2(M 5 2131 2132 2443 2445 2446 2450, 2518, 2530, 2566, 2568 2836, 2911 3133. 3461 3756 4353 4355 5170 5366, 5M 3 5760 6237 7688, 7791. 7792, 8034, 8103, 8393, 8904, 8965.9429 10117, 10158 10481 106% 10698, 10704. 10707 11434 11614 11711; cf 1771, 8103 ) lactation may delay gestation ( 1256 3047 3798 ).

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

.

-

-

-

--

-

. . - .

-

.

- . -

-

.

- . . -

.

.

-

-

-

-

-

.

- .

.

.

.

-

-

-

-

- .

- .

-

-

-

-

.

-

-

-

*

.

.

-

.

-

-

- -

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . . . . . . . . . .

-

-

.

-

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

. . . . . . .

. . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

(

,

(

)

).

,

(

)

,

(

spines,

(

»

)

,

(

)

,

)

)

,

(

(

,

energetics (

)

NEONATAL MASS Acomys eshmnus

4 -5 g . term emb 1 4 9 g n67 5 6 g; r3 0-6 5

-

Aethomys kaisen Aethomys namaquensts Apodemus agranus Apodemus flavtcoflts Apodemus mystaonus Apodemus penmsutae Apodemus sylvabcus Arvtomthts mtobcus

)

(

)

(

5 49 g; sdO 64: n20 It m 5 6 g; nBi 5 78 g r4 -8; r»74 Acomys wdsoru Aethomys chrysophtlus

,

,

,

,

anatomy ( ( Acomys

.

.

.

. . .- . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Kadarsanomys 7672. Lemniscomxs 7674 ; 4495. Nesokia 728. Pelomys 331, 9945 Rhabdomys 9945 . 10 mammae Komodomys 79X 3 Lenothru 7209. 7433. 9175. Tryphomxs 573; Zelotomxs 5760. 10158 . 10- 12 mammae M u s 331. 573. 4495. 5111. 6202 a haculum. , 9945. 11711 , 10-22 mammae Bandicota 108. 728. 7907 9175. 11436 Commonly males have 4683. 7546a 7791, 8034 1276 . 1265 1264 . 1259 1257 glands coagulating , and vesicles seminal penial 8983, 11 X83 . Mus exhibits no photi pcnodic regulation 1314 . 988. 1258. 1263. 1266a. 1275. 1326. 3068. 5513. 8979. 8980. 9431. 9432. 9878. Details of 714. 715. Notomys 1256. 1261. 1275; Praornxs 7737; Rattus 5163. 5695 . 10565k endocrinology 10927; Acomys 8327. Apodemus spermatogenesis 1260. 1262. 1274a. 1276. 1277. 3292 3293. 7205. 8324. Apodemus 9213). reproductive , birth 3133 , 3097 2525 . . ) 1266 copulation . 5695 Rattus , 5479 5093 5094. are available Notomys ; . 1253 1252 434 9433 Bandicota . > 669. 670 . and light ‘

.

.

.

.

-.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

-

---

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

-

-

.

- . - .

-

- -

-

-

-

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

. .. .

2026

-

607

S Acomxs are relatively precocious at birth often with fur and open eyes < 1035, 2532, 2566 2 67 , 5051 ( Mastucomys birth ) have at liair murnls . Other 5760 4329 2568 1080 , 299 187 1035 8686 10481 11397 cf 1542* 10698, Pithecheir 6448 ) and open their eyes at 4 7 d ( Lophuromys 299, 1771 2445 5760, cl 5051 ). 7 8 d ( Lemniscomys 299, 5051 5760 8429 cf 11614 ), 7 10 d ( Rhabdonrss 1335 1814 10158; cf 5051 ) 1 2 wk ; ( Aethomys 331 1333 1771, 1815 4329 5051 7168 ) 9 21 d ( Pseudomys 670 3259 3438 5642 10117 cf ) 4042, 4355), 10 12 d ( Grammomys 299 334 5051 5760 8218 10158) II d ( Mesembriomys 2131 , 11 15 d open ( Thallomxs 7168 ) or 17 28 d ( 2132, 2532 4355, 10117 ) Praornxs neonates are either naked or furred and ) Many murids their eyes after 10-19 d ( 247, 299, 514, 1815, 2445 4353 5051 5760 7166 7168 8034 10158 ,v . ( 9| are Nun naked and blind ( 187, 334 2091 2452, 4329, 4410, 5760, 6317 , 85 H ) 8501, 8861, 75, 9265. 1016 10709, 11710) F.ycs open a( 5 22 d ( Rattus 1330 2954 3133 3260 3437 3571 7433 9175 106%, cf 7165 ) d ( Melomys 11 X 33 ) 7 d iArvicanthis 5051. cf 2450) 7 10 d (Micwmys 2(M 5 2565 3461 3571 5553 7433 10 ), ) 7209 k 10 16 d < Hydrotnys 8103 k 11- 16 d ( Apodemus 2045 256* 3571 7433) 12 d ( Millardia 12034 12 15 )d 429 10268 ( ( Mus 245 329 670 845 5685, 7433 8501, 9175 10158 11711 ) 13 17 d Bandicota 108 9175 ‘> ) 15 21 d ( Hylomyscus 2445 ) 16 17 d ( Zelolomys 947 10158), or 17 18 d ( Ntvivenier 12105 . ( Melomys 7209) 4 mammae ( Colomys 4495. ) ( mammae 4 9562 2 Phloeomxs mammae 2 have Females , Corulurus 7209 10698; Chrotomys 7983; Hydrotnys 7108 8103 10698 Hyomys 7209 Leponllus 7983 Tateomys Macruromys 12( f ) , Mallomys 12( f ), Pithecheir 7983 Pseudohydromys 7983 Pseudomys 5619 10704. 4495 7675 Thamnomys 4495 Uromys 7209, Xeromxs 10698 ) 4-6 mammae ( Acomys 331 5760 Aethomys 331 ) 4495, 5760 6 ( 9945 101 ss Grammomys 331, 9X8, 4495 8218; Pogonomelomys 7209 ), 4-8 mammae Oenomys ; mammae ( Anisomys 1 2( f ) Chiropodomxs 4408; Chiruromys 7209; Dasymys 331, 4495 5760, 9945 10158 pogonomys 7209 Thallomys Lophuromys 331, Lorentzimys 1 2( f ) Malacomys 331 4495 Melasmothrix 7675; 9175 ) 6 14 ; 9945k 6 8 mammae ( Apodemus 182 3571, 7433 Hylomyscus 5760; Maxomxs 573 11186 Millardia mammae ( Rattus 573 610 1254 2321. 2555 2911 3260, 3571 4041, 5111 5277 7052 7209 7433 9175 ), mammae 10696 10917 ) 6 24 mammae ( Praomys 184. 1 X6 331, 1215 4495 5760. 9468 9945 10158 8 331 4495 9945; Leopoldamys 182; Micromys 182 3571. 7433; Mylomys

.

6004

’

-

Synaptomys borealis

6005

.

Order Kodcntia Faintly Mtindac

6 37 g 3 4 g; term emb 41 g

-

48g

.

-

6 1 g r5.2 7 4 , r»42

25 g 18 g 23g 3g 2 0 g. r 1.6 -2.5; n38 1 2g 2 535 g -3 g

-

7795 7545 1035 11397

7545 2566 , 2567

2568 7795 1333 7797a 1771

7797a 3571 1032 2569

12105

2045 7793

2446a

.

608

Order Kixteima Family Mundue 4 -6 g 4 25 g n6 4 65 g; iO.18; nl9 35g 4 85 g; M O 5 7; «28 5 8 g n25, 3 K young® ! litters man f: 9 43 g saO 14; n65 m 10 54 g seo 15; «77 4 2 g n8 4 -4.8 g f: 22 23 g, d2 72; «17 m 22 89 g ad4 38; nl9 1: 25 49 g ®d0 27 «151 m 26 93 g; ®c 20 «209 12 18g 1 47 g; rt 3 1 7; n5 1.6*1 8 g

.

Bandeota bangahnsis

-

.-

*

Bandicota mdtca

.

Grammomys dot>churus Hybomys urw / ttatus Hydromys chrysogaster

.

Hytomyscus aflarv Hytomyscus stoiia Lemmscomys stratus

-

.*

»

.

.

-

,3 g

Lophuromys ttavopunctatus Lophuromys stkapuv

Lophuromys woosnarru Mastacomys fuscus Mesembhomys gouldu Mcromys mmutus

Mus caroh Mus carvicotor Mus domastrcus Mus minutoidas

Praomys nataians s

*

Praomys tuBbergr Psaudomys australis Psaudomys g / actkcaudalus

Psaudomys higgmsi Psaudomys novaeboitanchae

- .

- .

•

.

Rattus tusetpas

m: 3.1 g «3 3 4 g. r3 2-3 6; «3 I 4 5 g r2 5*6 0; «156

2445 7792

3692« 1771 2572« 1542

Rattus nonragicus

Rattus rattus

Rattus sordMus Rattus tiomanicus Rtmbdomys pumdio

.

.

ThaBomys paadulcus Uromys caudimacuiatus NEONATAL SIZE Acomys cahinnus

5553 10370

Bonctcota mdtea

10370

Grammomys dohehutus

Hydromys chrysogastar

4353

10117 3438 3438 4042

Lamntscomys gnsaida Lophuromys tlavopondatus Mastacomys fuscus Masambnomys gouldu

Mus mmutoidas

Mus muscuius Mus tnton Praomys nataiansis Psaudomys graatreaudatus

5642

Psaudomys htgg/ nst

8801 1330

Ratios axulans

4409 10370 1330 1330 11833 11833 10578

Rattus tusapas Rattus lutraolus

10696

.

-

-

.

.

.

-

4041

4409 409

5503 1843 4409 10268

2091 2091 8861

-

1814 1335

-

- .

10370

4640

7168 10696

5051 1080 2566 2568

HB 40 46 mm 51 mm; «1 12 h 52 mm r 44 57 HB 40 mm «2

.

-

.

5051 1333 5051

m 42 mm 42-45 mm n6

.

35 mm HB ; 47 mm n25 3 It young »t litter® man f: 52 0 mm. ta0 4 ; «65 m 55 0 mm; saO 3, «77

.

.

*

HB 35 mm; n5 HB 400 mm CR : 52 4 mm; «3 33 d #mb f; HB 83 06 mm sd1 39 «17 m HB: 83 84 mm ; sdl 83 «19 I HB 87 14 mm ®d0 34. n161 m HB 89 22 mm; ®d0 28; n209 r Mus domastreus Mus minutoktas Mus musculus

-

-

Arvtcanthis mloticus

2449 1035

21 23 d 23 28 d 23- 26 d 24 - 25 d; mode 28 ; »21 35 mm ib 23 d; n3 21 d, n6 2 3 d delay if nursing mode 21 23 d »21 25 25- 26 d 18 d via 1205 Davis 1963, »124 se 91 20 d prob 21-23 d 22-24 d mm ibi 24 26 d 17 d 21 d 20-21 d. pamng to birth 19-21 d; ni 35 d 36 d 24 d 25 d 25 d 29 31 d 34 87 d; set 82 . mode 34 »33 -41 n38 35 d 36 64 d; se2 20 r35-4i. nil f with lactation 25-33 d 29 5 d. »25 33. n6 33 d 21 d 22 6 d ±1.4; n29 28 d 28 d, mm ibi 44 d 30 5 d »30 31; n2 532 d 5 wk 3640 d 3840 d 43 75 d; mode 44 ; r43-44; n4 18-21 d 21 d 21 d »b 16 d 20 d 20 d; min ib« 16 1 d, lactabng 23 1 d 17 6 d laclatmg 21 0 d 20 0 d seO.5 est 18 - 19 d 23 2 d 122 24 ; n6 18 20 d 18 21 d 19 d 1921 d 19 6 d

-

1254 1849 2527 5760

-

-

Apodamus mystaonos Apodamus sytvatKus

Lammscomys stnatus

8083 1771 7165

> 22 d 18 d; »18 21 mm ib mode 21 23 d; »20-23

Apodamus ttawoihs

Hytomyscus aiioru Hytomyscus Stella Laggadna lakadownonsis

4329

-.

4353

10117 4355 5843 6162

5780 1333

31 d. n1 ibi »24 25 d M8 27 d ±1

Aathomys hmdat Aathomys kaisan Aathomys namaquonsrs Apodamus agrahos

.

2132 2132

631

•

-

-

.

11710 3571 7433 3571 7433

5170 2569

3067 3571

2045 2446 2449 4484

3756 2450 6611 3554 9429 10370 7159 10698 11493 988

2446a . 2449 5760 2446a 2449 8103 11493 8103

.

2449

2445 11493

11614 3644 2446a

6429 11493 2445 2572a 9716 11493 11493 2131

3571 7433 3461 3554 12034 940

10370 10370 6864

11711 245

7433

9175 8501 845 7704

.

632

Order Kodenlia f amily Mumlac

-20 d

.

31 d nl f nursmg 8 yg

Nasokia indca Notomys ala x is

17 d

implant : 7 -8 d implant 11 13 d with 3 4 yg suckling implant 14-17 d with 5 yg suckling 32 d 32 47 d 32 - 47 d mod 35 41; nl3 sperm m unne to birth 32 5 d; MI 5 n4 t postpartum asirus to birth 32 6 d; ne 32 67 d; »32 -34 n3 34 d with 1 -2 yg; 39 8 d with 4 -6 yg 40 d mode 38 »38-43; n11 f 47 d r39-5l; r>8 f with lactabon 32-35 d 34 3 d; »32 -30 n6 vaginal sperm -buth usually > 81 d 35 5 d »34 37 n4 34 -42 d 29 d 121 37; sdl 4; MO 21 d 34 37 d 26 5 d; »26-27; n2 36 0 d; »34 37; n4 23 d

-

-

.

-

.

.*

.

Notomys cervmus Notomys fuse us

Notomys mttchaku Praomys daltoni Praomys arythrotaucus Praomys facksoni Praomys mono

Praomys natafansis Praomys tuffbsrgi Psaudomys alboctnereus

Psaudomys apod&motdes Psaudomys austraks Psaudomys del nza lulus Psaudomys dasartor Pseudomys gtaokcaudatus Psaudomys ba/ mannsburgansis Psaudomys htggnst Psaudomys nanus Psaudomys novaehotlandtae

.

.

. . - .

. -

-

-

23 d 23 d 23 25 d. mm itw >23 d 38 5 d; »38- 39 . n2 ib« 34 -55 d

Rattus fusetpes Rattus norvegreus

Rattus rattus

1255. 1258 2532 4355 1255 2132 2132 11493

2445 2446 2449

2445 2446a

11493

30- 33 d 31 32 d 23-25 d 30 d 31 5 d sdO 96. »29- 33 n25 33 2 d sdl 75. »32- 37 n6 with lactation 30 d 21 4 d; t0.2 d »20 23 MB 19 d 19-21 d 2 21 d 21.7 d; lactating 23.6 d 23 d parting to birth; 3-7 d longer with lactabon 22 8 d mode 23 60% »22 24 ; n20 cases. IS f 28 32 d; with lactation 20 24 d 21 22 d 22 n8 15-20 d mode 20-24 d »20 - 26

-

.

. .

- .

.

22 d ea: n7 22 d 25 d

Aathomys kaisan

Aathomys namaquansts

Apodamus sytyaticus

Arvfcanttvs mioftcus Bandcota bangaJansjs

.

.

-

4355 3438 11493 11493

11493 11493

5643 5643 11493 6162

Bandcota mdea

Cr&mnomys blanfon Dasymys mcorvtus Grammomys cometas Grammomys dotK.hurus

*

10370

2911 10696. 10707

.

10696 10707

7433 2555 6238 8500, 8501 3571 10545

Laggadna for rest / Leggadna lakadownansts Lammscomyt sthatus

LepoiiUus condtor Lophuromys tlavopunctatus

2452 3133

Lophuromys Sikapu

5760 5216 6237

Mastacomys /uzeus

2555

Matomys carvimpas

8861

*

947

10481 8686

2566 5051 5760 12036 6686 4329

-

7168

-

-

independent : 20 d wean 30 d teat attachment: 1 mo wean 30 d wean 19 26 d teat attachment 1st lew d wean: 19 d wean 30 d n3 sold tood 3 wk wean 29 45; sd2 68 me< an 29 M 7 -35 n85 It wean 30 d Independent : 35 d wean : 30 d wean 30 d solid food 14 d wean 19- 21 d wean 30 - 50 d wean 40 d wean 1 mo wean 50 70 d solid food 8 d wean: 12 d teat attachment 3 wk wean: 40 d wean 37 d se3 wean 40 d

-

. * .

--

.

1771 1771 1771 7168 1815 7165 7797a

2045 2450 10268

9175 10268

106 10821 10268

.

Hydromys cbrysogaster

1814

10158 2298 2530 7963 10698

7797a

-

Contkjrus pamc/Jtitus

7053 10370

-

no mik: 30 d leave nest: 1 mo wean 25 d no mik: 30 d

10545 11833 10578

-

5315

11493

-

-

11493

27 d

.

solid tood: 1 d solid food 5 d den emergence 6 7 d independent 14 d wean 2 wk wean 28 d can wean 17 d wean 1 mo wean 24 d wean 31 33 d teat attachment 12 d solid food 12 d wean 26 d taat attachment. 18 d teat attachment 3 wk wean 18 d wean 21 26 d wean 27 28 d wean 18 d wean 3 wk solid tood 20 d wean 28 d .

.

.

-25 d .

-

Aathomys chrysopbtlus

11493

-

Acomys cahinnus

11493

29 30 d 27 -34 d 27 5 d n3

21 d 21 d 21 - 22 d 21 30 d 22 d

Zyzomys argurus

LACTATION

247

10117

-

Zaiotomys woosnami

427 2132

30-31 d mode 31 n5 sperm «n urine to birth

.

Uromys caudmaculatus

5366 4353 9189 4355

-

.

10117

2954

26 d n2 »21-22 d; n3 22 0 & lactating rats 24 3 d 22 d; ibt 25 4 d; mm 23 25 5 d. n6 26.4 d »26- 28 n7 36 d 41 d 31 d n2 cases 1 f, mm ±x

.

2132 11493

5058

633

.

Rattus so nidus Rattus ttomameus Rhabdomys pumito

8034

--

.

Psaudomys praacoms Rattus argentrventer Rattus exutons

4645 6238 3554 1255 1255 1255

.

Order Rodeoua family Muridae

10698

11493 1339

2570 10158 8218 8218 988 6103 6103 11493 10696 11493

11493 11614 11614

2570 11493

2445 2570 1771 1771 10698

11493

1255 11493

.

LVJCT RO

6M

—•

-=.* ' «' anac KN : MC AS a

*

*

« w*

C s MT M « ar r^'jrc# it-tj s oar «ra aw ~~ar J w "

^ —

2132

MT

Uromys caudmacutatus Zatotomys woosn&rm Zyiomys argorus Zyiomys woodward INTERLITTER INTERVAL Acomys cahmous Apodamus agranus Apodemus flavicoths

435s

Mr 353 MT * t

-

-

3133 3133 9265

. -

-

Rhabdomys pumiio

5553 ST * 11T11 2 5 5 5 5 5 iX«

-

wean 4 wk wean mods 6 7 wk r4 l0 leave nest 14 d wean 14 d wean 14 d wean 16 d teat attachment 15 d wean 26 - 31 d wean 40 d leave nest 16 d wean 35 d wean 35 d

S4f *

%0«rMMI4

-

-

-

2131

Myl Mr

SctT' rs can * s

635

leave nasi 17 23 d solid food 15 18 d wean 25 d wean 28 d

«

114

*—

3

M*

Order Kodcmia I aimIy Nlurulac

2Ui 213»

-

. -

.

.

3067 4645

7793 2450 7793 7793 11436

10370 988 8218 11614 3461 245

11711 4355 427 4355 8034 8091 4588

514 7166 4353 4355 4355

5643 6162 5216 7053 3133

6237 2091

5216 1335

2530 7168 947 733 733

Order kodenlu. Family Murlilac

636 UTTERS/YEAR Acotnys cahmnus Acomys witaont Aathomys namaquansts Apodamus agranus

7795 7795

2

11864 10340

-

13 34 mode 3-4; c3-5 mode 3-4; r3 -5

-

Apodemus mystaemus Apodamus sytvatfcus

-

-

9438

3571

7433 9175 107

-

-

-

-

. -

Mafomys carvtrupas Masambnomys goukh Micromya minutus

Mrtlarda mattada Mus rmnutofdas

Mus muscuJus

7792

23 2-3; r2-7 3 9 28 2 -3 each rainy season 3 -8 3 -5 45 46

7433

4

-

-

Acomyi

Acomys wrfsom

3571

2045 Aathomys cArysophUus

8904 2446a

1 1 2; 2 rare 39 5 2; rl 13

4355 11832 11833 5216 2911

max 17 3 6; n34 f

10578 10696

1

8802

25 27 27 2 65 max 3

2555 7433 6242 2455

-

Rattus rattus

2*

-

25 26

-

.

Aethomys hmdei Aa thorny s katsan Aathomys namaguansts

4645

3571

max 3 3

2455

32

5216

5315

.

-

-

.

.

. .

.

preg t May July -Aug. tew data Tanzania preg t Nov Oec. Sudan birth low Nov h»gh AprOct lab birth yr rd. peak Apr Sept n68 S; captive birth yr rd. low Oct Jan; capave birth yr rd; nl7. zoo placental scars Sept -Jan Sudan breed Nov Mar Zimbabwe preg f : Dec Jen Mar - Apr M2. Botswana birth Oct- Apr. Transvaal S Afnca birth Nov - Apr S Afnca

.

Apodamus agranus

7797 7795 7796 4925 299

.

. -

-

preg t Oct-Nov Namibia birth Oct-Apr. n10 Botswana birth yr rd. peak summer Zimbabwe birth yr rd , Transvaal S Afnca juveniles yr rd Zambia repro: Oct Apr Mozamtxque repro; yr rd; S Afnca preg f peaks Ocf Oec Mar May; s Uganda birth peaks Dec Feb. June - Aug, Uganda male Oct Jan Tanzania preg t Jan, Aug. n2; e Africa preg f Jan n2 Malawi Nyaaaland preg f Jan May. Oct. peak Mar Apr Botswana preg t Feb; Nam Desert . Namrtxa preg f Aug - Sept. Namitaa birth Mar Namibia birth yr rd, peak summer Zimbabwe fact 1: Nov n1; Malawi repro Oct - Apr Mozambique juveniles most mo Zambia m sexually active Mar Dec ; Poland. Czechoslovakia testes peak Mar -Sept; Poland teslas regress Sept. Poland male Mar Sept. Germany mate peak Mar Apr Korea mate spnng-earty fal, Finland

.

.

- .

•

-

-

.

.

Aa9tomy » nyikaa

10154 8965 10158 3821

-

*

.

-

-

-

299

4344

spermatogenesis: peak Feb-May Malawi mate: yr rd, lab preg f peaks Feb -May Oct Nov , none Aug Sept Malawi

-

8134 11475a

1615

.

.

4925

12128

repro Oct Apr Mozambique fertisty low Mar Kenya mate yr rd; Kenya prag I; July; n2; Kenya preg f: Nov Feb Tanzana

-

4344

7795. 7796 715

4344

»

-

109 7797 4329 715

2568 1035 12038

-

,

1934

7433 2555

.

.

7433

7791

--

-

.

5760 8500. 8501 4645

2 max 3

-

-

-

10109 2131

Praomys nalaiansts Pseudomys apodemo des Psaudomys shortndgei Partus axuJans

Rattus fusetpas Rartus norvagteus

tfunosisstmus

10158 4329

-

.

femhty Feb-July minor peak Nov. sw Saudi Arabia fertility; 80 % Dec Feb. Apr May July 40% Oct Kenya conception peak Dec -May low June Sept Malawi mate Feb- Apr, Negev desert. Israel mate 1-3 mo after rains Sudan mate yr rd, Kenya mate yr rd capttve preg f: Jan Apr July Ocl- Sept Kenya preg t. Feb Oct, lew data Egypl preg t peak Apr Sept. Cyprus

-

r

-

-

5760 1814 733

max 10, 1 record 21 1127 mo 86% 1 tt/2 yr. 14% 2 H2* yr

-

Mus triton

max 3

9175

.

8501 11436 9429 4329 7108 7209 0103 0103 2446a

. -

8501 858

-

4484

max 3 1 23 2 55/season; ±0.07; M 5 2 64; ±1.10; fi 5 t each rainy season 2. mode 2 r1 3 t 3 / season ±0 77 rl 2; ntS

6- 7 4

.

4645

59

Lamntscomys stnatus

Zyzoenys woodward SEASONAUTY Aconrys cahmnus

6419

2-4 3 3 (2 -4 4 -5 4 5 max 6 34 >1 max 9

Grammomys comatas Hydromys chrysogastar

Rhabdomys pum /lio

7433 4645 3571 5170

.

Ameanthis mSobcus Bandteota bangalensis

*

7433 3571 4645

mode 2 4; r2 5 max 11 mm 2

7185

4 45 4 2; calculated

7925

max 4 2 -3 24

Apodamus argantaus Apodamus flavtcolhs

10544

4

potential 7.6; mode 3 -4 potential 7 9; mode 3 4

-

637

.

Order kodenua Family Mundae

4329 1333 4329

9945 10154 1015 8965 331 3821 10150 8083 8063

299 4925 4329 10154 11863 9945 9945

1815 4329

3821

331 8330

5094 5093

3571 12048 7433

.

638

Order Kodcntia Family Mumlac

- . preg f end Apr - Aug. Germany preg,lact f: May -Oct. Poland

preg t Mar Nov east Hessen. Germany preg f Apr - Sept Poland. Czechoslovakia

8343 8330 1 10340

.

Apodemus orgenteus

- .

-

Apodemus flavtcolhs

-

-

.

-

-

.

.

-

-

-

.

. .

-

.

.

.

-

Apodemus mcrops

-

.

Apodemus mystaemos

Apodemus peninsula Apodemus speciosus

*

.

-

.

-

-

.

-

-

-

.

-

-

Apodemus syfvabcus

-

3571

7433 5424,

-

-

-

3546 7925 12025 7761

-

.

-

7393 3072 8848 5302

.

.

-

3071 5481

10358 3071 4342 7433 6548 3571 810 3073

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

3072 10358 8331

10358

.

10340 5481

.

11255 3571 5170 6091 54

-

5302 5461 810

.

10480 10358 10358 8331

10480

.

8329 6419 2569 6419 8317 5424,

.

-

- . -

7620 7394

12024 12024 5951 10632

-.

7394 5951

12024 5951 12024 7620

-

I without cl Jan June , Aug Dec , a Sweden teste % large Feb early Sept, small Sept -Dec . Austna testes large Feb Oct, Germany testes enlarge Mar. aw France testes large Apr, smal June Sweden testes large Sept-Feb Algeria testes large summer Ocl, regress Dec -Jan. s France testes large summer, small winter, increase Mar. UK testes: small Oct mid Jan, France fertile m 42 - 100% Feb - Apr June-Sept, none May , Oct Jan; Austria fertile m Mar -Oct s France fertile m Apr -Sept, none Oct -Nov, Jan; few data, MeHum I Germany fertile m few end fall early winter UK conceives: end Apr. St Kilda. Scotland. UK mate Feb Germany mate Feb-Sept; Germany mate Feb-mid Oct Solly. Cornwell England. UK mate end Feb Sept peak June Aug , Feu lalo, Scotland UK mate Mar -Sepf. Germany mate Mar Nov peak June July. England UK mate Apr - Sept; nw Bohemia. Czechoslovakia mate Apr -mid Oct; a Sweden mate May - fol, Europe mate June- Aug. Ireland UK mate Dec. England. UK mate Dec -Mar, Sweden male summer - fall; Channel I, UK mate tew winter. 26% f 21% m fertile a Sweden male winter tf acom crop good England, UK mate yr rd France preg f Jan-Nov. 296 d, a Moravia Czechoslovakia preg f: Feb- Apr. Aug Oct; s Sweden preg f ; Feb Aug Austna preg f Mar Sepf Germany preg t Mar- Sept . France preg f Mar-Oct; England. UK preg f: Apr - Aug. St Kilda Scotland UK preg f: July; lew data Mellum I. Germany preg f : peak July, low Ocl-Man UK preg f : Aug; n1; China preg t: Oct nl; Lebanon preg f Oct -Dec Algeria prefect f 72 6% May . none Dec -Jan no data Nov - Jan, s Moravia. Czechoslovakia birth Mar Sc4ty. Cornwall UK b*rth Apr Oct Germany btrth May Aug. St KAda. Scotland. UK birth May fall Europe birth May Oct, winter . France brrth yr rd; lab lect t July - Aug. rv3 Fair Isle, Scotland UK lect t . Aug-early Nov; Iran lect f Dec -Feb Algeria repro Feb -Oct ; a Moravia, Czechoslovakia repro Mar Sepf. Germany repro : Apr Germany repro: end Mar early Oct; a Sweden repro: aummer Ocf . none winter sw France repro: yr id lab fertile Wm yr rd. Uganda testes large Aug-Dec Ethiopia testes regress Feb; Kenya

-

5093

-

birth: Apr Oct; Germany birth spnng-earty fail. Finland repro end Mar-mid Oct; Korea testes large Mar-Sept Japan mate. Feb Apr Sept-Nov. Japan mate Ocf - Apr; Japan birth May Aug. Oct Nov; Japan yg appear June Sept. Japan f without cl Feb May -Nov, a Sweden fertile m Apr Oct Austria fertile m yr rd; Denmark spermatogenesis: Feb-Oct; s Sweden testes increase Jan May regress Nov; Germany testes large Feb Aug. smal Sept Dec Austna tastes large Apr, smal Aug Jan, » Sweden mats Feb Mar; s Sweden mate Feb Sept. Europe mate Feb Sept . Germany mate Feb Oct; Germany mate early Apr -Oct; s Sweden mate low winter 37% f 42% m fertile, s Sweden preg ft Feb-June Aug-Oct a Sweden preg ft Feb Sepf, Austna preg ft Feb Oct. 293 d: a Moravia Czechoslovakia preg f Feb Oct Austna preg ft nvd Feb-mid Oct; Brandenburg Germany preg f Mar - Sept , none Jiiy; n Germany preg f June -July Oct Pyrenees. Spam birth: Mar -Oct Germany birth: yr rd; lab lact f: Jan Feb Berlin yg appear Apr - Aug or Aug Dec 2 generations Poland repro ft peak Mar Oct. rare Dec -Jan; Denmark repro Mar - Sept repro end Mar-Oct Sweden sperm Feb; Bulgaria testes large Feb-Sept small Oct -Dec Austna preg f Feb-Mar. Aug-Sepf ; Austna preg f Mar Oct Czechoslovakia preg f Mar Oct peak June; Bulgaria preg1act ft Mar Oct. May 62%, none Nov -Feb a Moravia Czechoslovakia testes large Apr -May July - Sept. Lebanon birth: Feb. Apr captive birth warm mo; Lebanon repro Mar Oct Bulgaria preglact f; Apr Oct Korea testes peaks Feb -Mar. Aug Oct Japan testes increase Feb peak Mar Oct small Nov; Japan testes large Sept Mar small Apr, Japan aslrus f : Ocf -Feb; Japan mate: mid Apr -early May, end Aug-mid Sept, Japan preg ft Mar-May , Sept -Oec; Japan preg f Apr-Sept peak Aug. Japan preg f May, Sept Oct not June- Aug; Japan preg ft Oct - Apr, Japan birth: May. mid Sept mid Oct Japan lact ft Oct May , Japan repro ft Mar - Apr. Oct; Japan

639

Order Rodeniia. Family Mundac

.

Arecanthi i niiobcus

-

3072 10358

5461 8962

3071 5987 6965 516 9438 10358

5247 7779 518

5307 11530 6548

9254 2448

3571 7332 741 810 7433

3154 10175 4342 955

3073 10175 943 8331 3072 10358 5461

9438 3342 5307 7779 516 182 6419

5987 8329 9254

3571 5307 7433

10897 3067 2446 6293 5967 8329 5461 10340

810 8982, 8983

8985 7793 7600 10712

3

3

2w

04

lillililllilliliEIIE till 1$ 5 Sllfllsislllllsjl i’Hifllffiiii 4

i

i n h s Ui i 3

I

a

1

S

feat II * SI

1

I

c--

a

nI 5

-

c

3

4

4

! i i

IS ? ,

=

31 Ilf!

M u rid a c

y

|

ami

1 11!

9

-

l

RrldxeenTta

z

Z

°

Mamundialey .

f

3

i

Rodemia illtHislIllllilisIsiillllllliiili Sif § li £ iii £ iSSl!iSa £ fiSsiiil Order s J

I

£

a

S

i t Ja5

E

| l « i*H Iff iirii

uf iJ

f

9 !?

a |

! Ii ? *

ac t

I


I Sci 37. J 63- 189 940. Biodra O & Sagar. P. 1968 Breeding habtt * of the field rat Sfilktrdta mrtuvfa I Bomhay Nat Hist Soc 65:477 - 481 941. Biakerd PF-. Herulrickx . AG Rice. JM . et al . 1984. Emhryonic devchfwtvni m Erytitrocebus pouts. Ain J Primatoi

.

.

.

615-29.

942. B«rd*all, DA A Nash. I ). 1973. Occurence of soccenftil multiple intenmiaium i 4 females * n natural pnfHilaiKtni of deer mice iPrtomsHUs inanihym: Effects al lung -continued " night lighting' on hypophysectotmned female ferrets and those with optic nerves cut. Endocrinolngy 225J2 I 03. 962. Bissonnette, TH A LTech. AG 1937. Modificrtiona of mammalian vcxual cycle* VII Fertile mating * of races ** tt * in December instead of Fehruaiy induced by increasing daily petKol of light Pro* R Soc London 122 B 246 254 963 Bisvoonette Ill A (Wk Mi 1939 A third year 4 modified breedmg IK1UVM « with raccoons Ecology- 20: 156162

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

. -

.

.

.

^

.-

.

.

-

^

-

.

.

'

-

.'

-

.

-

-

.

-

.

-

>

.

.

964 Rmoonetie. TH A Gsech AG 1939 Muddied sexual phinopmodiaty in conoauil rabhitt Biol Bull 77:364 VS7 965. Bittner. SI A Otapman JA 1981 RepnxJuctive and physiological cycle* in an island population of Sybilagtts floridarua IVoc World lagnmorph roof . Umv Guelph ONT. ( anada 1979 182 203 966. Byxge, RR Gun * u JR A Samuel WM 19K1 population charocterinic* and movements of striped fkunk* { Mephitis mephitis ) in crntral Alberta Con fVId Nal, 95:149 155 967. Rx The origin* of lactation and the evolution of milk: A review with new hypotheses . Mamm Rev. 19:1 26, 972. Blackwell , K 1967. Breedmg and hand -rearing of final bats Epnttuipi frangueti and Etdtrlon hehum at the University Zoo. Int Zoo Yeorb 7:79 80 973. Blackwell K 1969 Rearing and breeding DenudofT* galago ( nihigo detntdintt ill captivity Its /oo Yeorb. 9:74 76 974 Blackwell. KF A Mcnzies J! 1968 Observations on the biology of the potto ( PeraditHi us potto Miller) Mamnulia 32:447 451. 975. Blaine. CR . White, RJ . Blakeley . GA. el al 1975 Plasma progesterone dutmg the normal memtruaJ cycle cf the pig tailed monkey ( Macaco ncmestnnay Int CongT PnmatoJ. 5:141- 151 976 Blair WE. 19 6 Ihe Florida marsh rabbit J Mamm. 17:197 207. 977. Blair WF 1941. Observattom on the life history of Bautnys taylon subour . J Mamm 22:378 383 97ft Blau. WF 1942. Kate of development of young spotted ground squirrels . J MoilUtt. 23 : 342 343 . 979. Blair . WF- 194 ? PupulatKMM of the deermouse and associated small mammals in the mesquite association in southern New Mexico I'ofitnb lab Vert Bool Umv Ml 21:1 40 ffUk Blair WF. 1951. Population rtruclure social behavior, and environmental relations in a natural population uf the liemh mouse ( Penmtysctu petiiottofus leat' oecphtslus ) CooIn b Lai* Vert I 4 i * 4 U«iv Ml 48:1 45 981. Blake BIT 1982 Reprutluclkvi in caphve water voles Anicolo terrestns. J ZA» 4. 198:524 529. 982. Blake. Bll A Gillen KE . 1984 Reptoduclion » 4 Asian chipmunks ( Tamuts sMricui ) in captivity. Zix» Bt*>l 5 47 - 63 983. BUke. Bll A ( illicit Kl I 9KN Estfoux cycle and related aspect * ui tepruduction in cajXive Avian chipmunks. Lonau sibtncus. J Mamm 69: 598 603 V83n* Blake. 1 IA . 188 ? . Note I «I the |Vtrturiiio« of a West Indiim hit Sci Pt«* R Dublm S** 4 44 « > 4541. 9H4 Blak ly GA 19^9. Vaginal cyiokiyy and htteint / mg hormone level * in Pongo pygmaean ( orongutanl Recent Adv Primatoi 22 30, Holer , HO ed Karget Ba»el 985 Blakeskee. UK . Rue 00. A Ralls. K 1979 Hehavnv and icproductmn of captive Now antlered deer Crams ekli thamm (Thomas. 1918 > Saugebetk Min 27:114 127

-

. .

.

-

.

-

-

. .

.

.

'

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

. Burner, TW. A

Dukelow WR 1981 the menstrual cycle m t* * nhuman primate* IV ! imrd milling in Ah* mi nemriinna, lab Amin Set 351 -353. 987 Bland. KI* . IW ' Reproduction in tin- female Indian gcrbtl (Totem mdica ) J Zool 157:47-61 98JL BUmi KP. 1973 Reproduction in the icmale Aim an tree rat {Grmummns wnku/rr ). J ZooL 171:167-175. 988«. Blonfucd. WT 1891 Ihe Fauna of British India , including Ceylon and Burma. Tayk« A Francis. London. 989. Blank. JL Net** RJ. Vaughan . MK et » 1 I9M Pineal melatonin content in photoperiodically responsive And *w »n levpanwve phenotype* of deer mice Comp Biochem Physiol 9 IA.535 537 989». Blank. JI . A Eksjardins, C 1984 Sjvrmatogencsi* is modified by food intake in mice. litol Reprod 30:410- 415. 99a Blank MS. Gordon. TP. A Wilson ML 19 3. I Ifeds of ( apttire and venipuncture on scrum level of prolactin , growth * hormone and cortisol in outdoev compound - homed female rhesus ) monkeys ( Macaco mulatto Acta F.ndocnnul. 102:190*195. | RLnkenvhip. LT Muse, PP A Louis TM 1981 Plasma 99 progesterone and progesterone binding protein during the etfrous cycle and jaegnancy in OalichoUs patagtma bed Proc 40: 471 986 llUkky GB Qtaracterhikx of

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

- .

.

.

.

*

. .

.

.

.

.

1373).

(ref

.

9*6 1024

728

.

.

. .

992. Blankenship. LT Muse. PO Pry** WH Jr. et al. 1982 Maternal plasma estrogen and progesterone piullies during pregnancy and neonatal physical measurements in IMiclunu patagomi ( Mara ). l ed Proc 41 1490 ( ref 7|32). 993. Blankenship. TN Given RL A Pollening, TA 1990 Blastocyst implantation in Ihe t'hinese hamster ( Cnrrtuius grticusy Am J Anat . 187:137- 157 994. Blo-slue* ii /. B . 1980 Gcdonke* nir Haltung des Pan /e nushorn* ( ftkmorenw umcomi.% Lima). 1758). Zool Bertr. 2669 108. 995. Blatchley. FR A Donovan. BT 1972 Peripheral plasma progestin levels during onoesuuv aesuus and pieudt.ptcgiuncy and following hypnphysectomy m ferret* i Reprod Fen

.

. .

.

-

31:331 333

Blatchley. FR A Donovan, BT 197ft Progesterone secretion during pregnancy and pseudopregnaacy in the ferret . J Reprod Fen 46:455 -456 997. Blaustein. AK 1981 population fluctuations and extinction* of small rodents in coastal southern California. OecologM. 48:71- 78. 998. Bk ith VC , 1977 . DynuJowys slrphena Mamm Specie * 99k

-.

.

73:1 3

.

998« Rleich. VC A Schwartz OA 1975 Ponuntion in the white throated wnodrot Siorthwext Nat 20:271 272. 999 Rieict WJ . 1975 Early embryology and implantation in the California leal timed hilt Macrotu.% raltjonucus. Anal Rec

.

.

.

-

182 237- 254 .

.

ICNW. Bleiet WJ . 1979. Erahryukigy. Sp PuN Mus TX Tech Untv I 6flll ):379 3K6 1001 Bleier WJ A thieshami. M 1981 OwU« following unilateral ovariectomy in the California leaf nosed lui (Af i rotut cattfomicus ), J Reprod Fen ft .3 181 183 1002 Bit *. AS A Irnifer JW 1979. Modes of thermal protection in polar bear cubs a] bwlh and on emergence from the den. Am J Physiol . 236 Rft7 R 74. 1003. Bloch . S. Hedtger !L Lloyd HG, et al. 1967. Bcotuchlungen zur Supetfctalioo bom Feldhasen (Upu.i rimy views ). Z Jagdwixs 13:49 52. KNM. Bloch S Ilediger . H Miller. C ct al 1954 to44eme drr Fonpflanaing tint Feldhasen Rev Suiaae Zool 61:48'

. .

.

-

.

-

.

.

-

.

. .

.

.

- .

..

I (815. Bitch, S A Strausv F 1958. Die wcsMicbe Gemtolorgane von lepui ruropttent Pallas Z Saugelierk 27 66 80 lOflft. Bkedcl. P

1955 nhservatimu on the life histories of Panama hrts J Momm 36:232-235 1007. Bkilhin SA 1981 On the functional activity of the sexual system of sperm whale males. Rep Int Whal 0>mm 31:719- 721 100ft. Blokhin SA- 1984. Ins'estigalKms of gray whales taken in the Chukchi Coastal waters USSR. Ihe ( Way Whole. hfhitihlius rohtntua 487 508 Jones ML Swartg, SL A LraierwiHid, S cd « Academic town. New York . 1009. Blokhin SA 1981 Some aspects of reproduction in the CaliforniaChukchi Sea stock of gray whales, Rep In* Whal Comma 34 457 460 1010. Bloniquist. L Muuronen. P A Romance, V. 1981 Breeding the least w eave I ( Mustehi rtxtna ) in Helsinki Zoo. Zool Ginen NF. 51 363 368. I 0||. Blood DA 1963 Some aspects of behavior of n bighorn herd Can Field Nat 77:77 94 1012. Bkod. DA 1973 Variation m reproduction and productivity of an enclosed herd of moose Mirer a!cc% ). Int Coogr Game Biol 1159-66. 1013. Blossom. PM . 1932 A pair at long tailed shrews fSorex tuuretts anfreus ) in captivity. J Mamin. 13:136143. 1013a. Bltxich RA. 1987. Reproductive seasonality ol the white loiled deci on the Colombian llanos. Biology and Management of ihe Cemdoe. 340 343, Wemmet CM. cd. Smithsonian Inst Pres*. Washington . DC, | 015h. Plough . RA A Atniovoedudjo S 1987 Biology of Bawean deer and prospects for iU management . Biology and Management of the Ccrvidoe. 320 327 Wemmer. CM ed, Smithsonian Inst Press. Washington. DC 1014. Bloxam. QMC 1964 Servo! ( FtttS IcpUitlurus scnot ). Ann Rep Jersey Wild toserv Trust- 5:44 45. 1015 Bloxam QMC 196). Common geloda Tlitroptihecia KclthUi fWadu. Ann Rep Jersey Wildl toset v Treat 6:19 22 1016. Bloxam QMC 1970. Cekbesian black ape CmapitHn m myer tngtr Ann Rep Jersey Wildl toserv Frost. 7 9 , 1017 Bkixam QMC 1972. Indian bon Panihtnt lea ptnica , Ann Rep Jersey Wildl toserv Trust . 9: 39- 42 1018. Bloxam. QMC. 1973, The breeding of second generation (F'a) Semi cat FeUs lep mUirnt senvi / . Ann Rep Jersey Wild! * toserv Trust . 10.41 -43. 1019 Bkixam, QMC 1975. Bleeding uf ihe f|*c(taricd bear Trtmxrctos on* m* t at the Jersey ZooU »gical Park Ann Rep Jersey Wild toserv Treat 12 42-47. 1020. Bkixam. QMC 1977. Breeding the spectacled bear Tremarctot armitus at Jersey Zoo. Int Zoo Yeorb 17:158- 161. 1021. Blunt. FM. Da woo* HA. A Thorne. BT 1977. Birth weights and gestation m a captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. J Mamm 58:106 1022. Bluntschii, H. 1913. EntWKkluugsgesdudtte pUtyrrtuner Alien , von Duielphys manuptala , Tatnmdua bivuhaa und ftnotftpui marmowtui Verb Anal Gea 27:196- 202. 1023 Bluntschii, kl 1937 Ihe Friihentwkkluag tines Centetmen ( Hemircnutes semispmatui Cuv). Rev Suisse Zool , 44:271 282 1024. Bluntschii, H. 1937 D»e Frilhentwicklung t ines t»ef Stehenden Plncentalierx und dire Bedeuiung fur die Autfxsuag *kt Skugctscrootogenese ubertioupt Mitt noturf Go Bern 1937:VU - X11. 1025. Bluntschii H. 1938. Die Einbettnng des Lies beim Ht' tm, enleles . RtonMjfphoMj 1 332 333 1026. Bluntschii H. 19 )8 Le devcloppement primnirr et I implantation die/ sin Centenile { Htmucruetes ). Bull An*oc Anai 44:39- 46

.

- .

.

.

.

-

.

. . .

.

-

.

.

-

.

- .

. .

.

.

.

. .

-

-

^

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

*

729 1950. Bcxasin Agacse. L A Bacssm. J 1985.|nc »*ience af a circadian cycle ol ph< *o*ensiimty in die regulation of the annual tcatis cycle in the mink : A dtott day mammal Gen Comp

-

size

,

.

. . and 1027. Blm . IJ . 1966. Relationship between littet latitude tlte golden mouse J Mnmm 47:546- 547 102ft. Blus U . 1971 Reproduction and survival cf short tailed

1027 -1067

in

,

shrews illlarma krmcnidii ) in captivity. I ^h Aaim So. 21 :884 891. 1029. Bong DA & Marie JO I 98|. P«8*ilant«i ecology of Columbian ground squinels in southwestern Alberta. Can J Zool . 59 2230 224ft 10.30. Hoag DA A Munc JO. 1981. Weight in lelati n to sex age , and season in Cohimhoan ground squirrels (Schindae: Rodenttak Can J Zool 59 '//9 1( 814 1031 Eons JEV. 1891 /air Mixpholofie der Begatiunguirgane tier amsuaten Wirbellhiere- Gegenb Moqdiol Jb 17:271 287 1032. Bobek B. 1969. Survival , turnover and production al small rodents in a beech forest. Acta Iheriul. 14:191 210 1053. BobniKiskoy N . Kuuetiow B. A Ku/ yakm A. 1944 Mammals of the USSR. USSR Gov k\ibl Office. Moscow . 1034 Bock HD. Wilnsche. J klolfnun . B et al . 1968 . I‘her ihe Ammosaurcn Ziuomenset/ung der Milch der Kegckrchbe Haitihaems grypas Fob und des Schweinswal *. Phocoma phacortui . Zool Garten NF 35 69 73. 1035 Bodcafaeimet, FS. 1949. Lcolugicul and pftyiicfogical studies on some adenw lltynol Comp Oecol 1: 376 389 1036 BoderiMinK'r FS A Dvaret / ky . A. 1951 A dynamic model fer the fluctuation *4 populations of the 1 evaatc vole 04icrotas gmcnUmtn D A ) . Bull Res Council luncl 1( 4 > 62 8tt 1037 Bodenhcimcr. I S A Sulman . I l ‘*46 The estroU' cycle ol A / N roots gaenthen I ) and A and its ecological implimii »* Ecology. 27 255 256 itt .vt. Bodley, HD 1974 The development *f IIK chvio allantoic placenu in the Ktt Sfucrotus wuterfioaurr Anni Rec. 178:313 1039 fludtey. HD. 1974 I Itiastructurnl development of the chorioallantoic placental KUTICT in the bat Macrotus na/rrhoutii Anat Rec 180: 351 368 1040 B(«cker E 1907, 7,ur Kenatnu d^ s Bowes der Placenia van F.h' phat indinn I. Arch f Mikr Anal. 7 J 297 32 * 11141 Bcvr. M 1983 Several examination ^ on the reproduciive statu* of lowland gorilla* {Gorilla g gorilla ) M Hanover Zoo Zoo BioL 2 267 2KO 1042. Boer. M 1987 Beohachtongen rer F **rtplLn /ung und rum Verhaltcn de« Drill ( M Companmo of climatic chamber and cxpuMite in the desert. Pti > ( i < 4 / < « 4 52:105 112 1125 Bos. II A Vandermey GJW 1980 Length (4 gestation periods of hette* and pumes b:longing to different breeds Live* Prod Set 7:181 187 1126. Bmhe. Jl 1981 Reproductive ecology .« phoiogy and iu significance for phylogenetic inference. Am Mu* Nov . 3003.1- 15. 1275 Breed. W'G A l *»pp» . M. 1976 Corpus luteum activity during the oeUrou* cycle cf Ihe h - vpmg DIOUK Notomyt alexia. Therwgcnolofy 6:6X) 1276 Breed WG A Sarah* V . 1978 On the phylogenetic significance of spermatozoal morphology and male re(*oducii* c

.

.

-

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

-

anatomy in Au«ualion rudenu. Tran.* R Soc S Au«t . 103.127 13$. 1277. Breed , WG & NaralTt V 1981. Vwiatioa in sperm head morphology in the Australian rodent Noiomy % olein Aust J ZuoL 31:313 316 1277n Brennan , FJ 1989 IVm graphics of captive Dr Bra / /a * guciKsm Zoo Biol. 8: 37- 47 127». Brenner . FJ 1964 Reproduction of tlie beaver in Crawford county Pennsylvania J Wstall Manage. 28:743*747 1279. Brenner FJ . 196» A three- year rtudy of two breeding colonics of the b« g hrown bat. Eptesicus fmtema. J Mamm 49:775 778 121». Brenner. RM Carlute ICS. Hess DL et nl 1983

tract

.

-

.

--

,

.

12*2. Breed WG 1984. Sperm head structure in the Hydrntnyinae ( Rodentia: Mundae ): A further evolutionary development of the suhacrosotnal space in mammals . Gamcie Re* I0JI -44. 12*3. Breed. WG. 1983. M < wph 4og cal variation in ihe female reproductive trai l of Australian rulrats HI the genet a Pseudomya and Notomai I Reprod Fert. 73:379 384 12*4. Breed WG. 1986. Comparative morphology and evolution of the male reproductive tract in the Australian hvdromyinr rodents Mundae ). J Zool 209A 607-629. ' 12*5. Breed W'G 1990. Reproductive anatomy and sperm morphology ol the long - tailed hopping - mouse. Notomys UeigtramdaUtt ( Rodentia: Mundae ). Au* Mamm . 13:201-204. 12**. Breed. WG. 1990 CopfaMty behaviour and cuagulum f vocation in the female reproductive tract of Ihe Australian hopping mouse . Notomya mints J Rcprod Fert 88 17 - 24 12**« Breed , WG 1992- Reproduction of the spinifes hopping irvuiv ( Notomys item ) in the natural environment Aust I Zool

.

735

1277. 131».

-

. .

.

Morphology of die oviducts and endometna of cynomolgus macaque.* during the nvn*trual cycle Biol Reprod 29:1289 1 V)2 1281. Brcnton , C. 1979. Hawaiian monk seal Mammals in the Seas FAD Fish Ser 5. 2:104- 105. 1282 Brcnton C 1979. Walrus Mammal* in the Sea*. I AO Fuh Ser 5 2 -55- 57 1283. Btessou, C A V a rule I , G. 1939. Mensuvabotts if un Flephant d asic 4 la naissancc . Mammalia. 3.49-52 1283a Brett RA. 1991. The populatuw structure of naked mole rat culoaie*. Tlie Biology ol the Naked Mole Rat. 97- 136 Sherman PW . Jarvis. JUM. A Alexander RD. ed. Prmielcn Umv Dess, NJ , 1284. Bre/no aJealia ). Southwest Nat 11:325- 337. 1287 Rrn dcrmann I 1971 / ur Rcpvoduktiou des Schwar2 wildr* in stet Deutschen Deiiw >krali*chen Rs puNik Tag Bet T» Akad Undwuuch Wits Berlin 113:169- 186. 12MX Brie it Y . 1974 la reproduction du Phoque gn* Hah( hornrut gry/ mx Faltriciu* cn Bretagne Mammalia 38 346 347 1289. Bricse. D 1970, The ocxtmu* cyde ( 4 the koala f /'feist o&in rot cmeteus\ B Sc (Hosier*) Thesi * Dep* Zool Umv

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

•

..

.

..

.

.

.

*

.

. - .

.

Adelaide . 129(1, Rnniley , CS 192 t Breeding dales ol mull mammaU at Raleigh North Carolina J Mamm 4:263-264 1291 Bnmley Hll 194 ? A second specimen of True’ s beaked whale Meuy luidom mirut True from Ncelh Carolina J Minim 24:199 203. 1292. Bnnck Johnsen . I 1970 Hormonal steroid* in the armadillo. Darypus novemcatctm 2 Uestrooe and 1 < « utaili I uraUun « of in pregnancy and then in vitro locmaooo by pce ( > placentae , catly und tale in development . Acta Fnds l 63696704 1293. Brwek - Johnsen. T Beiurschke. K . A Dnnck - Johnsen . K I «367 Hormonnl sienads m the armadillo Dosy/ xu mnsemcinctiu Acta Endocrinol. 56.675-69U. 1294. Bnnknunn. AJ . 194 H . Sttuhes on fenule bn ami blue whales livalradeis Shutter 31:1-38 1924«. BrondhocAs, HE 1952 Ne *i and l*eha* M « of a duet tailed shrew LryjHotu pimi. J Mamm. 33 241 243 1295. Ilruadbooka HE 1958 Ijfe lmti « y and oculogy of the Ptbl chipmunk Luummit mmonmi in enuern Washington. Mine MuiZod UMV Ml loh I 42

.

.

.

’

-

,

- -

.

.

-

.

.

,

.

. .

-

.

. .

.

129* BrondJaaiks HF- 197b hipulations of the yellnw - pine chipmunk. Fnloimtu amorous. Am Mid Nat 83 472 488 1297 Brrsadhuru. PL A Jinks , JI 1965. Parity a* a determinant of bwih weight in the rhesus monkey. Folia Piimatol . 3:201 210L 129«. Brockie RF . Bell BD. A White. AJ. 1981, Age structure and mortality of possum In, hosurui vulpeeuLt population* Inmi New Zealand Doc First Symp on Marsupaal * in New Zealand Victoria Univ Wellington Zool Pub!. 74:63 13 1299. Brockman .|)K A Lippold . IX. 1975 Gestation and birth of a done langur Pygtnhnx n nemneux at San Diego Zoo Ini Zoo Yearb 15:126129. tm Brockman. DK. WiDu MS. A Karesk W 19«7. Management and husbandry of rulfed letnurx. Varecia vanetaui at San Diego / KX> U Rcprcxludnsn. |vecnancy , part jiitme. litter - iaised infoau Zoo *i/e. infant care, and remUodulKMi of hand Biul. 6.349- 363. 1301. Brudie. ED 111 Brodie ED Ir A Johnson JA 1982 Breeiling liar African hcdgc6 >g Atelenx prunert in captivity Int

.

-

.

-

.

-

.

.

»

.

. .

. .

.

.

Zoo Yearb 22:195197 1302 Br« die PI -. 1971. A (ccuoiidetation of a»|iects of growth rcpruducuon . and behavior of the white whale (JMphinaplerw /euros ), with reference to the Cumberland .Sound Baffin Island p< ifxilatmn . J Fish Re * Bd Can 28 1109 1318 1363. Bndie PF 1972. Significance of accexwwy cirpora hitea .J in odimtucetea with refeienoe to HrlfAmajHcnii leurax Mamm 53.614 616 1304. Br dmnnn , K , 1952 Mamwieid frei un Hau * Boon Zool Reitr 3 21(1 1305 Brody . El A Brody , AF 1974 Breeding Mulk r’ * Bornean gihtvon Hyloliliet lor muellen Int Zoo Yearb 14 l lO 115. 130*. BmeUmurn S A Maa*kanq >, F I 9K0. Behaviour of mpo»ition and aspects of the reproductive physiology of Venezuelan white - talied deer ( Otiocatleux vuginuimi garmntta ). J Mamm $3:760 773. 1309. Brokx , PAJ 1972- A Study of the Biology of Vcnuzuelan White toiled Deer ( Qdocotleiia virgmumus gymnctu Wtegmann 1833 ). with a Hyp»othe*i * i»n tlie Origin cf South American Cervods. Ph I) Dm. I'ruv Waterloo, Walctloo Canada 131«. Bmmtej. GF. 1956. Himalayan bear ( Selenantoa Ubeumua ituvrints Heudc , 1901) Zool ZJiurn 35:111 129 131»«. Brumlej GF 1956. Goral { Nemorkaedatt comiattu nadJeutma Iteude . I »«*4 ) Zoo! Zhurn. 35:1395 1405 1311. Bromley . FT 196*). TemlonaUy m p«wghorn l »u . k > on tfe NatKVuJ iwum Range Mtneac Montaua. J Mamm 5t > 8 l 89 1312. liroonct . G ( kvikm. S. A Mcevtet. J.|98» Otomyi ) i nor aim Mamm Species. V K I 6. 1313. Btoaner . GN A MeeOet. JAJ l ‘« «Jucxivc Bmlogy I 'niv Chkngo Preas II 131». Bronson. Fll A Fief User mu. BE 196$, Influence of strange mate no unpUntaltua in the steer mouse. Gen Camp LndocniKJ .

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

. .

*

3 915 Sift

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

736

131» - 1364.

.

131«. Bronson. HI. FJefthcriou , RF A Dr nr 11 111 1969 Strange male |negnancy Mock in direr mice Prolactin and adrrimcivtica] hormones Biol Reprod. 1:302 16, 132». Broosno. HI A Markka. MM 1964 Male induced synchrony of extras in deer mice. Geo Cc*np Endocrinol. 4 ft 34 6 7. 1321. Bronson FH A Hy«, S. 1983 Ambient temperature and reproductive success in redeni* h * ing ui different Uiitudc* R »ol Reprod . 29 - 72 80. 1322. Bronson HI A Tiemner OW 1958 Rrpriduction anJ age dolnbutioti of black - tailed jack rabUi* in Kama*. J WjJdl Manage 21409 414 1323- Bronson, MT. 1977. Altitudinal vanauon in the annual cycle and life history of the golden - mantled ground squirrel Spertmrf *hilus Lite rails Ph D Dm. Univ ( ’ A, Berkeley. 1324 . Bronson MT. 1979 Altitudinal variation in the life history of the golden mantled ground squirrel (Sprmwydiiatf lateralis )

*

-'

.

.

*

.

.

.

Eookify

.

60 272 279

1325 Brook FA 1984 Studie of ovarian unu rare and function in the wondosoute Apodemus ryhaticut D Phil Dm . Utuv Oxford Oxford. UK. 1326. Brook. FA & Clarke JR 1989 Overran interstitial tissue of the wood mouse. Apmlemus sytvaticus. J Kcprod Fcrt. 85.251 26». 1327. Hr < « >khyxef KM A Auk rich RJ . 198«. Consumption ol food Nxly weight , perineal colour and level* of |*ngr «trrone in the serum of cyclic female chinchilla.* J Endocrinol 87 213 219 1328. Brooks AC 1961. A Soul ) of the Thomson’ * Gazelle ( GazeUtt thomuwu Gunther ) in Tanganyika Col Res Pub | 25 Her

.

.

.

- .

.

.

.

-

Majesty ’ s Stationery office London 1329 Brook.* DE Gaughwm, M. A Mann. T. 1978. Structural and Inochetrucitl characteristics of die male accessory organs ol rct »ioduit »on in the hatry n «ed wombat {Ituwrhmms lalijri tisl

.

.

-

Set

’

Hoc R Soc London Biol 20111 191 207 133« Brook*. JF A lltun FT 1980, l arty post natal growth and behavioural development in the Burmese house rat . Rottu.% exaLwu J 7a «l 190:125 136 1331. Rraolu. JE lltun BT. Walton . DW, et al 19*0 The reproductive biology of SIIUTMS mannas L in Rangoon. Burma. 7 Saugetietk 45:12- 22. 1332. Btuuks. JW. 1934 A cootritatiou to the life history and ecology of the Pacific walrus. AK Coop Wildl Res Unn Report 1 :1103 1333 Brook.* PM. 1972. Post natal dcvchi|tmeni of the African buds rat Anhamyt ckrytajrkilus 7< H>I Afr 7 85 102 1334 Brook * PM 1978 Relationship* between Mdy condition and age. growth REPRODUCTKHI and social status in impal* and its application to management S Air J Wildl Res 8 151-157.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

,

1335. lirsv’ks. PM. 1982. Aspect* ol the reproduction , growth and development of the lour striped field mouse. RhabtUuma pumiho (Sparrnua 1784 ). Mammalia. 46:53 63. 1336. Rna (Gabon ). Hi 4 Gabon 2 :47 86 1348. Brunei. A 1968 la pcrmtnation du cycle sexual saUonnicr che /, le Chiropti'rc Hipposuienn coffer, au vomnage de l’ fquateur Bixe von RchhiKkca ( Cuprmlas ) < aprrtrlat ) und Hwschen (Cmtu cLqtiiat unter Beriukvichtigung vies SaivescmfluKses. Acta Endocnno! 48:569 580 1385. Bruggt nuinn . S A Dukelow , WR 1980 CHARACTERLUJC* of the menvlrual cycle in nonluiman primates III Timed mating in Hacaca arcumirs \ Med Himatol . 9:2 H -121 1386. Bmhm. II 1979 CtdUtkni jmxkas, Marmcwes etn Neucs Vertuchcmndell / Verxuchstierk 21:209- 221 |386u. Rnina. JF 1952 Kentucky Rabbit Investigations. Dept Fish Wdvfl Res Frankfort. KE 1387. Bryant . S 19*8 Maintenance and captive breeding of the eastern quoil Danunii wrrraiu , Ini /oo Yearb. 27:119- 124

.

-.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

-

.

. .-

Ie*t osierone in a wild popuDti « wi of male eastern qucfl Paixurvs vhrerrmm ( Mar «upialu . Dasyuridae ) from Tasmania. Gen Comp

EnAxxmol 64 75- 79 1389. Bry ant . SL A Rove. RW |985 Fffecl of cadmium on the rcptndoctivc ivgnn * cf Ihe male p> * < voo Potortmi trvitu tylas < Macr < p«didael Ausi J Bid Set 38:305 311 139«. Bryant . SI . A Ro*e RW' |9K6 fknwth and role of the corpus luieum thnxighoul delayed grout inn in the p «oeoo Potnrom indactylas J Reprod Fert 76:409-414. I 39| Brydea HA- 1 99 Die Nesfcok tlkima/ ssras tdbjnmsX Great and Small Game of Africa 183- 190. Bryden HA ed. ROWLSIHJ Ward , lzsmkm 1392. Bryden , HA 1899 The brindled gnu or Hue wildebeest

- .

.

.

.

.

*

.

.

-harirs Ioannas tvptrus ) Great and Small Game of Africa. 194 199 Bryden. HA ed. Rowland Ward l nndan

{ ConntM

) 1371 Brown , Eiholociumn, development , and vocal communication in the lesser bulldog bat NactiUo alhntwru Behov Fxol Sociohsol. 13:287- 298 1372 Brown . Rl ) < W CC. A Faulkner LW 1983 The

. .

.

130 Bryant. SL 1986 Seasonal varsation of plasma

- .

.

-

The springbuck ( Amulattos eathore ). Great and Small Game of Africa - 332-340. Bryden HA. ed Rowland Ward London 1394. Bryden MM . 1966 Twin foetuses in Ihe southern ckphaiu .seal Mimunga leorurui (1.1 Pap Hoc R Soc las. 100:89-90 1395. Brydea , MM . 1967. Testicular temperature in die southern elephant seal. Mirmutgtt leanino ( Linnl J Reptod Fert 13:583 584 1396. Bryden. MM . 19W. Growth of the seuthern elephant seal Mtnntnga leoruno ( lannl Growth. 33:69- 82 1397. Bryden MM 1972 B« dy u /e and ODOpoatliMt of elephant seals ( Miromnga I eonnun AKMJute measurement* and c*timales from Ixmc dimenMows . 1 Zool . 167 265- 276 1398. Bryden. MM Hamsvw . RJ . A Lear . RJ 1977 Some aspects of the biology of PefuatiKef >hoLi electro (Cetacea LVljJiinklac ) I General and lepfuduclivr Uologv Ausl J Mai Freshwater Re*. 28:703 715, 1399. Brydea. MM . Smith MSR Tedman RA el al 1984 ( itowth of the Weddell seal, Ltptnnychales * ciUlellt ( Pinnipedia ). Aust I Tool 32 33 41 I 4tn. Bubenik GA I 9« 3. Shaft of seaaonal cycle in white tailed deer by oral odnuni«tiation of melatonin J Fxp Zool. 225:155* 156 1401 Bubenik GA. Bubenik AB . Brown GM et al. 1975 Growth hv « nx *ne and ci« ti*ol level * in die annual cycle of while tailed deer ( ( Moroilru.% virfinumuf ) Can J Physiol Phxrmacol 53 787 792 14«In. Buh*mk . GA Bubenik . AB Schnms. 1). el al 1983. ( Trcadian and circitanual rhythms of l -H , FSH lettmteroac CD prolactin , c « »iiisiJ , T, ami T, in plasma of mature, male whitetailed deer Comp Biochem Physiol 76A:37 45 14«2. Buberuk GA Bubenik AB . A Zamecmk J 1979. The dev'elirt ^ * °f circanmial rhythm of estradiol in plasma of " white-tailed deer ( Odottalem virgmumus ) Comp Hiochcm Physiol 62 A 869- 872. 1403 Bubenik. GA A Ieatherlaad. JF l‘*4 Seasonal level* 4 cortisol and thyroid IxenK ne* in intact and castrated mature male white - tailed deer Can J Zuot 62:783 787. I 4( M. Bubenik GA A Ncharm, I >. 1986. HehtKii.vhip of age to •xawMial levels of LH FSH prvJactiii and lextoatcrone in male white-tailed deer . Comp Biucfiem Physiol 83A:179 183 I 4U5. Bubenik. GA. SJtams D A Seni|*rrc. Al 1 ^87 Assessment tJ the sexual and antler |H 1450 Btirgemetster . R 1974 Frohleme drr Dn*medaihahung

-

-

.

.

.

und Zucht in Sudtuncsien Thesis Justus Ijebig Univ Gic&en Germany (abstract in Farid . MFA 1781 Camdids HtNiography. page 83, Arab Centre Stud Arid Zones Dry land* ) 1451 Burger. M 1766. Breeding of the eurvpean lynx Fe/o lynx at Magdeburg Zoo Int Zoo Yearb 6: 182 - 183 1452. Burger , M 1773. Weitcre Rcnhacbtungen nn Zucht dcs Furnpamhcn IVldhasen lefmt cumpaeuM Pallas m Gefangenschaft Zool Garten NF 43 275 277, 1452n- Burley. RA. Holman SD A HutdiMMU JB 1783 The regulation of prregulatory hehavKir by ovarian b »rmon«rs in the female Mongolian gerhiL Horm Bchav. 17:374-387 1453. Buinr FCT 1743. A recced of ges*atn *n periods and growth of trained Indian elephant calves in the southern Shan stales Burma Proc 7ool Soc London 113A:27. 1454. Burnell , AF Burnell . SR , A Tagg M 1791 Ohservations on an apparent mating sequence in three southern right wholes. kuhahierui auftroUa (Cetacea : Bolacnulae ) Aunt Mamm

.

-

.

..

.

.

.

.

.

-

14.33 34 1455. Burnett. CD A Kunz 111. 1982. Growth rate* and age estimation in Eptesinu fuse us in comparison with M\vtu lucifugux . J Mamm 63:33- 41. 1456. Burn* JJ . 1967. The Pacific bearded seal Fed Awl W ldl Res1or Proj Rep. AK Dept Fish Game. 8:1 66 1457. Burn*, JJ. 1970. Remarks on the distnbuUun and natural hutocy at pngi ihilic pinniped* m the Bering and Chukchi sea* . J Mamm. 51.445^ 454. 145X. Bum*. JJ . |9H|. Bearded veal f ngnttflmi hi / hora « Erxlcbcn. 1777. FUndbnok uf Marine Mammal 2:145 170 Ridgway. SH A Harrison , RJ. eds . Academia Press. New York 1459. Burns. JJ 1981. RII4VXI teal f'luu a fax t it t 7immennann . 1783 HandbixA of Marine Mammals 2:89 109 Ridgway. SH A llanrivon . RJ e*l» Acodemta hrts* New York 1460. Burnt JM 1981. Aspects of emhx'rine conirol < 4 delay .

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

..

-

-

.

phenomena m hat * with special empha i* * i >u.i J Z** 4 177:197 - 201. 148«. Bmhhrrg DM A Holme ' WG 198' Sexual maturation ' of Ndy weight in male Heldmg s grramd squirrel* Influence Bid Rcptod 33: 302 - 30« ( 1481. Bust. Dll 1**68 Gron cienpositKXi and vanatawi of lie conp > nent * uf baboon iralk dunng naiiual knciotiivi J Nutt 96 421 426.

.

.

.

740

1481*. 1525.

.

14*1*. Burt PH A Cooper, RW 1972. Composition of squirrel monkey milk Folia 1‘nmmol . 17:285 291. 14X 2. Buss. ! >11 Cooper RW A Wallen K 1976 CompasilKin of lemur milk Folia hunted. 26.301 305. 1483 Buss. DH A Hamner JE III. 1971 Supernumeraiy nipples in the baboo iFapw cynocephalms ) Folia Pnmalol 16 153 158. * 14*4. Bus* IO A Johnson OW. 1967. R*laii < «.«hip* d Leydig cells character isucs and inualesticular testosterone levels to sexual activity in the African elephant Anal Rot 137:191 196. 14*5. BUM. IO A Smith. NS. 1966 Observation* on reproduction and hr ceding behavior d the African elephant J Wildl Manage 30;375 *88 14X6. Busse. C & Hamilton WJ , 111. 1981. Infant carT >mg b > male chocnu* baboons Science. 212:1281 1283. 14*7. [tuue CP A Gordo*. TP. 1981. Attacks on neonates by a nule mungahey { Ctnoctbmt cXy*\ Am J hiniutol . 5:345 356

. . .

.

.

-

.

.

.

14*8 Butler. H. 1957. The bleeding cycle of the Senegal galago GaLtgo senrgolnuu Proc Tool Soc London 129: 147 149 14*9 Ruder , 1939. An early btatucysi of the leaser hush

-

a

baby {Galago icnegalrnus sencgulntu.v ): A preliminary account

1 Anai 93257- 261 1490 Butler . H I 960. Some notes on the breeding cycle d the Senegal galago tialago scnrgolensis sencgaUnsa in ihe Sudan hoc Zool Soc l c«id«n . 135:423-430, 1491 Butler II . 1964. The reproductive hml < « > of a strepsuhnw ( Galago aenegtilrnsu sencgaleniii ). Int Rev Gen l ap Zool. 1 :241 296 1492 Btaler , H . 1966. Ohcrvaiioiu on the menstrua! cycle of the gnvet monkey (CrrcapAhtcit actfmrpi aeduafw ) m the Sudan Mb hi III 4:194-205. 1493 Buder. H. 1967. Seasonal breeding of ihc Senegal galago iGoLigo scnegaUnsis sene gtilt mix ) in the Nuba Mountains. Republic of ihe Sudan. Folia himalol. 5:165- 175. 1494 Butler . H. I‘>67 The giant cel! tiophoblu.st of the Senegal galago ( Gttlago smegtilrnsu tenegojemut and Us bearing on the evolution of the primaie placenta. J Zool 152 195 207. 1495 Ruder . H . 1967 The oestrus cycle of the Senegal galago ( Galago sfnrgtilrnui i m f i/mui ) m the Sudan I Zool 151 143-162. 1496 Butler , H 1969 Post pubertal oogenesis in prosinuae. Ini Congr Promt . 2:215 221. 1497 Butler . H A Adam. KR 1964. The structure d the altiinloic placenta of ihe Senega ) bush baby ( Galago tenegalensis unt milcuMt ) ld o hi mat 2:22 49. 149* Butler H A Junta MB 1970, Oogenots in an adult prositman Nature 226 ; 552 - 553 1499. Butler J. 1985 The estmis cycle of ihe chinchilla Empress Chinchilla Breeder 41(3) 8-9 1300. Butler WR. Krey. 1r, la*. Ml et al 1975 Surgical disconnection d the medial basal hypothalamus and pituitary fund ton in ihe rhesus monkey IV hotaclia secretion I ndoennok < gy ‘>6: 1 (W - 11 < >5 I 50| ButterMrin . GM A Schadler Mil I 9KI The plant meiabditc bmelhoxybenoxa /oline internet with follicle * stimulating hormone io enhance ovarian growth Bid Reprod 39:465 471. 1502. liutlerwisth. BB. 19611 The cricetid mouse Calnmyr from Venezuela. J M&mnv 41:517 518 1503. Bullcrwivth. BB 1961. A u «n)uralive study d growth and development of ihe kangaroo mis IhpotUnnys dcscrti Stephens and Difxxiomyi mr/ numf Meant* Growth . 25 :127 139. 1564. Butterwiath BB 1961. The breeding of l.hpadomya desrm in lahoraicey J Mamm 42 413 - 414

.

.

—

.

. .

.

.

.

-

. -.

. .

-

.

. . .

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

-

.

. .

. .

1505 Buttetworth. BB 1969 Postnatal growth and development of IVuu antenctmus . J Mamm 50:615 616. 15«6 Bun* GU Hnrmel. DF.. Code RL el al 1978 Fawning dales of known age whoe tailed doer and iheir management implications . I*rnc Ann Southeastern Conf Fish Wildl Agencies. 32:335-338 1507, Binynslu TM - 1973. Life history and economic value of tiie springhalt < Paines copensu forstcr ) in Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records. 5:209 213. 150*. Ruiynvki. TM 1978 Ecological studies on llie springhalt Pfdetrt capnuu in Botswana . Hi I ) Dus Ml Slate Uoiv, E leaving Ml . 1509 Butyns-ki TM 1979 Reproductive ecology of the cpnnghaas Pedetes ca/ Knsu in Botswana J Zool 189:221 - 232 1510. Hutynslu TM 1980, Growth and development of the foetal spring hare Pedetes eapensu in Botswana Mammalia. 44: 361 369. 1511 Butynxiu TM 1982. Harein- mak replacement and infanticide in the blue monkey {Cercoptthtcus tmIts ltuklttutnni ) in the Kibale Forest Uganda Am J Ptmutol 3:1 22 1512 Buiyn.ski . TM A Hanks J 1979 Reproductive activity in ibe male rpringhare Fed*its cttpen.ni m Bat.swana . S Afr J Wildl Res 9:13 17. 1513. Buxton. PA. 1936 Breeding rales of domestic rats trapped in Lagos Nigeria and certain other countries. J Anun Cool.

.

.

.

j

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

5:53-66 1514 Ryvhov VA. 1973. Atlantic walnic Odobentu rutmants nnmanu L 17?8 Novi)i ZrmHn population IUCN SuppJ I'op 39.56 58 1515 Bycn . AP, Hunter . AG Seal. US rt al 1989 In vitro induct inn d captolauou of fresh and frozen spermatozoa of the Siberian tiger I Pont hern hgru ) J Reprod Fert 86:599-607. 1515a. Byers JA A Moodie. JI > 1990. Sex specific maternal invertment in pronghorn, and the question of a limit on ddfrrcnliiiJ provisioning in ungulates. Bchav Fad SoacbtoL 26:157 164 1516. Bygntl. 10 Bertram. BCR A Hanby. JP 1979 Male lions in large cotillion gain leprtoluclive advantages . Nature *

.

.

.-

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

282 839-841 1516a. Byrd . ML Betmtchke. K A Gould. GC. 1988. Establishment of the first captive group of ihe Chaco peccary. CcUUvr 4*i ZAIO. lot Zoo Ycarb. 7: 122- 123. 1522. Cadigan. FC. Jr 1972. A brief report on apulalory and

.

-

-

. .

.

.

perinatal behaviour of die lesser Malayan mouse deer ( Tragulux jiTwintcut ) Malay Nal J. 25:112 116. 1523. Cad man WA. 1966. The fallow deer Forestry Comm Leafl 521 39 1524. Callier. P A Kcfbx»w. H. 1934. Anatomuch phyxioiogischc Gemulstudien an Rcdeimlusen rur KLkmng der thaapcutiscfiea Scxunlhorimxiwirkung. ZGthituli 108 1 85 232. 1525. Cagle FR 1949. Nuts on the raccoon Pita yon lotor mrgii/iofowj Lowery , J Mamm 30 45 47

-

-

.

-

.

-.

741

1526. 1563.

.

1544 CaldweH. I>K A CaldweH. MC 1975. Pygmy killer whales

1526. Cagkr, FR A Cocknun. L I 94 > Notca on a tummrr colony of Myout Imcifugus Imci/ttgut J Mamm. 24:474 492.

.

.

.

of ihe Chincahua

1527 Cahalane. VH 1939, Mammalv Mountains. Gochtsr county, Arizona . I Mamm. 20 418 - 4411 152*. Caillol M A Cnstanier. M 1980 Fvduiion dev oestrog ne * cmuliints au ccurse tie la gestation et de la super!iviauoa chez la Have Pnih Bid 21:375 376 1529 Cailld. M A Martinet L 1976 lYrliminary results on plasma progevimme level * during pregnancy and suprrfeiation in i -64 . the hnre. If put curopaeui . J Rcprod Fert 46 | 1530 Caillol . M A Martinet L 1981 Kctr < u % hehaviuur , follicular growth and pancru of circubting sex steroids during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the captive brown hare Proc World lagomorph Conf Umv Gurl|fi ONT 1979:142-154 , 1531 Cailld. M A Marunet L 1983 Mating period and fertility in the doc hare Urpvs curopaatt ) bred in captiviiy Acta Zod l enmca 174 65-68 1532. Cailld M Martinet . L A l ^croix. MC. 1989 Relative ruler of uestradiol and of the uterus in the maintenance of the corpus luteum in the pseuckpiegnant brnwn hare ( Lepus rurnfsieus ) J Rcpnxl Fert . 17:603 612 1533 Cailld . M. Mcumer M . Mondain Monval, M et al. 19K6. Seasonal varouions in the pituitary response u - LHR1I in ih brown hare itrpus europaeuxt J Reprod l ert. 78.479- 4*6. 1534. Caitld M Mcumer M. Momkin Monval M. el a). 1989. Seasonal variations in testis size, lestosteiuoe and LH Iwsal levels, and pituitary response to luteinizing hormone releasing horm« me in the brown hare Lcpu.% rantptuus . Can J ZooL 67:1626 1630. 1535 Cailld . M. Mondain Monval. M . Mcumer M. el al 1990. Effect of ovariectomy nt two periods of the year on LH and FMI hasai cuncentratioos and pituitary response Io LHRH in the brown hare U^cpus eurvpaeus ). J Kcprud Fert . 88.533 - 542. 1535a Caillol. M. Mondain - Monval M. Meunicr. M et al 1991 Pituitary and ovarian responses to luteinizing hormone

^

.

-

.

.

^

.

.

.

.

.

- -

.

.

.

-

-

'

. .

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

releasing hormone during ptcgnaocy and after parturition in Inown hares lIcjms eumpneua ) J Refirod Fert . 92:89*97. 1535b. Caillol . M . Mondom Monval . M , A Rutsano. It 1991 (Jonadotrophins and sex steroid* during preguney and naiutal super!ocuti «n m captive brown hairs ( larpn.1 atntpmus ) I

-

-

.

.

Reprod Fert 92:299 306 1536. ('aire W UVal. RK laVal ML ct al 1979 Notes >« ) the ecology of Myoitt keemi (Ouroptcra Vcspertilionidac in eastern Missouri Am Mid Nat 102 404 407 1537 Cake. MH. Owen FJ A Bradshaw SO 19811 Difference between pregnant and in concentraiMMi of progesterone in plasma non - pregnant quokkas iSririwr bnn hyunit ), J I ndocrinol

. .

. .

.

.

.

84:153 151

.

.

153*. Calaby JH I 960 The numhai of south western Australia Amt Mus Mag 13:143 146 1539 Calaby JH I 960 Observations on the banded .int -eatcr Afirwir oJwMi f fan tttiu* Waterhouse (Martupiala ), with Proc Z< HII SOC I ondon (variiculai reference io its fond habits 135 183- 207 1540. Calaby . JH A Tayke JM 1911- Reproduction in two marsupial - mice Antct hmiu bcllus and A tvhtmi (Dasyurtdae ) d trspwcal Australia. J Mamm 62:329 341 1541 Calaby JH A Shaman, GB Personal commurucaboa ( Cilesl by Waring et al . I 963| 1542 Calaby JH A Wimbush DJ. 1964 Observations on the ! broad toothed rot , Mactacotttys fittems Thomas. CSIRO Wild

.

.

.

. .

.

.

. .

- .

.

. . - 123 133. 9 Rea the 1543. aldecot JO 1986 An ecological behavaouial study of p« g tailed macaque Contnb I'limalol . 21 1-259. : C'

,

.

:

and short snouted spinner dolphins in Florida Cctology 18:1- 5. 1545. Caldwell . DK A Caldwell , MC |9K 5 Manatees Trichechui mttmvus Linnaeus. 175K; Tnrhet hui inunguis (Nttorer , 1883) . Handbook of Marine Mammals 3:33-66, Ridgway . SH A Harnso* RJ. eds. Acadcnuc Press, New York. 1546. ( 'aldwell . I >K A GoDey KB. 196^. Marine mamirwls from the coast of Georgia to Cape Hattems . I Elisha Mitchell So Soc. 81.24 32. 1546«. CaldweH OK. Neuhauser. II. Caldwell MC et al. 1971 Recent records of marine mammals from the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina Cetdogy. 5:112 1547. Caldwell 1 J ). I‘>64. An investigation of competition in natural populations in mice. J Mamm 45:12 30 1548. CaldweH. LD A Gentry JB. 1965. Natality in Pewmyacm pvltonohti populations . Am Mid Nat . 74: 168 - 175 1549. Caldwell WJL 1884. On the arrangement of emLeyomc membranes in marstgnal animals Q J Microsc So. 24.655-658. 1554k Caldwell . VH 1187 The embryolo«y of Monotreraau and Maxsuptalia I‘art 1. ttul Trans R Soc London 178B .463 486 1551. Caley, MJ 1987. Di xtsal and mluccding avoidance in inusbots. Amm Bchav. 35:1225- 12? 3. 1552- Cahneicu RJ 1934. Taxooomisclte htologische und Ivogeogtaphische Fursthungen liber die Gatlung Cilellun OKFN in kunutiien Z SkugcUerk 9:87 141 1533 Call. RN A Janssens . PA 1981 HypcrtrophiesJ adtenucorucal tissue ot Ute Ausualian brush tailed possum ( Trtckaumu wlpci mki ) l nifivmiiy duimg reproduction , J EndoatnoL 101 63 267 « 1553*. Calle PP CWndhtni M A Bowen , R |9 » Menstrual cycle diaracten /aliuo and artificial insemination in the hlack mangttbey (Crrror ebu.i atemmm ) Zoo BHII 9:11 - 24 1554. Callansl CJ . W ghtman SR A Neal SB 1986. Establishment s >f a Chinese hamster breeding colony lab Aftilti Sci 36 183 185 1555 Cal lard. GV Kuor TH. A iVtro. Z 1983 Identification Yearb . 9:96 ‘ 155*. Calvin. VP, 1978. Re-producuon d .4teJe.s a Monaco. Mammalia 42:260 261. 1559 Calvo JC Sagnpanti. JL. iVhzer. IT!, et al 19*6 PhoCopenod f in Yellowvlteie Park elk . CVrviu ctwtufrnui Biochem GeneUcs . 16451 657 1542. Cameron. DM 1967. Gestation period of the golden- mantled giound squirrel (Cilcllu* Liundu ) J Mamm 48 492 493 I 5fc3 Cameron. GN 1973 Effects of litter rt / . on prttnatal growth and survival in the desert wianitai J Mamm 54:489 493

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

^

.

- .

.

. ^.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

. -

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

- .

.

.

.

-

.

.

742

1943^ 1597

.

1543«. Cameron. ON 1977. lx pen menial ipickl removal Demographic response* by Sig/mnJtm lutpitLa and Rnthmdimlimnyj fuh esenu . J M » mm 58:488 506 1543b. Camera. ( IN A McOure PA |988 Geopaphic variation in life history units erf the hispid cotton rat ( Sigmatlott hispuias ). Evolution erf Lile Histories ol .MamnuU: Theory nod Pattern . 33-64. Boyce, MS ed. Yale I ni* Pies.* . New Haven

-

*

.

CT

.

.

. . . .

.

.

1544 Cameron GN A Spencer SR 1911 Stgmodtm kupidta Mamin Species 158:1 >9 1545 Cameom II. McNeill , TH. Fraser . HM ct al 1985 The role of eadogcmaix ponaiUsnipm releasing hormone in the coatrcrf of 1menu /mg lu * n » > ne and testcMtcrone secretion ia the juvenile male monkey , Staasca fardatlans. BK*1 Reptud . 33 147-156. 1564 Cameroo, JL A Stouffer . RL 1981 Comparison trf the » pear * specificity of gooadotnpm binding to ( inmate ami nsn primate corpora lulea Biol Reptud 25: 548 - 572 1547. Cameron II. A Siouffer. RL 1982 (Tonadotropta recejit*Ts of the primate corpus lutrum II Changes in available luteinizing hi*n»one - and daemonic gi »nadomjpii» binding sues in macaque hjtcal membranes during the nooferule menstrual cycle. Endocrinology. II 0:2068- 2073 1548. Cameron RD A Whitten. KK. 1976. Seasonal movement * and sexual segregation * rf cariKxi detemuned by ncnal survey. J W ldl Manage 41 626 633 l 54Nn. Campbell. B 1934 Nito oil bail collected in Arizona during the sumincr of I ' * 33 I Mamm 15 241 242 1549 Campbell TM. HI Hark. TW A Grow CR 1982 First record of pygmy lahbn.t { Bntckylagut uUthoensis ) in Wyoming. Great Basin Nat 42 100 157H Camus. 1. A ( ilcy . I 1899. Actvon coagulant* du liquuk de la prostate externe du llemsou sut Ic contmu des veticuiei simulates. CR Sdanocs Ifabd Acad So 128: 1417 1419 1570». Caaet . RS A Atom VB. 1984 Rcproducoon y ecirfogia ile la |Utia conga {Cepromys pitoruies Sayl Pbeyana

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

- .

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

2801 20. 1571. Canguilhcm B , Vauh er. JP. Pevct. P. ct al 1988 Photoperiodic regulation of body mats food intake , hibernation , and reproduction in intact and castrated male European hamsters. Cheetm cruetus. J Comp ttiys A. 163:549-557. 1572 Canivenc R . 1957 Etude dc la nuiatioa dilletec du Blaireau eurtpeen Strict melrt L Ann Endocrinol . 18: 71673b. 1573 Camvenc R 1966 A study of progestatiua in the European badger ( Metes mrlrs L) Syrup Zotrf Soc lamdoii 15:15 26 1574. Camvenc, R & Bonnm M. 1979. Delayed implantation is

.

. .

.

.

-

under environmental control Nature. 278:849 850.

.

in

the badger i Stele* melrt L).

1575. CanivetK , R A Boaiua. M 1981 1 nvironmcnul control of delayed implantation in the European badger ( Steles me In ) 1 Kcprod Fat 29:25 33. 1576 Camvenc. R Bonnm, M. A Rihe.s. C. 1981 Declendtcmcnt de lovo implansali n pur allongement de la phase sombre de la photopfruvie ckl le Blaireau curopern Steles metes L CR Hebd Seances Acad Set Sfr III Sci Vie

-

.

.

.

-

292 " 1577 Camvenc , R A Ronnin Laffargue M. 1963. Inventory of pruNcm* raised by the delayed ova implantation in the European badger ( Steles « relet t ) Delayed Implantation. 115 125. knders. AC . ed UMV Chicago IVCM. Chicago 1578. Camvenc R A Bonmn 1af Iargue M 1975 l s facteur * * fcopfiisologiqocs de regulation dc la fonction lutfale che / les 11 • < I I 2

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

Mammiferes k ovo- implantation difffrrfe. J Physiol ( Paris ) 70:533 538. 1579. Camvenc R. Booam laffargur M. A UjM M 1967. Action locale dc la progesterone sur luleni * dc Blaneau pendant la phase de dtquuve blastncytaire CR Hebd Sfamaa Acad So Set D Biol. 264:1308- 1310 15 1. Camvenc . R Bonai Lafloigue M. A Ujus Bourf . M. ^ 1961. Induction de nouvelle* grfnrfralums lutcalet pendant la piogcstalK« the / la Moruc euruprfene ( Maries imtrtes L). CR Hebd Sfaaccs Acad Set Sfr D So Nat. 269:1437 1440 1581. Camvenc R . Bonnm Laffargue M. A Lap* Rout. M 1971. Rfalisatioo accent* caperimcnule precoce dc l‘ovo implantation chcz Ic Blaireau curopeen ( Strict me let I.) pendant la period* de loreiice blanocyUire CR Hebd Stances Acad Vi Ut So Nat. 273:1855- 1837. 1582 Camvenc R. Bonnm lallargue. M. A Relexans. MC. 1968 , Cycles gtaituux de quelque* Mustelidcs eurtpeens. Cycles Gfmlaux Saia *tm*rra de Manumlirei Snuvages. 85 104 Camvenc R ed. Masson ct Cic. Paris 1583. Camvenc R A lachaud. Jl*. 1967 ModifKatiun expenmentale du rythine orcadien che* Ic Blaireau europeen strict mrlrs L CR llebd Stances Acad So Ser D So Nat

.

.

.

.

*

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

254fMn>MM

1584. Camvenc, R A Lalfarguc M. 1956. Pt sence de blasUxiystes libtes inua - utetuu au cuurs de U gestatioo chcz ic Blaireau cutupeen ( Steles meles ). CR Soc Biol. 150:1193 1196 I 5A< . Camvenc. R A Lallurgue M 1958 Atiiuo de difffrentes equilibres htsrmonaux n* la pltasc dc vie libre de I’ oruf feostulf che / le Blaireau eunpfea ( Steles mclet L ) CR Soc Biol . 152:58 61 1584. Camvenc R. Maugeu C, Boanin . M . ct al 1981. Delayed unplanUUoa m the beech marten ( Manes Jenna ) J ZooL 193.325-332. 1587. ('anivcnc , R. Short RV A Bonmn Lalfarguc M 1966 Cludf hist rfogiquc ct hiodkrtmquc du corps jaunc du Blaireau etirtpfen ( Steles melrt L ). Ann EndtKnnul. 27:401 413. 1588 Cannon, JK Bakker HR . Bradshaw . SD, ct al 1976 Gravity as the sole navigjiumal Aid to the newborn quokk * Nature 259:42 1589. Cansdale. GS. 1944, The leaser bosh haby Galago dcmtdtfvn denudin n ( J l isch J Soc Ptes Fauna Fmpac 50-. 7 12. I 59U. CantwcL P. 1946. pfriode de reproduction et aombre dc fortus dc qudques Mia •vnaminilereji dc la founc dc France. Mammalia. 10140 144. I 59|. Can X. 1989. Seasonal changes in spermatogenesis ol nee threw ( Tufsua helangen ihtnensts ). Zoo! Re*. 10 15*21 1591 «. Cappozxo III. 1991 Sesual dimrwphivm in newborn southern sea hum Mar Mamm So 7: 385- 394 1592 Car. WR . 1969. Studies on the pituitary gcwadotrcfihmr on the African elephant . I Reprud Fert Suppl 6:219 - 223 1593. Cardoso, FM, Figueuedo EL, Godmho. IIP ct HJ . 1985. Varwyio ta /onal da atividade secretdru das clkndulat genitals acexvVias mascuimat dc tatu » Dasypus nmeimimtut Linnaeus 1758 Rev Bras Biol 45: 507 514. 1594. Carbnk KS. Brenaer . TM. A Montagna W 1981 Hormonal regulation < rf sex skin in Macitca nemeurma Biol Reprod. 25:1053- 1063. 1595. Carlson. JC Wong. AP A Pema DG. 1977. Luteuuaziog hormone secretion in ihe rhesus monkey and a (louable role far prostaglandins Biol Rrjmxl . 16:622-626. 1596. CarIssoii. A 1911 Cher Crypittprotta ferns . Zixrf jb Syst. 30:419 470 1597. Cariaaoa A 1920. (’ber Aretu tu bmiumng Acta Tool (Stockholm ) 1 337 380

^

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

'

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

- .

.

743

15«. 1639b.

.

15«. Carmel PW Arab. S A Ferm M 1976 Punitory rulk portal blood ctrflecuon in ihcvu* monkeys: Evidence for puUatilr release trf gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GaRH ). I nd Htm 4ogy. 9 >nkey* affiliate during the birth season ? The Cayo Santiago ( Macaques History Behavior and Bioiugy . l 73 2fk). Rawlins R » A Kessler, MJ . edr , Stale Ctuv NY IYe«, Albany 1699. Chaplin RE. Chapman Di. A Pn«* R I 9ftft An cxamuuii < « of the mams and ovaries *4 some female roe deer ( Capredus eoprtdus L) from Wiltshire and IXirset . England J M 148 570 574 17(81 Chaplin RF A Dangerfield ( i 197 3. Breeding records of muntjoc deer ( Muniment ren.ru I in captivity. J Zool. 170:150 151

- .

.

- .

.

- .

.

.

1700«. ( haplin RE A llarnum. RJ . 1971 The uteru*, ovanrs and placenta of the Chinese munijac deer ( Muntuvus rmrsi ). J '

Anal 110.147 1701. Chaplin . RF A White. RWG 1972. The influence at age and season on the activity oAat. Sratomi floridvut fmv KS Sci Bull. 34:267 299. 1704. Chapman . BM . Chapman , RF. A Robertson . lAl) 1959. The growth and breeding of the multi mammale rat, Raitus ( Mauomxs ) naialemn ( Snath ) in Tanganyika territory. iVoc Zool Sue London. 133:1 9. 17115. ( haptnan , IKJ . 19ftl . Population dynamics of the Alaska fur seal herd. Trans N Am Wddl Coat 26:356 369. 17115a. Chapman DI- 1974 Reproductive pliy iic4ogy in relation to deer management Mamm Rev 4:61 74 1706. Chapman. DI A Chapman . NG 1970. Preliminary observations on the reproductive cycle of male fallow deer tZkiiwu damn U J Reprod Fert. 21:1 8. 1707. Chapman, DI A Chapman. NG. 1971 Further observation* on the incidence uf twins in roe Aer. Capredus capreoiui J Zool 165:505 509. I 70X. Chapman DI A Chapman NG. 1975. Fallow Deer Terrence Dalton Ltd. Lavenham Suffolk 1709. Chapman. DI A Chapman NG. 1980 M' vphoJnfy of the male accessory < vgan * uf rcpr * Kluttion d immature fallow deer (Tkimi dimti L) with (varticular reference to [vilvny and antkr development. Asta An « 108 51 - 59 1709a. ( Tupman DI A Chapman NG 19 2 the taxonomic status of fetal muntjac deer ( Munlianu ip) in England J Nat

-

-

-

-

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

*.

-

Hist 1 311 3X7 1710. (lupnun . DI . Chapman . NG. A Damir , O. 1984 The period* of conception and parturition in feral Reeves muntiac ( Munthu us rmrsi ) in southern England , baaed upon age of juvenik animal* J Zool 2CM 575 578 1711 Chapman. DI Chapman NO A Kennaugh JH . 1981

*

. -

.

.

Development » >f the ptepunal gland of immature fallow deer l Thmui damil Ijnnaeus ) with particular reference to puKtiy . Z Saugetterk 46322 330 1712 Chapman DI A Dansie O.|969 1 niDteral unptanuimn in mumjac deer , J Zool 159:534 536. 1713 Chapman. DI A Daasie. O 1970. Reproduction and foetal development in female muntjac deer ( Mumlutcus reeve si Ogtlbyk Mammalia 34:303 319 1714. Chapman , DI A Htrwood NfT . 1968. Pregnancy in a sika Act call , Versus nippem I Zcxd 155-227 228. 1715. Chapman HC. 1880. The placenta and generative apparatus of the elephant J Acad Nat Sci ItulaAlphia-

.

-

-

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

8:413 422

1716. Chapman III'. 1888. Observation* on the fenuk generative apparatus ol Hyaena crociUa hoc Acad Nat Sci

.

PhilaAI|6ia. 1888 189|0| 1717 Chapman HC. 1901 Uhseivotious upon the placenta and young of Has\/**\ trxcvuius hoc Acad Nat Sci Ihtladclphia 53 366 3tt) 17 IX (.haptnan JA. 1974 SrlvtLigus ha* hmant Mamin Sprctc * 34:1 4. 1719. ( Tiofimatt. JA. 1075. SyUilagut tnmsitionalts Mamm

.

.

.

-

Specks. 55:1 - 4

.

1720. Chapman JA 1975. Sylulagus nuudlu Mamm Specie* 56:13.

.

1721 1764.

746

.

1721. ( Tupmaa , JA A leldhainrr GA 19i| SybsUtgMS aqmiicus Mamin Specie*. I l 1*4 1722. Chapman , 1A A llirmin , Al J 9?2, The Iwrcdwg biology of a hrush rabbri population J Wild! Manage 3fi 8|6- H 23 1723 Chapman. JA. Hannan . AI. A Samuel , DE. 1*177 Reproductive and physiological cycles in the cottcsitad complex IB western Mary land and nearby West Virginia Wild! Mattugr

'

-

.

.

-

.

56 1 73. 1724. Chapmiin . JA Hodman JO A Ojeda C« MM 1980. SxhtUtgm flondantu Mamm Species. I 36» 1 8 1725 Chapman JA A I mil, OS 1973 lautude ami litter »ue of the Calif,enia ground squirrel, Spermophilus heoheu Bull S CA Acad Sci. 72:101 105 1726. Chapman , JA A Lind, OS. 1973. latitude and litter size CI the California y it Hind *qu rd , Spermopkiius beccheu. Bull S CA * Acad Set 72:101 105. 1727 < h iprihui. JA & Morgan RP. II 1974 Onset of ( hr breeding season ami m /e of first liner in two specie * of cottontail* from southwestern Texas Southwest Nat 19; 277 280 1726. Chnpmnn . JA A Willner OR 1978 Syhriktgwt au tubxnii Minim Species 106: 1 -4 1729. Chapman JA A Willoer. OR. 1981. Syh ilagus palustm. Mamm Species 153:1- 3. 1730. Chapman NO A Chapman. DL 1979. Seasonal changes in the male accessory gland* of reproduction in adult fallow deer ( Ikima dumul. I /axil 169:259.273 1731. C'happel SC A Schmi . M . 1979. CYCIK release «rf lutcmi / ing hcemone ami the effect* of hlteini /mg hormone releasing hormone injection in Asiatic elephants Am J Vet Res 40:451 -453 1732 Chapprl , SC '. Bethea. ( T, A Spies. HO 1984. Existence uf multiple forms of follicle stimulating Ivornwne within the anterior pituitanes of cynomofgus monkey* Endutrimfogy, 115:452 461 . 1733 Chai ll RW A IIUJVHI KJ 19 ’ K , Winter bioc tier genes of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. Can J Zool 56 2388 - 2393 1734. Chapskii. KK . 1938 The henrded seal ( Erig atkas harhiiut Eabr ) of the Kara and Barents seas . Trans Arctic Inst Leningrad. 123:7 70. 1735 Chari. GC A Gopulakrishu , A 1984 Morfhogenesix of the foetal membrane* and pfacentation in the bat Mimopietus schwbersu fnltgm< nus ( Hodgson ). Pruc Indian Acad Sci ( Amin Scik 93 463 483. 17.36. Charles Dimmiqur . P 1966. Nmsvance ct craiasaBce d AreUHebut ctdabarensu en captivity. Biol Gabon , 2:331 345. 1737. Charles- Dominique P 19t¥i , Cilandcs preclitoridientie* dc Perodtcticus potto. Biol Gabon . 2 355-359. 1738. Charles- Donunrqur. P. 1968. La duree de gcstatioB chez Pefodtemus t totto rdweiru ( A Bouvier ) lli«:4 Gabon. 4.3. P39. Ourles Doauniquc P 1968. Reproduction des Lorixidex Afucamv Cycles Gemuiux Saisunmeis de Mamttuferes Sauvages. 2 5 Oiiuvcne R ed Masson el Cie. Pans. 1740. CharlewDommiquc P. 1974 . Vie ,< >cial de /VrmArrroM potto ( Primate* , las index > Ftude »le terrain en ffiret fqnatorulc de for it afrR- Ajn au Galea Mammalia . 38 355- 379, 1741. Charles- Dominique , P 1971 Fcoelhnltvgie des Prosi miens du Gabo*. Biol Gabon 7:121 228. 1742- Charles - Dummique P 1977. Ecology and Behnviotif id Nocturnal Prmutes Columbia U Press. New York. 1742m. Charles Dominique P 1978. fm logic et vie sociak de SantAma bimrutta (Cano voces , Vivrnidrs ) Cumpnruuon avec 1« proNinuens symputriqucs du Gabon Terce Vic 32.477 528 1743. Charles rXiminknic. PA Petter , JJ. 1980. Ecology

.

.

. .

.

-

-

. .

.

.

.

.

-

*

.

.

.

^

^

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

. . . .

.

.

.

.

-

and social life cf Phonerfuntjer. Nocturnal Malagasy Primates 75 96 Charles Dominique. P. Cooper. MM. Hladik A . el al. eds. Academic Press. New York 1745. Charhck J Manetns, C, St unlay N. ct al. 1981 Ountuause alterations of the aerobic bacterial fWa of the pouch of Setomx bmckyunts ( quokka ) during oestrus , anoestrus. pregnancy and Lactatiog anoeotms {pouch young). Aust J Exp BuJ Med So. 59:743 751 1746. Charltoo. HM. duoppo, SA. hnk . G. et al 1983. Hypalulamic gonadotrapin releasing hormone and pituit« y heeim / mg hormone cootcnt .s in the male vole ( Hiemtn/t agrwftis ) in the field during the breeding ansi nonbreeding acasom Cut J 7nnl 61 2405 241ft 1747. ( 'harhon . IIM Grocock. CA A Ostherg A 1976 The cfIcets of procalcctomy and superior cervical ganghoaectomy on the testis of the vule, Mk tutus itgrc.itis J Reprod Pert 48:377 379. 1748. Chaihcw IIM Milligan. SR. A Vevu. E. 1978 Studies on thr control of the corpus luteum in the vole Murotut opwii J RepriHl Felt 52:283- 288 1749 Charlton. HM. Naflolin. F Sood MC et al 1975. The effeci of mating Ufxm LH release in male and female volcs of the species Micri'tus ogrtutis J Reprod Fen 42 167 170. 1750. Charlton. HM. Naftolin. F. Sood. MC c< al 1975. LlectncaJ stimulation of the hypothalamus and 1 J 1 release in the vole Mt < rotut gratis. J Reprod Fen. 42:171 174 . 1751. Chain** Y . 1963 Synchrooiwne de crot.«aaace «le l expansioii palatide et du testicule au csjurs du cycle aexuel cher le Orxnadxirc . Bull Soc Sci Nat Phys Mar n 43 49 54 1752. Cham**, Y. 1961 le cycle testiculaire du Dromaidaire Bull Soc Sci Nat Vhyx Maroc 44 37 45 1753. Chart!n J A Penei . F. I960. Repnxluction et flevage ea eaptmti* du Ouistiti. Marauulia. 24:15 3 155. I "54 . Chosen , I N . 19 ' On a collection of mammal* Irum the Natuna Hlimds , South China Sea Bull Railles Mus. 10: 5 42. 1755. Chosen FA’ 1940 A handlist of Malaysian mammals Bull Raffle* Mu* 15 1 209. 1756. Ouxcn. FN A Kims CB 1927 , Spofia memawienoa : SfainmaL Ptoe Tool Soc Ixindon 1927 7*77 -840 1757. Chases. FN A Klo«. CB 1931 On a collection of mammals from the lowlands and islands of north Borneo. Bull Raffle* Mus 6:1 82 1758. Chottin JE. 1948 Breeding acasoa and productivity in the interstate dect herd. CA Fish Game. 34:25 31 1759. Chat!in. JF A lessen . R 1950 ( California iiMchpc reproductive poOenuala. CA Fob Game 36: 328 329. 1760. Chaudhun M. Cornco F. Kalk P et aJ 1990 Cnnary estrogen exaction during citrus and pregnancy in the hahirusa Hoktrouui babyru.isa Int Zoo Yearb 29:188- 192. 1761. ChautAwn M A Ginsberg. JR 1990. Urinary andh 'gen concentroboos and social *uiuv m two species cf free ranging zebra ( Pquus bun krih and 4’ grevyi ). J Reprod Fert. 88:127 133 1762. OMihtmri. M . Kleimail . DG Wildl DE. et al , 1986 Crrnary steroid levels during natural and induced cum*, pregnancy and pwudopregnancy in the giant panda Biol Reprod. 34 mahnatMin in femule M mgolian gerbils ( Mtnomra a » iguw Amm Behav. 34 : 551 560 1*64 . ( lark TVh’ 1970 Farly growth development , and behavior of the Richardson ground squirrel (\j* rmoi+ilut 197 205 nfh* irtbnrti eU gnns ) Am Mid Nat 1*65. Clark . Ilk' 1970 Richardson' s gruind squirrel ( S/ sermophihtr ndutrtlsonn ) in the I anumc Buan , Wyoming. Greal Basin Nat 30:55 70. 1866. Clark TW 1975. Ari nu rpluilu* gofapagoenrir- Mamm Specim. 64 :1 2. ( | R67. ( lark TW 1976 Ihe black focted ferret hyt

-

*

. .

*

..

*

-

-

. .

13:275-280.

.

.

.

-

.

-

-

*

-

1*6*. (lark TW 1977 Ecology and ethology of the white tailed prairie dog ( C’ wti «wsi Irucmnat ) Milw Public Mux hiN Biol Grot 3:1 97. 1*69. Clark TW Andcnon E Duughta C ct al 1987 Manet ameritami Manun Specie* 289:1 8 1*70 Clark TW . Hoffmann RS. A Nndler CF 197| Cymomy* lauttrut . Mamm Specrrx , 7:14. 1871. Clark TW A Skryja. DO 1969 Pmtiuial development and growth id the gotslen mantled groutul wjuirtel Spenmyjfhihn farem /o lateralis J Mamm. *0:627 62^ 1*71 « (lark. TW A Strorrivrg MR 19*7. Mammals in Wyxwmng Umv KS Mus Nat Hirt Public Ed Ser 10:1- 314 l*71 h. Clark , WE 195 Gray shrew Smosarrt, from eastern Oklahoenn J Mamm 34:117-118 , 1*72 Clark', JR 1955 Influence of number* oo reproduction ami survival cf two experimental vole population. Ptuc R Soc I ondon 144:6* *5 1873. Clarke, JR J 957 Ught induced changes in some emlocnne organs of the vole ( Mu r »tu.t agrettir ). J i .ndocTinot. I 5:iv. 1874. Clarke. JR 1985 Die te| *oduclive biology of the hank vole ictrthnvnomys glareolus ) and the wood motive ( Apodemus sylvaticusY Symp Zool Soc London. 55: 33 59, 1875 Clarke. JR A Clulow FV. 1973. The eflect of sxacexsive mating , upon hank vole ICIetkmm unyt gLiredus ) and vide ( Murrains agrestu ) ovaiics. Ihe Development and Maturation of the Ov aiy and its liiiktiuai 160 170, I 'ctct * IL ed , Lxceijita Medico. Amsterdam 1876. Clarke. JR. Clulow . PV A ( ireig. F 1970 Ovulauon in the bank sole. Clriknoeurmys glareolus. J Rqwod Fett 23: 531 1877. C larke. JR A Lgan FA 1984 Wastage of ova Experimental xiudies to the field vole ( Man* to agresits ), the bank vole ( Clelhrigjsts. Ill 126. Suull Ml S ed . Alan R It** ,

.

New Ytafc

.

.

IM7. 1931.

750

.

IM7. Clarke. K 1956 Sperm whales of the A /orc* Discovery Rep 21:257 29« IHW CUfte R . Aguayo L A. A Pal /a G O 1964 Prugreu report on sperm whale research in the southeast Pacific ocean Norsk Hvnlfaag* T»d 53.297 302. 1HIW. Clarke RC 1954. Notes on birth of a chimpanzee in the Chiton Zoological Garden*. Bristol. Proc Zool Soc London1954:731- 732. 1*9« Clarke TWH. 1899 Dibatag at CMr'i gazelle ( AmrmuLsnas < laririi Great and Small Game of Afuca 5Wt 370 Bryden . HA ed . Rowland Ward . lunik * I 89|, Claude . C. 1970 Biometric und FortpflAn /uiigsbiolc'gie dcr Rocelmaus CUthnoru»n*i gLircotut (Sdireher . 1780 ) auf versduedeoen H< 4ien*lufen der Schweiz. Rev Suisse Zool 77:435-480. 1892. Claus, R A Wetles C . |9R 5 Influence of light and phcroperiodiuty on pig prolificacy J Repro fcit Suppl.

-.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

33:185 197

189.3, Cliiusscn. R |9H 2 Bcohachtungcti rut Aufruchi einc > mitonlkhfn Weis /geuchisakix iPtthccui pohcciat un Famdie overhand Zool (ianca NT. 52 :188 194 1894. Clavrr JA . Coitllas. OJ A Tran Bl. 1984 Histological and microbiological aspects of the vagina in captive howler monkeys WWuti oirtiw ) Primates. 25:110- 116. 1895. Claser JA. von Lawaewitxch. 1, A Cdillas, OJ. 1984 Microscopic anatomy ol (he ovary of Alouaita cant }u. Ptimates 25:362 371. 1896 Clegg , MI A Weaver. M 1972 Chorionic gi nudotropin secretion An mg pregnancy in the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes i Pmc Soc F xp Rid Med 39 1170 1174 1897 OeUnd. JH 1918 Presiiiential address J Proc R Soc

.

.

.

-

.

.-

-

-

.

.

.

NSW . 52:1 - 5

189S. Clemens. LG. 1969. Experimental analysis ol sexual behavior ol the deermoute Peromysais tiuuucuLtttis yamivUt

.

Rchaviuur . ) 4 267 - 285 1899. Clement LG A f\*mnanrr, SM 1982 Tesiutierune acts as a prdtormaur to cumulate male copulalory behavior in male deer mice ( Petvmymu marueulatut ) I Comp Phv.sid Psychol 96:114- 122 1900. (Tend*non , AL A Ritsman. EF. 1990, Plot - need copulalory behavior facilitates pregnancy success in the musk shrew. Physiol Beh . 47:831 -835. 1901. Clermont. V. 1972 Kinetics of spermatogenesis mammals Seminiferous epithelium cycle nnd perm* « mal renew , | Phy »K »l Rev . 52:198 236^ 1902. Clermont, Y A Antar . M I 96K Duration of the setmnifenwM epithelium and spermatogonia! renewal in the monkey Macaco arctoidet Am J Anal 136:153 164 191X3. Ckwe. IH. 196/4. Ohnervations on rcpr xliKttoa ol squirrel monkeys in captivity. J Reprod Jen Suppl 6:151- 156. 1964. (Tift CE. 1967 Notes on hrevding and tearing a kjnkayuu . Polos flavus at Syracuse Zoo Ini Zoo Ycarb 7:126-127. 1965. Clifton. DK Strinei . RA. Kesko. JA. ct al 1975. f stolen induced gonadotropin release in ovanectonuced rhesus monkeys and its advancement by progesterone B«o( Reprod 13:190 194 1966. t ime. DR , Snuff . 0B. & Erickson . AW 1971 Underwater copulation of the Weddell seal. J Mairan , 52 : 216- 218 1906a Close. RL 1976. The disappearance of sex -chromosome from somoitc tissues of marsupials Pemmtlts and Isoodtm. Bull Aust Mamm Soc 3:36- 37. JW7 , ( Ten*. R1 1977 Recurrence of hreedmg after cessation of suckling in ihe marsupial PemmeUt muuta Aust J Zool 25641-645

.

.

.

.

- .

-

.-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

19** Close. RL 1979. Sex chromosome mosaicism in Liver, thymus, aplaea and regenerating livet of Pertmtries naiuta and boodom matrmtnu Au«t J Bio) So 32:615 624. 1969. Clone, Rl. A Bell . JN 1990. Age cstimatii* of patch young of ihe allied rock wallaby ( Petrogate usimilis ) in captivity. AIM* WJd Res 17:359- 367 . 1910. Clothier RR . 1955 Contribution to the life history of .Vr/ rtc vagrant in Montana J Mamm 36: 214 221 . G. 1969. Some preliminary observatons on 191 i reproduction in the wart hog . PSacochocrus turthufmwt Pallas. I Reprod Fen Si pl 6 323- 337. 1912. Ckxigh. GC 1963 Biology of the arctic shrew. Sorts antnus Am Mid Nat 69:60 HI |9|& Clough. GC 1968 Small mammals of Pasvikiial , Finnmark. Norway. Nyt Mag Zoo). 15:68-80. 1914. Clough. GC 1972 Biology of the Bahamian hudo ( itocaprnmvs mgmhami J Mamm. 53:807 823. 1915. Clough, GC. 1987. Ecology d island muskrats. Ondatra Zibetkkus adapted u* upland habitat Can Field Mat 101.63-69 1916. (Tulow , FV A Clarke. JR 1968 Pregnancy Muck in Mirrotus agrettit an induced ovulalor. Nature 219:511 1917 Clulow , F\r A Langford . PE. 1971 , Pregnane y - hl a k in the meadow vole , Mirrotus petmsyframeus J Reprod Perl ,

.

-

,

.

.

-

^

.

^

.

-

.

.

.

-

24:275-277

1918. Clulow, FV A Mallory . FF. 1970. Oestrus and induced ovulation in the meadow vole A/icrofwj ptnnsvbcmuna. J

. Reprod Feit 23:341 - 343. 1919 Tulow , FV A Mallory. FF. 1974 Ovane* of meadow . .

voles Mirrotus pennsshanKut after copulation w ih a aerte* of male-*. Can J Zool 52 265 267. 1920. ( lulton - Rrcck , TH AJboa SD, A Guinness FE 1981

.

Parental

investment in male and female offspring in pedygymius mammals. Nature. 289:487 489. 1921. OuUon Brock TH. Aftwn. SD A ( Ru awes*. Ft 1984 Maternal dominance breeding success and birth sex ratios in red deer Nature. 308:338 360:

.

-

-

. . 7MION Brock. Til. Albon. SD. A Guinness . FE. 1985

1922. ( Parental investment and sex differences in yuvenile mortality in hard* and mammals Nature. 313:131 133 192.3 Out ton- Brock, TH. Afro SD, A Guinness. FE. 1986 * ( reat expectations Dominance, breeding success ami offspring sex ratios in red deer . Amm Hehav , 34:460- 471 1924. Chit too- Brock TH. Guinness. FE A Albon SD. 1982 Red Deer : Behavior and Ecology of I wo Sexes. Unis Chicago Press. Chicago. 1925. (Tutton Brock, TH A Itarrey . PH 1977. IVimate ecology and wxial orgoaizatioo. J Zool. 183:1 39, 1926. Outton Brock. TH . Imo* C» R Albon , SD et al 1982 Effects cf lactation on feeding hehuvior and habitat use in wild red deer hinds J Zool 198.227-236 1927. Cmctilk. SHW . 1962. Fatty acid composition ol the milk fat of the eland antelofv t faun,tragus oryx ). J Set Food Ague. 13662 665 1928. Coytim. E 1914 . Zur Sdtiafendmse und /.um Ljdapparaie des ITcfantea. Atut An / . 46:273 - 279 |929. Toady . JW 1974 , lau- pregnancy of a mooae la Alaska J W ldl Manage 38 571-572 1930. CcMentZ. BE - 1980 A unique ungulate breeding pattern . I Wild! Manage 44 929-933. 1*31. ( obleatz, BE A Baber. DW . 1987. Biology and cuwlrul of fetal pigt 0« Ida Santiago. Galapagos. Ecuador. J Appl Ecol. 24:403 418

- .

.

.

-

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

1932. Cobleau. BE A CcWeatr. BA. 1985. ReptisSuctioa and the annual lot cyde of the mongoose of St Idw I S Vugm Islands. J Mamm 66:560 563 1*33. Cockhurn A A IjAckei. WZ. It 1983. Mtcrehahttal heterogeneity and pupulat > on ecology of an hcrbtvotoui rodetll Ml, rotut cahfomicus. Oeculogia. 59:167 - 177 1*54. Cockhurn A 1981. IV 8 year* of age . Sfonogr Pnmatol 6 125 159 1 53 Coclbn AM Jr , Glanman . DM. A BrambleU . CA 1984. The relation of adiposity and body size to chronological age in olive baboons (itowth 18 445- 434

* .

* .

. .

- .

.

.

.

.

.

.-

--

1954. CotUte, CG - 1965 The breeding seasset of the mullimiunmate mosue Pnumys iMtutomysl natidmus ( A Smith ) in the Transvaal highvrld Zool Afr . 1:29 39. 1*55. Ctffey P A Puok. J 1974 Breeding hand tearing ami develipmrnt of the thud lowland gieilla GofilLi g gorilla at the Jersey Zoological Park Ann Rep Jersey Wildl Pre* Trust. II 45 521*56. Coffey , PF 197(1 A breeding analysis of u group of captive Hack and white ctfobu* (Colobmt polytomos Zimmerman 1780 at the Jersey Wildlife Prenervatuw Trust Ann Rep Jersey Wildl Pres Tm «t 7 10- 1 S 1*57. C« 4fin. AL A Remington. JD 19^ 3 Pregnant yearling cow elk J Wildl Manage 17 223 1958. Cogen , PH. Anttmes JL Loui * KM . ct al . 1980. Ihe effects of anterior hypothalamic disconnection on gonadotropin secretion in the female rhesus monkey . Endocrinology . 107:677-683 1*59. Ccytu*. Y Manana. JC A Thunooicr J . 197ft Elude da moment d'ovuiatKUi chez la brehts iwmale ou trnitfe par un progestagene ossod ou non k une injection de PMSG - Ann Biol Amm Bioch Biopfays 10:15-24 1960 Colica , JA 1977 A review of the bn dog y of the dhole or astatic wdd Jog (Cntvr at pinus Pallas ). Aaun Rcgul Stud. I 141 158, 1961 . Ccben, JA 1978 Cium alpAuu . Mamm Specie*. 100:1 3. 1*62. Cchen, L 1981. Aspects of the luology of the vide. Muratus gaenthen in Israel. Israel J Zool . 30 104. 1963. Cohen, S 1955 VariaUoru m plasma pcotem mass during the mensttual cycle of the dincma baboon ( Papio uniruay J EadocrinoL 12 196- 204 1*64. Cuhen- Panssro. M A Carter CS. 19*7. Males increase serum estrogen and c*1n «gcn receptor binding in brain of female voire. Pkyriol Bduv 39:3< w. 3|4 1965. Crfien - Shlagiuan L HeRwing S. A Yom Tov , Y. 1984. Ihe biology of the Levant vo)e Mu rotut gutnthcri in Israel II The reproduction and growth in captivity 7. Siug«tierk 49: 148 156 1*66 Ctben NhLgnun L Yom Tov, Y A Hellwing S. 1984 The biology of the I evant vole ML nUM gumthen in Israel I Populabon dynamics in th* fidd Z Siiugcuerk 49:135 147 1*67. r Y««b 5: IO9- II 0L 1968. ('oimlna RBKV AF. 1966 Note* on the reproduction and diet of the Azora’s fox Ccntocum thou* azaroe and the hoary fox Dtmcyon \rmlus at Rio de Janeiro Zoo. Int Z Ycarb.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

^

.

-

-

.

.

.

..

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- . .

6:168 169 1969. Cnmhra Filhsv AF 1967. Nines on the yak Has gnnmctu in the humid tropical climate of Ri * > de Janeuo. Int Zoo Ycarb. 7:224. 1970 ('ntmlno- Filho. Al A de A Mata A 1977. As lose* do proersso reproductive de Macdra imiLuta Zimmcrimnn , 1780, na Ilha do Pmhe ro Riode Janeiro. Brasil (Ceroopttheddae. Primates). Rev Bra * Bn 4 37 71 78 1971. Coimtva Filho Al A Miliemieier RA I 97 L Taxonomy of the genus beindv/ Hthetus Lesvim , I K it 1 Saving the l >n *fl Marmuret . 7 22, llridgwatei. Dl ). cd , Wild Animal Ihopug Tnwt,

.

..

-

.

-

.

.

-

Wheeling WV

.

.

1972. Coimbra - Ftlho Al A Mittetmeu r RA 1977

CONSCRVAUIHI of the Brazilian lion (anurias ( leanti+' ithrcus rvsalia ) Primate Corurrvation 9 94. Prince Rainier 111 of Monaco A Bourne. GH eds. Acadenwc P»e*» New York 1973. Colby. ED , 1970 Induced e *UU' and timed pregnancies cals- loli Aium Care 20:1075 1080.

.

'

.

-

.

in

1973«. 2013.

752

.

1973» Cole, 11)1 A Hart, CJH . l 9.Rj The potency of blood unim of marc* in progressive stages of pregnancy in effecting sexual maturity of the immature rat Am J Physiol 03-57 -*K 1973b Cate HH A Sounder*. PJ 1935 The ooaoamioM of gonad - stimulating hormone in Mood serum and of ertnn in the none thrmighout pregnancy in the marc Endocrinology. 19:199208. 1973c Coleman, RH. 1950. The status ot Lamms borealis teminolos ( Rhoads *. J Mamin 31 :190 192. 1974 ColillM, OJ Run 1C A Pit mo EM 1982. Mndificm ionca «tanci nales y be to tejenduciivo del mono ardilln ( Stiimn HI* rcut ) Acta Physiol I at Am * 2 11 - 20 1975 < 'oflct , A 1981 Biologic du Datiphin conuuun Pciphams tlclf ' ius 1 en Aii .iiHujue irordest Ihese du trorsiEmc cycle. I niveTsite de Poitiers 197b ColleL A & Harrison , RJ. 1981. Ovarian elwactcristics. corpora hilea and LOT pm a albtcanua in />e // Jim*n ddfdtts sUaiided on the Altanlrc coast of France A411UK Mnmm. 809 76. 1976«. Collet A A Rnbmcau I ) 19 XH Daio im the genital tract and rrproAictjon in CommcTSOtl’s dolphin , Cephalorhmhus commmtmu ( Uccpcde 1804 », from the Kerguelen Islands Rep Int Whal Comm Sp Issue. 9:119 141. 1977 Coflet. A A St Girons H 19 X4. Preliminary study of the male reproductive cycle m common dolphins, Oelphnuts culphts 111 ( lie eastern 11 till Atlantic. Rep Int Whal Comm Sp Issue.

. .

-

.

.

.

-.

. .

-- .

.

.

-

'

.

. .

.

*

-

6.355 360

. Collett. I

|97H

1981 PifxiUiinn chahKieruUcs of Agouti paca (Rodrnlin) in Columbia. Nbl Mu* MI State Univ 5 489 601 1979. Coften R 1881 On H ihcHntms frypw.v and its breeding on die Fro Islands off Trnnhje ms - fjord in Norway. Proc 7M *1 Siv londew IKK I 380- 387 1980. Collett. R 1909. A few notes on the whale Hahtrna

.

glacialix and Us capture in recent years in the north Atlantic by Norwegian whalers Plot Zool Soc lamdoii. l 'MJ9 1 98 1981. Collett. SF 1981 Population characteristic * of Agomii pans

^-

( Rudential in Columbia. PuM Ml Stale I’ niv Mu Biol Set * 5 489-601. 1982. Colins. DC Graham CE A Prcedy . IKR 197 < Identification and measurement of urinary estrone. estradiol 17J3. '

.

.

estnol. pccgnanediol ami aodrostetone during the menstrual cycle of die orangutan I ndncnnology . 96:93*101 1983. ( 'idlin ' . UC A Kent . HA. Jr . 1964. Poly nude at ova and polyovular Iodides in the ovaries of young guinea pigs Anal Rrc 148:115*119 |984. CnBirt ( i 1940. Habits of the Pacific walrus ( ( Jdabenus dh*rgms\ I Mamm 21:198 144 1985. Collins JG A BradNiry HI . |9R| Structure * 114 four new oligosaccharides fr < wn marsupial milk , tlclcrmincd mainly by C nmr spectroscopy. CaHWiydrale Res. 92:136-140 1986. Collins. JM. 1974 , Some a*|»rLts of repreduettoa and age structures in the black bear in North Can Uiu. Phic Ann Conf St Assoc Game Fish Comm 27:16.3 170. 1987 Collins I C 197 '. Miwiotrentes and marsupials: A reference for nwlogicaJ institution*. book Smithsonian ln*t Press . Washington , DC 1988. Codin' I R A pisenberg JR . 1972 Notes an the behavior and hreeding of pnearanas. Omomys bnvuckn in captivity. Int Zoo Yearb 12:108-114. 1989. Ccfl ni. PM A Tsang. WN 1987. Growth and reproductive development in the male tree shrew ( Tufxmt belong*ri ) from Mrth to sexual maturity. Hi 4 Reprod. 37 261 267.

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

199«. Collins. PM . Tsang . WN . A lof Is. B

1982. Anatomy and in die captive male tree shrew Rrpr xi 26169- 1821991 Colman JS 1937. The present stare of the Newfoundland seal fisheries J Antm Ecof . 6 145- 159 1992. Coimenares, F, 1991 (irccung behaviour between male baboons: Desirous females rivalry and negotiation. Arum Rctuv.

.

function of the rc|K < ductive tract

[ Tmpcma Mtmgen ) Bml

.

.

.

,

-

41.49 60.

.

1993. Cofusi. P. I Mekamp. Kfc, Thcvdorson. G. et al. 1987 PurtficatK'it and pwnial charucten/atioti of prolactin from the California ground squirrel ( Spermophiltu benhryi ) Bid Rcprid 36 1017 1023 1994 Colvin 1|). 1986 Proximate causes of male emigration at pulse tty m them* monkey* The Cayo Santiago Macaques . History Behavmr ami Biology 131 157 Rawlins RG A Kessler MJ , eds. Sute Univ NY. Albany. 1995 Colvin. MA A Colvin. DV. 1970. Breeding and fecundity of *tx species of voles ui monat ) Biol Reprod 41 255 261 2017« Concannon . P McCann IP. A Temple. M 1989 Biology and end » xTinology of ovulation, pregnancy ami parturition in the dog . J Reprod Fell Suppl 39:3 25. 2018. Conamnan P. Pilbeim. T A Travis H 1980 Advanced

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

|treated with mink ( Mustek vmw medroxyprogesterone acetate during early enduyonic diapause- J Reprod Fcfl. 58: 1 6 2019 Condf , B A Schauenbcrg P, 1969 Kepoxlucuun du Thai forcstier d‘Europe ( Felts stivetins Schrebet) en capuvitf . Rev

imfilantatioo in

-

.

-

Suisae Zool. 76 183 210. 2020. Cundf B A Schauenherg. P. 1974. Rcprcxhlction du Chiu forcstier ( 7 uh cxtns Schreber ) dans le nr*d-ert de la Fiance Rev Stmae Zool. 81:45 52 2021 Csmder P. 1970 Breeding of common wviuKu in

.

-

.

.

-

captivity . Viet Nat 87:322. 2022. Condnn . JM 1936. Observations an the seasonal and reproductive activities of the eastern chifxnunk. J Mamm

.

17:231- 234.

2023. Coody. PR 1979. Annual cycle of the southern elephant seal Miromga leonota ( lann ) at Mamm Island S Afr 1 Z « x4 14 5 102. 2024. Cuudy. PR I 9H0. iVixtnnul dewkfment and growth m MHithern elefdunt seal* ( Mirouiiyti let ^ iuui ) al Marion Island S All I W ldl Res . 10: 118 122 2025 Comat PF 1953. Ntec on the mammal * « 4 u New Jersey

^.

.

-

. .

*

pme lumens arc* 1 Mamm , M ; 227 235 2026. COHKV PF 1959. lhe h» lemming Symptotnys coopen i « southern New Jersey PuN Ml Sute Cm * Mu* Biol Set 1:161 248 2026«. Constantine. IXi 1961 Gestation period in the »potted * kuuk I Mamm 42 421 422 20Mk Constantine. IXi 196| Sauted hat and lug free tailed bat in northern New Mexico Southwest Nat 6 92 ‘» 7 2027 Conti, A. Godovac Zimmerman*, I Nap liuih *. 1 et al 19 X 3. Identification aivl cfuracteriatioo * *f two a lactalhuttum from Somali camel milk (Cflwrefw dromedanus ). Milchwixsenuhafi 40 67 A - 675 2027*. Contreras, 1 A Bustos Ohreg' o, E 19WI. Anatomy of repr * xhictive tract in Octodtm degas Molma A norwcroul rodent Arch Amlrol 4 II ‘* - 124 2« 2». Conway, K l 4»8 Captive managenwnt and breeding ol | the tiger quoll /ktnvntt nuhuUuus Ini A** Yearb 27; tiH - II 9 2029. Conk , B Karsch. FJ ( iraKt JW el al 1977 Luteoly«s in J the common opossum Diddphis mumifnatn RqsoJ Fett 49:399- 400 20». Cook . B McDonald !R . A Gthwm. WR 1978 IYSMUUC hi net K MI 1« the hru*h tailed poaaum Thehosmrus mtpecnlo. J Reprod Fert S3 3W 371

. .

^

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

2031. Conk B A Nalhandov . AV . 1968 The effect of some putoatnry hormone* on progesterone synthesis in vitro by the lutcrairrd ovary of the common opossum ( Ptdelpku mampntbs rirgouanat J Reprod Fert 15:267 275. 2032 Cook. B, Sunerhn NS. Grater JW . «( al 1977 Synthesis and action of gonadal steroid* in the American opossom Puirlfdtis nutnu/ rialn Proc Symp Comp Biol Reprod 1976 .

- .

.

4253 254

.

2033 Cook , C ll8 M Gestatron of badgers Zoologisl Fourth Seriei 8:30. 2034. C milk : Gross composition fatty aad. and mineral composition Can J Zool 48 213 215. 2037 Cooke . JG. 1985. Has the age at sexual maturity of southern hemisphere minke whales declined ’. Rep lot Whal Comma. 35: 335 340. 203» Cooley . ME. 1946. Ccilouuuls breeding in their fust snmitict . J Mamm 27: 273*274 2039. Ctwjjer. JB. 1942 An exploratory study on Aftuan Bon* Comp P*y Mono. 17:1 48 «g a* an antmul model 2040 Cooper . Jl 1975. Ilx use cf the| to study problems acwwtaied witli low bulhweiglit lab Anitn

.

..

.

.

-

- ".

-.

,

-

.

-

.

.

.

- .

.

-

9:329 336 2040«. Cooper KA . Harder . JD Clawnon DH et al 1990 Serum testosterone and musth in captive male African and Asian

.

.

.

-

elephant* Zoo Bial. 9:297 306 2041 Cooper RA Ctemell. RS. A Welbng*. SR 1964 Placema of the Indian elephant EUphas tndicus Science 146 410 412 2(M 2. Cooper RW 1968 . Small species of primates in biomedical research , I ah Anilfi ( ’are . 18:267 279 2043. C* pc JB A Humphrey , SR 1972 Reproductioo nf the b»is Myrtis keestii an< l Ptptntelhts suh/ lavtn in Indiana Hat Re * News pq.10 ' 2044 Ccguoa GR Brother* N P A Skua U 1985 Biology 62 lhe Malayan mole Malay Nat J. 16 205- 2OK 2109. Crandall . LS l‘)64 The Management of Wild Mammals in Captivity . I mv Chicago, Chicago. 2110. Crane IIS A Jones. DA. 1953. Initial ptsxd ol mule de»ff fawns breesling w bnind in l tah J Wildl Manage. 1 b.225. 2111. Cranford JA 1982 Effert of green vegeuli Hi and cotton nest material on reproduction and survival of pine voles ( Microms pinetnniM ). Proc F Pine Meadow Vtie Symp 6:124-129 2112. Cranford , JA 19K 3. Ecological strategies of a small

^

.

-

. .

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

'.

.

.

-

hihs miuor . the western

jumping

mouse Aipui printeps , Can J

Zoo) 61:232-240. 2113 Cranford JA 1983 Fifed of 6- MBOA on Microtus ' ptnrkirum and MicnRms prnruybtmkmt cf diflerent ages. ItcK 1 Pine Meadow Vole Symp. 7 111 116. ol Study 2114. ( ran / C. Ishak. H . Brun. B. ct al 1986

.

.

.

morphcdogicaJ and cytolof ical parameters uxlicating ocstm* in Lemur Julius masoaensis Zoo BioL 5:379-3X6 2115. Craven . RP A ( Toihc. JR. 1982. Gonadinruphm leveb in

male vdes ( Microtia agrcstxs ) reared in long and slwrt photoperisxB J Reprod Fell 66 : 709 714. 2116. Craven RP A Clorke. JR. 1986 ( ionadal development and goiLMirati 5*lnn secretuw to the male sole ( 3/ fcnifu * agreslis ) after an idrupt change in|thdupeno«i. J Rcjrod Eert

-

76:513 518.

.

-

.

.

2117 Crawfcvd RJM. 1984. Adivrty group xtrudurr ami lambing of blue duikers CcpbuUtphus moMuuitt in the Tsitsikamma Natn ^aal Park*. Sswuh AfrKa S Afr J Ikildl Rc ».

14 65 68. 211* Crawley MC 1969. Movement and home range «f Oetkrumomu glareotus Sshrebct and ApoJrmu tyhatuui 1. in t rtheaxl Engl.md . Oik«i* 20:31 IF 319. 2119 Crawley. MC 1970. Longevity ol Australian brush tailed opossums ( Tncktumnu imlprcmbt ) in imligem «is fde » l in New Zealand NZ J Set. 13:348 351

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

2120 Crawley MC 1973 A Uve - woppsng study of Australian brush tailed possums . Tnchtauna vutpccuki ( Kerr ) in the Oongoroogo Valley . Wellinguvi. New Zealand Auo J Zsx*| 2175 90 2121. Crawley MC A Waraeke R 1979. New Zealand fur seal Vlammals in the Seas. EAO Bish Ser 5 , 2:45 4X 2122 Crawley MC A Wilaott CJ 1976 The natural history and behaviour nl the New 7ealand fur seal tAn tot cphalus forttrnl

-

.

.

.

.

..

-

Tuatara 22 1-29 2123 Creed RFS I 960 Gonad changes in the wild red fox iVulpet tulpes cntcigent ) J Physiol London. 15 I 19P-20P 2124. Creed RE'S I 960 Observations on reprodurtKin in the wild red fox ( Vttlpcs vu pe.s ): An accotmt with special reference to the occurrence of fox -dog crosses Bn I Vet J 116.419 426 2125. Creed RFS A Big gem. ID 1963. Development cf the raccoon placenta . Am J Anal . 113:417-431 2126. Creed. RFS A Bigger*. ID 1964 Placental haemophagosts organs in the Prncyomdae and Mnstelitlae. J Reprod 1-ert 8:133- 137. 2126a. Creel SR A Creel NM 1991. Energetics, repnoluctive supprexNKiti and obhraie communal breeding in carnivores. Beh iv Ecu! SociobioL 28:26 ^ 270. 2126b. Creel . SR Creel NM W ldt DE et nL 1991

-

.

^

-

.

.

.

.

.

Behavioural and endocrine medunisms of repruductive suppressKin in

Scicngeti dwarf nxmgosvse.c Arum Behav. 43:231

-

245 2 ir. Creel. SR. Muafutt SL WikL DL et al. 1991 Spontaneous lactation i* an udapuve result o< pvrudotwegnaiK y Nature. 351 6WV 661 212*. Creel. SR A W**« PM 1990 I ailuies of reproductive ) suppression in dwarf m 'ngoxscs ( Helogalr patvmbt : Accident or adaptation Ilehav lied. 2:7 - 15 i6» gray lux and the | 2129 Crespo JA - 1975. Ecology of the (Mftt large fox (Culpcok The Wiki Canub. 179 191. Fox . MW. ed. Van NosUand Reuihold Co New Ysek 2130 Crcutz. G . 1967 Wiedctfang ciner Wtoserfledermau* (Myoiu dambenuru ) nash 9 Jahren. Sliugetietk Mm 15:69. 2131 Cnchton EG 1W0. Repcoduetion in the pnewdomylnc rodent. Mescmbnamys gouldu . Aust J Z«d. 17 7*5 797. 2131 Crichton. EG 1974 Aspect* 1 22 439- 44 ? 2133. Crichton. EG A KniUKh I'll 19 X 7 Rr|« oductive bidofy of the female little masnff but . Monrwptena planu r/ n (Chmptera Moknsnlae ) in woithcaM Australia. Am J Anal 178 369 3*6 2134. Crichton EG. KralOth 111 A Otvnpal, M 1982. Studies on prolonged speruuto/oa survival m < huoftcra II Ihc role of zme in die spermatozoa sue age phenomenon Comp Biochem I9iyud. 7 IA 71 77 2135. Crichton EG Knftadk PH A Winumi WA 1981 Studies on ptdonged spernuu > / > •« survival in Chil‘>jxer» I lhe role of uterine free fructoxc in the spemintozoa rtorxpe phenomenon. Comj* Diochem PhyiHil 70A *87 795 2136. Criddle NE A OruUle. S 1923 The cnyue in Manmim Can Reid Nai 37:41 45. 2137 Criddk S 1926 The hahiu of Mtcntn» mmor in MiinitoKi J Mnmm 7|9 - 2nn 213* Criddle. S 1970 The pramc psuket g* |6er Tbomctms taipoiilcs rufrutns J Mamm 11:265 2*0. 213*. ('riddle S 1978 A study of the mowshoe ral4 it Can Fidd Nat 52 71 40 2140. Criddle S 1979 The thirteen striped ground Nqinrrel in Manitoba Can Field Nat 53:1 6,

.

-

.

.

-.

.

_

.

.

.

.

-.

.

.

.

. .

-

.

.

.

. .

-

.

.

-

.

'

-

.

2141. 21».

756

.

.

2141. Crop. FA. Cowin , PE A Messer M 1989. Change* in milk carbohydrate* during lactation in the common hruditail Tnrhosurus vulprcula ( Marsupialia Phalungeridae ) Reprod Eert Dfcr 1 M9 3M 2142. Crisp EA. Messes, M. A Shaughnexsy PD. 1988 Intestinal lactase anJ other disacchando.se activities of a xucklmg craheaier seal ( /xdmJrifi can imytluigiu ) Comp Bicchem Physiol. pntflMl,

. .

.

^. .

906 71*374

.

.

2143 Crisp EA, Mester . M A VandrBerg. il . 19*9. Change* milk carbohydrates during lactation in a dtdclphki marsupial. MonodrlpAis domestica Physiol Znol 62:1117 1125 2144. Crispcns CG Jr A Doutt. JK . 197 Sex chromatin in antlered ferrule deer i Wild! Manage. 37 - 422-423. 2145. ( 'rutoffer , C I9M Scahng of twdy weight in hat* and rodents. J Mimm 74 T31- 733 2146. Crwtofoet P Ana. G S«en. E. el al. IVHb EndiKTiikdogical aspect * of reproduction in the female camel. Wcwld Arum Rev 57:22 25 2147 Crockett CM A Rudum R 19 7. Red howler monkey birth data I Seasonal variation. Am 1 Primaloi l : 47 - V»K 214». Crockett. CM A Rudran R 19*7 Red howler nwwkey birth data 11 Interannual , habitat, and sex comparisons. Am J Primal 4 13:369 384 2149. Crcvkeo. CM A Sekulic. R 19*2. Gc«ati1 291 294 2156 Crockett. CM A Sekulic. R 19 4. Infanticide in red howler monkey* ( Alouatta sernculms ) pp 173 - 191 in Infanticide Compai itive ami Evolutionary Perspectives Hautfater G A Hrdy , SB cd* Aldme Pres* . New York . 2151 Crane**. FE Hall. MJ A Cocker til. RA. 1979. Mother - offspring association in red deer ( Cervus elapltus L) on Rlmm. Anim Behav 27:536- 544 . 2152. Crook GA A Skipper d 19« 7 Hia*hnndry and Needing of Matvchie 't tree kangaroo / Vm//ofiigu* m matu fun at Adelaide 7o« 4 ng »cal Garden*. Int Zoo Yearb 26:21 2- 216. 2153. Crow IF A Martin RD. 19* 1 Calculation of gestation period and other reproductive parameters f «*r primates . Dodo. J Jersey Wildl Pres Trust. 18:30 43. 2154. Cross RM 1977 Population studies on Pmpmys tullbergi (Thomas ) and other rats of forest regions of Siena Leone. Rev Zod Alt 91:345* 367 2155. Crowcrofl, P. 1955 Notes on the behaviour of shrews, RchavKur 8.63 80i 2156 Crowcrofl P 1957 The Life of the Shrew Max Reinhardt . lamdon. 2157. Crowcrofl. P 1964 Note on the sexual maturstina of shrew* ( Sores amneus Linnaeus 1758 ) in captivity. Acta ThrnoJ . in

. .

'

. .

.

-

.

.

-

.

*

''

.

'

.

.

.

.

.

.*

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

-

.

.

.-

.

.

-.

8:89 93.

.

. .

215» Crow croft PA Sadcrlund R 1977 Breeding wombats NF- 47:313 322. 2159. Crowe TM A Livnmdge R 1977 Dnptupottiooaie mortality of males in a [ ••pulati n of vprmgU 'k ( Artrodactylx : Bosnian. Zoof Afr 12:469 47 216«. Crow ley. MM Woodward. DR. A Rose RW |9» Changes in milk composatiou during lactation in the potnroo, Putonms truiaefylus ( Mamipiolm Potoromael. Au*t J Biol Sci 41:289-296. 2161 Croxalt. JP A Hiby, L 1983. Fecundity, survival and site fidelity in Weddell .seal* LrpUmxu Ante* wnUrili J Appl Bool

-

( Lasiotkimu Uuifnxu ) in captivity. Zoo) Garten

.

-

.

.-

.

'

*

.

20:19 32. 2162 Cnukdiawk. W 1797 Experiment.* in which, cm the third

day after impregnation , the ova of the rabbits were found in the Fallopian Tubes : and on (he fourth day after impregnation m the

uterus itself: with the first appearance* of (he foetus. Itul Tran* R Soc London 7:197* 214 (abridged 1 WW IK 129 |37| 2163 Cukirrtki MA 19 7 Synthesis and transport studies of the inirasyncytial lamina An unusual placental basement membrane in the little Nown bat , Myoiis lucifugus, Am I Anat

«

.

.

*

-

17* 387 409. 2164. Culbertson. AL 1946. Observation* on the natural history of the Fresno kangaroo rat. J Mamm. 27: 189 203. 2165 Cumming , DHC. 1975. A field study of the ecology and behaviour of won hog Nat Mas Monuments kh deua Mu * Mem. 7:1 179. 2166. Cummings WC 1985 Right whale* Fmhainrmt glacialu (Muller. 1776 ) and Fubalaemi anttrahs (DcnuouhlW 1822). Handbook of Marine Mammal * 3:275 304 Ridgway , SH A Hamson. RJ. eds. Academic Press, New Y'ork . 2167 Cummins. JM. 19*1 . Sperm maturation in the pu&sum Trt , kouinu vnIprcula: A model for comparison with eutliermn mammal*. Zod Pulil Victoria Uiuv ( Wellington ) 74 23 37 216». Cummiui JM Temple Smith. PD A Renfree. MB. 1986 Reproduction in the male honey possum (Tarujxt rostralus : Marsuptalia ): The epididymis . Am J Anat 177:385 401 2169 Cummins, JM A Woodall. PF. 1985 . On mammalian sperm dimension *- J Rcprod Fetl. 75:153 175 . 2170 Cuoeo F 1965. Observations on the Needing of the klipspringer antelope. Oreatragus orrotnigus , and the behavior of their ytming Nirn at the Na|iles Zoo Ini Zoo Yearb 5 45 48 2171. Cunningham. DJ 1905. Cape hunting dog * ( Lwaon pictus) in the gardens of the Royal Zoological Society of Irclund. IVoc R Soc Edwh 25 843 848 2172 Cupp. CJ A llemina. E. 1981 . Body and organ weights m relation to age and sex in Macaco mulatto J Med Primatnl 10:110 123 2173. Cune-Cchen, M YosNhara. D Luurcll. L et al. 1983. The effect of dominance on mating behavior and paternity in a captive irut i of rhesus monkey* { Macaco muhnta ). Am J himai . 5:127 138. 2174. Curlewi *. JD. AxeUon. M A Stone. GM. 1985 Identification of the may* steroids in ovarian and adrenal venous plasma of the brush tail pactum ( Tnchntuna wlptrula ) and ’ diam:e* in the penpheral plasma levels of ocstradiol and progesterone during the reproductive cycle. J Endocrinol.

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

-

-

.

-

- .

-

.

.

-

*

.

.

.

^

.

.

-

.-

105:53 62 2175 Curlewi*. JD. Ixaidun. AM. A Coleman. Al’M 1988 Octtfou* cycles and the breeding season of the Pete David ' * deer hind (FLipAwrur ik/ndiomiik J Reprod Fell. 82:119- 126 2176. Curlewi*, JD A Loudoa, ASF 1988 Experimental manipulations of prolactin following removal of pouch young or bromocriptine treatment during lactational qiuocencc in the Benner 's wallaby. J Endocrinol. 119:405 411. 2177 Curlewi*. JD A Lowdon ASL I 9K 9 I he role of refracioriitesi to long day length in the annual reproductive cycle of the female Bennett ' s wallaliy ( Matroptu ru/ogrisau nfogntrut ) J Exp Zuol 252:200 206 2178. Cutlewis JD. Loudon, ASl , Milne. JA. el «1. 1988 Fffect* of chronic long-acting bromocriptine treatment on live weight , voluntary food intake cunt growth and Needing season in non pregnani red deer hinds , J Endocrinol . 119 413-420. 2179. Curlewis JD A Stone. GM. 1985 Peripheral androgen level* in the male brush tail possum ( Tncktvcurus vulpecmlal J I Mknxiuol 105 :63- 70 2180. Curlewi *. JD A Su «c GM 1986, Effect* v4 nestradiol the oeatrous cycle and pregnancy on weight , metabolism and cytosol receptor* in the uterus of the brush tail pouum ( Tnchotmnu vuljtraila ) , J Endocrinol , 108:201 210.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

757

2181. 2217

.

2181 Curlewi *. JD A St « *e GM l ‘JH6 Reproduction in enpriwe female Nuchtail pn««unu. Trultosurus vuIfKcula Ausl J Zoof 34:47 52 2182 Curlewi *, JD A Stone. GM 1987. Effect * of ocstradiol, the oe.stroui cycle and pregnancy on weight , metabditm and cylotol reorpiort in the oviduct and vaginal complex of the hmthuil possum ( Trichnsums vulprcuto ) Au*t J Biol Sci 40:315 322 2183. Curlewis , JD. White AS. A Lnodna ASt 1987 n»e onset of seasonal quiescence in the female Bennett's wallaby ( Macrvpui nsfogritrux rufognseusl. J Reprod Fert 8Ch 119- 124. 2184. Curlewis JD. White AS Luudtwi ASl et aJ . |986L Effects of lactation and season on plasma pidavUn conccntraiinn* aad response to Nomocnpune during lactation in the Bennett' s wallaby ( Moctopus rufogmrusi. J Endocrinol 110:59-66. 21 X5. Currie. WB. Blake . M A Wimsatt, WA I 9» K . Petal development, and placental and maternal plasma concentrations of progesterone in the little Nown bat ( Myous luit/ ugusl J Reprod Perl. 82 401 - 407. 2186 Currier MJP. 1983 Frits ctmeolur. Mamm Species. 200.1

-

.

.

.

-

.

. .

.

7.

.

.

-

.

.

21 V**i. Curry l Jiulahl. K 1961 The irruption of the Norway lemming in Sweden during I960 J Mamm. 43: 171 1*4 . 2187 Cuny Lmdohl. K . 1970. Breeding bisfogv of the Baltic grey seal iHahchorrus gryjmsY Zool Garten NF 38: 16 29 21»» Cutraa, RA . Yune** RMF, A Castro Va / quea. A. 19> 8 Po$i|vartuni sexual behavior of the cum mooie (GIJOOTM win > u / mui ) Repertoire , measurements , and el feci* of removal of pups . J Comp PsychoL 102:83419 21»9 Cuttle I* 19*2 life history strategy of the dasyiimf marsup al / 'Aiu ogtilr iighmtufa . Carnivorous Miusupsalt.

.

.

-

-

-

.

. 1:13- 22. 2 IW. Cuns JH. Krause. WJ . A Lecuai CR 1971. General

obnenrations on the growih and devel« Ywnent i 4 the young pnucb opossum Duirlphit virgotiarui Biol Ne«snate. 33,264- 272. 2191. Cuylei . WK 1924 Cinnamon ami albino opossums found at Austin Texan. J Mamm 5:130 2192 Cuylef . WK 1924 Observations oil the hnhls s>f the striped skunk (Atrphirit mrsomrhu varumt ) J Mamm 5:1801«9 2193. Cygan T 1985 Seasonal changes in thermnregsiUtion and maximum metabolism in the yellow necked field mouse Acta Theriol 30 115 130. 2194. Cza|a JA A Bieleri C, 1975. Female rhesus sexual behavior and distance to a male partner: Relation to stage of the menstrual cycle Arch Sex Behav 4:583-598 2195. Cwja JA RoNnson . JA. Eisele , SG, et al. 1977 Relationship between sexual skin colour of female rhesus monkeys and imdcydc plasma levels of oestradxf and pogevlenme. J Reprod Fert . 49:147 150. 2196. Czapicwski NJ . 1983 ktimyvttns phyUous. Mamm Species 20«; 1-4 2197. Caaplewslu. NJ Farwey. JP. J«oe* JK. Jr. et al 1979. Synopsis i4 bats of Nebraska. Occas l*ap Mus TX Tech Dniv 61:1*24 219» Cxekala. NM A Bcmr .siAike. K 1974 Obvervatiom on a twin pregnancy in the African long - tongued fruit bat ( Megagttmus woermtnmi) Bonn Zool Beitr . 25 220 230. 2199. Carkala. NM. Benirvchke. K . Mcf lae H ct al I9S3

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

l nnary estrogen excretion dining jiregoaiKy in ihe gorilla ( Gorilla gohUa ), orangutan ( Pongop> snutrui ) and live human Bid Reprod 2» 289- 294

2200. Carkala . NM. Hodges. JK. Clause. GE. et al 1980 Annual

tesloslemne levels in captive ami free- ranging male armadillos (Oasypms movemdnctusX J Reprod Fert - 59:199 204 2201 Carkala , NM. HcnJgcs JK A iauley. BL 1981 Pregnancy monitoring in diverse primate species hy estrogen and Noactive luteinizing Nemooe detcmunation HI small volumes if urine. J Med Pnmated . 10:1- 16. 2201«. C /ekala. NM. Kasnun. LH. Alien . J et al. 1990. Urinary

circxilating

.

-

.

.

steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function

in exotic

in exotic F.quidar Zoo Buf 9:43 48. 2202. Carkala . NM . Mitchell. WR. A l ^sley BL 1987. Direct

ungulates: V| Pregnancy detection

-

.

estrone conjugates during the normal mrn.suual cycle of the gorilla tGonlla gorilla ) Am J Primaloi

measurements of

urinary

^ -

12 23 229. 2203. Carkala . NM. Roser JF M rimwn , RB et al |9*K In mu y hsrrmioe analysis as a diagnostic l < * I to evaluate the

. . .

.

function of female gonllas ( Gonlla gonlla ). J Reprod Fen. 82:255 261. 22tM. Carr nay S 1977. / us llaliung und Zuchi von SiM|wdu* ( /'win ftudu Molina 17 K 2 ) in Thunnger Axpork Erfurt Zod Gancn NF 47: 226 240 2205. D' Addamto. Oil Rcnissrl, JD. A St«r «. EE. 1977 Response of the tune handed lumadilln i/ lmpn nn\rmrim tu% ) to gotuiAanpins and steroids I.ab Ani Sci 27 182- 489 2206. d Milan. JP 1978 Ecdofir de I Hylnchcre ( //Worhormr

ovarian

- .

-

Thomas) au Parc National de > Virunga. Explor Parc Nat Vminga 25 1 152 2207. d Huart . JP 1991 Monogrophie drs Rieaenwaklschwcines ( fiylnchaems mrmmzhaiitni ) Sitzungsberichie dcr lagsing uher Wildtchweiac und Pekaris mi Zoo Berlin. 103 118. 220« D'Sousa, F 1974 A preliminary field report on the leaser tree shrew Tupata minor Prntinuan Biology 167-1*2 Martin , RD Doyle, GA A Walker At ?, eds Umv Pittsburgh Press PitisNirgh. 2209. D'Snu /a. F A Marlin. RD. 1974 . Maternal behaviour and the effects of sires* on tree shrews Nature. 251 : 309 311, 2210. Da Silvern LKP. 1968 Notes on the care and Needing of the maned wolf Chrysocytm bmchyurus at Brasilia Zoo. Int Zoo Yearb. 8:21 23. 2211. Da Silvern. EKP 1975. Ihe management of CaribNaa and Amazonian manatees Jricheilius m nuuustus and I Utmttgmls in captmty . Int Zoo Yearb 15:223- 226 2212 Dagg . Al. 1971. Gttajfa camfkrpardala. Mamm Spracv 5:1 8. 2213- D«hL JF. 1985 Ihe cxteinal genitalia of female pygmy chimpanzeo* Anal Rcc 21124 2». 2213a Dahl. JF 1986 Cyclic (imneal swelling during tN intermenstxuai intervals of captive female pygmy chimpun / eo ( Pan / MMI*CUI ) J Hum Evol. 15:369 385, 2213b. Dahl JF. Nadkr RD. A Collms. DC 1991 Monitoring the ovarian cycle* of Pan inrglt*l )trt and P pamsems: A comparative approach Am J Primaloi 24 195 209 2214 Ikthl K 1897. Biological note* on n< «th Australian mnmnulia Zootogiol Fourth Ser 1189 216 2215. Dahl SK Gtmev , VM A Bedny SN 1958 On the Noftomic* and reproduction d Saiga UMttrica I. Tool /burn 37: 447 456 2216. Dahltioik . M A Andetvron M 1981 Biology of the wiki rabNt , OrycU 'Jiigus cumculm . m nwnhern Sweden IV Ij’ydiy cell activity antf se o nal ilevd ijuiurnt nl two male access ^ ) organs of rrpndoctton Acta Zod (Stockholm 62:|13-12*1 2217 Dahlbock . M A Andervson. M , 1981 Biology of the wild rabNt Oryrtolagw nmn ulus ) in southern Sweden V Seasonal

itH iurrtthngrrti

- -

'

-

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

--

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-.

.

-

.

. .

-

.

.

^

.

.

22 IN. 2255.

758 variation in weight of the anal ami inguinal gland *. /. Sauyrtierk 462H(K 283. 22 IN. DaMhcim no initial* 19 X 2. Personal communication |( iiril by Oinsiteasea. I 984| 221 . Dailey RA A Neill ill. 1991 Seasonal variation in reproductive hormones d rhesus monkeys: Anovulatory and short luteal phase menstrual cycles Biol Reprod 25:5 0 567. 2220 Daketxe M 1 A Martinet. I 1977 Effect d temperature on the growth and fertility of the field vole Marvins tvxalu raised in different day length and feeding condition* Ann liiol Amni Bioch Biophys 17:713- 721 2221 Dalby , PL 1975. Bickigy of ptmpa rodents, Balearic area , Argentina PkibJ Mus Ml Stale I' tuv Biol Ser . 5:149- 271 2222. Ihilby . PL 1976. Some general hehav »c*nJ anJ ecological observations on the South Ameman short bue taded of*w » uin. Mi'n/ rdrl/ fbis liitnuiuua. Sl;. Keg Meeting. Alum Bch Sac

.

'

.

.

^

*-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

rharloncsvillc Va. 2223. Dalby PI . A Mcnth . A( i. 1976. Oxygen consumption and body temperature of die Argentine field mouse , AtoJon o&rrur. in relation to amhieiit temperature. J Therm Biol 1:177- 179. 2224. Dak I II . 1939. Variability and environmental responses of the kangaroo rat lhpvdorn\i hrmruumt sasaidis Am Mid Nat. 22 703- 731. 2225 Dalke. PI ) 1942. Tlie OOttnnuil rabbits in Connecticut Bull CT Grd Nat l(a «t Surv 65 I 97 2226 Da I quest , WW 1941 An isolated rote of MicnHui mimiipuis from eastern Washington Ptoc Binl Soc Wash 54:145- 14* 222?. Dalquevi WW. |947. Notec on the natur il history of the hat . ( Mriita xunummris ). m California, with a description of a new race. Am Mid Nat 38 22*247 2229. Dolquest WW. 1947. Notes on the natural history of the Carytuwhimis mfinttqun m California. J Mamin 28 17 30. 222XH. Dalquevt, WW 195 ) Mammal* of the Mexican state of San I .iu < Potasf , LA Stale Univ Press, Baton Rouge 2229 Dalquest . WW 1955 Natural history of the vampire hat » of eastern Mexico. Am Mid Nut. $3:7947. 223t) Dalquest, WW 1957. Observation', on the vhaqv nosed hat Rftymhtscus nasio |»rj (Maximilian) I X J Set . 9:219-226. 2230« Dalquest , WW A Hall LK. 1949. Live luU new to the known fauna < 4 Mexico i Marnm 10 424- 427. 2231. Dalqoest WW A Onutl. DR 1942 The biology of the least shrew mole. Nntrotricbns cd Avii minor Am Mid Nat 27 - 3*7 - 401 2231a Dalquest , WW A Ramogc , MC 1946 Notes on die long-

.

. .

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

,

.

-

.

.

legged hat ( Myoiia volant ) at Old Port Tejon and vicinity California. J Maitun. 27:60-63. 2232 Daly. JC A i 'atton. ) L 19*6. Growth reproduction and cxual dimorphism in TTrowii m vs hot tor packet gophers. J Mamm 67.256- 265. 2233 Daly. M 1975. Harly use of solid food by a leaf - eating gerhd < Pttuiwpwwtrvj obtsns ) J Mamm 56: 509- 511, 2234 Daly St & Daly S, 1975 Behavior o! Pxammomys nrieurs > Rodentia ( ierhilinnel in the Algerian Sahara Z Ticrpsvchid 37:29*- 321 2235 Daly. M & Daly S. 1975 Sainuk*gy 115:2355- 2361 .

•

.

.

-

. .

.

. . .

.

.

-

.

.

*

,

223*. Damassa DA A Cuxtafxoa , AW

|9 K 5.

2256. Daniel, M A Han /ak. J 19 5 Small mammals in eastern ' part of Nepal Himalaya. Rozpravy 4 esksvdovenvke Akademie

Relationship of

*

food tniake to the induction of plasma steroid binding protein and testicular activity m immature male little hrown h l (Mvotts * lun/ ugus luatagus ), I He prod Perl 74 70 I 7C8 2239 I > nusva, [ >A, Gustafson AW , A Chan GC 1983.

-

-

.

.

. . * Control of plasma scx - steroul- hnding protein in the hat Afyntu Iwt/ ugtu Imifitgtu : Inductiun in the little * blown hat: Effects of thyroidectomy and tieatment widi L and D- thyroxine on the induction of SBI* in adult males, liiol Reprod 31:113 1146 2242. Damarra. DM. Gurtafeoa AW, A Lang JC 1981 Se* steroid binding prrteio in the plasma of male JkfyerM tunfugus luafugux : Identification and evidence for seasonal variation N Am Symp Bat Res. 12.13. 2243. Danell , K . I 97 K . fVxpufetion dynamics of the muskrat in a shallow Swedish lake. J Amm Eoul. 47.697-709. 2244. Dang. DC. 1970. Lr Cycle de 1 ' Epithelium Scmuufore du Singe Crahier (Wiarea a fasctcuLtnx\ Thiae l ac Sci Uiuv Pam . 2245. I >aiig. IXT , 1971 Dufoe stu cycle de I Epithelium fminifrrc du Singe cr»h*er, Slacoi » ftuaculans. Ann Biol Amm BtOCb Biophys. 11:373 377 2246. Dang fX ‘. 1971 Studes du cycle de I ' epithebum

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

-

*-

.

•

.

.

.

-

.

vemmiferc du Singe crahner, Macaco fasciculans (riw ou cytumoifus ). Ann Btul Amm linvch Biophys 11:363 371. 2247. Dang. DC 1977. Absence of seasonal variation in the length of the menstrual cytk and the fertility of the uah-cating macaque iMacttca fMenulam ) raised under natural daylength ratio Ann Biol Arum Bi«xh Biipfty * 17:1 - 7 2246. ffeng. IX' 1979, Return of postparium menstruation and fertility m laboratory Macaco fascituhns Ann BH I Amm Bisxh B uphys. 19:375 383. 2249. Dang IX ' 1979. Testosterone levels in umbilical cord blood, maternal peripheral plasma and xnunoUc fluid of the crab eating monkey { h$mci * a Jaxacutaris ). Ann Biol Arum Bioch Biuphys 19:1307 1316. ' 2250 Dang. IX A Mruxy Drool1«. N 1981 AnmiaJ plaama lestcoterone cycle and ejaculatory ability in the laboratory houaed cTabnuing macaque tMa* oca fatcicularisl Rqir «d Nulr IX;v 21:57-68. 2251. Dang. ZH or SH. 196* Some data conceriung die biology of Tntgmlus Jinatttciu atfims Gr ( Artiodactylo I ragubdae ) in the Democraiu Rcpubbc of Vietnam. Zool Zh 47 432 - 437. 2252. Daniel JC Jr. 1971. Growth of the preim|4antatiun embryo of the northern fia seal and tlx correlation with changes in uterine (rolein Dev Biol 26; 3|6- 32 K 2253. Dankl , JC, Jr 197^ Csnceniidtion »4 circulating progesterone during early pregnancy in ntxlhem fur seal CalUwhrnus u rut ms . I Pish Res Bd Canada 32 :65-66 2254. Daniel , JC, Jr . 1981. Delayed implantation in ihe amthern fur seal (Ctf /arfumu ursmusi and uther pinnipeds. J Reprod Pert Supfd 29:35 50. 2255 Daniel JC Jf A Knshnan. RS. 1969 Studies on the rrlatumship lietwern uteime fluid component* and the diapouong stale of blastocyxis front mammal * having delayed implantation . J Exp Zool 172 267 -2*2

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

-

-

. .

.

.

.

- .

-

759

2256. 2299.

Ved Rnda Matematiikych A Plirodmch Ved . 95:1 59 , 2257. Darnel. MJ 1979. The New Zealand short toiled hat Mystactna tmlscrrubua A review ol present Lnuwkdge NZ J Zool. 6: 357 370. 225X. Daniel MJ A Pierson. I D. 1987 A lek mating system in New Zealand* * short -tailed baL Mysumtui luhcrt ulata. Bat Res

-

.

News. 2* 33. 2259. Daniel. MJ A Williams. GR 19*3. Observations ol a cave colony c4 the long - toiled bat (Outlinolobuf tubcrtuUHtts ) in North Island . New Zealand Mammalia 47.71 -*' » 2259». Damk! m , AA. 1990. Embryonal diapmue in roe deer ( CapreiMtis. Cervidae ) and the ethologual hypothesis c4 iLs origin Zool Zhur. 69:120- 124 |A Tumanov . IL 1975 TV reproductive cycles 2264» . Danilov p of some Mustelwlae species Byull Mosk O- V* Lspyi ( Mu Bid. 0:35 47. *2261 . Dapaoit RW. 1%H . Reprixluctiou and age Mnicture in a . 1 » inflation of short - tailed shrews Biarvui bmturuiUi J Mamm 49 205 214 2262. Dapv «n . RW 1979, Phendogic influciKcs on col* rt speed* rcprodtKiive strategu s m mice fPerwirvreirr fHshaniHus ). EcoAofjr. 60: 1125- 1131 2263. Uapaon. RW Ramsey PR . Smith MIL et al 1979 Demographic difference * m conuguou* populations d white toiled deer J Wildl Manage 43 8*9- 898 2264 D Lrin - Bennen. A , Morris S. Jones, RC, ct al 1976 The glyieryl phasphcrylcholine and phi «pholipid pattern of IN’ genital duct and spermntovenesi* of ib< Africal elephant [ axadcmiti afncaoa J Reprod Fcrt 46 5f ¥w 5o7 2265. Dark . J. Jcftnston . PC. Healy . M et al 1983 latitude of

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

. .

.

.

origin influences photopcriodic control of reproduction d deer mice ( Pmm>r( Ht miniatiatus Bid Reprod 28:213 220. 2266 Dark J . Whaling , CS, A Zascker I 1987 Androgens exert opposite effects on body mns* s4 heavy and light msaJuw voles.

.

.

.

-

.

. Dark J A / acker . I I 9«J. Short pbotaperiods resfece

Horm Behav 21 471 477. 2267

the meadow vole. Micrutus pamsyKamcus. Physiol Behav 31.699- 702. . Li 1982. Analysis I the Franklin Jr A 226ft. Darney . KJ .

.

-

.

estrous cyvle of the laboratticy boused Scncgd galago ( Galago rcncg »lrnus uncgalnuui : Natural and induced cycle*. Ldsa

Pnmaiol 37.106-126: 2269. Darrow JM . Tumor kin L

.

, (hin^ an MJ , ct al l J 6. Pineal melatonin rhvlhms in lemalc Turiufli kamsters. Effects d phsaciperiods and hibematjon. Biol Repiod. 35 74 83. 227» Darrow JM. Yogev L A Gddnun BD 19*7 Patterns *4 rrproducuvc horttvone secretion in hihernatiag Turkish hamsters Am J IliyaiuL 253 R32BR331 Garten NT 32:193 198 22X2. Dathe. II l‘)68. Breeding the Indian leopard cal Fclit bcngalcnsn ol F»st Beilin Zotx Int Zoo Yearh. 8:42- 44 22X3. Dathe . II. 1970. A second generation birth of captive suit bear* UrUin tos mtaiaytmma at East Berlin Zoo. Int Zr» Ycnrb 10.79 22*4. Dathe II 1973. JfcAe Jungcorah! bei CIIUT Hyaocnhundrii tycoon / nciM (Temm) Zo«il Garten NF. 43 47 22X5. Dathe H . 1974 llohes I rhensaiter ernes Kaurenbiren AI/MMIS / fulgent Oiv , Zool Gitricn NF 44:311 22*6. Dnthc M 1967. Bemerkungen nir Augzoch* von Brilknbfeen. Tmnontox ormimt (Cuv ), im lieTpaik Berlin Zool Garten NF 34: 105-133 22X7 Daudt . W I 89S Beilrige 7ur Kmnims des l!r >vgenital - a[ parates der Ctftaceen . Jena / Naturwisst. 32:231 312. 22 8 Dauphine it: Jr. 1976 Biology t4 the Kanununak

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

*.

.

-

-

population of horren ginurul caribou Part 4 Growth. n produciKm and energy reserves Can Wildl Serv Rep Ser. 38:1-6*7. 22X9 Dauphine. TC, Jr A McClure. RL 1974. Synchronous mating in Canadian hirren - gruund cariboo J Wildl Manage 38:54-66 229». David. GFX. Anand Kumar . TC A Bake* TO. 1974 Uptake < 4 trilialed thymidine by )*iihurdtal germ cells in the ovaries d the uduh slender lum J Refirod leri 41 :447 - 451. 2291 David GFX. Hafez LSE. A Kamash. MA 1975. Ilivtomoiphdogy d cervical and uterine epttheUn of ctab eaiing macaque Macacofautcttbins. Fuba Primiud . 23:124- 134 2292 David. GFX A Kamaswami. 15. 1969. Stodiea on menstrual cycles uni exhet lelatcd phenomena in the langur ( Prctbytit tntellus eniclltt ) Fdix Primntol II XW 316 2293. David. GFX A Ramasw ^m LS 1971 Reproductive systems of the north Indian langur ( Pmbykt tntetiui cmellni Dufresne ). J Marpkd 13599 110 2294. David JIIM nru Tlw ccdngy and brtiovmur > 1 the bonlcbok Pamaluaii doruu dorco.s 2 nd A 3rd Progre' v Repswts (Cited by Moth* I972J 2295. David. JIIM 1973 The behaviour of the U «ntehnk Pamaliscti donw dortm (Philas 1766 ». with special reference to territorial l*ehavui«r Z TTerpvy hd 33:38 107 2296. David , JIIM 1975 Observt*Uwj% « mating Isehaviiau partuntioo suckling and the mother voimg bond in the hontelwk ( Da malt us dorros dorcat » J JW. 177:203- 223. * 2297. David JHM 197s Observations on social orgamratu* ol springbok Anndomu immqnahs in the Bontehok Natisvial Park. Swell ndam /« 4 Afr 13:115-122. 229*. David . JHM A law JI M 1985 Pt «puiai »nn fluctuations lepnxJuctinn and survival in Use striped tie hi mouse Rhpbdaittys fiumtho on tlte Cape Hats, South Africa. J Zool . 20 ’ A .’ 51 2 76 2299. David IHM A Rond RW |9 N6 Attendance behavior d South African fur seals. Maternal Stnlegies cm UnJ und al Sea

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

winter energy requirements of

. .

227A Dathe H 1961 Beubnchttangea tux DrtpfUn/ ungstaoloipe des liraunharcn , Ursus arcios L Zoul Garten N 1 25:235 - 249 2277 Dathe , IL 1961. Breeding tlse Malayan bear ( N*birth"

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

’

.

.

2300 2545.

760

.

.

-. .

126 141 Gentry. RI. A Kooyman GL ed« Princeton 1 niv lYen Princeton . 2300 David R . 1066. Breeding the Indian wild ass. l m kt /moms Umr . nt Ahmcdahad Zoo. Ini Zoo Yearhk. 6:197- 198. 2301 David R. 1967 A fk*c cm the breeding of live large Indian Civet, Inrnu zihetha , at Ahmcdnhad Zoo. hit Zoo Yearhk 7:131 2302. Davidar ERC 1973. Dhole « Indian wild d y ( Cm*» alftmtia ) mating J R xnhay Sal HIM SOC 70:373 774 2303. Davidar ERC. 1975 , Ecology and behavior of the dhoJe a dynamic* d the red HJUOTCL Iiuruusctmtut hudumuus in Saskatchewan Ph D Diss. L’ mv AR Fayetteville.

. . .

.

^

.

-

.

..

.

.

.

.

.

*

* .

. ..

-

. . .

.

.

-

.

.

- .

’

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

. .

-

-

-

.

.

,

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

2325 Daviv DW A Sealaiwler. JA 1971 Sex ratio and age structure in twin red squirrel populations in northern Saskatchewan Can Field Nat. 85: 303 34». 2326 Davis. GJ. 1971. The rule of ptuxuperiad and gonadunpin* in reproductive rale fluctuations of snowshoe hare* 1* D DIM I mv WI Maducw. W| ( Dm Abau Ini

.

-

72 B 4825 4826| 2327. Davia GJ A Meyer. RK . 1973. FSH and I Jl in the pituitary gland of gonadecSoniixcd xtKiwthoe hares Endocrinology. 92:340344. 2328. Davo GJ A Meyer. RK 1973. ESI! and LH in the snow slice haie during the increasing phase of the 10- year cyde ( ien mys mrgdofM ). Z Ticipsychd. *5:4 *7 444 2332. Davit . JA . Jr 196? A preliminary report of the reproductive behavior of the small Malayan chevrotam TntgmUit nopu ai New York Zoo, Int Zoo Yearb 5 42- 44 2333. Davts. M 1946 Parturition in a Bengal tiger J Mamm. 27:393. 2334. Davit, M. 1960. Galago born in captivity. J Mamm. 41 : 401 - 402 2335 Davo, R 1969. Growth and development of y < «tng pallid hats. AMNKOUS fHillniut . I Mamm 50: 729 7*6 2336 Davis, RA A Shill no E 1967 The cwyfni at nutria ihf ' xHiutorftnjmi Molina ) UPAW Handbook Caro and Management of lodweatcry Animals . 3rd ed 457 -467 . HAS lavingSion, Edinburgh 2337 Davis. RB. Herreid. CF, A Short . Ill - 1962 Mexican tree tailed hats in Texas. Ecof Mottogr. 32:311 - 346. 2336 Davis . RM 1972. Behavna* of the vlet rat. (.tumns irroratus ( Btaats 1827) Zod Aft 7:119 140 2339. Davis. RM A Meestct . J . 1981 Reproduction and putt natal development in the vlet rat Okrmja irronttm cm the van Rirhreck Nature Reserve. Ptetcwia Mammalia 45:99- 116 2340. Davis WH . 1934 Notes on the I'toh chipmunk. Murrelct 15:20 22. 2341. Davis. WB. 1944. Notes on Mexican mammals. J Mamin. 25:370 403. 2342. Davu. WB. 1968. Review of genus Underma « Tnnptetn ). J Mamm. 49:676- 698. 2342« Davit, WB 1969 A review of the small fruit halt (genu* A mbriri > of middle America Southwest Nat 14: 15 29 2342b Davis, WB 1970 A review of the email fruit hau (genus ArfrAria ) of middle Amenta Part II Southwest Nat . 14:389 402 2343. Davis . WB 1974 Lbs mammals of Texas. TX Parks WikJl Dept Bull 41:1- 294. 2343a. Daws WB 1975. Individual mid sexual vanaiion in Vfimpyrcsxa btJctu . J Mamm 56.262 265. 2344 I >avi* WB A liuechner , UK . 1946 Pocket gofticn ( 77ro"w rv » ) of the Davis Mountains Texas J Mamm ^ 27:265 271 2345. Dbvi* WB Carter IX \ A Paw RII 1964 Noteworthy records of Mexican and central American hats i Mamm. 45:375 387.

.

.

.

.

-

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

-

. .

.

-

.

.

.

.

- . . -

- .

.

.

.

2345«. Davis WB A Dixott , JR 1976 Activity of bat * in a small village clearing near Iquttos, Peru J Mamm. 57: 747 749. 2346 Davu WrB A Fodaasbee, LA 1945. The Mexican votcuo mouse , Neotamodon. J Mamm. 26:401-411 2347. Davis. WB A Joeri*. L 1945 Notes oa the Me history ci the little short railed shrew 1 Mamm . 26:136 1 * 8. 234*. Davu WB A laikens. PW. Ji 1958 Mammal * ui the Mexican vute of (Juomi> exclusive of Qiiruptrra and Rtdcniia

-

.

.

'

761

2345«. 2391.

.

-

-

.

J Mamm 39347- 367. 2349. Davts WB A Robertson JL Jr . 1944. The mammals of Culberson County Texas J Mamm. 25.254- 273. 2350. Davu, WB A Russell. RJ . Jr 1952 Batt of the Mexican stale of M**e!m. J Mamm 33:234 239. 2951. Davu WB A Russell RJ. Jr 1954 Mammal* of (be Mexican state o! Morelos J Mamm 35:63 80. 2351a. Davit WB A Tayk*. WP 1939 The htghun vheep i/owrw Liuurus puuna Moojea 194 Re|»oduct»on mi lnlwraioire ( Roagcuis. Cnc tid s ). Mammalia 45:415 421 2372 de Babac HI! A Verschurco. J 1968 laaectivore*. FxpdnraUon At Parc National de U Garomba 54:1 - 50 2373 de Basay . JM . 1951. Note* on the female urogenital system uf Tompe.i s/ vrurriie ( Marsupulia ) Pop Proc R Soc Tax 85:143 150. r 2374 . dc Bonilla . D A Raxweiler JJ . I\ 1974 Breeding activity . prcimplaatalKin deveUpnient. and oviduct hutokigy of the short 9 ;385- 4(*4 toiled fruit bat . Gtmilm ut capitivy Anal Rec 2375 dc Carvalho (T 196» Com( iarative growth rates of hand reared big cau Int Zoo Yenib, 8:56 59. 2376 dr Coursey GF , Jr 1957 , Identifu^ non . ecology and reproduction of Wirrotiti in Ohio. ) Mamm *8:44 52 2377 de Cronihrugghc SA 196 1 Uitcrvuchuagea uber die Keprndtiktioa drs Roiwildes in den NicderUnden. Z Jagdwiss 1091 101 2378. de Faocaux VIA 197* !** cyde* annuels de reproduction chez le* Chinpt res cavcmicoles du Tliaba fS E Zaire ) et du Rwanda Mammalia. 42 454-490 2378« de Gayner EJ A Jordan. PA. 1987. Skewed fetal sex ratios in white tailed deer. Evidence and evolutionary speculations Biology and .Management of the Ccrvidac 17 X 1 X8. ' Wemmer. CM ed. Smithsonian Imt Press. WaslungtotL IX. 2379. de GraafT G 1972 On the mole-rat hottentotus damimutr) ( Roieaiiii in the Kaldiin Grnisb"k National P*k Koediw 15:25 35. 2380. ik Graiift . G. 1973. lhe rodent* of South Afncn 4 Dassie tats iPetnnma typtctu ) Custo*. 2:23 26 2381. de Onnff ( i 1974 lhe rodent* of South Africa 11 The Sivith Afilean pygmy gerbil lierbiltunn fhtcfht Cuxto*. 3:17 21 2382 de Graatf . C3. 1975. The red hartebeest. Curtt*. 4 * 7 41. 2383. de Graaff G. 1978. Notes on the anothern black tailed tree rat TkafUnnys paedufus ( Sundevall. 1846) and IL* occurrence in the Kalahari GrtwhA NalK*nal Park Koedoe. 21:181*190 2*84. de Graaff , G. 1979. Aordvarks. hedgehoga and porcupine* Fauna ( Turn *5 8 11 2385. de Juuge, G A Krtcl NAJ 1981 An analy' i * of ugxilitury behaviour of Micmtus ugrritix and M nnu / u in relaUon to rejxoducttve twAaiion Behaviour 78: 227 2'9 2386. de Kixk LL I‘>66 Breeding Icmnung * lemmut f < e exhibition. Im Zo» » Yearb. 6:l 6 t 16s 2387. ile la Banera JM 19 9 Contribution al conocremenlo de la pe»te selvftica en la Argentina caracterex ik l brute de Mendou en 1937 Rev Ittu Bacteriologies* Buenos Aires 8 423 454 2388. de la Barrera , JM 1940 Faiudiiw xrbre pe »te advfuca en Mendo /a. Rev Inst BarteridOfH», Bueno* Aire*. 9 565 586 2.389. de la Ma / a LM A Sawyer. JR 1976 lhe G and (3 handing pattern of Ellokiut itfaww a unique case of sex determination in mnmmals Can J Genet Cytol 18:497 - 502 2390 le la 1 0 ' I 1954 Bats from M > U: hem Tainaulip u , Mexico J Mamm *5:113- 116 2391. de lange D 19 * * Ha/entaibsldung liandtiuch der Verglek henden Anaionue der Wulwllicre 6: 15 2 * 4

-

.

.

..

.

.

. .

. *

^ ^

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

^

.

-

-

.

.

r

-

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

.

*

-

-

.

-

-

-

. -

.

-

. .

'

.

23*2 2437.

762 23*2. de I aage

I 1937/3« Some remarks an the c« ly development of Ctenodoctxbu gtmdi Pall Arch NeertamJ laoi 3fSuppl > 131 147, 23 3. dc Lange . 1) 1949. Comtnunuatioii on the attachment and I he early development of Mat rcyttebdn ( uMcfdtantulus ) rozeu , Ihiv , the north African jumping shrew , Bi/dr Dseikd. 28:255 285 23*4. de laogc I ). Ji 1919. Contribution lo tV knowledge id the placentMinn of the Cepe gold molo (Chntachlons ). Ri|dr Dscrkd 21:161 173 23*5. de Lange 1), Jr 1*26. tjuclqucs remargues vur la placeniation de ' Bradypus' CR Assoc AIWL 21.321 333. 239ft. de Lange. I ). Jr 1930 la! placenta de * f deniis. (!R A« )

*

-

-

.

-

. 1931. Die Placenta dcr Edcntaten. V« h

-

Anar. 25.189 199. 23*7. de Luge . D. Jr Aiut ties Aaai Am: 7l < Suppl 1:234 2 V» 23*«. de langc . D. Jr 1934 , Bcohnthtitagen no|*ucrperalcn and ichwangeion Uuri on Cfenadtur\lut gmtuii 7 Miki Anal ' f '(Tsd) 36488 496 2.3*9. de lange I ). Jr 1 38 . Larly developmental stages of CtetUMioctylus Bionsurphasis. 1:320- 321 2400. de Master. L)P. 1979. Weddell seal Mummals tn the Seas. LAO Pish Se* 5. 2:110 134 2401. de Mix*r. PI* 1969. Seasonal variation in local distribution age davie* anti population density of the geitotl Totero bruntu oo ilv South African highvcld. I Zod . 157:399 411 2402. de Pa / O 1985 Contribution a! estudio cco ctbologico de lr« qinr Sptents cavermcolas de ’La Cankja". Ahanades , Guadalajara Bol Fatac Cent EcoL 14:77 87 24U3. dc Pa /. O. 1986. Ace estimation and postnatal growth of llte greutrr mouse hat Myotis my Us t U« rkhausen 17 7 ) m

-

*

.

-

.

-

.

-

-

.-

.

. *

Ciuadalaiara. Spam Mammalia 50:243- 251 2404. de Po» dcr M A van del Loe W , 1981 Kcpd on the breeding and behavior of the volcano luhbit at the Antwerp 7*xs Pwc W »ald Lagon**ph Conf Cmv Guelph ONT, Canada 19W315A 972 2494a. de Return. L 1988 Notes sur quelque* manurafiire* du Baluchistan uamen Rev Suisse Tool 95: 595 606 2405. de Rosy DC van AJpfu n , MM A A vim de Knnt, JMC 1986. Duran A ol the cycle ol the seminiferous epithelium and its stages in the itiesus monkey tSiacaea muLithi ) Biol Reprod 35.3 7 391. 2406. dc Silva , GS 1971. Note* on the orang utan rchabtbuuaoti project in Sahuh Malay Nat J 24:50 77. 2407. de Silva , GS 1972, The birth of an orang - utan Awge pygimseus M Sepdok, Game Reserve Ini Zoo Yrarh 12:104-1(15. 240«. de Vertetnl, RL A I nch. FW . 1936. live study and ouotud of paralytic rabies transmitted by hai » in lnnidad. British West Indies Tuiu R SOC Prop Med llyg. 29: 317- 347 24< »*. dc VilUfane . G. 19 1 Reproduction y oecimteto dc ALHIIWI tt&init aztinw (Fincher, 1*291 Hisuvia Natural . 1:193 204 2410. de Villafanc G. 1981 Rcproduccion v crecimiento de Ca!nm\s mtamlmui munUur (Thmu, 1916), Hictona Natural 1 :237- 256. 2411. dc VilUer [)J 1986. Infanticide in the tree squirrel. Panuetm cepttf* S Air J Tool. 21:1*3- 184 2412 de Vinicr* DJ Skinner. JD. A Hall- Martin. AJ. 1989. Circulating progesterone coocntmtioax and ovan on functional anatomy in the African elephant ( h> u*Umta afmanaY 1 Rcpmd Fen 86 195- 201 2413. lx Vat , A A Dowse®, RJ . 1966, The huhaviour 4 nd population structure of three species of the genus Kahn Mammalia. 30:30 55

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

*

-

*.

-

.

-

. . .

.

.

-

-

-

.

.

2414. de Vaa

A A Gillcxpre DI I 960. A study of woodchuck* an an Ontario fsrm Can Field Nal 74:1 0 145 2415. Deacon. JF. Bradley . WG A lartcn. KM 1964 I.Loloeical distribution ol mammals of Clanc Canyon QUMUOI

.

-

.

'- -

.

.

MOUNTAINS , Nevada J MHIIUII. 45:397-409. 241ft. Dean, G 19Wt . Birth of a p> »lnr beat cub at Auckland / oo Ini Zoo Ycarb 2:95. 2417. Deaneslcy R 1934 The reproductive proce.iscs of certain mammal* VI The reproductive cycle of the female hedgehog , Phil Inins R Soc London Biol Sci 223: 239-276. 2418. Deancsley. R 1935. The reproductive processes of certain mammal* IX Gr * wth and reproduction in the stoat ( Mmslek ermmea ). Pful Trans R Soc l /Mukxi BMII .Set. 225:459 492. 241*. Deafle.dcy R 1938 lhe reproductive cycle of the golden hamster < Crt rtu » mnutis ) fYoc Zooi Sot London . I 08A 3 I 37 24211 Deancslry R 1*39. Observations on pregnancy in the common hnt ( Ptpistrellui papistreHut ). Proc 7i*4 Soc London 109AS7 60 2421 Deaneslcy R 1943. Delayed imjiUntatKin in the *t «u (Musleia niUstela ) Nature. I .51 365- 366 2422. Deaneslcy R l ‘X44 lhe reproductive cycle cf the female weasel ( Mustek ntmi/ s ) hoc Tool Soc Dutdoo. 114:339 34*. 2423. Deanctley. R 1966. Olvwrvationa u rc|v < ulu4tn « n m the nude Tolfnt ntropont Sytnp Tool Six L ndon . 15 : 387.402 2424. Deaneslcy R 1967. FxpcnmcMaJ < 4>seivatu *ax on the ferret corpus lutetun of pregnamry I Repeal Fexl . 13:183 185 2425. Deanniey R A Parke*. AS 1933 IV effect of hysterectomy on the ocmcus cycle of the fenet J Phyxiol London . 78:80- 84. 2426. Deaneslcy. R A Parkes. AS. 1933. lhe reproductive processes of certain mammals IV TV oestrum cycle of the grey tquirtel Snnnu canJirtnisu . Phil I ran * R Soc Londun Bid Sci . 222:47 7* 2427 Deannc NN . 1962 The sported hyaena. Crtn uta rmewaa croruut . Iamnk'rgcyer 2( 21:26 44 242«. Dechamma . PA A GopaLDnlt NH 1*80 The testicular and cptdtdymal changes in the soft -funed field rat MiUardia mclithiii llirayl in relation lo some environmental factors. Proc Indian Acad So < Amm Sci ). 89:303 3101 242*. Defier TR. 1979. On the ecnbwy and hchavtot of Cebus atbafroHs in eastern Columbia I Ecology. Primates 20: 475 490. 24.30. Del tees. SL A W |M *I DI 1*88 Ettklam hfhtwm Manun Specie* 312:1 5 2431. Degen. A A. Elia*. I A Kam , M 1987. A preliminary

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.-

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

,

-

.

.

.

.

reprat on the energy intake and growth rate of early weaned camel {Camelu.x dramrtitmus ) calves Anim Prod 45:301 306 2432. Degen. AA A Lee. DG. 1982. IV male genual tract of the dromedary ( orie - humpcd ) camrl ( Cameluj dromecknia >: Gross and m*cnwccp*c anatomy. Zb Veiemuimed 11:267 282. 243.3 DegeiUd M 1943. Pairing and |\uriiig Fight* of the hedgehog ( lirvkh fia ruropmeut Ft , Vid Med Damk Naiurhiu It* 106:427 430. 2434. Degcrbsd , M A MoW llanven 1 194 V Remarks tut the breeding condition '; and nioolimg ol the collared lemming ( Diermtomyxy Meddeldsn o«n GrdnlatxL 131:1 84. 2435. Degn HJ 1973. Systematic position, age criteria and reproduction of Daiudt red squineb ( Sctorus vulgans L) Danish Rev Game Baol. 8 (2 ):1 24 2436. Dchncl . A 1949. Sludic * on the genu* Sortu 1. Ann Univ Manae Curie Sldodow.vka Sect C 4 17 102. 2437 ( lehnel . A 1952 IV biology of breeding of the common * * hrew . V onvu ui I in lahorat cy condition * Ann l niv Marine Cune Sklodowska Sact C. 6:359 377.

-

.

-

.

-

.

-

. .

.

-

.

-

-

--

763

243«. 247*.

.

2457». Delhon. GA A

243«. Dehoo. G , Cresptx FA . A Pagnooi . G 1987. Stranding of a specimen of Gray's beaked whale at fhmto Piramide * ( ( huf >uL Argcnlina ) and iu gonadal appraisal Sci Rep Whale* Res Inst

* 107. - 115.

3

243* FfcKeyscr . PL 195 Vs Momimftrcs de 1‘Afnque Notre I rantraise. IF AN. Dakar 244». Dckker. D- 1968. Breeding IV Cape hunting dog Lx onn ptclia at Amsterdam Zoo. Int Z**.» Yeartv 8:27 30 2441. Dekker . D 1*83 Denning and foraging habit* n ami age estimation in the white checked gibbon HyMuuet cvncvlor Uucogenys: Anatomical and behavioural feature* Ini /.on Yeartv 21:117 193 2490. Derennc . P. 1976. Notes *ur biologic du Out haret dc Kerguelen Mammalia 4> t 531 595 2491. Drrennt P 4 Mou« n Jl 1976 Doonees hmlojpqua sur l « * Mamnuferes uHroduitx de I * lie aux Cndma*-, Archijvl CttXGet ( 46 06’S 50*14' tk Mammalia 40:49 53 2492. Derwkvm. LM IW8 Pattern* of post natal growth in a laboratory colony of Pertutyscus teucof ' u J Mamin 69.57 66. 2493. Derling. Tl . A Cranford , JA 19 X9, Influence « »t phot KruMi on |« MI natal growth, sexual development nod rrprtxliktino in a *cmifiM «ori» l microhm* , Mtcmtus ptneumum Can 1 Tool 675) 37 941 2494. Desai JH 1975 Observations on the repreductive biology and early postnatal development of the pamlier. FanAera panims L in captivity I Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 72:293 304. 2495. Desai. JH 1985 The bon-tailed macaque: Captive pcopngation and management at Delhi Ztmlogical Park live lion Tailed Macaque : Status and Conservation 293 295, lliltne. Hi ed Alan R Liu. Inc New York. 2496 Dun JH , Koshy, M A Nainaii. T 1986 Nine on the breeding of the Indian wolf ( Cams /a/ mi p,ilhprs al the National Zoological Park New Delhi J Bombay Nat Hsfl Soc 83:193 194 . 2497. thrsai JH A Malhmra AK 1976 A note on the captive status of the I ion tailed macaque Macaco ulenus in India and its breeding at Delhi Zoo. lnt Zoo Yearb. 16:116 117. 2498. DrsaaUmm DM. Goff . AK. Bettetidge. KJ. et al . 1989. Repo dudive hormone concentrations in faeces during the virus cycle and prrguancy in cattle ( Has taunt* ) and muskoxen iOvfbaa mau tuitus ), Can J Zool 67:1148 1154. 2499 DexMetdex PA Simard Ft , 1970 , Date* of calving in northern Qoclsrc Caribou ( Rongifer hmsniu y ) Naturalisie fan 97:61 66 25t 8). Desy, FA & Dnedter. ID 1979. The rsueus cycle of the plain* pocket gopher* Grs o/emk J Mamm 68:4*) 57. 2533 Dewsbury . DA A Jansen . PL. 1972. Copulaurv hehavim of southern grasshopper mice ( Onychamvs tnrrulus ) J Mamm 53 267 27 . 2534 Dewsbury , DA A Lamer DL 1976. Effects of variation* in copulatory behavior on pregnancy in two species ol Peromyscus . Physiol Behav . 174> 21 924. 2535. Dewsbury DA A Lovecky DV . 1974. CopmlMory behavior of old - field mice ( Peromyscus pohomtm ) from different natural populations Behav Genetic.*. 4:347- 355 2536. Dewsbury . DA A Pierce. JD Jt . I 9W. Copulatory pattern* ol primates as viewed m broad tnammalaan petspecUve Am I Prrmaud. 17I5 I- 72. 2537 Dhurart RC A Rama Rao. KV . 1984. Longevity of u«ne nucrocfurnpteron bats in captivity . Indian J Zod. 12( 2 ) 44 46 253*. Dhungel. SK A Edge WD 1985 Mott* oo the natural ) hisaory of Pansdpxurms hermaphrihiitus Mammalia. 4' M 2 ViJ 2539 di Salvo. AP Palmee J. A Ajrllo. I 1969 Muhipk pregnancy in Ta/Utritla bnaihrmes eytuvrpluiki J Mtunrn 50:152 2540. Diakow C A Dcwxbury . DA 1978 A compMiitive description of the mating behaviour of female rodents Anim

-

.

. *

.

.-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

1

.

.

Behav 26 1091-1097. 2541. Diamond, U , Aksel S. Harehoo JM ct al 1914 Seasonal changes of serum concentrations **f cvttadiol and progesterone in Bolivian squirrel monkey* (Srtimin 4dMM>) Am J Pnmatol 6 103- 113, 2542- Dunucmd IJ Akacl. S I la/ chon JM. et al 198 Soruni oestrndiei profmwerome dbonoiuc gonadauophin ami ptolacnn nkey cum - niiad * ns Jiifitig pregnancy in Use Ildiviaii < piur I m* 3 ( Satumrt tctmremitX J Reprod Fen 80 473 « I 2543. Diamond. JM 1912. Big bang leirodurticni and aging in male marsupial trace Murnlii Nature 298 115 116. 2544. Due- CR. 1919. llw mammals « 4 ' uthea tern W ashington, J Mamm, 1 :10 22 2545. Dice LR . 1921. N «*e* on the mammals of interim Alaska J Mamm 2-2028

.

. . - .

L

.

. .

.

2546. Ihce I .R . 1922 Note* on a few mammal * at Missoula Montana 1917- 1918 I Mamm 3 262- 263 2547. Dice UC 1923. Sues on some mammal * of Riley county Kansas J Mamm. 4 :107- 112 254*. Dice. I.R . 1925. A survey of the mammals of Charlevoix

.

.

County, Michigan and vicinity. Occa* Pap Mus Zool Umv Ml . 159:1-33 2549. Dice. I .R- 1925 , Ihe mammals of Mortal* Island Grand Transverse County , Michigan Occas Pap Mus /and l niv Ml . 160:1-8 2554 k Dice. LR. 1926. Notes on pacific coast rabbitv and |« kas Occas Paji Shis Zool l ' niv ML 166:1 282550». Dice I -R - 1927 Ihe Colorado pika in captivity. J Mamm. 8:228 - 231 , 25506. Dice LR 1929 An attempt to breed cottontail raMnt* in captivity. J Mamm 10.225 229. 2551. Dice. LR. 1954. Breeding of Peromyscus floeidmmt in captivity . J Mamm . 35:26tk 2552. Dickerman. RW Koufmun. KF. A Seymour . C 1981 Notes 4 Zo*4 . 20:433 445 2553. Dick nun . CR 1982- S*m*e 67, Beittag rur Furtpflati / ung und JugeadentwickJung des Indischen FJefanlea. Brpkat maximut mi Gefangemchaft mil emer Chersuhl iilier die Flefantcngeburtea in eunpasschen Zow und Zwkuxsen Zool Ciarten NF. 34 :56-92. 2598. Dittnch L 1967. Breeding Kirk's dsk dsk Miuioyua ktrit ihornau at Hanover Zoo lot Zoo Yearb. 7:171 173. 2599. Dittnch L. 1967. Breeding the black rhinoceros Lhccros hue AIM at Hanover Zoo Int Zoo Yearb. 7:161- 162. 26(8). Dittnch L. I 96K Keeping and breeding ga /elleA al Hanover Zoo. Ini Zsxi YearK 8139 14 « 2601 Dittrich L. 1969. Birth weights and weight increases of African antelopes Kva at Hanover Too lot Zoo Ycvh 9 1 IH 2Q 2601 Dittrich , L, 1969. Breeding the roan antelope Hifftnr tfiiu rqutmis at Hanover Zoo. Int Zoo Yearb 9:116 2603. Dittrich . L. 1970. Beitrag zur Focipllan /ungxlvoingie afrikaniscfiet Antikpen in ZuolocisiJicn ( iaxten . Zool Garten NF 39:1640 2604. DiltruJi l 1971 iietrfwchtuagea zur JugcndcntwKkfuag one* llreilm iulnavlKvn.s (GmVtri/ nimi » ii> nvm ) im Zoo Hannover Fr Kolarr Zoo 14:73 81 2605. rXttrich, L 1972 . Beofvichlungea hei der Halrung voa Cr/Viw/ nphia Artea sowie i\m Ffwlpflnnzuag und JugessdeniwK-klung voa (’ donahs und C rufilatut ia ( krfaageiuchafL Zool Garten NF- 42:1 16.

.

(

.

.

-

.

-

.

^

- .

.

.

.

- .

. .

_

.

-

-

-

. ‘

. . .

.

.

. .

-

.

.

.

.

._ .

.

.

.

.

-

*

767

2606. 2647. 2606. Dittnch. L 1972 . Ostation pcrvxls and age at sexual maturity of some Africa antelopes. Int Too Yearb 12 184 - 187 2607. Dittrich I 1974 Fzfahmngen Ne det lialiuag und Zucht de* Gahelhockes ( Aolilorapra nmrnrarutl Zool Garten NF

- .

44:216 234

260*. Dittnch . L 1974 Pirntpnrtum concepttoa in Afncan antelope. Int Zoo Yearb 14 181 - 182 2609. Dittnch . L. 1976 Age of sexual maturity in the hippnpcaamiu / /i/'p p fowin amphibais Int Zoo Yearb 16:171 173. 2610. Ditoich . L 1979. Jugendcnrwicklung. Geschiechtsreife und Wechsel der Fafbuog dex Haarklcides bcim Schnpfgibbon ( HyMmtn concotor UucnKmys\ Rijdr Dterkd 49 247 - 254 2611. Dittnch I. A Eansiedd IV 1961 Bemerkungea znr 1 letpflan / ung und JugcndcntWKklung des Braunbarm iVnut arrow 1.) nn l .iepzsger 7on Zool Gonen NF 25 250- 269 2611 Dionch . L A Krtvsherger H. 1963 Bioiogivch - aaatomitche Untersuchungea uber die Fivtpflanmnvxbiologie des Braunbaren (Umu arrtos L ) und andercr Trsiden in Gefangcaschnft 7 Saugctierk 28 130 155 2613 Dixit VP A lain. HC 1978 Fffects of chromcally administered quinacnne hydros hkeide oa the histology and bmchemictry of intact, os oriectonu /ed and estrogen treated female genual uact of gerbil Mrnonrs hurruauie Jerdoa Indian J F. xpBsol 16 84-986 2614 Dixit . VP, Sharnu OP , A- Agrawal M 1977. The effects of light dcpnvatinofelindnras c* testicular function of gerhil ( Mrnnnn hurnctuie |srr ) Jerdon ) tndoknnofogie. 70: 13 18. 2615. Dixon J 1919. Noses on the natural history of the htnhy - tailed wood rats in California Uoiv CA Publ / xxA 21 49-74 2616. Dixon J 1922 Rodent * find redamain* in the Imperial Valley . J Msmm. 3:136 146. 2617. Ihxna . J 1924 Notes on the life history of the gray shrew

.

-

-

.

.

.

-

.

^

.

-

.

2618. Dixon. JS. 1934. A study

J Mamm 5:1 6.

habit* of nude deer

ia

life history and food California CA Fish ( iame. 20:181 2*2: tw the .

315- 345 2619. Dixson . AF 1976. Effects of

leskunerooc on the stetiul glands and genitalia if the male greater galago UialaRo cram, amdarus crassuambitus }. Folia Prunatof 26:207 213 * fays mrmuual 2620. Dixson. AF 1977. (Jbservatitws on the di| cydes and *exual bduvnaw af the Black ape" id Celebes ( Mantra /wgm ) I Zool. 182.6 « 84 . 2621. DIXMMI AF 1982. Some observations on the reproductive physiology and behaviour of the owl monkey Aoiai irtvirgatul in captivity . Int Ztx> Yearb. 22:115 118. }. 2622. Dixson . AF . 198.3. The owl monkey (Afrtu tnvnpuus Reproduction in New Wtvkl himatcs. 69 11 3 Hearn , f ed MTP Dess lid. lamcaster EogUfld 2623 Dinvon . AF. 1946 Doceplive duplays < 4 tlv lenvile of ovariectomy ) conirmw marmoset iCedUtkrix jacchto : Effect* and oc*uad»ol 17 Ihysiof Behav. 36971 973. 2624. Dixson AF I 9K6, Plasma testosterone « «t entrain si * during postnatal development ia the imle comrivm marmoset

cutaneou *

- .

.

.

.

.

- .

.

-

^.

.

-

Fella Dittaalcl 47:166 170. 2625 Lhxwin AF . 19*7. Observations on the evolution of « genitalia ami copulatnty behavior in jvmulo * J 7« if

.

213:42 443.

'

-

2626. Dixson . AI . 1987 Hutulum length and oopulatiffy behavue in Di mates. Am J Dimald 1 51 60 2627 Dixson AF Everrlt BJ. Ilerben. J . et al 197 Hormonal rrccplivity in and other deter mount i of actual *IU active nest and

.

. .

.

.' - .

'

' thesus and tnlajssn monkey* Symp -kh Int Cong Dmuitol 19 2 2 663 262*. Dixson AF «Sr Gardner. JS 1981 Diurnal vartalioas in

'

.

plasma tesiortenme in a male nocturnal primate, the owl monkey ( AoiMt trmrgatus ) J Rqvod Fert 62:83 86 2629. Dixton AF Gardner JS A Bonocy . RC. 19*0 Puberty in the male owl monkey ( Actus tm irgatus gntrimembra ): A study of physical and horm(*al development Int J PnmatoL

.

-

. .

.

1:129- 139 2630. Dixsoo AF A George L 19*i Prolactin and parental behaviour in a male New World pnmaie. Narurt. 299:551 553. 2631. Dixton AF A Herbert . J . 1974. The effects erf tc&to$tcr *e on the sexual *kin and genitalia of the male talapoin monkey J Reprod Fert 38 217 219 2632. Dixson Al A Herbert. J . 1977 . Festoatcronc aggressive behavior and dominance rank in cajuive adult male talapom mookeys ( Mufiithccus UiLtf ^nn Physiol Behav 1* 539 543 2633 Dixson AF Herbert . J A Rudd. BT. 1971 Gonadal hornvwes and behavnsir m captive groups of talupoin monkeys (Mtopttheem tabyhvn }. J Endocrinol 57.xli . < 2634. DIXMIO . AF Kmghr J . Moore HDM et al l >« 2

-

(

-

. -

.

.

.

..

.

Observation* on sexual development in male tvanc iKam f aitfo psfpmtrut Int Zoo YearK 22:222- 227 2635 Dixson . AF A Luna . SF. 1987. Postpartum chan got in bonnuoex and sexual bfhavK »ur in captive grtNipn of ourmnrtti ( CalUthru janhusl Physiol Behav 41 :577 583 2636. Dixson. AF A van Horn. RN 1976. Diurnal variation* in plasma testosterone in male Ixnhluhtcx ( fnikrxo e crassitauJatus ) and nnutailed lemurs ( Ixtuur > iffci ) J Endocrinol. 7|99P I 0< 4» 2637 Dixson AF A s m lUen. UN 1977. Cnmpnralive stodu of murpfi 4ogy and reproduction in two vuhvjvcies of the greatet bttshbahy. Galago ermutaadtuas emtsuambitus and G c atgentalus . J / * *il 183:517 - 526. 2638 Djakicw DA Junes. RC 1981 Structural differentiation of the male genital ducts of the echidna ( Trn /rvg/oimf

’

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

arxfwh*) J Anal 132:187 202 2639. D)aluew. I) A Jone *. RC 1982 SremrfogKal analysis cy i > f the female reproductive systrni of the cumpena heaver . Acta Thenol

2199125

.

-

; 2647 Ikrfsos / ymka, T A Zurowski 3V 1977 Vagina! * tTk. ir * during a sexual cycle id the beaver Acta IVrurf 22:153 155.

-

2648 2691.

768

.

2648. Dobm / yntka. T A 7wow « ki . W. |98 l Anol vnical * » udie* of the male gciutal organa of die twopeu heaver Acta Theriot. 26: 331- 34a 2649. Doboa / yiuku. T A 2oruw.tia, W, 1983. Reproduction of the- European beaver Ada Tool Ictin 174:123-126 2650. Dobrokhotov . BP. Baranowskn. I 'St A Demidova IN. 19 X 5 Peculivitie* if habitat distribution of the sibling species SlhfotMi anaJn and W msmumtridwnalis (Rodeaba. Mrcrotinae ) and their role in natural lulorenua foci of field - meadow type Zoo! Zhurn . 64 : 269- 275 2651. Dobrcruka U . 1968 A note on the gestation jvnnd and rearing of young in the leopard Pamhrra / tardus at Prague Zoo Int Zoo Yeatb. 8 65 2652 Dobrcruka U. 1968 Breeding group rmrri pAieu tmU + tyla Linnaeus 1758. Zool Garten NF 47:312 2656. Dohctruka. IJ A Hotbowyjova . R 1972. Noiea on the ethology of the collared peccary Ihcatylrs Uipioa (Linnaeus 1766) in the Prague 7.« * ' logical Garden, Lynx H:85 94. 2657 Dohrtm- obkb A A Gronuddcn J. 1978 Relationship between haemnttfcgical parameters and progesterone Mood concentration in different stages of earous cycle in common Vole, Microtia anolit Comp Biochctn Phy.*iol .MA- 4 K 3- 4 K 5. 265H ( Xfsum . |S A Kjdgaard . JD. 1985. Die influence of fox! icsource « > n population dynamics in Coluirthan ground squirrels. * Can J Zool 63:2095 2104 265V Dobson F5 A Ki lga -ml JD 19 5 Ihe influence of food resources on life history of Columbian ground squirrels Can J Zool. 63.2105 2109 26641. IXibson . PS A Myers . P 1989. Ihe Keasnn il decline in the Intel size of meadow voles . J Mamin 70142 - 152 2661. DoKwa. I S. Zammuto. RM . A Mime JO 19 6. A * comparison of methods La studying life history m Columbian ground squinrD I Mamm 67| : 5||Jt. 2662. Dtfvion . GF |8R 2 - IH* > u A Monograph of the Inteclivora. Van Voorst , Gurney A Jack * on London 2663. Dodds IKS 1962 lone breeding m Newfoundland stiowvhoc hare . Can Field - Nat. 76:60 61 26M. Dodds . DG. 1965- Ucpr xUictioo and productivity of mowaboe hare* in Newfoundland . J * ildl Manage. 29:303 315 2665 Dodge WE. 196 ' Die hsulogy and life lusiory uf the porcupine ( EnthtZtm dorsum HI ) HI western Massachusetts, l *h D Dies. L’oiv MA, Amherst 2666. Dntdge DW . Ciuxall . JP A Rnkrtti , C |9« 4 Glowdi rales of Arctic fur seal ArrtocepMtis vizrlla|Hips a Ssailh * Georgia. J Tool. 203:87 93 2667 Dodge. DW. McCann TS A Cioxall. JP 1986 Attendance behavior of Antarctic fur seals |-ur Scab Maternal Strategies on land and at Sea. 102- 114, Gentry. RL A Kitoyman . GL. cds. Phnccton lai > Press. Dinceton 266X lx fan . J 1977 'Ihe saiga A problematic ungul it under captive conditions Breeding Dolphins Present Statu* Suggestions Be the Future, 288 293 Ridgway . SH A BenindiU K ed*. IJS Mar Mamm Comm Rep # MMT- 7M)7 NT1S No PU 273673. IS IVpi ( 'norm Nai Tech Info Serv . Arlington VA

.

. . .

.

*

.

)

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

*

-

.

.

.

. -

.

.

.

.

.

- .

..

.

.

- .

- .

.

.

.

2669. Dolan JM 1965 Breeding of the lowland anoa HuUilut d deprejucoma ( H Smnh . 1827 ) in the San Diego Zoological Garden . 7 Siugeticrk . 30:241-245 2670. IXiijin . PG A Carter. DC 1977. Glaucomas volant Stamm Specie*. 78:1 -6. 2670». Dolan PG A Carter . DC 1979- Distributional note* and record* from middle American Chnyim. J Mamm. 60644-M9. 26"* I ( Xilhecr . RA . 1973. Reproducliun m the red squirrel ( Tamiasciwmt hmlsom , ur ) m Colorado. I Mamm 54: 536 540 2672 Dolbeer. RA A Clark. WR 1975 fVipolation eexfogy of tnowshoe hare* in the central Rocky Mountain* J Wild! Manage 39:535- 549. 2673 Dobnar 7J. l .udwig. KS. A Muller. E 1963. Em werterer Beitrag na Kenntni * der Placemen der Ordnung Pemsodociyla: Fine ( iehwlsplacenta voo £fwu asmui L Acta AnaL 53:81-96. 2674 Dolnui /J Ludwig. KS A Muller E 1965. Ein werterer Beitrag Air Kenntnis der I 'l ucnten der ( Xdnung Penw^ dnciyla Zwei Gcfnrttpiacentcti dc * Induchen Pan / ernashoriu ( Rhinoceros uniconut ). Acta Anat 61 331 354. 2675 Dollar , JR . Graham. CE , A Rcye* FI. 1982 KwtovuUt xy predendual development in the IWKHM. chimpanree. and human Am J Plimatol 3:307 313. 2676 Dollnun , G |9|4 Notes on a collecUoa of F st African ^ mammal * presented to the British Museum bs Mr GP Cosens. Pnx Zool Soc l .(«don 1914:307 318 2677 Dollnun G 1930. f )n mammal * obtained by Mr Shaw Moyer in New Guuiva and presented to the llrjlivft Museum b > Mr J Spedaa Lewis F/ S Proc Zool Soc London 1930 429 435 267X Dominic CJ A Pandey, SD 1978. Pheromonal influence * on earous cycle of the Indian field mouse Mmt booduf / a Gray. Indian J txp Biol 16:1134- 1136 2679. Donat . F. 1933 Notes on the life history and behavior of Scotoma /usapes . J Mamm. 14.19 26. 26JUt. Donoaaier PA Jouvenljn. P l‘>89 The nutna. La (Anrvi )

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

- .

.

Recherche 20:754- 761 ,

.

.

2681 Dooboff C 1942 Zur Kenntni * dc* afnkanischcn Waldschweine* Hytochorns meintrtjjugeni Tbo* Z»x4 G«icn NF I 4:192 2n0 2682. Donne Tt 1924 Ihe Game Animal* of New Zealand , John Murray, London 26K3. [ Xinnrlly . BG. 1967. UbnervoiKitM on the mating behaviour of the southern right whale Eubaksetta atatraAs . S Air J Sci 63:176 181 2684. Donnelly B(i. 1969. Further F 4ia Pnmatol 1 415

.

-

.

.

. .

.

.

-

-

, 2713. Doyle. GA A Bearder. SK 1977. Ihe galagmei f

- .

.

S aith

Africa, hi mate Conservation. 1 35 Prince Rainier III of Monaco A Bourne GIL eds. Academic Press New York. 2714. Doyle GA. PcUctier A. Bdtkef, T et al 1967 Courtsh p ( iiuiing and parturition in tlie lesser Kohhaby Galago tcnegaUmit mnhoh ) under scnu natural cooditium. Folia

.

.

.

.

.

.

himalol 7.169 197. 2715. Doyle RE Shaq*. GC Irvin. WS. el al 1976

. .-

Reptoduvtive performance and fertility testing in strain 13 and Hartley guinea pigs, loib Amm Sci. 26:57 3.580, , 2716. Ungescu J . Irct. F. A Generm wt J. 1979 CbtMrifauiioa ( k U cotuuissaoce dc Afr«*/I»gist hafni de W inton. 1903 piiitiaa

.

.

s skmatu|iie. dunikes

.

>

.

hionklrunties )

Mammalia 43 7 | 81

2717. Drftaeke J . 1931 Zur Kemstn , de * Gehim* ** > n Echitbta luuleuta lit* ru ( Rflim ). Deutssh / f Nervcnheilk 117/119 103 112 2718. Dresser . RL Kramer I Reece. B et nl I 9K 2 Inductuei of ovulation and mceessful aruFiaal mtenunaiion in Persian leopard ( Pimlhfra pardux wwi iWorl Zoo Bid 1:55-57. 2719. Dresser. RL Pope CE. Kramer. L et al 1984 Nomurgical embryo recovery and successful mterspecters embryo transfer from bongo ( TrageLif +ui raryeernr) to eland Abjtracu Ann Mecung ( Tnigeiaphmt orvi ). Am Assoc Zoo Vet

-

.

.

.

1984:180. 272». Dresser RL Romn. IS . Bfowrosctieidle. CM . et al 1980 Reproductive bchaVKOir and birth of a bongo Rt**ccrcus eurocrat al the Cincinnati Zoo Int Too Yearb . 20:229-234 2721 Dmkamcr . LC 1974 A ten year summary < f reproductive , 80. data for free - ranging Macaco mulatto . F 4 ia Pnma! 4. 21 61 2722 Dricfcamer . LC 1974 Social rank , observability, aod «exual behavaxu of rhesu* monkey* ( Macaca mulatto. J Reprod Pert 37:117 120 « 2723. Dnckamer LC 1977 . Seasonal variation m bttei i/.*. body weight and sexual maturation in juvetuk female house mice t 3/ i « musCMlus ) . Lab Amm So. 11.159- 162 2724. Drickamcr . LC. 1978. Annual reproduction patterns in population* of twxi symputric s|*ecies of Peromysats . Behav Biol 23:405 4« 2725. Drickamcr. LC. 1979. Acceleration and delay if fusl evtnis in wild Mas rnutculus . J Mamin, t* ' 215 216 2726. Drictotw U*. I‘» l . Selection be age of sexual maturation in truce and the consequence be pupulntto* regulation. Behav Neural Buf . 31:82*89. 2727. Dtickamcr LC A Bcowletn J 1972 Growth i» two subspecies of Pcnmyu us maniculalut J Mamm. 53: 228 2 31 . 272*. iXickamer LC A Vesul. BM 1973 Patients of rcjeoductK* in a Wueamry cokeiy le< cmhneatu* ) with spri ial reference to IIK crjai * luteum Am J Anat . 25 117 184 273». Dtooglcever Fmtuyn. AB 1927 Nolo on the onped - 863, hamster ( Critcruhn grunts . Thsvnask China Med I 41 :859 2731 Droogleever Fiwtuyn AB 1928 Further n»we * on the striped hamster UCm rlutus grurut ) China Med I 42:524 52S 2732 Drix*gleever Fartuyn AB 1929 PrmatoJ death in the ). \n.h Bad stirjx d hamoei (Cttoetulu* grisow . M Edw 39 583 - MI6. , , 2733. Draecher JD 1973 Aspect* f reptoduet « in Mums

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

. .

.

-

-

.

. .

.

-

.

.

viUarxt fasumtt tens n/ ictnagant and lasiurut einenrn * Do* Abstr Int 3 Mi 5065 2734 iXtiwa P 1977. Beobochtungen rur Gelnut und ) naiurhihen Auf /ucht von Waldhunden ( Spcothtn venaticus in tin Gefangensciiuft Zonl Garten NF 47.109 137

.

.

-

.

770

. WaUhtind EJ« :

2571-90

2735. 277*

-

Perrode gndkiro. der Sudamc nkanitchr Rauel fur die Huadeforschung Z Khlnrr Zoo

2735 Draw*. P 1982

.

273*. Drydcn , (iL 1968. ( iruwih and development erf Suncus manna* in captivity un Guam J Mil nun 49.51 -62 2737. Drydn CJL. 1969 Rqvoductuei in V wrut munnus 1 Rrprod Pen Sup|d . 6:377 - 396 273 IHydro. CL 191$ Development anil regression of ihe ceepot lutctun of pteudopr eg nancy in Sumctu munnus Act 7«xd * lean. 173:267 - 264 . 2739. Drydcn GL A Anderson. iN . 1977. ( Karan hormone : L«.k ul died nn reproductive $ true tines of female Asian musk threw*. Science. 197:782 784. 2740 I Hydea. GL A Anderson RR . 197«. Milk composition and iLt relation to growth rate in the musk threw Suncta munnus Comp Rn*:hrm Physiol 6f »A:213 2 l 6 2741. Drydcn GL Gcbczynsb M. A Douglas EL 1974 Oxygen consumpticn by nursling and ailult musk shrews. Acta Thenol 19:453-461. 2742. Drydcn. GL A McAllister. HY 1970. Sustained fertility alter CdClj injection by a nod - scuta I mammal S uncus munnus ( litsectivura Sonddae). Bid Reprod. 3:25- 30. 2743 Drydcn. Gl. A PuceL L 1976 luvctisnre* in reproduction studies, with ent|4>asis on ovulation in American. Asian , and Eurapraa shrew * The laboratory Animal in the Study of Reprotluctio*i 6ch Sympoamm IC1 A. Thessaloniki 9- 11 July 1975 39-50. Antikatzidcs. T Enckxen. S A Spiegel. A, ed-s. 1 wchcr New York. 2744. Drydcn. GL A Ross. JM. 1971 Enhanced growth and development of ta |jve musk shrews Sumcui munnus . on an * improved diet. Growth. 35 : 311.325 2745. du Piessis. SS |968 Eadogy f bksb iMuai " dorcas phlhpu Burcticlt) on the van Rieheek Nature Reserve Pretoria, with special reference to productivity. [) Sc DIM

.

*.

.

. .

-

.

- .

.

. .

.

.

.

.-

.

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

PRETORIA Univ Pretoria 274*. du (Vista SS . 1972 Ecology of bir.ibok with special referencr to productivity W ddl Monogr. V>: l -70 2747. IXiangkhae. S 1986. Ecology and behavior of Knus hog nosed hat (Cnunnyefem th myhmysiu ). Masters Ihe.siv Mahidol Univ . Bangkok Thailand 2748. Duhry. AK . Cameron* JL Steiner RA. et al 1986. Inhibition of gonadotropin secretion in castrated male rhesus monkeys ( Monica mmlaaa ) induced by diciary restriction: Analogy with the prepuheru) hiatus of gouadotrc nn release Endocrinology . 118:518- 525 2749. Dubey. AK A Plant TM. 1985. Testosterone adnuiuiUiUion u» ovariectomi/cd female rhesus monkeys iMtuaca mnUMtn ) reduces the tioqociiiy c4 pulsatile luleuuzing hormone secretion Biol Reprod 32 1109- 1115 2150. Du bock AC. 1979. Male grey squirrel iScturus tarolentit ) reproductive cycles in Britnm J Tool . IKK 41 - 51 2751 LXihui.s F.. 1924. Over de hcrsenhoeveelheid van gespectaliseerde /oogdicrgesLachten Vcrrl Grwone Vcrg Wn Naluurk Aid Koo Akad Wctcnw.ii 33:319.326 2752. Dutxwt. G. 1964. Un Muiide athnricoic du Gabon. Ihndromui /tumilio Wagner, pcntcueui d un cinquieme ortcil uppHable . Biol Gabon. 1:117« 190 275X Dubusi , Ci 1965. (Juclquex rcnscignrnscntv biidogique* sur Potamogale veiiKK . |iigilby , dans le

.

-

fcrestier du Nurd Fat du Gabon Cycle* Gfniioux Saivonmen de Mammiftres Sausages 51-61 Canivrnc . R ed Masson et Oe Pari*. 275*. Dubost. G. 1975. I c eomporiemeni du Chevrntain africain Hyemosthus aquatic us Oglby ( Artiudactyia . Kununanlia ). Z Twrpsychol 37:403 501 2757 Dubust . ( i 1978 Un ajieryu sur I'ecoiogie du Chevratatn africain Hu tn ru has acfmiituns. Artiv L 19X 1. ( 'amelids Bibliography Pregnancy duiitfNin in camel . Kotirvodttvo pkwloocvhemyj Runnyi Sport * No 10 29 Arab Cli Stud Arid /one* Dry|jind. Dama ai«. * 2 X44. 1 »dir WK 1939, A Contribution to the biology < 9 Panmatnpt brenen , J Mamni 20 150 173 2X45. Ladie. WR . 1947 Homologies of the male accessory reproductive glands in Sores and Marina. Anal Rec 98: 347 - 359

-

.

. .

.

.

.

-

.

2X44 Eadic, WR 1947 The mtutry reproductive glands of Pnrasealofn with note* on homologies Aiuit Rec 97:239 251 2 X 47. Eadie , WR 1948 Cirpoin amyiarea in the prasmic icaetioa and experiment* cm the formation of a copulaior > plug in some insectmee.s Anal Rec 102:259 271 2X4X. Eadie. WR 1948. The male accessory reproductive glands of CtmJytuni with notes on a unique prostate secretion. ABat Rec 101 59- 79. 2X49 Eadie , WR. 1951. A comparative study of the male accessory genital gland * of Neununrhus I Stamm . 32.36- 43, 2X50. Ladie. WR |96243 Grassland studio of small mammals The Ccrttcfl Plantation* 18 f »5-66 2X51. Eadie, WR A Hamilton, WJ . Jr 1956. Notes on re|iroduction ta the stJtf - no«ed mole i Manila 37:223- 231. 2X51 Eadie. WR A Hamilton, Wl. Jr . 1958. Reproduction in the fisher la New York NY FI Game J. 5:77-83. 2X53 Lad*. RB Wurman JS A Mot/ie* 0C 1957. Observations comet mng the Mexican free Uukd Kit. Ttsdanda metsenna, in Texa*. TX J Sa. 9:227 242 2X54. Eagkn Rll A Rmknff KI. 1978 Die hsrih and early development of a captive sifaka. Proptthectu verrtiutxi coquereti . Folia Pnmatol 30:206- 219. 2X55. Eagkn RH A Simon* EL. 1980. Notes on the Needing biology of thick tailed and silvery galago* in captivity. J Minim. 61:534 537 2X56. Kales NR . 1925 . Externul character *. skin and temporal gland of a foetal African elephant . ftoe Zool Soc London. 1925:445 456 2X57 Ealey EHM 1963 The rcriogical significance of deUyed impLaiiiaiH*a in a population of the Nil kangaroo ( Morrvpus mburtut ). Delayed Implantation 33 47 Endcrs, AC ed l> niv Oucago Ptest. Chicago. 2X5X. Ealey . EHM 1964 . L' Buro, on Kangourou des Catline * Maeropus robuttus. dan * k Nord-Oucst de I’ Australic. Terre Vie. 111:3 19 2X59 Ealey. EHM 1967. Ecology of the euro iMacropus robuxtus Gould) in northwest Australia IV Age and growth CSffiO W UI Res 1267 ») 2X6». Earl, Z 1977 Lemak Stu-rostomus campettris (Rodentia Mundae) carrying yosing in cheek pouches J Mamin 58: 242-243. 2X61. Earl. /.. 1978. Postnatal development of Saccostomm rampe.uns African Small .Mammal Newsletter. 2:10 12. 2X61 East . K A Lock* JD 1964 . Observations on a family of weasel* ( Musttki nnaln > Ned in captivity Proc Zool Soc londro 143:359 363 2X63. East. K A Lockie, JD. 1965. Further ohaervalianv on weasels i Musieta mvaJis ) and stoats ( Muslela e mattea ) born in captivity. J Zool. 147: 234-238. 2X63«. i -asterlo DA. 1968. Terrestrial home sHe of gulden mnute Am Mid Nat. 79:246247. 2X64 I :aster 1«. DA. I 'kiX Paiuntion of Keen' s myotis in MXithweviern Mixsoun J Mamin. 49:770 2 X 64 « . Fasirrla. DA . 1970 Fait record of the pocketed free tailed bar fur C whuila Mexico and additional Team record TX * J Sc*. 2292-93. 2X65. l aslerU, DA- I97| Notes on young and adults of the spotted bat Emierma mocularmm J Mmm 52:475 2X65«. Lasteda DA. 1971 Statu* of Isptonycteru ntvalu (PhyBortomatnlae ) m Big Bend National Park. Texas. Southwest Nat 17:287 292 2X65h. lavictla DA. 1973 Additional recurd of the pockeled free- tailed bat for New Mexico TX J Sri 24 :543

-

-

.

.

.

.*.

.

- .

.

.

.

- ..

. - .

- .

. .

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

773

2866 2914.

2X66. Fasuvla. DA 1976 Notes on the second and third newborn of the spoiled hat , Eudermn mnculMum and commenu on the species in Texas . Am Mid Nat 96 499 SOI 2X67 Eaxterla , DA A Watkins. I .C 1969 Pregnant Myotis sotiabs in northwestern Missouri. J Marnm. 50:372- 373, 2X6X. Fasterla DA A Watkins. LG 1970 Breeding c# / iiwofiw fern norfitngtvn and Nwticnut humerahs in southwestern Iowa Am Mid Nat *4 : 254- 255 2X69 Eastman . SAK . Makawm . DW Cdlin* . Wp. rt ol 1 »«4 Pattern dae m ( Ki. The Ecology of ArNireal Folivore* 315- 27. Montgomery ed , Snutkvman Imt Prc** Washington. DC Probkim 2XX5 Fhrrtiardt . L Peterle TJ . A SchoOeld. R 1963 Mon«>gt 10 1 51. in a robbrt population study. Wildl dyiunnc* 2X86 Fhrrtiardt IX A Sintff . DU. 1977 Ik vulalKHi Ud Can and marine mammal management policies J Fish Res 34:183-190. of 2X87 Elicrtiardt RL A Norris. KS 1964 Otntervation* J newNvn Pacific gray wholes on Mexican calving ground * M «mm 45:88-95. ol 1980 Some 2XX8. ENrrhart . JA. Herbert J Kcverne , EB. cl Endocrinology hormonal aspects of primate »ooal behavir*.

- .

.

.

-

.

-

.

-

>

.

. . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

. .

.

.

'

.

.

^

.

.

-

.

..

.

19») 622-625. Cumming , !A. Funder . JW. A MendeUcdtn. PAD cdt . AiM Acad Sc* Canberra. 28X9. Fhrrhart JA. Kevxrne . EB. A Millet RE 1990 Social influences on pU*ma testosterone levels in male ulapom monkey* Harm Bchav , 14:247- 2^6 2X90. Eerie*. TR A Shackktoo DM 1979. Recent recced* of ! Manage J twinning in North American mountain sheep. Wild

.

.

.

-

43 974-976 2X91. Ecke. DH . 1955. The reproductive cycle of the Meant * cottontail in Illinot*. Am Mid Nat 53:294- 311 2892. Eckhardt . RB. 1975. The relative body weights of Bornean and Sumatran orangutan*. Am J Ihys Anthrop 42: 349 350 2X93. Eckstein . P 1950. The induction of pr esterotte withdrawal bleeding in spayed thesu* monkeys J Endocrinol .

- .

^.

6405 411

.

.

2X94. Eddy. CA Garcia. RG. Kraemer. DC et al 1975 fktailed ( Marara time course of ovum transport in die rhesus monkey muUuto • Bml Reprod 13:363 369 2X95. Ed*ly . CA. Shenken. RS . A Pauerstem . CJ . 1986 Pregnancy rate in time - mated , spontaneously cyclic ihctu * monkey * Mikiua mulatto. J Reprod Pert. 78 705 710, 2X 96. Edge 1 R . 1931. Seasonal activity and growth in th Ikiuglai ground *qu »rtd J Minim 12 194 200. ’ 2X97. I Jnnind Blau* I 1955 Note sur l 6p* life history of the canyon mouse J Mamm 45 87-396 2911 Egoveue II ) 1970 A Inborafcry colony of the Polynesian rat. Rattus mdmi J Mamm 51 261 26/ 2912 Egoscnv HJ 1972 Breeding the k ng tailed p «*ched rot . II f t HIM htiuiei . in oiptivity J Mamm 53 296 OZ 2913 Egoscue. HJ 1979 Vufpes relax Mamm Species 122:1 -5 29|4. EMet * K 1957 Cbcr die Seefevrin ( Fumctapsas califaerikutu*) ’Inge" der Tiergrotten Brem» rhaven . Zool Garten NF. 23:189 194

.

.

-

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

. .

. . .

-

.

-

' -"

..

.

'

.

'

.

-

-

774

2*15.- 29*1.

2*15. Fhier*. K 1966

Oher rmct

(Cystapkivet craUJiu Erxl ) / I Caxtcn NE 421 14 .

...

.

.

.

.

in

-

weitcre Kldcpnui/c # den Tiergronen Brcmerhavrn'

291* Elder* K 1979. Cher die unlvtiicdigeiHk Zuchi von Fi 'lwrn < Thakirrtos tnaniimut Phipps 1774 » m Zoologist.hen (im Zool Garten NF 49:44 51 2917 Elm II Wimdarf II A IwnKigd E 1974 Postnatal 1Irtwicilnng von Me nonet imgmrultrnn ( Milne Edwards , 1 H67| vom Zcitpunkt der Geburt bis mm Afcneucn dcr Jungtierc int Alter von 90 I 'agcn. Z Siiugeuerk 39:41 291#. Ehrlich. S 145# , lhe biology of the nutria Ramidgeh Bull Fob (hit Urael. KX 2 >:3643. 2919 I hr Itch. S 1966 Ecological aspects c4 reproduction in nutria MUH tutor rvypue Mol. Mammalia- 40.142- 152. 292» » Fihstov. JM. |976. Natural life span in Pkoca CMptca. Zool Zhuni 95:1493 1896 2921 Fiben B Schnrla. S. Fischer K. el al 1914 SOMOMI variation serum 1,25 dihydorxy vitamin I ), and alkaline phosphatase in relation to artier formation in llae fallow deer iDama ihimai. Acta Endocrinol 107:141 - 144 2922 EiM Elfcsfekfc I. 1984. The Galapagos seals Fart 1 Natural history of live ( ralapngua sea lion Tabphms atiifomuams vroAeboeh Silvemea. Key Evmmmerts: Galapagos 207 214. Perry R ed , Pergainoa (Oxford. I K 2923 F.ibl FiKrtfeldi. I. 1951. Rodnishiungea zur Fonpflaiurungabiologio und Jiigendentwicklung Jes Fichhnmcfaens ( Scotnu vulgans Lk 7 Tier|» ycho|. 8:970- 400 2924. I ibf l:ibesfeldt. 1 jy 55. Fiiuge Bcmcrkutifen fiber den GalapagosSeclowen /alnphui MOLLCBTIFTS . Si vert sen. 1953 Naugeoerk Mitt 9:102 109. 2925. Eimrr . Dti initial. 1879 I'bcr die Eixtpflonning der

. . .

..-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

. . .

.

-

.

-

.

Flcdermaute. Zool An*. 2:425-426. 292*. Finar «e« AS. 1956 Life < 4 the mule door The |)ccr of North America 469 3901 Taylor . Wl\ ed. Wildl Management Inst Washington IX' 2927. Fisenbcrg . JF 1964 The behavior reproductive stages Gen Comp Endocrinol 51 45- 24*1. 2971 . F.litw . E A Cohen , D I 486 ParturiiHm in the ciunel ( CUIMT/ MS drome*iarwx ) And seme behavioral aspect* of their newbevn ('omp Biochem Physiol 84 A:4 I 3-419. 2971 I Ikfton JO. 1974. A natural history of white -handed gibbons in the Malayan peninsula Gibbon A Siamang 3 1- 1 6 2973. Fllcndorff F Parvin. N. A hdkmar E 1977 The miniatiue pig a* an animal model in endocrine and neuroendocrine vtiubet of reproduction l »b Aturn Set 27:822 830 2974. Fllinwuod. WE Baughman. WL A Resku. JA 1981 The

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

*

.

.

.

.

-

.

'

.

-

.

luteinizing effects of goaadectomy and tesloMerooe Ueatment on . hormone secretnm in fetal rhesus monkey *. Endocrinology 110:183 189. . . 1984 2975. EllinwswHl WE Nreman . Rl. A Spse*. IKJ Changing freque ncy of pulsatile luteinizing hormone ami progesterone secretion during the luteal phase of the menstrual cyck of rhesus monkeys. Biol Reprod 31:714 722 2976 Elltnwood WE A Kesko. JA I 9WJ Sex differences in htologically active and immumaeactise gonado | 24sv, Else. J ( r, KJey RM Wangula. C ct al 9 #6 Reproductn n Annual in the verset monkey iLertvptthecus aethtoptY II menMrual patterns and seasonality Am J (Yimatol. 11 44 342. 2990. Ehoa C Ford. EB. Baker JR . et al 1931 The health and parasites of a wild mi use population. lYoc Zool Soc London 1941 657-721 2991 EtWisby, AB. I 4KK. A study of die uemtal (fgons of the female dromedary ( Camrlut drttnedanuty I Kepr « sl Fert 82 587- 594. 2991 EJWisby AB. Mobarnk. AM. A Found . SM 1971 The acccssuty genital ixgans of the one humped mole camel ( Cemrlus drvmrdarius ). Al\M An / l l : l 12 2993. FJWTshy AB A Omar AM 1975 On Ihe relation between >

.

.

.

*

.

- .

.

.

-

.

.

' -

. .

.

.

'

.

testes size and sperm

reserves

in

the

otic

humped camel

.

-

iCamrius dnuneeUtruu ). Beitr Trop Sobtr p landw uts

-

Vetennarmed 13.391 448

. .

.

2994 ElwtHd RW 1975 Paternal and maternal behaviour in Mi >agolian geitnl*. Anun IWhav . 23 766772. 2995 Emelyanov IG 1979 lcoL >gical and mo«|ihological characteristics and pcsiiliaritie* in the number dy nanucs of Mu MICMI ttteiahx Pall ( Mammalia Crketidae) m the steppe zone of the Tkiiuae Vestmk Zool ( Kiev ). 4:56- 61. 249* l - m k n PI , Jt A Davis , DE 1448 Determination . reprosluctive rates in rat pipulotiont by examinatKvn ol careaxse* Phy « iof Zool 21 :59 65 2997. Emmons. I .H 1975 Ecology and behavior of African ' rainforest squirrel* l*h D Du*, ( orncll Umv, Ithaca. NY. 299H. Erratum* 1 11 1979 Observation* on litter size and . desekipmert of some African rainforest squirrels Biotroptca II 207- 213. ( 2999. Emmons 1.11 . I %# A field study of ocelots Frits ; 4 t 157 IHintdni in Pent Terre Vie 4 | .34810. Encke. B 197 # Siebea Jahre Tamanduas ( Tarnmdmt 41). te1r< niact\in ) in Krefdder / » » > Zool ( iorten N! 48:193001. Endte W’ |4« ). Birth and rearing e 4 cheetah* at Krefeld / « , Int Zoo Ye«b 2:85 86

.

-

.

.

.

'

.

.

.

-

.

3002. 3049.

776

.

3002. Eackr W 1963 Bcncht utvr Gchurt usd Aufrmhr vna Geparden . Atimmyx jufxttus < Schreb ). im Krefelder Zoo Zool Garten NF 27:177 111 3003 Locke. W. 1970. Beubad*ungen and Erlahrangen bei det Hallung und / u« hi von Mahnetiwdlfert un Krefeldrr Tierpnrk I t Kolaet 7oix 1MO 73 .VMM Pack* W 1970. Ruth and hand rearing of a hactnan camel Camrius bactrumm al Krefeld 7cx> Int Z»i Yearh 10 90 30115. Eackr , W . Ciandrav. R . A BicaieL HJ. 1970 Bcohachtungcn am Mihisrnwolf ( Chrysacycn braebyunai. Zool Garten NF. 38:47 -67 3006 Laden. AC 1957 Histological observations on the cbt«k» allantoic placenta of the mink. Anni Rec 127:231-245 5007 Laden AC I 960. Development and \ uuiiiar of the villous haenvH hxnal placenta of the nine - handed armadillo ( Dasyput runtniwaarflu ). J Aaat 94 M - 45 . VMM . Laden. AC. I 960. Electron macroscopic observations oci the vUloos hacmodioftal placenta of the nine- handed armadillo ( Das ypus nuvemcmcias ). J Anal. 94:205-215. 3*09. Laden . AC. 1962. The structure of the armadillo hiastocyM. I Anal 96: 39- 4«. 3010. Faim, AC ed 1963 IVelaved ImpUaUr m Can Chicago. 0 3011. Fnden AC 1965 Comparative atudy of the fine structure of ihe trnphohUst m several hemochorial placentas Am J Anat 116:29-67 3012. Laden AC. 1966 The reproductive cycle of the mac handed armadillo ( Dosypus mnenKmctui ). Symp Zod Soc Undo* 13:295 310. 3013. Eaden AC A Buchanan . til). 1959. Some effects of ovariectomy and injection of ovarian hormones in the armadillo. J Fndocnaol 19 251 25* 3014. Eaden. AC A Buchanan CD. 1959. The reproductive tract of the female nine-handed armadillo TX Rep Biol Med

.

.

- .

-

.

.

. .

.

.

'

..

.

.

-

.

. .

i?

. .

3015. Eaden AC Buchanan . GD. A Talmage. RV 1958 Ilis1ologi«.al and HbXocfccancal uhsei valiuos on the armadillo terns during tile delayed and post implantation periods Amu Rec 130639 65* 3016. Fnden AC A Eaden RK 1969 The pUeou of the foul eyed opossum { Philander Anat Rec |6J:41|4511 3017 Eaden AC. Headnckx. AG A Schlafke S. 19 3.

.

.

.

.

-

*

Implantation in the rhesus monkey Initial penetration of the endometraini Am J Anat. 167:275 298 301H f mien AC 46. Eosley PK Wing. AF, Ckwmk BB. ei al 19 2. Application of nomnvanve techniques to monitor reproductive I und ion m a hrow n hyena ( Hyaena brunrwa ). Zoo Bicd. 1:333 343. 3047. ( n / mann, EV Snfdtir NR . . Saugetierk Mm 31:55-60. 3072. Eriksson . M . 1983. The follidc population in the activity in two species )

(

ovaries

A/vvicrmu flnu dhs and Apmiemus syliatu us Can J Zool 61:195 201 3073 Eriksson M 1984. Winter breeding in three rodent species the bank vole Ctcthnonomw glareoho . tlx yellow necked mouse Apexiemu.* fhnuotlu and the w . od nv *me ApoJemus xyhatuus in touthern Sweden Holorctic Ecol 7:428 429 3074 Erken . AHM A Jacobi. LE 1972 Successful breeding of lesser panda lAilum fulgent F Cuvier IK25 ) and kiss through inoculation Bi|dr Dictkd 42:92 96 3075 Erlinge S. 1967. Home range of the otter luins lutro m sotithern Sweden . Oikiw. 18:186209. 5076, Lrlmgc. S 1979 Adaptive significance of sexual dimorphism in weasels . Oikoa. 33:2.33 245 . 3077 1 rnest KA 1986 Stxlomys ufuamipei . Mamm Species of two wild

mice.

.

.

.

--

-

.

.

-

. 265 1 5. :

.

-

.-

. .

.

307* Ernest KA A More* MA 1986 Ecology d b' nlcmys u/ mimipei , the neotropual water rot. in central Brazil Home ranee , habitat selection , reproduction ami behaviour . J Zool 2 IB 599 612. 3079, Ernest . KA * Mare*, MA 1987. Sprmuf >hilu.% leretmiuthn Mamm Specie*. 274 :1-9 30*0 Enington . PI 19 ^ 7 The breeding season of the muskrat .) in methwext low *. J Mamm 18:333 17 30*1 Errington PE. 1939 Obvervalnms on ycung muskrats in Iowa. J Mamm 2(746* 478 50 2 Emngtoa PI 1963 Muskrat Popolanons. IA Stare 1 mv Press, Ames 30*3. Erskine , MS A Baum MJ 1982 Plavrna ccnoenl rat ions of lotosterooc and dihydrotestoslerme during perinatal development in male and female lends. Endocrinology Ill 767 772. 30*4. Erskine MS A Baum. MJ. 1984 Plasma concentration.' of ocrtradtci and oestrone during perinatal development in male and female fmet' J I ndocttooi l < X ):161- 166. 30*5. Erskine MS. 'label. SA. A Haunt. MJ. 1988 Effect of birth on plasma tevtiwterotie. btain nrotnalase activity , and hypothalamic estradiol in male and female ferrets.

-

. .

*

.

.

.

.

- .

.

Endocrinology 122.524 530 30M6. Lodi. GW Iletdlcman RC A long. LE 1959 L^rly breeding of the black lulled jack rnbbtl in sootheastern Colorado J Mamm 40:442 443. 5687 Eadicrtck PC. 1981. Social Iwdogy of the bushy tailed

.

.

.

.

.

wootkat . Naotoma emeno CDIV CA Puhit Zool. 110 I 132 iroducii« >n d Alttcoia 5M8 L.shclkin II l 'J76 On the re| itrelzofi in the southeast Altai Zool Zhurn 55 437 442 36 9 Ethel nun . BD A Cameron . GN. 1987 . Btuvno union Mamm Specie* 2*5 1 7 3090 Evkcy , CR 19^ 4 . Epidemiological n reindeer ( Kangrfer Utnimtm L>. Anim Behav 12 I 5‘hl 63, 3092. pspmark Y l «69 Mother young relation' and devek Mnenl of IxluvKiur in roc deer Capreolus caprroiu* Viltrevy 6.461 540 3492c Esvapinn, ES 1953 The birth and grow th of a pcirpode.

.

^

-

.

.

Nat liivl 62 W ’ VW

309A 3135.

778 309X Ev apian . FS 1962. Courtship in ri|«ivf toddle Kicked poqvHne*. rtel/ 'htnui Urlphit L 1 ?58 /. Siiugrtirfk 27 211 - 217. 3094. F.napsan FS 1963. Observations on abnormal met of parturition in Captive haUle- noMd dolphins Tuniopt tnmcatut and concurrent behavior of other purposes. J Mamm. 44 405-414 3095 EMM J. 1971 The biology and behaviour of the voal rhctock ( Petra cipretdus \ k «vd Progress Repuru ( Cited by Mr Bin. 19721 3096. Estep. HQ A Dewsbury . DA. 1976 ( ' •pulmory behavior of Seotoma Iqmiii and Baiotnys uiyion Relationships between penile mcrphology and behavior 1 Mnmm 57:570- 573, 3097. Eaatfx DQ. Kenney AM A Dewsbury. DA. 1978. GopuLalary behavior ol roof rals iPartus HUMS ). J Comp Physiol Psych. 92.322- 334. 3098. Hsic*. JA 19KII pnhydni lutru . Mamm Species. 133;|- K . 3099. !•*«•*, RD 1966 Behav ,** and hie history of the wildebeest Qvinorhvro laitrinm ( Buichcilt. Nature . 212:999 1000 3100. E*tcx RD 1967. The comparative hehavsnr of Grant 's ami Thompson ' s gazelles. J Mamm 48:189- 209 3101. Estes RD. 1974. Social organization ed the African buvulae. Die Behaviour of Ungulates ami iu Relation to Management 166- 205 Grist. V A Walt her . F ed*. IUCN Merges. Switzerland 3102 Fites , RD 1976 The significance of breeding synchioBy a the wildebeest E Afr W ldi J 14 135 152 3103. Etlcs , RD & Estes. RK 1970. Preliminary report on the giant sable ftoftess Report 3: 1 - 22. (Cried by Menus 1972| 3104. Ertes, RD A Estes . Rlt 1974. The biology and conserv ation of the giant sable antelope Hippotragus ntger uirutni Thomas. 1916. Plot Acud Not Set FhiUdelplua. 126.73 104 3105. F.itr * R [) A Extra. RK 1979, Ihr buth and survival of wildebeest calves 7 Tict psycho I 50 45-95. 3106. Estrada. A A Fstrasla. R 1976 Birth and breeding cv-clicity in an outdoor living ctumptail macaque ISUvara ( . ri +da ) group IYJMATES 17:225 231 . 3107. Estrada A A l .str ula. R 1981 Reproductive seasonality in a free ranging irovp of stuniptail macaques ( Macma acttonics ): A five yrai report. Primates. 22:503-511. 3108. L lhetedge. DR A lingstiom. MD. 19**1 Notes on repfoshiction of the while - anlded mouse. Ptromytcut pectomks , in west central Texas. TX J Sci. 43 205 207 3108a Ftgen . AM A Fadem, Bll 1987 EfOOftl binding maaomrfecoles in hyprthalamus - proepuc area of male and female gray short - tailed opossum ( Monadrlphu domestical Gen Comp Endocrinol. 66:441 446 3109. Elkin W 1954 Social behavior of the male black buck under ZOO conditions. Aiut Roc. 120 7.16 3110. Evans AM A McOuft PA. I 9K6 EffecU of uvial environment cm sexual maiurauoa in female cotton tuts ( Sigmatiim htspt*lus ) Biol Rcprud 35:1081 1087 3111 Evan*. CS A Goy RW 1968. Social behaviour and reproductive cyder in captive ring tailed lemurs < Lemur canal J Zool. 156:181 - 197. 3112 Evan*. DM. 1973. Seasonal variations in the body o m posit mo and nutrition of the vole Microtia agrestts . J Aium Fcol 42 l lt 3113. Evans. E 1983. fires ding id the lottm i p Umar in Sagumuii otdipur oedittpus A comparison with the common martini wet Zoo Biol 2:47 54

.

.

.

. . ,

. .

.

.

.

.

.

•

-

.

- .

-

-.

.

-

-.

--

.

.-

-

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

*

.

.

3114. Evonv , PC A Holdearicd R 1943 A populauoo study of the Bcecbcy frotuid squirrel in central California. J Mamm. 24:231 260 3115. Evans 1. 1970 About nutria and their control US Dept Int Res Pub. 86 1-65. 3116 Evans. RD 1962. Breeding characlenMics of southeastern Missouri cottontail , Ptcc Ann Coof SE Assoc Game fish Comm 16:140 142 3117 Evans RD. Sadler , KC Conaway . CH ct al 1965 . Regional comparisons of cttoutwl reproduction in Missouri. Am Mid Nat . 74 176- 184 3118. Evans S. 1983. Breeding of the conoa-lop tamarin Sueumut oedtpits oediptt: A comparison with the common marmoset Zoo Btoi 2:47 54. 3119. Evans. S. 1983 , The pair - bond of the common marmoset, Coiliihni yicclms jittchus: An experimental investigation Arum Behav. 31651-658. 3119«. Evans S A HosJgci. JK 1984 Reproductive status of adult daughters in family group* of common marmoset* ( Calhrhnt furrluis jarckut ), Fcdia Prim it 42:127 133 3130 Evans S A Poole. IB 1983. Pair - bond formation and breeding success in the common marmoset Callahnx / at t hus jacchus. Int J I'nnufol . 4:83 y6 3121- Evans. SM Tymlalc-Biaooe CH A Sutherland RL I 98U. Control of gonadotrophin secretion in the female laminar wallaby (Afarrryiui mgmii ) J Endocrinol . 14 13- 23. 3122- Everafd. OOR A Tikaunglt FS 1973 Ecology of the indents . Prorchtmys gu\armetms trnuMtu and Orytomyx capita vetutmus on Trinidad 1 Mamm 54 :875 886 3123. Everett NB 1942 Ihc origin ctf ova ui the adult opossum. Aaat Rec. 82.77-91. 3124. Eventu HJ A Herbert, j. 1971. Ihe effects of dexnmrthamne and androgens on sexual receptivity of female rhesus monkeys J Endocrinol. 51 575 588. 3125. Everilt. RD A frogman . 111 ). 1979. Sexual behavior of hnwhead whales observed of ihe north coast of Alaska Arctic

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

- . .

.

.

.

- .

32:277- 280, 3126. Evtiohevsky NN 1974 Reproduction of Crrvi« mppon harttifarttm SW under cs > nditions of the rruddle Dnieper Aiea Vestn Zoid. 7( 4 E23 283127. Ess art. JC. 1878. llie fecundity and placentation uf the Shanghai nve* deer. J Anal. 12:225- 228. 3128. Ewel KC 1972. Porter** of change in the reproductive organs or the male pocket gopher. Gtotnyi ptnrtis . J Rcprud Frrt

.

-

.

-

3(71 6 3129. Ewer RF 1963 The behavKiur of the meerkal Suncata SHricata (SchreUrt ). / Tierpvychol. 20:570 607 3130. Ewer , RF 1967. Ihe behaviour of the African giant rat iCricetomys gamhantis Waterhouse ). Z Tierpsydiul . 24 :6- 79. 3131. Ewer , RF !9bR A preliminary survey if the behaviour in captivity of the daxyund nxarsuptal Smtnthopsu cmssicaudcNa i ( k » uld ). 7 Ttcipcychol. 25 319- 365. 3132. Ewer RT l ')6*i, Form and funilmn in the grass cutter. Tknrtmomys rwimirrwntt Temm rRndentia, Thryonomyidack Gharu I Sci. 9:131141 31 X3. Ewer. RF 1971. The biofogy and behaviour of a free living population of Mach rats i Rati us ratlusl. Amro Behav Motiogr. 4:127 174 3134. Ewer R1 1973 The Canumca. Cornell ( Iiuv Prw Ithaca. 31.35. Ewer , RF A We nanter (' 1974 The behaviour in captivity of the African dvet. Crrtitictu crvrlkt (Schreber ). 7 Tierpychoi .

.

.

-

.

.

. .

-

34359 394 ,

-

.

.

779

.3136. 3179 31 36 Fadem. Bll 1985. Evnkoce for (he aciivation of female reproductHfi by male* in a marsupial, the gray short tailed opossum iMtmodeipAu domestical Bud Rcprod 33:112 116 3137 Faikm. BH . 1987, Activation of cxtnu by |4ieri>imaie* in n martupal Stimulus control and endocrine facdm Biol Repfixt 36:328 332 313 Fadem. BH . 1989 The effect * of pheromonal stimuli on estrus and peripheral plasma estraibol m female gray short tailed opossums { Mcnodelphu domestical Bud ReptivJ , 411213 217 3139 Fadem. BH A Rayvc RS 1985 Ouractefittici of the nextrottf cycle and influence of KKUI factors in grey dutt toilcd ofuwsiims ( Monodclphu dameuiat ) I Rcprod Fert 73:337 342 3140. Fadem. BH Rayve RS. Trupn. OL et al 1982 The estrous cycle of the gray short tailed opoaium IMonndeipfas domesticnt unpuNivIv d ms. 3141 Fndem Bll A Texoriero Ar 1986 Inhibition rf lesticuDr development and frmini /atiiai of the mole genitalia by neonatal esuogen treatment in a marsupial. Biol Reproil 34 77l*77(S 3142. Fadem BH Tropin . GL Malituak. F. et al 1982 Care and breeding of the gray sh60 Saiga InmNng in the nght hank area of the Volga Tool /burn 39:906911 3163. Fanning FT ) 1982 Rqwoduction. growth and development in Nmgaui sp iDwyuridae. Marsupialiai from the Northern Territory Carnivorous Marsupials. 1:23 37 Archer , M ed R Zonl Soc NSW Monaman NSW. 3164. Fanh Z A Farah - Riescn M 1985. Se|jaration and charncieri as n m of major components of camel Camelus drmnedanus milk casein Mildiwune&schaft 40:669-671. 3165. Farenunos , R < 1972- Observations on the ecology « 4 the tauel -earcd si(uirrd . J Wildl Manage. 36:1234-1239. 3166. Farenunos. RC 1972 Social dominance and maUng

-

.

*.

-

--

.

- .

.

the tassel eared squirrel ( Simms cdberti ferreus ) Anim Behav. 20:316 326

activity in

-

.

.

.

3167. Former C 1970. Collared peccary Aiwzi.ru ta/acu Ann Rep ieney W kll Prexerv Trust 7:1619 3168. Farmer , C. 1971. Notes on the breeding at>J hand tearing of the serial cot f elts leptmlumt semi/ Ann Rep Jetscy Wildl lYeser v Trust 8:37 A ). 3169. Farmer SW . Ltd* P. Bona Gallo. A . el al 1981 Studies on several marsupsal anterior pitnkary hotmonex . ( »en Comii Endocrinol 43 3 V* 345 3170. FMHM . SW A Papkoff H 1974 Studie* on die antern * pituitary hormones of ( he kangaroo. IVoc Soc Exp Biol Med

. - .

. .

-

145:1031 1036.

3171. Farrell. Bf A ( Tuntian DP 1987 Energy and water requirements uf lactation in the North American peraipne Ereihizaa donatum . Comp Biochcm I ’ hyvi* 4. 88A ne*. GA. ct al 1980 Maintenance and (reeding of duiker* Cephalapha spp at Gladys Pieter Zoo Brownsville. Int Zoo Ycarb 20:93 99, 3175« Faulkes. OG A AMrat DH I 99| Social control of reproduction in breeding nod non breeding male naked itvie rats ( HcicroeephnlMS glober ) J Repnd Fert- 93:427-435 3176 Faulkes CG, AbKat . DH A Jarvis JUM 1990. Social \ upjxesaioo of ovonan cyclicity in captive and wild cMonses of naked mote ratt, Hetcrucephidus glaber J Reprod frrt. 88:559 568 3177. Faulkes. CG AbKnt Ml. Jam*. JUM et al 1990 LH res|>oilses of female naked mole rat * . Heterucephalm gbiber , In single ami multiple dotes of exogemms GnKH . J Kepfvsd Frrt 89:317- 323 3178 l aust R 19(| MilDinn ily»e vom Wox / etuchwein ( plktcoxhatrut aeihmfttcus E ). Zool Garleo NF. 26 121 3179. Faust . R A Paart I. 1959 Bench* Ubet Aufmcht uad EniwickJtiog cutes isolietlen I isbaren. Thtltntif • rmi/i / i / rtas ( Phipps ) Zool ( alien NF 25 14 * |65

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

780

3180. 322*.

.

.

3180. Faust R A Sihcrpner C. 1967. A note on the Ivoed ng of (be maned woM OnuH wm hntchyuiut iu Irank / un Zoo. Ini ZooYeorh 7:119

.

-

3181. Fay. FH 1981 Walrus (ktobenus mimants ( l innaeus. 1758). Handbook of Marine Mammals 1:1*23, Ridgwoy SH A Ham son . RJ esb Academic Dess, New York. 3182. Fay HI 1982. Ecology and biology c4 the Poof* walrus Odobenei rosmarus diverge lilipcr. N Am Fauna. 74:1-279 3183. l ay 1 11. 1985. (Mahouts rvstnarus. Mamni Speofs. 238:1 7. 3184 1 ayeauwo. JO A Halstead . IB. 1974. Breeding cycle of ihc straw -colored fruit bat . bullion hrhum. at lie Ife, Nigeria. J Mamnv 55:453 3185. Fa /Jrahas AT Mead. RA. Rourke. AW . el al 1984 Presence of an inhibitor of plasminogen activator in uterine fluid of the western sported skunk during delayed implantation. Biol Reprod. 30311-322. 3186. Festak, MA A Andeison. SS. 1982. The energetics of lactation Accurate ttk islire me lit' - Ir in a large Wild mammal , the grey seal Hatlckoenu grypus . J Zool 198 473- 479 3187. Fedigan , LM. Fedieun. 1.. Gautcub , S et al. 1986. I jfetinte reproductive MJCCCM in female Japanese macaques Folia Pnmaiol 47 143 157 3188. Fedoseev GA , 1964. On the embryonic and puslerntryoaic growth and sexual maturation in Phot a hi i[mitt arhnienus l*all Tool / hum 43:1228- 1235. 3189. Fedosenko. AK * Blank. DA. 1983. On behaviour if the Siberian the * ( Caput xihirtca ) during ihe period of reproduction in north Ttan -Shan Zool Zhurn 61 428- 435. 3191». l edyk S |98o. Chcomosone polvnaxphixm in a population of Sores Humana at Bialowie /a. Folia Biol iKrakiSw ). 2 13 120 3191. Fecr F 1979. Observations bcifogique* vur le Ndrir pie de Bates ( Nrotniguf Nrfrrr de Wmiori 1903. Arti «*Jartyle, ruminant beside ) du nord-est du Gabon Terre Vic. 33 : 159-239. 3192. Feer , F. 19K 2- Maturile sexudle e( cycle annuel de reproduction de Srotragus btticsi de Wintoo 1903 fBovidif fv.*resticr africam ) Mammalia 46:65-74 3193- Feist. DD A Fetsl CF 1986. Lffeels of exfd and melatonin « thcrmogciicsis. body weight and repriHfciiiivc organs in Alaskan rcd hacked vole* J Comp Fhysuf B I VS:741 746 3194 . Feist. JD A McCullough DR 1975 Reproduction in feral horses . J Reprcd Fert Stippl 23:13 18 3195. Fctst JD A McCullough . DR 1976 Behavior palterm and communication in feral horses , / fierpsychol 41 37 371 31%. Feito. R A Gallardo. M 1982 Sperm morphology ol the Chilian species of Ctenomu ( (Xlcxloutsdue ), J Mamm. 63.658 661. 3197 Fcldhamet . GA- 1979 Age sen ladut and reproductive pHetKin ) in block (ailed jackrabhils Mammalia. 43 473 478 3198. Feldhamer GA I 9R0, Cervui rup/xm. Mamm Sprvie' 128:1*7. 3199. Feldhamer GA. Fams Renner , KC. A Barker . CM. 1988 Damn / Ltnti Mamm Species 317:1 -8 3200. Feldhamer GA A Rnchdfc JA. 1982. Mountain beaver. Wdd Mammals of North America Biology Management and Fconottua). 167 - 175, Chapman , JA A Fcldlumct GA , cds Johns Hopkins Univ Press Baltimore 3201 . Feldman HW , 19 ) 5, Note* on two species of woud rats in captivity J Mamm |6: 3 SF»rplv 4 Jb 39:302 333. 3232. Fernandez M , 191 1 Zur AflonJnuug der Embryoueu und F l left uterine brio in tfv al|iaca. Biol Reprod 20:5 X6- 595 3236 Ferrell. CS A Wilson. DE. 1991 PLANRRHMUT keUen Mamm Species. 373:1 5 3237 Fern*. WB, 1906 \'81 - Comparative ontogeny of behavnur in four Species of squirrels ( Scnindae ). Z Tierpsydiol 55: 193-216. 3239. Fcrmn J A Ouelkt IP. 1985 Developpement physique post - natal chez. le grand Fobtouche ( Clattcamys sabnams ). Can J Zool 63:2548-2552 324(1 Fern in I A Oudlet , JP. 1991. Physical and behttvicral Can J postnatal development of w > «o«khocks ( Mannata Zool. 69:1(440- 1047, 3241 Fem*i. J A Prescott. J 1977. Gestation, liner * ize. and number of Inters of the red squired ( Tamraremna hmiuuucus ) in guebec. Can Field Nat 91:83-64 3242. FesU Bianchel F 1981 Reproduction in vcarlmg lemulr Colombian ground squirrels ( SpcrmvpIuJus cohunbidnusi. Can J Zool 59:1032- 1035 . !M 1988 Age s|iecific rqxoducliori of 3243 Festa - Blanche bighi*n ewes in Albetta. Canada. J Mamm W:157 - 160 3244 Fe »ta - Blanche!. M A King. WJ 1991. Effects of litter size and population dynamics juvenile und maternal survival in Columbian ground squirrels. J Amm Fxol. 60:1077 1000. 3245. Fevtdd. HR A Wright. PL 1969. Slenud rnctabdom by badger ( Inieiea huus ) ovarian tissue homogenates lien Comp Endixxincd. 13:60-67. 3246. F ne . J. 1967. Oestroglne-* mxmuscs chez la brebts gestante ovuieckMlMt. Ann Biul Anim Baocfa Biuphys. 7:29 - 32. 3247. Field CR A BUnkenship LH 1973 Nutrition oud reproduction d Grant'* and Thornton * gazelkv Coke’ * v | *| hortebcesl and eitafle in Kenya. J Re|* « » l Fen Su| 19287 301 3248. Fieri*. IU A Vert* BJ . 1986 A|e: SPECIFK re|* «JuctK*n in raccouas in north western Oiegoil J Mamm 67:169 171 3249.|tgala J . Holfmann. K . A Goldasi , G 197 /an Jahrespenodik be mi Dsunganschen Zwergharmter Phodofmi sungorus Pallas Oecologia. 12 89 118

.

.

. . .

. . .

-

.

.

*

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

^

.

-

.

'

- .

3250. Ftfila , J . 1964 The reproduction and pnpwlatiua structure of the Wack rat. Rattux nit tut (1 ). in the Czechoslovak hohruis Vest* csl Spd Zool 28:48 67. 3251 Findlay. L 1982 The mammary glamb of the umnur wallaby ( Macropes regentr) during pregnancy and lactation J Reprod Fen 65:59 66 3252. Findlay , E. W*d. KL A Renfree MB 1983 Mammary gland l*.1o*e , plasma ]*ogvstcrotie and lnctopenevis in the marsupial Mth ropus etrgnui I Fndocrtnol 97:425- 436 3253. Finlay M 1974 . Comparative mpontes of Prmmyscmi (white* f«»trd mice ) to estrwliol benzoate . Comp Bmchem Physml 48 A 229- 236 3254. FintBey . IS 1954 Reproduction in two spreses of Myotis in Jackson Hc4e , Wyoming J Mamm . 35 434 3254« Findley , IS A ) v Mus Nat lbst DistnbuU< m and ecology Unrv KS l*u | 10:213-552. 3263. Fucher FI 1909 Zur Entwicklungsgeuchicble des Daclucs Mitt Bad Tool Vereins Karlsruhe 6:105 111 3264. Fischer. I 1931. Die Entwicklungvgeschichte des Dndiurv mid die I f age der Zwtlling.sNUhmg Verhimfl Anal Anz 40 2 34 3265 Fischer , ( * M. 197 X Lot pequenoti moMifcnw de Chile : mursuprales , quiinpuru*, edenindin y tueducca. Gayaoa ZooJngia

.

-

.

,

.

.

.

^ .40:1- 342. 3266. Fucher

'

-

.

-

.

K 1983 tm rsuchungen nir FortpHan /ungcfahigkcu w »n mngen weiMichrm und mannluhem Dnniwild ( IKemi dam Ll 7. lagdwiss . 29:137.142 3267 Fischer. K. lioadi. H. A Meiuicnch B 1985 Individuellcr INibritauverlauf hei in Juai und vervpatet im September geste /ten Damhirsclten (fXrmu imni ) / Jagdwina. 31 :211 221 3268 F(*cher TV 1971 llaccnutHit in llic American hcascr { Castor uHueintut ). Am J Amu 131:159 183 3269 Fitdicr TV A Floyd . AD 1972 Htuenul dev Fpnv iit in ’ the Mieigolian gctbsl ( Mrri< +ies IIX « U » ir wuv ) I Fatl >

. .

.

.

dcvelofMiveiu

134 UI9.3I 9

.

.

.

.

to

-

..

.

the time ol chiaiivallantoic contort Am J Anal .

.^

3271» Fincher. TV A Royd AD 1972 F*laieiit*l desel smcni in the Mongolian gcrbil { Mnitmrt unguiculaluM ) II From the rilablidiinem if the labyrinth to term Am J Amu 134: 32 l - 3 5 3271 Fiw her. W 1957 Whrtcrwurf des Fschhorachen 7 Singcucrk 22:105*106

.

'

3272. 3319.

782

.

3272. h*h . WR Young. WC A Dnfima. Kl 1941. Exaction of c-rtfi'scmc and androgenic substance * by female and mak

chimpanzee* wiih known behavior record* liodocnnolofy . 28:585 592 3273. Ft « he* EM 1940. Early life history of a sea inter pup J Mamm ’ I ! < M » 7. 3274. fisher, HD 1952, IV status of the harbour seal in British Columbia , with particular reference to the Skeena Riser. Hull hah Rea IUI Canada 93:15». 3275. 1' idler , HI ) 1954 Delayed implantation in the harbour cal . Phot* Utahn* L Nature. 173:179 10 3276 FBhcr, HD & Harrison RJ 1970 Reproduction in the common p«*po«$* ( Pkocoma phocama ) id the North Atlantic. J Zool 161:471 486 3277. Fisher . JS. 1979. Reproduction in the pygmy rahtui in southeastern Idaho. MS thesn. ID State Umv, Pocatello 327». Fuhet. LE. 1972. The birth ol a lowland u nlla. Gorilla g gornlla. at Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicago Int Zoo Yearb 12:106

-

.

-

.

-»

• .

.

-

.

-

.

I OH

.

3279. Fuller GF 1971 Age vtructuic anil sex ralio in populations of fairiirm&MitaiNyv . J Mamm 52*53 - 662 , 3280. fitch. HS 1947 Ecology of a cottontail rabbit population in central California . CA Fish Game 33:159 184 3281. Fitch HS. 1948 1 Ecology of the California ground squirrel on grazing lands Am Mid Nat. 39:513 596 3282. Fitch . IIS 1948. Habits ami eeooonuc reliiboaslups of die Tulare kangaroo rat. J Mamm 29:5 35 3283. Fitch . HS . 1957 Aspects of repriduclion and development

-

,

-

-

.

in the prairie vole ( Micrntus orhrngaitrr ). Univ KS Pith! Mu* Nat Hist 10 129- 161 3284. Fitch. HS. Fitch VR. A Kettle WD. 1984 Reproduction , population changes and interactions of small mammals on a natural area in northeastern Kansas . Occas I'ap Mm Nat Hut I mv KS. 109:1 37. 3285. Filch. IIS A Rainey , IKi . 1956, Ecological observations on the woodrat. Nammia floritlnauL l- niv KS PuM Mus Nm Hut 8 499- 533. 3286 Filch. HS & Sandidge LI 1953 Ecology of the opossum no a natural area in northeastern Kansas L’ niv KS Publ Mus Nai Hist 7:305-338. 3287. I nch. JH A Shump, KA Jr 1979. Mwtu ktenu , Mamm Speck*. 121:1 3. 3288. Fitch. JH. Shump. KA. Jr. A Shump, All. 1981 Myotu vrltfcr. Mamm S|x*cic * . 149:1 5 3289. Fitzgerald A 1935 Rearing mnrnuaei.s in captivity J Mamm 16 181188 3290. Frtzgetald AE Clark . RJJ . Reid ( SW . et al 19K| Physical and nutritional characteristics of the possum ( Tnchosmrus wlpcctila ) in captivity. N / J Zod 8 551 562 3291. Fn /gerald JP A Lcchleitner. RK 1974. OtHcrvaiiuns on IV kuology of Gunnison 's praine dog in central Colorado. Am Mid Nai 92:146 164 3292 1 idierty. SP A Breed WG 1987 Formation uf the veniral ** « on the sperm head of the plains mouse Psrmlomyi oustnilis Gamete Re* 17:115 129 3293. Flaherty. SP. Breed . W ( i, A Sarahr. V , 1983 Localization ot actJn in the sperm head of the plains oxuse. Psendumys australis J E ^ p Zool. 225:497-500. 3294. Make. LD I 9?4 Re[a > ductio« n< lour rodent species in a hurt glass prune of Colorado J Mamm. 55:213- 216. 3294«. I tannery IF, Alptn . K . Groves . CP. et al. 1989. Revision ol the New Guinean grnu* Malhmyt ( Mtrida Rodencial with * descTiptKMu of two new specie* from vuhalpinc habitats Rcc Amt Mus 41:83-105

.

-

.

. .

-

-

. .

- .

.

-

.

.

•*

•

- .

.

.

.

.

.

3295. Fkagk JG A Samonds. KW . 1973 Physical growth of «bu» monkeys ( Crhus aUnfmnx ) during the first year of life Growth 39 35- 52 3296 Fkay D 1929 , The fat tailed pouched mouse. Vicl Nat 45:278-2*0 3297. Fkay l > 1935. Breeding of fAmwms i-nrrrinus and general observations on the species J Mamm. 16:10-16. 3298. Fleay D 1935. Notes on the breeding uf Tasmanian devil*, Viet Nat 52: 100 105. 3299 Fk- iy L) 1936. Oftcci * alK« .* || tlie Intth of u wallaby Amt Zool. 1:153 156. 3300. Fkay D 1937 . Observation * on ihc koula in captivity Successful breeding in tV Melbourne Zoo. Au*t Zool 9:68-80 3301. Fkay . D. 1940 Breeding of die uger-cat Viet Nat

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

-

56:159 163. 3302- Fkay. D. 19*4. Observations on the breeding of die platypus in captivity. Viet Nai 61:8- 14 3303. Fkay. D 1950. New facts about the family life of the Australian Platypus . Too lafe 5( 21: 48 51 . 330*. Fkay. D 1952 Die Tasmania or marsupial devil lu * hahitt and family life. Autt Mus Mag 10:275 280 3305. Fleay D 1961 . Breeding the mulgura. Viet N’at.

-

.

-

78:160 167. 3306. Fleay. D. 1962. Die met hern quoll. SaUmcllus Usllucatus . Viet Nai. 78 288 293. 3307 Fkay D 1965. Australia' s " needle in a haystack marmpial Viet Na*. 82 195 204 3308 . Fleay |) I ‘>67 PUmgale holds record family number. Viet

.

.

-

Nat 84 :202. 3308«. Reharty FD A Ornate JR . 1973 Bioenergelic strategies of the cotton rat Siynodon htspuius J Mamm 54 680 692. 3309 Fleming . AD. Yanaginuchi. R. A Yanagmuchi H. 1981. Spetniulo/oa of die Atlantic hooknosed dolphin , Tuntops lruHiatus J Keprod lert. 63:509 514. 3310. Fleming AS. Chee P A Vacvarrao P. 1981. Sexual Mu * tour and IU olfactory control in (lie desen wivxkal Irpula Itpida ) . Anim Behav . 29:727 745. 3311. i knuag D, Cmdercy, RN. A llcam JP 1983 Die reproductive biology of Bennett ' s wallaby (Macropus rufognstus nsfbgmeus ) ranging tree at Whipviiadc * Park. J Zool 201:283 291. 3312. Fknung MR 1985. Ihc thermal physiology of the mountain pygmy possum Burnunp parvus t Mar supiaba: Burrnmyidaek Aust Mamm. 8 79*90. 3313. Fleming , MR A Cockhure A 1979 Wtngaut : A new genus of dasyund for Victoria V »c Nat 96 142 146. 3314. Fleming, MR A Frey, H . 1984 Aspects of the natural hidory of featherlail gliders ( Arrobatts pxgrnarus ) in Victoria Possums and Gliders. 403 408. Smith . A A Hume. I , edx. Surrey Beatty A Sous Pty Ltd. Sydney. Australia. 3315. Fknung MW A Harder. JD. 1981. Uterine histology and reproductive cycks in pregnant and non pregnant opossums.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

-

.

-

Ihdtlphu virgimatu. J Keprod Fell 63 21 24 , 3316. Fleming , DT 1970 Cont|>nraiive biology of two lempetate tropjcal Kiimt counterparts Am Mid Nat , 83:462-471 3317. Fknung, TH 1970, Notes on the rodent launas ol the two Panamanian forests. J Mamm 57 473 490 3318. Fleming. TH 1971» Artihevs jamatcensis: Delayed embryonic development in a neotropical bat Science.

.

- .

171:402-404

.

3319. Fknung. TH 1971 Population ecology of three specie* of neiiKpical rodeau Mm PuW Mus Zool Umv Ml 143:1 77.

-

7X 3

3320. 3363.

.

3320. Fknung. TH 197 J. Die reproductive cycle of three mammal* in the Panama Canal 7*mt J Mamm 54 439 455 3321 Fknung, TH 1977 Growth and davlopmcnt « 4 two species of tropical hetcromyid rodents. Am Mid Nat 98:109 123 3322. firming. TH. Hoop* ET A Wilson DE. 1972 Tkee Central American bat comimmi tier : Strucune . reproductive cycle * and movement pattern *. Ecology. 53:555 569, 3323. Fleming TH A Rauvchrr , RJ 197 H On the evolution *4 liner » i /e in Pennttyuut Uucofnu Fvokuti m 32 45 - 55 3324. Fktcher T7 1974 The timing of reproduction in red deer ( C'ervus elaphms ) in relation to latitude J Zool 172 363- 367 . 3325. Fktcher . TP 1985 Aspects of reproduction in the male eastern quoll. Datyuna vtvernnus ( Shaw ) (Marsupial: Dasyuridac I with macs on p< dynr*try in the female Aust ) Zool 33:101-1 ia 3326. Fletcher TP. 1989. Plasma progesterone and body weight in the pregnant am! non - pregnant kowari, Dasyuroutes hymet ( Marsupialia: Dasyundac ) Keprod Fen Ikv . 1:65-74 . 3327. Fletcher TP. 1989. Luteinizing hormone in the kowan fhiiyvroutes frvmei ( Marvupialia Dasyurtdae ) during the oestrous cycle and pregnancy Repr /.yg« wity n juvenile weight in Hack laded prairie dogs (C> «nar.vi ludtnu uinus ) J Mamin 69:6114514 3372- Fonda , F A Peyre. A 1965. Locali /alion de U 5a.3(L hydro* yvteronlo deshydrogeoase dans le placenta de Miwopc re (Chuoptere » au ctwrs de La ge.ttalioa. CR HeKI Seances Acad So. 261 2963 2969. 3373. Font. K 1973. Mudahtd* de la reproduction el dfvcloppcmeiit pmtnatal en captiviW the / Suitai* etnisau (Sin 1822 ) Mammalia 37 288 324 3374. Hon* R 1974 hi t ntiNic comfveicnvrvulc dc la Pachyure teuxque. Sun us annais tSavi 1822 ) Tene Vie

-

.

'

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

..

.

*-

.

.

.

.

.

..

.

-

^

-

.

,

28:131 157 3375. hms. R

^

.

|9" 4 Methodes de capture ct d'lkvagc de la Paehyure ctruxque Sunan rtruscus (Savi, 1822 ) ( Insectivora Soncidae ). Z Saugctierk. 39 204 210. 3376. Hnu. R. 1979. Durec dc la vie Jit: / la I'aJiytire etruique Sun*, us etruMCta ( Savi. 1822 ) en captivii ( lusetuvora, 7. Saugctietk. 44 241 248 3377. Fontaine PA 196 |liceding saiga antelope , .

-

.

*

.

'

taUtnca at Dallas Zoo. Ini Zoo Yearh 5 :57 58 337«. Fontaine PA 1965 Hr ceding clouded Icofwrd* Nrvfelo nebu /osa at Dallas TuO Int Too Yearh 3:113 114 3379. Fontaine I’A. 1968 Hirth ol four species of apes al Dallas

.

-

.

.

-

-

Zoo- Int Zoo Yearh. K.115 118. 3380 Fontaine R 1973. The individual nonvotial hehaviuc «.4 Cacajao rnbumtiim ID a ooosoaal environment MS thesis. I UK knell l tuv Lewutown PA. 3381. Fontaine, tt 1981. Ihe uakan*. genus Catajau. Fcdogy and ftehavi ii of Neotropical Primates 1:443 493 Coimbra Rko, AF A Mitiermeicr. RA ed*. Acadentic Hraxilcua d< Cienua*

-

.

.

-

.

.

Rio de Janeiro

.

3382 Fontaine R & Du Mosul F V sermnatural environment: Potential* '

1977 The red mukari in a few propagation and shxfy Prmutc Costscrvaucwi 167-236, Ptmce Rainier III of M wiaca A Ikiurne. GH. eds Academic Press New York3383. I on tame . R A Heach. M. 1982. Breeding New W«ld monkey * at Miami's Monkey Jungle . Int Zoo Yearh 22:77 84 3384. Ftetlci, J 1967 Complementary specialiration oI male and female reproductive structure* in the hear macaque Mixaca ankmia Nature. 214 979 941 3385. Foodea, J 1971 Report* >n primau- t collected m wrdern Thailand Jan - April 1967 Fieldiana Tool. 59: 1-62.

.

.

.

.

. .

.. .

3386 Faoden J Guoquang. Q. Znngren. W. rt al 1985. Tire stumpuil macaque* of China , Am J Primatol 8 11 30, 3387 Foiakn J A Inor RJ 1983 Growth curves, denial emergence norms and supplementary rmvphofagical observation * in known age captive orangutans , Am J Primatol 5:285- 301 3388. Fook .v HA 1966 The roe deer Forestry Com LcafI HMSO. 45: 1 16 3389. Forbes RH. 1964. Scene aspects of ihe life histcry ol the silky pocket mouse Prrogmtthus flaxus. Am Mid Nat. 72.438443 3390 For hex RH 1966. Notes on a litter of least chipmunks J Mimm 47:|Vi 161 3391 Ftrhrx , RH A Turner I W , 1972 , Notes on two litters of Tow nsend 's chipmunks J Mamm 53 355 359 3392 Forbes TR 1942 The period of g < modal activity in the Maryland muskrats. Science. 95: 382 383 3393. Fortes TR. 1953. lYpgesteranc in the systemic Hood of women and monkeys during the puerpcnuin. Endocrinology. 52:236 237 33M FoJvv WA . 1882. On mine point* m the anatomy of the great aotcatcr ( Mynnecofthaga / ubntab Proc Zod Soc Londoa

.

.-

. . .

.

.

-

. .

.

-

- . . .

1882 : 287 3023395 Euchrs . WA . 18X5 On the male generative organs of the Sumatran rhiixxcros ( Ctratorfunus suuuurensis ) Trans Zoo! Soe HwJcw 11 :107 109. 3396. Forerun. DL. 1966. Postpartum behavior and vocalizations of snowshoe hates. I Mamm. 47 ( 1 );543. 3397 Fotd CE A Evans. EP. 1977. Cytogeahc ohaetvatioox on XX/XY chimuetis* and a rcaxvessineai of the evidence tnr gam cell chinueriun in lueroseiual twin cattle and martnascu J Reprod Frtt. 49 25 33 339« Ford. I S A Hoffmann. RS, 1988 , Point flavut. Mamm Specie* 321:1 9. 3399 Frrd. SD 1977 Range, distribution and habitat of the western harvest motive Rnthrodontomys metalnns. in Indiana Am Mid Nat. 98 422-431. 3400 Fireman , D. 1962. Ihe normal reproductive cycle of thr female ptoiiie dog und the effects of liyl* Anal Rec. 142: 391 - 405 3401 Foremaa. I ). 1967 The effect* of gonadotrophin* on the metabolism of ovarict from |ca > ne dog* (Cynomys htdevkutma ) Gen Comp Eadixiin4 il 8 66 71 3402 Fireman . D 1974 Structuul and functiutMl homologies of

-

.

.

- .

--

. .

.

.

.

-

.

the acoeguiry reprtvhiclive glands of two species of CymnuM Isukn tetanus and CiteOut tridccemtinatto* Anal Rcc , 180: 331- 340. 3403 Foreman D. 1981 Folliculai dynamics in a mooestrom annually breeding mammal Prairie d* »g (Cywmvs lu M . 3406 Firesnun , KR. 1987. L’ tonne lununol proteins dm mu ihe preimplantation paisd rn the fenet. i Exp Toot 243:103 109. 3407, Foranun , KR A Daniel. J (.'. Jr 1983 llatma progeiterotu coBcciMratkms in pregnant and non pregnant black bear* (Unit ameiiemit* ), J Rqsro 1 Perl 68 35 239. sounds ,

.

.

.

.

- .

.

.

.

.

-

-

-

-

.

.

-

^

-

785

3407 n. 3447a.

3407a. Fores. tnan. KR A Mead . RA 1973 Duration of port implantation in a western swhvpede* of the spotted skunk ( Spilogaie putnrius ) J Mamm 54:521 -523 3408. Forcaman, KR A Mead. RA 1974 Pattern of luteminag hicmonc secTcnuo during delayed implanution in thr sfxrted skunk (Sfulogaleputartut lahfront ) Bitil Repmd. 11 : 475- 480. 3409. Fore*man, KR A Mead. RA 1978. Luteal control of nidation in the fenet ( MutteLt pmforiut ) , Biol Reprod 18 490 496 3410 Fare*man KR Reevex JJ A Mead RA 1974 Pituitary r«pauivcKu to luteinizing hrrnxnc releasing hormone during delayed implantation tn the apotled skunk ( Spilogatr f*u( >nux Uwifrfiu ): Validation < 4 1 II radiosmmunruAiay Bk »1 Reprod II ICC 107. 3411. Forger NG. Dark J . Barnes. HM , el al 1986 Fat ablation

.

.

.

.

.

and food reslriclmn influence teproductive development and hibernation in ground aqurncH Biol Reprod 34:831 840 3412. Forger NG A Tucker. I . 1985 Phctoferiodic regulation < > l reprcxIiKtive development in male white - foiged mice iPentmtscta leucopmx ) hem at different phases of the breeding season. J Reprod Fffl 73:271 178. 3413. Forman (’»1 A Gnc cinc SpHzentetfttMg unter den Saugciiercn Z Saugetaerk 21176 18) . 3461. Frank. F 1957 Zu. Ill und Gcfangeaschihs- Biologic dc Zwergmaus { Munvrns inututus utbobscunn Fritschei. Z Saugeuetk 22:1 - 44 3462. Frank. I 1962. Zui Biologic de* Berglemnangs, Mnnw* lrmmu.% (L) Em Beitrag aim Lemming Problem. Z Mivyh Okof Tier* 51:97- 164 3463. Frank . F 1964 Die Feldman* Mirmnif an alts < Pall uk im nordweudeutschiandea Rrknrdwmtcr 1962/61 Z Siugetierk 29:146 152. 3464. Frank . I 1967. Die Wurfaejt Jes Waldleniniiiu; *. Myopus u hi tricolor (Liljcburg. 1*44 ). / Skugeiierk 32:172 173. 3465 Frank I l ‘*>8 Zur Kcnoinis der spanmhen lcldituus ( Microtut an tin asturuinta Millet 1908 ). Moan / 4 Beilr *" 19:189 - 197. 3466 Frank. F 1974 Ncxiial / ykly*. Vaginal pH und Gcxchlcvnt sscthaltms der Na.likoinmen brim Waldlctntning Myepmt schaiuolor ( Laljebocg ) Z Saugetierk. 19:269-276 3467. Frank. F. 19 '4. Wurlzahl und Wurffolgc beam ncedtschea Wiesel ibhislcla niraUs nxouI Bangs. 1896). Z Saugetierk. 39 248 250. •3468 . Frank, I A Zimmerman n. K 1956. Zur Htulogie der nofdi*d>en WuMmaus ( Mtcrotus or* UUOIMIU snmmngt Nehnngt 7 Saugetierk . 21.58 83 3469 Frank . LG , I 9K6 Social iegnm / «in *i of (he ajMted hyaena Croatia crot uia | Demography Amm Behav . 34:1500*1509.

.

.

.

.

*

.

- .

.

-

>

-

.

-

-

.

,

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

Oil J So 58:163- 170 3474. Franklin WL 1974 The social behavior of the vicuna. The Behaviour of I ngalalea and its RcLatioa to NGnagerurnt 477-487, (ie«t V A Walther. F eds IUCN Marges. Switzerland 3475 Franklin. WL 1982 Biology, eodugy and relntiutadtip to innn «4 the Soudi American Camrlidi. Pymatuuing Lab t col Spec Pul*l Set . 6: 4 ^ 7 - 480 3476. Franz C A Uingcope , C, 1979 Androgen and estrogen metabolism in male rhesus mem keys. Endocrinology 105 869-874 3477. Fianzmann. AVk 1978. Moose Big Game of North AmencA. A ? 81. Schmidt JL A Gilbert . DR. eds Stackpole Books. (ianulKitg. PA 347*. Franananrt AW 1991 Meet alert Mnmm S|>ccies. 154:1 7 3479. Franimann AW . A meson PD . A Ullrey DF . 1975 Comptnrtion of milk from Alaskan mot^se in relation to otiier North Amencnn wild ruminnnts . J Zoo An Med . 612-14 3480. I ranzmann AW A Schwartz CXI 1985 Moose twinning rates: A possible popuialium oortditioB assessment. J W'lldl Manage 49:394 396. 3481. Fraae. BA A Hoffmann. RS. 1980. Manmua flitsnmtru , Mamm Specie*. 135:1 8. 3482. Fraser FT, 1916 Recent stranding* of the false killer whale Pttudorca cmmtlms, with special reference to those found at Donna Nook Lincolnshire. Scott Nat 1936:105-114 3483. Fraser . HM Ahhu«. M laud NC e« al 1986. Effects of an LH-rdeasaug iKenume antagonist on the secretion of LH , |. profactm and ovartao steroids al different stages of the I ;S| lineal phase in the stumpt ailed inacai tic { Manna arc untie si ) | Fadocriuol. Ill 83 90 3484. Prater. HM . McNeiDy AS Abbon M «« al 19 6 Effecl * of I .HRH iminunor» riirriili /ati« m *n f dluular ilcvelo|rment . the LH surge and luteal function in the stump tailed macaque monkey iMacmv an taides ). J Reprod Fen 76-299- 309. 3485. Jiaser -Sinith. AC. 1975 Male- induced pegnancy temunatjon m the panic vole. Mtcrouts ochrogatltr. Science. 187:1211 1213. 3486. Frawley LS. Mulchahey IJ A Ne ll il > 1983. Ntuiiag induce* a bt| sha * ic release of polactin in thenua monkey* Hadocriaoloty 112 558 561 3487. Frawley LS A Neill , JD 1979 Age related changes in serum lewis of gonadotropins and testosterone in infantile male rhesus monkeys Bid Repud. 20:1147-1151 3488. Frazer. JFD A Huggett. A Si G. 1958 The breeding season end length of pegnancy in four species of large whale*. lat Coogr Zoul. 15 311 313. 3489. Frazer. JFD A Huggett , A St ( j 1959 Fhr growth rate of foetal whale* J Phyciol |46:2 IP 22P 3489*. Frazer JFD A Hugget A St G. 1973 Specific ftwul growth rates of cetaceans. J Zool 169:111-126 '

. .

.

. .

.

.

NF 1:11» 123

^

3470. Frank. LG. 1986. Social orgamzaoon of ihe spoiled hyaena CVorwM Croatia II Dominance and rqwoduction . Anim Behav 34:1510 1527. 3471 Frank. LG Smith FR . A Davidson JM 1985. Testicular origin of circulating acuirngeB in the spected hyaena Cmmta Croatia J Zool 207 A 613 615. 3472. PnoLttnct J A Mardile».tb*Kqj, A. 1985 fciicct of conapccifics on seiual moturatiu* in female liuropeon pine voles htymys tubummems J Rcptod Fett. 74:153 156. 3473 Franklin BC I 95R Studies f Michigan beavei 1 Mamm . 0:261- 267. 3525 Frith. IJ A Slur man. GB. 1964 . Breeding in wild Wildl pi ixilatioiis of the ted kangaroo, kirgaleta t u f a CSIRO

.

-

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

.'

.

.

-

-

.

.

‘

.

Rev 9:86114 3526 Fntto. Ml A Mcch. LD. 1981. Dynamics, movement and feeding ecology of a newly protected woU ppuUtK« u>

northwextcin Minnesota. Wildl Monogr. 80:1 - 79. 3527. Fntlv SH A SeaUnder. JA 1978 Reproductive biology and population characieristics of bobcat ( Lynx rubs ) in Arkansas J Mamm 59 347- 353. 352*. Ruzell. EK . 1978 Reproductioa of eaeroou ( hmeyam laior ) in North Dakota. Am Mid Nat 100.25? NS 3529. FntzelL EK A IUrotl» « KJ 1982 frocyim eaten strgettleu i Mairun S|iecirs 189 1 K 35.VI. I ruzell I K. Hubert GF Jr Meyen BE , et al 1985 Age - specific reproduction in Illinois uml Miaaouri racesvms , J Wildl Manage . 49:901 -905 3531. Frochlkh IW Thonngton RW. Jr A Otis JS 1981. The demography of howler monkeys (Aloualla ptllhaa ) on Barm Colorado Irlaod Panama Int I Primaiol 2:207 236 3532 Fmfka. J 1981 Die Aufzncht der Guerrzax (Caiobms potytcmuM oectdmuda ) im Zoo Inna Zool Ciarten NF 51:177 381 3533 Ftiwt . D A / in ker I 1981 Phiroperud and mrUmin inflwrui seasonal gonadal c >\ k« in the grasshopper mouse (Obyrhnwyx loucogcntrr ) I Reprod Pert 69:2 7- 244 3534. Fn «st KJ A lzmTy . I F 1981 Ringed. Baikal and Caspian seals Pltoca ktxfmla Schrebcr 1775: Pknca ttbnca Gmebu 17K8 ami Phoea caspua ( imelm I ’88 Handbook of Marine

.

»

1

.

,

. .

.

.

.

.

.-

.

.

-

.

-

‘

.

.

.

3535 .1580.

m . .

Mammal * 229 5 ? Ridgway SH IDrriuxi . RJ ed* Academic Frcu, New Yurie. 35 Finn NM, 1942. Gestation period of bighorn sheep, Otis canadensis I M« mm 23215-216. 3534 1-tutrh . RJ 1968 A captive born gotilla Goriih gonlla at Si LOUIS ZOO. Ini Zoo Yearb 8:128 1313537 Irwh, Ri. 1968 A note on breeding » IK>W leopards Puntkem unit a si Si Loot* Zoo. Ini Zoo Yearb 8:74 - 76 3538. Jruch . RJ , 1979 The breeding nod management of Hack lenwm lemur mo* tuo iiknaro at Si loais 7i*» Ini Zoo Ycsrb. 19:214 217 3539. l-rylcstiim B 1979. Population ecology of the European hare in Sweden Pti D Diss. I m' 1 -und. 3540. Fry It ; lam B 1980 Reproduction in ihe European huic in southeta Sweden Holarctic BCOL 3:74 80. 3541 Frylotam B 1980. Growth ami body weight of Furopran hares in taMham Sweden llohMic Fool . 3 81 - 86 3542. Fryxell. 1M 1987. Ixk breeding and IcmKvisI aggression in white -eared koh Ethology 75 211 220. 3543. Fry sell. JM 1987. Seasonal rqxodiKtron c4 while -eared kob in Boma National I'aik. Sudan. Afr J EcoL 25:117 124 3544. Fuchs. W 1980 Hohes Alter ermes RoUnradt (Cmw elapkuty Saugtlicfk Mitt 28 160 | 1967. Birtli weight , X*45. Fujikura . I A Niemann , W| gestational age. and lype of delivery in rhesus ntonkeyr. Ain ) OHM Gynec. 97:76 78 3546. Fujimaki Y I 960 Reproductive activity in Apodemits argenleus Tcmrmnck J Mamm Soc Inpan 4:74 80. 3547. Fujimaki. Y. 1981. Reproductive activity in Cfethnonamss ruf( xtutus bcdforduie 4 Number of embryos and prenatal mortality. Jap J Iicol. 3|_247 25ft. 3548. FUJI no. K 1963 Inti a uterine selection due to maiernal fetal inconipntiNlity of Notxl lypci in the whale* Set Rep Whales Res Inst 17:53 65 3549. Fujita MS A Kunr. Til . 19X 4 P fmttrellut tubflnmt , Mamm Species . 228:1-6 355«. Fuji wara F Hunja S & linnmimi, K . 19f >9, Practice of the breeding of cyoomolgus monkeys tAfururu trm ) tiadei laboratory conditions. Jikk.cn Dobutsu ( Lxpcnmental Animals >.

*

*.

.

-

.

- .

'

.

-

.

.

-

- .

-

-

-

- .

,

.

-

18:29 39. 3551. Fulk. GW 1975. Phpuialm ecology of rodent* in tit* tettuarid xhnihland * of Chile. Occm Pap Mu* TX Tech Univ 33:1 40 3552. Fulk. GW . 1976 Notes on Use activity , rqxaductiou, and social behavior of Octadan degas. i Mamm 57: 495- 505 3553. Fulk. GW' A Khokhar . AR . 1980. Observations on the nalural history of a pika ( OcbtXtvw m/esinu t from Pakistan Mammalia. 44 51 58 3554. Fulk. GW laithiya. SB. A Khokhar . AR 1981. Kitefacial rats ol lower Sind Abundance, reixoducticn ami diet J Zool

.

-

.-

193:371 VX), 3555. Fullagar PI Jewell PA Locfcky RM et al 1963 The Simmer vole < ( Irthneviomss glarroiur dtrvwrrrn.ru ) ami long -tailed field mouse ( Apodrmus nh tfr rv ) on Skotncr Island Pembrokeshire in I 960. Pr« Zool Soc Londm. 140:295-314 3554. Fuller. GB Yaiea DE, Mellon. El), et al. 1981 Diethylstilhcsti < 4 reversal of gonadiarofxn patterns m infant rhesus monkeys . J Steroid Bkxhem 15 497 500, 3554« Fuller TK 1989 Population dynamics of wolves in north central Minnesota. Wddl Monngr 105:1 41 3557. Fuller TK A Kuehn ,|)W |l> x 5 popul a ion charncicnvttcs of sui|«rd skunks in north central Minnesota. I Mamm.

.

.

.

. 66:813- 815.

.

. . - -

-

.

.

-

-

3558. Fuller WA 1951 Natural history and economic importance of the muskrat in the Athahxsca - Peace Delta, Wood Buffalo Park. Can W ldl Serv W ldl Manage Bull Ser 1 2:1-82. 3559. Fuller WA. 1961. The ecology and management of rite American btaon. Terre Vie. 108.286 304 354«. Fuller WA. 1962. Ihe btokigy and management of Use boon of Wuud Buffalo National Park Can W ldl SOT W ldl Manage Bull Series. 1 ( 16) 1 52 3541 Fuller. WA, Murirll AM Smith. RFC. e« al 1975. High Iirclic lemming *. Dtcroskmyx grocnkmdkus II Demography Can J Zool 53:867 878 3562. Funakonhi. K. 1986 Maternal care and postnatal development in the Japanese long - fingered bat Muuoptrms sebmberu / uhguunus . J Mamm Soc Japan II 15 26, 3543. Fuaaluwhi. K A Udutla TA 1981 Feeding activity during the href ding season and postnatal growth in the Namte’ ti frosted bat. Vapertrito utfx nms rapenms. Jap J Fool 31:66 77 3564. Funakmhi K & IJduda. TA. 1982 Annual cyder of body weight in the Namie's frosted bat. I' espertUto smptnms superam J ZooL 196.417 430. 3545. l - uakemlten. H A Ikllwing. S 1977. The effect of PMSG on ovulation in the shrew. Crucitluru russula monorfur. On Comp Endocrinol. 32:446 453. 3566. Fuainilayo O. 1979 Ecology of the straw coloured fruit hM in Nigeria Rev Zool Afr 93:519400: 3567 Furlcy CW. |986 Reproductive parameters of African

.

.

. .

.

-

.

.

.

- ..

-

-

.

-

.

-

- .

.

-

-

.

.

ga /oiles Gestation first fenile matings First parturition and twinning. AJi J Ecul. 24:121-128. 3568. Furnc11. DJ A Schwemsburg. RE. 1984. Population dynamics of central Canadian AtcUu Island polar beats. J Wild! ,

728 Manage 3569. Furuie. T A Nakamura. 1 1970. Birth of crang uian* Animals A Zoos. 22( 11 ) 6 9 357a Gabe M Ag«J. R . Marloja. M el a) 1964 Dowses histophysinJogupies et bKxhim quc.s wit 1 ' hibernation et le cycle annuel chcr. Eltomys querctrius, Arch Biol. 75:1 -87. 3571. Gaffrey, G. 1961. Merkmalc der Wrildlebcnden Saugeticre MiUdcuropas. Akademiscbe VerlagsgeselUchafts , lnp/ig 3572. Gaiduk. VE. 1973. Reptuduction of Lcpus rurtfuinn Pall in Byeiunmu. Vcstmk Zool (Kiev ). 3:51 54. 3573. Gaider , J 1965. Ihe female texual cycle und reproduction 48: 722

-.

.

.

-

^

the lesser hcvseshoc bat ( Rhuu rpAut luppotulmo* tuppouderas IWchstem 1800k Vcaln f ’csl Spol Z*«il in

29.336- 352 3574. Gaislcr J 1966. Rcpoduction

.

the lesser horseshoe hat ( Rlunoluphus Inppusulcrus hipposidetos ) . Bijdr Dterkd. 36:45 64 in

-

1970. The bats ( QuroptcraJ collected in Afghanistan by the Czechoslovak Bapedatiuru of 1965- 1967. Ada Sc Not Acad So Hohcmoslovncae Brno. 4 I 56 3576 Gauler . J 1986 The smallest mammal ? Ziva 34:197 3577. Gaoler . J Ibnak . V . Dungel , J . 1979 A oonuilwtioo !« • the pcfHiblion ecology of Nyrwlus noctuhi ( Mammalia; Qtircptera ) Acta Sc Nat Acad Sa Bahemodovacne Brno Ml M 3578. Ciawkr J I loins. V. A tlumolka. M 1977. Ecuhigy and rc|xo«Juction ol ( iluidac iMammalia) HI nurlhern Moravia. K4M Z**4 26 213 221. 357V. ( Ussier J A Klima. M 196* f )*» Gr«chlec4 steroid hormnoe* by testes and ovaries of the ) pcludo . CkacUipAaracms viUtnms ( Fidenlatn, Mammalia Acta Physiol ladi Am 22:22 31 3587. Gambarian PP A Marttro*y»n . BA. I960 On the ecology of Calomvxcia h* uUanU Thomas. Zool /burn . 39:1408 1413 35X8. Ganbcil, R . 1966 Foetal growth and the (weeding season of sperm whaler Norsk Hvalfangst 1 tdende 55:113-118 3589 ( iamhell , R . 1*)68. Seasonal cycles and reproduction in sei . whales of the southern hemisphere Discovery Rep. 35:35-131 359« Gambell , R . 1972 Sperm whaks off Durban. Dtscvweiv Rep 35:199 357. 3591 Gambell. R . 1973. So*ne effects of esplottauon on reproduction in whales. J Reprod F ert Suppl 19 33- 553. ( 3592 Gambell. R 1979. The blue whale. Biologist . 26 209 215 3593 Gambell. R 1985. Se whak Hahumrum bumtUt ljrssoo , 1828. Handbook ol Marine Mammals . 3:155 170. Ridgeway. Ml A Harris «i, RJ. cds Academic PHCM. New York 3593«. ( Under. I F. 1927. Exfienences with wood rats. Neotoimi JuM ipcs men rotis J Mamm 10:52-58 3594 Gander FT . 1928. Period of gesimion in iocne Amrnmt mammaU J Mamm. 9:75 3595 Gander FI 1930. Drvekgwnenl lot Zoo Yearb 12 115 116 SmnmnI 3599 Gannon. MR W lfig, MR A Jones . JK . Jr 1989 tilium Mamm Species 333:1 5, . 360« (Unaon WU 1988 Znpwt inrnrtatus Mamm Speaes 315:1 5 Kowaris 344)1 Gattslosser. t ^. 19X1 Frfolgreuhe Atilmchl von Dasyuinlae ) in tie* { I\uMinnies b )mn Mamipnlia Familieagngspe 7 Kblner Zoo. 24:127- 112 of 3602 Garnlivtwr U A Mcuaacr. K 1984 Behavioural )signs : Dasyuridue . Ausi in Datyuroufa by met (Marsopiala

ed. Academu

.

.

.

.

. .

.

-

- .

.

.

- .

.

-.

.

- .

.

.

. .

-

-

.

.

.

. .

. .

. . .

..

- .

-

-

.

.

-

^

.

. .

-

.

.

oestrus

Mamm 7:223 224 3403 (Uragna S Zoccotti M. Seark. JB. ct al 1909 epithelium cycle in Hixkdofical descrtpuoa of the seminiferous . :299 301 the common shrew (5anr.i orarteut IT lk 4 l ZCKJ 56 344)4 ( Uragna , S Zuccutti. M, Scarle. JB et al 1989 cltf lv»khtungen ruin Druh - Angnff * und Kamplverhulien dev DromrdathcngHte * so wie uher die ( churl IIIKI Vcriialtenscntwickluag dev Jungticrr . * in der ivvdwe.itlechen Sahara Z Tierpsych d 16:593-604 3637 Gauthier Pikers H 1967 The fennee Air Wild! 21:117-125 3638. Gauthier - Wright I Baudot N , A Mouvais-Jam , P. 1973. * [ estotlcrone binding globulin in stump tailed macaque monkeys iMi MI ipecunii) Endocrinology 93 :1277 128b 3639. Gautier 11 ion , A 1 * *66 L’fcotogie et Pathologic du Talnpuin Mioptthe tu MU HHH utlopoin Ro I Gabon 2:311 - 329 3640. Gauticr-Hion . A 1968 Etude du cycle annuel dc reproduction ilu Talpoin ( Mupiihecms uxlapom ) vivant dam uw milieu naturcl Biol Gabon . 4 163- 17? 3641. Gauiaer - Hion . A I 97|. l / ecologse du Tatapuin du Gabon Terre Vie. 118 427 490i 3642- Gauticr -Hiou. A 1971. Repertoire cutup, s term ninl du Talapoin ( Mtoptikecus Mksjmm ). Bu 4 Gabon. 7:295 391. 3643. Gautier - llioa A A Gautier, j P. 1976. Growth , actual matunty . social maturity and reproduction » African fcre «t cerccpithccine.t. Folia Primniol. 26:165- 184 3644. Gauluti. JC 1972. Note sur la dure£ dc gestation de Lrmniscontys itrutius en Cote d ’ Ivoire. Mammalia. 36:309 310 3645. ( iaulun. 1C 1975 Pcrh.\licjld de U reproduction de quelquo ib ngcuts d une cavanne pcWurcstiere du centre dc Li Cote dlvoue Tcne Vie. 29:265 287 . 3646. ( iaulun. JC 4k Suard B I #»5 Record* de fettilit dc ‘ * Ahuf vn i hnberii an Bulkina Faso ( ex HaulcVnlu ) Mammalia 49:579 . 3647. Gavin. A I 94 < N 66, Altersvariahilitiit de* MctaholUimu und der Akuvitat bci Sore* tinmens U Lynx . 6:41 44 3654. Gfbc^ynckt. M A ( ietvzynska, L 1984. 17»e energy ctwt cd nesting growth in the Lurtpcan pine vole. Acta Therid. 29:231.241 3655. Gfbcrynvki M A Gfhc /.ymka. Z. I ‘>85. Parental energy investment into offspring growth in the rout v*4e Ze r Natik * FUti UW. 105)9-104 3656. Get , HP 19 ^ 3. The life history of the great Indian one- horned rhinoceros ( /? nninwiur I-inn ). J lk >mhay Sac Hist Sac. 51:341- 348. 3657. (>e, LP 1953. Great Indian ewe - hurned rhinoceros ( /? unnonm Linn ) cow witli presumptive ) twin calves J Bombay Nat HIM SOC 53:256 257. .Vi58. Gee, TP. 1955. The Indian elephant lF. uauiwwifI: Fairly growth gradient and intervals between calving J Bombay Nat Ihsl SOC 53:125 128. 3659. Geer ling , C * Bokdam J 1971. The Senegal kob AdenaUt kob kob ( Hrxlebea ) in the Conroe Notional Park I very CoaaL Mammalia. ? 5:1 7 24. 36641. tieidcl , B A Genscb. W. 1976. 'Ihe rearing af clouded leo wdi Ntofelts nebulous m the| *e»enee of the male, lat Zoo Vearb 16: 124 126 3661. Gcigy R 1955. Obcervatirms stir Ic* Phacochdre du * Tanganyika Rev Suisse Toni 62(Suppl > P9- 163. 3662- Geinit ?, Ch 1980. Beitrage / ur Biologic de*

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

-

^

.

.

-

Strctfenboinchetw ( EaUtmnis sibeniem Laxmann. 1769 ). auf I riedhnl in f rciburg ( Sud deuischlandk Z Saugelierk

45 279- 287. 3663. Getter. F. Ilid er. W

cuiL m

-

:

.

.

.

iXtsyurvtdn by met (Marsupialta; Das >-un* Ue ). Phyxiol Zool 59:220 229 3665. Geustnana. T 1986 Male change enhances duetung activity in Ihe siamang gibbon ( Hylobotes syndactybuX IWhaM au 96: 17 27 3666. Gent V , 1963 On the behaviour of the Ninth American m mw ( Ake* ii/ rt tuuleriotu Peterson 1950) in British Columbia. Behaviour 20:377 416 3667. Getst. V . 1971. Mountain Sheep. 1 niv Chicago Press , Chicago 3668. Gcj.-.t V 1981 Behavior Adaptive strategies in mule ifcer . Mule and BUtk ^aik d Dcet of North America. 157 223 Walmo ( V ed. I’ niv NE. Lincoln NE . 3669. Gemmrll R 1 1979. Ihr fine structure of the luteal alls in relation to the CouonMrviou of |aogouer iic in the plasma of like lactiumg Itandiovii . In whim murvuru i ( Marvupiaba: Peianvlidaei Ausl i Zool 27:501 - 510.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

791

.

367« ( fcmmrll . RT 1981 The fi 4e of the corpus lul.- nm of lactation m ihc bandicoot hoodmi mnmum (ManufMlu: Peramelidae ) Gen Comp Endocrinol 44 13 19 3671 Gcmmell RT 1982. Breeding Kandic«its in Brisbane ( liiHKlan mtenmna: Martupialii, Peramelidae ) Ausi Mamm 5:187193 3672. Gcmmell RT 1984 Plasma concent rations of progesterone and 13, l 4 -iihydro 15- keto wo*tagUndiu Fip during regresuon of the corpora lutca of locution in the hrmdicix* ( Isofxkm mtemumx ) J Reprud Fen 72 29> -299 3673 Gcmmell. RT 198 ^ The effect of prostaglandin analog on the plasma cooceniration of progesterone in the handictwa hoodon macronrus ( Marxupialia IViamelsdne ), dunng lactation . Gen Comp F. tvdocrinnJ . 57:405-410 3674 Gettmvll RT. 1986 Sexual maturity in the lemale macrcmms ( Gould i in captivity Ausi J ZooJ hnndiccKa

.

.

-

.

^

.

.

.

-

34 199 204

.

3675 Gcmmell. R1 1987. F.ftect of melatonin ami removal c4 young on the seasonality and h*rths in the moraipta! possum. J Reprnd FVrt 80:301-307 3676 (icmmell RT- 19 X 7. Influence of melaiciun Ini Zoo Yearh. 5: 111. 3712- Oentdt , W , 1966. Kurze Milteilung uber die Zucht dcs Borstengurtelbcres ( Euphntclcs tillasus vtlknms hsch ) ini Zoologuchn Gatien Dresden . Zool Gallon NF 32.216 218 3713. Gensch, W , 19f6 Nochmals Air Nadianchl dcs liinlurong { Arrant him mug Raffl ) mi Zocdogischcn Garten Dresden. Zod * Garten NF 33:126 121 3714 Gensch . W 1968. Notes no Needing titnher wolves ai Fh-esden Zoo Int Zoo Yearh 8:15 16 3714«. Gcnsch W 1969 . Berner kens wen kurze Tragzeit born Hausrenlier iftangt/er kumuhs L ). Zoo4 (iarten. 37:150-151. 3715. Gentile R Sciscioii , V . Pet rust no G. et al 1989. Ihe presence of epithelial crypts in the epdidymis of dumot* Rmfikajfra nipuapni I. Preliminary icptri Boll Soc Ital Bid Sper 65:549- 554. 3716. Gentry Rl . 1970, Social tvhavfe* of the Strllcr sea Iron Ph D Dim Univ CA Santa Cruz 3717 Gentry . RJ 1981. Northern fur seal CtUlorhmus ursmus ( Linnaeus. 1758 ). Handtx> 4 Marine Mammals. 1:143- 1 « » Ridgway SH A Harmon Rj. edv Academic Press. New Ycek 3718. Gentry, RL Com, DP. Croxai, JP. et al 1986 Synthesis and conclusions Fui Seal* Maternal Strategies tio lauki and al Sea 220- 264 , Gentry. Rl A Kt « »ym.ui Gl . eds, Ptmccton Unit hm Princeton. NJ 3719. Gentry RL A Holt JR 1986. Attendance behavior of northern fur reals Fur Seals. Maternal Strategies on laind and at Sea. 41 -66 Gentry . RL A Kooyman . GL e jx » >Tii>- ji nnaleii chez la fcmellr de Hannon ( Fnnacnu europueus L ) Ann Iifldocrin« *l , 28:2 1 -610. * 37«6 < iittelnun II 1988 Behavioral energetic* of the lactation in a hcrhnxienm ciarmvcve the red panda ( Ailums fuigensi . Ethology . 7913 24 3797, Giuliano, WM. Latvartis JA. A Stevens, CL 19 9. Prey

.

-

.

.

^

.

^

-

selection

in

.

* relation to to sexual dimorphism of fishers { Manes

j rnrumu ) J Mamm. 7(E639 -640. ’ 379*. Given. RL A Fnders. AC 197 . Mouse utenne glands during the delayed and induced implantation pctiod*. Anal Ret 19027 I 2 4 3799 ( ilandrr , Kl 1975 Hubtuii and resource utilization An ecological view of social organization in mantled howling monkeys . Ph D Disv UniV Chicago. Chicago. 3800 Glander . KE 1980, Reproduction and populatio* growth in free-ranging muntk d howling ittunkeys. Am J Phys Anthmp. .

*

. *

.

.

-

.

3325 36 *

.

.

.

3801 Glanx. WE. Thoringlon. RW, JR. Giacalone Madden J . ct *1. 1982. Seasonal food use and dettwrgrapfuc trends in Sauna Ihc Ecology of a Tropical Forest 239 252. Leith, EG. Jr. Ruad. AS. A Windsor, DM cds Smithsonian Inst Press Wnduneton,

-

.

DC

.

.

.

3802 Gins. GH |9 ? 4 , Over lichnaimmatcn en gewichten van dr hutizing Mustek* putonms l jnrucus |75S. in Nederland IxMra 16:13 19 3803. Glass BP. 1949 Reproduction in the pine vole. PtTvmys nemoralis. J Mamm 30:72 73 3803«. Glass. BP A Ward CM 1959 Hals of the genu* M >otu from Oklahoma. J Mamni. 40: 194 - 201. MUM. Glow JI ). 1986. Slu pean bison . J Mamm 2 :333 342 3*23. Glover . TD 1973. Aspect * of sperm production in some east .African mammals. J Reprint Fcrt . 35:45 53 3824. Glover. TD A Sale. JB 1968. The reproductive system of the male rock hyrax ( Pnuavui and Heterohymx ). J Zool. 156: 351 362 3825. Gluchowski W A Maciejowslu J 1958 Investigation on factor * controlling fertility in the coypu II : Attempu at determining pot nUal ferliUty baaoJ on bislnkigtcal studies of the ovary Ann Cni » Manac Curie SkJodowtka 138:345*361. 3826. Gnan. SO A Sheri ha, AM 19*6. Composition of Libyan camel 's milk Aust J Dairy Tech. 41:33- 35 3827. Goddard . J . 1966, Mating and courtship of the black rhinoceros ( Dtcerus lucorms ). E Aft Wikll J. 4.69-75. 3828. Goddard. J 1967 Home range, behaviour , and recruitment rates of two black rhinoceros populations . F Air Wildl J. 5:133 150. 3829. CMxhtud J 1970 A note on age at sexual maturity in wild black thinoceroi E Ait Wildl J 8:205, 3 30 Goddard , J 1970 Age criteria and vital statistics cf a black rhinoceros population F. Aft Wildl J 8:105- 122. 3831. Godet R 1947. Action dcs goeadotruplunes sfriques sur l ovaire de la Taupe CR Soc BKJ. 141:1100 1102. 3832. Godet. R. 1947. Variations pfriodiques de l uitenudle medullaire dans Lovaire de la Taupe CR Soc Biol. 141:1102-

.

.

*

*

-

.

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

*.

-

1103.

.

.

3833 Godet . R 1949 Rcchcrvhes d anatomic, d ' embryologie normnlc et cxjH'nmenlalc «ir Lappariel gfmtal de la Taupe ( Talp,i EUROPOETJ L )|«r|. BuH Bid Ft Belg 83:25 111. 3*34. Godet R 1951 . Cunuibunu k I 'fdudogx de la Taupe (TaJ /us rurnpam L ) Bull Soc Tool France . 76:107- 12 . 3835. Godfrey , GK. 1953. A technique for finding Mtcrotus nests. J Mamm. 34J0J-505. '

-

*

. . 3836. Godfrey. GK 1956 Reproduction of TtUjHi MitpoM Suffolk. J Mamm 37 43* 440 3*37. Godfrey. GK 1957. Ofuervntiotts of the movements of

795

3*36 3879

sexual behavior , and the 385 . Goldfooi , DA 1981. pheromone hypothesis in rheaui monkeys: A entique Am Zoo!

*

in

males ( Tal/ m eruopaea L) after

weaning

-

IVtx 7i *ol Soc Lndc n

12* 2*7 295

.

3838 Godfrey , GK 1969 Reproduction in a lahorutory colony of the marsupial mouse Sminthopus Ura/ tmui (Manuptalia Dosyuridae ) Au% t J 7**4 I 7 677- 654 3839 Godfrey, GK 1969 fhe influence of increased phmcpen «d v*n reproduction in the dasyurid marsupial, SmmthofMii cmuu iiudnut J Mamm. 50:132 133 3840. Godfrey GR 1975 . A study of oestrus and fecundity in a labswuiory colony of mouse opossums ( Marmara rohtnuvul J 7xnl 175 541 555 3841 Godfrey, GR. 1979. Gestation period in the common shrew Sanat cmvmttax ( umnewr ) fretttlts. J Zooi 189:^ 48- 551 3842. Godfrey. C K A Crowcroft P. I 960 The lafe of the Mole Museum Press , London 3843. Godfrey GK A Crowcrofl. P 1971 Breeding the fat tailed marsupial mouse Smmlho/ >su ernssicaudata in captivity . Int Zoo Yearb II 33- 38 3844. Godfrey. GK A Oliver WLR 197 « The reproducUon and development of the p« gmy hedgehog tenrec Pcbmops lelfatn Dodo. J Jersey Wildl Preserv Trust , 15:48 - 51 3844«. Godfrey RW IV ie. CE, Dreaser. Bt et al. 1991. Gross anatomy of the repr< iductive tract of fcnule black ( Dkeros hicorms mu iuicli ) and white rhinoceros ( Ceratniherzum sintum simum ). Zoo Biul 10:165-175 3845 fmdmho. HP. Cardoux FM. A Nogucua. K '. 1977 Blood supply to the testis of a Brazilian marsupial iDidelphis ozunu ) and IU abdonunotesticular temperature gradient. Acta Anal 99 -204- 208 3846. Godsell. J . 1982. I he population ecology c4 the eastern quvill Dasyurus vtverrtnus ( l >*.v >tinJoe. Matsupialia ) m w >ull»ctn Tasmania Canuvoruux Marsupials. 1:199 207. Aichei. NL ed. R Soc NSW Moss man. NSW 3847. Gocldi. FA 1904 On the rare rodent Dinomys bramtin. Pmc Zx«l Soc London I WM:15* 162 384* Goertz, JW. 1965 Late summer breeding of fiying squincls I Mamm. 46:510. 3849 Goertz, JW . 1965 Reproductive vanatioB in cotton rats Am Mid Nat . 74: 329- 340. 3850. Gocru. JW 1965. Sex. age and weigh! vat lain* in colton rate. J Mamm 46 471 477. 3*51. Goeiu JW. 1970. An ecological study of Ntvkma Jtcndtvus in Oklahoma. J Mamm. 5 L94-104 3*52. Gocrtz. JW 1971. Ait ecological study of Wa rtti pmetonm* in OkLalKtiw Am Mid Nat Hb 113. 3*53 GoerU JW Dawson. RM. A Mowbray EE. 1975 Response u> nest boxes and reproduction by Giancorny n&tiu 9 )9 in northern Lumiiiiu , J Mamm. 56933 3854. Goetz. Rll 1936. Studied zin llacentation dcr CeMebdet I Line Neu L nlervochung der Ccntetexplacrnla Z Anal Entwidd ( iesch . 106:315- 342 3*55. Gocu Rll 1937 Siudicn na PUcentation der Ceineuden II Die Implantation und l:tulieniwkkliuig von Hemktwetcs 7| semuptmous (Cuvier ) Z Ann Imwickl Gcach 107 :274 K 3*56. (kK*tz Rll 1937 Siuthen zur PUcenlnlion der Cwetalw III IV I in wick lung der Enichthullen und der Placenta Ivi flemstenteie % semis pun* nut (Cuvier ) 7 Anal I MW' tckl Gesih 1OS:161 200 3*57. (ioeu. Rll 193* On the eaHy deveh mml of the Tcnrectadea Uiemu nueirt rrmfwmil|tiumorpho« i« 167 79

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

^

.

-

. .

- .

. .

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

- .

.

.

^

Olfaction ,

21:153 164 3 5* Goldfooi , DA. Slob. AK. Scheffer. G el al 1975. Multiple ejaculations during prolonged sexual lest* and lack of ftesuto&m serum lestostetooe increases in male srumji tail macaque* \ M umonies ) Arch Sex Bduv. 4:547 560 386 Goldfooi DA. Wallen K Neff . DA et al . 1984. Social influence* on the display of sexually diliwtphic behavior in rhesus monkcyi Uoaexual rearing. Arch Sex Hehav. 13 395 412. 3 61. Golding . RR 1969. Birth and development of spotted * hyaenas Croatia erveata at the University of Ibadan Zoo. Nigeria lot Ax» Yearb 9 395 3*62. GoUingay. RL A Kavanagh . RP 1990. Socioecology of ' the yellow bdlurd glider. Petaants ausiresits , at Wanuh ( reek. NSW Aua J /«4 3* 327 341 3 63. Goldman. B. Hall. V Hollister. C el al. 19*1 Dnirnal * changes m pineal mclaiotbn content in f «tr rodent tpcoei Relationship lu pliotopcnodisin. BKII Rcprod. 24 :77 J 83. 3*64. Goldman. BD Darrow . JM. A Yogev L 1984 Effects id timed melatonin mfuwon* on reproductive developn>rm in the D|tingarian hamster ( Phvdopus sungortu k Endocnnolugy . 114:2074 20 3. 3865. Goldman. CA 1986. A review of the management of the aardvark Oryeierupus afer in captivity , lot Zoo YearK 24/25 286 294 3866. Goldman. CA. 19*7 Creasonhus ohn unu Mamm

.

*

* .

- . .

.

*.

-

*-

.

.

.

*-

.

-*

-

.

-

Specks. 2901 5. 3867 GoUman. CA A Taylor ME 1990 Ubaructts kuhu Mamm Spcoe* 348:1 3 3868. Goldman EA. 1911. Revision of the spiny pocket time igenera Helcrtunys orut Uomys ). S Am Fauna. 4:1 70 3869. Goldman. FA. 1921 Two new rodents from Oregon and Nevada. J Mamni. 2:232 233 387« ( iuldman. FA 1950. Raccoons ol Ninth and Middle America . N Am Fauna . 60:1 153. 3871 Goldman. JF A Stevens. VJ 1980 The birth and

.

.

-.

.

'

-

.

.

.

-

.

development of twin nilgai Hoselaphus tmgtxamehu iu Washington Paik Zoo hutland Int Zcu * Yearb 20:234 240 3 72 GoMaamth PC Laanheru R. A Brcnaa. LR 19*3 . Gonadotropin releasing hormone notions and pathways in the ptinuie hypothalamus and forebeain Nmiroendociwe AapecU of Rc| ituduction. 7 43 N eniun , RL ed . Academic l*ness New York. 3*73 GiOdspttik CR 19 7 The growth , reproduction and mortality < f « n etwloscd popuLtuw of red deer (frmii elaphus ) in north wevt England I Tool 213:23 44 3*74 Golduone. AD A Nelson JF. 1986 Aggressive behaviour ) in two femak Pt' ration i\ ctuuinrta ( Maaufiodidae and us relation to orstniv Aust Wildl Res 13:375 3 5 3*75 Oolian SC A Whitworth . MR 1985 Growth « 4 pikas ( Qthotanaprincepx ) m Cokeado J Mamm 66:367- 371 3876 Colley FB 1957 Gestation period , breeding and fawwmg behavior of Cohimbun Mock - tailed deer J Mamm. 38 :116-120. 3877. Gollcy , FB 1957 An appraisal of ovarian analyses in dncrminiiig re|noductive performance of Mack tailed deer J Wildl Manage 2162 -7. 387* Gollcy. FB 1961 Interaction of nulalily . mortality and timvemenl during one annual cycle in a Microtus jwptdiUson Am Mid Nat 66 152 159 3879. Gonibe, S. 19* 3 Rcinoduciive cycle U the rock hyTax iProcavus ftf/emu ). Afr J Ecul 21:129-113.

. . -..

*.

.

. b

.

.

.

.

-

.

*

,

.

.

- *.

. .

-

.

- .

.

.

Man.- 3915.

796

.

38*0. Gombe. S. 1985 Short trim fluctuation is progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone in pregnsoi and non pregnant hyaena (CVumhi erveuta Gnlebfl). AfrJ Ecd 23: 269 - 271 3881 Gomhc S A Kayanja. FTB 1974 Ovarian|Xogestin* in Muu giraffe (( nrqffa camelofUMiaUtl I Reprod Fcrt 40 45- 50. 3882 Gombe S A Oduer-Okelo D. 1977. Effect of temperature and relative humidity on plasma and gonadal testiwterone concentrations in camels . J Reprod Lett 50: 107-108 3883 Gomcndto. M 1990, Ihe influence of maternal tank and infant tea on maternal investment trend* in rhesus macaque *:: Birth ut ration , inter birth intervals and suckling pattern* Bchav Ecol Sod Doc Indian Acad Sd . .

.

- .

. . .

.

.

-

.

-

.

-

. .

.

-

-

.

278:137 151

.

3907 Gopalalcrishna . A 1949 Studies iw the embryology of Microdtitoptera Part III The histnlogical changes in the genital organ* and accesury reproductive structures during the sex cycle of the Vespcttjlionid hat Scotophdus wromgktom ( Thomas ) hoc Indian Acad Set 3UB:17 46 3908. Gopalaknshna A 1949 Studies on the embryology of MictiKhinpletn Port IV An onaJyus of iniplantatKio and early development in Seotofhtlus ismughtfmi (Thomas). Proc Indian Acad lei V)B 226 242 3909 Gnpalaknshna A 1950 Studies on the embryology of Microchirqptent Part V Placeman n in the vesprrtilionid hat Seataphtlus wnmghHmi (Thomas ). Proc Indian Acad Sci.

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

.-

31 B 235-251. 3910. Gopalakmhna. A 1951) Studies on the embryology of MKTOchiriptera Part VI Structures of lire placenta of the Indian vampire hat . Lynsdenua lyra ( GeoffroyX Megadermaiulae Doc Nat Inst Sd India 1693 98 3911 ( Hpalakrishna. A 1954 Breeding habit* of the Indian shcaih tailed hat Taphnxous Umgiminui iHardwickc). Cun Set. 234B6I . 3912. Gopalakrirfuia A 1955 Ohservatiotu on the breeding habits and ovarian cycle in the Indian sheath tailed bat . Taphocout Umgimiinus ( Hardwicke ). Proc Nat Inst Sci India 21 B 29- 4 I 3913. Gopalakmhna. A. 1958. Foetal membranes al some Indus Mictochitiptera. J MocpfeoL 102:157 197. 3914 Gopalakmhna A Pk>4 pmi pat turn pregnancy in the Indian fiuit - hn Ransettu* Icsckenoulti ( Detm ). Ctirr Sci . 33:558 559 3915 Gopolakrithna. A I 960 Gestation period in some Indian bau J Bombay Nat Hist Soc . 66:317- 322.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

797

.

3916 395.3.

3916. Gopalakmhna. A. 1969 Unusual persistence of the ctrpus lutcum in the Indian fruit bat. kausrttus Utchmadn ( Desmarct ). Cun Set 31:388 389 3917 Gopalakmhna. A 1971 Uterus - Mastocyit relal ionship in ( hiripteta : Part 1 Topogtaphical relationship between the uterus and the blastocyst m bats. I Zool Soc India 23:55 61 3918. Gopalakmhna. A A Rhatia . D. 1982 Breeding habits and associated phenomenon in some Indian hats: VII IhpfHutderat speoru (Schneider ) ( llippiMitleTidae ) from Chandrapui Maharashta. J Biunbny Nat Hist Soc. 79:549 556 3919. Gopalakmhna. A Rhiwgade, DA 1974 Foetal membranes in the Indian horseshoe hat Rhtnolvplms nmxs (Temminckl. Cun Sci. 43 516517. 3920. ( jopdabishna. A A Chan . OC 1983. A review of the taxonomic position of Muuaptemt baaed on rmbryological characters CWr Sa 52 1176- 1180 3921. Gspalakmhna. A A ( Vnodbwi PN 1977 BrcesJmg habit* and associated phemunetu in some Indian hats: I Rauu ttut les< hetuiulu ( Dexmarcst ) Megadtiroptera J Bombay Nnl Mist Soc 74:1 16 3922. Gspalakrithna. A A Karim. KB |97| Localized progestational endometfial reaction in the uterus of Ihe Indian fruit - hat . Routettus letrhrnaulii ( Demurer ). Cun Sci 40:490- 491 , 3923. Gopalakmhna A A Karim. KB 1972 Arrangement of the foetal membranes and the occurrence of a h*einndich< « tal placetita in the ve*pcrulii>«ud bat Ptfistretins immur mums CUTT SD. 41:144 146 3924. Gopalalcrishna, A A Karim KB 1972 The yolk - sac gland in ihe Indian fruit bai Rimsrltu.i I f s hrttmilh Drsnumt Curt Set 41639 641 3925 Gopalaknshna A A Karim KB 1975 Development of the foetal membrane* ia the Indian leaf - nosed bat Htppauderos fttlyus fuhus Graff Part II Placrntation. Rev Raum Biol Ser Zool. .

- .

.

-

-

*

-

.

-

.

.

.

20: 257 267.

.

.

.

.

.

3926. Gopalakndina A A Katim KB , 1979 . Fetal membranes and plaecntiitKin in Chiroplera , J Reprod Fert 56 417 -429 3927 Gopalakmhna A Ktmm. KB. A Chan . G. 1979 Pregnancy reesrd of some Indian bat* Curt Sci 48:716-718. .392* Gopalalcrishna A A Khapardc MS. 1972 Variable orientation of the embryonic mas* during the impbittati o al the lyra Maflocyst in the Indian false vampire but. Mcgaiienmi Ivra (Geoffrey) Ctirr Sd . 41 738- 739 3929 Gopalakmhna A A Khapsrde MS 1978 Early development and ammogenesi.* in the India vampire hat Megnderma lyra lyra (Geoffrey ). Doc Indian Acad So « 7 B( Amm Sd 2 ):9 I -|04 39.3(1 Gopalaknshna , A. Khajurde . MS. & Sapkal VM 1976 lyra lyra Parturition in the Indian false vampire bat . Mfpklsrmii Geoltroy 1 Bombay Nat Hist Soc 73:464- 467 3931. Gopalakmhna , A A MoJliavan. A. 1970 Sex ratio in some Indian hats. J Bombay Nat Hut Soc. 67.171- 175 3932. Gopalakmhna. A A Madhavan. A. 1971 Parturition in the Indian v«pcrti!ionid bat PiptstreUtu ceyfamau ckrysothru (Wmoghton ) J Bombay Nat Hist Soc 68:666670. 3933. Gopalaknshna. A A Madhavan. A. 1971. Survival of spermatozoa in the female genital tract of the Indian v expertihomd bat Piptstrellmi ceviimu MI thrys / Hhtit (Wmughton ). Doc Indian Acad Sci. 73:43- 49 habiU , 3934. ( iopalakmfuia A A Madhavan A. 1977 Bleeding and associated phenomena in some Indian hats: HI Htpptmderm Soc. ater ater (Temfileton ), Hipposadendae. J Boinlwv Nal Hut 74:511 517.

.

.

. . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

39.35 Gopalakmhna A A Madhavan A 1978

Viability of

imenunaird spermatozoa in the Indian vrvpertilionid bar Seetaphtlmt hnuh OlorsrfieM ). Indian J Exp Biol 16:852 - 854 . 3936. Gopalaknshna A A Moghe MA I 960 IVvulopmenl cf the foetal membrane* in the Indian leaf - nosed hat . Htfipostderos hieolar paUtdut Z Anal Enrw Gesch 122 117 149 3937 Ciupalakmhna , A A Moghe MA I 960 Observances on the ovaries of some Indian bau Dnc Nal Invt Sci Irxlia 26 kal . VM 1974. Foetal membranes of the Indian pipistrelle. Pipistrellut dorosen ( Dobson )

( Mammalia: OuropteraJ. J Zool Soc India. 26: 1 9. 3944. ( npalakmhna. A Ihakur RS A Madhavan. A. 1975 Breeding biology of die southern dwarf pipistrelle. Pipistrellut mum tsumui (Wroughion ) from Maharashtra. India Zool Soc () India Dr BS Oisuhan ( 'ommeiin eaiion Voli225- 24 3945 Gopalakmhna. A. Vanise. AT. Sapkal, VM. et al 1985. Breeding habits and associated phenomena in some Indian haL* Part XI Mmtopterut schretbertii fiiUgawsms ( llodgMin ) Vespertibonidae . J Bomliuy Nat Hist Soc. 82:594 601 3945». Gordimer . EJ . 1948. Sepseinber betb al a Michigan white tailed deer. J Mamm 29:184 185. 3946 Gurtlon. G . 1974 Move menu and activity of the short - nosed l.toadott macmanu Gould tManuptolu ). Mammalia

-

. .

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

-

38:405 131. 3947. Uirdua. K. Fletcher, TP A Rentier MB 1988 Kcactivatioo of the quiescent corpus lutcum and diapausing embryo after tempi ear y removal of the suc king stimulus in the tanwtar wallaby tM x rofiut rugetitil. J Rejr«l Fcrt 83:401 406 3« 48. Gnrdon TP. 1981. Reproductive Ivhnvior in th rhesus monkey Social and endocrine vanalfe*. Amcr Zool , 21 IKS 195 3949. Gordon . TT* A Bernstein. IS 1973 Seasonal variation in sexual bchav* i of all - mak rhous troop* Am J l*hy « Anthrap 38 21 226 3950 Gordon. TP Rose, RM A Bernstein . IS 1976 Seasonal rhythm in plasma tesloyteronr level* in the rtk‘vus nveikey iMacaea mulattu ): A three year viudy Harm Behnv 7:229 243 3951. Gareckr . A. 1977. Energy flow through the common hamvtei pnpalntion Avta Then* A 22 25 66 3952 Gorman , Ml 1976 Seasonal chiinge * in ilie reproductive ) ; pattern of fetal llrrprtlrs auroputu tutus (Carnivora Vivrmdae in the Rjsan Island* 1 Zool 178:237 246 3953. Gornun . Ml I 971) Diaprrswm and foraging if the small

.

.

.

.

^.

-

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

Indian mongwwe Herprsten auroputu tatus fCarurvnra : Vitsemdae) relative to the evuhitiani cf social snvenids J Zool I 87 A5 73.

-

.

.

3954. 3996

798

.

3954. Gorwdl. RH. Sovdn DL Ltndholm. L B et aL 1971. McuN 'lum L A Coles REA. 1969. The nummary gland of the echidna. Tixhtglotsta m ultalus with observations on the incuKiUon cf the egg and on the newly hatched young J Zool 158.371 386 4070. Griffiths . M Mclmosh PL A leckie. RMC 1972. The mammary glands of the red kangaroo with oh»cr*r*tK>a* of the

.

.

. .

- .

. .

-

.

-

.

.

. .

.

-

801

44171.4111 fany acid components of the milk tnglyccndcs J Zod ,

166.265 275. 4071. Gngg G Jarman. P A Hume I. 1989 Kangartxm. Wallabies and Rat Kangaroos. Surrey Beatty A Sons. NSW . Australia. 4071 Gngnr , MR. 1980 Structure of milk utacylglyoerds of five marsupial * and one mutintremc : Evidence for an unusual pattern common to mariupiaU and rulhrrian* bt* not found in ihe echidna, a mnnotreme Comp Biochrm PhyuoJ , 65 B 427 -43a 4073. Gngoriev NP 1938. On the icproductmn of the stoat | I4 7:I| ( Mmttla rrmmnn 7XK /hum | 4074. Grimmbprger , F Hackethal . H. A IMuncryk Z 19*7 Beitrag mm Paarungtverhallen der Wasscrflederirou* Mvolts h*Xn iodu*.ed in the irsiH-ulnr regressioo recmdescmce. and refractonses* vhori - Uiled field vole Mtcrotus agrestts Bid Reprod 23.15-20 » 44 )89 Gmcock. CA 1981 Effect ol different photoperiuds xi testicular weight changes in the vdc. Mscnnus agresits J Reprod Pm 6225 32

.

.

.

-*

.*

.

.

.

.

. *

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

-. .

.

'

-

.

-

.

- .

.

,


xic prenatal low pressure on gestation and dcvelcfiment in Mestnncelus annum Physid Zcwl 50 23- 230 44 )99. Grow IB Stoddart LC, A Wagner. III 1974 Demographic analysis of n northern Utah jiK-krabUt population Wildl Monogr 44): I 68 4 loo. Gross. R A fiolbgcr A 195 . Tlte occurrence of carbohydrates ixher than lactose in the milk of n maruipal ( Tnt kautrut vulprcutay Aust J Set . 20:184 185 ' 4191 Grow. R A Rolliger A. I95‘> ( ompositket of milk of the marsupal Tnchosums vulpeculo Am J Dts Child 98:768-775 4102 Gnvtser , O. 1903. Die phy sidogiwhe bindrpeweb*ge Atrr.vie del Gctutalknnale* von Vnprnigo nortula n uh erfolgta Kohabnmion Anat An/ Krganrhft 17 23 129 132 419.3. Grower , C ), 1909 Vcrgleichende Anai > mie und Entwicklung der FAaute und der Plncenu Wilhelm Brawtnuller, Vienna 41«4 . Grower, O. 1928. Die Placenta von Centetes uad dire lehren hrtreff* der Stoffaufnabme in deo Placemen . 7. Anat H«w Gesch 88:509- 521 4105. Grosz. S . 1905. Beitragc na Anatomic der accestvcvt.schen Geschechtsdniven der lasectivoren und Nager. Arch Mibrcxsk Anal 66567-6» 4196 Groves CP 1971. Pongo psgmaeus. Mamm Species 4:1

* .

.

-

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

. .^

.

.

.

*

.

.

.-

-

6.

.

.

.

.

.

41tl7 Groves, CP. 1972. CeriUnikertmm ttmum. Mamm Spr* ie «

1:16 41«H. Groves. CP A Kurt , F. 1972 Ihcrntrhtnus sumatrensu Mamm Species. 21.1-6. 41«9. Grubb, P. 1974 Mating activity awl the soaal vignificaace uf rant* in feral sheep communities. The Behavtixir of l Uigulates and its Relation to Management. 457- 487 Cieivt V A WalUier F ed* IUCN Mt*get Swu /eriawl 9 4110. Grubb. P 1981 Fx/ uus bunhetli . Mamm Specie * 157: 1 4111. Grubb, P A Jewell PA. 1973 Ihe tut and the occur re n» e ol oestrus in the Si « y sheep »•St Kilda J Reprod Fert Siqipl 19 491 502 4112 Grucnlvrrger . HB 1970 On the cerebral anatomy ol the Amazon ld|ihin ftim geoffrtims. Invest Oiacea 2 I 2‘> 144

.

. .

-

*

. .

.

.

.

.

*.

802

4113 415

.

4113 Gnieawald. P 1973 Idailar tfrtxiuir of hemochorial placenta* aod iu relation to maternal vessels Am J AJUI lMcin 151 4114. Gnimmt , W I 960 Zur Bidogie und Otologic der Klcioaugigen Wuhlmauv Pitymss subterranrus de Selys- 1»ogi.hamjvt Zool Ant 165:129- 144. 4115. Gtximek B. 1957. Zxisamraensctiung von Kamdmildt. Zool Oama NF. 23:247. 411*. Grumrk . B 195« Die M kh drr Giraflrngawltco lum nmtus molien (Brooke ). Zool Garten NF. 24: 283- 284 4117. ( Kumek B I 960, Die Zmammrosrtrung dev Nashcrnmilch Zool Gann NF 25:202- 201 41 IK. Grzimrk B. 1967 Zuxammcnsctzung dev Milch cine* Bkizbocks ( Damahscus donas phtlifpsi Harjvt I ta Frankfurter Zoo. Zool Gann NF. 33:261. 41 18». Gtzimek. B 1990 Encyclopedia of Mammal!!. McGraw Hill. New York 4119. Guhernick DJ . 198« Reproduction in the California mouse . Perxmtswus caUfomicus. I M « mm . 69:857 860 4120. Guhernick . DJ A Nelson RJ . 1989 Prolactin and paternal behavior ui the bparental California mouse. Peromvscus calif omic us Horm Beh. 21:203 210. 4121. Gocwmaka H. 1971 Development rf six banded armadillo* Eufdtnutus Jf.u wifw at Wiudaw Zoo. Ini Zoo Year** 11 88 89 4122 Gacwtaika H A Garwiaiii A 1968 Breeding the Zanzibar galago Guiana senegalensis ymoibariciu al Wroclaw Zoo. lat Zoo Yearh. 8:111114 4123. Gordo*. G. Pascal M. A Maxoum F |99| Lr Campagnol prove(19aI n cajxivitl ( Ptlsmxs duodrrimrastatusde Sely - Lonschamp*. 1839 ) ( Rongeurs. MicTotsdcs ) II La cUHivattct. Mammalia. 55:397 - 406, 4124 ( meniVr. SE 1948 Young braver*. J Mamm 29 419 420: 4125 Gort / i 'W . DD A Judd FW. 1981 Postnatal growth and developmem in a subtropical population of Peromyuus Urn opus texanus . Souihw est Nat 26: 187 - 191 412*. Gtnier . LR 1957 lxwgevity in the wiki potoroo. Potorems tndacrvlus. Aua J Sci. 2026 primate

-

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

. .

.

-

4127. duller. LR. 1958. Observation* 00 a population of small marsupials in Tasmania. J Vlamm 39:44- 58 4 I 2H. Cutler. LR. I 960 The breeding season of Potonms indactyims ( Kerr ) Aust J Sd 23:126 127 4129. dmler. LR I 960 IV pouch ysxing of tV p*oroo. J Mamm 41: 441 451 4130 duller. F.R 1961 Hrmhng season of the ihylacme J Mamm 42 396 397 4131. Guiles. LR . 1961 A pregnant pygmy ngh« whale Aust J Sea 24:297-298. 4132 Guilcr . ER I 97QL Observations on the Tasmanian devil. Sarcophilus harnsu (Marsupialia: Dasyurxiae ) II Keptoductiou breeding and gruwih of pouch young Aust J Zool . 18.63 70. 4133 dmkr LR 1971. TV husbandry of thr p*< iwoo Polar ms tmiictxlus Ini 7no Yearb 1121 - 22 4134. duller HR 1971 TV Tasmanian devd Sarcophilus harnsu in captivity Int Zoo Yearb. 11:32 33. 4135 duller. LR 1978. Whale stranding * in Tasmania since 1945 w ith mues on some seal repeats Pap Proc R Soc T asmania.

.

.

-

.

-

.

- ,

.

-

.

112189213.

413 . duller. LR A Meddle RWL 1970 Tetfiinlaf and body temperatures in the Tasmanian devil and three other species of ntarvupgal Comp Biochem Phyrid 3 881 - 891 4137. Gurnet . C 1991. Growth hom birth to weaning in the southern elephant seal ( Mimunga Irommal J Mamm 72617 -620.

*

’

.

.

.

.

4131. Guinness FK. Alhon. SD A ( hitton Rrodt Til 1978. Facim * affecting reproduction in red deer ( Cmmi elaphus ) hinds on Rhum J Reprud Fert 54 325- 334. 4139. Guinness FT. Gibson, RM. A Clunon Brock. TH 1978. Calving limes of red deer ( Cerrus elaphus ) on Rhum. J Zool. 185 : 105 114 4141). Guinness. FE. Hall. MJ. A CockerUI RA 1979. Motheroff spting association in led deer ( Cerviu elaphus L ) on Rhum. Anini Behav. 27:536 544 . 4141. Guinness FT IJUTOIU GA. A Shot RV 1971 TV reproductive cycle of the female red deer. Crrviu elaphus J Reprod Fert. 27:427 438. 4142 Guraud M 1948 CoMnbtMon IVtode de

.

.

-.

.

.

-

.

* Phacochoerus aethtofherns. Mammalia. 12:54

-

66. 4143. Gulaitihusein . AP A Heck. F 1977 Determination of a sensitive period lot the induction of the maternal pregnancy ( faction in the ferret I Reprod Fert . 49:127 - 128 | 1974 . Reproduction in the 4144. Gulamhusein AP A Tam W| male nowt. Mustela rnrnnni J Reprod Fert 41 :303 312 4145. Gulamhusein . AP 4 Thawley AR 1972. Ovarian cyde and plasma progesterone levels in the female stoat, Mmtela erminea. J Reprod Fert. 31:492 193. 4146. Guldberg GA. 1894. On the duration of gravidity in certain Odootoceti Bergen Museum. 4:61-65. 4147 Guklherg, GV 18X 7. Zur Biologic dcr medail*n Usehen Fmwalarten . Zool Jh Syw 2:127 174, 4148. Gukrtta . IF. 1971 Me runes unguic uhuu Mamm Species . 3:1-5 4149. Gulyas. BJ . Ikdgen CD Tonnes. WW, et al 1977 Effects of fetal or maternal hypophsectomy on endocrine organs and body weight in infant rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatto ): With (wsucuLar emphasis 00 oogenesis. Biol Reprod. 16:216-227. 415«. Gulyas. BJ. Tullner WW. A llodgrn. GD 1977. I^rtal os material|j*r ) hypuphyscctomy in rhesus monkeys ( Macaca muLiito ): Effects on the development and testes and other enAvnnc organ* Biol Reprod . 17650 660 4151 Gulyas BJ Yuan. L Tullner WW. et al 1976 TV fine structure at corpus luteum from intact, hypophysectortured and fetectomizcd pregnant monkeys ( Macaca mulatto) at term. Bid Reprod . 14.613-626. 4152 Guodlath, H. 1968. BruifUnorge, Brutpflegc, Verhaltungsontogenese und Tagesperiodik bnm eurtpaiicVn Wikluhwein ( VIM tcmfis LX /. Tien»7c s| 23 55*995 4153 Gunn, CK 1945 . The effect of muting time upon reproduction in fuses Emp J Lap Agnc 13:193- 198. 4154. Gunn DL Jenkm. PM A Gunn. Al 1937 Menstrual periodicity: Statistical observations on a large sample of normal cases . I Obst Gyw 51:839 879. 4155 Gun*». JR A Bjwge. RR. 1979 Winter devuung of the striped skunk in Alberta Can Field Nat. 93:252-259. 415* Gunter. G . 1942 Contributions to the tutuial history of the

.

-

.

-

.

.

-

,

.

.

- .

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

. .

.

-

^

^

.

.

bottle nose dolphin Tmruopt intNiaiiu ( Montague ), cm the Texas 00*«. with particular reference to food habit* 1

Mamm 23:267- 276 415*n Gunter . G 1946. Records d tV hiackfish or pilot whole from the Texas coast. J Mamm 27: 374- 377. 4157 Gunther. WC 1956. Studies on the male reproductive system of the California pocket gufdier ( Thomomys bottae *ft»i Vietnam ) . Am Mid Nat 55:1- 40. 4157» Gunther WC 1960. TV origin and hormfogy of IV male reptivhKUve system in Tkomomy* battae J Mamm 41 243 250 415« Gupu, BB 1961 Birth and early development of Indian hedgehogs J Mamm 42 398- 399

.

.

.

.

.-

.

.

.

803

4159.-419*.

.

4159. Gwraya SS A Rilaxpuri GS . 1976 Stages of seminifrrwt epithelial cycle in the buffalo ( fiat Inhalts ) Ann BK »I Anim Bioch Brophys 16:117 144 4159». Gust DA. Busse. CD. A Gnrd w, TP 1990 R Muciivr parameters in the sooty mangabey ( Cercocebus fa >r uri/wf orvs ), Am J Pnmated 22 241 250 41 0. Gustafson , AW‘ 1979 Male reproductive palierns in hibernating hats , J Reprud Fen 56:317 - 331 4161. Gustafson. AW’ 1987. Changes in Lrydtg cell activity during the annual testicular cyde of the hat Msatis luafugus lurtfttfius Histology and lipid biochenuslrv . Am J Anal 178: 312 325. 41*2 Gustafson. AW A Belt Wl) 19*1 TV adrenal cwiex during activity and hibernation in the male little brown bat. Msatis lurtfugus luctfugus- Annual rhythm of plasma cortisol level*. Gen Comp LndocnooL 44:269 278 41*3. Crtutafson AW A Damaxsa, DA. 1984 Perinatal and postnatal patterns of plasma sex steroid binding protein and testosterone in rdalion to puberty in the male little brown hot

-

.

.

-

^

.

*

^

-

-

.

Endocrinology 1152347 2354. 41 4. Gustafson. AW A Damassa, DA |9K 5. Annual variations in plasma sex steroid binding protein and testosterone concentrations in the adult male little bruwn bat Relation to the asydtronous recrudescence of the tesiu and accrsiMey

-

*

reproductive organs Bw » l Repro 3 112* 1137. 4165. Gustafson. AW. Damassa DA A Platt. RD 19*6 Plasma aex Steroid binding protein ( SBP> in the Dpinganan hamster ( Photiopus sungorus ): Steroid binding |e « peflics and postnatal variations in females. Biol Reprod 34(Suppl >:234. 416*. Gutfafton. AW. Dama*«a DA . Pratt RD el al |9f 9 Pnat natal |iaiterns of plasma androgen landing activity 10 Djungariaa ( Photiopus jungfwiu ) and gnklcn ( Mcsaertcerus annum ) hamster* I Reprud Fert K6:9 M 0.f 41*7 Gustafum AW A Shrined!, M 1976 Changes in plawna testosterone level* during the annual repoaliKtivc cycle of the hibernating bat Myotis lucifugm lucifmgut with a survey of plasma testosterone levels in adult male vertebrates Biol Reprod 15:9 24 4168. Gutfafuon TO 1984 Strange animals suppress sexual . maturatioB in male bank voles Cleihmmomv* glareolus Acta

'.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

ZonlFenmca 171 149150 41*9 Gutfafsnon , TO A Anderwon . CB |9W) Adrenal growth

.

pregnancy in the hank vole. Clelhriimomys glareoiur: initiation by mating Can J Zool 58: 1458 1461 417«. Gutfaftson. TO A Andersson. CB 1980 Social environment and sexual maturation in male hank voles Clethnanamss glareolus (Schrebcr. 1780 ). Saugetierk Mitt. 28 310 312. 4171 < iustafsson, TO Andersson CB. A Nyhdm. NHL I9«3

during

-

.

.

.

Comparison of sensitivity to social suppicssion of sexual maturation in captive male bank voles L leihrumomys jfiartolus cyvlKily originating from pcpulatmas with different degree* » 4

.

-

Oikos 41:250 254 | ) 4172 Gusto!*son. TO. Anders**! f'B A Wetflin. LM 9W Cleihntmomys Reproduction m a laboratory colony of bank vole. glare dus Can I Zool 58 :1016 1021 4173. Guslafsson. TO AnderiKW . CB. A Wetflin LM 1983. Reproduction in laboraUtfy cnlome * c4 bank vole Cllhnimomu glarroius . tsigmaung from pcfwilations with different degree* of cydictfy . < hkm 40 182 188 4173n. Guthrie. MJ. 1933. N ^ ae* on the teavonal move meat* and hafaLs of some cave hats J Mamm 14 : 1 |9 4174. Guthrie MJ 1933 TV reproductive cycles of some cave

,

. .

.

.

bats J Mamm 14 199 216.

-

.

.

4175 Guthrie. MJ A Jefler*. KR 1935 The ovary of the bat during hibernation . Anal Rec 6121 417*. Guthrie. MJ A Jefler*. KR 1938 Growth of folbcles in the ovaries of the hat Msatis lurifugus hu ifugus Anat Rec . 71 477 496 4177 Guthne. MJ A Jeffers KR. 1938. TV ovaries of the hat MsiUis lurifugus luctfugus after injection of hypophyseal extract. Anal Rec. 72:11 36 4177a. Guthne. MJ Jeffers KR. A Smith . I W 1951 Gvowih of follicle* in the ovaries of the bat M otts grtsesieru J Morph. 88:127 144 . 4178 Haackr . W IXkV On the ntorsi iai ovum the mammary pouch , aiuf the male milk glands of Echuims bum IW R Soc London 38:72 74 . 4179. Huageamd , II A Maikgren. G . 1973. Tlie timing of estru* in the moose ( Alta tilers L ) in a district of Norway fnt Congr Game Bid 11:71 78. 418«. Haagner A 1920 Ssaith AfrKan Mammals Wuherby ,

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

^

-

.

-

.

London. 4181. Haher. A 1961 Lr Sanglier en Pologne Tenc Vic , 16: 74 76. 4182 Haddow AJ , 1952 Field and laboratory studies oa an African monkey. Cenofitthecus ascumui srhmuin Matuitic JYoc Zod Soc Londn at uestruu * status by scent in Cidumhian ground squarela Anim Behnv

32.939 940.

.

.

4395 Hams S. 1979. Age rcialed fertility and productivity in red foxes. Vulpes vulpes . in suburban Looduo. J Tool. 1 7:195 199 4396. Harrij, S 1979. Breeding season litter sine and nestling mortality of the harvest mouse. Micnuuys mmurut fRodentia: Muridae ). in BriUm J Tool 188:457 442 4397. Hams. S A Smith. GC. 1987. Demography of two urban fo* ( Vutpes snipes ) population* J AfpJ Ecol 24 75 86 4398 Hamsua , DJ A Hamson . I A. 1984. Foods of adult Maine coyote* and their known aged pups. J Wildl Manage .

-

-

*

.

-

-

.

48 922 926. 4399 Ham son DL 1958. A new race of tomb hat Taphazous perforator E Geoffrey.| lt , from northern Nigeria, with some observations cm its hreeding biology Durban MM NOV * 5:143 149 4400. Harrison. Dl.. 1958. A note on successive pregnancies in an African hot ( Tadaruia punula * e listen iXdlmanX Mammalia 22:592 595. 4401. Hamsun, Dl . 1975. Marrophytlum mm rophytlum . Mamm Species. 62 : 1 3. 4402. Hamsun DL A ( laneey PA 1952 Note* on the bnt* (Microchirtpicra ) from a cave in the Pietermaritzburg district of Natal. Ann Natal Mus. 12:177- 182 4403. Ham son . DR . 1947. A new central Mediterranean subspecie* of field mouse ( Apodemus rylooting Una ), and note* on surrounding fee ms lYoc Zoc4 Soc London. 117 B.650-652. 44okeys in Arashiyama Prmkaics. 5:81 -104. 4525 Heaney. LR A Biracy. EC 1975 Comments t* the distributitw and natural history of some mammals m Mmncviia Can Field Nat 19:29 34 4526. Heap. RB. Gotidw. S A Sale. JB 1975. Ptegnatny in the hyrax and erythrocyte met*Mum of profcsterone. Nature . 257809-111

-.

. .

.

.

-

'

.

.

.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- .

.

. .

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

4527. Heap RB A Hammond, J . Jr 1974 Plasma progesterone kvel* m pregnant and pseudopregnanl ferret* J Reprod Fen 34 149 152 452X. Heap. RB A nimgw vih. DV. 1974 TV maintenance of gestation in the guinea -pig and other hystricomorph rodents: Changes ia the dynamics of progesterone nvt «hnli *»n and the

.

-

occurrence of progestifrone lunding gt* 4vulm ( PBGi Symp Zool Soc Lcadoa , 34:385 415. 4529. Heap, RB Renfrec MB A Burton RI ). i 960 Steroid meuMuni tn the yolk sac placenta and endometrium of titc tammar wallaby . Mar input cugrtut J Endocrinol. 87:339 349 4530 Heaps. W 1886 The development of die mole ( Talpa mrcpaat ) the ovarian ovum, and segmentation of the ovum. Q J Micraac Set 26 157 174 4531 Heape. W 1893. The menstxuntion of Semnaptihecus mselltts. Pioc R Soc London. 54 :169 172 4532 Heape. W. 1894. Ihe menstruation of SemiapUkeaa mtrllus Phil Trans R Soc Ixndon 185:411 471 4533. Hcafic. W 1896 Ihc memtruaUon and ovulation of Mataius riteius Proc R Soc Loruhei , 60202 205 4534. Heape. W 1897. The menstruation and ovulation of Maaiirus rhesus with ufoervatioas undergone by tl»c discharged follicle Pari II. Phil Tran* R Soc London 188:134 166 4536 Heajie. W. 1901. The 'sexual seasonv ig mammal* and die relaiioa of the pro or strum to menmruatioa, g J MKTOH SET 44 :1 70. 4536 Heape. W 1905 Ovublin and degeneration of ova ia the rabbit Proc R Soc London Biol Sd . 76B:2hO 268 4537 Hearn . JP 1973 htmury iahibitioa of pregnancy Nature

-

.

.

- .

.

-

.

-

- . -

-

.

-

. -

.

-

.

-

241 207 208 4538. Hearn. JP 1973 The pituitary gland and pregnancy ia the marsupial Maervpms rugenii, employing hypnphy arexomy and radmimmutavanay for gonadotrophin. J Rcprod Fen 32 ^28-32«) 4539. Heam JP 1975 The role of the pituitary in the reproduction of the male tamnur wallaby Macmpus eugemi J Reprod Fen 42 399 402 4540 Hearn JP 1977 The endocnnolog > of reproduction in the common mamvvsci CMlitknx jacthun The Biology and Ctuiwrvation of the Callitrichidae. 163-171, KJeiman. lXi, od Stmthwoman Inst Pres Washington DC 4541. Hearn JP 1978 Fertility and infertility in the marmoset monkey Calhlhrix yacchus. Biology and Behaviour of Marmosets. 59-64 , Rmhc H. Wolters. HJ . A Hearn , JP ed*. Eigenveriag Rathe Gottingen , 4542. Hearn JP 1980. Endocrinology and timing of implantation in the marmoset monkey CaUnhnx jatchus Ihog Reprod Biol 7:262 269 4543. Heam. JP. 1982 Research Prioress Re(x»t 1979 1981. J Lac* . 197:12-123. 4544. Hearn. JP. 1982 Ihe reproductive physiology of the common martmwet Lai I ahru yacchus in captivity. Int Zoo Ycarb 22:138 143. 4545. Hearn. JP. 1983. Ihc common marmoaet ( Cattahrix »cxJiiciioa in New World lYimate * 181 - 215, Ileum jacthut ) Re | J ed . MTV Press. Uiwatter England 4546 Hearn. JP I 9H 4 Ucution and reprodutimo in n och ing mouse. Zaf >us HUILUHUUS . in scortiicm Ontario

.

.

-

-

.

. .

.

.

-

.

.

'

.

.

.

- .

.

.

-

-

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

31 -33 100.

.

^

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

_

.-

5667a 5106.

824

.

.

5667a Huey , I M 1925 Food of thr California leaf moied Set . I Minvn 6:196- 197 5068. Huffman MA 1987. Consort intrusion and female mate chcxae in Japanese macaques ( Macaco fvseala )- Ethology.

73:221-234

5069. Huffman WE. 1970. Note* oe the first captive concefSion and Uve birth of an Amn/ott dolphin in North America I ndffwairr Nat 69 11 . 5670. Iluggrt ASiG 6 Wxldav WF 1951. The relationship between mammalian foetal weight and conception age J Physiol lowdoa 114 :306- 317 5071. Hughes RI ) 1965. < >n the age cumpmitiun of a small sample cf individuals from a population of the banded hare wallaby ljtgostrufihu.% fast U H M I iVtvo and l cseur . Alts! J Zoal 13:75-95 5072 11 ujjlu s , RL 1962. Reproduction in ihe maaopxd marsupial Potoroui iruLunlus (Xml. Aust J Zool 10:193 224 5073. Hughes, RL 1962. IV role of the corpus luteum in marsupial reproduction Nature 194.890. 5074. Hughes Rl 1964 . Sexual development ami spemutu /oun morphology in the male macropod marsupial Patowus tndactylus ( Ken ) Aurt 1 Tool. 12 :42 -51 5075. Hughes RL 1974 . Morphological studies on implantation in marsupials. J Reprod F«1 39.173- 186. 5076. Hughes, RL 1976, Preliminary observations on repoviuctioa and embryonic development in the marsupial devil. Wro/ rfa /iM htirruu I Reprod Perl. 46:504 50* 5076«. Hughes . Rl. 1976 Ihe foelal membranes of the marsupial mouse Smmlhopxis crassn-audala with particular reference to implantation. Hull Aurt Mamm Soc. 3:24. 5077. Hug lies, RL 1982. Reproduction in the Tasmanian devil Saratfihtltix hanisii ( Dasyundao, MaMupmlia ) Carnivorous Mmuipials , 1 :49-63. 507R Httghrs , Rl tt TamcK FN 1978. Reproduction m femal trutuiremes Auit Zool . 20:233- 253 5079. Hughes , RL Cwnck. FN . A Sherry CD 1975 Reproduction in the platypus Ormtknr /i\nrkus artatmur with particular reference to the evolution < 4 viviparity. J Reprod Left

.

.

.

-

-

'

- .

.

. . .

.

.

..

.

43:374- 375.

.

5080. Hughes RL A. Hall. IS 1984 Embryonic development in the common hrushuil possum Inch nuns nlptarla Possums and Girders . 197 212, Smith. AP A Hume ID esls Ausl Mamm Soc Sydney . 5081 . Hughes. RL A Rowley . I. 1966. Breeding season of female wild rabbin in natural populations in the rivenna and Ktuihcrn tablelands districts of New South Wales. CS1RO Wildl Re* 11:1- 10. 5082. Hughes. RL A Shorty CD. 1973 OVervatwru on the permeability proficritcs of the egg membrane* of the marvti|iial, Trichasuns rulpeeula J Rqxod Fen 32 :25 - 32. 5083. Hughes , RL Thomson JA. & Owen Wfl 1965 Repr xhKiiom in natural populations « 4 ihe Australian ringtail possum , Pseudochans freregrvms ( Maruipialia PhoJangcvidac) in Victoria. Aurt J Tool . 13:313-406 5tufck4 rop«n telensing hormone in fetal and infant monkeys. Endocrinology. 105:109 114 5085. Hud CA. 1977. Growth and physical indices of mousily in Ihe common dolphin Dolphtrms delphis Breeding Dolphin* Present Status. Suggestions for the Future US Nat Tech Inf Serv, Arlingioo. VA 5086. Ilui . CA. 1979. Correlates of maturity in the common dolphin. Delphmus delphis I »h Bull (USA 77:295- 300.

,

-

.

. . .

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

- .

.

*

.

5087. I luihregt.se , H. 1966 Some chemical and physical properties of hn» milk J Mamm. 47:551 555 5088. Hulbert. AJ. 1972- Growth and development of pooch young in the rabbit eared bandicoot , Macrons logons ( Perantehdaei. Aurt Mamm. 1:38- 39. 5089. Hulbert. AJ. 1982. Notes on the management of a captive breeding colony of the greater bilby Macrons logons. The Management of Australian Mammals in Captivity Evan* DD. cd Tool Bd Victoria Mrlboroe , 509». Hulley. JT 1976 Maintenance and breeding of captive jaguarundis Felts yagouarrmndt at Chester Zoo and Toronto Int

-

.

-

.

-

Zoo Yearh 16:120 1225691. Humihvki S 1958, IV autumnal involution of the male sexual apparatus in the field vole ( Mrcrotus awaits Pall ). Zool Pol. 9:197 214 5692 Ilumiiuki S 1963, Winter breeding in the field vole , Mtcrocus (truths ( Pall ) in the light of an arialysu of the effect of envir « « mental factor* on the condition of the male sexual apparatus Zool Pol 14 157 203 5093. Humihski. S. 1968. Maturation and seasonal variations of .

. -

- .

.

the teste* and the male accessory glands m the field mouse Apodemnr agmrius (Pallas 1771 ). Tool Pol. 18:69- 78 5094 Humihski. S A Kowakeyk 1). 1975, Seasonal variations in the epididymides in the striped field mouse. Apademus agmmt ( Pallas 1771) Zool Pul. 24:189 199 5t»95 Huminski S A Lccyk M 1960, Influence of captivity on the involution of the male sexual apparatus in the field vole ( Microns anola Pall ) Zod Pol , 10:75 83. 5096 Huminski S A Wojcalt Migala I 1967. Note on Crocsdttra suavecAenx < Pallas 1 K|1 > from Poland Acta Thcriol 12:168 171.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

. .

.

.

.

.

5096«. Humphrey SR. 1975. Nursery roosts and community diversity of uronretk: bats. J Mamm. $6:321 346. 5696b Humphrey , SR A Cope RB . 1977 Survival rates of the endangered Indiana hat Muttu sadalu J Mamm 58:32- 36 5096c. Humphrey, SR. Richter , AR A Cope JB , 1977 Summer habitat and ecology of the endangered Indiana hat Myotis svdahs . J Mamm. 58:334- 346. 5097. Humphreys, WF How RA. Bradley AJ . et al. 1984. TV biology of WyuUa squamuaudata Alexander 1919. Penmans and Gliders. 162 169 Smith. Al* A Hume ID eds. Suncy Beatty A Sons Ply Ltd. Sydney, Australia 5098. Hum , H. 1967. Growth rale of a new born, hand teased jaguar Pmthera cncet at Topeka Zoo. Int Zoo Yeaih 7:147 - 148. 5099. Hunt, TP 1959 Breeding habit* of the swamp rabbit with notes on its life history. J Mamm 40:82*91 51818 Hunter. J . Martin. RD, Dixson. AF ct at 1979. Gestation and inter - birth intervals in the owl monkey (Aonu trivtrgatua gruetmembra ). Folia Punialologica. 31:165 175. 5101 Iliintlcy BJ . 1971 Reproduction in roan sable and isesaebe , S Afr J Sc 67:454. 5102. llikka. L 1967 Okologmhe Brohadiiungen in der Wnchenxtubc von Fpleiicus rulsumi Keyserhng ct Blassius 1839 in der Tsechoslovakei. Zod Ltfty 16:193 197. 5103 Hilrka. L 1981. Analyse der Population vc »n CUthnonamys glareo( us ( Mammalia . Rodentia ) im Ouva -Tal in Sumava thohmerwald ). Vestn Ccd Spot Zod. 45:47 55. 5104. Ilurmc. VO A van Wagencn G. 1956 Emergence of permanent first mdars in the monkey ( Macaco mulatto ): Association with other growth phenomena . Yale J Biol Med.

.

.

.

.

- .

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

. .

-

.

-

.

28 538 567. 5105 Husar SI 1977. Trtchechut

. . . 5106. Husar , SL 1978

nM

.

in unguis

Mamm Species.

-

Dugong dugon. Mamm Specks. 88: 1 7.

825

5107.5148.

.

5107 Husar , SL 1978. I nthechus scncgalcruts Mamm Species , 89:1 3 5108. Husar SL 1978 Tnkech*!i mcmatus Mamm Species

-. . 93:1-5. 5109. Hushand. TP 1976 Energy metabolism and body .

composition of the fox squirrel. J Wildl Manage 40:253- 263 5110. Huston. AM 1957 . Note* on the primates of Suriname Stud Fnuna Suriname A other Guyanna . 1(271448 5111 Hutson. AM 1978 IV Mammal* of Suriname ZootogiscV Monographiecn van het RijksmuNcuiii van Natuuilijkc Histone EJ Brill. Leiden 5 llln Hutchins. M Snulh GM Mead . DC et ml 1991. SiKial behavior of MatKhk’ s uee kangmom (J)endrolagm malschtet ) and us implicalh ns for captive mnnngenvnt 7«) Biol 10: 147

.

.

.

.

-

164 5112 Huts bins. M , Ihompurtt, G , Sleeper B, et nl 1987 Management and Ivcedmg of the Rocky Mv unum goat Oreaimos amen cl»o« m Clcikhtmtnnvt gappen and MicrrUut ftcnntrbtmirus Can J Zool . 59:785- 789. 5150 lane*. DGL A Millar , JS 1982 Life- htstory notes on the heather vole Phetuxomys tntermeduts lev is . in the Canadian Rocky Mountains Can Field - NaL 96:307 311. 5151. lanes DOL A Millar. JS. I 9S7 The mean number of litters per Needing season in small mammal population* A comparison of method *. J Mninm. 68 :675 678. 5152. Inacv. S. Stewart REA A Lavigae , DM . 1981 Growth in northwest Atlantic harp seals Phot o grotnhndica J Zool

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

194:11-24 5153. Inis AC. 1951 The behavimr of the giraffe Giraffa caiwlopardiilis. in the eastern Transvaal ftroc Zool Soc London. 131 245- 27» 5154 I nit's RW . 1980. Occurrence if twins in maciopiMl manuptal ». Search 11:118 119. 5155. Inns RW |9X 2 Seasonal changes in the accessory rcproAictive system and plasma testosterone level * of the male t am mar wallaby , Macmpat ra genu in the wild J Reprcd Fen

.

.

,

.

.

-

.

66:675-680 5156. In Hie S. I A Hayama , S. 1961 Histological studies of sexual cycles in the Japanese monkey (Macaco /iuiuta ). Primatea 3:76 5157. InirrnatiotioJ Whaling Comm. 1980. Report of the special meeting on snuihent hemisphere mittke whale*. Seattle , May 1978 Rep 1« Whal fomm 29:349 15* 5158. Intress C & Best , TL 199(1, / h /Wowvvr p< mamintinu.i Mamm Species 354:1 7, 5159. loancx ^u , JM I ‘*66 Ihe ocstrous cycle of die potto. J ReprodFert 11 455- 457 51(9». Ii aimoii. JM 1967. Oogenesis m adult prosmtianii, J Fmhryol Rap Mnrpli 17:139 145 5161. not used 5162- nut used 5163. Irby. DC Ken IB Risbridgcr GP et al 1984 Seasonally and experimentally induced changes in testicular function < 4 the Australian hush rat ( Rattut futapes ). J Reprud Fert. 7th657 666 5164. Irby. LR . 1973. A preliminary report on the mouniain reedNnk ( Raiitrtcti futvoufula ) m the Luskop Dam Nature Reserve J S Afi Wildl Manage A**n. 3:53- 58. 5165. Irhy LR . 1979. Reproduction in mountain rcedbuck ( Redan a fuh' omfuUt ) Mammalia 43:191*213 * 5166. Isenhugel E 1968 Scchundpeburt im Aquarium de* Botarmchen Garten* der Suidt F.**rn Fr K «di«. 5205 Jackaon FJ 1899 The Cape buffalo ( Bos coffer typn IM ) in British east Africa ( kca* and Snull Game if Africa. 112 115

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Bryden IIA. ed Rowland Ward London. 5206. Jadtaon. I i 1899 The Afana amg » mg (Cubwt tichusa typuus ) m Bntiih east Africa Great and Small Game of Africa. 282 285. Bryden . HA. ed Rowland Ward , lxmdoai 5207 Jackaon. FJ 1899. The Binge eared heist ( Ont callout ) Great and Small Game of AfrKa 391 391, Bryden HA. ed. Rowland Ward. Urndoa 5208. JnckHNi. IIA, Guyna. DC Jr Gnff a, RN et al 1979 Fecundity cf whrtc uilrd deer in M >** iv * ipf » snd periodicity «f corpora lute a and lactation Prnc Ann Goaf SE F ob Wildl Ag 33:30 35. 5209. Jack Win . HHT 1915 A review c4 the American mole* N Am Fauna 38 1 10O. 5210. Jackson . HHT 1961 Mammals of Wisconsin Lniv W1 Press , MaiUion , WI. 5211 Jack* J 1977 The DURALH* of loctatioo in New haest fallow deer ( Oama tlama ). J Zool 183:542 543 5212- Jackson . JF- 1987. Cfcrrtorem bezpatneus Mamm Specie* 295:1 5. 5212a Jacksoa JE A langguth . A. 1987. Ecology and status of the pampas deer Ozotoceros beiaarhcus ) in the Argentinian pampas and lingua ) . Biology ami Management of the Cervidae 402-40*1 Wemmer, CM. ed Snuthsnman lust Ptes*. W ashington.

.

-.

-

. .

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

- .

-.

.

*

.

.

DC.

5213. Jack»»B. LW A Hessehoa. WT- 1972. Breeding and partunuun dates fie the various age classes of female white tailed deer iO vtrgmutmn kanaka ) in New York P»uC Aaa NE Fuh Wild Coaf . 28 21 35. 5214. Jackson. LW A Ikasefcoa WT- 1973. Breeding and ( urtufiUon dates of white - tailed dect in New York NY Game Fish J . 20.40-47 5215. Jacksoa. MR A Edmunds. JG 1984. Mntphi 4ogical asiexssmeat of leMictdar mu tut it y in marmoseu ( Calltth m jacckut ). Lab Anint 18:173- 17». 5216 Jacksoa. W|4 1962 PogolllMi studies D Repr dorfi n Pacific Island Rot Ecology. 92- I07 Sueer . D ed. Bull BP Bishop Mus. Honolulu 5217 Jackson. WB l ‘M5 latter star m rrlauon to latitude ia two rnund rodents . Am Mid Nat 73: 245 247 521». Jacob S A Piudar S 1986 Miephology and hi «u < he mi sir y rf the fertet prooUle Acta Anal 125:268- 27^ 5219 Jacobi EF 1972. Raising aardvark ( Oncter ut afer Pallas) in Amsterdam Zoo , Zod Garten NF- 41 209- 214 522(1. Jacobi F.F 1975 Breeding *l < «h bears in Amsterdam was Breeding Endangered Specie * ia Captivity 351 - 360, Martin. RD, ed . Academic Press . New Yuk.

.

.

.

-

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.^

5221. Jacobi, EF A *aa Betnmei. AC. 196»M Breeding if cape hunting dogs ( Lycaam ptcMs I l emminck|> al Amsterdam and Rotterdam Zoo. Zool Garten NF. 365)0-94 5222. Jacobi W. 1966 Nachgewiesene Su{ierfiiuuun bcim 1 cldho.sen ilepus europaewsl L Jagdwuss 12.138. 5223. Jacobsen, NHG 1974. Dtsvihubon . hienctange and hehavioui patterns of bush buck in the Lutupc and Sangwa Valleys. Rhodesia J S Afr Wildl Mgt AMOC. 4:75-93. 5224. Jacobsen. NHG . 1982- A ante of mating and neonate development of the SouUi African hedgehog ( finmterut frontalis ). Saugctierk Mitt . 30 199 200 5225. Jacikuea MIG 1982. ObrrvitioBi oa the behaviour of

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

slender mongooses Herjxsiet umgutncus in captivity Saugetierk Mill. 30:168 183. 5226. Jacibnca NHG A du inessis, E 1976. Obscoalioa* on the ecology and binkogy of the Cape fruit bat Rou.tettut aegypttatui

-

.

lathi ia tlie eartern Transvaal S Afr J Sci 72:270 273 5226n Jacobsen NHG Newhery, RF de Wet . MJ el al 1991 A contnUaioa of the ecology of the vtrppc pangolin Mania temmincku in the Transvaal, 7, Satigetierkd . 56:94- 100 5227 Jacobsen. WC. 1923. Rate of reproduction in CoeUas keeeheyi J Mamm 4 :58 522». Jaenbsoa HN A Wiadlc WF 196a Observations «t mating gestation , btnh and postnatal devdopment of Macaco rnitUma Biol Neonai. 2:105 120 522« Jacrrwdu. Z. 1958 Reproduction of the Enrapean bison Bison bonasus ( L ) ia reserves Acta Ihenol. 1:333-376 5229a. Jaczewski. / A GalU. B 1970. Effects if administration

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

of testosteronum pmpiomeum oa the antler cycle in red deer Finnish Game Res 30:303 308. 5230 Jam . AP. 1970. Body weiglits. sex ratio, age structure and some aspects of reproduction in the Indian geibtl. fiiteni tntkca tniisca Hardwicke in the Ra|ast)ia « de-vert. India. Maiiunolta 34:415 432 5231 Jain Al*. 1984 . Relationship between body weight of

-

.

.

- . .

.

mother and size of bu«3 in Antelope rat Tatera i mdsca Hardwtcke. Mammalia 48.143. 5232- Jam. MS. 1980. Observations on birth of a musk dm fawn. J Bombay Nat Hist Soc, 77:497 49». 5233. Jaiaudeen. MR. Eisenbeig JF, A Tilakcrame. N, 1971. Oestiuus cycle of the Astatic elephant EUfthut marimut m captivKy . J Reprud Fert. 27 :321*328 5234 Jamudeen MR A Hafez. ESB 1973 Fgg transplant m the macaque ( M K I U I f ,new u hi ns ). Bh I Reptid . 9 3ir5.308 5235 Jamudeen MR Kaloafolr CB. A Shet RV. 1972 , Plasma testosterone kvcls in relaiioii to rntmli and sexual activity ia the male Asiatic elephant . Flephtu MUMIUI J Repr d Fert 29.99 103 5236 Jallngcns M A Anrtifflidw, I H3 Annual plasma reiiosierone and thynmne cycle * tn relation t . Southwest Nat 26:237-242. 4*. Johnson, KA A Roll . AD. IWX Discovery of rungauis ( AImgaui sp DntyvuMa * ManupaJ a ) m the Northern Territory Australia. Aust Maittm . 3.127 129. 5349. Johnson. KG Duncan RW. A Pehon MB 1982 Rcprixkictive biology of Euiapean wild hogs m the Great Smc4ty Mountains National Park Proc SE Assoc Fish Wildl Ag 36552- 561 5350 Johnson , l J A LeRoux. P. 1973. Age of self-sufficiency in brown/ pirdy bear in Alaska. J Wildl Manage. 37:122 123 5351 Johnson . ML. 1989. E.xphxatory behavior and dispersal . A graphical model. Can J Zool. 67:2325-232 . * 9982. Johnson ML A Clanton CW. 1954 Natural history of Sortx mcrruimi in Washington stale Munelet 35.1 -4. 5353 Johnson ML Emeus. CH (Vernon. BT et al 1966 Marine mammals Environment of the Cape Thompson Region . Alaska 877-924. W hmcmky, NJ A Wolfe, JN eds. US Atcaroc Energy Comm. Oak Ridge. 5354. Johnson. ML Taylor Rll. A Wmtuch. NW. 1975. The breeding and exhibition

.

-

.

.

.

Manage 51916-920.

..

.

5366. lohinoa, HI A Oliff , WD 1954 The or or out cycle « «f female Raitmi ( Mattomys ) naialmnt (Smith ) at observed in the laboratory. Proc Zool Sue london 124605 13,

^

831

5367. 5406.

.

.

.

5367 Johnston PG. Boahe*. M. A /racket I 19*2

Photopenodic mhihttion of testicular development is mediated by the pineal glaiwl in white - footed mice Biol Reprod 26:597-64)2. 5368. Johnston. PG A Ziacket. I. 1979. Photopenodic influences on gonadal development and maintenance in the cotton rat. Sigmodon hispuhts Biol Reprod . 21:1 8 5369. Johnston PG A Zoacket I. 1980. Photopenodtc regulation of reproductive development in white footed mice { Peromysvus lainipsa ). Biol Reprod. 22:983 989 5370 Johnston. PG A Zuckrr . I . 1980. ffeocopriodk regulation of the testes of adult white-footed mice { Prmmyscsis leucvpus ). Bid Reprod 23 59 *66 5371. Johnston . PG A /ucker. L 19*0. Anugonadal effect* d melatonin in white footed mice ( Pieromyscxss letiwpus ). Bid Reprod 23:1069 1074 5372 Johnston. RE . 1956. Breeding uf the Ord kangaroo rat ( Dtpodomys ordn ) in sootltetn New Mexico. S«Hhwest Nat 1:190193. 5373 Jdsnstoo. RF A Rudd. RL 1957. Breeding of the salt marsh shrew. J Mamm . 8:157 163. 5374 Joflie. WP. 1956. Rearing the pallid Onl kangaroo ral in Use Inbcratury Syinput mm on Ecology d Duease Tran» n»*sion , in Native AnimaB 54 56 Army Chemical Corps Dugway IT 5375. Jdlie WP 1973. Fine structural change* in the placenta membrane of the marmoact wuh mcTcaMng grvtauonal age Anoi

.

-.

.

- .

.

*

-

-

. .

.

-

'

.

- .

.

.

Rec. 176:307 320 5376. Jolly A 1966 Lemur nodal behavnn and primate intelligence Saence 153:501 51 )6 5377 Jolly A 1967. Breeding synchr my in wild Umar carta Social Communication anv ng Primates 3 14. Ahmann SA. «d , I niv Chicago Pres*. I'hicago. 5378. Jolly . A 1973 Primate hinh hour Int Zoo Yearh 13.391 397 5379. Jolly . S 19*8 Vaginal smears and the reprochictive cyvle of the common sheath - tail hat Tapkotpas geargatnas

.

.

.

-

'

-

.

-

- .

. .

(Chiroptera Emhallouundae ). Auvl Mamm 11:75 76 53 0. Jolly S. 1990 The biology of the awunot sheath - tail bat Tapkazoas grorgamut ( Ouroptera: Embnllonundae ) in central Queensland Aust J Zool 3 :65 '7

*

.

. * -

.

5381. Jolly SF. A BUckshaw . AW 19*7. Prolonged epdidymal sperm storage, and the temporal diksociaUon of te.tticular and accessory gland activity m die common sheath - tatl bat. Taf > h( tzots gror gamut , of tropical Australia. J Reprod Ixrt. 1:205- 211. 5382. Jolly SE A Blackshaw. AW 198*. lestioiiar tmgratic« of die spermatogenesis, tempciaiute rcgulatK* and environment sheath - tail bat. Japhuzous georgumas J Reprod l eft 4:447-455. *5383 . Jolly SE A Blackshaw. AW 19*9 Sea sierwd levels and leydig cell ultrastructure of the male common sheath tail bat. JapAazcms grorgamas Reprod Fcrl Dfv. 1:47 53 5384 Joly. N. 1 7* Etudes sur le placenta de l Ai ( Bntdy/m Uidact)fnsk Lmof . Place que cel animal do* occupst dans U Set 7 213 2 7 J ne des Mammf te*. CR Hebd Seances Acad 53*5. Jones BE Antnm JE. A Cornell LH 19* Cummer son' s dolphin ( Ctphahttkymchaa tammrtam ) A park discussion of the first live birth within a marine nvtogical Zoo BK*I . 6:69 77. in 5386. Jones . C 1967 . Grow , devd gvment and wing loading the evening hat Syrtkttta hamettiitt fRafinesqwr ) I Mamrr 41:1 19 5387 I,>nes C. 1971. The hau cf Rio Mum West Africa J Mamm 52 I 2 M 40

*

.

.

.

- .

.

^

*

.

-. . .

-

.^

. .

.

.

*

.

’

*

-*. .

53*8. Jones. C 1972. ('amparaLve ecology of three prcinpsd bats in RK > Mum. West Africa. J Zool. 167:351 170. 53*8«- Jones. C 1972 Notes on the anomalunds of Rio MUIU and »d|accnl atcas J Mamm. 52:568- 572. 5389. Jones. C 197 Dctuirokxmi dorsalis Mamm Species 113:1 4 5390. Junes. C A Anderson. S 1971 Calltrebus moioch. Manun Specses 1121 3. 5391. Jones. C A Hildreth. NJ. 1989. Hacioma ittftkmu . Mamm Species . 328:1 3. 5392 Jones. C A Manning. RW 19*9 Myous amttronparms Mamm Specie*. 332:1 3. 5393. Jones. C A ScUtt HW 1970 Comments on Mymtanu pm imho J Mamm 51 813 14 5394. Jones. CB. 197*. Aspects of reproductive behavior u» the mantled howler monkey ( Aiomina palltaia Gray ), Ph D Dins Ccenell Untv , Ithaca. New Y1 4 5398. Jones , DM A Ihigsley SL 19 0 High incidence «4 dystokia in ibf casiragua iPraechimys gumnsr ) lab Arum

.

-

.

*. - .

.

.

14:291

*

.

.

.

5399. Jones E. 1977 Ecology of the feral cat. Frits cat us ( L ) ( Carnivora: Felidae ) on Macqaanc Island. Aust Wildl Res 4:249 262. 5400. Jones E A Coman BJ. 1982 . Ecology of the feral caL Felts curio (L) in southeastern Australia II Reprcnhicuon. Aust

-

.

.

.

Wildl Res 9:111- 119. 5401 Jones, t. 1981. Age m relation

.

lo breeding status *4 the male scxithern elephant seal , Xfiroungtt leontmi ( L ). al Macquarie

-

Island . Aust Wikll Res 8:327 334 5402 Jones, t A Stevens. PL 198 Reproduction in wild canids. Ctmu familatns from Ihe eastern highlands of Victoria ^

*

.

-

Wildl Res 15 385 394 For Jones !• W < « xl see Wood J xies , F 5403. Jones GS 19 3 Ecological and distributional notes on fwaitimals from Vietnam, including the first record of Nyciaims. Mnmraalia. 47:3 )9- 344 5404 Jones. 1C A Henderson, JW 1963. IV ovary of the . med ground vquirrel ( Cttellai tndteemlinrarut Mitchell ) after \\| adrenalectomy . J Endocrinol 26 265 272 54*6 Jones 1C Vinton GP. Jarrett. IG et al 1964 Steroid conqMinenu in the adrenal venous Hood of Trichatunu t ulpa uUi (Ken ) J Endocrinol , Kkl49-150 5405« Jones. JK Jt 1959. Comments on the b»ol«gy of the Aust

.

*

.

. .

.

- .

.

.

.

Quelpsrt Island shrew Cmcuiura dstnrzmmi gaelpartu Kufoda 1 Mamm Soc Japan 1 :105- 114 5405K. Jixiea JK . Jr . 1963. Addilnmal records of mammals from Durango Mexico Trans KS Acad Sc* 66:79 )- 75) 5405k , Jones JK Jr , 1964 Distribution and uxomimy of msmmsls » 4 NcHaska Uaiv KS PuM Mus Nat llwt 16 1- 356 54tfk . June * JK Jr 1964 , Bsts new to the fauna of Nicaragua. Tram KS Acad So . 67:506 50* 54054 Jrties JK. Jr l :55 65. 5452. Jouben E. 1972. Activity patictn* shown by muuniaiit relit a k quus zebra ha /1mtmn,ie in south west Africa with reference to climatic lactcrs. Zoo4 Air . 7J09 33 I. 5453. Jouliett . t. 1972. The social organizaCKU and associated tichavmur in the Hartimnn aebra EQUUJ zebra hartmannar . Maduqua . 617 -56. 5454. Joubert, E 1974 Notes on the fcpc xluctiu* in Hartmamn zebra Lquus zebra hartmannar in Siulh West Africa. M kloqua Senes I. 8:31 - 35 5455. Joubert. F. A tJiff FC. 1971. Ninei on the ecology and bchavnur if the block rhinoceros Ptcenn bicomu linn 1758 m South West Africa \1odoqu t Sene* I 3:5- 53 5456. Jtubrrt. SCJ 1975 The mating behaviour Bitahem Iliysicf . the quokka ( Yetomi hm HyurtuV Com

5445«. JiMilan SM A M rgan , 1 11 1969 The aemm and milk whey protein* cf the echidna. Comp Biochem Physitf 29:38.3391. 5446. JIMAM CK Vyaa KK A P«eek . PK 1978 Studies on the oc «ru* [ sirJ cycle in Bikanen she -camcl {(. amelui drome ,Lviut ) Indian J An m So 48 141 14 5447 Jiuhi SG. Surowski DH A Hank JF. 1981. Decidua- associated antigen* in the baboon. Biol Reprod. 25 591 598 5448 Jcmmovich JB l ^ via . MJ A Steven* VC 1973 Comparison if baboon and human placental laclogens . Endocrinology 93 242 244 5449. Joaimovich JB. Weiss G, A Hutchison. DL 1974. Siaircrs and di*po« ition of pituitary prolactin m nvilenul circulation , amniotic fluid, fetus awl placenta in the pregnant rhe*u* monkey hwlocnw 4 gy 94|Va|37 l 5450. Jouben . E 1969. An eculi Kal study of the Mack rhinoceros Picerva btcorrur l .mn 1758 in South West Africa. M Sc Thesis. Umv Keuuia. Pretoria-|Ciled by Mentis. I 972| 5451. Joubert E. 1971. Observations on the habitat preferences and pvipulauoo dynamic* of the black laced imfiala Acp' certu peiem Bocage. 1875. in Scaith West Africa. Madoqua

.

. . . Mtwmpui eugnui and

833

5439.5475.

-

.

.

.

. VA

Arlington

.

.

.

.

. .

. ('

.

.

.

-

.

'

Gelbbabmau* ( Apademus /UmeoUis Melchior . 1834) im Raum Kiel (Schleswig Holstein) II lYaiutale Monalitot Z Siiugetscrk 44:185 195 5463- Judin. US 1974 . Reproduction of Asioscalops allotra Nikolsky 1881 AdaThencf 19 355- 365. 5464. Jukkara A. Kmvisto I A Rapkcwki F- 1966 Result* of a ttudv of the venial organ* of while - tailed deer ( ( Xioctmleus virgmumus ) in Finland. Suumrn Ru*ta. 19:72-78 5465. Juncys, V . 1964, Zur Fccipflanzung de* Schnecleoparden ( Uncut uru ut ) un Zoologischeo Garten . Zool Garten NF. 29:303 306 5466. Jung . HJG A BatzJi. GO.|9K|. Nutritional ecology of microtine rodents: effects of plant extracts on the growth of arctic micrntmes. J Mamm 62:286- 292 5466«. Juage. RE A Sanderson. OC|982. Age related reproductive success of female raccoon*. J Wihll Manage. 46:527 529. 5467. Junger *. WL A Sus man RL I 9K 4 Body size and skeletal aJIometry in Afruan apes. The Pygmy Chimpanzee 131 177 Sussnun . RL ed . Helium Pie** New Y * if breeding female cirttoouiil rabbit * in ' southwestern Wincmstn Proc World lagomotph ( onf Univ Guelph ONT Canada 1979295 309 5473. Jurgeivki . W. Jr A Porter . MF 1974 The opnsum ( DkMpku virgmuma Kerr) a* a biomedical m« *lel III Breeding ihe opmium in captivity : Methods, l ab Arum Set . 24:412 425 5474 Justincs. G A Johnson. KM |97(J. Observation* ua live laboratory breeding of the cncetme todent C'alamys caltosus lab 4 mm ('are . 20:57-60 5475. Knack B. Walker L A Bnzzee KR 1979. The growth and development if the squirrel monkey (Smmttti uiurtus ) Growth 43:116- 135. *

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

- .

.

5476 - 5518.

834

.

.

.

5476 Kochuha , M 1977. Sexual behavior ami reproduction in captive Geoffrey ' s cal* ( Ifopanfai groffroyi d’Orbtgny and Gerais 1844 ). Toot Garten NF. 47:54- 56 5477. Kaczmarsb . F |96b Rioenrrgctics of pregnancy ami lactation m the hank vole. Acta Ihcriol . 11 :409-417. 547*. Kadam. KM A Swayamprahh* MS. |98l). Parturition in Uie slender Ions Hunts lanhgtadsts Ivdcldu rumuf ), Primates.

.

- .

21:567 371

.

So 25:373 576 54JU ). Kniihim AH , 1979, Notes on the food, predators and reproduction of the lesser jerboa Jatwhts jacalus (Li*ne. 1758 ) ( Dtpoptdue : Rodentia ) from Irmq. Siugeticrk Mitt 27:312 714. 54*1 Kadhnn. All A W nhid , IN . 1986 Reproduction of male Euphrates lerhoa Alloclogo tvphrmca Thomas ( Dipudidxr Rodentia ) from Iraq Mammalia . 50: 107 111 54*2, Kahnunn , H 1951 Da* Zwergwierel ( Mntela imnuia ) in Bayern Tool Jb Sy *t . 80:17 MKK , 54*3. Kahmann . H. 197a Der Ganemchlafer Etiamys quercimu ophiosar Thomas 1925 von der Pity wren lnsel Fee meliterit VerOfi Zod Staatssainml ( MUnchca ). 14: 75-90. 54*4 Kahmaan . H . 1981. Zur Naturgeschicbte dea Ldlelbikhes Pinny* mrlanana Wagner l 40. Spun ana 4:1 37. 5485 Kahmann H A hnlrrimrr I. 1959 Bmoomiuhc Gnwrxuchung an der Spatxmaus (Crra adwra ) der Inrel Sardinica Tool Anz. 16263 83. 5486. Kahmaan. H A HallTgewacHt . i. 1962- Beohaditungen no der Schneenuus. Microtis nnalis Martin. 1842 in den haven schen Al|*n. Sluptiok Miu 10.64-82. 54*7. Kahmaan , II A Lau. G. 1972. Dee GanenrehUlcr Elsomys guttrams epkmsal Thomas. 1925 von det PMyusen Inrel Formentern (LchetufiahruagE Verhff Tool Suat**aml Munchcn

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

*.

.

-

.

-

16 29 49 54K*. KahnuM , H A Stauilennwyer , T 1970 Ober du Fonpflaazengtgcschehcii bei drm Gartenschlifer Etiomyi

-

gucrcmms ( Linnaeus 1766 ) SuigeOrrk Mm 18 97 114 5489. Kahmann M A Thorm G. 1974 ( ’her den GarteoxcMafer Etiamys girnmus ( Linne . 1766 ) auf der lnsel Mallorca Bn]earen Saugctmk Mitt. 22:122 130 5490 Kahmann II A Thorm , G 1987. Zur Biomelrte und Ricttomte dc* tUMsixdies Garten whlafer * E3it , 1957. Regulation of reproduction rase in AttbarciK pvipulaii ir of the vole CUlhnonomrs rufocanus (Sondk Ana Acad Sd Pena fV Brot 34:7 58. 5502 Kalcla. O A Oksala, T 1956. Sex ratio in the wood lemming. Myaput tchuluolor (Lilljrgk in nature and in captivity . Ann Hmv Turku Ser A II Biol Geo . 37:5-24 5503. Kali . J A Amir. S . 1977. The effect of mating female rats « 35 or 80 days of age on pup production and maternal weight lab Antm 7:61 61. 5504. Kamei |. 1970. Birth of a black rhinoceros- Animals A Zoo*. 22(3*6 9. 55415. Kamerliog , JP Docland, L van Halheek. IL et aL 1982 Structural studies of 4 ancetyl-a N acetylneuraimnyl Q- 3F lactose, in the mum otogosacdiande in edudina milk. Carbohydrate Res 100:331 340 5506 Kamiyama N . 1978 , The growth and development of the gonad m Japanese home »hrew ( Suncus tmrima nuktuitmisl J Mamm Soc Japan 7 :274- 279. 5507. Kanagawa, H A Hafez ESH . 1973. Copuloaory behavKir in relation to anatomical chat ad eristics of three rtucaque*. Am J Phys Antlirofi. 38 J 33- 240 55418. Kanagawa H Hafez ESE. Nawar MM. et al. 1972 Patterns of sexual behavior and anatomy of copukftory urgam in the mocaijue*. Z Tccrpaycho) 31.449- 460. 5509. Kanai Y A Shimizu . H 1984 Plasma conorntntliuns of LH. progesterone and oestradiol dunng the oestroos cycle in swamp Niff aloes { Bubalus bubalts ) J Reprod Fen 70:507 310. 55141. Kaneko Y 1976. Re(voduction of Japanese field voles Microtis tmmtcMU ( Milne Edwards ), at Iwakura. Kyoto, J >aa Jap J Ecol. 26: 107 114 5511. Kaneko Y 1978. A comparison of number of embryaa aod measurements of Microtis monubclli m two types of habitats Acu Theriol 23 140 143 5512 Kaneko Y 1978. Variations m the number of embryos in Microtis menubelli ( Milne- Edwards ). J Mamm Soc Japaa. 7:121- 129. 5513. Kang. Y H A Anderson . W A. 1975. LTtrastructure of the oocytes of the Egyptian spiny mouse (Acomys caMnimsX Anal

.

.

.

.

*

*

.

*

. - .

.

.

-

.

. .

. .

.

.

. .

. . . .

-.

-

*

-

-

Ret . 182 175 200 5514. Kanno, H 197

The birth of a polar bear . Aiumnls A Zoon . ' 5515- Kano. T 19*2. The social group of pygmy chimpanzee* ( Pan panucus ) of Wntnbn Pnmates. 23:171 118. 5516. Kanwar . KC A Chaodhry. V. 1977 Adrenal testis

27(11 )6^9

inter relationship in male Indian palm squirrel Eunarntmln pennanti Wroughlon. Endoknnologie 69:287-292 5517 Kanwuher J A Sundncs, G. 1965 Hiysiolug ) of a small cetacean llvalrjadrb Sknftcr 48:45- 53. 5518. Kapitanov. VI. I 960 An acay on the btology of the marmot Marmota camuckatua Pall Tool Zhurn 39:448 457

.

.

-

835

5519.5556. 5519. Kapitonov. VI . 1961. Ecological observations on Ochotpm hyperbomt Pall in the lower part of the lena Rjver Tool /hum. 40 22-933. 5520 Kaplan. JN. 1977. breeding and rearing squirrel monkeys iSmmin scums ) 10 captivity , l ab Amra Sd 27 J57-567 5521. Kaplan JR. Adams. MR. Kantank. DR. et al . 1986. Adrenal re^ponoveness and social status in intact and ovanectonuard Macaca JascuiLms . Am J Primal ostd* ros fuhis fib 11 (Gray V Gun Sc* 42 :823- 824 5529. Karim KB 1974 Development of the foetal membrane* ) ( in the Indian teaf noMnJ bn fiwsiicmt /«fi*.v fihit Gray I Early develcpmam Rev Kcaim B » »l 19 251 - 256 and embryo 553n. Karim, KB 1975 Early development of the implantation in the Indian vcspertilweud but . Pipulrriba mums wurn it Wrraigbtnn . J Tool Soc India 27: 119-136 5531. Karim KB 1977. Foetal membrane* and placenution in the Indian * c *perrtilk«id h»l Pipistrel!** mums mtmus (Wroughionh J Zot >l Soc India 29: 45- 55. 5532 Kaiim, KB 1987. Histogenesis of the chcrioaJlaniuic placenta in the Indian rhinopomaud bat Rtnno/ wma hardukkn hanhiciei Gray Anal Rec 218:70A. 5533. Kanm. KB A Baaeryoe S. 19*5 Stonge of spermato/on 1 in the epididymis of the tropical hot. fthmcpomui hardisckc hardmckei (Gray ) Anal Rec 21195A. the in 9 Reproduvsum . 5534. Kanm. KB A Baneryee S 19* Indian mouse-taikd but. Rkmepoms hardiukei hardinulci ( Chiroptem Rhuw »pumaudac ). Reprod Fell Dev I 255 2 M . 5535. Kanm. KB A PariL M 1986 l*wt miplanuiion development of the Indian thmopomaUd. Hhumpomi hanimka har&vkket (Gray ) Myali* 23 24 63 69. 5536. Kanm. KB A Fanl M 1987. Eaily emhry mc development and preimplant allon changes in tltc titerus of the M iaiKW ). Am HkimtfHims hanMcket Ww rfef (Gray ) ( Rhuv

.

^.

-

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

..

-

.

^

J Anal. 178:341 - 351 5537. Kanm KB A Gupta N . 19*6 A cave of niperfetotron in the Indian fruit hat Rimsettus Uuhenamlti ([ kenmarert! Bat Re* New *. 27:13 14 5538. Kanm KB . Willi* MS Czehala. NM el al 1973a Occurrence of n Ncornuaie vagina ut the Indian leaf noted bat Hiigtotuieros fuhms Juh u» (firay ). Gun Sci. 4262 63 553*. Kanm. KB. Wimiait. WA. Fnders AG et al 1 79 Electron rnKTOKigwc okMervationt on the y» 4k vac of the Indian frun Itat Jbouttnu leschenamlti (TVwnarevt ) (Deropidac ). Anat Ret 195: 493 510.

.

.

.

. .

.

. .

.

*

. .

5540. Kanm Y Rodrigues de Almeida. C. A Better. F 1976L NOTE sur ks Rongeurs du nnrd - esi du Brcsii. Mammalia. 40:257- 266 5541 Karn MN A Renroac. LS 1951 Birth wciglit and gestation time m iclatroa U* maternal age. parity and inlani survival Ann Flugeutcs . 16 147 -|M . 5542 Kirsch , FJ. Krey LC Weak. RF. et al 1973 Functional luieulysis in the rhesus monkey : Tlie role of evtrogen Lndoamulugy. 92:1148 1152, 5543. Karuh FJ Weak. RF Butler WR et al 1973 Induord LH surges > n the rhevut monkey: Strength - duraiHot charnelertsucs < f the estrogen dimuKu FndocfiiK »lofy 92:1740 1747 5544 Karsch FJ . Wcick RF liouhkm J. ct al 1973 An nnalym of the negative feedback control of gonadotropin

.

. .

.

. .

.

- .. .

.

.

. .

.

.

. .

uulinng chrome implaniaiion of ovarian derovdt in rhesus ttnvnkey* Endocrinology . 93 478 486 5545. Kaihkarov, D A Ixm L 1927. The yellow ground squmrl jf fubus atuatu11 Tliomas Ecology . 863 73. Cymmys < Turkestan 5546. Kaihyap. SK 19*0. Reproductive cyde « d the Indian moJouiJ hat TaJanJa oegi;jrwrcu. Cure Sci. 49:252 253. 5547. Kaxhyap SK 1981 Rcpnxkictiofl in the wrinkle lipped hw Tniariiia rtrgvpfiiira Ivceding hahiu in colonics ol cast Nttttar vecretion

ovanecii*rured

. .

-

.

-

-

.

-

.

Bat Re* Newt 22 5548. Kashyap SK 1982 Observation* on a roost of bee- tailed hat TadaruSa ph au1 piteous ( Buchanan ) in cast Nimar J Boodbny Nat Hist Soc 79:182 183. 5549- K as mar. IJT Ltrtkutoff . NM, Evans . KL, el al . 1983. Application at direct steroid conjugate measure me ni* in the mine of domestic and e*c64 7ur Furtpflanzung de* Schnulc » >paidrn Cf WM uricsu ) im Zologische Garten Zool Garten NF. 29:202 :< i6 558ft. Kaur. P A Guraya. SS. 19 3. Body weight , sex ratio and * seasonal reproductive change* in the Indian mole rat Rcmuluota hengalmns. in the Punjab Atttt J Zool. 31:123-130. 5587. Kavaaagh. M 1983. Birth seasonably in CenapMucut atlhtof* a social advantage from synchrony? Perspectives in Primate Biology 89 98, Seth , PK td Today A Tommw’l Prlerv A Pub. New Delhi 5588. Kavaaagh, M A laursen . E. 1984 Breeding oeaumabty among long - taikd macaques. Macaco faxcicubxris. in peninsular Malaysia. Int J lYimatd . 5:17 29. 5589. Kawai M. 1966 A case of unseasonable birth in Japanese monkey*. Primates. 7:391 392 5598. Kawai M Amma. S A Yothiha. K 1967 Ecological rtudict of reproduction in Japanese monkeys fMacata fmxtata ) I Problem* of ( he Urih «ea*on Primates 8:35 74 5591. Kawsmichi T A Kawimuhi M 1982. Social system and independence of offspring in tree shrews. Primate*. 23:189-205 5592. Kawata , K . Bailey. B A Siitnnski, P. 1975. Notes on feline reproduction at (he Indianapolis xoa Zod Garten NF 45:436 440 5593. Kawata. M. 1985. Mating system and reproductive success in a spring pofnilatioo of the red backed vole Cltthncmomyi mfocanut Mfonimw Oikoa 45 181 190. 5594. Kawata M 1987, Pregnancy failwc and ruppresxioti by female-female interaction in enclosed populations ) (Tnrkmnnts vu wmfa ) in New Zealand Nature 184 13*8 5611 Kean. RI 197| Selection fir melanism and f uruf ( Mtrnfinlii ; Penmdiilae) 4 Mitchell Plateau Western Australia Au*i J Zool 37 627-644 5647. Kemper CM Kitchener DJ, Humphreys WF et al 1987 The dcmognq4iy and physiology of MHamys sp (RodciMia: Mundoe ) in the Mitchell Plateau area , Kimberley. Western Australia J Zoui 212:531-562. 5648. Kemprrinnnn CT 1929. Die Placenta tier Balernum ( Hintoptcna sckrhbtmif und ihre funklioarlk Bcdeutung Z Anal F.atw Gcadi . 91 292- 303 5649. Kemps, A A Timmetmsns P 19 X 2 . Parturition bchavuur in plunparous Java- macaques ( Maraca faoiciilam ). Primates 23:75- 88. 5651). Kctripskc S. 1985. kfacacti xilcnta: Survey of North American and Fur peon AX> practices. Moix gr Pnmntol 7 221 235 5651. Keaiify, GJ , 1973, Daily and veiuooaJ pattern* of activity and energetics in a heternmyid rodent community Ecology H 12< > 1 1219. 5652. Kenagy, GJ. 1976, Field observation* of male fighting , drumming, and copulation in the Great basin kangaroo ml. l )ipoth 72 A studs on sexual behaviour of male camel ( Cnmrfar dromnianus ) Part I . Indian Vet J 49 1007 1011 5710 Khan. MKBM. PJ68 Deer hoiogKal data, 1967 Malay Nat J . 21 159 164 5711. Khan - Dawood , IS. 1986. l ^xalizauua of oxytocin and neutophysm in baboon iPaptn mmbi$ ) corpus luteum by immtinocylochemirtry Acin Endocrinol 113:570 575. 5712 Khan Dowixid. FS 1987 Oxytocin in baboon ( Papio anubis ) corpus lutrum Bin! RrprwJ . 37:659-664 5713 KhanDawxvd , FS. Marat. EL A Dawond . MY. 1984 Oxyiodo in the ivrpus luteum of the cynomolgu* monkey , ( Af iriKU fdscin4ans ) Fmli 96. und Forschungisiationeiv 5702. Kirchshofcr. R. Fradrick H. PcdcOczak. 0 et al. 1967. An account of the physical and hehavunal development of Hue hand - reared gorilla infant Gorttla g gorilla bora n Frankfurt Zoo. Int ZOO Yearb. 7:108- 113 5703. Knchahofcr . R. Weune K Berenz. K. et al 1968 A preliminary account uf the physical and bchavHiral development during the frm 10 week* of the hand reared gsrtlla ( Gorilla g gonILt ) twins born at Frankfurt Zoo lt»* Zoo Yearb 8: 121 12* 5704. Kukland . GL If 1977 The rock vole Muromi tkmtmrkmmt ( Miller ) (Mammnlu R olentia ) in Weal Vag nta Aan Caraegie Mu» 46:45 53

[ Hcms \

.

.

.

- .

. .

.

.

.

.

- .

.

.

- ..

.

.

. -

.

.

.

-

-

- .

.

.

.

. .

.

. - .

.

.

.

5705. Kirkland GL, Ir 1981 Sorwx dixpar and Sores gaspenus Matron Species 155:1 - 4 5706. Kirkland . GL Jr A Jannetl. FJ . Jr 1982 SUcrottu ihniorrhituts Mamm Specie* 1801 5., 5707 Kirkland . GL, h A lanzey. AL 1973. Observations of the breeding success of the deer mouse, Peromytcus numiculaxus nubilerroe J Martini 54.254- 255. 570*. Kirkland GL Jr A Schmidt . DF. 1982. Abundance , habitat , reproduct ion and nvcphulogy of fcaeat dw tiling small mammals of Nova Scotia and southeastern New Brunswick. Can Field- Nat 96:156- 162 5709. Kirkland. GL Jr A van Deusen . HM 1979. The shrew* of Sates dispar group: Sores dispar Bnichelder and Sores suspends An' hony and ( KKMIWIO. Am Mus Novil. 2673:1- 21 5800. Kirkland. It A liradley . EL 1980. Reproductive inhibrtiuo ami scrum ptxvlacun cowceatratioas in laboratory populations of the prainedecrmcu.se. Biol Re|«od. 35:579 - 586 5*01. Kirkpatrick. CM 1953. The testis of the fox squirrel ia relation to age and season. Am J Anat. 97:229 255 5 92. Kirkpatrick. CM. 196(1 l nu« ual cuttoatail litter J Matron

.

-.

.

.

-

.

.

.

*

* 41.119 120.

-

.

5803. Kirkpatrick. CM A CoMway CIL 194 Some nercs oa Indiana mammals Am Mid Nat. >9:128- 136 5 04 KiikpnttKk JF A Sanerfield V. 1973. Hi »udogy and morphology of the female rcjnoduclive trad of Qchtxomi pnruefH J Milium , 54:855 861 5*04«. kirk pair uk JF Laaley. BL A Shideler. SE. 199» Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in extm ungulate *: VII Urinary progesterone metabolites in the Equidae aweaaed by tmmuaoacsay . Zoo Bn >| 9: > 41 - 348 , 5 05. Kirkpatrick JF. Vail . R . Devnu*. S, 8 482 487 5*0 . Kirkpatrick

.

RL Coggin. JL Moaby HS. et al 1976. * Partuntion time* and litter sizes of gray squirrels in Virginia. Hoc Aaa SE Corf Fish W tdl Ag 30:541-545 5*09. Kirkpatrick. RL A Valentine GL 1970. Reproduction in captive pine voles. Microtia pmetoram. J Matron. 51:779 885 . 5*10 Kitkpatrick. TH. 1965 Studie* of macrepudidae in (Queensland 3 Reproduction m the grey kangaroo ( Macropms ffwi;t> r ) in southern (Queensland. (QLI) J Agnc Amm Sci 22:319 32 5811 KitkjwUick. TH. 1966. Studies of Mampodidae m (Queensland 4 Soaal organizafioo of tlte grey kanganvi ( Mattopus giganteus ) QLI) J Agnc Amrn Sa , 23:317 > 22 5 12. Karitpatnck TH. 1968. Studies of the wallaroo Ql D Agr

.

*

-

.

.

-

.

- *

-

.

.

.

-

J 94 362 365. 5*13. Kirkpatrick , TIL 1970 The iwamp wallaby in (Queensland QLD Agl J 96 > > 5 »6 5*14 Kirkpatrick . Til A kfrosoa PM 1969 Studies « 4 Maaopodidu an (Queen*load 7 Age estimation and rcpnxkiciinp in the agile wallaby ( Wallabia ogiUi ( l aild ) ) QLD J Agnc Amm Sci . 26.691 691 5*15. Kirkpatrick . TH A Mc Fvoy JS , 1966 Studies of Maciupudidac in (Queeavland 5 The effects of drought on reproduction in the grey kangaroo ( Macrofms gigaMrutY QlJ ) J Agn< Anim Sci 23:439 440,

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

-

5816.5856.

842

. -

.

.

.

5816 Kirkwood JK Epstein, MA. A Tcrlccto AJ . 1983. Facie*.* influencing pcjnilation powih of * colony of cotton op tamartnx .

'

lab Aninv 17:35 41. 5817 Kirkwood. JK. Epstein , MA. Terlecki , AJ. et al. 1985 Rearing a second generation of conon lop tamarms ( Stifcuims oriiifnu oedipus ) in captiviiy . I Jib Amm 19 269 272 5818. Kirkwood. JK . Caskm . Cl >. A Markham J. 1987 Perinatal modality and season of birth in the captive wild ungulate*. Vet Rec. 120: 586 390. 581V. Kirkwood JK A Link mood. SJ . |984 Energy requirements of captive option top tairunn* l&lgsuruu oadipua oeiUpusY Folia Primatol 42 180 187 582«. Kindi. JAW A Ftoole. WE. 1972 , Taxonomy and distribution of ihe grey kangaroos Mthropus giganirux Shaw ami Mftcropus fuligituvus ( TVsnuren ) and their suhtpcocs ( Manupialia: Macfopodidnc ), AuU J Zool. 20:315 339. 5821. Kindi. JAW A Walker. PE 1979. Notes on the napping and behavior of the Caeuolestidae ( Mauuptabak J Mamin. 60:390 395. 5822. Killing. VN Jr A Sampocll. RN 1976 Andvark Orycientpus •t f f r diets and milk compcvdlton Im Zoo Yearb 16 164 165 5823. Kiso. Y. Yasufuku K Mairuda. H. d a! 1990 Existence of an eoikjthelio end Hhelial placenta m the inwetivore Suruus munnus . Cell Tiu Res. 262: 195 197 5824. Kistchituki. AA. 1972. Life history of the brown bear ( Umu arctos L ) in north east Siberia. Bears: Their Biology and Management. Ini Conf Bear Rei Manage 267 73 Univ Al B. Canada 1970 IUCN. Motgcs Switzerland 5825. Kita , I . Sugimura M Suzuki Y et al 1983 , Reproduction of female Japanese serows Capriconus Crispin , based on pregnancy and macmscnpwral ovarian findings. Res Bull Fac Agnc Gifu Univ. 48:137 146. 5826. Kita. I Tiha T, Sug mara. M. et al 1987. Frequency of past parturition estimated by retrograde txrjxxa kilea of pregnancy, elastoid bodies in Japanese setow ovary Zool Ant. 219 4049 5827 Kita. K 1974 Breeding of own antelope. Anim il* A Zoo*. 26( 10) 330133. 582ft Kitchen DW 1974. Social Miavioe and ecology erf the pronghorn Waldl Monogr. 5829 Kitchener. DJ 1973. Reproduction in the common xheath- tailed bat Taphotout georguinus (Thomas I ( MicrochiKpiera Embnllutiundae ) in western Australia. Autl J Zool 21 :375 389. 5830 Kitchener DJ 1975. Reproduction in female Guild ' .* wanted bat Chnlmoiobut gouLiti ( Gray ) (Veipmilionidae ) in western Australia Aunt J Zool 27 29- 42 5H31. Kitchener , DJ 1976. Funhcr ctwcrvations on reproduction in the common sheath tailed bat Taf >ho&ms georgiwun Thomas, 1915 in Western Australia. with notes on the gular pouch. Rec W Aust Mux. 4:335 347 5832. Kitchener . DJ. Cuupcv. N. A Bradley, A. 1986 Reproduction in mole Stngaui ( Manupialia; Dus s undae ). Aunt Wildl Rea 1313- 25 5633. Kitchener. DJ A Cower P 1981 Reproduction ia female OMlmcrlohu.i mono ( Gray ) (Vexpcrlitiotiidae ) in south - western Australia. Aust J Zocf . 29:305 320. 5834. Kitchener . DJ & Halse. SA. 1978. Reproduction in female Lptesicus rtgulus ( Thomas I (VespMUUuoidae ) in siaith western Australia. Aust J Zool 26:257 267 5835 Kitchener DJ A Hudson CJ 1982 Reproductioa in the female white striped mastiff bat . Ttkinrida australis (Gray ) (Mokwsidar ) Aust J Zool 30:1 14

.

-

-

.

-

.

- .

-

-

.

.

-

- .

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

. . .

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

-

.

5836. Kitchener. DJ Stoddart. J. A Henry. J . 1984 . A taxonomic revision of the Smotthaffiu itturmu complex ( Marsupalia

.

Dasyurnlae ) in Australia, including description of four new ipeoe* Rec W Aust Mu* 11:201 248 5837. Kitchener , SL 1971 , Observation* on Ihe breeding of the bush dog Spccxhos vrmsttcuM at Uncoln Park Zoo. Chicago, lnt Zoo Yearb 1149- 101 5838. Kitchener SL Menu DA A Rosenthal. MA 1975. Observations on ihe breeding and husbandly of snow leopards Pantkera HACKI al Lincoln Patk Zoo Chicago lnt Zoo Yearb, 15:212 217. 583V. Kitner, PJ A Mend. RA 1983 Steroid mcubolum in the corpus hileum cf the ferret . Biol Repmd. 29:1121 1127. 5840. KJTURNS WH 1953. Reproduction of Yellowstone elk J WiUI Manage. 17 177 184. 5841. KiUs. WD Cowan. IM Bandy J et aL 1956. The immediate post natal growth in the Columbian black - tailed deer m relation to the composition of the milk of the doe . J Wildl

-

.

. .

.

.

-

-

-

.

,

29 259- 278 5848. Klei man DG. 1974 . The eatroua cycle in the tiger (Pmthet» ngruY The World's Caia (» 75 Eaton RL, ed Feline Re* Group Woodland park Zoo. Seattle WA 5849. Klei man DG , 1977 Monogamy in mammals. Q Rev Biol

.

52 :39-69.

.

.

585«. KJctman. lXJ . 1977. Dogrcss and problems in lion tamann Letmhfpiihrcus rvutUi rusalta reproduction Im Zoo Yearb. 17:92 97. 5851. Kleiman . DG . 1977. OmratteriiUc* of reproduction and sociorexual interaction! in pair * of lion tamanni ( Istxiiapiiheciu rvsitlui ) diving the reproductive cyde. The Rkdogy and Conservation of Ihe Calltukhidae 181- 190 Kleiman. DG ed Smithsonian Inst Press Washington. DC. 5852. Kleiman. DG . 1978. The development of pair preferences in the lion umarin ( Istmiaptihecus rouilta ): Male competition or female chofce Biology and Behaviour of Marmosets. 205- 207 Rod*. H W » liter * . JH. A Hearn. JP. ed* I igrnvetlag Hartmut Rothc Gbnmgen 5853 Kleiman DG , 1979 Patem ofTspring conflict and sibling competition m a monugamou* primate Am Nat 114:753 760, 5854 Klctmnn tXJ , |9H 1 . tronJafmthrrtn nxtalia. Mamm Speoes. 148:1- 7 5855. Kid man. iXi. 1983. Ethology and reproduction of captive giant pandas iAilumpada mcUmolewcxxy Z Ttctpsydvol. 62:1 46. 5856 Klei man. DG Ballou. JD. A Evans. RF 1982 An analysis of trceal repriductive trends in captive goklcn IK>O lamarins IstmtofMthemi r mualia with conunents on their future demographic management . Inf Zoo Yearh. 22 4- 101 .

.

. .

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

^

.

.

*. .

.

-

.

in white - tailed deer in Honduras . J Wildl Manage 46:826-829 5862 Klein 1J . 1971. Ohurrvalions on copulation and seasonal reproduction of two species of spider monkeys Aides M:ebuth and A gerrffmyi Folia Pmnatol l 5:2 3-248 5863. Kimu. M & liangma. GC- 1987 I npnbiished drawings o| marsupial emliryos from the Hill collectHMi and some pwbkiw of mamipan! ontogeny. Z Saugetierk 52 201 211 5864. Kline. I’D. 1962. Vernal (weeding of cottontails in Iown. Proc IA Acad Sci. 69J44- 252. 5865. Kline. PD. 1963. Notes on the biology of the jackrahbit in Iowa. Proc LA Acad Sci. 70:196- 204. 5866. Kling. OR A Westfahl. PK 1978 Steroid changes during the menstrual cycle of lltc hnlhx > n ( Po/no cynoctp+uitus ) and human BKII Kepr d . 18:392 4W 5867 Kiutgel, 11. 1963 Nolen on die biology at the plains zebra boehmi Matschie E Air Wildl J 3 86- 88 k.iptut 5868. Klmgrl H 1969. Refvoductioa in the plain* ukri. fqmtf bofhmi : Behaviour and ecoli ical bun** J Kcprod burchclh l eri Suppl. 6339 345. 5869. Klmgel II * l ’ X*9 , Ihe social < vgani /iHioa and population ecology at the plains zebra ( Fiftius < puigrgy in the Northern Neotropics 173 183 , Eiacobcrg JF ed Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington.

DC.

.

.

5857. 5903.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

^

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

^

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

5882. Kiugh, AB 1927 Ecology *f Ute red squirrel J Mamm 8 1 31 5883 Knaua. H I 96T Zur Frage dcr Soperfctattoa hetm Eeldhoien. Z Jagdwi** 13:52 53 5884 KacdNd C A Piechoki. R 1983 Zur

-

- .

.

FirtldlaB/ ungsbiofogie,

Murtalitiu Sexuslitst und Aher der

-

Hisamratte ( Omlatra dbetluai L 1766). Ilercyma 20.259 278 5884«. Kmck. ST 1990 Fxology of bobcat* rrlaiive to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho Wildl

Monogr 108:1-42 5885. Knick ST, Bnnell ID, A Sweeney SI 1984 Pcptiiatjon charactmstM..* of bobcats in Washingwo state. J Wildl Manage. 48:721 728 5886. Knight , FM. 1987 The development of pelage insulation and its relationship to homeothcrmic aNhty in an altncial rodent prromsscus feucopus- Ptiysxsl Zx*| s . 60:181 190. 5887. Knight. MH A Stonncr . JD 1981. Thermoregulatory. rtpriMucuve and (seliaVKOual adaptations of the big cared desert mouse. StaLicothnx txpsca to it* and environment. J And Environ. 4:137 145. 5888. Knight RK 1970 The Sun River elk herd Wildl Monogr.

.

.

-

-

-

-

.

-

23:1 66

.

588V. Kmpe. T- 1 V 37. Die javclina m Arizona AZ Game Fish W ldl Bull. 2:1 96 589«. Knulnl. E. 1981. Patterns of hypohysiotropiC Signals and )rn »ecretK *n in the ihesut monkey Btol Reprod gonadntro | .

-

.

-

.

24:44 49 58« l . KnoNI. E A Noll. JD. eds 1988. TV ihysuf gy of Reproduction Raven lYrss. New York . 5892. Knoch. HW. 1961. The e&Mrrn w iodrai Mnfnwu

.

.

fkxiJkNM nMgemn : A lolxnatnry colony . Trans KS Acad Set, 71.361 372 5893. Knopf H A Ralph, DF 1977. Annual pmodicKy of l inta ground *quirrcl« Stwithwesi Nat. 22:2 )3 224 5894 Knotu, IX A Glass . JD 1988 Effects of phmoperiod B endirphm, nml naloxone on in vitro secretion of testosterone in white footed n» »ix*e (/ rnimonu Uu •' pus i Biol Reprod . 39:203 212 58V5. Knowle * CJ 1987. Reproductive ecology trf Nock-tailed prairie dog* in Montana (irciit liaxin Nat 47:202-206 5896 Knowle* . JM A Oliver W|R 1975 Breeding and busKuicky of scimitat -horned oryx Oryx dammah at Mar well Zoo lnt Zoo Yearb 15:22*229 5897. Know lino , FF A Mickael ED. 1965 Placental mgertinn and possible parturant mortality in wild white - tailed deer . J Mamm 46 107. 5898. Knox. WE A Lister- RasciHvr. LM 1978. Timing of gestation in r^s by feud and maternal weights. Growlh 4243- 53 5899. Knox. WM. Miller KV. A Marchimon . RI „ 1988. Recurrent eslrous cycle* in white- tailed «lcer. J Mamm. 69:384 385. 59tMJ. KobayosJu. K. Fufiluto. M. A Yama /ato , K . 1978. Bleeding of Ihe ocelot. Animals A Zoos , 30( 8 ) 69 S90I Koluyashi. K. Otmda, H , A Kaneko. N 1979 Reproduction cf the whuc tailed eiia Ammab A Zoos. 31(7) 20- 22 59«2 Koceva. V 1970 A cutMrilwtion to live study of ilie seasonal rhythm uf the lerti* in the bat Myttfu tutygmiruv. God Zb Med Fak Skopje 16 361 371 |Notes of translation provided by IX AW ( mstafsottl 9M& Koch We*er . S 1984 . Hrdrrmause ou* ( Xvrvolu. W Afiika. Senckcnbergia Biol 64 :2 ^ 5 t||

- .

-

-

.

-

‘

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

- .

.

.

5904. 5951.

844

.

.

.

5904 . Kodo. H 11»** M , A Kijima. T 19X 2 Haiuiramin- a douroocouli Animals A Zoos. 34< 11 >:H-11 5905 . Kodo, H Otsuka. K. A ishigartu. M 1979- I he birth i»f gray jackals . Animals A Zoos . 3 l (3):6-95906. Kuefoed A. 1923 Pianagea has Finduinrt Han og Fauna ( Koprnhagcn ). 1923:105 107 (Card by Hencr. 193*| 5907. Koehler CF. A Richardaon PRK . 1990 Prattles crisutus Mamm Speck* 363:1-4 $998 Koenig. I - 1970 Zur Fortpflaiixung und Jugrndrntwicklung de* Wdsleafuchse* (Fnwm zerda 7imm 1790 k Z Tierpsychul 27:205-246 5909. Koeppl . JW A Hoffmann . RS 19« 1. Comparative postnatal growth of four ground square! species. J Mamm 6241 57. 5910 Koermg. MJ. 1979, Folliculogencsi* in primates Procesit ol maturation and atresia. Animal Models for Research on Contraception and Fertility , 187 199 Alexander. NJ cd , Harper A Row New Ycek 5911. Koering , MJ 198 Pri'snlral follicle development during the meaMnial cycle in the Macaco mulatto ovary Am J Anal. 166:429-433 5912 Koermg. MJ . Baehlcr LA, Goodman. AL, et al- 1982. Developing rruephokigical asymmetry of ovarian follicular maturaiion in monkeys. Iliol Reprud. 27989 997 591.3 Koenng. MJ. Wolf . RC A Meyet. RK 1973. Mgioal ami functional evidence for corpus luleum activily

.

.

. .

.

.

-.

.

.

.

.

- .

.

'. '

.

.

- .

.

.

during lair pregnancy in Ihe rhesus monkey Endiaiinolofy 9 686 693. 5914 Koffler, BR 1972. Mrnones rmnu Mamm Species 9:1 -

' .

4.

.

5915 Koford. CB. 1957. The vicuna and the puna EeoJ Mooogr. .

27:153 219.

5916. Koford . CB. 1958. hairk dogs, white faces and Woe grama Wildl Mooogr. 3:1 - 78 5917 Koford. CB 1961 . The ecology and munagement of Ihe vicuna in the hina /one of Pent Tmc Vie 16 42 353, 5918 Koford. CB. 1963 Rank of mrthers and sons in bands of rhesus monkeys Science 141 '56- 357. 5919 Koford. CB. 1965. Population dynamics of rhesus m* «nkeys on Cayo .Santiago Primate Behavior Field Studies of Monkey* and Apes 160 I 74 . DeVore L ed. Holt . Kinehart A Wuulon New York. 5910 Koford CH. 1966. Population changes in rhesus rmatkeys Cayo Santiago, i960 1964 . lulune Stud Zool 13:1 7. 592f »n. Koford. CB Father PA A Windlc . WF 1966 Twin* and ter atisms in rhe Ai* monkeys Faint Primato] 4 -221-7 5921 Koford, CB A Koford . MR. 1948 Breeding colonies cf bats, Pipislrrllus heyterus and Myotis suhuiaiia mcUmorkmyt. J Mamin 29:417-418 5922. Koford. RR. 1982. Mating system of a territorial tree squirrel ( humasciums dnuglant ) in Caiiftenia. J Mamm. 63 274- 283

.

.

'

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

*

5923 Kofron CP 1987 Seasonal reproduction of the springhare ( Pedeles caprnsu ) in routheostcni Zimbabwe Afr J Bad ,

.

25:185- 194

5924. Knhlbrugge. IMF. 1911 Befruchtung tmd KeimNIdung hei der Fledrrmam Xanlhaxpya amipiexicaudata. Verb Kon Akad Wet Amsterdam Tsecede Sector. 17:3- 37 5925 Koblbruggc. JI1F 1913. Die Vctbrcirung der Sprmnlocuiden an weibluiien Keeper und im bdruchieica Fa. Aich Eutw Mech Org. 35 165- 188. 5926. Kohler Rolkfsoo. 111 1991 Ctvtuhit dnunrdanut. Mamm

.

-

Species . 375:1 8

.

5952.5998.

845

5927. Kohlkucc. SD. Aitken. RJ A Lunn SF 1983. Plasma

5952. Konieczna. B

testosterone response to hCG stimulation in the male marmoset monkey ( Catltthru jatdias ftarchusY J Reprud Pert. 67:457 463. 5928. Kbhncke. M A Leonhvdk K 1986. Cryploprorla /emx . Mamm Species 254 : 1 5. 5929. Kohncke . M A Schliemann . H. 1977 Cher / wei Foeten iron Cryptopmcia ferns Bennett, 1833. Mitt Hamburg Tool Mus IMI. 74 17 i ITS 593«. Koivino I Wahlberg. C, A Muuronen . P. 1977 Breeding the snow leapard Panthera uncus at Helsinki Zoo 1967 1979 lot Zoo Yeasb. 17 3944. 5931. Kojima. T. 1951. On the train of the sperm whale Pkysrter catodan L Sa Rep Whales Res Inst 6.49 72. 5932. Kojola. I 1989 M «hcr ‘s dominance status and differential investment in reindeer calves. Anon Behav. 31:177 185 59.33. Kojola , I A Niemmen M 1985. The mother calf relationship in Orvitlae Suomcn RiiHa. 32 :74 89 5931 Kojola . I A Niemmen . M . 1986 Behavkairal ecology of Wiki forest reindeer and wmidomestiCiUed reindeer during the tut. Socmen Riistn 33:67 78

5952 . K

.

-

-

.

.

-

-

.

-

-

-

-

.

5935. Kok OB 1982. Canaabitbm and post-partum return

to

oestrus cf n female cape giraffe. Air J EcdL 20:141 - 143. 5936. Kolar K . 1965. Einigc Miucihmgcn iiber dbe Furtpflan /ung und Jugendcntwicklung von Gakiga senegalt nsu in Gefangenschafl. Zod Garten NF. 31109 117 5937. Kolb, A . 1950. Bcitrage air Riologie emheimuher FVdermaus* 7«d Jb Sysa. 78:547 572 5931L Kolb . A 1957. Au seiner Wachenstube de* Maui hr * Myoits m rmote (Borkhattten 1797». Saugetierk Mitt. 5:10 18 5939. Kolb. A . 1966 Gcburtsvorgaog bei Myotis m\aiis fBcrkhausen. 1797) und anschlisscodes Veihakcn von Mutter und Jungen . Bijdr Dieikd. 36.69 74 594«. Kolb HH A llewson , R. 1980. A study of fox pupulationa in Scotland from 1971 1976. J Appl Fad. 17:7 19. 5941 Kolb HH A Hew** R 1980 The diet and growth of fox cubs in two rcgiunt of Scotland Acta Theritd 25:325 331. 5942. K olenosky, G 1977 RUck hear Can Wild! Serv 5943. Kolenosky GB 1990 Reproductive biology of black bears in eart ceninl Ontario Ini Conf Bear Res Manage. 8:385 391. 5944. Kolosov AM. 1941. Reproductive biology of the common hare ( Lrpu.i rnnyumi Pall ). Zool Zhur. 20:154 171. [ Ira tula lion b> Dq>« Iliads hjreau Maples, ONTJ 5918. Kolpoviky. VM |979 Ptntiutol change I of uieru * and oviuiev in Muiirfo vuion (Carnivora Mustelidac ) Zool /hum . 58 409 418 5946 Komarov. AB. 196< Cixlcnnmii 1 structura populyacti omlairy l*rnblemy omblnnnbtva. Maieridy naueno proi /oudstvennogo sovcsiniuja po ondatra vxwtvu. Zentro soju / VNII 2 P Moskva. 24-26 (Cited by Kncchlel and Piechob. I 983| 5947. Komon A. Survey on the breeding of Japanese «n>«s Caprvomts tnsptn in captivity, unpublished. {Cited by Schiller I 977| 5948 Komori , A . 1966, The year of the aerow . Animalt A Zooc 18(4 ):100 101 , 5949. K *xt . L 1946. Contribution a l‘Mc de la nfofomaiioa d'ovukts che/ les Mammiferes pnrrudti adultes. Rev Stusse Zool.

-

-

-

.

-

-

. .

.

,

-

.

.

-

.

.

-

-

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

53:597 623 5950. Kondo. T 1971. Breeding of giraffe* at lama Zoological Park. Animal* A Zoo*. 23< 10) 330 333. 5951. K ' 'lido T , 1982. A population study of die Japanese wood mouse , AfHnirmu.i s/ fHiosui ( Mammalia: Muridae ), with special reference to ita social behavior. Re* Popul Ecd. 24:85 96.

.

-

-

1956 Sexual maturotitM and reproduction in Pan 2: The ovary , Folia Biol

the nutna ( Mwcastor coy pus ) 4 139 150

.

A Radxspiel U, Siess M et al 1990 , Analysis of painng panunlion and intcrbirth intervals in a colony of common marmoset* ( Calhthnx jacchut ) Z SaugetKrkd 55 308

*

< l*nig .

-

.

314

-

5953. Knmg, B 1985 Maternal activity budget during lactation in two species of Cavudae (Covin porttUus and GaUa muxtclrmles ). 7. Tirrpiyvhol 68:215 230 5954. Konnerup Madsen . H 1950 llddrag of beretningea for den>'tistraiionsbrugene 1957 Dansk FVlvdyravl 21:99 - 103 , 5955. Koontr. FW A Roepcr. NJ. 1983, Elrphtmiului rufeumts : -5. Mamm Specie* 2ik4| 5956 Koopnun KF. 1972 Fuducnfws dmiu ulus Mamm Specie* 19:1 25957. Kooy, J . Personal cnmniumcalmn. ( Cited by Naakigehceen. C I964| 595*. Kooyman. GL 1963. Milk analysis of the kangar rat. !hpndonr\1 mernaiw . Science 142:1467 - 1468, 5959. Kooyman. ( JL A Drabck. CM 1968 . Observation n milk . Mood, and urine cosuttiluetlls of tine vseddeU seal. Phy suJ Zool 41:187 194. 59w». Kooyman GL, Kcrem. DM Campbell. WB. v Prinung Office, Washington DC 5962. Kontnsk DR. l-ahetly . RF. Rsxien. D. et aL 1983. A radio « mmunna.ssay for dchydmepiandiostetoae aulfdie in the caculauoo of rhesus monkeys. Steroids . 42:653 -667. 5963. Korn , H A I ait. MJ . 1987. Initiation of early breeding in a

- .

.

-

.

-

-

.

.

.

-

.

. .

populauon ol Microius imvnsendt ( Rudcotia ) with the secondary plant ccmpound 6 MBOA Oscxfogta. 71:593 596. 5964. Kormljewa. LA. 1983. Linigc Angaben tur Fmtiiflan/ ung turkmemscher Kulane ( Equus htriaunus Pall ) mi Leningrader Zoupark. Zool Garten NF. 53: 320- 322 5965. Korniljewa, LA A Roshdcstwenskaja ID. 1975. Zur ZlldU dcs gror /en Amcwenbaien . Myrmecophaga imln ryla 1 .. im Ixnuigtadet Zoopark. Zool Garten NF. 45.377 - 384 . 5966. Korolyev. VA 1969. PccuharitiLs of Utc embryug. ivsh of the Maries fotna nntmou Vcsw Zool ( Kiev ). 5 26 30 5967 Konhkina. TV A KhaJarnky. AS. 1962. On tlie reiiroducbon of Ictnnung ( Latmus lemmas ) 00 Kola peninsula Zool Zhora 4|604 615. 596*. Koskela. P A Vac. P. 1976 The almoiUiMX. autumn migration, population iiruiiure and body dimension' id the harvest mouse in northern Finland. Ala Theu 4 21 75 87 . 5969 Kostian t. 1970. Habitat rrquiremcncv and breeding biology ol the roof vc4c, Mi > nous oet tmumis 1 Pallas ), cet duve meadows in the Gulf of Bixhina Finland. Ann Ztxd I caimi 7:329 340 5970 Kiwtjaa. FJ . 1934 Fitbxrrn und ihr Wacbwum M Gama NF. 7:157 164 5971 Koatron K A Kukla. F. 1971 The seasonal ibangev of the mink 's testicle volume AcU l tuv Agricuh Pnc Apron Brno. 19: 171 178. 5972. Knsugt K . 1971. Behavior and reproduaion of the sable aniehtpe Annul ' A Zooa 30(4 ) 597.3. Kmugi K A luruya. T 19«) Captive reprodoettoo of Ihe wh e rhinocefos. Animals A Zoos. 32(6) A 10

-

-

.

.

-

.

- .

-

.

-

.

.

-

. .

.

-

*

.

-

.

-

* «.

' '

.

.

5974. Kxtera S , Tanaka T, Tajima . Y 1929 f ' bcT den Bau der Plarmtome dcr Zicge und Gcmsc Rupicapra mpurapra Baum Festschnfi | Cited by Knillmg. 1931) 6044. Krolhng. O. 1931 . Cher den Bau dcr Antitopenpla /enUMne 7 Mikr Anat Fond* 27 211- 232 6045. Kroning. F A VorTeycr. F- 1957. Uncersuchungeo uher Vertnehmngxralen und Ks^rpergewichte beim weiblichen Rotw-ild 7. Jagdwm 3:145 153. 6046. Krtitt. P 1959. Der VieHnur (Gnfn gulol VEB GuaUv Fischer. Jena. 6047. Kiott. P 1973. Die l-ortpflanzureg de* Ldelmarder* lMaries nuirus L ) m fietev Wildbnhn Z Jagdwus 19 113 117 6048. Krott. P. 1982. Der VieUrasr ( CmJo gulo Linnaeus 1758 ) im Okosystctn Saugetierk Mitt. 30:136- 150. 6049. Kxou P A Gardner. C. 1984/85 Panning dcs Vie I Iras res. tjmio gulo (U 1758 ) in Ireiet WiUlmlin Saugrtietk Mat. 32:87 6050. Kismanovic. L Mikei M. Ilahiyan V et al. 1984 ReptodaciBrc activity of Cncetus cncetus L in Voyvodnu . Yugoslavia Acta Zsxil Fcna. 171 : 173- 174 6051 Kiuckcntscrg . SM Gicr IIT A Dennis SM 1973. Punmaia] development of the prairie vofe , Mu rotus ockrogaster L«l> Amm Sa 23:53- 55 6052. Kmcrek M. 1986 Seasonal effects on texual nuturati - ei of male hank vofe { Clrthnomomyx gloreohis ). J ReprtaJ Fett * 76:8389 6053. Knur re k. M , 1986 Seasonal vanatuxt of tcviicular activity in juvenile and mature hank v«lra (ClrArunwnw givrvUr ) Folia B*ol ( Krakow i 34:373 380 6054. Knicwk M A Marchlewska - Koy. A- 198 ^ Androgen - dependent protein* in the tarioe of hank volca iCIfthnonnmyi glareolus\. J Rcprod Frit 75 189 192. 6055 Knicrek. M A Marchlew.ska - KoJ, A 1986 Puberty delay of hank vofe females in high -deiuity populations. Biol Reprod , 35:537 541 6055a. Krucnrk M , Marchlewxka - Koj A & Dnckamer , LT 1989 Social inhibition of scxunl maturation ta female and male hank vole* ( CUtkrionomyt gLireolus ) Arta Thenol 14:479- 485 6056. Kriiger. P. 1963 Paamog und Sexnalrvklu* alv w ahrtchrinlichie Ursache der Spatherhst und Wmlerwurfe born ausgesetzten Kanada - Biber ( Castor canadensis Kuhl. 1819 ) in Finland Saugetierk Mi«. 11:16-20. 6057 Krumbiegel. L 1943. Der Afrikamsche EkJani. Vctlag Dt

.

-

-

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

'

.

.

-

.

.

Paul Scheps, Leipng . 6058. Kruiypcaoh. F A Treus. V. 1969. Dumcsucauon of eland Moloch tnyax Skotov Musk. 4:36 38.|An Breeding Absu 1970 38 ief 778| 6059. Kruusch Pll. 1946 Some observations on the htg brown hat in San D»ego County. California. J Mamin. 27:240 242 6060. Kiuosch . PH 1954 Notes m the habit * of Ihe hat. Mvotu caJifonucms , J Mamm. 35.539 545. 6061 Krut / wh . PIL 1955. Obxcrvauocx IMI the Calilmma tnaxtill hat. J Mamm 36 407 414 6ti62 Krutzvch PH 1955 ( JhservaliotM *MI the Meaicao J 42 free uiled hat , l ulanda mexuana J Mamin 36 6062*. Krutrsch 111. 1961 The reproduitive cycle in the male vesprrtilionid Ival Myotit vttiftr Anal Rec . 139 309 6063. Kruusch PH 1962 Add tK nal data « « the a* petu* of Megachircptera. J Mamm 43:34 42

-

.

.

- .

-

.

^

.

-

.

-

.

.- .

•

6064. Kruuach . PH 1975 Reproduet »on of the canyon hat . Pipittrrlhu hespenu , in southwestern Kmted Sure* Am J Anal

-

.

143:163 200

6065. Knuixch , PM 1979 Male reproductive patterns nonhibernating hats J Reprod Fett $6:333*144 6066

. Kruusch. PH

. .

1979

in

Personnl communication. [Cited by

Jeren I 979J 6067 Kmtzsch , PH A Cnchton FTL 1985 OLIVERVATKMU on the reproductive cycic of female Mofassus fonts (Quroptera: Mokwstdae > IB Puerto Rico. J ZawL 207 A:I 37 150 6068 Knitzsch , PH A Cnchton lili 1986, Reptoductron at the male eastern pipistrelle. PipistreUus subflnus , in the north-eastern United States. J Kepr < *l Pert- 76:91- 104. 60W Knitzsch , PH A Cnchton EG - 1987. Reproductive biology of the male little mastiff bat . Mormaptenu piamceps ( Ouruptera: Molussidac ) in southeast Australia Am J AnaL 178:352 368 6069a. Knitzsch. Ill A Crichton EG. 1990. Reproductive biology of the male bent winced bat. Mmwptcrus schrrtbenu (Ve-spcrtil »on>dae ) in waitheast South Australia Acta Altai

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

139:109- 125

. .

6070. Knitzsch. Pll. Cnchton EG A Nagle. RB. 1982 Studies on prolonged *prrinato / u*n survival in Chiroptera: A morphidogical etanunation of sitrac* and clcaeancr cf mtrauictinc and caud # rptdjdvmal spcnttnioMa in the bats Myotis tuiifugmi and M vtlifer Am J Anal 165 421 434 6071 . Krutuih PH A Vaughan TA 1955. Additmnai data on the twvula of North Amerioui hnu J Mamm 36:96 ICO. 6072. Kruusch PH . Watson RH A Lot CD 1976. Reproductive bidugy of the male leaf nosed hat . Macrvtus wtuerhtHod in s ’Uthwevtent United Sutcv Amu Rec 184 611 636. 6073. Kruusch. PH A Well*. WW I 960 Androjenettc activuy in the iniencapulor brown adipate ussuc of the male hibernating bat (Afyorir Ucifugus ) , Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105:578- 581 . 6074. Kruult. H 1972 The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behavior. Univ Chicago Press Chicago. 6075. Kruuk H Conroy JWH A Moorhouse A. 1987. Seasonal reproduction , mortality and food of otters { Ultra lutra L ) in Shetland. Symp Zool Soc London. 58: 261- 278. 6076. Kruuk. II A Parish , T 1982 . Factors affecting population density, group size and lemi » > < i / e uf the European badger Melts melts. J Zool. 196:31- 39. 6077. Krylov , VL 1966. On sexuil numratuw of Pacific walrus females. Zool Zhitfn. 45:919-927 64178. Krzywuiski. A, Krzywinska. K Kw /a. J et al. 1980 Milk cumpusilKM. lactation and the ortificiaJ rearing of red deer . Acta Thenol 25:341- 347. 6079. Krzywmski A. NiedLialska . A dt Twardowski, 1984. Growth and devekipment of hand reared deer fawns, Acta Thenol 29: 349 356 6080. Kubota. K. Shimizu T. Shihanai S. et al 1989 Histological prupcttH's and biological ngniliv iiKe of pouch in ted kangaroo. Macropus nijus. Anat Anz 168.169- 179. 6081 Kudolo. GB Mbai FN A Bey. RM 1986 Rervoduction m the vervet m >nkey ( Cercapilhecut methiopt ): Ondomeuial cie.*«o«en and progeatcronc noepus dynnmk * during mwnml and prolonged rtvnvtnul cy < k * J I mU cmiol 110:429 4 ^9 6082 Kuehl . TJ A Dukrk w, WR . 19 ' 5 Ovulation itKlucti Mt during an ovulatory neaion in Sairmn $aums , J Med Primaiol 4 : 23 31 608.3 Kuehn. RE JMMX GD A Mcarill RK 1965 Breeding Miuaca mmtxlnna A program of birth engineering Folia Pnmai | 3:251 262

.

. .

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

-

.

.

.

-. .

.. -

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-.

.

MNU. 6 I 25.

MH 60*4. Kuhlbcra F MM 3. Bcobnchtuage* iiher die Biologie van Crtnu upella Zool Garten NF. 15:221-234 60*4«. Kuhlhnrn , F . 1953. Sdugcticrkundlichc Studicn au * Sud Matiograsxo . Saugeticrk Mitt . 1 : 115- 122. (M5 Kuhn. E 1953. Zum Wadutum nunnlicher Borstengurteltiere ( ChatlvpJtraetus viWonur Fisch ) Zool tiarten NF. 20:82 84 608*. Kuhn. Hi 1962. Zur Keiininis der Mjcroduroptcra Uterus . Zool Ant 16 179 187. 6087. Kuhn. HJ A Schwaier. A. 1973. Implantation, early placeniniton, and chronology of embryogcncsis in Tupaut belangen Z Anal FartwicfcJ Gock 142 : 315 340 6«« Kuhn. LW Wick. WQ. A Pcdrnen. RJ . 19« Breeding nc *ia «.4 TowattMTi mole in Oregon 1 Mamm 47:239- 249. 6089. Kukla. F 1980 Copulation length reined to fertility in nunk females Scieatifur. 40 E22- 23. 6090. Kulichkov . AB. 1981 Polygamy of male sahies anJ its

.

.

.

.

-

*

-

.

.

.

.

relationship with the reproductive performance «1 females. N'auch Trudy Nauch laded Inst Ptishn Zmov Krul k 25:111 116. |AI**u in ScieMifur 19*5 9: 3051 6091. Kulitke li I 960. Wintervrrmchning von Kotelrrwus { Clrlhrionomvx glareolut ) Frdmaux ( Mu rafter agrrxlu ) uad Gclbhatsmaas iApademuxflcte-uoUis ). 7 Saugetierk. 25:89 91. 6092. Kulikov AN & Ivashin MV 1958. On the problem of the reproduction cycle of Rahsenpptcm physaUs L and Megaptera nodosa Bonn of like Atlantic sector of the Atlantic. Zool /burn .

-

.

.

.

-

-

-

-

3 123 125 6093. Kul /cr. t 1958 Untcmidumgcn ul*ct die Biologic von ITughundcn Jer Gaming It uselhu Gray . 7 Mucph Oh >1 Ticre. 47:374 402 6t »94. Kul /er . F 1966 Die Gehurt hri Fhighunden dcr Gaming Rousettus Gray ( Megiichiroptera ). Z SHugctierk- 31:226- 233. 6095. Kul /er . F 1974 Jugendentwickluag und Temperalurregulatioa beim Chinchilla ( Chinchilla larugtr Molina 1782 ). Z Saugetierk. 39.231-243. 6096. Kumar , A A Kump. Cl ' 198$ Sexual behavior of the IHW tailed macaque Macaco silentu The Lion- 1 oiled Macaque: Status and Conservation 109- 13a llcltae PG ed. Alaa R Lur lac New Y«k 6097. Kuman , S A Ptakiuh, I 1983 Seasonal variation in the dimension of scent marking gland of three desert rodents and its possible relationship with their reproductive performance. Proc Indian Acad Sa ( Amm So ). 92:299- 304 6098. Kuma /awa , N . I97 l Birth of a Malayan tapir Animals A Zoo* 23< I 2 ) 402 405 6099. Kumuai. A A Jones. JK. J» . 1990. Nycltncwups fcmomsaccms. Mnmm Species 349:1 5. 6106 Kummrr . H A Kim . F. 1963. Social units of a free - living populalKwt of hamadrya* baboons Folia IVimnlol , 1:4 - 19, 6101 Knmmcr , J . 1970 Beobachningcn bci der Aufzucht und llaltuag von Fcldhascn ( Lepus europaeus Pallas ). Zool Garten NF. 38:13* 139. 6102. Kune. L. 1970. Breeding and rearing the northern lynx Frlu I lynx at Ostrava Zoo Ini Zoo Ytttib 10.83 *. 6103 Kune. 1. A Stehlik J 1968 Haltuag und Zuchl von Lschten ( Lynx lynx ) im Zootogisdien Garten Onlravn Fr Kolner Zoo 1147 99. 6164 Kunkel G A Toake. K - H 1986, Beobcicbnigen / ur Furtpflan / ungxbiol Tgie medititemner Z»ergfledcmv» tKC ( PipuirtUtts ptptsirrlluj ) , Z Saugetierk. 51:124- 125. 6165. Kun*. ML A Tadiian. Rii . 1954. Notes on mammals from ii fthern Ouapaa , Mexico. J Mamin. 35 100103. 6105« Kun / Ill 1971 Reproduction of nun* vespcitilionid bats in central Iowa. Am Mid Nal 86 477 486

*

-

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

. .

.

.

-. .

-

.

.

.

-

-

6106. Kunz. Ill

1973. !*upulaUon studies of the cave bat ( Myattx tit jer ): RejwodoetKiu . growth and development. Octal * Pap Mat Nai Hist Uaiv KS 15:1 43. 6107. Kunr 131. 1974. Reproduction, growth , and mortality of the vesfN'ttilionid bat Fpleurus juuut , in Kansan J Mimm. 55:1 13 6108. Kun /, TH. W 0, Daily energy budget of free- living hats. Ini Bar Res Coni 5: 369- 392 6109. Kunz TH. 1982. LmtHtycteris nocUvagans. Mamin Species. 172:1-5. 6110. Kunr Ill 19 7.|5wt natal growth and energetics of * suckling halt Recent Advance* in the Study of Bata 395-420 Fenton, MB Rucey, PA. A Ray net JMV. cd* Cambridge Uaiv Press 6110a. Kunz TH , cd . 1988 Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study 1983 Harem social organization in cave roosting Aniheus jomau entts (Ouroptcta: PhylUwiumatiiJae ). Bi < xrupica . 15:133 138 6113 Kunz, TH A Martin . RA 1982 Pleeona sonnsendu Mamm Species. 175:1 6. 6114. Kunz, 111. Slack. MIL A Jenw. R. 1983. A comparoou ol milk composition in Myotis tua/ ugus and Lptesurus fuscus ( Chmptcra : Vestertiliomdae ) Bid Rcptod . 28:229- 234. 6115. Kuramoto T 1972 Studies on but* at the Akiymlu dm Plateau with sprvinl reference to the ecologkul and phylogenetic aspect*. Bull Akiyuxhi dai Sci Mu* 8:7 119 6116. Kurnosov , KM 1963 PocuhariOc* of the placenta formation in the elk ( Alces alces ). ZooJ Zhurn 42:282 - 288 6117. Kurotwa J A Imamidii. T 1977. Growth and reproduction ,

.

-

.

.

.

*

. . .

.

.

.

.-

.

-

.

-

.

.

-

,

.

.

of tltc chinchilla Age at vaginal opening , oestrocs cycle gestaiKin PLTMMJ. Imci lire, sex ratio, and diseases frequently

- .

encountered. Exp Amm. 26:213 222 6118. Kun , I l '#68 / uuimmcnlunge / wmchen Vahnlien und Fi «t|tnanrungKlri< uiag beim Rrh ( Caprrattv capreolu.i I.) Z Jagdwm 14 97 106 6119. Kun , F 1974 Remarks on the social structure and ecology ol the Ceylon elephant in the Yala National Park The Behavior of Ungulates and iis Relation to Management . 618 634. Ccist. V A Walthe* F cdx, RJCN, Marge* Switzerland. 6119a. Kurt*. A 1980. Status of the Indiana bat . M\otu sodaiu, in Michigan . MI Academician 13 31 36. 6120. Kurta. A A Baker RII . 1990. F/ Mesicmx Jmina Mnmm Sprne * 356:1 10 6121. Kurta A Bell . GP. Nagy KA . el al. 1989. Water haluocr of free ranging Irtlle brown bat* ( Myttit tun fugue ) during pregnancy and lactation Can J Zool 67:2468 2472 6122 Kurta. A Bell CP Nagc . KA. et al . 1989 Energetics of pregnancy and lactation in free- ranging little brown bats ( Myotis UutfmgmsY Physio! ZooL 62:804 818 6122«. Kurta. A A Sic wan . ML 1990. Parturition in the silvet haired Imt. Lasumycitm notiiuigans with a description of the nei«a e « Can FieM Nat 104:59JF60a * 6123 Kiinen. L 1983. Hahung und Zucht dcr nrotropnchrn Fledemums CanJha ptnputllafa. 7 Kolner Zoo. 26:53 57. 6124. Kurz, W 1*8)4 , Der Uterus von Famus spectrum nach dem Wurf Anal Hcftc fZ Anat Entwicklungsgcsch ). 23:621-654 6125. Kusclunski. L 1974. Breeding bmtmoogs Antic its bminrung at Glasgow Zoo. lot Zoo Yearti 14: 124 - 126.

-

-.

.

-

.

..

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

6126. 6168.

849

6126. Kufhner II. Kmft -Sdveycr , N , Aagelnkoa . FT, et ai 1982 Analyiri of reproductive data in a breeding colony of African green monkey * J Med Primatol 11 77 84 6127 Kurter 1 A Paul A 1984 Female rqmxluctive character!*tics in *? mifree ranging barbary macaque * ( Mtuaca tyhummt 1. 1758 ). Fcdia Pnnutol 43 69 83 6128. Kusthardt G. 1941 Weitere Bcohachtungrn an Schneemnuven 7 Saugetierk 14: 257- 268 6129. Kuizer , E . 1958 Unier*u < bungcn ilKn die Biologic von Fhighundcn iler Galtung Rousettui Gray Z Morphol Okoi Tierc 47:374- 402 6130. Kutzer , E. 1966. Die Gebun bri Rughumkrn *h:r Gattuag Rouseltus Gray fMcgachiorptrra ). Z Saugetierk 31 - 226- 233. 6131. Kutzer , E A Frey. H 1981 . Effects of road traffic on hare*. Proc World lagocnurph Conf . I mv Guelph , ONT. 1979:501 507 6132. Kuvlesky , WP. Jr A Keith LB 1983 Demography of snow-shoe hare populations m Wisconsin. J Mamm. 64:233-244. 6133. Kuwahara H. 1974 A Great Indian rhinoceros give* buih to a baby. Animals A Zoos 26< 2 ):?9-44 . 6134. Kuwahata , T. 197V On the breeding of cage reared redbacked vide CUtknonamys rufocama bedjtrrdxat (Thomas ). Exp Amm. 22 *uppl:2 M 236. 6135. Kuyper . MA - 1979. A biological study ol die golden nnde Ambiysomtts hotteritotus M Sc I hens Univ Natal Pketermatflttburg. South Afnca. 6136. Kuyper. MA. 1985. The ecology of the golden mole Aatbiysamtu hotimtotus . Mamm Rev. 15:3 11. 6137 Kuyt. L 1972 Food h » bit of w lvc* on barren rowiid caribou range Con Wikdl Set Rep Ser 21 1 36. 6137n Kvam. T 1991) Ovulation rale* in Europe ns lynx I.ym lynx (D from Norway 7 SAugetierk SSdlS 320i 6137H Kvam i |99 l Rcpruducttua m European lynx. Lyn> lynx Z Sfugrticrk $6:146 158 6138. Kwxxinski. OG Danuwa. DA A Gwufacw AW 19*6 Conarol of *ex vteriwd bmdiny prt >ti » n (SBP ) n the male Intle

.

.

.

.

'

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

- - --

.

.

. . . Rduizondiip of plasma thyroxine level * to the

brown bat indu >ii < > n of pla * ma SBP

in immature males J Eodocrmal. lia.271 27 6139. Km - i ii '.' k : i < i fhnutiL DA. Gurtafson. AWr . ct al 1987 Plasma acx steroid binding in Qnnpn* Biol Rcpnal 36:628 635 6140. Kwi«»«* ki . GG. KriNik . I A Wumau. WA 19*7 . Annual akelctal changes in the little brown hut Mentis lurtfugut , with particular reference ui pregnancy and lactation Am J Anat. 178 410-420 6141. Kwieciaski, GG W'irmati WA . A Kt « x >k. L 1987. Moephology of thyroid C -cells and parathyroid glaml* in summer- active little hrowa hat* Mentis hmfugus luctfugus. with particular reference to pregnancy ami lactation . Am 1 Anal 178421-427 6142. La Gory KE 1980 Ihumal behavior cf a white - tailed deer neonate J Wildl Manage 44:927 929. 6143. lobhsetwar . AP A Ender* At '. I ‘)6K Progesterone in the corpus luteum and placenta uf the arnvadillu Dasyptu novrmcmctus J Reprod Fert . 16:381 3*7 6144. Labhsetwai. AJ» A Ender*. A< ‘. I 9W . Pituitary Lll content dutiog delayed and poM - inqilantation jvn il* in the nirnudillu ( Daxypus mnemctru lust . J Repr* xl Fert. 18:383- 39* ) 6144a. Lacey I . A A Sherman. PW |9i>tera ocukmuirakt , idf west Greenland Rep Int Whal Cimrn Sp I true. 6:233 236. 6219. lavsra F A Kapcl, P0 1983 Further biological uudiea of the west Greenland minke whale Rep Int Whal Comm

-

.

-

33 329 332.

.

6220. Larsen , T 1984. Polar bear denning and cub production in Svalbard . Norway J W,U11 Manage 48 1JO 326 6221. t arson , LS. 1967 Age structure and sexual maturity within a WMtent Maryland heaver (Gu/iv lunkiensit ) pipulation. J Mnnun 48:408 413 6222. l aranon HO Htfetin. M, A Hjrrn M lr> K 2 Observation! on n breeding group of pygmy marmoset * Ccbuslla pypnaca nt Skanven Aquanum. Int Zoo Yearb 22:88 93 6223 larsMin TB, Hanstun , L, A Hyholm, E 1973 Winter reproduction in small rodent * in Sweden , Oik > «. 24 475 476 6224 . larsson Rariukiewic / , M A Mobamed MA 1986 Analyris of the casein content in camel Ctnnelui dromrdmhus milE Swed J Agnc Re*. 16:1318 6225. l ^sley BL Bogart MH A Shidelcr SF. 1979 A comparison of lemur ovarian cycle* Animal Model* for Research on Contraception and Fertility 417 436 Alexander . Nl, ed . Harper A Row New York6226. l aslry , Bl CiekaL NM A I .iadhurg. DC, 1985 Urinary estrogen profiles in the lion-tailed macaque The Lion- Tailed Macaque: Status and Conservation. 249- 159. Hilwe. PG ed Alan R Las Inc. New York 6227. !.asley . BL C zekala NM Nakakura . KC. et at 1979. Armadillos for studies on delayed implantation , quadruplets uterus simplex, and fetal adrenal physiology. Animal Model* f« Research on Cnnrraoeptjon and Fertility 447-451 , Alexander NJ , ed , Harper 4 Row , New York 6228. I asley , BL Hendrickx. AG , A Stabcnfeldl. GH 1974 Estradiol level* near the time of ovulation in the bonnet monkey ( JMacaco raduoa ) Bud Reprod . 11237- 244 6229. 1 avley, BL Hodges. JK. A Czekala. NM I 98ri Monitoring the female reproductive cycle ol great apes and oilier primate specie* by determination of estrogen and lU in small volumes of unne- J Repiud Fert Suppi. 28:121 129. 6230 LasIcy BL Kasman . til , Loskutoff. NM et al. 1984. An update on endocrine monitoring ol reproductive physiology Am A**oc Zoo Vet Abstract Papas Ann Meeting. 1984.165-167. 6251 Lasley BL Presley. S. A Crekalo. N 1980 MoiMormg ovulation tn great apes: Innary immum^eacuve eatfogca and bsoadive lutenunng Ixenvjne. Proc Am As * Zoo Vet

-

.

- .

. .

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

- .

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

*

.

.

-

-

1980:37 41. 6232. Lasaen . RW . FeneL CM A Leach. II 1952 K *l habits, productivity and comliUon of LXryle mule deer herd. CA Fish Game 38 211 224. 6233. Lassicur, S A Wilson, DE 1989. Lanchorhmu anriUi Mamm Species. 347:1 - 4. f h )ur mys 6234. l^tade E IKKl Sur Ic houeboi vaginal du \ * duprast Loaaste. Ztx4 An / 5:235 239^ 6235. laiaate. F. 1883. Sur le houchi* vaginal des K < «getuv J Anal Phy uol.|9 144 171. 6236. LaUAe E 1884. Desai|XM >n d ' une esp cr msm lle dc 4 terKllme d' Arabic (Mrnones Uvtpfnmal hoc Zool Soc London 1884 88 109. 6237. ljitaWe F, 1887. Note* prise* au jour Ic jot» sur ddffrentea eapicea dc Eoidre des Rongeur*, obwrvfea eo captivity. Acte* Soc IJOD Btedcaux 40:1 - 659 6238. Lataste . E 1891 l >e * variation* dc dur c dc la geauimn cher Ic Mammifire* ct dr * circonaunccs qui detariunena ce*

.

.

.

-

*

.

-

-

^

. ^

-

.

Thfunr dr la gestation rcunkr CR Soc Biol

variation*

6239. Lalimer, HB 1950 Varialkwi

4321 31.

in the number and in the weight* of the fetuoex in cacti Utter ia a »er »e* of pup|ves Cirowth 14:107 1 ia

-

.

6246. I .uiima HB A linen HI . 1932. The postnatal growth in body weight of the cat Anal Rec 52:1 5. 6241. Laiour PB. 1987. Observation* < « denxvgrapby . reproduction and morphology < *f muskoxea ( Ox' ibos morrhuncr ) on Bank* Bland*. Northwest Territories Can J Zo*4. 65: 265- 269 6242 LaCtan /io RM A Chapman IA . 1980 Reproductive and physiological cycle* in an island population of Norway rau. Bull (Tticagn Acad Sci 12 1 68 6243 Inu D 1968 , Beiirag zur Gewcihcrrtwicklung und F**ipflan / iing.* b*oK »iiie der Hinche. / Saugciicrk 33:194- 214 6244 1 aiu khan JR . 1948 Black toiled dm ia Western Wadiiagton lYnr W Aitoc Game Fish Comm 28:153- 161 , 6245. Laner . BH A Baker Bl 1969 Whale milk l Fin whale ( Roiaenoptcni pkytokts ) and brluga whale ( Delphinoptenu leucos ) milk: Gross cconpontioti and fatty acid composition. Can J 7«4 47 5- 97. 6246. lauer . BH Blood. DA Person AM. ct al 1969 Goal milk I Mountain goat (Oramnr amcncarms ) milk Grass ccKiqv'SitKm and fatly acid constitution , ('an J Zool. 47:5-8. 6247. lauer BH. Kuyt. E A Baker. BE 1969. Wolf milk I Artie wolf ( CANLI lupus orcios ) and husky nulk Gross composition and fatty acid constitution . Can J /oo|, 47:99- 102. 6248. Laufeas G. 1973 Beitrage zur Baologie ikr Iransc n Bederma use ( Myoti* rkisien Kuhl. 1818 ). Z Siugeticrk 38:1-14 6249. I jttndre. JW A Keller BL 1984 Home range me ol coyntes: a critical review . J Wtldl Manage 48 127 139 6250. 1-auric , A A Seidrn.sUcker , J , 1977 Behavioural ecology ol the slolh bear ( Melunus unmms\ J Zool 182 IK 7 2U4 6251. Laurie, A 1982. Behavioural ecology of tbs greater one- horned thuxveti'v IRhmoicnu unit onus ) I Zool 196:307- 341. 6252. Laune. AH. 1937 the age of female blue whales and the effect of whaling ou the stock. Discovery Rep. 15:223- 284. 6253. Laurie. EMG 1946 Die coypu ( Myocastor coypms ) m Great Britain J Aaim Uxil. 1522 34. 6254. Laurie EMO 1946. The rept » ductioo of the house- mouse ( 3fui muuulus ) livms tn dritctcm covuonmeat!i. I’roc R Soc 133B.248 2S1 6255. Laune. WA Ung. EM A Grove* CP 1983 Rhinoceros untcomu Mamm SJ «CC »CB 211 :1 6 6256. Laursen L A Bekuff . M 1978 Lauhlimta ufmana Martini Spran 92: 1 - 8 6257. l ^aVal , RK . 1967 Retmd of bat* from die suulheavtern United Stale* J Mamm 48 645 648 6258. LaVaJ , RK . I‘J69 Recotds »1 bnia from Hondurav md IT Salvador J Mamm 50:819 K 22 6258a LaVnl RK 1972 Distributional records and liand recoveries of bat * fremi IVhla Mexico J Mamm. 16:449 451 6259. LaVaL RK 1973 Obaervaiioo* on the btefogy of laLirula brmihemis cmocffdkita in *nuthea*tcn» Lnitiiana Am Mid Nai 89 112 120 6260. LaVal. RK . 1977 Notes on name Ctvtln Ruan bni * Brcnenia 10/11:77 83 6261. LaVal, RK A Fitch H5 1977 Ninu^ urr , movement and reproduvtu * in Ihttx: Cosla Ricnn bat communiltCK (Vca > Paji Mu* Nat Hut Univ KS 69 I 28

.

,

.

. . .

.

^ .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

. .

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

- . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

6262.630ft.

852

.

.

.

6262 UVnl RK A LaVal, Ml 1977. Reproduction and fvhjM i of the African banana l«t. Pipistrcllus nanus , J Matron 58:403-410. 6263. UVol, RK A LaVal ML 1979. Nates oa reproduction, behavior and abundance of the red lut . Listu rut borealis . I

.

.

.

«>.209- 212. Uvifoe D 1979 lUrp seal Mammal * in the Seas. FAO Fish Set 5 2:76 ». 6265. Lavifnc DM. Siewan . RFA. A Fktchrr F. 1982 Change* in compos III o« and energy content of harp seal milk during lactaiii* Physiol Zool 55:1 - 9. 6266. 1 avrov . NP. 1957. AkklimninMda ondolry v SSR. Mamin #* 2 M.

-

.

-

bdoietavo Ccmitwojuza. Moskva. 6267 lavrow . N. 1933. To the biology of the musk tai

.

< MuHjua.« h ) fiber tiklMau L Zool Zhur 12 :8« 100. 6266 Law. 0 A Boyle H 1984 . Breeding the Gcoffroy' s col Felu gewjU'rtiyi m Glasgow Zoo hit Zoo Yeiirh 23:191 195. 6269 I awlnr . TF 1965 The Yucatan deer mouse Pcnmnvtatt yucakmicus. Imv KS Publ Mus Not Hist 16421 438 6270. Law lor TF 1969 A systematic study of the rodent genus Otcxyiomyt. J Mamm 5028 426271 Lawtor TE. 1982. OtotylomM phyllolu. Matron Species. 181:13. 6272 Lawrence , B A Lovendge, A. 1953. Zoological results of a fifth expedition to Fast Afin a I Mammal * fi » m Nyasvaland and Tele wuh notes on the genus Osomys. Bull Mui Comp Zonl 1101 80 6273. Lawrow. H A Naumow , S. 1933 l>ie Verhrcmmg und Biologie des WQstenzksels in Turkmeiuen ASSR {Spermophilopns leptadactyUa Licht ) Zonl Zhunt . 12( 21:80 116. 6274. Laws RM . 1953. A new method of age determination in mnnirnaU with special reference to tile elephant seal [ Mirvmnga teonum Linn ) Falkland Isl Depend Survey So Rep 2:1 II . 6275 l -aw*, RM 1953 The elephant seal ( Mirvunga Uotumt Linn ) I Gr wth und age Falkland l« l Depend Survey So Rep

.

.

.

.

-

. .

. .

-

-

-

-

.

.

.

-

8.1 -62. 6276. law*. RM , 1956, The elephant seal ( Mirounga lr 374. lemon M A Bailey LF. 1966 A specific protein difference in the milk from two mammary glands of a red kangaroo A tut J Exp Biol Med Sa 44:705- 708. 6375. Lemon M A Barker S. 1967, Changes in milk compnotion of the red kangaroo, Meguleto rufo ( Desmarest ). during lactation. AIM 1 Fxp Bid Med So 45:213 219. 6376. Lensink, CJ 1954 Occurrence of MUrotas santhonnathui in Alaska J Mamm 35:259- 260. 6377 Lent. PC 1966 The caribou of north we Hern Alaska Environment of the ( ape Thompson Region. Alaska 481 - 517

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

ft. 56. 6400

854

.

.

.

Wilimoviky . NJ A Wdfe . JN etls , US Atottuc Energy Commission. Oak Ridge 6378. I ent. PC 1969 A preliminary study of the Okavango Icchwe ( Kotms lick* Itch* Gray. F. Afr Wildl J . 7:147 157 6379. Lent PC 1974 A review of rutting hchavmr in monte . Nat Can. 101:307- 323. 6380 Lent PC 1986. Observation* on antler shedding by female barren- ground caribou ('an J Zool. 43 553-558. 6381. Lent. PC 1988. Ontints moschatus . Mamm Species. 302:1 9. 6381*. lentfer. IW 1955. A two year study of the Rocky Mountain goal in the Crazy Mountains. Montana J Wildl Manag. 19417 429 6382. I.entfer , JW A Sanders. I >K 1973. Notes on the captive w«lf ( Canit lupus ) colony Barrow Alaska. Can J 7od .

-

-

. .

.

-

,

-

-

.

-

51623 627. 6383. Leon. JB. Smith. BB. Timm. Kl , et al. 1990. Endocrine changes during pregnancy , parturition and the early post partum period in the llama ( Lamtt glamav J Reprnd Fert 88:503 511 6384. leunard. BV 1976. The effect of fue on small mammals in southeastern Aottralu Bull Aust Mamm Soc. 3 16 6385. Leonard RD 1986 Aspects of reproduction of the fisher . Manes pennanti in Manitoba Can Bcld Nal. 100:32 44 6386. lenpdd , AS. Riscy T McCain R et al. 1951 The Jawbooe deer herd CA Div Fish Game. Game Bull . 4: 1-139. 6387. Leopdd. AS. 1959. Wildlife c4 Mexico. Univ CA Press, Berkeley. 6388. l .q*ii. JJ . 1983. Regulation of repruAicUun m an outfcred colony of pine volet Ptoc E Pine Meadow Vole Symp. 7:120 122. 6389. Lepri JJ A Vandenbergh, JG. 1986. Puberty in ptnr vdes, Microna jtnetontm nnd the influence of chemocugnals on female reproduction Bid Rcprod 34:37(3377. 6390. Lequin. RM Elvers. UI A Berirns. APMG . 1981 Early detection of pregnancy in rhesus and stump tailed maccques ( Mot ora mulatto and Macaco arrtouiesY J Med Primal of 10:189 198. 6391. Lcraiu. III . 1938 Observations on the growth and behavwr of harvest mice. J Mamm. 19:441 444 6391 Leslie DM Jr A Douglas . CL 1979 Desert bighorn sheep on the River Mountains, Nevada. Wildl Monogr. 66:1 56 6393. Leslie. G 1970. Obwrv4ti > >n* on the oriental short clawed otter A*m\s ctnerea al Aberdeen Zoo Ini Zxo Yrarh 1079 81. 6394. 1 evlie G 1971. Note on the birth of a Malaysian fruit bai Cynopterus brachyttis at Aberdeen Zoo. Ini Zoo Yearb. 11:79. 6395. Leslie. G 1973. Breeding Scottish wild cats Felts st I vestns grampta at Aberdeen Zoo. Int Zoo Yearb 13:150. 6396 Leslie 0. 1974 Breeding the grey seal HaUmekotnss grtput at Aberdeen Zoo. Im Zoo Yearb 14 130 131 6397 Leslie. PH A Rnnsou. RM 1940 The m» «iality fertility and rale of natural increase of the vole ( Ma ntas agrestu ) as observed in the laboratory. J Amm Fed 9:27 52 6398. Leslie PH. Tenet . JS , Vigos M el al. 1955 The * longevity and fertility of the Orkney vole Mierotas orcadetms , as observed in the tntxralery Proc Zod Soc London. 125:115 125 6399 Leslie PH. VetaNes VM A Venables LSV 1952. Ihe lertiliiy and population structure of the brown rat ( Kanui nonvgiciu ) in corn ricks and tome other habitats . Piuc Zool Soc

- .

.

- .

-

..

. .

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

-

-

-

.

. .

.

.

- ..

.

- .

.

. - . .

. .

-

.

.

laadm 122 187 238. 64«n. Leslie , PW A Fry, PH 1989, Extreme seasonality of hirths among nomadic Turkana past *alnl* Am J Hi > * Anthropol . 79:103-115.

.

.

6401. 6446.

855

6401. Lessa. EP A Cook. JA 1989. Interspecific variation in penial characters in the Genus Ctenomys ( Rudentia Oclndcatidae L J Mamm. 7(3856 860. 6402. LetrUicr , F A Pellet. F 1962 Reproduction en captmti d un Rongeur de Madagascar . Uacrotanomys bastards Mammalia 26: 132 133. 6403. Lrtiikaja, EP 1984 Mai trials on reproduction and postnatal development of Ellobtus ktlpmus ( Rodenlia. Cricctidark Zod Zhurn 63:1084 1 OHV. 64tk4. Leung K Merkatz . I, A Solomon. S 1972 Metabolism o( * Y' estrad>ol - 17(5 injected intravenously into the pregnant baboon ( Pafto eyntKephalusl Endocrinology. 91.523 52 . 6405. Leuicnegger. M 1978. Pygmy hifgiopirtamus Choeropsts hbenensts births in captivity . Int Zoo Yearb 18:234 6406. Leutenegger . W . 1979. Evolution al Utter size in primates. Am NJL 114:525 531 6407. I .ruthold . W. 1966 Variations in territorial behavior of Uganda kob Adauta kab llutmost ( Neumann 1896 ). Behaviour

-

.

-

.

-

-

*

- .

27 15-258.

^ . Leuthdd. W 1971 Obtervauon on the mother young 641* .

.

ies. E Afr Wikll J 9:153 4. relationship in some anleki | 6409. Lruthcdd . W 1974 ObservaUons on home range and social organtzabodn of lesser kudu. Ttagelaftliui unherhts ( Blyth. 18W ). The Behaviour al Ungulates and It* Relation to Management. 206 234 ( ieist. V A Walthcr. F eds IIJC’N.

-

.

. .

Merges. Switzerland . 6410 Leuthoid W 1978. On the ecology of the gerenuk Ijlocnmias uallcn J Amm Ecol 47.561 510 6411 Leuthdd. W. 1979. The lesser kudu TrugeLtfthut imlerhis ( Blyth. 1169) Ecology and behaviour of an Afruan antelope Naugebetk MitL 27:1 75. 6412 Leuthdd . W A Lcuthsdd BM 1975 ParturiUon and related bchavKiur in Ihe African elephant . Z Tterpaythd .

. .

.

.

-. .

-

39:75-84. 6413. leuthdd. W A Leuthdd BM 1975 Tempo**) patletns of repteduction in ungulates of Tsavo East Naueual Park Kenya E Afr Wildl J. 13159 169 6414. lewis. AW 1972. Seas< «ul population change * in the cactus mwiae , Peromyscas err mu ui Southwest Nat 17 85 9 6415 Lewis JB , 1940, Mammals of Amelia County. Virginia J Mamm 21 422 428 ' 6416 Lewis. JG A Wilson , RT 1979 , The ecdi »gy d Swaynr t haivbecu Bid Cons 15 1 - 12 6417 lewis. PR. Fletcher TP. A Renfiee, MB I‘»86 Prostaglandin in the peripheral plasma of ummar wallabies during parturition. J Fndocrind . Ill 103-109 6418 lewis. RE A Harrison D1 1962 Note* on hats from the Republic of lehaonn Pmc Zod Soc London 138:473-486 6419. Lewis RF. lewis. JH. A AtalJah. SJ 1967. A review of Lebanese mammals: lagomnrpha and Ridentia J Zonl 153:45-70. 6420. lewis RF lewis. JH A AtolUh. SI 1968 A review of lebnneve mammal* : Carnivora Pinnipedia Hyroooidea and Artiodactyla J Zool , 154 :517 531 6421. lewis . SE A Wilson DE. 1987 Vamfnressa puulla . Mamm Spcdes 292:1 5 6422 Leyhausen. P 1966 Breeding the Brazilian ocelu -cat Impanim ngnnus in captivity Im Zoo Yearb 6 176 178 6423. leyhauvrn P A Tonkin B 1966 Breeding the black fumed cM Fein nignprs in captivity. Im Zoo Yearb 6:178- 182 6424. IJwillery . C Martinet L Demarnc Y el al. 1984. Food intake in captive leveret* before weaning and the cMpotition « 4

.

.

'

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

the milk of the brown doe-hare ( Lepus Biochem ttiysaol. 78A : 73 76 6425. not used 6426 not used 6427. not used

europaeus ). Cmnp

-

.

6428. lacte. H A Wodzscki. K 1939. Vaginal smears and the oeitnxis cycle of the cat and Isonets . Nature. 144:245 - 246. 6429. Lid*. P. Zucker I Hubbard, G et al. 1982. Ctrcannual rhythms of plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels in gdden mantled ground squirrels Sptrmophtlus lateralis . Bid Rrpeod 27 - 411- 418 6430. Lodicker . WZ. Jr- I 960. An analysis of iirtratp t fc variauon in the kangaroo tot Diptsiiunis mermmu Uwv CA PuM Zool . 67 125- 218 6431 Ltdicker, WZ Jr I 960 The haculum of Dtpodamys omatas and its implication fer superspecific grmqnngs of kangaroo rats. J Mamm 41:495-499 , 6432 LMIK ker WZ Jr 1966 EculogKal dwer * at ion* on a feral house mouse populous* declining to extinction Ecol Vkmogr . 36:27 50. 6433. 1 adteker WZ Jr 1973 Regulaixm of numltrrs in an island population d the Calif ama vole , a prv44em in community dynamics. Ecd Monogr 43:271 302. 6434 Ulickcr. WrZ. Jr 1976 Expenmental manipulation of the tuning of rrpnduction in the California vole Rea Pig* Fool 18:14 27 6435 Udkfcrr, W7.. Jr 198ft The social Ncdugy of the California vole. Biologist . 62 46 55 6436. ladicket WZ. Jr A Marlow . BJ 1970 A review of ihe dasyurid marwpuls genus Awethusomis Krefft Mammalia 34:212 227 64W 1 JDICKER WZ, Jr A Zarglcr. AC. 1968 Report on a idlecrion of mammal * from eastern New Guinea mdudmg specie * keys for fourteen genera Univ CA PuN 7o>ol 87:1 64 6437 lac G 1955 Suprrfetatim in cats, and some dMervanom on the pubertal age of female cats Nyt Mag Zool 366-69 6438. I lenhard U 197( 1 Bcrtrag zu - W miser spitznum . Ntomyt fodtent (Pennant 1771 > nut Sober Fmh*yonrn /ahl Z Siugetierk . 35:106107 6439 laenhordi G 1979 Boobachtungen rum Vcrhaltco de* Igcls ( Frvun eut europteus ) und *eme ( ’herlebrnsmi^iibchkctt imheuugen Bnrtip Zool Bntr 25:447 484. 6440 laenhardt ( i 1982 Beobnchiungen zur Morphotofie Jugendennakkluag und mm Verhalten von Wettzbauchigeln Frvacetu alhnmlns ( Atelens prunen |Wagnei 18411) Gefangentchatt . Sougeticrk Mitt 30: 251- 259 6441 Lienhart R. 1940. A propo* de la durfe de U gestation diet le la vrr . C R Soc Biol. 133:133-135 6442 laery EE 1951 Notes on the river oner ( lutra r < mca. 1 Reprod Fen. 25 41 54 6451 Lincoln . GA 1971. The seasonal reproductive changes in the red deer stag (On-us claphus ). J Zool 163:105 123. 6452. Lincoln GA . 1974 . Reproduction and ‘March madness" m the brown hare Lepus europaeus . J Zool. 174.1 -14. 6453 Lincoln GA. 1976. Seasonal changes in the pineal gland related to the reproductive cycle in the male hare Lrpus curopmeus J Rqvod lien. 46:489 491 6454. Lincoln . GA , 1978 Plasma lextotnerone profiles in male nu.-ropiKlid nursupiali . J Endocrinol 77:347 351 6455 Lincoln . GA , 1984, Antlers and their reecneraucm A study using hummel.* hinds and haviers. Proc R Soc Fdinh. 82B 243 259. 6456 Lincoln GA. 1987. Long term ‘Utnulaiory effects of a contintKHis infao fl of UIRH agonist on testicular function in male red deer ( Ctnus tUyhusX J Reprod Pert. BO:257*261. 6457 Lincoln. (iA Fraser HM, A Fletcher. TJ. 1982 Antler growth in mole red deer (Crrvui claphus ) after active immunization against 1 Jl - RH. J Reprod Fen 66 703- 7(* 645* Lincoln. GA Fraser. HM A Fletcher TJ. 1984, Induction of early rutting in mile red deer ( terms etophus > by melatonin and its dependence on UIRH , J Reprod Fert 72:339 343. 6459 Uuculn. GA A Guiness, Ft 1972. LI feet of altered plMoperiod on d laved iinpfuntatiuri and moulting in roc deer . J Reprod l en . 31 :455 457. 6460. I UK 'In GA A Oui ness, FL 1973 The sc Mini significance of the rut in red deer J Reprod Fen Suppl |9 475 489 6461. Lincoln. GA A Guincs* FE 1977. Sexual ccleciKtn in a herd of red doer Proc Ins Sytnp Camp Biol Reprod 4:33 38 6462. Lincoln. GA A Kay . RNB. 1979. Effects of season on the secretion of LH and testosterone in intact and castrated deer stag * Ctrvus ctophut . J Reprod Fert. 55:75 80. 6463. Lincoln. GA Young** RW . A Short. RV 1970 Ihe KKial ami sexual behaviour of the red deer stag . J Repr J Fert Suppl 11:71103 6464. I indburg, DG A Utley. BL 1985 Strategies for opumiung ihe reproductive potential i lion tailed macaque colonies in captivity The Lion Tailed Macaque: Statu* and Conservation. 343 356 lieitne. PG. cd. AR Lass. Inc New York 6465. Undburg DG Shidelet , S, A huh . II 1985. Sexual he ha v ii tut in relation to time if ovulation in the lion- tailed macaque Monogr Pnmaiol. 7:|31 148 6466. : iihtairg DG 1971 The rhesus nvnkey in north India: An ecological and behavioral xrudy Primate Behavjce . 2 106, RotenMum. 1 A. ed. Academic Press. New Ycwt 64*7. I indburg , LX i 1983. Mating tohavior and estru.s in the Indian rhesus monkey. Perspectives in Primate Biology. 45 61,

.

.

.

..

.

- .

.

.

.

.

- .

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

-

.

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

..

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

- . . .

.

.

-

-

*

-

.

-

-

-

* Seth . PK. ed. Today A Tomorrow* Printer * A Puli. New Delhi . India.

646*. Lindrmann . W 1953. Eiuges uber die Wildkatze der Ostkarpatcn { halts s sihrestru Schreher. 1777). Saugeuerk Miu

-.

1:73 74. 6469 Lindrmann. W 1954 Zur Rassenlrage und h itpflan / ung biologic dcs karpatmhen Braunharen . Urn * ‘ arenas «cw Linae , 1758. Siugehrrk Mia. 2:1 8. 6470 I indequr , M A Skinner , JD. 1982. Aseaaonal hreeding in the spttfied hyena ( Croatia crocuta Erxleben ). in oulfwrn Africa. Afr J Ecof 20:271-278. 6471 Lindeque. M A Skinner JD. 1982. Fetal androgens and sexual mimicry in spotted hyaenas ( Croatia crotutaV J Rejvud Fert. 65:405-410. 6472 Lindeque , M Skinner. JD A Millar. RJ*. 1986. Adrenal and gonadal contribution to ctrculautig androgen* in quitted hyaena* (Oo mhi crocuta ) as revealed by UIRH. hOG and ACTH stimulation J Reprod Fert . 78:211-217. 6473 Umigreu, F 1975 An introduction to the biology of the rusa deer (Cemij hmormns ) in the western district of Papua New Guinea. Fish WiWI Pap Viet 8:36 51. 6474. Undsay DM, 1956. Some bat records from scutheastem Indiana. J Mamm 37:543 545. 6475 Lindsay. DM. 1960. Mammals of Ripley and Jefferson counties Indiana. J Mamm. 41:253- 262. 6476 Unihay . N 19x 3 , Management of lemurs at Jersey Zoo. Management Prosinuan* and New World FVimaten Proc A* *n Bi Wild An Keepers Symp. 8:29 34. 6477. Undsay. NBD. 1979. A repnrl on the field study of Geoffrey's tamann Sagumus oedtpus geofjroyt. Dudn, J Jersey Wddl Prcserv Trust . 16:27- 51. 6478 Lindsay NBD. 1982. A second report on the management and breeding of the volcano rabbit Romcrvlitgus duty at the Jersey Wildlife Premvation Truitt . Dodo J Jersey Wildl Pteserv Trust . 19: 46 51 6479. Unibey AA. 1937. The Weddell seal in the Bay tf Whale*. Antarctica. J Mamm 11:127 144 64*0. Ung JK . 19 K 0 Sea lions breeding on north Fisherman Island . Western Australia. Western Aust Nat . 14:203 204 . 6481. Ung. JK. 19K 7. I wm foetuses from an Australian sea lion. Seophoca cuurta ( Pinnipedia : Otanidae). Aust Mamm. 9:59 60. 6481*. Ling JK 1992 Ncapkoca cmerca Minim Species 392:1 7. 6482. Ung. JK A Brydcn. MM. 1981 Southern elephant seal Mimanga Icnnoui Linnaeus, 1758. Handbook of Marine Mammals. 2:297- 327, Ridgway . SH A Harrison RJ cds Academic Press. New York . 64*2*. Ung. JK A Brydcn MM 1992. Muounga Uonuta. Mamm Species . 391:1-8. 64*3. Ung. JK A Walker . GE. 1977. Seal studies to South Australia: Progress report for the period January 1976 to Mtech 1977. S Au*t Nat 52 1 30 64*4 . ling. JK A Walker . GE . 1978. An 18 - roowh breeding cycle in the Australian sea lion?. Search 9:464 463 64H5. Ung. JK A Walker. GE 1979 Seal studies in South Australia: Progress report for the period April 1977-July 1979. S Aust Nat. 54:68- 78. 6486. Unvdale. J. 1927. Notes on the life history of Synqptomyj. J Mamm 8.51 54 6487. Untdale J. 1928 Mammal* of a small area along die Missouri River J Mamm 9 140- 146 648* UsAklr . JM . 193 Environmental responses of * vertebrate* in the Great Basin Am Mid Nat 19:1 - 206

-

.

.

.

•

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

. . .

.

-

.

.

.

- .

-

-

-

.

.

. . .

.

*

.

.

- .

-

857

6489.6532. 6489. Unsdale, JM - 1946. TV California ground squirrel Umv

CA Press , Berkeley. 649«. UnsdaJe JM A Tcvis. LP. Jr. 1951 Ihe Dusky - Footed Wood Rat Vm. I mv CA Press. Berkeley 6491. Linsdale. JM A Tomich PQ. 1953. A Herd d Mule Deer A Record of Observations Made on the lUvbngs Natural History Reservation. Umv CA Pres*. Berkeley 6492. Union. RG. 1907 A coutrtbuUon to the histology of the so called Cow-pet 's gland of the hedgehog ( Ertmurut emropacut ). Anal Am. 3161 - 70 6493. Unecy . AV , 1970, Postnatal growth and development of Peromytcta rrutnn utotus nubilerrm J Mamm. 51:152 155. 6494. Unsry . AV 1983. Synupiomy* coopt ri . Mamm Specie*. 210:1 5. 6495 . Limey AV A Uyne JN. I 96tt Comparative mmphidogy of the male reproductive tract in Ihe rodent genus Peromytau ( Muridael Am Mus Novit 2355 1 47 6496. Unsey. ( >W . 1 W4I An ecological study of the golden mouse Ochrvtomyt mtaaUi , in the Great Smokcy Mounum* National Park. Am Mid Nat 79 320345 6497 Unsey. DW A Unity. AV. 1967 Growth and development of the golden mouse Orkmiomri mituilh nuttalli . I Mamm 48 443 448 6497a. Un /cy , DW A lintty, AV |979 ( Wo»ih and devrlopment of live *ourhern flying wjuinel ( Glaucomys wikutr rolaniX J Mamm , 60:615 620 649*. Unsey DW A Packard RL 1977 Ockrotim* numtlh Mamm Species 751 6. 6499, Lippen W 1973, 7um FotrtpflanningsveThalien dcs Miihnenwntfcs Chryutcyon bracbyumt Uiger Zool Garten M 43:225- 247 650«. Uppen W . 1974. Observations on behavior during pregnancy and b nh in orang utan ( Pongo prgmiiiwr) at lieTpork. Berlin ( in German ) Folia Pnmatol - 21:108-134 6501 . Lippcit W. 1977. Erf trungen bet der Aufxud* von Oring - lluos ( Pongo pvgmttcus ) im Ticrpark Berlin . Zool Garten NF 47 -209 225. 6502. Uppnld , L.K 1977. The Douc Langur A unr for conservation Primate Conservation. 513-53*. Prince Rauuer 111 of Monaco A Bourne. GH, cds. Academic Press New Yuth. 6503. Lippold LK A Brockman DK. 1974 San Diego * d«ic langurs. Zooooos ( San Diego ) 4?(3 ):4- ll. 6504. Lishak. RS. 1982 VocaliraUon* at nestling gray squmel*. J Mamm 63 446- 452. 6505 . l .ukup, KS. Sadieir RMFS A Saunders. BP 1981 Reproduction and hnrvcst of wolverine ( Guto guio) in British Cohmibia. Proc Worldwide Furbearet Conf 1 469- 477 6506. Uskowski L A Wolf . RC. 1972. Urinary exaction of progesterone metabolites in ptcgtuni rhesus monkey* Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 139:1123- 1126 6507. Lmle . GJ. Brydcn. MM A Bar net, A 1987. Growth frtmi hirth to 20 days in the elephant seal , Mirtwnga Irxuma. at Macquarie Island . Aust J Zool 35 307 ‘12 650*. Uttlewuud A A South J . 1979. Breeding and hand rcnnug mandnlli Mtuminilui i / hini at Portland Zix>. Ini 7JUO Yeaih 19 161 165 , 65419. I JU. X A Xiao. Q 1986 Age compo*iii« m sex rata and reproduction id bear* in lleiloogyaing Province China. Acta lbrn 4 Sinicn 6 161 170 6510. Uvcrtidge R A de Jagcr . J 1984 Reproduclive parameter* fn «n hand reared qvmgbnk Antuiorcat mor%uf*alu. S Afr J Wildl Res 14 26 27.

.

.

.

-

-

-

.

*

-

.

.

.

.

.

. .

-

.

.

.

.

^

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

6511 LUno«. AC A Crespo JA. 1952. Ecologia de la vi /cacha ( Lagiaunnus tnaumus nuuimus Blainv ) cn el ncrdc.ste de la provincia de Entre Rio*. Rev lnv Agnc. 6:2*9- 389. 6512 Llewellyn JB. 1978. Reproductive patterns in Pcmmyieux trun Iruet in a ptnyoo- juniper wuodland of western Nevada . J Mamm 59 449-451. 6513 Llewellyn. LM. 1953. Growth rate of the raccoon fetu* J Wildl Manage 17:320 321. 6514. Llewellyn LM A Dale FM 1964 Nates on the ecology of the opossum in Maryland J Mamm 45:113- 122. 6514a. Ulewcltyn. LM A Fnden. RK 1954 Tranamenne migration in tlw raccoon ) Mamm 35:439 6515. Llewellyn I.M A Handley CO. 1945 The oottonttfl rabhiu of Virginia J Mamm 26: 379- 390 6516. 1 loyd. HG 1963, Intra utenne mortality in the wild rabbit . OrwtoUigux funiculus fl.) in populntinm of l«» w density J Anim Fxol 32 549- 563 6517 Lloyd HG 1968 Obacnation* on breeding in the brown hare ( lrpus euroftacus ) during the first pregnancy of the season . J Zool 156 521- 52 6518 Lloyd HG , 1968 The control of foxes (Vulpcs vulpcs L ). Ann Appl Bml 61 334- 345 6519. lioyd HG 1970. Variation and adaptation m reproductive perinrmaace Symp Zool Soc looduo. 26: 165-188 652«. Lloyd HG 1981 Ihe Red Fox BT Batsftxd. I .und m . 6521. Lloyd , HG A Englund J 1973. Die reproductive cycle «f the red fox in Europe J Reprod Fert Suppl 19 119- 1 30 6522. Lobanov NV A Trcus , VD 1970. Antelopes of the genus CiutnochiWtcs in nature and in Askantya- Nova. Vestnik Zool ( Kiev ). 655-62 6523 Lobanov NV A Trcus. VD 1971. Reproduction of Amotragut Icmti Pall at the Zoo in Askamya- Nova. Vestmk Zool (Kievk 3.23-26 6524. Lchaaov. NV A Trcus VD. 1975. fYotectiuo ami reproduciioa at liibos jautmicmt D' AJton. Vistnck Zool ( Kiev ). 1:14- 20. 6525. l -uhao Telle JLI* A van Grider RG. 1975. The natural lustory of nyal* TragcLsphus august ( Maiiuualiu Bovidae ), in Mozambique. Bull Am Mus Nat Hi «. 15? 319- 3 x6. 6526. Lobatchew SW. 1934. Zur Fragc der vegctaiiv- grschlesiillK'hen Eunktioti I «i ) de* Eieretockc* beta ( w) dem FtchkOrncben Z** il /.hum 13( 1) 2* )- 2‘> l 6527 Lcto*. A A. 1963. Observacioncs sabre U mmhtrex sexual del cachalote macho ( Phxseicr etUoAm L). capturado cn aguas

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

Oulenas Montemat 1199^ 125. 652*. Lnchmiller . RL Hcllgren EC. A Grant. WE . I »4 Selected aspect!of Collared peccary ( fhcotyles lap* u ) reproductive hutb gy in a captive Texx* herd Zoo Biol 3:145- 149 6529. Ixvhmiller. RI llellgren EC Gram WE et ai. 1985 (Vxcnpooo of collared pc«*ry ( Tavanu ktjatu ) milk composition , Zoo Biol 4:375- 379. 6530. I « xhmiller RL Hetlgren ET. A Grant. WE 1985 Relamuidiips between mlenud mxphology and body mass in the developing nursling collared peccary Tayastm tafacu (Tayassuidae ) Growth 49 154 166, 65.31 Ijachmiller . RL UtlftW EC A Cwani . WE 19*7. ItiyiKal character!stir* of atonaie, juvenile , and adult collared peccaries ( Jaxaxsu tajatu angulatus ) from south Texas J Mamm 68 188 194 6532. Lochmflcr. RI HeUgren EC. Gram . WE et al |9 5 Description cf collared peccary (Tayasn lapscu ) milk composition . Zoo Biol . 4:375- 379.

.

-

‘

. .

. .

.

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

*.

4539. - 4573*.

858

. .

4533. Lodmallcr RL Whelan. JB. A Kirkpatrick. RL. I 9t2 F nergetk cost < rf lactation m Sturotus ptnetorium. J NUmro 63 475 4 1. 6534 Lodcyer, C. 1972- The age of sen ml rrulurily at the southern fin whale < Balaenoptera phyxahu ) using annual layer counts in the ear plug J Coos I'etm Ini Expkxr Met . 34:276 294. 4535. Lock yet , C 1977 fteliminary » mdy of variation* in age at sexual maturity of fin whale * with year data, in six areas of the southern hemisphere Rep Int Whal Cornnui 27 141 147. 6536. Isickyer C, 19 1 F donation of the energy cort of growth , rruuntenaucc and rejToiudion in the female minke whale ( Bahienoptera aiutorostrata ). from the southern hemisphere. Rep

. *

.

.

-

-

*

-

Int Whal Comm. 31 J37 343. 6537 Luckyet C. 1981. The ace at sexual maturity in ( in whales off Iceland Rep Int Whal Como. 1U89 393. 6538. I.ockyrv, C Gatnbell R . A Brown. SG 1977. Nines on age data of Tin whales taken off Icrland 1967 1974 Rep Int Whal Comm. 27:427- 450. 6539 1 -ockyer . C A Martin AR. 19* 4 The sei whale off western Iceland II Age, growth and reproduction Rep let Whal Comm. 33:465 476. 4539*. Lockyef. C GwdaH RNP A Galeazn AR. 19*8 Age and body -length characteristics of Ctphtdorhyrukus comtntnotw from incidentally caught specimen* oft Tietra del Fuego Rep Int Whal Comm Sp Issue . 9:103 11 K 654« I ode , T. 1990. Reconnaissance du congener* ct compmemeni sexucl chez un Mtmelide : le Putins, Bull Soc Sc Nat Guest France NS. 12:105- 110 6541 Toiler EG 1894. Note no the period of gestation of the Indian aiilelupc Antelope cenutifrea il .inm . 17« Zool Soc lamdim. 1894:476 6542 Loeh SC A Schwab RG 1987 Estimation of litter size in small mammals: Bias due to chronology of embryo reKvpoon J M »mm 6*:671 675. 6543 l ofts, B I 960 Cyclical change* in the di * trihuii« n of the testis lipids erf a seasonal mammal ( Ta/ f *» runaway Q J MKTOSC Set. 101:199- 205. 6544 l -ogan , Ml A Robson FD. 1971. On the bath of a common dolphin detpku L ) in captivity. A*! ( aru n NF. 4« 115 124 6545 Logan. KA. Irwin. LL A Skinner , R . 1986 Characteristics of a I Minted maintain lion population in Wyoming. J Wddl Manage 50:648 654 6546. Lcfii O A Valkmalo. K 1982. Draktiphetstideas hcroende av valpresultatel ho« bUravar . firwk Pilxtidsk 16:417- 419 |Abstract : Scientific 8:316 19 4 ) * 6547. Lohiya. NJ. Sharma, RS. Pun. CP, et al. 1988. Reproductive exocrine and cmlm me profile giu IK mid physuolugischr Stushcn an cinhcimischca Muridcn mid Suricidcn / Siugciierk 13:114 160. 6549. I nmbard, GI.. 1961. The Cape fruit hat Romettus leadut Fauna Flora (Pretoria ). 12:39- 45. 655ti. LxnhuJi, JR A kkhitseu. JM 1980 FJfects of unne front coaspeofic* oo sexual maturaturi ia female prairie deermice Pervmyecus imuticulatux bamtit J Mamm. 61:766- 768. 4551 Lombardis DL A Termaa. CR . 198ft Ihe mfluetKe of the social environment on sexual maturalioa of female deer mice ( Pemmy.mu man/ atlarui Inurdi). Rex Pup Rool 22 :93 100 6552. ! ung , < A. 1962 Record* of reproduction for harvest mice J Mamm 43:103- 104 4553 Tong. CA. 1965. Ihe mammals of Wyoming . Univ ICS PuN Mus Sat Hist 14 :493-758.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.. .

.

.

.

..

.

-

-

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

6554 Tong CA. 1972. Notes on habitat preference and reproduction in prgmy shrews , M/cnwra. Can Fteld Nal

-

86 155 160

6555. Long CA. 1973. Reproduction m the white-footed mouse at the northern limits of us geographical range Southwest Nat. 18:11-20. 6554 Long , CA. 1973, Taxxdea tutus . Mamm Species. 26:1 - 4. 6557 I a wig. CA 1974, Stunt torts hoyf and SUcrmorex thompsmi Mamm Specie* , 331- 4 6558 l ottg. CA A Frank T 1968 Mrvphometric variation and function in the baculum with comment* on condition of parts J Mamm 49:32-43 6559. Long. CA A Kiltmgley CA 1983 The Badgers of the World. CC 1homas, Springfield . IT. 656«. Long WS. 1940. Note* on the life histories at some Utah mammals. J Mamm 21:170 IHft 4561.1 niighurM. W 1944 , Otwervaiiotu » »n the ecology of the Gunnison prairie dog in Colorado. J Mamm 25:24 36 6562. Ixongley WH 1963. MinaeaoU gray and fox squarel* Am Mid Nat. 69:82-98 6563. Tonnbcfg E. 1902. On the female genital organs of Crypioprocta. B h K Svenska Akad Handl 28(31:1-11. 6564 UVnnberg , E- 1928. Contnbuuons to the biology and morphology of the badger , Steles lotus , and some other Carnivore Ark Zool ( Stockholm ) I9 A( 26):I - II 6565 LOnnhcrg , F A Gyldcnbnlpe. N - 1925. Zoological results of the Swedish expedition to ( Vatral Africa 1921 VcnctvaU. Ark Zool (Stockholm ) 17B(9): l - 5. 6566. lopez , MJ , 1981. Reproductive and temporal adaptations to seasonal change in die deer mouse , Peramyscus manuulatus Ph D Lhss. Umv TX Austin. 6567 l sez- Ftirmeni C, W , 1976. Krgixtrus de longevidad y cstahilulad dc Us puNauones del vatnptro Dtsmadus rotundas en MfxKo An Inst Biol I asv Nal Auton Mf xico Sc* Zool 47:197 198 6568 Lxpcz Torment W 1976 Some ecological aspects of the bat Balontiopteryx pltcala fdunta Pctrrs, 1867 ( Chiroplera: Emhallonuridae ) in Mexico. MS Th*.sis Cornell Univ, Ithaca , New York6569. Lopen Furment C W A Cervantes, F. 1981. Preliminary observattons on the ecology of Romtrolagus dtazi in Milieu P»« World Ufomof| 4t Cotif Umv Guelfri ONT Canada. 1979:949 955. 4570. Lopez- Foment C W A Cthano V , G 1979. Historia natural del znrillo manchado pigmen Spilogale pygmoea. coo U descripoon de un-t nueva nibrspecie. An Inst Bkrf l aiv Nal Auto® Mfiko Set Zool . 50:721 728 6571. Lopcz-Fuster. MJ . 1984 /85. PupulaiKin structure of Croiuluut russula Hermann . 1780 ( InsecLivora. Mammalia ) m the Ebro Delta (Catalonia. Spam ) throughout the year Saugeticik Mitt 32:21 25. 4572. I pez- FuMer , MJ 1989. Reproductive strategy of the Millet’s shrew ( Sorts corntuUus Millet. 1828) versus the common shrew ( Soret aranems L 1758) in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula (Mammalia, Infective*a: Soncidac ). Zool Abhand Suat Mus Tierk Dresden . 44(13)143- 148 4573. Ldpez Foster MJ ( ast n E A Go*4Jbcz J 1988 Reproiksctive cycle and popuUuon structure of Sorex torunatus Millet , 1828 ( lnxmp Biochem Hiyuol . 81A 815 819 6598. Tough!in TR A Perez. MA 19 5 Mtxcpiodcm supugtn Mamm Spec»« 250:1 6. 6599. lxwghlm. TR Perez MA. A Memck. RL. 1987 Fumtioputs jukjtus Mamm Species. 283:1 7. 66410, Ixxighrey . AG 1959. Prelmunary inv«Ugainin of the Atlantic walrus Odobtnus rmrmtnti rosrruirui (ljnnaeux ). Can Wddl Serv Wildl Manage Bull Scr L 14:1-123 6601 Louis. TM , Somes GW , Pryor, WH et al 1986. Ettrogeiu and progestaotte during gestation in Hobchatis paingot*,t ( omp Buxhem Physol. 84A 295 - 298 6601a. Lnukashkin. AS. 1940. On the pikas of north Manchuria. J Mamm 21 402- 405 6602. Loukashkin. AS 1944 . The grant rat headed hamuer. Cru etutits mum nestor TTIOOUM of Manchuria. J Mamm

.

. .

. .

*

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

25:170- 177 66413. Louwnun, JWW . 1970 Breeding the buntled pjlin civet and the banded liiuang Hamgains derinamu and Pnomultm Unsung at Waxsenaar Zoo. Int Zoo YenHv 10:81-82 l>64 >4. bowman. JWW , 1973 Breeding tl>c ladles * tcitrrc Tenm tt ambitus at Waxsenaar Zoo. Int Zoo Ycarb 13:125 - 126 6605 Leuw man. JWW A van Oyen. WO. 196*. A note im (weeding Ttmimnck ' x girfden ent Felu ummsm kt at Wassenaar Zoo. Int Zoo Yearh 8.47 49 66416 Lt *vc, JA 1978 A note on live buth of a baboon ( Papio oianhu ). Foha Prunaud. 29 303 306, 664 t7. Lovedcy DV Exiep DQ. A Dewdmry . DA. 1979 Cupuiatory behaviour of cotton mice ( Ptromyu ut gasxvpouis ) and their reciprocal hylwid* with while footed mice \ P Uu. ofmt ). Amin Behav. 27:371 375. 664 IH L vejoy. BP A Black. HC, 1974 < imw th and weight ni the mountain beaver ApiotUmtia ntfii pactfka. I Mamm 55:364 369 664 )9. I .ovejoy BP Black , HC A Hooves EF 1978 Repmductiori growth , and development of the mcwmtain braver ( ApUxUmtra rvfa paafka ) Nnrthwea Set , 52:)23- 328. 661(1. Ixwell D King D A FesUng. M 1972- Breeding perfiwmance of specific paihogen free guinea-pigs thunea-pig New* Tetter . 6 611 6611. Loveridge, A . 1922. Niaex on east African mammalia (twher than homed ungulates ) cxrfkcted nr kept in captivity 1915- 1919. J E Air Uganda Nal Hist Soc. 17 39-69

. .

.

.

.

.

. .

.

-

-

-

-

.

-

. . .

.

.

.

. .

6612. Loveridge, A 1923 Now* on east Afiican mammals , collected 1920-1923 Proc /«J Soc Lmnlun 1923:685 7 )9.

* . «459.

6 13

860

.

*.

.

WA 197a 11M influence of aridity oa reproduction < rf the collared peccary Ifhcnfyles tauten ) (Linn ) in Texas. Ph D DIM. Unrv PC, Vancouver. fDi»s Ab«t lai JI:76WB 1971] 6 14. Lowe. CE I 95X Foolery of the swamp rabhil in Georgia 6 13 Low

.

* J Mamin. 39116- 127. 6 15. l^owther . FD. 1940. A study of ibe activities erf a pail of * Galago senegiilensis mohoU in captivity including the birth and ,

development uf rwtni. Zoologna. 25.433- 462. 6616. Loy J 1971 Fmoui heluvicr of free ranging rhesu * ( monkeys Macaco mulaita ) Primates 12: 1 32. 6 17. lx»y I 1975 The copuiaicry Behaviour of adult male patas * monkrys. Emthrocebta patas J Reprod Fen 45:193 195 6 18. Ix»y, J. 1981 The reproductive and heterosexual * behaviours erf adult pala.* monkeys in capimly . Anim Behav.

|K «V1natal

. .

29 714- 726

.

-

.

.

.

6 19. Loyd. M 1965 The Arabian oryx

* Alt

in

-

Muscat and Oman. L

Wilifl j. 3:124- 126. HR 1927 **20. Lucas. NS. Hume. EM. A Smith (

On the breeding of the common marmoset //igvWr / acchux l jnnl in captivity when iriadiaied with ultra violet rays Proc Zoo) Soc I .« «d >* 1927: 447 451. 6 21. Lucas. NS Hume . EM A Smith Hll 1937 . On the * breeding of the common nwimvi ( Hapale jacchus Linn I in captivity when irradiated wuh ultra - violet rays 11 A ten years' family hutory. Proc Zool Soc London. I 07A:205 211. 6 22. Lucken. WP. 1968 Morphogenesis of the placrnu and * fetal membranes of die tree shrews (family Tupaiidacl Am i Anal 123 388 428 for the phylogenetic *623. I ucken. WP. 1969. Evidence relationship* of tree throws (family Tupaiidae ) hated nn the placental and foctal membranes. J Reprod Fert Suppl. 6:419 44 » 6 24. Lucken. WP 1970. The fine structure of the placental villi * of tile rhesus monkey { Marora muhicui ) Anal Rcc 167:141 163 6625. Lucken WP 1971. The devekptnent of the chcato- alLantoic placenta of the African scaly - tailed squirrels ( family Ana mo Ite dar ). Am J Anal 130.159 178. 662*. Lucken. WP. 1976. Cladtsbc relationships among piimale higher categories Fvidcoce of the fetal membtaiiet a.td placenta. Folia Primoiol . 25:245 276 6627 Lucken , WP 1980. Hie uve at fetal memhranc dnta in assessing chiropceran phytogeny. Proc Ini Hal Res Conf.

.

-

-

.

-

-

"

.

. -

.

-

5245 265. 6628. Lucken. WP A Mourn*. HW 1981 Development and phylogenetic significance o4 the fetal membranes and placenta of the African hystneognathou* rodents Bathyergus and Hystnx. Am J Anat. 162 265- 285. 6629. Luckcy TD Mcnde. TJ. A Pleasant * J 1955. The physical and chemical characterization irf rat ' s milk J Nuu , 54 345 359 6630. Ludwig , DR . 1984. Microtia hehordumi Minun Specie* 223:1 6 6 31 Ludwig. DR . 1984. Micrntus nchtirdsom nticruhabkat and * life history . Sp Publ Carnegie Mu* Nat Hist 10:319-331. 6 32. Ludwig. DR . 1988 Reproduction and population dynamic * * of the water vole. Microtia neHarrisom. J Mamm. 60:332- 541 6 33 Ludwig. KS . 1961 . BeiUag rum llau der Gorilla Placealu. * Ada Anaa 45 110 123. 6 34. Ludwig KS. 1962. BciUag zur Hau del ( •iraffenplaccnia * Ada Ante 48:206 223. 6 35 Ludwig KS . 1962, 7ur Krnntnis der Gcbutuplaornten der * Ordnuag Pencsodactyla Ada Anat . 49:154- 167 6 36. Lueth, FX 196?. Reproductive studies at some Alabama * deet herds. Proc Annu Conf St Assoc Game Fish Comm 21 *2 68.

. .

-

-. . .

.

-

-

.

6*37. luff.

DJ 1966 Annual cycle of the Weddell acal in the Vestfold Hills. Antarctica J Mamm 47; 317- 322. 6*38. Lmck. JR. While, RG. Gan AM. et al 1974 Compositional changes in Ihe milk secreted by grazing reindeer I Gross composition and ash. J Dairy Set. 57:1325- 1333. 6*39. Luken*. PW . Jr A Davis WB 1957 Bats erf the Mexican state of Gumrru J Mamm. 38:1 14. 6*40. Lumpkin. S A Kooatz. FW 1986. Social and sexual behavior of the rufous elephant threw { Llrfhaniuha rufescens ) in captivity. J Mamm 67: 112 119. 6*41 Lumpkin . S Koontz. F A Howard JG. 1982. The ocstrous cycle erf the rufous elephant threw , Elephantulus rufescens. J Reprod Fert 66 671-673 6 42 Lumpkin. S A Kranz, KR- 1984. CephalnpHus cytvicuitor. * Mamm Spears 225:1 - 7. 6*43 Luna. ML 1980. Fust field study of tl »e yellow-tailed woolly monkey Oryx 15:386- 389 6*44 l.uodhrrg. K A Gcrcll . R. 1986 Territorial advertisement and male attraction in the hai PipbtreUus ptpislrellus . Ethology. 71 :115 124 6*45. Lundquist. 1 Nilsson A A Hannon, 1 1973. Winter breeding observed in northern red - backed mouse Fauna. 26:216 217. 6*4* lawn. SF. 1978. Urinary oestrogen excretion in the common marmoset. CaJhtkru jacchus Biology and Behaviour of Marmosets. 67 73 K(*he. E Woken HJ A Hearn, JP, eds Eigenverlog Haitmut Rothe. OiKiuigen . 6 47. I unn . SF 1983 Body weight changes throughout * pregnancy in the common mat moset Calhthru jacchus. Folia Priinaiol 41 204 217 6*48. I.unn. SF A McNeiUy . AS 1982 Failure of lactation to have a consistent effect oa imerbirth interval in the common marmoset. Calhthru jacchus jacchus . Folia fVimaloi 37579 105. 6649. Lix’. iie AG A Galai, G. 1979 Consequences conipurtemmules de pcrtubntioos soaales rfprftfes sur une trtxipes de mooes de Lowe CertoptiHecus campbelit lower de Cote d'Ivoire. Terte Vie. 33:49- 58. 6 50. Lusty. JA A Seaton. B. 1978. Oestrus and ovulation in the * casiragua ProecHymis gum roe ( Rodentia Hystncotnurpha ). J Zool 184 255- 265 6*51. Lyapunova. FA Vmantsov, NN A Zaknrjano GG 197$. Zygotic mortality IO FMobtus lutescens (Rodentia. Microunae ). Expenentu 31 417-418 6 52. Lydekker . R 1898. Wild Oxen Sheep and Gouts of all * Lands Rowland Ward. London . 6 53. Lydekker . R 1907 The Game Animals of India. Burma. * Malaya, and libel. Rowland Ward London 6*54. Lydekker K 1924 The Game Animals erf India Burma. Malaya , and Tihrl; 2nd cd revised by JG Doilmaa. Rowland Ward Guidon 6*55. Lydersen. C A Gyertz. 1 1987 ftipulaiion panunetcr * of ringed seals ( PHoca luspida Schreher 1775 ) in ihe Svalbard area Can J Zool 65:1021 1027. 6 56. Lyman. CP A O'Brien . RC 1977. A laboratory study of * the Turkish hamster . Mcsocncetus branJli Breviura. 442:1 -27. 6 57. Lynch. CD. 1974 A behavioural study of bteshok * lAimaliscus dorcas [ duUtpss , with special reference to tcrrilorinlity Mem Nasmnalc Mus Bloemfontein . 8:1 - 83. 6 58. Lynch. CD. 1990 . Rqvoduction in the lesser dwarf shrew * Sum us raniLi ( Mammalia Sociodoe ), Niwu N*s Mas (Bloemfontein ) 7(1):45 59. 6 59. Lynch ( JR. Ifeaih HW . A JcrfuMon. CM 1981 . Effect of * geographical origin oo the photopenodic control at reproduction

.

.

.

-.

.

.-

.

.

.

. . .

.

.

.

.-

- .

. .

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

861

**60.6705. in

.

the white -footed mouse, Peroneytcus trucopus Biol Reprod

-

25:475 4»

. M . et al 1976 Ereiy cold *6*0. Lynch. GR . Lynch. CB. Dube and physiological

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

bandicoots. Aust J Zool 12 322 339 . AG . 1967. Marsupials and Munotremcs of Australia. *6*4. Lyne Angus A Robertson. Sydney 6 65. Lyne. AG. 1971 Bandicoots m captivity. Ini Zoo Yeazb.

.

*

-

11.41 43. 6***. Lyne. AG 1974. Gestation period and birth in the marsupial Isoodom macmums. Aust J Zool 22:303- 309, 6**7. Lyne. AG. 1975. Bandicoot birth Aust Mamm. 1:398- 399 66*8. Lyne. AG 1976 Observations < w oestrus and the oesuotu cycle in the marsupials, tsoodon macrouna and Perameles russula . Aust J Zool. 24:513- 521 6*69. Lyne. AG . 1976 Some observations oo the oestrum cycle in bandicoots. Bull Aust Mamm Soc. 3:36 6 70. Lyne. AG. 1982. Ihe bandicoots hoodtm macrouna and * Perameles nasuia Then maintenance and breeding m captivity The Management of Australian Mammals in Captivity. 47-52 Evans DD. ed Zool Bd Victoria. Melbourne 6 71. Lyne AG A Hollis. DL 1979 Observations on the corpus * luteum during pregnancy and lactaoun in tlie nuisuptals IsiMnicn macrounis and Perameles mixusa. Aust J Zool 27:881 899 6*72. Lyne AG A Holhs. DE. 1982. Obrervotmas on the lateral macrouna vaginae and birth canals in the marsupials boodort and Perameles nasuta ( Mammalia ). J Zool 198 263 277. ( 6 73 Lyne. AG A Hollis DE 1983 Observations on eaofian * follicles and then oocytes during lac taboo and after removal ol and pouch young in the marsupials Isoodim mai rvuna Perameles nasuia. Am J Anat. 166 41 -61 6 74. Lyne AG. Ptllon. PE A Shaiman GR 1959 OeWrous * cycle , gestation period and partutition in the marsupial IhcHistunts INIPECULA. Nature . 183.622 623 6 75 Lyne , AG A Radlud. HM . 1974 . Some observations on * re|»oduction »n hnndioouls . Aust Mamm 1 293-294 . ( 6 7 . Lyne AG A Verfugen . AMW 1957 Wuwth of the ** marsupial Tnchosurus vut/ vcula and a comparison with some higher mammals . Growth 21:167- 195. 6 77 Lyon MW, Jr . 1903. Observations on the number of * young of the lasiunne bats Proc US Nat Mu*. 26 425 426 6678, Lyon MW Jr. 1913 , Tree shrew* An account of the mammalian family Tupoiadae. Smithsonian Inst I S Nat Mus Proc. 45:1 - 188 6679 Lyons. PJ 1979. lYudumvity and p pul alum siniciure of western Musidnarni braver* IW NE l oh Wildl Conf 36:176117 Natal 66A0. Maherly CTA 1969 The bushpig as a famtly man Wildl 10( 1 ) 4 6 6681 Mabrny . MB. 1962. Breeiling Indioa elephants ElepHat maumux at Portland Zoo Int 7oo Yearb 4 80- 84 6682 Mahrrty MB A DilleUandl . M |97| Note on mummified foetuses in a b« tnan camel Ctimrlus barnumus at PurtUndZoo Int Zoo Yearb II 126127.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

. .

.

-

.

. -

.

-

-.

.

exposure: Effects on behavioral thermoregulation in the house mouse. Mus musculus faynul Zool 49 191 199 . 1981 Kepoducuoa and *6*1 Lynch GR A Wichman, HA thermoregulation in Pcmunrrux: Effects of chrome short days Physiol Behav 26 201 205 66 2. Lyne AG. 1952. Nines on external characters of the pouch * young of four speae* of band»cnet Proc Zool Soc London. 122 625-649 66*3. Lyne AG, 1964. Observations on the breeding growth al the marsupial Perameles nasuata ( Geoflroy) with notes on other

.

6683. Macan. M A Machado, CK 1978 Sexual maturity in rabbits defined by the physical and chemical charactenctics of the semen Lab Anim. 12.37 39. 6 84. Mac Arthur . JA. Seamrr J1L A VealL D. 1978 * F.sLablishment of a small breeding colony of rhesus monkey*, lab Anim 12:151156. 685 Macdonald, I ) W . 1979. Hcipets' m fox scvicty Natute *282 69 71. 6 8 . Macdonald DW 19 . Social factors affecting ** reproduction among red foxes (Vutfies vulprs L, 1758 ). The Red Fox ; Symposium on Behavior and Ecology . 123 17$ ed Dr W Junk. PuM. The Hague 6 87 Macdtmold GJ . 1 *471. Reproductive patterns of three

.

.

-

.

»

- . .

.

*

species

. . .

-

of macaques Fert Sictil 22:373 377.

. .

6688. Macdonald GJ Yoshinaga K A Grecp. RO. 1973 Progesterone values in monkeys near term. Am J Phy* Anthropol 38:201 206

-

.

.

Jones C 1987 ( H h^mma eoMmnt Mamm Sprues 281.1 - 4 , RH A Mares, MA 1988 S'comma alhiguUi *690. MacMo Mamm S|Kae*. 31(3:1 7. 6 91. Macfarlane. JD A Taylor. JM 1981 Sexual maturation in * female Townsend's volea. Acta Thcnol 26.113-117. 1982 Native erf estrus and *692 Mac Fat lane. JD A Tayke JM ovulation in Microtia hmnsenJii ( Bachman ) J Mamm 63:106 109. 6 93. MacFazlane JD A Taylor . JM 1982 Pregnancy and * ' reproductive petfeemanoe ia the Townsend s vole Microtus limnsenJii (Hachmjui ). J Mamm 63:165- 168 . (TLS, CaliA* SL A Iwdoaky W 1982 **94. Machadoand phyuok tical factors involved in the Morphgical contractility of the xpermauc cord and ductus deferens of the opoasum ( Dtrfef/dwr albnentruY J Reprod Fert 65 : 275-280 6*95. Mack. D 1979. Growth and development of infant red howling monkeys VMcmatta seruculus ) in a free ranging population pp 127 136. Vertebrate Ecology in the Northern Neotropics. Eivenbug, JF ed book Smithsonian Inst Press Wadnngton . DC. 6*9*. Mack D A Kafka II. 1978. Breeding and rearing erf woolly monkeys lagothrir lagotricka at the National Zoological Park. Washington Int Zoo Yearb 18:117 122. . 6*97. Mack G. 1966. Mammal* from south- western Queensland Mem QLD Mus 13213 228 6*98. Mackenzie. AR . 1985 Reproduction ol farmed rusa deer (Cen wi umorcn.ux ) in south-east Qoeenslatid. Australia. R Soc N 7 Bull 22:213 215. 6*99. Mackerras. MJ A Smith RH. I960 Breeding the ( shon nosed marsupial bandicoot hoodon macrouna Gould ), in captivity . AlMX J Zool . 8: 371- 382. ' 6700. Mncbntosh N A 1942- The southern stocks of whalebone whales Discovery Rep 22:197- 300. 701. Mackintosh NA 1972. Biology of the populations of large *whales So Prog 60:449 464 . NA A Wheeler. JFG 1929. Southern blur *702 Mackintosh and fin whale*. Discovery Rep. 1:257-540 , SF A Buechner. Ilk 1978. Play behavior and *703. Madder mother - young relationship* in captive Indian rhinoceroses ( Rhinoceros unicornis\ Zool Garten N'F. 48 1 77 186. 67 b* y Nat Mot Soc 74288 298 6758. Malhnuui. JJC. Coffrcy . P. & Usher-Smith, J 1973 Maintenance , Needing and haod rearing of lowland gorilla Gorilla g gorilla (Savage and Wyman . 1847 ) al the Jersey Zoological Park Ann Rep Jersey Wildl IVeserv Trust. 105 21. 6759. Mallory . FF A Brooks RJ 1978 Infanticide and i 6 Neonatal exposure of * female ferrets to tesUHimwe alters sncioseiiia] preference* in

-

.

.

* . - .

.

- .

.

.

*

.

*

-

*

».

.

-*

*

.

-

.

-

adulthood Psychoorurotadocriaakif y . II 167 176. * Martin. K. 1943. The Colorado pika J Mamm

6 84.

.

.

24394 396

*

.

.

•Reprod 16633-637. * Martin, PG marsupial mouse

6 86.

-

1965 The (aarniialMiea of the fat tailed Stnmlhopsu crtuwaudimo (Gould ). as a laboratory animal Au*l ) Zool 13:559- 562 6 87. Martin R 1976 Breeding great apes in captivity. New * Scientist. 72:100 102. 688 . Martin RA. 1967. Notes cm the male reproductive tract of * NecUtgair and other sortcid insectiveers J Manun 48:664 666 6889. Martin. RI ). 1966 Tree shrew : l tuque reproductive * mechanism of rywettwe importance Science. 152: 1402 1404. 689U . Martin . RD 1968 Reproduction and ontogeny in tree threw* ( Tupasa hekmurn ) with reference to their general behaviour and taxonomic relationships 7 Tterpsycho) 25: 409-495 6 91. Marlin. RD. 1972. A la tx*at cry breeding edmy of the lesser mouse lemur Breeding Pnmales 161-171 , Beveridge, WB ed Karger Basel. 6 92. Martin , RD 1975. Bleeding Ure - shfews lupoid Ittlangcn * and mouse lemur * Mir race but rnanmij in captivity . Int Zoo Yearb 15:35 41

.

. .

-

*

.

.

.

- .

.

.

- .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

. .-

.

.

.

.

Martin. PA. Bevies GW. A Douk PI . 1977. Die eflecl of umber of corpora luiea cm the length of gestation in pigs. Hml

6 85

.

*93. Martin RD. Seaton, B. A l ^asiy. JA. 1975. Applicatxw of unnary hormone determination* in the management of gisilla* Ann Rep Wildl Preserv Tn«*» 12 6170 6 94. Martin . RG A lee. A 1984 The koala. PhaicoLtrctc * * cine rent, the largest marsupial folivore Pussumt and (Aiders 46.V 467, Smith. AP A Hume. ID. ed* Ausi Mamm Soc Sydney 6 95. Martin . RJ . 1973. Growth curves for bush ytailed woodrats * based upon animals raised in the wild . I Mamm. 54J17 518 6*96. Martin RL 1971. The natural history and taxonomy of the rock vole, Mu rotus chroiorrhimu. DIM Abatr 1M 32< 5 >J079B. 6 97 Martin Rl . 1979. Mocphofofy, development , and adaptive * values of the bacuhim of Microtut chrotorrhmus ( Miller 1894 ) and related form* Saugctierk Mitt 27:307- 311 6 9 . Martin RW. 1981 . Age-spedfic fertility in three ** ppilatiniu of the koala, Phascotarrtos arums Goldfms , in Victcna. Aust W ldl Re*. 8:275-2 3. * 6 99. Martin RW A Lee. AK. 19 4. Die koala , Phascaiarctos * * nnerrus The largest marsupial folivore Possums and Glider*. 463 467 Smith AP A Hume ID, cds Surrey Beatty A Son* fty l td. Sydney , Australia 6900. Martinet L 1963. FtaHixsenaent de la spermatogeofae chc / le Campagnol des champs ( Microtus arvolis ) cn fonctmn de la durfe quotuhenne dfclairrment Ana Bwl Amm Bioch Biuphys, 3:343 352. 6901. Martinet. L 1966. Modification de La sprrmatogeofse che / le C'ampagnol des champs ( Mu rotus anoUr ) en fonctioo de la durfe quotidicanr d ' fcLauement Ann Biol Amm Biodt Biophys 3:301 313 6902 Martinet L. 1967. Cycle saisooruer de reproduction du ( ‘ampagnol des champs Microtus an w. 116339 364 6968. Matthews. LH. 1947. A note on the female reproductive tract in the Uce kangamw ( DcnJruiagus ). Proc Zool Soc London 117:313 332. 6969. Matthews. LIL 1954 . Placenta of the spotted hyaena.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

-

-

-

.

-

.

.

-

. -

-

.

-

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

CrtKulii crncuta Ploc Zool Soc london. 124 198. 6970. Matthews, lil . 1956 The sexual * km of the grinds balloon ( Theropuhcnts gdada ). Tiam Zool Soc London 28:543*352. 6971. Matthews ITT A Harmon RJ . 1949 Suhvurfaor crypt , * oogenests and the corpus luteum in the ovaries of seal Nature * 164 587- 588 6972- Matthcy. R. 1954. L' n cas nouveau de chromosomes sexuels multiple * dans le genre Gerbtllus fRodcntia Mundne: Gerbtllinar ) Expcncnba. 10: 464-465 6973. Matthcy R 1958. Un nouveau Ijpe de deternanation chromosoimque du « cxe dvei les nummifrtc.s Ellotnus hiteat eru Th ct Mtcroiut ( Chilotus ) oregoni Bachrn ( Murides: Miaotiac ) * Eipeneoua 14:240 24] , 6974. Mai they R 1965 . 1* prnhkme dr la determination du sexe die* Arrow*s seloun de Wmton Cyiogfnftique du genre Aromvt ( Rodenba: Munnac ). Rev Souse Zool 72 119- 144

.

.

.

.

. .

.

-

.

6975. Mattingly, DK A McClure. PA 1982. Energetics of reproduction in Urge - littered cot tun rau ( Sigmodon hufnJux ) Ecology. 63:113 195. 6976. Mattingly DK A McOurs, PA 1985 Energy allocation dunng lactation in cotton rats ( Sigmodcm hispidus ) on a restricted diet Ecology 66928 937. 6977 Manlm. RH . 1981. Pup growth of the New Zealand fur seal Arctocephalus forsten on the Open Bay Island . New * Zealand. J Zool 193:303 314 6978. Mauer . RA A Bradley, WG 1966 Reproduction and food habit* in Mcmam's ItangAroo rat. Desert Res Inst Utuv NV . 37:1*17 6979. Maugrt R 1972 Observation* ur U reproduction du * Saaglies (SMS scrvfa I ) a Petal sausage Ana Bird Aram Bioch Ri < phys. 12:195- 2026980. Maugrt . R 1978. Seasonal reproductive activity of the European wild boar . Comparison with the domestic sow. Environmental Endocrinology. 79-80, Assenmscher. I 4k Earner. DS. eds. Springer. New York. 6981. Maurrl D. 1978 Seasonal changes of the testicular and thyroid fuoctHUi * in the badger . Steles Hides . Environmental Endocrinology 85-86 Assenmacher I A Earner DS eds. Springer New York . 69 2 Miturel. D A Boissin J. 1981. Plasma thyroiine and * lestoiieronc levels in the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes 1 ) during the annual cycle Gen Comp Endocrinol 43:402- 404 6983. Maurel. D Boissin J 1982. MftaboLsmc pfnphenqoe * de la testostfrooe en relation avec le cycle annuel de la lestoictefooe ct dc la Su - dihvdrote.Mostfrooc plasmaliquex chez le Blaitcau eurigvfen lStrict metes L ) ct le Reaard roux ( Vulpes vulpes L). Can J Zocd. 60:406- 416 69*4 . Maurel. D. Contra C A Bo uin . I 1989. Effects oi * * photrperiod, melatonin implant* and castration on molting and on plasma thumxine. testosterone and prolactin levels in the Eurofiean badger ( Aides metes ) Comp Biochem Hiysiol. 93A:79| 797. 6985. Maurel , D. Lacroix . A. A Boissin. i. 1984. Seasonal reproductive endocrine profiles in two wild mammals, the red fox Vulpes vulpei L aud the European ludgcr ( Steles meles L . > AcU L' ndocnnut . 105:130 138 6986 Mawcl. D laurent AM. A Boasin. J. 1981. Short term variations at plasma testosterone concentration* in the European badger ( Meles mcles\ l Repod Fen . 61:53 58 . 6987. Mawcl . D. laurent . AM. Daniel. JY et al 1980 Etude de la capaotf de Eaton de la proteinc plasmatique liant ta testosterone chez deux Mammiftres sauvage* a activity testn.ui.aire cycliquc. le Renard et le Blaireau CR Hebd Stances Acad So. 2910:693-696 6988. Maxwell. CS A Mutton. ML 1975. Comparative thernunoregulatory capabilities of neonatal ground squirrels J Mamm 56121 828 69*9. Mayer , 1J A Brandi. PN . 1982. Identity , distribution , and natural history of the peccaries. Tayassuidae Pymatunmg lab Ecoi Sp 15*1 Ser 6:433 455. 6990. Mayer JJ A Wetzel RM 1986 Catagcmus uagnen Mamm Spcacs 259:1-5. 6991. Mayer, JJ A Wetzel RM 1987 Tayassu pecan. Mamm Species. 293: 1 - 7 , 6992. Mayer WV A BosJie. ET. 1954 Developmental palter ns in the Borrow ground iqutrrel fyrrnuplulus undulatus barrourmn . Growth 18 53 69. 6993. Mayrr WV 1953 A prfbmnuvy study of the Barrow ground squirrel. Citetlus furryi barr. Vestn Ccsl Sj»»l Zool. 26:77 - 104. 7003. Mazik . V . 1965. Hches Alter emner Zwergmam. Micromys mmutus Saugeticrk Mitt . 13: 161 7 < MM. Mazik . S' 1981. Panthero ugnt VLnim Specie* 152:1 -8 7005 Mazm. VN- 1975. Data on reproduction of jerbuas of the genus Allactaga in southeast Kazakhstan. Soviet J Ecol 6:334- 339. 70tl6. Me Allan BM A Dickmaa . CR 1986. The role of phrtopenod in the timing of reproduction ta the davyurid marsupial Anteduwts stmtrtn . Oecoiogia. 68:259- 264. 7007. McAllister . JA A Hoffmann. RS 1988 Pkenmeomys tntermedtus Mamm Species. 305:1 8. 7008. McArthur. JW. Beitins. IZ. Gorman. A. et ol. 1981. Ihe interrelationship between sex skin swetiling and the urinary excretion of IH estrone, and ptegnancdiol by the cycling femok chimpanzee- Am J Ptuiut 4 IT65-270. 7009. McArthur JW. Ovadia. J South. OW. et al . 1972. The menvtnul cycle of Ihe bonnet monkey ( Macaco nultala ) Foba Pronatol 17:107 121. 7010. McArthur , JW A Perlcy R I 9W. It maty gonadotugun 513 excretion by iafrahuanaa|» inute*. I ink n the hypupbysectormzed fenet IX IV effect of hypvqthysectamy oo iwegiuucy and lactauoo Proc R Soc London BH>I SO. 11714 . t 4 45. 7114- McPhee, EC. 1988 Ecology and diet of tome rodents from the lower montane region of Papua New Guinea Aust Wildl Res. 15:91 - 102 7115. Mc.SVo. WJ A Mask son, DM |9X 4 Communal netting between reproAuctively active females m a spring population of Mu rotus pennsyhameus Can J / «ol 62:344 346. 7116. Me Shea WJ A Maikum. DM 1989 MeasurrmenU of reproductive traiu in a field population of mearlow voles. J Mamm 70.132 141 7117 McToldndge. HR 1969 A brief note on housing and breeding vquirrcl nvnkeys Sasntih utureus at Santa Barbara Zoo Int Zoo Yearh- 9:77. 711*. McToUlridge ER 1969 Notes on breeding ring tailed coatis Sawn mismi al Santa Barbara Zoo ini Zoo Yearb. 989-90 7119. McWjlham . AN |9*2 Adaptive respemses to srasunalily , h D Dtss in four s]ierie« of MiCrochiroptcra in coculal Kenya I ' Univ Aberdeen , Aberdeen 7120. McWilbam AN. 1987 Poiyertry and postpartum oestrus ) in ( in Tatluritiii < Chaenphon ) pumih Oiuopccra: MoHatsdac northern Ghana. Wert Africa J /out. 213:735-7.39. of pan bchavicur and 7121. McWilham AN 1987 Territorial the African false vampire hut Caruilervia cor (Chiroptera: Megadertnotidae *, in coastal Kenya. J Zool 213:243-252 7122 McWilbam. AN 1987. TV reproductive and social biology of talcum afra in a seasonal environment Recent Advances in the Study of Baa 324- 350 Fcaluo MB. Rncey P A Rayoci JMV . eds Camlvidge I mv Press New York

- .

-

.

-. . -

.

.

^

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

. .

-

. .

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

..

712X 71*5.

872

.

. .

711V Mead JG. Odell OK . Well *. RS et al I WO Observation* on a nuu stranding of spinner difphin StenelLi Lmgiroslru , from the »ffl «*»« of Florida Fish Bull USA. 78:353- 3*0 7124. Mead JG. Walker WA A Houck. WJ. 1981 Biological observations on Mesopiodem carihubbtt < Cetacea; Zjphtidae ). Smithsonian Contrib Zool. 344:1 25 7125. Mead. Jl 1989 Semorhaeiius gorai. Mamin Species. 335:1 5 7126 Mead. RA 19*8 Reproduction in eastern forms gaUY J Zool 15* ] J 9 1 V> 7127 Mead RA 19 8. Reproduction in western forms of the spotted skunk (genus Sptlogat*), J Mamm 49:373 390. 7128. Mead. RA- 1970 The reproductive organs of the male spotted skunk ( SptlogaU puionus ) Anal Rec. 167:291 302 7129. Mead RA. 1971. Effects «4 light and Minding upon delayed implantation in the spitted skutik BKII Reptud.

.

.

-

.

. ..

.

.

-

*

-

.

.

.

-

-

5.214 220 7129». Mead . RA 1975 f- flecta of hypopyhytectomy on '

blastocyst survival , progenterooe secretion and mdatwm in the spotted skunk Biol Reprnd 12 526 5 V 7130. Mead RA 1981 . Delayed intplanlaiicm m must d ids with special emphasis on the spitted skunk 1 Reprod Fen SuppL

-'

.

29:1124 7131 Mead , RA 1981 Discussion . 1 Reprod Fen Supff

. 2948- 49. 7132. Mead , RA. Bremmer. S. A Murphy. HD. 1988 Changes in ,

endometrial vascular permeability diving the prriimplaniaiion prnod in the ferret ( Miistela putonus ) J Reprnd Fert 82:293 298. 7132». Mead. RA. Concannnn. PW A McRae. M. 1981. Filed of protesting on implantation » the western spotted skunk. Biol

-

.

Reprod 25:128 133. 7133 Mead RA A Elk Ne*. KB . 19 9 Seasonal variation m plasma levels of progesterone in the wcutni forme cf the spotted skunk J Reprnd Fen Si pl 397- 403 * 7134. Mead. RA, Joseph MM . Noiriflckx S et al .|988 paituJ characterization of a luteal factor that uidbces implantation in the ferret Biol Reprod 38:798-803 7135 Mead. RA A McRae M. 1982. Is estrogen required for iruphuttalmo in the fmet ?. Biol Reprod . 27.540-547. 7136. Mead , RA A Neirnicks , S . 1989 Hormonal induction of oestrus and pregnancy in anocstPOW feneis ( Mus / eht fmortus furoY J Reprod Fen 8* 309 - 314 7137. Mead, RA Neitioekx. S A Czekala NM 1990 ReproAictive cycle of the steppe polecat ( Mutielo rwmumil J Reprod Fen 88 353- 3*0 7138. Mead RA. Rector. M Surypan. G. et at 1991 Reproductive biology of captive wutvennes. J Mamm. 72:807-814 7139 Mead, RA A Rourkc , AW J 983 Protease inhibitor present in uterine fluid id the spotted skunk during delayed implantation Biol Reprod 28( Suppl ):5 7140. Mead RA. Rourke. AW. A Swannack. A 1979. ( Fangcs in Uterine presem synthesis during delayed implantation ui the western spoiled skunk and us regulation by hermnnes Bud Reprod 2 U9-4*. 7141 Mead. RA A Swannack. A. 1978 Effects of hysterectomy on luteal function in the western spotted skunk ( Spilogaie P*tohm Lmtfnmx ) Biol Reprod 18 379 383 7142 Mead RA A Swannack , A 1980. Aromatase activity in corpora tinea cd the fenei BK >I Reprod 22 560 565 7143. Meagher M 19«* Hts< m biton. Mamm Species. 266:1 8

.

.

*

^

.

..

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

'

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

7144 Meagher MM. 1978. Bison Big Game of North America 123 133, Schmidt JL A Gilbert. PL eds Suckpole Hooka. Kamshurg. PA. 7145 Mr arm , EA 1907 Mammals of the Mexican boundary of the United States. Hull US Nat Mus 56:1 530. 7146. Mcastix-k , V. 1954 . Growth and reproduction in the females of two species of gerbd Fount tmuusi ( A Smith ) and Taunt afro (Gray ). Proc Zool Soc Loadoa. 124.631-658. 7147 Mech 1J >. 1970. The Wolf The Ecology and Behav* of * an Endangered Species. The Natural Mistcry Preas Garden City NY. 714» Mech , I.D 1974 . C. 1975. Disproptetinnate sex ratios of wolf pups J Wddl Manage 39:737-740. ’149». Mech LD A Turkowski. F 1966. twenty - three raccoons in one winter den J Mamm 47 :529-530. 71541 MeckJey PI A G alhet OJ. 1972 lifecti of btter and male on cewpeva hitea of the postpartum Mongolian gerbil. J AnunSci 34: 297 301. 7|5 I Meckley PF A Gialher , OJ. 1974. Occurrence of oeitrua in the Mongolian gerbil after paving with a male. lab Anim

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

8.93-97 7152 M cxydilu , S 1974 Morphuhistnlogical structure of female genital organs in sousliks. Acta ThrrioL 1991- 104. 7 I 5X Medellin RA. 1989. Ckrataperus auritus . Mamm Species 343:1 5. 7154. Medellin RA A An la. HT. 1989. fount hi evens and Timoiht silvicoia. Mamm S eaei. 334 1 5 7l 54n- Medellin. RA . Navarro L D. Darn WR , et al 1983. Notes on the biology of Micnuvietenx bntchyotis (Dobson ) ( Chiropserai in southern Veracruz, Mexico. Brcncsia 21:7-11 . 7155. Medellin. RA. Wilson OF. A Navarro L, D. 1985 Micrvnyctens bnnkyotis Mamm Species. 251:1 4. 7156 Media DE 1976 Modeling the dynamics cf a Colorado mule deer population Ph D Dus CO Slate Univ. Fort Collins 7157. Medtn DE A Anderson. AE. 1979. Modeling the dy namics of a Colorado mule deer population Wddl Mooogr 68:1-77. 7158. Medfo DC A Mech, IJ). 1976. Reproduction activity in nine- and ten - month old wolves. J Mamm 57 406 408. 7159. Medway. Lord. 1967. Observations on the breeding of the pencil tailed tree mouse. ( C' ktropodomvt ghroulesY J Mamm. 48:20 26. 7160. Medway Lord 1962 The Malayan mole Malay Nat J .

.

^

. .

.

-.

^

.

.

. .

. . .

-

.

.

-

. 16:205-20 * 7161. Medway.!..*d

.

19*9. The Wild Mammals « 4 Malaya and Offshore Island* including Singapore Oxfmd Univ Press. London. 7162 Medway Lord . 1970. Breeding of the silvered leaf monkey Presbytts crtsMUa in Malaya. J Mamm. 51:630 632 7163. Medway Lord. 1971 Observations of social and reproductive btofugy of the bent winged bat Mmtcftents australis in methem Borneo, J Zool 165:261 273. 71 4. Medway, Lord 1972. Reproductive cycles of the * flat - headed hat* hlonxtens packypus and T robustula ( Ouropcera Vespertilionmael in a humid equatorial environment Zool J Linn Soc. 51:33- 61. 7164» Medway, lord. 1978. Die Wild Mammals of Malaya < Peninsular Malaysia) and Singaptve. 2nd ed. Oxford Univ Press. Oxford. 7165. Meener, J 1958 A litter of Halt us mtmogueruu born in captivity J Mamm 39:302*304

.

. .

-

.

-

.

.

873

7166. 7211.

7166. Meester. J. 19*0. Early post - natal development of multi mam rrute mice Roans ( Mastomss ) nauilmsa ( A Smith ) Ann Transvaal Mus 24:35 52 7167. Meester . J. 19*0. The dihaiag. Anvnodorcas clarket (Thos ) in Somalia. Ann Transvaal Mu*. 24:53-60. 7167a Meester . I 1963. A systematic revision of the shrew genus Cractdunt in southern Africa Mem Transvaal Mus. 13:1

-

.

-

127.

7168. Meester. J A Haiku . AF. 1970. Notes cm early postnatal development in certain southern African Mundae and Oicctidae J Mamm 51:703 711. 7169. Mehlhop P A Lynch JF 1978. Population characteristics of Peromyseus lcut opus introduced to islands inhabited by Mtcrohn pciwryKanscus. Otkoa. 31:17 - 26. 7170 Mchmood. A A Batg KJ . 1989. Annual profiles of sex steroids in blood plasma and ovarian tissue of wild femak musk shrew Suncus munmis Jap J Physiol . 39.7*7 771. 7171. Mehtcr. CF 1976. Gestation period in die wolverine Gulp gmlo J Mamm 57:570. 7172 Mehta RR. Jenco. JM. Gaynot LV . et al 198* Relationships between ovnnan morphology , vaginal cytology serum progesterone , and urinary unmunoreaciive pregnanediol during the meastniaJ cycle of the cynomolgua monkey . Biol Reprod- 35 5)81 986 7173. Mehta VS. Prakash. A. A Singh . M . 19 2 . Gcsutun period in camels Indian Vet J . 9: 87 389. 7174. Meier E 1973. Reitriigc nir Gebun de» Damw tides (Onus donut 1.1 7 Saugctirrk 37 348 - 373. 7175 Meier JF. A Willis MS . 1984 Techniques fee hand railing neonatal ruffed lemurs ( Vareeht xahegaia ) and ( Varrrut sane gain niton) and a companion of hand ratted and maternally - raised onimali I 7oo Anim Med 15 24 1 7176 Meier PT A Svrndtcn . G 1983 Alternative nuting vategics of mak woufchuck* CUannota maniuk Am Zool 23:932. 7177 Meik, P A Butuaik A 1979 /ur Bedeutung soziakr Auslmer fur das S 4 Biochem Behav . 13 *63- 672

.

7188. Mello DA. 1977. Note on breeding nl Cd/ rmys expulsus. Lund. 1841 iRodenua. Cncetidae ) umkr Ulxeatory ooodiUons. Rev Bras Pesquj Med Biol . 10-107 718*. Mello DA. 1978 Biology at Cmkmys call atus ( Rengger. 1830 ) under laboratory conditions iRodenua. Cnckinne ). Rev Bra* Biol- 38 807 811. 71*1). Mello DA. 1978. Some aspects of the biology of ( Oryzomys elturns ) ( Wagner. 1945 ) under UNeauey oondibons ( Rudcntia Cncetidae ). Rev Bias BaoL 38 293 295. 71*1 Mello. DA. 1981. Studies on reproduction and longevity of Calomxs callosus under laboratory conditions ( RodenUa Cncetidae) Rev Brat Biol. 41:841 843. 71*2 Mello. DA. 1986 Breeding of wild caught rodent Cnccodar HoUxkilus brusihensu under labwatofy comluiont Lab Anim 20:195- 196. 71*3. Mello. DA A Mathias. CH. 1987. Criacao de Akpden antcu / aides (Bodcntia. Cricetidae ) cm labtnatuoo Rev Bros Bid. 47: 419 423 7194. Mdntck DJ . Pearl MC A Richard AF 19W Male migrabon and inbreeding avoidance in wild rhesus monkeys Am J Ptinvalid 7229 243 71*5. Melqiust . WE A Hurnocker MG , 1983. Ecdogy of nver otters in west central Idaho. Wikll Monogr. 8 1 60. 71*6. Mellon DA 1976 The biology of aardvark (Tubulidentaia : Orycteropodidae ). Mamm Review 6: 75 88 7|97 Mehon DA 19 3 Popolation dyiumn * of watcrKick l Kabul elUptiprymms ) in the Umfoiozi Game Reserve. Afr J Fed. 21:77 91 719». Menard N . 1982 yuelques aspects de la socioecdogie de la Vigogne lama wcniur Ime Vie 36: 15- 35. 719*. Menard . N Vnlkt. D. A Gauthier Hum. A 1985 . Demograph »e ei reproduction tk Masoca sybanut dans dilterents hahitau en Algetic Fdta Pnmatol 44:65-81 720». Mendelsohn JM 1982 Notes on small mammals on the Springbok flats. Transvaal S Afr J Zool 17:197-201 7201, Mendelssohn , H. 1965. Breeding the Syrian hytax Procaria copensis synttea lnt Zoo Yearb. 5:116- 125. 7202 Mendoza SP. Lowe EL Resko JA el al. 1978. Seasonal variations in gonadal hormuoes and social behavior in squinel monkeys. Physiol Behav. 20: 515- 522 7203. Mentis. ML Personal communication born Department o| Game and Tsetse CovtroL N Rhodesia |Mentis 1972) 7204. Mentis. M l 1972 A review of some life history features of the large heihivures Lammetgeyer 16:1 89. 72H5- Menzies. Jl 1957 Gent^ conVidled sterility in the African mouse ( MtisumyiY Nature. 179.1142 7206 Men /ies. JI 19 7 A ptelmunvy note on the birth and development at a small scaled tree pangolin M tnts incut/ us at Ife University aoo 1« Zoo Yearb 7:114 7207. Menses Jl 1972 Noaca on a hand reared seated cuvcus Pluilongtr imu uhiiui lnt 7i*> Yearb 12 97 - 98 720». Me tines JI 1973 A study of kaf mwed hvs ( Ihpposderwi coffer and Rhmoktfkiu Louien ) m a cave in muihern Nigeria J Mamm 54 930 945 . 72t*>. Mi- n /Ks Jl A Dennis E 1979 Identification of New Guinea ndents HamJhoi4( of New Gsiinea Rodents Wau Ecd Inst Handli 6:1 68 721«. Menses II A Peraeua K' 1986 A taxonomic revision of cusotscs allied to PluiLmger vntntaUt ( Marsupulia Phalangeriilae ). J Zool - 1 B 551 -618. 7211. Mrpham TB A Beck . NFG 1973. Variation tn the yield and cotnpoMtion cf milk throughout Uciatmn in the gtunea pig (Coiht ptnretluf ) Comp Baochem Physiol 45A . 273- 281

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

'-

.

.

.

-

*

- ..

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

. .

-

.

.

7212.- 72«.

874

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

1976:107- 123

7224m. Merit!, DA. Jr . 1976. The La Plata three -handed armadillo Toiypeules matacus ui captivity. Ini Zoo Yeorh

-

16 153 156 7225. Merin. DA, Jr . 1980. Ckptive reproduction and husbandry of die dunroocouli Aotus trivtrgauu and the lit! monkey Callicclmt spp. Int Zoo Yearb 20.52 59. 7226. Merin. DA , Jr 1981 Husbandry, reproduction and behaviour of the West African hedgehog Frtnat cut alhnmlru at Lincoln Park Zoo. Int Zoo Yearb 21:128-131, 7227. Merit! DA Jr. 1983. Preliminary observations on reproduction in the Cential American agouti. Dasyprocta pun< taut. Zoo Biul. 2: 127 - 131 . 7228. Menu . DA Jr . 1984 The pacarana , Dm wry s hnaiuku. One Medatine 154- 161. Ryder . OA A Byrd. ML rda 7229. Menu . DA Jr 1985 Naked tailed armadillo* Cabtntous sp The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vemulinpu &i. 389 391. Montgomery GG , ed Smith uwuan Inst Pres* Washington , DC 7230. Menu . DA. Jr 1985. The two toed Hoffmann's sloth, Choloepmt heffmatmi Peters The Evolution and Ecology c4 Armadillo*, Sloths, and Vanulingua*. 333 341. Montgomery, GG ed , Smithionian last Press Washington. DC 7231 Merit!. DA. Jr. 1986 History of Geoffrey 's laiiurin* Sagumus gcoffnryi at I mod a Park Zraiogiod Gardens ,

. .

. . .

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

of the north Andean deer or laruca (JftpptKamclus unit trusts ) in smthern Peru Biology and Managemeni of the Ccrvidae. 388 401 , Wcanmer CM. ed. Smithsonian Inu Prew Washington. DC 7234. Mamm, Cll 1882 1 he vertebrates of the Adirondack region, northeastern New York. Tram Linn Sue NY. 1:6 168 7235 Mariam, CH. 1884. The vertebrates of the Adirondack region , nurtheastern New York ( Mammalia , concluded ) Trans Linn Sac NY 2:9 214. 7235a Mcrrinm CH 1898 Mammal of Tres Marias Islands off western Mexico. Proc Biol Soc Wadi 12 13 19 7236. Merriam. HR . 1964. The wolves of Coronation bland Proc AK Sc Conf . 15:27 32 7237 Merritt, JF 1978. Petomyxcus cah/ornuus. Mamm Species. 85:1-6 7238. Merritt Jl 1981 Oethnonomyt gappert Mamm Species 1461 9 7239. Merritt. JF I 9R 4 Winter Ecology < «f Small Mammals. Sp PuN Carnegie Mm Nat Hi « . 10:1 380 7240. Mesdiaks. P 4 Nordkvtat , M 1962. On the sexual cycle in the reindeer male Acta Vet Scand 3:151 162. 7241 Meserve PL A \ J: Boulenpe. L 1987 Population dynamics and ecology at small mammals in the northern Chilian semi and region , iicldiann Zool NS. 39:413 431. 7242 Meserve PL Murua. R. Oscar - Lopetegui. N ct al. 1982 Observations on the small mamma! fauna of a primary temperate rain forest in somhern Chile J Mamm. 63:315 317. 7243. Mcslow, EC A Keith IJL 1968 Demographic parameter* of a snowihoe hare population J Wild! Manage 12812 834. 7243». Metier M. 1974 Identification of N acetyl 4 O acetylneuralminyl lactose in echidna milt Biochcm J . 139 415 42a 7244. Messa M. Cusp. EA A New grain. 1C 1988. Studies on llie carbohydrate content of nulk of the craheater seal iLobodon carriito/ fhagas ). Comp Biochcm Fhytiol 90B:367 370. 7245. Messer M 4 Elliott C. 1987. Change* in a lactalbumin , total lactase , 1 ' DP galarto«r hydrolase and other factors in laminar wallaby ( Macrvpux eugenu ) milk during lactation Aust J Rid So 40:37 46 7246. Messer . M. FiUtierald PA Merchant. JC et al. 1987 Change* in nulk carbohydrates during lactation in the eastern quoll Dutyunit vivemnut ( Marsupialia). Comp Biochcm Physiol. 88 B 1083 1086 7247 Messer . M Gadid PA Rnbtnn. GB el al 1983 Carbohydrates in captivity. Aust Wikll Res. 3.93-103. 7217. Merchant JC. 1979. The effect of pregnancy on the interval between one oestrus and the neat in the laminar wallaby Macroput eugemt . J Reprtd Fort 56 459 463 7218. Merchant. JC 1984 Energetics of growth in the eastern quoll. Dasyurut inrrnmts Bull Au.« Mamm Soc. 8: 148 7219. Merchant. JC A Calaby . JH. 1981 Reductive brology of the red - necked wallah) Mart opus ruf nsrut hanknttrxtu and ^ Bennett ' s wallaby W r mjogrueus in captivity J Zool 194:203 217. 7220. Merchant. JC 4 Lbke JA 1988. Milk carupauuon in die n ether n brown handicot ILUMUW mar munit ( IVt JIIVIHUC . Marvupialm ) Aust J Biol Sci 41 495.505. 7221. Merchant JC Newgrain K . A ( keen B. 1983. Growth of the eastern quell, Daswrvs vrvrmnn, ( Shaw ). ( M -irvupmlia ) in captivity Aust Wildl Res. 11:21 29. 7222- Menti DA. Jr. 1971 The development of the La Plata three - banded armadillo ToiyptuSa rwtaeux at lancoln Park Zoo Chicago. Int Zoo Yearb 11:195 196. 7223. Merit!. DA Jr . I 97 t |a nature the tvhaviov of armadillos . Yrarb Am Philo* Sue. 1972:313 384 7224. Mcritl. DA, Jr , 1976 The owl monkey Aatus tmirgatus , husbandry , behavior and breeding Proc Nat Conf AAZPA

-

.

.

.

- .

-

. .

,

.

.

.

-

.

. .

.

1974- 1985 Primates: The Rond to Self Sustaining Populations 261- 267 Benrrtchke. K ed Springer - Verlag. New York. 7232 Menu DA. Jr A Merin GF 1976 Sea ration of Hoffmann's tl4

Saoabiol 10.131-136 7351. Mill *, MGL 1982. Factor* affecting group size ami territory size of the brown hyaena. Hyuena brvnnea in the southern Kalahari . J Zool. 198:39.51, 7352. Mills MGL 1983. Mating and denning behaviour cf the brow n hyaena Hyaena brvnnea and comparison.* with i*hn Hyaeiudae Z Tierp*ychol. 63:331* 42. 735X Mills. R-S 1980. Parturition and social interaction among captive vampire bats, Desmtxlus rotmuitu. 1 Mamin. 61:336-337 7334. Milner J Jones. C A Jones, JK. Jr . 1990. Ny< tm,muVi Microtis Mamm Species. 351:1 -4. 7355 Milton. K . 1981. Hstrmales of reproductive parameters fur free ranging Aletes gcoffrvyi. Primates. 22 574 579. 7354. Milton. K. 1985. Mating pattern* if woolly *pidet monkeys, brackyteles aradinoities Imjfications for female choice licha* Lcol Sociubtul. 17:53-59. 7357 Milyutm. NG 1941. A note on ' he reproduction of th mole ( IttlfAi eurofktea bran fieri Sutuni. Zool Zhui - 2( ' 482 484 73». Mins tun AK 1937. Note* on the weaning of a ytmng koala ( / Viajccdrirtrt* ctnereusb Rec S Au»< Mus . 6 1 3. 73Sk Miniprio. JD. 1945 Sobre el Chlamyphonu lew* MU Harlan. Acta Zool lalUsana. 3; 5 58 7359. Muofvhi . Rt. Scanlon. PF Kirkpattuk . RL et ol 1977 Androgen levels and antic* development m tapuve and wild wliitctailed deer J Wildl Manage , 41 < 2 ): I 7 K |8 ^ 734« Mirtkaia, L A Crew FAE 1931 On the pregnancy rote in the Uctatmg muse and the effect of suckling on the duration of pregnancy Proc R Soc Fdinh 51:1 7. 73MH*. Mishra HR A Wcmmrr C 1987 The comparative breeding ecology ol Una CCTVKII in Royal Chitwan Natumal

.

'

.

.

.

..

.

-

,

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

Park. Nepal. Biology and Management ol the i etvidae . 259-271 Wemmer, CM. ed. Smithsonian last Press, W ashington, DC. 7361. Misonne . X. 1963. lev Rongeurs du Ruwea/on et des regions votuncs. Lxpl Parc Nat Alhert 2e Set . 14:1 164 7362. Misonne, X A Vctsihurcn. J. 1976 Les Rongeurs du Nimba Libfnen. Acta Zool Pathol Antvcrpicasia 66:199 220, 7363. Milam. JC. 1985. Mating behaviour - hitti4ogi| glandcs mammaoes che /. le » Insect] votes ( Mammalia ) de Ruumonic. Trav Mus Hist Nat “ Gngur Antipa’ 14:431 438 7622 Mutatn K. Tan* * M. A Murkami , N . 1986 Ihe lelouuaship between the pattern of tinnary cwtrogen utd behavioural shanges in live giant panda Aihropotia me lunateinn , lnt Zoo Yearb 24/23:274 279. 762V Muric A 1934 Ihc miK e of Uk Rovale , Mi*c l*uN Mu* / out L' mv Ml 25:1 44. 7624. Munc . A 1935. Mammak hum Guatemala and Brittdi Honduras Miss PuM Mus Zool Univ Ml 26: 1 30. 7625 Murie A 1944 The Wulsra of Mount McKinley . I S Dept lotetinf Fauna Series 5 1 238. 7626. Murie. J. 1872 On the female generative organ*, viscera, and fleshy pans of Hyaena brunnea, Diunbcrg Trans Zool Soc London. 7J03 512 7627 Murk J . 1872 Reaeaichc * opt* tfw anatomy of Pionipcdui Part 1 On the walrus ( Truhnhus mimams Una ), Trans 7x*4 Soc lamd « 7:411 464 7628 Murie . J , 1874, On ihc firm ami stiucturr cf the manatee Manatu.i amrricanus Trans Zool Soc lomh 'it 8:127-202. 7629. Mum* JO 19 ) 5 Alaska Yukon Cnribon N Am Fauna 54:1 90 7636. Murie . JO 1984 A comparison of life history trail * in twv popalstiuat of Spcrmcphthit catumbiuniss in Allx rta. Canada Acta Zool Fennici l 73;4 ) - 45 , 7631. Murk JO. Biug, DA A Kivett VK 19 W1 latter sire in CotwnbiM ground squirrel * ( S/ iermnphtlus cotumbumus ) J Mamm 61:237-244 7632 Murk JO A Harris MA 1982 Annual vnriaonn of spring emergence and hrevrdmg in Columbian ground sqtnrreU iSpempphiius cotmmtmum% ). J Manun 63 431 -439 7633 Murie. JO A McLean IG. 1980 . CopuUory plugs in gnximJ squincU J Mamm 61:355 356 7634. Murie , OJ |94l » Notes on the sea otter J Mnrnn 21119-131

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.^

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-.

-

*.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

-

%

-

-

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

763S.- 7675n

884

.

7636. Murphy BD . 197ft Fffrctt nf synthetic GnRH on litter toe in ranch mink bred once cn tw«ce. Theriogenology. 6:463- 467. 7636. Murphy BL). 1979. Effects of GnRH on plasma LH nod fertility in mink Can J Anim Sc». 59:25 33 7637. Murphy . BD. 1979 lhe role ol prolactin m implantation and luteal maintenance in lhe farm Biol Reprod 21 517- 521. 76.3a. Murphy. BD 198 * Effects of single or multiple injection* of medroxyprogesterone acetal c on the reproductive performance and gestation length of ranch mink. Can J A nun Sci. 639W-W1 7659. Murphy. BD 1983 Precocious induction of luteal activalion and termination of delayed implantation in mink with the dopanuni: antagonist punii /jde. Biol Rqtrod 29:658-662 764ft. Murphy . BD. Concannon. PW. A Travis. HF. 1982 I fleets » rf medroxyprogesterone acetate on gestation in mink J Reprod Fert 66:491 497 7641 Murphy. BD. Concannon PW . Travw, HF et al 1981 Prolactin : The hypophyseal factor that terminates embryonic diapause in mink. Bio! Reprod. 25:487-491 7642. Murphy BD DiGregcria tiB. Douglas DA et aL 1990. Interactions between melatonin and prolactin during gc*»atH*n in mink ( Mustrhi vuonk J Reprod Fert. 89 423- 429 7643 Murfby. BD Humphrey WD. St Shepmone SL 1980 1 uteal function in nuok : The effects of hypophysectomy after the prrimplantation rue in progestaone Anim Reprrd So 3:225-272 7643«. Murphy BD A James , DA . 1974. Mucopolysaccharide histochemistry of the mink uterus during gestation Can J Zod.

.

-

.

.

. .

.

.

.

52:687 -693.

.

. . .

.

7641. Murphy . BD Mead. RA. St McKibbm . PE. 1983 IxHeal coWfiltnion to the termination trf preimplantation delay in mink Boil Reprod 21 497 503 7645. Murphy BD 4 Mofcr WH 1977 Profrstiw of sunk gestation : The effect * of hypophytectomy Fndocr Re* Comm 4 45 60 7646. Morphy , CR & Smith . JR 1970 Age determination of pouch young and juvenile Kangaroo Island wallabies. Trans R

.

-

.

-

Soc S Aust 94.15-20. 7647 Murphy DA. I % 3 A captive elk herd in Missouri J Wild! Manage 27 411 - 414 . 7648. Murphy . ET 1976 Breeding the clouded Jeopard Seofeiis nebulous al Dublin Zoo. Int 7oo Yearh 16 122 124 7649. Murphy , MF. 1952 Ecology and helminths of the Osage wood ru , Xeouvna flemdtiiw cdiUoas No 105 Notes on .systematic* of lodo Malayan mund rtdenta. and deaerations of new genera and species from Ceylon , Sulawesi, and the Philippines Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 168: 225 334. 7675. Musset. GG. 1982. Results of the Archfrdd expedition* No 110 Crmomyt and tlie small bodied shrew rat* native to the Philippine Islands and Sulawesi (Celehrs ). Bull Am Mus N »i Hist 174 1-95. 7675». Musser, GG A Hofdea ME. 1991. Sulawesi rodents ( Mundac Murinaek Morphological and geographical boundaries

-

.

.

-

.

.

. .

.

.

.

,

-

.

- . .

.

*. .

.

.

. .

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

.-

885

7676 7721

.

.

of species ID the Rurnu hoffmamt group and o new species from Palau Peleng Bull Am Mus Nal Hist 206:322 411 7676 Mucere FA 1965. Delayed implaniation in an equauvial fruit Iwt. Nature. 207:780. 7677 Muiete . FA. 1967 The breeding biology of equatorial vertebrate*: Kcfcuductjon in tlie fruu h « i Etdoiw hehum. at latitude (T20 N J Zook 155 153 161 7678 Mutere , FA. I ’JftH. Breeding cycle* in topical hats in Uganda J Appl Ecol. 5:8 P 9f * 7679 Murere FA 1 W4 The bteeding bnilogy of the fruit hat ftairrttuj aegyptuuus E Gcoffroy living al 0° 22‘S Acta Tropica 25 97 108. 768« Mutere , FA 1970 Bat studiex in Uganda Stud Speleology. 2:61 68, 7681. Mutere. FA 1970 The breeding hiology of equatorial vertebrate*: Reproduction in the insectivorous hat . Htpfhnidrnn coffer, living al 0"27* N . Bipdr Dietkd 40: 56 58 7682. Mutere , FA 1973 A comparative study of reproduction in two population* of the insectivorous hat*. Olomopt martiemsmi , , at latitudes l °5 S and 2 V)*S. 1 Zoof 171:79-92 76*3 Mutere. FA 1973 Reproduction in two specie* cf equatorial free-railed hots ( Mokmuiac ). E Afr Wild I J

7699». Myers , P A Wetzel RM. 1979 New record * of nummaU from Paraguay J Vlamm 60.M8 611 7700 Myers PA Wetzel . RM 1983 Systematic* and zoogeography of the K*u of the Chaco Boreal . Ml Mu* 7i»l Mrt« PUH . 165:1 59 77«)». Myers , P, White . R . A Stalling* J . 1983 Additional records of hat* from Paraguay J Mamm 64:143*145. 7701. Mykytowyc* R. 1959. Social bchaviotn of an experimental coiooy of wild rabbit* . OrycMlofus cumculur ( I t. CSIRO Wildl Rea 4 M 3 7702 Mykytowycz R A Fullagar . PJ 1973 Effect of social environment on reproduction in the rabbit. Oryctoiagus amicutus J Reprod Fert Suppi 19:503 522 7703 Myllynulo. A 1977 Demographic mechanisms m the fluctuating populations of lhe field vole Mu rotus agresUs Oikos . 29:468 493 7704. Myrcha, A . Kyflckowstd L A Walkowa, W. 1969 liioenerpctics of pregnancy and lactation in white mouse. Acta

76*4. Mutere , FA 1980. FjdoUm hehum revivaled Proc lnt Bat

Tool 205M 92. *lantauon development in 7707. Myslkowska, ET. 1975 Pteim| m o and m vitro in hank voles, CUAvionomys glartolmt, treated With PMSG and HCG J Rqwod Fm. 42:287 292. 77«L Myrtkowska , ET. 1980. lhe effect of lutet ttce on Knly weight of young rail. Acta Ibcriul 25:273 275 7709. Naaktgehoren. C I %1 Betrfsachiungen ikt Gebort dea Eicttchens ( Musulo furo L ) . Biyli Dicrkd U 65 7 7710. Naaktgebotcn. C. 1965. Die FoftpfUnwng de * Rotfuchse* . Vulpes vulpet (LV mil besonderet (krikluiK htigung von SchwAnger*chaft und Gcburt . Z/ v l An /. 175 235 263 7711. Naaktgcboren. C 1966 Notii uber emcn trachtigcn I tem* von OLsjiut Jim tom (Sclater 1901 ) / Saugetierk. 31:171 17ft 7712 SaakigetHuen C 1968 Sianc a *pecu of pammuon in wild and domestic Caitidac lot 7*x> Yearb K X 13, 7713 NaakigrNuen. C. Slijprr , El A van Uuecht . Wl I 960 Research on the period of conception , duration erf gestation and growth of the foetus in the fin whale, based on data from the International Whaling Slativtict . Norik Hvalfangtt Tid

.

. .

. .

.

-

. .

.

.- .

-

.

-

.

.

-

11071 280.

Re* Conf. 5:145 15tt 7685. Muul I . 1969, Mating behavicr gestation period, and development of GUmcomvs Mbrmus J Mimm 50:121. 7686. Muul . I. 19ft*J PhoToperHid and reproduction in flying squirrel* Gictucomys yoLtftt. J Mamm. 50 542- 549, 76*7. Muul I A lim. LB , 1974. Reproductive Irequency in Malaysian flying squirrels, Hylopgtes and Pieromyscus . J Mamm. 55:393 400 7688. Myers , D. 1982 . Life cycle information Ihe muisc lhe Guide for the l 'are and Use of Laboratcny Animals. 78 2 3. DHEW PuN. Washmgtoo . DC7689. Mycn. K. 1964. Influence of density on fecundity, growth * rates, and murtality cd the wild rabbit C SlRO Wild I Res 9:134- 137. 769«. Myers . K A Boole. WE. 1958. Sexual behavior cycles in the wild rabbit . ffryekiLigus cmrucultn ( L). CS1SO W'ddl Res 3:144-145. 7691. Myers. K A hw4e WE 1962 A study ! 10:225*267 7692 Myer* K A P»*olc . WE 1962 Ocsttous cyck* in the rabbti OryckAagms < ut\u ultts (I ). Nature 195 358 - 359 7693. Myers K A Schneider . EC. 1964 Observations on reproduction , mortality, and behaviour in a small free - living jldl Re* 9 I 3h 14 pk wlation of wild rabbin CS1RO W’ 7694. Myers , K Bulli HG A Gilbert N 1981 Strew in the rabbit Proc World Iagotnorph Conf . Uni* Guelph . ONI Canada 1979 103 136 7695 . Myn *. P 1977 Patterns of reprodudion of four species of vcsprniliomd but* in Paraguay. Utuv CA Publ Zoof . 1071 41 7696. Myer* P. 1811 . Observation* on Pygodenaa hUtbatum ( Wagner ). 7 Siugctierk 46 146- 1517697. Myers P A Master l 1981. Reproduction by Pervmwiu mumculatus: Si re and compromise. J Mamm. 64.1-18. 769*. Myer*. P A Master . LL |9Kft lhe interpretation if variation in litter sire and weights of young : Three caveats. J Mamm. 67 572 575. 7699. Myer* . P, Master . LL, A Gunett. RA 1985 Ambient temperature and rainfall: An effect cm sex ratio and tiuer sire in deer mice J Mamm 66:2*9-298

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

^

^

. .

.

-

- .

. .

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

Thcnol . 14161 166. 7705. Mystemd. L 1968 A thud

-

cioe of winter breeding m Lhe wood lemming ( Myopus schisuccior ). Nytt Mag Tool 16:22 S. 1972 On winter J A Lahu 7706. Mysterud L Vutala breeding of the wood lemming (IfyqpM schaUtalorY Norw J

.

. .

.

-

.

-

.

'

.

-

-

_

.

.

-

49 113 119

.

7714 Nankigehincn. C A van Wagtendonk, A llJ66 Wahrc Knoten in der Nahelschnuer tiebvi Bemerkuncen uber Plx /rni iphagie bei Menvcheraffcii / Saupetufk. 31:376 382 7714«. Nadeau JH 1985 Ontogeny Sp Pub Am Soc Mamm. 8:254285 7715. Nadeau. JH Lombardi. RT. A Tamarm. JUL 1981 Pigxilation structure and dispersal of Peromyscui Incopus on Muskeget island Can ) ZuoL 59 793 799. 7716. Nader 1A. l '** Breeding records «rf die lung -eared Hedgehog Hemic , furitis outitus (Gmdin ). Mammalia. 2: 52 K- 52' F 7717 Nader lA 1975- On the Sal * (Chitoptera ) trf ihc kingdom erf Saudi Arabia 1 Z«oL 17ft; 331 - 344 ) 7718. Nader, lA 1982 New disuibutv uul record* of bats from the Kingdom ol Saudi Arataa ( Mammalia Ouropierak J Tool, 19869-82 7719. Nadet. 1A A K «xk D. I 9« 3. A new slit laced bat from central Saudi Arabia . Scnckenb Biol, 63:9 - 15. 772a Nader . lA A Kock 1 ) 1983 Note* oa aome b*% from the near cavi ( Mammalia Chirtjprera ) lnt J Mamm B» » l 48 l * > 7721 Nadler RD. 1974 Pen part untiooal behavior of a primiparou lowland gorilla lYimalc * 13 5 ^ 74

.

.

.

.

.

-

. .

,

.

. .

.

*

7722.- 7765.

886 7722. Nadler. RD. 1975. Cycbciiy m tumescence d the perineal labia of female lowland gorilla*. Anal Ret 181 791 798 7723. Nadler . RD 1975. Second girdla birth at the Yetke* Regi> iia) Phmaie Research Center Iat Zoo Yearb 15 :134-137 7724. Nadler RD 1975. Sexual cyclicty in captive lowland gwlla. Science 189.813-814 7725. Nadler. RD. 1976. Sexual behavior of captive lowland gorillas. Art Sex Behav. 5:487 502 7726. Nadler. RD 1977. Sexual behavior of caf «ive orangutans. Arch Sex Behav 6 457- 475. 7727. Nadler RD 1980 Reproductive physiology and behaviour of ginlla*. J Reprod Fert Suppl 28:79-89 7728. Nadler. RD 1982 . Reproductive hrhavinr and endocrinology of nrganutam The Orangutan Its Biology and Conservation 232- 248. DeBoer , LEM ed. Dr W Junk. The Hague . 7729. Nadler. RD Collins. DC. A Blank. MS 1984 Luteinizing h * vin* «ne and gonadal rterml levels during the menstrua) cycle of orangutans I Med Ptimatol 13:305 314 7730. Nadler RD Q M DC Miller DC et al . 198 * Menstrual cycle pattern* of hormones and sexual behavior in gorillas. Hnrm Behav 17:1- 17 7731. Nadler. RD. Gmharn. CE Collins. DC. et al 1979. Plasma gonadotropins, prolactia. gonadal steroid*. and genital swelling during the menstrual cycle of lowland gorillas. Endocrinology

- .

.

.

-

* . .

.

.

.

-.

. *.

. -

105:290 296.

.

.

.

.

7732 Nadler RD Graham CE Collmr , DC ct al 1981 iVrtpnrlum amenorrhea and hchavior of apes Repo*1active Biology of the Great Apes 69- 81. Graham. CF.. ed Academic Press. New York 7733 Nadler. RD A Rosenblum. 1 A 1972. Hormonal regulauon of the 'faded' phenorvm* in squirrel monkeys Anal Rec 173:181 - 188. 7734. Nadler. RN. Graham. CE Guise tin. RE et al. 1985. Serum level* of gooadooupuu and gonadal aumdv including tertoaieronc , during the menstrual cydc of the chimpanzee ( Pan intglodyfes ). Am J Primal of . 9 273 2 4 * 7735. Nagai S A Tasharo K 197ft , The mindVeix of Tama Zoo Animals A Zoos 28 48 by die Japanese fleet Sa Rep Whales Res Inst. 3:132 - 190 7931 NivhiwnkJ M A Hilnya . T . 1951 On the sexual maturity of the sperm whale tPh\ trier emotion ) found in the idjacent waters of Japan (1) Sci Rep Whales Res Inst , 6 153- 165, 7932. Nishiwaki. M A Hitxya , T 1952. On the vexunl maturity of the sperm whole ( Physeter emotion } found in the adyaceM waters of Japan ( II ). Sci Rep Whales Res Ins*. 7:121-124 7933 Nishiwaki M. Hibiya. T A JGmura, S. 1954. On the sexual maturity of the set whale uf the Bonin Waters. Sd Rep Whales Res Insl 9:165- 177 7934 Nishiwaki M. Ilibiyn. T. A Kimura . S. 1956 On the sexual maturity of iJie sperm whale ( Phyteter emotion ) found in the north Pacific Sd Rep Whales Res Inst . 11: 39 46. 7935 Nishiwaki. M A Kami ) a T 1958. A beaked whale MesojAodem stranded al Oiso beach . Japan. Sci Rep Whales Res Inst. 13:53 83. 7936. Nishiwaki. M A Marsh. H. 19K5. Dugotig Dugtm# tiugon l Muller 1776 k 3.1-31 Handliuok of Marine Mammals. Ridgway SH A Harmon RJ eds. Acotlrmic Press New York. 7937. Nishiwaki M A Oyc. T 1951 . Biological investigation on blue whales ( BttiaenofXem muirulos ) and fin whales ( Btdaenofmro pkysakts ) caught !»y die Japanese Antarctic whaling fleets So Rep Whales Res Inst 5:91 -167

. .

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

793*. 7975«

891

.

7938. Nisscn. HW A Yerkrs RM. 1943. Repnduction in the chimpanzee : Report on forty - tune births. Anal Ret 86:567 578. 7939. Niswcnder. liD A Spies HG. 1973. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follide - stimulating hormone and progesterone throughout the menstrual cycle of rhesus monkeys. J Om hnducr Met ah. 37J 26 328. 794« Nitikman. LZ. 1985. .Wumo gram*emu. Mamm Specses. 2461-8. 7941. Nixon CM. 1965. White -tailed deer growth and productivity in eastern Ohio. Game Res OH. 3:123-136. 75M2- Nixon. CM. 1971. Productivity of white - uuled dec* in Ohio. OH J Set. 71 217 225. 7943. Nixon CM Hansen. LP A Haven SP 1986 Demographic charaderistics of an unexptoilcd pupulntion of fax squmels ( Scimnu mger ). Can J Zod 64 512 521 7943a. Nixon. CM. Hansen LP. A Haven. SP 1991 Growth pattern* of fox squirrels in east -central Illinois Am MMI NO*.

-

.

-

.

.

-

. .

.

.

-

.

-

123:16* 172. 7944. Nixon. CM A McOnm, MW . 1975. Bleeding seasons and fecundity of ferrule gray squirreli in Ohio. J Wild Manage 39:426 43*. 7945. Nobnck, CR 1939 IHc change * m Hie vaginal smenn and

-

asxocioied cyclic phcn« vncua in the lowland gorilla ( Gonilo gonlltiy Anal Rec . 73 J 09 225 7946. Nobnck, CR 1‘>46 ITaceniaiion and ammogcneM * in the amnion of a baUMm (Pqpto papioX Anal Rec. 94:553 567 7947 Sutgc . G. 1982 Johresberichi 1981 der Akucngcwllschaft Zodofischer Garten Kiiln Z Kolner Zoo 25:3 25 794* Nogucin JC Camp*. PA, A Rihctro, MG. 19 4 Histology , glycogen and mucoaubaunces hidochemittr) of the buINvuiethral glands of the Philander pptnium (Linnaeus. 1758 ). Anal Anz 156 321 328. 794*n. Nogucira. JC, Riheiro MG. A Comptw. PA 1985 Histology and carbohydrate histochemistry of the pr «t*te gland of the Brazilian four eyed opossum (Philander opoxtum Linnaeus . 1758) Anal Anz. 159 241 252 7949 Nogucirn- Persona , L A Bum* Ohrcgon E 1983. The cycle of the nemilifemus epithelium in the armadillo Fuphnu tus teumitui fhiYirnanux Anal Rec. 205:143A 795« Noll , P 1895/96. Etude dcs nxdificationi de la muquese uUfnne pendant In gestation chez le Munn Vespemlio man mis

.

-

.

. .

-

.

. .

-

*

.

-

.

-

.

Arch BaoL 14:561 693 7951. No , UG. 1979 Postnatal growth and development ol thitmogencxis in Rmurtfut aegyptuu us , Camp Biochem Physiol

*

63A 89 93.

.

-

.

-

7952 Nofl Banhotaer UG. 1979. B» xly lemprrature . oxygen consumption . eva|xsoiivc water loss and heart rate in the fciincc Comp Bwchcm ITiysiol 62 A:585 592. 7953 Nomura. T A Otuawa. N 1976 The use and problems associated with non - human primsies in the study of reproduction. The Laboratory Animal in the Study of Reproduction Csh Symposium If T -A TVssalooiki 9- 11 July, 1975. I - 16 Alttikotzide*. T Hnchscn. S. A Spiegel. A. cds, Fischer. NY 7954. Nomura T Ohsawa, N. Tagitna, Y ct al. 1972Reproduction of Japanese monkeys. Sytnji Use of Non Human Pnmates far Research on Problems of Human Reproduction Sukhumi . USSR . 13- 17 Dec, 1971 Acta Endocrinol SuppJ

-

.

.

.

. .

-

.

.

166473-482

.

.

7955 Niebury. < » L 1987. Twins in the western grey kangaroo Macroput fuhgounus < Max *up»«lia , Mncropodidae) in northweuern Victoria Ami Mamm IU 33. 7956 Narhury GL Cowbon GM. A Walters BL 1981 Aspects of the demography of the western gicy kangaroo. Macropus

.

.

.

.

.

.

fuhginostu melanopt Res. 15:257 266.

-

.

in

semiarid north west Vidorin. Aast Wtldl

-

.

.

.

.

7957. Norman . Rl. Brandt. H A van Horn RN 1978 Radioimmunoassay for luteinizing hormone ( LH ) in the ting - tailed lemur ( Umur emto ) with antumne Lil arid ovmc LH Biol Reprod 19:119 124 795*. Norman. RL Lindstrom. SA Ilangslierg , D, ft al. 1984, Pulsatile secretion of luieiniyjng hcrnn*ne during the menstrual cycle of rhesus macaque* Endocrinology 115:261 266 7959. Norman . RL A Spses HO. 1979 Effect of luteinizing hormone releasing Ivenxeie on the pituitary gonadal axis in fetal and infant rhesus monkey* Endocrinology. 105.655-659 7960. Norm, KS A Prescott , JH 1961 ( Hwervahiuw on Pacific cetaceans of Californian and Mexican water* . Univ CA PuW Zool. 63:291-370. 7961. N«sm« Ml 1984 Relationship between ovarian A' 30- hydroxy*ternid dehydrogenase activity and implaiiutic« in uoii - lnctating and loctaUng Mongolian gctbiU Repeod Nutr Dfvelop 24:953 961 7962. Norm , Ml 198 Dtsruptson of pair K mime induce* pregnancy failure in newly nuted Mongolian gerhila ( Menimrt Hnguiculattu ) J Reprod Perl 75 4.3 - 47 7963. Noma Ml A Adams, CE 1972 Aggresxive behaviour and rrprixJuctioil in the Mongolian gerbil. Menmet unguieukuuM , relative to nge and sexual experience at pniring . J Reprod Em 31 447 45a 7964. Norm , Ml A Adams . CE 1972 The growth nf the Mongolian gerbd, Menonrs ungmrmtorux . from hirth to maturity. J Zool 166:277 282 7965. Norm Ml . A Adam* CE 1974 Sexual development in the Mongolian gerbil Mrnonrs nngtocmltMus, with particular reference to the ovary . J Reprod Fert. 36:245- 248 7966. Norm. MI A Adams , CE 1976 Incidence of pap mortality in the rat with particular reference to nesting material maternal age and party lah Anita 10 165- 160 7967. Norm, Ml A Adam* CE 1979. Exteroceptive ladies and pregnancy block m the Mongolian gerbil. Menonrs unguiculafits. J Reprod Eert 57 401 -401 796*. Norm . Ml . A Adams. CL 1979. Die vaginal smear , tmtmg egg transport and preimplantation development in a wild guinea -pig . the cuit ( Galea mrntelouies ) J Reprod Fetl-

.

.

-

.

-

.

'

.

.

-

.

.

55:457-461

.

-

7969 Norris, ML A Adams, CF 1979. Vaginal opening in the Mongolian gerbil . Mrrioncx unyuitulmus Normal data and the influence of social faciors. Lab Amm 11:159 I627970 Norm , Ml A Adams. CE 1981. Mating pmt partum and length of gestation in the Mongolian eerbil ( Mrnones mtgmculatusi. lot* Anim 15:189 191. 7971. Norm ML A Adams. CE 1981. Pregnancy concimeot with lactation in the Mongolian gerbil ( Menonet tmgntculmus i

-

.

.

-

-

lab Anna 15:21-23, 7972. Norris, ML A Adam*. CE- 1981. lime of

mating and

associated changes in the vaginal smear of the pciu pittunem Mongolian gerbil ( Mcnancs unguit ulmus ). Lab Amm

15:19319« 7973. Norm ML A Adams. CL 1982 1 1leu me reproductive performance of Mongolian getlnls ( Menonet ungunuLinm ) with 1 or 2 ovaries. Lab Amm 16, 146.15U. 7974 Norris T 1969 Ceylon sknh hear Animals 12.300- 34 ) 3 7975 Notim A 1948 Bkolqglritn Undersivkn gai oner Gravlmgcn ( MtUt meles ) Svenskn Jkgnrehvb Mcdd N:R .

.

.

. .

-

13:1 236.

.

.

.

.

.

7975*. Nottingham. iKi John*> *n , K < » Wool* JW , el al . 1982 Populnbun choroclrristtcs and hat vest rclalionahi|w of a toccoori

7*74.802 .

**

892 population so e*sl Tennessee hoc Ann Conf St Assoc tish Wild] Agencies 36:69 l 700i 7974 Novdlic. PA 1979. < ourtsliip bdtavKur of blesUA ( Pamalucus tktrcai f+ilUpn ), Mammalia 43: 261- 274 7977. Novdlic. PA Maason . I 0 Bigalkr . RC |984 Beh^ vi urd ecology and communication in ihc Cape gryshofc S Aft J Zool 1922 KX 797». Novick, A. I 960. Successful t*ceding in captive Artibeus. j Mamm 41:508- 509. 7979. Novikov. GA. 1962 Canuvccous Mammals of the I iwnu of the USSR I wad Dog Sci Tran*. Jerusalem 7980. Novikov. GA Airapetyanis AH Diluasky YuB. rt al I 960 Some peculiarities of population of brow n hrnrs in the I cnip.gr . I district. 7.c* »l ZJuirn . 48 S85- 901 7981. Novikova TG. Sobol AV A Diveea GM 1913. The cnncent/alion of sex hormones in female arctic foxes during the reproductive cycle. Nasich Trudy Nauchno- ludedo Valelaku Inst Pushnogo Zvcrcwodstva i Kruhkovodstva 29:190- 197. [ Anirn Bf Ah*. 54 tef 1118. 1986) 7982. Novoa C. 1970 Reproduction in Cantclidar. J Rcprod Fert 22:3 20. 7983. Nowak . RM 1991. Walker * Mammals of the W dd 5th ed. Johns Hopkins Umv Press. Baltimore , Ml ) 7984. Nowak. RM A Paradiso, JL 1983. Walker ' s Mammals of the World. 4th ed . John Hopkins L'niv Pleas. Baltimore MD. 7985. Nowosad. RF. 1973. Twmamg reindeer . J Mamm 54:7 1. 7984. Noyes , M. I 96 K A breeding pair of uce *lwrw » Ann Rep Jersey Wildi Deterv TniW 5 39 41 7987. Numrrov KD 1966 On the sexual and age cnm x»iUua | and on reproduction of the sable in Yemssei Siberia. Tool /hum 45:421 429 7988. Nyhofm. Nfcl A Meurting. P. 1979 Reproduction of the ,

. -

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

. .

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

*

. .

.

.

.

bank vole C7e/4 rk.viom> j glareulus m northern and southern Sweden during several seasons and in diiferent phases of the vole population cycle Ilolarciic Ecol. 2:12 20. 7989. O WS A OKYW. 111. |987 Asymmetry in the ovary and utenr* of the golden hamster ( Metttcriceiat auniius ). J Rrprod Fen 80:21 23 7990. O. WS Short RV. Renfrec MB et al. 1988 PUm wy genetic control of somatic sexual differentiation in a mammal. .

- .. . . . Nature 331 716- 717. 7991. OBnen. SJ. Nash. WG. W ldt DE. .

.

:

-

et al 1985 A molecular solution to the riddle of the guun panda's phylogeay. Nature 317 140144 7992 O’ Brien SI Rodke . ME Marker L e\ al 1985 Genetic basis for species vulnerability in the cheeuh Science 227:1428- 1434. 7993 O’ Brien. SJ Wildi. DE. C «ldo»a. D. et al 1983 The cheetah is depauperate in genetic variation . Science. 221:459-461 7994. O’ Connell. MA 1979. Ecology of didclphid nutsupuiU from methern Venezuela Vettcbeate Ecology in the Northern Ncotxopics . 73-87. Fisenhcrg. JF ed . Smithsonian Inst . Washington. DC 7995 O’Connell. MA 1981 Population ecology of small mammals Irom northern Venezuela. Ph D Dias TX Tech Univ.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Lubbock. TX . 7996. O' Coanell MA. 1982. Population biology * 81.1 13. 8060 Oh mart , RD 1975. Reproduction in burros Iquus iiivuu ahaig the Colorado River during 1974. J An / Acad Set. 1022 8061. Ohno. M A 1 UJIIUK K. 1952 Biological invcxiigaiioa trf ( the whales caught by Use Japanese AntaicUc whaling Ireu reason I 95(V5 I Sci Rep Whales Res InO 7 125 188

.

-

.

.

.

8062. - 8107.

894

.

. .

.

8062 Oh no, S JamchiH . J A Stearns C 1963. 11K creeping vok 0M » wins ortp »u > ax a gonosumic mosaic Tan I. IV OY/XY cntirtitiMiiMi of the mak Cytogenetic*. 2:232 239. 8063 Ohumu , S I 960 Relative growth d the ( in whale, Hidaenoptrra phvxalmt ( Linn ) Sci Rep Whales Res ln.« 15 1784

-

.

.

8064. Ohsunu S 1964 Comparison of matuniy and accumulation rate o( corpora alhicantia between left and nght ovaries in Cetacea . Set Rep Whales Res Inst

18:123- 148 8065. Obniim. S 1965. Reproduction of tlie sperm whale in the north - wett Pacific Sci Rep Whales Re* last 191 33. 8066. Qhvumi S . 1966, Allonwephotn between body length at seiual maturity and body length at birth in the Cetacea J Mamnt Soc Japan 3: 3 7. 8067 Ohumu S 1977. Brydes whales in the p lagm whaling ground of the north Pacific. Rep Int Whal Cietimn Sp Issue . 1:140- 149 H06K, Ohsunu . S 19fc6. Yearly change m age and body length at voxtaal maturity < 4 n fut whale Mock in the eastern north Paulk Sci Rep Whales Re * liiM ^ 7:| 16 H 069, Ohmnu , S A Mmakt Y 1975 , Biological parameter of * the Atlantic minkr whale at the virginal population level J Fish Re* Bd Can . 32:995-1004, 807« Ohsumi S. Maald Y . A Kawamura A . 1970 Slack of the Antarctic minke whale . Sci Rep Whales Rea last . 22:75-125. 8071 (Jhsuim. S . Nwhiwalu. M. A Hihsya. T. 1958. Growth of (in whale in the noethein Pacific. Sci Rep Shales Res Inst * 13:97 133. 8072 Ohu K . Watarat T Oiahi T ei al 1953. Compmitioa 8 8073 Ohu, K . Watarai . T, flithi. T. el al 1955. Composition of fin whale milk. Set Rep Whales Res InM 10:151- 167. 8074 OhUishi. N A Yuseda, M. 198 1 A thirty four year old malt Kuril seal bum Sdurrtoko Pen. Hokkaido. Sci Rep Whales Re * Inn. 33:131 133 8075 Ojnsti , J |96R NMC* on the mating hehaviot of the capsbnra . J Mamnt 49 M 5 t 8076 Ojafti, J 1973. Esttidio Biologic© del Chigiure o Capihara Fondo National de Investingaciones Aproperuiarar . [Cited by Klcunan et al. 1979) 8077 ( >|cda, MM A Keith , IJ1 1982. Sex and age compcMitioa ami breeding htology of cottontail rabbit population in * Venezuela Biotrofac*. 14 :99- 107 8ti78. Okc BO 198 Ffleet of season on the reproductive cegann of the male African giant rut (Cficrt / myt gttmlnmiu Wtuerhwise ) in IKsdan. Nigeria Afr J E«4 23 67 70 *979. Okhatiiu MV. 1969 Nome data on ecology ol Yarn ( Ognrvui ) mirabilu Ognev , 1937 Acta TVriol 14 273- 284 808«. Okia NO. 1973. the breeding pattern of the soft - furred rat . Proamn mono in an evergreen forest in southern Uganda . I Zool 170:501 504. 8081. Okia NO. 1974 Breeding in Franquel 's bats, tpmnopt fmn urn (Tomes ), in Uganda. J Mamm 55:462 465 8082- Okia NO 1974 The (weeding pattern of the eastern epitufeilrd hat . Epomofhonu imurut Hcuglin. in I Jgnnda. J Reprod Fen 37:27- 31 8083. Okia NO. 1976. The tnofogy of the bush rat , Aethomv * kinder Thomas in southern Uganda J Zool 180:41- 56. 8084. Okia. NO. 1987 Reproductive cycles of east African baL * J Mamm 68 138 141. . 085 . OktlRcx WC Danow . JM . A Goldman. BD. 1988 Uterine * steroid hormone receptor* during the CM mu* cycle and during

-

.

.-

.

-

.

.

.

. .

-

.

. .

..

. .

-

. .

'

'

.

.

.

'

.

.

^

.

.

.

hibernation in the Turkish hamster ( Mesocricrtus brandu ), Biol Reprod 38:597 604. 8086. Okuzaki. M 1979. Reproduction of raccoon dogs. Syctereutes prtHyatundes voernntu , Temminck. in captivity Jodu Eiyo Dargaku Kiyo. 10.99 103. 8087 ( Malta, AM 1935, El genero SnmriUuh reprc.semade en la amazoma y algunns obxervacionc* sabre d mnmn Rev Mus Paulina 19:425 430 8088. Olds . N A Showhani. J. 1982 Pmravia raprnus Mamm Species- 171:1 7. 8089 Olds TJ A Collins, LR. 1973 Breeding Maixchie's tree kangaroo Dendndagms matttkiti in captivity . Int Zoo Yearb. 13:123 125 8090 Olcsen CR A Thing, H . 1989. Guide to field dassifnalron by sex and age of the muskox . Can J Zod 67| : 116 1119. 8091. OlifT , Wf ). 1953 The mortality , fecundity and intrinsic rate of natural increase of the multimamituie mouv, Hattus ( Meutamys ) natalmsit (Smith ) in the laboratory . J Am in Ecol.

-

-

.

-

. . .

22:217 - 226.

. .

.

-

.

8092 Olivet W' LR . 1975. The Jamaican hull* { Geocaprnmys bnmnit hnmmt ) . Ann Rep Jersey WilJ Presetv Trust 12:10 17. 8093 Olivet. WLR , 1976 The managemeat of yapoks iChtnmettr* mint mux ) at Jersey Zoo, with observation* on their behavior. Ann Rep Jersey Wddl lYeaerv Trust 13:32*36 8094. Oliver W|R 1977 . The hutiat Capromyidae of the West Indies. Int Zoo Yearb 17:14 20. *crinaiogcnem. Acu Anal 104:164- 171 142 Osmalon . BB 1950 The large red Hying squirrel Pirmnvs inorruiru.r Ckoffio) J Bombay Nat Hitt Soc 49 114 116 8143 Ouenid FL Lackey S A Wilaon. MF., 1986 Istiadiol increase* sainatome«fi»-C concern rations in adofcsccni rlvesu* mneaque* ( Moroni muiam ) Am J lYrmatol 11:53-62 8144. Ortfeld RS A Tamarin Rll 1986 TV role of seasonality m vole cycles. Can J Zool 64 .2871 -28728145. Ostwald, R. Wilken. K . Sumrns J . et al 1972 InHucnce d phrt < g»eri «d and partial contact on estnix in the desert pocket moose. PrrwKMhus prnu-itLnus Biol Reprod . 7:1-8 8146. Oswald C A McClure PA. 1985. Geographic variation m litter size in the cotton rai ( Sigtmodon hispid** ). Tart *** influencing ovulation rate Biol Repr«l 33:411 417. 8147. Oswald C A McClure. PA- 1990. Fnagetics of cmcamtt pregnancy and lactation in cotton rats and woodrals . J Mamm 71 550-509 8148 Ottohre. JS. Nixon WE A Stauffer RS 1984 Induction of relaxm secretion in rhesus monkeys by human diertunic gokl Akad N'auk SSSR Translation 200:570.5728154. Ovchinnikova. SL I960 Some pcctiUauiies of the ecology of the Russian mole rat iSpahxt imcrophtalimis Could! in the Chernozem sone|rir) ZOO! Zhurn 48.1564- 1570. 8155. Owen. JO 1984 Sorex fumxus. Mamm Speaejc 215:1-8. 8156. Owen. JG A Hoffmann. RS. 1981. Sorex omatiu Mamm Species. 2121 5. 8157. Owen . R . 1832. On the mammary glands ol the Omithonnc hut paradoxus PU Trans R Soc I * wd* m 1812:517-538 8158. Owen , R . 18 *4 On the ova of the Onmhorhyncktu pamdovus Phil Irani R Soc London |8*4 : 555- 5h6 , 8159. Owen . R 1814. On the young of the Onuthorhynchus paradoxus. Blum Trans Zool Soc lamdon 1 221 228 8160 Owen. R. 1841 . Notes no the anatomy of iltc Nuhian giraffe Tram Tool Soc London 2 217- 248 8161 Owen . R 1849. Notes on the hstth of the giraffe at the Zoological Scxriety’a gardens, and deccripSion of the foetal membranes and of some natural and morbid appearances observed in the dissection of the young animal. Trans Zool Soc London . 121 28. 8162. Owen. R. 1865. On the marsupial pouches, mammary ylarwl' and mammary foetus of the Bt huirut hyslnx . Phil Trans R Soc London. 155.671 686. 8163 Owen R 1866 On the aye- aye ( CHINAMM madagascarienns, [Vim, Scturns maJagascancn.su. Cimcl. Sonnerat : Ijtmur psthdartytus , Sctireber . Shawl Trans Zool Soc Loadou. 5:33 101 8164. Owen. R 1880. ( V the ova of the Eckuina hyslnx Phil Trans R Soc London . 1880 1051 1054 8165. Owen. RLA. 1970. Some observations oo the silaiunca in Kenya. E Aft Wikll J. 8 181 - 196. 8166 Owen -Smith. RN Personal communication [Cited by Menus |972| 8167 Owcn Snath RN 1974. The social system of the white rhinoceros The Behaviour of Ungulates and its Relations to Management 341- 351 Gets* V A Wahher F. eds IUCN

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

Merges. Switzerland.

.

8168 Owen Smith ,

.

.

.

.

.

RN 1975. The social ethology of the white

.

rhinoceros Ctniiothcnum stmum ( (lurched 1817» Z Tieqwvchul.

38:337 384,

.

. .

-

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

- .

.

.

.

8176 Oxherry. BA 1979 f emale reproductive patterns in hibernating bau I Reprod Fen 56 359 367. 8177 Oxnard. CR 1981 Die uniqueness of thmbtntoma. Am J Phys Anthro 54:1 21 8178 Oyarzua , SE Dcvuon , D A Mottram K . 1984 Nutrition and early growth of twin hand- reared Nubian ibex Capra ibex mtbutna Iat Zoo Yearh 23 248- 253 8179 Otdzefalu. W A Myrtkowski, ET. 1976. Stages of pregnancy of the hank vole . Acta ThenoL 21279- 286. 818» Oroga. M 1987 Maximum fecundity in supple mentally fed northern Michigan white - tailed deer. J Mamm 68 878 879 8181 Ozoga , JJ A Verme IJ 1982 Physical and reproductive characteristics of a supple mentally led white tailed deer herd . J Wildl Manage 46281 301 8182 Onoga, JJ Verme. U . A Bienz CS 1982 Parturiuoa behavior and trmtunality in while -tailed deer Impact on neonatal mortality. J Wildl Manage. 46:1 11. 8183 Pathccu, J A Naranjo. Cl. 1978 lidd ecology of Dasypus Mhnireh in the flood savanna of Venezuela Pan Am Health Org So hiN 366 13 17 8183«. Packard JM. Babbitt . KJ. Hannon. PG. et al 1990 Infanticide in captive collared peccaries iTavaxsu tajacu ) Zoo Bid 9:49-53. B1 M Packard. JM Dowdell. DM. Grant. WE, et al 1987. Parturition and related behavior of the cdlared peccary ( Tavastu M/ mui. J Mamm. 68479 681 8185 Packard. JM A Mech. LD. 19 HO. Peculation regulation in wolves . Bnvocial Mechanisms of Population Regulation 135 150 Cohen MN. Malpnts. RS. A Klein . HG eds. Yale Uiuv Press. New Haven 8186 Packard. JM. Seal US Mech. LD. cl al |9«5 Causes d reproductive failure ta two family groups of wolves ( Cams lupus ) L Ticrpsychd 68:2440. 8187 Packard. RL. 1956. An observation on quadruplets in the red bat J Mamm 37 279- 280 8188. Packard. RL 1956 The tree squinds of Kansas : Ecology and economic importance Univ K5 Mus Nat Hist Mile PuN

.

-.

.

. .

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

. .

.

- .

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

- .

.

- .

.

.

.

. .

.

.

Il l 67 8188a. Packard. RL 1960. Speaabon and evolution of the bygmy mice, genus Hammy* Univ KS Publ Mus Nat Hist. 9:579 670 8189. Packard . RL. 1968 An ecological study of the fulvous harvest mouse in eastern Texas. Am Mid Nat. 79 68 88 8|89n. Packard RL A Garner , H 1964 Arboreal nestis of the golden mouse in eastern Texas. J Mamm. 45: 369 374

-

-

.

.

8169 Owens. DO A Owens MJ 1979. Communal denning and clan assoesatonts in brown hyenas Ulyacmt bnmnea Dumber > * of the central Kalahari De*eri Afr J Ecd 17:35 44 8170 Owens DD A Owens MJ I 9H4 Helping behaviour in brown hyenas Nature . 308 843 845. 8171 Owns. NO.|9M). The cndoche bo-endothelial placenta of the Indian musk shrew, .Vim WJ nmriamr. A new interpretation Am J Anal 106: 1 25

. .

.

8172. Owsti GEO Cukierski. M Tarwa. RP et al 1916 E*ty placentation in the African green monkey ( Crrcoptihccus atthiopsY Acta AnaL 127:184 194 8173 Owtti. GEO. Odticx Okelo P A Gombe, S. 1985. Ulrastniclure of the chorioallantoic placenta of the tpnnghare ( Pxdxixs capensu lanalu llolUstcr ). Afr I Eool 23:145 152 8174. Owiu. GEO Tarara RP. A Hcndnctx AG. 1989 Fetal : membranes and placenta of the African green monkey { Cercopiihecus aeshtaps ). Anatomy A Fmhryolofy. 179:591 604 8175. Oxherry BA. 1977. Ovarian mcephology and steroidogenesis in the pallid bal. Antrozous paltuius Anal Rec 187473.

-

.

-

.

.

-

.

8190. Packard RI . A Montgomery. JB. Jr 1978 Hatomss musculo:i Mamm Species. 102:1-3 8191. Packer . C. 1979 Inter trnop transfer and inbreeding avoidance in Papto anubts . Aium Behav. 27:1 - 36 8192 Packer C. 1979 Male dominance aad reproductive activity in Papto anubts Anim Behav . 27:37-45.

.

.

.

897

8193.8232

.

8193 Packer. C. 1983 Demographic changes in a colony of Nile grassrats IAweanthis miotic os ) in Tanzania J Mamm. 64:159- 161 8194. Packer. C A Pusey. AE. 1982 Cooperation and competition within cunlibotts of male lions Kin selection a game theory . Nature. 296:740 742 8195. Padykula HA A Taylor JM 1977. Uniqueness d the bnndicoot chonoallantoic placenta ( Marsupalia. Peromcbdac )

-.

.

cytological and evolutionary interpretation* |W Symp Comp Bid Reptcd. 1976 4 303 323. 8196. Pageb JF A Aide nun , RG. 1971. A note on the cotton tat in central Virginia VA J So. 22:195 8197. Pageb. JF A Jones C 1974. Growth and development of tl»e free- tailed hot Tculanda brast hoists cyniMcphala (LeGooie ) Southwest Nat 19267 276 8198. Page nslecher , no initials 1859 Die Bcgaltung von Vapentgo pt/tuirellus Vcrhandl naiuihisl mediz Vcrem Heidelberg 1 : 194 195 8199. Pag s. £ 1965 Notes MU les Pangobns du Gabon. Biol

-

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

^

Gabon 1 209 231 8200. Page * L 1968 Nf Gulf *Couaiy . Honda Am Mid NaL 514b -4Ktt

Hammock, l^ vy

* 1962. Fiude du Mulct rupture Apodemus *317. Pecheven, THulganc Mammalia. 26.293- 310 . E. 19*3. Bertrag nir *31*. Pechlaner , Hl A lhaler des curofvaivchea Fischotiers ( Intro hurts dlanzungsbh > Furt| imstactnuf

>

(

gie

L ) Z«4 (iartea NF 53 49 5* Peddemars. VM dc Muelenaerc . HJH A Devchand K *319. Comparative milk composition uf the buttle nosed dolphin 1989

.

.

. hutupfiack dolpfua ( Souut

( Turnops tnoualus )

pbinthni )

and

common dolphin UMpkinus delphis ) Irom southern Aincan waters. Comp Biochnm Hiysiol . 94A:639 -his dometnea Structure, formation, and function of the enveloping muciwd layer J Exp ZooL

.

.

.

*.

.

.

'

.

-

.

-

.

.*

242: 363 371

.

8485 Phillip . Gl I *>66 Fcxrfogv of the btg brown bat (Ourtpteid : Vecpettilumidae ) in northeastetn Kan*a* Am MiJ Nat 75:168 198. 8486. Ilallip tR 1976. Skeletal development in the foetal unJ neonatal mantKiset ICaUfthnt jatchus ) Lab Amm. 10.317 333, 8487. Phillip. IR. 1976. line reproductive pxential of the common cuuon cared marmoset ( CaMtlkfix jncchtu ) in captivity . J Med Pnmatol 5 49 55. 8488 Phillip, IR A Gnrt SM 1975. The u*e of Uansobdorniniil palpation to determine the course of pegnancy in the marmoset ) { Lallrthnx jmcihtul I Rqmsl Fen 4 103 108

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

-

»489.-8534.

904 489. Phillip*, JA 1981. Growth and iu relationship to the initial *annua ] cycle of like Jco- nuiillcd ground squirrel ,

Spermopkitut lateralis Can J Awl , 59:865 H 7 I M»». Phillips n V 1926 Wild pig' ( Potomac heorus chtxrap Hamux ) at the Knvstu: Note* by n naturalist , S A/r J Sci 2 655 660 M9 I . Phillip* , MW Stephens. MN A Worden . AN . 1952. Observations on the rabbit in west Wales. Nature. 169:K 69- K 7(). MV2. Phillip* WR A Inwards. SJ . 1985- IV annual activity and breeding cycles of Gould ' s lung -eared hat SyctapMus gnuJ it ( Microchircptcra. Vespcrtilionidae ). Auu J Awl 33:111- 126. M93. lTullip*. WWA . 1921. Noses on the habits of some Ceylon hats J Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 28 448 452 8494. Phillip*. WWA 1924 A guide to the mammals *4 Ceylon Ceylon I Set Series B Awl Geol . 13:1-64. 8495. Phillips, WWA . 1925. A guide to the mammals ol Ceylon Pan II Carnivora. Ceylon I So Senes B Axil ( ieoi 13:143 164 *496. Phillips, WWA.. 1926. A guide to the mammals of Ceylon Pari IV The Monkeys Ceylon J Sci Senes B Awl Geol. 13:261 284 497. Phillips, WWA 1926. A guide to the mammals of Ceylon *Pan V The Pangolin Ceylon J Sb Serin B Awl (Icol 132*5-219 K49X. Phillip*. WWA . I >27 A ( wide to the mammals of Ceylon ‘ Part VI l ngulaia Ceylon J So Sect B Awl Geol. 14:150. MW. Phillips. WWA. 1927. A ( wide to the immmaU of Ceylon Pan VII Suenia ('[ he Dugong ) Ceylon J So Sect B Awl GeoL 14:51 55. 560 Phillips, WWA 192 . A Guide to the mammals ttf Ceylon *Pan VIII KodcMiA Ceylon J Sci Sect B Geol Znol 14 209 293 591 Phillips. WW A 1935, Manual of the Mammals of Ceylon thrift!) & Co Loudon. 502. Phillip* , W WA 1950. On the young «rf the Ceylon *may vprrtcd cut ( Prionailurus rubtgmasus pkUhpss Pocock ) i Bombay Nat Hut Sac. 49:297 29«. 503 Plullip* ( \*iroy, IF A Rogers, JA 19*5 Duration of Lhe thud sUgc of lahe in a female yellow babo n from Miktami National Park , Tanzania Folia PrimutoJ 45 44- 47 X5IM. Phoenix , CH 1976 Sexuul behavior • >) cartralcd male rhesus monkeys treated with |9- hydroxvtextosterone . Physiol Behav. 16:305 310 *5cr mouse Onychamys leucogaater . Anal Rec. 211:318 322 »561 Pmtff , AJ 19*6 hapulolion dynamics and litter size of the f montane Vole Mknlut manlanui Can J Tool , 64 ; I 4 K 7 14 * ». «562 Putter AJ A Negus. NC. 1965. E/fectt of nutrition and phattprriod on reprosluciivc physiology of Microlut manumus Am J Physiol 20*633 637 »562«. Pirtok P. 196). Algunas consideracMioes sober la ocologia de lot mamiferos tlel «ste de Venezuela. Rev l - niv Zulu 23/24:55 100 Pirlot , P A Katroya. T 1982 Relative size of hram and *563. ocanponenu in ihree gliding placentals ( Dcrnsopserm, brain Rodentu ) Can J Zxwl 60 565- 572. »564. Pirlot PI 1954 Pourcentages de jenmes el pfriodes de reproduction dicz quekptes Rongeurs du Congo Beige Ann MBS R Congo Beige NS Sci Tool 1 41 16 »565. Pirka. Pl. 1957 . Donnies oomplcmcuuires *ur la reproduction de quclqocs Rongeurs d ' Afrique Rev Z^ x l But Afr 56:293 3(1). ranges ol *566. Pirto, RS A Smgh. M. 1980 Changes in homenatural rhesus monkeys ( Macaco muLinai groups living in huhtau Pioc Indian Acnd Sci tAnitu Scit. *9:512 525 . M. 1982 Differences in home ranges *567 Pitta, RS A Singh of rhesus monkeys ( Mescaea mulatto ) groufM living in three ecological habitaU. Pioc Indian Acad Sci ( Arum Sci ). 9| 13 26 i 1981. Repr « «liKtive bsohify *56». pitcher. KW A Calim, ofIX Alaska . J Mamin 62:599 605. of Sietler sea IHMU HI the gull »569 Pitman. JM, III A Bradley EL 1984. Hypothyroidism in rvproductroty inhibited praine deer mice ( Petamyscus Uod. | manicultitns bamti ) from laburatory pqiulaiMins Biol Re ) MP>5 904 dmuephtsm in *570 Pi /zimeoti. JJ 1981 locrrn.ung sexual prairie dogs: Evideate for changes during the past century . Southwest Nat . 26 41 47 *571 Pizzjinrnti . JJ A• Collier , GD 1975 Cymmyt fmnulew Mamm Speoes. 52 I 3 »572 Ptxxiinrnti JJ A Hoffmann RS 197) OmwNyi gunnuimi Mamm Speoes 25 14. . JJ A McClctrtfhan LR. Jr 1974 . *573 Pizzimeim Reproduction , growth and development, and behavior in ihe Mexican prairie dog Cjtwsw meitcamtt ( Memirni ) Am MMI Nat 92:110- 145. »574 Plane). H ( hiilVm. A. A Sokilhavnup J P |9ft| Le cycle annuel du cortex suni«al J Endocrinol. 43:493 494. 8584. Mate. TM. James. VHT A Michael. RP 1971 Comers* * of |4*'V| prigeuctooc k» awtrusicnme by female rhesus monkey* ( Macaco mulatui ) J Endocrinol 51 751 761 . 8585 Plum TM A Michael. RP. 1974 I'hnary excretion e4 aruAurferooe throughout the menstrual cycle in the rhesus monkey ( Macaco muLuta ). J Reprod Fere 41 205 209. 8586. Plant . 1M. Moussy , J. Hess. DL et al. 1979. Further studies on the effects of lesions m the rostral hypothalamus on gonadotropin sccrrl** in the female rhesus monkey.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

Endocrinology 105:465- 473.

.

.

. .

8587 Plate. TM. Nakai. Y Bekheu P et al 1978. The Ml of actmn of estradiol and pheniolaminc in the inhibition of pulsatile , circtvoral discharges af l.H in the rhesus monkey ( Macaco mulatto ) Endocrinol 102:1015 1018. 8588 Plant, TM. Sthallenberger E, A Hess. DL 1980. Influence of suckling on gonaJotropin secretion in the female rhesus monkey ( Macaco nwilnrw) Biol Reprod. 23:760 T (*J 8589 Mant, TM A Zurab, ITS. I iumiit and food hnbis of the Sanded *nongu«we E Afr Wikfl J . 13:89 111 92*0 R » *l JP 1978 Dwarf moagtsue helper* at the den 7 Tierprycfcol 4* 277- 2*7 9261. Rood. JP 1930 Mating relati,*xhipo and (reeding sup|*e.tsion in the dwarf mongocne. Aaint Bell 2®.143 150 9262. Rood. JP 1990. Group size, survival rcproducUon and rvMilea lo hreedmg in dwarf mongooses Arum Bdi. 39J66572. 9263. Rond. JP A Waw. PM 197* The tlender mongoose. Herprstes uwtgmiiuus. in the Serrngeti . Carnivore 1( 3):54 5* 9264. Riwd . JP A War BJ 1970 Reproduction in female wild guinea pigs. J Reprod Fen 23:393 409. 9265. Ronnwal. ML 1949. Systematic*, ecology and bionomics

*

.

.

-. .

.

-

.

of mammal* studied

(scrub

typhus )

in

in connection with Tsotsugarauahi disease the Assam Burma war theater during 1945.

-

Tran* Nat Insi Sd India. 3.67- 122. 9265* Ronnwal . ML A Motto*. SM 1977 IVimules of S»*Jth Asia Harvard I ' niv Press. Cambridge, MA 9266. Roo* TB A Shackelford , RM 1955 Some observation*

.

.

on the gross anatomy

-

9269. Rung. G A Knoche . E 1916. Bcitragc zur Riolpgic der .

6 191 199

Feldmiiuse. Ait* Kais Bid Ansi Land Font wirisch 9:333-420 9270. Rosahn. PD A Greene HS 1936 Ihe influence of inuauterme factors on the fetal weight of rabbits. J Exp Med . 63.901 921 9271. Roae I Oldfield. JE. A Suemshak. F. 1986 Changes ta serum prdactin concentrations and ovarian prolactin receptors during embryonic diapause in mink Rid Rnprod , 34:101- 106 9272. Rose J Stormvhak . F Adair, J . «t al 1913. Uterine

.

..

.

..

progesterone metabdism in the mink during delayed implantation Biol Repeod 28fSufpl ): l 37.

9273. Rose. RK A Game* MS. 1978. The reproducUve cycle of Murotus oehrvgaster in eastern Kansas, ted Monogr 4X.21-42. 9274 Rune RM. Ildadoy JW . A Bernstein. IS 1971 ITasim festoaterone. dominance rank and aggrcuive behaviour in male rhesus monkeys Nature 231 366 368 9275. Rose RW' 1982 Tasmanian brttung Betuuigut gtumardi : Maintenance and breeding in captivity The Management of Australian Mammals in Captivity. I (* I Ift Evans, DD. cd . Zool Dd Victoria Melbourne 9276. Rone RWr . 1986. The contrd of pouch vacation in the Tasmanian betting, Braemgut gtumardi Alist J Zod. 34: 485 491. 9277 ROM RW' 1987. Reproductive biology of the Tasmanian bettong ( Beihtngut piimardi Mocropodidae ). J Zud 212:59-67 9278. Ro*e RW 1989 Age estimation of live Tasmanian bettong ( BeUtmgta gMnuirdi ) (MartuptaJia Pcaoroidae ). Aisst Wildl Re . * 16:251 261. 9279. Rone RW A Bradley AJ . 1991 Testosterone levels in the I as man i an hrUuag ( Ueltimgta gamutrdt ). Gen Comp Endocrinol . 84 121 128 92M ». Row RW A McCartney . DJ. 1981 RepruductKw of the red bellied padcmelon Didttgale htlLtrdirru (Mar.supialia ) Auvt W ldl Re* 937 32.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

923B -9299

922

- . - .

-

.

.

9281. kerne . RW A McCartney DJ . |9g| Growth of the red - bellied pndemck*. Thdttgttlr MLtnheru. and age estimation of pinch young Au 1 Wild] Re* 9:33 38. 92*2. Ri*eberry JL A Klimscra. WD 1970 Productivity d white- tailed deer n* Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge I Wildl Manage 34:23 21. 9283. Kusen. RC 1975. Onlogeay of hiroeothermy in MKRATAL ;)OMiylniNiau and Octodun deg HI . Comp Biochcm Physiol. 52A:675-670. 92*3*. Rose*. St 1972 Twin gcnlla fetuses I d Prunatol 17:132 141. 92*4. Rosenberg . H 1971 Breeding the hat eared fox Otocyem megalnu al Utica Zoo. Int Zoo Yearh. 11:101 102 92*5. Rosenberg. M 1988 Birth weighu in three Norwegian ernes 1860- 1984 Secular trends and influencing factors , Ann Hum Bid 15:275-288. 92*6. Ronenbium. I A. 1968. Mother infant relations and early behavioral development in the squirrel monkey. Ihe Squirrel Monkey 207 213, RoaenNum. LA A Cooper. RW. eds. Academic Pre « «. New York 92*7. RtnenHum I.A. I‘>68. Some aspect* of female rrproducuve physiology in the squirrel monkey The Squirrel Monkey 147-169, Ro&enMum. l.A A Cooper RW. eds. Academic Press. New York. 92*8. RoKenMum . LA 1972. Reproduction of squirrel monkeys in the lohcrauvy Breeding Primates. 130- 143, Beveridge. WIB. ed Kargcr , Basel. 92*9. RoaeaMum. LA A Kaufman , 1C. 1967. Labcvalory observations of early mother-infant relations in pigtail and bonnet macaque*. Social CommuMCMiao Among Pnnutea 33 41 . Altmann . SA. ed. Chicago Umv JYes* Chicago 9290. Rooenstrauch. A. Redrak. L A l -nedlandet . M. 197 . Testusterooc production by testicular tissue of the camel ( Came lux dramedanms ) during the In ceding season. J Steroid Biochenv 9:821 9291. Rone nthal . MA . 1974. Hand- rearing patagoman cavies or mains Doiuhotis pakigtmum at Lincoln Park Chicago Ini Zoo Yearh 1421 215. 9292 Rosenthal. MA. 1975 Observations on the water opossum or yapok Chtnmecirs rmmmux in captivity. Int Zoo Yearb 15:4 A 9293. kuscnthal . MA. 1981. Chimpanzee triplets born in

.

-

-

..

.

-

-

-

-

.

.

.

-

.

*

.

.

*

.

-

-

Primates. 22:137 138. 9294 Rosenthal . MA A Menu. [)A Jr . 1971 . Hand- rearing ’ Grant s gazelle Gazrlla gnmn at Lincoln Pork Zoo Chicago. Int Zoo Yearh 11:130 9295. Rosenthal. MA A Merit!. DA Jr . 1973. Hand- rearing spruighaas Pedetes cnprmu at Lincoln Park Zoo Chicago. Int Zoo Yearh 13:135-137. 9296. Riser, JF CzrkaJa. NM. Mcrtensen. RB et aL 1986 Duly urinary hormooe assays os a diagnostic tod lo evaluate infertility in gorillas Hid Reprud 344 Suppl ):13l . 9296» Rarer . JR. rarmer SW . Mutthv HMY rt al. 1984 Chemical. biological and immuoological properties of pituitary gonadotropin* from the donkey ( Fefutu tumus ) : Companson with the horse ( Equiu tahallux ). Bid Reprod 301253- 1262 9297. Rorevear DR 1965. Ihe Bat* of West Africa. Trustee* Brit Mas ( Nat lint), London 929«. Rower W. Pugeat . MM Oram GP. et aL 1986 Steroid - Inmime proteins in primate plasma Endocrinology 118:513 517. 9299. Ron*. GJB 1969. Evidence for a Mnithern breeding popilati ® of True’s beaked whale Nature . 222 :585 captivity.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

923

9301). 9341

93(81. Ross. GJB- 1977. Ihe taxonomy of buttlenooed dolphin* Tuntops species in Viuth African waters, with notes on then biology. Ann Cape Prov Mus ( Nat Hot ) 11:135 194, 9301. Ross. ( Jill. 1979. Records of pygmy and dwarf sperm whales , genu* Kogta. from southern Africa , with bi> 4agical note* and some comparisons Ann (’ape lYov Mus (Nat Hist)

-

.

.

- . . 15:173-410. 9301 ROM. GJB. Beat. PB A Donnelly , BG 1975 New rcands

11259 327.

9301» Ross GJB 1984. Ihe smaller cetacean * of die southeast Mu* ( Nat Ilivt ).

coast of southern Africa. Ann Cope ITov

of the pygmy right whale (Cqprrru mnrguuftn) from South Africa, with comments on distribution, nngi ^ion, appearance, and behavior J Fuh Rev Bd Can 32:1005 1017. 9302* ROM. RC 1930. California Sciundae in captivity. J Mamnv 11:7678 9303. Ruu. RC 1934 Age and fecundity of mule deer ( OdtH iulnn hsmiorun krauinm ) J Mamcn . 15:72 934)3» Rawer . AM 1989. Eavvonmcnial and rqiroducUvc reaaonality d |niku Kobm wniom . in Luangwa Valley, 7amhu Afr J Ecd 27:77 88. 9304. Rental IX' A F«(W GG 1981 liberty in male Japanese macaques ( Maraca fusctMti ): Social and sexual behavior in a confined troop, Am J Prmutol 4:135-141 9305. Rotenherg . D 1929 . Notes on the male generative apparatus of Tampa spensemr J R Soc W Ausl 15:9 14. 9306. Roth. CF- 1957 Notes on maternal care in %ru l u f i f u g u s J Momm. 38:122 123 9307. Rodi , HII 1962. Mitteilung uher die ZwcTgfcixjplerd /ucht in Gelsenkirchen Tool Garten NF 26:327 331. 930*. R «h . HH. 1964 Fin Benias zur Kennims von TremartUfS omarus ( Cuvier ). Zool Ganeti NF 29:107 129. 9309. Ri«h HH 1967. Uhes eke /mammcnactnina von Warzrnvchwein- Milch /«4 Garten NF 34:277-278. 9310. Roth HH A Austen , li. 1966. Twin calves in rlcphanlx. Skugeticrk Mitt. 14 342- 345 9311. Rc«h . IIH Kerr. MA A Pusseh. J 1971 Studies on the utili /iition of semi domesticated eland ( TaufvintguJt oryx ) ui Rhodesia: kepiuductKia and herd increase. Z Tierzuchlung Zochlgsbtol. 89.-64)-83. 9311 Ruthkhild, I 1981. Ihe regulation of liar mammalian corpus luteum. Rcc hog Hormone Res . )7:183 29K 9313. Rothc. H. 1974 l -urther obrervalxuu on the delivery behaviour of the common mar morel ( CaUitknx JVK • hwn Z Saugetictk 39 135- 142. 9314. k *8lie. H 1975 Somt aspects of sexuality and ) reproduction in group* of captive marmoset* ( CaUtthru jaccha L Tierpeiychol 37255 273. V315. KiOhe. II 1977. Parturition and reluicd bchavne in CailitMru jtu ikus ((. *« ndea. Callitnchidiie ). The Biology and Cunrervautm of die CaUnridudre 193- 206 Kleunaa DG. cd Smithsomaa Inn Ptes», Washington . IX 9316. Rcthe H Konig A Darnu. K. et al. 1987 Analysts of liner size in a colony < 4 the common marmnret ( Caththru jatekui ) 7. Saugetictk 52:227- 215, 9317. Rcthr . H A Konig , A 1991. Sex ratio in ncwbiwn fnr a Common marmoset* ( Ca/ InMne jan huil No mdicalson functional germ cell dumeiism Z Saugeuerk 56 318 - 320 9318. Rougeot, J 1969 AoeHfration du rhyihme de la de Ct*sc ( Ons etnmtm musmtom reproductiim die / le . Schreber . 1782 ) an moyen de cyde photop nmliques semestneb Ann Rid Anim Buxh Biophys 9:441 443

-

.

.

-

-

-

.

.

-

-

»

'

. .

. .

.

- ^

.

931*» Rcmk. CS A Carter DC 1972 A new tpcaca of Vitmfiyropt lOmufacra Phyllostornalidac\ from South America Occa* Pap Mu* TX Tech UMV 1:1 - 7 9319 Rowan . W 1945. Numbers of young of the common black and grizzly bear* in western Canada . J Mamm 2b 197 199 9320 Rowan. W, 1947. A case of m cub* in the common black hear . J Mamm 28 : 404- 405. 9321. Rowan. W A Keith li) 1956 Reproductive potential and sex ratios of xnoWlihor hares in northern Alberta . Can J Zool

. .

-

,

34 271 281. 9322 Rawbottom. MJ A Row bottom CH, 19X0 Watching otters , in the West Highlands of Scotland Jotter* fri 931V Rowe. FP. Swinney T. A Quy. RJ 1983 Reproduction of . J Zool buildings the hcaire mouse (Mus muse ulus ) in farm 199 259 269 9324 Rowe. FP A Taylor FJ . 1964. Ihe numbers of harvest mice ( Miewmys mmutus ) in cnm-nckx I*TCK Zool Soc l .we- R wc DT 1972- The African weaseL Poenlogal* albinmcha ( iray UbservaDorts on behavicair and general biology,

.

.

.

.

.

-

- .

.

lammeryeyer. 15:39- 58 9326. Rowe- Rowe. DT. 1978. Reproduction and putaatal development of Scsilh African musteline* ( Carnivora Muvtekdar ) Zncd Afr. 13:103-114 9327- Rowe Rowe. DT. 1978. Ihe small carnivore* of Natal Lommergeyer . 25:1 -48. 9328. Rowe Rowe 1)1 A Btgalke. RC. 1972 Ohrervatioiu on the Inecding and behaviour of ble.dvdt. l^inuucrgeyef . 15:1 - 14 9329. Rowe - Rowe. DT A Meester , J 1985. Biology of Mytuoret tanus in an Afrioau montane legion Ada Zou) Fcntuci

.

.

- .. .

173:271 273 9330. Rowell J Bcttendge KJ. Randall. GCB. et al 1987 Anatomy of the reproductive tract of the female musk ox ((Alto moaehatms ) I Reprod Fen 80:431 444 . * 9331. Rowell. J A Flood. PI 1988. Piogeiaerone. nesirndhf I 7p and lJi during the natron* cycle of muskoxen /6,0 mouchaiui ) J Re|«eciomi /ed aduh ferTets 33:690-697 9397. Ryan . RM . 1963. Life history and ecology of the M Australian lesser long-eared but. HyctopkiUus geofjrvyt leach Sc Thesis Umv Melbourne Melbourne [Ciled by McKean A Hamilton - Smith I 960 ) 939*. Ryan . RM 1966. Observation* on the hrond nosed hit Scoteirms bahtom , in VlcSorin. J Z«>! 148:162 - 166 9399. Ryberg. O 1947. Studies on Bat* and Bal Parasite *

.*

.

*.

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

Bokfordaget Sventk Natur . Stockhdm

-

.

9400. Ryder JA 1888 The placetuation of the Iwo toed I hiladi lphia ant eater Cyclotunu duLutylus h » c Acad Nat Sa ' I 887 H 5 II 8 changes in 94< l0a. Kyg M 1984 F.lfecu of nutrition on seasonal ( Rtingt/er lammbu tertcntmine leveb in young mole reindeer faratultn ). Comp Butchem Phyixil 77 A :6 I 94S 21 ihe 9401 Rytamlv AB 1981 Preliminary field observation* on ( / 1977) marmoset Callithm humerahfer inter methus Henhkowit 22 46 59 at Dardanrhu . Rio Anpuana. Mato Grosso Primates . . 9402. Ryman . N Beckman . Ci , Broun Petersen G, et al 1977 Variability d red cell en /ymrs and genetic implications of ) rnt *iu* ( Alee* dices . manj yrmeni pdieies in Scandinavian

- .

-.

.

.

.

.

-

.

Hemlnat 85 157 162 Nygren K . et al 198t >. Genetic «403 Ryman . N. Reuterwall ( Aires dees ) variation and diffetrniiaunn in Scanduiamn moose 34:1037-1049. Ate large mamrrwli n»in«vr»nrphK'?. tvcfuiion

.

94tM. Ryszkowtki. L 1971 Rqvoducttcti of Iwnk vdcs and survival cf juvenile* in different pine form ectwyncmt . Ann Zcwl I enniu 8 85 91 9405. Sand MB A Baylf . JD 1985. Seasonal change* in plaams testuiierune. thyroxine , and cortisol leveb in wild rahhiu ( OryctoJagm funiculus dgims ) of Zenihra bland On Comp Endocrinol 57 383 388 9406. Saayman GS 1973. lifecu of ovarian hrrmonc* on the sexual tkm and behavior of ovariectimizrd bahxm* iPapta 4 Ini Toogr ururtui ) under free ranging conditwim Symp th I 'nnuiol . 1972. 2 64 98. S Karger . Ilaiel »407 Saayman. QS A Tayler OC 1977 Obiervatiowi on the l fimt ( Turnup » u xual behavior of Indian Ocean Kmlenosed d < >| ,uiuncus ) Breeding Dolphin* Present Status Suggestions for the Future 113 129 Ridgway, SH A Benirvchke. K. eds. US Mar Mamm Gcvnm Washington DC, 944St. Saayman. GS A Tayler CK 1979 The socioecology d humpbnei «F4 phm * (Sousa sp ) Behaviour of Marine Animals. 3:165 226 Winn . HF A OIU BL. ed*. Plenum Press. New Y« k9409. Sabtlaev . AS. 1971. A contribution to the ecd Seasonal cycle in size of testes of »417 Sade, DS l ‘N| ftee - ranging Macaco mufana. Edia Primatd. 2 171-180. »418 Sade DS A Hildroch RW 1965. Note* on the green monkey ( Cerroptlhecus acihiops .uibacus t on St Kitts. West Indies. Caribh J Sci. 5:67- 81 9419 Sadleir . RM A Shield JW |9ffi. Delayed birth in marsupial rtiacropnJs The euro, the laminar and the inarloo Nature 185:335. 9420. Sadleir . RM A Shield. JW I 960. Delayed birth in a | hill kangoriox the euro ( Mat ropus rvbustusk hoc Zoo Soc Ixndon . 135 612 M 3. 9421 Sadleir . RMES. 1965 Reproduction in two »|X'cics of

.

-.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

. .

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

-

.

.

—

.

in the and Pllhara regnu d Western Austialia Proc Zuul Soc LtmdtMl 145:239- 261. 9422. Sadleir , RMFS. I‘)66 Note* on reproduction in the larger Eelidae Int Zoo Yearb 6: 184 187

kaogatiMi ( Macropus rvbustus and Megalrut rvfti )

942*. 94*3.

926 9423. Sadku . RMP5. 1974 The ecology of the deer BMIK PeromyUMt mtmcuLuus in a costal coniferous forest II Reproduction Can 1 Zool 52:119 131 9423*. Sadleir RMFS 1987. Reproduction m female cervid * . Biology and Management of the Cervidae . 124 144. Wemmer . CM ed Smithsonian Inst Press. Washington . DC 9424. Sadleir . RMFS, Caspetson. KD. A Marling. J . 1973. ( Mate and trquucnicnls of energy and protein fi* the breeding of wild deer msec Perompcms mommlalus . I Reprod Pert Suppl.

.

.

- .

-.

. .

.

1 237252.

* 9425. Sadleir

.

RMFS A TjadrihBucw CH. 1977. Phutopenod

and the termination of embryonic diapause in the marsupial Macropus eu genii . Biol Reprod l 6:60S «)8. 9426. Sadowiak, M. 1971. Red necked wallabies Pnuemncdon rufognsea at l.ndy Zoo. Int Zoo Yearb. 11:22 9427. Saethcr. BE A Maagentud H. 1983. Life history of the moose ( Altes ttl( ts ): Fecundity rates is relation to age and carcass weight J Mamm. 64:226 232. 9428 Sac / Royuclla. C A Telleria. JL 1987. Reproductive trends of the wild U\ar ( Sut sentfa ) in Spam Folia Zml (Praha ).

-

.

-

.

21 - 25. 9428«. Safar Hermann N Ismail , MN. Choi. HS et al 1987. Pregnancy diagnosis in zoo atumals by estrogen determination in feces. Zoo Biol. 6:189 193. 9429. Sagar , P A Hindia. OS. 1978. Reproductive patterns of captive lesser bandicoot rat PanJicohs bengalenus , in Punjab (India ). OH I Sea 78 44 46 94.30. Sagesier . 1< 1966 ( her den F.mfluas drr llohe auf emige btologtadir Lmhcinungcn bcim Reh (Capnotwi caprediu ) uod bei dcr GOTNK ( Rupicapm r rupicopra i Rev Surne Zoal. 73422 433. 9431 Sahu , A 1983. Cell proliferation rate renewol times and V*

. .

.

-

-

.

.

-

ctrcadtaa mitotic rhythm in die genital tract during citrous cycle of the Kindjcoot rat Bomitcata bcngolen us. Arch Biol. 94:155 169 94.32 Sahu. A 1984. Ilidomorphic change* in the ovary durum the citrous cycle < 4 a wild rat. Btndicnto bengalenm Can J 7«d 62:1052 1058 94 X3. Sahu A A Chnkraborty S 1983 Pineal cytology during rstroos cycle of wild bandicoot rat. Bambcolo bengaJenxst . Arch

.

-

.

.

.

Biol. 94:399- 411. 9434. Sahu . A A Clukrahorn . S 1986 Estradiol modulation of pineal gland activity in the wild bondictx rat. Bondicola * bengalentu Acta Anal 125:1 5. 438, Sahu A A Ghosh A. 1982 Effect of grouping and sex an estrnti* regulation of a wild ml. Bmdkata bengaUnut . Biol Reprod 27 1023-1025 943* Sahu A A Marti , BR 1978, I -jetrout cycles of the harulu- not rat: A rodent pest Zool ) Eu»n Soc 63:309 314. 9437. Sami Gnons. H. Brosset , A A Sami Goons. MC. 1969. ( 'ontribution 4 la oonoarisaacc du cycle annuel de la Otauvre -souris Rhmolophusfemtme usnum ( Sdnebcr 1774 ). Mammalia 33:357 470. 9438 Saint Girons. MC 195$ Note »ur I ' d cologic des peUts * Mammifires du b» «age Allantique Terre Vie 104- 41. 9439. Saint Girona MC 1962. Note* nr le date de reproduction cn capuvit du Fennec , Fenner. us zenia C/ ntimcrmana 1780) Z * Saugetierk . 27 181-184. 9440. Saint Gnuns MC van Mourik, WR. A van Bene, PJH. 1 **68 - La cruitsanoe ponderate et le cycle annuel du Hamster. Critritu cane.11 ens Nchnng 1899 en captivite. Mammalia . 32:577 -602 9441. Saint John , OB 189| Note* on Herptms mungo. Piuc Zool Soc l-ondon. 1891 ; 245.

.

.

•

- .

.

.

-

.

.

-

^

.

.

. .

. .

.

.

.

9442 San am. MR. Raj MGM. A Muudgal. NR 1966 Presence of a gonadotropin inhibitor in the urine of the bonnet monkey. Macaco nuiuutt Endocrinology. 78:923 928. 9443 Saito. T Machida. K Innoe. S et al. 1980. Reproductive activity of Mrcrvtut manteMli at Okegawa City in Saitama Prefecture I Mamin Soc Japan 8 : 122- 128 9444. Sakamoto K . 1982. Hand - rearing a striped hyena Animals

.

. -

.

.

.

.

loot . 34(9 ) 8- 11 9445 SaJama. A. Shalash, MR. & Hoppe. R 1967. Physiology of reproduction in the buffalo cow. Bull Aium Sa Res Inst Cairo 3:1 86. 944*. Saldwiw. RJ Spieler . JM. A Coppola IA. 1972 Plasma A

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- .

estrogeni progestias and spiaharkcit characteristics during selected portions of the menstrual cycle of the cynomolgus monkey { Macaco fuscumlarts ). Biol Reprud 7:347 355 9447. Sale. JB. 1965. Gestation period and neonatal weight of

-

the hyrax . Nature. 205:1240 1241. 9448. Sale. JB. 1965. Observations on parturition and related phenomena in the hyrax ( Procavudac ). Acta Trap 22:37 54. 9449. Sale JB 1969. Breeding season and litter site in Hyracosdc*. J Reprod Fert Suppl. 6.249 263. 9450. Salter RE A Hudson. RJ 1982 Social organization of feral horses in western Canada. Appl Anim Ethology 8: 207 223 9451 Salzmana. RC 1963. Beitrage nr Fcmpflanamgstnoiogie von Menones THAHI { Mammolts . RodesaiaI Rev Suisse Zool. 70:343 432 9452 Samarsky SL 1962 On the reproduction of Spabtx leumien Nadnunn on the temtory of die Odessa region Zool /hum 41 1583 1584 945X Samartky SL 1977. Reproduction of Caellus pygmaeut in the format steppr Dnepr territory . Zool Zhurn 56113 119 9454. Sampaell . RN 1969. Hand rearing an aardvark Oryrieropus afer at Crandon Park Zoo Miami 1« Zoo Ycarb 997 99. 9455. Samuel. CA. Sumar. J A Nathansclu PW. 1979. Hoioiogical observation* of the adrenal glands of newborn alpacas ( Liffkt /*r> av ). Comp Biochein Physiol 62A 387 396.

-

.

-

.

.

- .

.

-

.

-

.

-.

- .

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

945*. Samuels. A Silk. JB. A Rodman PS. 1984 Change* in the dominance rank and reproductive behaviour of male bonnet macaques ( Macaco radiaia ) . Anim Behav 32 994- 1003. 945*«. Sanborn. CC. 1930 Distribution and habits of the threehanded armadillo ( Ttthpeuie.% ) J Mamm 11:61 -68. 9457. Sanborn. CC A Nicholson. AJ . 1950. Bats from New Caledonia, the Solomon blonds and New Hebrides. Eieldiana Zool 31313 3)8. 9457n Sanchez - Herrera, 0, Telle z- Giron, G Medellin RA. et «1. 1986 New records of mammal* from ( lintana Roo, Mexico. Mammalia 50 275 278 9458. Sandegren , FE 1970. Bleeding and malemai hehavii in * the Steller sea boo ( Eumeuynas piholus ) in Alaska- MS Thesis Univ AK Coll (Cued by Schusierman. 19811 9459. Sandegten, FE. 1976 Courtship display, agonistic behavior and sodnl dynamics in the Steller sea boo { Eusnetoptas jubaius ). Behavioair 57:15 172 94 0. Sandrll. M 1984 To have or not to have delayed * implantation The example of the weasel and the stoat. Oiluw. 42 123 125. 94 1. Sandell, M 1990. The rvokidon of seasonal delayed * implantation Q Rev Biol 65 23-4294 2 Sanders. EH Gardner. PD. A Berger. PJ 1981 6* meIho*ybenzoxazoimone: A plant derivative that stimulate * reproduction in Mlcrvtms montanus. Science. 214:67 6), 946V Sander son , GC. 195a Methods of measuring productivity in raccoons J Wildl Manage I 4 38W402

.

.

.

^

.

.

*

-

.

-

927

94*4 9509.

.

9444. Sanderson GC 1951. Breeding habit* and a history of the Missouri raccoon population from 1941 to 1948. Trans N Am Wddl Cool 16 445 460 94 5. Sanderson. GC. 1961. Estimating opossum populations by marking young J Wildl Manage. 25:20 27 94 . Sander MM , GC A Hubert GF Jr 1911 Selected demographic characteristics of Illinois (USA ) raccoons ( Procyon U*ot% hoe Worldwide hirbenret Conf I 487 513 94 7 Saoder .toa, GC A Nalhanduv AV |97 ? The wpodattivc cycle of the raccoon in Illinois Bull IL Nat Hut Surv 31 29 85 94 8. Sandersoo IT. 1940 The mammal* of the north Cameruons forest area : Beiag the results of the Percy Sladen Expedition to the Mamfe Division of the British Cameroon*.

.

*

**

. .

*.

.

.

-

.

.

.

*

-

Trans Zend Sue Umdon 24 623- 723

.

94 9. Sanderson KJ A O’ Driscoll , M. 1986. Breeding season of hnixhlail possums. Tnrhosunts vulpecuto (Marsupialia ItulangeTKlae ) in Adelaide Auxi Mamm , 9:139 140 9470 Saodcs . JP. 1903. The corpus hiieum of Dtuyuna vnernnmi , in the observations of the growth and atrophy of the Giaafian follicle Pltsc Unn Soc NSW 28 364 105 9471 Sandhu S. 1984. Breeding biology of the Indian fruit lot Cynapterus sphini (Vahl ) in central India J Bombay Nat Hist

*

-

.

.

.

Soc 81600-612. 9472 Sandif < «l. G 1839-44 Ontleedkuadtge beschnuwtng van ' cen volwassen onmg-ortan t Sonus satyns Linn) van het manaelijke geslacfM Verhandelingcn over dc Naiuuth )ke Geaduedcnis der Nedcrlaadsche Ovcrzresche Bezitungen 29- 56 Cl Temmiack. Leiden . 9473 Sangalaag. OB A Freeman HC 1976. StcTowb in the plasma of the gray seal Holuhoerus grypus Gen Comp Endocrinol 29:419 422 9474. SankhaU KS. 1967. Breeding behavioe of the tiger Pantkera iigru in Rajasthan lut Zoo Ycarb. 7:133- 147. 9475. Sankhala KS A Deaai JH 1970. Reproducuve Urhavnair of brow - antlered deer. J Bombay Nat Hut Soc 67 561 565 9476 Saao, Y A Mjyakc , T- 1978. Reproduction of the meerkal . Ammab A Zoos. 30(7) 69 9477 Sam Coma V A Gusalbez I. 1976 Sabre U repruluccidn de Apdemut sytvatuus L. 1738 en nordesir ihcnco MuceUoea

.

.

.

-

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- .

.

Zool. 3:227 -233. 9478. Sansom. GS 1920. Parthenogeuesu in the water vole. Mtcrotms wnptubtus J Anal 55 68 77. 9479. hansom GS 1922 Early dcvckpmrnl and placentali«n in Anncvia ( Mtcnaus ) omphtlnut . with special reference to the . urigin of placental giant celb . J Anal . 56 333 365 9480. Sa &vom , GS 1927. The giuM cell* in the placenta > 4 tlie , 368 » rabbit Proc R Soc IXHUJ* *® BK I SO IOIB:354 9481 Snnsom, GS 1937. The placenutioo «4 ihe Indian musk- threw ( Cnu tJura caemlto ). T rans Zool Six Lndon 23.267 314 9482 Sansom ( iS 1932 Notes on some early blastocyst * of the South American bal Mohnua Proc Zool Soc london 1932 :113-118. of 9413. Sansom. GS 1938 Early devd* pmenl and placenUtion . the Indian musk shrew Cmctdura coeniiea Biauvephotis 1:321 322 9484 Sansom. GS A Hill. JP. 1931 OUervtfions on the

.

-

.

.

- . .

.

and mode of inqilantauon of the Nasiocyst of Ltnsa . Iran* 7* a «l Soc laadoi 21 295 340. 9485. Sanson . CD Nelscm IE A Fell , P 1985 Ecology of . Penulonas com inno in Amhemland in a wet and a dry season Proc Ecoi Soc AIM 13 5 72 ) young doe* 948* Saatapau. H A Abdulab. H 19« How many chital have? J Bombay Nat Hist Soc. 57 *53-654. truciurr

.

•

.

.

*

.

-

.

-

.

9487. Santiajalai. C A Chambers. MR . 1980. Aspect * al the population dynamic* of the wild pig (for umfa I jnnaeus 1758 ) in the Ruhuna National Park. Sri lanka Spixiana 3:239- 250 9488. Sapurgeldyrv MS 1984 A cxmtnliution to the ecology of the mouse like hamster Gt/iwnvzcui mystan ( Rodentia . Cticetidae ) in Turkmenistan . Zool /hum 6) 1 )88- 1 )95 9489 Sapkal. VM A Bhaadarkw . WR 1984 Breeding habtu and astocialcd phenomena in some Indian hits . J Bombay Nat HIM SOC 81:380 386. 9490 Sapkal VM A Gadcgnne. MM 1981 Hutochemical ohtervations on the female reproductive tract of baa TV Mumpedytacchande* in the uterus of three species of hats. Z Mikmsk Anal Fcrxdh . 95:93-107 9491 Sapkal VM A Khamre. KG 1983 Breeding haNl* and associated phenntneooa in some Indian baas, pan VIII laphazems meUmrpogon (Temmiack): EmbaHonurulae. J Bombay Nat Hint Soc 80- 303 311. 9492 Sapolsky. RM 1983. Endocrine aspects of social ( ) J Priinakd. i attain lily in the olive baboon Papto anubis . Am 5:365 379. 9493. Sapolsky. RM 1985. Stress induced sup(*ci»*uo of testicular function in the wild baboon Role ol glucocorticoid*. Endocrinology. 116:2273-2278. 9494 Sapobky, RM. 1986. Endocrine and behavioral correlate « of drought in wild olive baboon* ( Popso anuinsy Ant J lYimatol.

.

-

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

11:217-227 9495. Sapolsky RM . 1986. StreM induced elevation *4 te-Mintcroae concentrations in high ranking baboon*: Role of catecholamines EndoamoUig ) 118:1630 1635. 949*. Safit /henko* . YF. 1962. The ecology of the cwacnl tFrlu carULol Mull ) in the Karakumy Zool ZhW* 41:1111 1112 9497. Sapozhrnkov YF. 1964 Ecology of the hare Upas fofm Pall in Sand Karakumy Zool Zhurn 43:1382 1387 «498. Saporhenkov YF. 1965 Ecology of the suslik SpeimopMlopsu lefUiuiactyluM Upi si u n / u.% Eight in Snn* l Karakumy Zool Zhurn 44: 1553- 1557. 94«V. Sapozhenkov , YF. 1965. Reproduction of mammals in the Mod desert Karakumy Zool /hum 44:896- 901 9500 Sargeant AH 1978 Red fox prey demands and implicalioni to prauir duck production. J Wildl Manage

.

-

-

. .

.

..

.

.

- .

.

.

42:520- 527

.

9501. Sargeant. AB. Allen SH. A Johnson. DH 1981. Dctermuulitei of age and whelping dotes i 4 live red fox pup* J Wddl Manage 45 76CF 765. 9502 Sarker. NJ A Caiuvenc R . 1982. Luteal vascularization m the European badger ( Metes mele.i I . ) BM Reprod 26:903 908 9503. Sather . JH. 1958. Biology al Ihe great plain* imi*kial in Nebraska Wildlife Monograph. 2:1-35 9504. Sato, H. Paluch HJ . A Kawakanu. S. 1977 The birth of cheetahs Animal* A Zoos . 29(9).-6 9 95*5. Sato. M A Yasui. K 1978. Breeding of the European bison. Animals A Zoo*. 30(2)4 9. 959*. Sauer. EGF 19*3. fourtship and copulation of the gray whale in the Bering Sea al St Lawrence bland. Alaska Psychol Fcnslt 27:157-174. 9597. Sauer EGE. 1974 / m Biologic der Zwerg und Riesengalagos Er Koines Zoo. 17 6 ? 84 de* 9598. Sauer EGE A Sauer . EM. 1972. Zur

.

.

- .

.

.

-

-

.

.

. prufa rodeu kurzohngen Elejfianteiupitzriiau * Mm Ft Koines Zoo 15:119- 139 9599. Sauer . JR A Slade NA 1988 Udy size ns a demographic - eirival variable: Ramifi * br life hisusy analysis 4 mammals. Evululmn 14 Life Histones uf Mammals Ihemy and Pattern. 107- 121. Boyce. MS. ed. Yak U Press. New Haven . CT nifieitJct

,

call

.

* iiimn

«,

>

|

*

*510.- 955®.

928

.

.

9510. Saunders JK. Jr 1*55- I ctus in yearling cow dk Cenns tanadenn* . J Mamm >6.14? 9510a Saunders JK . Jr. 1964 Physical characteristic* ut the Newfoundland lynx . J Mamm 45.36 47. *511. Sauthrr. Ml. A Nash. LT 1*87. Effect at reproductive dale and N*dy sir* on food consumption in captive ( Galago jrnrctilmns b ntreat us y Am J Hiys Anihro. 73:81 - 88 9511a. Savage. A 4 Snowdon, Cl 1982. Mental rctardaUnn and neurological deficits in a twin orangutan. Am J Pnmaiol. 3:239

.

.

-

.

231.

-

.

-

9512 Savage , A Ziegler

TH, A Snowdon. Cl 1988.

Socioacxual development . pair U >nd formation. and mechanism of fertility suppression in female cotton top tamarias ( SoKumut oedipus oedipus ) Am J Pnmaiol 14 145 359. 9513 Savage - Rumba ugh . ES A Wjlkerson. B2 1978. SACK> sexual behavx* in Pan panixeus and Par* troglodytes. A comparative study. J Hum Evol. 7:327 344. 9514. Savoy. J < \ 1966 Breeding and hand rearing of the giraffe Gtruffa camcloparJalts at Columbus Zoo. Int Zoo Yearh 6 202 204. 9515 Sawma SW A Opachowa WR I9BI Haltung und Zndrt von Weis /handgihhont IhloUitn Use U 1771 ) im I mm grader Zoo. Zool r«rten NF 51 343 352 9516 Sawrey. DK Baumgardner. DJ Campa , MJ el al , 1984 Behavioral palletns of Djunganan hamster*: An adaptive profile Amm Learn Uehav. 12 297 306. 9517 Sawicy, DK A Ikwclwy, DA. 1985. Conttul of ovulation, vaginal esitus and bchavicvaJ icicpuvity in votes t 3he rants ).

-

.

-

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

Neuroaci Biobehav Rev. 9.56 571. 9518 Sawrey DK A Dewsbury. DA 1991. Maks accrletaie reproductive de * eli «pmrnt in female montane vole* J Mamm 72:343 346 9519. Saxton. OA Jr A Servadda. DM 1969. Human birth interval in east Africa. J Reprod Bert Suppl 6:83-88. 9520. Saver. JA 4 Rakha. AM. 1974. The age at puberty of the lupjx xxamus ( Hippopotamus amplubmt Linn ) in the Luang*a river in eastern Zambia. E Air Wildl J . 12 227- 232. 9521. Saylei A I 9tf ) Thr cstroot cyck and estrous - related behavior in the collared lemming Forma et Functio 1 227 2 7. 9522. Scaling A 1970 Obcervotiotu on a breeding pair at

.

'

.

-

.

^

'

.

Sierra Irone striped squirrel , Furuxcwrus pvrrhoput let mu Ann Rep Jersey Wildl Preset v Trust . 7:32 34 9523. Scaling, A. 1971. l*rogrcss repurt on the (reeding of pygmy hedgehog tenrec fuhmps telfatn and spiny hedgehog tearec Setifer teimms Ann Rep Jersey Wildl Prrserv TIUSL 8:12 14 9524. Scanlon PF, Odschlaeger , A Berkaw . MV, ct al 19KI Seasonal influences on reproductive and endocrine ch«act rustics of mak cottontail rabbits . Proc World lagomorph Conf , Univ Guelph. ONT. Canada 1979: 2fW- 209 9525. Scanlon . PF 4 Urbston . DF 1978. Persistence of lactation in white uikd deer J Wildl Manage. 42:196 197 9526. Scar leu . < i 4 Wooley PA. 1980. The hooey possum.

-

-

.

.

.

.

- .

-

Tanipet Tnrtipcdidie ) A nun seasonal breeder?. Anti Mamm 3:97- 103 9527. Schnaf . CD 4 Siunrt . MD. 1983. Reproduction of the mong»x>se lemur ( Istimr mangaz ) in captivity , 7xx> Biol. 2:23 18 9528. Schaal A 1985 Ob*ervalioos poHiminaim uir k cyck sexue! du Damu Cervus ( Damn ) Jama| . Mammalia iprmerar (Manupulia:

** . .

4 28 291 9529. Schacher WH 4 Helton. MR 1975. Productivity of muskrats in east Tennessee lYuc Southeast Assoc Game Full Comm 29:594 608

-

953«. Schadler, MH 1978. Reproductive patterns in the pine vok. Proc E Pine Meadow Vok Symp 2:82 87. 9531- Schadler MH. 1981 f’ostimplanlatxin ahcruori in ptnc voles ( Mtcrvtus ptnetorum ) induced by strange nuks and pheromone * of orange maks Biol Reprod . 25:295 297. 9532. Schadkr. MH 1981 Social organization and reproduction in freely reprotadng colonic of pine vole in the laboratory . * * Proc E Pine Meadow Vole Symp 5:120- 123. 9533. Schadkr. Mil 1982 Strange males block pregnancy m

-

.

-

lactating pine voles. Microtus pmetorum. and effect survival and growth of nursing young. Proc 1 ; hue Meadow Vole Symp. 6:132 138. 9534. Schadkr . MH I 9K3 Male siblings inhibit reproductive activity in femak pine vole * , Microtus pmrtonm Biol Reprod.

-

.

- . 9535. Schadkr. MH 1983 28 1137 1139

Social influence* on reproduction in pine voles. Proc E Pine Meadow Vok Symp 7:117 119 9536. Schadkr MH 4 Butterstein. GM. 1979. Rffroducuon in the pine vole. Microtus pmetorum J Mamm. 60:841 - 844 9537. Schadkr. MH 4 Butterstein. GM. 1987. locreasc ID serum levels of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) in jnne vole* Micrvtus

-

.

.

.

/ Hnelorum , after induction vt e*trm and copulation. J Mamm 68:410 412. 9538. Schadkr , MH Butterstein . GM. Faulkar*. BJ «< al 1988 The plant mewholite, 6 methoxybrnzoxolinone. stimulate* an increase in secretion of folbck sumuiating hormone and size of reproductive organs in Microtus ptnetorum. Biol Reprod.

-

.

-

-

3 817 20. 9539. Schadkr. MH 4 Gauger. BJ 1980 Induction of abortion by strange maks in ptnc vote fernaks that are: I ) ten days pregnant or 2 ) pregnant and Instating Proc E Pine Meadow Vole Symp 4:24- 27. 9540. Schifer no initials 1950. Uber den Schapi ( Hemitragus jamimeus schaeferi ) Zoo! An /. 145:247- 260. 9541. Schafer. E. 1937. Ober das Zwergblauschaf ( Pseudau spec nova ) und das Groabknuchaf iPseudms najoor Hdgs) in Tibet. Zool Garteo NF. 9: 263 27 . 9542. Schagdasuren. 0 4 Stubbe. M 1974. Zur Sttugetierfauna der Mongolei IV Ikr LUiumchc Llch AIces alces tamelimits ( Milne - Edwards , 1867 ) in der Moogoki . Arch Natursch I juischaH'firii+i 14 147 - 1 V> 9542«. Schaldoch WJ , Jr. 1966. New firms of mammals from southern Oaxaca. Mexico, with nmes on some mammals of the coai al range Skugeuerk Mitt 14 286 297 * 9543. Schallenhergrr . E, Richardson , DW 4 Knotnl E 1981 Rok of prolactin in the lactational amenorrhea of the rhesus monkey \Macaea mmLina ) Biol Repeal 25:370 374. 9544. Schiller . GR 1965 The behavior of the mountain gorilla. Primate Behavior Field Studies of Monkey* and Ape*. 324- 367, DcVore, I. ed. HoM Rinehwi 4 Winston . New York . 9545 Schaller , GB. 1967. The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India. Univ Chicago Press. Chicago 9546 Scholler GB. 1972. Ihe Serengeti Lion: A Study of l*fcdutar Prey Relation* Univ Chicago lYes* Chicago. 9547 Sc halier . GB , 1977 Mountain Monarch*. Univ Chicago Preu, Chicago. 9548. Schaller . GB 4 Hamer , A 197 . Rutting hr hast * of lV» r * DASMI t deer , Flip In* rus davulumus . Tool Garten NF. 48 : 1 - 15. *549. Schaller. GB. hnehu. H. Wcnohi. P. cf al. 1915 The Giant Pandas of Wolong. Univ Chicago Press Chicago 9550. Schaller. GB 4 Mir /a . ZB 1974. On the behavior of the Punjab unai ( Ovts onemalu ptmjabtensisX The Behaviour cf Ungulates and IU RelaUon to Management. 306 323. Geut V 4 Walthet F edi IUCN, Morges Switzerland

*

*

.

.

*

.

- ..

.

.

-

. . .

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

. . .

.

.

-

929

*.

9551.959

. GB A Vaacoocelos. JMC *551. Schaller census in Brazil . Oryx 14:345-351

1978 A marsh deer

. WHUF.

*552. Schnlly, AV. bob , Z. CM

-

et al 1969 Effect of ) on plasma LH levels

luteinizing hormone releasing factor ( in nutria ( Mtacastor coypusi On Comp Endocrinol

*553.

12:176 179.

Scharm , D 4 Barth. D. 1982 , Annual profiks of reproductive hormone* in peripheral plasma of the male toe deer ( Capreolus caprrolus ). J Reprod Feft 66:463 468 H 1980. LH. PSH and *554 Schams. D, Barth. D. 4in Karg progesterone concentrations peripheral plasma of the female ) the rntUng season J during ( roe deei Ctpreolus caprrolus Reprod Fert. 60:109- 114

-

.

555. Scharkmann. E- 1953. Malenalen zur Kenntius und zur *Erhaltung des ukran Bihets. Z. SJiugcUcrk. 18:146- 162

-

a xenuirce- ranging

49:106 110. 557 Schaurnhcrg. P 1971 I* Chat den sable* Musics de

.

: 6

-

9558. Schauenberg. P. 1972. Le Manul f mgmatique Felide d Aase. Musics de Geatv*. 125:5-9. 9559 Schauenberg P 1974 Donnler nouvelks *ur k Choi dr sibks f ells marganui Loche 1858. Rev Suiv*r Tool 81949 969 9560. Schauenberg P. 1974 I * ( hat vauvage dfmysttfif , Music* de Gcnlve. 148 2 6 9561 SchAuenberg, P. 1976. Poid et liulk de nautance du Chat forrsticr Felts uhrstni Schrrber Mammalia . 40 -68 ? 689 9562. Schauenberg P 197* Note o» Cununga cloud rat Phloems* cuminf ( i Waterhouse 1839 Rev Siusve Zonl 83:341 347 9563. Schauenberg, P 1978 Note mm la rrpruduciioo du Manul fMoeolobu* numul ( Pallas . 1776) Mammalia 42:355-358 9564. Schauenberg P 1979, le Chat marhre Mushes de Genlvc 190:6 11 9565. Schauenherg P. 1979 |JI rcprndudM>n du Chat des marais Fefis chaus (Guldennadt , 1776). Mammalia. 43:215- 22 . 9566. Schauenberg, P. 1979. Note sur la reproduction dn that du Ken gale Phomulums bertfalenm Ken . I ?92. 'kGmnulia 43 127 128 9567. Schauenberg. P. 1979. Sa ma )c*te 1'Ocelot Musics de (MM 198:2-6 9568. Schauenberg P. 1979. le hactilum du Chat Forestier Felts stives! ns Schreher. 1777. Rev Suiue Zool. 86:528 -534. 9569. Schauenberg. P 4 Juttrrfoud . M 1975 - Ix Manul Otocotobus manul ( Pallas.17 76 ). Sun caiy« * ype el u pnotion dans la classification de Felides. Rev Suisse Ziad- 82 : 425 429 957«. Schnughncssy. PD. 1979. Cap* tSoulh African ) fur seal Mammals in the Seas , FAC Fish Set 5. 2.37 40 1969 Uhet die ( kburt ernes *571. Schaurte , W ICemtoihenum turnim umuni ( Butchill , Breiunaulnashorns I 8|7 ), m Wildsdmugebict Krugerdotpin Transvaal Saugetierk Mm 17:158- 160 572 Scheck. SH. I‘>82. De vehement of (hermoregulaiory *abilities in the neonatal hispid cuil « it rat Sigmadtm htsptJus , Ht ) n 4 * ie\umut from wrthern Kansas and smith central Texas ZooL 55 91 104 der uml Hahung Zactil zur . W 1974. Niat /cn *573. Scbrffel , Sandkat ( Felts marganut Lochc 18^ 8> Tool Garten NF ^ 44: 33*- 348. ’ 574. Schrffcl. W 4 llemmer . H. 1975 Breeding Geoffroy a cal *Ijeopardus mffrayi utliiutrum in captivity Int Zoo Yearb. | 15 152 154.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

. - .

.

'

-

.

-

.

.

.

. .

*- .. .

. .

.

-

.

-

-

--

.

.

.

.

•Gealve. 117 1- .

-

.

.

556. Schaub, S. 1987. The world s first surviving Miuata *syhxtmis colony. Folia PrunaUf in

9574a. Scheffer . TH 1910 The psxket gopher . Bull KS Stale Agnc Coll txpSu. 172 197 233. TH. 1924. Breeding habit* of the mole and the *575. Scheffer gopher. Murtekt. 5:3-4. . 1924. Notea on the breeding of Peromxscut *576 Scheffer. TH J Mamm 5-25 MO 9577 Scheffer TH 1925. Notes on the breeding of braver*. J Mamm 6:129 130. 9578. Scheffer TH. 1929. Mountain beavers in the pacific northwest: Thor hnlvt* economic status , and cootn 4 I SDA l armeri’ Bull 159* I 18. 9578a. Scheffer, TH 1930 Bat matter* Murrelrt 11:11 13 9579 ScJieffer IU . 1930 Dctermuung the !» ' • 4 rrplacemeM in a specie*. J Mamm 11 : 466- 469 , 9579a Scheffer Til 1933 Breeding of the Washington varying hare Murrelrt 14:77 78 *58«. Scheffer. TH . I 9 8. Breeding records of Pacific coast pocket gepherv J Mamm . 19:220- 224. 9581. Scheffer . TH 193*. Pocket mice of Washington and Oregon in relation to agriculture. USD A Ted* Bull 608:1 15 9582. Scheffer . TH 1941 Ground squirrel studies in the fo«l- rivers country. Washington 1 Mamin 22:270 279 9583. Scheffer . TII 1947. Ecological comparisons of the plains prairie dog and the 7-uni species Tran* KS Acad Sa. 49:401 - 406 9584 Scheffer , VB 1939. The os ditondt* < 4 the Pacific otter. Murrelrt 20:20 21. 9585 . Scheffer VB 1945 Growth and behavior of young sea IkHrt J Mamm 26: 390 392. 9586. Scheffer VB 1949. The ciitcns hooe in two pinniped*. J Mamm 30269 270. 9587 Scheffer. VB 1950. Growth of the teste* and tuculum in the fur seal. Callorkutus aminus J Mamm. 31:384- 394.

.

'

-

-

. .

.

-

-

- .

. .

9588. Scheffer VB 1950 Notes on the raccoon in southwest Washington. J Mamm 31 444 448. 9589. Scheffer VB . 1951. Measurements of sea otter* from western Alaska . J Mamm. 32:10 14. A Sl «n*. JW 1944 The horhor seal in *590. Scheffer. VR Washington ante. Am Mid Nat 32 373 416. 5 1. Scheffer , VB A Wilke. F. 1953. Relative growth in the

.

-

-

**

northern fur seal Growth

17 129145

. L 1969 Fcology and *5*2. Schrnkrl. R A Sdtrnkrl Hulliger (Direros biromit L) A field IkhavKUr of the Black Rhinoceros study Paul Parey , Hamluig . Bcohochiungcn zur Fofipflanang *593 Schrurnuiui. F.. 1975lamhrrt . 1837. Z Saugetierk des Gayal. Bibos fnmhslu 40:11.3 127 Ricuchel W 1977. A . E Senft B *5*4. Schrurmannliber die Ztisammrasctrung der (iayalnukh Untersuchungen Ultbot fnmuUii lamhrrt 1837 ) Zool GffN NF 47:24 32 . L 19 3 Beutelteufel *5*5. Schi hurt , R A Miuchkrtai (Sini t »plulut harrisi Boitard) im Zoo Rotterdam Z K61tier Zoo. .

.

-

.

.

.

- .

*.

26 84-89

.

.

.

95*6. Schicter , A Mast JC\ A Hess R 1972. CanlibuiKiil 4 ( ue du grand Munn ( A / votti mvotxs >. Terre Flttade la>-lthologi| Vie 26 38-53. 95*7. SchlaJweikr . P A Stevens, DR 1973 Rcprixluction of Shira* moose in Montana J Wildl Manage 37 535 544 . 95*8. ScMegel. H A MoSev. S. 1839-42 Btjtkngcn trt de natuurlyke htsteeie von den orang -octan t.Vuwui sarrnuX Vrrhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Gesducdems der Nederlandsche t >verzeeiche Bezjttmgen. 1 - 28, Cl Tcmnunck ,

-

leaden

930

9599. 9641.

9599. Schtiemuo, H A Maas. D I 9TH , Myzopoda aunia NUmmSpcoa 116:1 2. 964 ». Schlou. M 1950 Zur Kcnntnn der Jugcodrotwicldung de * * B*rih» U ( Fuarriox ammcan us Pall ) Zod Garten NF. 17:40 44 9«| l Sdumdly DJ 1974 Ptromysau iirfuoten Mamin Species. 48:1 3. 9*02. Schmid!y DJ 1974 Pervmyscws peciomUs , Mumm Species . 49:1 3. 9903. Schnudly . DJ. Lee. MR. Modi. WS. et al 1985 Systematic* and notes on the biology of Penmyuna hoopen . Octu Pap Mu TX Tech 1 ' niv 97.1 - 40. 9*03«. Schmsdly . DJ A Mania. CO. 1973. Notes on bats from the Mexican state cf (Juerrtaro Ml S CA Acad Set. 72:90 92 9 04 Schmidt. AM Hess DL Schrwdt V1 I < al 1988. Scram * concentrations of oertradiol and progesterone . and sexual behaviour during the normal oestrous cycle in the leopard ( Panlktra ftanJusi , J Keprod Fert . 82 43 49. 9 ttf . Schmidt , AM. Nadal. LA. SchmdL MJK et al. 1979 * Serum coocentratiuos of uestradid and progesterone during the normal orstrou* cycle aad early pregnancy ta the Ima ( Ptmihera leo ) J Rqxod Fert. 57:267 272 9 0 . Schmidt CA Engstrnm. MD A Genoways, HU 1989

-

.

-

.

.

-. -

.

.

.

.

.

-

. . . ** Heteromyt

-

-

.

.

ptumeri. Mamm Species 345:1-4 . CR. 1975. Captive breeding of the vicuna Breeding Endangered Species m Captivity 271-283. Martin. RD. ed . Academic Pres*. New York. 9*67a Schmidt, CR 1990 Pigs . Gf / jmek 's Encyclopedia erf Mammal* 2055. Packet . SP, td McGraw Hill New York 9 08 Schmidt . DV Walker LF„ A Ehner. KE. 1971. lactcwe * synthetase activity m northern fur teal milk Biochem Btophyt Acta 252 439- 442 , 9 09, Schmidt, F 1931. Erfahrungen und Heobachtungen hei * /uchtversuchen tnit dem Mardrrhund Drutche Pelmetz 4:87 90. 9ft 10. Schmidt. F 1934 ( hri die Eortpflaa /ungsbaikigie von nbu isc hem /i bcl I Manes abeUina L) und europaischem Haummarder (Manta manta LV Z Saugetierk 9 392 403. 9| * | Schmidt, P 1937 Ober die Aichi des Mardcrhandcs Deutsche Pel /tierruchler 12:235 237. 9 12 Schmidt PJW | 93| MammaU of western (lark county. * Wisconsin J Mamm 12:99- 117. 9*13 Schmidt . JL 1984. Common duiker measurements in Natal and Zambia: An example of Dergmann 's and Allen's rule . * Lnmmetgeyer 32 8 10. 9 14 Schmidt I 1974 . Die Tragzrit dcr Vamp rfledcrmouse * * ( Pttmodui nmtndaa ) 7 Saugetierk 39: 129 132. «615. Schmidt . V A Maaike V 1973 Die Jugeadcatwicidung der Vatnpi rfledermimw ( Dttaudus ntunjux ) Z Saugetierk 38:14- 53 9*1*. Schmidt - Nielsen K Dawson TJ Hammcl. HT, et al 1965. The jack -raHnt : A study in Us desert survival. Hvalryadet Ski liter 48:123- 142. 9617, Sc tinned . A 19 4 AntiUft ctnuaprn ( Bevidae ) * Mutter Kind Verhaltcn in den erstrn Irbcnslagcn des Kurts Encyclopaedia cincmatogntphica E 1005 : 3 11 9 18. Schmitt LH , Bradley, AJ . Kemper. CM. et al . 1989 * Ecology aad physiology of the northern quoll tJaiyurus hollartatus ( Marsupialia. Dasyundae ). at Mitchell Plateau . Kimberly . Western Australia J Zod 217:539 558 9*19. Schneider JE A Wade. GN 1987. Body conpoaiuon. food intake , and brown fat thermogenests in pregnant Djungarian hamsters. Am J Physiol 253 R 314 R 320

* .

9 417 Schmidt

.

.

.

.

- .

_

-

-

. . .

-

-

.

.

.

. .

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

9620 Schneider KM 1923. Reohuchmngcn am dem Letpager Zoulogtschen Garten tibet das Geschlediuleben der Fleckenhykne Verb Detau Zool Geaedach E V. 28:78 79 9 21 Schneider KM . 1926. Ober Hyanetuudii PrLznerzuchi. *

.

KQiM

9 22. Schneider

- .

. KM

1930 Eimge Beobnchtungea uber dna Geschlechulchcn de* indischcn Flephanten Zool Garten NF 3:305 314. 9 23. Schneider KM 1933. Zur Fcrtpflaazung und * JugendentwicUung des kalifurnischen Scelowen Zod Garten NF 6.23 33. 9 24. Schneider KM 1933 Zur Jugcndeatwiddung ernes * Euharen Zod Garten NF. 6:156- 165. 9 25 Schneider KM 1936. Zur Krtpflaazung , Aufrmht und * Jiigendentwicklung des Schahrackeninpiri Zool Garten NP

*

-

.

-

.

. .

-

8:84 90. 9 2 . Schneider , KM. 1950. Zur gewichtsaduigen ** Jugcodentwicklung gefangengehaltener Wtldcatuden nehsl eimgcn zeuhehen Bestunmungcn uber thre Fert pflaa rung Ted 111 4: Der Marderhtiad ( Nycltreules procyotundes Gray ). Zool Ana Suppl. 15:271215 9 27. Schneider KM 1952. Emge Wilder zur Panning dev * Fleckrahyaae. Crocntta ( sic ) rrocata Ezxl Zod CMIRTEN NF 19:135 149 9 28. Schneider. KM 1954 Vtwn Baumkangumh ( DendwLsgus * leucogtnya Maischie ). Zod Garten NP . 21.63 106 9 29. Sduaeyw A Castro. A. A OdelL D. 1985 * Raikuimmumsauay of serum fdbcle sumulaling hormone aad luteinizing hormone in the butilemncd dolphin Bid Reprod.

.

-

-

. .

-

33 844-853 9636. Schnemaker . AH 1982 Fecundity in the capuvc howler monkey . Alouatia comya Zoo Biol 1:149-156 9 31. Scboenfdd. H 1904 la spernutogeotoe chez la Noctule * . changes in prolactin anil growth h>*mnne cells in the hypophyses ) studied by of white tailed deer ( Odorodtms vreginnsnui borealis radioimmunoauay light rmctcaoopsc utUBunocyiochemistry and Am J Aaat 158 369 377.

9 *6 Schuler .

.

.

-

-

.

-

-

.

96409-420 *45. Schowakrr. DB Gunson JR. A Harder LD. 1979 lafe history charactertstits d little brown bats Ofvofti lanjagut ) in AJhrtu. Cm Field Nat. 93:243 251. 964*. Schramm. P. 1961. Copulation and gestation in the pocket gopher J Mamm 42 167 170. 9 47 Schreibcr , GR 1968 A note cat keeping aad breeding the * Philippine inner Tamut tyridum at Brookfield Zoo Chicago Ini Zoo Yearh H 114115 9648. Schroder GD 1979 Foraging behavior and home range utilization of the hannartail kangaroo rai i/ )rp W/ *mv * sptetaMisl Fcolngy 60 57-665 9649. Sdvfder, l 1957. 7ur Anaiamie und Topographic einiger

9

.

.

.

BA Seal. US Plmka. FI), et al 1981 * OaractenzatKHi of seasonal changes in prolactin and growth hormone cells in the hypophyve* of white uiled deer ( Odocotttus iirgmuiiiiu borealis ) by ultrasinictural and immuttocylochemnal tech ««)ucs Am J Anal. 160:277 284. 9 64. Schulte BA Seal . I S , Pl< aka. FI), et al 1981 The effeci * of pinralcclomy cm seasonal changes in prolactin accretion in the while tailed deer ((Afororient urginumux borealu ) Padocrindogy 10« 173 178 96 5. Schulie 11. 1937. The genito urinary system of the * Fltphas indteus male Am J Anal . 61:131 157. 96*6. Schultz . AH 1938. The relative weight of the testes in primates . Anal Rec. 72 387 - 394 9 6a. Schultz , AH 1938 Genital swelling in the female orang ** utan J M »mm 19:363 366 9 7 Schultz All . 1942 Growih and development o( ihe ** proboncis monkey Bull Mas Comp Zool 89.279 314 9 67 n. Schultz SR A Johnson MK 1992 Breeding by male * white tailed deer fawns. J Mamm. 73:148 150 9 8. Schuhzr Wednim. T. 1963. Die Wtldzjcgen der aeaiscfieo ** Insdn Saugeuerfc Mitt 11:145 181 9 W>. Schdtxe Wcstrtnn, T. 1965. Innerartliche Vetstandigung * dutch Dufte beim Glcithcutler PeUtarus brntceps papuonus Thomas ( Manuptaha. Phalongendae ). Z vcrgl Physid. 50 151

96 3. Schulte.

9642 Schurger. AW 1950. Harvest mouse in Dane County Wisconsin. J Mamm. 31:363- 364. 9 43. Schowaiter , DB A Gunson. JR 1979. Reproductive * biology of the tag brown bnt ( Eptauut Juu ua ) in Alberta Cm Field Nat. 93:48 54. 9 44. Schowalter. DB A (AIM. JR 1982 Parameters «f * pufulation and seasonal activity of tuiped skunks. Mepkitu mephitis , in Alberta and Saskatchewan . Can Fteld - Nal.

.

-

-

.

.

-

.

-

-

-

-

220

-

.

. *

.

-

*70 Schulz. WC 19 6. Breeding and hand rearing brown hyaena* Hyotno bruiuico at Okaliaadia ZoopuL Int Zoo Year 6:173 176

9

.-

*

.

.

zur

9 71 Schulze W. 1970 Beitrkg^ rum Voikammea und

*

Biologic dcr llaselmnus ( Mute animus avcllananus IJ und des SKbcnKhUfess ( Ghs ghs > im Sudharz llercynia. 7:355 371 9 72 Schulze. W 1973. Unsersuchuafen zur BioUfie dtr * Haselmaus iMuteanlmat mtlhmanua L ) im Sudharz. Arch Nolunch Landschaft*livsdi 13 107 121 9 73 Schurer , U 1976 Beohochlungen an einem ncugchorenen * Elachlandupir Tapi rut it retains (Linoc 1766 » Zool Garten NF 46 367 370. 9 74. Schilrcr U , 1978. Breeding Nock - footed cals in captivity * Carnivore 1(2 ) 109 111 9 75. Schilrcr , U 1978 Haloing und Zu» hi von * Schwartsfuszkaizen Felis rngnpes Burchell 1822 Zod Garten NF 48:385- 400 9 7 . Schuster . R . 1976 Ukking hehavK>r in Kafue lech we

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

**

.

-

.

Science 1921240 1242 9 77 Schusserman . RJ 1981. SleBer sea bon Enmtlopua / abotus ( . 1776 ) Handtvok of Marine Mammals. 1.119- 141 ,

*

.

.

.

Schreber

. .

R*4gway SH A Harm* RJ eds Acadenuc Press, New York 9678 Schiitz H . 1953. Das Verhaltcn des Uterus und der Vagina des Igels ( Ennoreas rumjKtcux et romomus I.) wahrend de* Oeitrus Anoesttus der Gestation und do lactation . Z Miki Anal Forsch 59:463 522 9 79 Schwab, H 1952 Iknbadnungcn Oher »lie Beginning uad * die SpermakutucrvicTung in den ( ieschlcchtsurganen bei weibluhen Hedermausen . Z Mikr Anal Fucsch. 58 326 357 9*M » Schwagmey cr PL 1986. Effects of mulu ) >lc mating on reproduction in female thirteen lined ground squirrels, Amm

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

- .

.

- .

Behav. 34.297 298.

.

.

9 81 Schwagmoyer PL A Brown . CH 1983 Factors affeiting * male male competitioa in thirteen lined gnund .wpitneb . Behav

Ecd Soaobad 13 16

.

) 9*82 Schwater . A 1973 Breeding tupruas ( TU / MMO btLangtn in captivity Z. Versucluuerk . 15 255 271 . 9483. Schwaici . A 1975. The breeding Mock « 4 Tapma al the Bat telle InUitut [ ah Amm Handh 6141 149 .

.

96*4. 9725.

932 Chronokigy of the 96*4. Sdiwaia . A A Kuhn , HJ development of embryo and placenta of Tupout brlongeh lab

-

Amm HanJb 6257 251 96X5. Schwatrr . A Kuhn HJ . A Hasan . SH 1976 Srnim progesterone level* dunng pregnancy in Pupohi hekmgen correlated with ovanan and placental morphology. The Laboratory Animal in the Study at Reproduction, tth Symposium ICLA. Ihessalooikj ‘Ml July. 1975. 75 82, Ajiukatzwic '1 linekscn. S, A Spiegel. A. cdv. Fischer, NY * 96X5« Schwartz, A A Jones. JK . Jr 1967 lirrdin Archbold Snuthsoaian biological survey of Donumca 7 Rcv >rv» of bat* of the endemic Antillean genus Afomydiv //**. Proc US Nat Mu*

.

-

.

.

-

-

1240615) 1 20.

.

96X6. Schwartz. CC Rcgrlm. Wl „ A Ifan /nvum AW 1982 Mule moose successfully breed as yearling* J Mamin

.

63:354 335. 96X7 Schwartz. CW 1942 Bleeding season of the ixriontail in central Missouri . J Minim 23:1 16. 968*. Sdiwartz. JE. I! A Mrtdwll. GE 1945. The R «w«r %*lt elk on the Olympic Pea insula J Wrildl Manage 9 295 324 96X9 Sdiwartz. OA A Bleich VC. 1975 Comparative growth in two species of woodtats , Neotormt lepida intermedia and Neotama atbifptia renmsta J Mamm 56:653 -666 969(1. Sthwarz. SS A Smirnoff , VS. 1960. Zur Physiologic und Pipulation.uJynamik der Bisamtauc in det Walstcppe und mi Hohrn Nurdctt Zool Jb (Syst ). 87 :363 386. 9691 Schw rm. S. 19 X4 Zur FoftplTanAiiiirxhiidogjc de * Zrbraduckert Ce/rhalophuB zrbni (Gray. 1 «1K > mi Vcrgleidt zu amleren CiyVui/opAwi -Arfen / Saugelicrk . 49: 21 36, 9692. Schweotker V. 196 3 The cerbsl : A new l:il> eatery animal. II . Vet. 6' i Lcopwdi living at the edge of the Royal Chitwaa National Park . Nepal Conservation in DeveKpmg Countne* ProMcrm ami PrcMipecu 415 423 Darnel. JC A SetTao JS ed* Bombay Nat Hint Soc Oxford Umv Preaa Bomhay 97r. Seidenmcker. JC fV. Homocher. MG Wile*. WV . et al 1973. Mountain Uoa social ergamzatioa in the Idaho Primitive Area WiWl Monogr 35:1 -60. 972 . Seier JV. 1986. Breeding verve! monkey* in a ckued environment , J Med Primatnl 1 9729. Seifert. S. 1970 Eimge Frgebni**e aus dem ZuchtgCK'hehea hd Groszkatzm im Uipnger Zoo I Zum Sibintchctt Tiger ( Panthem aIteuca Tern mi nek 1 K 45 ). Zool Garten NF. 39: 260-270. 9736 Seifert. S. 1978. Untermchungen FtUpflummittbialogie der im Zoologivchen Garten 1 ripng gehaheoea Gmukatzea ( Panthem Okcn. 1816) uater hesonderer Benickiichligung des iowen Panlhera leo fLioa 1758 ) VEB

.

- .

.

.

.

.

. .

.

*

.

-

.

Vcrlag Volk und Gcsundheit .

.

.

^.

Bcrlia.

.

Fraser Umv Burnaby. U< 9732 Seip DR A BunneU , FL 1984 Body weights and measurement* of Stone's sheep J Mamm 65:513 514. 9733 Scrtz, A. 1952. Eishkrenzuchi im Nurabergcr TWigarten Zool Garten NF - 19.180- 189 9754. Seitz A. 1957. Tragaeit Fna.htbatke 1. Tudesurtachea NF beim Miihnenschaf (Arnnutragus lema Pallas ) Zool Garten 23:54-57 9735 Seitz A. 1967. Euuge l eststelhmgen zur Lebeaidaucr der 55. Eleiantcn in Zootogischen GOrtcn Zool Garten NF . 34 31 9736 Seitz, A- 1968/89. Euuge Fertsiellungcn rm ITWge uad . Aufzutht von Oraag- Utaa*. Pimgo pygmaemt llopfiu* 1763 Zool Garten NF. 36: 225- 245. 9737. Seitz. A 1969. Nute* on the body weights of new born 9:81 84 and young orang- utan* Pungo pypmtfus Im 7AM Yearb 973X. Seitz A 1970, BeiUag zur lloltung des Schalitakcntapirs (Japirux aultcMs Detnuircst IHI 9 ) Zool Garten NF 39 271 283 ( 9739. Seitz. A 1973. Beitrag rur Zucht de* Eitbaren Thniarctas maniimui ). Zool Gurten NF . 4 L 293- 304 . of 9740. Sekii S Kendo T A Mezawa Y . 1983 Reproduction Grevy** teben Animals A Zoo* 35( 8) 610, A Zoo Animal * * 9741. Srioi T 1970. Birth of a hartcbceo 22(6) 69. sabk the m of Seasonality refnodttctimi 9742. Sekulic R 1978 antek v E Afr Wildl J 16 177 182 monkey* 9743. Sekubc R 1982 Birth in free ranging howler AIOIMIUI seniemim. Primates. 23 5 MV 5 K2 deaths in infant and relationship * 9744 Sekulic. R 1983 Male Tierpsydud ) red howler monkey* (Alauatia xemcmhu Z 61 :185- 202 det 97A3. Srleaka. E 1887 Stwlien uber Fnlwicklungsgeschichte . Dm Optimum ( DMfkyt vtrgtmana ). 4 Heft 101- 172

.

-

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

. .

. .

.

. .

^

.

.

-

.

.

Thirrr CW Kreidel . Wiethaden der 9746 Seleaka. E 1*92 Stmlien uber Enlwickluogsgeschichte Thierc 5 Heft 173 233. CW Kreidd . W «baden J 9747. Sellc RM. 1928 Mtcmtus catjfotnicus in ciqeiviiy Mamm 9 3-98. . 1899 The Cape buffalo ( Bos coffer tyfmui ) 974JL Selims . K‘ HA. ed. Great and Small Game of Afnca 102-111. Bryden Rowland Ward , l^uodnn. ( *ikul ko*> (Carits 9749. Sel« mis . PC. 1899 The pouko i*| . 294 299. vanitmt typu msY Great and Small Game of Alrica Bryden HA ed. Rowland Ward. London

.

-

. ^

,

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Loadun. 9753. Selous, K’. 1899. Ihe eland ( Taurvlrugus oryx and Toryx Irvmgiumi ) in south and south central Africa. Great and Small Game of Africa. 421 132 Bryden. HA. ed Rowland Ward.

-

London. 9754. Sclwxxd. L. 1980. A u metable of embryonic development of the dasyunil m »supial Anicehinus stuartu (Madeay ). Aust J Zool . 2864W668 9755. Selwuud. L 1981. Delayed embryonic developmeal in the dasyund niarvufxaJ . Antfihinus rhsctmi. I Reprod l eft Su|pl 29:79 82 9756. Selwood. L 1982. A review of maturation and fertilisation ytind : ninkima in marsupial* » ith special reference Ui the da * siuortii Cnmivcruu* Mar*u|nid*. I 6 76 , Archer. M. ed R 7onl Soc NSW. Moutnan. NSW gtmmi 9757. Selwood. L 1982 Brown aatechiau* Arin himis Managemral of breeding ctdoaiea to obuin embryoim material in Mammsli and pouch young The Management of Australian Captnity 31 37 Evans DD r«u . Acta Thenol. I 27 86 9772. Serrhrrnnikov . MK 1929 EVLRMANNS litis ( Putonus rvmauw Lew ) in den Wctmut Steppcn de* nordkcfeca Kazakstan Z Saugcticrk 4 205 212. 9773. Serrhreimikm MK . 1931 Album emigcr «ueurtpiu*cher , we »t«ihrn*cher und turkrsianUchcr Saugrticre II. 7. Silugetserk 6:100- 163. 9774. Scnrfcrenmkov. MK. 1933. Album iMieurcpaiwher . wcstsibinschet uod turkestaniwher Saugcticrc Ill Z Sauecoeik. 1:33 39. 9775 Serena M A SoderqutU . TR. 1988 Growth and development of pouch young >4 wild and captive Ikuyuna gnffnw < M u *upialia: Daxyuridac ). Amt 1 Tool. 36 533 543 , 9776 Sergeant , DE . 1962. On the external characters of the hlackfuh or pilm whale* (genu* Glabuqduda ). J Manun. 43:395- 413. 9777. Sergeant , DE . 1962. The biology < 4 the pilot or pothead whale ( jli i’ ut f luihi melaena (Traill ) in Newfoundland water*. ’ ’ Bull l uh Re* Bd Can 132 I 84 9778 Sergeant DE 1963 Mmke whale *. HaLtrnopura acmtorostrata Inceprde. of the western North Atlantic . J Fuh Res Bd Can 20:1489 1504. 9779. Sergeant DE , 1965 Migration.* of harp seals Pogoplulus gnxvLtruUcus ( Erxleben ) in the north - west Atlantic J Rch Re * Bd Can. 22:433 464 9780. Sergeant . DE, 1966. Reproductive rate* ol harp seals f'agophtlus groenlandtcta (Exilehen ). J Fish Res Bd Can. 23:757 766 9781 . Sergeant . DE. 1973. Biology of white whales ( Delfthtrutpiena Innas ) in western lludwn Bay J Fuh Res Bd Can 301065- 1090 9782. Sergeant. DE. 1973 Environment and reproduction in seals 1 Reprod Fert Suppl 19:555- 561 9783. Sergeant DE. 1979. Hooded seal Mammals in the Seas. FAO Fish Ser 5. 2 86-89 9784 . Sergeant, DE. 1982. Mx*s M rending of toothed whale* (Odontoccti ) n a population |ihenomcnoR *Sci Rep Wliales Res * Inst 34 1 -48 9785. Sergeant DF.. 1986. Present statin cd white whale * Ihlplurutptcrut Incas in the St l iwrencc estuary Nat Can ^ 113:61 81. 9786. Sergeant. DF. A Brodic. PE. 1969 Body size in while wlules. l*elphin, ytrrut Incas. J Fuh Res Bd Can. 26: 2561 2580 9787. Sergeant. DE Caldwell. DK. A Caldwell MCI 1973 Age. growth and Ktual maturity of timlcnoaed dolphins ( Juruopx inmeatus ) float Northeast Honda J Fuh Re * Bd Can 30:1009 I 0H

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

-

- -

-.

-.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

9788. Sergeant. DE Ronald K Boulva. I. et aL 1978 The recent *tMu* of Monathm* monachms the Mediterranean monk eal Biol ( ornery 14:259 287 9789 Sergeant DE St Aubin, DJ . A Gcrad JR 1980 Ut history and neethwest Atlantic status of the Ailanuc white tided dolphin. Iogentrrkynrhus aentus.Cetntogy. 37:1 12. 9789«. Senna. C. 1978, Steroid bindiDg protein * in the plasma of the echidna. Tackvglossms finding a suitable animal mcdcl to study human problems . Lab Amm Handh 6 159- 181 9815. Shnckletoo. DM 1985. Ova exmadnsu Mamm Specie*. 230:1 9. 9816 Shacklcton. DM. Patterson RG. Haywood J rt al. 1984 Gestation period in (Ai* carusderuis J Mamm 65:337- 338 9817. Shadlc, AR . 1930. An unusual case ol paitunuoo in a beaver. J Mamm. 11:483- 485. 9818. Shadlc . AR 1948. Gestation prriud in the purcupiac. Erethtztm doruilum doruilum J Miimnv 29 162 164 9819. Shadle AR 1951. Laboratory copulaluio* and gcstatiom of porcupine. Eretkiom doruuum J Mamm 2:219- 221 . 982a Shadlc. AR 1952. Sexual maturity and first receded , cupulalion of a 16 month male porcupine. F.rtthtzim /• dorsaium. J Mamm 33-239- 241 9821. Shadle AR 1953. Striped skunk ptodiKcs two Inter* J Wildl Manage 17:388 389 9822. Shadle. AR 1956 Reproduction in a skunk JCsfkttms mejyhttus kmLuuuea. J Mamm. 37:112-113 9823. Shadle AR A lloss. WR 1943 An unufual pircupine 24 492 - 4% parturition and development id the young J Mamm 9824. Shagacva , VG A Kwnoaov. KM 1974 Morphogenesis of pUcenta and iu patterns in Camelus Iktctnanus. Zool Zhurn 53:1058 1065 . 9«25. Shaham Y. Lelyveld. J. Marder. U rt al . 1978 ) colony Establishment of an albino sand rat ( Psammomys obesms and comparisin with the nalurnl coloured animal lab Amin

. .

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

..

.

-

.

'

.

.

.

.

.

,

12:13 17.

9826. Shaikh. AA. Shaikh. SA. Cclaya. CL rt al 1982

Ovulation pattern in successive cycles

.

23:592 595

.

in

.

ihe baNxm Pinnate*.

.

.

« vi RH A Shaikh. SA. 1978 9827. Shaikh AA Na| in the Concentration* of oevttadiol l 7 p and progesterone u peripbrral plasma of the cynomolgus monkey (Af the Wack wildebeest and * red hortebeesi m Sooih Africa J Reprod Fert Suppl 19:101 110. 11MM3. Skinner. MP. 1922. Ihe prong ham. J NUmm 3:82- 105. I 4 NM4 Skua. IJ 1978 RcpcothicUon ci the rabbit Oryctologus cumculut (L on Macquarie Island, vuluntarrtic Autl W »ldl Res

-

-

.

.

-

.

-.

.

-.

.

.

.

.

«.

-

.

.

- .

.

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

-

. .

.

5:317- 326

>.

-

.

.

-

. * KHS46. Skoczrn . S. 1959. Determination of the sex of mule *

10045 Sklenof . J 1963 RozmnojovAai aetopft vdkych

*tit myotu Borfch ). Lynn, 2:29- 37

( My

Oedpa eurapaeu I.) by means of their exiemal features Acta Theriot 2:290 292. 10047 Sk gland , I 19 4. Ihe effect* of food and maternal condition* on fetal growth and nee in wild reindeer. Ransjfer. 4 39 46 IM 04H Skoglaikl I 19K6, Sex ratio vatiatioa m iclation to maternal condition and psrental investment in wild reindeer Rangtfer i unsmtus Oikos. 46 417-419.

. .

--

*

.

.

10049 Skowrun-f 'endrzak A. 1956. Sexual maturation and reproduction in Myocastor taypus Part I : The oestrous cycle Folia Biol 4 119 150. 10050 Skrcb N. 1954 F.xperimentrlk C titer sudtuiigcn Oher die Xusseren Ovuiatmiwfaktorrn hei der FledermAuwn Nyetalux

.

-

.

.

noetula Niiturwicvensch 41 : 484 10051. Skreb N 1955 Influence des gonadntrnphine* snr let Noctule* ( fiyctatus noetula ) en hibernation CR Soc Biol (Paris X 149:71 74. 10052. Skrivan M. Stoic L 4 Louda F 1980. A study of rcptuductioti factors in blue foxes Scicntifur. 4:25 31. 10053. Skryya. DD. 1974 Reproductive biology of the least chipmunk ( Fatumau minimus ape ranux ) in southeastern Wyoming J Mamm 55:221 224 10054. Skryya , DD I 97 fl. Reproductive inhibition in female cactui mice ( Peromyscus enmiau ). J Mamm 59: 543 550, 10055. Skryya, DD 4 Hark, TW 1970 Reproduction, seasonal changes in twdy weigh* fai deposition spleen and adrenal gland weigh! uf the golden mantled ground squirrel. Spenucphdus lateralis LsleniUs (Sdfltidae ) in the Laranue Mountains Wyoming. Southwest Nat. 15:201 20 . 10056. Skunckc F 1949 Algen. PA Noratedt 4 Sooers Forlag. Stockholm ( Cited by Kraft. 1964 ) 10057. Slade. H 1903. On the mode of copulation of tire Indian elephant . Proc Zod Soc London. 1903:11 Ml 3 10058. Slatlcin. M 4 Hatisfaier, G 1976 A note on the activities of a solitary male bibnnu Primates. 17:311 322 10059 Slaughter L 1971 Gestation period of die ductus gazelle. J Mamm 32:4 0- 481. * 10060. Sleptzov MM 1940. On some particularities of birth and nutrition of the young of the Black Sea porpoise Delphinus delphu. Zool Zhura 19 297 305 10061. Slept rov MM 1941 . The biology of reproduction of the Black Sea dolphin Delphmiui drlphtt . Zool Zhurn 20632 653 10062. Sleprzov MM 1943. On the biology of reproduction of Pinnipedia of the Far Hast. Zod Zhm . 22:109 128. 10063 Sltjper. HJ 1949 On some phenomena coocermng pregnancy and parturition of the Cetacea. Bijdr Dierkd . 28416-448. 10064. Slikker W Jr Newport. GD. Slijpcr. J . et *1 1982. Placental transfer of synthetic and endogenous estrogen conjugate * in the rhesus monkey ( Mantra mulatto ) Am J Primal*>1 2:385 399 10065. Slob AK . Oorm MP, 4 Vrerbwg. fTM . 1979 Annual changes in srrtim testosterone in laboratory housed male 'tumptail macaques ( M arc (aides ! Biol Reprod 20:981 9X4 10065«. Slooten. F 1991 Age . growth , and reproduction in Hector * dolphin Can J Zool 69:1689 I 70a 10065b. Slooten. L 4 Dawson. S.M. 1988. Studies on Hector's dolpfun Ccfdtalothynchus her ton: A progress report . Rep In * Whal Comm Sp Issue. 9:325 338. 10066 Sludskij. AA 1948 Ondatra i akklimatizoria or v Ka /adulane Isdatelrtvo akadenuc nauk Ka /ochsk Alma - Ata. I Cited by Knechsel 4 Pieckocki . 1983) 10067. S!uiirr JW . 1954. Sexual maturity ta h**s of the genus Myotu H: Females of M mystaemus and supplementary data on female M myotu and M enusrgmatus Proc K Ned Akad Wet Scr C. 57:696* 700. 10068. Sluiter , JW . I 960. Reproductive rate of the bat RhuuAophax hippastderot , Proc K Ned Akad Wet Scr C. 63:383 393 10069 Slmter , JW 4 Reis, I 1951. Follicular growth and spontaneous ovutalimi m captive hats during (he hihrmatron pnriod lYoc K Ned Akad Wet Set C 54:585 593

.

-

.

. .

.

-

-

-

-

.

.

,

.

- *

..

. - .

.

.

.

-

- .

.

-

.

.

.

. .

-

.

_

-

-

.

.

- .

.

.

-

.

.

>41


» leucuna II Normal cyclic phenomena of ibe ovarian follicle * Pap Ml Acad Sci Art I et , 22671 689 10440. Stockard. CR A Papanicdnou. GN 1917. The cxMtence of a typical ocsiroua cycle in the gtunea pig with n study of its histological and physiological change* Am I Anat 22:225- 26* 10441. Stockrahm DMB A SeaNoom RW 1988 Comparative reproductive perforuunev of black tailed prairie d ^g populations in North Da kit a J Mamm 69:160-161 10442. SKHlart. F.. 1966. CMwervation* on the Ivhavior of the marsupial Hetttmgia lesueri in an entdosurc CSIRO Wildl Res

-

^

-.

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

-

.

,

..

.

.

-

* ^-

*

.

.

-

-

- .

-

.

.

1191 101

-

10443. Stodart , E. 1966. Man igenvm and behavior of breeding group* of the marsupial Perameles nasua ( ieoffroy in captivity. Aust J Tool 14611 623 10444- Stodart. E A Myers. K. 1964 A comparison of behaviour reproduction , and mcetality - C«ntvoroiu Mammals Silvna Israel Prog Sci Trans Smithsonian Inst , Nat Sci Foundation . Washington. DC. 10500. Stroimn. HR A Slaughter . LM 1972 The caae and breeding of the pigmy hippopuuum Chenyuu hbrnenut in captivity Int Too YearK 12 126- 131 10501 Stroud DC 1982 lAqiulaiton dynanucs of founti roilut and R norvrficus in a riparian habitat J Mamm . 63:151 154 10502- Stmhsaker , TT 1967 Social structure among velvet monkeys (Cen < ywrAr* us /iv ) Belsavkmr. 29 83 121 . 10503. Stnihaakcv. TT. 1972 Behavior of velvet monkryv ( Cfftcpithecus urikieps ) Uliv CA Mi Tod 82.1 74. 10503n Struhxakei. TT 1975. The Red Cotobu* Monkey Univ Oucngo Prena , Chicago, II 10504. Struhsakci. IT. 1976 A further decline in numK- r * of Ambolcsi vervet monkeys. Biotropsca 8:211 214 10505 Struhsaker . TT 1977 Infanticide and social organization

.

”

.

.

.

.

,

- .

- .

.

the rcduiil monkey ( Cen o/ nthecus meumus trhmtdii ) in the Kibale Fcecst , Uganda , 7 Tterpaydvol 45:75 K 4 1985. Infanttcidc in a 10506 Struhsaker. TT A 1 eland patrilineal society of red eototux monkeys. Z Tierpsychol.

in

.

.

69 89 132. 10507 Strum, SC A Western JD 1982 Variation* in fecundity with age and environment in olive baboons ( Pof >u> attains ) Am J

-

.

.

.

-

Pnmatol 3:61 76 10508. Struthen. PH. 1928 Breeding habits of the Canadian porcupine Itrethizon doruUum ), J Mamm- 9:300 306 10509. Stuart Cl 1981. Notes on the mammalian carnivores of the Cape l *rovince. South Africa. Bontebok. 1:1 58 |Caed by Bakker A Mebter 1966) 10510. Stubbe. C Stubbe, M. A StuHie. L 1982 Zur Reproduklion der Rehwildptnailat*un Caprroiut t eqpnmto (L 1758 ) De* Wikiforsehungsgehiet Hakel Hcrcyma. 19:97 109 10511 Stubbe . M. 1967. Zur PopulatHnulwok K de* Rotfuchsca Vulpes vulfM s ( Li Mercyiu* I 10. 10512. Stubbe. M I 960. Pi pulut*< n*Nolfu.« w Cntrrsuchungrn an Mustcla marten. Hcrcyma. 6:306 318 10513 Stubbe. M 1969 Zur Buiogic und rum Schntx de* Fixchotter* Luiru iutm (L) Arch Naturu hut/ Laadschaftafarsdi. 9:315 324. 10514 Stubbe M 1977. I >er Fiadtutter luira Iutm fl 17 ^ 8 ) in det DDR. A*4 An/. 199:265 285. 10515 Stubbe M 1980 Population ecology of the red fox ( Vulpes vulpcs L 1758 ) in the GDR The Red Fox . Sympmium on Behavior and Ec*»l«>gy 71 96. Zimen, F. ed DR W Junk The

-

.

- .

.

.

-

-

^

..

- .

.

*

-

-.

.

.

.

-

Hague .

. .

.

1051 k. Stubbe. M A Chouichu. N 1968 Ztn Saugeuerfauna der Mongolei. Mm Zool Mu* Berlin 44 5 121 10517 Stubbe , M A Chokdchu N 1971 7.ur Saugeticrfauiu der Mongolei IIM Taiga Pfcifhanen, Ochotona atptna hyperbarta ( Pallas 1881 ) aus dem Cherny Mitt Z/vol Mu* Berlin

.

-

.

-

.

47:349 356 * 10518. Stubbe. M A StuhU W 1977 Zur P« nwlauon*bKb*R de* Rotfuchxe* Vulpes wipes (L ) III Hcrcyma 14 16 ^ 17 ?

-.

. -

.

.

.

10519. Stubbe. W A StuHie. M 1977 Vetglcichende Beitrage tm Re|ituduktiofi und Gcburtstnalogie von Wiki and llausvchwem Sms scrvfa L Jagd Wildl cinch 10:153 179, 10520. Studicr. EH Lyxetgen. VL A O'FvrcD MJ 1973 Biology of hiyatis thyumodes and Af btctfugiu (Chiroptera Vespertibotudoe I II Bioenergeuc* of pregnancy and lactation Cotnp Dtochrm Physiol 44 A : 467 471 10521 Studter . EH A O Farrell, MJ. 1972 Biology of Myvtts lltyamodes and Af hn ifugus ( ChtrofXera ; Veopertiliomdad) I Thermoregulation Ccenp Biochcm Phy « Kil 41 A .567- 595, 10522 Studicr. EII A O Fmell MJ 1976 Biology of Hyotis thysemodes and Af /« ifugas (Quropten: Veapettilionidac ) III Meiaholitm. heart rote , breathing rate. evapnrMivr wain Ion and general enctgctica Comp Bicichem lYiysml 54 A:423 4 > 2 10523 St tidier. EH A OF«rell MJ 1980 Phyuologica] ecology of Uyotii Proc Ini Bat Rev Conf , 5:415 - 424 10523«. Stunwcr , FW 194 Raccoon*: Their habits and management in Michigan Ecd Monogr 13:203 257 10523b. Steuwer , FW 1948 A record of red hat* mating J Mamm 29:180181 10524 Stull, JW A Brow n WH 1966 Fatty acid compoaium of the milk fid at some desen mammal*. J Mamm 47:54210525. Stull. JW. Brown. WH. A Kooytnan. GL 1967 ljp il* of the Weddell seal , Leplonychoses ueddeHi . J Mamin. 48642 645. 10526. Stump. CW Robins JP A Garde ML I 960 The developeneut at the embryo and membranes of the hungiback whale, Megaptera nodosa < Bonnaterre ). Ami J Mar Freshwater Res. II 365 386. 10527 Stages* I. 1948. The early embryology and placenutiou of Prataria capensis Acta Zool tStockhofni ). 29:393 497 10528. Stutiethcint CJ A Skinner JD. 1973. Prebminary on the behaviour and breeding of (JerbtUurus pacl>a jkteha ( A South , 1834) in captivity. Koedoe. 16:127 148 10529 StUwe. M |98S Aspects of structure and reproduction of white tailed deer pupolationv OdocoiUus virgintanui , in Venezuela and Virginia Satigelierk Mitt 32: 137 141 10530 Stuwe , M & Grudinsky C. 1987 Reproductive biology of captive alpine ibex ( Capra i ibex ) Zoo Biol , 6:33| t 39 10531. Su. JH Aao T. Maohashi. T et al 1980 RadKiimimiiuMcMay method for baluxm plasma gonadotroptn* Endocrinol Japan 27313 520 10532 Subha R «i. A. 1927. ConiributKXfei to otw knowledge of the placenta of Muvtclidae Uradae. and Sciuridae IVoc 7ix4 Soc lamdooi 1927:1027 1069 10533 Suckling. GC 1984 Popelation ec« 4ogy of the s»|i*r glider. f' cLiurut krtvkeps in a system of fragmented habnots . Aust Wildl Res II 49 75 10534. Sudmnn PD. liurns. JC A Qvoate JR . 1986, Gestaimn and postnatal dcvek «jimeiu of the plain* pocket gopher TX I Sd

.

'

1

.

.

.

.

-

.

’

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

- .

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

. .

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

^- .

38 1 94 10535. Sugimuna M , Sumki Y , Kun I . et al 1983 Prenatal deveK^pmeni of Japanese serowt . Capncomu crisp**,and reproduction in females. J Mamm 64:302- 304. 10536. Sucita H 1979. Reproductiori of Pde David s deer. Animal* A Zoos 3|(9 >:6-9. 10537. Sugiyama . Y 1984. Population dynamic* uf wild chimj*on /ees al Bas*m ( hunea between 1976 and 1983 Primates 25:391 400 10538. Sugiynmn, Y . 1984. Some aspects of iiifanbcide and i tiler male comjwtitHMi among langw* Presbytia rrurUms al Dharwar , India. Pinnate*. 25 423- 432. 10539. Sugiyama. Y Yorfnbn K A Parthasarathy. MI ) 1965 Hume rao e. breeding season, male gr*up. and mter - uoufi

.

- .

.

.

^

.

952 rrlauons in Hanuman langurs ( Pnshytu entelhtx ) Primates 6 71 106 10540 SulenlK fM , WJliam*. IJt. A Cameron . GN 1991. Geomya bmirepx . Mamm Species. 583:1*4 10541 Sulims GL & Vcns BJ 1978. Ruts sad Sailing techniques for control of Beklings ground squirrels. J Wildl Manage 42 : 890- 896. 10542 Sullivan. BO. 1956 Gray fox reproduction, denning , range , and weights in AlnUim* I Mamm 17:346 151 10541. Sullivan . TP A Sullivan . OS 1982. Population dynamics and regulation of the Dcmglas squirrel ( Tammsciunx doupaUi ) with supplemental food Oecologica. 51264 270. 10544. Sumangil. JP. 1966 (Jbsetvauons in the biology of Cotahaio nceftckl tats, problems and methods of control Philippine Geographical J. 10.18-23. 10545. Sumangil , JP A Rcwcll , NC 1966 Notes on the studies of Philippine species of lield rat* Philippine Geographical J

. .

*.

.

.

.

-

.

.

10: 11 l ? 10546 Suirur , J 1983 Studies on Reproductive Pathology in Alpacas Thesis MS Vel Sci. Swedish trmv Agnc Sci. Uppsala Sweden 10547. Sumar. J Smith. GW. Mayhua E. et aL 1978. Adrcnucurlicul function in the fetal and newton alpaca. Comp Btuchem IhysuJ 59A:79 84 1054». Surrnch JL 1986 Growth in young gray whales ( Eukricktius roAustui }. Mai Mamm Sci 2:145 152. 10549. Summer*, CF Burton RW A Anderson SS 1975 Grey seal l/Wfhwnu grypvs ) pup production at North Rnnn : A study of birth and nvvtv«] statistics collected in 1972. J Zool 175:439- 431. 10550. Summers. PM. Shephard. AM Hodges. JK. el al 1987. Successful transfer of the embryo* of fte /cwulskt ' s lurse* ( FqMms f* ze* ubin ) and Ciram ' s /rlva ( f hmn hrlli) to domestic mares ( F, caAaltmsX J Reprod Fen 80, 13 20 10551. Summers. PM Wcnnink CJ A Hodges JK 1985 ClnprosteDoJ - induced hucolyut in the marmoset monkey iCalhihrvx fOcckuxX J Reprod Fen . 73:113- 138. 10552. Sundaram K Tsong, YY. Hood. W . et al. 1973 Effect of immunization with estrone- protein conjugate in rhesus nnwkevs , I nduamuloyy 93 84 X 847. I 055X Sundqvist, C latkofa, A . A Valtoncn M 1984 Relationship between scrum leatnalcroor coaccotnuton* and fertility in male mink ( A f u n r f a vison ). J Reprod For 70.409-412. 10554. Sung. KLP. Bradley EJ „ A Terman CR 1977 Serum

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

^

ciwticnuerooc concentrations in reproductive

mature and mantcuhUus batniu ). J Repr d

unhitoted deet mice Pcnmxscus Fe»t 49:201 206 10555 Suisquint. ME. I 9H 1 The social organization of tigers iPandunt ligru ) in Royal Ouuwan National Park. Nepal Smithsonian Cootr Zool 336:1 98 10554. SnoqviM C. A mad *, AG. A Banke. A 1989 Reproduction and fertility in the rrank (UtatHa timmi J Rcjvod Felt. 15:413 441. 10557. SnoqviM C. FJlis, LC A Banke. A. 1988. Reproductive endocrinology of the mnk ( Mmsttki runt ) Endocrine Rev 9 247 266 10558. Sufirasert. A. lliniMgi K Fupufca T et al 1989. Ibrtncticmmry of glycocowjugaii * in ovarian follicles uf the adult towte musk threw , Swtrui murviut Acta Ann . 1 V> 26*F

.

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

278.

-

.

..

.

.

10559. Surve V ( j 1970 Ihe breeding of the Indian giant squirrel Ratufa mtUca in captivity. J Bombay Nat Hist Stic 67:531* 352,

.

.

10540. 10580

.

10560 Sttuman RW. 1974 F>ok >gical di.Mintix ru in tympatric species nf Tenure prosimian Biology 75 106, Martin , RD. Doyle. GA A Walker , AC. cds Univ PuuKirg Press. Pittsburgh 10561. SUM man RW . 1975. A preliminary study of the behavinr and ecology of Umar Juhux mfus Aodebcrt. 1800 Lemur liitdogy 237 258, laltersall. I & Simmon, RW eds, Plenum

.

.

-

.

.

*

.

Press. New York. 10562. Sutherland , RL Evans SM A Tyndale Biscoe CH 1980 Maaipodid marsupial luteini / ing hormone: Validation of assay procedures and changes in con nitrations m plasma during liar next oats cycle in the female tammar wallahy ( Macropms mgenn ). J F-adocriaot 86:1 11 10542a Sutbc JM. Fcnnexsy, PF. Corson ID et al. 1989 LH and testortcrone responses to GnRH in red deer ( Cenna elaphus ) stags kept in a manipulated phuteperud . J Reprod Fen. 85:213-

.

.

. .

.

.

.

-

.

219.

.

. .

.

.

10545. Sunk JM lancoln . 0A A Kay RNB 1984 Endocrine control of antler growth in ted deer «ug* J Reprod Fen 71:7 15 10564 . Suitkus RD A Jones, C. 1991 Observation* on winter and spring reproduction in Peromyuut htcopus (Rodeatia: Mundae ) in southern Louisiana TX J Sci. 43:179-189. 10545. Sutfle. JM. Moore. HDM. Pierce. FJ. et al 1988 (Juantnative studies 00 variation in sperm head morphology of the hupping mouse. Nottrmyt aUxu. J Exp Zool . 247: 166-171. 10545a. Sutton DA 1992 Tamitu IWKWIIU Mamm Specie*. 390:1 8. 19546 Suzuki F A Raccy , PA 1976 Fine structural changes in tlie eptdidymal epithelium ol moles (7d//*i europtw< j| through lit the year. J Reprod Frit 47:47-54 10547. Su / iiki . F A Raccy . PA 1978 The cegamzauoa of testicular interstitial tissue and changes in the ( me structure of the Leydig cells of European moles ilatfsi nropaea ) throughout the year . J Reprod Fen 52- 189 194. 10548. Svsdenko. GD Svidnko AA. Nikitin Vp n al 1973. Reproihicuon of SptrmephtlopM lepuxiastyhu in Turkmenia. Zool 7Jium 52:1836- 1842 10549. Svihla , A 1929 Brerdrng haNts and young of the red backed mouse Evotomxi . Pap MI Acad Sci Art* Lett 11 485-490. 10570. Svihla. A. 1929. Life history notes on Sigmodvn htipulia hupuJus. J Mamm. 10:352 353. 10571 Svihla , A. 1931. Habits of the Louisiana mink. J Mamm. 12 366 368. 10571 Svihla A 1931 Life history of the Texas rice rat { Oryzamyx paluttrix t Xmm ), J Mamm . 12: 238 - 242 10573. Svihla. A 1932- A comparative life history study of the mice of the genus Pcromyscus Univ MI Mus Zool Muse Puhl 24:1 39 10574. Svihla. A 1933. Notts cm the deer - moose Pervmyscus rnicnu ulmixi orrat ( Bongs ) Murrelet . 14:13- 14. 10575. Svihla. A 1914 Development and growth of derrmice t /' rmmvu m mtvucubtha antmtuMt ). J Mamm 15 9 104 10576 Svihla. A 1935- DevrUpment and growth of the prune deer ttwsne, Pcro*n\scus matucuUuux bivrdu J Mamm 16:109-1 )5 10577. Svihla. A 1936. Develcpmciu and growth of /Vrwnysrar MANICMUUUS often. J Mamm. 17:132 137. 10578. Svihla A 1936 The llawaiiim rat Murrelet. 17:3- 14 . 10579. Svdila A 1949. Notes on rcproducUon of the peninsula bear Munelct 30:53- 54 10580. Svthla. A A Svihla RD 1931 . The Louisiana muskrat J Mamm 1112- 28

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

-

.

-

.

- .

^-

.

-

.

.

953

10581.- 10625. 10581. Svihla A A Svihla. RD 1933 Notes on the life history of the wood rat, Seoioma finndana nthida Hangs. J Mamm 14:73 75 10581 Svdila A A SvihU. RD. 1933 Notes on the jun?tng mouse Z ficu *ol e Moiostopx benchymeles cerastes * (Thomas. 1901 ) (Chnuptern - Mofoasidae). Nauuaba 2 :61 6*» 10419. Taggart. DA A Icmple Smith . PD 1990 liflecu of btcedmg seaton and mating on total number and dirtriKilioO of .vpermatozoa in the epididymis of the brown marsupial nwaise. Ante* Junior slmirtu J Reprod Fort 88:81 - 91 . 10420. Taha. NM A Kielwetn. G 1990. Pattern id peptide bound ami fiee nnuno acid * in camel , buffalo, and AH milk Milchwmciisduft 45 : 22 25. 10621 Tahiti /agiet . C 1969 Rechctcher sur le cycle oeunen dr la femelle du Pangolin Urmia trinupia Rafmesi|uci d’ aprr * Tetude des frottis vaginaux CR Stances Soc Biol

'

.

-

.

.

.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

-

163 2189 2193. 10422. Tahka KM 1978 A hirtochemteal srndy on the effects Ilf pboioperiod on gonadal and adrenal functions in the male bank vole (Ckthhomnms gtancotus ). J Reprod Fen 54:57-66, 10623. Tkhka KM 1980 A huiocheirocal midy on the effects

f pbni ' vefird on goondnl and adrenal function* in the female hank voir (ClefMpttomyt glam Im Schrcb) (Ten Comp Endocrinol 41:41- 52 10424. Tahiti KM A Rajamenu II 1985 photopenodic modulation of terticulw 121 recepttws in the bank vole ((‘ferJimvnwnvt glareolui\ J Reprod Fert . 75 513-51'J 10425. Tahka. KM. Ruokonen A. WaNgvea H . et al. 1983 TemjHfal change* m torticulnr hixtology and Steroxlugenesis in

i»

^

-

.

.

10626. 106*6

954

.

juvenile hank vidci ( Cletknimamyt glarteiut Sdwvber ) uibjecird to ditferemi photopenod* Eadnenoology II 2:1420 1426 10 2*. Tkhka KM TcriviM T. Pankakorkt. E, et al l *»9 TV testes of moles iTalf*i euwpaea ) retain a considerable microsomal capacity Jar androgen synthesis during seasonal rrfRnko. lien Comp Lndocnnot 76:301* 309, 10*27. Tahka. KM. Terivamen. 1 A Wallgren . H. 1982. Effort of pbotoperiod oa tV Sank vole ( Clethnatomyt glancAu SchrehcrV An m vitro study (Ten Comp Fndocnnnl 47 377 ? & 4 10628- Tarbcl AM 1937. L' Antelope ctmcapnr Osimaooai ml gruppo is allcvumemo presio U Suzione spcrimcmale di Aviculrura di Ruvigo. Rass Faun Rome. 4(2yJ I9 10*29. Tait . AJ A Johnson. F 1982. Speunasogciiesss in the grey squirrel ( Sauna taroAnemis ) and change* during sexual regression. J Reprod Fen. 65:33* 38. 10 30. Taji. AJ Pope GS A Johnson. F 19 1 . Progcrternoe concentrations in peripheral plasma of non pregnant and pregnant grey squirrels (Scunu carohnmtu ) , J Endocrinol 19: 107 116 10*31. Tait . WJF 1969. The elusive and rare onbi African Wild Life 23:154 160 10*32 Takada Y , 1983. Life history of small atamnuL in fallow fields 5 Reproduction in the large Japanese field mouse and the feral house mouse. J .Mamin Soc Japan 9:246 252 10*33 Takahata. Y i 960. TV reproductive baoiogy of a free ranging troop of Japanese monkey *. Pnmate*. 21:303 329 10 34 Takahata. Y 19* 2 . The socto acxnil hchavk* of Japanese monkey*. 7. Ticrpsychcd . 59 89-108 10*35. Takm . S A Yauu , K 1980 Breeding and weaning the California sea boo . Animals A Zoos 32(10) 10 10*3*. Takeshiu H 1961 On the delivery behavior of squirrel monkey* (Semin jfwmi ) and a moiu monkey ( CetttfHthcaa

-

*

.

.

.

.

-

_

.

.

*

-

*

-

-

-

.

*

. *

-

. -

^- .

mutiny

-

I Vi male* 3:59 72.

.

10*36«. Talamantes. F A Ogrta L 1988 The placenta as an endocrine organ: Polypeptides The Physiology of Reproduction , 2097 - 2144 , Knohil . E * Neill, JD eds. Raven JVe«. New Yotk. 10*37 Talbot. LM A Talbot , MH 1961 Preliminary observations on the population dynamics of the wildebeest in Naruk District Kenya. E Air Agnc For J 27:108-116. 10*38. Talbot. LM A Talbrt. Mil 1963 IV wddcVeal in western Mntailaad. East Africa. Wikll Monogr 12:1 88. 10*39. Taller . RV Mordtiiano-Tedichi . E, Laffitte dc Moaera S et al 1959 Inveitigncionex sohre Ctrnamt h>r< puiius I’n rnedor auu »ci no del Uruguay Am Fac Med Umv Rrjuh (Montis 44 452 462 ' 10*4a Talmage. RV A Buchanan GD. 1954 TV armadillo ( Dasypus movahcAtcauX Rice Inst Pamphlet 41(2 ) 1-135. 19641- Talaug*. RV Buchanan. GD. KmtitU. FW . et al - 1954 TV presence of a functional corpus lineum during delayed impiantaUon n (V armadillo J Endocnnu! 11.44 49 | lMv4 ’- Talpin . LE. I 98ti Some observation * on the reproductive hiolngs of SmmtrMnpni uirgmiat (Tarragon ) (Marsupialta: Dasyuridaei. Aust Tool 20 407 418 | 1971 TV production 19 2 Annum culmxra * Mamm Species. 179:1 5 10656. lamsitL, JR A Valdiviesa D. 1962 Le cycle oestral du Rat Sigmodan bogoirnxis de Cdombte Mammaha 26:16) 166. 10657. Tamsill. JR A Valdivie*© D. 1963 Records and observations no Colombian baLs J Mamm 44 168 179 10*58. Tamsiri JR A Valdivjeso D. 1967 Reproductive cycle of the big fruu -eatiag hat. Arriheia htunina Olfcrs. Nature 198 104 10*59. Tamsitt. JR A Valdisieso, D. 1963 Cundierou tcproduclcea de una colotua Ecuatunaaa del Murcielargo Myobs ncjao Myotts nigricans rugnams ( Familia Vespertibotudae ). Canhb J Sa . 3 49 51. |0 0. Tiimsin . JR A Valdi » a*so D 1964 Informataons xur la ** reprutkiction dcs Oetr l > 141. 10794. Thompson. MIA 1917 . Longevity and survival 4 female pipistrelle Vu ( Pipimtllus pipistivUiu } on the Vale of York , England 1 Zool 211 309.214 10795 Thompson . MK A Bradley El 1979 A study' of the

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

. and pre and prwtpuberty

.

concentrations of circadian rhythm serum prolactin in male prairie deer mice ( Pervmytcm mameufants botniti) Geo Comp Endocrinol 39:208 214 10799 Thompson. RW A Tinner JC 1982 Temperal g teaaon of higher n sheep geographic variation in the la Can J Zool 60 1711 1793 10797. Thompson SD A Nicoll ME 1986 Bawl metabolic rme and enerjeucs of reproduction in therian mammals Nature 321:690693 10790 Ihcvnpton Handler. N . Malenky RK A Badnan . N . 1984 Sexual behavior of Pttn pantxta urider natural coaditiom in the Lomako forest Lquntut . Zaire . The Pygmy Chimpanzee. 347 368. Susman. RL ed. Plenum Press. New York. 10799. Thomson Afi. 1972 A short note on the reproduction of s < » me Ghanam cn rodents. Rev Zool Bot Afr 85:343 351 10001» Thomson APR 1954 The onset of otann in normal and blinded ferrets Proc R See London Biol Sci !42B:126|35. 10801 Thomson, CE. 1982. Mvctu sodalu Mamm Species.

.

.

-

. ..

-

.

.

.

-

. .

.

-

. 163 1-5. 1» »2- Thomson IA A . Wll. 1964 A of possum Ptruiiochcirut Australian u Mar lYialangendae 34 Motogf . 27 Ecol < -52 IMU. Thomson. PJ . 1973 Notes . uribi Bovidue :

W

,

Oven

field study

.

ringtail

the

pcrcgrinus

* |malta

).

( Mammalia on the ) in Rhodesia Araddin ( Rhodesia ) 6(31 ) 1 5 10*04 Thorhum GD A ( Tiallir IRG. 1979 Endocrine control in panuntion . Physiol Rev. 59:863 917. 10805 Thortiuni GD Cox Rl . A Shorey C|). 1971 Ovarian steroid secretion tales in the marsupial Trickcomtua vutpecula. J Reprsal l en 24 139 140 108011 TVrdarson G. Ilulrkamp. KE A Talamaales. F. 1987 Rrvclopmrnt of an hamologeaii radiotmmuaoimity few *eactrd prolactin from the California pound squirrel Sprrmophilus brechryi ). Bid Rrprnd 36 11861190 108U7 Thonngton RW Jr Rudran . R A Mack . D 1979 Sexual dimorphism * of Alouami semculus and observation on * capture techniques, Vcrtehrate Ecology tn the Nofthero Neotropscs 97 106. Fisenberg, Jt . ed Smithsonian ln*i Best. Washington. DC. 1081«. Thonngton . RW Jr. Run JC. A Liwnbcrg. JF 1984 A study of a Mack howling monkey (Alouatta caruya ) population in northern Argentina. Am J lYimaid . 6.357 366, IOH09. Thomback. I 1982 The IUCN Res Mammal Red D«a Book. Pan I II CN ( Hand. Switzerland 10810 Ihomhcr . EJ Renfree . MB A Wallace GI |9N| Biochcntn. nl studies of iiitrautenne components of the Umnur wallaby W, a ropus cugttttt during pregnancy J Fmhryol Exp

. .

. . .

.

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

. -

.

.

.

-

.

. .

.

.

-.

Motphol 62 325 338 in81| Thorne. FT Dean. RF. A llepwmh WG. 1976. Nutrition during gestation m rrluoon to successful re| odtscli*. i * * in elk J W,U1 Manage 40 330 335. 1081 la. Thornton . JF„ lrv»g. S A Goy RW . 1991 Fffectr d

.

-.

.

prenatal anbandrogea treatment on mancnlinixaUoD and guinea psgx Pfeyrid Behav 50 71 475

defemiai/atiun of

*-

.

10812 Threpe PA A Herbert. J 1976 Studies on the duration of the (weeding season and photcrefractoriness in female fcmls pineaJectomtzed or treated with melatonin J Endocrinol. 70:255-262 10813 Ihrasbcr . JI ). 1969. Preliminary observations on mate cumpaiitality in Mmrmota mtas. Lab Amm (!are 19:67 70. 10814 Thrasher . ID Barenfus. M Rich. ST et al 1971 . The colony management of Mantua nutu , the pouiltlexs opusium lab Amm Sd . 21:526 536

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

19815 Tibs T 1981 Jnhre.szeitVhe Schwankungen dcr Spcrmntogcnese de» JapuaiscVn Makaken (WarOM fit train ) in Gcfangca.schafl msbesondere in Vergleieh mit frcilebrnden Grupfseix Z SauseUerk. 46: 352 363. 10815«. Tib* T A Kiu I 1990. Undifferentiated spermatogonia and their tdc in the seasonally fluctuating spermatogenesis tn the feTTCt Muxtrln ftuionus furv ( Mammalia ). Zool Ant 224 140

.

-

.

-

155.

. Tiha, T A Kiu , I 1991 Undifferentiated iprntvtiogonia and their rdc in the seasonally fluctuating spermatogenesis in the mink Miaiela mow Znat Histnl Hmhryd . 20:118 128 10816 Tiha. T A NigL H 1980 Jahreszeithche Schwankung in der Spcrmotogeacse brim 'lice ranging japaniscVn Makak ( Macaca fusrato ) Zod Ail. 204:371 387. 10817. Tiha T Sugimara. M. A Suzuki . Y. 1981. Kinetik dcr

|08|5h

.

.

*

-

..

Speimalogencsc be* tier Wollhaargemse ( Capncomtt cnsfms ) I Geschlechivreife and yahryritlichc Schwankung Zool Anz. 207:16 24 10818 Tiha T. Sugimara, M. A Suzuki Y 1981 Kinetik dcr Sprrmaiogcnese hei der Wdlhaargemse ( Capncomis crispus ) II Samcncpultelzyklus and Samenepithelwdle Zool Anz. 207:25 34. 10818a. Tiha. T Takahashi. M Igura M. et al 1992 Ediaoced inolifembon of undifferentiated spermatogonia after treatment of sh n ph« ioprri < «J exposure in the Syrian hamster Mrsocmetus anr,uus Anal Hntd Eothryd. 21 9 - 22. 10819. TiMutts . FD A HiBenunn. HR 1959 The development and histdogy d the chinchilla placenu J Motphdl 105:317- 346 10820. Tihbsns . FI > A King , BF. 1975 The fine structure of the trcphospoitgkl layer of the kangaroo rat placenu. Anal Rec 183:567 -578. 10821. Tiehua . II. ( Vmghut. L Yac4 ung. Q et al 1980 Growth and devcbpmcM of tlvr bandicoot rat. Hsmdtrota rndicti ( Bahstcm ) Acta Zuotogica Smica 267 392 . 10822 Tietneirr. OW 1965 Biononwcs in the Mack - tailed rabbit in Kansas. KS St Uwv Agric Fxp Sta Tech Bull 1465 40. 10823. Tien . D Van 1961 Nn«cs stir une cdlection de micro Mammifdes de la region de Hon-Gny. Zod An /. 166 290 298, 10824. Tien. I ) Van 1963 Etude ptelmunaur de U faune des Mammilerex dc la rCgis.ii de ftiu -Quy ( IVovmce NGHE AN centre Vietnam ). Zool Anz. 171 :448 -436 10825. Tien , I ) Van 1966 Lkwnecs sui la Mdugie du petit l curcuil raye dc Hainan (Cailosnuna sHtnhon haifumu.i ) au Notd - Vietnam Z Saugetterk . 31 : 478 - 479. 10826 Tien D Van 1966 Sur une druxkmr collection den Mammiferes de la rfgkm de Yen- Bai ( Nord- Vietnam) Stoat ] Mas Ticrfc ( Dresden ) Zool Ahh 28:285- 292. 10827. Tien. 1) Van 1968 Donnecs sur I’ fcdogic dc I'lWenil A venue rouge de Manipur ( talltnaunis crythnstus eryikntgitiler Blyth ) au Nied - Vietnam Zool ( iarten NF 35:74- 76. I («28. Tien. 0 Van 1972. D> «ntcs fc 4 ique sur I f cumul * geant dc McOelland ( Ratufa hroior gigiuilta ( Rroienua Sciundae ) au Vietnam Zo 4 Garten NF 41*240243

.-

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

- .

^

.

.

..

.

.

959

10829. 10869. 10829. Tien. 1) Van 1977 Donnfc* sur I Ccdogie et la biologic de rAth rure malais ( Athenina nuicroums L ) ( Kodenba . Hystricidac ) au Nord - Vietnam. Zod Garten NF. 47.4W -71. 10830. Tien. D Van A Sung. CV 1971. Removes fcdogiquo sur lex Rats de bambou ( Rhzumys prumosus Blylh el fthizomys sumatrntsu cmenis McClelland ) au Vietnam, /od ( iarten NF 40.227 231. 10831. Tien D Van A Sung. CV . 1975. Ronnies sur la hml g»e et I ' lcologic du Pore fpiC ( Acwtlhuvt tuh nsuuumt ( Swinlux ) ( Rcxlentia. Hystncidac ) au Hard - Vietnam Zool Garten NF 45:487-490 10832 Ttpkcns J 1971. The uestrous cycle ami gcstatiun period of the mounUin gorilla ( jonlLi gonlla bennga Int Zoo YcaiK 11:181183 ( 0833. Tikhomirov, LA , 1966. On the reproduction of reals belonging la the family Phoctdac in the North Pacific /axil Zhurn 45:275 281. 10834. Tikhomirov l:A. 1975. Bidogy of the ice forms of seals in the Pacific section of ihe Antarctic Rai>p P V Retin Cons Int Expkv Mer IW 409- 412 10835. Tilexcon JV A Lechleiiner . RR 1966 Some compmums of the Hack tailed and white - tailed prairie dogs in north central Colorado Am Mid Nat 75:292 316 10836. Till« «. SA. Swisher . DA. Bimm, BB. et al 1976. Interrelationships between pituitary gonadotrophins and ovarian steroids in baKxins during continuous intrauterine progesterone treatment Biol Rcprod 15:291- 296. 10836m Tilv n Rl 1977. Social organization of umokobu monkeys ( Miurftr ctmcoiar ) in Siberut Island. Indonesia I Mirant 58: 202 212 lt«37 Tinusjarvi, J , Niemmen M . Rome K et al I 9K 2 Growth in the reindeer . Acta Ver Scaad . 23603 618. 10838 Timm. RM 1974 Rediscovery of the rock vole (A/Armfitr chminrrhmus ) in Minneuna Can EieW Nat- 88:82 -82 10839. Timm RM 1975 . Ristrihution natural history , and ( parasites of mammals of Cook County Minnesota kccas Pap Bell Mu Nai Hist Unrv Minn 14.1-56 10840. Timm. RM 1982 Fclopltyila and behavior Madoqiui. 1:7 33 UM52. Tobaynma. T Udusla , S A Nithiwaki M 1969 A while bellied right whale dolphin caught in the waters of Iboragi Japan J Mamm Soc Japan . 4 :112 - 120 1MSA Tobnyama T Uchida S A Nishiwaki. M 1970 Tw « foetuses from a blue whale did|4un Sci Rep Whales Res Inti

.

.

.

.

.

22:159*162.

.

-

-

.

.

.

. .

.

,

.

10854 Tobei SA A Baum. MJ 1987 Rdc fee prenatal estrogen in the deveolpmrnt of masculine sexual behavior in the male ferret Harm Behav . 21 419 429, I *«55. Tobei SA. Shim. JH. Osieclu. ST, et al 1985. Androgen aromatizatwMi and 5« - rcdiicUon in ferret brain during perinatal development Fifed* of sex and lesrosterooe mani|Hilatjoa Fudocnnolofy 116:1869- 1877. I *«56. Todd , AW 1985 Rem 'graphic and dietary comparisons of forest and farmland coyote Gmuf Uanmtt , populatioas »n Alhena Can helANai 99 163- 171 1«57 Todd AW A Ke th LB 1983. Coyote demogr ihv during a xnowshac hare decline in Alberto. J W' tldl Manage. 47:394 404. 10858. Todhuntet . R A Gcmincll. Rl . 1987. Seasonal changes in the reproductive tract of die male mar.*u(Hal bandcuot. htnuL vi nuomnij. J Anal . 154:173- 186. 10859. loepfet . L 1973. Mdch /uzammenset /ung vom Reh ( Ctipreofus c capreolus L ). Zool ( iarten NF 43:147. 1086« TotvoU. KIX. hfidsou WE A Robinson. JA. 1978. Effect c4 luteinizing hi* nn 'oe teleasing hormone on Use trcmioa of luteituziog hinmooc Mlicle suimilaung harnsoivc. and lest ( nief '.'tie in adult male rhesus m* *iikeys Lnikxrinology

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

^

-

.

.

.

-.

.

102:1815 1821 1*1861. Toll JE Haskett . R> A Cimaway . CH 19 A Lubanov N'V. 1974. lujuus hemtmus Pall. 1775 and its reprodnetnn Ve.unik Zool Kiev . 3:11 18. 10X97 Treumer M 1977 Dyiunncs of a population of field mouse Acta Thcnol 22 207- 214 10898 Tnflmich . F. 1984 . The Galapagos seals Part 2 Natural

.

-

.

-

.

-

. . .

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

history of the Galapagos fur seal Arrtocrpkalus folafhtgncnxis Heller . Key EvsmnmenLs : Galapagos . 215 223. Perry . R. ed. Pcrganaun. Oxford. UK 10899. Tnllmich . F. 1986. Attendance behavior c4 GaJapagos fut veals Fur Scab Maternal Strategies on Load and at Sea. 168 185 Gently Rl . A Kooyman GL cd* Princeton Univ

-

.

. . .. Tnflmich . F lfW

.

.

Prctt Princeton

.

6 Ancndance behavior of Galapagos c » 16900 , * lion * Fur Seals Maternal Strategies 00 land and at Sea. 196- 208. Gentry , Rl A Kooyman GL eds. Princeton Univ Press., Pnnceloa . 10901. Tnllmich. F . 1986. Maternal investment ami ex allocation in the Galapagos fur seal Arctotephalus gahtpogoentii Hehnv F.col Socicbtof . 19:157 164. 10902. Tnllmich F. Kirchmeier. D Kirchmeier , O el al I98 H Characterization of proteins ami fatty acid composition in Galapagos fur seal milk Occurence of whey and casein pterin pojymvphismv Comp Bmchem Physiol. 90B 447 452. 109 3 TriBmich, F. Kooyman GL Majluf . P. et al 1986 Attendance and doing behaviors of Scwth American Fur Seals dutmg El Nifto in 1983. Fur .Seals Maternal Strategies on Land and al Sea 153 167 , Gentry. RL A Kooyman. GL eds. Princeton I’ niv IVcss Princeton 10904 TriRmuh F A lechner . F. 1986 Milk uf the Galapagos seal and «ea lion, with a contpiruoa of the milk of eared seals J Tool 209 A 271 277 10905. Tnmberger . GW A Fincher. MG . 1956 Regularity of estrus ovarian function, and conception rale* in dairy cattle Agnc Lap Sin Bull Cornell Univ 911:1 23. 10906. Tripp, HRH. 1971 Reproduction in elephant - shrews ( Macroocebdulae ) with special reference to ovulation and implanutjoa J Rcpmd Frrt 26 149- 159 Itt9fi7 Ttijp, HRH 1972 Capture , labsvutory cate and hreedmg * f fk jihant shrew v ( Mncroncriididae ). lab An mi 6:213 224 109* in , Trippensce. RF 1936 The reproductive function in the cottontail rabbit ( Sy/vUagur flondanus meamsn Allen ) in southern Michigan Proc N Am W ldl Couf 1:344- 350. 10909. Trodd. LL 1962. Quadruplet fetuses ia n white- tailed deer from Lsfnnola Ontario J Mamm. 43:414. 10910 Trott /ky A 1953 CorttnUitiun k I'ritide dcs hnmpedcs 4 de deux Phoquen dc le Meditettanfe raittcnrii de crois re par S A S le Prince Rainier III dc Monaco. Bull Iiut Oceanog 1032 1 46.

.

.

•

.

.

*.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

. ^

.

.

- .

961

10911. 1095.3.

10931. Tull art . WW 1961 Urinary chorionic gonadtnnpm excretion m the monkey ( Macaco mulatto ). Early phase .

.

10911 Trojan. P A Wojciechowska. B 1967. Resting metabolism rate during pregnancy and lactation in the bivupean common vole • Mu nnui an alts ( Pall ) Lkologia Pofskn Sena

A 15811-817.

.

.

Endoamofogy

10912. Trollope J A Blurt on - Jones. NG. 1970. Bleeding the stump tailed macaque, Macara arctonics . Lab Arum 4 161 169. 10913 TroUupe , J A Blurt on - Jones , NG. 1972. Age of sexual maturity in the stump- tailed macaque ( MtKttra arcU’ults ) A birth from labutoiury batn parr me Primates . 13:229-230. 10914 Trolkpe J A Blurton Jones. NG. 1975. Aspccti of reproducing and rcfvoductive liehavMv in Mtx wa ankouUt Primates 16:191 206 10915 Trombulak , SC. 19 7. lafe history of the Cascade golden mantled ground squirrel (5prrmn/Ai/iu jtirimjftul J Mamm 68 544 554 10916 Trombulak , SC. 1988 Spcrmophilmi utfmnitus Mamm Speaes 322: 1 4 10917 Troughhm , L 1947. Furred Animals cf Australia C Scribner s Sons New York 109|X Trowbridge. BJ 1983 Olfactiey communication in the Fiurvqvcan otter ( far/ ru Jntm ). Hi D Dim, Univ Aberdeen Aberdeen .|Cited by Mason A Macdonald 1986) 10919 Troyer JR 1908. Neurosecretory material in the upraoptico- hypophvsenl trad of the bat throughout the hibernating and summer periods Anal Rec. 162 407 424 10920. Trulio LA l >«»glwy Wl Henncmy. DF. « al 198b Infanticide in California ground M|uirrels An Behav 34 :291- 294. 10921 Trupsn . Gl A Fadenv BIT 1982 . Sexual briiavtcr cf the gray short tailed opossum ( Manodelphts dnmrstu ay J Mamm 63 :409 414. 10922. Tryon. CA It 1946 Montana records of beaver embryo*. J Mamm 27 396 397. 10923. Tryosi. CA. Jr l‘>4 7. Behavior and postnatal devekpenent of a porcupine . I Wild] Manage 11:282- 283 10924. Tryon. CA Jr 1947. The biology uf the pocket gopher ( Thnru^mss ulpoidcx ) in MirnUna MI Stile Coll Agnc F xp Sla

-

-

.

.

.

*

.

.

-

•

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

. .

.

.

-

.

.

Tech Bull *48:1-30. 10924«. Tryon. CA Jr A Bock. PD. 1950. Montana records of antelofv embryos and reptoductive tracts. J Mamm. 31:192- 193 10925. Tsapljuk. OE 1977. Age ami seasonal patterns if reproductive biology m Capreuius caprcolut in Kazakhstan Zool Zhurn 56.611-618. 10926. raellarius. YG. Semenova LA Tsimmesman. VG et al 1986. Influence of k 502 10927. Tsoms. CG ( vaughwm. Ml ). A Breed WG. 1981 Bitxzhemirtry irf male accessory organs of conilunoc rodent* Arch* Androl. 6239 242. 10927«. Tsubou. T. 1990. Studies o« reptikJuctive phyuology of Hokkaido hrowo bears. Unus arckts ves *wis . Jpn J Amm Rcprod. 36 IP 10P. 10921. Tsubota. T A Kanugawa 11. 1989. Annual change* in serum lestostenme levels and spcrmatogencsix in the Hokkaido brown hear . Untu arctot yttomsu J Mamm Soc Japan 14:11- 17. 10929. Tsubota. T Kanagawa. 11 Maoo T A Aet , T. 199* Corpora alhscantia and placental scars in llie Hokkaido brown bear . Ini Co*f Bear Res Manage 8:125- 12» 10930. Torn . HW . Tam. WH, Loft*. B et al 1974 The annual testicular cycle and aodmgeti production in vitro in the masked civet cal PUKU UI I tanaM J Reprod Fcrt 36 283- 293

.

-

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

. 82:87*875.

-

10932. Tullner , WW. 1972. Chceiosuc gonadotrtphm in non human primates . Acta Endocrinol Sufpl 166 200- 213. 10933. Tullner . WW A Gray CW 1968 Chorionic gnnad «ofnn wegnancy in a ginlLa. Proc Soc F.xp Biol Med excretioo during| 128:954- 936. 10934. Tullner WW A Gray CW 1971 Unpublished results (Cued by Tullner . 1972 ) 10935. Tullner WW A Hertz, R . 1966 , Chonoaic gonadotropin

.

.

.

.

. .

.

level* in (he rhrvut monkey during early pregnancy Endocrinology , 78 204 207 10936. Tullner . WW A Hertz R 1066 Normal gestation and chorionic gooadotnpin level* in the monkey after ovariectomy in early pregnancy Fedocrinofogy 78:1076-1078 10937. Tullner WW A Hodgen . GD 1974 Effects of fetectomy on plasma estrogens and progesterone in monkeys ( Macaco mulatta ). Steroids 24 887 897. I 093X. Tulloch . IX;. Pervunal comniumcation (Cued by Sinclaii . The African Buffalo 1977 ) I09J9. Tulloch. DG. 1979. The water buffaks, Hubalus bubal«. . Aust in Aurtralia: Reproduclive and parent -offspring behavior W UI Res 6265 2*7 10940. Tulloch. DG A Gravsia. A 1981 A study of reproduction in water buffalo in the Northern Territory of Australia. Aust

- .

.

-

.

,

- .

Wildl Res. 8:335- 348 10941. Tumbles** ML Middleton. CC Tinsley OW et al. 1969. Body weights and measurements of llormd immature swine from birth tu tune months uf age Lab Amm Care . 19:596 601. 10942. Tumlison . R . 1987. Felu lynx Mamm Species. 269 I - A 10942« lumlinsua. R . 1992- Ptecohu mettctmus 401:1 3 10913. lung. KSK. FJlis. LE Childs. GV et al. 1984. The dark mink : A model of male infertility. Endocrinology 114:922- 929. 10914. lupikova NV A Shvetiov 1X3. 1956. Reproduction of the wain vole m the Volga Akhtubinski regu* during dve spring Inch wild pemwl Zool Zhurn. 3$ 130 140 10945. Turvek. FI. 1956 (iber den Miitflo* ( Ku mustmim Schrcbcr 1782. in der Skiwakri (CSR ). Saugetierk Mitt 4:167- 171 10946. Turcke. F A Schmmeke S 1965 Dai Muffrlwdd Parry

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

Hamburg.

10917. Turck FW , Dci >aidins C. A Menakcr . M 1976. Differentia! effects of melatonin on the lesxc.s of photopcnadic and nonphiSupetiodic nxlenls Biof Rejeod . 15 :94-97 10948. Turner . BN, Iverson SL , A Severson. KL 1976 ' Port natal growih and devek *pmenl of captive Franklin s ground squirrels ( Spermophtlus fnwtkhnii). Am Mid NaL 95:93- 102. 10949 Turner F. 1971 Birth of an Amazon dolphin. Inia geoffrmtis at Fnrth Wnth zoological park Zool Garten NF 40: 187 192 10950 Turner. JC A Hansen . CG. 1980 Reproduction The Desert Bighorn 145 151 , Mnason , G A Sumner . L eds Univ AZ Pres*. Tucson 10951 Turner . JJ A Herndon JG. 1983. Seasonal changes in reproductive beha vice in two ovanectonuzed femoJe rhesus monkeys ueaied year - round with esuadn4 Am J Pnmalcd 4:171-177 10952 Turner . JW Jr. 1972. Radioimmunoassay studies on plasma and pituitary Lll levels and the hall - hfe of circulating Li I XL638- 644 in intact and castrated getbils Lmkx.tinulogy ‘ 10953 Turner LW . 1972. Autccolngy of tltc Brltlmg guxind Tucsuu L . mv AZ squmcl in Oregon Ph D Ihsx

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

'

.

.

.

10954. 1099ft

962

.

.

.

.

.

-

10954 TWMT RW 1974 Mammals of the Black Hill* of South Dakcea and Wyoming - Umv KS Mu* Nat Hist Mi*c PuM 60:1 17* 1(1954». Iurocr RW A Junes. JK Ji 1968 Additional note* on hats from western South Dakota. Southwest NnL 13:444- 447 10955 Turner RW, Padmownyono S A Mutoptwito, S . 1975 Dynamics of live plague transmission cycle m criural Java. Bull Penehtian Keu halan 3 41 71 10954 Turner. W . 1871 . On the gravid uterus and on the arrangement* of the foetal membranes in the Cetacea. Tran? R Sec Edtnh 26: 467 50« 10957. Tutner (Wk 187} On the placetation of the sloths. J Aaat 7:302 303 1095ft. Turner ( Wk 1 74. On the plaatntabon of the tlodu. J

-

.

.

Anal

*

.

-

. -.362 376 -.

.

.

*

10959. Turner W. 1 75 Note on the placeatatmn of hyraa ( Pnxavm capemtsX l¥oc R Soc London 24 : 151 - 155 10960. Turner . W, 1875- 76. A further contribution to the place motion of the Cetacea ( Monodom monaceras ) . hoc R Sac tufcnh 9:103 110. 10961. Turner tWk 1*76. On the place motion of the cape aat -eater (Orycteropus ettpensn ). J Anal. 10.693 706. 10962. Turner , ( Wk 1 76. On the pLcentalKin of the lemurs I Yu I Tran* R Sic London 166:569 587. 10963. Turner W. 1 76 On the plocentmion of the ninth* Tran* R Soc Edinb 27 71- 104 10964. Tuinet fW> 1878 On the piaccata tf the hog -deer ( C'ervicr porratux ). I Anal I 3 94-9R 10965. Turner, fWk 1879 On the cotyledonary and diffiLsed placenta of the Mexican deer (Cerviu menunw i. J Anal

*

-.

. .

-

*

-

*

-

13:195 200. 10966. Turner . W 1 HH9. On the platciuunn of the Halicure dugong Tran* R Soc Edinh. 35:641 662. 10967 Turner . W , 1 9 On the plocrnutinn of the Hatic«r * A Oaj hoc R Soc Fdmb 16 264 10968. Turner , W . 1 89 The ptaceniaiiofl of the Halu orr * dugong. J Anal. 23.640-641. 10969. Turner , W 1*92 The lesser rorqual { Hatoenopiera nuttma ) in the Scottish seas, with observations on its anatomy, hoc R Soc bdmh 19:36 74 10970. Tutift CECi 1979. Mating patterns and rqwnducbw strategies in a cimimuaity of wild chimpsnzees { Pm ( rngU % htei u kwftnjurihfi ) fichav Ecol Sociohi < 4 6:29 38 . 10971 Tutin, CFG 1990 Reproductive behaviour if wild chimpanzees in the Goodie National Park, Tanzania J Kcpmd Lett. 28 43 57. 10972. Tuba. CBG A MoQWk PR. 19ft I . Chimpanzee reptoduibon in the wild Reptuducbve Biology of the Great Apes. 239 279 Graham. CE, ed Academic Press. New York 1097 X Tutin. CFG A McGrcw WC. 1973. Sexual behavior of gr > aipliving adolescent chimpanzee* Am J Rhys Aathmp 3 195 200

.

^

.

.

-

*

.

-

-

.

-

- .

.

*

.

.

10974. Tuttle . MD 1970, Distrihohnn and zoogeography of Peruvian hau, with comments on natural history Univ KS Sci Bull 49:45-86. 10975. Tuttle. Ml) 1975. Population ecology of the gray bat ( hfyotu gnsesiou ): Factor influencing early growth and * development Occat Pap Mu* Nat IB« Syst Ecol 36:1- 24 10976 Tutlle . MD. 1976. Pipulabon ecology of the gray hat ( Mvoru grisrtemi ) Philopatry. timing and paitem * of movement , weight loss during migration. and seasonal adoptive strategies Occas Pap Mas Nat Hist KS 54:1- 3 *

.

.

10977 Tuttle . MD. 1976. Population ecology at the gray hat ( iWvoftr grarsemsf Factors influencing growth and survival of newly volant young - Ecology. 57:587- 595. 1097*. Tuttle. MD 1979. Status, causes of decline and mangement of endangered gray bats J Wild! Manage. 43:1 17 10979. Tuttle MD A Stevenson , D. 19 2 Growlh and survival * of hats Ecology of Bats 105 ISO Kuaz. TH ed Plenum Pre«. N .- W York I 09DA Twelves. J . 1986 l nfwihlished data (Curd by Mason A

- .

.

. .

- .

. Macdonald. 19*6| 10*481. Twichcll. AR

1939. Note* on the southern woodchuck in Missouri. J Mamm. 20:71 74. 10982. Twigg GL 1962. Nates ua HolvchUus sciurnu in British ( iuiana . J Manun. 43:360 374 10983 Twigg GL 1965 Studies uti Hoioehiiui tamrems berbicciuts , a cnccbnc rodent from the coastal region of British Guinns hoc Tool Soc london 145 :263- 2 3. * Ib9ft4. Tyler SJ 1972 The behavior and social organization of the new forest ponies. An Rehav Mooogr 5:87 196 11)985. Tyndalc- Biscoe. CH 1955. Observations on the

-

. .

.

- .

-

reproduction and ecology of the brush tailed pewsum.

.

Inehotums vulpecttla Ken ( Marsupial ia ) in New Zealand. Amt JZool 3162- 1*4. 10986. Tyndalc - Biscoc CH 1963 Id feet* of ovariectomy m the marvupal Sett MU hntikyunts. 1 Rrprod Fert. 6 25- 40 10987. Tyndalc Biscoe. CII 1963 Blastocyst transfer in the marsupial Sestmu brachxumt . 1 Rcprod Fen. 6:41 - 4 . * 10988. Tyndalc- Biscoe. CH. 1963. The role of the corpus hiteum

.

.

-

in

the delayed implantation of marsupials Delayed Implantation.

-

. .

13 28. F. nJers. AC, ed Umv Chicago he**, Chicago. I 09N 9. Tyndalc- Biscoe CH. 1965. Ihe female urogenital system and reproduction of tlie marsupial bigottrophus fau uitus Aust J Zool 13:255-267. 10990 Tyndalc - Biscoc CH 1966 The marsupial birth canal Symp Zool Soc london 15:233- 250. 1099| Tyndale Biscne , CH 1968 Reproduction and postnatal

.

. .

.

development in the maruipsa] Beiumgta laurur (Qooy and Gurnard ) Aust J Zool. 16:577 602. 10992. Tyndalc Biscoe, CH. 1969. Relaxin activity during the oestrus* cycle of the marsupial , Tnchoiurus vulpecmb J Rcprod Fert 19:191193. 10993. Tyndale Bmoc, CH. 1970. RciumfXHin of development by qmesceni Nattocysts transferred to primed , ovarsectonuzed recipients in the marsupial Mat roput eugenn J Rcprod Fert 23:25 32. 10994. Tyndale Biscoe. CH 1974 Reproduction in marsupials Aust Mamm 1 :175-180 10995. Tyndale- Biscoe. CH - 1979. Hormonal control of embryonic diapause and reactivation in the Ummar wallaby . CIBA Found Symp 64 ( Maternal Recognition tf Pregnancy ) 173 185, bxcrriMa Medica, Amsterdam. 10996 Tyndalc - Biscoe . CH. 1980 PhotOpenod and the control of seasonal repn duct ion in marsupiaU . Endocrinology 1910. 277- 282, Cummng. IA. Funder JW , A Mendelsohn. FAO. edi Aust Acad Sci. Canberra. 10997. Tyndale Biscoe CH 1981. Evidence fur relaxin in marsupials Relaxin. 225-230, Bryant -Greenwixd. GD Niall, HD, A Greenwood. PC eds. Llsevicr /North Holland. Amsterdam. 10998. Tyndalc Biscoe. CH. 19 4 Reproductive physiology of powsums and gliders Possums and Gliders , 79 - K 7, Smith , A A Hume. 1 eds Surrey Beatty A Sons hy Lid. Sydney, Australia

-

.

-

-

.

-.

.

.

.

.

-

.

*

963

1099ft*. 1103ft.

.

-

10998a Tyndale Biscoe. CH. 1984 Mammals : Marsupials Marshall 's Physiology of Reptoduction. 316 454 Lamming GE ed. Churchill Livingstone. London 10999 Tyndalc - Biscoe . CH. 1986. Embryonic diapause in n marsupial: Roles of the corpus lutcum and pituitary in its control Comparative Endocrinology: Development* and Directions. 137 155 Ralph CL ed Alan R Lm. Inc New York 11000. Tyndale Btscue. CII A Hawkins J. 1977. The corp««a lutea of marsupials : Aspects of function and contrul. FYoc 4th Symp Comp Biol Reprod. Canberra 1976 245 251 Aust Acad Sci Canberra 11001 Tyndale Biscoe CH A Hearn. JP |9 1. Pituitary and ovarian factors associated with seasonal quiescence of the lammor wallaby. Metcropux eugrnn i Reprtvd Fert 63 225 230 UOOln. Tyndale Biscoe CH Ileorn JP. A Renfree MB 1974 Control of reproduction in macropxJid rruMujnals J Endoaiikd. 63:5 9-614. 11002. Tyndale Bucor CH A Hinds LA 1981. Htvmonal control of the corpus hiteum and embryonic diapause in macropodid marsupials. J Rqvod Fert Suppl . 29:111-117 11003. Tyndale Biscoe , CII A Hinds. LA 19*4. Seasonal pattern of circulating progesterooe and prolactin and response to bronKxnptiar in ( he female ummar Macrupus eugrmt , Gen Comp Endocrinol 53 58-6 11004. Tyndale Biscoe CH A Hinds LA. 1989 Influence of the immature testis on sexual differentiation in the ummar wallaby Macroput emgenii Macrnpodidae Mazsuptalia Reprud Fert I>ev, 1 243 254 11005. Tyndale Bucot CH Hinds LA. A Horn. CA- 198* Fetal role in the control of parturition in the laminar . Alacrapms mgr mi J Rcprod Fert . 82:419 - 42*. 11006. Tyndale Biscoe , CH . Hinds, LA Horn. CA. et al. 1983.

- .

. .

.

- .

.

.

.

.

- .

.

.

*

. .

*

.

-

.

.

. *

- .

.

. .

.

.

.

-

Hormonal changes at oestrus , parturition and post partum ocstnu in the tammar wallaby ( Macrapus eugenii ). J Endocrinol. 96 155 161 11007. Tyndale Biscoe CH A Mackenzie. KB 1976 Reproduction in Duieiphu manupudis and /) albtvenins in

.

-

.

Colombia. J Mamm. 57 -249-265. 11008. Tyndale-Biscoe CH A Renfree M. 1987 . Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Camleidge Uftiv I Yes*. New York 11009. Tyndale Biww, CH A R« xlger , JC. 197* Ddfercntial transport of sfxrrmatoztM into the two sides at the genital uact of a mooovular marmpul the Ummar wallaby (Afm mpus eugrmi ) i Reprod Feit. 52:37-43. 11010. Tyndale Biscoe. CH A Smith. RCF. 1969 Studies on the marsupial glider Schoinoltaies voLuu ( Ken ) 11 Pupulnbon structure and reguialcey mechanisms. J Arum Ecol. 38:637 650 11011. Tyurr. RW . 197$. Taxonomy and reproduction of MKKHIU canuMndus. MS Ihesis. OR Stale l niv . Ccevalhs 11012. Tyson. E 1698. Carigueya. seu Marsu|iiale Americanum or the anatomy of an opossum, dmevted al Grcxham-Collcgr Phil Traits R Soc Londcei . 20:105- 1 M. 11013 Uchida. T 1951 Studies on the embryology of the Japanese house bnl. Piputrellmt intLititiut iibeamn (TemmiiKki I On the perud of grstation and the number of litter Sci Bull I ac Ague Kyushu Umv. 12:11 14. 11014. Uchida, T. 1953. Studies on the embryology of the ) Japanese house bnl. Piputrelhu intUitiUu.% abramui (Temmiock II From the maturation of the ova to the fertilization , erpec ially on the tvhaviiir of follicle ctllv at Uie period of feriilizanon Sti Bull Fac Agrw Kyushu L' niv 14 153 16* 11015 Ichik, TA 1957 Fertilization and hilvctnanttn in bats llendity Tokyo. II 14 17

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- . .

11016 Uchida. TA. 1966 Mammals ei Japan fSk Order Ourcpiera. genus Piputrtlbu Mamm Sci 11 5 23. (Cited by | (Tmaknalu A Mch Ua 19«| 11017 Uchida . TA Ini me C A Kimura K 19*4 Effects of embryonic dcvrl jimew and corpus the on elevated temperatures luteum activity in the Japanese long-fingered hat . Mminpterui ickmbrni fuliguumii. I Reprod Fert. 71.439- 444. 11*16 Uchida. TA A Mori T I 9K 7. Prolonged storage of spermatozoa in hihrrnabng hau. Recrnt Advances in the Study of BaU. 351 365 Fenton. MB. Racey P A Rayner. JNfV. eds, Cambridge Univ Prc« New Ytek. 11019 Uchida. TA, M6ri T A t)h, YK 1984 . Sperm invasion of the oviducal mucosa, fibroblastic phagocytiaus and endometnnl sliatghing in the Japanese greater horseshoe hat , » Rhini*l( tphiis frrrvmeifutnum nippan Cell Tiss Res. 236:327 31 . 11020. Uchiyama. K. 1965 California sea lain lalophux cattfomiciu twins at Tokuyama Zoa lot Zoo Yearb. 5:111. 11021 Udell, CC 19 1 . Breeding the zehra duiker Cephalopkus Zebra at the lx* Angeles Zoo. Ini Zoo Yearb. 2!:IS5-158 11022 Udell. CC 1984 Husbandry , breeding and behaviour of bongo Jragrtaphia eurycems al the Los Angeles Zoo. Ini Zoo Yearb 23:237-242. 11023. Ueckermann. E 1956. Das Dam wild. Paul Parey Hamburg 11024 Uhlig HS 1955. The determination of age of nestling and sub-adult gray squmeL in West Virginia. J Wildl Manage. 19:479-4*3 11025. Uhlig IIG. 1956. Reproduction in the eastern (lying squirrel m West Virginia. J Mamm. 37:295. 11026. Uieda. W. Sazima. 1, A Ftlho AS. 1980. Aspectoa da brologia do muraego Fmiiptena horrent ( Mammalia Qliropttta l urqreixlae). Rev Brawl Biol 40 59 66 11027. Ufevkh J. 1930. [ he Bisanvatte Verlog Hcianch

.

. .

.

..

- . .

.

. -

.

.

..

-

. .

*

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- .

.

Dresden.

.

11028 Ullimnn. S. 1981. Observabons on he primordial germ cells of bandicoots Peramelidac. MarvupaJin J Anal . 132:5 1 596 11029. LTI man n . SL 1984. Early differentiation of (he teatis in the native cal. Ihuynrus vtvenbmu (Marsupialiak J Anal. 138675 6ft . 11030. Ullnunn SL A Brown R. 1983. Further cftservations on ihe pototoo ( P&onmi inJacrvlut ) in captivity, [ jib Anim (

*-

* .

17:133- 137.

.

.

. .

11031. Ulny DE Schwartz. CC Whnter. PA. et al 19 4 Blur green color and composition at Stejneger’ s braked whale ( Metofttnlim tteptegen ) milk Comp Biodmn Physiol 79B 349 352 11032. URrich W. 1961. Zur Bmlogie und Sozsologie der Cokfiusaffen {Catobm guerezn cawL*ux Thomas 1 85 ) Zool Ganen NF 25: 305 36 11033 Ullrich W . 1972. Zur Henkn nlmmg und TcrrumaliUi des Barasmgbarhirxchex (Crrvtu tiunwceli duvetuteli ) in Assam. Zool Gama NF 41 223 232. 11034. Ulmer FA. Jr 1957. Breeding of irang-utans Zool

*

- .

.

.

*

.

*

.

-

Ganen 23:57 65. 11035. Ulmer, FA, Jr 1961. Gcilatmn period nf the lion marmoset J Mamm 42:253- 254 11036 Ulmer , FA. Jr 1963. Observationv ua the tamer in captivity Zxx»l Garten NF. 27: 106- 121 11037. Ulmer. FA Jt 1966 Gestation periixl if the Uganda kob antelope A' obus kob ihonuut Ini Zoo Yearb 62M 2US. 1103*. Ulmer FA. Jr 196 . Breeding fishing cats FHis vtverrma at Philadelphia Zoo. Ini Zoo Ycart* 8 49- 55.

.

.

*

-

11039.11079.

964 110)9. Cadrrhiil. JE 1962- Note* on pika ID captivity Can Field Nat 76:177 171 11040. Underwood. H Whitsett JM. A O' Bnen. TG. 1985. Phulopchosfcc lime measurement in (he male deer mouse. Prrnmyscua maruculatus. Biol Reprod. 32:947-956 11041. Underwood. LS 1975 No4es «« (he arctic fox ( Alofus lagopms ) m (he Fntdbor Bay area of Alaska B*»l Pap Uoiv AK SpRrp. 1145 149 11042. Underwood. 15 1983 Outfoxing ihe arciic eoid . Nai Hist 92(12738 46. 1104). Underwood. K 1978. Aspects «f kudu ecology ai Lr« kopdam Nature Reserve , eastern Transvaal. S Afr J Wildl Res 8: 43-47. 11044 Underwood R 19 ?y . Mother infant rebtionxhifM and behavioural ontogeny in the common eland (Tmrotntgms oryx oryx ). S Air i Wildl Res 27 43 11044». United Stales National Museum specimen tags. 1991 Examined by V llayssen , 11045. Uihaiu A 1949 Sur la biologic du Cwtor dti Rhone { Conor fiber L ). Rijd Dierk. 28:472 476 11046. Urban A. 1954 Bmlogie de I'Oryctercpc Ann Mu* R Congo Beige N S Sa Zool I 101- 105 11047. Uibain . A Bullicr P, St Nowel. J 1945 Naissancc d' un Elephant d ' Asie ( Elcphas mmmu 1.) au Parc zoohsgique du Bent de VUH;nines. Mammalia 9.92-94. 11648. Urban A. IVchamhtc E A Rode. P. 1941 Otmervauom fnitr.i Hir une jcuoe Otang uun tie a la manager >c du lardm dcs Plantes Mammalia. 5:83 85, 11048«. I rwin . VR A Allen. WR 19K 2 Pituitary and chmonic gonadotrophic control o( ovarian function during early pregnancy in equidt I Rcprod Fcrt Suppl 32:371- 381 11049. Uspenski. SM A Kistcbimki. AA 1972- New data oo the winter ecology of the polar bear Ursus mantimus ( Phipps ) on Wrangel Island. Bears; Then Biology and Management, hoc lnt Conf Bear Res Manage 181 197 Calgary ALB. 1UCN Merges. Switzerland 11U50. Uanki II 1967 Studici of the shrew mole { VrvtruHu Udpouies ) II An ecological analysis of a small population , i Mamm Soc Japan 3.47- 52 11651 Uatiki II 1968 Studies of (he shrew mdc (Unotrubii talpoides ) IV Seasonal reproductive c Hsdittoov and some reflections on breeding cycle. J Mamm Soc Japan -4:7-11. 11052 Utaknji T. 1966 Chronology of nucleic acid synthesis in meiiMua of the male Chinese hamster. Exp ( 'ell Res 42 5 H 5 596 11053- Valdez. R. 1976. Fecundity of wild sheep (Orff onenialu ) in Iran . J Mamm . 57:762 763. 11054. Valdez. R. Alarm*. LV Bunch . TO et al 1977 Weights and measurements of Iranian wild rhrep and wild goau . J Wildl Manage 41:992 594 11055. Valdef R A LaVaL RK 1971 Reoxd* of hau from Honduras and Nicaragua J Mamm 52:247 - 250 11055«. Valdivieso D. Conde. F.. A Tamsin . JR. 196 . lactase * dehydrogenase studies in Peurto Rican tuts. Comp Biochem Physiol 27:133 138. 110556. Valdivieao 1) A Tamsitt. JR. 1962- f irst records fo the pale spear nosed bat in Colombia J Mamm. 43 422 423. 11056. Vale Mi new. S Bat drk S A Kusej, M 1973 Gravidtfy of dhnmots females m Julian Alps Ini Congr Came Bis 4. 11:143 145 11057 Valenuncic. SI. 195K, Beitrag zur Kenntms dcr ReproAiktionserscheinungen beim Rot wild. Z Jagdwiss 4:10713a

.

.

-

.

.

*-.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

.-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

11058. Valenuncic Stanr . SI . 1956. Rcmkatc Zwayahrigrr Beobachtungen und Studien uher den idealen Zuwachs bei Feldhasen auf dcr lose! ' Btserm Olok'. Z Jagdsms. 2:152- 160. 11059. Valentine. GL A Kirkpatrick RL 1970. Seasonal changes in rqvod active and related organs in the pine vole. Mtcrotus ptmtomm, in southwestern Virginia. J Mamm. 51:553 560 11060 Valera RB 1955 Observations on the breeding habits , the shedding and the development of antlers of the ftiilippinc deer ( Ruso sp > Philliinc J Forestry 11:249- 257 11061. Valeno. DA Courtney KD. Miller. RU et al 1968 The establishment of Macaca mulatto breeding colony . Lab Arum Care 18 5 9- 594. 11062. Valerio DA A Dalgard. DW . 1975. Experiences in the laboratory breeding of non human primates. Lab A mm Handh 6 49 62. 1106). Valeno. DA Jdinaun. PT A ThongHon 0 E 1972. Bleeding the greater huihhahy, ( ialago < mniftiuJaiui in a laboratory environment. I.ab Anini Sci . 22:203- 206. 11064. Valerio. DA P»k«a AJ A Courtney KD 1969 Fxpenence* in luge- scale breeding of simian* for medical experimentation Ann NY Acad Sci 162( 1 ):282 296 11065. Vallat, C. 1971. Birth of three cheetahs Aananyx jubatwt at Montpellier Zoo. lot Zoo Yearb. 11:124-125. 11066. Vallonen. Mil A Makcla . JI. 1979. Monogamous raccoon dog ( Syctereutes procyanoides ) and polygamous mating in fur farming . Soenufur. 3( 1 ) 2122 11967 VaJionen. MM A MakeU. JI . 1980 Reproduction and Weeding of the raccoon dog. Scientifur 4(1):18 I 9. 11068. Vallonen. Mil Rajakotb. EJ. A lahteenmib. P 1971 levels of oestrogen and progctlerone in the plasma of the raccoon dog ( Nyctereutex procyonrmdes ) during oestrus and pregnancy. J F.ndocnnd. 76:549 550. 11069. Vallonen. MH. Rayakosb. EJ. A MakeU. JI 1977. Reproductive features in the female raccoon dog iNyitereuics procytutaulex ) J Rcprod Pert. 51:517 518 11070. Valvcrde. JA. 1957. Notes foologique* *ur le Lynx d’ Espagne Fein lym pardetui Tcmmmck . Terre Vie. 12 51 -67. 11071 Vamhirknr SA I 9.5 K The male genital Uact of the Indian megachimpteran hat Cyno/ Henn sphini giwigetous And Proc Zool Soc I -oodon 130:57 77. 11971 van Anrdc RJ 1978. Reproduction and population ecology ta the feral house cat. Frits cams, on Mahon Island. Carnivore Genetics Newsl. 3:288 316. 1107) van Aardc. RJ 1980. Harem structure of the southern elephant seal Mi roango leonma at Kerguelen Island . Terre Vie.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

.

-

. .

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

-

.

- .

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

34:31 44

.

11074. van Aardc, RJ . 1983 Demographic parameters of the feral cal Felts cotta population at Marion Island . S Afr J Wildl Res 13:12 16. 11075 van Aardc, RJ . 1985. Circulating progesterone and oesvadid - 17p concentration* in cyclic Cape porcupine*. Hrstnx of nr oroust rails J Rcprod Fcrt 75:583-591. 11076 van Aardc, RJ . 1985. Reproduction m captive female Cape porcupines ( Hvstnx afru -nraustralis ) J Rcprod Fert.

.

-

.

.-

75:577 582.

-

114177 van Aardc , RJ. 1987. Prc iu»d postnatal growth of the Cape porcupine Hystrix afhcaeaustrain J Zool. 211:25- 33. 11078. van Aardc RJ 1987. Reproduction in the Cape purcupine H\stnx africocauitrahs An ecological perspective S Afr J Sci. 83 605-607. 11079 van Aardr. RJ A Pntgieter. HC. 1986 Circulating progesterone, progesterone - binding protein* and nestradiol 17(J

.

.

-

965

11090. 11124.

.

cooccntratious in the pregnant Cape porcupine Hystrix of nearoustralts J Rcprod Fert 76:561 567 11080. van Aarde RJ A Sbnoer. JD. 1986. Functuwal anatomy of the ovaries of pregnant and lactaung Cape porcupines l / ydru a/ nearoustrults . J Reprod Fcrt . 76:553 559. 11081. van Aarde. RJ A Skinner JD 1986. Reproductive biology of the male Cape porcupine. Hystrix afruaeaustralu J

- .

-

.

.

-

. .

Reprod Fen. 76345-55211081a van Aarde RJ A van Wyk. V. 1991 Reproductive inhibition in the Cape ptveuptne Hystrix afruaeauit rails. J Reprod Fert 92:13-19 11082. van Arde. I .MW . 1988 . Reproduction in a laboratory colony of the pouched mouse. Saccoslomui mm/ vilm J Reprod

.

.

.

.

.

-

Fert. 83:773 778. 1108). van Ballenberghe V. 1983 Two litters raised in one year by a wolf pack. J Mamm. 64 171- 172. 11QH4. van Bemrocl . A(’V. 1949/5a Revision of the rusme deer in the Indo- Australian Archipelago Trad*a. 20:191 261 11085. van Bemmel. ACV 1952. Contribuliofl k > the knowledge of the genera Munhacus and Artiogtiluha in (he Indo- Australian Archipelago I Mammalia , Ccrvidae and Vivermlac ). Beauhutia 2:l 5a 11086 van Bemmel. ACV. 1958. Birth of Cebas aifmanus hypoteufux . loti Garten NF. 24 246 247. 11087 van Benunel ACV . 1963 Das Ztkchlcn de* Ovang Utan im Zoo. Z Mcrph Anthrop. 53:65 71 . 11098. van Bemmel. ACV. 1967. Die bant eng Bos ntmkms in captivity, lnt Zoo Yearb. 7:222 - 223. 11089 van Bemmel ACV 1968. Breeding tigers Fmtkera tig ns at Rotterdam Zoo. lnt Zoo Yearb. 8:60-63. 11090 van Bemmel ACV. 1975. Breeding tigers as an aid to their survivaL Breeding Lndangeted Specie* in Captivity 329-335 Martin. RD. ed. Academic New York. 11091 van Beneden, E 1870 Rcchctches sur la composition et 279. la signification de I 'oeuf Mftn Couronnis Ac »d Bely . 34 : 1 ' 11092. van Beneden E 1875. In maiuratioa de I oeuf . la fecundation et le* premieres phases du dlvdopcmcnt ' embryonnaires de* mamnuf &es d apr * dc» recherchev faile* ) che/ le lopm. Bull Acad R Bclg 2 K:me series. 40 686 7 6 de 11093. van Beneden E. 1 KK0. Contribution 4 la canaabiMoe l 'ovaire des Mammifetcs Arch BR4. 1:475 550. 11094. van Beneden E. 1899. Recherche* «ir les premiers tudes / ) du devekppement du Murin ( IViprriif / ni mwronu Anal An 16:305 334. la ui 11095. van Beneden E A Julia C. 1880 Observation * * lea mauualion la Wcondation c« La sigmenution chez rc* Arch Brol 1351 571 Chem 11096 van Brce , FJH Collel A Desprtcs, G, ei al. 1986 lx ) Dau (ihin de fraser. Uigentulelphn hasei (Cetacea. Odontiveti 86 espbre nmivclle|w«ix la faune d'Europe Mammalia 50:57green 11097 Van de Graaf . K A Baida. RF. 1973. Importance of , vegetation for reprodnebon in live kangaroo rai Opnfomi mernami merruimi. J Manurv 54 509 512 11098. van den Brock, AJP 190 Unteisushungcn uber die Camper weiblichen GencMechUorgane der Beuieltierr Petrus Ned Bipk Anat . 3:221 346 Placenta und die 11099. van den Brock , AJP 1904 Die Fihiillcn 570. : von Photo Minima Petrus Camper Ned Bijdr Annt 2 546 ' Ban 11100 van den Br < rk AJP 1910. I niersudiungen ilber den Jb Morpbol der mannlichen Geadilechtsorgane der Beutehierc 41 347 -436 uhrt iler ) 11101 van den Brock AJP. 19 1. Eiruge Bemerkungen M < « phol Ban do innerrn Gcachlechtuegaorn det Mowotrctnen Jb ANL 67 II 134 156

.

.

-

.

-. .

-

.

-

.

. .

. .

.

^

.

.

.

.

-

.

^

. .

-

.

-

.

.

.

.^

-

.

. .

.

. .

.

'

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

-

-

.

11102. van der Herat CJ 1935 On the reproduction of tW spruighare , Pedestes ( Offer Pamph S Afr Biol Soc 8:47. 1110) van der Hurst . CJ. 1941 On the sire of the Inter and the , gestation period of Prvemta capenns Science 93:430-431 11104. van der Herat CJ . 1942. Early stages of the emWyonic development of ElefinmiuUx . S Afr J Med Sa Bid Suppl

.

.

.

.

.

7:55-65. 11105. van dcr Hern CJ 1942. Some ohacrvaimns of the structure of the genital tract of Ekphtmtulux , I Morphol

.

.

11106. van dcr Herat. CJ. 1943. The mechanism of egg transport

70403 429,

from the ovary to the uterus in FlepKmtulm S Afr J Med Sci 8:41 49. 11106M. van der Horst, CJ 1944 Remarks on the systenuiiiai of F.lephantuha , J Mamm 25:77 82. 11107. van der Horst , CJ. 1946. Some remark* on the Wology of reproduction in ihr female of Fleffluintului the hdy animal of Set Trans R Soc S Afr 31 111 199 11108. van dcr Herat CJ . 1948 Some early embryulogical ctages ) R Soc S ( he golden mole Eremitalpa granti (Broom Sp PuW

-

-

.

.

.

of Air Robert Bloom Commemorative Vo!:225 229 11109. von der Horn CJ 1949 An early slage of plnccnUtion in ihe aardvork Oryelenipus Proc 7oo|Six lamdon 119:1- 18 11110 van der Horst CJ . 1949 Some natural experiment* in the embryokigKal development of Fleptumtulus Arch Biol .

.

.

-.

- .

.

.

.

60:25 38. Illll von der Herat , CJ 1949 The placcniation of Tupaui jmrmicm Proc K Ned Akad Wet 52:1205 1213 11112. van der Horst, CJ. 1950. The placemation of Flepbamulus Tran* R Soc S Afr 32 435 629. 1111) van dcr Hurst , CJ 195 ] The poat pvtam involution of ) : the uterus of EUpfumtului Acta Zod (Stockholm 32 11 29.

-

.

-

.

-

11114. van der Horst , CJ 1955 Elephantvlus going into London aanestrut : menstruation and abortion Phil Tran* R Soc Bid Sci. 238B 27 61 11115. van dcr Kor «t , CJ A ( jillmaii , J . 1940. Mechanism cif . ovulation and ccepus lutrum formation in FlcpbanJulus . Nature 1 4 * 974 11116. van der H rn CJ A GiKmntl J. 1940. Ovulation and corpus Uiteum bemation in Flepluvnulut S Afr J Med Sci 5:73 91 11117 van der Horst CJ A Cullman J . 1941. Ilie menstrual cycle » FJepbantulut . S Afr J Med Sci 6:27 47 II 11 H. van der Herat CJ A Cullman J . 1941 Ihe number of eggs and surviving cmWyos in FAefAunuulux Anat Rec.

-

.

.

-.

.

.

. .

.

- .

- .

80:443 452 d 11119. van dcr Hies* (.'J A Gillman . J. 1942. Ihe Ufc history S Afr J Med the corpus lutrum of mcnstniatnin in Flff /hantulms

.

Sci 7 21 41. 1112«. van der Horn . ('J A Gillman J . 1942. Pte - unplantaiRMi phenomena in the trtcrus of F.lrphantulus.S Air J M«sd Sa 7 :47 71. n 11121 van dcr Hurst CJ A Gillman J 1 **42. I’ re -implantati aWatKm in Flephanimlus S Afr J Med Sci- 7:120- 126. 11122. van dcr Horn CJ A Gillman. J 1942. Ihe spontaneous development of dcciduixnaLa in Elepbantulux. S Aft J Med Sci

.

-.

.

.

7:127- 133 1112). van der ll Beamer SB A Dtxsou. AF 197ft DigrnaJ vanations at plasma testosterone tn two prou rasas prrmasrs (Galofn cmature datus crxancimtintrt aad Lemur camn Bad Reprud 15:323 521 11171. van Hon RN ft Eaton. GG 1979 Reproductive physiology aad behavior ia pmurnitaas The Study cf Proumua Beha'iw 79 122 Doyk GA ft Martin. RD eds Acadeauc Press. New York. 11172. *an Hon RN ft Reskn. JA. 1977 The repruducU'c cycle cf the nag -tailed lemur ' Lemur cotta y. Sex tteroad levels

-

. - .

.

—

-

-

Eadocraology . 101:1579 1586. 11173. van Jaarsveld. AS ft Sktnaer JD. 1987. Spotted hyaena mrraomcrphrsm: An adapuv« phaDosy L S Afr J Set 13*12 613 11174. vn Koersveld. L 1953. Tin muskusrat Omtetm zskakua L in Nederland ea apt bestnydmg. Ja»b«k 1951 -1952. Plawenoekienkiuhiife Dienn >4 agraagrw 120 29 249 11175. van U»«tx LP ft BoadL ML 1977. Evahmon des denni4s de grands Matasuferes dans k Parc National de Boot* Ngida. Cameroun Terre Vie. 31 3 32. 11174. van Lawick-Goodall . J. 1964. The hehavnor of

.

-

^

-

-

-

free hvrng darapanxees

in

the Gosubc Scream Reserve Aaim

BehavMonofi 1161311 11177. van Uw ^k GoodalL J. 1969 Sane aspects of

-

.

' su in a grossp cf * tld duapu/MS Pm reproductive tehiM . rrvglaftta sekuemfunkt. at the Gocntoe Stream Onmpaniee Reserve. Tan rania East Africa J Reprod Ferul Suppi 6J 53- 355 1117ft van Lennep. EW . 1950. Hutokugy of the arpti linen n Mue and fin whale o% ane Proc Kun Ned Akad Wctrmdt 53:593 599 11179. van Mjunk. S 1985 Embry owe and fetal drvkkpmem of rasa deer fCrmu rtaa amumstsl Zocf An*. 215 159 16’ 11180. van Muonk. S 198ft Reproductive pcvfwtnance and maternal bdtaviw of farmed rusa deer (Cervns nua Mrrmtu > AppJ Anun Behav So. 15.147 159 11 U1. *an .Moonk. S ft Sdwng. V. 1985 Hyhnduatxw between sandwr ( Certs nua scalar ) and rtM tCrrvns naa tssmafauu ) deer Zool Am 214 177 184 11182. van Mcunk. S ft Strlmasiak T 1985 Seasonal variance male nua dorr ia plasma prolactia concrahaouns m adult fCVrvms rwsu umarmsssi Comp Bnxhon Phymok 82A 323 327 11183. van Nieawmheven PJ 1956 Ecological cfMcrvatKnu in a hibernation quartrt of cnvr -dwelbag bau ia vuth Ijmfwg PUN Natuurh Gcwvwach UnNrg 9 155 11184. van .Vxrdwyk. MA J 985 Sexual kkanow of Sumacta long - tailed oucaqon Motaca taususlansl 7 Tierpsychnl

.

-

-

—

.

-

.

.-

,

-

-

70277 296 11185 van OoedL GJ . 1921. Early drvrfcymenul stages of Mams jamsmea Deam Vcrh Koa Akad WctenKh Anweerdam Tweedc Sect* 2t 3kl -102 1974 11184 an Pernrn. PFD. Light. RR Dtmcan FJ rt al Obacoatsuna on Maas tmnrtui (Rodrnua Mundac Treubsa 28.83 117. 11187 van Rotnpary . H. 1988 Ckhcvnaiu pvcnvnt Mamm Speora 30*1 4. 11187a. Van Rompary . H ft Ctdyn. M 1W 2 fmowtki

. -.

.

osuarjrrt

.

-

-

Mamm Spcom 402 1 3

1758 ) bom consul done region of (hr Netherlands Benofortan 17:31 77. 11190a van Tienhoven A 1983 Reproductive fhyasoiogv cf Vervbrasn Cornell Ltov Press hhaca NY. 11191. van (Jtredn. WL 1978 Age and growth in PHocama pkocoau Linnaeus. 1758 tCeucca. Odomocruk from 8K North Sen Bsf* Dserkd 48 16 28. 11192. van I trechi Cock. CN 1965 Age dmcrnMMtoon and reproduction cf fernak fta whales iBalamaptrni pkytaLu > (Lannartu. 1758 k »*h special rrgard to baleen plates and ovanes Btydr Dirxtd 35 39 100 11193. van Vagi D DirfekwJi *T> Alston. L et al 1985

-.

and sexual receptivity under controlled phetepenodr

-

.

.

.

-

-

-

Gonadotrupva rdrauag bennene pubes m third veomcolar cerebrospinal fluid of ovanectotmicd monkeys Correlation with < hnritoxi hermone puben Endacnnoiogy 117 1550 15 4 11194. van Vagi DA Lam NY ft Fenn. M 1984 Reduced fmjuracy cf polsabk lutaatang hormone secretion in the kncai phase of the rhesus monkey lavolvonrat of endogenous opnaies

-

*

. . Endoamoiogy 115 1095-1101 V w. Vn urra. D ft

' AruuUge KB 1991 Dunon of snow cuvet and ** influence oo Ufe - hsnnry vanauon m yrUow-beibcd marmou Cm 1 Loci 6 1755 1758 11195. vaa Wagenen. G 1945 Mating in relation to pregnancy in the monkey Yak J Biol Med 17:745 780 tune for 1119ft an W cmcn G 1945 Optimal mating ' pregnancy at the irvnkey Endocrinology 37 07 312 11197. van Wagenrn . G 1947 Earty mating and pregnancy in the monkey Etofcxrmotogy 40.37 43 1119ft 'aa Wagencn. G 1949 Accrkntod growth with sexsal precocity in fernak monkeys receiving testomeroue propwonate Endocrmoiogy 45 44 546 11199. van Wagenen. G 1972. Vital «atunset bom a breeding colony Reproduction aad pregnancy outcome in Macaco mmLsaa J Med Phmatol 1:3 28 113«) vM Wagenen G ft Ssmgwcw ML 1951 Tesucul* devekpsnem in tbe rhesus monkey Anar Rec 118131-231 11291. van Wagenen. G CatchpNe. HR Negn J. et al 196? Growth at the fetus aad piacrata cf the monkey ( Maiaca msbnuL Am J Phys Anduop 2313- 34 112D1 van Weer*. DJ 1979 Votes on southeast Asu pvxcapsaej (Hystncidae. Rodeoliak IQ on the tucwmy cf the utogeaus Tkrcttna Lyon. 1907 (genus Wvsrm usaanu. 1758 ). Beaoforua. 28 17- 33 11303. vaa Wjeu DJ l « V Notes an southeastern Asian taxonomy cf toe pomipsaes ( Hystncidae. Rodesua > IV on the subgenus Aumskum F Covxs. 181 wnh acres on the otoer taxa of toe faonly Beaufoua 29 215-271 11204. van Wi agavdea. A 1954. Biologic ea bestnwhttg * « de wueirat. .GvwroLa tarcssns terrains tL> in Nederland Medrd Plameaucktrakuad Dvensi Wagrtongcn 123:1 147 11295. van W gaarden A ft « nn de PepgsrL J 1944 The badger Mein auto iLk in toe Nethrriawds Luna 9 l 60

11144

-

*

.

-

*

-

-

^

-

-

.

.

'

^

.^

-

.

I 12M. 11248

968

.

.

II 2M. via Wijn§aarden A A v u d r Prpprl. J. 1970. He mis mnnupuiln mitnuputlu (Zimmer nunn I | and omlaiion in the S A buffalo ( Sincerut coffer coffer Spanman ) Fauna Mora (Pretoria ). 17 : 37 11212 van 7yl JHM 1977 The germbok on the S A lombard Nature Reserve. Fauna Flora ( Pietonal 28:17. 11213. van Zyl JHM A Skinner , JD 1970. Growth and devrlopment of ihe springbok foetus . Afr Wikll . 24:309- 316. 11214. van Zyl. JHM A Wehmeyer. AS. 1970. The composition of the milk of springbok (Amnion as mnriuptalu ). eland 1 TauroOrncux om ) and Nuck wilddKesI ( Carmochoetea Zool Afr 5:111133. 11215 VandeBcrg, Jl. 198* The gray short tailed opossum A new laboratory animal . [EAR News. 26( 3 )0- 12. 11216. Vandenbrrgh. JG. 1973. Environ mental influences no breeding in rhesus monkeys Symp 4th Int Coogr Primal. 1972 2 I 19. 11217. Vandcnhcrgh . JG 1987 Regulation of puberty and its consoqueiK os on population dynamic of nrnce. Am Zool * 27 191 89* 11218. Vandenhergh JG & Dnckumer . LC. 1974 RcpndiKtivr coordination among Bee- ranging rhesus monkeys Physiol Rrhav 13:373 376 11219. Vandcrbcrgh. JG A Vcssey S. 1968. Seasonal breeding of free - ranging rhesus monkeys and related ecological factors. J Reprod Fen. 15:71- 79 11220 Varna J 190' I tilth of n ate I las sea lion pup BwScieaor 15:794 795. 11221. Vanoli. T 1967, Bwbwchiungen an Pudutv Mitznmti p\utu (Mobna. 17821 Saugetierk Mitt 15:155 163 11222. Vargas JM. Espaha M Palonv 1J et al 1984 Obff die < «eschledustaiigkeit der Mus sprettu iff in Sudspamen 7. Angcw Zod 71:257*273. I 1222n. Vargas . JM . PaloOKV U . A Palrnqvixt, P 1991 , ReprotkK-Uon uf the Algerian mouse ( Mux sprrlus LaUute. 18831 in the MSUh of the Ihcnan Peninsula B« n Zool Beiti 42: 1 1 » * 11223 Varono LS 1985. ModificacRinef ontogcnicas y dimnrfumo sexual cn MetopinUm grn uu (Cetacea: Ziphidae ) Canb J Sci. 2107 27 11224. Vkrshavscky SN A Krylova KT 1939 Some ecological particularities a# the small ground squirrel ( Citeilus pygmoeus Pall ) in various periods of its life, foot /hum. I 1026- 1047 * 11225 Vtbkrlielyi. I . 1929. Beiliagc rur Kenuus det I ebrnswetse **** KJeimkugcr ( MH rases amahs Pall ). J tnm * Sect Soc R Sc* Nat Hungry 26 84- 91. ( cited by Herts I 939| 11226. Vatilu GD A Dtcti P 1964 ('bet den IJKIIS (lynx / wider rumamuheo Karpatrn Saugetierk Mat . 12: 155 183 11227 Vaughan. MK Vaughan GM. A Reiter RJ 1973 Filed

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

*

.

.

.

.

• .

.

.

.

-

of ovariectomy and constant dark on ihe weight of reproductive

.

certain other organs in the female vole Mtcmtui monumus . J Reprod Fell 329- 14 , 11228. Vaughan MR A Keith . LB 1910 Breeding by juvenile showshoe hares J Wildl Manage 44 948 951 11228». Vaughan. TA. 1954 Mamnuh of the San Gabriel Mountains of California. Umv KS PuN Mus Nat Hist . 7:513

and

.

-

582

11229. Vaughan. TA 1962. Reproduction in the plains pocket gopher in Colorado . J Minim . 43:1 12 11230 Vaughan. TA I 960 Reproduction and pcpulation denoties in a montane small mammal fauna. Univ KS Mus Nat Hist Mi sc PuN 5151 74 11231 Vaughan TA 1982 Stephen * wombat, a dietary specialist . J Mamm. 63:53-62. 11232. Vaughan. TA A Czaplewski. NJ . 1985 Reproduction in Stephen 's woodrat: The wages of fohvury J Mamm 66 429 443. 11233. Vaughan , TA A Vaughan. RP. 1986. Seasonality and the behavior of the African yellow winged bat J Mamm 67:91 102. 11234. Vaughan. TA A Vaughan RP 1987 Parental behavior in the African yellow winged hat Cf /mu front ). J Mamm

-

.

.

.

-

.

- 2:>

68:217

112X5. Vaughan. TA A Weil. Wp 1980 The importance of arthropods in the diet uf /opus pnneeps in a subaJpine habitat. J Mamm 61.122 - 124 11235». Vaughn , R . 1974. Breeding the tayra Etna barhara at the Antelope Zoo Lincoln Int Zoo Yearb 14 120 122. 11236 Var - Ferreira , R 1975 Behavior of the southern sea lion Oiano flatext ent fShaw ) in the Uruguayan islands . Rapp P V Reun Com Int Explor Met 169219 227 11237 Vaz- Ferreira R . 1979 South American sea lion . Mammals in the Seas. FAO Fish Ser 5. 2:9 12. 11238. Var -lrrrcirm. R. 1979. Scuth Amencan fur seal. Mammal * in the Seas. FAO Fish Ser 5. 2:34 36, 11239. Var Ferreira R 1981 Scuth American sen lion Outna ffasesems (Shaw. 1880). Handbmvk of Marine Mammals 1:9-65. Ridgway Sll A Harmon RJ . cds. Academic Press New York. 11240. Veal. R A Caire, W. 1979. Peromyscut tremkus Mamm Species . 118:1 -6. 11240». Vodder L t Hart L A van Bree. PJH. 1992 Further notes no the pupping period in a recently founded colony of grey seals ( ffaUchotrrvs grypus ) in the Netherlands. 7. Siiugclierk 57: 116 117. 11241. Veeastra AJF 1958. The behaviour of the multiniammatc mouse KtUiui ( MesU' mys ) nota/ mm ( A Smith ) Anim Behav 6:195 206. 11241 Verraiah. DH 1943 Some stages in the early development and placenfation of Furwmbulus palmanin (1Jan ) Half Yearly J Mysore Unhr 4B:63-110. 11243. VeBiankar . DP. Huken . VB Dedtpande. RR. et al 1973

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

-

-

._

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

-

-

.

.

Biometry of the genitalia and the spermatozoa of the giraffe. Indian V* J. 50 789 792. 11244. Velidt, R. 1958. Notes on mammals from eastern Nebraska J Mamm 39:147 148 11245. Venables. CM A Venables. I,SV |957 Mating behaviour N the veal Pftoca vitukna in Shetland . Proc Zod Sue Undon 128 387- 396. 11246 Venge O. 1956 Frprrimenu on forced inierruplioa of the copulation in mmk Acta Zool (Stockholm) 37:287- 304. 11247. Venge O. 1973. Reproduction in the mmk. Arssknft Kongelige Vctennaer: og LandNbctpkole. 1973:95-146. 11248. Ventura J A Gonsilbez. J 1987. Reproductive biology of Anrtcoia uifttJux ( Rodeatia. Arviculidae ) in the Ebro delta ( Spam ) ZSaugetierk . 92:364- 171

-

.

.

-

.

.

969

11249. 11294.

.

11249 Ventura J A GoosAlbea J. 1990. Reproduction pulcatial of Arvtcola terrestns ( Mammalia Rodcntia ) ID live northeast peninsula Iberian. Zool Ant 225:45- 54 . 11250. Ventura J A ( nmsklbca J . 1990. Reproductive cycle uf AmcoJo terresins ( Rodcntia Arvicobdael in the Aran valley, Spain. Z Saugetierk . 55:383-391. 11251 Ventura J Gmilbcz. J . A Lopez - Fuster MJ . 1991. Structure de population d' AmcoUt terrains ( Unnaeuv . 1758 ) (Rodeatia Arvicobdael du Noed Est Ibcnqoe. Mammalia 55:85-90. 11252 Verevkin. MB- 1985. Biology of reproduction of Merumea merulutnus. Zool Zhurn. 64:276281. 11253. Verheyen , R. 1951. Contnbuuon 4 I'ftudc fthok >gique des Manuf nie Cytotaxi >nomy and Vertebrate Fvolution 619 657 , (Tuorelli AB A ('a|« nna. I cd* Academic Pres* New York. 11368. Vats G 1964 Notijrn zur Fortpflinzung* Rhythimk TxeA Garten NF 28 263 265 11369. Vena, G 1*65 Zweillmgsgebun heim Grosxrfu Htrsch, OUtKinleus hemamss Raf 7 SaugeUerk. 3020 24 11376 Voaa. G. 1*6* Breeding the pronghorn antelope and the amentana and Saiga iivanra ' ugA aniclt vr AlHelocapni

-

.

.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

-

.

^

Zoo Ycarh 9:116118. 11371. Vow G 1*70. On the gestation of the white-handed Hylabaies lor L Zool Gartea NF. 39:295- 2*6 gibbon tm tar 11372 Voss R 197*. Male accessory glands and the evolution of copubtory plug* in rodents ffecav Pap Mus Zool Uaiv MI 689:1 17. 11372a Vow. RS. 1*88 Systemaucs and ecology of ichthyocnyme rodents ( Mumidea ): Patterns of morphological evolution on a small adaptive radiation Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 188:259-4*3 11373. Vow, RS. Heidemaa PD. Mayer VL el al. 1*92.

Winnipeg /m Int

. . .

-

-.

.

.

Husbandry , rejwoducuon. and postnatal development of the neotropical inuroid rodent lygademtamyt bressamda. Lab Amin 2638 46. drage tot de Naluur -en 11374. Vruhk. W 1854 H| ontleedkundige ken ins van den Mantiumus ameruiinus Bijdi Ihetkd. 6:53 80.

.

-

- .

.

.

.

11375. Wachtel SS Kuo. GC Ghnu S et al 1976 II Y anugea and the origin menl »4 the corpus luleum. and lubal transport Anal 153:121 142 . in the striped ikunk Mepkilu mejifuiss Am J 113112 Wade Smith ) A Richmond MF 1*78 Reproduct *w m captive striped skunks ( Mr/ thstis mejthslssY Am Mid Nat 106452 455

.

- .

.

.

113U. 11425.

972

. .

1138 Wade Smith. J. Richmond ME, Mead RA rt al MQ Hormonal and geatabonal mtaw for delayed implantation is I hr ilnpcd skunk. Mqdutis mephitis Gen Comp Endocrinol 42- 509-515 11384 W »dr - Smith. J A Verts. BJ 19X 2- Mqihms mephitis. Mamm Species 173:1-7 11385. W*d*woeth CE 1969. Reproduction and growth of hAUHWM quadm iUmus in *ouihcastcr* I’lah J Mamm 50-256 261 11386. Waechter. A 1975. F.cvJogic de la Fouine ea Alsace TerTt Vie 20399 - 457. 11387. Wagner, HO 19«) Bating zur Biologic dc* mexikani.icfren Spieszhirtches Uazama sartoni ( Satmure ). 7 Tierpsvchul. 17:358 363. 11388. Wagner HO. 1961. Die N etiere eiacr ( iebugsahdachiing in Sddmexiko und ihrc Rc /jchtingcn rur t mwclt Zool Jalvh (Syn ) 89 177 242 11389. Wahhy , A 1932. Vie et moeun dr» Capra oegmgnsi ( Pallas ) dcr Mix Taurur ( region d ' Alas a ) Arch Zool Ital

*

.

.

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

^

-

.

16545-549

11390. WrahLutt. Symp Zool Soc

11549. Weinman n. E A Mailer R 1975. Breeding Macaca fascieularxs under laboratory cucditx*uv l*h Amm Handh. 6:89-93. 115541. Weir. BJ. I 960 ?. Aspects of refccxiuctjnn u> chinchilla. J Reprod PerL 12:410 411. 11551 Weir BJ 1967 The cart and management of laboratory hy*tric» m«vph rodents l «ab Amm 1 95- 104 11552. We*, BJ 1969 The induction of ovulation ia die chinchilla J Endocrinol 43 55-60 11553. Wear, BJ . 1970, The management and breeding of scene mere hystneotnotph rodents Lnb Aaim. 4 83-97. 11554 We* BJ. 1971. Some nows on reproduction in ihe Patagonian mountain viaeacha, loguitum bad ( Mammalia. Rodentia ) J Zool 164:463-467 11555. Weir , BJ . 1971 , Some obtervuiion * on reproduction ta the female green acouchi M ^ oproctapram J Rcftod Fen . 24:193- 201. 11556. We*. BJ . 1971. Some observation* on reproduction m the female agcuu. Dasyprucia aguti. J Reprod Fen. 24:203 211 11557. We* BJ . 1971 The reproductive physiology of the plaint vucacha. iagostomus imuunits . J Reprod Fert. 25:355 36? 1155 We* BJ . 1971 The reproductive regain of the female plains vitcacha. /itgotromm mau / nat. J Reprod Fen 25 365- 373. 11559. We*. BJ. 1971 - The evocation of oestrus m the eras GaUa mustelotdes J Reprod Fert. 26:405 408 1156(1. We* BJ. 1973. Another hy*rict >mccph rodent Keeping castragua iPrueiktmys guainte ) in captivity . Lab Antm. 7:125 134. 11561 We*, BJ , 197 ^ The Me of the male in the evocation of oestrus in the cuis. Galea musictonics ( Ridcntia : Hystnawcpha ), J Reprod Fen Soppl 19 421 432 11562. We*. BJ . 1974 The tuco- tuco and plains vwcacha Symp Zool Soc London 34113 128 11563. We*. BJ. 1974. Reproductive characteristics of hystneomteph rodents Symp Tool Soc London. 34:265- 301. 11564 We*. BJ A Rowlands.|W 1973 Rejvuductiv* strategies of mammal * . Ann Rev Ecol Syn 4.139- 16? , 11565 We* BJ A Rowland*.|W . 1974 Functional anatomy of the hyvtnccmnrph ovary Symp Zool Soc London 34 303 332. 11566. Weis*. G Butler WR Hotchkwt J . el at 1976 Penparturibonal serum concentrations of prolactin, the gonadetrupms, and the gonadal hurmoiK in the rhesus monkey * PtocSoc Eap Biol Med . 151 113 1 IA 11567 Weiss. G. Dirrschke. DJ. Ranch. FJ. et al 1973 Ihe influence of locution on luteal I unction in the thews monkey Endocrinology 93-954 959. 1156* Weis* G Hotchkm , J . Dirr.uTikr , DJ et al 1974 Metabolic clearance rate of progesterone during lactation in the rhesus monkey. Proc Soc Ftp Biol Med 146:901 903 11569. Weiss , G, Rifkin I. A Atkinson , l .f 1976 Induction of ovulation m ptenieaarchial rhesus monkeys with human g > rudnrp« n*. BKJ Rrprid 14.401 404 11570. Wciu G Sieineli. BG, Diemhkc . DJ et al . 1981 . Relaam secretion in the rhesus monkey Biol Reprod 24:565- 567 11571. Was* M . 1986 Differences m steroid metabolism by testis prostrate and epididymis in the immatrue and adult possum iTnchmun* C'omp Biochem Physiol

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

*. .

.

-

.

-.

-

. .

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

. .

.

.

-

.

. . .

*4 B 571-574.

.

.

11571 Weu* M 19 *, Factors mfhteDcing putuijc 5a reductase in possum (Tnchasmnu \mlpecula ). Comp Biochem htynol . 89B 21-26 11573. Weiss. M A Carson. RS |9K 7 InductK* of adreooccrtical special zone in the male possum (Trichosuna tulpecuLi ). Coop & nxhcm PhyuoJ. 86A:361- 365. 11574 Weitin L. 19 8. Litter me and survival rate in captive giant pandas Ins Zoo Yaafb 27: 304- 307. 11575 Welker C. 1972. Breeding of the piosimian primate Galago crxuskauiktiuj E Geoffroy 1 12 in a family group Folia Phrnatol 11: 379- 319 11576. Welker , C I‘>*2 On the life history of a female prater galago, Galago agaymbams Coqucrel. 1859, in captivity Folia PnmatoL 3 136- 137 11577 Welker. C Roher. J A Luhrnuan B 1981 Zum Anieil der einzelnen Gruppcnmitgliedcr an der Jungcnaufzucht heim Weis /ixUchcUffchea CalUthni ,uscckus. beim LiszOffchen Sagumus oedipus and beim Springaffen Ctdiicebus moloch. Zool

*

.

*

.

.

-

.

.*

.

. *

.

.

.

.

.

An / 207.201

- 209

.

1157*. Welles R A Welle* F 1961 The Bighorn of Death Valley Fauna of the National Parlw. US Fauna Senes 6c1 242. 11579. Wells, U. 1935. Seasonal sexual rhythm and iu experimental modification in the male of the thirteen hned ground squirrel iCttcllus indccemitntaiiu ). Anal Ret.

-

-

62 409 - 447

.

.

115*0 Wells U. 193 Gonadotroptc potency of the hypoptiyii * ia a wild male rodent with annua] n . Endocrinology * 2258 594 115*1. Wells LJ A Moore, CR , 1936. Hormonal stimulation of spermatogenesis in the testis of the gouad squirrel A oat Rcc 66.181 200. 115*2 Well *. LJ A CHerbolse* ML). 1938. Sperm formation and growth of accessory reproductive organ in hypophysectomi /ed * ground squirrels in tejponse to substance from blood and * human urine Aunt Rcc 72 231 247 115 3. Well * U A Zaksky M 1940 Effect* cf low environmental lemperaiure on the reproductive organs of male mammals with annual axpermia. Am J Anal. 66 429 647 115*4. Wells, ML 1968 . A companion of the reproductive tracts of Cnuuta Croatia . Huacna hyaena and Prattles c nstatus. E Afr Wildl J . 663 7a 115 5. Wells. NM A Giacaiooc J. 1985. Syniheasctunu brochui . Mamm Species . 249:1 3. 115*6. Wells . RS. 1984 Reproductive behavior and hormonal correlates in Hawaiian spinner dolphin*. S tendla Icmgtrostns Rep Int Whnl Comm Sp Issue 6:465 - 472 115*7. Wells RT 197 . Field observations of the hairy - nosed womhat , Lutorhmus lanjroru Aust Wild] Res 5 299- 303. IIS**. Well Gosling. N A Heaney LR 1984 Glaucomys sahrmus Mamm Species . 229 1-8. 115**» Welter. WA A Sollbergcr. DE 1939. Notes on the mammal* al Rowan and adjacent counties in eastern Kentucky. J Mamm . 20:77 81 115 9. Wemmer . C. 19' I Birth , development and behavior of a * laoaloka Fossa fossa at the National Zoological Park Washington DC Int Zoo Yeartx 11:113 115. 11590. Wemmcr. C A Gruduuky C 19«. Reproduction ta captive female brow antlered deer ( Cenus eldt shammy J Mamm 69: 3 9 392 1159 4 the Mack faded Muck s|nA* t nv nkey fAteh * / VMMM WI duimrk ) in Manu National Pork , Peru Am J Ptirrutol 11:125 l?2, '

-

.

11632 11670.

978

.

11632. White , FNL 1914 Vnnalioiu ntBus associated with an unuoiul k Soc London 7335 344.

-

*

in

the

sex

ratio

nn «ialny of adult

of Mu female*. I’roc

11633. White. Ki 1911 FpukdymiU oomp« nindi and (heir influence on the metabolism and survival of upcrmalonia- Am J Pnmni I 1 -t * iv, 11634. Whrtc JCD. 1953 Campostfjon of whales talk Nature 171:61211635. White. JR Williams G. StMOV 111. et at 196$ The ccmpcMiUoa of milk from captive aatdvark ( QryctefOpttl ,r/ rr ». Zoo Biol 4 245 251. 11634. While JR . 19*4 Fi en captive , released in (he wild. Sea Frontiers 30369 375, 11637 While M. |973 The whiie lailed deer of the Arkansas NatKwai Wildlife Refufe TX J Sci. 24 457 1*9. 11636. White St Know Item , FF. A Glaze». WC. 1972 Effects of dam oewfxnn fawn behavicr on capluic and mortality. J Wild! Manage . 36:197 906. 11639. While RG Ilollcrrun . DP A Tiplady, BA. 19 9 Seasonal body weight , body condition , and lactational trend* in muskoxen Can I Zool 67 1125*1133 11640. White RG A latick JR 19 4 flariicity nad cvnsuiunu in the lactational strategy of reindeer and caribou . Symp 7oof Soc t oodon 51 215-232 11641. White. RJ Blaine. OL A Binkley GA 1973. Detecung ovulation in Macaco nemestrma by correlation uf vaginal cytology, body emperntare and perineal tumescence with laparoscopy. Am J Phys Anthrop. 3K IH9 I94. 11642. Whitehead GK 1972 Dm of the World. CunaWMe. London 11643 Whitehead , H A Arnhlom. T 1987 Social organization * >f sperm whale * off the Galapagos Islands, February - April I 9HS CM J /nol . 65:913 919 11644. Whitehead , PF. A SWF wan , EH 1973 Seasonal variation in (he plasma testosterone concentration of reindeer and cariboo. Can J ZooL 31 .«51-«51. 11645. Whitehead. PE A MCEWM EH. 19 0 Progesterone * level* in peripheral plasma of rocky mountain bighorn ewes ( ( hu comx / msis ) during the eslnais cycle and pregnancy Can J Zool 5* 1105 110« 11645* Whiteman. EF 1940 Habits and pelage changes in captive coyotes. J Mimm 21:435 4 ^ R 11646. Whttford. D Fanning , FD. A White AW . 19 H 2. Some

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

-

-

.

. .

.

.

.

.

-

*

.

.

*

.

•

.

-

.

.

.

.

-

.

information oo reproduction, growth and development in PLimgaie gile.u fDasyundae , MnrsupaliaJ. Carnivorous

Marsupials. 1:77 *1. Archer. M. ed. R Zool Soc NSW . Mossman NSW 11646 . Whitlow . WB A Hall. Eft . 1933 Mammals of the Pocatello region of southeastern Idaho. Umv CA PuW ZooL 40235 276 11647. Whitney . R A Burdick . HO. 1966 Ohaervations on Russian steppe lemmings ( lag* laguna ). Symp Tool Soc * 1 onduu. 15:311 - 322. 1164*. Whitsett. JM. Lawton AD. A Miller . IX 19 4 * Photosensitive stages in pubertal development of male deer mice (fewjucu* mumicmlatus ). J Reprod Fen 72:269-276. 11649. Whitsett. JM A Miller . LX 19 2 FWpenod and * rcpnahiction in female deer mace. Biol Re|wud. 26.296 304. 11650. WhiuaM JM. Node PF CVrry . J et y . 19 4 Fifect of * * puberty truuiuon*! print, periods on testicular development and in male deer mice ( Pemmssrus mam. ulatm ) . J Rcpred Fen 72 277 2*6 11651. Whitvett, JM . Underwood H , A Cherry J , 19 3. I tvjtoperh *dic stimulation of pubertal development in *male deer

.

- .

-

.

.

-

.

.

-

.

-

mice Involvement of the circadian system. Biol Reprod.

11652. Whitsett. JM , Underwood H. A Cherry, J 2* 652 656

,

|9 4

*

Influence uf Itlelauniia on pubertal development in male deer mice ( Pcramy.wui mamadataxJ J Repmd Fen , 72:2 7- 293. * 11653. Whitten JEJ , 1981. Ecological separation of three diurnal squirrels in tropical nun forest on Sibcrut bland , Indonesia. J Zoot 193:405-420. 11654. Whitten. 11 I984 Competition among female tenet monkeys, l - cmalr Primates: Studies by Women PnmaiuJogtsts. 127- 140 Small. SF. ed Alan R Liss. Inc New York 11655 Whitworth MR 19*4. Maternal care and behavioural development in pikas Othotono prmceps, A mm Behav 32:743 75211656. Whitwmh. MR A Southwick CH. 19*1 Growth of pita in laboratory confinement. Growth. 45 6 72. * 11657 Whitworth. MR A Southwick, CM. 19 4. Set difference* * in the ontogeny of social behavior in pikas Possible rcUuceshijw to duperval and tcmuviality Behav Fed Socsohiol. 15:175- 1 2. * II 65R. W ck. WQ A Penttila. HE. 1957 Beaver Inter of seven from Skagit County. Washington. M unrein 31:7, 11659. Wickmgs FJ Hanker. JP A Nietchlag. F 19 0 Serum * levels of biologically active luteinizing hormone following «

.

.

.

*

-

.

,

. .

_

.

pituitary stimulation with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and two analogues in male rhesus monkeys ( Macaco mulatto ): Effect J Reptod Eert , 56:555 55» II 6KK. Wildl DE. Plat / . CC Seager . SWJ et al |9*| laducliuu rmvtyx /whirva ) Biof of ovarian activity in die cheetah Reptod 24 : 217 222. 116*9. Wildt . L Hauiler A. A llutchuon. JS. |9»| latradnd as a gooadc exog - u- iw lv w ion it gorud . ittipin. Endocnnotog y 112 :1256 12 r« 11710. Will U A Reichstcin H . 1972. Fxfdgreiche Gefangenwhafi / UiKi hei Hrandmausen Apodemut agraruu (Pallas . 1771 ). 7. Saugctierk 37 :359- 362. UTlOm Willan. K 1990 Reproductive Nology of the southern A African ice rat Acta Thcrid 35:39- 51. 11711. WilUn K A Merrier . J 197* Breeding bmkigy and postnatal development of the African dwarf mouse. Acta Theriol 23.55 73 11712. William*. CF A Caskey, Al 1965 Soil lertilny and corumtail fecundity in wnitheariern Missouri. Ara Mid Nat. 74.211 224 .

Species

.

-

.

-

.

. .

.

-

.

-*.

.

-

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

-

.

*

.

11713 -11752.

980 11713. Wiliams, Cl 1986. Social organization of the bat, Caroltta ptrsptdttata (Chm aid hau Am Mid Nai . 102:113 126 11715. Wiliams DF A Kilhum K-S 1991 Dipodomys mgens Mamm Species 377:1 -7 11716. Williams ES, Thorne. FT, Kwialkow.fki, DR, et al . 1991 Reproductive hidogy and management of cafSive hlack footed ferTets ( MusteLs mgrtpes ) Zoo Biol. 10:383 391 11716*. Williams US, I Home ET Kwiibwki DR. et al 1992 Comparative vaginal cytology of the citrous cycle of black - footed ferrets ( Musicla mgripes ), Siberian polecats ( M nrnmswii, ami domett* feneu ( M pntofias furo ), I Vet Diagn Invest . 4:36- 44 11716b. Williams. G A Crawford MA 1987 The traatfer of radtolaKelled n -6 Medial fatty aads by the nummary system of the tree shrew ( Input|«r ] fcvui ). Comp Bwdvm Physiul. 86B 575 580. 11717 WittsoM, L 1967. Breeding HuatboR’s woolly monkey lagothru Ltgofhnca at Murraytnn Woolly Monkey Sanctuary Ini Zoo Yearb 7 *6 *9. 117 IH William*, 1 . 19hh Man * nd Monkey . IB l -ippincofl 4 Co Philadelphia . 11719. William*. L Vitofc W McFJhinncy . T et al 1986 Male bchavics through the breeding season in Stamm hedMauu bolntensti . Am J hlmilol. 11:27 35. 11719* Willuno I .R A Cameron GN 1990 tnuaipecific rmpnow to van m inn in food resources by Anw tier ’ s pocket gopher. Ecology. 71 :797-810 11720. Williams. LR A Cameron. GN 1991 . Geomys atruaten Mamm Species. 382:1-5. 11721. Williams. R A Wdliami A. 1982. The life cycle of Artec hams nsamiwu ( Dasyuridae. Marsupaha ). Carnivorous Muruipuk 1:89-95, Archer. M. «1. R Zool Soc NSW

-

. .

.

- .

. .

. -

.-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-.

.

.

.

Mossmaa. NSW

.

.

11722 Williams, RF A Hodprn GD. 1980 Keinmamn of dmronl rhythm of prolactin secretion in postpartum rhe Mi * monkeys Biol Reprod . 23:276- 280. 11723. Wilbaim. RF. John** DK. A Hodge GD 1971 * Ovanan estradiol secretion during early pregnancy in monkeys: Luteal versus extra luteal secretion and effect of chorionic gonadotropin . Steroids. 32:539- 545. 11724. William*. RF. kh*u«. DK. A Hodge* GO 1979 Resumption of estrogen induced gonadotropin surges in p >*tpanum monkeys. J Clin Fndocnnol Metah 49 422 - 428. 11725 Wilbams RG. GoOey. FB A (’armon. IL 1965 .

.

.

.

.

Reproductive performance of a laboratory colony of Penmysna polumcxus. Am Mid Nat 73:101- 110. 11726 Willums. SL 1982. Gevmvt ptrumatus . Mamm Species.

.

-

170c1 5. 11727, Williams. SL A Baker, R ) 1974. (Icomys arrnanus Mamm Spedes. 36.1 3. 11721 Williams SLA Genoways, HH 1980. Mivphohfteal variation in the southeastern pocket gopher . Genmys potent ( Mammalia Rodestia) Ann Carnegie Mus Nai Hist . 49 :405 453 11729 Williams, SL A Genonyt, HH 1981 . Systematic review

.

.

-

.

of the Texas ptxket gopher , Geomxs persomttus ( Mammalia: Rodent ia ). Ann Carnegie Mus Nat Hist 50.435 473. 1173« Williams. SL. Rnmimrez Ihibdo. J A Baker . RJ. 1985 Petomytcut ahiimt Mamm Species. 242:1 4 11731 Williamson . BR 1976 Reproduction in female African elephant m the Wankle National Park Rhtdetia S Afr J Wild Res 6.S9 93.

-

. .

-

-

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

66.668-681. 11737 W lhg. MR A Hollander . RR 1987 Vamprrops Imeatus Mamm Spcaes. 275:1 4. 11738 Wilhg. MR A lone* IK It 1985. Necplatymops nuiltogroaemis Mamm Species 244:1 3 11739 Willis, R 1983 Management of white faced saki monkeys ( Ptiheaa ptiheaa ) at the Zoological Society of London 24- 28. Management of Prosimiafts and New World Primates Proc Symp Assoc Br Wild Animal Keepers . 11740 Wilhs KB. Wdlig. MR A Jones. JK. Jr 1990 Vampyrodss amrriolL Mamm Species. 359:1 - 4 11741 Willis, RB. 1980, Breeding the Malayan giant squirrel Ratgfa hn oior at I a >ndon Zoo Ini Zoo Yearb. 20 218 - 220. 11742 Willner . OR. Oilman . JA. A Pwsley. D 1979. Reproduction . physiological response* , food habits, and abundance of nutria in Mary land marshes Wildl Monogr 65:1 4 \ 11743. Willner. GR. Dixon KR A Chapman JA 1983. Age determination and mortality of the nutria ( Myvctutor coypus ) in Maryland USA Z Siugebrrk 48 19- 34 11744 Willner GR. Duon KR Oilman JA et al 1980 A model for predicting age » pecific body weight* of nutria without age determination . J Appl Ecol. 7:343-347. 11745. W, liner GR. Frldhamer. GA Tucker. EE et al 1980 OruUart » zibethn us Mamm Specie *. 141:1 1 11746 Wilson . BA 1986 Reproduction in the female dasyund Antethinus minimus maritumis (Mar sopialia Dasyuridae ). Aust J Zool 34:189- 198 11747 Wilson BA A Bourne. AR . 1984 Repciduction in the male datyurid Anlechimts minimus mannmus (Manupalia: Dasyuridae ). Au»t J Zool 32:311- 311. 11748 Wilson , BA A Bourne. AR . 1984 Reproduction in the marsupial muuse Antechmus mittimus Acta Zool Feiuuca 171:165-167. 11749. Wilson. CG 1977. Gestation and reproduction in golden lien la man ns I he Biology and Conservation uf the Callitrichidae 191-192. Kleiman. DO. cd, Smuhsonma Inn PTCM Washington DC. 1175« Wilson, CG 1980, The breeding and manage nvnl of Nilgiri Uhr Hemilrogus hylacnui al Memphis Zoo. Ini ZOO Yearb 20104 106 11751. Wilson , DE 1970. Opossum predation - Ihdelphts on PtuLmder J Mamm 51:386- 387. 11752. Wilson. DE 1971. Ecology of Myotu mg neons ( Mammalia . Ouroptera ) on Barro Colorado Island. Panama Canal 7one J Zool London 10:1 13

. , . .

. . .

.

. .

.

-.

.

.

.

. .

.

. .

. .

*

.

. .

.

.

. .

.

-.

-

11753 Wilson DF 1978 Th yrupee m discif era Mamm Species. 104:1 3 11754. Wilcon DF.. 1979. Reproductive pattern* Sp Puhl Mu* TX Tech Univ 16 317 378 11755. Wrilso* DE A Findley . JS 1970. Reproductive cycle of a neotropical i nvcctivomu* bat Myeuis mgnrans Nature 225 1155. 11756 Wilson. DF A Findley . JS 1971 . Spermatogenesis in tome neotropical species of MvoUs. J Mamm 52:420-426 11757 WiUo* DE A Findley. JS. 1977. Thyroptera incolor. Mamm Specie* 71:1 -3. 11758. Wilson. DE A Hirst, SN. 1977 . Ecology and factors limiting roan and saWe antelope populations in South Africa Wildl Mmaogr 34: 1-111 11759 WtUo* DE A LaVal. RS. 1974 Myous mgneans Mamm Specie*. *9:1-3. 11760 Wilson ED A Dewees. AA 1962. Body weight*, adrenal weight* and uesoous cycles td nutria. J Mamm. 43:362 - 364. 11761 Wtlson. IT A Hill JP. 1908 Observations on the development of Omtihorhiiichus. Phil Trans R Soc London Biol Sa. 1998 : 31 - 168 11762 Wilson. KA 1954 Litter [ModucUon of coastal North Carolina muskrats ftuc SE Assoc t iame Fish Comm. 1:13 19 11763 Wtbon. KA 1959 Die otter in Nccth Carolina Ptoc SE Assoc Game Fish Comm. 1.3.267- 277 11764 Wilson. M Daly M. A Retnends. P 1985. Die estruui f cycle of two speck* of kangaroo tats ( Dtpodoons mu rapt and > mrrrutmi ). J Mamm 66:726- 7.32 . 11765. Wilson M. Plant , TM A Michael. RP 1972 Androgens and the sexual behaviour wuh some remarks igv* age. sex. and breeding period tn piatyrrtunes Contra Emhryd Carnegie Inst 22G )3>:173 192 11846 Wislodu. GB 1931. Note* on the female reproductive tract (ovane*. menu and placenui of the collared peccary ( Pecan mgmLatus hvtcv Goldman ). J Mamm. 12 14 V|49 11847 Wistocki. GB 1932 On the female reproductive tract of the gcrtUa. with a compmuon af that at other primates Conu Ffdeyd Carnegie lost 23< 13SY 163 204 11848 Wulodu. GB 1932 Placentatnw in the marmoset < tfed«*Mnu g*offtra\ with remarks d twinning m monkeys Anal Rec 52:381 399 11849. Wistocki. GB 1933 On e plaorniatoon d the hartvn poepnue ( Photarms pbeeve+t Lianaeusv Bid Bnll 65 80-98 1185«. Wulodu. GB 1935 The pUceatatxm of the manaree (7nchcckus loti not rv \ Mem Mat Corap Zod 54:159 178 11851. W ulocki. GB 1936 The exirma] gerauka at the ttirnan pnmales Human Biol I 309 *47 11852 Wukxki . GB 1939 Observations on twinning w marmosets Am ) Anat 64 44« -483 11853. Wislodu GB 1940 The piacenuuion d Sdatodon panuJaau Am J Anat 66 497 531 11854. Wislodu. GB 1941 The plnccnutioa at an antelope ( JUhnrkMvngnf ktrin mnkoc HeBerV Anat Rec 81221- 235 11855. Wulodu. GB 1943 Hemogvems in the dwmomc vdii d the placenta of platyTthme nv*okevs Anat Rec 85:349 363. 11854. Wulodu. GB. 1943 Studies on the growth at deer antlers U Seasonal changes in the male reproductive net at the Virginia deer ( OdocotUus % trgtmcm»s horedo ) with a discussion at the factors oomrdhng die antler- gonad pcnodiaty Essay* in Biology in Honor of Herhett M Evans. 631-653 Farquhat . ST I rake , CD. Lyons WB et nL ck U»v CA Pres*. Berkeley 11857. Wislodu. GB A AnwtBo. EC 1956 The placenta d the wolverine (Gdo gmlo burns Uanaeusk Bnll Mu* Comp Zooi 11491-100. 1185*. Wislodu. GB A fcmfcr*. RK. 1941 The pUce«ai*vn of the buttlr- nosed poqsocK ( Tmmapn tnmeas ) Am J Anm

-^

-

-

-

-

.

.

-

.

-

*

-

-

-

.

6897- 125

.

d 118«« Wulodu. GB A Fnwcen. DW 1941 The pkcentauon the Jamaican has (Arfthnu jamm emta panyesV Kim Rec

- .

81J07 331

11866. Wukxki. GB A Fawcett. DW 1949 The placenution at lix pronghorned antekpe ( Anuiocapm umenccvwl Bull Mas Camp Zad 101345-551 11861. Wulodu. GB A Streeter. GL 193* On the pUcrmaban of the macaque Jfonaru nmLxsa ) from the time of impiantation until the fcrmauoa at the definitive placenta- Conti Emhryd Carnegie Inst 27< 160):1-66. 11862 Wulodu GB A v*n der Westhuyset. OP \**¥ The ptaoenLsiKin of Procsaia caperuu with a ductuamn al the pUceotal affiadie* of the Hymcoadea. Consr Lmbryd Carnegie Inst 2865 88 11863. WTthers. PC. 19^9 Ecdogy of a small mamma! community on a rocky emterep in the Namib De*err Madoqua. 2229 246 11864. Wubcrv PC. 1983 Seasonal reproduction by nasi mammals at We Nairuh desen Mammalia 47 195204 11865. W'ltkm. JW 1985 Ltneuuxisg hormone reknsmg hormone in dfactory bulb at prunaies Am J Primaad 8309315 11864. Wknlek. K A Knywmski. A 1987 Za Bsotogie und Vrrhahen dr* M^drrhnndes tVscrerensrs prveyemonda ) m Paten. Z Jnfdwusensch 3:203 215 11867 Wofcwdhswskn. B 1970 The growth and net production is the common vole dimag postnatal period Acta Thrnd 15:81 U 11868. Wdf RC O Connor RF A Robinson 1A. 1977 Cydic changes in plasma programs and estrogens in squirrel turnkey* Bid Reprod 17 228- 231 « 1184« Wolf . RH Hanson RM A Martin TW 197 A renew at reproductive pattern* in New World monkrv* Lab A»m Sex 25 814 821 11878. Wolfe JL 1982 Omenon painstns Mamm Species

.

-

-

-

.

. .

-

rwrt -5

118*1. Wolfe. JL 1985 Popnlatwn ecology at the nee ret lOrvxoarvj fvtlusini ) in a coastal marsh. J Zool 20« A:235- 244 11 JT 2 Wolfe. JL A Lmrey . A\ 1977 Prromwean gosrsfmns Mamm Specie* “’OrI - 5 11872 Wolfe LD l «vt Japanese macaque female sexual hehavxe Female Primates Studies by Women Pnmaac4oguts 141- 157. Small. MF ed . Alan R Los. Inc New York. 11874 Wolfe. LG. De nh»ik F Ogden. JD. et al. 197?

.

-

.

-

Reproduction d wdd caught and bbarat cry bent marmoset specie* used tn biomedical research (Sugomai sp. Colhtkru

-

-

*xc*msl Lab Aftim So 25 M2 813 111 5. W ,4fe . LG. Ogden. JD. Demhard. JB. et al H’2 Breeding and ha»drearing manmwrts for vnal oocvgenesu studies Breeding Rtimates 145 1 ?’ Beveridge. W IB. ed. Karger Basel 11*76 Wdfl. JO 19h * Sixial cegaiuzation of the Urge vote Bx'logiSt 62.34 45. Mu nuns 11877. WdW . 90 1985 Comparative pgadaiwn eedogy d Pervmstcns Um opns and Prrvmyuns nntru nl nns Can J Zad

- .

.

.

-

..

HIT . WdfV. JO A lidaker

63 1548 1555

W /. Jr 19» PigmUtam cevkiy * d the taiga vole. Mnnemt ueukogmebtu tn imerue AU« ka Can J Zad 58 1800 1812 11879. W oliksky . Z. 19 0 Emfhui von Zoo und Reservaubedittgungen auf den Gevdtlechonkhu des Wtseat* (Jliuvi Nwaxiar L 175 1 Zed Garten NF 50321 326 U 8M. Wdman AA 1985 Gray whale Mnchtmu rvAtumt tLiIyrKeg . 1861\ Handbook of Mannr Mammals ^ 67 90 Ridgway . SH A Harmon. RJ . eds Acwdrmsc Prms. New York. IIM1 W' ohon RJ Arak. PA Godfrey CJ. rt al 1982 Eixdofscal and hduviomal nudses of the M Kkinpm «

-

.

-

* *

.

.

^

-

11 RM 2. 11920.

984 Mount Nimba. Liberia, with note* cm MicrsaJuruptera. Mammalia. 46 419 44* 11MS2. WO« JI B A Parker KL 19*8 Euro* in Mack - tailed drcr J Mamm M : l «H 7 l . IIM3 Wong. Yr Breed WO A Chow PH 198K IlltrastructuraJ features of ib« ventral prostate epithelial cells in the Australian plains rat . Pseudamss muimlo ). Acta Anal. 133289- 296. II WU. Wood. Ak Short. RE Darling. At rt al 1986 Scrum assays for detecting pregnancy in mule and white tailed deer . I Wild I Manage 50 684 687. IIM9. Wood HI A Liau . SS 1984 A long term study of Rattus Iwmmuui |« fulatiottS in an oil plantation in JoNire . Malaysia III BmwnmiCJ and natural regulation . I Appl Bed. 21:473-49$ 11 KX6. Wood DH. 1970 An ecological study of Aniechatus sruartn ( Marsupials* ) in a south-east Queensland nun forest. Amt J Zool. 1* 185 207. I 1H7. Wood DH I 9H0- The demography uf a rabbit population m an arid region of New South Wales. Australia. J Arum EcoL 49:55 79. 118X8 Wood. FD 1935 Ncaea on th*- br reding hchavior arwl fertility of Ntotomu fuscij*** matron* in captivity J Mimm I 6: I 05 I ocket gopher ( ( Tearnys brevtceps hntzrnus ). J Mamm. 30:36 44. 11891. Wood JE. 1955 Nows on young pocket gophers J Mamm 36 144.144 11892. Wood IF 1955 Notes on reproduction and rate of increase of raccoons in the Post Oalc region of Texas. J Wildl Manage 19:409- 410. 11893. Wood JF 195 g . Age structure and productivity of a gray fox population J Mamm 39 74-86 11894. Wood TJ 1967 Ecology and population dynamics of die red squirrel ( Tasmasctums hudsonicus ) m Wood Buffalo Natioruil Park MS Thews I mv SAS. Saskatoon.|o x teen ] 11895. Wood, TJ A Munrue. SA . 1977 Dynanucs of snemshue hare population* in the Mantime Provinces of Canada Can Wildl ServOcc Pap 10:1 19. 11896. Wood , TJ A Testier. GD. 1974 Fust records of eastern flying squirrel ( Gfoucoirm solans ) from Nova Scotia. Can Field Nat *8:13-84. 11897. Wood Jones F. 1914 Some phases in the reproductive hisuey of the female nude (Tulpa ruro/ieu ). Proc Zool Soc London 1914 : 191 216. 1189«. Wood Jones F 1916. The genituha of the Chiroptcra. J Altai 51:1640 11899, Wood Jones, F. 1917 The genitalia of Tupata. J Anal 51 :118 126 1190(1, Wood Jones, F. 1921 On the habits of Trickosums tulpeaila. J Mamm. 2.18 93 11901 Wood Jones , F 1923. The Mammals of South Australia Part I: The Monotremes aiui the Carnivorous Marsupials. Government Printer Adelaide. 11902 Wood Jones, F. 1924 The Mammals of South Australia Part II Thr Bandicoot* and the llerhomius Marsupials Government Printer , Adelaide.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

-.

.

.

-

-

.

. .

. . . .

.

-

.

-.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

- .

.

11903 Wood Jones. F. 1949. The study of a generalized marsupial ( Dasyeercus crutiemda Krrfft ) Trans Zool Soc london 26:409 - 501 11964. Woodall , PF 1982. An index of male fecundity in live water voles ( Anteala terresSns ), J Zool . 197:292- 295 119tt5. Woodcock WH. 1955. Management and breeding of a new laboratory species, Mr nones lib* us J Arum Tcchn Assn. 6:10 14. 11906. Woods. CA. 1973 Erethuirt dorsatum. Mamm Species. 29: 1 6 11907. Woods. CA A Boralter . DK . 1975 Oclodtm degut Manim Species, 67:1 - 5, 11907«. Woods , CA Commas. L WilInn Chapman , G et nl. 1992 Myocasmr coypus Stamm Species 398:1 8 11908. Woodward. SI 1979. The vocial system of feral asscs £fm» annus ). Z Tierpaydlol. 49: 304- 316. 11909. WooM. A A Harder. JD. 1979. Population dynamics of a captive white - tailed deer herd with emphasis on reproduction and mortality . Wildl Monogr. 67:1 53 11910. Woolf . A 1971 Influence of lambing and morbidity on weight* of captive Rocky Mouniasn bighorns. J Mamin 52 242 243 11910m. Wooflard, HH 1925 The anatomy of Tartiu.% spectrum Proc Zool Soc London 1925:1071 1184 11910b. Wooflard. P. 1971. Differential mortality of Antechmus stuartu ( Macleay ): Nitrogen ha La nor and somatic changes. Aust J Zool . 19:347 353. 11911 Wooller RD. Renlree. MB. Russell. EM et al. 1981 Seasonal change' in a population » 4 the nectar feeding marsupial J'ursipes spent erae ( Manupalin: Tarstpcdidac) J Zool

.

.

-

.

.

.


9:49- 50. 11953- Wright Pi. A Coulter , MNV . 1967 Reproduction and growth in Maine lishers. J Wildl Manage 31 :70 87. 11954. Wnght. PL A Dow SA. Jr . 1962. Minimum breeding age in pronghorn antelope J Wildl Manage 26.100 101 . 11955 Wnght PL A Rausch R. 1955. Reproduction in the wolverine Gmla gulo. J Mamm 36:346- 355. 11956. Wrigley RE 1969. Ecological tuxes on the mammal* of southern Quebec. Can Field Nat . 83:201 211 11957. Wngley. RE. 1972. Systematic* and biology of the woodland jumping mouie NapatOlopuM mngms 11 Biol Monogr. 47:1 117. 11957«. Wngky RE. Dubuia, JE. A Crplaod. IfWR 1991 Distribution and ecology « 4 « ix rare speoea of prairie rodent* in Manitoba Can Field Nat 105:1 12 1195 . Wright. S 1922. The effect* of inbreeding and crossbreeding on guinea pigs 1 SDA Tech Bull 1090, 1 63 11959. Wrtwt, AJ Wroot SA. A Murie . JO. 1987. Intraipcctric variation in postnatal growth of Columbian ground squmeU ( Sf rmif hilus eotmmbiaMU ), J Mamm . 68:395 398 ^ ' 11960. Wu, JT 1975 Time of implantation in the Mongolian get tul ( Me none s ungmitult*us ) and its hormonal recpiirrtnenu Biol Repriai 13 298 303 11961 Wu. JT A Chang . MC 1972 Effect* of progesterone and estrogen on the fate of Nasiocym ia ovarirrtcwumrd prrgnam ferrets A preliminary stuily Bml Reprod 7:231-237 11962. Wo, JT A Chang MC 1973 Hormonal requirements ( mu I 1967 The jackal * of the Sercngrti Aairmli 10:79 «. I 19NI Wynn KM . 1973. Fine tiructure of the placenta Handbk PhyrioL Section 7 , Endocrinol Voi II. Female Reproductive System. Pan 2 261 -276. Creep RO A Asiwood. EB «1* Am Phyriol Soc, Washington IX', 119*7 Wynn. KM A Amuroao. EC. 1964 llaceatatiun to the spotted hyena (CmxtHa crocuta Er lichen ). with particular reference to the MCUUIKMI Am J Anal 115:327- 61. 11968. Wynn. RM A Davie* 1 1965. Com|*rative electron microscopy of the hemochorial placenta Am J Obi Gyn 91:513549. 119*9. Wynne F4w«ds. KF A Link , RD 19*4 . Djunganan hamsters fail to conceive in the presence cf multiple male* Amm Bchav. 2*2 628 1197«. Wynne Edward*. KE. Huck. UW A Lisk. RD 1987. Influence t4 pre nnd poat cvpiiiaiory pair contact on pregnancy success in DjungMuin hamsters Phadaptu tamphrlh J Reprod Fen 80 241 - 249 11971. Wynne F.dw«d*. KF.. Tenanova. PF A lack. RD 1987 Cyclic Djunpanan hamster * , Phadcpus catnpbeUi . lade the progesterone surge normally associated with ovulation and behavioral receptivity. Endocrinology. 120- IK'K- I 316 11972. Xante a. WA Jr . 1972. Gestation period in the l*ongu ( Hiwfcemu curyeenuy i Mamin 53:232. 1197.3. Xiinien , WA Jr , Cudtns. LR A Connery MM. 1973 Bleeding and birth if a bongo Hoturnui ruryctnts at the National Zoological Park. Washington. Ini Zoo Yearb,

-

.

. .

.

.

.

'

.

.

'- ^ -

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

13:152 153. 11974. Xanten. WA. Jr . Kafka. H. A

Olds . E 1976 Breeding the Sinturong. Arcltctu. bmturang at the National Zoological Park Washington Int Zoo Yearb. 16:117 119. 11975 Xanten. WA, Jr Kessler. DS. A Gnimzn, J. 1988 Breeding and management of Prevent * squirrel Lallan turus prtvoxtt at the National Zoological Park Ini Zoo Yearb.

.

-

.

.-

27JS3 286

11976 Xia. X A Millar. JS. 1986 Sex - related dispersion of breeding deer mice in the Kanaaasfcu valley , Alhrrta Can J Zook 61:933 936 11977. Ximenez. A. 1975. belts geeffrvyt . Manun Species. 54:14. 1197* Xu. YS Wang HY Z*ng GA et al. 19*5 Hormone concentration* before and alter aemen induced ovulation in the bacirian camel ( Camtlut bntinanus ). J Rcpr < *d Fen 74: 341 346. 11979 YaHokov AV A Bogoalovskaya 12» 19*4 A review of Russian research on the biology and cvanmcrciat whaling of the gray whale The Gray Whale Eschnchtms robustus 465-485 Junes , Ml . Swartz SL, A Leaiherwood , S , cds, Academic Press, New York 119*0 YaHokov. AV Bel ' kov* . VM. A Bceuov VL 1972. * l fuu*. Nauka, Moscow ( Translation by Nat Whales and IX tini of adaitation for flight J Zool, 187 85 96

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

.

12021a Yonekura. M , Motsui S. A Kosuya. T. 1980. On the external tharaclers cf Olobu ephala maertxhyru. hut off T aiji. Pacific const of Japan Sci Rep Whales Res Inst 32:61 95. 12022. Yoshida , H 1968. Notes oo the Japanese watei shrew CVjimdzrogti /e pbtlytepkaLs platyctphala flemminck 1842 ). from Kyushu . J Mamin Soc Japan. 4: 26 28. 12023. Yunhida. H. 197ft Small mammals of Ml Kiy IIUAV FUKUOKA Ptcf 2 Reproduction in the shrew mole. Urotrkhu lalpoides . J Mamm Soc Japan . 5:85 90 12024. Yo-duda , II 1971 Small mamroaK of Ml Ktyommi Fukouka l*ref 3 Reproduttion in the Japanese * vxd mouse . J Mamm Soc Ja|Mn. 5:123 129. 12025. Yoabda. H. 1971 Small mammals of Mt Kiyorm / u. Fukouka Pref 4 Reproduction in the Japanese long tailed field moose. Apodtmus argmtrus i Mamm Soc Japan 5:170 17 7 12026 YoshidA. II 1973 Small mammal* of Ml Kiyommt Fukuoka Pref 5 Reproduction of the Smith ' s red hacked vole , AiUftionm smuhj , I Mamm Soc Japan. 5 206212 12027 Yoahsdn. T. Nakajima M. Hiyaoka, A m\s glarrotia Schreber . 1780 Zool Ijity. 10:249 264 12076. Zejda J . 1962 Winter breeding in the bank vole. Clethnceurmys glareoiiu Schrcb Zool Listy. 11 :309- 321. 12077 Zejda J I‘>64 Development of several portions of the bank vole, C/rrAnv vuwryr glaredus Schrch in a peak year. Zool Emy . 13:15 30 12078. Ze)da , J . 1965 Das Gcwichi da* Aher un die GcschlrchlsaktivitM hei der Rbk lmaus ( Clcthnotumnr gUinrolus Schrcb ) Z Shugctirrk 29:1 9, 12079 Zrjda , J. 1966. Litter sue m Clethnonomys gtareolus Schaber 1780. Zool lasty. 15:193 206 12080 Zejda, J . I %8. A study on embryos and newborns of Cletkriamomys glared** Schrcb Zool Listy . 17:115- 126. 12081 Zejda , J A Hratrf . V . 1973. TV haculum and the duration of the period of reproductive activity in Clcthrionomvt giarralus Zool li*ty 22 201 - 212 12082 Zejda J A Pelikaa. J 1984 influence of radiation on tV litter site of two rmermine rodents. Sp PuN Carnegie Mas Nat Hist 10235-241 12083 Zelcuka. (J 1965. Observations sur 1‘eccMogie de la Miiimode de* Alpes Terre Vie. 19:238- 256 129*4 Zelexmk , AJ 1981 . Premature elevation uf systemic estradiol reduces scrum level* of foAide sttmuJating hormone and lengthen* the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in rhesus monkeys. FnduaitKilogy 109:352- 355. 12085 Zrlernik . AJ , Hutchison. JS. A Schuler HM 1985 Interference with the gonadotropin-suppressing actions of estradiol in macaques overrides the selection of a single preovulatory follicle. Endocrinology 117.991 999. 12086. Zele / ruk. AJ llutchwon. JS. A Schuler. HM 1987 Passive immumratMin with anti -esuadtol antiUdiet during the luteal jhase of the mrnvtrual cycle potentiates the peitmenstrual rite in irrum fonadoHophin conceniraiiont and stimulate*

-

.

-

.

.

.

..

.

.

. -

,

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

. .

.

.

-

-

. . . .

. .

-

-

.

.

-

.

.

.

-

.

.

989

12087. 12125.

follicular growth in the cynomolgas monkey CMarat a factciilansy J Keprid Fett. 80:403-410. 12087 Zekzmk. AJ Resku I A. 1980. Progesterone dues am inhibit goaadmtufMD- jnduoed follilailar malutatioii m the female rhesus monkey ( Wdiuu mulatto ). F.ndocnnology 106:1820 1826 12088. Zelmer, G. I 9CO. Hand rearing ol giraffe al Bristol Zoo. Int Zoo Yearb 2.90-93. 12089. Zeng. Z A Brown. JH 1987 Population ecology of a desert rodent : Di/ «t %i< wnyi menwm in the Ouhuohuan desert Ecology 68 1328 1340 12090 Zeokovich BA - 1938 Milk of large tired cetaceans Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 20 203 205 12091. ZHUteg, H 194$ Tn FmOBu landblad , Cppaakn 12092 Zevek>fT SI A D» vrr PD 1981 Reproduakiu of raccoon* in North Carolina. J Flidu Mitchell Sci Soc 97:194 199. 12093. Zhang X . 1989 Protein secretion by the endometrium during pregnancy in the ewe Re prod Fertil Dev , 1:15 30. 12093« /hao QK A Deng. ZY 1988 Macaco ffcVuru at Mi Fmei China 1 A cTOM sectkwial study of growth and development Am J Priniaiol . 16:251 260. 12093b. Zhao QK A Deng ZY . 1988. Macaco tktbevma at Mi F mri China II Birth seasonality , Am J Primntol 16 261- 268 12094. Zherebtnova OV 1982 Materials on hology of Ermaeeus ( Hemta hmus ) amritms in Zaunguzskiye Karakumy Zool Zhurn 61 411 418 12095. Zhigal'skii. OA A Bemshtem. AD. 1987. Population factor* regulating reproduction in the red backed vole . Proc Acad Set USSR (Tramlotions ) 291:643-645. 12096. Ziegler . I 1 K 43. Beobnchiungen tiber die Bruavt und dcu Embryo der Rehc HcflwingscV Hofbikhcrei. Hannover. 12097. Ziegler. TE 1989. Postpartum ovulati m and conception m GoddTs monkey , Calhmtco goelchi. Folia Pnmatul. 52 06 210. 1209*. Ziegler TE Bridro* WE. Snowdon, Cl , et al . 1987. Urinary gonadotropin and estrogen excretion during the povtputum estrus conception , and pregnancy in the cetton - top tamann {Sogumus oedipus oedtpus ) Am J Pfintatol 12:127 - 140. 124199. Ziegler. TE. Savage . A. Scheffler G, et ai . 198 ^ TV endocrinology < 4 puberty and reptoducUve funclowung in fcinalr cotton top tamariiu (Sagumus oedi/ >»s ) under varying coaditkin* BW Reprcd 37:618 -627. 12100. Ziegler. TE ShuU SA. ScVffler G et al 1989 Excretion of estrone, estfadiol. and progesterone in die urine and fece* of tlte female cotum icp tamann ( Sagumiis osdtpms oedipus\ Am J Ptiinaiol. 17:145 195 12100« Ziegler TE Snowdon. CT. A Bridaon, WE 1990 Repmduciivc performance and excretion of urinary estrogens and guoadotrtjwas m the female pygmy manmwet (OMt pygmoea ). Am J Primakil 22 191 203. 12101 Ziegler , TE Snowdon (T WarneV V1 et al . 1990. Unnary excretion of or »u « wic ewijugate* nad gonadmrsphia* during pregnancy in die Gocldi ' i monkey (Callmico gocUul J Reprud Fett 89:163 168 12102. Ziegler TE A Stein FJ . 1981 Reproductive data from a colony of common marmoveu ( Colhthris facehut ). Am J Priniatid 1:316. . 12103. Zimen I 1976 On the regulation of pack size in wolves 7 Ttcrptychol . 40:300 341 12 HM. Zimina. RP 1962 IV ccxilogy of Ochoumm maemtu Gunther dwelling in the area of the Tertky- Alatau mountain ranpr Bull Mn» kov*kogo Ohahchcxtvo Ispytotelr i Pnvody 67(3):5 I 2-

.

.

*

-

.

-.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

-

.

. .

.

-

.

.

.

^ -

.

. . .

.

.

..

.

-

-

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

12104« Zimmerman , EG. 1970. Additional rccorda of hats from Utah South* * Nat 15 263 264 12105 Znnnvrmann K 1964 Zur Saugetier Faun ( Ttina* Mitt Zool Mu* Berlin 40 87 140 12106. Zimmemiann RR 1969. F^ rly weaning and weight gain , HI infant rhe « u» monkey* Inb Anim Care. I 9 M4 647 12107. Zimmcrntann W 198ft Zur llnhutv und Zodit von Saiga Antilopea (Suigcr Market latahca ) im Kolncr Zoo. 7 Kolncr Zoo 23 120 127. 12 in*. Timmy ME l >65 Thirteen lined ground squirrels hem in captivity. J Mamm 46 521- 522 12109. Zinchenko. VI . A Ivashin. MV. 1987 Siamese twins erf minke whale* of the southern hemisphere. Sci Rep Whales Res Inrt . 8 :165- 169 12110. Zippeltos , H M 1958. Zur Jugcndentwicklung der Waldspitzmaus. Sorex amicus Bonn Zool Beitr . 9: 120- 129. 12111 Zubko. YP A Ostryakcrv , SI. 1961. On the reproductio® of Eltotxus utlptnus Pallas in the south of the Ukraine. Zool Zhurn 40:1577 1579. 12112 Zucker. EE & Chapman , JA . 19*4. Morphological and physiological characteristics of muskrats from three different physiographic regions of Maryland. USA. Z Sauacticrk

.

.

-

-

-

-

‘

.

’

.

-

.

-.

4990 104.

12113 Zucker. EL A Kaplan. JR |9 K|. A leuUeiprctatnm srf sexual haraisment in patav nic*kcys . Amin Behav 29;‘> 57 958 12114. Zucker. E Johnston l*li. A Float D 1980. Conqia/ ativc physiological and biochionometric analysis of rodent seasonal reproductive cycles. Plug Rcprod Biol 5:102 133. 12115 Zucker. I A Lidtt, P. 1983. Circannual and aeaxmal van ,mows tn piusmn luteiliuung harmuix levels of uvancctoniized gr < mnd squUTcb iSpcrmophilut late rain ) Biol

.

.

.

.

.

.

-

.

Re|wud 28 174 185. 12116. Zucker. 1 A Ucht P. 1983 Seasonal variation* in plasma

.

.

lutciiuting hccmoae levels < rf gonadcctomised male gnaind vquirreb (Spenrnylului Uacraits ). Biol Rcprod. 29: 278 285. 12117 Zucker man , S . 1930 TV measvtnl cycle < rf tV pnmaie* Part I General nature and homology Proc Zoci Soc U*rxk>n. 1930691 754 12118 /ticketman . S 1931 Die menstrual cycle trf tV pnmaie* Part 111 TV alleged breeding - season of primates with special reference to the chacma haboon fJPafno porcarius ) Proc Tool Srcl .ood wi 1931 :325 343 12119. 7uckerman S 1931 The menstrual cycle of ibr primates Part IV Observations on the lactation period . Proc Zool Soc

.

.

-

.

.

.

Ixmdoo 1931.593-602 12120 Zuckerman . S . 1932. TV menstrual cycle of tV primates Pan VI Furtk- r observations on the breeding of primates with sjvedal reference to die suborders I cmuroidea ami T arsioidea Pr «c Zool Soc l -oodnn 1932 1059-1075. 12121. Zuckerman . S. 1935. The menstrual cycle ol the primates Part VIII TV oestrht withdrawal theory of meiirtruatiaa. Proc R Soc London 1 IBB 13 21 12122. Zuckennan S. 1935. The Aschhom Zsnidek diagDusi-s o( pregnancy in die chimpanaee. Am J Physiol. I 10t 597 -60l. 12123. Zuckennan. S. 1937. TV duraUs* and phases of the menstrual cycle to primate*. Proc Zool Soc Umduo l 07A: 3!5 329. 12124. Zuckerman. S. 1937 . The interaction of ovarian hormone * Colloque in the menstrual cycle lx* Hormones Sex tidier CK Int College France 121 135 Bruuha, E ed. Hetuunn A Tie. Pam. 12125. Zuckerman S. 1938 IV female prostate’ in the green monkey ( Cercopkhcats oclkutpa JuN w.r ) J Aiut ' 2 172

.

,

-

.

-

-

,

-

.

.

1212*. 121.W.

990

Appendix 1 Mammalian Species Accounts 1 -402

.

.

1212* /nckerman S 1940/ 41 . Per * *IH uterine Needing in .tpnytrd rhesus monkey* injected with a contlant ihraMd done of oeatronr J Fndoertnoi 2: 263 267 12127 Zuckerman . S 1948. Duration at reproduction life in the baboon. J F miner mol 5:220 221. 1212* An. kerned S 1953 IV lawding seasons of mammals ia captivity . Proc Tool Sot Lcndon 122 827 950. 12129. ZucVrman S A Parke* AS 1932 IV mensmul cydc i4 iV primate* Part V IV cycle uf the baboon IVoc Zool Soc l oodon 1932 139 191 1213* Zuckerman. S . v« Wage cn 0 A Gardiner . RH 19*8 TV actual skin of the rhesus monkey. Proc Zool Soc ljondon I 0H 3K 5- 401. 12131 /ukowiky L 1961. Zucbtetfolg bci cmem Kapnziarraffca im Mun.rtercVn Zoo. Zool Garten NF26:104 106 12132 Zumpc. D A Michael. RP 1970 Ovarian hormone* anti fenule »e » ual invitalimn in caplin rtirnu monkey * CMiuaca mulatto ) Anim Behav 1 ft 293 301 12133 Zumpr, D A Michael RP 1977 FJiects of ejaculations by males on the sexual invitations of fenule rhesus monkey* ( Macata mulatto ). Behaviour 60.260- 277. 12134. Atinspt, I. 1970. IV ground sqtmtcL Air WildL 24:115 121. 12135 Ziltowilu , W A Dotxvizyaiki 7 1975. Superfoetnuon in Faropran Vaver. Ada Theriot »97 104 121.3* Zwtartb W A Kasperc7yk , H 1986, Characteristics of *

. .

1 Published by the American Society of Mammalogists

.

-

.

-

.

.

- .

- . .

.

..

*.

.

.

.

.

. *.

.

.

.

-

.

Myrmecobudae ThyLac inidac

Notocyctidae iVramelidae ThyLacumyidae Phalangeridae Burraroytdan Petauhdae Petaana brencept 30 (10121 ) Macmpodidac Macropta giganirut . 187 (8668 ) Phatcolarctidac

'*

.

Eidolon helium. 312 ( 2430) Epomophona gambiama, 344 (1139 ); Huhlbergi 394 ( 47a ) llypsigwthus monttrosus 357 (6198 ) Rtnnopimalidac Rhinopomct harduickei , 263 (8818 ); muscatrlhim , 263 ( R 818 )

Dasyurxiae

-

a European beaver population in the Suwalki lakeland Ada TVnol 31 :311 325 12137. Zurowsb W, Kixaa J. A Kruk. A. 1971. Con xxXKm of milk of European beavers Castor fiber Linnaeus. 175 . Acta TVnol 16 405-40 . 1213 Zurowsb W Kis /a J. Knik. A. e! al. 1974 Lactation and chemical cumpoailaon of the milk of the European Vaver {Castor fiber I . ) J Mamm 55 847- 850 12139 7wahlea , R 1975 Zur Fnpflannmg und Judgment*ickiuflf del EkhVracheai, Semrus vulgaris ( lime 1758 ) Saugelierk Mitt 139 13.

Order Scandcniw Family Tupattdae Order Dermuptero Family Cynocephalidac Order Chimptera Family Ptaropodidaa

.

.

.

..

.

-

Nyctcndac Megadermatidac Marrodcrma ,t( igas 260 (5067)

.

Rhmoknfhtdae

Oasypus movemcinctus, 162 ( 7011 ) Euphractus scxcinctus. 252 (8999 ) Tenrrcidne Chrytodiloridae

Ermacrsdae Soncidac Blanna brevtaiuth , 261 (3725) Crrptoiu foodufm. 44 ( 1812 ) magna b\ (9177). mexteam 28 ( 1811); /urvu . 43 ( 11626) Megasorex gtgat 16 (368) Microsoft Hoyt 33 (6557). thomptoni , 33 (6557 ) * Notunorex cra » jor iU . 17 (369 ) Sores bemiiru , 27 (8262 ). ikspar 155 ( 5795 ) Juntas 215 (8155); gaspensis 155 (5795), longirostris. 143 (351 Ik mernami , 2 (367);

.

.

.

.

.

.

^ mida followa that

.

Noctibonadae Nocttlio albnxntns , 197 (4956k leportnus . 216 ( 4955 ) Monnoopnlac Ptetonotus dnvyi , 346 (62). parnellit , 209 ( 4658 ); tfuadndenx 395 (9213a ) Phylloatomidae Anoura cutuato , 179 ( 10655 ) Ardors mekolist , 24 *(5419) Anibeus atlecus , 17 (11522 ) lursutus , 199 (11524 ); inopnuitus . 199 ( 11524 ); phoeota 235 ( 10 41 k taltetus . 178 (11523) HrackyphyHa cavernarum , 205 (10593k nana , 206 ( 10594 ) Centurto trues . 138 ( 10179) Ournderma impransssm, 134 (5412) Ckoetoaycieru mrxicamo 291 (385) Chrotoperus matins 343 (7153) Dttmodus rotmuku 202 ( 4049) Dipkylla euutdato , 227 ( 4050)

.

Order Insect ivora Family Soleimdcwtidae

•

.

.

Oudoeptdac Datrypodhlae

TV laxiaMany in thaa compendium

.

Halantwpterys io 313 (384 k mfusca 313 (384 ); pheato , 301 (383) Cynarops alecto, 13 (10313) / hrhiiurus a( but 316 ( 1671 ) CnMconyciendae Craseonvctms thonglongyai , 160 (4748 )

Vomhafidac Tanipcdidae Order Edentata Family Mymvccophagida* Bradypodidac

.

.

Fjiibolltaiuridac

.

.

);

(

. 231 (1613k polustns. 296 (760);

teneUas, 131 ( 4894 ); troubndga , 337 (3724) Talpdae Comhlura eratala . 129 (8405) Galrmvs pyrtnauus 207 ( 8209) Neurothchus gtbbsti 387 (1617 ) Parascalaps breivtri , 98 (4247) Scalopus aquatic iu. 105 (12006 ) Scapanut or anus , 253 ( 4456)

Family Didelphidae Caluromys derbiams 140 (1423) Ckironectes minimus, 109 (6860 ) Lhdrtphts nrgtniana , 40 ( 7097) Gtirmm venusto. 107 (6859 ) Lestodelphys hath , tl (6856 ) Lutrenlsna crassicaudato , 91 (6K 57) Marmasa robtnsom , 203 (7997 ) Monodelpha kit nsi 190 ( 281 ) Microhm hentdac L>rof*ucuyps australis 99 (6858) Caenalestidae Rhyncholestes roplunturus . 286 ( 8257 )

.

.

pacific us

Omiihorhynchkiae Order Marsupialia

. .

. 212 8156

•uinus. 131 ( 4894 k omatus

Order Murvotremain Family Tachygloasidae

.

.

..

.

*

.

of imlivnlual Mammalian Spec** account * Sipiarr bracket* [| provide iV name used m dm

Mammalian Species Accounts

992

.

Order Pnmaira

Ectopkyikt alba 166 (10M0) Erophylla teieAorni , 115 ( 526) Glaesophaga leachii , 226 ( 11525);

^

ladradar Daubentanixiac (

. .

Callunicbnidac

.

.

.

.

.*

Nalaiidac

.

Natalia may* 130 ( 5036); rmcroput. 114 (5700) Funptcndne Thy ropier idac

Thyroptera dtsetfeta . 104 ( 11753 ); tnealor il (11757)

Ailuropoda melanoleuca , 110 ( 1816) Ursus mononius , 145 ( 2475)

My & jpudldaC My^ rpads aunta . 116 (9599 )

Procyotudae

Veipcrtilitmidar

Antrozota palUdut , 213 ( 4668 ) Bauerus [ 4 nrror422)

.

Trichechidae Tricher bus i nur.gius , 72 ( 5105 ). mamstus , 93 (5108X senegalensis , *9 (5107)

Order Proboeodca Family lilephanlidae Etefihas maumus 182 (9946) Laxoikmta africana 92 ( 6256) Order Pensiodactyla Family Fcpiidae Eauus burchellt 157 ( 4 I 10 X :rbea, 314 (8355) Tnprndae Rhinoccrutidae Ceratothenum ginmm , K ( 4107) Dwerorhinus sumatrenus , 21 ( 4108) Rhinoceros unicornis, 211 (6255 ) Order llyraootdca Family Pmcaviidae Uerulrohyrtu dorsahi , 113 (5389) Procavia ra/ u nxis 171 ( 8088 ) Order Tuhul idea tala Family Oryiten ndidac Orycternpus afer 300 (9947 ) Oder Adi « al*ctyla Family Saidae Tayauwdae Catag onus wagnrri , 259 (6990 ) Tayassu pecan , 293 (6991 )

.

.

.

-

^

llippopntamidac

.

.

Giratridae Giraffa camelopaniulis , 5 (2212 )

Bovidae AmnuMraguJ

.

lervia 144 (4020)

amencana , 90 (8009 ) Biton bison. 266 (7143)

Antilocapra

Budorcat laxicoloe , 211 (7800) Cephalophut max**lit , 31 (8866 X sylvicultor 225 (6642 ) Corutochoetes gnou , 50 ( 11356) Nemorhaedus goral , 335 (7125 ) Oreamnos amerieanus , 63 (9122) Ovibos moschatus 302 (6381 ) Ons canadensis, 230 (9815X dalh , 393 ( 1166a ) Pseudo s nayaur 278 (11449 X tchaefen 278 (11449 ) Saiga tatarua 38 (10200) Tragetaphus eurveerus 111 (88t 7) Order PhobdoU Family Mamdae Order Rodaitia Family Aplotknlidac

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

.

ScatttUae

.

Ammosprrmophtlus harnsu 366 (887 X insulurts 364 (880X interpret 365 (884); /rmuriu , 368 (749 ) nelsoru 367 ( 888 ) Cvnomys gunntsoni, 25 ( 8572 ); leucurus , 1 ( 1870X mesu amis , 248 ( 1673X parvuiens , 52 (8571) Giauctmyg sabrtnus 229 (11588 X * flans 78 (2670 ) Marmota pamrentns 135 (3481 );

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

roneoutereasts , 270 (7746) Serurus aberii 80 (7767); granatensts , 246 (7940); richmontb 53 (5421) Spermophlus beUingi , 221 (5290); coiombumus 372 (2980X elegant , 214 (12071 X madrensn , 378 (886); meiiconus , 164 ( 12035X nchardsonii , 243 (7289 X soturatus 322 (10916);

. .

.

.

tpilatoma, 101 (10496 ); tcreticaudus 274 (3079); ttmnsendn , 268 (9116);

.

.

tndecemhneatus 103 (10497); ranegalas 272 ( 80I 9 X uashingloni , 371 (9119 ) Syntheoscuirus brochus , 249 (11585 ) Tamuts amor mis 390 (10565a ); dorsaUs , 399 ( 4433*X stnatus , 168 ( 10182) Xerus rutilus , 370 ( 8017)

.

.

Genmyidac Cratogeomys \Papp >geomys\ castamtps , 338 (2305 ) Geomys arenanus , 36 ( 11727 X attnaten \ bursartus\ 3 K2 ( 11720); bressceps [ bursartus ) 383 ( 10540 ). personatus , 170 ( 11726). [ unetis , 6 ( 8346 X troptcahs , 35 (530) Thomomyt bulb ants 273 ( 11279 )

,

. .

*

,, .

Mammalian Species Accounts

994 Arvicolidae

Hrtefomyidae

CkaeUnkpus \Penffnathui ] flrVMTW, 3 4 (6IS Ik hatleyt , 297 ( 271 ); kapdas 320 ( 272 ); sptrxtlia , 385 ( 6152 ) Utpodomys eaUforntcm , 324 (5639); compact*! 369 (666); drserf 339 (Ml );

*

.

*

*

..

.

elator , 232 ( 1642 k elephmntimu, 255 (876); inrnjfKi, 236 ( 883); heennanni, 323 ( 563*), mgr* 377 ( 11715k inndaru, 374 ( R85 ); marganiae, 400 ( 879a ); microps, 389 (4523); metsom. 326 (*7* k mtrahsidet , 3*1 (879); oedu 353 ( 3614 ); pomamudtma 354 (5158 ); phtUtpsn. S \ ( 5420 ); spectabtih 311 (877 k supkenst , 73 (998 ) Hrteromyx gaumen , 345 (9606). nelson 397 (9223b ); orester us , 396 (9223a ) Lion« yr tnoralut , 82 (2707); pietui , 83 (7060). MMK , *4 ( 1644 ) Mu r ,nitpMl. pt megactpkmlus, 46 (8003); palhdus . 47 (SUM ) Perognathus fascialus. 303 ( 6770 ); paraa , 311 ( 112*1 )

.

..

.

.

'

Cartondae

Castor canadensis , 120 ( 5289) Annmalumlac Pcdetidae Cricctidae Boiomys muse ulus 102 ( 8190 ); lay l on. 285 ( 3089 ) Bktmumys brmceps, 74 (6949 ) Menones eraurn 9 ( 5914 ); ungwcuiatus, 3 ( 4148) See hunts sptamipes, 265 ( 3077 ) N«M*M alhtgulo. 310 (6690) ( / /IIJ MWWI alleni , 41 (3700 k flondama, 139 ( 11695 ); fiacipes 386 ( 1616); mexsramt , 262 ( 2052 k nnrropus, 330 (1242); pkenax 10« (5423k stepkeuu , 328 (5391) Ckhrotomys nunullt 75 (6498 ) Onyx homys teucofaster, 87 ( 7(C6 k torndus. 59 (7025 ) Orysomrt palustru 176 (11870) Otomys angomentu, 306 ( 1313); irroraku, 30K ( 1312 ) Ototylomys pltyil,Mis , ] SI (6271 ) Prromytcus [ Neotomodom] ahtom 242 ( 11730) Peromyuus attnoteri , 48 (9601 ) cahformeut 85 (7237 ); criniUis , 287 (5341 k ere mu:us 118 (11240k gossyptmu 70 ( Il 872 fc true opus 247 (61$3 y.meLtruxarpus . 241 ( 9118 ); peckwahs 49 ( 9602 ) tlirtom. 361 ( 5408 ) intet . 161 ( 4899 ); yiualam* m, 196 ( 12036 ) RfithradoiUamys brevirostris 192 ( 5413); fuhetcens 174 ( 10261 ); gracilis. 218 (12037 k megotota , 167 (11521 k momanus 257 (11700); par*iatus. 192 (5413 k ranventns , 169 (9 87 k * speckUnia 193 (5407 ) Stgmotkm allrm, 95 (9959 k fuhnvenirr 94 ( 524 k huptJut . 158 (1564) kucotis. 96 (9960k ockrogmslhus 97 ( 525 ) Spalaridac Rhizomyidar Tockyoryt tes mocmcephalus 237 (|1991)

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. . .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Appendix 2 Core Journals

.

Clethrionomys gappen 146 (7238) Laguna curtatus, 124 ( 1631 ) Mu rotus breweri, 45 ( 10649k cantcamhit . 267 ( 11278k ckrotorrktnus , 180 (5796k longtcoudui 271 ( 10161 k [ Pitymys ] ochrogaster , 355 ( 10301 );

.

.

oregoni 233 (1615 ); penns ylyamcus 159 (9009); \ Pitymys ] ptnetorum , 147 (10159 ), nchardsont 223 (6630 k townsendu . 325 (2053) Neofiber atlem 15 (945 ) OmLstra ubelkteus 141 ( 11745) Pkenacomys intermediux , 305 (7007) Synaptomyt coopen , 210 (6494)

.

. .

Muridae

.

.

.

Rottus fuscipes 298 (10700k lutreoba 299 (10701) Gliridac

Sdeviniidae Zapodidae Napaeouxpus truigmt , 14 (11629) Zafmi hudsonius 11 (11625k tnnotatus , 315 (3600) Dipndidar

.

llyrtncidac

Freriurontidae Eretkizon dorsatum. 29 (11906) Caviidae Hydrochaeridae HyJrockaerus kydrochoens , 264 (7466)

Dinomyidae Agoutidae

Dasyproctidac Chimhittidae Copromyidae Geocapromrs browtut , 201 (282 fc tkorocatus|6 ro*vMrj 341 (7509 ) Myucastoridae Myocastor coypms , 398 ( 11907a ) Octodcnudac Octodon degus 67 ( 11907) Clcncmiyidkc Abrocom dae

Petnanyidae Balhyergidae Clcnodactylidae Order Lagranorpha Family Gchttomdac Ochatona rollons , 281 (6689 k peineeps 352 (10994 ) Lepondae Brackylagus [ Syivitagus ] tdokaenus 125 ( 4034 ) Lrpta tounsendu , 288 (6445 ) RomeroLtgus dtazi 360 ( 1677 ) Syhtktgus oguatKut . 151 (1721k omtubom , 106 (1721k bockmam 34 (|7 lffc floritktmm, 136 (|724 k maMi 56 (1720k palustris 153 (1729 ); transitionalis, 55 (1719)

.

.

.

.

Order Macroscclidca Family Macroscclididac Elepkontuhes rufeseens 204 ( 5955 ) Rkynchotyon chtysopygus 117 (8956)

.

.

Fxp) Arctic

American Journal of Anatomy ( Am J Anat ) American Journal of Physiology ( Am J Physiol ) American Journal of Primatalogy ( Am J Pnmatol ) American Midland Naturalist ( Am MKJ Nal ) American Museum of Natural History Bulletin (Bull Am Mus Nat Hut ) American Mus Novi tales ( Am Mui Nuvil )

.

Bchav ) Animal Behaviour Monographs ( Amm Behav Monogr ) Anna)ei de Biologic Animate . Biorhimtc rt Biaphyuqoc (Ann Biol Anun Riochim Biophys) Anna!ei Zodogid Fennici ( Ann

Zool Fean )

Science ( Aust J B »« il Set ) Australian Journal of Experimental BioUfy and Medical Science ( Ausl J F »|i Biot Med Set ) Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research ( Ausl J Mar Freshwater Res) Australian Journal of Science ( Auit J Sci ) Australian Journal of Zoology

.

( Aust Zool )

.

Museums Natural History ( Ann Cape Pros Mus Nui llist ) Annals of the TiansvaJ Museum Tronsvaal Mus )

( Amoldm (Rhodesia i ) Amoldia (Zimbabwe) ( Amotdu (Zimhabwc)) A urt rail an Journal of Biological

•

Annalct Socieie Royale Zoolog que de Belgique ( Ann Soc R Zool Belg ) Annalct MUM* Royal de FAfrique Central Sene Quarto Zoalogiquc ( Ann Mus K Afi Cent Set Quarto Zool ) Annals of the Cape Provincial

( Ann

( Arctic )

Aikiv Jur Zooiogi ( Stockhidiu ) (Ark Zool (Stockholm )) Amiddia ( Rliodcsia )

( Ausl J Zool ) Australian Mammalogy Ausl Mammal ) Australian Wildlife Rcseareh (Aust W ldl Res ) Australian Zoology

( Amin

ITuyooofnyidac

.

.

( Afr W ldl )

Analomischcr Anreiger ( Anat Anr ) AnatiatiKnl Record ( Anat Rrc ) Animal Behaviour

Ediimyidae

.

Acta Fndncrinoiogtca ( Acta Endocrinol ) Acta Thcriologica ( Ada Theriot) African Journal of Ecology ( Afr J Fxct ) African Wildlife

American Zoologist ( Am Tool )

.

,

Annotations Zonloyicae Japtaiemis ( Annol Zool Japon ) Aquntic Miunmah ( Aquai Mamm ) Archives d'Analomie Microsoopique et de Morphotofie Fapcnmtmlalc ( Arch Anal Microsc Morpbol

Acta Anatomica ( Acta Anat )

American Naturalist ( Am Nal )

.

.

to 1988, but usually from The following core journals were reviewed volume by volume minimally from 1964 . Journal abbreviations used in volume 1 through 1991. Other journals were examined as citations to them arose arc those used by the the bibliography are parenthetically included. Other abbreviations in the bibliography BioScienccs Information Service.

Behaviour (Rehavuoir ) Behavioral Ecology and Soc i xu Neuttutunys monticoluf Nusgimi ridei

Nirtgami twtealeyi Nivnmter andenom* Nn iventer brafusma* Nniventer bukit* Nn tventer confuseutnus* Nn nenter caxingt* Nivnmter creuu' riventer Ntvtvenier eha Nniventer excelsior* Nniventer fuhesctns Nn rientrr hmpoon* Nniventer langbsams* Nniventer Upturns* Nn iventer iwuvenier Nniventer rapit* Nn iventer terunter* Noctdso aUuientns Nock ho leponnux Notiomys angustus* Notiomys delfim* Notiomys ed uardsu*

-

-

Notiomys macrtmyx

Notwmvs megatonsx* Notwmys tddrvimai

516

516 516 418

418 418 606 683

516 516

516 516 516 516 75 516

Sotomys macrons* Notomys miuhelln Notomys mordax* Notop/e ns macdomthh* N0(0cycles ry /thlops* Nyctalus aviator Nvctolus lasioptena Nyctalus letslen Nyctalus numhmus* Nyctalus noctula Nyctereutes proeyiuwules Nycteris arge Nycteris gambiensss* Nvrteris gnsndis Nycteru hispuia Nycteris / avamca Nycteris nun rotts Nycteris madagascanemts* Nycteris major* Nycteru nami

Nycteris panui* Nycteru ihebtuca Nycteris tnsgaid* Nycteris vinsom* Nycteru wood'i* Nycacebus ctmcang Nycticeims baLsuvu NycUceuu greyu* Nyctu eius humeralu

Nscticeiu* mjluatus*

606 60ft

ftOft 84 30

137 137

137 137 137 229 IOO 100 100 100

1(10 IOO

100 IOO IOO IOO 100 ion 100 IOO

183

137 137 137 137 137 137

19 19

Nyctueims meppelhi Nycsiceimt schheffent

606

Nyckmene itello Nvcomene albtventer NvcUmene rephahrtei Nvctimenr cyclotis* Syetintent dracorulLi*

84

84

60ft

Nycttmene mijor* Nycttmene maLuttnsu* Nycttmene rmnutus* Nyctimene robimoni

ftOft

Nvcnmene

ftOft ftOft 60ft 606

Nvctmomops amnspouuut

606

606 606

606 606

606 606

ftOft

112 112 516 516 516 516 516

516

sanctacrucis*

Notomyi longtcaudatus*

606

O/ hotona ervlh/ otis*

680 680 680 680

Ochotona rvylei

Ochotona rufescens

680 680

Ochotona mtiLi Ochottwia thihel / ma* Ochotona thnmtui* Ochrotomys nuttalli

680 680 Sift

Ocunion brtdgesi* Octodon degus Oc laden lunatus* Oi lodontomys gU nudes

Octomys bar re me* Oclomys outrun * Odoberuu rosmanu

671

671 671 671 671 671 318 390

Odocoileus kemiemus Odacodeus virgimamts Oenomvs hypasanthus Okapia johnstoru Ommatophoca russi Ondatra ztheducus

390 606

415 320 569

39 39

t hue hi' galea frarmsto

.

lun ua*

Onychogcdea t hi yc ho gal m ungutfer*

39

Onychotnys arentcola* Onychomys leucogaiter Onychomys torndus

516 516 516

Orcaella brevrrostrii

336 418

84

Ortoimgtts or cotragus Orrutltorhynchus anaiinus Orthognrmys cavtstor* Orthogeomys cherriei*

84 84 84 84 166

336

418 9 498 498 498

137

Orthogeomys curucutus Orthogeomys danensis* Orthogeonrvs grcwidts* Orthogeomys heterodus* Orthogeomys huptdus Orthogeomy s Lirnus* Orthogeomys matagalpae* Orthogeomys pygSKtmthus* Orthogeomys underwood/* Oryclrroput afrr Orrciolagus funiculus Oryx dortvmih Oryx gcxzeUa Oryx leucoryx

137 137

Oryzomys albtguhiris Oryzomys al/ari*

516

137

Oryzomys atfisrvi Oryzomys alttssimus* Oryzomys auittms* Oryzomys aphnutut* Onzomvs arena!is*

516

166 183

60ft ftOft ftOft 60ft

ftl A06

680 680

Orctnus orca Ormirmos ament onus

Nyctmonutps macrons Nyetocebus conning Nyaomyt sunn , hr ,mi

Notiosorrx craufo/ di Notomyi alexts Noiomys ampUn* Notomys aqudo* b otomys cemnus Notomy s fuse us

680

84

166

Nyctophtlus microtis* Nyctophtlus timonmsu Nyctophtlus walkers* ( hotona al/ urui \ OcboSomt collaiit Och* Sana , uftrmiar* Ochotona diunca

680

84 84

NvtUnomof i feme rosace us Nycttnomops hstiumdatus

Nycto/ dului amhcmtHus* Nyctophtlus bifiu* Svcu' phtlui geoffroyi Nyctaphslus gosddi Nyctophtlus lophorhina* Nyetoplulus munition*

680

Ochotona kamensts* Ochotona kaslowi* Ochotona ladaceiuts* Ochotona lama* Ochntima macrons Ochotrwui pattasi Ochotona pnneeps Ochotona pusdla

166

516 137

137 137

137 137

680 680

680 680 680

*

Oryzomys argentatus

498 498 498 498

498 498 498

498

376 683

418 418 418

516

516 516 516 516 516

101$

Species Index Oryzomys tsurrvenier* Oryzomys balnealor* Oryzomys ban n* Oryzomys bicolor Oryzomys bomb wt run Oryzomys huccinatus* Oryzomys ctthgmntus Oryzomys captlo Oryzomys caudatut* Oryzomys ckacoensu* Oryzomys chaparensss* Oryzomys eonccdor Oryzomys etmesi Oryzomys deUcaiut Oryzomys dektcola Oryzomys dimtdtaiux* Oryzomys fin esc ms Oryzomys fomesi* Oryzomys fulgent• Oryzomys fulvtscens Oryzomys galapagoensu* Oryzomys gorgast* Oryzomys hanumvuii* Oryzomys mtectus* Oryzomys ksMoggt* Oryzomys lamia* Oryzomys longuaudatus Oryzomys marc mutelit* Oryzomys mdanostvma* Oryzomys mebutolu Oryzomys rmnutus* Oryzomys tmmchtquensu* Oryzomys nelxtmi* Oryzomys mgnpes Oryzomys mtulm Oryzomys palustru Oryzomys / /eninsulae* Oryzomys polius* Oryzomys nsttueps* Oryzomys m ulans • Oryzomys robustulus* Oryzomys spodutntt* Oryzomys smbflaxus Oryzomys ututnirnsu* Oryzomys vtefus Oryzomys vtlhnus* Oryzomys wahrolus* Oryzomys yunganui* Oryzomys zttmgae* Oryiortctes turn* Oryzorictes lalpotdes* Oryzprictes trim , arrvlut* Osbomtctii pistisons Osgoadomys hanJeranu t Otarta bynmkt

•

516 516 516

516 516 516 516 516 516

516 516 516 516 516

516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516

516 516 516

516

Otocyon megaltuu Otofrmur cmssicaioLitus

516 516 516 516 516 516 54 54 54 285 516 312 229 185

Otomnps fnrtmnut*

166

Otorm*f >s marUrnssem Otomops (utpuensis* Otomops sreundus* Otomnps wroughkmt Otomys anchutat*

166

•

.

( komys

angomensis

166

Otomxs desai

516

Otomys irrvratus Ckamys Uumnatus* Otomys truixtmus Otomys taundemac* Otomys xloggetti Otomys typus Otomys umsulcatus Otimycteru hempnchi OUmyctamys hum" Otopteropus cantlagonodus Olatyiamys pbyllotu Ourebus omrebi Ovibos masekatus Ovu ammon

516 516

Ons ones Ovu cancuiensis Ora dolls Ovts nmstmun Ovu nnicola 0m vtgnei Oxymycterus akodtmtms* Oxymycterus angularts* Oxymyctents delator* Oxymycterus hisptdus*

Oxymycterus she rings* Oxymycterus into* Oxymycterus panamensts* Oxymycterus robertt • Oxymycterus ruhltms

Ozotoceros bettuirtuus Pttchymrumys duprau f ' aguma lanaks

Pem pants/ us Pirn troglodytes Pimther/t lev Pant hera onca Panthera / tardus Panthera tigris Ptmthera undo PtmtholofH hodgsemi Papagomys armandvillei* Papso kamadrwu Papio leucophaeus Papio sphinx Ptppogeamyt alcorru* Pap/togeomys Mien

Pappagcomyt autanof / s

516 516

516 137 516 84

516 418

418 418 418 418 418 418 418

418 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 516 390

516 285 223 223 296 296 296 296 296 418

606

202 202 202 198 498 498

Pappogeotnys fumosus* Pdppageomys gymttma* Pnppogeamvt merhomt

498

Pappogeomjn negtectus* Pa/tpogeomys tvlorhsnus Pappogeamys unsen*

498 498 498

Pantcoelops megabits*

104 61 289

Pauserocidura sekoutedetu* Panscymclu selomsi Pantdipus ctenodactyltu Poradoxurus hermaphrothlus Paradaittnes jerdotu*

166 166

Paradtuuna zeylonensu

516

Paritechsnus hvpomeUu Paraechmus tm ropus

61 ft

516 516

Paraechtnus acthsopuus

,

49H

498

654 285

285 285 57 57 57

Parahydromys caper* Paraleptomvs rvftlotus* Paraleptomys u ilhelmxnu* PanmycUmene raptor Parascalops brewen Parascaptor leucura*

Paraxerus alexandn Paraxerus boehms Paraxerus cepapt

Paraxerus cocperi* Paraxerus flavnsitss Paraxerus luctfer

Paraxerus ockraccus Paraxerus pailtalus

606 606

606 84

75 75 463 463

463 463 463

463 463 463 463

Paraxerus poensts Paraxenu veulLtnus* Paraxerus vmcentt* Parotomys hrantst

463 463

Parotomys Imledatn

516

Pant romysdomtmator* Pectsnator speket Pedetes capensu Petea capreoltss Pelomys cam/ nmae Pelomys fallax Pdamys harnngloni Pelomys hoptinsi* Pelomys usets •

606

Pelomys minor Pelomys rex* PrnUilagui fumesst* Prnthrtor lucast

Pcpemocephaln electro Pcrudotras concinna Peramelrs btwtgaimille Perameles cremtana Peramelrs gunntt Perameles naxuus Pervdscncus potto Pemgnadius altscola* Perognathus ampins Perognathus anihemyt Perognathus arenanus Perognathus anus* Perognathus ha/ leyt Perognathut caltjormcus Perognaxhus dalqurstt* Perognathus fallax Perognathus fascustus Perognathus flavescens Perognathus Jlavus Perognathus formosus Perognathus goUmant* Perognathus hisptdus Perogruuhus mornatus Perognathus uutrmedtus Perognathus Uneatus* Perognathus longtmembns

Perognathus nelsoni Perogsuslhus Perognathus Perognathus Perognathus Perognathus

parvus prnKillatus

penux* spsnatut

umthinotut*

516 678

515 418 606 606

606

606 606 606 606

683 84

336 39 30 30

30 30 183 502 502

502 502 502 502 502

502 502 502 502 502 502

502 502 502

502 502 502 502 $02 502 502 502 502

1016

Species Index 51ft

Ptromysrua arruvten* Pcromyscus oztecus Peromyscus boyitt Peromyscus buUatus* Peromyscus coHfomkmt

516 516 516 516

Penmtyteus canicepi* Peromyscus ermitms Peromyscus dictum* Peromyscus diffinhs Peromyscus eremteus Peromyscus eva* Peromyscus fiurvus Peromyscus gaxsyptnus Peromyscus grandts Peromyscus gminiui*

Peromxteus giutlrmtiUn.ni Peromyscus gymmeis* Peromyscus hoopen Peromyscus interpanetalis Peromyscus leucoput Peromyscus nutdrensis Peromyscus mannuhttut Peromyscus mayemit* Peromyscus megalaps Peromyscus mekisturus* Peromyscus meLsnocarpus Pcromyscus melanophrys

Pcromyscus meLinotu Peromyscus meLinutvs Peromyscus mernorm Peromyscus matt anus Peromytcut ochrm enter Peromyscus pedondis

Pcromyscus prmberumi* Peromyscus frerfub us Pcromyscus pohonotus Pcromyscus fxAtut*

Pcromyscus psemtocrvutus* Pcromyscus tejugts* Pcromyscus stmulus Pcromyscus sitkensis Pcromyscus slevini* Pcromyscus spicilegus*

Pcromyscus Stephens* Pcromyscus sUrUum Pcromyscus trues Pcromyscus windelmanm* Pcromyscus yucalankus Pcromyscus zarhyruhus Pcropterys kappirn Peroptcryx leucoptera• Pcroptcryx macrons Pcroryctes broadbenti* Pcroryctes longtcauda* Pcroryctes

fkipmentu*

Pcroryctes rafjruyanus* Pcitsunllus routine* Pciaurillus hoses* Peldonllus kinhuhti* Pctaurista atboeufiks* Pchmrista elegant Pchut nsla leucogenyt

PeUmnsta magnificus Pcusunsta petaunsut Petaurus abtdi* Petimnu < JHSTRAITS

516 516 516

Pehmms bttvtceps Petaurus norfotcensis Petmomys bantUi* Pctmomyt cniutus* Petmomys fuscocapillus Petmomss gerubarbts*

516 516 516 516

Pctmomyt hagem* Petmomys sagitta* Petmomys setosut* Petmomys wrdermanni*

516

Petrodromms lelrudaftvius Petrogale brack yoas* Petrogale burbtdgci*

516 516

516 516 516 516

516 516 516 516 516 516 516

516 516

516 516 516 516

516 516 516 516

Petrogale godmtmi* Petrogale pemedlata Petrogale purpmrctcoUis • Petrogale nuhschddi* Petrogale lanthopu.i Pet ramus typicus Petrontyscmt coilinus Prlronnscus menOcularis*

Phacochoerus aettuaptcus Pkaenomys ferrugtneus* Phalanges besteus*

PhaLmger carmehuu PhaLmger cclebcittit• PhaLmger gynmotts PlutLmger mterpasitus* Phalanges leucippus* Phalanger MluLte* PhaLmger mticultUus PhaLutger orient ala

516

PhaLmger rufomger*

516

PhaLmger mrsmus* Plumes funifies Pharotti imogene* Phucogale cahtra Pluucogate tapoatafa

516 516 516 516

516 516

Phascolarctas cinema

516

Philander mnlhcnnv* Philander opossum Phtletor bnu hypterus Phloeomys < ummgt

516

516 516 516 95

95 95 30

30

30 30 46 ? 46?

463 463

463 463

Phmacomys intermedtus

PMoeomys fmlbdus* Phoca caspica

Photo fasetata Phoca gntenhuitiica Phoca htsptda

Phoca largha Phoca stlnnctt Phoca Mtulmti

Phocarctos hooken Photoena dnptrica Phocoena photoena Phocoena urns Phocoena spmtpinms

Phocoenotdes dalh

463

463 37 37

37 37 463 463

463 46?

463 463 463 46?

702 39 39 39 39

39 39 39 676

516 516 377 516 32 32

32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 174 137 19 19 46

569

11 11 137 606 606

320 320 320 320 320 320 320 312 343

343 343 343 343

Phodcpus camffhclti Phodcpus roborovskn PhotLpus sungorus Phemiscus MfOM* Phaniseus atrox* Phemiscus yagori* Phemiscus papuensit* PktUnderma stenops PhyUtmyctens apkylla PhyUtmycleru poeyt Pkyllapt falcatus* Phydops hatttensis PhsUottamus discolor Pkslloslomus eltmgtuus Phyilnstomus hastatus

PhvUostomus Lvtfohuf Phi Hotis amicus* Phydotss iwuhunt* Phydotis bunaerieruis* PhydtMu capnnut* Phydotis

iLsnmm Phtllotis drfimtus* Phydons gcrbtdus* Phydotis haggards* Phydons magetter* Phydotis asgoods*

PhsUoUs (9ilac Phtdotit wolfifsohni* Physetcr macrvcephalus PtfHstrcdus arm* Pif' idrcHue ofifiinu* Pipittrcdus twchietai* PiptUrrdux ontlumyi* Pipistrcdus arabteus* Ptptstrelhu oriel* Ptptstrellut bobu• Pipistrcdus bodenhnnten * Ptptslrellus cadontae* Pipistrcdus cryhmicus Pifnslrrllut circumdotut* Pipulrcllus roromandra Piptsistilus emssulus* Pipistrcdus detent* Ptptslrellus dormen Pipistrcdus eisenircmti* Pipulrcllus eruiot* Pif*slrrllus ha firms Pipulrcllus imbncatut Pipulrcllus incxspcctalus* Pipulrcllus fovanicus

Pipulrcllus jefifret* Pipulrcllus kitchcneri* Pipulrcllus kuhlit Pipulrcllus lophurus* Pipulrcllus Mir rolls* Pipulrcllus madrrrnsa* Pipulrcllus minus t Pipulrcllus mtnahasaae* Pipistrcdus moniai* Pipulrcllus museiculus* Pipulrcllus nanulus Pipulrcllus nanit i

516 516

516 137 137 137 137 114 114 114

114 114

114 114 114

114

516 516 516

516 516 516 516 516 516 516

SIS

£ E £ E £

BE S

£

SE

£ B 5 S £

BEE

£

E55SE

E 5

EES

Species Index Pipistnrllus nathuni PipLurellus peguensit* PtpistrcUus permixtus* Ptputrellus peterxi* Pipulrcllus pipulrcllus PiputrcUus puhvratus* PtpistrcUus mcftpelh Piputrellus rustic v s PtpuircUui stnii Ptpistrellus societalis* PtftutreUus stenopterus Pipulrcllus sturdeei* PiputreUus subflavus Pipistrelhit kismaniensis* Ptputrellus temas Pdhecheir meLmums* Pithechetr parvus Ptihecta albicans* Pithena hirsuta* Pahecut mcmachiu* Pithena pithecui Pitymys afghanus Pirymys bavancus* Pitymys ciscamcasicus* Pitymys daghestameus* Pitymys duodenmeostatus Pitymys fiellem* Pitymys gerbet* Pitymys guaternulensu* Pitymys jmldaschi Pitymys leucurus Pitymys Uechtenstetm* Pitymys Imsitanuus* Pitymys majon Pitymys multiplex Pitymyi athrvgasier Pitymys ptnetonm Pitymys gummier Pitymys savit* Pitymys h helkonwkovt* Pitymyi tAtmeruu Pitymyi subternmeus Pitymys ktlncut Pircmys ihomui Plagiadtmtia aedium PLwugale gtlest Plamgalc mg mm Phimgale macuLua Plamgale nenagumrae* Plamgale trnumnlris Plalaranrhomvs huiunu* Plata!tna gmovertaum PLtuuiuta gangetica Pktumuta minor Plecotut aunlus Plecoius austnarus* Plecotus me etcanus* PlecoSu.% rafibiesquti Plecotut kmntendii Pierota anchetm* Podduk kura* Padngymnum tmei* Padomys florviemus

Padoxwwn nmaimae*

1017 137

Porethe ns hhvea

137

Poectlngale albtnucha Poektgus marjonta PoganomelomM bruipu* Pogonomelonns mayen* Pogonomelomxs ntemmlen* Pogonomelonns tes ta

137

137 137

137 137 137 137

137 137 137 137 137 137 606 606

196 196 196 196

569 569 569 569

569 569 569 569 569 569 569

569 569 569 569 569 569 569 569

569 569

569 569 66R

19 19 19 19 19

516 114 335

Pogonomys loriae* Pogonomys macrouna Pogonomys syivestrts Penema richardsont Pongo pygmaeus Pontoporia bLumtllet Polamot hoerus pore us Potamogide relax Potorous longtpes Pntortms pLltsops* Potorous tndai tylus Polos flaws Proomys cdbtpes* Proomyt imgdciuu* Praomys butlen* Proomyx daltoni Pmomys deletlomm Proomys derooi Praomys erythndeueui Proomyi fiunustus Proomys harrwigi* Proomys huberli Proomys yat kstmi Proomys motio Proomys natolensu Proomys ptmamu* Proomys rostrums* Proomys shoUndgei* Proomy t tullbcrgi Proomys verremuii* Pres by tu aygula Presbytis cntiata Prcsbytit entellus Presbytit fratemu* Presbytis frontosa* Presbytis geei* Presbytis htnci* Presbytis johttit Presbytis mehtaphos Presbylts obscura Presbytis phayrti* Presbytit pdeata*

Presbytis potenzuwu* Presbytis rubteumia Presbytis sene:i Presbytis thntmxst*

335 137

Pnotiontes nuimus Pnonodai Unsung

137

Pnonodcn pardtcolor Pnonamys hrlieu* Procapro gmtlunua Proeapro pu ticaudala Procapro przmalsktt* PrtKOvta cofimsu Prvcyott cam mams Pnxxm ghneralleni* Procyan iruulant*

137

137 137 M 61 57

516 516

-

260

Procvon lotor

260

Pntcyon maynards* Procyon minor* Proc yon pygmaeus* Proechtmys olbtspuuu* Prvechtmys amphtchoru us* Proechtmys brcxiauula* Proechtmys conicotUs*

683 606 606 606

606 606 606 606

285 223

335 377 54 39 39 39 255 606 606

606 606

606

606 606 606 606

606 606 606

606 606

606 606 606 606

202

202 202 202 202 202 202 202

202 202 202 202 202 202 202 202 51 285 285

516 418 418 418

255 255 255

-

Proechimyt cunen* Proechtmys dimiduttus* Proechtmys goeldti* Proechtmys guatrae Proechtmys guyannensu Proechtmys hendeei* Proechunys hoplomyotdes* Proechimyt durtngi* Proechtmys longuatulatut* Proechtmys myoturos*

Proechtmys arts* Proeclumyt poltopus* Proechimyt qmulnipluatus* Proechimyt tenus/ nnosm Proechimyt tetmui* Proechimyt tnnilalus* Proechtmys unchi* Prvechtmys uarrrni* Proedromys bedfordt* Pndagtu tardus* Pwmttheomyi sc haposchnikoni Pnmofg centralis Promofu mumtus* PnwwLigut c nvt si cautious Pronologus nmdensis Primolagus rupettns Propithecus dutdema

255 255 255

255 673 673 673 673

673 673 673

673 673

673 673 673 673 673 673 673 673 673

673 673 673

673 569 680 569 166

166 68 ? 683

683

182

Propitherus verreauxi PrvsciunUus abstrusus* Proteus nilus leuromus* Prosciunllus munnus*

182 463

Proteles cnstatus

293

Proioxerus ambimia* Pro*otrrus stangen Psammomvs obesus Psammomys venllans* Psmdocheims albertui* Psevdochctrus arc hen* Pseudocheirus cement ns* Psnuiocheirus can' ll* Psendeehelms cvnnnae* Pseudocheina cupreus* Pseudocheirus dkthh Pseudaeheims forbett* Pseudoeheina herbertnuis PseudeKheims le mu nudes* Pseudocheirus maim* Pseudoi heirus peregnruu Pseudocheirus schlegt*

463

Pseudtthydrrmiys munnus Pseudoh win cuhtmu i Solenodcm paradoxus Sohsorex peanoni* Scdoms T ponerich* Soiomyx salebrotus* Soiomyt sapunta* Sorex oltixktutus* Sorcx at pinus Soret anmeus Sores an tic us Sores anzonae* Sore.« as per* Sores bedfondute* Sorcx bendint* Sorex buchanesats* Sores ciseeutiens Sores ctwcaucus* Sores cmereus Sores eoronatus Sores cyhndncauda Sores dofshaenodon Sores dispar Sores emarginatus* Sorex excehus* Sores fontxnalu Sorex fumeus

•

Sorex

gasfienus

Sorex graallwtm Sores gnmanus* Sores hmimi Sores hosonoi* Sorex hoy* Sores hydmdromus"

Sorcx uodem Sores Jackson!* Sores jummus* Sorex kozlon*

Sorex limgimtlnt

19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19

54 54 61 606 606 606

61 61

61 61 61 61 61 61 61

Sorex ntfddei Sorex rvhonUui* Sorex tammticmr* Sorex toursu re i* Sorex sciaten*

61

Sorex shmto* Sorex smalts'

Sorex tuuioaus Sorex stizodon' Sdret lene /iui* Sorex Irowhridgii Sorex lundrmsu Sorex unguicuLxtut Sorex va grans Sorex vent rafts' Sorex verne pacts* Sorex vir* Soriculus baileyi' Soriculus cautJatus Soricu / us fumidus Sonculus gruberi* Soriculta hrpstbius* Sonculus Icuccps* Soriculus lowet* Sortculus

61

Soriculus salentku* Soriculus tmithn* Si’ Saha ffuvuililn Sousa chinensis Sousa leuszu' Spaltkcopus cytmus Spaiax gigemteus* Spaltzx leucadon Spaiax microphthalmus

61 61 61 61

61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61

61 61 61 61

Sorex macredon* Sorex ntemamt

61

Sorex millen* Sorex tumultsumas' Sorts nunutus

61 61

Sorex mini Mu Sorex montKoha Sorex nanus Sorex oreopolut*

61

61

61 61 61

Sorex lydlt•

Sorts preblet*

61

61 61 61

61

Sorex omntut

61

Sorcx fxirtficu.r Sores palustris Sores plamceps*

61 61

61

mgraceful

Speathas venaucus Spenruiphilopsis leptadactylus Spermaphtlus advertui* alashamcus*

Sprrmophtlus Spermophilus annulatus* Spcrmoplulus armatus Spermaphtlus at neaptil us* Spcrmophilus beccheyr Spermophilus beldutgt Spcrmophilus btunntus*

Spermophilus ntellui Spermophilus columbtarmi Spermophilus dauricus Spermophilus elegant Spermophilus erytkrogenys Spermoplulus frantlmu Spermophilus fulvus Spcrmophilus Literalu Spermophilus madrensis Spermophilus major Spermophilus mexicanux Spermophilus mohavensis Spermophilus musicus* Spermophilus parrvii Spermoplulus perotenns Spermophilus pygmaeus Spermoplulus rrhetus

61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61

61

61 61 61 61

336 336 336 671 568 568

568 229 463 463 463 463 463

463 463

463 463 463 463

463 463

463 463 463 463 463 463 463 463

463 463 463 463

463

1021

Species Index Spermophilus nchardsomi Spermophilus saturarus Spermophilus sptUssoma Spermophilus suslicus Sffermophlus tereticaudus Spermophilus Icncnsendu Spermophilus indecent!tncasus Spermophilus undulatus Spermophilus vanegalas Spermophilus Washington! Spermophilus xanihoprymnus Sphiieruis bianfordi* Sphaerunyclens toxophyllum* Sphiggunts utsukosus* Sphiggurus sptnosus* Sphiggunts vestitus* Sphiggurus stilusus Sptlogale pvionus Sptlogale pygmaea Snhtnkamy * ohimstt* Sieatomys mu nous' Stratum vs eupfhdius* Stratum\s jcsckstmi* Sieatomys krebsu Slettlomys minutus Sieatomys parvus

Stcatomys pratemis Stent lla attenuates Stcnelhi clymcne*

SteneiLi coemlctMlba Stenrlla longtrostrxs Stenella plagiathm* Sicno bretlancnsu Stenocephalemyt alboctsutLiia* Stemxephalemys gnscitcwda* Stenotic rma rufum Stochomys defua Stot hom\s longicaudatus Stumiru arutaihcmuxsi

Srumim buiens Sturmra bogotenns

Sturm nr ervthromos Sturm ra /ilium Sturru ra ludensci Sturm ra lutst* Sturrtira magna

Stumiru mordax Sturm ra mind

Sturruna thomasr* Sturmns tiklae Sty loc lent um wallaeel* Stylodrpus telum iiimiij (tier*

Sunt us dayd* S uncus etruseus Sum us tnfmitestmus* Sum us Lius Sumus luzixucnsts' Sunt us murtnus Sum us occulttdens* Suncus palamtncmu* Suneus remyt* Suneus stoluzktmui* Suncus vaalla

463

463 463 463

463 463

463 463 463

463 463 84

114 659 659 659 659

Sundasciurut brootei* Sundascturus davensxs* Sundasnurus hifipurus Sundascturus hoogstraah* Sundasnurus jentmki' Sundasciunu juvenc.us* Sundascturus Umu Sundascturus mtndanensis* Sundasnurus mollendorffi* Sundascturus phiUpfnncnsii* Sundasnurus rubon*

Sumkisnurus uomueruts' Sundascturus stcerii' Sundasnurus tenuis Suruata s uncatin Sut burhaius Sui talvxintus

260 260 606

SMS tcrofa Sus verrucosus* Syevnyctens australis

516 516

Syltvuorrx johnstoni* SyUvnorex ollula* Syi/ vuorex ntncotdes' Syhicapra gnmmui Syh ilagus aquatints

516 516 516 516 516

336

Sylvilagus auduhonn SylviLigus hcu hmani Sytvilagus bntsiliensu

336 336

SybaLtgut ainiculanus Sylvilagus dun* Syhilagus flondcmus

336 336

Svh iLigus graystmi* SytvUagus tdahoensis

336

606 606

114 606

606

114 114 114 114 114 114 114 114

114 114 114 114 84

654 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61

SvhiLigus instmus* SvIvtLigus munsuetui* Syhnlagus nuttailii Svlvilagus palustns Sylvilagus inmsitioruihi Syh isorcx granti Sytvisorex lunans Syhisorcx metalura Syhisorcx mono Synaptotnys borealis SynofUomys coopen Sou crus coffer Syvtheoscwna brochus Tachyglossus aculeatus Jachyvryctes tmtcrocefdialux' Tachyrrryrtes spLttdcru

Tatiarula aegyfiuaea Tadandti afruamt* Totlanda australis fmlanda bias ihcrmt

TckLmda esptrilcnartemu'

.

Jadando Jul mutant

Talpa grandu* Talpa klasst* Talfks lungi rent ns*

75 75

Talpa mscrura Talpa mtzura*

75 75

75 75 75

463

1 ATFHI pamdens* Talpa romtma* Talpa streets* Tanumdiui mexteana* l'anumdua letnulactyLi

463 463 463 463 289 377

Tamias alpmui* hsmuis amoenus lamias bullen Tamias cunifies* Tamias einereu ollu Tamias donahs

463

377

Ttmuas durangae* Tamuu merrittmi* Tamias minimus Tamuu obscurm* Tamuu ochrogcnys* Tamias polmen Tamuu panammtimis Tamias quadamacuLuia Tamuu quiuJriYittatui

463 463

463 463 463 463 463 463 463

377 377 84 61 61 61 418 683 683 683 683 683 683

75

49 49

463

463 463 463 463 46?

463

463 463 463

463 463

463 463

Tamias nificaudus

463

Tamuu sencx*

463

Tamias sibiheus

463 463 463

683

Tamias wJbycw* Tamias semmae* Tamuu ipectosus Tamuu siriatus

683

Tamuu lou ruendii

683

Tamias umbnnus Tamuui turns douglasit

683

683

683 683

-

Tonuasciums hudsomrus

Tamtasciuna meamd*

463

463

463 463 463 463 463

463 463 463

166 166

Tauuopt macclellandi Tamtops manumus* Tamups rodolphet* l amups surnhoet Taphozous austrahs* Tafihozous georgumus Ta/ ihozous hamilloru' TiphctZous hildeganiear * Toffhazous kills* Taphtrzous kapalgenxti* Tigshozous longimmus Taphoioui mounttanus Taphotous meksnopogtm Tafihozoux mdiventris Tafihozous nucluniatus Tufihozinn peiforotut Taphozous phihppinenrix* Tiiphozoui theobaUi*

368

683

61 61

61 61 569 569 418 46 ) 8 568

568 166 166 166 166

463 95 95 95 95

95 95

95 95 95 95

95 95 95 95

[ itLinda jybtniebsus*

166

Ta/ urui batnUi*

TikLiruLi ktbotii*

166

361

Tadanda temotri

166

Tdfnrut indicia Tiipints pim luique

Taemmyi arcutitus' Taeromys ceirbensis'

606 606

368 48

Toipa alhitai lulfxi caeca* Taipti ctnscastca*

75 75

Taptnis trrrtstns Tampes spenterne Tanius bancanus Tarsi us spectrum Taniui syru hta Tanomvs afuterais*

Talpti mropaea

75 75

368

188 188 188 606

1022

Species Index

Tasimuetus shepherds*

348

Taleamys rhsnogntdoules Titleru afra Totem boehmi Totem bnmtsii Totem duhuru Totem inclusa Totem ittdica

606

Totem levcogasier Totem ntgncauda Totem robuxta Totem valtda Totem vtit ina TatenUut aratarius* T Menllus cvmgmu* Toe nilus emuu TatenHut gractUs Tate stilus harringtom*

.

.

Tasenllut locustns• T uenllus pygargux Taudeo taxus Tayassu pecan Tayas su Liji* u

Tenses eraudatus Tetmremt quadricormt Thallomys paedulcus Thtmnomys venustus

Themrux ermsispinis* Thee urns pumtlis* Iheturns sumatrae* Theropuhcrus gehuia Thomasomys aureus* Thomasomys baecps* Thomasomys bomhycinut* Thmuixomw cinerervemer* Thomasomys cine re us* Thomasomys daphne* Thomasomys dorsaltx* Thomasomys gracilis* Ihomasomys hylophdus* T /umuuomys ou. anus* Thimuuomys ischyuna*

Thomasomys kalmounkti* Thommomys Uuiewi* Tht >mtuom\* lansges* Thomasomys mtmocromos*

Ihatmisomys nohstux* Ihomasomys oenax* Thsmuuomys areas* Tht m tsomys paramorum* Thimiasomys pictipn* Thottkuamys pyrrhtmotus 9

.

Thcmuuomvs rhmkin* Thomasomys rosalinda* Thomasomys taczanouiskti*

Jhomasomvs restitus* Thomomys bottoe Thofttomys bulbnoiut fhontottiys elmtut Thamomyt itUioensu* Thomomys mazama* Thomomrys tmmrtcafa

516 516

516 516 516

516 516 516 516 516 516

516 516 516 516 516 516 516 260

582 582 54 418 606 606

Thomomys utlpatdes Thtmomys tounsendu Thtmomys umbrinui Thoopterus nigrescent Thnnat odus albuauda* Thntuu odus rdtii* Thrycmomts grrgohamus Thryanomys sui rideminus Thylttcmus cynocephalus Thylogale btllaniten Thylogale brurui* Thylogale sag mattea* Thylogale thetis* Thyropteru discifem* Thyropicra tricolor Takudata aununut * Toljpcmia nuu trui Toiypeutes trumetus Time peas Mina* Tonalia Indent Tonatia bnulltense Tunatta corniest* Ti mafia \ e ctis*

.

Tonatia sc hula* Ti nuifiii tilnrola Ttachopt cirrhona T rage laphus imgan

.

657 657

Tragelaphus bust ,mi* Tragelaphus euryeena

657 202 516 516 516 516 516 516 516

Tragelaphus imberbis Tragelaphus onx Tragelaphus stnptus Tragebiphut .speket Tragelaphus ttrrpmceras

516

516

516 516 516 516 516 516

516 516

516 516 516 516 516 516

516 516 498

498 498 498 498

498

Tmgulut jtmctmrus Tnigulus inerninna Tragutus napu Tremarctos onwtus Tnaenops fun ulus* Tnaenops jumbloti * Tnaenops permits Truienops rufus* Trichecktu mtrngua

.

Tnchechus mast Hus Thcherhus senegalenns Thchomvs apereotdes Trichosurus amhemrrvni

Thchosurus comma Tnchasurus vulpecula T nchys fasctculau* Trugoptents xanthipes Tryphomyt adusius* Tupata dorsalis* Tupata gin Tupetta gracilis*

Tupata

javemica

Tupcua minor Tupata Montana Tupata mcobanca Tupata i\ila* unensis* Tuftata ptcid* TUptiul sfdemlidula*

498 498 498

84 673 673 675 675

29 39 39 39 39 137 137 606

51 51 137

114 114 114 114 114 114 114 418 418 418 418 418 418 418 418 389 389

Tupata tana Tursiops truncatms Tylomys bullasis* Tylomyt fulsnenter* Tylomys mime* Tylomys nudteamdus Tylomys pamtmensu* Tylomys fumbti /eniir* Tyktmyt wtttsoni TyUmyeteris pachyfms Tylonyetens robustula Typhlomrs ruse reus* Urostomys rud it Urocyem cmereoargenteus Urocyan kttoralu* Utoderma bilabatum Urotlerma rtuigru rostrum IJrogidr nererti Uromys tmatf* Uromys caudimamlatus Ur rtnys impenator* Uromys ncobnuantcus* Uromys rex*

.

.

Uromys salctmorus* Uropsilus soncipes* Unnnehus ptlirmtns* Urotrichus talpotdes Ursus americanus Ursus arctos Ursus maritumus

Ursus tbibetanus Vampy ressa bsdem Vampy ressa brocks* Vomfiyre tsa melissa Viimpyresus nymphaea Vampyretui frustlla

80 136

516 516

516 516

516 516 516 137 137 516 606

229

229 114 114 80 606 606 606 606

606 606

75 75 75 247 247 247 247 114

114 114 114 114

389

Vampy rorfes caratnoli

247 104

114

Vampyrops auranus* Vampy rops brachycephalux Vampy rops dorsalis Vtimpyrops heUen Vampyrops infuse us Vampyrops lineatus Vampyrops rtafutus* Vamfryraps umbnslus* Vampyrops vitunus Vampymm ipertnon Vtmdeleuna mdtherm Vandeleuna iderarca

114 114

104

104 104 359

359 359 673 32 32 32 657 463 606 80 80

114 114

114 114 114 114

114 114 606

606

Varcc.ta vanegata

177

Vemaya fulva* Vesfteruho / minnut Vespertdio anentahs* Vespenslio supersms

606

137 137 137 386

80

Vicugna

80

Vtverrn megcupila*

285

80 80

Vrverra tangalunga Vrverra ztbrlha

80

>
rn\s mytndes Xerus erythroftus

Xerus tnauris Xerus prvtceps* Xerus rvtilus laedyta ptchty Zaglotsus bmtjm /alophus cahfonuatius Aapus hudsontus Zapus pnneeps / opus irtnotalus Zelotomyt luUegardeae

229 229

229 229 229 229 229 229 229 39 516 32 516 606 606

463 463 463

463 SI 8

312

651 651 651 606

Zclatomys woosnami

606

tenkerelhs msignis* Ziphius cervirosirts Zygodteiinmvs borreroi* Zygodifitomys brmcauda

514

Zygodan/amys reigi* Zygogeomys trichapus* Zyzomys argums Zyzomys peduru uLilut* Zyzomys wood* ardi

348 516 516 516 498 606 606 606