Arabia of the Wahhabis 9780714630731

Table of contents :
Frontmatter (page N/A)
Preface (page vii)
I Riyadh At Midsummer (page 1)
II Northward Bound (page 68)
III Al Qasim (page 156)
IV Homeward Bound (page 331)
Appendix I A Typical Arabian Genealogy (page 383)
Appendix II Sections and Shaikhs of the Harb Tribe (page 393)
Appendix III The House of Sa'ud (page 395)
Index (page 397)

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ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS

by the same author

A Record of Travel and Exploration in two illustrated volumes Times Literary Supplement : ‘‘ The whole

book is a wonderful record of exploits crowned with astonishing success. ...

Indeed, it is impossible to speak with too high praise for the industry, the care, and

the high sense of duty with which Mr.

Philby kept his records.”’

D. G. HoGartH in the Observer: ‘ Mr. Philby, the most fortunate and favoured Christian who has penetrated to the heart of Arabia, now offers us one of the half-

dozen best accounts of the Peninsular ever written. A book packed with novel experience fully and faithfully set down, and with information about the heart of

Arabia more comprehensive and exact

than any Briton has collected except Doughty.”

ARABIA OF THE

WAHHABIS H. S'J. B. PHILBY

Published in 1977 in Great Britain by

FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED Gainsborough House, Gainsborough Road, London, E11 1RS, England and in the United States of America by

FRANK CASS AND COMPANY LIMITED c/o Biblio Distribution Center 81 Adams Drive, Totowa, New Jersey 07512

Copyright © 1977 The Executors of the Estate of H. St.J. Philby First edition 1928 New Impression with additional material 1977

ISBN 0 7146 3073 X

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the

prior permission of Frank Cass and Company Limited in writing.

Printed in Great Britain by The Scolar Press Ltd., Ilkley, Yorkshire

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AL QASIM 199 from which one ascends by a stairway to the great majlis or

public reception-room on the first floor. To the right, as one faced north, was the old majlis constructed by Ibn Rashid,

while about two-thirds of the length of the south wall had been taken up for Ibn Sa’ud’s new reception-room or rather suite of public or semi-public apartments. The new majlis was 44 feet in length, 22 feet broad, and about 18 feet high ; adjoining it was a retiring-room of the same width but only

ten feet long, with a spacious bathroom beyond it and perhaps other apartments, the whole suite being continued inwards by a broad pillared veranda from which one looked out on the old Qasr Hasan, occupying the north-west corner of the courtyard, and the new buildings—a mosque and private apartments for Ibn Sa’ud himself—which were in course of construction in the north-eastern section. The roofs of the various sections of the Qasr were surrounded by walls almost six feet high with the usual stepped pinnacle crenelations, and the whole fortress was dominated by a lofty central tower on which during these days they hoisted the familiar arc-lamp which had been brought along from

Riyadh, together with other household paraphernalia, including a number of female slaves. This last item I had on the authority of one of the slaves in attendance on me, but though the suggestion clearly was that these women served as concubines—the only evidence of recognised concubinage under the Wahhabi code which came to my notice—TI never felt sure that the information was reliable, and have often thought that these female slaves were brought

up to the Qasim as a gift to Ibn Sa’ud’s wife at ’“Anaiza. Unmarried slave-women are, nevertheless, ‘ halal’ or lawful under the code of Islam, and children borne by them are recognised as the offspring of their father—Ibn Sa’ud had, I believe, one daughter by concubinage at Riyadh. One of the girls brought up to the Qasim was said to be of quite tender years and another was subsequently given over to [bn Nasban in wedlock. At the Wahhabi capital slave-women are allowed a considerable amount of freedom in the matter of seeing the men and women of their own kind, but here at Buraida, with so many spouseless slaves in the train of the army, they were kept in strict seclusion.

200 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS Immediately south of the great mosque! runs the grassmarket, the eastern end of which leads into the Jarada space and in which at all times might be seen large numbers of women selling lucerne or desert-grasses—Nussi and the like. From this street as also from the parallel street on the north side of the mosque two doorways gave admission into the latter’s open courtyard—occupying about a half of the whole space and leaving the remainder for the pillared and roofed

Iiwan. Another door there was on the narrow east side of the mosque, and yet another—for the private use of the governor and, of course, of Ibn Sa’ud and his family when in residence—on the west side near the shallow outward bulge

of the Qibla niche. Beyond the grass-market southwards lay the main Sug, consisting of a broad primary street lying north and south with about a hundred shops on each side and numerous side streets, each of which seemed to be devoted to a single class of goods. The main street on the other hand had a more mixed assortment of wares on sale in its shops—rock-salt in great reddish-brown blocks, cardamum and other spices, coffee, onions, dates, melons and pumpkins.

Another part of the main street was devoted to the sale of saddle-bags, coffee-mortars of sandstone, cloths of various kinds, guns (one of these, a wretched old specimen, I saw exchange hands at three dollars) and meat. The main meatmarket, in which camel-meat seemed to be dominant, was in one of the side streets. The crowd of buyers presented an animated scene in the mornings, when it was often almost impossible to move without jostling human beings or sheep or lines of camels bringing in fodder or firewood. I estimated that there must be at least 800 shops in all in the two Sugqs

with their various branches, and there may well have been more.

Apart from the great open space of the Jarada the whole

area of the city seemed to be very fully occupied with buildings, though it was only recently that the southern

section had been engaging the attention of the local masons. This area was, however, rapidly filling up, and at this period it seemed that the building profession was 1 There were about a dozen mosques in the city, all of which had circular minarets tapering from a broad base to a slender top.

AL QASIM 201 having a good time. The earth for mortar-making was, I was told, brought from a depression some distance away in

the northern Safra, which also supplied the quarries from which the required building material was brought. Buraida was in every way a better-built city than ’Anaiza—indeed one might almost have thought that its construction had developed in accordance with a well-thought-out plan. It was also larger, and, making every allowance for the fact that its buildings were more spacious and better spaced than those of its rival, I came to the conclusion that the population

of the city could not well be less than 20,000 souls. Its component elements were said to be Shammar, Bani Khalid,

"Ataiba, Subai’ and the inevitable Tamim (Al Wuhaba section), to say nothing of the mixed stock of Bani Khadhir.* The prevalent religious outlook was Wahhabi and distinctly

fanatical, but the fanaticism seemed to be of a different quality from that of the desert—a town-bred fanaticism with well-developed outward features and little depth or sincerity.

Before leaving Baghdad for Arabia nearly a year before

I had been commissioned by an old friend, Sulaiman al Dakhil, to carry a letter and a sum of £10 in gold for a relative

of his named ’Abdul Rahman al Dakhil. In the meantime

the latter had received letters informing him of the trust com-

mitted to me, and the very day after my arrival at Buraida one of the clerks in attendance on Ibn Sa’ud came to me saying that “Abdul Rahman, being unable to leave his shop, had asked him to get the letter and money from me. Realising that the real reason was not truly stated, I replied that I could only hand over the money in person and, accordingly,

"Abdul Rahman visited me the same afternoon. I received him with befitting coldness, and the young cub—he was barely out of his teens—beat a hasty retreat, not without taking the pains to count out the golden coins for himself. I never saw him again. But I did make the acquaintance of another resident of Buraida who sent a message through Rushaid that he would 1To this belonged a large proportion of the household officers and

attendants such as Ibrahim al Jumai’a, Rushaid, Shilhub even, and more surprisingly still Ibn Suwaidan, the confidential clerk, whose features were of the pure Najdi type, ’Uwaid and Ibn Nasban.

202 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS like to renew an acquaintance begun at Basra and was

anxious to invite me to his house. I had no recollection of his name—’ Abbas al Fallaji—and was quite satisfied that I had never set eyes on him before, when, one morning as I came in from a visit to the Sug, Rushaid unctuously introduced a man with whom he was conversing in our courtyard :

‘ This is Abbas.’ I passed on with no more than a formal salutation, and when my visitor a few minutes later followed

me to my room, he had to admit that in fact he had never met me before. ‘ But once,’ he said in self-defence, ‘ I saw Captain Wilson.t And also I remember meeting the great Cokas at Baghdad, but that was long ago in the days of Sultan “Abdul Hamid.’ Not the noblest of ’Abbas’ idiosyncrasies was the obsession that he was personally acquainted with everyone of note within the ken of his little world, and, after all, it was not difficult for an Arab to confuse the names of Sir Percy Cox and Sir William Willcocks, the great irriga-

tion expert, with whom he had had a chance encounter. By reputation a man of low degree and indifferent character,

"Abbas was of Shammar origin and had transferred his residence from Hail to Buraida some twelve years previously

—for some reason about which he preferred not to talk. Why he wanted to receive me in his house I could not fathom, but when I suggested that the afternoons were generally free

so far as I was concerned, he immediately replied that he himself was seldom in except at night. Obvious though the reason was for this suggestion of a nocturnal visit, I found myself one night a few days later wending my way after the evening prayer towards the southern part of the city, where "Abbas had purchased a house for the sum of 1000 Riyals.

The hall-door, like most of the doors in the better class of houses, was of massive timber with a central crossbar studded

with heavy nails, the knocker being a plain metal ring of about an inch and a half in diameter. Immediately within the door was a small bare hall, to the left of which was the entrance to the coffee-parlour, as good a room from the archi-

tectural point of view as | saw during the whole of my sojourn in Najd. The walls of masonry were about eighteen 1 Captain (now Sir Arnold) A. T. Wilson, Deputy Chief Political Officer of the Mesopotamian force.

AL QASIM 203 inches thick, with three doorways—other than the entrance

—giving access to various parts of the house, and were covered with a plain brown clay plaster. They rose to a height of about 25 feet including a sort of clerestory gallery, supported on pillars (ten in all) and running round the whole circuit of the chamber, whose length and width were 25 and 15 feet respectively. There was no attempt at mural decoration other than a Wasm} mark in white paint at one end of the room and a single flewr-de-lys pattern over the coffee-

hearth at the other, but here and there were faint traces of triangular mouldings in very low-relief. The roof of thal rafters laid upon palm-trunk beams was supported by the pillars already mentioned, which terminate in plain rectangular capitals picked out with a very faint design of a triangular moulding. A low wall surmounted by a line of stepped pinnacles concealed the galleries from observation from below.

Such was the reception-room of “Abbas, who modestly admitted that there were perhaps three or four other houses at Buraida as good as his, and told me that it was not more than ten years old. We sat round on carpets with a profusion of cushions made of the best Manchester fabrics, and I was greatly impressed that one of so little apparent merit should be so luxuriously installed. “Everything I have,’ said he, “I owe to Ibn Sa’ud,’ and I concluded that perhaps the Wahhabi monarch had found ways and means of making use of his humble and apparently unworthy subject, to whom I was at any rate grateful for the opportunity he gave me of seeing and examining at leisure the interior of one of the better houses of the leading city of Central Arabia. On one occasion I was praising the elegance and comfort of the Qasim houses in general, when Ibn Sa’ud, partially agreeing, warned me against supposing that all the rooms of the houses were on the same scale as the public reception-rooms. In general other rooms were bare, and no house was provided with proper bathrooms—one had to bathe in the open or use a living-room temporarily for the purpose. Consequently neither the men nor the women of the Qasim bathed over 1This was painted on a pilaster in low-relief continuing downwards the central clerestory pillar at the end of the room.

204 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS much, but at Riyadh the practice was much commoner. Buraida was famous for its masons, and the improvements being carried out at this time in the palace at Riyadh were under the supervision of a Buraida man specially engaged for the purpose. As at Riyadh, the roof of my quarters commanded a fair view of the neighbouring house-tops, on which at sunset and in the early mornings I often saw the women of the city at their ordinary vocations. It was specially at sunset, when all the men of the population were certain to be at prayer in the mosques, that the rank and fashion of Buraida’s female society paraded on the roofs, the women taking courage to move about unveiled and exposing the glory of their braided locks. I saw perhaps but half a dozen of the better class of women thus—and they all unconscious of my interest—and none of them struck me as justifying the boast of Qasim in the beauty of its daughters. One lady I observed, whose apparel’ was far from new or fine, as being particularly devout and regular with her ablutions and prayers, but for the most part the women did not seem to observe strictly the prescribed hours of prayer, particularly in the mornings,

when they often prayed long after the sun was up. One evening I was forced to an ignominious retreat behind the cover of my walls when two young ladies on a not distant root not only showed no signs of bashfulness on discovering me gazing out upon the scene, but displayed a lively interest in me and my appearance. One day—it was Friday, when it was Ibn Sa’ud’s custom to distribute alms to the poor and needy—LI noticed at least 200 women of the poorer sort, clad in dingy black smocks and muslin veils, seated in lines along the outer wall of the Qasr and the walls of the houses round the edge of the Jarada and taking advantage of their very slender shade at noonday

or early afternoon. There they sat in all patience waiting for the dollar or fraction of it that might be their weekly portion, and thence later in the day I saw them all trooping back over the open space. As they went, I saw a slender spiral of dust ascending from a sand-eddy on the ground to a height of 100 feet and moving slowly and gracefully along, 1'The commonest colours were red and a dirty indigo.

AL QASIM 205 whereat from many of the women arose pious exclamations to avert such consequences as might be portended by such a phenomenon. ‘ There is no God but God,’ they said, and ‘T ask pardon of God.’ On another occasion—it happened to be the day on which Ibn Sa’ud went off for his short visit to “Anaiza—lI sallied

out for a walk with Mitrak and Mirwij as was often my custom. Having no special objective in view, I struck at random through a maze of side streets which brought us to the fringe of the Sug. Here in a side street was established a line of women selling miscellaneous wares—one had a basket of saffron petals, two others sold a coarse white sugar, while yet another had before her a basket full of odds and ends—scraps of cloth, cotton, etc. Japanese matches were in general vogue here—the ‘ Lion Brand,’ made in Japan for the Parsee (Bombay) firm of Bhimoiwala, and the ° Rex ’ being most in evidence, whereas at Taif I had found the products of Austria and at Riyadh the matches of Austria and Sweden. Rifle ammunition, which cost a dollar for 17 and 15 cartridges at Shaqra and Riyadh respectively, was comparatively cheap at 20 per Riyal, the chief purveyors thereof being Harb tribesmen, who got it for nothing from the Sharif. We passed on into the fodder market, which was doing great business from the piled-up stacks of green stuff and desert-grasses. And so continuing past the shops I noticed little groups of shopkeepers and clients who looked up at us with a cold hostile gaze. I stared back at them with a steady glare—feeling somewhat hostile at the thought that much of their wealth was achieved by traffic in the products of the infidel—and they lowered their eyes. Apart from the pots and pans already referred to, the manufactures of Buraida related mostly to the leather and kindred industries, comprising camel saddles and camel furniture of all kinds, saddle-bags, head-ropes, sandals, leather gun-cases, scabbards, cartridge belts, etc. And so we passed out of the city by the south-west gate into the prosperous gardens beyond, where the ground was spread with a rich carpet of

lucerne or variegated with pumpkin trailers. Here and there too were small groups of cotton plants—with smaller leaves than in the south and less rank in growth—whose bolls

206 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS were just bursting to expose the white fluff within. For the most part cotton is grown in this district as a border plant in unimportant quantities. Patches of green millet varied the peaceful prosperous scene, through which flowed bubbling

runnels of well-water in every direction. And in one place I came across a little reservoir formed by the obstruction of a well channel with a small dam of masonry, through a hole in which flowed the water with a pleasant bubbling as of mountain brooks, while beyond it two channels flowing at right angles to each other crossed—the one passing over the other on a short aqueduct of stone slabs. Everywhere the palms towered above us, lofty and dense, with their great clusters of fruit, in great part not yet ripe. Here and there were rude bowers of palm branches for the labourers to rest in from their daily toil. And so, as we wandered, we came to the further extremity of a large garden which we had entered by an open pathway. Our further progress was obstructed by a long low wall of earth, still wet, at one end of which a small group of men were still at work

on it. To avoid a tedious détour, I cleared it with a bound, and my companions having done the same after a moment’s hesitation, we became suddenly aware of the owner of the garden shouting at us angrily. ‘ What are ye doing coming through my garden? There is no way through it and our womenfolk are about [this was untrue]. Fie upon you! ’ As usual in such circumstances I tried to avoid a scene by

continuing on my way without paying any heed to the blustering of the fellow, who was certainly not near enough

to have recognised me; but the underlying cur in him got the better of Mitrak, who in spite of my orders dawdled along at some distance behind me shouting out abuse at the other party. This infuriated the owner, who advanced with renewed vituperations, while Mitrak stood his ground defiantly and Mirwij turned back to support him. My hand was thus forced, and I had to go back to exert my authority on my companions, who very unwillingly broke away from the prospect of a scuffle, but at the same time I had the satisfaction of noticing a look of wonder and astonishment spread over the owner’s face as he recognised me and turned

away without further parley. He could go, I shouted after

AL QASIM 207 him, to Ibn Sa’ud if he had any complaint to make instead

of wasting his anger on the dogs that accompanied me.

With that I turned on Mitrak and dismissed him forthwith. He went off sulking, and when I got home I was astonished

at being asked by Dr. ’Abdullah what had happened. Mitrak had gone straight off to the Amir to report that I had

sent him to lay a formal complaint against the offending owner, who had been sent for and was about to be committed to prison on the ground that he had insulted me and actually laid hands on Mitrak. I was thus only just in time to prevent a miscarriage of justice, and it was Mitrak who spent the day in solitary confinement in the kitchen, unutterably shocked

at my having publicly denounced the whole of his pretty tale as a pack of lies. I had, however, distributed bounty in respect of the last march the previous day, and he lost little that he really valued. During my peregrinations of the morning I had seen Sa’d al Yumaini in the Suq and noticed that he had quite deliberately turned his back on me as if he was expecting somebody from the opposite direction. Equally deliberately I walked up to and confronted him with a greeting, whereupon his manner immediately changed, and he replied with effusive

friendliness though there were witnesses of the scene. He

declared, perhaps truly, that he had paid me a visit the previous night when I was out, and at all times I was convinced. of his essential friendliness, though his fear of public

opinion was enhanced by the ever-present danger that his enemies might report on his conduct to an extremely bigoted old father of whom he stood greatly in awe. Besides, Sa’d, whose first experience of active service had been at Bukairiya in 1904 when Ibn Sa’ud defeated Ibn Rashid and his Turkish

allies, had at one time himself been a wearer of the white chaplet, though he had since repented of such energy and taken to the seductive weed in secret. At this time he was in especial attendance on the young princes Faisal! and Fahad,?

the former being slightly the elder and, according to Sa’d, a boy of much charm and gentle withal; while Fahad was a regular little spitfire, ever spoiling for a fight, and even at 1 Now Viceroy of Mecca; he visited Europe in 1919, and again in 1926. 2 He died during the influenza epidemic of December, 1918.

208 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS the tender age of twelve exhibiting tendencies towards bigotry. Quite recently he had drawn his sword on one of his attendants, wounding him on the arm and cutting his mantle, but had been driven by shame to make amends with an apology and a new cloak. The same afternoon—Ibn Sa’ud having departed and no

work or other activity being in prospect—I had indulged in a siesta rather earlier than usual and had slept till late in the afternoon, when Muhammad Ibn Shilhub came up to inform me that, having come to fetch me to Turki’s majlis soon after the midday prayer, he had found me asleep and left me to my slumbers. In reply to my protest that all my efforts to see something of the society of the place were ending

in failure and disappointment, he promptly invited me to breakfast with him on the morrow and agreed with me that Rushaid was a broken reed. He certainly had the kindest of hearts and quite a sense of humour. ‘ You must excuse,’ he said, ‘the boorish simplicity of my household, for, if you would know the truth, my wife, though very beautiful, is a terrible shrew and so unpleasing to me that for two days I have not been near her.’ The woman, who was the widow or perhaps discarded wife of a member of the great Ibn Sharida family, had possibly been offered to [bn Sa’ud, who had, however, passed her on to his treasurer, and it was only

fear of displeasing his sovereign that was at this time preventing the latter from putting her away. She had furthermore borne him a son—still an infant—but the unfortunate Shilhub was saddled with her former husband’s progeny—a grown-up son and others. Such is their domestic bliss at times. Yet he confessed that now and again, when he was far away from this lady, he actually found himself thinking fondly of her, though when with her he was never in any doubt that

he hated her. She had nevertheless a great reputation for cooking Marquq, and I was welcome to try it if I would.

Therefore on the morrow, when Hamdani fetched me, I accompanied him to Shilhub’s house beyond the main Sug in a side street leading towards the 8.W. gate. We gained admission by a door of solid [thal timber studded with large iron rivets and adorned with a chain knocker in place of the usual small metal ring of this city—the solid knockers of

AL QASIM 209 ‘Anaiza were apparently unknown at Buraida. The coffeeparlour, though well furnished with rugs and cushions, was

distinctly dingy with its bare walls of undecorated clay plaster. A central pillar of masonry coated with white gypsum supported the roof and a similar pillar was embedded

in the wall, which was probably a later addition to a larger

room supported by a row of pillars. Among the guests bidden to meet me was one Sa’ud, an under clerk on the royal clerical establishment, and Abdullah Ibn Nasban, who came

in for a good deal of light banter and ribaldry by reason of having wedded ! afresh the previous night. Breakfast was served in a small outer hall and very excellent it was, though the lady’s Marquq was a disappointing mess of sodden bread flavoured with shredded onions and a rich sauce. In addition there was a great dish of rice with mutton and venison, to say nothing of fowls, hard-boiled eggs and egg-fruit boiled in halves. And I felt justified in telling my host as I took my leave that, with a spouse capable of preparing a meal so delicious, he had not really much to complain of. I have

already commented on the paucity of fruit at Buraida, though I personally had little to complain of in this direction, for Muhammad al Sulaiman, who had accompanied Ibn Sa’ud

back to ’Anaiza, taking with him certain presents from me for his younger children, was kind enough to send me two kerosene tins full of fruit from the ’Anaiza gardens. I therefore had a full supply of peaches, figs and pomegranates —to say nothing of dates—for some days, but it was by no

means an unmixed blessing. The flies began to resort to my quarters in distressing numbers, and they were the horrid drowsy flies of summer—a positive plague of them—which were too lazy to do anything but drown themselves in my tea

or even drinking-water when not disturbing my siesta by crawling over my face. Fahad Ibn Mu’ammar had kindly placed his stable at my disposal, and one afternoon I rode out on a fine grey stallion of his with Manawar and Mirwij along the Hail road, which

leads almost due north over a grit plain to the Safra? 1 See p. 199.

2 This Safra comprised a series of steppes starting from distinct cliffs on their west sides and running down in gentle slopes eastward. Three such steppes were visible from my point of view.

P.A.W. O

210 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS wilderness, through which it strikes along a shallow valley in a north-westerly direction. From a cairn on the nearest point of the latter I had a splendid view of the whole Buraida area, the central tower of the great fort being due south and the plain being dotted with the dark lines of the numerous oases around the city. The Nafud appears to subtend the Safra boundary in a spacious semicircle, the space so enclosed

being an extensive plain broken at intervals by sand-ridges of lower elevation and of whiter sand than the Nafud itself. For the rest its surface was partly of grit on the Safra side and occasionally of clay. The drainage of the Safra area runs down the Hail road and other channels southward to irrigate the cultivation of the district, the best general view of which is certainly to be obtained from this point on the Hail road, though the view of the city and its immediate surroundings from the watch-tower on the first Nafud ridge was perhaps more attractive, and a good view was also to be had from various points on the ridge of Wahtan (taking its name from a large palm patch and dilapidated hamlet close by) to the eastward. A low sand-ridge separates this little oasis from the next one eastward called Khudhaira —a small hamlet and a good grove of palms—and behind that again a sand ridge, on which is a watch-tower! with a commanding view of the surrounding country, conceals the small oasis patch of Khabb al Qabr.? To the north of the city at no great distance lay the ruin-field of Shamas, reputed

to be the original site of the first settlement of Buraida. Its remnants seemed to be of comparatively recent date— mere mounds of crumbled clay with traces of stone-work— but, search as I might, even with the unwitting assistance of Manawar and Mirwij, who performed great feats of excavation

in an unsuccessful effort to rout out a Jarbu’ from its hole, I could find not the slightest trace of anything interesting except a number of land shells and a single fragment of

coarse pottery. To westward of it under the edge of the Nafud lay the palm grounds of Matrahi, and through Shamas,

past its ruined watch-tower, runs the road to Qusaiba and other settlements of north-western Qasim. 1 The central tower of the fort was slightly north of west from this point. 2 Other palm-groves or hamlets in this neighbourhood were named to me as ’Ukairsha, Sumair and Rafi’a.

AL QASIM 211 Ibn Sa’ud returned from ’Anaiza on 3rd September with

his imposing cavalcade of 25 cavalry and 44 cameleers mounted on 22 camels. The first day he had spent as the guest of the old ex-Amuir, Abdul ’Aziz ; the second with Salih

al Fadhl; and the third and last at the house of Muhammad Ibn Sulaiman al Shubaili, a wealthy merchant with very extensive properties at Basra. And thus, having as it were distributed his favours equally among the leading families of ’Anaiza, he returned to the rival city with a clear conscience to face the rapidly-approaching campaign. I found him somewhat querulous. He had hoped for a great improvement of the situation in the East as the result of Sir Percy Cox’s return to ’Iraq, but, apart from a very slight though satisfactory modification of the Kuwait blockade arrangements, no effort had been made to unravel the “Ajman tangle, and it was clear that the Basra authorities were in general not in agreement with me as to the desirability of placating Ibn

Sa’ud. He now put forward the redoubtable Faisal al Duwish himself to explain the effect on his fellow-tribesmen of the Mutair of being forbidden to indulge in counter-raids,

though he admitted that occasionally they disregarded the embargo as the Buraih had recently done at Riqai, where they had captured forty camels laden with coffee, rice and arms en route to Hail. Moreover, we did not know yet in Arabia that Sir Percy Cox had merely returned to Baghdad en route to Tehran, where he was to be the British Minister.

I could only urge that the capture of Hail was the only solution of Ibn Sa’ud’s difficulties, and he was sufficiently conscious of that fact to have fixed a date for the concentration of his forces at Buraida. He had originally fixed on Mudhnib as the centre of the concentration, and Turki was to go down in due course to bring up the force which Ibn Sa’ud would accompany for the initial stages only, but he had since modified his plans and the Hilal or new moon of the coming month (Dhil Hija) was definitely to see the opening of the campaign, and, though Ibn Sa’ud was a little nervous on financial grounds lest the duration of the operations should exceed his capacity to maintain them, I knew that I had sufficient latitude in this direction to help him when his need of help was proved.

212 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS A day or two before this a messenger from Dhari Ibn

Tawala had arrived with letters for me. At first he had been turned away from my door by my too officious attendants, but he managed to find an opportunity of presenting himself before me. Dhari’s letter was disingenuous in the extreme,

being a long plea that I should use my influence with the Basra authorities to restore his monthly allowance of Rs. 3000 in lieu of the reduced subsidy of Rs. 1000 which he had been

receiving since my recommendation that he should receive

nothing at all. He made no attempt to explain away his desertion of his post at Hafar, and he had taken the precau-

tion of sending his message by the hand of a half-wit— Hadran by name—in order that I should not be able to ascertain the details of his iniquities. My reply was made verbally through the same channel, but I know not whether

Hadran ever had the courage to report the failure of his mission to his master. I expressed quite candidly my opinion of Dhari’s betrayal of his trust, and added that I could have

no communication with him until he resumed his post at Hafar and came in person to see me. Hadran begged me not to misjudge his noble master, and pleaded hard at least to have the message in writing. All was in vain, and he departed broken-hearted when I rejected his final appeal for a little present for himself. The situation on the Hijaz frontier was at this time more

or less quiescent, though the latest news indicated the presence of the Amir Shakir at Marran with a hostile concentration of regular troops and Badawin auxiliaries. He had, however, seriously alienated a considerable part of the latter by the issue of orders for the forcible collection of Zakat from Ibn Humaidi, an ’Ataiba chief who had paid taxes and owed allegiance to [bn Sa’ud. The effect was immediate, for Ibn Humaidi summoned the whole of his

following and marched with it to join the defenders of Khurma, who had also received considerable reinforcements

from the southern valleys. An ’Atabt, who arrived at Buraida soon after our arrival, created something of a sensa-

tion by the light he threw on the ambitions of the Sharif. ‘If you surrender the whole of Najd to him,’ he said, ‘ he will not relent ; if you give up to him all your women and

AL QASIM 213 children and your men, yet will he not relent; it is your

religion that he is bent on crushing.’ For an ordinary Baduui it was an astonishingly accurate estimate of the position, but it was after all common knowledge in Arabia,

and even the Buqum, formerly loyal adherents of the Sharifian cause, had begun to have qualms about the justification of these attacks on their neighbours—Arabs like themselves—and Ibn Sa’ud had recent information that their house was divided against itself with the result of disturbances

and trouble at Turaba. Ibn Sa’ud was at this time seriously concerned to secure from me a reasonable definition of British policy in the event of complications arising out of the Khurma situation. I could only tell him that the British Government appeared to have accepted the Cairo contention that Khurma lay within the territories of the Sharif, in which case they could not logically object to any action the latter

might take to establish his authority there. But I added that I had made further representations with a view to the reconsideration of the whole matter. He was entirely frank with me and warned me that he could and would accept no responsibility for any action the people of Khurma might take in the event of the attack being renewed. However these matters might be, preparations were now well forward for the march against Hail, the secret of which had been tolerably well kept, for, though everyone knew vaguely what was coming, even Turki had no exact knowledge

of his father’s plans until 5th September, when orders were issued to bring in the royal camels from Tarafiya where they

were grazing. That evening, as I sat on the western sand ridge with Manawar, we saw a number of cavaliers practising the evolutions of warfare, one of whom, observing us, came

and joined us after his jousting. This was Sulaiman, more commonly known by his nickname of Ra’i al Qauda, a slave whose reputation as a warrior had travelled far and wide through the desert country and whose name was a terror to the Badu. In various combats he had had nine horses killed under him, and it was clear from his enthusiastic manner that he was looking forward to fresh opportunities of distinction. But why, they asked each other, had the gates of Buraida not yet been shut ? Usually for three days before

214 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS the start of a ghazu the gates would remain shut lest traitors from within should go forth with news of the coming opera-

tions. And during this period anyone found lurking suspiciously in the neighbourhood of the city would be arrested,

while on one occasion a year or two before, of which they spoke, a spy from Hail had actually ridden straight into Ibn Sa’ud’s Gom during a night march, having apparently failed to see the ‘ pillar of fire —or masked lantern which replaced the Batrag after dark—which went before it. It was not till 8th September that, the secret being well out and everything

ready for the army to start on the morrow, I found the subsidiary gates locked and bolted, while the main gates were under guard. From that moment no unauthorised person was allowed to leave the city, but it would surely have required but little intelligence in the enemy to realise what was in the air. The various /khwan contingents were camped all over the Qasim in the various Khabbs to lessen the difficulties of grazing and watering. And, though Ibn Sa’ud had men out all over the district roping in loiterers or suspicious persons, I felt that Ibn Rashid and the Shammar in general had full warning of the storm about to burst on them. During these few days—since my first casual meeting with him—TI saw a good deal of Ra’i al Qauda, who had volun-

teered to train a pony which Ibn Sa’ud had presented to me quite recently. I found him to be quite an extraordinary person with a passion for horses second only to his passion for fighting. He had started life—so far as his memory went —in the service of some Shaikh of the Harb and had passed, by capture in a foray, into the service of the ’Ataiba, whence

he had come by gift into the possession of Ibn Sa’ud. He appeared to be absolutely devoid of intellect—except in the matter of horses and war, in which he was a genius—and his slowness of comprehension was greatly accentuated by

a partial deafness. His knowledge of Arabic was also quite defective. Nevertheless he was the first to congratulate me on the choice I had made out of three horses brought up from the Hasa by Ibn Sa’ud’s orders for my benefit, and to assure me that I had secured as fine an animal as could be found in Arabia. As a matter of fact the necessity of making

AL QASIM 215 a choice had somewhat embarrassed me. There was no possible doubt as to which was the best of the three animals, but he happened to be but a yearling—lI think exactly fifteen

months old at this time—and therefore of no immediate use to me for riding purposes. The other two were older animals, and I chose the best and least serviceable of the three in the hope that I might have a reasonable excuse for leaving him behind when I should depart. Meanwhile Ra’i al Qauda exercised him—TI thought with excessive zeal and vigour considering his tender age—and in the end the animal

followed me to Basra, where he entered upon a somewhat chequered career until, my own almost equally chequered

career coming to an end in Trans-Jordan during 1924, circumstances compelled me to sell him into bondage in Egypt. There he fell into the best of hands,! and, when I saw him again in 1927 on the race-course at Alexandria—the

first time I had ever seen him race, and that in what was probably the last race of his career—I heard again the words of Ra’i al Qauda, but this time on European lips, and I heard

him praised in terms that absolutely astonished me. He was said to be the best Arab that ever came to Egypt, where

he had headed the first class of his kind for three seasons and, in spite of a tenderness in one leg which was a serious handicap to him and invariably interfered with his training, had had a good record in actual racing.2 He was indeed a beautiful animal and full worthy of the princely treatment now being accorded to him in his old age. His months of infancy had also been spent in luxury, for, when he came to me, he had never tasted barley—the ordinary horse-food of Arabia. He had indeed, as the old man who brought him up to the Qasim told me, been brought up entirely on camel’s milk and dates, and was only just beginning to nibble at hay and lucerne. His name was Marzuq, but he was subsequently

renamed in Mesopotamia from his colouring—he was a 1 Mr. A. L. Benachi, the well-known owner of race-horses, of Alexandria.

2In addition to about half a dozen races won in Mesopotamia between 1919 and 1923, his Egyptian record is as follows: 26 races ; 9 firsts, 3 seconds,

and 4 thirds. The following passage occurred in an article in the Hyyptian

Gazette of January 26, 1928: ‘How many of the good old type like

Romany or Amir present themselves here for sale to-day ?—the answer is not two in a blue moon.”

216 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS flea-bitten grey—and for the rest of his life remained under

the name of Rummani (often mistransliterated in other ways).

According to Ibn Sa’ud the Arabian horse trade had at this time definitely entered upon a period of decline, from which there appeared to be little hope of recovery. This state of affairs owed its origin to the substantial diminution of the number of horses available in Arabia during the period

of anarchy, which preceded Ibn Sa’ud’s accession to his ancestral throne, and of war, which had accompanied the establishment of his authority. A great number of horses had been killed during those troublous times and local demands absorbed all the products of the Arabian studs. This process had possibly driven the Bombay horse-dealers to seek elsewhere for their requirements, and for some years now the

prices obtainable in the Indian market had not been such as to encourage export. At any rate Ibn Sa’ud had only made a profit of Rs. 1000 on ten horses he had recently sent to Bombay, and was inclined to think it scarcely worth while

to worry any further about the matter. Indeed the knell of horse-breeding in Arabia may have sounded with the advent of the high-velocity rifle and the motor-car, and the maintenance of studs will perhaps remain only as the hobby of the

wealthy. For in Arabia, as in England and elsewhere, it is scarcely likely that the decline in the practical utility of the horse will circumscribe its popularity on the national playingfields. It was always, as they put it, to ‘ play ’ that they rode

out in the afternoons, and often I joined young Turki and his companions in their recreation, which consisted mainly of galloping exercises. Turki claimed to have the fastest animal in these parts, a glorious mare of the Wadhna Kuhaila breed, but Salman al ’Arafa was not far behind with a chestnut stallion, which had recently won a long-distance race in

which the Wadhna mare had not competed. And on one of these occasions, when I saw Iaisal [bn Rashid riding with stirrups so small that it seemed impossible for him to disengage his foot in the event of a fall, I was shown a yearling colt, also of Wadhna provenance, which was expected to turn out exceedingly well. These afternoon joustings, in which even Faisal and Fahad, perhaps twelve or thirteen years old

AL QASIM 217 at this time and delicate-looking creatures, took part, lasted

generally half an hour or more and ended in an outdoor session until the sunset prayer, before which I was always careful to take my leave. Water was the only refreshment served round, and I noticed once, when I had called for some, that the servant served young Sa’ud and others before coming

to me. I thought perhaps that it was to obviate others drinking from the cup profaned by my lips, but in this I was entirely mistaken, as the same cup continued its course after it had come to me. The horse-‘ play ’ of Arabia reaches its

zenith in the hunting of the gazelle with Slug: hounds—a fine sport. Hawking is of course well known, but I saw little if anything of it, though in the Mesopotamian borderland itis much indulged in. Hare-coursing with Slugis is of course the common sport of the country.

Apart from the decline of horse-breeding, the general economic situation was a subject of constant discussion between my host and myself. In spite of all appearances the Qasim was by no means self-supporting. In a normal year dates had to be imported from the Hasa to supplement the ’Anaiza produce, which was inadequate to meet the require-

ments of the population of the city and the Badawin dependent on it. The same applied to Buraida, and at Riyadh the situation was such as to call for special rules. The Badu were allowed to purchase fresh dates there without restriction during the first month of the season, after which the sale of Ratab to them was prohibited in order to facilitate the laying

up of supplies for the winter. The market was, however, again opened up to the tribes towards the end of the season. The Qasim, like the other provinces of Najd, pays the usual Zakat to the central treasury, but, at any rate at the time of

which I write, the administration of the area reabsorbed practically the whole revenue. The bulk of the state expenditure was accounted for by doles, presents and subsidies to all and sundry in accordance with a recognised scale and

by the cost of the ecclesiastical establishment of Qadhis,

Nawwab, Muadhdhins, etc. Ibn Sa’ud reckoned that,

excluding the receipts from the Hasa and the seaports, no less than 70 per cent. of the whole revenue of Najd itseli— from the Qasim to Wadi Dawasir—was reabsorbed in this

218 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS way, leaving only 30 per cent., the total amount of which it would be difficult to assess, for public purposes. At this time the prices of the ordinary necessaries of life ruled low in the Qasim, which had formerly done a flourishing

transit trade with Hail and whose old Shammar customers now entered its markets at their peril. At Hail on the other hand everything was at famine prices in spite of occasional

leakage of goods from ‘Iraq. Rice, for instance, sold at 4 Sa’s to the £T1 as against 24 Sa’s to the Royal at Buraida.

"Adwan! Ibn Rimal, who had recently visited Ibn Sa’ud bringing with him as gifts a fine mare and Dhalul which had been refused, had begged in vain for permission to take away with him just enough for his own family’s requirements in the matter of piece-goods and food-stuffs. To all such appli-

cations Ibn Sa’ud had but one answer: ‘So long as you remain in the North you shall have nothing that I can prevent

you having, but move down to the Bashuk waterings and thence to the Tawal Mutair and you shall be even as we are.’ Another Shammar Shaikh, Ibn ’Ajil, had recently got away

with 200 loads from Shinafiya, and Shammar agents continued to smuggle goods out to desert rendezvous whence they were taken up and sent to Hail. But Ilbn Mu’ammar had, or was said to have, his spies at Hail itself, and Najdi smugglers doing business there were liable to summary punishment by the confiscation of their properties at home. The great difference between the two great cities of the Qasim was always represented to me as being that, while the citizens of ’Anaiza—and those of Shaqra were of somewhat similar calibre—were enterprising business men on a large

scale, the leading families of Buraida were only cameleers by profession. The former, accustomed to trade with great commercial centres like Baghdad and Basra, “Amara and Kuwait, Bahrain and Bombay, were constantly in touch with the great world ; while the latter moved only between the interior and the coast as carriers of merchandise and only 1 He was of the Ghafila subsection of Sinjara and was accompanied by his cousins Shati and Salim, sons of Fahad Ibn Rimal, and Naif Ibn Muhairit

Ibn Rimal. Others of his party were: Shali’an Ibn Mustalih of the ’Aqni and Khashara Ibn Sa’di of the Kharsa subsection of Jarba’; Miyah Ibn

eer Ibn Shilgan; Salbi Ibn Manzil; and Hadhdhal Ibn Khaima of Al

AL QASIM 219 touched the fringes of civilisation—revelling in its vices and luxuries for a few brief weeks at a time and reviling them at home lest the truth should be suspected by their own folk. Nevertheless they sometimes brought back unimpeachable evidence of their contact with a laxer morality in the shape

of diseases here properly called ‘foreign.’ Dr. ’Abdullah was always insistent on this point and claimed that all venereal cases could be traced directly to the coast. A case he had recently seen and treated with partial success had originated fifteen years previously at Kuwait, and he declared

that in Najd he had never come across women of the towns suffering from the disease, though he had known it in Badawin

women infected by their husbands. He worked intermittently as a doctor, having several cases of rheumatism on his hands during these days of our sojourn at Buraida and many ‘eye’ cases too—these were very common. As at ’Anaiza the playground of the Buraida children was the public streets, and so far as my experience went they were

entirely devoid of the crabbed rudeness of their elders. As a rule they gaped at me awesomely as I passed, but they never showed any inclination to molest or even crowd round me. A large proportion of them seemed ever to be girls, charmingly pretty children ranging down from seven years to babyhood. They wore no more than a single smock of crimson with or without the full sleeves of their mothers’ garments ; generally they went bareheaded, their hair being

gathered up in half a dozen plaits heavily greased and smeared with henna. Long hair is perhaps the best appreciated of all feminine charms—‘ her head is so long,’ they say of women who surpass their sisters in this respect—and

it is at about the age of seven or eight, when they begin to wear the veil for the first time, that girls are marked down in the streets and bespoken by would-be husbands or fathers-in-law, as one might purchase yearlings at a horse show. Of the grown women themselves one saw but little in the streets except their ample outer garments, though at times, rounding a corner, one might catch a glimpse of the smock below—generally red though sometimes black and, more rarely, green or other colours—and the shapely figure outlined by it before the veil was hastily drawn across. The

220 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS women, like the men, seemed to have graceful figures, firm and well-knit without any tendency to corpulence. An important accession to the Wahhabi cause materialised

during our last few days at Buraida in the arrival of one Salih Ibn Jabr of the Rashid family, who had become disgruntled and disgusted at the difficulties attending life at Hail. He brought down definite news of the safe arrival and subsequent despatch on a mission to Jauf of an important enemy agent ! who had been reported killed in the course of

Lawrence’s operations on the Hijaz railway, and he also reported that Ibn Rashid had recently received as a gift from

the Turks 45 camel-loads of goods from Damascus, 20 of these being of piece-goods, ten of ammunition, and the rest of miscellaneous articles, including coffee, sugar and money. Salih had come down to the Qasim with a man from ’Ajaimi’s camp—whether a refugee or an emissary I did not discover

—which was at the wells of Hazil. Colonel Leachman,

commonly known in the desert as Injaiman, and Mit’ab, the son of Fahad ? Beg Ibn Hadhdhal, the great and aged chief

of the ’Amarat, had been harrying ’Ajaimi’s bands, and matters in the enemy’s country were so unsatisfactory that Ibn Shuraim, an important Shackh of the ’Abda and either cousin or nephew of Ibn ’Ajil himself, was reported to be contemplating desertion to Ibn Sa’ud. Other arrivals from Hail—refugees or pretending refugees with ulterior commercial designs—included a number of

persons who had not long since been at Damascus and

therefore had or were believed to have recent and accurate

news of the front. The Germans, they said, had made arrangements calculated to secure Syria from serious danger,

but were not in a position to advance. The Turks had been at their last gasp when we had advanced to and occupied Salt, but timely German assistance and the unaccountable withdrawal of the British had saved them from complete disaster. The economic position in Syria was very serious, and a famine threatened unless the Hauran crops could be

made available for the Turks—yet the Germans were already diverting large quantities of the grain of that district 1°Abdul Hamid al Masri. 2 He died at an advanced age in July, 1927, at Baghdad.

AL QASIM 221 to Europe. Jamal Pasha ‘the great,’ as he was called, had vacated the command-in-chief in Syria to become Minister of Finance at Constantinople, while his namesake, known as ‘ the little,’ commanded in his place, and a Turkish official had replaced the former Wali of Syria.

The desert between Syria and the Qasim was, according to these people, so insecure that Rushaid [bn Laila, who was still at Damascus, was experiencing considerable difficulty in arranging for the forwarding of his stores and guns—three of the latter—to their destination. The caravan of 45 camels

already referred to, though fully franked through with Rafigs, had to buy its way through to the tune of £1000 and a box or two of ammunition. Nuri al Sha’lan of the Ruwalla

was coquetting outrageously with both parties and was making a fortune by franking Syrian agents through to "Aqaba as his personal retainers authorised to buy and bring

up stores to Jauf—their real destination being Damascus. The impression that at this time Nuri’s territory was the main source of supply to the enemy was confirmed independently by a native of Buraida, Sulaiman al Rashudi, who had been in Syria since the early days of the war and had now come back by a direct route! involving a leisurely journey of thirty days. He seemed to have no idea that in visiting me he was guilty of a solecism, and he made no bones

about accepting the cigarettes which I offered him. Occasional supplies had from time to time filtered into Damascus from Hail, though he had not himself passed or seen the large caravan of a thousand camels already mentioned. But “Aqaba was the most important source. Another casual acquaintance of this period was destined to be my companion for many days thereafter. This was Hamad Ibn Mash’an Ibn Hadhdhal, an ’Anazi of the ’Amarat

and distantly related both to Fahad Beg and Fahad al 1The stages of his journey were given by him as follows: First day, Damascus to Dumair; three days on to Al Halba; four days on to Mat (rested three days); three days on to Maqgarr al Naqa; three days on to Judaida (? Arar); two days on to Magarr al Ghadhari (halted one day) ; three days on to ’Aqailat Ibn Sukhail between Hazil and Hazam al Ma ; three days on to Haiyaniya (halted one day); three days across the Nafud to Shu’aiba; three days on to Qusaiba; two days thence to Buraida. The journey occupied thirty-five days, including thirty days of actual marching.

222 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS Dughaim. A grizzled beard and weather-beaten features made him look older than he was, but he certainly seemed to me to be nearer 50 than the 40 years which he admitted. He had come down to Riyadh, where I had once seen him, with a present of horses from Fahad al Dughaim, but had met with disaster on his way back to the ’Amarat pastures. Travelling with a single companion he had fallen in with an

Aslam raiding-party at or near the Hidaqa wells, and the pair had been stripped of all their belongings even to their shirts and sandals. Such treatment is considered scandalous among the northern Badu, he said, but the rest—from the Shammar southwards—have no such scruples. Yet these raiders refused to admit or disclose their identity or their destination, which he judged to be the Ruwalla camps. Naked and miserable Hamad and his companion had betaken

themselves to a Sulubt encampment near by, and with the kindly assistance of the gypsies had found their way back to Buraida to refit. At Zibira they had met a convoy of 100 camels—30 loaded with piece-goods and the rest with coffee, rice, sugar, etc.— under ’Abdul ’Aziz al Bassam, nephew of Muhammad, a well-

known merchant prince of Damascus and himself the son of Doughty’s friend “Abdullah of ’Anaiza, on their twelfth day out from Kuwait en route for Hail. And near Hidaga he had seen the traces of a caravan of 300 camels, which had a day or two before passed down in the reverse direction to

bring up more provisions. With it had ridden the “Ajman Shaikh, Ton Munaikhir, with his daughter, whom he had come

up to fetch away after her recent divorce by Ibn Rashid. Hamad, who subsequently became something of a bore, had at this stage all the appearance of being a desirable addition to my little céterze, and I soon obtained Ibn Sa’ud’s permission to keep him with me. The very next day he was of my party ; ‘ but,’ said he, doubtless hoping for monetary com-

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HOMEWARD BOUND 341 caught us up with a message from Ibn Sa’ud during the day. One of these was Zubara, an old Harbi friend of my journey to the Hijaz, and the other a surly Mutairt, Dabbi by name,

who had been sent to join me as an additional Rafiq, but, whether from innate sourness of temper or by reason of religious prejudice, had studiously avoided me all day and would not even sit down in my company to the meal—he had only himself to thank for missing the best of the meat. Rashid, who had guided us so far, was little versed in the geography of the region, apart from the road itself, and Rushaid listened obsequiously to my frequent appeals to be provided with competent guides without any intention of meeting my requirements. On the whole this day of marching

through the Nafud had frayed all our tempers, and I felt a little weary of my companions. Apart from the main circular palm-patch already mentioned the settlement of Nukhail al ’Abd comprises a diminutive group of palms close to it on the north with a picturesque watch-tower on the sand slope separating the two sections.

The subsoil water is here so close at hand that the palms, tapping the moisture with their roots, need no irrigation, while drinking-water is drawn up from Thamail,! unlined and

not deeper than a fathom. A queer little settlement it is, like many others, in the heart of a Nafud as grand and formidable as any to be seen in Arabia. Its saving grace for the

traveller is that the high-road, lying for the most part in a depression or series of depressions with but few ridges to negotiate, presents no difficulty. Its total width along the line of the road from the Mustawi plain to that of Zilfi is some 16 miles, of which we had some four still before us when we

mounted to continue our march next morning.

About a mile beyond our starting-point and separated from it by a low pass over an intervening sand ridge lay two

straggling patches of palms and vegetables in a shallow depression to the left of the high-road. This was Hamdhiya,

which differs from Nukhail al ’Abd in enjoying artificial irrigation from wells about three fathoms deep surmounted by the ordinary Suwani superstructure. The mouths of these wells, otherwise unlined, are fortified with rough brushwood, 1 Pl, of Lhamila = water hole.

342 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS and cattle, working up and down a short incline, draw up the water-skins to empty into the irrigation ducts, along which melons and pumpkins are grown. A considerable area of new palm-stems had been put down in this settlement the previous year and seemed to be flourishing. As we passed by towards

another small palm-patch a quarter mile distant a man working on one of the wells ran up to us with a gift of pumpkins. So we now came to the highest part of the Zulaighif, whose great naked peaks of sand furrowed by the wind lay all about us. Ahead the summit of the Tuwaiq escarpment came into

view, and a few minutes later as we debouched from the Nafud into the Zilfi plain the settlements of the oasis lay scattered before us backed by a line of cliffs extending from

the northernmost headland of Khashm Jazra until it disappeared into the far horizon of the south.

In ten minutes we had arrived before the walls of Zilfi

Shamaliya, the more northerly of the two main villages, and proceeded to camp under the curious but silent gaze of the

village children. For the next hour or so there was much going and coming between the village and our camp, grass and millet-stalks being brought for the camels, a sheep and other articles of food for ourselves, the while I tried conclusions with Dabbi, who was still apparently determined to have nothing to do with me. In answer to a direct challenge on this issue he protested that he had intended no discourtesy,

but I told him I had no further need of his services. Halt an hour later he returned to reopen the discussion. ‘ Look you,’ I said, ‘ you object to me for being an infidel. I was created like that and, if God wills, shall remain so. And

praise be to God! But I have no need of your deceit and disloyalty, though it is rather to Ibn Sa’ud that you are being disloyal. How can I agree to your remaining with me in these circumstances?’ At that I left him to ruminate the position, and I had his answer soon aiterwards in the Amir’s house, where he sat by me to eat dates off the

common platter. The Amir of Zilfi, Salman Ibn Baddah, was absent from home on a visit to Ibn Sa’ud together with his predecessor in the office, "Uthman Ibn ’Uthman, of whose summary

HOMEWARD BOUND 343 dismissal I have written elsewhere.t In Salman’s absence his brother, Bijad, had been left in charge, and it was he who

now summoned us to take coffee with him, complaining hospitably of our failure to send notice of our coming to enable him to prepare breakfast against our arrival and inviting us to dinner in the evening—an invitation which I gladly accepted, as I had decided to spend the day exploring

the various settlements of the Batin, as the plain is called. His parlour, though of fair size, was exceedingly plain and dingy with untrimmed clay walls black with smoke and without furniture other than mat-strips of Hasa make laid over the floor of sand. Our host told us of a new spring (Saih by name) of sweet water, which had recently been discovered

to the great advantage of folk who had lived long years on the bitter water which had alone been known in these parts ; and it certainly seemed to me that the water he gave us was as good as any in Arabia. After a round or two of coffee Bijad with his own hands brought in a mat piled up with great bunches of fresh Halwa dates, reddish in colour like the Khadhri, but of better repute. In this neighbourhood they were already cutting down the date-bunches from the palms, though in the Qasim the normal practice was to wait for the first rain of the season. And here the autumn season or seasonal subdivision known as Wasm was reckoned not to have begun, though in the Qasim a fortnight of it had already passed. Whether there is any natural justification for this difference of nearly a month—for the beginning of Wasm would be ten days hence—in the classification of the seasons by such close neighbours I cannot say with authority,

but I had no doubt that some actual change of conditions had taken place. As if by magic summer had disappeared in a night. My thermometer recorded an early morning temperature of under 62° Fahr., the lowest experienced since

the previous spring. And the midday heat had become appreciably milder in spite of the Nafud. Zilfi and the settlements round it in the Batin plain form a separate and independent district with affinities both with Qasim and Sudair 2?—the latter beginning properly at Ghat 1H.A. vol. i. p. 362. 2 Majma’a, the capital of Sudair, lies towards the eastern extremity of Tuwaiq some 15 miles east or south-east of Ghat.

344 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS some 15 miles to the south at the mouth of a gorge of 'Tuwaiq.

The village of Shamaliya is the oldest of these settlements, and the population of the district, as at present constituted,

is said to date back for five generations. It is composed almost entirely of ’Ataiba elements, to which the families of both the Amor and the ex-Amir belong. Shamaliya with a population of some 1500 souls is roughly circular in shape, and enclosed as by a wall by the contiguous backs of its houses. At salient corners it is provided with turrets, and, apart from the back entrances to various houses, there are four regular gates, on the north, east, south and west sides respectively. Inside there is an extreme regularity as of scientific town-planning, with streets straight and from ten to fifteen feet wide. A large building like a fort stands at the south-east corner, but for the rest the houses are poor and

unpretentious. We entered the village by the west gate to go to the Amir’s house, the "fd prayer enclosure—a regular clay-built mosque with colonnades in contrast with the open spaces usual elsewhere—being outside the same gate and not far from our camp. As we sat round waiting for coffee an ancient member of the Mutair tribe came in and sat down next to me, but a few moments later, having apparently taken stock of the situa-

tion, he rose abruptly and took his seat on the further side of the coffee-hearth—whether out of deference or of fanaticism IT had no means of knowing. In any case other residents who

came in to join the party at the call of the pestle and mortar conversed freely with me and seemed devoid of any objection to my presence, though they did not specifically greet me on

their entry. And on my return to our tents Rushaid, conscious of past shortcomings in his capacity as my guide, philosopher and friend, brought in a small boy of the village who claimed to be five years old and was certainly not more

than seven. He was something of an infant prodigy, and, sitting down before me, proceeded to recite poem after poem in most amazing fashion. To my shame it must be confessed that I understood but little of his recital, but I was fascinated

at his manly rendering of extracts from an apparently unlimited repertoire and disgraced myself by giving him a princely gift of five dollars after he had gone through as

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HOMEWARD BOUND 347 and turned southward over a well-marked track running through the settlement and beyond it towards Zilfi. Here we met a very old man who greeted us in a weak tremulous

voice, and was said to be a hundred years old. He was formerly Amir of the Liga settlement, his name being Ibn Farhud, but had long been superannuated in favour of his cousin, [bn Dahash. About a mile or more beyond these groves we saw some old ruins of the ancient settlement of Manzila, consisting of a large Qasr and numerous wells about half a mile to our right. The local tradition is that this and Qusur al ’Abd were the original settlements of this tract and were constantly at feud. Whether their water supply failed or for some other reason both villages were abandoned in favour of other sites, Ailfi (z.e. Shamaliya, which is seldom used in local parlance) being colonised from Manzila and Al Liga from its rival.

This completed our tour of the outlying settlements and we returned to camp, leaving ’Aqda, or Zilfi Janubiya, to be visited on the resumption of our march on the morrow, and contenting ourselves with only a distant view from camp of a nearly unbroken series of groves along the line of Sha’ib Samnan. from east to west these are Thamail, Haitan with "Aqda standing somewhat forward of its eastern extremity, and Lughaf nearest the Nafud, along which the Sha’2b turns south to the palm-patches of Ghaifa and Targhasha, about half a mile and three-quarter mile down-stream of Lughaf. The experience of the infant prodigy of the morning had created a favourable impression on the youthful population of the village, several of the bolder spirits of a crowd, which dogged my movements in and around the village with a friendly inquisitiveness, coming up to me to shake hands— an unusual experience. But I did not reckon with the possibility of a second Qassad or ballad-monger of tender years in a community so small and, on the pretext of weariness, turned away one such pretender lest I might have to spend the evening listening to and paying a succession of them. We dined with Bijad and did justice to his generous though simple feast of rice, lentils and mutton, talking of the ordinary

facts and incidents of his village life. The Hadra or caravan which had set out for Kuwait from Shaqra when I was there

348 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS to bring up supplies for Ibn Sa’ud’s army had arrived during the day, its 500 camels making a splendid spectacle as they

came over the edge of Tuwaiq and descended the slope towards the village. Next day they would continue the journey to Buraida, but for the time being Zilfi was full of life. The military muster of this district amounted, said Bijad, to 4000 men, but from what I saw and heard of the various settlements, that figure I judged to be a fairly reason-

able estimate of the total population,! men, women and children. Round our camp I had noticed a number of old ruins with signs of gypsum cement (juss), but the modern building seemed to be mainly of clay with some houses of masonry leeped with mud. Timber was or had been plentiful,

but large demands had been made on the Jthil plantations of the Batin by the rapidly-growing town of ‘Artawlya, which now went as far afield as the Qasim for its roof timber. A good stout beam of [thil wood might now fetch as much as

thirty dollars.

Having returned to camp from our dinner-party I sent Bijad a present of fifty dollars, about half of which was to cover the cost of fodder and other supplies, and a pair of inferior field-glasses. He was so overcome by such recognition of his services that he came round post-haste to ask whether he could do anything more for us, and next morning

he came over to see us off. Altogether he left a charming impression of friendliness on my mind—a man of good heart and good appearance, taller than the average and well built, perhaps under forty years of age.

Next morning we were off at the crack of dawn and in a quarter hour reached ’Aqda, a square village walled about and about 350 yards long and broad. The join of the walls on north and east was surmounted by a turret, and other turrets dotted the walls at intervals, while about the middle of the village rose a tall square minaret slightly tapering towards the top. An archway under the central turrets ol the north and east walls gave entrance on those sides to the settlement, and I judged that there might be similar entrances on the other two sides. ’Aqda seemed larger than Zilfi in 1 Zilfi 1500, ’Aqda 1000, and Liga 800, leaving about 700 for the numerous

petty settlements.

HOMEWARD BOUND 349 superficial area, but its houses were less crowded upon each other. From here a quarter hour’s march up the tributary Sha’ib

of Umm al Dharr! brought us to the foot of the Tuwaiq escarpment after we had passed a masonry dam built to divert the flood through a double-arched culvert into the main stream. A short scramble over broken ground in which we disturbed a covey of game birds,? which ran away crouch-

ing to the ground but would not rise, and a scramble up a steep rocky path brought us to the summit of the escarpment,

not more than fifty feet high at this point, where we halted for a few moments to take a last look over the Zilfi plain. And then we set off again towards the east. 3. “ARTAWIYA—THE [kHWwAN FOUNTAIN-HEAD

At the coffee-drinking in the Amur’s house the previous morning I had begged our host to procure me a really competent guide for the rest of the march, but Rushaid inter-

vened: ‘Don’t worry about that; God has produced the very man you want—he knows every tree and stone between

here and Kuwait.’ ‘ What is the use of your saying that ?’ I replied ; “ you have said the same almost every day since

we left Riyadh, and I have seen but few good guides.’ ‘ Leave this talk,’ he persisted, ‘ wait and see, it is a Sulubi

I have found.’ And I began to think, though not without some scepticism, that my words had borne fruit, especially when, later in the morning, Rushaid brought in a man who vouched for the omniscience of his uncle, our guide to be. So we arranged that the latter should sleep in our camp to be ready for an early start. I was myself just thinking of going to bed when the Amir and Rushaid came into my tent and sat down, I thought, for

a last chat. ‘Tell him,’ said Rushaid nervously, and my suspicions were aroused. ‘The guide had understood that we would be travelling by the main track known as Manshariha, 1 This flows into Sha’ib Samnan. 2 These were doubtless S72si and not partridges, as I had imagined until my error was exploded by the experts—vide R. E. Cheesman’s In Unknown Arabia.

350 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS and it was only to that route that his claim to omniscience applied. The more southerly route we intended to follow was unknown to him, and in any case he would lie with his wife that night. He would join us in the morning in the hope that we would have changed our minds about the route for the pleasure of having his omniscience at our disposal. I replied that I would go by any route he liked—they were all new to me—but that he must come to our camp at once to be ready. The Amir went off, I thought, with a heavy heart, knowing that he was merely deferring an inevitable disappointment, but even he was not prepared for what had happened in fact. At any rate I had been sleeping for half an hour when the sound of whispering by my bed-side awoke

me. Bijad had been to the man’s house only to find that he had saddled up his Dhalul and fled without further thought of his wife’s embrace. ‘ Would you,’ said the Amir, ‘ have

me have his house burned down? Iam ready to punish the man as you direct.’ ‘No,’ I replied, ‘why should he accompany me if he doesn’t want to? I merely asked Rushaid to find me a guide, and this is what always happens when I ask a service of him. All he can do is to talk loudly

and vainly.’ And then Rushaid did begin to talk about the strenuous efforts he had made. If now I would forgive Dabbi

all would be well. But that I declined to do, and next day the pantomime was complete and I had an ample and satisfying revenge. Dabbi followed me like a whipped cur always within earshot, and my companions showed an astonishing interest in the geographical features of the march in the hope

that I might find illumination in the loud answers of the discredited guide. At first all went well. The Tuwaiq was Tuwaiq and could

be nothing else—an arid calcareous plateau sloping gently up to a divide from which it sloped gently down. Behind us lay the long line of rose-pink sands which we already knew as Thuwairat. Some miles to the northward the beacon of Khashm Jazra marked the point where Tuwaiq had sunk for ever in a sea of sand. To our left front those sands rose in the great ridge of Nafud Dhuwaihi, continued southward by the rock wilderness of Hamada Mujazzal, beyond which the ridge of Mujazzal itself, with a ridge called Wudai’an

HOMEWARD BOUND 351 parallel to our course on the right and covering Majma’a. At this point the width of the plateau was only three miles, and we passed from it into a plain of loam-soil called Sibilla, from whose covering of Rimdh and Shih a quail started up

in solitary terror, while Jarbw’ played about from hole to hole. Beyond a clump of J'alh acacias we crossed the central depression of the plain, a sandy stream-bed trending northeast towards the Raudha of ’Aqla, in which is a water hole. The depression was rich with vegetation and in it were sheltering a pair of Hubara which flapped away lazily before our approach. Another stream-bed with a line of Sidr and Salam bushes cut across our track trending northwards to the now parallel

Nafud, and then we passed into the Hamada wilderness, where a fox slunk away over a surface black as it were with

a spread of cinders. A patch of ’Arfaj bushes compelled a halt for breakfast for camels and men, our portion being dried venison (Jalla) bought at Zilfi and rice, with Zilfi’s excellent water to wash them down. We then continued over

a bare stony plain to a depression trending north-east, Shubairima by name on account of the Shubram growth which mingled with the desert sage, beyond which lay an immense gravel plain. The low ridge of Mujazzal lay ahead, with the hill and watering of Umm Ghur away to the right. At length we reached the horizon of the ridge itself and struck the head of a Sha’vb } valley which runs down through it eastward, between low banks two miles apart. And Dabbi, loudly questioned for the benefit of my apparently unheeding ears, told us this was Sha’ib Butaira, which would lead us to the wells of Dijani, our immediate goal. And so we continued along the meandering course of the torrent-bed, crossing and recrossing it, while the valley narrowed to half a mile or less. Suddenly, towards mid-afternoon, we became aware of black

sheep grazing along the right bank of the valley and idly wondered why or how they had come so far and whence ? And then we marched through a small detached flock with women guarding it, of whom we asked, ‘ Wush ba’d al ma—how far

the watering ?’ ‘Near by,’ they replied encouragingly, ‘ you will be there before the sun-setting.’ ‘Is it Dijani,’ I asked, 1'This was in fact the head of Sha’ib ’Artawiya.

352 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS ‘or Qaiiya?’ And their answer created consternation in

our ranks: ‘La, ya rajjal—al dira 1\—’Artawiya!’ I continued on my way without remark, but Dabbi, who was behind, came up with obvious signs of embarrassment and

uneasiness. We had decided to avoid ’Artawiya like the plague and he, our guide, prating of Sha’ib Butaira, had brought us almost to the door of the lion’s den. I continued on my way in spite of his entreaties to turn aside up the slope

on our right, and it seemed to them that the disaster of a guide’s ignorance was going to be completed by my obstinacy.

By way of diversion—having not the slightest intention of risking my skin in ’Artawiya—I reminded them that it was time for their afternoon prayer, and couching my beast on the soft sand of the Sha’ib, I took out and lighted my pipe. Then they prayed uneasily and beseeched me to make haste to leave

that cursed track. I told them I would first finish my pipe. ‘ A fine guide you are,’ I said, ‘ are you not ? For, had it not been for those women we have just met, we should have been

in front of ’Artawiya by now. And won’t Ibn Sa’ud laugh when I write to him that Dabbi took us to ’Artawiya when he thought he was going to Dijani ?’

By this time Rushaid was becoming distracted with fear and I yielded to his entreaties. We breasted the slope to find ourselves on a sort of down? and in the midst of grazing flocks. Dabbi now had to ask his way of the shepherd folk, men now,

whose white head-bands proclaimed the ardour of their faith though they seemed to find nothing amiss in us. The downs seemed to be extraordinarily bare for grazing, though there was some “Arfa) and occasional grasses in the hollows, from which finally we rose to a plateau extending eastward for a

mile to a depressed plain in whose midst, in surroundings utterly dismal and unattractive, lay the town of ’Artawiya ! Barclay Raunkiaer was apparently the last European to pass this spot, and that was in 1912 when, it would seem, the first house had not yet been built. Only six and a half years

had passed and there had grown up a town of not less than 1°No, man! the town.’ 2 From this point the course of Sha’ib ’Artawiya was visible for about a mile trending north-east until lost in the folds of the plateau beyond which it would emerge into the ’Artawiya plain.

HOMEWARD BOUND 353 10,000 inhabitants, which I was the first Kuropean to look upon from afar. Since then it may have become a veritable metropolis of narrow fanaticism, but no foreigner has visited it. The first [khwan colony to be founded, it is an epitome of the Wahhabi revival, which under the wise and skilful

guidance of Ibn Sa’ud has brought the boon of peace, security and, in a measure, unity to Arabia. The town that I looked upon through my glasses from a distance of perhaps three or four miles was a landmark in history, already at this time dreaded through the length and breadth of Arabia, avoided even by Muslims professing the tenets of Wahhabism in its broader aspect, the subject of calumny, misrepresentation and hostile propaganda, in the councils of the Hijaz and

even in the ante-rooms of the Arab Bureau at Cairo. The

triumph of the movement in spite of all the obstacles placed in its way and with no weapons but miscellaneous rifles and ardent faith is one of the most thrilling and decisive episodes of history. The town lay N.N.E. of our point of vantage, comparable

to Buraida as it lay astride of a ridge in the midst of an undulating plain—a great walled city whose western ramparts flanked by a great tower at either end were clearly visible, together with that part of the interior occupying the slope on our side. I could only see a section of the south wall,

the rest of which was cut off by an intervening ridge which also prevented my seeing the other two sides. The houses seemed to be of clay, and a scattered suburb of Qasrs and

hovels lay outside the walled town a mile to the north, doubtless about the site of the wells which formerly made the

place an important halting-point on the route to Kuwait. Of vegetation there was no sign, though I was told that palms had recently been planted and that corn and vegetables were

raised by the people to supply their wants. The Najfud lay about two miles beyond the town, while the Butain, as the valley is called, was an immense rolling plain between the Mujazzal plateau and the northernmost extremity of “Arma —a mere low ridge. Having feasted our eyes on the forbidden city we descended into the parallel valley of Sha’ib Butaira and camped for the

P.A.W. Zz

night in its bed among a clump of Sidr bushes. For a

354 ARABIA OF THE WAHHABIS length of nearly a mile up and down this valley are scattered countless unlined water-holes, some twenty or more of which

contained water, though in most cases the water was foul and covered with a green slime. The cleaner wells produced remarkably good water, the depth to which varied from three fathoms in the higher ground on either side to as many feet in the saz-bed itself, which was of sandy grit and about thirty yards wide. The surface round the wells was black with the

droppings of sheep and literally swarmed with large black

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Jabal, - * Hill.’ Khashm, 3 ‘ Headland.’

Nafud, - ‘ Sand-waste.’ Qasr, ss ‘Fort’ or ‘ Grange.’ : Qusair, ys ‘ Little fort.’

Qusur, 3 ‘Forts’ or ‘ Granges.’ Sha’ib, ¥ ‘ Dry stream-bed.’ Umm, - ‘Mother of,’ 1.e. ‘ containing.’

Wadi, - ‘ Dry river-bed.’

Note 2.—Words and names occurring so frequently that it is unnecessary to index them : Ibn Sa’ud, z.e. "Abdul ’Aziz ibn "Abdul Rahman al Faisal, King of the Hijéz and Najd and its Dependencies. Arab, Arabian, Arabia, Arabic. Badawin, Badi, Badiwi, etc. Britain, British, Great Britain, English, England, etc. Hijaz, Hyazt, King of the Hijaz, ete.

Husain, King Husain, etc. |

Ikhwan. Islam, Islamic, etc. Muhammad, Muhammadan, Muslim, The Prophet, etc. Najd, Najdi, ete. Quran, Quranic, etc.

A "Abdul ’Aziz ibn ’Abdul Latif ibn 259, 263 "Abdul ’Aziz ibn Dugaithir, q.v.

"Abad (Mantle), 8, 145, 148, 251, 257, *"Abdul Wahbhab, gq.v.

"Abadilah (Ashraf), 108 "Abdul ’Aziz ibn Faisal al Duwish,

"Abadilah (Mutair), 304, 354 q.v. Abal Lisan, q.v. "Abdul ’Aziz ibn Hasan, q.v. Abal Safi, Sha’ib, 80 "Abdul ’Aziz ibn Hasan, Sultan ibn, Aban, Jabal, 236 v. Hasan "Abbas al Fallaji, q.v. "Abdul ’Aziz ibn Khuraiyif, q.v. "Abd (pl. ’Abid), 50-2, 55, 65 "Abdul ’Aziz ibn Maiman, q.v.

*Abd, Nukhail al, 340-1 "Abdul ’?Aziz ibn Mit’ab ibn Rashid,

°Abd, Qusur al (Zilfi), 346-7 q.v.

365 Bassam, g.v.

"Abda (Shammar), 18, 32, 220, 227, | “Abdul “Aziz ibn Muhammad al ’Abdillah, Bani, v. ’Abadilah and | ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Qunaiyir, q.v.

Bani “Abdullah Abdul ’Aziz ibn Ruba’i, q.v.

"Abdul ’Ali al ’Ali, g¢.v. "Abdul ’Aziz ibn Sa’d, q.v.

"Abdul ’Aziz al Tamimi, g.v. "Abdul ’Azizibn Yahaya al Dhukair,

"Abdul ’Aziz ibn ’Abdullah al q.v.

Sulaim, q.v. -Abdul ’Aziz ibn Zamil, q.v. 397

398 INDEX "Abdul ’Aziz ibn Zamil, “Abdul | ’Abdul Rahman ibn Sulaiman al

Rahman ibn, v. Zamil Jammaz al Shuwaimi, q.v.

"Abdul ’Aziz (of Kuwait), 189 "Abdul Rahm4n ibn Suwailim, q.v. “Abdul Hamid al Masri, q.v. "Abdul Rahman ibn Thunaian, g.v. ‘Abdul Hamid (Sultan of Turkey), | "Abdul Razzaq (slave), 8

202 "Abdul Wahhab, ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn

"Abdul Karim al ’Agaili, Fahad ibn, "Abdul Latif ibn, 56

v. ’Agaili "Abdul Wahhab, ’Abdullah ibn, 12,

"Abdul Karim ibn Subaihi, qg.v. 56, 99, 103 "Abdullah al Bassam, g.v. "Abdul Wabhab, Muhammad ibn, 75 "Abdullah al Bassam, Fahad ibn, v. | "Abdul Wahhab, Muhammad ibn

Bassam (of Washm), 103

"Abdullah al Ghammias, q.v. "Abdul Wahhab, Muhammad ibn, ‘Abdullah al Nafisi, g.v. "Abdullah ibn, 123 "Abdullah ai Subai’i, g.v. "Abid (pl. of ’Abd), 310, 372 ‘Abdullah al Sulaim, ’Abdul ’Aziz | Ablag, Qasr, 306

ibn, v. Sulaim Ablag, Qi’an, 306

*Abdullah al Sulaiman, gq.v. Abraham, 264 "Abdullah al Tarudi, q.v. Abraq, Al (Shamasiya), 338 "Abdullah, Bani (Mutair), 141 Abwab, 365

‘Abdullah ibn ’Abdul Rahman ibn | Acacia (v. Taih and Salam), 351

Sa’ud, g.v. "Adaim al Falq, g.v.

*"Abdullah ibn ’Abdul Wahhab, g.v. | ’Adaim sand-hills (Kuwait), 377

"Abdullah ibn ’Ali al Sulaim, q.v. "Adain (Wadi Rima), 182

’Abdullah ibn ’Askar, q.v. "Adan, Umm (Summ§n), 361

’Abdullaéh ibn Faisal ibn Sa’td, g.v. | Adh’ad, Al, 132 "Abdullah ibn Husain, Sharif, 22,39, | Adhdn (call to prayer), 6, 60, 195,

100-2, 104, 111 242

"Abdullah ibn Jiluwi, q.v. Adh’an, Shaikh (Rashidi), 336 "Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn | Adhil, Salih al, 85-6

Mu’ammar, g.v. Adhir (plant), 127, 176, 184, 302,

‘Abdullah ibn Muhanna, Muham- | — 346, 359

mad ibn, v. Muhanna Adhir al Safra (plant), 144

"Abdullah ibn Nasban, q.v. Adultery, 291 "Abdullah ibn Rashid, q.v. ‘Adwan ibn Riméal, g.v. "Abdullah ibn Sallim, q.v. "Afariya, 128

Sa’ud Afghanistan, 2

"Abdullah ibn Sa’ud, Turki ibn, v. | Affaisan, Sa’d ibn, 61

"Abdullah Sa’id, Doctor, 123-4, | Aflaj, Al, 8, 29, 35, 61 128-9, 130-1, 134, 167, 169, 181, | Africa, South, 257

191-2, 207, 219, 226-8, 236, 239, | Agriculture, 44, 87, 182, 251, 266 242-3, 245-6, 253-6, 259-60, 262, | Ahad’ashar, Umm (or Samha, long 265, 268, 270-1, 273-8, 287, 290-3, British rifle), 284

324-6 Ahmad ibn Jabir ibn Subah, g.v.

*"Abdullah Sum’&an, q.v. Ahmad ibn Suwai’ar, g.v.

“Abdul Latif ibn “Abdul Wahhab, | Ahmad ibn Thunaian, q.v.

"Abdul ’Aziz ibn, v. “Abdul | Ahmad (i.e. the Prophet), 286 Wahhab Ahmad (of Delhi), 113 "Abdul Muttalib, 108 Ahmar (red, or bay—of horses), 274

"Abdul Qadir ibn Thunaian, q.v. ‘Aidh (Qahtant of Huftif), 226 ‘Abdul Rahman al ’Anqari, q.v. ’Aidh (slave), 195 "Abdul Rahman al Bassam, q.v. *Aidh, Umm, 130

ibn, v. Bassam 294

‘Abdul Rahman al Bassim, Ibrahim | ’Aiyadh (slave, v. ’Ayadh), 234, 261,

’Abdul Rahman al Dakhil, q.v. ‘Aiyariya, 178 "Abdul Rahman al Salih, g.v. *Ajaimi ibn Sa’dun, q.v. "Abdul Rahman ibn “Abdul ’Aziz | ’Ajairimdn (plant), 157

ibn Zamil, g.v. ‘Ajfar, v. “Aqfar

‘Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal ibn | ’Ajil, ’Aq&b ibn, 17, 218, 220

Sa’ud, q.v. "Ajil, Majid ibn, 17

’Abdul Rahman ibn Mu’ammar, g.v. | °A77jGj (sandstorm or dust-devil), 142

INDEX 399 ’Ajlan, ? ibn, 82 226-9, 231, 233-296, 298, 300, 302,

"Ajlan, Qasr, 82 308-9, 313, 318, 325, 338, 357

"Ajm, Al (Persia or Kurdistan), 274 | ’Anagir ( Angari, Bani Tamim), 92,

"Ajman (’Ajami), 30, 33, 36-7, 46-7, 97

58-61, 98-103, 123, 189, 211, 222, | "Anaza (Anazt), 71, 221, 226, 230,

294, 334, 356, 362, 375 298, 307, 317, 322

"Ajran ibn Faisal ibn Sahub, q.v. "Anbari, Sha’ib, 97

*Ajuza (Buraida), 330 Aneroid, 269

Akhir (evening prayer), 7, 293 Anjabiya, 366 Akhu Hasana, Rushaid, q.v. "Angari, “Abdul Rahman al, 93 *"Akkash (Jabal Shammar), 298 Ants, 354 *Alaiya, Sha’ib, 146, 150-1 Aphrodisiacs, 255 *Alaiya (Mudhnib), 146, 150-1 Apricot, 301

’Alaiyan family, 198 "Aqab ibn ’Ajil, qv. *Alaiyan ibn Dhamna, q.v. "Aqab, Rijm, 361

Alanda (plant), 135, 369 "Aqaba, 39, 221

Albino, 60 "Aqail CAqgailt), 27 Aleppo, 223 _ "Aqaila, 146, 150 Ali, Abdul’ Ali al, 259-260, 274 ’Aqailat ibn Sukhail, q.v.

"Ali al Bassam, q.v. "Aqaili, Fahad ibn “Abdul Karim al,

’Ali al Sha/’aithan, q.v. 147-8, 235-6 "Ali al Sulaim, q.v. "Aqal (Ajal), Ardh, 359

Ali al Tarudi, q.v. "Aqal (camel-halter, head-band), 68, "Ali, Bani (Harb), 233, 315 106, 251, 258-9

*Ali (Caliph), 67 "Aqda, v. Zilfi Janubiya

*Ali ibn Hamad al Markham, q.v. "Aqfar (? “Ajfar), 296, 299

>Aliibn Husain, Sharif, 99, 111 "Aqla, Raudha, 351

q.v. "Aqni (Jarba’), 218

‘Ali ibn Muhammad al Sulaiman, | ’Aqla (Thuwairat), 340

"Ali ibn Qannur, q.v. ‘Aqil (camel-thorn), 85 "Ali ibn Qannur, Nasir ibn, v. | ’?Agil (Khubtb), 233

Qannur Arab Bureau, 38, 353

"Ali ibn Salih al Khunaini, g.v. Ardd (plant), 157

"Ali ibn Talib, q.v. ’Arafa, Al (pl. ’Araif, ¢.v.), 49 "Ali ibn Zamil, q.v. ’Arafa, Muhammad ibn Sa’ud al, 59 "Ali (of Muraijisiya), 229, 232 ’Arafa, Salman ibn Muhammad al, °Ali, Thulth abu, v. Thulth 192, 194, 216

Ali, Wadi abi, v. Thulth abi Ali | ’Ardfa, Sa’iid al, 36, 44, 54, 59, 65,

"Alum, v. ’Ulama 108, 316

Allenby, General, 332, 375 *Arafa, Sultan ibn Sa’ud al, 59 ’Alwa (Mutair), 32, 144, 366, 378 "Arafat, 251], 264

Alyas, 282 *Araidh, 80, 83 "Amaidi, v. Humaidi ’Araif, Al, v. ’Arafa

"Amara, Mitrak ibn, v. Mitrak *Araimdhi (Khubub), 230

"Amara (Iraq), 166, 218 *Arainaét (Amir Subai’), 84 "Amara (Wadi Rima), 176 "Araigq Duhul, q.v. ’"Amarat (Anaza), 220-2 *Araiq Majda, q.v.

Ambala, 113 ’Araira, Sha’ib, 246 America (American, etc.), 2, 25 "Araira (Zilfi), 246 ’Amir, Al (Sirr), 136 "Ar’ar, v. Judaida

‘Amir, Bani (Subai’), 33-4 Ararat, v. Juda "Amir (of Wuthailan), 140 Ardh, Al, 131-2 "Ammal (pl. of ’Amil, tenant- | Ardh ’Agal, q.v.

labourer), 151 "Arfaj (shrub), 77, 127, 1385, 307, "Ammariya, 74 316-8, 339, 351-2, 358, 361, 369,

Ammunition, v. Arms _ 3738, 377

"Amr, Bani (Harb), 233 ’Aridh, 44, 72, 181, 245, 322

"Amudiyat, Qasr, 308-9, 315 "Arma, 78, 353-4, 358

"Anaiza, 86, 93, 113, 141, 147, 155, | Armah (Mustawi), 339 157-9, 160-179, 182-3, 187, 190-3, | Armenian, 10, 265-6 199, 201, 205, 209, 211, 217-9, 222, | Armistice, 376

400 INDEX Arms, 17, 20-1, 31-2, 42, 44, 48, 55-6, | Ausa’, Sha’ib, 125 59, 61, 101, 104, 111-2, 151, 192, | ’Aushaz, Khabb al, 186

200, 205, 211, 216, 220-1, 229, | ’Aushaz (shrub), 77, 316

231, 239, 245, 251, 283-4, 292, 302, | ’Aushaziya, 154, 156-61, 328-9

308-9, 311, 313-4, 316, 318-20, | “Aushaziya, Mamlaha, 154-9, 305 332, 334, 353, 361, 364, 368, 372, | Austria (Austrian), 24, 205, 237,

375, 70-1 382"Awazim, 252, 376 "Argqa, 37, 294 Argqab al Bugara, q.v. "Awwad, Khubbat, 130

337, 359 371-2

‘Arta (shrub), 77, 127-8, 144, 327, | ’Ayadh (v. ’Aiyadh), 321, 359-61,

’Arta, Umm (Thuwairat), 340 "“Ayaida, 169 "Artawi, Sha’ib (Artawiya), 354 "Ayaina, Sha/’ib, 76 "Artawi, Sha’ib (Sirr), 133-4 "Ayaina (Sirr), 135-6

’Artawi, Qasr, 133-4, 148 "Aiyana (Wadi Hanifa), 73-6

’Artawiya, 18-9, 33, 102, 107, 110- | ’Azib (at grazing), 110 119, 232, 296, 325, 340, 348-9, 352, 354-5

’Artawiya, Sha’ib, 351-2, 354 B

"Artawiya (Thuwairat), 340 Bab al Qasr (Buraida), 186-7, 197

Artesian wells, 280 Bab al Qibliya (Buraida), 197 Artillery, v. Arms Bab al Sabakh (Buraida), 197 Asfar (grey of horses), 274 Baddah, Salman ibn, 242-4

-Asfir (sparrow, small bird), 267 Baddah, Bijéd ibn, 243, 245, 247-

’Asha (evening prayer), 7 250 ’Ashaira, 40, 56, 100 Baghawi, Al, 46

’Ashaira, Sha’ib Abu, 141 Baghdad (Baghdddt), 17-8, 20, 27,

"Ashara, Sha’ib, 114, 120 30-1, 38, 42-3, 46-7, 191, 194,

’Ashara, Umm (old pattern Mauser), 211, 218, 220, 252, 268, 270, 273,

284 283, 293, 300, 331, 333, 357, 376,

’Ashari, Sha’ib (Safa), 365 382

*Ashawain, Bain al (between sunset | Bahrain, 25-6, 30, 41, 43, 66, 106-7,

and evening prayer), 295 166, 218, 236, 243-5, 267, 285, 309, Ashqar (Chestnut, of horses), 274 316 Ashraf (Sharifian clan), 134 Baidha Nathil, q.v. ’Asir, 44, 98-9 Baihis, 358, 360 ’Askar, “Abdullah ibn, 31 Bairag (standard), 18, 112, 124, 148, Aslam (Shammar), 33, 37, 57, 196, 160, 214, 294, 315, 318, 320

222, 335, 359, 364, 371 Bairut, 375

Asqul, Sha’ib, 144 Batiyan, v. Egg-fruit

"Asr (afternoon), 147, 254, 260 Baiyid, Al, v. “Ubaiyid Ass, v. donkey Bakkain, 77-8 Ass, Wild, 223 Bakr, Abu (Caliph), 249 Astronomy, (slave), Asyah, 137,272 232Balal Baluchi, 11855 Asyah Nafutd, 307 Bamiya (lady’s fingers), 168

’Ataiba ( Ataibi, ’Atabi, pl.’Ataban), | Baqa’a (Jabal Shammar), 247 19, 21, 85, 100, 111, 122, 128, 132, | Baqa’a, Mu’aiwij, 298 201, 212, 214, 226, 232, 274, 344, | Barasa (? Baraza, ’Alwa), 366

381 Barhi (date), 280

’Ataiyiq, Sha’ib, 154 Barjisiya (Shamasiya), 338 "Ataiyig, dim. of ’Atiq, qg.v. Barley, 116, 215, 231 "Atallah (slave), 29, 63 Barnaba (St. Barnabas), 286

Athamir (Wadi Rima), 178 Barqa, RY al, 80

"Atiq (Ataiyiq) ibn Muhammad al | Barqash ibn Jabrin, g.v.

Sulaiman, q.v. Barra, 81-4, 172

Ats, Hafar al, 58, 123, 189 Barud (Bawarid), 282, 377

Ats, Sha’ib, 80, 84-5 Basalt, 70, 128

’Atshan, Shaiyit, 369 Bashir (bringer of good tidings),

"Aud, Al (Riyadh), 25 298-9

"Auda, Qasr (Buraida), 330 Bashtk, 19, 194, 218

INDEX 401 Basra, 22, 26-7, 43, 112, 124, 166, | Binto, v. Napoleon

169, 190, 198, 202, 211-2, 215, 218, | Bir (game like golf), 116 239-40, 245, 258-9, 262, 268, 273, | Birzan (? Barasa, g.v. Mutair), 378

280, 283, 290, 301, 357 Bisha, 21, 56, 98

Basra Times (newspaper), 288, 290 | Brshara (good news), 21, 42, 309 Bassam, ’Abdul ’Aziz al, 222, 276 Bishr, ? ibn (historian), 272

Bassam, “Abdullah al (friend of | Bishri, Nasir al, v. Nasir

Doughty), 167, 222, 261 Bisht (Aba), 52

Bassam, “Abdullah ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz | Busr (half-ripe dates), 45

al, 261, 265-6, 278-81, 291 Blockade, 18, 27-8, 32-3, 40, 276, Bassam, “Abdullah ibn Fahad al, 316, 381

250 Blood-money, v. Diya

Bassam, ’“Abdul Rahman al, 250, | Boat-building, 382

265, 278-9 Bombay, 40, 168, 205, 216, 218, 258, Bassam, ’Ali al, 278 267, 274, 285, 294.

Bassam, Fahad ibn ’Abdullah al, | Book (People of a book, Ahl kiiab),

167, 245, 249-50, 260-1, 269-70, 69

275-6, 281, 288, 291 Boreyda (v. Buraida), 186

Bassam (eponymous ancestor of | Brand (Wasm), 52-3

family), 282 Bread, 36, 77, 209, 243, 265, 363

Bassam family, 177, 261, 266, 269, | Bruma (Mustawi), 339

275, 281 Budai’a (Qasim), 234

Bassam family-tree, 383-92 Budai’a (Riyadh), 24 Bassam, Fatima bint Fahad al, 245 | Budaiya, v. Budai’a Bassam, Hamad al (first to settle at | Bughaili, 134

"Anaiza), 281 Building, 57, 253

Bassam, Hamad ibn Muhammad al, | Bukairiya, 26, 207, 229, 231, 234

269, 282 Bulaida, Qasr, 81

Bassam, Ibrahim ibn ’Abdul Rah- | Bulgaria, 375

man al, 250 Buqara, Arqab al, 130

Bassam, Muhammad ibn ’Abdullah | Buqum (Buqtémi), 213

al, 222, 275, 279 Buraida, 30, 56, 86, 104, 107, 113,

Bassam, ? ibn Fahad al, 250 126, 155, 157-8, 160, 162, 174-6, Bassam, Qasr (Barud), 282 182, 185-223, 225, 227, 229, 232-3, Batha, Al, 25, 58 235, 238, 241, 245-6, 268-9, 293-4, Bath-rooms, 199, 203, 242 296, 299-300, 304-5, 308, 314, 316,

Batin al Hawar, g.v. 321-5, 328-31, 336, 338, 345, 348, Batin, Hafar al, v. Hafar 353, 372, 376, 378, 382 Batin (Wadi Hanifa), 34, 52, 69-70, | Buraida Nafud, 160, 178-9, 181-2,

78 184-5, 194-7, 210, 223, 228, 232,

Batin (Wadi Rima continuation), 234-5, 303-5, 330, 336

366 Buraida Safra, 126, 185, 201, 209-10, Bats, 45 Sha’ib, Buraih (Mutair), 32, 144, 211, 366, Bautha, 76 372, 378 Batin (Zilfi), 243, 245, 248 228, 230, 232, 304-5, 330 Batra, Nafud, 125-7, 337 Buraih (cook), 237

Bawarid, v. Barud Buraim (date), 280 Bazi, Abdullah ibn. 328-9 Buraiga, Al (Qara’a), 369 Bazm (Summan), 363 Burial, 53

Beans, Burj Minhath, Beetles,138 360 Burma, 258q.v.

Belgium, 253 Burqan ridge, 373, 377 Belhaven and Stenton, Lord, v. | Busar, 229, 231-3

Hamilton Buta (Buraida), 197

Benachi, A. L., 215 Butain, Al (Artawiya), 353-4

Bengal, 113 Butain, Al (Buraida), 230, 304, 307, Bey (Turkish title), 364 315 Bhimoiwala (Parsee firm), 205 Butaira, Sha’ib, 351-4 Bigamy, 291 Butin, Al (Dhruma), 79-80 Bijad ibn Baddah, q.v. Butin, Al (Washm), 87-8, 92-3, 97,

Bile, 254. 114,20 120, 122 P.A.W.

402 INDEX Butter, 35, 86, 238, 250, 334 Cockchafer, 45

Buttermilk, 168 Coffee, 7, 10-1, 14, 34-5, 58, 63, 70-1,

Butterflies, 64 81, 89, 96-7, 106, 119, 124, 128, Buwahil (Bani Tamim), 143 130, 186, 147, 158, 162, 164-7, 169, 184, 192, 200, 211, 220, 222, 232, 236-7, 240, 242-8, 250-1, 256,

C 258-9, 262, 264, 267-9, 277, 279,

Caffeine (Qahwa, q.v.), 281 289, 294, 298, 316, 324, 328, 337,

Cairo, 3, 20, 38, 213, 242, 252, 267-8, 340, 343-5, 349, 364.

331-2, 353 Coffee-hearth (parlour), 90, 105-7, Caleutta, 237 242, 250, 259-60, 289-90, 328, 337, Cairo, Zoological Gardens, 3 147-8, 162, 164-5, 202-3, 209, 236,

Caliphate, 381 339, 344-5

Cambridge, 10 Cokas (nickname of Sir P. Cox), 202 Camel, 29, 31-3, 37, 52, 60, 62, 68, | Companions (of the Prophet), 46, 74, 77-9, 89, 96, 100, 110-1, 116, 72-3, 94 119, 123-5, 127, 129, 131, 144, 146, | Coneubines, 199

155, 157, 176, 188, 198, 213, 220, | Constantine, King, 276 222, 226-7, 235, 241, 247, 261, 296, | Constantinople, 17, 39, 98, 221, 289,

298-9, 302, 304, 307, 311, 314-5, 291

318, 324, 328, 333, 335, 342, 346, | Cotton, 69, 205-6, 228, 346 348, 351, 354, 359-63, 365-6, 368, | Cows, 64, 115, 122, 168, 237, 241,

370, 372-5, 378 243, 261, 338, 342 Camel-equipment, 205 300

Camel-dung, 117, 367, 371 Cox, the Hon. Sir P. Z., 202, 211,

Camel-graziers, 105, 235 Cremation, 53

Camel-meat, 93, 125, 200, 309, 316, | Croton-oil, 267

325 Cunhffe-Owen, Lt.-Col. F. G., v.

Camel (milch-camels, v. Mish), 22, Owen

41, 54, 64, 130 Curb (bit), 59

372 Currants, 256

Camel-milk, 124, 215, 232, 307, 359, | Curds, 253, 265 Camel-skin, 125 Camel, speed of, 71

Camel-thorn, v. ’Aqil D

Camel-trade, 113, 191 Da’aij, Khalid ibn, 89

Camel (for well-traction), 35, 115, | Da’as, Dahham ibn, v. Dahham 122, 149-50, 194, 229, 241, 260-1, | Dab, Rijm al, 362

279, 293, 306, 338, 365 Daban depression, 354 Canopus, v. Suhail Dabbi (of Mutair), 341-2, 350-2, 357, Cardamum, v. Hail 362, 372 Caspian Sea, 270, 290 Dahal (water-hole), 361

Cat, 3, 26, 45, 167 Dehash, ? ibn, 347

Catholic, 4 Dahhém ibn Da’as34(? Daham ibn Cawnpore, 112 Dawwas), Cemetery, 52-3, 92, 105, 115, 148, | Dahina, 19, 85, 110, 296

150, 163, 175, 310 Dahna (Dahan4a), 19, 30, 32, 48, 86, Cereals, 87 129, 175-6, 233, 357-62 Chain v. Silsila Dahtra (Wadi Rima), 329-30, 336

Chalk, 132 Daisi, 230 Cheesman, R. E., 349 Dakhaini (? Dataini, date), 90

Chicken, 168, 209, 237, 243 Dakhil, ’Abdul Rahman al, 201

China (Chinese), 272 Dakhil, Muhammad ibn, 27 Christian (Christianity, etc.), 3, 23, | Dakhil, Sulaiman al, 201 26, 29, 43, 77, 242, 270, 285-6, 293 | Dakina, 12, 15

Circassian, 108, 265 Dakmaniya, Raudha, 307 Circumcision, 367, 369 Dalqan, Nafud, 126

Citron, 116, 230, 232 Damascus, 17-8, 29, 101, 220-2, 242, Chmate, v. Temperature 249, 252, 268, 275, 331, 375

Clocks (Clockwork), 245, 278 Damigh hill, 369 Coal, 295 Damthi, 135, 140

INDEX 403 Dancing, 256, 261 Dhil Hyja, v. Ayja Daramiya, Jau, 131 Dhruma, 79-80

Dar’iya, 34, 44, 69, 71, 75-6 Dhid (pl. Dhidan, herd of camels),

Dar’iya (breed of camels), 127 37

Darwaza Shargiya (Anaiza), 173 Dhuhairi gate (Riyadh), 52, 69

Darwish, 42 Dhukair, “Abdul ’Aziz ibn Yahaya

Darwish, Dhaidan ibn (Mutair), 304 al, 243, 251, 266, 286

Dastigar, 84 Dhukair family, 243 Dataini (? Dakhaini, date), 71 Dhukair, Hamad ibn Muhammad al,

Dates, 6, 25, 35, 38, 45, 51, 56, 58, 166 71, 73, 86, 90, 96, 116, 124, 127, | Dhukair, Muhammad ibn Ahmad al, 142, 149, 158-9, 162, 168-9, 184, 258

192, 200, 209, 215, 217, 243, 251, | Dhukair, Mugbil ibn, 166, 243-5, 253, 256, 260, 265, 271, 280, 287, 255, 258, 266-7, 282, 284-6, 300 301, 306, 311, 316, 328, 334, 337, | Dhukair, Sulaiman al, 165-6, 266-7,

340, 342-3, 356, 378 283 Datura, 281 Dhukair, Sulaiman ibn Yahaya al,

Daula (Ottoman Government), 99 243, 251

Dawasir (Dausart), 8, 58, 88-9, 198, | Dhukair, Yahaya al (of Doughty's

226, 233, 328, 368 time), 242

Dawasir, Wadi, 8-9, 18, 38, 45, 58, | Dhukair, Yahaya ibn, 163, 166, 61-2, 66, 159, 184-5, 217, 226, 311 243-4, 254-5, 258, 266-7, 284

Dayil, Ibrahim ibn, 89 Dhukair, ? bint Ahmad al (wife of

Dayil, Qustr, 87-8 Ibn Sa’ud), 166, 193, 258 Deer (v. Gazelle), 48 Dhulaiyim, 336

Dayil (Wudda’in Dawéasir), 88 Dhulai’a, 174, 240, 260-1, 295

Delhi, 113 Dhumaid ibn Juwai’a, g.v. Dew, 370 Dhuwaihi Nafud, 350-1

Desert, Eastern, 32, 58 Dhuwaibi, Nahis ibn (Harb), 61, 99

Dha@a (grass), 116, 128 Diamonds, 258 Dha’ar ibn Razi, g.v. Dibba (immature locust), 248 Dhaba’, Murair al (hyena’s bile), 254 | Dibdiba, 307, 363, 370

Dhaba’ ridge (Dibdiba), 370 Dietz lamps, 278 Dhab’a (Jabal Shammar), 298 Dilam, 117

Dhaba’, Rijlat al, 370 Dijani, 351-2, 354-5, 357-9, 364

Dhaba’a, 296 Dimal (manure), 279 Dhabat (Anaiza), 174, 261, 278 Diqla (v. Khokha, date), 260

Dhabb (Horny-tailed Lizard), 45, | Dira, Al (Artawiya), 352

364 Dira, Al (Hasa desert), 60

Dhabba, Sha’ib, 155-6 Dirija, Khabb, 230

Dhabi, Dhaharat al, 363 Divorce, 193-4, 222, 265

364 Doctors, 25

Dhabitiya (Zaptiya, Gendarmerie), | Diya (Blood-money), 123

Dhafir, 274, 362 Dogs, 26, 367

Dhafir, Tawal al, 366 Dollar, v. Maria Theresa Dhaha, ’Id al, v. ’Id Donkey, 35, 45, 64, 94, 115-6, 122, Dhahara (Dar’iya), 71 141, 241, 261, 340, 358, 378 Dhaharat al Dhabi, q.v. Doomsday, 249

Dhaidan ibn Darwish, q.v. Doughty, C. M., 45, 56, 110, 162-5,

Dhaina, 83 167, 170, 176-7, 182, 187, 196, 198,

Dhaluél (riding-camel), 36-7, 42, 66, 222, 238-42, 246-7, 249-50, 252, 68, 120, 125, 127, 135, 145, 176, 259-61, 265-7, 272-4, 280, 286, 218, 227, 229, 231, 297, 319, 350, 293, 295, 301-2

357, 372, 378 Dresden, 245

354 Drum, 249

Dhamna, ’Alaiyan ibn (Mutair), 304, | Drugs (v. Medicines), 56

Dharas, 229-30 Dughaim (? Dughaiyim), Fahad ibn,

Dhari ibn Tawala, g.v. 222

Dharr, Sha’ib Umm al, 349 Duhtl, ’Araiq, 360

Dhawi Zaid, q.v. Dulaima, 166, 169-70 Dhawi ibn Fuhaid, q.v. Dumair (Syria), 221

404 INDEX Dugaithir, "Abdul ’Aziz ibn, 61 Faisal hummock (Kara’), 369

Dushan (pl. of Duwish), 366 Faisal ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Sa’td, Duwaihara (Shamasiya), 338 Faisal ibn Hamtd ibn Rashid, q.v.

Duwadami, 106 G.v.

Duwash (Buraida), 197 Faisal ibn Hashr, q.v.

366 "Ajran 366 Faisal ibn Turki ibn Sa’ud, q.v.

Duwish, Faisal al, 18, 22, 44, 102, | Faisal ibn Sa’d ibn Sa’ud, 34 107, 109, 211, 247, 297, 316, 323, | Faisal ibn Sahub, ’Ajran ibn, v. Duwish, ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Faisal al, | Faisal ibn Thunaian, q.v. Faiz, Musa’id ibn, 120

E Fajr al kadhib (false dawn), 5

Eagle (Nasr), 360 Fajr al sadic (true dawn), 6

Ecbatana, 8.8., 292 Fakhri Pasha (Turkish commandant

Echpse, 290 63 at Madina), 99, 278 Eczema, Falcon (v. Hawk), 84 Education, 244, 255, 266 Falj (Falq), 130, 327 Egg-fruit (Battinjan), 209, 288, 292 | Fallaji, "Abbas al, 202-3, 316, 331 Eggs, 168, 209 Fallow, 88, 153 Eggs (of locust), 248 Falq, “Adaim al, 234

Egypt (Egyptian), 3, 62, 167, 194, | Fara’a (Washm), 120-2, 124-5, 146

215, 226, 292, 325, 332, 357 Fara’at al Mudhlim, q.v. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 257 Faraj, Abul (of Madina), 283

Enfield Carbine, v. Umm Taj Fara), Jabir ibn, v. Jabir

Epilepsy, 275 Farawwah, Sha’ib Abal, 85 Euphrates, 18 Farhud, ? ibn (Liqa), 347

Europe (European), 26, 53, 163,187, | Farida (? Farda), v. Frida. 194, 207, 215, 221, 237, 239, 246, | Faris, Hamad ibn, 50 249-50, 252, 271, 291, 293, 352-3, | Faris, ? ibn (horse-dealer), 274

355 Farq, Al, 126 Euting, J., 246 Faruthi, 142 Hye-diseases, 219, 2538, 293 Fatima bint Fahad al Bassam, q.v. Fauzan, ? ibn, 337 Fawaris al Shaqaq, qv.

F Fawwaz, Sharif Zaid ibn, v. Zaid Fadhl, Qusur, 155 Fever, 45, 51-2, 132

Fadhl, Salih al, 168-9, 211, 239-40, | Fig, 34-5, 116, 162, 168-9, 173, 209,

250, 265, 277-8, 288, 291, 300 288, 301

Fahad al Dughaim, g.v. Finajin, Umm al (Dijani), 355

q.v. Firm, Muhsin al, 297

Fahad ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Sa’td, | Firm (Bani ’Ali Harb), 307, 315

q.v. Fir’un, Musa, 29

Fahad ibn ’Abdul Karim al ’Agaili, | Firtn, Muhammad Taufig, 29 Fahad ibn ’Abdullah al Bassam, q.v. | Fish, 249, 292 Fahad ibn ’Abdullah ibn Jiliwi, g.v. | Flies, 209, 362, 365

Fahad ibn Hadhdhal, g.v. Flint, 88

Fahad ibn Ma’attiqa, g.v. Fodder, 45, 77, 136, 200, 205 Fahad ibn Mu’ammar, g.v. Fornication, 291

Fahad ibn Rimal, q.v. Fossils, 78

Fahad ibn Sa’d ibn Sa’ud, 25, 34 Fox, 24, 351

Fahhad ibn Mitrak, g.v. France (French), 40, 123, 163, 252-3, Fahhad, Muhammad ibn, 29, 35 302

Faid, 247 252 Faidha (Sirr), 134-6 Frida (Harb), 233

Fahma, Ra’i al (v. Ma’attigqa), 37 Fransawt (Maria Theresa dollar),

Faidhat al Haml, q.v. Fuel, 64, 260, 366, 371, 378 Faidhat al Sulubi, g¢.v. Fuhaid, ’Ain ibn, 127, 232 Faiqa, al, 80 Fuhaid, Dhawi ibn (Ataiba), Faisal al Duwish, q.v. Fuhaid (of royal suite), 316 Faisal al Duwish, “Abdul ’Aziz ibn, | Fuqm Sa&ajir, q.v.

v. Duwish Furaiduni (melon), 295

100

INDEX 405 Furaithan, 19, 85, 110, 126, 142, H.

296, 355 Haba, 358, 363, 365, 381

Furugh, Khashm, 96 Habib (Rosenthal), 285

Furugh ridge, 95 Habil, Turaif al, v. Turaif Hadba Qidhla, 132 Hadhafa Salbukh, qv.

G Hadhdhal, Fahad ibn, 17, 220-1

Games (v. Bir, Hadraq), 356 Hadhdhal, Hamad ibn Mash’an ibn,

Gazelle, 49, 140, 217, 223, 237, 242, 221-3, 226-7, 253, 261, 276, 317

284, 324, 360, 369, 370-2 Hadhdhal ibn Hadhdhal (’Ataiba), Genealogical Tree, 281, 383-392, 100

395 Hadhdhal ibn Khaima, q.v.

Geology, 257 Hadhdhal, Mit’ab ibn Fahad ibn,

German (Germany), 26, 30, 220, 245, 220

251-3, 270, 276, 302, 376 Hadhiya (Thuwairat), 340

Ghadha (shrub), 233, 250, 327, 337 | Hadhn, 40

Ghadhari, Magarr al, 221 Hadhr (townsfolk), 312 Ghadhban ibn Rimal, g.v. Hadi, Al (Ajman), 37 Ghadidda, Sha’ib, 80 Hadi, ’Uwaiyidh ibn (Safran), 60 Ghadir, Wadi, 114, 120 Hadith (Traditions), 286 Ghaf (dwarf willow or poplar), 69 Hadra (caravan), 347, 371

Ghaf (Khubub), 228, 304 Hadran, 212 Ghafila (Sinjaéra), 218 Hadraq (Hadraj—a game), 117

Ghaifa (Zilfi), 347 Hafar al Ats, v. Ats at San’a), 44 Haidhal, Manahi ibn (’Ataiba), 122

Ghalib Pasha (Turkish commandant | Hafar al Batin, 18, 32, 212, 362, 381

Ghalga (poisonous plant), 281 Haifa (Anaiza), 292 Ghammas (Khubub), 232-4 Hail (Cardamum), 58, 200 Ghammas, ’Abdullah al, 233 Hail, 10, 16-9, 35, 41, 56, 68, 70, 86, Ghannam, ? ibn (historian), 272 98, 102-4, 109, 116, 171, 185, 188,

Gharib (of Huftf), 227 195, 202, 209-1], 213-4, 218, Gharraf (Iraq), 274 220-4, 227, 247, 276, 292, 294, Ghat (Sudair), 146, 343 296-300, 304, 312, 315, 319, 328, Ghatghat, 19, 84, 110, 123, 296, 355 332, 335, 357, 362, 378, 382

Ghazi (Aslam), 359 Haimid (cousin of Rushaid), 68 Ghazi (Harb), 228-9, 232, 287, 324 Haisiya, Khashm, 79-80

Ghazu (raid), 64, 66, 111, 214 Haisiya Pass, 78

Ghur, Umm, 351 Haisiya, Wadi, 76-8 Ghuraifa, Tami al, v. Tami Haisiya Well (Tarafiya), 327 Ghurur, Sha’ib, 76 Haitan (Zilfi), 347 Ghusla (Qarain), 97 Halyaniya, 221

Ghuwaitir, 160 Hajir, Bani, 23, 37

Glory, Night of (v. Lailat al Qadr), | Haj (v. Pilgrimage), 30, 189, 236

3-4 Hajr, Al (Madain Salih), 100

Goat, 64, 69, 95, 116, 340, 355, 366 | Hajra, Al, 128

Gold, 252, 255, 277, 290 Halal (lawful), 199, 249 Gom, v. Qaum Halba, 221 Grapes (Vines), 11, 14, 22, 25, 29, | Hallaf, ? ibn (Dhafir), 362

34-5, 51, 116, 230, 232 Hamad al Bassam, q.v.

Grass-cutters, 141, 145, 358-9 Hamad ibn Faris, g.v. Grass-market (Buraida), 200 Hamad ibn Hazza’, q.v. Grazing (Pastures), 86, 110, 116, | Hamad ibn Muhammad al Bassam, 145, 155, 159, 213-4, 234-5, 298, q.v. 307, 359-60, 365-6, 372, 374 Hamad ibn Muhammad al Dhukair, Greece (Greek), 272 q.v. Gulf, Persian, q.v. Hamad ibn Mash’an ibn Hadhdhal,

Gum-bearing Acacia, v. Talh q.v.

Gwadar, 113 Hamad (Syrian desert), 223, 317

Gypsum, 65, 73, 82, 90, 106-7, 132, | Hamada, 85-6, 88, 142, 345 135, 140, 144, 164, 176, 185, 196, | Hamada Mujazzal, q.v.

209, 236, 270, 348, 366 Hamam (dove), 271

406 INDEX Hamam, Umm (date), 243, 280 Hashshdash (grass-cutter), 358 Hamar al Mudhmb (date), 260 Hassi (well at Riyadh), 108

Hamar ridge (Dibdiba), 370 Hathra (plant), 370

Hamazani, Rushaid al, 298-9 Haudh (basin, plot), 241 Hamdan, Muhammad ibn Sulai- | Hauran (Syria), 220

man al, v. Sulaiman Hauta, 66

Hamdani (servant at Riyadh), 208 | Hauta (Riyadh), 22, 64

Hamdh (plant), 138, 157, 302 Hauta (Sudair), 146 Hamdh, Wadi, 257 Hawar, Batin al, 80, 82-5 Hamdhiya (Thuwairat), 341 Hawar, Quwar al, 83 Hamilton, Lt.-Col. R. E. A. (Lord | Hawariyin, Al (disciples of Christ), Belhaven and Stenton), 82, 106, 286

187 Hawijan, Al, 130

Hamil, Faidhat al, 363 Hawiya, Al (the Abyss, 7.e. Hell), Hamla (baggage-train), 358, 363-4 268 Hamlan (Khubub), 230 Hawk (Falcon), 84 Hamlan (untended palms), 155 Hawking, 217 Hamud ibn Faisal ibn Rashid, 34 Hay, 215

Hamud ibn ’Ubaid ibn Rashid, q¢.v. | Hayit, 28

Hamudiya (Thuwairat), 340 Hazil, 220-1

Hamza, Abu (of Rass), 340 Hazm (? Hazam) al Ma, 221

Hamza, Sharif, 19 Hazza’, Hakim ibn (Shuqair ’Alwa),

Hanbal, Ahmad ibn, 46 366 Hanbalt, 46 Hazza’, ? Hamad ibn, 83, 172 Hanifa, Bani (Abu Hanifa), 72 Headache, 90, 254

Hanifa, Wadi, 68-79, 258 Hell, 4, 66, 286

Hagar, Sha’ib, 76 Henna, 219

Hagta, Abu (nickname of Muham- | Hidaqa, 19, 222

mad ibn Mutalaqqam), 61 Hijaz Railway, 16, 31, 100, 220, 278

Haradh (grass), 145 Huyja, dhal, 3, 42, 108, 211, 251

Haram (Madina), 278 Hilal, Bani, 71, 177

Haram (anlawful), 45, 53, 275 Hilal (new moon), 211, 223 Harb (fHarbi), 31, 61, 64, 81, 99, 111, | Hilla ( Ayaina), 77 205, 214, 227-9, 231-3, 236, 247, | Hilla (Sadts), 75 257, 274, 287, 296-8, 307, 315, 324, | Hilwa (date), 243, 280, 343

341, 393-4 Hilwa (Khubub), 230

Hares, 217, 245, 318 Hima (Grazing-reserve), 145

Harim (women’s quarters), 242 Himar (Khubub), 229

Hariq, 66 Himar, Umm al, 174

Harmal (shrub), 83, 116 Hindu, 53 Harmaliya (Dijani), 355 Hish (dwarf-palm), 327 Harra (Khaibar), 257 Hish, Sha’ib, 79 Harrar (Thuwairat), 340 Hish Wells, 79-80, 102

Harrison, Dr. (American Mission, | Hisha (Mudhnib), 146, 149

Bahrain), 25 Hithlain, Sultan ibn (Ajman), 123

Hasa, 26, 35-6, 52, 58, 60, 66-7, 98, | Hizwa, 77 104, 106, 123, 127, 171, 193, 214, | Honey, 44 217, 226, 269, 278, 284-5, 343 Horses, 25, 34, 36, 45, 54-5, 59, 192,

Hasan, ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn, 30 214-6, 218, 222, 247, 252, 263, 274,

Hasan al Muhanna, q.v. 276, 293, 296, 310-1, 359, 362 Hasan, Hasan ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn, | Hubdra (bustard), 351, 364

323 Huber, Charles, 163, 246, 252, 293 v. supra. Hufaira (W. Rima), 235 Hasan, Sultan ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn, | Huftf, 112 30, 189, 323 Hufuf (Anaiza), 247 Hasana, Rushaid akhu, v. Rushaid | Hujaila, Qasr, 81 Hasan ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Hasan, | Hudhail, 82

Hasdwi (date), 280 Hujailan, Qasr, 198

Hashimmte, 42 Hujailana, Qasr, 132 Hashr, Faisal ibn (Qahtan), 22-4, | Hujair, Umm al, 83

107, 109 Hulaiba (plant), 370

INDEX 407 Hulaita, 290 ‘Imar sand-strip, 360 Huliban, 173 Incense, 11, 34, 63, 71, 96, 136, 192,

Humaidan (poet), 94 240, 244, 250, 259, 269, 283, 345

Humaidha (Dibdiba), 372 India (Indian), 2, 40, 42, 109, 112-3, Humaidi, ? ibn (? ’Amaidi—’ Ataiba) 216, 244, 252, 254, 258, 267, 269,

122, 212 273-4, 281, 289

Humailiya, 247, 298 Indian, Red, 2

Hunter, Capt. F. F., 84 Indies, West, 2 Huraimala, Sha’ib, 82 193, 207, 254

Huraimala, 72, 78 Influenza (Spanish Flu’), 17, 25, 112,

Huraiyig, 85 Injaimén (nick-name of Col. Leach-

Hurra (breed of camel), 127 man), 220

134 Iodine, 243

Husain, Bani (Ashraf or Tamim), | Inscriptions, 286-7

Husain (gunner), 195 Ipecacuanha, 281

Husan, Khashm, 80 ’Lgt (dried milk), 124, 134 Husaniya, Qasr, 83 "Iraq, 26, 30-2, 47, 61, 66, 98, 101,

Hutaim, 133 191, 211, 218, 227, 244, 252-3, 280,

Huwaidi (of Tarafiya), 136 292, 300, 321, 331

Huwailan (Khubib), 229 Tron, 295

Huwaita, 173 Irrigation, 35, 44, 81, 88, 115, 146, Huwaiyina, 138 152, 154, 210, 229, 241, 288, 292, Huwaiyit, 28 294-5, 301, 303, 310, 338, 341-2,

Huzaimat Sadawi, q.v. 345-6 Hyena, 254 ‘Isa ibn Khalifa (Bahrain), 316

Iblis,

‘Isa ibn Miryam (Christ), 286 I "Isa (Zaid Tamim), 24 Isaac, v. Ishaq 106

Ibn Rashid, Sa’ud, 10, 16-8, 28, 39, | Ishaq, 24, 264 54, 98, 100-4, 109-10, 195, 199, | Ishmael, v. Isma’il 207, 214, 216, 220, 222, 224, 227, | Ismail, 24, 264 231, 236, 247, 275, 293, 296-300, | Isma/’il, Shaikh Tahir Lutfi ibn, v.

303, 306, 311-2, 314-5, 319, 334, Tahir

382 Isra’il, Bani (Israelites)

Ibrahim al Zayidi, q.v. Istambili (Russian) tea, 289 Ibrahim al Junaifi, qg.v. Itaiyima, 159-60, 184, 329 Ibrahim al Qadhi, q.v. Italy (Italian), 26 Ibrahim al Saif, q.v. Lthit (Tamarisk), 52, 73-5, 81, 89,

Ibrahim ibn ’Abdul Rahman al 95, 97, 121, 134, 1387, 140, 142,

Bassam, q.v. 150, 154, 176-7, 180, 185-6, 195-6,

Ibrahim ibn Dayil, q.v. 203, 208, 228-36, 281, 303, 310, Ibrahim ibn Hamad al Saif, q.v. 322, 326, 328, 348

Ibrahim ibn Hamad al Sulaim, qg.v. | Ithila (Thuwairat), 340 Ibrahim ibn Jumai’a, g.v.

Ibrahim ibn Salih, g.v. J Ibrahim ibn Sulaim, q.v. Jabir ibn Faraj, 45, 50-2, 55, 62, 112

Ibrahim ibn Zamil, q.v. Jabir ibn Subah, q.v.

Ibrahim (of Thulth Abu ’Ali), 303 Jabir ibn Subah, Ahmad ibn, »v.

Ibrahim Pasha, 170 Subah Ibrahim the Naib, 56 Jaborandi (plant), 281

"Id al Dhahd, 251, 256-9, 261, 263, | Jabr, Qusair ibn, 178, 235

266, 269, 275-6, 296 Jabr, Salih ibn, 220

"Id al Fitr, 11-4, 22, 24, 26 Jabrin (Abda), 365-6 "Id ibn Mutalagqam, q.v. Jabrin, Barqash ibn (’Abda), 372

"Id prayer-enclosure, 25, 344 Jabrin, Mugbil ibn (’Abda), 365-6 "Idwa (J. Shammar), 296-7 Jadhma (Dahnéa), 358-9

"Id (Sulubt), 368 Jadawal, Khubba Umm al, 85, 87-8 Ignorance, The, v. Jahiliya Jadida (Buraida), 197

Ijma’ (combination of prayers), 137 | Ja’far (Abda), 218

Imdm (leader of prayers), 195, | Jaham, 360

263-4, 293 Jahiliya, Al, 77, 103

408 INDEX Jahra, 189, 377 Jifan, Abu, 192

Jalab (plant, emetic), 281 Jihad (Holy war), 109, 224, 319

Jalib Mansur, q.v. Jiluwi, “Abdullah ibn, 192, 284

Jalib (Qalib, pl. Qulbdn), 66, 115 Jiluwi, Fahad ibn ’Abdullah ibn,

Jalla (camel-dung), 367 192, 225

Jalla, v. Venison Jiri, Al (Sirr), 141

Jamal Pasha ‘ the great’, 221 Jiri, Al (Wadi Hanifa), 78

Jamal Pasha ‘ the little’, 221 Jual’, v. Quai’

Jammal (pl. Jammamil, cameleers), | Jubail (Hasa), 285

241 Jubaila (Wadi Hanifa), 63, 72-5

Jammaz al Shuwaimi, ’Abdul Rah- | Jida, 123, 189

man ibn Sulaiman al, v. Shu- | Juda (Ararat), 257

waimi Judaida (’Ar’ar), 221

Jan (sing. Jenni), v. Spirits Juhaimiya (Anaiza), 160, 173

Janah (’Anaiza), 174, 247, 261 Jumai’a, Ibrahim ibn, 8-9, 26, 35, Janah (Wadi Rima), 179, 182, 302-3 45, 51, 55, 62, 66, 68, 89, 118, 129,

Jandaliya, 360 201, 292, 319, 325

Janna, Raudhat al, 157 Junaiah hillocks, 361 Janna, Sha’ib, 157 Junaifi, Ibrahim al, 13, 22-8, 28-9, Janubiya, v. Zilfi 34-5, 43-4, 49-52, 60-1, 65, 68, 71, Japan (Japanese), 205 77, 80-1, 83, 89, 105, 119, 131, 134

Jarab (mange), 54 Junaina (Summan), 363 Jarada, Al (Buraida), 187, 190, | Junaini, ’Ain, 181

196-8, 200, 204, 225, 335 Junaitha, 132-5

Jarallah ibn Talib, q.v. Junket, 243 Jaraya (Wadi Rima), 181 Jurassic, 78

Jarba’ (Shammar), 54, 218 Jurda (Buraida), 228

Jarbu’ (desert mouse), 45, 210, 318, | Jurda (Busar), 232

346, 351 Juss (lime), 82, 95, 238, 240, 289, 348

Jarbub, Umm al (Wadi Rima), 183 | Juwai’a, Dhumaid ibn (Safran), 60 Jarib (2 acres), 279, 301

Jarish (porridge), 264 K Jariya (? Qariya), 229 Kabbis (hat), 320 Jarid (v. Khis, palm-frond), 52

Jarrab, 8, 54, 58, 163, 270, 273 Kadhdhab, Al, v. Musailama

303 Kahlan, 169

Jasar, Ain al (Wadi Rima), 182-3, | Kafiya (head-kerchief), 36, 92, 259

Jau Daramiya, q.v. Kaiser, 24

Jau ibn Matruk, q.v. Kalika, 8.8., 382 Jau ibn Rashdan, q.v. Kara’ ridge, 369 Jau Marzuq, q.v. Karachi, 168, 267 Jau, Nafud, 80 Kariz (subterranean channel), 132, Jauf (Northern), 220-1, 311 135, 139, 180-1, 310 Jauhara bint Musa’id, g.v. Kathir, ? ibn, 46

Jauhara (infant daughter of Ibn | Khabb al ’Aushaz, q.v.

Sa’td), 258 Khabb, Al (Khubub), 229

Jaukha, v. Zabun Khabb al Naum, g.v.

Jauza (Gemini, early summer), 60 Khabb al Qabr, q.v. Jazt (also Jazi, Jazu, Jazzin), 110, | Khabb al Radhn, g.v.

223 Khabb al Ridham, gq.v.

Jazira (Northern ’Iraq), 54, 223, 274 | Khabb al ’Uqaiyan, q.v.

Jazra, Khashm, 342, 350 Khabb (depression in Naftd), 214,

Jerusalem, 29-30, 186 228, 230, 330, 359-60

286 Khabb Raudhan, q.v.

Jew (Jewish, Jewry, etc.), 3, 23, 29, | Khabb Dirija, q.v.

‘ Jeyber ’, 198 Khabra, 173, 231, 234-5

Jiblan (? Qiblan, Mutair), 361, 366, | Khadhar, Al, 184-6, 304, 343

378 Khadhir, Bani, 51, 89, 92, 201, 253

Jidariya, Raudha (also ridge), 141 | Khadhri (date), 340 Jidda, 59, 163, 168, 224, 238, 244, | Khafs, 41, 77-8

249, 267, 281, 292, 295 Khaibar, 312

INDEX 409 Khaibar, Harra, 175 Khunaini, Muhammad al, 239

Khail, Sattam Abal (Birzan), 378 Khunaini, Muhammad ibn Hamad

373 301

Khaima, Hadhdhal ibn, 218 al "Abdullah al, 239, 301

Khal al Sharr, q¢.v. Khunaini, Salih al, 239, 301

Khala, Abal (nick-name of Suluba), | Khunaini, Sulaiman ibn S&alih al,

Khalas (date), 127 Khuraifani, Muhammad al Hamad

Khalid al Sulaim, q.v. al, 268

Khahd, Bani, 82, 159, 193, 201, 232, | Khuraijiya, 173, 241, 263

362 Khuraiyif, “Abdul ’Aziz ibn, 84

Khalidibn ’Abdul’AzizalSulaim,g.v. | Khurma, 19, 21, 42, 46-7, 56, 61, 98,

Khahd ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Sa’ud 100-4, 110, 212-3, 308-9, 313, 320,

(Khuwailid), 22, 34, 66 332, 334

Khalid ibn Da’aij, g.v Khurshid Pasha, 92, 170, 240

Khalid ibn Manstr ibn Luwai, g.v. | Khis (v. Jarid, palm-frond), 52 Khalid ibn Muhammad ibn ’Abdul | Khutba (sermon), 263

Rahman ibn Sa’ud, 34 Khuwailid, v. Khalid Khalifa, Muhammad al, 316 374

Khalif, Sha’ib, 122, 125 Khuzaiyim (Aslam), 335, 364, 371, Khalil (Doughty), 187, 238, 248, | Kis, Qarat al, 290

293, 295 Kitada, Sha’ib Abu, 82

Khamar, Sha’ib, 78 Knocker, v. Matagqa

Khamma, Al (Summan), 363 Kuhaila (breed of horses), 54, 59

Khams, Umm (new Mauser), 284 Kuhaila, Wadhna, 216

Khannasa, 307-8 Kulaibain (late summer), 60

Kharashi, Ibrahim ibn, 12] Kulaya (cakes), 124 Kharashi, ’Uthman ibn, 121 Kumait, Qara, 88, 90

Kharashif (Bani ’Ali Harb), 315 Kum’an ibn Musa’id (Ajman), 37 Khardani, Muhammad al Hamad al, |} Kurdistan (Kurd), 274

268 Kurriyat (orbicularity of earth), 2

Kharif (autumn), 60, 108, 167, 266 | Kut al Amara (Iraq), 274

iharig (v. Shamagh), 92 Kuwait (Kuwait), 3, 16, 25, 27-8, Kharyj, Al, 35, 117 30-3, 37, 40, 58, 60, 66, 98, 100, Kharsa (Jarba’), 218 106, 112, 124, 166, 171, 189, 211, Kharsha, Khashm, 79-80 218-9, 222, 236, 269-70, 274, 276, Kharshit, Qasr, 170, 240 284, 288, 291, 294-5, 309, 312, 322,

Khartam ridge, 146, 152, 154, 156, 331-38, 345, 347, 349, 358, 355-7,

159-60, 336 368, 372, 374-6, 378-82

Khashara ibn Sa’di, q.v. Khashb, Umm al (date), 280,

Khishba, Sha’ib Abu, 155 L Khtama (camel-bridle), 68 Ladha, Sha’ib, 160 Khizam (Riyadh), 24, 29, 56, 64 Lahaj (Lahj), 44

Khokha (Digla, date), 260 Laila, Rushaid ibn, 17, 221

Khubaira, Raudha, 370 Lami, ? ibn (Mutair), 297 Khubba Sakrana, q.v. Lamps, 245, 278, 290 ° Khubba Umm al Jadawal, q.v. Latin, 285 Khubbat ’Awwad, q.v. Laun (unripe dates), 45, 243

Khubra, v. Khabra Lautal ridge, 125

Khubub, Al, 223, 228, 231, 233, 304, | Lawrence, T. E., 220, 332, 375

324 Leachman, Lt.-Col. G. E., 17, 148,

Khudhair (Buraida), 330 220

Khudhaira, 210 Leather-work, 205

Khumais ibn Munaikhir, q.v. Lemon, 260, 289, 301

Khumaisa, ? ibn (Ajman), 37 Lent, 3

Khunaini, “Abdullah al (Doughty’s | Lentils (’Adas), 347

friend), 239, 301 Leper, 60

Khunaini, ’Ali ibn Salih al, 239-42, | Liban (mortar), 52

254, 301 Inban, Sha’ib, 70

Khunaini family, 164, 239-40, 243, | Lime, v. Juss

261, 301 Lime-juice, 245, 248, 250

410 INDEX Limestone, 88, 132, 135, 139-41, | Majid (Suluba), 373 144-5, 149-50, 155, 157-8, 363, | Majid, ? ibn, 82-3

366, 369-70, 373, 377 Majlis (Anaiza), 162, 239, 249, Lina, 17, 19 260-1, 270, 288 Liga, Al (Zilfi), 346-8 Majlis (reception-hall), 199, 208,

Liquor, 3, 60, 379 239, 241, 248, 247, 308, 334 Lira (Turkish), 252 Majlis, Rijm al, 363

Lisan, Abal (near Ma’an,) 332 Majma’, Sha’ib (Artawiya), 354

Liver, 108 Majma’a (Sudair), 322, 340, 343, Inwan (portico), 200 351, 356 Lizard, Horny-tailed, v. Dhabb Majmaj, 151-2

Lloyd-George, D., 276 Majwa depression, 374 Loch, Capt. (Political Agent, Ku- | Makhrugq, Al, 41

walt), 32 Makhtumiya (date), 159, 337 Locusts, 248-9 Maktimi, v. Makhtimiya

Lucerne, 24, 45, 64, 69, 116, 138, | Makwaza, Sha’ib, 160 149-50, 159, 173, 185, 191, 194, | Makwizi (date), 90 200, 205, 215, 228-30, 232-3, 261, | Malah (Anaiza), 174-5, 261, 276,

292, 302-3, 328 278

Lughaf (Dahna), 358 Malah (Kuwait), 377

Lughaf (Zilfi), 347 Malaqi, 76, 78

Lughaimish, ’Ubaid ibn, 141 Malaria, 275 Luhaba (Bani Tamim), 97 Maliha (Wadi Rima), 181

Luwai, Khalid ibn Mansur ibn, 19- | Malqa (Wadi Hanifa), 72

20, 56 Malqa (Wadi Rima), 164, 176-7, 235, Lymph, 254-5 302 Malqa, Sha’ib (Qasim), 177-8 M Malzam (cistern), 364

Ma’aiawiya garden, 301 Mamlaha ’Aushaziya, q.v. Ma/’aidhar, Sha’ib, 160 Mamlaha Shiqqa, q.v. Ma asir (dust-devils), 142 Manahi ibn Haidhal, q.v.

Ma’attiga, Fahad ibn (Rai al Fah- | Mlandkh (camping-ground), 52, 62

ma), 37hillock, Manakif125 (men305 returning from raid), Mabda Mabrak, ’Ain al, 179, Manaqish ridge, 377 MacCollum, Lieut. (Political Agent, | Manasir, 127

Kuwait), 379-80 Manawar (slave), 34, 44, 51, 58, 60, Machine-pumps, 302 65, 68, 89-90, 119, 145, 209-10, Madain Salih, 17 213, 314, 317 Ma’dan (of Iraq), 253 Manchester, 203 Madarin (Harb), 247 Manda (Nida, pasture), 366 Madaris (pl. of Madrasa, school), | Mandil family (Bani Khalid), 193

944. Mandil family (Dawasir), 193

Madhif (guest-room), 110, 112 Mandil ibn Sahub, q.v. Madhyakh (Wuhtb Harb), 315 Mandil, ? bint (mother of Turki), Madina, 26, 28, 39, 99, 109, 168, 223, 193

236, 247, 249, 257, 267, 277-8, 280, | Mandil, ? ibn (Bani Khalid), 362

283, 314 Manftha, 14, 51, 75

Mages (fire-worshippers), 286 Mange, v. Jarab

Maghda, Al, 129 Mani’, ? ibn (horse-dealer), 274, 293 Maghrabi (Moor), 140 Manif al Sur, q.v. Mahmal, 72, 80, 85 Mannlicher rifle, 316, 318

Mahmal, Western, 79-86 Mansaf (Thuwairat), 340

Mahriqa, Sha’ib, 96 Manshariha, 349 Maidhar, Sha’ib, 69 Mansi (Khubtb), 230

Maiman, ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn, 273, 277, | Mansifa, Al (half-way point), 130

989 Mansur ibn Rumaih, gq.v.

Majarr (slope of draw-well), 194 Mansur ibn Sharida, q.v.

Majda, ’Araiq, 358 Mansur, Jalib, 177 Majhara depression (Summan), 363 | Manure (v. Samad and Dimdl), 279 Majid ibn ’Ajil, q.v. Manzil (camp), 141

INDEX 411 Manzil, Salbi ibn, 218 Megaphone, 244 Manzila (Zilfi), 347 Melons, 6, li, 14, 38, 44, 173-4, 177, Ma/’qil (Basra), 262 180, 200, 251, 256, 262, 265, 277, Magarr al Ghadhari, q.v. 279, 283, 287, 294-5, 342, 346 Magarr al Naga, g.v. Mesopotamia (v. “Iraq), 101, 123, Magqraba, Sha’ib, 74 191-2, 215, 217, 251, 259, 262, 274,

Marasv (pancakes with Saman and 283

onions), 90 Mesopotamia, Lower (Gharraf), 274 Marble, 71 Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, Marbat (stable), 274 Mesopotamia, Upper (Jazira), 274 Maria Theresa dollar (v. Riydl), 83, 202

110, 123, 198, 200, 204-5, 229, 231, | Metal-work, 198 252, 254, 318, 337-8, 340, 344, 348, | Meteorology, 266

357, 364 Midkhan (censer), 283 q.v.), 1384 243, 271, 287, 294 Markham, ’Ali ibn Hamad al, 245-6 | Millet (Dukhn and Dhurra), 69, 96,

Marist (beverage made from IJqt, | Milk, 35, 45, 54, 64, 116, 124, 192,

Marl, 125 116, 122, 1388-9, 142, 149-50, 159, Marq (gravy), 112 177-8, 191, 206, 229, 267, 302, 342 Marqugq (dish of bread, onions and | Minbar (pulpit), 263-4

sauce), 208-9 Minhath, Burj, 83

Marr (Thuwairat), 340 Mirka, 79-80

Marran, 40, 100-1, 212 Mirka (camel-pad, sporran), 226

Marrat, 87-9, 91 Mirzim (late summer), 60

Marri (v. Murra), 45, 55, 112 Mirwij (slave), 195-6, 205-6, 209-10, Marsan (chain-knocker), v. Stlsila 228, 261, 321, 335, 360, 372

Maruta plain, 126-7 Mish, v. Milch-camels

Marwa (well for drinking-water), | Mishallah al Muraikhi (Buraih), 33

133, 137, 140, 143, 147 Mishari, Sha’ib, 157

Marzug (v. Rummani), 215 Mishari ibn Musaiyis, q.v. Marzuq, Jau, 361 Mishash al Tawil, q.v. Masail, pl. of Masila, q.v. Mishash (petty watering), 160 Masana’, 14 Mission, American, 25 Mashalif (Summan), 369 Mit’ab ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Rashid, Mashqugq, 308-11, 314-5, 317-8 q.v.

Masitla (runnel), 157 Mit’ab ibn Fahad ibn Hadhdhal, qg.v. Maskat, v. Masqat Mitrak, Fahad ibn, 59 Masons, 200, 204, 253 Mitrak ibn ’Amara, 9, 50, 57-9, 68,

Masqat, 267, 284 74, 77, 80, 118-9, 131, 134, 140, Masri, Abdul Hamid al, 220 145, 152, 176, 181, 205-7, 321, 333,

Mat, 221 357, 363, 374 Matagqa (door-knocker), 131, 162, | Miyah ibn Falih ibn Shilqan, q.v. 202, 208 Mongolian, 367

Matarifa (Anaza), 298 Monkeys, 3 Matches, 205, 318 Monsoon, 108 Mathematics, 272 Mortar, 70, 95, 201, 254, 344 Matni ibn Shuraim, g.v. Mosquito, 45 Matrafi (Buraida), 228 Moths, 45

Matrahi (Buraida), 210 Motor-cars, 79, 127, 216, 355

Matrudi, v. Tarudi Muadhdhin, 47, 49, 68, 195, 217 Matruk, Jau Ibn, 127 Mu’aiwij Baqa’a, qg.v.

Mausal (Mosul), 274 Mu’aiwiya garden (’Anaiza), 261

Mauser (v. Umm ’Ashara and Umm | Mu’ammar, ’Abdullah ibn Muham-

Khams), 251, 284, 302 mad ibn, 61 Mazbur hill, 369 Mu’ammar, ’Abdul Rahman ibn,

Mazrt’a, Sha’ib, 78 123, 225 Mecca, 20, 23, 42-3, 109, 113, 119, | Mu’ammar (’Asir tribe), 99

143, 189, 207, 226, 236, 240, 245, | Mu’ammar, Fahad ibn, 188, 192,

251, 253, 264, 267, 295, 378 209, 218, 225, 297, 316, 330

Medicines, 23, 25, 52, 85, 259, 266, | Mu’ammar, Ibn (princes and dy-

281 nasty of ’Ayaina), 73, 75

412 INDEX Mubaidh, 110, 296, 356, 362 Muhammad ibn Shilhub, q.v. Mubarak ibn Subah, q.v. Muhammad ibn Sulaim, q.v. Mubashshir (missionary), 298 Muhammad ibn Sulaiman al ShuMubram (convex or concave), 254 baili, q.v.

Mudarraj, 317 Muhammad ibn Suwaidan, q.v.

Mudhlim, Fara’at al, 125 Muhammad ibn Zamil, ¢.v. Mudhlim, Sha’ib, 122, 125 Muhammad (name of most men at Mudhnib, 140, 143-55, 160, 184, 186, Busar), 232

211, 235-6 Muhammad (of Busar), 232-3

Mudhmb, Hamar al, v. Hamar Muhammad Rashad (of Turkey), 99 Mudhnib, Sha’ib, 146, 150, 152 Muhammad Taufiq Fir’tn, q.v.

Mufadhdhi, 10 Muhanna family, 294 Mughaira, 173 Muhanna, Hasan al, 198

Mughitha (Anaiza), 294 Muhanna, Muhammad ibn ’Abdul-

Muhabil (Khubub), 230 lah ibn, 56

Muhailib, Mutlag ibn (Buraih), 32 Muhanna, Qasr (Buraida), 197-8

aid), 10 198-9

Muhaimid (brother-in-law of Rush- | Muhanna, Qasr Hasan al (Buraida), Muhaimid, Muhammad ibn (Busar), | Muhanna, Raudhat al, 323

232 Muhaqqaba, Khashm, 80

Muhaimid (son of Ibn Sa’ud), v. | Muharram, 3, 266

Muhammad Muharragq, 48

Muhairiya (Anaiza), 278 Muharraga, 77 Muhammad al Bassam, q.v. Muhiy al Din Pasha (Turkish Muhammad al Bassam, ’Abdul commander in ’Asir), 44, 98 *Aziz ibn, v. Bassam Muhsin al Firm, q.v.

g.v. ma), 42 fani, q.v. Mujazzal, Hamada, 350-1, 353

Muhammad al Hamad al Khardani, | Muhsin ibn Turki, Sharif (of Khur-

Muhammad al Hamad al Khurai- | Muir, Sir William, 1

Muhammad al Khalifa, q.v. Mujazzal, ridge, 350-1 Muhammad al Khunaini, q.v. Muk’ab (concave), 254 Muhammad al Sulaiman, q.v. Mukhaiyit (slave), 8 Muhammad Bey (Yamanz), 364 Mukhtarra, 71 Muhammad (Dausariz), 368 Mukhtasir (private), 164 Muhammad ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn | Mulaida, 272-3, 330 Sa’ud (Muhaimid), 22, 25, 34, 66 | Mulasa (plant), 306 Muhammad ibn ’Abdullah al Bas- | Mulla Salih, q.v.

sam, g.v. Muna, 251

Muhammad ibn ’Abdullah ibn | Munaihiya (Anaiza), 288

"Abdul Wahhab, q.v. Munaikhir, Khumais ibn (Ajman), Muhammad ibn ’Abdullah ibn 37, 222

Muhanna, q.v. Munaikhir, Khumais ibn, ? bint Sa’ud, 34, 80 Munaisifat al Safa, g.v.

Muhammad ibn ’Abdul Rahman ibn (wife of Sa’ud ibn Rashid), 222 Muhammad ibn Ahmad al Dhukair, | Muntafik, 321

q.v. Mugbil ibn Dhukair, q.v.

Muhammad ibn ’Ali ibn Zamil, g.v. | Murabba’, Al, 141-3, 147

Muhammad ibn Dakhil, q.v. Murabba’, Sha’ib, 144 Muhammad ibn Fahhad, q.v. Muraid, Wuld (Bani ’Ali Harb), 315 Muhammad ibn Hamad al Khun- | Muraijisiya (Khubub), 229

aini, g.v. Muraikhi, Mishallah ibn (Buraih), 33

Muhammad ibn Muhaimid, q.v. Muraigib (gate of Riyadh), 34 Muhammad ibn Musallam, q.v. Murar al Dhaba’, q.v. Muhammad ibn Mutalaqqam, g.v. Muraiwwiyat (pl. dim. of Marwa,

Muhammad ibn Rashid, q.v. drinking-water wells), 140

Sa’ud Musa Fir’tn, g.v.

Muhammad ibn Sa’td al ’Arafa, v. | Murra, Al (Marri), 23, 112

Muhammad ibn Sa’td (of Shagra), | Musabbih, 170, 173, 302

v. Saud Musa’id ibn Faiz, g.v.

Muhammad ibn Shamlan, q.v. Musa’id, Jauhara bint, 193, 258

INDEX 413 Musaivid, Kum’an ibn (Ajman), 37 | Naqa, Magarr al, 221

prophet), 72 209

Musailama (Al Kadhdhab, false | Nasban, “Abdullah ibn, 199, 201,

Musariyil, dim. of Masila, q.v. Nasir al Bishri (Harb), 64 Musaiyis, Mishari ibn (Mutair), 19, | Nasir al Shubaili, q.v.

297 Nasir ibn ’Ali ibn Qannur, q.v.

68 Nasir ibn Shamlan, q.v.

Musallam, Muhammad ibn, 50-1, 55, | Nasir ibn Sadhan, gq v.

Musamma, Sha’ib, 93, 95 Nasir ibn Talaq, q.v. Museum, British, 78 Nasir (of Wushaiqir), 125-8, 134-5,

Mushrik (infidel), 23 140, 142-6, 151

Mustafa, 68 261 Mustalih, Shali’an ibn, 218 Nasr (eagle), 360

Muskh, Al (Wadi Rima), 179 Nasir, Shaikh (of Doughty’s time),

Mustawi ridge, 336-7 Nasr, Sha’ib, 145-6

Mustawi valley, 127, 146, 339, 341 Nasrant, v. Christian Mutailij (Mutailiq), dim. of Mutlaq, | Nasrullah, Ibn (v. Shamagh), 92

qg.v. Nathil, Baidha, 340

Mutair (Mutarri), 19, 32, 58, 82, 85, | Naum, Khabb al, 360 111, 141, 144, 211, 226, 229, 274, | Naumann, 245 296-7, 304-5, 323, 336, 341, 344, | Nautical Almanac, 11, 63 354-5, 359, 361, 363, 365-7, 372, | Nawéafila (Bani Husain, q.v.), 134

378, 381 Nawasir (Tamim), 120, 143, 146

Mutair, Tawal al, 218, 358, 365-6 Negro, 92, 108, 181, 183-4, 192, 317 Mutalaqgam, “Id ibn (Ajman), 37, | Nida, v. Manda

60 Nifal (grass), 145

Mutalaqqam, Muhammad ibn (Abu | Nimr, Shaikh ? ibn, 14-5

Haqta), 60 Nimriya, 234

Mutalaqqam, ? ibn, 123 Niqa’ Mutawwa’, q.v.

Mutawwa’, 29 Nigar al Thanna, q.v. Mutawwa’, Niga’ (Dahna), 360 Nigra (Anaiza), 303

Mutlag ibn Muhailib, q.v. Niqra (depression), 317, 327 Mutlaq (Mutailij) ibn Hamtd ibn | Niqra (Khubub), 230

Tami, 190 Noah, 257

Mutton, 36, 147, 167, 169, 209, 280, | North Pole, 1

325, 330, 347, 364 Northern Nafud, q.v. Muwaih, Sha’ib, 155 Nuba (Sudan), 226 Muwaih Shuwai’ar, g.v. Nukhail al ’Abd, q.v. Muzaira’ (Anaiza), 173 Nuqai’a Qasr, 80

Nuqailiya, 169 Nura (sister of Ibn Sa’td), 59, 66

N Nuri al Sha’lan, q.v.

Naba’a, 146, 149 Nussi (grass), 110, 116, 200, 338, Naba’a, Sha’ib, 149 358-9, 370 Nabhaniya, 227-8 Nuzai’a (Wadi Rima), 178-9 Nabjiya (? Nabgiya), 336

Nadhim, Rish al, 369 O Nadhim, Tuwaityil, 369 Olives. Mount of, 186

Nafist, “Abdullah al, 40, $82, 37% | Onions, 90, 148, 200, 209, 256, 265,

Nachabii. rtolan, ae aN) ss317 Oryx, 48, 267 223

Nafad, Northern, 86, 130, 221, 327 | (078

56, 217 , ffo. 38

Nahis ibn Dhuwaibi, g.v. 0 y oh 16 993 Naib (pl. Nawwab, proctor), 49-50, SONG ay a Ottoman, 275

Naif ibn Muhairit ibn Rimal, qv. | Owen, Golones B. G. Cunlitie,

Najran, 21, 364 YSVCE-DOCSs

Namasiya, 144, 146 P Nami, Ibn (Harb), 236, 247 Pagan, 53, 94

Nakhalat (Khubub), 230

Napoleon (v. Binto, gold coin), 252 | Palace (Riyadh), 57

414 INDEX Palgrave, W. G., 196, 281, 288, 294 | Qadr, Lailat ul (culminating night

Paradise, 4-5, 14, 60, 157 of Ramdhan), 3 Paralysis, 169, 242 QVahawiyat (grass), 145 Paris, 249-50, 285 Qahtan (Qahtani), 21-3, 44, 58-9, 69,

Parsee, 54, 205 79, 89, 99, 226, 320

Partridge, 349 Qahwa, Rih al (Caffeine plant), 281 Pasha, Ibrahim, q.v. Qaidh (late summer), 60 Pasha, Jamal, q.v. Qaiiya, 352, 354-5, 358

Pasha (Turkish title), 86 Qa iyir, Raudha, 141 Passover, 3 Qannur, ’Ain al, 132-3, 137 Pasture, v. Grazing. Qannur, Ali ibn, 133

Peach, 25, 34, 51, 162, 168-9, 173, | Qannur, Nasir ibn ’Ali ibn, 133

209, 227, 248, 262, 288, 301 Qantara (aqueduct, bridge), 278 Pearls, 87, 90, 258, 285, 292 Qara (pl. Quwar, flat-topped hillock),

Pelly, Colonel Lewis, 76-7 83

Persia (Persian), 31, 112-3, 245, 258, | Qara Kumait, g.v.

270, 274, QaratalalShams, Kis, q.v. Persian cat,285 3 Qarat q.v. Persian Gulf, 26, 76, 86-7, 244, 355, | Qara’, v. pumpkin 376 Qara’a (Eastern Desert), 355, 358-9, Pestle, 70, 95, 344 362, 364-5, 368-70, 372, 381 Petra, 289 Qara’a (Qasim), 155, 305 Phallic signs, 53 Qara’a (Dibdiba), 370-3 Phenacetin, 229 Qarain, 96-7, 110 Phonographs, 245 Qarain, Khashm, 96 Piastre,24, 6426Qariya (astern Desert), Piave, Qariyat al Sifla, 365-6 362 Piece-goods, 28, 115, 218, 220 Qariyat al Ulya, 365-6 Pigeon, 133 Qarnug (? Paddy-bird), 271 Pilgrimage, the Great, 3, 30, 32, 79, | Qasab, 85 113, 189, 236, 251, 264 Qasim (Qasimi, pl. Qusman), 1, 19,

Pilocarpin, 281] 27-8, 30, 33, 52, 57-8, 61, 86, 90,

Pleiades, v. Thuraiya 100, 103-4, 112-3, 118, 126, 153, 324, 326, 344, 347 Qasim ibn Rawwatf, q.v. Pole Star, 72, 304, 373 Qassad (poet), 347

Poetry (poets, poems), 10, 35, 94, 155-330, 348, 348, 355, 362

Polygamy, 291 Qatif, 36-7, 44, 60, 62, 285 Pomegranate, 34-5, 209, 227, 251, | Qatra (v. Kafiya), 92

301 Qattar (date), 243, Poona, 252 Qauda, Sulaiman Ra’i280 al, 213-5

Poplar, v. Ghaf Qaum (army, tribe), 124-7, 129-31, Porridge (Jarish), 264 134, 214, 315, 319-20 Pottery, 176, 210 Qvan (pl. of Qa’), v. Oa Pumpkin (Qara’), 69, 116, 122, 138, | Q?an Ablaq, qv. 149, 159, 180, 200, 205, 231, 306, | Qibla, 200

342, 346 Qibliya, Bab al, v. Bab

Purgatory, 4 Qin (camel-pannier for women), 128

Pyramids, 2 Qirba (water-skin), 356-7

Qirdha (species of Broom), 233 Qirinain (garden at Riyadh), 44-5

Q Qiyam (form of prayer), 7, 12

Qa (mud-flat, pl. Qv’an), 306, 309 Quai’ (Khubub), 228 Qa, Al (Anaiza), 247, 254, 261, 292 | Quai’ (Thuwairat), 340

Qa, Al (Mudhnib), 146, 150 Quai’ (Wadi Rima), 187, 235 Qa’ara, Safra, 307, 316-8, 320 Quail, 271, 851, 369 Qabr, Khabb al, 210, 330, 336 Qubba (breast-ornament), 226

Qadhi (judge), 217, 227 Qublan brothers, 256

Qadhi, Ibrahim al, 166, 263, 269, Qublan, Sulaiman al, 283

275, 288 Qudsi Effendi, Q6l-Aghasi, 15, 43 263, 275 Qufaifa, Sha’ib, 146-7, 149, 152

Qadhi, Salih al ({mam of ’Anaiza), | Qufaifa, 146-7, 149, 151-2

INDEX 415 Qufaifa well, 147 Rashid, Hamtutd ibn ’Ubaid ibn, 56 Quinine, 45, 52, 275 Rashid, Ibn (dynasty), 29, 39, 87,

Qulailat, Sha’ib, 83 92, 117, 170-1, 220

Qulaiyib (dim. of Qalib), 141 Rashid, Mit’ab ibn ’Abdul ’ Aziz ibn,

Qulaiyibat al Shawwaf, ¢.v. 323

Qumaih (garden at Riyadh), 22 Rashid, Muhammad ibn, 312, 321,

Qunaifida, Nafud, 87-8, 110, 126 330 Qunaiyir, “Abdul ’Aziz ibn, 244, | Rashid, Sultan ibn Hamid ibn,

264-5, 295 323-4

Qunfida, 292 Rashid, “Abdullah ibn, 162, 166, Qurai’, Al, 160 238, 241, 246-7, 263, 301 Quraidan hill (Dhruma), 80, 84 Rashid (Rashidi Mutair), 336, 341,

Quraishiya, 70 361-2, 374 Qurna (Iraq), 292 Rashidi (Rashaida, Mutair), 336,

Qusaiba (Qasim), 210, 221, 296, 361, 374 298-9, 308-11, 315 Rashutdi, Sulaiman al, 221 Qusaiba (Thuwairat), 340 Rass, Al, 86, 176, 231, 234, 247, 340 Qusaibi, Sha’ib, 157, 160 fatab (ripe fresh dates), 45, 56, 217,

Quwar al Hawar, q.v. 232

R 126

Rathan (date), 243

Raudha (depression with shrubs),

Rabi? (spring), 60 Raudha ’Aqla, qg.v.

Rabbits, 245 Raudha Dakmaniya, q.v.

Radhm, Khabb al (Dahn&), 359 Raudha Khubaira, q.v.

Radhma, Umm al, 19 Raudha Qa’iyir, q.v.

Radif (pillion), 176 Raudha Ramadi, q.v.

294 Raudha, Sha’ib, 154

Rafi’, Khashm, 169, 174, 253, 286, | Raudha Rumhain, q.v.

Rafi’a (Buraida), 210, 330, 336 Raudha (Sudair), 146

Rafi’a (Mudhnib), 152 Raudha Sudaira, q.v. Rafi’a (Shiqga), 306 Raudhat Abal Samari, g.v. Rafidhi (Shia), 6 Raudhat al Janna, g.v. Rafig, 64, 221, 336, 341 Raudhat al Muhanna, q.v.

Raghaba, 84 Raudhat al Ruba’iya, q.v. Rahim (relation-in-law), 253 Raudhan, Khabb, 230

Ra’i al Fahma (v. Ma’attiqa), 37 Raudhani (’Anaiza), 303 Rai al Qauda, Sulaiman, v. Qauda. | Raunkiaer, Barclay, 188, 352

Raiding, v. Ghazi Raushaniya, 138 Railway, Hijaz, 16 Rawaq, 186

Rainfall, 80, 87, 108, 115, 125, 129, | Rawiyan, Shaiyit al, 369

157, 159, 288, 322, 368, 370 Rawwaf, Qasim ibn, 27, o8, 316

Rajd, Rijm al, 363 Rayadan, Sha’ib, 144

Rakba plain, 40 Razi (Aslam), 196 Rakham, Sha’ib, 339 Razi, Dha’ar ibn, 196 Rakhis, ? ibn (Sinjara), 227 Reeds, 138

Ramadi, Raidha, 370 Resurrection, Day of, 4

Ramam (grass), 370 Reuter, 26, 291

Ramdhan, Ch. I, Section 1, 104, 106 | Rheumatism, 219

Raml, Thaniyat al, 84 Ribdi family (Buraida), 269, 294, Ranya, 21, 56 322 Ras (Sadts), 77 Rice, 36, 83, 112, 147-8, 164, 167-9,

Rasan ( Agal, camel-halter), 68 209, 211, 218, 222, 237, 243, 253, Rashad, Muhammad (Sultan of 256, 265, 280, 309, 312, 314, 316, Turkey), 99 324-5, 330, 334, 347, 351, 354, 360, Rashdan, Jau Ibn (Summan), 361 362-4, 366, 370, 378

Rashid, “Abdul ’Aziz ibn Mit’ab ibn, Riding, 66, 193-4, 209, 216, 223

26, 117-8, 198, 321-3 Ridham, Khabb al (Dahna), 359

Rashid, Faisal ibn Hamud ibn, 22, | Rijlat al Dhaba’, q.v. 29, 34, 36, 44, 56, 108, 192, 194, | Rijm (cairn), 141

316, 324 Rijm al Dab, q.v.

416 INDEX Rijm al Majlis, q.v. Ruwaidha (Raudha Ruba’iya), v.

Rijm al Rajd, q.v. ZLayidi Rijm al Shuyukh, qv. Ruwaidha (Wadi Rima), 235 Rijm ’Aqab, q.v. Ruwaidhat al Zayidi, q.v.

Rijmiya (Thuwairat), 340 Ruwaidhat (Shamasiya), 338

Rim (white gazelle), 360 Ruwalla, 221-2 Rima, Wadi, 137, 146, 154, 156,

159-60, 164, 173, 175, 177-9, 182-4

196, 233-5, 256-8, 262-3, 302-3, S

327, 329, 336-40 Sa (a measure, about 2.75 kilo-

Rimal, ’Adwan ibn, 218 grams), 140, 168, 218 Rimal, Fahad ibn, 218 Sa’afij Nafud, 336-8

Rimal, Ghadhban ibn, 18, 32, 227 Sa’aiyid, Sulaiman al, 259, 287 Rimal, Naif ibn Muhairit ibn, 218 Sabakh, Bab al, v. Bab Rimal, Salim ibn Fahad ibn, 218 Sabakh (Buraida), 185-6, 196, 231,

Rimal, Shati ibn Fahad ibn, 218 304, 324

Rimdh (plant), 147, 157, 176, 184, | Sabakh (Khubub), 233 329, 336-7, 346, 351, 370, 372 Sab’an, 297-8

Riqai (Batin), 211 Sab’at ?Ashar, Umm (Winchester Rigg (harbour-bar), 285 repeater), 284, 332 Rish al Nadhim, q.v. Sabkha (saline tract), 135, 178,

Rishiya (Sirr), 135 322-3, 326-7, 377

Riyadh, Ch. I, 69, 79, 83, 90, 98, 100, | Sabri Effendi (of Damascus), 29 106-8, 112-3, 117-8, 129, 148, 168, | Sabur (patrols), 296 170, 190, 195, 199, 204-5, 217, 222, | Sa’d, "Abdul ’Aziz ibn, 95

226, 293, 322-3, 349, 370 Sa’d al Yumaini, q.v.

Riyal (v. Maria Theresa), 31, 48, 52, | Sa’d ibn “Abdul Rahman ibn Sa’td

54, 168, 191, 202, 205, 218, 301, q.v.

311-2, 315, 322 Sa’d ibn Affaisan, q.v.

Romany (Rummani), v. Marzuq Sa’d ibn Jilham, q.v.

Rome, 222 Sa’d ibn Muhammad ibn ’Abdul Rosenthal (v. Hahib), 285 Rahman ibn Sa’ud, 34 Rosewater, 283 Sa’d (Tamim), 95 Ross, Colonel, 245 Sa’da, Ibn (Wuhtb Harb), 315

57 Sadda, 330 337-8 Sa’di, Khashara ibn, 218

Ruba’i, "Abdul ’Aziz ibn, 33, 37, | Sadawi, Huzaimat, 363

Rubéa'iya, Raudhat al, 326-7, 329, | Sadhan, Nasir ibn (Qahtan), 44, 52

Ruby, 258 Sa’diin, ’Ajaimi ibn, 220 Ruh al Qahwa, q.v. Sa’dun Pasha, 321 Ruhaiya (Thuwairat), 340 Sadus, 61, 76-8

Rujtm al Shuyukh, q.v. Safa (Eastern Desert), 58, 358,

Rumaidha, Khashm, 80 365-6, 381

Rumaih, Mansir ibn, 113, 191-2, | Safa, Munaisifat al, 369

194, 315-6 Safara (yellow bird), 271, 280 Rumhain, Al, 120, 125 266

Rumaihiya (’Anaiza), 278 Safari (Sfirt, autumn), 60, 108, 251,

Rumhain, Raudha, 122 Saffron, 205 Rummani, v. Marzug Safi, Sha’ib Abal, 80

Rummani (flea-bitten grey, of | Safra ’Anaiza, 160, 169, 173, 184,

horses), 274 234-5, 286-7, 290

Rusaniya (date), 280 Safra Buraida, q.v.

Rushaid Akht Hasana, 8-9, 35, 65, | Safra Qa’ara, q.v. 68, 80, 93, 119, 131, 134, 148, | Safra Qusaiba, q.v. 166-7, 190, 201-2, 208, 227, 319, | Safra (Sirr), 131-4, 140-2, 144, 146, 323-6, 333, 341, 344, 349-50, 352, 150-1, 153-5, 159

367, 370-2, 374, 376 Safrat al Shams, q.v. Rushaid ibn Laila, q.v. Safwan, 18, 32-3, 37

Rushaid al Hamazani, q.v. Safran, Al (Ajman), 37, 60, 123 Russia (Russian), 252, 270, 289, 291 | Sahaba, Al (v. Companions), 72

Russia, Czar of, 276 Sahak, Qasr, 83

INDEX 417 37 Samnan, Sha’ib, 346-7

Sahub, ’Ajran ibn Faisal ibn (Za’b), | Samira, 247

Sahub, Mandil ibn, 37 San’a, 44, 364 Said, Dr. Abdullah, q.v. Sand-flies, 45

Said Pasha (Turkish commandant | Sand-grouse, 133

at Lahj), 44 Sand-stone, 88, 92-3, 97, 105, 114,

Sa’id the Qahtani, 59 119, 125, 128, 146, 184-5, 200, 304, Saif (early summer), 60 306, 321, 337-9 Saif, Ibrahim al, 241-2 Sangar (watch-tower), 173-4, 235, Saif, Ibrahim ibn Hamad al, 241 253, 263, 287, 294

Saih (Aflaj), 29 Saq (Qasim), 176, 230, 232 Saih (pl. Asyah), 137 Saqa’a, 196, 330 Saih (Zilfi), 343, 346 Saqiya, 309

Saiyada, Al, 144 Sara desert, 228 Sajir, 128-9, 132, 141, 148, 296 Sarif, 321, 323

Sajir, Fuqm, 132 Sattam Abal Khail, q.v. Sakran, Qusur Ibn, 130, 132 Sa’ad, “Abdullah ibn ’Abdul RahSakrana, Khubba, 131 man ibn, 22, 55

Salam (acacia), 83, 351 Sa’ud, ’Abduilah ibn Faisal ibn, 73

Salbi ibn Manzil, q.v. Sa’ud, “Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal Salbtkh, Hadhafa, 74 ibn, 5, 24, 35, 60, 68, 321-2

Salhamiya, 141 Sa’ud al Salih al Subhan. q.v. Salih, “Abdul Rahman al, 97 Sa’ud (clerk to [bn Sa’ud), 209

Salih al Adhil, qg.v. Sa’ud dynasty, 94, 272

Salih, Al (Ajman), 37, 123 Sa’ud, Fahad ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn,

Salih al Fadhl, q.v. 207, 216, 323 Salih al Khunaini, g.v. Sa’ud, Faisal ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn, Salih al Qadhi, g.v. 207, 216, 323 Salih al Subhan, Sa’td al, v. Subhan | Sa’ud, Faisal ibn Turkiibn, 170, 293 Salih al Sulaiman, q.v. Sa’ud family, 106, 294, 299, 395

Salih ibn Jabr, q.v. Sa’ud ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Sa’ud Salih ibn Zamil, g.v. (son of Ibn Sa’ud), 17, 192, 194, Salih, Ibrahim ibn (architect), 253 217, 316

Salih, Madain, q.v. Sa’td ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Sa’ud ibn

Salih, Mulla (of Kuwait), 380 Faisal, v. ’Arafa Salih (of ’Anaiza), 176 Sa’ud ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Sa’tud ibn

Salih the lamplight, 12 Faisal, Muhammad ibn, 59

Salih, ? ibn (of Baghdad), 293 Sa’ud ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Sa’td ibn

Salihi, ? ibn (daughters of), 256 Faisal, Sultan ibn, 59

Salim, Bani (Harb), 233 Sa’ud ibn ’Abdul Rahman ibn Salim ibn Mubarak ibn Subah, q.v. Sa’ud, 108, 308 Salim ibn Naif ibn RimAl, q.v. Sa’ud ibn Faisal ibn Sa’td, 73

Salim ibn Tawala, 37 Sa’ud ibn Rashid, q.v.

Salim, ? ibn (Qadhi of Buraida), 227 | Sa’ud ibn Sa’d ibn Sa’ud, 34

Sallam, ’Abdullah ibn, 97 Sa’ud ibn Thunaian, g.v. Sallam, Khashm, 169, 254 Sa’ud, Muhammad ibn (of Shaqra),

Sallumiya, 173 106 Salma, Jabal, 296-7 Sa’ud, Sa’d ibn ’Abdul Rahman ibn, Salman ibn Baddah, q.v. 25, 34, 98, 193

Salman ibn Muhammad al’Arafa,g.v. | Sa’ad, Turki ibn “Abdullah ibn, 22

Salt (saline, salinity, etc.), 49, 87, | Scorpion, 318 135-6, 138-9, 141-2, 154-8, 178, | Seasons, 38, 59-60, 108

183, 200, 234, 251, 305, 308-9, 325, {| Semitic (Semite), 86, 367

327, 336, 377 Sewing-machines, 245

Salt, Al (Trans-Jordan), 220 Sextant, 227

Sama (grass), 317 Sha’aithan al Sha’aithan, 247

Samad (pl. Asmad, manure), 279 Sha’aithan, ’Ali al, 247-8

Saman (clarified butter), 90, 264 Sha’aithan, ’Ali al (grandson of

Samari, Raudha Abal, 93 above), 247, 288, 298

Samha (long British rifle, also Umm | Sha’ba, Sha’ib, 40

Ahad ’Ashar), 284 Sha ban, 32 P.A.W. 2D

418 INDEX Shahama, 139 Sharr (shrub), 126 Shahama, Sha’ib, 139-40 Shartigiya, 152

Shahran (’Asir tribe), 99 Shati ibn Fahad ibn Rimal, q.v. Shaiyit al Rawiy4an, q.v. Shatt al “Arab, 292

Shaiyit ’Atshan, g.v. Shauki, Sha’ib, 121 Shaiyitat, Al, 369 Shawwaf, Qulaiyibat al, 84 Shakespear, Captain W. H. I., 85, | Shawwdl, 14, 63

106, 143, 148, 160, 163, 227, 239, | Sheep, 41, 64, 95, 116, 157, 237, 251,

270, 286 261, 268, 298, 311, 315, 342, 351-2,

Shakespeare, William, 286 354-9, 364, 366, 377 Shakir ibn Zaid, Sharif, 212, 308, | Shell, 210

313 Sherbet, 165, 277, 283

Sha’lan, Nuri al, 221 Shia’ (Shiite, etc.), 3, 6, 66-7 Shali’an ibn Mustalih, q.v. Shiblan, ? ibn (Jiblan Mutair), 366 Shamagh (v. Kafiya), 92 Shiddi, 49 Shamal (quarter of Buraida), 197 Shih (plant), 127, 307, 316, 351 Shamaliya, v. Zilfi Shilhtb, Muhammad ibn, 10-1, 112, Shamas (Buraida), 210, 228, 304, 201, 208, 227, 304

338 Shilqan, Miyah ibn Falih ibn, 218

Shamasiya, 271, 328, 336-9 Shinafiya (Iraq), 218

Shamatri (v. Haradh, grass), 145 Shinan (shrub), 157

Shamir, 58 Shiqqa, 155, 228-30, 232, 305-6

Shamlan, Muhammad ibn, 274 Shiqgqa, Mamlaha, 230, 305-6

Shamlan, Nasir ibn, 274 Shooting, 34, 55, 66, L10-1, 245, 283, Shammar (Shammar7%), 8, 17-8, 23-4, 302 30, 33, 36-7, 47, 86, 102-3, 196, | Shu’aiba, 221 201-2, 218, 222, 227, 229, 247, 268, | Shu’aibi, 174

298-300, 321, 324, 328, 335, 339, | Shubaili, Muhammad ibn Sulaiman

31] 288, 290

356, 365-6, 370, 375, 378, 381 al, 211, 283 Shammar, Jabal, 130, 197, 227, | Shubaili, Nasir al, 262, 283, 286,

Shammar Jarba’, q¢.v. Shubairima depression, 351 Shams, Qarat al, 84 Shubarim (? Shuraimi), Sha’ib, 122,

Shams, Safrat al, 80, 84-5 125

Shamsiya (garden at Riyadh), 29, | Shubram (plant), 351

41, 54, 59 Shumaisa wells, 84

Shaqq, Al, 371, 373, 376 Shuqaiq depression, 373 Shaqq, Fawaris al, 373 Shugqaiq, Radifat al, 373

Shaqq, Umm al, 156 Shuqair (’Alwa), 366 Shagqra, 83-4 86-7, 90, 92-3, 97, 102, | Shugaira, 173

104-10, 112, 116-8, 120-2, 140, | Shuqaiyija, Nafud, 141, 160, 169,

187, 191, 205, 218, 274, 347 173, 176, 178, 182, 235, 245, 261,

Shagqra (date), 243 263, 281, 291, 293 Shagra, Nafud, 86, 125-6, 337 Shuraim, Matni ibn, 220, 227, 298 Shagra, Wadi, 114 Shuraimi, v. Shubarim Shaqra Wushaiqir (original name | Shuraimiya, 337 of Shaqra), 121 Shutun, Umm al, 84 Shar’ (religious law), 282, 305 Shuwai ar, Muwaih, 233

Sha’ra, 106, 123 Shuwaibda, 123

Sharaf, Sharif, 39 Shuwaikh, 375, 379

Sharaf (stepped-pinnacle decora- | Shuwaimi, “Abdul Rahman ibn

tion), 65 Sulaiman al Jammaz al, 105

Sharfa (short British rifle), 284 Shuwaimi family, 106

Sharida family, 208, 322 Shuwairibat, Tallah abu (Birzan

Sharida, Mansur ibn, 372 Mutair), 378

315 Saud), 64

Shariyan, ? ibn (Bani ’Ali Harb), | Shkuyukh, Al (common title of Ibn

Shark, 292 Shuyukh, Rijm al, 363 Sharqi, Nafud, 86 Shuyukh, Rujum al, 339 Sharqiya, Darwaza, q.v. Shuyukh, Suq al, v. Sug

Sharr, Khal al, 126 Sibilla plain, 351

INDEX 419 Sibgh (pl. Sibtgh, basins in Sum- | Sudais well (Wushaigir), 122

man), 363 Sufaila (Anaiza), 174, 302

Sidr (tree), 25, 307, 351, 3538, 361, | Sufaila (Jabal Shammar), 298

363-4 Sufaila (Shiqqa), 305-6 Sidr wells (Jabal Shammar), 296, | Sugar, 205, 220, 222, 289, 356-7 298-9 Suhaibani, ’Ain, 179-80 Sifla, Qariyat al, v. Sifla Suhail (Canopus, late summer), 60,

Sidr, Umm, 84-5 Sufala, Al, 146, 153 Silsila (v. Marsan, door-knocker), 108, 167

162 Suhaim, ’Ain Ibn, 18]-2

Silver, 252 Suhul (Sahl), 58, 69, 232 Simra, 138 Suhir (pre-dawn meal in Ramdhan), Simim (hot wind), 25] 7 Sinad plain, 131, 143 Sukarz (date), 243, 280 Sinani (Wadi Rima), 183 Sukhail, “Aqailat Ibn, 221

Singing, 261-2 Sukhail (Matarifa “Anaza), 298 Sinjara (Shammar), 218, 227 Sukni (spirits), 290 Sirr, Al, 81, 126-143, 154, 156, 159, | Sulaim, Abal, 93

184. Sulaim, “Abdul ’Aziz ibn “Abdullah

Sirr, Nafud al, 126-32, 141-6 al, 163-4, 167, 211, 237-8, 241,

Sts? (game-bird), 349 243, 247, 254, 266, 269, 280, 282, Slaves, 47, 63, 66, 94, 103, 117-8, 284-6, 290, 295, 298, 302

148, 151, 179, 196, 199, 310 Sulaim, Abdullah ibn, 286 Slugt (Saluqi, deer-hound), 217 Sulaim, “Abdullah ibn Hamad al,

Small-pox, 164, 177, 254 252, 265, 267-8, 274, 293-4

Smiths, 197 Sulaim, “Abdullah ibn Khalid al, Smoking, 3, 26, 124, 129, 164-5, 246, 163-4, 166, 168, 239, 247, 252, 269, 248, 251, 254, 265, 314, 318-9, 323, 273, 282, 286, 290-1, 295, 302

352, 371 Sulaim, Ali al, 273, 286

Snakes, 131, 313, 361, 364, 369-70 Sulaim family, 292, 294

Soviet, 291 Sulaim (grand-father of Zamul), 286 Spanish ’Flu, v. Influenza Sulaim ibn Zamiul, qg.v. Sparrows, 267 Sulaim, Ibrahim ibn, 286 Spirits, Evil (Jinn), 259, 287, 290 Sulaim, [brahim ibn Hamad al, 238,

Spleen, 108 246, 252, 291, 295 Stirrups, 59, 194, 216, 310 Sulaim, Khalid ibn, 273

Subah, Ahmad ibn Jabir ibn, 189 Sulaim, Khalid ibn “Abdul ’Aziz al,

Subah, Jabir ibn Mubarak ibn, 189 283

Subah, Mubarak ibn, 32, 189, 259, | Sulaim, Muhammad ibn, 286

294, 321-2, 379, 381 Sulaim, Sha’ib Umm (Wadi Hanifa),

Subah, Salim ibn Mubarak ibn, 27-8, 74.

30, 32-3, 40, 189-90, 225, 270, 312, | Sulaim, Yahaya ibn, 171, 286, 292 378-81 Sulaiman, ’Ain Ibn (Wadi Rima), Subai’, 20, 36-7, 41-2, 58, 60, 83-4, 181-2

97-9, 107, 123, 201, 232 Sulaiman, Al (Ajman), 37 Subavi, “Abdullah al, 107-8 Sulaiman al Dhukair, q.v.

Subai’, Wadi, 19 Sulaiman al Dakhil, ¢.v.

Subaihi, ’Abdul Karim ibn, 139 Sulaiman al Hamdan, “Abdullah al,

Subarthiya (date), 301 128

subathiya (Kuwait), 355, 372-7, 382 | Sulaiman al Hamdan, Muhammad

Suban (Wirya), 370 al, 128, 164-5, 209, 227, 325-7,

Subhan, Sa’td al Salih al, 54 241, 245, 253, 256-7, 259-60, 265,

Suda plain, 377 269-71, 275, 278, 283-4, 287-8, Sudair, 31, 85-6, 88, 118, 120, 343 292, 325

Sudair, Umm, 363 Sulaiman al Jammaz al Shuwaimi, Sudaira, Raudha, 370 ’"Abdul Rahman ibn, v. Shuwaimi Sudaira, Sha’ib (Summan), 363-5 Sulaiman al Qublan, q.v.

Sudairi, ? bint al (widow of Sa’d ibn | Sulaiman al Rashudi, g.v.

Sa’ud), 193 Sulaiman al Sa’atyid, q.v. Sudais, Sha’ib, 122 269, 284-5, 291

Sudairi gate (Shaqra), 115, 118 Sulaiman, Ali ibn Muhammad al,

420 INDEX Sulaiman, “Atiq ibn Muhammad al, T 237, 244, 259, 276 Tabv'in, Al, 46 Sulaiman ibn Salih al Khunaini, ¢g.v. | Tabak, 99

Sulaiman ibn Yahaya al Dhukair, | Tafsir, 46

q.v. Tahir Lutfi ibn Ismail, Shaikh (of

Sulaiman (of Tarafiya), 326 Baghdad), 42 Sulaiman (of Zilfi), 345 Taif, 109, 205, 301, 313 Sulaiman (poet-priest of Riyadh), 24 | Taiy, Sha’ib Abal, 85

Sulaiman Ra’i al Qauda, g.v. Taj, Umm (Enfield rifle), 284

Sulaiman, Salih al, 284 Talaq (Ataibi), 226

Sulaiman, Sulaiyim ibn Muhammad | Talag, Nasir ibn, 66, 226

al, 237 Talashi, 49-50, 52

Sulaiyil, 8, 364, Talh (gum-bearing acacia), 77-8, Sulaiyim ibn Muhammad al Sulai- 141, 35]

man, qg.v. Talib, “Ali ibn, 274 Sultan ibn ’Abdul ’Aziz ibn Hasan, | Tallih abu Shuwairibat, gq.v. g.v. Tami, 8, 10, 18, 52-3, 66, 185, 190, Sultan ibn Hamud ibn Rashid, g.v. 314 Sulb (Summan), 363 Talib, Jarallah ibn, 274

Sultan ibn Hithlain, q.v. Tami al Ghuraifa (Buraih), 32

Suluba (Sulubi), 48, 222, 324, 340, | Tami, Mutlag ibn Hamud ibn, v.

349, 365-8, 370, 373 Mutlag

Sulubi, Faidhat al, 363 Tamim, 282

Sumair (Buraida), 210 Tamim, Bani (Z’amimi), 49, 77, 92, Sum’an, “Abdullah, 29 95, 97, 120-1, 1384, 137, 139, 148, Summan, 360-3, 365, 369 146, 201, 328, 337

Sunaidi, Qusur, 87, 93, 97, 114, 118 | Tamimi, “Abdul ’Aziz al, 273 Sunni, 3 Tamimi, “Abdullah al, 274

Sug al Shuyukh, 56 Tagsir (abbreviated prayers), 137

Suq ('Anaiza), 162, 165-6, 168, 174, | Taqwim al’ Uyini (calendar), 266

238, 245, 251, 261, 282, 313 Tarafiya, "Ain, 136-7

Suq (Barra), 82 Tarafiya, Khashm, 84 Suq (Buraida), 197-8, 200, 202, 205, | Tarafiya, Nafud, 320-2, 326-7 207-8 Tarafiya (Qasim), 137, 213, 223, 236, Suq (Mudhnib), 153 296, 299, 307, 320-5, 327, 331, 336 Suq (Riyadh), 63 Tarafiya, Sha’ib, 326 Suq (Shaqra), 115 Tarafiya (Sirr), 134-8, 141, 143, 192 Sug (Wushaiqir), 121 Tarawih((Ramdhan, prayers), 7

Suq (Zilfi), 345 Tarfa (dwarf tamarisk), 134, 137,

Sugur, Khashm, 84 141, 155, 327

Sur, Manif al (Barasa Mutair), 366 Tarfat, Abu (Thuwairat), 340

Surra (navel), 126 Targhasha (Zilfi), 347 Surur (slave), 195 Taslim (prosternation), 7, 12 Suwalar, Ahmad ibn, 253 Tarudi, “Abdullah al, 159 Suwaidan, Muhammad ibn, 201, 255 | Tarudi, ’Ali al, 158 Suwaiid (Sulubz), 368-9 Tarudi (Bani Khalid), 159

Suwaik, Umm, 130 Tatar (Tartar), 24 Suwailim, Abdul Rahman ibn, 44 Tathlith, 20-1, 98

118 Taubi, 134

Suwailim, ? ibn (governor of Shaqra), | Tattooing, 53

Suwailimiya (Khubub), 230 Taumiya, Qusur, 329, 336

Suwaina, ’Ain, 137-9 Tawajir (Anaza), 230, 322 Suwair (Buraida), 330 Tawal al Dhafir, g.v. Suwant (draw-wells), 241 Tawal Mutair, q.v. Suwwad (plant), 157 Tawala, Dhariibn, 18, 32-3, 37, 100, Suwwal, Qasr, 309, 315 103, 112, 212 Sweden, 205 Tawala, Salim ibn, 37 Swimming, 66, 292 Tawil, Mishash al, 377 Syphilis, 169, 242 Tea, 7, 11, 14, 58, 128, 162, 209, 240, Syria (Syrian), 15, 27, 29, 101, 118, 244-5, 250-1, 289, 294, 345

195, 220-1, 332, 375 Tehran, 211

INDEX 421 Temperature, 38, 59, 79, 85, 108, | Turki ibn ’Abdulléh ibn Sa’td (Al

137, 227, 266, 318, 326, 343 ’Arafa), 49-50 Thaila (Wadi Rima), 179-81 Turki, Thamila, 373-4

Thadig, 84 Turki, Sharif Muhsin ibn, v. Muhsin Thamail (Zilfi), 347 Turquoises, 258, 277

Thamam (grass), 127 Tuwaim, 146

Thamam, Sha’ib, 84 Tuwaiq, Jabal, 1, 11, 47, 70, 72, 74,

34] Tuwaiyil Nadhim, qv. Thaniyat al Raml, q.v. U Thanna, Nigar al, 330 ‘Ubaid branch of Rashid dynasty, Thamila (pl. Thamdail, water-holes), 76-82, 84-6, 88, 342-6, 348-50

Thamila Turki, q.v. Thandua (grass), 377

Tharmaniya, 83 B24 7

Tharmida, 85, 87-9, 92-4, 117 ‘Ubaid ibn Rashid, Hamud ibn, v.

Thaur (pl. Thiran, oven), 78 Hamud |

Thulaima (Mudhnib), 146, 150 Ubaid ibn Lughaimish, q.v. Thulth Aba ’Ali (Wadi Rima), | “Ubair, Sha‘ib, 70

181-2, 184, 303 “Ubaiyid (? Al Baiyid), 318

Thunaian, Abdul Qadir ibn, 39 'Ud (v. T'%b, incense), 283 Thunaian, “Abdul Rahman ibn, 8 ‘Udhaij, Sha’ib, 122 Thunaian, ’Abdul Rahman ibn | ’Ukairsha, 210, 330

(brother of Ahmad), 39 -Ulama ( Alim, etc.), 15, 24, 29, 108,

Thunaian, Ahmad ibn, 2-3, 22, 24-5, 123

27, 39 Ulya, Qariyat al, v. Qariya

Thunaian, Faisal ibn, 39 Umaitha (Summan), 362

Thunaian, Sa’ud ibn, 39 "Umantya (breed of camels), 68, 127,

Thuraya (Pleiades), 370 Thuwair, 340 “Umar60 (the Caliph), 249 Thuwairat Naftd, 328, 337-41, | Umm al Radhma, q.v.

345-7, 350 Ugqair, 285, 300 Timber, 260, 348 Sa’ud), 316 Tobacco, 26, 31, 35, 38, 65, 93, 207, | "Uqaiyan, Khabb al, 186

Tb, v. Incense ‘Uqairi, ? al (eamp-chaplain to [bn

37] Urdu, 113

233-4, 237, 255, 262, 268-9, 319, | “Ugaiyan, ? ibn (Ataiba), 122

Tomato, 168, 288 Usailan, 327 Tonic, 255 *Uthman ibn Kharashi, q.v. Townshend, General, 274 *Uthman, ’Uthman ibn, 70, 342

316 "Uwaina, 58

Traditions (Hadith), 46, 66, 249, 253, | ’Uwaid, 201

Trans-Jordan, 215 "Uwainid, 81-2

Trevor, Major, 285 *“Uwainid, Sha’ib, 81] Tubailan, Sha’ib, 144-5 ‘Uwaisa, 173 Tubaiya (early summer), 60 ‘Uyun (Qasim), 311

Tube-well, 302 ‘Uyuni, Al (author of calendar), 266 Tulaiha, Sha’ib abu, 156 Turab, Khashm, 80

Turaba, 40, 101, 213, 300, 319 V Turaif al Habil, Nafud, 80, 84-7 Vaccination, 56, 254, 260

Turk (Turkish, Turkey, etc.), 15-8, | Venereal diseases, 219 22, 24, 26, 29-30, 32-3, 39, 43-4, | Venison (Jalla), 48, 209, 324, 351, 56, 61, 84, 86, 92, 98-101, 104-6, 354, 360, 362-3, 370 108-9, 112, 119, 154, 168,170,191, | Vine, v. Grapes 207, 220-1, 236, 240, 248, 250, | Volcanic, 128 252-3, 270, 275-8, 284, 292, 318, | Vulture, 354, 363 364, 375-6, 381 Turki ibn “Abdul ’Aziz 1bn Sa’ud, 8,

17-20, 24, 32, 38, 59, 61, 191-4, W

208, 211, 218, 216 Wabra (Eastern Desert), 369

Turki ibn “Abdullah ibn Sa’tud, g.v. | Wadhna Kuhaila, q.v.

422 INDEX Watra, 372, 378 Zahiula (Thuwairat), 340

Wahalan, 177, 245 Zaid, Bani (Bani Tamim), 106, 140 Wail (Tawayjir), 230 Zaid ibn Fawwaz, Sharif, 20

Wahtan (Buraida), 210, 330 Zaid, Dhawi (Ashraf), 108

Waaf, Al (Qarain), 96-7 Zaid ibn Fawwaz, ? ibn, 21 Wapf (endowment), 260-1 Zaima, ’Ain, 238 Wara, Sha’ib, 122, 124 Zakat (taxes), 8, 32, 212, 217, 229

Wara hill, 373, 377 Zalaq, Sha’ib, 76

Ward (extracts from Quran), 29, 55 | Zamil, “Abdul ’Aziz ibn, 273

Washm, 85-126, 146, 337 Zamil, “Abdullah ibn, 273

Wasm (brand-mark), 53, 203, 287 Zamil, “Abdullah ibn ’Ali al, 269, Wasm (Safari season), 266, 343, 368 272-3, 286, 288

Wasmi rains, 266 Zamil, “Abdul Rahman ibn ’Abdul

Watches, 245-6, 328 "Aziz ibn, 165, 168, 241, 289, 269-

Watta’ ridge, 305 73, 275, 288, 291, 295 Whale, 292 Zamil al Sulaim (of ’Anaiza), 165, Wheat, 116, 159, 177-8, 231 239, 241, 247-9, 266, 272-3, 286 Willcocks, Sir William, 202 Zamil, Ibrahim ibn, 258, 266, 273,

Whiteley Bridge, 283 Zamil, Ali ibn, 269, 272-3, 286

Willow, v. Ghaf 288 Wirya ridge, 369 Zamil, Muhammad ibn, 266, 272-3

Wool, 86Khashm, Zamil, Muhammad ibn ’Ali al, 269, Wudai’, 169 272-3, 286 Wudai’, Sha’ib, (Anaiza), 160, 169 Zamil, Salih ibn, 163, 270, 273

Wudai’, Sha’ib (Buraida), 305 Zamil, Sulaim ibn, 165, 241, 269,

Wudai an ridge, 350 283-4, 291

Wudda’in (Dawasir), 88 Zamil (Tamim), 95

Wuhaba (Tamim), 121, 201 Zamil, Yahaya ibn, 273 Wuhub, Al (Harb), 233, 315 Zamil, Yahaya ibn Sulaim al, 283

Wuld Muraid, gq.v. Zamil, Zamil ibn Salih al, 270, 272-3,

Wushai’ain, Al, 132 275 Wushaigir, 119-22, 125, 282 Zar’, Raudha, 144

Wushaigir, Shaqra, q.v. Zar’, Sha’ib al, 144 Wuthailan, Al, 139-40 Zarug (snake), 370 Wuthaithiya, 3-4, 6-7 Zayidi, Ibrahim al, 328

Zayidi, Raudhat al, 328

Y Zibbiya (locust-trenches), 248 Yahaya ibn Dhukair, q.v. Zibira, 222

Yahaya ibn Sulaim, q.v. Zigirt, 34, 192, 225, 253, 311, 314-5

Yahaya ibn Sulaim ibn Zamil, q.v. | Zilfi, 27, 86, 125-6, 259, 322, 328,

Yahaya ibn Zamil, q.v. 335, 338, 340-9, 351, 355

Yahraf, Bani, 298, 311-2 Zilfi Janubiya (’Aqda), 347-8

Yamama, 78 Zilfi Shamaliya, 342, 344, 346-7 Yanbu’, 257 Zubair, 18, 86, 1938, 256, 269, 274,

Yaman (Yamani), 15, 44, 364 Zubaida (Wadi Rima), 262

Yazid (the Caliph), 45 295

Yazidi, 226 Zubara (Harbi), 341 Yumaini, 8a’d al, 207, 315, 319-21 | Zubara (sand-ridge), 141

Zulaighif Nafud, 340, 342

Z, Zuqaibiya, 154, 158-60, 184, 257

Za’b (Bani Hajir), 37 Zwemer, 8. M. (author of Arabia:

Zabin (v. Jaukha, coat), 118 the Cradle of Islam), 119

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