Aristotle: Categories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics [1, Reprint 1938 ed.]

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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB,

LL.D.

EDITED BY

fT. t E. L. A.

CAPPS, POST,

E.

PAGE,

PH.D., LL.D.

L.H.D.

E. H.

O.H., LITT.D.

t

W. H.

D.

WARMINGTON,

ARISTOTLE THE CATEGORIES ON INTERPRETATION PRIOR ANALYTICS

ROUSE,

m.a.,

litt.d.

f.b.hist.soo.

AEISTOTLE THE CATEGORIES ON INTERPRETATION BY

HAROLD

P.

COOK, M.A.

FORMERLY LECTURER IN PHILOSOPHY AND CLASSICS IN ARMSTRONG COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM

PRIOR ANALYTICS BY

HUGH TREDENNICK,

M.A.

UNIVERSITY READER IN CLASSICS AND HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OP CLASSICS AT QUEEN MARY COLLEGE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON

LONDON

WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS

HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MCMLXn

Firtl prinUd 10S8 Reprinted 1»49, L»M. IMI

i I

PHnttd in

Gr^ BriUim

CONTENTS PAQE

Preface

vii

The Categories

—

Introduction

Summary

2

of the Principal

Text and Translation

On

Interpretation

Summary

.

.

of the Principal

.

.

9

.12

Themes

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.112 .114

—

Introduction

.

.

Select Bibliography

The

.

—

Text and Translation Prior Analytics

Themes

Traditional

Mood -Names

.182 .196 .197

Text and Translation

Book Book Index

I

198

II

406 533

PREFACE With an eye to the English reader, who knows, perhaps, Httle of logic and less in that case of Aristotle's, I have tried in translating these texts to bring out the philosopher's meaning as clearly as How far I have succeeded in was in my power. doing so, provided I interpret it rightly, the reader I cannot, in consequence, alone can determine. pretend that I literally translate the Greek, where it seemed that a literal translation would fail to Some scholars may achieve this main purpose. possibly object that at times I paraphrase Aristotle. I can in that case only plead that a more or less intelligible paraphrase does convey something to the reader, unlike strict adherence to the letter. Moreover, a literal translation might often repel EngHsh readers and read like some alien jargon, as well as in all probability demanding rather copious notes, which are foreign from the scope of this series. The Greek text here printed is Bekker's, except for some slight deviations that are noted at the foot of the page. The short introduction that follows was submitted to the Provost of Oriel. I have to thank my friend and former tutor, Lt.-Col. A. S. L. Farquharson, for help and advice on certain points in regard to the meaning of the texts. H. P. C. Cambridge, 1984 vii

ARISTOTLE THE CATEGORIES

A 2

INTRODUCTION What

In oidliiaffy is the subject of the CaUgories ? usage KUTrjyopLaf rendered in Knglish bm cMCigW// meant nothing more than a predicate' Thli meaning it seems highly probable that it retains In this text. The ten categories, then, arc ten predknUt. What sort of predicates, however, and preoicates alto of what ? Let us first raise another point here. If we ask how Aristotle came bv them, the critk» The following are not in agreement. the whole, the most plausible view of the Aristotle,' says Theodor Gompert, imagines a standing before him, say in the Lyceum, in successive review the questions which may be put and answered about him. All the predicates wl^ch can be attached to that subject fall under one or other of the ten heads, from the supreme qoestloii What is the object here perceived ? down to socfa a subordinate question, dealing with mere externalities, as What has he on ? What equipment or aceoatrements, e.g. shoes or weapons ? Other questions are concerned with his quahties and his site (white, '

'

*

'

:

:

instructed in grammar, so many feet tall) ; onder the head of relation (Related to what) come answen in which a term such as Greater or Less, Handsomer or Uglier, implies a reference to an object or objects of comparison. The " When " is explained by a

2

INTRODUCTION Yesterday or To-morrow, the Doing and Suffering " He is cutting or burning," " He is being cut or burnt." The enumeration is intended to comprise the maximum of predicates which can be assigned to any thing or being. A maximum, be it observed for it can hardly be by chance that the full number is found in only two passages of the work, while the two which are at once the most special and the least important, those relating to Having, or possession, and to Lying, or attitude, are in every other case passed over without mention. And indeed, what sense could there be in speaking of the possessions of a stone or a piece of iron, or of the attitude of a sphere or a cube } We

by the sentences

:

;

further observe that several others of the categories are often lumped together under the one name of " Affections," while others are collectively designated ** Motions." ** Grote took a similar view. Now what is remarkable,' he wrote, about the ninth and tenth Categories is, that individual persons or animals are the only Subjects respecting whom they are ever predicated, and are at the same time Subjects respecting whom they are constantly (or at least frequently) predicated. An individual person is habitually clothed in some particular way in all or part of his body ; he (and perhaps his horse also) are the only Subjects that are ever so clothed. Moreover animals are the only Subjects, and among them man is the principal Subject, whose changes of posture are frequent, various, determined by internal impulses, and at the same time interesting to others to know. Hence we may infer that when Aristotle '

'

'

«

Greek Thinkers (Eng. tr.), vol. iv. p. 39. * A maximum,' a man, for a man might have no clothing on

too, for

!

3

ARISTOTLE down the Ten Categories, as Smmwtm Gmerm for predications which can be made about any |five« Subject, the Subject which he has whG€i.

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