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English Pages 352 [374] Year 1937
ARABIC GR
Elias'
Modern Press Gairo
The American University
Cairo
at
Oriental Studies
THE PHONETICS OF ARABIC. A
Phonetic Inquiry and
Manual
of
Practical
for
Pronunciation
the
Arabic and of one Colloquial (the Egyptian). G-airdner, B.A. Oxon.; C^M.S.
Classical
W.H T.
By
Egypt; Adviser
in
Arabic
Studies at the School of Oriental Studies, Cairo.
EGYPTIAN
COLLOQUIAL
Grammar.
By W.H.T.
ARABIC.
A
Conversation
Adviser in Arabic
Gairdner,
Studies at the School of Oriental Studies, (
Third
Edition,
Nile
Mission
Press,
Cairo.
1944
Cairo.
Revised by E.E. Elder.
EGYPTIAN COLLOQUIAL ARABIC READER. E.E.
Elder, D. D., Ph. D.,
Superintendent
of
Arabic
Edited by
American Mission,' Egypt, Studies
the School of
at
Oriental Studies, Cairo.
ISLAM AND MODERNISM IN EGYPT. A
Study
of the
Modern Reform Movement Inaugurated by Muhammad c Abduh, by Charles G. Adams, B. A., Ph. D., D. D., American Mission, Egypt, Member
of the
Administrative
Faculty of the School of Oriental Studies, Cairo.
The foregoing books are published by
HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD "UNIVERSITY PRESS, LONDON.
THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY AT CAIRO ORIENTAL STUDIES
INDUCTIVE METHOD
by
E.
ELDER
E.
American Mission, Egypt. Superintendent of Arabic Studies at
the
School
of
Oriental
Studies
Cairo.
American University
at Cairo
School of Oriental Studies Cairo,
Egypt
1950
H
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Arabic
Classical
which have a majority
number are
this
of
language
written
the
is
areas
of
most
illiterates,
world
in the
Although the large
population of about 50,000,000.
total
newspapers,
of the
the
books, the schools, the records in the court and government offices, the public speakers, the radio, and to
some extent
the theatres and cinemas,
use the classical Arabic.
However,
Quran
the
Because
preeminent.
realm
in the
is
it
where
exercises
is
it
the Muslim religion
of
sway
holds
the
that
not the colloquial language
except occasionally
among
a very few, the classical Arabic
.
on
connected
in
know
it
that
the
any
hears
or
way with
newspaper
a
public
life
or
read,
services,
in
is
fact
in Arabic-speaking lands, will
spoken as well.
is
with
It is
radio
treated in'
is
addresses, attends religious
listens to public
schools,
in
is
But any one who
most Western grammars only as a written language. tunes
Arabic
North Africa,
of
Syria or Iraq, nor used as the means of conversation
Egypt, Palestine,
inspects
and religious
classical
hesitation
considerable
undertakes
one
that
The
series of lessons introductory to the Arabic language.
field
writing a
Arabic
of
Grammar has already been well covered in English alone by Wright's "A Grammar of the Arabic Language," Sterling's book with the same Socin's
title,
Thatcher's
mention
but
"al-Mufassal"
Grammar,"
"Arabic
translation
a of
few.
into
In
addition
Portions
of
Harder's
to
these
"al-Alfiyya"
material
used
in the
the of
Grammar," Arabic
of great
book are
of
to
texts
have
Ibn Malik
"A Text Book
this book.
of
and
Simplified,"
"Arabic
books
Athanasius has been
Eff.
the
"Arabic
of
and
al-Zamakhshar
been consulted in the preparation Syntax," by Atallah
Upson's
English
Arabic
value also.
taken from such
well-known collections and books as "Majani al-Adab," "Nukhab al-Mulah", "Kalila
wa Dimna" and
each instance
more
to
"al-Fakhri"
mention the
or less adapted
to
explanation that follows.
origin.
show
that
it
has seemed unnecessary in
In most cases the texts have been
the grammatical points considered in the
ff
Method and Use of Book The lessons sizing
the
sentence
is
differ
importance
from those of learning
of
most Arabic grammars
Arabic
from
in
empha-
connected speech. The
cousidered as the basis of the language. After a few lessons
using
the
method
direct
through
and simple
answers
and
questions
dialogues a series of Arabic prose selections have been used as a
means
grammar. These portions cover a wide range from the Bible and the Quran to the daily newspaper. It has not been
for inductive study of Arabic
thought necessary
when
it
to
many
occurs. In
first
each phenomenon
explain
grammar
the
we have
sections
Arabic
anomalies that come from the use genitive, subjunctive, conjugation
their
of
construction
may
instances the Arabic idioms
and used before a complete explanation In
of
tried to get
away from the many
terms like nominative,
of
be learned
peculiarities is given.
accusative,
and declension by employing as far as
possible the Arabic terminology.
The Arabic portions
at the beginning of each lesson should
be read
over with the Arabic teacher four or five times. The plan of the lessons giving the. English translation on the opposite page enables the to
know
of
the Arabic into English appears stilted at times, but
once the meaning of the Arabic. The rather
at
so to help the student "to get the feel"
literal
student
rendering
has been made
it
a language extremely
of
dif-
ferent fi'om his own.
Prom time tical
to
time word
and further examples
lists
of the
gramma-
and
constructions can be written in under the space given to Notes
For Arabic
English-Arabic Dictionaries.
by the Catholic Press,
Beirut,
English,
to
that of
recommended,
is
Dictionary of Elias, published by the Modern Press, Cairo to Arabic,
The
Modern Dictionary
the
student
the
should
the use of Arabic-English
begin, under the guidance of the teacher,
lished
XX.
After the completion of Lesson
Vocabulary.
of Elias,
or ;
and
Hava pubModern
the
and
for English
by the same press.
work on each Arabic portion given should be a re-transThe sentences
final
lation into Arabic either oral or written of the English text. for
Memory
they
can
by glancing
at the English
normal speech.
The Memory
are supposed to be learned so that
be
recited
up
to the
speed
of
These The regular and then the
take the place of verb paradigms.
sentences dealing with verbs
can also be used as a basis for Class Conversation complete
order has been to give the past or
tense
Drill. first
three cases of the incomplete verb. Sometimes these sentences bear
little
relation to the Arabic text which introduces the lesson; but the student will realize
that
themselves to
.
it
has been more than
brief sentences
difficult to
find verbs that lend
such as are necessary for giving
all
the
forms needed. The sections marked "Towards Composition" are most of
them somewhat in composition
literal translations
and translation
attempted after the book
is
of
of
an Arabic
pieces
mastered.
of
original.
Thorough work
English prose can only be
The student and
words words,
from the very
should,
by
letter
to reading
letter,
reason the grammatical terms
some
and
vowels
begin
to
recognize whole
words and whole phrases. For
words
in the
have occurred a number
this
more than a few times
are not vowelled
and
the particles
of
after they
first,
laborious process of spelling out
from the
advance quickly
given without
text are
of times.
Owing to the limitations of the press which has printed the book, marks to distinguish the Arabic sounds through phonetic signs, have been attempted only in the case of a few technical terms. The
diacritical
sign
(
has sometimes been used for expressing the long vowel.
)
:
wish
I
express
to
my
preparing those lessons by colleagues and
I
of
am
in
appreciation
different people, but especially
of the
fellow-teachers at the School of
American University proficient
deep
many
at
Shaikh
Cairo.
adapting the
Sayy.id
Oriental Studies of the
Nawwar
needed
clarifying,
D. D., Ph. D.,
which was help
D., for
reviewed the
which
has given
I
am
assistance
in the proof-reading.
Cairo, June,
has been very
who has revised many Numerous suggestions and much
material which he has supplied have been incorporated Ph.
in
my
Athanasius
greatly indebted to Atallah Eff.
Jeffery,
by
Arabic portions which introduce each lesson.
these and corrected the translations.
A. J.
me
help given
1937.
in the
book.
Prof.
manuscript and noted points that
deeply in
grateful. Prof.
many ways
not
C.
C.
the
Adams. least of
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Grammar
In preparing a second edition of this Arabic
School
of the
were
of
consulted as
been
well as others
little
who had used
was unnecessary
nor for
students
who
Arabic-English and Euglish-Arabic dictionaries
A
a complete vocabulary. to
There has
the book.
working Arabic Grammar an elaborate glossary
terms used
added
the teachers
students and former students
its
change in the lessons due to the general consensus of opinion
that for a
using
Studies and
Oriental
enable
treatment of
the
student
any subject
index
brief
may
to
find
the
be found.
page
There
words and
there
is
grammatical
of
of
are accustomed to
need for
terms has been'
where
the
has been
principal
objection
to
Where material on a subject which needs to be treated as a whole is detailed it has seemed best, as in Lesson XVI for example, not to make arbitrary divisions into short the length of
some
of
the lessons.
lessons to be taken daily.
My
thanks are due to the
many former students and made suggestions.
pointed out needed corrections and
indebted
School of
to
Prof.
Harrell
Beck
and
Dr.
Kermit
Cairo, Christmas
am
who have especially
Schoonover
Oriental Studies for assistance in correcting
the latter for preparing the
others I
of
Index.
1950.
the
the proof and to
E. E. Elder
—
Lesson
—
Page
_
L
aAk&W
Nominal and Verbal Sentences
"Lc^'l
j
.j
t
i
j
Nominal sentence.
©jdlJlj
Definite and Indefinite
jfjdl
The Masculine "Ism."
^ijll
The Feminine "/sm"
II.
©jl-^N^
4lU
^^J!
.
4lU-
1
Subject and Predicate of a
'
jAi-ljj
II.
IX
r
"/ims,"
6
^1
The Demonstrative Pronoun.
aIW
The Three Cases
in
"Isms."
8
>i 11
IV
•
ST ^3f~
-
n 4^-^
^"lii
^uX^J)^
„. .
.
ojl-i^l
VI.
Xcj
.
/
1
VII.
VII
£-27
.
u--
x
1
J
Jj
^4
^3 £
l^l/lj jl^
.
Prepositions and Words US ed as Prepositions.
12
Unattached Personal Pronouns.
The Broken
14
piural;
Demonstrative Pronoun Plurals.
Words
to
Express "Have."
18
Words t
to Express "Have" with he Negative and in the Past.
"Kan" and
Its
Sisters.
20 22
*
^
Ai
j
i
-
I
IX.
(AJl
«iU
The Mc!f tul " Wllich Shows Time or Place.
cJl.klljvJl^U)
JUsl
The Verbs
3!
JUi\
The Verbs
Vl?*"^
XXXV.
XXXVI.
Blame
Praise and
of
Wonder.
of
The "Nun"
of
"Kan" and
its
Emphasis.
180
Sisters.
jUli JU»I
Verbs
of
Desire or Beginning.
t_jjU)\
JU$I
Verbs
of
a Mental Process.
Jlj>*$\
J Us
Verbs
A>
I
172
Quadriliteral Verb.
ji\
oy XXXIV.
The
jj J. 3 ^f"^
i
I
,u
y
Changing.
of
Nasbating and Jazrnating Particles;
"Isms"
XXXTII.
186
Time, Place and
of
192
200
Instrument.
The Diminutive. The "Ism"
of Individuality.
The Adjective Resembling
the
Agent.
The Form XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
of
The Feminine "Ism".
206
The Sound Masculine
Plural.
212
The Sound Feminine
Plural.
The Broken
XL.
The
XLI.
u
hm"
The Case
XLIL
Excess.
of Relationship.
228
"aZ-ito/V
234
of
The Subject and Object Nominal Sentence.
>UM XLIII.
XLIV.
J*W|
220
Plural.
of a
The Subject of a Verb. The Subject of a Passive Verb. The Case
of
*al-Raf
e
"
"Inna" and
its
The Case
"al-Nasb."
of
242
Sisters.
250
—
XII
— Page
Lesson
The Case
XLV.
The a
*
Different Kinds of
U
of
al-Nasb"
of
"al-Nasb."
"Al-Hal" and The Case
XLVIII.
262-
Al-htithna" and "al-Tamyiz.'"
The Case
XLvn.
254
al-MaPuV\
The Case
XLVI.
"al-Nasb"
of
B
aZ
268
Munada."
of "al-Jarr."
274
Prepositions and Annexation.
Review
XLIX.
of the
The Kinds
L.
of
Cases
"Isms." 283
"Harfs."
The Sequents. The
LI.
of
Attribute.
284 290
The Sequents. The Conjunction. 296
LII.
The Sequents. Emphasis and LIIL
Substitution.
302
'
Cardinal Numbers.
LIV.
308
Ordinal Numbers. 316 Numeral Adjectives and Adverbs.
LV. ft
Days
of the
Week and
Months.
The Comparative and LVI,
322
Superlative.
Relative Sentences.
326
LVIII.
Conditional Sentences.
332
LIX.
Idiomatic Expressions.
340
LVII.
Index
of
Technical Terms
348
INTRODUCTION The
which
language
Arabic
They are
alphabet of twenty-eight characters. of
them
(
I
„
3
(_$ )
„
are
also
written
is
used
The For
speech.
initial
sound
correct
of
list
each name
pronunciation
sity
W.
Uncon-
Name
nected alif
1
has an
left
show long tJjjs*- )
according
to their
names
H. T. Gairdner, Oxford Univerat Cairo,
Oriental Studies.
i
Final
Medial
Initial
I
»
ta:
e
V
a*
«i.
}
Cj
)
ji:m
ha:'
*>
kha:'
JIS
da:
Jl'i
dha:l
P°-
C t h>
ra:'
J
za:i
J
shim
£ t
>-
St
5»»
a.
I
si:n
°
J
which assimilate the I
A^SW
Cj
uijji-^
is
)
J
is
pronounced
°
of
c/'
°
U"
*
the defl-
pronounced "ad-daftar."
which
are the
remainder
alphabet and do not assimilate the
jJ?Ji
J
•
"al-jabal."
J
of
the
of the ar-
There are three vowel sigus
2.
(
Cj&~~ jp-
Although not exactly
consonants.
is
Jl(
fat ha )
alif or
sometimes
in
case
this
by iS as "i"
in "pat",
i 11
pronounced
)
and prolonged by
a word by
of
j j^ajuJI t*jWl Ex.
&
kasrci
o
end
below
or
:
pronounced "a" as at the
above
written
corresponding English vowels
like
the approximate values are as follows
(1)
)
which
j
called
is
ka.-taba.
as
"i"
in
and
"bit"
prolonged
"machine" but without a diphthong. Ex.
(Js
siddi:q.
—
(3)
j
.
^»
as do also, the
•
.
45
w^u
kita-.biya l-kabi:ru.
2"" . V'f ,
and words ending in
and jt "or".
•
i-r-rajulu
personal pronouns attached to words. Ex.
•
•:
sound
when
inserted
The pronoun endings
(2)
Q
preceding Jl the particle
and {J
mina
is
kasra
o^-Ji
Muhammadun
Ex. jJ^-J) (1)
o)-^ does not end in a vowel the fin-
usually given
sound
a buttock
(
'
j
_
take
'
I
,
see Lesson X,, as
with certain
exceptions
:
word preceding the hamza ends with
I
.
j or
^ which
length-
> %
en vowels these vowels are pronounced short as
abu
1-binti
^
J"*
change
no
although
baiti,
made
is
in
*»
\
the writing.
drops out of writing as well as pronunciation in expres-
5
8..
fll-
wI^uJI (J Jl/Xdl
ions such as (1)
4uV^-i
(2)
£j\ in
for
4Sjl
&
^Ai ^^9- (between
appear on the same (3)
Madda
9.
for
J?-^!
(lengthening).
son and father
of
^
If
for
hamza
a
with
fatha
becomes
O'
hamza 10.
this
1
is
Qur'a:n.
of syllables
followed by an
and
qa:la
:
,
madda
J.* ( o
I
.
before
used
is
as -iljsw? sahrar'u
v^io
kataba,
the closed which ends in a consonant with
(2)
^ sukivn or
is
)
Ex.
the open, which ends in a vow-
(1)
:
1
which may be either short or long as in
qa-.la
-
the vowel letter
If
given the sign
often
There are two kinds el,
is
an alif written horizontally and pronounced a:
is
both
'^t^
alif these become one alif with the vowel sign
which
if
line.)
aud
J>0^
name
the
•
-v
qultum and
followed by nimation as in
darbun.
No
syllable
with two consonants, so in writing foreign
can begin
words which have such a combination either a fore the first consonant, or j& ^jjl Jl
I
(
t )
Gram mar l
.
Arabic words are of three kinds
which includes the noun, pronoun, adjective, participles
(I)
and certain adverbs, as
(2)
(3)
-
— sJ~l j
sitions,
t^jlljT".
•
1*Aj&
which covers the verbal forms, as
|
,
'which includes various particles such as certain prepo-
conjunctions, etc.,
as
*
.
.
^
•
3
—
Lesson
I.
Nominal and Verbal Sentences. Subject and Predicate of a Nominal Sentence.
and
Definite
"Isms"
Indefinite
The Masculine "Ism"
2
1.
What
2.
Look
3.
.What
4.
Look
5.
And
6.
Is this
is
This
this ?
is
This
this?
what
a closed window
**
(2)
it
a big book.
is
open.
small or big ?
This thing
is it ?
of
is
a copy-book.
is
at the copy-book, is
this thing,
It
This big book
at this big book.
There are two kinds
?
No, this
sentences
is
It
small.
a pencil. The pencil
is
is
long.
an open window.
:
(nominal sentence) which begins with an.
ajJUd'^_s|- (verbal sentence) which begins with
t
is
'..".>'
the
is
\
There
•
In the sentence
Jj
jcl^ and
J1
an
to
the
first
IX); indefiniteness by ruination, is
When
article.
(j* "
5.
from
«Jo
is
J1
/cz7a
1
"The pencil
or information
is
:
^
4$
(definite),
The
^^
another
to
tne
011
(See Lesson
J
final syllable.
prefixed to an
J
,
this automatically
in
removes
t^uS^JI '
as an attribute follows and agrees with the
adjective
gender and in being definite or
Interrogative
which
sentences
Words These words are
do not
^ 1 ^r4S
a house a garden
begin with an
interrogative
What
is
Look
at this door,
Jo j^.
clean'
old
wide
new
short
3.
This
window And what is
is
Arabic
into
done orally and then
This
this ?
•
good
For Translation
1.
it
other suitable sentences.
^.Jh
2.
noun
Exx.
indefinite.
for Substitution.
make
a door
First to be
.
s
be used in place of nouns and adjectives in the
to
sentences of the lesson to
(
Thus
.jj is in reality the indefinite
frun. This
pronoun or adjective often begin with the particle
4.
and the
denoted by prefixing the definite
leaving only the vowel such as
it,
jaJ
^
qualifies in
6.
pronounced
V
the
is
is
by annexation
or
^
no copula for the present tense in Arabic.
is
jL^jiiJI
J
^
\,
second gjCl? (indefinite). Definiteness article
U
"information." In the sentence
aJ]
about the 4.
4
is
is it
closed.
this? This
an old house.
to
Is
it
new
or
)
The old house is small. The door is open. old ? This window is new.
open or closed?
is
be written.
a large garden.
—
5
—
Notes and Vocabulary
1
—
»'"- >
3
./
—
3
•
•
ti
•
JUU.1I
aU^T'
r*i"
•
ti
'
UU
ZjLJ\
6
'
J^AJ
.
\
/
aJ»U
*\
(
)
Grain mar *
»>
1.
Most feminine not
being
2.
is
A
^
J^J
pronounced
"Picture").
noun
(
-f
The
'
nouns and adjectives end in
)
in
pause
adjective
also feminine. Exx.
Masculine
Demonstratives.
(
surat
not
qualifying
% X; f
or
.i^
jj^fc
that
cLMS
predicate
/
surah to
"aUi"-
Feminine
J
^
I
this
or sura,
a feminine
CJLJI ,jj
ft
„
j
a
dttT
Distinguish the difference between
u_5
'^"slsXjo
4.
is
the
verb follows
usual it.
-m>
and
o
and
I
form
for
the
aIaUI oJL_* interrogative
"what"
"
a
when a
—
—
7
Lesson
II.
The Feminine "Ism".
The Demonstrative Pronoun. 1.
What
this
is
(f
J
This
?
is
a
picture. 2.
What do we
see in this picture ? see in this picture a dining-
We
table. 3.
And what
4.
And It
5.
6.
we
see on the diiiiug-
a spoon and a fork.
that thing,
is
is
what
it?
is
a serviette.
Is this It
do
We see
table?
spoon big or small
?
small
Fatima
is
a beautiful
The
girl.
with a spoon in her hand
For Translation
This thing is a small fork.
2.
The small fork
3.
Zaiuab
is
a
little
on the girl.
is
sitting at the table ).
(Oral and Written).
Arabic
into
1.
is
beautiful girl
and in her hand a spoon
(
dining-table.
She
is
sitting
at the dining-table with a big
book in her hand. big book closed ?
4.
Is the
5.
What do we see
in the
No,
it
is
picture ?
open.
We
see a long
clean serviette, a big fork and a small spoon.
dining-table,
a
iJlV
JSjJI
_
—
^JLall!
>6^>j
)
(
,
ills-
£*J\
juJ J
v lrOl
jS jj
dJ
I
y
(
\
)
Grammar 1.
^
The Arabic r
(1)
The sign
has three cases
l>-
:
S=
of
^3 J' 4JU-
in
most singulars and broken plurals >
(
(a)
See Lessons V. and XL.
in
^Jl
an d are said
In a verbal sentence such as
jj
J
\
J*iJI (2)
on the
is
In the simple nominal sentence such as
and ^^_are (b)
).
.
It is
J*
J^li hence
The sign •
^
\
of
because
to
final consonant.
^Jj^b^iJI be
"
\J\
are called^'lL,
and
or inflexion
immutable, uninflected.) In
^
^1
^JUjJI
Words which have
a>
Exx.
change
to
noted that the particle
^UU..
verb,"
because
and words used as prepo-
X,\
and are called
^j^^a
most singulars and broken plurals
in
such words, the Arabs say
(2)
said to be
by the action
affected
is
is
Arabic words are not susceptible
(^l^^ Lesson
^JU- and
v^^ajJI
Words following
sitious are in
(1)
put
spoon on the diniug-table.
girl left the
^uSv-JI
(3)
mau
the
the book in the house.
left
it is
Then
man.
of the
piastre.
For 1.
found in the way a poor
house and
the
The poor man asked an alms
beggar. in his
from
out
"Isms"
in
|
•
uninflected.
Of
as they do not
^U.
In
*
that
means
as explained above..
— 10 — There are word?, however, which are
(3)
but in their relation-
Thus the words
ship to other words have a place in syntax.
t&
& are always written with an immutable faiha has immutable kasra
the last syllable, and
on the
~s
The ending
said to be of the
s
If
J^liJI
A
verb
111
a
'$J\
ycJz
4.JL2^-
shows
which
—
.
to
its
7
.
syntactical position;
usually feminine, as
is
tense as those given below, forms the
Substitution
for
he closed -r
'J^J'
*i
he struck
l\
into
^]\
the
woman
'
2.
The man struck the boy.
3.
The
pencil
The woman opened the
(Oral and Written).
Arabic
the book, from
The man closed
mau
.-/
'
girl left the
tne
'
he took
I
The boy took
5.
^
J ^Xjl
feminine, the verb
he opened
1.
.
^ ' *
'
.
For Translation
4.
is
past
* * •
written
>
.
Words
v->
"Jk
word gives no hint as
"
(v)
Grammar 1.
.
J
.Jj
.
J
.
c->( iu
»
b y» with)
J
^plu. of
•
"j»Cl
^ji^^^a^
are followed by
.
.
(above) 4°^ (after) are really
*CJ
^JU- (Lesson XLV.). Like prepositions tliey
X-\ -^JU-.
— 13 — Lesson IV. Words used
Prepositions and
1.
2.
Where
The pencil
the pencil?
And where is
3.
is
is
on the book.
is
The book
the book ?
as Prepositions.
is
on the table and the table
in the middle of the room.
And what
this
is
between the
book and the ruler
This
?
is
the
inkstand. 4.
5.
And what
is
And where
this in
is
the
the inkstand?
is
ink.
The big book
book?
big
This
is
under the small
copybook.
6.
Look (m.
f.
plu.) at the
Where
window.
is
it?
The window
is
between the high door and the low door.
7.
Is the chair in front of the
8.
Where
is
the key ?
Here
For Translation Look
at the pencil.
the key.
The large book
inkstand.
The
door ?
is
No,
it
is
a key for the door.
into Arabic (Oral
It is is
small book
behind the table.
on a large
book
and Written.) between the ruler and
on the table between the copy-book and the
is
under
the chair;
the chair
is
in front of
the high window.
For further composition,
room and
the student should place objects about the
describe their relative positions.
14.
—
"
%
'
Grammar The Unattached Personal Pronouns
(
sing.
LaA-U
j\*-^> l^ u ^L-^aJL*
"
are
: '
slie
3d Person
he )
0'
they (two)
they (two)
_^
they .Le-
>
they
^^
? )
Lesson V. Unattached Personal Pronouns.
The Broken
Plural.
Demonstrative Pronoun Plurals.
The Teacher Ibrahim
:
Who I
:
are you, and
am
Musa
That
I
is
and they
right.
And Zainab
Zaiuab
is
two
(
a pupil
am a clever pupil we know the lessons
:
is
this
girl ?
Zainab,
this girl is
And you
I
:
The Teacher
and
Ibrahim,
Musa.
who
;
)
and
this
boy
is
are of the noble children.
are a pupil at school, and
1 also.
too.
all
of
us are
clever
children and
well.
Yes, you are clever, and you,
Munira,
are kind
and
they are kind. teacher:
j^jl
These pupils are cleaner than those big students.
you (thou)
1st
\
Person
\
you
(thou)
— 16 — Almost are
Arabic words have as
all
called
more
the servile
of
lfJj*lJ three
By
radicals.
d"You
bare
me
asked
formed
are
radicals,
for her") to the
the
all
one
suffixing
or
or
mnemonic
those contained in the
e.
( i.
which
root three consonants
infixing
prefixing,
letters
(plu.)
tlieir
primary form
of the
the
derivatives
( i.
an internal
change
e.
conjugations, declensions, etc. *•
\-"°
Many
Arabic
form
^U^l
the structure of the word. This
called the broken plural
is
There are certain general rules of
broken plurals, but
it
plural by
their
(
see Lesson XL.
)
j^jdlJI
^
for the formation
learn the
necessary from the outset to
is
in
word along with its singular form. Sometimes the noun more than one of the broken plural forms. The following are
plural of a
takes
examples Singular J
^JCjjf
of
.
Plural
Singular
1.
^-jj
2.
jjj
»•
a lesson
10.
a child
11.
man
12.
a book
13.
a
> >-
^
7.
"V"
t_JlL
a copy-book
clever
skilful
-TV
large
14.
a pupil 6.
Plural
at*
small
15.
a student
clean
.
e
^
16.
a lad
noble
17.
a scribe
kind s
9.
3.
U The plural
of
Iju*
the plural of 4.
Feminine
-
dll'S -
proper
vr
18.
a pen
it
nouns
with
is
s-Vs*
is
dliljl. very
masculine proper nouns do not have
Words
like
j^g.
.
^
.
generous
and
few
^jXT.
exceptions
Exx.
and j
do have, because they
culine proper nouns of" Arabic origin.
.
foreign
j\ are mas-
— 17 — For Translation am
the teacher.
1.
I
3.
Zainab
5.
We
7.
They
is
a big girl.
are big students. (fern.) are
into Arabic
(
Oral and Written
)
2.
Yon
are clever and generous lads.
4.
She
is
6.
You
beautiful
(plu.
)
and
nice.
are clever too.
more clever than those students.
Notes and Vocabulary
(2)
— 18 — — jU-J*
cr*>^'
4^
J j a
j
is>
J
ts
jv f
.
*p
Uj
?
W
jl
(
J>-'j
r
Grammar 1.
The words other
like
ujlc and
J
although they are followed by
prepositions and words used as prepositions are used in
place of the verh "to have"
general and
and
J
.
kinds of possessions.
all
about the person.
J
is
A^^yU "The
j\£
^
are used for property in
however
used
used especially for objects
is
parts
for
Sentences such as
noun sentences is
in
is
fixed to an 4«
^
of
and
,|t
'
^jthe1
the
which
^
attached to a
a house
C-**>
of
has a large head."
lion
* "2.
X-
*
the definite article
is
elided.
two
J
'
s
is
J
pre-
is
so great that '
— 19 — Lesson VI Words
Express "Have"
to
man
1.
Who
2.
Does the man have a large house?
this
is
man?
This
is
the merchant,
Yes,
house and he has many books in the
3.
4.
Does the man have children also?
the
Khalil.
man has
a
large
library.
Yes, he has three children.
Does Khalil have a handkerchief, a pencil and a watch (on his person)? Yes, the
man
has a handkercief, a pencil, and a'watch.
Words
for Substitution
a donkey
j\js~
a
\p2>
Jt,
...
tail
2t.A>
an old man, a shaikh
For Translation man
into
^l*L>
Arabic
(
wealth
cash,
food
Oral and Written
1.
The
2.
The donkey has a long
3.
The small house has a door and a window, one only
4.
But the old
old
money
has a small house and a donkey.
man
has
tail.
money
in his pocket
house. 5.
The noble men have kind generous children
6.
They are clever
7.
The
pupils also.
pupils have books and pens.
.
^ JaSi )
and wealth
in his
— 20 —
j«J J
ale ^J^^i jlS^ j!
airy
,
^IIll
I
^
0^
)
J j
^ li
j S^li^ O U
J
~
ale
I) 1
(
\
)
s^ii^ol^UT ^lil ul/j^'VI
(
t
)
I'
I
.
T
"a_-JT
- llil aJLp)
it
-
j>-
pocket.
same sentences may be shown
was" and ^jCl^ "it
- Cas J^jil
in.
will
be" respectively. Exx.
The man had a bouse.
....... .
5
lil JUL& jjCl* Tbe merchant will have merchandise
4^ 1^5
to-morrow.
Lesson VII Words
Express "Have" with the Negative
to
and
1
Will
2.
willing,
3.
Khalil
?
every sort a year ago, hut not now.
of
merchant
the
have many things in the shop
merchant
Doesn't the
.
had merchandise
Past
in the
have many
not
next year?
things
God
Khalil will have every thing next year.
.\j
jGj
y> J>
.
U-Mi
Vj
IjfU*
JJU^
s
Lie.
j*?
^
( \ )
I
^ Jr^" J* w (
La*L»
.
Grammar When ^5 and
1.
and
J Ex.
its
sisters/
jL»i
etc.
*.aJ
V
are placed before a
sentence, the JjCL*^ becomes
I
The j^. becomes^ of
31
is
changed
'
Such expressions as
j/, occurs.
also
ol^u* in
^Jlll^jU-
to
^L^^JJ^.. bL^'^JJU. j^. **
2.
|
and remains
of (jfc
and
*
(I)
U
show the time They are
jUJ
i»
in
.
|ju
.
UL^ ,?L-« aua
or place iu
^
'
which the action
v^^jjl 4JU. and are called -l: and j>A£JI are
J|
(that
(
(
a merchant's house
).
the merchant's house).
is
said to be ^jX^z*
aj\ ^JUs* "that
to
whom
or
— 25 — Lesson IX
ANNEXATION
house
Is this the
1.
of
a merchant
(
Muhammad,
of
who
is
girl
is
the teacher? .No, this
and
called Khalil,
)
is
the house
wife of the
this is the
merchant.
And
2. v
small
this
No, she
is
The door
3.
the daughter of the teacher.
house
of the
4.
And
open.
this
man whom you
the porter, that
is
And
this
boy
is
he the son
see (him)
the porter of
is
Notice in sentence No. 2 above,
1
* tf
^UJI
how
^
* „°*
^Aj
' * (jf
She
if
daughter
"One
of the
whereas
of
^>-ll)l
of the
can only
Caj
a daughter daugnters
is
or
mean "In house."
the son
^Jj^
qualifying the
^Jl^*
.
(
one
)
of the
merchant.
j^UiJ i
mean
"the daughter of the merchant." of the
the door of the big
The fJzX^L* and
:
must not
cAl> c^>-\
the qualifying adjectives might be ambiguous.
of the
is
merchant,"
The words are sometimes thrown out
might
boy
indefinite.
o{ the
the merchant",
daughters
is
it
This idea can also be expressed as follows
"a
this
the object possessed
construction, "
„
Yes
of the porter ?
merchant's house.
be placed in the
3.
he
is,
the house.
of the porter of the
2,
is
house
at the door of the '
she one of the daughters of the merchant?
\
construction,
when
Thus^,^J| OjujI
J^xS?.
1
outlined
as
after
be explained
y
.
and
j|
Lesson VIII.
in
for
^rjb
ftxx.
are
etc.,
of
the particle with its sentence can
of action,
C^J
becomes
the opposite of
is just
used at the beginning of
is
.
sentence, the
put in .^ajjl
is
j*^
sisters,
its
^
and
placed before a
»"
„
and
|
the
in
-.
Memory may be
sentences
for
verbs
objects
attached to nouns for possession, to *•
as
and
The forms
particles.
of the
"baZ-»
j\^>
aua though not changed syntactically they are sometimes
are
"
modified for euphony.
if
to
e
.
^
preceded by the "i" sounds as
but
.
U^.c
but
are changed to o ,\»
.
.
,
.
^ and ^
4]
.
^
buWj\
.
^
.
*+L*
.
These pronouns when suffixed being ^V^.*
_
ill
.
Compare
to
WJI
a noun are in X-j^jU-, the noun
"the house of the man", and aZm
***
"his house". In both cases JLoj (
or
e
(
4J^«jUaii
)
follow
)
*s
ma-& e
by
definite
j
\
.
These pronouns being
when they
oUaU
a
t.\s?
\
preposition.
(
plu.
of
^^
and ana
)
^S
^U-
are in
ueuuiue become
.
^
.
^
Y
•
when
"my"
^ 4)
followed by a
01
'
Exx.
to the
Thus "my house"
j3j^ j;i>
This
y>
^
\
^e
The attached pronoun
^
not
*
*
>
>
.
noun and the vowel denoting
its
^
or
^
is
^
,
is
my
whether
is
it
m m^
r
*s
house.
h° llse
*
when used with
for first person singular
^> ^J, "He
Ex.
house.
You saw my
j
(J
is
]
•
Jpu
a verb
'
lyf" as j^aJI 5LJ
-
added directly
is
U~ disappears.
ej^aJL*
word beginning with J^Tj
struck me".
Substitution Exercises (For oral and written work)
The
different attached
may be
pronouns
substituted for o
Instead of
.
saying "2nd person plural feminine", for example, the teacher
may
indi-
*
\
•
t
cate the pronoun desired by the corresponding unattached pronoun (j%J
i
and so
for all
pronouns, as in the Exercise for Memory.
They heard
He had
that he
rnaiiy
his shop.
}
was
in his library.
things in
>
He wounded him and
•
left
him on the ground near
•
^J\j£-
'
>
^s ^
^jVI Ac- -
b/^'
"kJX
f^il
Ms -
-
Lesson XI The Dual
Muhammed
:
The Sound- Masculine
Plural
The Sound Feminine
Plural
Mahmud,
undertakings
Mahmoud
:
Muhammed
:
Mahmud
:
government Egyptian all
some
we have
its
new-
know
all
?
the officials sincere ? Are not
Of course, but are of the inspectors in
do not
in
?
Isn't the present
I
government useful
the present
is
some
of the administrations avaricious
?
the employees in all the ministries, but
in the Control of
Government Accounts inspectors
capable in controlling income and expense.
For Memory The servant was pleased with the good (man). The two servants were pleased with the two good
(
men ).
The servants were pleased with the good (men).
The maid-servant was pleased with the good (woman).
The two maid-servants were pleased with the two good The maid-servants were pleased with the good
(
women
(
women
).
(3)
•)*.,„
.
.
— 34 — Grammar 1.
The Sound Plural
^JCJI
(
the sound plural
and
^*J|
is
^
formed hy adding
for^^ajJI^JU- and
^
o into
cJ
"
.
nouns and adjectives
of
cJ
or by adding
to the singular for
qj
."^i-l
The sound femiuine plural changing
masculine nouns and adjectives
I 11
)
I
there
if
is
plural resembles the masculine plural in that
It
_1
or
_1
gj
and
\
„
or
with
use
J
I
of
and
The dual
y
t
.
the
4]
is
)
U
and "^L
the dual takes
:
in
'43
both
V'
of the school.
nouns not only
their
-"''\\
school.
Adjectives
adjective.
agree
usually
gender hut in case and number;
in
with
however,
sound feminine plurals and broken plurals usually take the feminine
when persons
singular
of the
of plural
nouns and their adjectives follow
The Egyptian The good
The
adjective
:
^
ministries.
Our clean copy-books.
3.
When
of
ZL^^lJI
j
jjJ^i^Jl
it
/U^JI
is
is
used as
added directly
t_*Ua*
Your two first
to the
of
because
My
noun
>
sound
after the dropping
9
f
V'
1
'
-
person singular pronoun always becomes
L
_^jJI
of
4jl>.
|
.
j
.
or
^
.
It
for all three
is
'
f^'
after
nouns
nouns
in the
masculine
plural
with
euphony.
teachers came.
To
two teachers came.
teachers.
used
cases of the
my
teachers.
.JjtJ .
My
li
jVi;
jlkijl
after a dual or
JL
^a^_w>j ^^ j|'
^
Towards Composition Are
the
employees sincere.
ministries
of
of the ministries
Sometimes the
because the inspector
(
an
of that
the
present government
useful ?
Yes, the-
are Egyptian and most (^.Ls^J of them are.
)
administration
administration
good and sometimes bad,
is is
good or bad. Do you
think,
the future of Egypt is in the hands of the inspectors, or. in the hands
the
teachers
of
the schools, or in the hands of the peasants ?
o.fc
Really,,
the future is in the hands of the industrious boy-students and girl-students-
Notes and Vocabulary
— 40 —
1
4*L,\'j\
— 41 — Lesson XIII The Five Nouns
The Complete
and
Khalil to Zainab this
Ebrahim
:
:
:
Was
Where were you my
:
a friend
of
(
two
)
children
yours with you on the mountain?
called of
her
friends called Munira.
And
friend
this
of the
Ibrahim
Ibrahim
morning?
"Kan"
No, father, I was on a boat with one of my friends Mahmud, and Zainab was in the garden with one girl
Khalil
or Past Tense of
of
yours,
well-known teacher
Yes, and
brother
his
is
is
his
father
the father-in-law
Muhammad ?
Umar,
he
is
an employee in the
Government.
.Khalil
:
Did
Mahmud
They were
tell ill
you
of the health of his father
a week ago.
and brother
?
And Zainab and Munira, were
they playing while you were on the boat?
.Zainab
:
We
were
last
year.
talking
with
some
who were
in our class
work when you were on holiday
Khalil
:
Were
Ibrahim
:
No, they were on holiday too.
the students at
girls
?
— 42 —
s^
* > *
(
jl>- ) cJ^**
^
)
—
j^-
*
jl^-
(
)
iJ^jlJv^
l>-jl>-
Grammar ijl^is
a weak verb.
Its peculiarities
are explained in Lessons ^
>
.
XXVI. The pronoun endings
Lj. U
When
j
the
of
^jl^receives
are
five
nouns
^|
of
t
"a
in
the syllable
*
There
which show person,
etc.,
^
gender and number are reckoned as the stance.
XXV. and
-
^
father,"
"a
each
in-
becomes brother,"
.
^ '
,«
y>
&i
^
Jaj
Exceptions are Exc