Apocrypha Hiberniae II: Apocalyptica 2
1,179 117 59MB
English Pages 582 Year 2019
Polecaj historie
Table of contents :
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IMG_20200515_0032......Page 56
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Saltair na Rann.
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"Yom E ncle ler' \\-rlt " = Il r s(. Hor.-F (8.), "Vom En,ce der Welt und \-onl -\ntir.hrist (l ): F r.agment einer Jenseits-
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-l-h.' \. '\1r"r .t'''
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59 (Surnmer 2010), p. 39-54. "The Authorship and f'ransmission of the De tribus habitaculis -t animae", Journal of Medieual Latin 22 (2012), p. 49-65. BnTNDES (Il.), Visio S. Pauli. trin Beitrttg zur Visionsliteratur mit einem deutschen und zwei lateinischen T'exten, Halle 1885.
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(.noss (J. tr.) - Hrrr (T. D.), The Prose Solomon and Saturnus ancl ^lclrian and Ritheus (McMaster Old English Studies and Terts 1)
(,r-r-r
. Toronto
1982
-
di un sim-
F'rrzrATRrcK (S.), eds., Treasures of the Rogal
Irtsh Academg Librarg, Dublin 2009. Dr r-er- (8. tr.), The Hope of the Earlg Church. A Handbook of Patristic Eschatologg, Cambridge 1991. On the Dormition of Marg. Earlg Patristic Homilies, Crestwood,
-;
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
XII F
rorvpn (R.), Catalogue of Irish llanuscripts in the British Librarg [formerlg British l,fuseum], vol. 2,, Dublin 1992 (original :
London 1927).
Fono (J. NI.), "The Ph5rsical Features of the Antichrist", Journal for the Studg of the Pseudepigrapha 11 (1996), p. 23-11. F nBEN{AN (A. NI.), "Betha i\Ihuire trigiptacdha", trC 1 (1936), p. 78-113. Grncir NLrnrixEz (tr.) LuTTIKHLTIZEN (G. P.), eds., Jerusalem, Alerandria, Rome. Studies in Ancient Cultural Interaclion in Honour of A. Hilhorst, Leiden Boston 2003. GenRrcuES (N{.-O.), "L'auteur de
la'\Iisio Tnugdali"',
Studia
Monastica 2911 (1987), p. 19-62. GrnsrAD (B.), Apocalgpse tof I Pseudo-Itethodius. An Alerandrian World Chronicle (Dumbarton Oaks lledieual Libraru 14), Cambridge, Mass., 2012 Gnrnr- (J. A.), An lrish Version of Innocent III's De contemptu
mundi, Washington 1931. GeoLrRArN (P.) KrESrLr (J.-D.),trcrits apocrAphes chrötiens, vol. 2 (Bibliotheque de la Plöiade 516), Paris 2005. GreERoN (G.), Anselmi Opera, Paris 1675. (ir r-BERr (.I. J.), Leabhar Breac. A Lilhographic F'acsimile, Dublin 18 G r r- E
I
It., .i I t'
Irr.
76.
s (J.-A.), Beati Lanfranci archiepiscopi Cantuariensis opera quue supersunt omnia in Opera b. Lanfranci, tom. 2, Oxford
I
r-r,
181 1.
rxr (R.
.J. S.), Three Homilies from Cambridge, Corpus Christi
College 11,
(in rL-ERr
Ottawa
1982.
(H.), "l\'Ieister Johann von Toledo", Sitzungsberichte
erischen Akademie der Wissenschaften )Itirtchen (1901) [N{unich 1902]), p. 111-325.
tler köntqlichen
bag
zLt
(]neE\E (D.), ed. and transl., n.d.: Saltair na Rann, online at
rors
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There was also an interest in the division of souls of the righteous and the wicked before Judgement, and in their respective du,elling places. It was relatively easy to designate a du'elling place for the eminent righteous (kingdom of heaven, paraclise) and the verv serrous sinners (hell). The categorising of the less perfect and the designation of their dwelling places before Judgement was less straightforward. Two such intermediate categories were the mali non ualde and the boni non ualde ("the not very bad" and "the not very good"), or their equivalents. One particularl.v- interesting illustration of this concern may be considered here. Coder Reginensis latinus 49 of the Vatican Library (commonly known as the Catechesis Celtica), a tenth-century Breton manuscript with some close Irish affiliations, includes an account of places in which souls await the Judgement (1). \Vhether this item is one of those with Irish connections is
uncertain. The collection rlusL represent some popular mate-
rial in circulation in certain areas in Brittany, and probably elser,r.here in E urope and possibly Ireland, in the tenth centurt, bearing witness to beliefs concerning the dlvelling places of souls and their vision of God hefore the Day of Judgement and to the lack of clarity in such belief. The piece has no clear context in the manuscript, being preceded by a tert on Baeemoth (Behemoth), and follorn'ed by another on almsgiving.
V loca in quibus fiunt animae
usque ad diem iudicii.
Primus loctts est qui uocatur regnurrl ceTorunt, in quo fiunt animae apostolarum et sanctorum dilectissimorum quibus n est ad iudicium peruenire quia custodierunt omnia mandatcr Dei. Qui liberi ad aeclesius ac reliquias eorurn ad adiuuationem possunt peruenire. Secundus locus est qui est paradisus Adae,, in quo fiunt animae patriarcharum et profaetürum et martirum et ad iudicium perueniunt quia iudicari necesse est. Quique paradi sus 1
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unrighteous, who never belierred the commandments of God and they do not come to judgement because thev have done nothing good. iiii. There is the fourth place, of light, in u'hich the souls of sinners dwell, in whom very small sins are perceived. v. There is the fifth place, of darkness, lvhich is gloomy, in which the middle rank of sinners dwells. Since the-v were attached to their sins, theY are perceived as unrighteous. And they can be redeemed who reside in the place of light and of darkness, and where they live is regarded as uncerI
tain. "
This item (Vat. Reg. lat. 49, fol. 49'b-50") is headed: V loca in quibus fiunt animae usque ad diem iudicii. It has similarities to an earlier piece on the four groups of souls at the Judgement scene (1), but differs in that, while two are said not to be destined for judgement the apostles and the very beloved sairrts in the kingdom of heaven, in the primus locus; and the trnlrelier.ers in the "chief hell", infernus principalis, in the III it makes explicit reference to the coming to judgelocus -t ment only of one group the patriarchs, prophets and martvrs in the Paradise of Adam, secundus locus. It is best considered as an independent unit of tradition. Also distinctive is the provision of five dwelling places for these souls, not four. The second place, the Paradise of Adam, is guarded by a fiery u,all. The fourth and fifth (locus lucis, locus caliginis) may well be for the boni non ualde and the mali non ualde. The final paragraph speaks of the possibility of redemption for the two groups in the final two places , locus lucis and locus caliginis. Where these are located is said to be uncertain. It is clear that at the tirne of composition, souls of the departed were all believed to be in distinct locations, some of them known (the kingdom of heaven, the Paradise of Adam under the Caucasus mountains), some unknown (the two final places). This seems to be an interesting reflection of the evolvirrg theology and geograph_v of the dwelling places of souls. It was accepted in medieval eschatology, in keeping with the judgement scene in Matthew's Gospel (Mt 25,31-46), that
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SOME ASPECTS OF' N,IEDIEVAL IRISH ESCHATOLOGY
the holy angels " irl heaven, in the kingdorn of heaven and the heavenly paradise" (i, caelo, caelorum regno et paradiso caelesti), r,vhere they would see the divine essence intuitivelv and face to face. The identification of heaven, the kingdom of heaven and the heavenl5r paradise is apparently intentional, and an indication that at that period some were still regardit g thern as three distinct places or realities. To speak of unity or continuit,v for this period in no way means that the content of one such text, be it early or late, can determine the meaning of a term or concept in another. As already noted, the precise meanings of the terms or designations used were not exactly defined. This would hold in particular for creative, imaginative, literary texts either in Latin or the vernacular, in rn hich the authors might create their own meaning and applications of earlier concepts and terms.
3. Sorne Concerns in Medieval Eschatology
of the eschatological interests of medieval Ireland are evidenced in the documents that have come down to us, includirrg those edited below: visions of the otherworld, Antichrist, signs before the end, the final Judgement. Within these there are some themes which would have been of general interest and concern during the N{iddle Ages. We shall now attend to two of these, both concerned with the fate and condition of the just between death and the final Judgement, rämely the vision of God and fate of minor sinners. Some
3.L. Vision of God before the Resurrection Various writers in the centuries after Augustine found it necessary to defend the doctrine that the souls of the just and the damned were led immediately to glory or punishment ltefore the Da-v of .Iudgement. This question gave its title to an anonymous seventh-century treatise (now identified as the u'ork of Julian of Toledo, 642-690): Utrum animae de humanis corporibus exeuntes mox deducantur ad gloriam uel ad poenaln, an expectent diem iudicii sine gloria et poena (PL 96,1379-1386, esp. 1384C-1386) ("Whether the souls going out from human bodies are immediately led to glory or to punishment, or expect
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soME ASpECTS oF IIEDIEvAL IRISH ESCTIAToI.oGY
flesh of Christ, which is made from earth, äs (God) saYS to Moses: 'You shall make an altar of earth for me ltrr 20,2,11.' flnder that earth the souls cr-v, as (*. read): 'Your brother's blood cries to me from the earth' lGen 4,10]"). There is a commentary closely related to that of De enigmatibus in a gloss on the Apocalypse preserved in the manuscript Cambridge, Liniversity Library Dd.10.16, fol. 58'-104'', where we have the following variants for the relevant part of the gloss (fol . 77"): "Aliter vtDr sLBT'{I.s ALrtLItE. id (est) sub terra quae altare est dum dictum est "Altare de terra facietis mihi" et sub ea terra clamant anime ut est illud, "sanguis fratris tui clamat ad me de terra..."
The Cambridge manuscript is a tenth-century text, probably of Breton origin, while the "Reference Bible" (De enigmatibus) is, as already mentioned, of the late eighth century. For interpretation of the Apocalypse, both depend on an earlier text, composed prohably in Ireland, about 700. F or the gloss on Reu 6,9 which interests üs, the Cambridge text may represent the earlier form. The chief dif ference in the " Reference Bible" is the identification of the "altar" of the biblical text as the flesh of Christ, with reference to the altar of earth (altare cle terra).
This understanding of Reu 6,9, ref lected in these various sources, may represent an early instance of an interpretation expressed more fully and more forcefully bv Bernard, four hundred years later. The question concerning the direct vision of God before the resurrection and final Judgement, that remained with the western Church over so many centuries, may have relevance for the understanding of F'is Adomnain § 16 (p. 62-65; 128-729 helow).
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SOME ASPECTS OF N,TEDIEVAL IRISH ESCHATOLOGY
combination of apocryphal tradition with native Irish developments on eschatological themes, combining some apocryphal material with homiletic concerns. We have an example of this in Scöla Lai Bratha, "Tidings of Doomsday". Finally, we have a culmination of native development in eschatological compositions in the literarv, creative and imaginative work Itis Adomnain ("The Vision of Adomnän"), and in the related Da Brön lrtatha l{ime ("The Two Sorrows of the Kingdom of Heavetr"), which may be an elaboration of one of the themes
of the ltts Adomnain itself. The first text edited below is, appropriately, Fis Adomnain, a fitting sequel to In Tenga Bithnüa ("The Ever-new Tongue"), edited in the preceding volume of this second section of Apocrgpha Hibernicte.
Immediately after this we edit three texts which appear to harre influenced, or been influenced by, F'is Adomnain, namely Da Brön fhtha l\ime, Trctnsitus Mariae and Visio Sancti Pauli. NIuch attention has been paid to the first of these works over
the past century, and various views have been put forward as to its origin; but it was only made available in f,nglish in 1989 in Mäire Herbert's translation (1). We now have a new English renderi.rg of the work, together with an extended analysis and a new view as to its origin. With the Transitus Mariae texts we are in the presence of a genuine apocryphon, probably originating in the Jerusalem Church in the late fourth century. It has been recognised that the Irish texts carry a very old form of this apocryphal work, and, in certain sections at least, have a close relationship to the tr,thiopic form of the composition, the Liber requiei. We have three representative texts of the u,ork from Ireland : the major one (ldhacht Mhuire I Timna Muire ("The Teslarnent of Nlary"); a version of this work in a Latin text (Trinity College Dublin, MS 667 1tr.5.3]);and a section on the death of Mary in a Nliddle Irish homily (Dublin, King's Inns, VIS 10, fol. 51-54). Critical editions of the f irst two of these texts, with translations, introductions, and relevant notes, are presented in this
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71
SoME ASPECTS OF },TEDIEVAL IRISH ESCHATOLOGY
Jesus'words in the so-called apocalyptic discourse of the to precede the end (Mk 13,4-32; lWt 24,336 ; Lk 21,7 -33) must have served as an invitation for later generations to develop a tradition on Signs before Doomsday. This was done in the ApacalApse of Thomas, listing Signs to occur on each of the seven days precedirrg the Judgement. Later there developed a series of Fifteen Signs before Doomsday, three forms of which are preserved. This F ifteen Signs pattern became the accepted tradition all over Europe in the Middle Ages. One view, noted above, is that this series of Fifteen Signs originated in Ireland. The Irish prose and poetic texts on the Signs before Doomsday are critically edited and translated in the following volume. Once again, the chief interest is in the critical edition of these texts, with attention to language, date, relation to Irish vernacular tradition, and where possible identification of the sources used. The remainirrg major text published and examined in the next volume is fittingly one on Doomsday : Scöla Lai Bratha ("Tidings of Doomsday").This is partly a homily on the judgement scene of Matthew's Gospel (ll[t 25,31-46), but also introduces other elements on the Judgement and the ensuing joy* and punishments f rorn Irish vernacular and Hiberno-Latin tradition. Literary analysis of the latter part indicates that together with the piece Airdena, a text on the F ifteen Signs, it draws on an earlier Irish composition on eschatological themes, one known also to the author of the verses describing the Signs before Doomsday in Sa/lair na Rann LInder the title "A Poem on the Day of Judgement", apparently from the late tenth century, we publish a further text rn,ith eschatological material related to that in the other texts examined in this volume. All of these w'orks seem to be witnesses to a vernacular Irish tradition on the afterlife yet to be fully explored ('). Gospels on the signs
(1) The study of this field has been very significantly advanced in the many texts critically edited and studied in the two volumes alreadv mentioned at the outset: J. C.rnsv - E. Nrc CÄnruarcrr- C. Ö nocHARTAIGH, eds., The End and Begond. Medieual lrish Eschatologg (Celtic Sludies Publications 17), 2 vols., Abervstwyth 2014.
F]
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1B
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1871 and 1895 ('). Ernst Windisch's 1880 edition from both L,ebor na h[Jidre and Leabhar Breac was not accompanied b-1,- a translation (2), but when Joseph Vendryes edited Fä in 1909 from Paris, Bibliothöque nationale de France, Fonds celtique no. 1, he also rendered it into f'rench (:r).
subsequent publications
Boswell had published, in 1908, a fulllength study with the provocative title An lrish Precursor of I)ante; this remains the most extended examination of IrA to have been published to date (a). Besides providing another translation of the Lebor na. hUidre copy, Boswell discussed the figure of Adomnän himself in history and legend; offered a survey of classical, "oriental" and Judaeo-Christian vision literature; and discussed Irish texts dealing with Otherworld adventures and voyages, and with eschatological themes. Against this background he proceeded to an analysis of trA
In the meantime
itself . While praising Fä's "architectonic qualiti€s", Bosu'ell was only able to bring the text into conformity with his own structural aesthetic on the hypothesis that its survivirrg form is the result of "composite design being apparentlv made up from two distinct versions, or else having been 'perfected' by some redactor by the addition of other matter" (''). This view led him to reject a very suhstantial proportion of the work as the result of secondary accretion. The ensuing decades saw i*portant contributions by M. R. James and St. John D. Seymour. Both sought to identify external sources for FA, and Seymour attempted like Boswell
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1895
, p. 265-279.
(2) tr. WrNDrscH, "F'is Adamnäin. Die \rision
des Adamnän", in lrische Sroxns, eds., p. 165-196.
mit Wörterbuch 1, E,. WrNDrscrr - W. (3) J. VBxonrrES, "Aislingthi Adhamnäin d'aprös le texte du manuscrit de Paris", AC 30 (1909), p. 349-383. (1) C. S. Bosrn ELL , An lrish Precursor of Dante. Boswell's choice of title was presumably inspired b"v A. D'ANCoNA, I precursrtri di Dunte. (5) Ibid., p. 77 6 Texte
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I{OI13i} CIOUTNI
IZ
THE VISION OF ADOMNAN
22
LB Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, the Book of Lismore, rvritten in the late
15th
centurv for the family of NIac Carthaigh fA conclusion: fol . 76"h-77'".
Riabhach, lords of Cairbre.
II.
Sternrna
The interrelationships of the survivirrg witnesses rn,ill now he considered, äs a preliminary to proposing a stemma for the text. 1,,
The Brendan fragrnent
The version of § 56-65 in the "First Irish Life" of Brendan can be dealt with first. This is very close to O, going back however to an exemplar with more conservative orthography and fewer
corrupt readings. Examples
:
: proicept OtrBQoLo us. forcetul Lr scel a om. B 57,,2 : in praiccept-so na Otr,BQoLo Ds. .i. {-, Q om. B 61,1 : dano doibh OEBQULB us. tra doib B döib dano UQ 62,1 : do-niat O do-gniatt ERQRLR Ts. laait B ferait tj fer Q 57,7
64,2: fordas iabhtha O fordas iatha EBQULR forsa n-iatfa
r/s. conus iadfa B
UQ
Sometimes the branch of the text tradition represented by troQo is closer to O, but that represented by Lts occasionally
with O against EuQo ' 57,7-2 : in da apsdaibh O in da apstal EttQIr r,,s. 1 na haps- Lts 59,3 : iss e-side Otr*Qo rls. ba heisidhi LB 59,4 : issu .cr. O ihü cr Lts om. troQ* 60,2 : on uair OEUQU Ds. in tan LIr 63,1 : in quo die multa mala erunt O in quo die mala erunt
agrees
truQn om. LR
2. BO vs. UQ Ernst Windisch's edition of FA, which presented the texts of both U and B, demonstrated the dif ferences between these two versions ('). Much of the additional matter in B is clearly secondar], and it has been generally assu med that tl of fers
t
(1) tr. WrNDrsclr, "F-is Adamnäin
I
1l Thus .L \',
Ieavens anrl
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0f
e'sd Og uerd E : V'69
0 EInp L prq8res -pul 11 EInp L prFresul 's0 O ureutser{}e g urnucser{}E : g'6f, 0 ]arloor ru i) +ar{Jor slu'so O }ao}our s}u g }ar}leul slu : g'ZZ 0 Jnurrs -plEJ oJ i) tllasp_BJ oJ 'sd O JrurBpBnf,-trB g Je]raDpEnJ-}B i Z'Ll 0 ralreqel O rar{}rrBqel 's/l O relFreltotd ruue g Jaq}rer{c1rrd Iuul : Z'01 : aler+snlll saldurexa Fur,u.o11o; aq+ sE 'uolllpBrl +xa+ aq+ ulqll,\r sal{f,uerc[ ]Jullslp ]uasaJdat ÄlFurproo)E s-rred o.^,\] aql '(,,) n ol 0 pue g o+ JasolJ sr O 'sassaulr.^. ledrourrd o,\N+ Jaqlo aq+ JO '(r,) rollelsuerl r{slrl ur n ur }uasa"rd .(1uo }nq g ur punoJ 'B-L'Lt § 1B ase"rqd ulleT aq+ Jo ,(llnbr1ue aql o+ uorluape palleo rnouÄag pue | (r) ,,1ulod-Fur1rels,, s,I/jI salnlrlsuor 'fI ur urBuror sacBrl {1uo qclqa Jo 'g ur paArasa"rd adocrrad IBcll -qlq oq+ ler{} pazruFocat ra^aaor{ rlrsrpur^N '(,) +*al }saq aq}
'tu,,
g 'lllrt
Ja.^&aJ
pue
i
-
(-l
^iqcll:.r
JAAJ,{A.Oq IJII(l
UBO UEpUAJfl
='
-
.,-u I,
,lo
-
..--,- ,
^
'l"xa} aq+ roJ uut ltl
aq
,^A.ou
'
IIIj\
n'f-
!-- q'9
t ' l" i .1,
t.l
J,
r{FIer{trEJ rBII -llJ
,tt
'a
JoLns
,
,
\\ ...,.
SJd ItISS i} NY[T
t7,
24
TFIE VISION OF ADOMNAN
: ni adilcniget B ni adilgniet O ni dlegaid Y Ds. ni recat a les tQ 16,1 : for bith B isin bith OY rs. isin bith frecnairc-sea UQ 20,6 : thimthirid B thimtiridhi O timthirighi Y us. techtairi t 13,5
techtared a
: dlüim deirg BOY us. dluim t,Q 46,,1 : i ndethiti B i ndethitin a colla O i ndethidin a collai Y us. i töti a collai Ir' i teti a colla a
27,4
Against this may be set instances of Y's aqreement with LIQ against BO 22,6 : is iat aittrebait UQY ,s. aittr-us B aittreabus O 54,2-3 : is inti L' isin innsi a is indti-sen Y r,ls. is i-side B is :
ed-seite
O
4. "Na Seacht Nearnha"
In
considering the interrelationships of I3O, LrQ and Y, reference must be made to a brief tract preserved in the Liber Flauus Ferqusiorum, \,o1. II, fol.20"u-'u, published by Gearöid Mac Nio.rltt with the title "Na Seacht Neamha" (henceforth
('). In its wording, this text closelv parallels § 30-38 of to such an extent that it is obvious that a direct relationship must exist betu,een them. But Sl/ is not merely a derivative of FA, as it also includes details not found in the latter but paralleled in a version of the " Seven Heavens Apocrvphon" in an Old trnglish homily preserved in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College IVIS 41 (late eleventh-early twelfth century) (2). Corresponding details are also found in the corrupt and fragmentary "seven heavens" text in Karlsruhe , Auqiensis CCL,IV (eighth or ninth century) ('). .SN)
FA,,
(1) C. O DocHARTAIGFI, "Na Seacht Neamha in the Liber F lavus F'ergusiorum" in The trnd and Begond, p. 201-209. (2) trdition and anal.vsis in R. WTLLARo, Two Apougpha in Old English Homilies, Leipzig 1935, p. 1-30; cf . the new edition b5, N. VoTMERTNG, "The Old trnglish Account of the Seven Heavens", in The trnd and Begond, vol. 1, p . 285-306.
(3) The text was published in D. Dri Bnu\'\E, "F'ragments retrouves d'apocryphes priscillianistes", ReuLte bönödictine 21 (1907), p. 323 -324. lt has been reprinted from de Bruyne's edition lt1' R. BrrrcKHAt\,{, "The Apocalgpse of the Seuen Heat)ens", p. 153; anil I har-e. pror.ided a new
11
ol
l \\ il
,--
','-. l
I-i .,
-
' :itittn haserl (rn - t - . >iver] Hear-en. Il r1t J. (..rltur. lltr. I har-e arljLr-:" _
.
',,lition. (2) Ähersetu s 11,i.' ( :l ) Re pant ,liu ',. '
rR. \\'rr-LARD.
ttlt.
'(f 'cf ''n) 'do 'cr{Yrrr11 'g) snpsratqv ualaq Dutnu s? utvp'polJ uatfiJ pvurt unrnp uvq ag (g) '(g-q'Zt
§) uts-Dtllors lu! DptiltutoJ L atmfrut p6uru ouDp snpsraqv k) 'uorlrp e
luasarc{ aq} ul a8esn aq} q}l^^tr ruroJrro) o1 el8rs eq} pr}snfpe o^Br[ I'gzI -VZl 'd ',,suoFBJg aAIa,t.t.I ar{} pue suaAEaH uoÄos aqJ,, 'lauv3 'f (f ) '96I-6gI 'd 'T'lo,\ 'puofiag puD pug aqJ u\', ilrruo[{ SUO,\EaH ualas neueqclag aqJ,, ul ldrrcsnueur aql Jo uorlellnsuoJ qsaJJ uo pesBq uorlrpe
,\A.au
E papt-r0.rri
.,.1.:
aqJ,, 'If vr{:i:r-ir [-{ +I 't1,t-tT,t 'rl '( ,r rr . I
se^noJ13.I sJUJtrri',
puo pug )tlJ 'cNItrEItro^\
;..r
Lr l
'-\
',
:
qstlfrug pl0 tu ttti'.'.. -Jad sn^\Bld .r;r 1;'1
ollr{^\ 'otTasndy parueu sr laFue aq} }Ert} Furies 'lunocce pa}EIJ -uor e sa.trF lls '(r) Jtrr+t urBarls aql Jo aurBu ar{} sr snpsralqv '.ra,ra,r\oq 'ilruroq aql ur : (r) sn1asraqv patueu laFue uE Äq roAo paqJlB.\r tUBaJ+s i;ary e surBluoc ua^Eaq slq+ 'V,{ o\ Furp-roJ3y 'ua.\Ear{ puosas aq} uorldrtJsap papJoJJE aq} {q sr ullo Jo .(tu ur 'Fur11a1 lsoru aql I uorlrsod slq+ Jo lroddns ur "^r\ar^ paoueApe aq uBr sluaunF;e lBra^as'ilruloq Ilslrr{3 sndro3 aq} ur }Br{} Frllqruasal {1aso1c sualear{ ualos aq} Jo }unorre uE ';e1ncr1 ur socJnos Jaqlo ruoJJ paonpoJlur IErJalEtu r{}1,,\r JaAa
stsuafiny-
' a LI
-
rr.r: r.. : r.;
1dn;-ror aql rrl I,i.' -uaa qlJIa \\l .il.r i ,'aFpt"rqtue3 ltl l-
-cody sua^\rrJH t. ..
-
-
..
--red
-,roq paluaualddns 'Vi uo pasBq +rEJ ul sl IJS +Erl+ :r{cBu+Earg pasodo-rd olJeuacs aAr}BuJa+lE uB Jo Jno^EJ uIt{tuIoES {q our o} ur uorlrsod slql
qslnburla.r 01 paFrlqo uaaq JoAoA\or{ aAEq I
,,'(,) "'Furpear IEurFr-ro aql ilqeqord aq o+ ua{E} aq {eu slq} '[O]g ro t§]f raq]ra q]1,\§ saa;Fe [r.'S] araq6'{ro,\A. u,tro slrl olul palresul slg, ar{} Jo roq}ne ar{} r{Jrq.^N',asd{1ecody, aq} Jo {doc (pasru-rapou i1a.r,rsua1xa) uE sE [,.vS] aas o] alqeuosear sreadde +\'ulputttopv sld ul poAJäsa;d uaaq lou ser{ r{Jlr{lr lnq ',asd{lecody suaAEaH ualas, leurFr;o aql ur lrrasard {11uap -l^a sB,{A. r{clq1tr uor}EruJoJur surB}uoJ }l }Er{} r.r3Ar{) 'uorssrur
-suErl s,}xa} }Eq} Jo saqruBrq urBru aql Jo raqlrau o1 sFuolaq [,.lfS] ]Eq] a]BJrpul o] s-readde a^oqe pa]uasa.rd oJuapr ,\o a q] 'utpuruopv sl.{ Jo uor}rpa IEcr}rrJ IInJ E Jo aJuasqB eq} ur a^rlBlual urBurer lsntll luatu8pn I qcns ,(ue qFnoqlly ...ult)u -utopv sl.{ Jo }Erl} sr [,lfS] Jo Eurp-ro.u aq] Jo ]soru ,pueq raqlo aql uO 'suorsral qsrlFug plo pue rlslrl eql rq pareqs ad{laqcre aq} lJalJer Ä1"3urproJJE lsntu puB ouorures Ilslrr{3 snd"ro3 aql ur sluatuala 01 puodsauoc sa.rnleal alrlf,ur:[ -slp IBJaAes :]ou saop utDutilopy sld qJIq,\\ s,(em ur ,asd{1 -ecodlr [suarea11 uarag], leurFr;o aq] s]JalJar ]l 'ilsnor^qo 1soru Luruuuopv
sacuElqtuasaJ
sld
aql
01 reeq [r.'S] saop drqsuor]Elar ]Erlt\\,,
: s,ttolloJ sE .,\1S pue V.d Ful{ull palardJa+ur I'uolssnJsrp JarlJEa uE uI
e {1a.rau }orr ( r -.\ \ -EIOJ +JJ.II[) t] 1rr. 8t-0t § s[,)ll: : ) ..r:rlil.,r .,. -
Jo
:
qlJoJaJuaq
Jaq!1 aq1 rrI Iri.1..--JaJ 'Ä pul? (-) 'l '( ,
.
sI g apls-l:^l'\,1 \
o slltll?r.lJ]llr
;1
0n q1l,rr +tlJru)).; Ä IEIIOJ E ulpltll,rl
:
:
i] IrlBlqJal 'srl \ Il, 0f Bas-JJIt?u.1.r.11 E IECaJ rU 'Sd
t
.
l)rl?--.,
YIAiI,\igJS
9Z
',*t**rer**alet&$qi*:,1'.'
I
"
't .,.....-'''' " ""
THtr VISION OF' ADON,{NAN
26
the stream's name is Atueritas; the author is clearly drawing on tu,o sources, but using trA as his basis (1). It remains to consider the place in the text tradition of the version of ItA on which
r
.',,lttittt (.'ltil!, ').)
;12.5
LIQ.
:-
I rlo not
doirseoir BOY coimedai[dh] l doirseoir SA' Ds. dorsioir 1 cometaid LIQ aingel BOY aingil Sl/ us. ainm (ind add a) aingil t Q is e in sruth-sin BOY ass e an sruth-sin Slü us. is e a
:
1t,
.)
lrrt't :
At various points, the readings of S^" support BOY against
32,5 : 32,6 :
1
,'irsrs in §-hrt.h
S^rI drew.
30,3-4: cometaid
-t-
.,
r'otri.-
"
ltrlir-\-t
ill have chrir)*..-, lot'I11e
I- ltltt-itsr,
r
.rl
om. I-'
33,3 : 6rfuirgit B fuirghi O furighter Y fuirgid
Slü us. ergorid
tallr- aeree s rtl.
U argoiridh a 37,,2 : in Düilemon BOY an Duileaman Sl/ us. De IIQ
ing. gir-en that .l f here äp|)rir
Sf\r also agrees u'ith BO in cases where the testimony of Y, due to its abridgement of the text, is not available
.§^\-.
:
31,2: occa airchell B oca tharceall O iga thairceall SA" us. ocä thimchell I- oca timchill a 37,9 : aititnid B nos aithmidh O atnaidh Sfü ,s. tabraid ti tabr- a 38,1 , a.rfechtnaig BO ainmfe achtnach Sf\r ,s. thrüag-sin U truaid-sin a
38,4: lasa tucad B lasadh tucadh O la tugad
r'
text traclitirtrt .1 f \\-here
a
n\
i
I ':
e\emplar. Thr
l
crises in u-hir.h \ «rbserved that ()
I
other u,itnesstr:
)
:
31,1: tiagirai,j
Slrr us. lasa tänic
'r
UQ
trlsewhere, however,
ported in this way 36,1 37,2
it is the readings of I-fQY which
are sup3
:
: co dorus UQY SÄ" us. do dorus BO : taisfenat L taispenand QY taisbeanuid bait B taisealbad
L- fast u iuaslLl i:i,
f
O
:
38,4
lecicl-:L-r,.
38,
conrilait. nis O r-'r t..
do-let't,
Sf\r us. taissel-
The same agreement is found in text omitted by Y 38,7 : d'eis a c6le U d'es a cheile a tar eis a ceile SN us. d'eis aroli BO
5,6
B
i
:
This evidence appears to indicate that S^" drew on a copy of FA similar to Y, but complete where Y has been extensively abridged in the course of being inserted into Echtra Cleirech
u'hich SN ancl \ reflected in tirt.
;_ l
deuterotonic d,,-i. nd the corr tr lr t ]
a
(1) Apersetro d"ano aingil inghaire 7 forcoimeda in tsrotha-sin 7 Atueritas [aJ ainm fein (C. Ö DocHARrArcH, "Na Seacht Neamha in the Liber Fergusiorum", p. 204).
the original refr(l-: _ in SN- and \- nrti>'. of comflaithiu,s ii t. ;
.
'snlluloltilu o+ {)Eq oF illuapr.ta bnog allq,\e snlqnnl.lwot Io Ä pue AIS araqry\ '{-repuoras aq }snru Ä pue AJS ur
sruroJ aAEq
1calqns 1eln1d q]l.u a,ttssed relnEurs aq] iEurpear leurFr-ro aq] o1 lurod '-J cIueF;oul Ful{cEI q1oq 'O ul lullllD ldnrroc aq} pue
JaqlT Jq+ tll I:r{lli: ''.\ snTtnnTy-
L
r/r-s-/ri1l, ..
.(larltsua]\J
roJ sna\fpnal xaldturs Jo uor+nlrlsqns aq+ pue 'aFenFuEI ralel aql ur uourruoJun Ä1arr1e1a-r aJE prunsar,4 unou IEqJaA aq+ pue pru|uat qrol ar{} snqJ'§n(O)g Jo sFurpeor aq} ur po}rolJar asoql ueql leurFrro aq o1 {1a>1rl ssal are aa"rFe Ä pue N.'S r{Jlr{.nt satuB}sur asaq} Jo IIE uI
q)aJtalS D.tltl,)-l , -':
'g ur plolsv'uor+ezrurapotu E a{ll s{ool p?l-op
uo sruroJ aql +Er{} paÄrasQo aq
-EIruos
g
Jruo}ora}nap
III,[ }l
0 snrluelruoJ :l snrlurelstuoc O slu snrluBluroJ 'so Als saqlrBlJruoJ Ä snrqlrBlJruot : B'Bt
^l lr?ll-op O Frnls g Ir?l-op önO
g
'sd ,\. 'S srrrel
pncnlsenl 'sa iVS peFnlsenJ
lulrlle g prelse'so
plglseJ O
§fOg
Ä
ö prrä1-op
uoas-plral : f ,Bg pe8nlsen; : g,gt
+ srElsEI 0
(sassau+r,t.r Jaqlo
-
tt.r.i i 1 \
Jo {dor Il uo \\:r.:r .ri{J sl?,p 'sr? ^\s :^\ -i,r
i
-lassrB+'si/ vs i,
-
dns aJE
q,) r rl
11
rVS rnlqFropseJ Ä reqlolseJ : g,tt lreFuac 'sn AJS preral Ä preqFerl : i't7 :
or{} Jo IIE ruorJ saF"rarrp saurr}auros Furpear s, o }Brl} pa^Jasqo aq III,[ 1l) bnog lsureFe l\.,s r{}l,r saarFe Ä qrlqa ur sasBr {q paproJJe sr Iapou slq} roJ 1-roddns }sorealr aqI ';relduraxo aq+ FurlcalJar sE papreFar aq o1 illeurrou sr Furpear pareqs oq+ ';aqloue auo qll,t.r aa.rFe saqJuEJq asaq+ Jo o.^&1 ,(ue aJaq6 .lfs pue f {q pue '0n .{q 'Og ,(q prtuasa;da; 'v.i Jo uor}lper} }xa} aq+ Jo saqcuerq luapuadapur aarq+ aq o+ uaql readde araqJ 'lnoqFnorq+ palerlarqqe {larrsua}xa os sr }l }Brl} ua.trF 'Frl -sr;d;ns aq +ou paau aserqd e Furllrtuo ur ö,-l qll.lr aa-rFe Älle+ -uaprcuroJ plnoqs Ä +Br{} puv 'vd lnoqFnoJl{} punoJ sr pro.^& rallel aI{} allq,u '}ra} aq} ur aJar{ {1uo sreadde ase.rqd rauroJ aq+ :{lluapuedapur nq)Dt1\cacl o} s!?q n)rotil paFueqo oAerl {u -sea {eu Ä pue 0f 'pasodo-rd }sn[ uor]E]a-rd-ra1ul aq] roJ sal] -lnrlJJlp alqeradnsur asod sFurpea"r asaq+ ]Brl+ a^arlaq +ou op I
Äbn 'uro AfS EpaurroJroJ L O EsnpauroooroJ L g epauror L : g,Zf: Ä qreqlcad Bu 0e nqcepcad Eu 'so IJS sleq nreur Og slgq nrreur : t,ZE :Ä puB Ön lsure8e aatFe t\.'s puB og r{clrl^\ ur sasBr {q paFuallerlr rala,troq sr srs{1eue slqJ'anlq7 urmpJ
o,n+
JIu9l
\\ \ ,-
ESEI 'str -\
\
,
i) urs-Eenrql '\ il pIEJqB+ '§,1 \ \ 93o 'sn ^\S IIlrr'-'.ii:' :JftlIli-''
'Ä
Jo iuortt I]:., i
0r ?(I 'r.pr-ro"8"ra 'srl
^\s
.',',
I,J-
.
0 e srsri ^\S' rir-- . öitlr8ure(i) l!i: AJS
rloasrrop [,ii
lsure.Ee
ÄOg
-
,
1.t,ri,.
uo v,4 Io uoIS.I.r-\
.r..
01 SUIEUIaJ ]I '( Fur,tn
-
)-
e;p ipeal; s r ..
VNiHigJS
Lz
u.
,**tl§§"'"
THE VISION OF ADOMNAN
2B
the latter reading is that required by the sense, and is paralleled in Scöla Laf- Bratha (1). This evidence can be accommodated in the following stemma (i,, which Br designates the "Brendan fragment"):
,]
A problem for this stemma is posed however by cases in which SW agrees with LrQ against BOY: 33,1 : sornd tentide LI sorn tentighe a so/sornd teinntighi SN' us. sornd tened BY sornd teineadh teinntighi O 34,3: mür UQ muir Slü Ds. mür luaidi B mur luaighi O mur luaigi Y 35,7
: töcband L togbann a togbunn
Slü us. tocaib
B docaibh
O tocbaid Y
In the first of these examples, the range of variants is such that I doubt whether it is possible to determine the original reading. In the third, LiQ agree with Si\'' on a later form (2); elseu,here in the text, I-IQ introduce another secondary readirg with the same ending (§ 38,7 co curend for conos lai). The readirrg mür lüaid"e "wall of lead", reflected by BOY but not by S * or IJ Q, is however of a dif ferent order : not only is there no indication that the wall is of lead in SÄ", but there is
(1) I n-esbaid cach maithtusa 7 hi comlaintius cach uilc LU 2,133 (and cf. the new edition of this text b-v Il. N'Irc Gnanrrr:r in the next volume); further examples in PH 5019,6166-6167. (2) As Kevin Nfurra__v points out to me, this form may also lie behind tocbaid in Y, if this represents scribal expansion of earlier tocb-.
: I .,lt, rl . -,,,iLiltirrt't .
\:
.1r..
r,:ii,],-. -,,'
:
'surB+
-uoJ 1l t{Jlt{,\e säutuoJ}Jotls rue q}1,\§ 'srs{1euu }uaJJnJ ar{tr JoJ alqrsuodser JaAa.{A.ot{ ure I 'sld.alA JaIIJEa u,l\o iu ,(;rpou o} atu pa8rlqo uor}JnpoJ}ur ur,\ax o] 1n3a1e.r8 tue I (t)
slq] Jo lJerp
E uo sluatutuoJ asoq,r
"(etrnfi
:
o
.I) I I.i ' .it:111
ttfe )'t
-
'
,., :
sr araq] +n([ ' \.\ sl(1uo lotl ..trl
.: .:,
lou lnq I0g .i : aqI '(tpt sollr t./ l -pBaJ ireptlt-r.'r.-r i .: I Ir
,
-
:
(.) uroy rr
-
;:
+l?
leurFr-ro aq+ )uir.l:; I{JnS SI S}Ut?r.r}1.\ qqIEJop
Jnru
o
g t[Ir.rtti
rrloeruni
O Ir{o'l
\
.i 1-. -:
i tl i:
AIS rqFrlutrral I,tt rl?rq,tn.
:
;
ur sJSLl,) i 1
:
O IBIrv 'sn
qrBpruroJ
qrJrunqroJ
'-P0l
pulqaq aII oslP
i(aunlor lxru )ili 'yc pue)
(,) s.uolloJ sE palJlporu aq
{lEurprof,ce plnoqs aloqe pasodo;d Bruura}s aqJ 'g Fullquosar ilasolc lxa+ E Jo aruanlJur,(;epuocas aq+ o+ ror{}Br anp aq {eur
slql bn lsureFe (O)g qll,u saarFe +l uar{,u }nq irelduraxa aq} Jo Furpear aql lralJar o+ Ätatlt sr slr{}'Og lsureFe öif q}1.^e saa-rFe Ä aJaqlr : sIuEIJBA Jo ]uatussasse aq] JoJ aJuJnbasuoc R asrnoo Jo strq slqJ 'g Eurlqtuasar relduaxa uB uorJ sFurpear sll Jo auros,A.raJp Ä ler{} aouaprlo a}n}r}suoo {r,{+'pa1ou }sn[ ÄOg Jo sluaruaa-rFe aq+ q+1,\.r uor+ounfuoc ur ua{E} iluecr;ru -FI. suraas raqunu aq+ 'ssalaqlralal{ 'g ro Ä r{}l,rr }uauaarFe -slp sll ur sldr"rcsnuBur raqlo Äq paltoddns sr Ä ro g r{rlr{.^N ur sacuBlsur {q paJaqunu}no JEJ arB {r,{l puB 'satoqnnJ sauo\ -ro/pue suorlezruJopotu sE poolsJapun aq uEJ asaq+ Jo II\,r
ial
0 qleqnprlr 11 qreqnprlr O qqlnqnprlc 'sd Äg Bqnp : Z'gV 0 FreleFulJ L 6ruq1tad :] EreleF -ulJ L Flepcad O qplBInFuU L qprecad'so Äg FreleFur;'l' : g'VT 0 lrr{r -ros-or Il ]ar{rros-or O lrqFres-o.r'so Ä plr{}los g lrFres i V'gt Ä IBIrli] g Iaqlrt : l'Zt 0f Ialrv
t
r{qrJurnr.{JoJ 'sd
Ä
qrBJrul?J
g
rJurns :
0r \/
t02
Y
0n
qlau-op (pptu) pgrrr O lu-op r{peru 'sa Äg pBurap eurur : Z'02
0
qleFgq Euor errnlAi
\
:) ua8
'l
-ulFg arrEIAJ O uaFurFg errnl{'sd Ä qFo lrlnl,{ g Fq Irnl,f, : I'gI sldrtcsnuEur Jaqlo :
aq+ ur punoJ +ou sFurpear urBlral arur{s Ä pue g 'Ä1re1rurg 'uorlrpBrl +xaJ aq+ Jo r{JuBrq slq} tuoJJ }l sa}Erf,osslp r{)lr{,\N a^oqB pa.A&ar^aJ aJuaprAa aql alrdsap'og r{}l^^(\ Furpea"r a^r}EAouur uB aJBqs o1 sreadde osp-ro,trr. Jar{}o ur 'Ä 'AI1JJ stsuatfrnlt ur Jo Älruroq Ilslrr{3 snd;o3 aq} ur IIE}ap slq} o1 Furpuodsarror Furqlou oslB
: (.,, 1u atu 3
Fut.,rn
e.t1 u rr
o11o; ar[+
i
I
ir
,
-1e.red sI puB'JSu.r-
YI\{HIgIS
6Z
ähh
THE VISION OF' ADOMNAN
30
YSN T
III. Structure and Background This section attempts to give a summary account of the content of ItA, and of its sources. Inasmuch as detailed discussions of many points relating to the latter are provided in the notes, reference to these will also be made in r,vhat follows. The text is framed as a homilt, beginning with an exordium (§ 1-B) and concluding with a peroration (§ 61). While James evidently saw this framework as a secondary feature, dismissirrg the text in Leabhar Breuc, where the exordium is best preserved, because it "has a prologue of a homiletic character and one or two expansions which undoubtedly seem to mark it out as later and less good ", Boswell recogn ized the exordium for what it was, describing it as a "formal opening" which was a part of ,Fä's "deliberate plan" (1). Although much of this section is omitted by Y, I-I and Q, the preservation of portions of § 1 in U shows that it was present in the source. The pericope is Ps 146,5-6 (§ 1,1-2.4-5); the commentarv draws on Julian of Eclanum (§ 5,1-2), Augustine (§ 6,1-2 ; § 7,7-2), Prosper of Aquitaine (§ 6,2-3) and Jerome (§ 8,1-2). The psalm speaks of God lifting up the meek and bringing sinners low; the
l
I'T r1
(1) M. R. Jeuns, "Irish Apocrvphä", p.
13
p. 180. Corlvnrr likeu'ise
; C. S. Bosrvn w, An lrish
req'ards this section as "a long and well written commentary" (Fis Adumnün. Ä Comparatiue Studg,
Precursor of l)ante,
p.
71).
palrsrl sluaturo+ aq] 'i11e.rauaF arol{ '(gt-L'LV §) urF-rr,1 aq} uo .(lruroq B puB :(tt-gl'qf §) ugrsleT Jo uorsl^ aq] :G-t'gt il'Vl §) apag {q pa}unoJar sB 'tulaq}r{.(-rg Jo uorsrA aq} :uor}rpBr} ors?^ oq+ uodn aaJp qclqa s{ro,{l. lerrFolo}Er{Jsa JEInsuI rar{}o t{}l^^n. pa"reduroc aq uec Vi slcadsa; raqlrnJ urelrao uI 'IA pue AI suorloepag o1 Furaq saouelqruasar +sasolc aq+'+xa1 aures aql Jo suorlrepag aql Jo auros {q pa;rdsur Ä11ca"rrpul ro {l+rarlp uaaq aAErI o1 readde IIaq Jo sarnleal aql Jo auros allq,t.l. 'olsl1 aql Jo aouanlJul aql +ralJrr osle {+lc {1ua.teaq aq} Jo pue s}UIES Jo puEI ar{} Jo suorldrrcsap aq} ur slrE}aCI'rulBar le}roru aq} o} uJnlal slr{ o} -ror;d }sn[ asrpe.red ur u;nolos v rl]l,tt 'llaq uaq+ pue'snsa; Jo.(+lc aql uaql'slures aql o1 pasruro"rd puEI ar{} slrsr,\ {-reuors{A aq} aJaq,/\\ 'llnnd 4)uos olsl1 Jo >{Jo,{.t.atuEJJ or{} orlrr ]unorre slql Jo saurllno peorq aq+ '(gI-t_'Z-l'LT :II-0I'gr :f -t'tf :ZV-1V : gZ i t-l'ZZ :Zt §) solou aq+ ur panF"re sr sy 'Gg §) fpoq sll o+ {ceq pauouurns Furaq aroJaq s}ures aq} Jo puEI aq+ slrsr.\ar i1;ar.rq uaq+ Inos s,ueuuropv'(gq-6t §) IIaq Jo srorror{ aq} Jo uorldr.rJsap rqlFual e s,{NolloJ araq} ipassalq aql Jo (I'ZZ § 'truq1nt) ,,i+1r,, ro (l'tl § 't4IDlJ) ,,urop8ul{,, prpualds arour lai B sr rtrlr{,\\ Fururo fpe '(t I - Z I §) ,,s]ures aq] Jo puEL, InJSSIIq E saqrJosap uorsrl aql Jo {poq ureur aqI 'luatudola^ap s,+xa+ aq+ ur aFels alFurs e o1 sE FurFuolaq uaas aq Älqrsneld lsotu uEJ rlJlrl,lt ,,aJnlJnJls FurJ,, e pazrJal ^q 'Zg-gg -rerer{lt {lFurprorre are Vg lo pua pue FuruurFaq aqJ § osl aJaq +e sarJos snoFoleue uE {q paJuEIEq'aas IIEr{s alA. sE suosrreduroc Furleerluaqlne Jo sarJas aql os 'gg-tg § Jo uorlero -;ad aql Äq parueleq sr 8-I § Jo unrproxa aq+ sE lsnf '+so6 oql ur Fur.,tr.,rJns {JoÄA. Jarl}o {ue uer{} ut6tt1 aW Jo sambasqg reu{g aq} o} rasolr Jlas}l (artnqff fpDqpn uoqdi-rcode qslrl aq} ur +Eq1 Fullqruasal .i1aso1c uorlrurJop aq+ Jo ]unoJJE uB ruoJJ ua{E} sr prlrl} aq} allq,ll :(V-Z'Zl ro7 Z :9I-0I'0I s:nv) }uatue+ -saJ,r,\aN aql sr asaq+ Jo o,\N} lsrlJ aql roJ arrnos rrlJ'(gI-6'6 §) urF-rrr1 aq+ Jo uorlrurop aql Jo arull aq+ ]E sallsode aq+ Jo IIE Äq paouar.radxa uaaq aAEq o] plES IIaq Jo uorsr^ B t{}l,n pue '(6-1,'6 §) InEd pue (L-g'6 §) ralad sallsode aql .(q paruar;edxa suorsrl rtll,r palBrJosse uar{} sr '(V1t palp) EuoI Jo uguuropv ol palnqlr++E '+xa] rq+ Jo {poq aq} ur paqrrrsap uorsrA aqJ 'JalJEaJar{ aq} ur sJauurs Jo s}uauqsrund oq} o} pue snon}JrA oql Jo spJE.{A.ar ar{} o} Furr"ra;a; sB slq} s1a"rd"ra}ul {-reluaururoJ IT
'fipnls
ao7D.rD(ltu,
,.
)
8,, SE UOIIJJS SIti. \ llSlJI U\' "I'I3.\\ § l (l
Aql
i ,UO1 S.I.r tl tl
s>1eads
I
-
urlusri .-,.r
Jo "radsord
uErlnr uo
.
'(a-l'_ ,' -
s.\\ll.r:
adoctrad JqJ- ',':r r.. Jo suotlrocl JLr lr,,,l -Jas slq+ Jo rl,rr1r.. I
e sE,^, qJrtl \\ ..i
:,
JOJ IUftIpJO\J .' i: I
,
lno ll )lJUtu o] rr: puB JalJB.Il-?t[.) .rr - '
-
-ssILUSIp'J.rnIil'.satuBr allq^\\ '( t ,, i UlnlpJoxo tll? tlll i', .
'sa1ou aq+ lll I,.rl : suoISSnJSIp I),rll rl I
'.
-
pUnCrJ;: Y
oI \,/
\
\\
-
't.,
ct{noucxSYg (II{Y guor3i}urs
-\
\
..,
THE VISION OF ADON,INÄN
32
upon sinners in the hereafter are reminiscent of those in other medieval descriptions of the afterlife ('). Two i*portant segments of the central text do not, ho\Ä,ever, correspond to an,vthing in \,/isio Sancti Pauli or its derivatives. The f irst of these describes the condi tion of various categories of the blessed, and the manner in which God is rnanifest to them (§ 13-28). In its account of the existence of the saints , FA repeatedl.v du,ells upon the nature of their experience of God and the angels: all are equally close to the heavenly music (§ 13,1-3); there is no veil between the saints and
the household of heaven (§ 74,3-5);God Himself does not have a human shape, but appears in a radiant fier,v form facing in all directions (§ 27,7-5); all dwellers in the heavenly citSr can face God without turning away from one another (§ 23); and clashing veils of fire and ice separate the city from the mortal world (§ 27). All of these features share a concern with giving some imaginative expression to the ineffable "Beatific Vision", or direct experience of God. To date, no specific earlier sources for this aspect of IrA have been identified (2), although Nlartin lVlcNamara has proposed that the description can be given a context in contemporary theological debate (:r). Other aspects of the description also lack a convincinaly demonstrated provenance, such as the account of God's throne, of the three birds which perch upon it, and of the three circles which surround
it
(§ 17-1e).
The overall structural correspondence of ItA to tr/isio Sancti Pauli is also disrupted b"v the presence in the midst of the text, separating the account of the heavenly city from that of hell, of a section describing the soul's ascent through seven heavens
(1) Thus St. J. D. Spnnoun calls attention to analosies in the Old trnglish Blickling Homilies, see lri.sh tr"isi ons of the Other-World, p. 25, n. 26.
(2) The proltlems posed b--v this part of the text receive particularl_-v close attention from J. .J. CorrvELL, lvho notes that it is "one of the rare instances in early Christian apocalyp f ic rvhere an attempt is made to describe the Divine Presence" (trrs Adamnan. A Comparatiue Studg,
p.
p. 77-73.
.@rre
"
Some Aspects
of trarlv lledieval Irish Eschatology",
.
preserved in I-r, . surviving \-ersi,,'.the " Seven H..1,', ney of the sou l .
heavens hacl rr
r,.,
-
r.
(perhaps oriqin:, angel and attrn,l., -
-
turned over to t:. The backgro11 '
-
tradition borr(rrr,. James, lvho hcl,j it "rvith the (ir',... .. extent, rvith tit, \ this part of thr I ,.
Gnostic backgr'(
pointed to
,i.
si nt i ir,
heavenlV experir-.tl of Nog Hanlnlrir:
"common sotl l'r,r-and related t er t an extendecl rr r' those brieflr- arl\-.:
.
.
.
(1) Colu'ELL ,,r . phon was insertt,,i . oncile it rvith s-hi,| '; (2) C. S. Bos\\ r . (3) N'I. R. .I r rr r -. (4) .J. .f. Colu'1,: statement that Fl ..
gnosticism in tltc
138).
(3) I{cNrnARA,
.
(§ 29-38)('I I. made the ltusi-
-
\\, .'
(5).r. Sra\-rr\s \ land", C,tfCS 5 (lirr
'g?-lz'd '(tB6t) g sl/t?
-arI o+ 1di3g uorJ'suarea11 aq+ qFnotq+ luaJSy,,'t.losNEAsrS'I. '(OOZ
'd)
,,]sa.11 aq1
'""puEI
(q)
5+sEI
ara,,\A.
suaAEaq aql Jo +soHI's1r-rrds luEpualle puts la8ue
Gi:-homilies shou.
n.: -
IPH iof the short ile..', this too there rir', extendirg int o : t. gne n-onore
,
3. The Adjectir.e
The Middle Iri.. aspects of the I
,.
o-stem mascu lin:- . (1) T. Ö t'IÄrLLE, The Language of 1910,
the
Annals of Lilster, N,Ianchester
p. 123-121.
-a rather than ::. attributive brer r,; (§.13,1), gen'(t
(2) L. BnpATNACH, "An i\,Iheän-(ihaeilge", in Slair na Gaeilge in Ömös rlo Parlratg O Fiannuchta, K. \{cCoxe et a/., eds., \{a-vnooth 1994, p.221333, at p. 259. (3) [,I. [{Enr]ERr P. Ö Rrrrx, Betha Adamnain. The lrish Life of Adamnan, London 1988, lines 47, 1,16. (4) K. I{. JrcnsoN , Aislinge Meic Con Glinne, Dublin 1990, lines 48,
(t;,.
after nom. Ill. n , form (digair :{ .1 '. cair § 44,6i ltthr. of six belong t, , '
.
2t0.
(5) L. BnEarNAcH, ktc. cit. (6) K. H. JecxsoN, op. cit., p. xxiii,
79.
(i) J. StnACHAN, "Contributions to the Historv of N'Iiddle Irish f)eclension", Transactions of the Philological Societll (1905), p. 202-216, at p. 240-212t K. H. JrcKSoN, op. cil., p. 79; L. ElnnArNAcH, art. cit., p. 260 -261.
(1) K. H. .Jrr ii. (2) Cl. DIL §.1' (3) DIL s.u. " t rr, .
(1) E.g. L. JI r,
train 19.
r
-
'6I urBJl
-Enb '26'd '896I ullqn(I'DUI)CI wmp16ol7'HrrvNNorJ ot'I,{ 'f 'F'E (r) 'lü ',, r{+gJ} ,, 'o's .IIO (e) gZ 'lor ''d's .IIo 't3 k) '
'g LZ
BZ- LZ'
"lp 'l.ID 'II:)t'-\ r.\ '7VZ-ZOT,'cl '(clr,.
l(I'Of
§)
:
I{slrl alppllt r,
'81 'd ''n) 'do 'Nos>r)Yf 'H 'X (r)
'8I, sauII '0(jr; I
'r{olrytr qta-fqm- ur sa,tr1cafpe Jo i,roFalec aq] o] Fuolaq xls Jo lno oarq+ '(g'I,Z § "rlDutull i6'Bt itl'gV § 6ruq7atqlt6 ig'V? § *nnt -grt? f 6'Bt § 6Wqlpn? i L'ZZ, § 6ru7qmrtgf1p it'Zg § rlp|ry) turoJ Japlo aql Jo sasuBlsur aq+ Jo 'sunou aurlncsBur '1d 'urou JaIJE (I'tg §) Dutaou pue (I'gV §) Drout '(Z'gV §) n1atfrru ntnb '(lt7 §) Drounp '(l'Zg §) Drprurap '(V-E'LV §) Duroqpl üuarq a^rlnqlrlle palou aq ,(eur V,aI uI 'luBuosuoJ Jopuols e ur uBq+ Jar{}BJ CIuI pua {lFursuaJJul 'sauIuItlral rua}s-B a{ll 'saurlntsEur rua}s-o '1d 'urou aq+ ur snql i anrlca lpe aq] Jo uorxalJ aq] Jo slcadse urelrac Jo Fururlrueorls aql ,t.rES por-rad qslrl alppltr\l aqJ aATlco[pV aq.L
't
'(,) potrad urapol{ Äpeg aq} o}ul Furpualxa '(r) aFen8uel JaIEI aql ur saldurexo snoJaurnu are aJar{l oo} slr{} Jo lnq :(t'BI §) qtprl ttpo ou 'tce ur 1ern1d ralnau +rorls aq+ Jo uorlB^;asa;d aql sr Fur>1u1s arol I '(tOOf 'L0LV HA arouo-u ?u6 'npo6u ?u6 sase"rqd aq+ ur aufr JaIJE uor+ezrlesBu r\§or{s sarlrruorl )Darg roqqoaT ar{} sE a}EI sE s}xa} snqJ 'aFesn JrBlnruroJ Io saouelsur aq {eu '(I'0? § +e ? aurlnrseur 1se"r1uoc) l,ZI s }B Jll o+ JaJaJ o1 pa unouo;d Jalnau aql Jo asn aq+ oslB sE 'sasBJ '(.) aullnoseru Ällecuolslq sr (t'_qg §) lqrar fru\zr asaql Jo IIy atnpt ,(V,lg s) Vufr p -lBSEu
t; ::'xJ'.
rll pue (V'LZ §) lls '(g'09
§)
ilT;,ffi ;l;,:i:H,, ; ffi :i. H ;TiJ,' ll, "i,
:
i
i
ul}oN eq,L 'z '(r) uuntl DU rtDllos ur ouou are araql pue '168 '17's sreadde ralsli) Jo sleuuv aql ur qprlll,\N alduexa lsEI aqJ 'Zl'6 ousntr I t'BI, i g'V'Bl § oug i I,3q i [BT:(slq) g'gl § Dust:(slq) g'tg iz'gg iT'gg tg'VV i L,Z? tz,gt it'gl lt'tl :(slq)g'(slq)g'g tV'g § Duop i 6'VZ § DUlp iV,6 § Duso) :qI(D)- Furpua '1d '1Ep plo aql Jo sacuelsur ou are araqJ te
Jo alft qst.tl -17,2'd sgLItQ
'r6tjI
ut
.j
'
,
,,il.l.
Li
i'
;
afr1t,tr,r1
Ja+saqJuuJ\
'(,)
.
'./,/i .. .
.r
s1xa1
01 spual I
BrrrJou
iI'gI
-a-rd
§) sr
saop tuJoJ
-i1.t
a
',..
Ur ,( Y
AJAIIAIA[UOS..
uoJ )!an
liu .ii'.
.
)DAtg JDqqD )'I L, '(") uung nLr .r.i i, : 'p's sJEadclr: .r);:' lsEI aq+ srlrlJ
e i
'1,,
qll,Ae +UEUC)Slrr
l'gZ § 'sr? (s',i q,
,
{1ua.ta aJE Drl ii:..
au Dlps s ]\.) 1 .,,.: : -
qlual aq+ Jo S ] r., _ 'sa1ou r{JErr}r?a.rt{ '.:
.
:
IZ8'('uraJ'oos'ttr.r- ._ +sEI aq+ J.raq.\\ '.. .slsBrluoJ slrlJ '(l;
-
_
CNIJVCI CINIY gOVNONV1
LG
3B
THE VISION OF ADON,INÄN
Nlyles Dillon has shown, retainerl
the Old Irish
f
lexion
(1).
For what it is worth, the specimens in F'A represent a situation intermediate between that in Saltair ne Rann, where the earlier and later forms are equally represented, and that in texts of the twelfth centurv and beyond, where the old usage has vanished almost entirely ('). In Dillon's own formulation: " R.gular inf lexion of masculine o-stems (excepting those in -ech, -ach) vanishes c. 1150 (')." Another development was the loss of the dat. pl. ending -(a)ib, w'hich was absorbed b-v nom.f acc. pl. -a. There do not appear to be any instances of this in FA, which consistently exhibits the old ending : adüathmaraib (§ 51,4), cirdubaib (§ 45,2), comardaib (§ 23,4), dermaraib (§ 12,7), öcsamlaib (§ 8,7;
22,2;28,3), glöigelaib (§ 12,3), iarnaidib (§ 37,2), rochuimrib 20,7), teintidib (§ 32,2; 48,2) (t). This is conservative for a \,Iiddle Irish text, but not jarringly so: John Strachan found onlv 1 examples of the later usage in the whole of Saltair na Rann (SA 2974, 3826, 4072, 6872); and of the handful of specimens in Lebor na hUidre, some are evidentl-v little if at all earlier than the manuscript itself (5). Later in the Middle Irish period, however, the less distinctive form comes to predominate (6). Besides examples of the comparative adjective used in its original sense (aduathmairiu 7 üca.irbiu § 49,1-2; aidbliu § 17,2; airdiu § 22,2; assu § 30,1 ; trummu § 38,5), it is also found used as a superlative, a usage already attested at the beginnirrg of (§
(1) N{. DrrLoN, "Nominal Predicates in Irish", ZCP 16 (1927), p. 313356, at p. 322. For some criticism of the details of his position see K. H. JrcKSoN, Aislinge ltletc Con Glinne, p. 89; and L. BnrirrNAcH, "An N'[heän-Ghaeilge", p. 251.
(2) K. H. JecKSoN,
ibid.
(3) \,I. DrrLoN , loc. cit. (D At § 24,2, dat. pl. satnemla occurs uniquely in a passage added by Ll. (5) In the case of ossaiö alta and conaib alta @(f 7275, 1284), see the variant readings in J. CrHnv, "Scel Tuäin meic Chairill", trriu 35 (1984), p. 93-111, at p. 103; cf. J. STnACHAN, "Contributions to the Historl' of Nliddle Irish Declension", Transactions of the Philological Societg (1905), p. 20'2-216, at p. 246. (6) A collection of examples in L. BnperNACr{, "An NIheän-Ghaeilge" p. 252.
tire ninth r.',. t.' tir-e. tr,rr itI
tltinrtithir ,, ',., hltt'rl to tcll ii. ing-
on
tirr,
hetu-een "u h-.
4. Nurnerals
itii,l hl'ee rl rtr I
01cl Irisir "t
r
-
It0Llr] rlualil i,- l
lost, erceltt rrr found in Srrll,ir:
.
-
{67001. cethri |,
allr- allpetrr In (LL 1353. lr.r r;.
r,i,
In tr{ the ol,l l nine nouns: ri,; .:' (§ 50,7 ). Thr r r. 5. The Pronoun
All but one oi t. form for thr ,-i \folnr to l"he u:.,pronoun clesi!n:,' (§ 16,4), n[rls r,' l24,8; 27,1: ,ll. , [öis] ; 32,7): l\., of the \Iidclle I: .. (atas-comnaic i .
C" (conos § 3,J..='': usage is alrea,l..
(1) See the coll..tgrologg of Oert,tr1. ' example of the ,,1 Aislinge Meic Cr,n r, I
(2) Fuller
clist Lr:-
.
'lgz-0gZ 'rI ''71t'UD'HOrrNrvsHg't {q uorssnrsrp rallnd k)
'(tO 'd ''I)'do 'xos>lot'f 'H 'y) ralel IIIIs lou JI 'auuqg uoy )laill a6u4sty, ur palse+]B IIIIS turoJ E '(I'lt §) utDSSau sr a^rlBpadns plo aq+;o alduexa iluo aq1 '1xa} rno uI 'xxx 'd 'q06I uopuo-r (aapln7 aw snbuag Jo fi6o7otfr7 -rDN aqJ'?O !l?J ossnfruao arn?t1'saxolg 'i\\ ul uorlrallor ar"[] erq (f)
'(gOOt) fiTattttq lt,
'(t86t) qg ntr'! ' eq+ aas '(I
sluoluos asoq.^(\ otta4nqd nwag u\ punoJ aq o1 {pea,r1e sr aFesn slrlJ '(g'ZV § snqnu iZ'61 § sounry iI'Bt ig'Vt tg'tg § souor) ,,J ssEI3,, pue (V'ZZ § )touuro)-olD ]sEJluoJ i T'61 § )ü)uutot-sn7n) ,, B ssBI3,, olul ruroJ -s- aql Jo uorsualxa qslrl alpplr\l aql Jo saruelsur osle araq+ lng '([slq] Z'gg lB'f q | !.'gV tZl'Zt :[slq] E'tZ it'II §) sor '(t'Zg igI'Bt iV'gV tt'gt i|ZE iV,LZ iB,TZ i g'8I tZ'L §) sou '([slq] g'ZZ §) slu '([stq] tl L? §) sortu ,(V,gl s) soro) :uasÄauJnrl1 Jlopnu iq ,,y ssEIJ,, paleuFlsap unouord prxrJul Jo ad,(1 aql qll,\e qslrl plo ur punoJ a8esn aq+ o] ruroJ -rror salduexa aql Jo +sol{ '1d t pue 'tual 'Fs t aq} roJ rrrroJ aql Jo saldtuexa are yrI ul sunouo;d paxrJul aq+ Jo auo +nq IIv
ulrouord orII 'g '(7,'Zt tz'lt §) 6lq W sr uorldaoxa iluo aq; '(1,0g s) orDry Ut '(Z'VZ §) Drq Nl '(t'rz §) lq)artnw1il t)p :sunou auru -lrual r{11.^e pasn i11e;auaF arB sruroJ aurlnJsBur plo aq} uI vtl '(r) (gqgl 'p 'qea;lsluler{ uueld {q tuaod E ruorJ ,tqtl 77) 6ry7nn7uryq ry au : ,(rnluac qlualala aq+ Jo s{ro,{.r ur readde {ll* -uorsecro IIIIs sruroJ aururural +nq :(VVSZ) Dupnqq
uqp)
,(OOlg)
uupvqq !4'(gggt US) urupnqq pp'6'a'uung Du rtDllDS ur punoJ aq .(pearle uEJ aFesn ^t.rau aqJ 'sase-rqd paxlJ ur ldacxa '+sol sE^§. uorlcullslp rapuaF slql qslrl olpplN uJ'par;r1enb unou paqsrnFurlsrp qJIq,r ,..JfloJ,, puE ,,ooJrl1,,
aq+ Jo rapua8
aql
o,,olr\1,, sleJaurnu IBUIpJEO aq+ Jo sruJoJ paloalJur
.,
Bet 'q_;
pappe a8essecl l-'
'HJVNJvET{g
.
':
'-I i
.
I
Jo Furuuroqarl )ir
,:
aas uorlrsocl slrl -tIt 'd '(LZ(:tt lr
-
-
pasn punoJ osllr \' iZ'L,l § ntlqpu) :(,-, s+l ur pasrl .-rlj
l
,
'(*,) alBuIItt.lr"
'pot;ad
qsr.r1
:
rlI I
,. "
suaurrcads J0 In - r '. uuDU 0u ./?/)i1lr1 Ä.luo punoJ rrlrl{ : . -:.
-plruEroJrtl]]r\: :Z'B §) qlDl lr1rrr
,
-
.
qt0qnprtr'(l'lf {11ue1srsuoJ
perl rlslJI plo Furpua
:
.
ri. )r
,
'ld ']1r]
.
sIEJetIrnN ',' .,,AA.OUS
UEt{} JA}Iq,\N,, pUE,,^&OUS SE A}lq,^e,,
UAA,^&}Aq
atuoraJJlp alqBlcolap ou aq paau araql'1xa1uoc aql uo Frl
-puadrp :asoJe Furueaur sll Jo uorsuolxa slq+ uaq.^& IIa+ o+ prerl sr +I '(Z'IZ § rtqltslltos it'Bf § rll |B'LZ iB,IZ i9,6 § rltttluuru) asuas alrleJeduoa qll^l.r pa,(o1dua s{e,u.1e sr '1;ed s}l JoJ 'a,\l} -enba aqJ '(,) (g'rg § nqsrun ilL,g § ntrunut)
irnluar qlulu
aq+
uI aSOq] ootIIlcli.,''' :UoIIBInttlJOI tI.rr, , aFesn plo Jrl] ).r,-, .
,,
uI
+Bt{}
prr
r? 'l
),- I
i.
-
aq} aJaI{,\\ ' tt Ul tU e ]uasJ.rtl,,.; i. :
-En+IS
'(,) rolxolJ r"lsr.rl
I
O\IIJVCI CINV EOYI}ONIYT
6t
,.,.i,r{E§*i\\$|qÄ4{r{h{tsilr, ii\ri{!i,.,
hff %
{*rt*ffi
.ffi
THE VISION OF ADOMNÄN
10
to Jackson from "the very late O. Ir. period" "probably to early in the eleventh century" (') (fordos-rala, nudas-foilnaibed (')) ; and it is well represented in Saltair na range accordirrg
6. The Verb
Rann (e.9. conus dernai 6630, nachas cretid 4700) ('). Tlre "Class A" 3 sg. masc. appears in don-airchell (§ 34,3). The independent pronoun is used for the most part in conformity with Old Irish usage; but there seems to be an example of 3 sg. fem. i to designate the direct object at § 39,3 (see note). There are no examples of this in Saltair na Rann, which Breatnach sees as evidence that "this is a development rn,hich begins in the literary Ianguage in the 11th century" (').
The 3 pl. independent pronoun normally has the Nliddle Irish form (s)iat in ItA (§ 22,6; 27,2;43,3; 44,5; 45,5.11; 47,8.11 ; 18,7 ; 57,2; 53,5; 61,5; 62,4), with only one instance of earlier ö at § 47,12 (t). There are plenty of examples of the later form in Saltair na Rann. In the phrases esbaid nacha maithiusa (§ 22,5) and comlaintius cacha uilc (§ 3B,B-9), what is formally the fem. gen. sg. of the pronominals nach and cach is used with an originally neuter noun, treated as masculine in Middle Irish. There are other examples of such a usage in lVliddle and Nlodern Irish (6). Cf. in particular comlanius cecha huilc 7 esbuid cecha maithiusa (PH 6166-6167), in a passage which also exhibits several further similarities to fA; other parallels are listed in the note to § 38,B-9.
I .-
drt-rz'lt,'.
.
ri,J!i..i. l, l.
1i : t_
«tccel rr.
('l
1!r._1
.
rlon-rtir,'h,38.8t. rt!-;. ' 62.1.5: rt i
:
:
(§ 17.91. r.r .-
i. (.. töcttirid ^ ro inir,r,,,ij,t (§ 5,2). ,'i1,," cf. § tj5.lr. (§ 33.3 l. i ,' ' nos fothrtL!,. tecuit (:{ {;l.
L nir-erbation
Clearly deut r r', t'arious sorts r l
:
:
.
,
lair na Rtttttt ru. imatelr' 2:0.|i (where he pu t:
.
r
(1) K. H. J.rcKSoN, "The Date of the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick", 4l (1986), p. 5-15, at p. 15-16; he speaks in particular of "a very large tenth centurv element... in some cases earlier than, or in some cases contemporary with, and in any event hardlv later than the language of SR". (2) K. NIurcHRoNp,, Bethu Phatraic. The Tripartite Life of PatricÄ, DubZCP
lin 1939, lines
1089
,
2217.
(3) For f urther examples, see the collections in L. BRperxACH, "An NIheän-Ghaeilge", p. 266-267. (1) "Foräs ö seo a thosaionn sa teanqa liteartha sa 11ü haois"; I-. BnEATNAcH, ibid., p.271. (5) Note that this occlrrs with the copula, the only context in rvhich the earlier form survived even in early \'Iiddle Irish (thus L. Bnper-
comparisons
i:
There ar"e Srvr'l
junct encling -(ri.
ni
erchöitiqenn (... -. nad eroichlenn ( i
NAcH, ibid., p.273).
(6) DIL
.s.D.
"cach", col. 2,78 3,9; cf. L. BnEATNACH, "An Nlheän-
Ghaeilge", p. 277
.
-
(1) K. H. J.rr. ri(2) "An IIheäit-r,
"
'g
I
I
'967,-t67, 'd ',,aE1laBr{O-ugaqlq uy,, k) 'd 'auutlg uo7 )laIN a|uqsty"NosxrYf 'H 'X (f)
'(Z'
-u9aql{ uY.. 'H '\ r
-JYsuu'-I snrl]
slq sv '(r) ,{reu}Earg uEIT {q papr.tord are saruaraJar rlrF{,r.r roJ 'Furpua slltl Jo acuaFrarua Jo alep pue puno"rF{ceq aq} otr palo^ap uaaq seq drqsreloqrs alrsualxg '(Z'0g §) uuafprcra ppu '(V'gt §) uun1snJ sou '(L'Zt §) uuDuq sou '(g'Vl §) uua64tqq)ra ry '(g-V'g §) uuryuaqw ntoJ '(L't §) uul ufrpnJ o : uua-f uun- Furpua lcunI -uof,'sa-rd'Fs t alrlelouur aq+ Jo salduexa IEJaAas aJE aJar{J 'a^rlsaFFns ssalaqlra^au sr af,uaprAa raqlo {q paproJJB asoq+ qll,\e suorleJlpul r{Jns Jo aouanrFuoc aq} }nq :pul{ ur }uaraJJrp os slxa+ qll^n.r Futleap ual{,tn. pa+lurll asrnoo Jo sr suosrreduoc qrns Jo anlB^ aqJ '(,) (t' t +noqB }E orlBr aql slnd aq alaq,r,r) auuqg uo7 rlaht a|uqsry ur lBr{} o} sr }l uBrl} (g'o,z Ä1a1eur -ro;dde uos{Jef o} Furprof,oe sr or}EJ or{} a-raq.nr) uuDü ou rtol -/ps ur lBr{} otr rasols aq o} srBadde v.{ ur uor}Bn}ls aq}'1ua1ra slq+ oJ 'l:Z Jo oIIEJ qFnor e ur uorleqrolrun Jo slros snorJEA Fulrtqlqxa sqral o+ puels'rr,{}osur-ro; rruo+ora}nap {Fea13 (Z'gg §) urauü? sor '(Z'l,lg §) prsruur ,(t,gg §) 1ruta1 '(t'09 §) sa)ruso '(g'Vg $ pntbuottoJ ou ,(E,Zg s) p)rurq1oJ sou '(g'LV §) rary)üal '(g't7 §) ppJ6a7lp ,(t,gt s) plpdul ,(t,tt s) llfrrln/n'(0I'Ut §) ptuutatbut'(t,gZ §) traqrru ,(Z,gg s .Jr tg'Z,Z §) Tnqa4lv'(t'g §) prurrul ,(V,g s) aplnutloqr ,(Z,g §) pruuagJrnry'(g't §) rnsautslntil org,(t,Z s) brutlttosut or
|
,,stoeq III
-q
no
.1-
I trs i ..
':l)tJlt)(
I
-uEI aI{} tIEtl}
.1,
-
,
.t-, -,
atuos uI .Io 'u 1l Ll 8,, Jo .rlrln.'i,:, ',,4Jt.t186 '1S .1, , -.."-. _
{;an
alou aq+ ul
Ir.r]'-.-
-rnJ IBra^\as sll
I
',.
Osnlqll0lu t)\,t,t., i, u.Ial)r1\ '(o) qtlrl
aJE
:
aJoqI
'qs
r.i
,,(lleurEirro rrn
J
LI
:
-,
,.
-utplruoJ llr.ril ( r 'I:
:
L § 'Jc i L'L §) prunsorl '(L,l §) ptrtqrrut ,(g,l s) ptrmrgt paluasarda; IIal& osle JaAa,^.ror{ sr uor}BqJaAru[l :
(I'gg §) utDsst-or o(V'Vg §) plpf tp-ru '(t,Vg s) Dlurn-sD ,(6,2F s) roloq)ap-turral '(Z'Li §) raryttnp-or '(I'69 i I,Bg § .Jr I g.l,Zg ig'BV tE'gV §) 7n1u6-op'(t'tf §) t?l-op ,(g,Lt s) naq-p ,(B,gg
i g'LE §) q1a6-oJ '(t'gt §) raqlnuso-nJ ,(t,f t s) lptprtD-uop '(t'l7 | V'gt § 'Jc i l' LE i Z'Et §) tprcs-or ,(Zy,ZE s) Tnqto-stfl '(t'LZ §) rarump-lv '(Z'tZ §) rtorouruant-nJ ,(V,ZZ i7,6l s) )touurot-(s)n7n '(Z'BZ § 'Jr iZ'LT §) ;nurnpvan-W ,(Z,iI ;) pnru -unu! '(L'EI §) p)l?p-pn '(L'ZV ig'tI §) psrunl-uor ,(l,Vg: t,6t s 'Jr lt'II §) )n-sor '(tI'6 §) Tn|uttur-op ,(L,6 s) pnqnbtzn-uo) '(f'Bt § 'Jr ig'6 §) paqlar-op'(g't §) arsrpr-op ,(V,Z il palulr-op
:V,i ur teadde suJoJ
qJaA JruoloJalnap {uery
qro^ orIJt 'g
Du
r tn
llns
'n1nrsoproJ ,,
pot;ad
)
'JJ
OI{IJVCI CINY gOYI]ONY'I
tv
i ii.j#*.!tBgjrr. !iir;,iti*i,r:ü,lrt&#,iiii&ij,.' ;,'l', :'
"
nnrr,,
THE VISION OF' ADOMNÄN
12
own collection indicates, the form is r,vell attested in the eleventh centur-v, and was clearly already in existence in the later tenth. One instance, if the poem in which it occurs is correctlv ascribed, comes from before the year 908 (1). Another development was the extension of the 3 sg. pret. act. conjunct ending -astarf -estar to non-deponent verbs: the sole instance in FA is öro thuismestar (§ 3,6). Although this is best attested in Middle Irish and later texts, there are already a couple of examples in the Old Irish glosses, renderit g it unreliable as a dating criterion ('). There are no specimens of the exclusively iVliddle Irish endings- sammar (1 pl.) , -satar (3 pl.): while there are only 2 (adjacent) examples of the former in Saltair na Rann, the latter is well represented there (3). Typically for Middle Irish , FA has for the most part lost
a distinct 3 pl. relative
ending
: thus cenqait (§ 31,5) ,
(§ 41,70), pridchait (§ 45,74), bröcait (§
L(-
191
(§ l!).,1
.
:
T hr'
1(j.ti: also 1
ornr
8. Syntax
ferait
,,9), saebait (§ 47 ,10), gabail (§ 47,10), canail (§ 53,1). As Breatnach has noted, preservation of the relative in btte (§ 44,6) is paralleled in Saltair na Rann, where it is the only 3 pl. relative form to appear outside chevilles ('). Particularly striking is the form choimötaite,3 pl. relative of univerbated coimetaid (§ 5,4); cf.in Sa/lair na Rann 47
the correspondirg singular chometas (1194). There are three instances of non-relative is in relative position: § 3,3; 62,4; 64,6 Ds. as at § 31,1 ; 32,1 ; 35,5; 38,5. These are probably best regarded as scribal slips.
and in
Tochiltr
tr
centurr-")("' ). 'lf
-:-
..
irst half of t h.
centurl' " in
onu-art',i
Earlr' lI
ll'li, '
irlt
of ta sö i n-u
this, and in
.
"
I
trr,
it a rir, the emerge nc r predicative usr, assigning
7. Prepositions
IrA exhibits the Middle Irish readiness to use the dative after prepositions with which in Old Irish only the accusative was used: examples are found following dar (§ 32,3 [bis] ; cf. dar Broinfeitsib TBC Rec. I 2921), eter (§ 75,7; cf. etirna clarlestraib
(1) For the argument, see J. CrnNErr, "The Dating Verse Texts", Eigse 19:2 (1983), p. 177-216, at p. 206.
of Earl.v Irish
(2) K. McCoNE, "The Wtirzburg and i\{ilan Glosses : Our E arliest Sources of 'Nlicldle Irish"', Eriu 36 (1985), p. 85-106, at p. 95. (3) .I. SrnACrrAN, "The Verbal System of the Saltair na Rann", Transactions of the Philological Societg (1895-1897), p. 33-3,1. (1) L. BnEAlNACH, "An Mheän-Ghaeilge", p.296-297.
.
.
Dillon, distin! Li. tional 'as' Llsc l
(1) F urther e\., rl (2) Ibid., p. ,i'il (3) T. Ö JIrrLr: tence
in Irish".
L-;
that the paSsilsr-.,, ina X construc,ti, i.. (4) Ibid., p, 111
(5) M. Drr-Lo\. )'
.
Ll dJZ
',,(uor1enur1uo3)
'v1,t'd +e 'gvl-Log 'd '(gzot) qslrl ur satrBrlpard IEururoli,, ,xo-rrrg .I{ (q) 'IoI 'd ''plql (t)
'11 qllA\ IEcrluapl +ou sr 'uorlsnrlsuo) x Dul ?s pl aq]- o+ palelar alrqlr '1xa1 slrtl urorJ so+rJ aq qclq,ts. aFessed aq1 +Bq1 palou aq plnoqs +I 'I 'u t6 'd +e '7,01-1 'd'(ZtOt) g nUE',,qslrl ur arual sqre1 aql Jo {to1sr11 aq1 o} suortrnqrr}uo3,,osrrryN g'J (g)
-srxg
Jo
'ott 'd ''p!ql k) '1VZ'd ''p!W saldurexa rar{}rnd (f)
-suDJ,L '..UtItstf
rl
'!r; ''i
.l
ll
.: :
]SaIIJEE JIlO .i-,r-
qslJl ,(Feq
qtoJlsauDp
J(
) :
DLt
r
.:'
1i
.
.
rvp'Jr :[slql 1,:'.,
Jo suaurt;acls
,JnaqJ nu! as pl ,,, aql Jo aldurexa ,t1-rea Ä1-relncrlrud e FrlpJoJJE sB xe1u.(s qslrl Jo sluapnls Jo uorluauB ar{} palJEr}}E sBr{ v,4
lsol 1"red +sour -r. '(r) a.raql I)rltt.rs ': -JoJ ar{+ Jo salrlrir ,'\,
uaurrcads e aq o1 vi ur aJuBlsur ar{l Furploq ',,asn ,sB, IBuor} -lsodde-ruras,, v pue aFesn slql uaa,^elaq paqsrnFurlsrp 'uolllcl uEt{} uaAa Ja}EI ,(rnluac B sB r{Jntu sE sdeqtad ..,asn aAr}Eorpa-rd padola^ap ÄllnJ,, sll ur luaudola^ap slql Jo acuaF;oura aq+ pareld oryy\ '{qd;ntr{ prera3 '(n) ,,00II '),, Jo a}Ep B }l FuruFrsse roJ srsBq s,uollrc uaaq aAEq 01 suraas slr{+ }tEJ ur puB'slq} uBr{} rarlJBa aq plnoc i,JnaqJ o-u ! ?s pt lo 'Äl8urpJoctB 'y,{ }ou 'r aruelsur ou sr arar{} qslrl alpplru Ä1reg ul,, - 00II II}un lBrll paurBlurBrrr '1ser1uoc iq 'uolllo sal,(Hl '(r) ,,pJE.^A.uo .(tn1uaf, ler{l Jo FuruurFaq aq+ tuorJ pue '.(;n1uae qrl I aq} Jo JIEI{ }srlJ aq+ ur padolaAap,, +l ler{l plaq alllgtr{ g sgrrroJ ,(r) (,,.(;n1uao qlua^ala aql Jo FuruurFaq aql }E ro rllual aq+ Jo pua aql lnoqB }E Furceld ur aJES,, llal aq r{Jlrl,\r) aqrlal )rütilq)oJ ur pue araq aJuarrnoco s,uorlJnrlsuor aq+ Jo srseq ar{} uO .@-Z,VZ s) pDSSol roJ qruurnryq DU! nmw6g7 D)q NJ pue (V-t,lZ s) utgtlp DU! ttpo LIDJ Duuaopu quap guop oaJtrc l^rr '{11ue1srp arour o'Jc :(g-v'tl §) olqrVltrlnq) rruqwtp ou! uß-aptnsfrtt ut plo sr uorlsanb ur uaurrcads aqJ ',,uRlrr e sI oI{,, UEaIU O} ,,UBUr SIt{ ur sr orl,, Furueaur {11eta1r1 asetqd e Jo asn aq} : uor}JnJ}suoJ
rlufg 'g
:
sE,{4. aAI}I?SIl,),)t). --,.. -
JaIJE OArlr?|) rr{ I -'
asal{J 'g'B g
!' '!'t
:
-rsod aÄrlr?lJ.r
rr j
uuoü 0u JtDlu)\. l:, '1d
t'aryDl?v111rrt{,
aplslno Jeadclrl
r,
-
^
+
'
.
0u JtDllDS tII l)rli:' -rasard 'palorr
s
n:.
'(ol Lv §) /tt)Q')t 'l: 4nnJ '(g'lg ,() j -
rDIDS-'('ld l) .ti, oir .; .
1l Futlapua.I ':)s{pearle aJE .r.re[i I '- -',sI slt{} q.Enor1111' , i
'(r) uunq nu JrunDS ur uoruruoJ ,(peatle sr tuJoJ
slr{J '@'Z'l'Vg ig'Z §) utsltrt pue (g'gg :II'0I,gV §) Dun}4 osle iI'gg f 8'09 l6't'gI, iL'tV i6'Bt i0l'Lt iZ'l_Z i[VZ tZ,BT tg,gl g'gI § : Dlrl sE s-readde .(11ua1srsuoJ ul uorlrsoda;d aqJ '(,) (g'gg iv'tg it'6v i
§)
Dl pue (qgZt US qryIntp
yJ'Jc :g';t'g6 §) 14,(t prer{ ,IBI n7
Jtll :SqJA^\ lllJtl,,,. -. '1a.rd 'Fs t Jrll r,,
-
:
{11cauoc sr s.rn,l,.r' , -' JaIEI aq+ uI .lJtIJi-.i: -Aala aql ur pJlsrl_'
OI{IJVO CIT{Y gOY,IC\iYT
w
.,r:,,:,ii,:,':lritiitt!irrlEll!rtriiltriitrltliltltlll?liltllllltltlll:
Wmxr
11
TFIE VISION OF ADOMNAN
of the latter (1). This r,vould have the effect of returnittg the assessment of the situation in trA to the position taken b5r Ö
Tr- F:
Mäille.
Sumrnary On the whole, the state of the language of ItA (includirg its Middle Irish innovations) can be paralleled fairlr" closely in Saltair na Rann, suggesting a date of composition not too far removed from the end of the tenth century. Some conservative features examples of in(d) as nom. pl. masculine article, preservation of the dat. pl. ending -(a)ib in attributive adjectives, äbsence of the preterite endings 1 pl. -sammarf -semmar, 3 pl. -satarf -setar indicate that IrA can scarcely have been written much later than the Saltair. In other respects however its usage is more innovative than the Saltair's : the old treatment of a nom. pl. masculine o-stem attributive adjective, still occurring in the Saltair in a roughly 1 :1 ratio with respect to the later form with an ending -a, has been almost eclipsed by the latter in IrA; the forms cacha, nacha with following gen. sg. masculine are otherwise attested only in later Middle Irish ; there appears to be a specimen of an independent object pronoun ; and, whether or not trA contains an example of the "td. sö ina fhear construction" in the strict sense, it does offer that construction's earliest close forerunner. On the basis of all of these considerations I propose that the exemplar of the survivirrg texts of IrA was composed at the end of the tenth century, or the beginning of the eleventh ; the linguistic evidence appears accordingly to be compatible with the date of c. 1000 which I have postulated elsewhere on non-linguistic grounds (').
(1) G. MunpHrr, l)uanaire Finn. The Book of the Lags of Fionn, part III, p. cxi and n. 2; cf. J. Crnnv, "Remarks on Dating", p. 6-7. (2) J. C.rnnv, A Vision and its Contert : Further Sleps Toutards the Interpretation of Fls Adomnain Cf. J. J. CorrvELL, Fis Adamnan. A Comparatiue Study, p. 1: "A safe opinion is that it was composed about the year 1000"; M. McNenrARA has suggested a date of composition in the year 997 ("Some Aspects of Early N{edieval Irish Eschatology", p. 71.
The
appär'irt ri:
li is cited as {)( those u'hich
cates eithr.r-
.
t h.,
identical. or' 1.. the readines. 1-l at § 11,'1. thi- ind ünum. In ,: manuscriltt u'i'r, \ instances thr has been intlir
\--
1,. r,
,.
-
ing found in ir. lows, since thr "anmann \-L . hanmann \- tLn|';
.
.
'-I puoutuo Ä uuoruu0q .(11en1ce aJE sldrrasnueur aql Jo sFurpear aql ',,TÄ uueruue,, aql uI snqJ 'paslleruJou uaaq seq 1xa1 oql acurs os.trr.o1
Jo asec
-loJ ,(lalerparurur unlFrs asor{,tt ldrrcsnueur aq} ur punoJ Frl lf,Exa aql arrF {luessasau }ou saop Eruural aqJ
rBa^ aq] -rea,( eq1
-ntndruo3
-ralul
aql
-11ads
'111 1"red
slql
lalqrFallr sr sldr"rcsnueur aq+ Jo auo ur +xa+ aql saruelsur 'acuanbas aq+ ur +sJrJ sauror urnlFrs asoq.A.\ lducsnueur
,ttal e
uI
aq+ Jo ler{} sr pa}lc Furpear aq}'saser qsns IIE uI'utnuo pul spear b allr{^\ 'n ur ,(1uo sreadde uroJ }rBxa slq} 'f ll § }E luErJEA B sE uerrF sr ,,0j L urrue pul,, aJaq,^& snqJ 'sFurpeal aql
uaa,ulaq acuaraJJlp 1n;Furueaur ou sr araql ler{l ro'lerrluapr +JBJ ur sr sldr-rcsnueur asaql ur Furllads aql +Erl+ raqlra salec -lpul slql's1dt;csnueur aJour Jo o1y\+ ur Fur-r-rnJJo sE pallJ sr turoJ alFurs e araq6 'crqde"rFoql.ro {1arnd }ou are r{clr{,u asoq} 'a't'sluErJEA luecrJruFrs IIE luesa"rd o1 surrB snleredde aqJ 'snleredde aql ul peluasa;d a;e sluerrel luelalar IIB '+xa1 pazrleruJou aql ur u,^A.oqs sr 1l aJaqi\\ lsldr-rcsnueur aql ur crperods {1uo are uorlJal !e-n Jo suor}BJlpuI (l,t) 'ap-lvp- xrJJns lerrlcalpe
aq} qll.AA' puB ''cla 'puop'pu! sE alrrlrB aql Jo sruroJ qf,ns qll,^(\. ldecxa 'uu sE uallrJ.^A, qloq eJB uu pue pu le)r8olourilg (^) lou sl -q IEIlluf (rl) 'uellrr.Ae
'spJo.{A.
pesseJls ur
slueuosuoo repuels aroJaq pelresur sr 7 le.roA apllF eqJ (Ut)
'n- Jo asEJ eql ur
aAES ot)- ue++rJ,\A.
peorq E relJe lalwol IEUIJ passarlsun uv (lt) sr lueuosuor 'nJ- Jo asEJ aW ur aAES oa- ue11rJ,^n. sr lueuosuoo Japuals e JaIJE Ia.tA.oA IEUIJ passaJlsun uy (l)
ctlsrnFurl-uou
{.i,
-l^a cllstt-toatttl r. qlua+ aq] Jo oq+ Jo
I) ti
-
-
r
reldtträ\r-.
Jo sISBq Jql il( I
:
aql Jo aldur r?\,l : -ord 1.lafqo ]rrrl,': ,
i
qstrl alppllt
.i..r ,
,
.
-
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s+JJclsi.r
JDlilLua s - f .tDtll tll
/
r
:
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: saldrcur;d Fur,uo11o; aq+ 01 araqpe o1 palJl aAEq I 'frurzrlerrrJou uI 'pazruFoJaJ ,(1.rea1c sr .(lrlerclJlpe luaraqur sll sE Fuol os IooT cr1{1eue InJasn f llnlt -ua1od pue alerurllFal v sr 1l +nq i uo;our{xo uB Jo Furqlaruos sr ,(qderFoqlro r{slrl alppl1l ,,prepue}s,, Jo uor}ou ar{J 'Fur11ads pazrleruJou ur uorlrpa lecrlrrJ e luasa"rd o+ +saq paJeodde seq 1l's1dr;csnueru JaIEI ur punoJ aJB ÄqderFoq+ro JrrluaJJa ro alEI ur uolJo sFurpear alqera;atd qtlq,r q+l,u {ruanbe;; aq+ Jo pue 6pollnsuoc sassaull.trr Jo Jaqunu aq+ Jo,^A.arA uI
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9V
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THE VISION OF ADOMNAN
46
Among the variations rvhich I have decided not to include in the apparatus are that between cach, cech, gach "e\rery", and the occasional spelling pecach for pec.thach "sinner". O often writes ch f or th, and fails to write lenited final g. These scribal idiosyncrasies too have not been recorded among the variants. A convention employed by the same scribe is to indicate gh with a suspension stroke above g. Repetition at the end of a line of the first letter or letters, or the first word, or the succeeding line is not indicated in the apparatus. If there is any dif ference in spelling between the versions, and this is not significant, the first of the two is cited. In citing variants, abbreviations have been silently expanded in all cases where such expansion is entirely unambiguous. The follorving list comprises abbreviations for which italics indicating expansion have not been considered necessary. (i) The most common senses of a suspension stroke above a letter are n and er; when it has either meaning, such a stroke has been expanded silentl_v. (ii) The most common sense of a suspension stroke at the end of a word is ad: when it has this meaning, it has been expanded silently.
(iii) A wavy suspension stroke (-) is expanded as rn. When this suspension occurs at the end of a u,ord it is often to be expanded ulal; this is sometimes also its sense internally. (ir) The suprascript sign somewhat like a laterally f lattened s is expanded as er. (") The sign for the spiritus asper, and a suprascript dot indicating lenition of consonants other than f or s, are expanded as h. ("i) The signs 3 and ; are expanded as us. (vii) q with a crossbar across its descender is expanded as ar; with a suprascript i it is expanded as air. (vii) A descender with crossbar is expanded as ir. (viii) Suprascript at e, i, o are expanded as td, re, ri, ro re sp e ctively. (i") arfr is expand as arnal. (*) a[ is expanded as atä. ("i) bI is expandecl as the grammatically appropriate form
of bliadain.
I
1,
do
f
.-
Ir
nä I
\. I
Il
ro -relnFurs sE sariessed
'papuedxa ]ou aJE sleJatunu ueruotl (r,rrx) 'rrr sE papuedxa sl n 1dr-rrse"rdn5 (rxx) '1r{ce sE papuedra sl § (rrxx) 'qc€u sE pepuedxa sl pu (tg**)
tuJoJ alerrclo.rclri
r
oJ 'I; toJ 'EJ : : 'JI sI? I -:
"
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sr : .: \t
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e qJns'Stttun.rLLr aAOq
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url*'r
craur
:,
papuedxa sr cqr
(ll**)
.;T;:*3:';
ur papuedxa :,il'I'itl,""-t"" 'roJ sE papuedxa sr I (xr) sg.r8 op sE papuedxa sr sE op ("lx) 'nTplp sB pepuedxa sl Ip (tU^*) 'guep papuedxa sE are gp 'pp (tt,r*) 'Euruearu slq} ser{ }l ueqr\\
'{11ua1rs papuedra sl
ipe sr p
}l
ldr"rcse.rdns B Jo esues uotutuoJ
lsotu aql
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.
uaa.ln.laq Etrrll,-rrl-
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JJ
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'lslr3 sE papuedxa sl {c (rx) 'qce.t 'qcoc 'qcec sE papuedxa are pE 'gc 'Uc (,r1r) '{11eura}ul asuas s}r osle sarur}auos sl slq} lpro.rrn E Jo pua aql 1E srncoo 1l uaq.{e r{ce sE papuedxa sr c 1dr-rrserdng (lg") 'pazrcrlelr aq .{eur a1qe11is papuedxa aql ';a.ta,toq 'slsrxa .(lrnFrque {u e aJaqr\\ 'uoc 'ruoc 'oc lxaluol uo Furpuad.p papuedxa sr posJoAoJ c (9") sE
t1fr
aleJrpur 01
si
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I.{OIJ,ICg SIHT CO SE-IdISNJITId
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The Vision of Adornnän Magnus Dominus noster et magna uirtus eius, et sapientiae eius non est numerus'. Loft5r and wonderful is the Lord, great
and marvellous are his strength and his power. There is no limit nor numher to the abundance of his wisdom or his knowledge. Suscipiens münsuetos Dominus humiliat autem peccatores usque ad terramh. The Lord invites to himself, to heaven, the folk of charity and mercy, of meekness and gentleness. But he abandons and casts down to earth and to hell the unprofitable assembly of the sons of nralediction. 2 The Holy Spirit, the Spirit from whom is every comfort and every counsel for the church of both the Old and New Testaments, the Spirit who has illuminated the gifts and secrets of the divine laws for the Christian church throughout the world; it is that Spirit who inspired these words,[*peaking] through the roval prophet, that is, David son of Jesse, so that
'\1 r:.i.' . .
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.
l
i
he says: IJt I
L-
L t-z ]l
lrq
n
tr.
a. Ps. 117 (146),5 b. Ps. 147 (146),6
BO
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ceathardaidhi t ianuis O ru1,t
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EprElqJaJ
I qcapqrerre-u 'ppD Igulqlurror Tsod i) prlJJI-u O uBr{ -LulB+:g urrJl L ueurlBrll 8 g Brl:orroururl o rqlralJJruuro) :alJ -.IIuuIoJ eu L g L 'ppv aJIEcoJl Tsod O 'ruo :aJrBOoJl eu L a)Jrap Eu il rcnq) 'ppv aruru Tsod o q8nrqpurol g prpruroJ :lsdr;ls nrpuroS I g nlplp 'ppo prrrncoJ .tl 'uro : arrnqc nrpuroS ur 9-9 Tsod I O 'ruo uBJJJ] suatdtcsng g-rz g sreloaJour : sre1oe 0 Eu :B rlf,Eu 0 JB :JoJ o Jrrurnu :Jrurrn ? o IInqJ uBrlcou gllJ slu :l.sdl;rs rB I"[JBJrEap sr L reco"rl sr uaFlrg sr L sreuuar t 1li IIJ n sr :ruBrral pE IIJ IN s-r t aql8repr{rBru o Ir{}r{pluu}rlcBur :g rrllEleulr{reru r r L BIRpu Brrppry nlpurro3 Tsod g ErruBpE :llo eql8re.rurepe O 'l' 'ppv snJarunu Tsod O srrla :snra z O arcuard -lES g autdes : tsdt;ts aetluatdes L :) 'uto snJerunu snu§elq z-t, V -
nos
(o qn) 0
i]
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o
s lEI{} os 'assa1' J(, i:
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I{oar L peuprpruror qcao g+ g 1n.rrd5 ur 'qagl{ 1nrrd5 uI Z 'uElrlsBIIEru ctsur Eu qJEqJEl?-u Iourr{}ruroc urlJl L uBrulBr{}
unqJop pIEJcsEJ+ L oJJoIuIuI prJrqJrEJ 'aloJruuroc Eu L Esuuac Eu 'a;teco-t1 Eu L aarrgp Eu 1I{Jnl aurru unqJop acrnr{J nrpuro3 ul plJlnsg.L 'quralJal pD anbsn salolD)tad walna wnlvnq snululoo 'soTansuotu suatdnsns 'sreloa e qreu Euco e pnturul JoJ Jrrurn gu I{JIro IIJ Ii{ 'E}IIcEtunI{3 e L E aqlFruu}r{Jerrr sr L rgtu sr }rau 'nrpruro3 ur sI 'psnJaurnu §a uou snv
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.
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p snn snqtn nu|nru p
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T,
ulEurrropv slJ
r
uEutu
.'{,w;,rt*t**B§*§#rtü§
THE VISION OF ADOMNAN
52
3 Magnus Dominus noster". Great and vast is our ruler the Lord Jesus Christ. Id est, nemo potest ei dignam laudem a"sserere. That is, no one is able to utter praise which is adequate to him . Maior est omni laude uirtus quü condidit naturam rerum et sustinet molem grauem terrae. For it exceeds every praise, the equally eternal great strength and great power with which he brought forth the nature of the creation, and with which he supports the greatness and the weight of the lands, without any disturbance upon them. 4 trt sapientiae eius non est numerus": id est, Pater qui cogno' scit qualitatem omnium rerum. Great are the wisdom and knowledge of the Lord. That is: although the creatures are many and various, there is nothing in them which would not be clear to him. 5 Suscip iens mansuetos Dominus": id est, humiles ad imaginem Dei, legi non aduersantes. The Lord receives to himself, into his household, those of good will and the meek, the company who preserve in themselves always the likeness and image of God, and who do not go against the Father's law. 6 Humiliat autem peccatoresn: id est, so/os mansuetis contra-
,
it
Is
ni
rios, scilicet immites, et ad promerendum scripturarum intellectum
3: 4: 5: 6:
a. a. a. a.
Ps. 147 (146),5 Ps. 147 (146),5 Ps. 1,17 (146),6 Ps. 147 (146),6
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.
*
t
.:tJri,l
g unpuaJauJad : tsd?JJs unpuaJarrroJd g salrrur : ?sd?Jrs salrrurur z g solansuBur snlos : ßdtJJs srlansuBtrr solos g 'd' : tsd?Jrs seJoleJJad , S-, g O 'Lua saJueJBJ - lerlrrunH O rlla 1eFa1 6g lrBca1 :rsdr;rs leca+ 9 O apu q8requl g ep uaaur8reurq L :rcdtns gCIu uaur8erul L O eqpleleuoq) g llelaturor{r :rsdr;rs r}re}grurorlr ? O B?Blqoerqlnpurec g ErelqcerqlnpureJ :Erlrelr{cerq}npurer r g saluespe : tsdtns saluesJanpe z O prrurBJa : preuao.lrny g uaurFeturq :rsdr;rs uaurFeur g 'C :rsdr;rs snurtuo6l g suard O 'ruo saluesJanpe suardrcsng z-T g -rJns :rsdr;rs suardrcsng L
o lEIr : s?q lBprc t o nrqpurroJ : papuror{l g erluardes : rsdr;rs aerluardes r, O 'ulo urnJal aerluardus z-T rZ g -EnueJsurnc : pn8ncsrunJ 8 g r{JBuaJ : qJBu ual O Bul g Bu :isdr;rs Buur g EuelnJ )l L:uurFullnJ g snJo Ä O Ero g ro:lsdl.os L L oJg BlIIcEuIno uB uB g n+qJerunqJur :lsdl"ns lJau +Jauturq O ElqJerunqctur L lrauur s g ruEJJa+:lsdl;ts aEJJal 9 O 'uto:aBJ -Ja+ Joretr{ 9-? g aJaJasE :rsdr;rs aJaJasse z O 'ttto : ug uuBur 'l' 'ppo relsou Tsod t, g
- pI c-z - lso
O -Entqpruror :nrpuroS
z
O
og unpanalu! LunJt ).t I. -DJlUn sqansut ttu
wnpalpru! urnJ\JnTdtns unpualaurold po p 'saIUW! p)ll:,s 'sotJ -oJlun s\ansuUur so/os '§a pI : esalolDnad walnv wIlIunH g 'EprBr{lB E}r{rar pul prEFE-u r }Eca} gu L ?Ou waut|orut L snrlrerrrsoJ sarF op qlluul alrBlarulorla uls uuaJroJ 'Esuuaf, Eu L Eqtelr{oeJq}npureJ Eu snJa}ulnu Eul acrnqc nrpturoS ur preruagJJny 'saluDsJanpo uou üal '!aO urau .',sil unilo(I sopnsuvttt suatdnsns g -tfrnwt po saryunq 'lsa H '9p asllroJuB-u I qlaq ou Iu qllul IIJ Iu 'allqp Bu EIurESca +Eplr L Eprul +Eplr L ug uueur sI 'paprrrlor{f ur snlga L slJ Eprul sI 'utnrar wnluuto waryTlnnb n) -sou6o) mb JaWd '§a p! : psnJaurnu sa uou snn avquatdns
lg
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V
'qrEJoJ pnFncsrunc
t{ceu ual uerule} Euur ErutunJ} L }?u uurFulrn; g snJo lr.lpu Eu pou)Ie Jelsatuslnql oJg ureqlnsuroJ Blrlcerrrnqotur L +Jautur pelotrr qcal aJsrgJ-op Jv 'aoJJry uanntb wapu :. u1sns p LunJaJ ruarnlou npryUo) nnb snqtn apnol tuuto sa roruIN'gp urnu?p op slrJ pleqnr{oru{ sr peloru rlJoau op )lq} Iu L uo uueur sI'arar
-assp uapnvy utnubtp n sapd ouau'lsa W'+slr3 nsl nrpuroS ur au-EuJaFI+ rE Inqpe sr L rgur sJ 'erasou snututo7 snu|nry g
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:
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THE VISION OF ADOIINAN
51
mansltetudinem carentes. He reduces the sinners, however, and brings them low: that particular compan-v u'ho are opposed to the meek, and whose pitilessness and lack of meekness deprive them of an understanding of the inwardness of holy scripture. 7 Llsque ad terramn: id est, usque ad sapientiam terrenarum, uel usque ad sensus carnis. He casts them down to the earth:
that is, to worldly wisdom, or to the senses. 8 Si igitur mansuetos, id est mites, bona Domini
in
chu:
t. r I
.r
.
in foirenn ,n
.
inna screptaire nr -. 7 (lsque ud tt,rr,:uel usque ad sp/?.srl r cosin n-ecna rtrl, t.. 8 Si i(titur nlun r.
l lerra
uiuentium possessores esseu certum est, quid aliud peccatores isti, id est immites et non mansueti qui eis contrarii sunt, nisi sempiterna supplicia in generibus suis possidebunt? If , then, the abundance of the heavenly rewards is allotted to the meek and the gentle, what else will there be for those who are not meek, and for the pitiless, except abundance of the tempest of eternal punishment, according to its various kinds?
I
mansuetucline nt
Indeed, there is a multitude of the saints and the righteous and the apostles and the disciples of the Lord Jesus Christ to whom the secrets and mysteries of the household
.
tium possessol'es r'.r rimmites et non ilt, t; \
supplicia in g nr r ,, immad na foch r-r, l clechaib, cid aile l. e
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s Deroilid : deroiiqirlh § 7, a. Ps. 117 (146),6 § B' a. cf. Matth. 5,5; Ps. 27 (26),13
,
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TTIE VISION OF ADOMNAN
of heaven, and the golden rewards of the righteous have been revealed in that way, and to whom the various punishments of hell have been revealed as well, with the things which are in them. For there \ ras revealed to the apostle Peter the four-cornered vessel which was let down from heaven, and four cords from it'. To listen to it was as sweet as any song. The apostle Paul, moreover, was lifted up to the third heaven, so that he heard the untellable words of the angels, and the wonderful conversation of the household of heavenb. And all of the apostles, otr the day of Mary's decease, were taken to see the punishments and u,oeful tortures of the wretched folk, when the Lord commanded the angels of the west to open the earth before the apostles, so that they could gaze upon and contemplate hell with its many punishments, äs he himself had foretold to them a long time before his passion. L0 F inally, moreover, that which is preached here was revealed to Adomnän grandson of Tinne, to the high scholar
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THE VISION OF ADOMNAN
of the west of the world, when his soul passed out of his body on the feast of John the Baptist, and when it \ Ias borne to heaven with the angels of heaven, and to hell with its rabble host.
!1. After Adomnän's soul had parted from his body, there appeared to it at once the angel which had accompanied him as long as he was in the flesh; and he brought it with him first of all to visit the kingdom of heaven. '1,2 The first land to which they came is the land of the saints. That, then, is a fruitful radiant land. There are diverse wondrous companies there, wearit g vestments of white linen, with shining white cowls upon their heads. The saints of the east of the world are in a company by themselves in the east of the land of the saints. The saints of the west of the world are in the west of the same country. The saints of the north of the world, moreover, and of its south, are in t\,'o vast companies in the south and north.
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60
THE YISION OF ADOI\{NAN
13 EverS,one who is in the land of the saints, then, is equally to the hearing of the songs, and to the contemplation of the hall in which are the nine grades of heaven accordit g to their ranks and accordi.rg to their order. At one time the saints sing a wonderful sorg, praising God. At another they listen to the song of the household of heaven. For the saints have no need of anything apart from hearing the music to which they listen, and contemplating the radiance on u,hich they gaze, and taking their f ill of the fragrance which is in the land. L4 There is, moreover, a wondrous kingdom before them, away from them to the southeast; and there is a crystalline veil between them, and a golden portico facing it from the south, and it is through it that they discern the semblance and the shadow of the household of heaven. There is however no veil or darkness between the household of heaven and the saints, but they are manifest and preserlt to them, facing them always. There is a fiery circle all around that land, and everyone [passing] into it and out of it, and it does no harm to close
anyone.
13 Cach «irrL . techt inna ('t'ri nime iarna crirr.-. nöemaib c 11n ir I con-tüaiset t ri ö ni aile acht r i soillse ad-cleit rt '1,4 Atä flart:. .
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62
THE VISION OF ADOI\INAN
15 The twelve apostles and Mary the virgin maiden, howin a company apart surrounding the mighty Lord. The patriarchs and prophets and disciples are next to the apostles. There are, moreover, other holy virgins on Mary's right hand, and not far is the distance between them. There are infants and youths around them on every side, and the song of the bird-f lock of the household of heaven delighting them forever. Splendid swift troops of the guardian angels of the souls, serving and ministering among those companies in the presence of the King forever. '/,,6 No one in the world, however, is able to give a description or account of those companies as they truly are. The troops and the companies which are in the land of the saints as we have related, then, will be perpetually in that great glory until the great assembly of Doom, when the righteous Judge will dispose them on the Day of Judgement in the seats and the places in which they will be gazing upon the face of ever, are
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TFIE \-ISION OF- ADON,INÄN
God, without veil or covering shadow hetween them, forever and ever. !7 But although the splendour and the radiance which are in the land of the saints are great and vast, äs r,ve have related, a thousand times vaster is the brilliance which is in the plain of the household of heaven, around the throne of the Lord himself. This is what that throne is like: a well-wrought chair, rn ith four pillars of precious stone under it. Indeed, if one had no entertainment save the harmonious singing together of those four pillars, it u,ould he glorv and delight enough. t8 There are, moreover, three noble birds in the chair, in the presence of the King, and their minds are fixed upon their Creator forever. This is their art: they celebrate the eight offices, praisirrg and marvelling at the Lord, with the choir of archangels supporting them. The song is begun by the birds and the archangels, then, and the u,hole household of heaven respond to them, boLh saints and holy virgins, after that.
ö;t 'tuo UIS .II3I § q8ouoeu L ruoeu :e8ouar2u L nuraou 9 § q1e;rarI sou Ä IlrE.rJarJ O pl8rleucearl ou :-]fl ]ErrarJ sou .\ IroaJS :lrgaqs Ä rrppD qrl8ureqrre Tsod Ä 'uro g r?r] :ö^lO run.rnl e g qplal :IoJ g twat)\l :urelrlrr?r1 -\ rEI : ro öf 'uro qlgp ö -Eueqrre ÄO lrBureqt-re : :]g laFururlrre ^l Io+rrlJSrEIr : Inl -aqJSrRIJ tlrpurroJ :papuroqJ , -rruepu r{pr?rrrrupe O O 0 ,\ q8nrurepB :Ilg pnEnrruepe Ä aqple8ol eq1e"r1 bg eq+Er+ : ^X) rllg.r+ g sa.rF op'ppD rrgprr Tsod ö 'ttn' :trrlro .1 nlplp B Brl :0:]O ouep I ö pro-u :uepu t 'LUo ugpu E uls-? sI z ö uB ÄOt{ ur : ^} Ilul 0 uls- 'ppD rler{}Eqr Tsod g Ere-r1er : rrerl}Bqr Ä 'uo orrounur b 'uto Ä nqpparrr? O e8r;ro :^ltl ep8arre Ä -q '[)pD rrror Tsod I gD ,\ sruqlR op :gp snruqr0.p ()'tiloL Ärgal:rgl öoqop,\oqor::)Ogpudo.r 0unru -lo,) g RurlruBIO.) :i]Äg ueruolor g 'uto arq+rar L 0 qrau Fe : r{roru op 0 peprJrro op ^} poa}rJrre,p Ä papurrts,p O -8ntpg.rle,p t{ pr}rJrro,p :lsdt;rs pnr}rJJrr? p Äg 'tuo guBp 9 0 op ual :oJUe-) t{ L 'ppD oruar aluv ,L rlEJ : IoJ ö1 Og Jrll op : -} rlll Ip [r rluurBlor : qrBuluolor I o urs-q8rnqsqlq8lr :urs-aprnsFrr b 'uto 0 'uro uaJ:urssral , 0 unurJlrnp :pep ^t -r{ g rirl :Il0 urnrer 'l' 'ppD aprns8lr -tulort3 rul alun s Ä 0 ]r{ror}o t q}nrr :i}Og E+rlro.rla e ÄOg ur :pur 0 llqplBpts :nrlqpre 0 rnrursplBr oJ l] uaspBJ oJ : Og JEIUtuBpEnc-lB Ä 'tilo : JBruruEpBnJ-}B IEIUR Z Ä rq8rquuroqs ur L'ppn tuaulrel Tsod 0 rllle+ :uraulrBl L Ll, b .tq+tq aJl Ä rls nqlrq arl g sa"r8 op :^)O Eqlaqrrr En nqllq Rlr+ Ä-e Ötf 'uro r{}EtsroJ uar §-1 urcsap Ä ureqrap O uresqrap :g nrsrl?p e 0,r rog 'uls JEI eFouraou L Ituraou Jala alln aruru Jalurnru
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19 There is then an enormous arch above the head of the Anointed One in his royal seat, like a rvell-wrought helmet or the diadem of a king. If human eyes beheld it they would melt at once. There are three zones in a great circuit around it, between them and the host, and what they are cannot be made known by a description. There are six thousand warriors with the shapes of horses and birds around the f iery chair, burning without limit, without end. 20 To give an account of the mighty Lord who is in that throne, then, is impossible for anyone unless he should do it himself, or unless he were to entrust it to the ranks of heaven. For no one will tell of his blazing and his power, his redness and his great brightness, his glory and his delightfulness, his abundance and his steadfastness. The multitude of his angels and his archangels singing a song to him. His very rnany ministers going to him and from him with very concise replies to
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each troop in turn. His rnildness and his qreat gentleness to some. His severitv and his great harshness to another company of them. 21, If anvone should gaze at him for a long time from all sides, from the east and from the west, from the south ancl from the north, he rn'ill find his noble face on every side, seven times brighter than the sun. But he will not find a human shape upon him, with head or foot, but a fiery mass burning
throughout the world, and everyone trembling and fearf ul hefore him. Heaven and earth are full of his glory, and there is a beam of light like royal stars in a great circuit around him. There are three thousand various songs from each of the choirs which are engaged in choral song around him. Each single sonq of them, by itself, is sweeter than the manv songs of the world.
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THE \-ISION OF ADOMNAN
22.
22 Thus, then, is the cit_v in which that throne is: there are seven crystalline walls rn,ith various colours around it. trach wall is higher than the other. The pavement and undermost foundation of the city, however, is of white crystal with the appearance of the sun. A very mild, very gentle community, then, rn,ithout the lack of anything good, it is they who inhabit that city. For none enters it or inhabits it ever save for holy virgins, or pilgrims, or penitents devoted to God. 23 As for their arrangement and disposition, however, it is difficult to know of what sort it is. F or the back or side of none of them is turned toward another, but this is how the ineffable power of the Lord arranges and keeps them: face to face in their equally lofty rows and circles, in a great circuit
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TFIE VISION OF ADOMNÄN
around the throne, with glory and with delightfulness, and the face of every one of them turned toward God. 24 There is a screen of cr.vstal between each two choirs, strikingly adorned in silver and gold. There are three precious stones, moreover, with a melodious sound, with the sweetness of music, between each pair of chief companies, and they are burning lanterns on the side which is above. Seven thousand angels, in the shapes of chief candles, are lighting and illuminating the city on every side. There are seven thousand more in its very centre, burnirrg forever around the royal seat. The fragrance of the head of a single candle of those candles would
provide for the men of the world [gathered] in a single place, even though they rvould be very many. 25 As for any of the people of the u,orld who do not reach that city in their lifetimes, and to whom it is apportioned to
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:)og qar+lrBq :Ö qar+}rB Il BllBpra :B+lr?pra b -r{.[]Bt :urs-FrBrr{}Er z o prr{rror :+ar{r -lor ög leu : :)O pgu 0 'uro g ureruop : :lO ureruop ur L gZ öl os Ä 'LUo ursbÄOg Euop 'ulo :r] Eurp 6 pulq) :[r1 uurc pnue]lloq g -Foue]lloq O ÄB 0 : nÄg pnFnullotl I Fntq O nlq : ö;1g pnlq O pBpDJorJ : paJrror g rlerl+eqtFr.r : epFrr Fretqleo O rlTIuuII ö,1 g Eretuull : i] rreruull 8 Ä lllqrtull eu, 'ppD alre Tsod ^1 prlelrgur Ä llaqJurrl Eu, g +rrenreq :0O lrrenceturul O q8re;rq1ec : qrBrqler e öf Eu O Brrr 'uto -Fnpropur ro L t pnFnqcrour ro L O -Fntouo :llg Euur Ä ö r3ro L :g pn8nqcrosur ro L 0 la8qreqcurrd Ä IauuaEJ ::)Og Iau -ureqrtur;d e ö -Eqle ÄO lrFure : ilg laFure Ä as :+qras b -uuerr{f,ol O qqrnuuBr)qrol : öitg qreurer{rol ^\O rB : 0lg roJ ö ryrr?rnlr{Jen i} Br{rrE}qJBn Ä qrBrp+rlren :OB ErlJBrE}qJELl ? ^\ srt?lJ :1r{sarreulrd Ä pulq bg L 'ppD r{}lglqur Tsod ;1 q}lglq ö 'uro Äg nlplp :ilo guep si1 urs-1rF ^\ rtlelq :0Og q+lglqut s -uIItJ (b qIEuuBJ) BUsIJJ : 'J 'J) nuunJJ BusJoJ IrEJoruJJEc qruoJor{c (0 oJ 'ppl) L qIrIEqlEr oc L L;reur ua8 perlrlrarqtu (ö op) or IIRurESca-u -Eqt rlll Ip BItueurBS (b qreqlo-rs) qreqlars oc 'ppD rlRJ ,sod 0 paF-re L ro rp i] lrFre L rro8rap :Og rlg L ]rerre Ä 'uto 0 rTcalreFsrap o r{rerl}rgFs"reap : i}g qcalFrecsrap z 0ro g r{reprunr : :t rlre}tunr 0f op : ilgg ol ilo ssrelt g Fresela : ö,1 ssrelrlr Ä aurel8 urelF ö,\g op :il Ip O 'ruo uret8 tp § la8urec :lr8urec L ?Z z.
:
Ä rr{}reue O IqFIB-u B :öitg .1 snruulqle-u oJ bfO sauqqre-u oJ g snruqro :rsdl;rs paFre-u E 9 snruqro-u oJ 9-9 Ä'uto 0 +rBnJBtul t pJrBnJBturul o +JrEnJEtu g JrrEnJEq :tsdl;rs +rrBnJBurrul o 1q1-ErnsqFl.r :aprnsFr; örog Ä lllrurlqlrorrr g llar{orur}roruru I : b;]o llaqcturr{}rlgru s ön ros uI : .n pul
o+ pauorlroclclr: sr qJEaJ
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Buur pn8nqorosur Jo L pnrFrslllos co Iauureqcur-rd qreqlapu laFure alluI lqcas 'pESSEI roJ qrEurBr{rgl Eul Br{cBrB}r{cBqr
r
aqllal e L lqca-rreur;d gp qrEO rala 'llgaqc auurqu or 'r{}lglqtrr -rnFoy or guep ereuFgl Bral IrJ 'rlEJ rlg L lrerre qcalFrersrap rlrBltuns oJ ssrBlr{c gp r{3Bc ra}a urulF Ip lr8urec uuBrS vz 'EICI IrJ alln paFre-u e L 'snru -QIo-u or L snrurg-u oD '1;re4cBrurul aplnsFr; pul llaqJtulr{lrlgru C/ GL
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THE \TISION OF' ADOMNAN
71
dwell there after the verdict of the Judgement: they exist, unsteadily and f leetingly, in heights and in hills; in rush1, places and in bogs are their dr,r,ellings until the Judgement comes to them. 26 It is thus, then, that those multitudes are, and the companies: the guardian angel of each soul which is in them is serving and ministering to it. 27 There are a veil of fire and a veil of ice before them in the chief doorway of the city, and they are clashing against one another perpetually. The noise and the crashings of those veils coming together, moreover, are heard throughout the world. If the race of Adarn were to hear that noise, trembling and insupportable fear would seize them all before it. The sinners, then, are grieved and troubled at that noise. If it be on the side facing the household of heaven, however, nothing of that harsh tumult is heard at all save for a very little, and it is as sweet as everv music.
26
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g Erurueu :rllrer op O .reaqllpulq 0g -q+lpulq : i] rlqlruurq 8 r{+lgr op 8-L g Jeq :JaqurEI Ao 'uLo ulsÄ 'uto JrBUruoc-ElR 'ulo orrolurur ar : O uBp ö,\g uop : r ulp L ö,\O ilg IrJ O öO rlllrll :i)Äg qlall O un)o bfg uorr :il puoro -]Ä 'ruo O rllrr+ g nlplp :§ gr+ Bqlraprenqop O IqEIET{}rBar{prEnq :0^1g e Ä Rqlraprer,lq Ä 'uro 1l 'llD O grq] 'ppo Frsrrol Tsod Ä rsrrrol e patu ar :ärs-rro1 11 arurrr Ä 'uto Blr{JEInJop 0O ureqrutsn Äg ueuro ::I ueruel rlllrr L elce : qlrrr Ä öf 'uo alrn s O qpnqar : peqgF 0 ou :sou i] rulepgpr?u O r{ur{Brlpu : ö,1g urrepvu ? o rrlunllspB Äg ralurnlJ-+r :Öit ralurnlJ-+B g 'uro urelqrBrrruoJ Jo Ä nlplp 'ppo urs-lerJ Tsod b Rp ur : Bu Ä 'tilo O guep Euueru -err; L g urtulen; L :0,t guep uueruer,U L g nlplp 'ppü rn8og Tsod t, lA rls 'ppv nr{+lq Tsod ;1 '6ril! nq}lq ö qlp alar{r E :uurr{r rE g L ure+qJBrruroo to 'ppD uref,rur,lqlruoJ Jo aluo ^l-\ I :0Og co g 'uro per se L :önO lers L Ä .l euur :ölOg eur z bfOg Bu Ä pa;Fro,p öO qpearq8re op A plrFlg :il pnrrFre,p t LZ :
^) Rrrul
0g +qcarrr{lrur} Jo : -.t }r{Jarrr{}urr} z Ä urrue uop :lp lqrarrqlutl+ L t-z rulu e il qlpul :g ql+uul 0 Ä 'uto ql+uul r?qJBr o 'uLo +lgllBrun EqrBr § elqcapauro) :) elqreltulluor - EltlJapatuloJ I O BlI"[JBpetuIoJ g E]qoa]rrrJoJ :rsdllrs E]qoa]rruroJ z ö -.Ege ÄO lrFure :ilg la8ure Äg nlplp :0lO guep r gZ 0e ros § qlerq
ue
:r{}Erq e fI'Luo ncnqc 0O qqtnq}ors : Ilg qr8reloil O qrurur -sras : qrursras ? bog qreu8urpu : il qreuBuurpu 0 presorlJuerl O r{prBsqBuBq ::}g prESquE 0,f }rrrqrrB O prraqrB :g +rraqrrB r
1l puB 'al11ll 'rteuuror-v+e lgar r{oec rlrl}luulq L q+lgr op coqulel lttJe UIS-uuIBJoqlqreF ulp JalurnlJ ru aurru Jr+urnur IrJ orrorurur qlall I pEI,{ 'uls-tnFo; puoro Freqlcad Eu gr} Er{} -raplBnq +l L Frs,rtol +I 'aurlar Elr{relr.lop ueuren L q}lrr alln pEq?F sou urs-;nFo; ur srlurnlc BIp rurepyu IIS 'r{}lqru ugJ ra} -urnlc-}B urBlr{JBrJurroJ co urs-lBrJ Ru guBp uuBurBr,u L ;nFog 'nqllq Elrl uulr{J JE uuIO ure)Jenr{}ruoc Jo }E}s L asrRupEIJ Eul rlaerr.ller Euur sn;opurr;d I pnlrFle, p IEIJ L paura] IEI.{ LZ
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nsnr{3 }l or EqaJlre-u E qrFrelotl r L c{rutsras I'qrEJJouJ r L qreuFuulpu r'11eur1n or L plESquE or +lraqrle qllul sr'EqJgrq 9L
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76
THE VISION OF ADONINÄN
28 Vast and wonderful to tell of, then, is the arrangement of that city. F or what rve have related of its ranks and its wonders is [only] a little out of much. 29 It is indeed unusual for the soul, after keeping company and dwelling together with the body, with its slumber and its ease and its prosperity and its comfort, to travel to the throne of the Creator, unless it go with angel guides. 30 For the ascent of the seven heavens is a difficult thing; for no one of them is easier than any other. For there are six protecting doorways [set] hefore the human race before it comes to heaven. Moreover, a guardian and doorkeeper from the household of heaven has been placed to keep u,atch over each of those doorways. 31. At the doorway of the heaven which is nearest to here, then, has been set Michael the archangel.And there are two virgins with him with iron rods in their bosoms to scourge
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ur uurr{3 JE E}qJa}tulor{J srBJop'rn'+g+e Jy'q}p alrEJE rE Iu JV'aurru'lln'Eu rutu{aJp IrBrunJJop sr Jy 0t I{cEu nssB
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Ig-82
LL
THE VISION OF ADOMNÄN
78
and beat the sinners; so that
it is there, then, that the sinners
encounter the first reproach and the first suffering of the wa,v that they rvalk. 32 As for the doorway of the second heaven, however, L'iriel is its guardian. And there are two virgins with him with fiery whips in their hands, and it is r,vith those that they scourge sons of death across their faces and across their eyes. A fiery stream, with a blaze of flame upon it, has been set before that doorway. Abersetus, then, is the angel who tends and watches over that stream. It is that stream which assays the souls of the righteous, and cleanses them from the amount of guilt
which adheres to them, so that they attain to the same purity and brightness as the radiance of stars. A shining well has been set there, moreover, with mildness and fragrance to wash and comfort the souls of the righteous. It aff licts and burns
i:il\-t'(l + tlri'unt. ,li:.
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0 prurarFuur i)Ä pIpuIrFuI O pltuarFul :g p{uular8ul Og Eu :0:} Euur 0 uueurue-u Bu :uueruue b petuuul,p g a8ru op :;1ÄO peuplp or Ä uuEuIuE peuqfirp :uarlJ bit peuel8 :Og I{cRunIp G pnFnuellloq Äg pnFnulloqtu or :pnFnu}loq r{)Bunrp 0r-6 - r1lelqtu : aqlrelqu }fO ErlJerlrueauqlrel lrod Ep : r{JBuIau}lB} ;ntlo1 o O Ä 0 lt{rorpaq :E}qror}? Äg nlplp :0i1O guep O uue+lar :uuellar 8 l 'ulo uuellilr § aurel8uoc :autel8uoc O paqllor :+aqJlorr L uueual sou 8-Ä I peulnrpnl-lJ :Bururnr]nqr Ä op O uep bg - : --l 'utT eu puBtuuB :EuuBtuuB :) 'Luo Ö a sl uop ulp 4 ,\ ^l L 'p1,tn sI dluo :AOg uls-r{+nrs ul g sI ? ö t,Is-Et{}or}s ul .\ uls 1 -Erllo.rs ur g Er1lo.rs +ur :.lO urs-Er"lloJs lul 9 § snrrruFtrr ^lÄ aJIeEut g Esnpaturo)o.roJ L Irle8ur g EpatuoJ L elqraq+tuaoJ :t.sdt;;s El?tuIoJroJ L a;re8ur 0 gFqe pul urure :] lrEure ruule ÄO lrFure : g laFute 0 snlesroqe :snlasracly Ä sn.Iopu t Ep g nlplp :§ilo guep 'ppv pa8rprns Tsod r?rr :snlasraqy urs-srerop ur s ^) ouep g nlplp () r"{pearlplns :pa8rprns t I 'ulo qIBJSor erep L rz-t, B.'uto ErEp 'llv t Ä pal8rn-rs : lll8 ^\ q.leq1;lad Bu bit nq;lepcad Bu : Og slgq nrreru goal'ppn -ro.rs 0uls- gals-::)grplsö:l'Luo L'il qrl8ro"rs e-z qrBurel Tsod e Ä 'tuo apls-qlp O -Fnrre; g IIRI{J :ö^tl pnrreJ Ä BU, :EuI --\ op O Ep : ö-tt{ }p öOg plu} -ruroJ : ^] pletrauror{r z { urs re :gp plu}etulotlJ Og sl : §1 se r sB z-tr ö -Fueql-re 3 laFurerre O IIFulErrR Äg IIFurErlrrB :rsdr"ns laFureqcre ,\ IBrrrn § larre :) I?lrE O IErrE g IJrlrJn :tsr/r;.r.s IJIr^l g B.r+ :orroulul\ [Zt, Ä L :asreug] Ä 'uro b;1g ul :l] pul 1 lre8erl 'l' 'pf)n lreFuar ndns g lre8uaqr : lre8uao 9 Ä urs-r"lJeqlracl €u :lre8uac arreuoJ Eu g-rl Ä op O qllrJ :bilg IrJ 'nn §if +gqF+?r :Og raqqlrelar ö-fOg g nlplp : uIIlrEI t7 Erep.lad : rsr/r;;s Ereqlcaqd ö^1g Erl : O ur ö^r rclg tlsE.\\
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80
TI{E \TISION OF ADONTNÄN
the souls of the sinners, however, and does not remove anything from them; but it is an increase of punishment and penance which they have in it. After that the sinners arise thence with sorrow and great gloom, the righteous however lvith joy and great gladness, to the doorway of the third heaven. 33 There is a fiery furnace, then , blazir,g there always. Twelve thousand cubits: that is how high its f lame reaches aloft. The souls of the righteous, then, go through that furnace in the blink of an e_ye. The souls of the sinners, howerrer, remain there until the end of twelve years, when the guardian angel brings them to the fourth doorway. 34 Thus, then, is the entrance doorway of the fourth heaven: there is a fiery stream encirclirg it like the stream before. Moreover, a burning wall encircles it. The width of its
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THE \TISION OF ADOX,INÄN
ire is measured at twelve thousand cubits. The souls of the righteous, ho\A,'ever, step across it as if it were not there at all; and it holds back the souls of the sinners for the space of twelve years in wretchedness and in torture, until the guardian angel brings them to the doorway of the f if th heaven. 35 There too there is a fiery stream, but it is different from the other streams. For there is a remarkable whirlpool in the middle of that stream, and it turns the souls of the sinners around and holds them back until the end of sixteen Years. The righteous, however, get across it at once, without dc'la.,v. When it is time to release the sinners thence, the angel strikes the stream with a hard rod with a stonv nature, so that he lifts the souls up with the end of the rod.
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THE VISION OF' ADON{NÄN
36 Then Nlichael carries the souls after that to the doorwa-v of the sixth heaven. No punishment or torture is reckoned to the souls in that doorwali but there is an illumination there of light and of the radiance of precious stones. g7 Then l\fichael comes after that to the Angel of the Trinity, so that the two of them exhibit the soul in the presence of the Creator. Vast and untellable, then, is the rejoicing of the household of heaven, and of the Lord himself, over the soul then if it is an innocent righteous soul. If it is unrighteous, however, and imperfect, then it obtains severity and harshness from the mighty Lord, and he says to the angels of heaven: Hanc animam multo peccantem angelo Tartari tradite et demergat eam in infernltffi, that is: "Take this faithless soul away u'ith )'ou, angels of heaven, and surrender it into the hand of Lucifer, to be drowned and stifled in the depth of hell forever.
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TTIE VISION OF ADON,'INÄN
38 It is after that, then, that the wretched soul is parted, terribll, and harshl,v and fearsomely, from the presence of the kingdom of heaven and the countenance of God. It is then, moreover, that it is parted f rom the protection of the archangels by whom it was brought to heaven. It is Lhen that it looses the groan that is heavier than every groan , ät going before the Devil after beholdit g the delightfulness of the household of heaven. It is then that the twelve fiery dragons, each in turn, swallow the soul until the lowest dragon deposits it in the maw of the Devil. It is then that it finds the fullness of every evil, with the presence of the household of the Devil and of hell forever. 39 After the guardian angel had revealed to the soul of Adomnän these visions of the kingdom of heaven and of the
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THtr VISION OF ADOI\IN;IN
B8
first experiences of every soul af ter going out of the hodY, he took it with him after that to visit the lowest hell, with the multitude of its punishments and its tortures. 40 This then is the first land which they encountered: a black dark land, and it is empty, scorched, without punishment in it at all. There is a valley full of fire borderittg it on the far side; there is a flame in it, so that it goes bevond its edges on ever5r side. It is black belorn', red in the middle and on top. There are eight beasts in it, their eyes like flares of fire. 4I There is a very great bridge, then, across the valley; it reaches from one edge to the other. It is high in the middle, but its two extremities are low. There are three hosts making to set out upon it, and not all of them get across it. For one of those hosts the bridge is broad from beginning to end, so that they come safe and sound, u'ithout fear, w'ithout terror, across the fiery valley. For another of the hosts setting out upon it, it is narrow at first but broad at last, so that in that walr they come, after great peril, across the same vallev. As for the last
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THE VISION OF ADOMNÄN
90
host, however: for them the bridge is broad at first, narrow and cramped at last, so that they fall from its midst into that same perilous valley, into the maws of the eight flaring beasts yonder who make their du'elling in the vallel'. 42 This, then, is the number for whom that way was easy: the folk of virginity, the folk of earnest repentance, the folk of zealols martyrdom for God. And this is the company for whom the way was narrow at first and for u,hom it may be broad after that: the troop who are compelled by force to do the will of God, and they turn their compulsion into delight in serving the Lord. But those for whom the bridge was broad at first and narrow at the end are the sinners who hear the preaching of the word of God and do not fulfil it after hearing it. 43 There are then vast hosts in distress on the strand of eternal prnishment, facing the land of respite on the other side. Every second time the punishment ebbs aw'ay from them; at the next it comes over them. These then are the ones who
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TI{E VISION OF ADOMNÄN
92
are in that condition: the folk r,vhose good and whose evil are of equal weight. And it is on the Day of Judgement that judgement w,ill be made between them, and their good will cancel out their evil. And the.v will be borne after that to the haven of life, in the presence of the face of God forever. 44 There is then another troop there, close to that company, and great is their punishment. It is thus that they are:
fettered to f ier5r pillars. There is a sea of f ire a round them which reaches to their chins. There are fiery chains around their waists in the shape of serpents. Their faces burn above the punishment. These then are the ones who are in that punishment: sinners and kin-slayers and those who ruin the church of God, and pitiless superiors who, in the presence of the relics of the saints, are [set] over the gifts and tithes of God; and from the riches they make private possessions, instead of [provision for] the guests and needy of the Lord.
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91
THE VISION OF ADOMNAN
45 There are, then, great hosts there standing always in jet-black marshes which reach to their girdles. They \ ,'ear short icy cowls. They never rest nor pause, but the girdles are burning them with both cold and heat. Hosts of demons are all around them with fiery lumps in their hands, beating their heads, and perpetually accusing them. The faces of all of those wretches are turned to the north, and there is a harsh bitter wind right against their foreheads alonq with every other evil. There are red fiery showers falling on them every night and every day, and they can never avoid them but endure them forever with wailing and lamentation. Some of them have streams of fire in the hollow's of their faces; others have nails of fire through their tongues, others through their heads from the outside. These then are the ones who are in that punishment: thieves and perjurors and the folk of treachery and violent men and raiders and plunderers and falselrr judging judges and contentious folk, witches and satirists, relapsed brigands and scholars who preach heresy.
45 Atät (lan, cirdubaib coni, anat -l ni tltai:
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THE VISION OF ADOI\'INÄN
46 There is another great multitude there, or islands in the midst of the sea of fire. There are silver walls around them, made from their garments and their alms. That cornpan_y, then, is of those who do not neglect acts of charitv; but nevertheless the,v are lax and preoccupied u,ith the body until the time of their death. And their alms help then in the midst of the sea of fire until Judgenrent; and after Judgement they are sent to the har,en of life. 47 There is, then, another multitude there, \Ä'earing red fiery chasubles which reach to the ground. Their trembling and their outcry are heard across the firmament. r\n unreckonable band of demons is stifling them; and thev have stinking half-rau, hounds in their hands which they are setting on them, to devour and consume them. Red fiery rvheels are perpetuall.v burning around their necks. Every second time they are borne up to the firmament. At the next they are hurled dor,vn into the depth of hell. Infants are woundirg them and
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THE VISION OF ADON{NAN
slashing at them perpetually from every side. These then are the ones who are in that punishment: those in hol-v orders who have transgressed their orders, and those with only a semblance of devotion, and liars who lie and deceive the crowds,
and who take it upon thernselves to perform for them miracles and wonders of which therr are incapable. Those whom the infants are wounding,however, are the folk in holy orders, that is, they are the folk who were entrusted to them for their improvement, and they dicl not improve them and theV did not chastise them for their sins. 48 There is another very great troop there: they go forward and backward without rest across the fiery stones, battling against the hosts of the demons. Greater than counting, then, are the showers of arrows, burnirrg red, which come upon them from the demons. TheSr go at a run, without pause, without rest, until they reach black lakes and black rivers in order to quench those arrows in them. Mournful and wretched, then, are the cries and lamentations r,vhich the sinners make in those waters, for it is increase of punishment which they obtain from
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100
TFIE VISION OF ADO\,INÄN
them. These then are the ones who are in that punishment: dishonest artisans and comb-makers and merchants, unjust judges of the Jews and unbelieving kings, crooked criminal superiors, adulterous women and the go-betr,veens who ruin them in their misdeeds. 49 There is, then, a wall of fire over against the land of punishments on the far side. It is seven times more horrible and more harsh than the land of punishments itself. But souls do not inhabit it until the Judgement; for it is under the charge of the demons alone until the Day of Judgement. 5O Woe, then, to the one who is in those punishments, dwelling together u,ith the household of the Devil. Woe to the one who does not beware of that household. Woe to the one over whom the savage scornful Demon will be set as lord. Woe
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102
THE VISION OF ADO},INAN
to the one who will be listening to the lamentation and the rvailing of the souls in their wretchedness, pleading with the Lord that the Day of Judgement come to them swiftly so that they may know whether the1. will obtain any respite at the Judgement. For the,v do not obtain any rest until Judgement, save for three hours erre ry Sundarr. Woe to the one u,'hose allotted habitation will be that region forever. 51 This is how it is: there are hollow thornr,r mountains there; bare plains, moreover, rn'hich are also burnt; and stinking monster-haunted lakes. The earth is harsh and sandy, and also crooked and icy. There are broad f iery stones upon its surface. There are great seas with horrible storms, in which is the abode and dwelling of the Devil forever.
fri guba l fri !,,.frisin Coimclirl in düs in f uigebt ri inach cunlsänarl diamba dornenridanö is iat loir, gainmide is ö ur'
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101
TIfE VISION OF ADOI\INÄN
52 There are four ver) great streams across its surface: a stream of fire, a snowy stream, a poisonous stream, a stream of black dark water. It is in them that the wild hosts of demons bathe after their sport and delight in punishing the souls. 53 When the hol5r hosts of the household of heaven, then, sing the harmonious choral song of the eight offices, gladlv and joyfully praising the Lord, it is then that the souls raise wretched sorrowful cries, äs they are beaten without pause by the troops of the demons.'fhose are the punishments and tortures which the guardian angel revealed to the soul of Adomnän, after visiting the kingdom of heaven.
52 Ceithre >r' snechtaide, Srut:. sin nos foth ra ir : \ a n-äiniusa or' | 53 In tan tr':, .
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106
THtr VISION OF ADO},INÄN
54 After that the soul was brought in the blink of an eye through the golden portico and through the crystalline veil to the land of the saints; it is into it that it had first come, when it passed out of the body. 'fhen, when it had set its mind upon remainirg and abiding in that land, it heard behind it, through the veil, the voice of the angel, who was commanding it to come back to the same bod.v out of which it had passed, and Lo relate in meetings and in assemblies, in gatherings of laymen and clerics, the rewards of heaven and the punishments of hell as the guardian angel had revealed them to it. 55 This, then, is the sermon which Adomnän was in the hahit [of preaching] to the hosts from that time forth, for as long as he was alive. Moreover, it is that u,hich he was preachi.rg in the great assembly of the men of Ireland, when the law of Adomnän was i*posed upon the Gaels, and when the
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108
THE VISION OF ADOMNAN
women were freed by Adomnän, and by F innachta F ledach the king of Ireland, and by the nobles of Ireland besides. 56 Moreover, this is the first sermon which Patrick son of Calpurnius was in the habit [of preachirg]: to relate the rewards of heaven and the punishments of hell to those who used to believe in the Lord through his teaching, and who used to yield their soul-friendship to him at the raising of the
56 Is ö
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57 Moreover, it is the sermon which Peter and Paul and the other apostles were preaching most frequently: that is, relatirrg punishments and rewards, those things which had been revealed to them in the same fashion. 58 Moreover, it is the sermon which Silvester abbot of Rome preached to Constantine son of Helena, to the high king of the world, in the great assembly when he offered Rome to Paul and to Peter.
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THE VISION OF ADONTNÄN
59 l\{oreover, it is the sermon r,vhich Fabian the successor of Peter preached to Philip son of Gordian, to the king of the Romans, u,'hen he believed in the Lord, and when many thousand others believed at that time. He is the first king of the Romans who believed in the Saviour Jesus Christ. 60 This is the sermon which trlijah is accustomed to preach to the souls of the righteous, and he beneath the Tree of Life in Paradise. And from the time when Elijah opens the book to preach, the souls of the righteous come to him from every side in the shapes of shining white birds. 6L At first, then, he relates to them the rewards of the righteous, the delightfulness and pleasures of the kingdom of heaven; and for that length of time they are very joyful. But then he relates to them the punishments and tortures of hell, and the afflictions of the Day of Judgement, and an expression of sorrow is very evident both upon himself and upon Enoch. And so they are "the two sorrows of the kingdom of heaven".
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THE VISION OF ADOMNAN
112
62 After that trlijah closes the book of the sermon. Then the birds make a very great wailing lamentation, and they press their wings against their bodies so that streams of blood come f rom them, for fear of the punishments of hell, and of the Day of Judgement. When it is the souls of the saints, for whom there is apportioned a lasting habitation in the kingdom of heaven, who make that lamentation, it would be fitting for the people of the world to shed even tears of blood in anticipation of the Day of Judgement. 63 1n quo die multa mala erunt Then there will be many evils and sorrows on that day, that is, the Day of Judgement. In quo die luder iustus sua sui s reddet" , id est impiis poenas, praemia iuslis. It is then that the Lord will pay what he has earned to every person in the world: punishments to the sinners, rewards to the righteous.
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"b eldaco"rd -reqeal (n0 pul) E ö rnqal il B roqal :Og ul eldacrord ur roqal g pIBEI :prEpBI L Zg nö 'uro s-I unrer g pBn urs rer :siIö:]O urs rer nÖ"g Ör og
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TTIE VISION OF ADONINÄN
64 Thereafter the sinners will accordingl-v be placed in the depth of hell, upon which will be fastened the lock of the r,vord of God, under the curse of the Judge of the Judgement. Then the saints and the righteous, the folk of charity and merc.Y, will be borne to the right hand of God, to inhabit the kingdom of heaven forever. Then they will be in that great glory, in the union of the divinity and humanity of the Son of God, in the unity which is loftier than every unity, in the unitv of the holy Trinity of Father and Son and Holy Spirit. 65 I plead for God's mercy through the prayer of Adomnän: may we all reach that union, may we deserve it, ffiäY we abide
in it, in saecula saeculorum. Itinit amen finit.
64 (,rrir' . suthainr i,,. iul lrt'athl,. r Iieit iirt'Lllr. rio('ttt'l'h
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oÖng
uautv tryI.al 'runr
-oln)aos oln)a0s ut'rueqatlre soJ'rua1;re soJ'uls-pleluao-u ur alln urBssr-or :urBuuropv aprdul Elrl ?ou arrBsgrl rullly gg 'rrrloN Elrrds L era6 L rer{ly a}rourrqJruaou Bu prBJuag-u I'plBluag-u r{cac nrlsrEr.r sl prE}uao pulsl'?cl JIaHI ElqtBuagp L ElrIJBap prBluag-u I 'uls-rrolFroru ulsl runrBr llag 'aruru EqIEIJ qorlllBqllq op ?c slap roJoa;rBco-r1 Eu L atrrap Bu lqJnl'uroa;rJ pul L tulou pul runJBrJrBlr?g'Er{}grq uE
-tuaqllorg prBssru oJ ?cI arr{lrarq SEIF EJpEr-u ESroJ aurBr{}ns aurad ureuropnJ I Fleqftaqd ul uls-plelrue urnJBI rrlrJrrn3 ,g
gII
99
:uEuuropy. Jo .ia-i ', :
:
]IJIrl\ ' , '.i.'.
Jo,(1run aq+ rrl
'.("ro1F I Rar F ln rl ]
.:
,
'Äcraur pue .i1r.rn11 uorlJ 'luatlla8pn1' '-. pJo,AA.
aq+ Jo {JC)l ;r;
or{} ur parEICI a ([
.i
-
-
i
-
.
:
,
- r.9
+noqurnJ'(v8g 7g)
'g'08f 'd ' 1 'lo^ 'saqJ 'Jr : gOg 'd ' L L6l Tunsndns annb avsrao urnutry)l ut aTatdnTut ßua
-uDpav ouDqnl soLUlDSd ut ßuasansdolq tropoaql o>rDNrNoJ EcI ''I (Z) '0qg 'd 'zgg6I {roÄ ..rlal{ 'Tnt4snrsap)g : puDprl Jo frtoystg fi1tng aqy roJ sa:rnos aqJ 'ÄENN'uX ',{ 'f pue 0l-69 'd '0002 plalJJaqs 'q)rnqJ qslrl frpnE aqy ut sury)sd aqJ 'yulrnürrliDI{ 'I{ 'J3 (t)
'rallBsd alqnoo aql Jo rolBs
-solF oql Äq posn {1a.trsua}xa se,^l. ,(reluaurruoo slr{} ou,ttoqs sEI{ Ereruel{c1tr sv '(.) p VVI 'loJ ''Jul t7g'J SIt oeuersorqruv Era} -ollqlg 'uEIIHi ldr"rcsnueur r{slrl .(rnluar-q}ulu at{+ ur pal;asa;d 'erlsansdory ;o aJopoaqJ {q stulesd aq} uo .(reluaururot aq} Jo auopdg s,urnuelJg Jo uerlnf ur s"readde Furpea"r aures aqI 'GA6'gg lvuotltppv SHI ',(;e,rqr1 qslllrg 'uopuol =) rEtuJoS Jo rallesd aql pue : A'V DqlDg uotto7 SHI '{re;qlT qsl}lrg 'uopuoT :(6 S1q'aFalloS sur{of }S 'aFpuqtuB3 =) -ra11esd uoldureq}nos aq} :sra11esd qslrl rar{}o ur Furpear arrres aql Jo acuasa;d aq} pa}ou osle ser{ ErErrrEld)HI rd '(,) (( tf'V) fG SI,{ aledrcrunur anbqql -ollqlg 'uenog) uang '+S Jo rallesd alqnocl r{slrl .("rn1uac-q}ua} aql ur +xa1 uEDrllEO ar{} sr slq} :a1eF1nr1 aq} Jo uor}rpa lecr}rrc prBpuBls or{} roJ pa}lnsuoc sassau}l^e aq} Jo auo ur pa+sa}}B {1uo sr (SSttt raq+o ur suotltwnq 's^) lonlunq }uErrEA ar{} +Er{} atu o+ +no Furlurod roJ Breruel{c1i ur+rEHI ol 1n;a1e-rF rue I 'uoltpDllüul )out Du q)Dqr0n-u wapuan?-u lgulluto)
pttJJl-u unq)op ptvnsorl L -utl WrruUloJ 'aprtuuo) nu L üsua) DU 'attnto4 Du L nJnp ou ltpnl nnqJ lutlu runq)op plJn)ot JV 'tpD)JDap st L Jv)orl s? 'ua|1tp s! L stDuun sI 'nru)ownq) n L Uau D aql|IoptpDut s? L rout s! L Drulpu DU nryuto7 ut aqlbyurtrrDpv s? L losvn sI :Og ur +Erl+ o+ asolr lxa+ qslrl uE sarrF lnq 'ulle-I aql slrruo n iqderFe"red arrlua aql slrruo 0'r{slrl ur {11ted pue ulleT ur.(11red'sas;al ar{} uo Ä-reluaururoJ E apr.to,rd g-t § sll sE alJas spJoa asaq+ pue 'Ä1ruoq e sE VrI 'g-q'g7l sd Jo }xa} a1eF1nr1 aql sr slqJ 'adocr"rad Furuado
pasoduoc
sB.{A.
-lutocr,so.ansuoutT::ff ,!Xr'::r"r:::IX'i!,T:,':'rI:\T,iJ,,';:r
p snn snqtn nu6ou p Jasou snututocl
snu|oyq g-rz'z-t
T,
sg.toN
-illl* .*l,r*rrrl,r,.
THE vrsroN otr ADoN,INÄx : NorEs
118
"wonderful". 2 adamraigthe That representatives of the two branches of the text tradition agree on this reading (adhamhraighthi O , adamraigthe I- ) indicates that adamra in B is innovative; the same distribution of variants appears at § 9,8 below. The word is the verbal of necessity of the verb ad-amraigedar "wonders (at), marvels (at)", and appears in the \{ilan glosses as an equivalent of the gerundives mirandus, admirandus (Ml 61 c 3; 69 c 1); cf. machtnaigthe in the following line. 1,
1,
Z in Coimditt
ltest
\\
r'
tttft,,rl,
,tt,i
(.s.1'.
11'r i -
'2 irr,::.
"the Lord". na ndüla "the Lord of the creation".
LI
here reads in Comdiu
1,
3-5 Ari fil
F or
t
ad terram
"There is
no..
. ad terram".
this tl substitutes is cennais 7 is ailgen, is trocar 7 is
dearcach "He is meek and gentle, he is merciful and loving".
7 b töcuirid- "invites". The anomalous lengthening of the first syllable of this verb, univerbated from do-cuirethar, is attested in both B and O. 1,
o lucht na deirce 7 na tröcaire
mercy.
For discussion of this phrase,
-
see
"the folk of charity and the note on § 64,3-4 below.
6 24 ,trl !,! ,'!r' Ill c U't:ll I r'.., 'l'his I'r, -,
"unprofitable assemblv". 1, 8 comthinöl n-etarbach L,f reads comtinöl n-öcraibdech n-ötarbach "faithless unprofit-
t
lllt
rt (. rrcl (,L t t..i
able assembl,r".
2-8 Instead of these paragraphs, LI has a single sentence whose wording seems to echo that of § 1, 2 and B : Arfuirid derritusa [cf . § 2,3 deirriti usa] 7 focraice öcsamla nimi [cf § 8,5 fochraice nemdal dona bennachtnachaib 7 tairbirid lcf
tnrulsUelurl[ ti,
t;.tt'r'of Pt',,-l
.
!iossing' ot t lr-
^
.
7 7-2
.
tairbirid) illatu pian n-ecsümail lcf . § 8,7 immad ... na peine suthaine larna ernailib öcsamlaibl dona maccaib bais [.f . § 1 , B na mac mallachtanl "He provides the secrets and the various rewards of heaven for the hlessed, and hands over a multitude of various torments to the sons of death". § 7,7
u.\r/ii,
r'rtl'llis.
r1t I-.
Dr--
t.
\\
r2l tr. I)r r.,,.,, : . tn /).srt1lli,r.s ( l-, ol'li S€t'\'t,t I l:
.,'
.'
36imnert 7
imchumachta
"great strength and great
power".
O's an nert 7 an cumachta " t,he strength and Lhe power" looks like a lectio facilior. DIL gives no instances of either of
u
-
>
It'stecl Jrr .1. .l 113) P. (..rr.i i ..r \t lllflllittt'ttttt ( /./
tlt ll. ][t \
'
r-'.
'gI,-I 'd 'qrrnqJ qslrl h1tn2y aW u! stulosd aqJ 'vrrtr\ryNotrt 'I\ü (t)
'I0Z 'd 'Z,L6I lnoqurnl '(ygg 75p.J)
runrnryualuas
JO JaqJIA JO sJ,)u i.-'-
aq]
n
., - -
learF puE q+3ri.... - -
-Fns uaaq ipearle sBI{ lxatr aq} Jo lred srq} roJ aJrnos B sE palras {Joa 'T,EIZ-IEIT,
,,Ja,lrotl
raq!7'Luntoutlosd otytsodrE'nndo tunymby tndsotrl osNs'rrv3'cI
'ZLll_'d 'fipnß ao4otnduo) V'uDutilDpy sttl'r-rs,r\-ro3 'I. 'f iq
slt{} }BrlI
(g)
palsa8
Ilu
'd 'gq6l }noqurnJ '(0F 75p.il .IJ-IJ sourlnsd ut tl)tlls'JNo.rrr''r{,{'I - susx>ra(I'g Q)
sauo4vJJDu'i tu4sn6nv ttlaln\t
'uap!q! 'xDNrNo.) -cCI '1 (I)
SnOIJEA aI{} ptl Il \
8'I § 'Jr] s!t,)q qli
.SlUJD)
snsuas pD anbsn
pn
'utnJDUaJJ4 ttn)lludtdns
pn anbsn Z-T, L
'(r) uang '+S Jo rallescl alqnog aq+ Jo FurssolF aq+ ur uodn u,^A.EJp se,{l.'aurlsnFny sE IIa.^& sE's,Jadsot6 3o {;e1 -uaururoo slq+ palou set{ ErEurEI{rIt sv 'Q) lrrru) autpnpnsuottr urnpalpry! utnrornTdtns unpuanuotd pD : otTrsodra 7J pn J D urnJourloscl 'aurelrnby 1o radsoJd ruoJJ ua{E} sr asetqd slr{J
auryd DU "' pt)ruui. _
'Jr]
plrlqrn)
t-Z
g
sanwlul 'snur|nlaru! 'luns uou qansuou
Ub
l
.
i
'Jc] !rulu Dllul,\ , pIrInJry :8 prrlr ,. '. aoualuas alEtr rs Ir \ ,
-1r;ordun ssrlrlll,-
'salual0) urau
-tpnpnsuout wnpalpru! urnJCIrnTdtns wnpuanwotd po
',.,
'r\\o[aQ
'(.) "'sryansuotil sa urntJuJl
-uo) ponb 'lpoJ
soa p sanuw! nq )oq o6n salolDJ)ad lsryansuoul sotJolluo) Jslu 'satoTnnad sonfi : sotttlvsd ut sauo1uJJlug slr{ ur asJaA slr{} uo {teluaruruoc s,aur1snFny oqca o} stuaos uor}BlnrrrJoJ slr{J 'sanruur! p)tlns 'sotJoJlun s4ansuvttt Z-V g
,(1,[
lll
.]
S
:
:
F-t'l g '.{ ri,
pue ,(lrreqt Jo
i
y
-
-
'O puB g Lilttt; 'qraA slql Jo Jltlt:.l
:
-
',,FuIAol pur? In-: iiur,tn
ollo; ,D-Furpua olnrosq, q+r,\&
r;llrr:THllJ"fi';,äJ
(nT tuorJ araq.&\ '.uo1aq 1-rede) SSI\I IIE § 'Jc }nq isnole {Zg -UIOUE SI (O Du g ur üu Furpear ar{J 1se-r1uoc) ltrnry ',,oF lou op or{.^.r,, lu)al pu g-rz g 7n6a7
-
'$al
7,-T,
L
-
si L JCI)oJl s'i '
'Lr ti,.'
,,lllDJ.Ial pl t
',,uoIlEaJJ aql
.+o
I .:
ulu
sanaqar
r{}l.\t sopnsuryut sassolF }l uaqa aJuanlJur s,uBrlnr s}JalJaJ oslB uano 'ls Jo rallescl alqnoc aqJ 'Q) saTuvsranpv nuu )n sauunq uolanbasqo utauuro ut pn '!fral sanaqal uoAJ : asraA slq+ uo irel -uaruuroc s,aJopoaqJ/uer1n; uo pasEq illuaprra sr slr{J 'saluDsJanpD uou yfrat sanwnq z-r, g '(ZU-III
'l0J ',,urrur 2,,'n's)
,, t{l Fua-r1s 1ea;F,, aunlqfilt ',, r{? FuaJJ S FururlarllsJalo,, pttoltoJwt 0,,ÄJaAEJq 1ealF,, DrulDqJurt sE sunou qtns 'JJ +nq i spro.tr asaql
6I I
'Jc
:(t r 69 :t r i
,
Jo lualeArnba rr ]r slaAJEur '(1e)
s.r
r
\
I
:
IEqJaA aql Sr l).r0 r,. -nqIJlslp otuu:^ r tl
(n
-
aqTfrrutuDpt) '( + 1( ) \ )
-lpBrl +xa}
aq
Z,I
S
3l- r
."..
tt,*
TFrE
120
vISIoN oF ADoN,{NAx: NorES
Again, the r,vording recalls Augustine's Enarrationes
"'fhe Illtn.of the ri.,,
in Psal-
mos: AIon sunt permissi intellegere caelesti"a, terrena sapuerunt.
Per terram quid dico? Per
8 t-2
mansuetos,
national
ca.rnem... (').
id est mites, bona Domini in terra uiuentium
9 t-2 LI here resumes, reading Sochaidi tra do nambaib ocus d-'firenaib in Comded na ndula 7 d'apstalaib 7 desciplaib Isu CrS, diaro faillsigthea rüine 7 derritiusa flatha nimi fon cumma-sin
firen "Indeed, there is a multitude of the saints and the righteous of the Lord of the elements, and of the apostles and the disciples of the Lord Jesus Christ, to whom the secrets and mysteries of the household of heaven, and the 7 focraice fororda na
golden rewards of the righteous have been revealed in that way."
:
etc.
Of the thr',, ,. (t propose thlrt r t the tert tla,li. rlon rir:hed.
.
redunclaut t-. " f rom hear-t n ".
1
9 7-g
'i
Crttt-ri,r.'
hear-ett". t l t'. ()I' inclirec't.
r.'.: r.
t'eference Itrr''.' r itlecl
the \-r'.i,
.Srt,i ll,,n: t.' ('()l'Prtl't' " t,iu.\nl,,,l; :,'\ 'sz tl., t.t, t'r tltl tt.: t . i Itrtntitti ,', , I 11
four-cornered vessel", etc.
Curiously,no account of the afterlife is alluded to here, but rather a vision described in Acts 10,10-16. Peter, after f
9 g-15 1iri, :'
Iitr ltl)ost lr,: Irt itis ,l:i,.'-r't'ilrr,rl
ilt
'lr.'ori!,inl, i
1r
(1) E,. I)pxKERs - I. FnrIPoNr, oP. cit.,, p. 2131. (2) N,{. AoHreEx, S. Ilierongmi presbgteri opera. Pars I Opera exegetica 2-2A (CCSL 73-73Ä), Turnhout 1963, p. 20, 237, 652.
r
r.r
öm do Phetar apstal ind long cetharaird"For there was revealed to the apostle Peter the
asting and prayer, enters an ecstatic state (ercessus mentis) in which he sees "a certain vessel (uas) Iike a cloth let down from heaven to earth by the four corners" (initiis in the Vulgate): this vessel contains creatures of all kinds, both clean and unclean in Jewish law, and a voice commands Peter to eat them. Our text omits the dietary point of the original anecdote, and supplies other details which are not found there. Boswell was moved to comment that:
.
n-ög (,).'
9 4-7 Ro foitlsiged ide,
1"i
writet's tt. ' lvith uhi, i. it)', Itlr. r,j. vessel 1r', ,r , i
possessores esse certum est.
This passage identifies the "earth" of which the meek are to be the possessors (Mt 5,4: Beati mites quoniam ipsi possidebunt terram) with the " land of the living" in which the Psalmist aspired to see the good things of the Lord (Ps 26,13: Credo uid.ere bona Domini in terra uiuentium). Such an identification appears at various points in the writings of Jerome : for example,there are three instances of the collocation in his commentary on Isaiah (2).
,
't I
(.. \ II t. Ir -l1,,tt
= i)'
\
r,
il
:r
.'
-
.
-
'(u.rH\'\oC
=)
6 'd 'T,l 6r ruBrlprod 'uotsnA ullD'I ttslrl uD ttt!ftt taq\a6o7 aDlrDIf otltlu -roCI aqt .lo uoßJat\ )tpDg aL{J 'fitnyt; Jo TuaruDsal aq,L ,Erlr{t.NoO .l k) 'IgI 'd 'aluu1 Jo nstn)arcl ttslrl trv,r-rE.!\soEI .S .3 (f)
aql uo Surplrng '(r) ,,uaaq aAEq +sntu aua)s-ua-astut leur8r-ro aq+ :lBr{1!\ Jo uor}ou rBalJ,, E Frlprro.rd sE aFessed slq} paqrJJsap anqBuoc salrBr[3'urF;r1 aq+ Jo Surssed aq] Jo ]unor)E leqcl -{-roode oq} uorldaca; qslrl aq} Jo uorssnrslp slq uI Jo 'Jla '..ua181 oJa,tt sallsode aq+ 'rla 'ann pn1sdo pu! sgaq QUDp DLIpnU 9D-6 6
Jo IIE
puv,,
'mbo1 tuniloq
sE,{A. t{JIt{.^A.,,,
ntqafrara ntacl6l
leutFt"ro
I
s.i i',1'
Jql J(, 1':
o+ Jalad sptlEul I..: uEalJ qloq 'sl)u I v -lnh aq+ ur s'i7/7ri, qlolJ Ir ' r' u.A.\op
+al
(s4uaru silssJJ.t',rt . JaIJE ';a1a6 '!fi-,,.' oa;aq o+ pat)Itlllr -
p)!l uou annb Dqran ouDJJD ilntpnD p urnstpotnd ut ls) snldn.r tuotuonb sna1 'onsau sndtot D4ra ants atocltot ut anß - /Jrs uraututoq tpousnlnq ons rcI 'wnpD) urntlJal pn anbsn tpousnQ
-
.
,
unydnt n)s sna(I 'ot)salr sndtot D4ra anß 'ot)s au andnt ut anß unapJon\Tnnb souu\ alu\ olstJqs ut ruautluoq oJJs :V-Z'ZI ro7 A '1urod Furl-re1s sll r{}1,\§ olsl1 aq} papl^ -olcl qclqa e8essed letnldlrrs aql o? rorller sr araq aruaraJar aql '}xa+ aql ur slurod {ueur +E pauJacsrp aq uet '1la;rpul Jo lrarrp Jaqloq,{r\ 'nnud 4)uDS olsl^ Jo aruanlJul aq} qFnoq+l\., 'J ]a '...,uaABaq prlrll aql o] dn paUII ser\t';a^oaJoru,lned allsode aqJ,, 'Jla 'tilalr sa4 ußoJ p\sdn pd guDp pnqn6tDn-Lro3 6-L 6
aql Jalad allsor tri: -pJtvJvqp) 6u,tl ,,'{E,t.t.
i,..
}Eq} ul l)rlfr
aq+ pu E 'u a-lu a 11
-'-
tuotl,tn. o+ +s I.I tl' ) i ' \ aql Jo pu E 's lrr r lrr ' aql Jo apnllllnui :- 5
UIS-DUIrun) ur1.f
,,,uaAeaq uroJJ,, '1no 1l lJal ,(1durs O allq,t.r Lulu op Fur.uolloy ilalerpaurrur aql Jo luale^rnba:[uEpunpar E sE 1l palardralurar g :og {q pa}uasa;da; uol}lpBr} }xa} aq}
Jo rlruerq aq+ ur palqte8 sE.\A. pnuar-op IEurFr;o +Erll osodo-rd I 'pnarop sBrl n puB '{1atr1ua asetqd aq} s }rruo o 'paqttt uop spear EI'eFessed slql a,trasa;d qclq.^(\ SSIt aarr{} aLp Jo pnlruJ-op g 6 ',.u,&op +al
-
...(,) frQ_u
s1r
I ir.'
'stJ nsl q!n1cl1;s ,i, S0JO
qt0qwau rtl, ': ..
-
-UIEXA JOJ :attl(t.l-:1
-
-uaururos srr-{ rrl 11
uollBf,lJlluapl tr 1r
.
oparS :tI'96 §dr : lSItulESd a{+ Li,rr t. ',' o+ aJB
untluanln
arr8 o] 1de se,u aJnleJalrl leuorleu s
-
:
1sr13 rr.'' {aau Jql r{
runqaprssod
DU JlJ, aql Jo sauols IEJISnIu aq+ IIEJa.I'uarrea11 ruoJJ lassa^ parauJol-JnoJ aql u.ANop ]al qllq^N spJoJ aql par\\opua sEI{ '{}l -llqlsuodsar uÄ\o slq uo {lluaredde'.roq1ne aq} qJlqr\§ rl}l.tt aqJ 'Jal]Eru uFra;o1 Jo ]uaur]EaJ] s,Ja]rJ,^&
sarl-rado.rd [BJrsnru
rlsrrl uE o] rlloloJ uaro
aql 01 Furfiuolaq rra8eurl aql qrlq.\\ ur.rauuBur aq] a)uElsur snorJnt E spJoJJE uorsrA
9I-6'6
IZT
-lDSd Ul
ui
DJJaI
'lunJandns
Jo
JalJrI '+s Io uor:Iuatu 3qJ,,
.
.
.
DUa.t.t ,.
.l
SAUOI|D.t.tt,t^'
S3Ir r
Z-L'L
THE VISION OF ADOMNÄX: NOTtrS
122
work of M. R. James, St. John Se\rmour and Rudolph Willard (1), he argued that the Irish version, äs reflected both in FA and in the later Lidhacht Mhuire (edited by Caoimhin Breatnach elsewhere in this volume, p.245-353), reflects a stage of the narrative far closer than anything attested elsewhere in western Europe to the Syriac Obsequies of the Holg Virgin, surviving as a fragment in London, British Library, Ad.ditional 14,484 a manuscript dated by its editor "probably to the latter half of the fifth century" ('), while the British Library's catalogue places it more broadly in the fifth or sixth century ('). Since the standard account, as represented by a Latin text designated "Transitus C" by Willard, betrays the influence of the homiletic version of John of Thessalonica, the Irish version, which appears to be free of this influence, may well have reached Ireland "before the influence of John's version had extended itself fully in the west, which, as far as can be judged by the Mss. of C, happened by about the middle of the eighth century" (n). One respect in which the Irish versions agree with the Syriac Obsequies against other accounts is in their inclusion of an epi-
i.
Tltert ilrhere is rt, I i (,ht'ist con.rl t
tltr'nt. Both
sode in which the apostles are taken to view the torments of hell. In Lldhacht Mhuire, the infernal vision is introduced as follows :
1s and.-sin ad-bertatar na hapstail re hisu: "D'iarumur iffernn do thaisbönad. d,üind. an tan d.o bamar maraen ritt..." ... Ö tttairnic döib sin do rada tainic nöl adhbulmör chucu 7 ra tocbad na hapstail 7 Michöl 7 Muire ogh maraen risin slanici 7 dochuad-ur co hifernd 7 ro liged ar lar na hapstail and-sin. Is annsin ad-bert isu Crlst: "Oslaicter iffernd düind" 7 ro hoslaiged i cetoir
e.
(1) N,I. R. Jruns, " syriac Apocr.vpha in Ireland" ; St J. D. SBn],{ouR, "Irish Versions of the Transitus Mariae", Journal of Theological Studies 23 (1921-1922), p.39; R. WTLLARD, "The Testament of Mary. The Irish Account of the Death of the Virgin", Recherches de thöologie ancienne mödiöuale
I
et
(1937), p. 346.
(2) W. \MnrcHr, Contributions to the Apocrgphal L,iterature of the lVeut Testament, Collectecl and trdited from Sgriac tlanuscripts in the British Museum, London 1865, p. 11. (3) Bnrrrsu Nlusnunr, Catalogue of Aclditions to the Llanusuipts in the Rritish Museum in the Years MDCCCXLI-MDCCCXLV, London 1901. (4) DoxaHUE, p. 26-27.
r..
'1-h..,.-
it 1.h
h, ,tli
'T,ZL'd 't66I
proJxO ';luaurrysal
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'rr{E vISIoN oF ADoNINAx: NorEs
121
then brought to the west and the Lord said to the angels of the west: 'Open the earth'. It was then opened at once (').'"
As Caoirnhin Breatnach demonstrates elsewhere in this volume (p. 252-253), the conclusion of the homily including this passage clearl,v draws upon an Irish account of the Dormition considerably earlier than t-idhacht Ulhuire.'fhat IrA also drew upon this work is evident not only from the passage under discussion here, but also from some parts of its account of hell (see notes on § 11,6-9 and 47,7-13 below). "a long time before his passion". 9 '1,4 rö c[an rena chösad B here reads gür rena chösad "a while before his passion", a reading favoured by .Ianles Colwell ('). Cf. Scöla Lai Bratha: iss e ro raid" na scöla.su gair bic riana chösad do folsigud na tuarascbata bias do föin i Uö bratha "it is he [i.e. Jesus] who related these ticlings a short while before his passion, to reveal the appearance which will be upon him on the Day of Judgement" (LU 230e-2311). 10 That the text of ItA may in fact transmit an account of a vision experienced by Adomnän, or at least of that saint's eschatological belief s, was suggested hy Bosr,vell : " the work may be what it professes to be, and may have for its basis a more or less accurate tradition of Adamnän's o\^In teaching. A tradition, I venture to think, should be allowed a certain rveight where it is in conflict neither with ascertained fact nor with probabilit-v (')." Sel,mour too tentatively acknowledged this as a possibility (1) ; it is of course an unverifiable conjecture. "which is preached". 'l,O 2 pritchaither The variants labairther I-, labarter a (both meaning "which is spoken") may reflect the sante attitude here which has led these N{SS elsewhere to omit the rvord proicept "sermon", or to replace it with forcetul "teachinq" or scöl "tale" : see the note (1) C. IInITATNACFI, "An Irish IJornily on the Life of the Virgin N'Iar-Y", P:riu 5t (2000), p. 23-58, at p. .16-17; cf. p. 53, 58. Seer also in this volunre, infra, 1t. 251-257. (:2)
J. J. Corrvor,r, tris Adamnan. A Comparatiue Studg, p. 85-86.
(3) C. S. BosrvEr,L, An Irish Precursor of' I)anle, p. 26. (1) St. J. D. Sp,"MouR, lrish Vrsions of the Other-Warld, I-ondon p. 98.
-----
on proicept
itt I . -
the other s-it
lt
.
L0sifeilI,,| tist ".
Cf. the tert ,., the catastrol rh with the ferist -
Bethu Aduntnr
ti :
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"agrees s.it:. John's cont ,. 24 SeptenrI
.
and of
'
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.
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-
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itation, is
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irg chaos l r. Y, At this I), text of I,-A. 11 3 do athrt',
:
Formallr'. t h.. appear to lt e t it e\rer § 29,3 ärlri : ,
irg to hear-en i: "to Srt-,
.
dechain
corlmonplace
ri,,
12 Dar-icl D rr :. precise poi nt s , in the long t r.\ . . -
(1) \\I. SroKr,:. 124; N. \Irir-\r F- r, r \. Regond, vol. 2. I (:2) It. FInnsr,
,ldamnan, p. 6il-r 1930,
-.
1.
(3) Ibid., p, .\ Irelund : Eccle
st
11
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'.'
,
'
'
.
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Jo lsBaJ ar{}] Jo Furlep rEpualEc trsarlrEa aq} q}l,r saar.EE,, slql 'a1ou ulEItI g Frerpe4 puB +raqraH arlgr\i sE :raqtualdag tz sB.{N (q+eap slrl Jo i;es;a^ruuB aq} ''a'!) uBuuropy Jo }sEaJ aqJ
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THE vISIoN oF ADoMNÄx: NorEs
r26
of Fleaven appears to comprise three whose inhabitants will ioin those of (ii) nab, parts: (i) tir na the region of the heavenly host, or the City of God, after doomsday; (iii) the region where souls who are admitted to the city only after doom fincl a restless habitation... (')." Here I am concerned with the first of these, the land of the saints. Pace Dumville, there are several resemblances between the tir na nöem of ItA and the terra repramissionis or "land of promnor is this surprising, inasmuch as ise" of Visio Sancti Pauli the latter has been shown to have influenced Irish conceptions of a blessed hereaf ter in other respects as rn'ell (2). Thus it is said of the terra repromissionis too that Christ will dwell in it "with all his saints" (cum omnes sanctos suos [sic]) ('). The f irst adjectives used to describe the ttr na nöem are suthach solusta " fruitf ul radiant " ; and these are the characteristics most emphasized in the account of the terra repromissionis. A part of the description of the latter reads: Terra autem illa clarior argento septies. trt erant arbores plene fructibus a rad.ice usque ad summum (1). "That land, then, is seven times brighter than silver. And there were trees laden with fruits from root to crown." Ad.amnan's Kingdom
tir na nöem is adjacent to the wonderful "realm" (ftaith, § 14,7) or "city" (cathair, § 22,1; further instances of the word in § 22, 24-25, 27-28) where God is enthroned, so Paul j ourneys f rom the terra repromi ssi on i s across the " lake of Acheron" (Acherusi us lacus) to the "city of Christ " (ciuitas Christi) (t). Around the city there are four rivers, "which
f
low
abu nclit
I
n
(que decurrunt sionis) (t)
;
-
\
sirlr.
.
,.
north and eu:t cia Les each
ot
.
it would
har-c i sionis was clir ,
:
said to be.
A further
i),,--.
ment in )It 2 1. Son of NIan "ir Bratha this is r', (a cetri arcltt[t, ' :
that "nlilnrecline with -\; B,11
:
heaven" ('). 1,4 t Atu f'l,r' .' "There is, Illrr': from thent t r, l
Even as the
medieval u-rit
t-
t-
place Jerusaltt
i.
nificant th:rt r. the soul of thL. i .. the sunrise l I tilem), i .e. so [ :I har-e tenlr:
-
11
(1) D. N. DuuvrLLE, "Towards an Interpretation of ltis Adamnan", p.
75.
(2) N,I.
NIcN,q.N{ARA,
"Apocal.vptic and Eschatological Texts
ences
2003, p.84-86.
(3) T. SrrvERSrErx - A. HrrHoRsr, Apocalgpse of Paul. A ilem Critical Eclition of Three Long Latin Versions (Cahiers d'Orientalisme 21), Geneva 1997, p. ll4-115. (4) I here give an eclectic text, based on the variants provided ibid., p. 116-117. (5) Ibid., p. 118-119.
(1) Ibid.. 1t 1 -
(2) Ibid.. yt I -') Ihid.. I '. _'
(:t
(l)
.1. .1. (-,,t
'.'
(5) C. S. Br,:' (6) D. JIEr-r.:.. 17)
B. (.,r
lltc L.rttllislt
,,,
I',
:
.
.
to po|)r:.
in Irish
Connections ?", in Apocalgptic and Eschatological Heritage. The Mid"clle East and Cettic Realms, \"[. N{cNrN{ARA, ed., Dulllin
Literature: Oriental
-
in fact u-ith Ii
,
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q_ ]ll;.--
128
TlrE vrsroN oF ADoN{NÄx: NorES
southeastern corner of the Ottonian empire (1). Contemporary political iconography portra-yed the dominions of Otto III as four allegorical females (') : ma.,v this fourfold division perhaps be ref lected in the fourfold tir na nöem ?
"a crystalline veil betr,veen them". refers to a Coptic belief that "the In this connection souls of the just enjoy rest and refreshment in their Paradise, the Bosom of Abraham, hut direct vision of God is denied them: a curtain hangs between them and the Divine Presence. Only select saints are allowed to penetrate this veil (")." Alternativelv, in a part of his discussion in u,hich he interprets '1,4
2 f{al glainide eturru
Colwell
this part of the text as reflecting eastern ecclesiastical architecture, he identifies the veil as "either the iconostasis, or the curtain of the iconostasis" (1). L5 'l.. öiginge "the virgin maiden". Instead of this a reads (:ona hogaib "with her virgins"; B and Y have each adopted the more commonplace designation Muire Og "MarY the Virgin". tG This paragraph relates that the souls of the righteous in the tir nü nöem, \Ä,ho are now excluded from a direct vision of God, r,vill be granted such vision after the Judgement. The statement that " they will be gazing upon the face of God, r,vithout veil or covering shadow between them, forever and ever" (oc clöicsiu gnüisse Di cen lial cen forscath eturru tria bithu nü mbetha) draws upon Paul's famous words in 1 Cor 1iJ,12: "Now \^,'e see by rneans of a mirror in a riddle, but then face to face" (Videmus nunc per specttlum in aenigmate, lunc autem facie ad faciem). N,IcNamara notes
the tr,r,elr-e
i-ts
Conte:rt: I-turther Sleps Totuards the Inter-
pretutton of l,'is Aclomnain.
(2) FI. N{ryn-FIAR'rrNG, Ottonian lSook-Illuminution. An
Histori.cul
vol. 1, plate XX; vol. 2, illustration 2. (3) J. .I. Cor-rvELL , Fis Adamnan. A Comparati-ue Sludy" p. 27. (1) Ibid., p. 4[8 ; cf . f urther p. 100, ll7 (5) NIcNTMARA, "Some Aspects of Earl__v \'Iedieval Irish Eschatoloe\,", p. 73; cf . ibid. p. .19-50. .
§&-.-
j rr
,
-.
f'his []ore ('1, . ,. iletic materirrl .; ,
.
-
thaL "Lhe soul. (animae ep(),\1,,1' '
.
for "the sotrls ,,still apart frorr. , among the hl.'. given at § 22 I ,.
lT
Yariou
s
28 and Aertelrtlr,
18 4 (o cl,u' ' the choir of arr
This
phru
sr.
anqels conrinr them" (r), ''u'it i. ha rmonr"' 1t' ). eels" ((i), anrl " t
mhin Breatnrrt i the adverlti a I Lr . 5,,5
; this nr
',,
rr
cited there
clr , r havr.:,^
port":I
,
(1) [.'or the tt.]^(2) .I. .J. Coi-r,, ,
I \\'.
Slo
rr
Ur.sron'l'run.stt'i
1870, p.
r. ;
.
7.
(1) C. S. B(r:\,
:
(5) K. fI. .1r.,.:. (6) II.
FInr,,nr-,
(7) J.
C.rHr
-
I
throne har-e I ,, Bible the acr'(,r..
(:l
Stud11,
rr
disciples''. unrl
17
that the doctrine that the elect rvill onlv behold God after the Judgement is alreadv to be found in the r,vritings of Augustine (t). fX differs from Augustine i, positing (1) .1. C,q.npr-, A \rrsion and
tu,o cateeorir,:
r. i.
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-
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lD)tJolstII r/t-
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-trBrlJJR Jo FurFurs-Jror{c aq} {q paluedurorJE,, '(u),,iuou.req uI Furuoc slaFuerl)rv ar{} Jo Fuos IEJorlJ aql q+1,\§,, ,(,) ,,*aq} iueduoJJe slaFueqJJy aq+ pue,, '(r,) ,,uoaJaq] Furuo; slaFue -rlJJy Jo FurluEr{) r[]I,\[,, paJapuar uaaq sEr{ aselqd slr{J
::i:;:,ff,}ä
r{}r^,, toJ qrep,,;,;:# lff!,';,i'J'"rul r'u' '(.) *srcrls{ur qDqDWaru lo loor{rs r{sr,\\af aq} iq pacnpo-rd sfiur -llr.\t r{:}l,{e sarFoleuB rar{unJ sa}ou puB iE-z'tr, uo\Dpoav puB gz -gZ'l p!)taz.i't-I'g qvlosl'61'ZZ sfruty t ur slunof,re aq] alqlg aql ur sa;eduoc aq :lla.relo3 iq posodotd uaaq aAEq auoJr{} poo Jo uorldu)sap slrt'+ JoJ satJnos 1er1ua1od snorrB-\ LI,
Furlrsod [II Jutl-1'Ilol r,
aql uI
pu
{
{1ucl III,\\ },)rl.r ':
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.
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sr {lla.iluareaq aq} o} pa}}rrupe aJE or{.^.r passalq aq+ Fuotue asoql Jo lunorcB raqlouv '(,) rrlpered ur poo ruorJ lrede IIIIS aJE ,,sl{1;Eur pue slaqdord pue sqJJErJ}Ed aq} Jo slnos aq},, JoJ 'Vd sE alrsnlour os alrnb lou JoAorA.o{ sr }xa} slr{} luareaq ur {pea;1e are (tuntotiltsstpaqp wnropuos p unJolo1sodn aoutrun) ,,slurBs paAolaq lsolu ar{} Jo puB sallsode ar{} Jo slnos aq},, }r?r{} salBls rlJlq,{e co)4p3 sßaq)aw) ar{} sE u.^Nou{ IErJa}Bru cl}all -tuoq Jo uollJalloo aI{} ur aFessed E salquasar ilasolJ aroru slr11, '(q-I'qI §) saxas qloq Jo surF;rr Jo apnllllntu e pue ',,sa1clrasrp pue slaqdord pue sr{)Jer-r1ed aq},, ',(re1,,1i 'sa11sode oAlaA\} aq} poo r{}1.&\ ,,tuopFul{ snoJpuoa,, aq} ur
aql Jtl'srsElSr-rrr,
uarrF
'^\olaq
:
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Äpea-r1e ^{eal E aJE aJaq}
'Luaou Du
Jll aql ur asoql saprsag '+tala aql Io sar;o8alec I.B
6Zr
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-saJd auI.\IC paruap sr
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S3l , r
I, T,I
q
THE vrsroN oF ADol\INAx : NorES
130
of Rel,elrtlt', :' t hele IIlri\' : each hiehcr' ,,
2 soi//sithir. The stemma indicates that this form, with Middle Irish use of the equative as a comparative, is to be preferred to soi//si BYQ, even though the latter represents the more conservative usage: as noted in the introduction, the equative is consistently used as a comparative in trA. Cf. binnithir at l. 8 below 2'1,
(where only Y has bindi) ; at § 9,6 (where only B has binde); at § 27,8 (equative in all MSS);and /ir with comparative sense in all MSS at § 48,3. 21, 5 üamain.
Another instance of a late Middle Irish form which, or the strength of the agreement of OYU, is to be postulated for the source text in preference to ua.mun B, uaman a DIL notes other instances of this form of the dative singular at LL 4547 (i.r a poem by Cuän üa Lothchäin), 8723 (Tain Bö Cüailnge).
22 t-S In chathair iarum ina fuil in rig§uide-sin is amlaid ata 7 .uii. müir glainide co ndathaib öcsamlaib ina timchell. Airdiu cach mür araile "Thus, then, is the city in which that throne is : there are seven crystalline walls with various
it.
trach wall is higher than the other." This passage recalls part of the description of the Christ in Visio Sancti Pauli (Paris MS)
colours around
city
ltat't'iers IrrI,
'
22 4 (tt !i,;: Ion it]'
-
.
HeIe
[-(..) .:
.
- Lt,;' u.ith hltre i,l 7 chorcr(t
22 6-8 .lr ' ctilithrig nit ril ..: or inhaltits i. - ' tents clevotr,l Here the .- r. t'itv dilfers Ir',, before the .lu,i--
,
.
categories al)l
.
that the onh "citl'of Goci "
:,
(
r-irgins, anrl I.. of
:
Et tulit me in medio ciuitatis iusta xii muros. Erat autem in hoc loco murus ercelsior. trt interrogaui et diri: "Est in ciuitate Christi" murus precedens in honore huic loco ? " Et respondens angelus et dirit miht: "Est secundus melior primo, similiter tercius secundo, quia unus unum precedet usque ad xiimo murum."
"And he brought me into the midst of the city, beside the twelve walls. And in this place there was a higher wall. And I asked and said: 'Is there in the city of Christ a wall which takes precedence over this place in honour ?' And the angel said to me in answer : 'The second u,all is better than the first, and likewise the third better than the second; for each takes precedence over the other up to the twelfth wall (')."' Visio Sancti Pauli has twelve walls, and Fä seven. The model in the former case is evidently the twelve-gated heavenly Jerusalem
t
he trlttcid(tr
t
i;
.,
Here a distin, sess the kinl,r in a kind ol I,r, gins
. . -
(3).
22 7 nöent,,'
That
th is '!r, contrast u-it h
that r,irgins ,i unusual (cf. ltl,'. nolm in B\- rr rr
independent 1r
(1) For a
nr{
^
r'-
surroundecl hr- :-
,\dttmnan. A (.',,t;
:
(2) Sn lf 5- 1 ,_ (1) Srr-r.nRSrErx - HILHoRs'r, Apocalgpse of Paul, p. 130-131.
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sal
p urntrvppnlg,T 'auraaal 'Ä (g) 'Zgt-9tl, US k)
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'SHI r{rea ur illuapuadapur osore Älqeurnsa;d r{rlr{/vr torptoJ oq)q E : § pue Äg ur tillou o1 Furpuodsauoc '(69 -Lg'gI I 'loc ',,89,, 'o's 7IO 'Jt) Iensnun
sr aFesn oqJ
'o]
paJJaJaJ Furaq aJB soxos r{}oq Jo surF.rr,t }Erl}
salecrpur'aroqe g'BI § pue t'gl § 1E o\gruagu qll,\e +serluor {q oa.raq uor}calJul aullncseur e ua^r,rF sr pJo.^A. slqtr }Er{J ',,surF;rr Älo,{,, btgwaou L ZZ
-
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aql uo 'qr1q.u
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a^\r
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'{}lc aq} Jo sllem ualas aq} uaa.^.r}oq .(Foleue uE aq {eru aJaq} Vl ur isauols snoraa;d aAIa.A.r} uodn papunoJ 'lT, uotlrypoaY Jo ITI
L,22
-
asn
qslrl alppll\ r[ -,
Z, TZ
,
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3Ir
S
THE vISIoN oF ADoMNÄx : NorEs
r32 24
t
Crann caingil di glain eter cach da chlaiss
-
"There is
a screen of crystal between each two choirs". Caingel (and the apparently synonvmous crann caingil) derive from Latin cancella "screen"; in ecclesiastical usage, "chancel " originally designated the screen which divides the nave from the apse. It is evidentl-v in this sense that caingel
is employed in the Olcl Irish metrical "Rule of Ailbe", u'hich speaks of a cleric "having gone eastward beyond the chancel" (iar n-ascnam sair tar caingel) (') ; presumably also in a late Micldle Irish poem which speaks of a bishop being visited by anqels "when he is at the fair chancel " (tan bts 'gon chrunn chaingit chaTm) (2), and in the tract Coisecrad trclAise's description of a blessing performed by the bishop "where the chancel is" (airm a ntbi in caingel) ('). Cf. however the description in one of the aclditional sections in the glossarv Düil Dromma Cetta of the crann caingit as being "between the clerics and the virgins, as the veil of the Temple was" (iter nü cleircib 7 nü höqa f, cosmuilus ro mbui fial tempail/) (1): this screen separating different categories of worshippers f rom one another recalls Cogitosus' account of the division of the male from the female congregations "with panelled walls" (parietibus tabulalis) in the church at Kildare. One of these rn'alls is described as having been "decorated, and painted with images, and covered with cloths" (decoratus & imaginibus depictus ac linteaminibus tectus) (t'), recalling the decorated screens in our text.
24 t-z co cumtach derscaigtech arcait 7 öir fair - "strikinglY adorned in silver and gold". As at § 22,1 above, t-IQ here have an additional passage, running as follows in
t-
(and rn'ith no significant variants in
Q) , co sreth,tii \ n-öcsantuil ,' caingi 1-si rr " ri ii an adornnrrnt .
-
carbuncle fat'irr,-
25 Besirlr s
-
.
gory:indir-iclu:: be admittr'«i ri 1i "Llnsteadilr rr rr and marshes. \- . ccncern for t h.' .
:
which he cites ,r' dering spirits ,i. -
Although t h,
-
ertheless ser.nt> l in f luenced lt)- t ir
and of the ctul1 ,. citv :
trgo
Lr€f
o t it ,.-
ante ienu,
.
L,
uidi pett{'rt.< cum uidrr, ;
'
"But u'hrtr of the citr. r
I-
onll,'. An,l a
nd ther
lr,
.
ing into th,
Paul is tol,i (1) J. O'Npr LL, "The Rule of Ailbe of Eml1"', hriu 3 (1907), p. 92-115, at p. 100 ('2) G. NIunpHl,, "i\ Poenr in Praise of Aodh f'a F'oirrÖidh, Bishop of Arrnaglr (10:12-10ir6)", in t'Iecrsqra i gCuimhne lthichil tti Chleiriqh, S. o'IJnIIiN' ed'' Dulllin 19'1'{' p' 't10-16,l' at p' 1'{9' (3) LI) p. 277a, line 58. (,4) P. Ilusse ll, "The Sourrds of a Silence: 'fhe Grorvth of Cormac's (ilossar-y", CIIC^S 15 (Sunlnler 1988), p. 1-30, at p. 5; UH p. 608.36-37. (5) J. Colcrx, Tricts lhuumaturga, Louvain 16,17; repr. : Dublin 1997, p. 5'23.
-
.
nevertheless
bars thenr
>Ll
l'r',
,1I
1i figurcs,
enters rn,ith l These
(1) See the ,,1. i (2) Stlr-Ensr: (3) Ibid.. p, 1l
",
,-
-
-
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(s)
'ZT,l'd'ytnr1. asdfryttody'rsrroH'rrfI .lo - NrEr.sur.\'rre (z) lerauaE aql aaS (t)
lI 'd 'aroqe uorlJrlporlur
'l_66I ullqnC :'.rtla.r 'Lt-gt'809 'tI HI:t
:
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/^
:
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s,tlnnd q)uüS olsl1 ur iroFalec prlrll E alnlrlsuor sa"rnFry asaqJ '(*,) osle ur oF o1 alqe aq III,\§ irr"l+ 'slures slq IIE t{}l,n sra}ua tuoJJ ulaq} sreq
lsrll3 uaq.{\'ssalaq}Ja^a\i'r}I:l aq} fiur;alua
rlrlr{,\N slq} sr }l iapud Jo uls aq} o} paqunrJns ssalaq}ralau +nq anprA paerloe-rd oq,tl uar-u ara^\ asaql lerll plo] sr InEcI ,,'(.) igc aql olur Fur -Jalua auo.(ue ,ln.ES ir,{t JelJuaq^u .(ltear8 pa}uaurEI ir.p puE osaa;1 aq1 Euorue Jnoqe paJallEJS'uaru,\ral E llES I puy'i1uo sir,\Eal lnq ]lnrJ ou Eur;eaq 'qFIq ,(.rar pue learF 'illr aql Jo s.roop aql aroJaq saarl rlES 1 aleF aql paralua I uaq^\ 1n9,, 'uralnrynn ut tpat|ut ruanbqn rualapm utn)
I
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{1rc
aq+ trrorJ papnlrxa dno;E E sr arar{} 'llslrll7 slqnt) aq} Jo pue iqnnd 4)uns sruo?ssrurotdal DJJ4 aq,1 Jo sluelrqequl aq+ saprsaq
otsl1 ur slnos Jo .(.roFa1uc prlrl] E Jo +unorre aql iq paruanlJul uaaq oAEr[ ,(eu V,{ p roq}ne aq} }Erl} alqrssod suraas ssalaq}ra -Aou 1l 'auo asolJ Ä;ar e lou sr aJuelquasal aql qFnoqllv ,t paqrrrsap slr.rrds Furrap '(,) VU
-uB^. aql Eurlqurasar {1aso1r Furqliue saqrrJsap sa}rr aq qJlqa slxol JarlJo aq+ Jo euou lnq ! ua11r-r.trr selr V,q uaqa porrad oq:l uI pea-rdsap|Ä\ sE,\\ rlJlrl,r lJaJrad-l aql Jo alBJ aql roJ uraruoo B s+salJal aFessed slq] 'pa1ou serl BreurBNrtr{ sv 'saqsreru pue slllq sE saceld a:IEIosap qrns ur,,{1Ful}aolJ puE ilrpealsun,, o,t.rou rod '}uatrraFpnf lsrxa {r.l+ Jo reg aq} ra}JE pa}lrurpe aq III,\N +nq ',t.rou {+lr aq} urorJ papnlrxa are or{.^rr slenpr^lpul : ito8 -aler prlr{} E Jo s>1eads VtI'po5 Jo Ägc aq} ur IIOAp or{,u asoq} puB'slutes a{t Jo puEI aq} JO s}uB}rqBqul aq} saprsag 9z '.,suoaJJS asoq+ Furre; alJunqJEO JO Su,{A.oJJ puB s}Eas r{}l,n puB suraF snor.rBA Jo }uauuJopB uB Qll,u puE auols snorca;d Jo sl\oJ alqB{JBural q}l.r\,, uls-l!|urut nuunn nustl lru)outJJv) qtuorotp L qIJIDqlm oJ L UDutDS)?-u wa6 porlqJar(lLu o) L trutubol rIIl W nluaurus qtDqlars o) : (0
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TFrE
vrsroN oF ADoMNAx: NorES
of the realm of the blessed ; the5r are not allowed to will be permitted to do so after the Judgement; and they are described as existing in an uncultivated region among trees whose failure to bear fruit contrasts with the hyperholic fecundity of the terra repromissionis. There are of course significant differences distinguishing these souls from those in IrA: they do not flit about, and are not said to dwell in hills and marshes. It seems possible that these details reflect ideas about ghosts such as are to be found in the popular belief of many cultures : unquiet spirits of the dead still lingering in the mortal w'orld. scheme
enter the city but
30-38 A version of these paragraphs appears as a separate tract in Liber Flauus Fergusiorum, edited by Gearöid Mac Niocaill under the title "Na Seacht Neamha" and recently reedited by Caitriona Ö Dochartaigh (S^") ('); a version of the same tract appears as a section in the Modern Irish recension of In Tenqa Bithnüa (hereafter fü (). As noted in the introduction above, Slt agrees closely with IrA in its wording, while also containing material which is not found in IrA but which evidentlv derives from the source shared by I1A with other Insular accounts of the seven heavens. This is evidently due to conflation : the author of Sr\r has supplemented the testimony of ItA by drawing upon a version of an apocalyptic account of the seven heavens u,,hich is also reflected in Latin (as a fragment in Karlsruhe, Augiensis CCLIV) and in Old trnglish (as a homily in Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 41). General discussion of the background of .Fä's account of the seven heavens, and of this section's relationship with the rest of the text, is provided in the introduction ; in what follows, I shall compare
fA with Sf\r and other
works in closer detail. The verTB appears occasionally to preserve readings preferthose in the single copy in which S^" itself has come
sion in able to down to
us.
(1) G. Mec NrocArLL, "Na Seacht Neamha", Eigse 8 (1956 -1957), p. 239-241; C. Ö DocHeRrArcH, "Na Seacht Neamha in the Liber Flavus F
ergusiorum".
(2) E.g. G. Dorrrx, "Une redaction moderne du Teanga Bithnua" p. 294-297.
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136
THE vrsroN oF ADoivINAx: Nortrs
other versions are found in such Irish works as the "Irish Reference l3ible", Liber de numeris and Saltair na Rann (t).
"For the ascenl, 30 r Ar is doccumail dröimm na .uii. nime thing". of the seven heavens is a difficult BO insert the word drong "troop" before doccumail. It is difficult to see what sense this makes; I suggest that a scribe interpreted dröimm "ascent" as clremm "band, compan-Y" (thus the spe'lling dream in O). As Gearöid l\[ac tr oin has noted ('), this phrase is echoed in a sermon on the soul's parting from the bodY preserved in Leabhar Breac: L.iair is dreimm doccomal lesin anmain dreimm na secht nime "For the ascent of the seven heavens is a difficult ascent for the soul" (PH 8095-8096). This sermon in fact immediatel5r precedes the manuscript's copy of our text, suggesting that they were copied from a single collection ; that the sermon does not share the error common to BO is perhaps to be understood a s a correction b-v" a scribe u'ho found the reading as problematical as we do. For further evidence of the influence on the Leabhar Breac sermon of a text of IrA closely resembling B, see the notes to § 37,2-4.8-10; 45,1-5; and 50,3 below. 31 Accordirg to FA, the lowest heaven is in the charge of the archangel N{ichael, accompanied b-v trvo virgins bearing iron rods for scourgirrg sinful souls. To this SN'' adds the information, echoed in TB, that the door of this heaven is named Abisus. CCCC ,41 has sorlewhat more to say: Donne is pare dura nama b*t forman heofones -,{byssus halen, bat is, "deopnis", 7 pare oöre dura nama is Sabtroth, hat is, "uteorode dLtrLt", fo, hon englas öider ing aö 7 Inanne sautla. Sanctus LIi[cJhuel se heahengel ruealdeö pare duru, 7 twa fx^nan hi healdaö mid him. I)a sindon nemde trqritas [7] trstimatio. f)a habbaö bgrnende ggrde on hira hanclum. "The name of the door of the first heaven,, then, is called Ab5,'ssus, that is, 'depth'; and the name of the other door
(1) Discussion in J. Csnnv, "Cosmolog), in Sallair na Rann", Cellica 17 (1985), p. 3:J-52. (:2) G. I'[AC Eorx. "Observations on Some \Iiddle-Irish Homilies", p.200.
is Sahttr,t... souls ol -that (lo, ,l'. callecl Etlr.
their
Ittrn' j-
32 IrA n a nr,-. of the secortrl nied b1' tu o ', .. of death". T:.,.:. .
over bY a I1 Lr n .."
righteolls.
lr ri t
CCCC 11 ItaIIlt--- -.
tia and Conlt ri. river nanterl - l' resemble
-
-
-
si h-r.:
Srveetness' in
after until th..: E{, but sul)1il-" the door oI tl . are Conghrdu r i guarclerl l,)' t. er-ident conllr'1.
the angel in It
in CCCC 11. TB offers,-l c'ite the \-er':i,
r1t \. \' r. Tli* Er,i
..
.,
,
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'qtnmadq DU DUurDuuD pmuntd L ptfrstoy snßn uonnlq ou nuutDUUD tpvltporqrup ofr ptbtrtqo[ sn6n 'uLrD L elDaur sDlqur
psUn rons Duotl aqplnrols uutDqru,S r1llopqru
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Ll m!lla:) o,,uut)l{
roop Jot{10 Jrll
,
ttti
I,,
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ofr
ofr ttnqq ul plt)lD snbn 'pD! untfr al paqbquo3 otu ob tlnnadq DU euurauun snat1frt111 op L snqw?tfi- uJs ttilnJs uD asn sn6n 'u!il Dqlorsl uo Dtilpo?tttuloJ 1orfruru snlrxrqv 'u!s snroT uDS nsnlfrtnap rlD aq64uun7 Wlnrs snfrn 'tunuun51 nu qpntl\nqqp snfrn aqrullt 6n tnqtoqJ euuot 69 pp t?lD snbn 'op rrcasrtop sr 1or6urutm IIIrt snfro 'uLruun) tunrsrlll apsl\uol snrop uv
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I 'suorsra^ rarllo aq+ ur punoJ lou 'tr 3f 33 ur palsalJal uor+rpBrl aql ur uBarls aql o+ +nq 'vl ur laFue aql 01 snpsra(l)qv aurBu aq+ Jo FuruFrssu aql Jo uorlBlJrros luaprAa uE : sUltranlv paurBu Jlasll sr o4asndy la8ue aq+ {q pap;enF JaArJ aqJ '(,,ssauplog,,) nT)uDCI puB (..+ure;1sag,,) n\nqbuo3 aJE surF;rr aql puE 'qlollg patuBu sr uaABaq puocas aq+ roop aq+ Jo ,y,i : tf f JJJ ur asoql o1 Furpuodsattoo saureu sarlddns +nq qlla le,rauaF ur saarFe NS'palBar{ arB spuno.^A. rlaq} II}un ra?IE -aJar{} par{}Eq aJB fr,{+ qJIr{,\N ur (,,aFenFue1 Jno u{ ,ssau}aa,\(\s Jo IIaA ar{}, 'sl }Er{},,) stror suoi puB 'ploF puB ra^Irs alquasar fr,{+ II}un pasuealo are slnos qclqa ur snpsralqv patueu ralrr ,("rar; e :sJaArJ o,\,\1 aJE aJaq+ +unof,ce slr{} uI 'o4ualuo7 pue all -uauryuoJ surFtrr aql sller pue 'qlollg roop aql saureu ttr 3333
'lnJurs aq+ Jo slnos aql luaturo+ o+ sa^ras {1uo }nq 'snoalqFr; aql Jo slnos aql sasuBalc 1l : snpsraqv paurBu laFue uE {q ra^o paq3}B,^& Joop aql oroJaq tuBarls {"rary e sr oraqJ ',, r{}Eap Jo suos,, aq+ Fur>1r"r1s JoJ sdrq.tr ,(tar; qll.A.r surFtrr ol.r+ {q palu -edurocoe '(AJS Äq paturrJuoo 'Äg snql) ua^Eaq puof,as aq+ Jo roop aql Jo "radaa>1 aq+ sE Ialrn laFueqrre aq+ saureu Vi Zt, ,,'(,) spuEr{ rlaq}
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138
THE vISIoN oF ADoN{NAx : NorEs
in his company washing and colouring the souls. And there is a fiery stream flaming red in that door : Abiritus is the angel keeping that stream. And that stream brightens and washes the souls of sinners until the-v are as bright as the sun. And there are three wells there with the savour of honey and the eternal enduring fragrance of noble lofty rvine, and they devotedly wash the souls of the righteous and burn and give pain to the souls of sinners (1)."
Although the seven heavens tract in Augiensis CCLIV omits the first and second heavens, the reference to dew descendi.rg from heaven u,ith which it begins recalls the Fons roris or "F-ountain of dew" in CCCC 41. 32 6.77 anma.nna. This is the correct accusative plural of ainimm "soul ". At 1.6, however, t) has anmand, while at l. 11 this reading is shared by OYtl. This anomalous form, presumably reflecting confusion of the paradigms of ainimm "Soul" and ainm "name", should perhaps be regarded as the lectio difficilior. Cf. below' a"nmann in nominative plural (§ 33,3 OYLI; § 33,4 Otl; § 34,1 BYLIQ; and § 34,5 BYU;§ 49,3 OLI;§ 53,3 OIIQ;§ 60,3 BI-l;§ 62,4trOLI) accusative plural (§ 35,3 all 1\{SS;§ 35,7 SO[-T;§ 36,1 BOYU).
33 In the third
heaven
, FA situates a furnace from which
rise flames 12,000 cubits high; the righteous pass through this in an instant, but sinners must remain there for twelve years. Sf\r gives a version of the same text, but precedes it with the statement "Door of Olympus is the name of the third heaven, and Isath is its own name" (Dorus Olimpus ainm an treas neimhi 7 Isath a ainm fein): the meaning, presumably, is that the door's name is Isath while the heaven is called Olympus. The wording of TB is similar (12 Ir 7 : Dorrus Olimpus .i. tres dorus an tres nemh.i. Iacim ainm sin). CCCC 41 names only the door, which it calls loth, agreeirg with Fä and SÄ in all other details. Augiensis CCLN names only the heaven (Abottem), but also describes it in terms which precisely correspond with the other sources.
In TB the .. ies add the r.; :
Seven Heavens
in the Nlodern Recen-
:t
Rapheal), anri *,*, 5 ln Crtll!
,'
^-t
f'his is a ..;r. that the clefirr (in)na. If. ()n I-r
takes the the E arlv
\\'or',:
cle should
le n
it
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an\'
-
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1,..:
.
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in B. Similarli
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§ 62,1 belou.
34 The fourt. and by a flanrir.cubits. Again. ... sinners must i. .... (Iacim) and tir,-
ar sirlasad) l-,. . this heaven Ir,ii'
'
broad, surroLrn iAugiensis CCLI\ a fiery ril'er' 1 l. rnLtro fluminl t:
and sinners
nl
Li
34 s mür l,,i BOY adcl th. which nothini
(1) E.g. 2:t I(1) Cf. tr. Nrc CARTHAIGH, "The sion of In Tenga Bithnua", p. 256.
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Bithnua" , p. 2 tt i
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I
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}E nldatrctd ut Jo luarulearl aql sr snoleruoue {ltelrurrg 'g ur salrual puB sasBc IIE ur luasard ureFe sr ut aJar{^(\ ,6,Vg s puB :tlg ur uorlrual sasneJ pue SSI{ IIE ur ut sr al)r}rB ar{} araq,^& 'g'tg § :{l ur uorlrual sasnBs Ä1uo puB 'Ä1uo Öir ur ut sr alf,rlJB aql aJaq.^N 'I'6t § :,1g ur uorlrual sasne) {1uo pue ut ureFe sr alarlrB ar{} araq.^&'L-g'ft §.^(\olaq'JJ'SSHI aq};o.(ue ur pa+rual alrual plnoqs alc lou arB sluBrrB^ sll puB Dlwaqlutto) +nq - +lurapotr{ ,(peg aq} -l1.re aq+ uaq+ '(r) (s1cer1 lerrleruue;F qslrl ur +l o1 pauFrsse rapuaF aql) aurlncsBur aq 01 pro,^.\ aql sa{E} 1xa1 aql ler{} pa}Elnlsod sr }l'puer{ raq}o aq} uo,JI .nu(ut) aq plnoqs -relnFurs anrlruaF aql ur alsruB alrurJap aql lBr{} os 'unou eururrual e sr lpaqlupS 'ruJoJ Burpznd e sr slr{J 'olq)aqlutlo) u7 I tt '(,) rnous uBt[] raplos saur] uaAas sl ]l ]Er{} a}B}s puB '(Toaqdng '1|tqdntg) leFue uerp-renF s,uearls aql Jo aureu ar{} ppe sal -doc aruos : (q|nts) uearls e auoJaq seq acEUrnJ aql gJ uI
-uasatr urapolf Ärl1
eq+ qll,t.r puotls.-,.r
+nq '(tua1yoqf- )
rr
i
::
; .,."
raqlo IIE ul ^\s' I t.: aql Ä1uo sarur?rr i f sa4 'I' snclurtllt r . .. 'sndru.(19 pa{{r:. r \-
lEtll sl '^ilqt?tun- .. SDAJI U0 UILIII t ( l'
ot{} t{}l,\(\ }l sapr - 'sreaÄ aAIa^\\] .r, r slq+ q8no-rq1
sS Ilr
'{
(i-tog ilzlt
.
:
.
.
;-
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ri
o=tt 1 +,1 ;r
paJeqs sr Eu
r
p
r?
1
i
r.r
}Y ',,lnos,, unultl
,
JO STJOJ SUOI Jrll \
-puaJsap ^\\ap ( )l Sllrrlo AI'133 s?s'L ,.' pUE UJnq puB Slli,,.' '- -
rr{i
Äauoq Jo Jno^\r?s
.,
-
aql sB +qälrq sl? ,r:: puE sualq8r-rq tu Ir-r.. - aq+ SI SnltrtqY- l .llr l aJaql puY 'slrlos .rri ,
t'vt - zt
6tr
S3IlI
110
THE vISION oF ADolvINAx: NorEs
Heavens Apocryphon". This reading is accordingly to be seen as secondary : evidence (as noted in the introduction) that Y draws sometimes on the branch of the text tradition represented b5r B.
35 There is a fiery river in the fifth heaven as well, which differs from the others in that there is a whirlpool in its midst in which sinners must remain for sixteen years, u'hile the righteous pass through without delay. When it is time for the sinners to be released, an angel strikes the water with a rod and lifts them up on its end. S-.^rI gives essentially the same text, but names the heaven (celum igneum) and gives a somewhat different description of the rod As amlaid" so öis a.n fleasc .i. cead dealg ar cinn na fleiscidh .i. cead bainne neime ar cinn gach deilg 7 gach creacht o gach :
bainne ar gnuis gach peaccuig. "It is thus the rod is, i.e. one hundred spikes on the end of the rod, i.e. one hundred drops of poison on the end of each spike and every wound from every drop on the face of each sinner (')."
This in turn seems to be a development of a doctrine better reflected in the accounts of CCCC 41 and Augiensis CCLIV. In the former, there is "a burning wheel in the midst of the encompassing stream" (birnende hweoruol in middum öam flode gmbhrueorfende); when the angel strikes the stream rn'ith a rod and lifts the soul from it, "a hundred sparks spring from everY blow; in each is the weight of a man. A hundred souls of the sinners die and perish from the sparks". Augiensis CCLIV, which gives no account of the fifth heaven, assigns to the sixth the name Seloth. In its midst is a wheel, which a Tartarean angel (angelo tartarucho) turns by striking it with iron rods. (The phrase "three rivers" occurs here with nothing to support it; some text has evidently been lost.) A sinner's soul is tormented on the wheel for twelve years. "A hundred sparks proceed from the wheel, and there is a hundredweight in each spark, and they burn up a hundred souls."
TB, havirtr .. FA, reckons t h. Ig nitum, If it nl r whirlpool is r] be made of il'r ,r. points (rinn) r r. inflicts a hunrl: David Dunr\, Visio Sancti
P,Lr:"
to that in -{ u,li," rota ignert li,,r 'tareo uolt,itt;:
"a fierr
.
sand tinrt'.
a thouSärlrl
:
It is interestl:
that class)"
("
).
35 7 co n-(u,,' B has the I ,,. nature of a li,n' took the lat t e r'
liliittili*:.xr"r,,
.
Sf\r reads ntlt', t! ,:
(citing 12 I; , r. of Augiensis (.(.i..' burning u'hirl1 are hearrier tl,,: gemete hefigrrtr'
(1) D. \ p. 67-68.
-
:
r)r
(2) H. Bn r\.
-
,
"l
-
described this ., of the Apoc. P' .'
(3) N{. R. .Jl: (4) R. \\'r r- r- i (1) C. O DocHARTAIGH, gusiorum", p . 206-207.
'
r,''..'
einemdeutsch,'r.' "Na Seacht Neamha in the Liber Flavus Fer-
-
,
p. 5; further. ,liStudu, p. 2(11.
-
-
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'gI'd',,eqd,(;cody qslJl,'sunv1-'t{'I{
(g)
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',,aJnlBu Äuo1s
-
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,,'(r) +l ur patruaturol are slnos puesnoql e arull r{JEa pue '1aFue uEarE}rEI aq} {q {ep qrBa sarur} puBS -noql E paurnl sl 1I 'srurr puEsnor{} e Furrer{ Iaaq,u. {tar! 8,, 'Da ut Jnluonnn autruo antut nto anbnnboun ut p 'tnytrtlon oalDl -rDl o1afrun qD alp oun snq.nto anI,N 'sollqro alryru suaqvq nauh opr
Jo s>1eads
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aureu ar{l }l su8rsse }l :uaAear{ r{TrnoJ aq} sE slr{} suo{car 'V,i ur Vt § 01 Furpuodsa;;oe aFessed aq+ pallruo Furneq 'gJ
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S3IlI
t12
THE vrsroN oF ADoMNAx: NorES
36 Michael conducts the soul to the sixth heaven, where instead of torments there is the radiance of precious stones. SN provides the additional information that this heaven's door is named Erictus, and that it is the "Heaven of the Angels" (Iiem nü nAingil); CCCC 41 gives onlSr the name of the door at this point (Ieruö), but is otherwise in exact agreement with IrA and Sf\r. Augiensis CCLIV merges the sixth and seventh heavens
ity, but doe s n 37 z-4 Is Choimded
,L,i''
fer,s,.;11
:
Deinde tradatur homo peccator ad celum septimum qui uocatur theruch, ubi dominus habitat super lapidem praciosum unde uenit lur et ignis de lapide.
"Then the sinful man is taken to the seventh heaven, which is called I'heruch, where the Lord dwells upon a precious stone; light and fire come from the stone." 7B is very close to S^"; thus 12 Ir 7 has Beriq Mi-chel ne hanmna leis go dorus an seachtmhadh nemh, adhoin Oiqhrecht na nAingiol, 7 ni tabharthar ptan ar bith dona hanmuibh san dorus sin acht a bhfothraga a ttobruibh na slainte.
"Michael bears the souls with him to the door of the seventh heaven, that is, the Inheritance of the Angels, and no torment at all is inf licted upon the souls in that door, but they are washed in wells of health."
The designation Oighrecht na nAingiol, to rvhich nothing directl5r corresponds in any of the other sources, may go back to a conflation of Erictus and liem na nAingil in
Slü.
37 SN again offers virtually the same text as ItA; as usual, the main difference is that it names the door of the seventh heaven (Iamma) and the heaven itself (" the Heaven of the Trinity", I\eamh na Trinoide). It does not provide the Latin at lines 7 -B (see f urther discussion below), but considerably embellishes God's speech concerning the soul's fate, and inserts the statement that there are seventy-two rewards in heaven and punishments in hell. CCCC 41, r,vhich calls this heaven " the heaven and the high seat (heahsetle) of the holy Trinity", also omits the Latin; its account of the judgement itself is considerably briefer than those in the Irish texts. The version in Augiensis CCLIV, even briefer but with important
household
of
h,..
,
'
if it is rrn .: The sanle >r-r -. fA was ,rsl1'r i .: -. here ; co faittr r, r ' then
:
,
mad fechtnach ,, ' of lteaven, Ilrt',.'..- -
righteous" I I)H \ IrA in B, onrit. so indicates thr,-,
37 z-8 Hart, ,' This Latin :i
out by
Se)-In( |r: '
\\
embolden the
Dominus ri.
-
-
,
angelurn t ar: a nurTt.
"The l-,,. and he is l, plunges hi::
,
As Dunrvill, passage apll e i,l r nation of rr sin -
(1) G. ll rr I'. p.200. (2) St. J. r) > 1927), p. 30;. t
Irish:A Preiin... pretation of
.F-i
.
.-
(3) Ibitl.. p., \
.
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-Vf,6) )Lt VIüd ',,ueutuepv ',,sar1ruro11 qsrJl-alppll,\l
'00u 'd
aruos uo suoIlEAJasqO,,'stog DYI{'O (t)
luElrod*l qll.\\ ] l I .. aI{J 'slxa}
luauaFpr"r
qs I.r
[ .q] J, ,
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,,'llaq olul Lulq saFunld la8ue rr{} puy'1aFuE UEaTBUEJ aq} ol relo papuer{ sl aq pue rreru InJUrs ]Eq1 uodn luatuaFpnl saJunouord proT aqJ,,
'urnu
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I 'AI7JJ sßuat|nv ur lurod Furpuodsauoc aql 1E punoJ +ErI+ o1 spuodsa;;oc rlasolc Frlpro,u aql '(.) "rnou,(ag Äq +no palurod se./y\ sv'Og,(q Ä1uo palJasa-rd sr qcaads ulle'I slrlJ 'rununJut ut ruDultuv )uDH g-L Lt leql salef,rpur os 'acJnos s,uourJas aql 01 asolr,(ran spuEls 1l
op ol V,.iI to {doc {1uo aq} sr slq} }Brl} :ututlulD s}rruo og ur vi Jo .(doc aql a{ll 'uoruras ar{J '(,) (OO18-6608 HA ,,snoalqFl; pue passalq sr 1l JI Inos aql qll,\§ raqlaFol Furlaau'ua.teat1 Jo sla8ue aql ,(q Eurcrolar alqellalun qll,\N,, Iq uat! qtnuyqtal pnul Dutuoq ou noputn ru 'atalu qqöuru op lqTausruJryu IqIDJ or :araq aFessed Furpuodsa;;oc E ser{ aAoqe I'gt § }E pa}ou sE,\A. Vi 01 ssaupalqapur asoq,^(\ )DaJg JOqqoaT ur uourJas aruBs aqJ ,,'lnos snoalqFr"r luacouur uE sr 1l JI uaql 6Jlasturr{ pJoT or{} Inos aql JaAo Jo puB'ua,reaq Jo ploqasnoq
aql Jo )DUUa
Furcro
[a; aq] sr 'rr,{} 'alqello}un pue }sEA,,
I
u?rt[
ututluln pout uts-uvl u! utnurun-u u1s1fl urcsnJ papwrcqJ anWJ ?lt?ustatp st L tryl ruqpv sI v-z Lt,
ut L autlu arryutnut
'roop aql atuBu lou saop ]nq
-ulrJ ar{} Jo }Er[]
sE uaABar{ aq} sarJr}uapl
}l
:
rorraJul sl
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wt
?-L'Zt
.
qlua^as aq+ Jo .r olensn sE I y3'- si: , ..
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lnq
oroop
lEr[] rri \'
ou pue 's1a8u1- ... -Aas aql Jo .rooli .,, ou q(ltnJqory tt
Tttii :..
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-
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slql }E roop at[] J,' walt) ,,s1a8uy rrl] sr Joop s,ua^E aq s r :: IJS'sauols snorta.rr,i aJaqa 'uareaq ql\,
- 9t
S
.
3II
rl1,r+,,1i+.risrä1eril
111
THE vrsroN oF ADoMNAx: NorES
Tradatur ergo angelo tartarucho [".1. tartarif, qui prepositus est penis, et mitat eum in tenebris exterioribus, ubi est fletus et stridor dencium, et sit ibi usque in diem magnum iudicii.
"Let him, therefore, be handed over to the Tartarean angel who is placed in charge of the torments, and let him place him in the outer darkness where there is wailing and gnashing of teeth, and let him be there until the great Duy of Judgement (')."
"Take [this soul] 37 a-10 Tairrngid lib i fudomain iffirn away with you in the depth of hell". Cf. in the Leabhar Breac homily mentioned at § 30,1 and 37,2-4 above the line Tairrngid lib hi iarna tuarcain i fud.omain ifirnd "Take it away with you, after beating it, into the depth of hell" (PH 8146) C).
37 g atnaigid. I have emended on the basis of atnaidh in SN. BO seem to reflect a reinterpretation of the verb as aititnid (1e1 ur +carros {1a.rns sr 'ardo1 slr{} uo r{oJEasar FuroFuo slq Jo s}rnrJ ar{} aur q}l,AN paJer{s itprlt ser{ oq,\N '}r{EIrAt\ salrerlJ }nq i (,) ,,Ä-rlunoo Jaloo),, sB asetqd slq+ parapuar I}xa} aql Jo uorlBlsuBrl snorra;d {tu uJ 'öf ur ,,puEI (a) {rep-alpplul,, nq)roprop-u rtt }ser}uo3 DtttmnJmp-u Jll Z gV ',,a1rdsar Jo puBL,
-
'(a1ou aas) a^oqe Z'01 § +E ,,saqreaJd,, pptpll"rd qrar aql Jo aruelsur uE Jo uorleulurlla aq+ ul sdeq-rad pue 'V,{ lo pua aq} pue FuruurFrq aql }E ralleru Jo uorlnlrlsqns to/pue uorleulrulla aql ur palcalJar aq oslB Äeur Äcuapual slltl :}xa} aql Jo arn+Eu cllalltuot{ aq} aJnJSqo Jo asrurrurur o} paulloul uaaq aABq ^(eur
uorlrpBrl aql Jo r{?uBrq slq} }Er{} lsaFFns I 'Ä1arrr1B}ual 'araq Furlerrouur aJE r{clq,r bn sl +l }Erl+ slsaFFns sassou}r,{A. Jaq}o aq+ uI pJoa al8urs e sE steadde +eq,\e Jo luaruleaJl Fur{ten slqJ 'lps ser{ n pue 0 ur pa}}ruro sr }l I'09 § }B allq,\§ ,SSN asaq} ur pal+rruo sr Tdatrotd lzg § pue I'69 § 'I'Bg § +v 'p)s spear ö puB spBar n tlg § 1B puB iI'gg § 18 Tdanotd p pBalsur ToTattoJ 0n it'09 § pue I'gg § +e .^eolaq srBadde luErrEA ,,alB+,, l?)s pBar
arues
aqJ
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-
ZV
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-
",sar{JEaJ '(sa{a Furu"rnq q}l^^& ';aqurnu ur }qEIa Furaq sE Vd aq+ sr aFpuq
ur paqrrcsap) .&\olaq llB^& or{^^(\ s}sBaq snoJ}suour aql tuorJ IIEJ or{^\ asoq} roJ }Earq} Jalqr aq} pue
z'w
6Vt
i
pooF ,(llraJ.rrclrrr
r
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e sI arJql
_
a{} lo ii. :a61,1.r
-
i
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' '
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.
a
.
puy 'daaqs
..,
Jno^ep qlll{\\ 'il.r( .\UBIU aJai\\ J.ieil]
\
i
r l1o.\.r
pqvq utnluDnb
Un
anbn nbv
frp
"'aJqoqo
n
-.
.t.t,i
)tls' 'J
Dnn auß alsnt
;t
1Lt
t1
n
|
,
atuti...,
ndnsap ys)i(t
;
lu0rcoap SailJlt)r.t,,
luvra
atqoqn
fip
,)l
i.
uI uorldrtJSJIl rr[-L aAIIBJJEU UOISr-\: ' suor+oepag -(,t rr.r r'. uoI+3EpaH ur +1?rl+ i o1 uollua]}B JBIr.l.-)r,
.
.
:
uI sacJnos aq+ lo -.. aql +nq i(,),,qJsliliy
- zv-\v
S3Ir r
,,j] ff
THE vrsroN oF ADolvrNAx: NorES
150
monogamia 10,4) (1) ; and the further dissemination and development of the concept thereafter is reflected by the statement, in one manuscript of the pseudo-Isidorian Differentiarum siue de proprietate sermonum liber, that hell is "a place where souls are released, either into refreshments or else into the torments of punishments, according to the nature of their deserts" (locus in quo animae recluduntur siue in refrigeria siue in poenarum tormenta pro qualitate meritorum) (2). Wright f urther notes that
the copy of the protective prayer known as the "Lorica of Laidcenn" in Leabhar Breac glosses Latin refrigeria with etarfuarad "cooling, alleviation" ('3) ; while a Middle Irish homily in the same manuscript uses the same word when it says that the damned will have no respite from their sufferings (PH 4330, 1337; cf. § 50,6 below). In Irish Latin, refrigerium and related
words could refer to the bliss of heaven itself : the Liber de ordine creatura.rum says of the blessed whose merits are such that they will face no trials at the Judgement that "they will enter into eternal refreshment " (aeternum refrigerium intrabunt) (a); and Adomnän uses the phrase aeternae refrigerationis locus as an equivalent of paradisus (Vita Columbae 3,10) (5).
-l-
Prutli . it.: , it I.r, t l)r,5.. .,,,
.
1t;] : for tlt... in the nunil -. rlttirt Itt'r1u, ' itttltiot'ttttt: Ir., .- " ' in Becle's r, lilsI et'ott1, ',\ -. I'r'l)cttterl lrl .. br- heirt irn,i 11
44 3 ^lftrir .Het.e B r.i: :\ 44 G-g rLt't, frtr ddrtu ih .srtut
rittdttclt,
t
.:
\-
superiors u-ir,
.
[set] o\-er thr -..-nrake prir-irtt. ,
a.
Cf. one ol t.. lliddle Irish l.
weight."
note on § !).!l-l ...uirchin,i,
43 3-4 Is [at iarum filet amlaid-sin, in lucht dianid comthrom "These then are the ones who are in that maith 7 a n-olc condition : the folk whose good and whose evil are of equal
Although their treatment is different there, it tlrat the model for these souls was provided by
seems clear Vi si
o
Sancti
diaa tuh
t
LI
imtnorr,,
t
.
,i
crosurtrdh
"...chrirt'h (1) P. il{.rtrEr, T'ertullien. Le mariage uni.que (De monogamia) (SC 3-13), Paris 1988, p. 176. (2) PI-,83,1322; on the spuriousness of the Isidorian attribution see M. A. Axonns Sexz, Isidori Hispalensis episcopi Liber differentiarum III] (CCSL 111A), Turnhout 2006, p. 18*. (3) N,I. W. Hnnnnx, The Hisperica Famina: IL Related Poems (Studies
-.-
to be gi\-rr. buffoons
i.1
:.
:
and Terts, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeual Studies 85), Toronto 1987, line 9,1.
(4) M. Dl,xz v Dia z, Liber de ordine crealurarum. Lin anönimo irlandös del siglo
\rII,
Santiago de Compostela 1972, p. 188.
(5) A. O. AxopnsoN - \{. O. AxornsoN, Adomnan's Life of Oxford 1991, p. 196.
(1) Srlr-ERS-r':.:\. (2) B. Cor-(;ri \. lhe English Py,,1,i. (3) C. BRE\-r.\:
:
.
Columba.,
l
p.46-47; cf. I).,
-----,:-*
e&
',,,t;E1ni
'89 'tg 'd 'Jr : Lt-gt 'd ur8rrrl aql Jo aJIT eq+ uo ilrruog r{slJl uy,, 'HDYNJYsrrfl 'J (g) '?6V'd '696I proJxO 'a1doag t1st76u.g aqy
Jo fircTstg p)4sltsap)g s,apag 'srroNÄI{ 'g 'y 'H s^.'ruoro') .g (Z) 'ttI-gtI 'd 'lnnd Jo asdfrTotody orsuoH'rIH - i\irsJSuE^'rrS (t)
'nqunyol Jo alll
aull 'zg6I sarpn1g)
Itt] ,,'(r) saprsaq uosrad -radotdurr {;a,ra o} pue suooJJnq pue srelsal o+ pue aldoad u.{A.o slq o} }l arrF o} se,^e JaAa,\A.oq op ol pasn aq trEr{,ll'Äpaau pue;ood s,proT aq} o} uaAIE aq o} uarrF aJa,{A. s8ur"ra;;o {uetu pue surle ruor{,\A. o} speaq qcJnr{J"',,
'avunp
snnpJtCIuD
q)al
op
ruprurut avqryaclpa L
6-9'?V
y,,
s'r.//
,.
oluoro-J_ '(*_,
suaod pdlttt .ii
runrnquataJJrp .i, -
aas uorlnqrJllB rrllr.i '
(ttt lS)
:
(nnan6oLr,,,...
L qtDuDSoJ)
op L qruqlnrp op L uppoJ r4uutnru Dru urns-paraq-op orrotilurt ut qruqrautylqpp,p L qrururoq op Nruqry DDlp ouvsup naqutqtry ory ann nqrapunprru"'
pa s? cqpaprurcJ
:
aAoqe 9I-6'6 § uo alou
aq+ ur passncsrp urFrrrl aq+ Jo aJII aql uo ,(lruroq qslrl alppl1i Äpea aql ur uorlducsap aql ur sdno-rF aql Jo auo 'JJ IIaq Jo ,,'pJoT ar{} Jo ipaau pue slsanF oq+ [roJ uorstnotd] Jo pealsur'suorssassod alenr;d a{Eur Ar,{+ saqf,rr ar{} ruorJ pue :po5 Jo saq}l} pue slyrF aql raAo [+rs] aJE oslutes aql Jo scIIaJ aq+ Jo acuasard aql ur'or1,rn srorradns ssa1r1rd,, paputloq3 ut nqtau|upl? L npa|ru q)as oq)Dpntrulos oqlas qtosotuuu! ouop 7nru6-op L '?O qtopnuryap L qloupp roJ 'ulaou Du oJlJDut qruq)ul sp anq Jru)oJp |ruutq)rru 6-9 VV ',,llB1y\ Ä-rar; 8,, ap4ual Jryru spBal g aJaH pAunl JlnI,\[ t, r7v ',,aJrJ JO EaS
-
'((.) Zl'g +uatuaFpnf aq] 1E uorlEAIBS pulJ
D)llsCItsap)a nuoTstp)
IIIA ]nq 'plor pue
+Ear{ .(q
,(laleuJalle paluaruJol are'sa.tr1 JIaq+ Jo pua aql 1E paluada-r ,(1uo orUy\ asor{} Jo slnos aq}'saas tulaq}qÄro tuoq.^& dno-r8 }sJIJ aq+ :JaAa.AA.oq 'ullaqlq{.rC Jo uorsrA ar{} Jo }unotJB s,apag ur 1a11ered rasolr e pulJ sFur;aJJns JIaqJ '(,) (Sru srred ttantord*! onulnu ut anbau luns 7uanut unJosnt oJaurnu ut anbau nmb '1uns Wl6t4 anbau Wllm anbau) ,.snordurr aql Jo raqurnu aq+ ur Jou lsnl rql Jo Jaqrunu aq] ur punoJ Jar{}rau aJa,\A. iaql .ro; :[gt - g I't uotrypoaü 'J)] ploc rou +oq rar{}rau aru,, or{,u asoq} aJB salrasqo InEd tuorl,&\ srauurs Jo dno"r8 +srlJ ar{} raraqJ 'lpud
I9I
JBalc suraas +l 'e.r
:
-
";
lenba Jo are II \r . \ lBr{} ur aJE orl \\ s.r utorqlrun pluDlp / I' :
sluoqntafrtflat
)tt11,1
,'
"
IIIlvr {r.lr},, }Erl} }ir.-.' I{JilS AJB S}IJattI r-
ap nq!] aI{} :J{e: i pJlEIaJ puB utnt.t ,t,.
'gttf HA
s8rrr.irt
:
,
.
r r' -
aq+ letll s{es }l rr,rl,', ur {lruroq qsrJl all,i . " -Jvp r{ll.t.r nttafitJ.l . : :
JO E3IJOT,,
aq
l s lr
'
.
+Etll salou raq+.rrrI -. ulnJUuaod
ul
ät?7:' r,. "
sntol) ,,slJasap
I
.rlai{
.
-
slualuJol aql olrrl .slnos aJoqa atelcl n. \ anß urnrvryuataJ.ltrl -: 'luautalels aq1 ^(r1 I,r.: -la^ap puE uorlBrr ntr... :
- Z'w
SSIr rl
-*funxr*.
THtr vISroN oF ADoMNAx: NorES
752
As
Another parallel to this homily is discussed in the note on §
47 ,7
-73 below.
44 o ds inchaib. The interpretation of this phrase is uncertain, as this is the only instance cited in DIL (1). It has been rendered "in presence of " ('), "before" ('), "\A,'ho rule over" (*), "who have been given charge of" ('). On reflection, I am now inclined to follow Boswell and Jackson, understanding "in the presence of " with somethirrg of the sense of "in defiance of ". 45 +-s 7 pluic theintide ina llamaib "with fiery lumps in their hands". As Mac Eoin observes (u), the same phrase is found in the Leabhar Breac homily mentioned at various points above : 7 pluicc thenntige fo, lassad ina lamaib "and fiery lumps burning in their hands" (PH 8109); cf. further demna 7 pluic teintide (?). The exact sense of pluc in this context is not clear. Of the word's etymology, Joseph Vendryes stated that it "appartient ä un groupe de mots röpandus en germanique et en roman pour dösigner une masse plus ou moins dure et confuse, servant ä porter un coup ou ä faire du bruit, fr. bloc, bloquer et ploc, all . bloch [sic], angl . block; ces mots sont d'origine onomatopoötique, mais on ne peut dire d'oü ils sont partis et par quelle r.oie ils ont pönetrö en irlandais (*)."
45 70-71 Araile, cennaib dianechtair
cloi theined triana tengthaib, araile triana "others have nails of fire through their tongues, others through their heads from the outside".
(1) DIL s.u. "enech", col. 127,35-37. F is Adamnain, Slicht Libair na Huidre, p. 15 ; C. S. , An lrish Precursor of Dante, p. 40; cf . J. J. CoLwnLr, F'i s
(2) W. Sroxns, Bosu,ELL
Silr-erst,..
r.
described (in
vision of Lar:r't. Araile
(lrt It
,
t
'
anechtu[r. - I '
r,rl . .
" Some
which \\.rrt others th r', These ar'(, '
.
_
.
1..
and wailing arr
i
speech and..." ( ; acus a adrad 7 ethech 7 ?cn,t,
.
:
also compar-u i,. of Visio Sanclr I not p erfornr l) r. ^ J,
.
'
r
uidit de tres bum et
t1i,,',
.
.
ch Lti. ' hetu,,.
Thc tert is > lation diff icu 1t :
.
l
group of sinntr. their eyes tra lt >: . ..
45 'l,l isrlr 1tii, ' B here inst.r . 7 diultada cpn \-' ref usal, not hur . : _
Adamnan. A Comparatiue Studu, p. 246. (3) K. H. JrcKSoN, A Celtic Miscellang, p. 322.
(4) M. HeHBERT - N,I. tr{cNrmARA, Irish Biblical Apocrgpha, p. 141. (5) J. Cenov, King of Nlgsteries, p. 270. (6) G. Mec Eorx, "Observations on Some N'Iiddle-Irish F{omilies", p.200. (7) K. MEvEn, "Nlitteilungen aus irischen Handschriften", ZCP 3 (1901), p . 17-39, at p. 3,1. (8) Ler. s. I). "pluc".
'
(1) Srn
nRSr-rr
r
\
\2) J. Crnur. ,144, at p. 138- l
.
,
I. The Vision nt l(3) SrlvERs.l r-..,. (l
)
Ibid
..
1t.
,\
l
'zg'd ''p!ql (r)
'gl1, 'd 'lpDd l.nuls oJsJÄ ,NrarsuE.\rrS (g)
,,,uaJSrE.I 'gI 'd .I DUDnsraIN '(OOgt) DllO I | Jo uors{l ar{J ,I/r.V :SSH1 rlsrrl ruorJ s8uog pue sarrolq,, ,ua.latrq .X .Jr :6gtr,-Btp .d 1e -nv 'd'puofrag pury pu'JI atll u\o,.,uaJSrBT Jo uorsrÄ ar{J,, 'AsrrvS 'r k) ,NrarsuE^rrs (f) 4)uDS olsl^
t dJZ
',,uolJI.Iq,):1r'J: --
',,set1tuto11 qsr.rI-rTl
'tB 'd't1nncI
',,po5 JoJ uorl)aJJe Jo aAol Furreq lou (lBSnJaJ puB ssauuBaur Jo {loJ ,, \JJD ?O ppJfr ua) )Jas ual Dpatrury L lltplop sao : sraopll^a Jo {"roFa1ea raq:}rnJ E s}rasur araq B ',,luaruJo+ ler{} ul,, uJs-ugttcl u!s! T,v g?
p
I ,.
'Vil'd'nqclfit,,,,,iy' sld'T-rg,\\ToJ 't 'l 'S ') :gt 'd ',),rltrrl1i
-
(u) ,,s8ad Furruely {q paxrJsuEr} sa,(a rlaq} puB pac-rard s,tle I pre sanFuol rlaq] Furreq srauurs Jo dno.rfi E SaAS,, InEd lBrll suJal letauaF ur uBaru ol aFessed aql Frl -puBlsJapun ur lJaJJof, {1atns sr ura}sJallrq }nq i11nor;;rp uor}El -suBJl asrca;d E Japual o] sE ldnt-roc,(lluarclJJns sr }xa} ar{.T.
'(r) ,ortd1ns 7a uarunpq
',,OPISlIltt ''-
-
rlal{l qFnorql r.r r I ou0tJl allDJD 'Q .U 't: . ' -
,,'(r) slEptrrrl.rl trUOS SIO[U
:
SaJ :.'1./,,'-
tilnq
'wn1d p pld urnJ runtosdt sqn)o ul saruaqnq snqtnzp sa4 snrtJuot sntoJ sDnlrryu sntoJ snn\utl saraqntil p sortn llp\
ap
lJ aJnp SUIOttl l'lr,\;
anbtueu;a8 [r.]
: ,,a1B.tr;d Jo crlqnd Joqlra oacueuad ur-royrad lou plp puB ssaull.&\ aslBJ aJoq,, oq,\\ asoql o1 llnDd 4)uDS olsl^ Jo IA uollcBpa[ uI pauFrsse +uauqstund aql sr 'alqeteduroc oslg lnq ';elrrurs os alrnb loN '(L rruqDn p\r L qrDu)a L qJaqp L qVrq )o L pö )o L pfr )o orJoulun nuaut dot L pnJpü D sn)D pDq)Duuaq o)o glr ?o pololu )o Jtuaut onJou ...sa) ,,...puB qsaads pno;d pue rapuEIS pue .(tnhad pue FurÄetlaq pue Furlrem pue
Furrl ur luanbar; aJa.^. +nq 'tulr{ FurddrqsJo,^e ro Furssalq 'poo Fursre;d ur luanbar; lou aJa,{.l. orl,n.r
ro
s
r-r
I
:
+l ]Irr.-
aql Jo 'JEAIJ ]( u \ '() ,ptru!4 ttnlcl - ; Futu-rnq sdunl .i.r .,L : aloqE sltrrocl .. r. aql uI punoJ sr .r:, )
,
-
.
.
ur sdurnl .t.rar; tl lir
{loJ ar{},, aJE asaqJ
qll,\e ..Jo JJuJSJ.rri .' o+ paul{Jtl I r,^ ^rolloJ ueaq aAEq oq^\\.. '(
,,'(.) sa.(a rlaqtr qEnorql sJeqlo
'srBe rlaq] q8notql sraqlo'speaq rlar{} aprs}no o1l,,;,
'sa
nFuo
pun
f
i:ä,.'I;' i,1',i,';:; ;l; l,,
DUJ nt1\frua\ DUI aq64uun7 p1t
ara,^e
qJlqa
; :,;l it',, 1,T,',?;;
L qtnuuyruLryq nuop :
-sa-rd
-
ul,, paJJprrr.r .:
aq+ sr slr{} sE 'Ur}?l,t-
aUDrV
UaJSIET JO uOrSrA
aq+ Jo lunoccB aq+ ur (spro.nr aruBs ar{}.(11en1tr.t ul) paqrJJsap arB sluauqsrund aruES aql '(,) lno slurod uralsJaAIIS sv
rl'gv
tqr
uo alou aql uI {)Js:]
- 6-g'vv
SSIl
.r.
151
THE vrsroN oF ADoMNAx: NorES
"relapsed brigands". 45 t4 aithdibergaig This appears to be the sole attestation of this word, translated as "men who mark themselves to the Devil " (Stokes) ('), "reivers" (Boswell) ('z), "renegade brigands" (Jackson) (3), " habitual bandits" (Herbert) (n), "relapsed brigands" (Carey) (t), "Räuber" (Stifte.) (u). In a note, Stokes expressed dissatisfaction with his own rendering " I have little confidence in the translation of this word. It was given me orally by the late Eugene O'Curry, who was probabl5, thinking of dibercu (gl. signa, sumens nequissima crudelitatis) Book of Armagh 6 a 1. I should rather render the word by 'whilom reavers': cf. athclörech, athlaech for athmeaning'quondam' (')."
returned to
l
persons. ^lithrht-
play on u'orrl.. an equir,alent r sinfulness of u lr he calls in Qrlr>
-
:
46 + i nde[lhi,; Cf. in "The ll coilnidi "conL'r1'r. "care of the h,,,i., betho "from crilri töti a collcu " in
. Dibergaig " brigands" would be in this context : clearly the reason entirely unproblematical why Y in fact adopts this reading. The unique word aithdiberqach (to give it its singular form) rvould appear to be modelled I am similarly
]»'t,-
in fact "again.
uncertain
47 t-z
cctslrr ,).
chasubles u-hich As Silverst rr :-
Redaction
on athlaech "ex-layman", a term for a penitent who has adopted a more or less strict, ecclesiastically prescribed, rule of life (8); that -dtbergach here replaces -laech emphasizes the most nega-
\-l ,i
tormented ltr- j,, ing woollen [r'r,i
-
,
passage u'hic'h ,1..-
tive of the connotations of the latter word, rvhich had a primary sense "layman" but the extended meanings "warrior, outlaw" ('). But why should a former brigand be condemned to hell ? Given the way in which the word is used, it is hard to see an alternative to Jackson's interpretation : the aithdtbergach is not so much a reformed brigand as someone who has
they are idolät,--: : abortion. If th.'--., ated with ,El'- : "liars who lie .,r. themselves to I,,-.1 they are inc ap r I
47 2 crith
The
in the i: ". "tumult Grith the originaI rrr,,
(1) W. Sroxns, Fis Adamnain. Slicht Libair na Huidre, p. 16. (2) C. S. Bosu'ELL, An lrish Precursor of Dante, p. 41. (3) K. H. JrcxsoN, A Celtic Nliscellang, p. 323. (4) M. HpnBERr - M. N{cNrrrARA, Irish Biblical Apocrgpho, p. 111. (5) J. Cennv, King of Mgsteries, p. 271. Cf . J. J. CorwELL , Fis Adamnan. A Comparatiue Studg, p. 258: "lapsed bandits". (6) D. Srrrrnn, "Fis Adamnäin - Die Vision des Adamnän".
(7) W. Sroxes,
op.
(1) E. J. Gu'r
cit.,p.33.
(8) Discussion in C. ErcrrrNGHAN,r, Church Organisation 650 to 1000, Maynooth 1999, p. 296-298.
in lreland AD
(9) Thus R. Surnee, "Hiberno-Latin laicus, Irish il's N'[en", Eriu 30 (1979), p. 75-92.
and the Der--
laech
present,r-.
present
(2)
K. ]lEr ur,.
p. 39, quatrain
llfu
r...
29C (1911), p. 11r-.!r.
(3) SrlvERS'l'E r\. (4) Ibid., p.21;
: :,i :idj.rr;ir irrr;r .:,,
!,$ryii
lE 'ZV-gt'd '(tOOt) vIAd',,]r{EellBJ
Jo
'LTT,
'd ''p!ql (t)
98-98 'd 'qnnd q)uos olsl^ 'NrsrsrrsA-rrs (g)
'6 urerlenb'69'd
I ryrE',,r{llgT urqouetr{
{ralseuotrt
pBruo3,, ,uurutr11
.X k)
'97§ rtl 'd le '6lt-gtt'd '(tI6t) roz orlJ,, oNorrr^rd .f .tN - NNÄr\\3 .f .E (f)
'ssHI o,\r1 asaq+ {q paro}sar {1sno1rn}roJ 'Furpea; leur8r;o aq} ieu'0 puB Ä ur Ä1uo luasa;d',,iltur},, tilIJg
uaaq aAEr{ IIa,\&
'lxaluo3
ur asuas alllll sa{Btu }l }nq 'adÄlaqcrB ar{} ur luasa;d SE,AA. 1l lBr{} sa}Ecrpur nog ur Furpeet slr{} atuosa-rd aqJ Jo ',,FrllqruaJ+,, tryUJ Z LV
-^acl aql puB tl))ttl
,,-
OV puDpJI Ut LICttlt,'.
.
',.I-IEUrtlIlIt1'
...illi slC 'rra,t-ro3 'I 'VVT 'd 'nt1dfit,,r,iI
:
.TI tI
'gt'cl',..'.t,
.r'
-
'auo aAr+Elncads E sr luatunF"re aql +nq l,,alqedecur aJE Ar,{t t{Jltl,t\ Jo sJopuol( pue salJEJIru uaql JoJ ruJo;tad o} sallasuraq} uodn 1l a{E} or{,\e pue 'sp,nrro;c aq} aAraoap pue all or{,\N sJerl,, {q uJo,\A. aJE salqnseqc r(rar; aq} }Er{} }uatua}E}s s,I/rr q}1.^& pa}E -rcossB aq plnoc slql'suBrtrFeu 13EJ ur arB Ar,{+ JI .uor}roqB puB uorldaoBJluof, uI pallolur sJaJaf,Jos pue sJalelopr aJB {r,{+ lBr{l ueoru o} palatdJo}ur aq surs Jroq} saqrr)sap qclq,r afiessed ldnr"roc oq+ +Er{+ lsa8Fns o+ uo saoF ag'(u),,[saqor] ualloo.tr Fur -uJnq,, saluapanns DluUl rBo1V\ o+ palladuoc Furaq {q pa}uaturo} sr srauurs Jo dnotF e ararl^^(\ 'nnod ry)uDs olsl^ Jo I^ uorlJBpaH
ur palallB;ed aq uBt IIElap slr{} ,(-rar;
pal FurJEa,r,,
'(r) salou ura+sra^lls sy
',,puno.rF aql o1 r{oEaJ {JJr{,n salqnsBrtrc
-
Jpl o) ndwt ap!lu!4 n6np Dsm
SEI{ Otl,^A aUoJtlltt. \
pJBtl SI 1l 'pastt ri pauuapuoJ J([ I,.:' I
oJoIJJEAA.,, sEu I u
-uFau lsotu Jtll
r-'
r'
'
-
(.r ,i-.
:(*) alg Jo alrl.r '[ r paldope serl orl \\ -'. pallapou J([ o] .in
i
:
-Jaqtpqlru p.ro.\\
:
.r r L l
Z-T, LV
',,.,(poq Jraql Jo lsnl oql ul,, tolln CI U?t I pBalsur pear bn'(qt q 0I q^\),,plro,^A. ar{} roJ arec urorJ,, ottpq ut ulplqpp g pue (r) (tt4?.1 uttlrutvl/f poruo7) ,,.(poq aq+ Jo arEO,, dtmt arufttJnap osle | (,) ,,s8urq1 IEurEc roJ uraouo),, tptulto) Du nlnqnap aserqd aql {-ralseuo6l aqJ,, ur .J3 ,,1I{FEIIEJ Jo ',,{poq aq} q}1.,\N pardnccoaJd,, olln D ulpltllapu ! tz gV
-
-qlD roJ q)aDllllt) BrrIISSInbau
'i1
i'i.
sI-rJItr
sE,&\ oq.t\ oit.rn.). t ) i. 1I 'pro.&\ slq+ jo ir
:
-
'aJualruad Äel Jo .(lrtacurs aq+ uorlsanb ur sllBc aq
-{cef) ,,spueoar.rc1 ,-.i : ,,ll^ac[ aq] o] Sr,.-'p,tolt slql Jo u,1 i :
alqnop e luasardat 01 ÄlFurprocrB suraas tpnfrnupww .suoslad Furlouap sunou 01 paqoe+1e uorl,^.r ldacxa ,,,-oJ ,urBFB,, +cEJ ur
,,spueFt;q
'-tlru Jo {lrnFrqrrre ar{} Furlroldxa ,(q :>11oy{e1 IIE Jo ssaulnJurs IB+uaIUBpunJ aq? Fur{1dtlll sl ror{}nB aq} 'tpapl Jo }uale.trnba uB sE qcn1nqtp Fursn
{q
:epuaFe lecrrualod q}1,\\ ,sp.ro,rrr uo
sr -tttry xr;ard ar{} Jo asuas lBrurou
q9I
z'Lv
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aqJ .aFepueFuq o} paurn}ar
pasclr:1;,..
-
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S
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##ffi'
,ffi
TlrE vrsroN oF ADoMNAx: NorES
156
47 s rotha. seems like a relatively earlv example of this noun's treatment as a feminine. Cf. nom. pt. rotha iarnaidi (').
This
47 7-t3 Ä'o idin oca n-athchuma 7 oca letrad do gres di cech aird. Is iat iarum filet isin phöin-sin : aes graid tarmi-dechatar a ngrada... Is iat immorro na naidin filet oca n-athchuma ind aesa graid .i. it ö-sin in lucht ro erbad döib do lessugud 7 niros "Infants are u'oundlesaigset 7 niros cairigset imma pecthaib. from every side. perpetually ing them and slashing at them These then are the ones who are in that punishment: those in holy orders who have transgressed their orders... Those whom the infants are woundirg,however, are the folk in holy orders, i.e., they are the folk who were entrusted to them for their improvement, and they did not improve them and they did not chastise them for their sins." Flere there are close verbal correspondences with another of the infernal punishments described in the homily on the Virgin, cited in the note on § 44,6-9 above ...noidin icca n-athcuma 7 ic gabail i ndet dia taebu adiu 7 annall 7 ni coemnaccair fegad i n-airdi. "A Coimdiu", or siat, :
"cia.
fil
isin phein ucat?" "4,'i hansae. Saccairt insin darmi-deo-
ch[atar] a ngradha. Na nuidhin immorro filit ica letrad dia ndetaib it he sin tra in luct ro herpudh doib dia lesugad 7 niro lesaighset 7 niro chairigset imma peccdaib." "...infants hacking them and biting them with their teeth on both sides and they were unable to look up. 'O Lord,' said they, 'who is in that pain yonder ?' 'Not difficult. They are priests who have violated their orders. The children moreover r,vho are hacking them with their teeth, they were the people who were entrusted to them in order to be looked after and they did not look after them and they did not upbraid them
with regard to their sins' (')." Silverstein notes that Redaction VI of Visio Sancti Pauli also speaks of the torture of neglectful godparents; this represents
(1) C. O'RAHrLLv, Tain Bö Cüalnge from the ßook of Leinster, Dublin 1967,line 2306. (2) BnoATNACH, "An Irish Homil.v on the Life of the Virgin l\Iary", p. 46 -17 ; cf. p. 53, 58.
a development VI) of the cles( r
, .
ners are assail,-.i
.
48 I breithni, ,; ' the Jews". This phrase >," - appears to bt'rl the Old and lli I r . cations in the li I non in genertr l. ( were "proba ltir \ else in FA or irr
,
.
-
to suggest that ,. were underst o r,, l ,
during these crr, the year 1079. r. ish visitors \\ rltl
.
:
-
Coicer Iutl,tr,t-
"Fit-e Jri,for Tairclcll :
across the )-
.:
The phra se r i our text: iud[,, ,. -f: .
nlüdaide.
UQ add 1 r'rri, ing down the n,..:
50 3 Here lJ do thiqernai rlrt' dichumaic, lrtt'r ' ctccu baroen " \\'
(1) Srn-ERSrr,i. (2) .I. J. CoL\., (3) S. \I.rc .\ri lin 1951, p. 2:l 1-': :
.
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'd 'fipn1s
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'glz'd
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as1a,,:I:,1:T ;H:1T,'.;;',:'r::,:y r;ääj*
uLr utüuaqllarq r{}1,\(\ slq} o} Eurpuodsauoc Furqlo"'xl':r:ä allr{.{\ ound e sE ua{B} aq plnoJ utnloa\pnl s2otpnt : }xa} Jno roJ punorF{Jeq ul}ET e roJ aouapr^a aq {eur aserqd aqJ
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,,'(r) eas eql ssoJJE
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: aJa,^A. sJolrslA tlsl -A\af auroola,{A.un puB Jr}oxa .^(\or{ JBalo }l sa{Etu '6L01 "rea.( aq} roJ ua\1nJsryI Jo |IDUUV aql ur Ät1ua uE 'sar;n1ua3 asaq+ Fur-rnp puEIaJI ur Furaq s,^Naf Jo aur ol u,\Nou{ uor}uau iluo aqJ '1sed aql urorJ sa;nFr; aq o1 poolsrapun ara^A. +uelsrp asoq.A(\. sJauurs aql +Er{} lsaFFns o}
paqrJssap aJB sluauqsrund u1v\EJp aAEq o1
Furqlou sr arar{} }nq '(.) ,,seqdle3 pue seuuv Ä1qeqoJd,, ara,^ uorlsanb ur sa8pn[ ,q+ ]Er{} palsaFFns lla.^.rlo3 '1u;auaF ur uou -aurouaqd {re;oduraluoc e sE s.Arraf Jo aJn}EJa}ll aq} ur suorlec -lpul Jo atuasqe IErauaF e pue 'spor,rad qslrl alppllt puB plo ar{} Fuunp puEIaJI ur paprsal s,^&al' +Er{} aJuaprla ou aq ol s;eadde arar{} sE 'vd roJ puno"rF{tBq uFrato; e slsaFFns aserqd slr{J Jo saFpn[ +sr,[r.,,,
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'(,) Fut-rds;;o pauopueqe ro pa1roqe rlar{} .(q palrESSE are srau
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158
THE vrsroN oF ADoMNAx: NorES
fierce Demon will be set as black vehement lord. Wretched unbearable wailing, great af f liction without rest, enduring cold and hunger they have all together". The phrase golgairi thruag dichumaic is echoed in the homily on the soul's departure from the body which comes immediatelv before the text of IrA in the same manuscript : co ngolgaire n-aduathmair, co scretaib 7 ögmib luardaib, co n-iachtad ndichumaing "with very terrible wailing, with shrieks and harsh cries, rn,ith unbearable lamentation" (PH 8305-8306). Similar wording is found in Digal Fola Crist: golgaire dichumaic (LB 155b 27), hönghair golgaire dichumci (ibid. 156a 5).
5L 7-2 maige lomma danö is iat loiscthecha "bare plains, moreover, which are also burnt". Here B makes the f irst of several insertions in this paragraph (1): Glenda duba tentidi, tulcha ruada roqarba, lathach doimne tuilbröna, möinte mora delgnecha, sligthi salcha sirdorcha, föra gera rindaithe, clocha slemnu tenntide aithe gera altnide, goetha luatha loisctecha gorti garba gemreta, frasa derga tentidi, snechta serba sirgnathchi goirt garb loisctech letartach. Dorchu ina dubgömriud, fuairiu ina sirsnechtu, teou indat morthenti, serbiu ina neim. "Black fiery valleys, red harsh hills, deep stinking pools, great brambly bogs, filthy ever-dark pathways, sharp prickly grasses, slippery fiery sharp keen cutting stones, swift searirg bitter rough wintry winds, red fiery showers, bitter per-
petual sharp rough burning wounding sno\ /s. It is darker than a black winter, colder than eternal snow, hotter than great fires, more bitter than poison". Here, and below, B describes an infernal landscape using a string of phrases which tend to exhibit the same cadence a disyllabic noun followed by a disyllabic and then a trisyllabic adjective trx xx xxx). The same pattern is present in the main text (slöibe tolla deilgnecha, maige lomma... loiscthecha, locha bröna btastaide... lecca lethna teintide). A very similar passage, clearly inspired b5r B's version of FA, is found in :
(1) In citing these, I shall make use of the translation in J. King of L[gsteries, p. 272-273, slightly modified.
C.A.RB\',
'slalleur uoJI pal qll,\N 'sureqc ,ttary 'ireaq 'pat qll,\\ i11aq 1sa -,r\ol aql Jo sured ploJrueu ar{} o}'s1nos InJurs aq} uraq} q}l,r\ Fuole Fur8Fe-rp'suoruap.ttuoolF aql Jo slsor{ qsr^EIS {JEIq aql {q pe{Jerl'pautnq'parn1;o1 Furaq are or{.t.r .lnJurs eq} Jo slnos aq+ {q Furlre.tr ssal}rnrJ r{}1,\e 'Furl.rnoq alqeJalolul r{}l,.rt 'sruearrs pue s11a{ (a) atqellld q}1.^eoao,{A.;o {tc alqrrror{ rl}l,t.r ploJ rlll^A(\'uosrod Jo slreu,(1peap rur-rF qll,uosurel 'spro,trrs
icr
-unour (a) paF8nt qEnot asuap uo 's;eads uorr palurod-d"reqs uo'spuelsr {-rar;,^rolloq uo'sa{EI InJ+sEaq Fur>1ur1s uo ralllq'{.rep'{cEIq Jo srueaJ}s uo'a.rlJ Jo srueaJ}s uaa>l
's;a1e,u
'1n;urs aql Eur"rnl-ro1 slseaq Jo spul{ IIE Jo apn}r}lnu v q}l^\ 'apoqe posJnJJB '.(uoo1F '{1seu '.(>1ours '{JEIq '{rep 'r^l} -JnJlsap'{1peap 6paqJ}e"r.u'{1-rrp'{;a1e.u.'sno;apuod'a1qr-rra1 'Eur>1ur1s ',(;ar; 'frp aql olul :(a ---) InJ.^&E alqrrrorl uo 'sacuel palulod-dreqs uo'saa;1 (a) paEFn"r pa{oorr uo'punoq Ftq uo'acl Jo s{3or prBr[ uo'ruoua^ Jo
-+soJJ puB JJIIS sa{EI
surEaJls snouosrod uo {tar; peuappal 'sp-ro,tts uo 's1rds qFnol Fur.,tnolF uo 'sua1F .(rar; daap ur 'sauols aJEq uo "',, lor{-peJ (steg-u 6 T,B Hd) uls-qru qtnptad üu puDruuo-u ou utD)JDnl )o'qlvupl DU! oal ap -tvrun qru1np qrunaw n 'apls-q!ruu! Uvrunra-u sl.rJ Tnubu o) 'auuttopt! nToJ qruqprs n 'nqtntqaoJ .nuo4 qrulsns n 'qtpruutnt rufrnp qruqttnJ o) 'tfr4uay Durorl nbnp nporqvq n ! brumVpt urill nfrrvra qruund nJ 'oal tpnptad puouun-u nu öururrry )o 'qtasqrunpv Duurapu DU qruraop qpqnp qrubo1s DU)o '.porqpl
m! 'pntsoy m! 'pn6ntt m! 'pnuntd ntt 'qtnpttad nu qtouuDutun rt 6ruqtn7V-u lgr o) '|ulDtrrnq)lpu paTpnt-u o) 'qtnpmn1 qryrb? L qtopns or 'truut17nnpo-u atrufr7o6u o) 'qt6ry76ru qtDJDn q!ru -plolr u 'ßruq1qtnru ruuq)nu tutau qlqgp or 'nqtnutb nrynb npu4 Utqas roJ 'aprnutnt nürupuu n46 q1pfr roJ 'tfr4uuay Dnol qtsuut roJ 'a 6ru7snrq nu?rq qruq)q roJ 'slllluopv ntpropu qnpu mbsn-u Du qruqprs roJ 'pauay Durorl UDqlors roJ 'n1pso1qrurq Duarq a6ru7t1ta7 outorl n6ru7 qlurltw nutoJ 'Wofp]nad nu pnuntd )o llvuDra-u Tsotd pDurnt-u o) 'qtnu\t1)on\ru Dutpnu q)au -tptryttt tpDlDS apmbsn urmJqrill JrunpD u\arqu a64uual ruunJ\ srupfray Iq '6n?po rrunpD ppqtoJ roJ 'rt1yruputt nrruar qruba1s ro[ 'nqtntnt Dunttor qlDpuDn roJ 'q!frlDltp?l qru6ru7 qrutpol roJ 'nqtasnt qtpünn qnJJn) JoJ 'qruqtauutau arunu qruqpJs JoJ 'qt64ua7 qru\np qftngp roJ'qruqtnfrot qrupnnr qruraq roJ'q!fr -tluury Uutrrlgp qru7uua76 ro[ cvq)aqlrstol Dttlulol qrunal roJ :uorlBISuBJ+ s,uosur{}y r{}l^(\ }xa} aq} a,trF I 'a^oqE apBtu o} )DaJg Joqqoa.I u\ {lruroq aruBs aq}
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160
THE vrsroN oF ADol\rNAx: NOTES
with heavy edged flails, with long, truly deep streams, with a multitude of various beasts in them, carrying red maces of brass in their hands with which thet' smite the souls of the
co loiscferl /,-. slog dern1,'1,.'1 tairrnget l', lentidib i 1t,;'
sinful (')."
51 2 locha brdna b{astaide
[o,
"stinking monster-haunted
,
foraib, ctt I-t,,t' goirt. Ocrrt .\
lakes".
Here B adds indsi fuara garba goethacha, tolla brena bruthloiscthi "cold rough wintry islands, stinking smouldering pits".
uli dul
dr,
-
.,
doescut's/rz,rt. ,t
5L 2-g Talam garb gainmide "The earth [is] harsh and
7
sandy". Here B adds os ö slemun tuitmendach, se ruad rotaidi, dub dorcha detfadach, cairrcech cnocach cruadlasrach "and also smooth and slippery; red and marshy; black, dark, and smoky; rock),
i
-
nglerTttri:
muchnrt //ir. loisctecfut
l',,:
"rvith r-1t'1, sters in t it burnt Snl,k .. green terrr; fire u-ith si fire there, i of them c(1r.. : long, rr'ith .: the poi so n the mert ,l the dentor.r.
hilly, and fiercely burning".
_,
"and also crooked and icy". 5t 3 is ö urchrom aigreta Here B adds co reod co caisirne amal chairrci tenntidi "r,vith "upon its surface". 5L 3 fora lar Instead of this phrase, B here read s for lar in muigi-sin, siat lasta loisctecha c,o loiscfed oenlecc dib in domun uli "on the surface of that plain, scorched and burnt: just one of those stones would burn up the whole world".
"in rvhich
.
drag
heaven.
is
ir
rr
.
:
creation. i;i'. sinnet's IIl.r., enemies. th,
trillsib tened foraib, co mbiastaib eramla archena isin muir-sin, co cetri hernailib eramlu tened .i. tene duh döiti
that ther' 1 the blac,k ,. nethernlo:i ' the streirnr,
detbudach, .1. derg duaibsech lemnech letctrthach langoirt, .1. uaine
aduathmar aith goirt ailtnidi, .1. ruad rogoirt romor co srothaib nemi. Slöbi tened dermari didiu and. Clöthi clerga romora rin-
52 t-2 srulli
daithi iarnaide and-side, siat comdlutlti comremro comrindaithe
(1) R. ArxrNSoN, The Passions and the Homilies, p.
it u.i t :.
whips in i.,them u'hit l. the fierv ri:.
co ndracaib co
fo, barr cech oenchlt'ti co mbaidfed
.
-
"Great SeaS". 51 4 Mara möra To this B adds the adjectives nemnecha tuilbrena "poisonous, putrid ".
5L 4-5 ina mbi aidde 7 aittreb diabuil do grös the abode and dwelling of the Devil forever". Instead of this clause, B has
.
-
freezing, with hail like fiery rocks".
comarda, co ndrücht neme
i
ennt(tri,
'
uisce duib dor,'|i, sonous streanl. ,: B makes r-ar',,
7
The streanr ,i
513.
m
..
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-lod e 'tuea;1s {mous B 'a.lg Jo rueoJ}s 8,, DtpJop qlnp a)stn qrurs 'aqywnu qruJS 'aplvlq)aus qrurs ,paun1 qrurs Z-T, Zg '.,ua>1ods oAtsr{ a.^e qJrq.^e Jo saJrJ snorJEA
aq} Jo surBaJ}s aq}
puB sauols arBq aql uodn'llaq sialler lurnq Jo lsoturar{}au snournr {uroolfi {>1otus daap InJurnou lsBA {rBp {JEIq aq} puB slllrt {-rar; aq} o}ul uar{} q}I.{e ie.^.\.e trleq} rBaq ir,{t }Bq} ralJv'apnllllnul alqqEr slq qll.^[ ar{}'sl }Brl}'srrruaua II^afI iiur,(pun asoql slslJ pue spuer{ aq} q}Eauaq e{Etu srauurs Jo aq} Jo IInI arE ,uorlearl Jo slnos
aql
qJrr{.^e uor}B}uetuEI 1ee"rF
IIE puE'luaureurrlJ eql puB'suorlellalsuos eql puB,uareaq Jo srBls aql puv '{lsno,rauF puB {1ra11rq IIE^(\ puB }noqs puB {arrqs puB }no itc fr,{} lBr{} os'-r,{l uodn sdrqu {rary ar{} .itd ,(aq1 :srauurs eql Jo slnos eq] uo las {..11 rIJIrl,\\ uaql r{}l,\\ spunoq Fur>1ur1s .^&BJ-JIBq puB 'spueq rlaq} ur sdrq.u irar; per a^Er{ {aq+ : IIaq go sqldop aq} o}ul uraq} q}1.{,\ +1 Ferp Ar,{l uaq.^A '1nos ssal{cnl eq1 punoJe }no sarm suouap aql Jo lsor{ alqe.redruocur }sEA aqJ 'plJo.A§ aloq.&\ aq} Jo ueur aq} urnq puB u.^A,oJp plno,^& slrBu esoql Jo auo lsnf Jo uosrod eql ]ErIl os'lleu r{DEe Jo }urod aq1 uo uosrod;o dolp E r{}l^\,Fuo1 {11enba'dreqs {11enba'>[rlr{l .(11enba'aso1c illenba urar{} Jo .araql slrBu uoJr palurod pal IIE leatF aJE aJaqI .aJeql arlJ Jo surelunoru aFnq are erar{J 'uosrod Jo sureeJ}s q}l.tl arlJ lsEA ra}llq.(ppnt'arlJ Furllnc qsrBq d-reqs alqrrral uaatF
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{JRIq : arIJ Jo spul{ }uaraJJlp JnoJ q}1.^,\ oBas }Eqtr ur sra}s -uoru Jar{}o snorJEA r{111\\ osauBru ,(rar; qllÄ\ suoFe"rp qll^AN,, 'ututnßplDr or ltCIwnra-u paual ou qru)qlors toJ oqtapsrcl Dunttol qrunal roJ ur\h 6rum7qn 6ru7m7nru Truqtmw DUq)nLU qreqropnLpp qtrputrap qrururcp qruq)rop qwqnp qruuuafiu t L qlpllual qtar)ou)
.6nn1stn)saop
'l' uts-DpqrUururau Duo) L nuut qruttn76 qruruol lnqDlp ruupu gJ q)op)ad nu DuuvutuD 7nry6-op rtpwrap nqnfr1\nnu op ll,1p nn pu! L lurutpurrlJ L Dpurylpat L arunr opuar DUDI IDS! sn)o .7no6 -(Uas N pltnfru ot L Wnryn-u ot L 7or1tat6u ot L 7ann6u ot ,qlntoJ uls-aptlu4 71a6mts Du pautmJ o) 'qmptad ou qrupuoutu\ roJ uürn-u o)! nno nuarquUl Dtnoqp\ utot L oal qruuryn t qwnual qru\np qr76rus o) purlh ururuopnJ t utyutuo ut oq 7a6utnn7 o) '6ruu7t1taJun-u utDruuo uotilt nutilap DJnaJtp JtputJdp frgls \atrybu o3 'ap!s-q!p !,tp tll,ar runu qn uerupl ut nril pafinol o) I9I
'.(>1rot i{>1ours lrli
,
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-rop qnp '!p!Dlo.r ! 1,"
puE r{srErl
[s
t]
r{ } .;
,
-
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:
Dl1rt1 'l
-qlnJq DUaJq
palunBq-Jalsuour -.. aql Jo slnos a{t
e
I r i:: .
Jo saJeur peJ .3ur i.i.r' .,'
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- z- t' I g
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..
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-
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THE vrsloN oF ADON,INAx : NorES
162
and the stream of water the epithet domilis "ill-tasting", while the snowy stream becomes a sruth snechta slrruad co leccaib oigreta "enduringly red stream of snow with icy stones" and the poisonous stream a sruth neme marbthaigi "stream of lethal
l,
)t
poison".
54 Flere
Y
again adjusts the text
to fit the context of
Echtra Chlöirech Coluim Chille: instead of the soul of Adomnän being brought back to the land of the saints, we are told that "They are borne then to the land of the saints" (Berair didiu iad-sin co tir na naem); and instead of the instructions to the
soul of Adomnän at the end of the paragraph the text reads
rad: "Eirgid aris cusna corpaib c6tna asa tangabar 7 indisig..." "...they heard the angelic voice saying to them:'Go again to the same bodies from which you came, and relate..."', etc. After this paragraph, Y's copy of Echtra Chleirech Coluim Chille contains no further material ...ad-chualadar
in guth ainglecda
'ga
56
-
t it,- r-'>r ---
\ -
: r
.'-t. \
l'l'll'
'
,: :..-
r
Plr :'lr,l---
1,,!'lti.\/ltr,l. -f
i
lirst r" -' '.r\t: u rit.. .. hc
drawn from IrA.
l.'111\\'l) ul '-'
54 s as-comla. The range of variants is difficult to interpret here. In emendirg to as-comla, I have conjectured that CIs- was lost through scribal inadvertence at an early stage, giving a corrupt reading best preserved in O ; that t Q ref lect an attempt to reinterpret this phrase, perhaps as con-rüala "ascended " ; and that B had the perspicacity to restore the original verb, albeit in a univerbated form. Cf. asar escomla at line 6
tt'ratisc [), i,] ot)t,l)t,',
below.
"the voice of the angel". 54 s guth ind aingil guth here reads da O an aingel "the voice of the two angels". Nothing earlier in the text, in O or in any of the other il{SS, has suggested that Adomnän's soul was accompanied b"v two angels: a.n da here is presumably a garbling of earlier ind. 55 A striking historical error is present in this paragraph, in that Finnechta F ledach died in 695, two years before the assembly at Birr where the law of Adomnän was enacted. That the king of Ireland presiding over the occasion was Loingsech mac Öeng,rsso is evident from the u,itness list of Cain Ad-omnain itself , and also from the accompanying N{iddle Irish
.:
"ittttl u'itr) i-. t'ltisitt! ll t.. The ('on
sct'ilrrrl
sli1,
lrortion
r-rt
[:.\.
58 firi: l clllperor
;i
(,,,1i--
(1) Ii. llr .,. ^ldunu7un.
,
( r),
,
-
(itrat'arrtor I..p" 196-1!); (2) Thus I-[luncl, Dultlin The lri.sh Lr i, (3
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r)
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Lour-ain
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g 'd 'ünllso .f (f)
-tsap)g :puDprl Jo frtoTstg frpng aW rcJ sattnos aqloÄsNNEX ..iI
'U 6-06 'd '966I srred - urEAnoT .ztJlod attoTnötndsg:|'nu\Ji ap atJDNoÄsuycJNocl ECr .Ä (S) lulas 'Il aull '09 'd 'uDtnuDpv Jo aJru qsUI aqJ 'utDUtilDpV nqpg't{rvrtf 'd - rrrssuaH .tr{ :T,E-ZT,.d ,gI6I ullqn(f ,puDl g 'uaxcvg .l{ .f :lOOOg-gg06t TT snqJ k)
-atJ Jo slDUuV fitnTuaubatg
,E 'gl--gL, d '(zsot) | Dltrad ,,,169 orü)uruopv ulp'Jo
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AqJ,, YFICYH3NNOHCI IN 'I{ 'JC :8T PUE 8 'd '906I PJOJXO 'UDUIITDPY Jo mD.I aql uo astloary qsUI-plO uV .utputilopv ult)J ,uaruy,q .X (f)
I{slJI alppllt o'UI',: -utopv u!t)3 Jo tsl \\ qeas8uloT sE.\\ frr i-
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'1urod slql +E FuruulFaq 'V,.{ lo uorl-rod IEUIJ aql qll^n.r sapnlsuoc 'uorssrrusuEr+ s+l ur Ä1;ea dllr leqrrcs E 01 onp 'uepua;g aJIT aq+ Jo ,,aJOurs\-L, Jo uorsnlsuos aqJ ',,lodsog aql Jo Fursre-r
aql }E urlq o1 drqspuarrJ-lnos rlaql plal,( o1 pasn or{,^& puB,, lryqrrnl Dl gp aulprtotpwuo-u D srulruanJ ou L ?-S gg
-
'(J OZll ') F"rnqz-rn6 Jo snnros pl^ECI auo {q ua}}IJ.^.\ uaaq aAEI{ o} pasoddns n)tJlDd otnTn6md aO asr}EaJ} e sE.^A.'pa.t;asa"rd sr allll aq+ Ä1uo r{tlr{,^(\ Jo ,asaq1 Jo uaou{ lsarlJBa ar{} :v,4 uBr{} JaIEI puB 6puBIaJI aprs}no ua}}rJ,&\ s}xa} ur Jncco s,{3rJ}Ed o} sasuaJaJal }SJIJ AqJ IIE ,,Ä;o1BF-rnd }ulBS,, '(r) (Arnluac qlJla,lrl alEI) .(ar11eg Jo 'H Jo tntrwd tpuos otrol -nfrtnd ap snwpuq oq+ ur lures ar{} o} pa}nqlJ}}E ,,asrpered Jo slqFrlep aql Jo osrruo.rd aq+ "'pue'llaq Jo sluaturo+ aq+ Jo rorra+ aq},, Furu;acuoc Furqceard aq+ 01 Jelrrurs Furqlauros slsafiFns Furp-ro.tr s,Vd !>1cu1e4 lules Jo Furqcea;d lecrFololer{Jsa aq} Jo lunoccB lsarlrBa aql aFpal,rou{ Äur 3o }saq aq} 01 sr slr{J gg ',,slcllJuoo pue salpeq o+ul oF o1 pasn uaruo.^(\ puB uaur +Er{} .(11enba sr }l 'pasod*l sE,\(\. u_Buruopv Jo ,\\EI slql Illun rod,, utpuruopv Ds-tsltpal ut paurllnJ ot qru\nqöuo) t L qruqw) t puw L t{ s46v7 Dttrutn) s7 Jv :ueuruopy Jo ,\NBI ar{} Äq uauro,^.r Jo Furaa-r; aql ur palrelua sBlA. lerl,,le Furureldxa pug
'aulgls pay uos pBl{luno uos aq} sB.^t\. r{rBpald B}r{cBu Jo Jo -ul.{ }Er{} Furlels'araq uor+EruroJur sarlddns g lBuor}rppB '(r) sauols rar{To ur E+qcauu}.{ pue ueuruopy Jo uor}Ercossg aq+ Jo asnBcaq asorB ssallqnop uorsnJuoc ar{J .(,) ,^l}ErrBu
t9r
'',*+w".!t!ftrlr
',
1
S3I, ,\
._-
THE vrsroN oF ADoMNÄx : NorES
164
propagated in the eighth- or ninth-century forgery Constitutum Constantini ('). The legend is recounted in various Irish sources ('): all of these agree with trA in assigni,rg an i*portant place in the narrative to Peter and Paul, a feature already present in the Constitutum Constantini.
first
59
I
i,li/ir.
thirteenth
(6).
and Enoch feel at the thought of the sufferings of the damned (1) K. ZriuNrER, "I)er älteste Tert des Constitutum Constantini" in für Rudolf uon Gneist zum Doktor-Jttbilaum am XX. I'louember I,IDCCCLXXX\711, H. BnUNNER et al., eds., Berlin 1BBB, p. 37-60. (2) PH p. 49-54; K. N,IEvER, "\,Iitteilungen aus irischen Handschriften", ZCP 3 (1901), p. 226-263, at p. 226-227; W. SroNns, "The Annals of 'figernach: Second F ragment A.D. 143-A.D. 361", RC 17 (1896), p. 25; rDENI , Fölire Öengusso Cöli Dö : The Llartgrologg of Oenqus the Culdee, London 1905, p. 46; S. NIe.c Arn:r - G. Mrc Nrocarr-r-, The Annals of Lrlster (to A.D. 1131), p. 21. (3) W. Sroxps, "The Annals of Tigernach: Second F'ragment", RC 17 (1896), p. 15. (4) C. PrssEr, l,a Passion de Pons de Cimiez (Passio Pontii). Sources et tradition, Nice 1977, p.242-213. (5) Ibid., p. 167. (6) Ibid., p. 69 -72.
.
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-
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60-62 These paragraphs describe trlijah and Enoch in paradise; standirrg beneath the Tree of Life, tr,lijah preaches concerning heaven and hell to the souls of the righteous, which are in the form of white birds. Such is the grief that trlijah
t ^.-
-,
I am unaware of any other evidence that the legend
that Pope Fabian baptized the emperor Philip the Arab \ ,'as known in medieval Ireland, although the unhistorical idea that I'}hilip was a Christian, together with a different legend about Fabian, are documented in the Annals of Tigernach(3). The source of the baptism story is a work called the Passio Pontii, which relates that Philip and his son were converted to the Christian faith by the emperor's friend Pontius and subsequently baptized by Fabian : a huge crowd, assembled to celebrate the thousandth anniversary of the foundation of Rome, immediately sought baptism also (a). The Passio has been dated by its editor to the fifth or sixth century (u) ; it is found in some collections of uitae from the eleventh century onward, but its influence on other sources is scarcely visible before the
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'qoq'd le '8tg-q8f 'd '27,61 a8pr-rqure3 'g 'lo^ 'fito1srg poaryal,l afrprtqwn3 aqJ ur ',,apag Jo rlleaq aq+ III1 arnlera+rT pue 6uru.rea1,,'sanvg't{'trt (Z) ',,elxa1 aJlou sed luauourelJao lrESSrEuuoJ eu lutnuunpv sl1 npl .rna1
-fle,'L, :tgt 'd ',,surrFeqc xnap soT,, 'NrJroC 'O lseJluoJ lnq :6gt 'd 'nqd -frnody- p)nqlg qslrl 'lrurrrruyf{ol,{ 'ft - JHssr{EH 'rt :tL 'd ',,trnuLrrvpy uB spJEA\oJ,, 'E'r'rr^r\rnO 'i{ 'C snqJ (t)
sl.{ Jo
la snJnos '(1t7uor1 , ,. '
Ll JU
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aq;'T'rrYOor\
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snbua6l Jo fi6o1o.rfi7rr, I \
IIIA,\NaJ os asnecaq aoJJos slaal aq ]Er{} Furureldxaoaurocla,rn pEIF e InEd uanrF Fur,.teq JaIJE (llrrt|) sdaa.tr asr^Na{rl oq.^,\ 'qEI
-llg uaql pue ! snoalqFl.r aq+ 01 paslurotd spre.{A.ar ar{} a;ouFr iueu os asnecaq (tnqail) sdaa.l,r uaq+ lnq ,.(11ny{ot tulq slaarF oq.!\ 'qcoug slaaru aq aJaH ',,asrpeJed Jo aluF aq1,, ulrllln\ [B.\rJJE ]srlJ s,lnBd Jo llnod ry)uos o!s!t\ ur ]unosJB ar{} puB 'sEulpunorrns rlaq+ Jo ssaulnJSSIIq aql alrdsap auroo o+ rller,^A, aq+ 1E EurrauF 'asrpere6 ur r{)oug pue r{E[llg Jo uorldr;csap s,f/r7 uaaalaq aJuElquasal snor^qo aql : suorlelatdtalur asaql Jo qloq lsureFe sqFra,tr qolqa aouaprla Jala,uoq sr aJor{J '(.) ,,*op -ualsrJr{J uJa}sea o+ sFuolaq {es o} aJES sr }1,, satuef 'U'Hi Jo spJo./lr aql uI 't{cltyvr uoqd{;eode JarlJBa u^\ou{un asr.{A.Jaq}o uE slcalJar Ald8.o +Er{} 'puocas puB :(,).,trrlgo uo }uapuadrp sr VtI ur auacs aq+ 1Eq1 'lsrlJ'paurnsse {11etauaF uaaq ser{ }I 'qtouualulnl wulopu r0ut auutryp r!g) Dq uls 7nru6-op u!o? pul Wt sD urnrDl uvl uI g-g'II § N51gO'J) utnutop u! qrylop op rlqryIap Dq'uts-nqnb ut 1nrub-op "' waQu Duut uuvttruv lot s? tnnrD! uol uI g-V'Zg § qll,u pue :nq7p4 atüruy unuro rD qtssn op[ Dqlors CI W)4 o) g-?'ll § NigO 'Jc Dqryrq aqnDl unuro rD qnsla npJ oqlors lru)4 or t'Zg § r{}l,n : n1fl anta-u o u!o? pu! p)rlvtutilt-ap g-g'Z § ffdgO 'Jc ndtnt ol4 anla -u D ltnuual Z'Zg § q+1,\.r isnptod r poqpq uunrqr oJ Il.{ lZ § lfufgg 'Jc snprDd poqpq uunrq) oJ nq Z-l0g § q1,r : slxa+ aql +cauuoc saouapuodsa;JoJ IBqJaA osolf, ';a.r.oa;o1,,1i'paqrJosap sr (asec slql ur 'slaFue pauroJsuBrl) sprlq allq,t.r Jo {rolJ e o} Furqcea-rd lecrFololerlrsa s,qElttg pue 'asrpe;ed ur q)oug pue qE lllg sE parJr]uapr aJE ,,sA\oJJos oa],, aq] oo] oJoH '.tnolaq pallpa '(^trggg ralJearaq) aLulli DttruLq ugrg p0 lxa+ aql pue Vd Jo uorlcas slql uaa.^N+aq uorloauuoc e {lsnor,tqo sr aJaqJ '(g'tg § tatatu DtltDl.l ugJq pp) ,,ualear{ Jo uropFur>1 aq} Jo s,ANoJJos o..t,\} aq},, {r,{+ }Rr{} }uauaFpnf }sE.I aq} Jo srorroq aq} pue pallEs are
q9r
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aI{J,, 'ss>rorq '^\\ : _:--
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uI ,.,lulluElsuo')
r -'
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pauurep aq] Jo siu: [llg ]Er{l }ar.r; ', q
;
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rlJIr{,u'snoa1116r.r l)rr::
-red ut qcouq
li
-uoc saqcEa.rd
11r:
.
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aql aroJaq alqrsr \ ,; 'p;e,ttuo {tn }u J,) ri - ' punoJ sl 1,1 :(") -i.nr, uaaq sBL{ ?tsst )d . oaurog
.
:
Jo uor+ts1)rr r'i
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I
l
o+ pa+JaAuoJ a.ra.\\ .. \ otssod ar{} pallE.) y: '(r) ttnunfrtl Jo r/i, . puaFal luaraJJrll |r ' . . Bapl lBf,rJolsrqrrn . aq} drlru,t ^
-
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r
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166
TFrE
vrsroN oF ADoN{NAx: NorES
be saved (1). Not only are Elijah and Enoch described as being
sorrowful in both texts, therefore, l:ut the reason for their sorrow is also similar. This contrasts with DBF'h"', where they are said to be sad because they "are in their bodies of heavy bulky clay, and cannot accompany the angels" (atat-som ina corpaib criad tromma cepda 7 atta-röet comaitecht ... na n-aingel; DBf',^ü § 1,6-8).
There would appear to be two consequences of this comparison. First: the idea that trlijah and Enoch are "the two sorrows of the kingdom of heaven" does not derive f rom a lost eastern apocryphon but rather from Visio Sancti Pauli, a work whose currency and influence in medieval Ireland are well known. Second: inasmuch as the account of the "tw'o sorrows" in ItA resembles the source more closely than does that in DBITI)/, the former cannot be dependent on the latter; rather, the close verbal correspondences which link the texts must be due to l)BFl/'s having based its opening and closing paragraphs on a version of IrA. Other aspects of the scene can be compared with other Irish texts. In Tenga Bithnüa § 73 describes the "birds of Abuaidi" as singing three songs, the last of which describes the end of the world, the punishments of hell, and the glories of heaven: "if the race of Adam heard the song of those bird-flocks, there would not be joy or pleasure af ter thet, ceased listening to them, but grief and longing and sorrow until they died of lamentation"; while the section on trees describes the Tree of Life in paradise (§ 51) and a flock of white talking birds in a tree near Mount Zion (§ 53) ('). Similarl,v-, the earliest version of the voyage tale Immram Snödgusa 7 Maic Riagla (for which a date early in the tenth century has been proposed (3)) describes an
62 7 in ltt'i,t I cannot t,\: fem. noun in .. at § 33,5 alr,,r.-
63 Het'e (). dan in E"Q' . i.
.
,
ll \ in i will judge th. ,. of a cro\\-r) "\\ just Judge" ( ) ' I'eminiscent
thg
:
begin
n
.
!,)
(1) SrrvpRSrFrN Hlr-HoRSr, Apocalgpse of PauI, J. K. Errrorr, The Apocrgphal lr.'eut Testament, p. 628. (2) J. Crnnv, 1n Tenga Bithnua. The Euer-new Tongue,
p.
112-113
;
Iudex); u-h i 1r . "many er-il t h -: :
cf
.
p. 155-161, 191-
i
193.
secundum oprrt
(3) T. O. Crexcv, "Subversion at Sea. Structure, Style and Intent in the Immrame", in The Otherworld Vogage in trarlg Irish Literature. An AnthologA of Criticism, J. M. WooorNG, ed., Dublin 2000, p. 194-225. at p. 222-223; arguments for a date "of c. A.D. 1000 rather than c.900" in K. MuRRAv, "The Voyaging of St Columba's Clerics", in The trnd and Begond, p. 761-823, at p. 764-765.
(1) Ibid., p. ,r, p. 88. (2) CreNC\'. tLr
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sreadde ase;rqd IEuIJ aql o1 punoJ a^Eq I qalq,{e 1a11ered }sa -solJ aqJ '(g'Z suUuroü 'LZ'gT maqnDIN 'JO isnta nnclo unpun)as snutruo1 ru Teppe.r) ,,s)tro,&\ slq 01 SurprocJB rulq {ed {eu proT or[],, ]Er{} Lulq lsureFe (opru n11nru) ,,s8urq1 II^a ,(ueru,, ouop sBrl or{,r auo Jo saledrcl}ue aq w asra^ ur allr{.^(\ : (xepn1 sn?snt alp erul ut snunilo7 ll!il ?oppar wonb) ,,aFpnp lsnl aq+ '{ep }Bq} ur aru arrF IIIA pJoT ar{} rlolrl^ln,, u.^A.oJJ E Jo 8 asral ur s>1eads InEd ',,peap aql pue Fur.trl aq+ aFpnl ttt^ or{.\\,, }slJrlS Jo uor}Esolur uE r{}l,r taldeqc aq} EuruurFaq : frttt -otrllJ Z Jo ,raldeqc qpnoJ aI{} ur saserqd ouros Jo }uaJsrurruar lualxa ouros o1 sr Furp;o,r,r ar{J '}xa} qslrl s, qdetFe"red aq} Jo apnlrul ,s0sE ur uBp
srsEq ar{} ruroJ rIOIr{^\ saFessed ul}ET o^\}
-uaJg Jo ,,aJIT }sJId,, aql
o] uorsnlJuoJ aql puB ,O aJaH tg 'aloqe q'tt § +E
arpaqlruln ul uorssncsrp aql 'Jt iasetqd slql ur unou 'uraJ Jo 'Fs 'ue8 e aroJaq ut Furlrual-uou Jo asn aq+ ureldxa +ouuBr I oTdanotcl
ut
T,
Zg
'v,.t lo roqlnB aql Jo suorlednJcoa-rd aql paqslBru aAEr{ oslB plno.&\ puE 'palBIJUos Furaq suorldrrssap o.^(\l asaq] o1 pal aAEr{ plnoc qe[llg pue qcoug Jo pue {rolJ-prrq aq} Jo s}uno)re aq} .(J
ur luaururo;d sr qrlqa arrraq+ lecr8ololerlosa aqJ ltr.f l Vi Jo +xa} palBlodtalur uE sapnlsur 'pa1ou {peatlB sB 'asaq1 ;o auo inarlrur ueqtunlos e ur pacnpo.rd {11uapr.ta uar{} Jo IIE ,suors -JAA IEJAAaS
ur
SAATAJnS qCIq,{&
+xa} telndod E
sE,^
.
nsn|paug
ttruJtrrutl 'V,t q auacs aql ur +uasa"rd aJE qJlq,\r sluatuala ar{} Jo IIE lsorulB pulJ a,\A. araH'qJrnqr lted puB aceled lted sr qrlru!\
ploqFuorls e ur salnr (poO {tqeunsatd) ,,Frl{ a}lq^e,, e prlrl} E uo allq,{(\ llsrtqclluy r{}l,\(\ uor}E}uorJuor lecrFolo}Br{rsa rlaq} Furlre.ue 'qE fllg pue rlcoug are puEISr raqloue uO .(,) .apls rlor{} u^rop s.^(\olJ poolq II}un ssar}srp ur sFur.tr rlaq} }Eaq sprlq ror{}o aq} }sEI slq} }B :(nq\ruq nlax) ,,}uoruaFpnp }noqB sarro}s,, pue 'lslll3 Jo aJII aql 'uorlee;c aq+ aroJaq spaap s, po3 Frl -uJacuoJ uar{} o} saqcea"rd oq,\\ 'sFur,tn Ja^lrs pue pear{ uaploF E r{}l^\ prlq a}lq^e B sr rapBal rlaqJ 'aar} 1ea"rF e ur saqctad {colJ-prlq plpualds aq},, rlslr{^(\ ul puEISI ,,ua^Eaq Jo ureld aq+ Jo
t9 -
L9t
puo pug aLlJ ur
:
".s. ,,006 ') ueq] .raqln.i lB '9,7,2-V6l'd 'utt,; uv 'arnl0raltT qslrl lualuI puB al.(+S '-
,
'
'Jr :ttt -Z1 'rl ':,)
,
uE saqrJosap ((,1 1 .. alBp e I{JIq.\\ .rol I i aI{} JO u0rsJa^\ }sJr'. aaJl e ur sp.rr(l -t: t, aJIT Jo aarJ rrl+ i.. -urEI Jo palp .ia11l :
01 Furualsrl pJsn-. aJaI{J os>lcolJ-p.rrr
.-.
[
: UAAEAq JO S JI.il i Jo pua aq] SJ([I.I ,.
,,lplBnqY Jo s l).r r i r{slrl raq}o q}l \\ I Fursolc pue
slxol
aq+
.
3u r u.-,
{ull
i
rl
I ta11e1 aq] uo 1ri.,' saop uet{} .(1asr,1 o41,, aq+ Jo ]ri r'. aJE puEIaJI Its \,rll,. 'nnDcl tpuls /r7 r..- \ e IUOJJ AAIJJI) ],,.. \ O,\§.1 aql ,, JJ E t{.-tl -. --. -tuoJ slr{} Jo s,),,.. .' :
-ul0-u au "' lq),)l.i i .:" tuos-7n1n) ,.sl.rFti,
{.teaq Jo sarporl ..r.-, Ärql rraq.\\ '^\-{[1/ 1 JIaq+ JOJ
uOSr?J.r
_
Ji
Furaq sE paqr.rJS,rli
z9-09
-
.
S3Ir
.r.
THE vISIoN oF ADoI,INÄx: NorES
168
in an Irish work, the pseudo-Isidorian Liber de ordine creaturarum: here it is said of Christ that " he gives eternal punislrments to the impious, eternal rewards to the just" (impiis aeternas poenas, iuslis aeterna praemia reddit (')). A similar formula appears in the credal statement at the beginning of the canons of the Sixth Council of Toledo (638), which refers to Christ quem etiam uenturum in finem expectamus seculorum ut
:. ['ll
,r
- I rr r'- , i i t-, --
i
I
I
.ltl_
t,s -')
I
t
quum resurrectionem omnium aequissimo suo iudicio redditurum i usli s praemia et inpiis poenas ('2).
63 r beite. F or this curious use of the old relative form in a non-relative clause, cf. beti fi, i fuilib de "men will be bloody on his account" (LL BB36) ('). Contrast beit at § 64,5 below. 64 z forsa n-iadfa glas bröithre Dö "upon which will be fastened the lock of the word of God". A similar image figures in the eschatological tract Scöla Lai Bratha:
Iadfaitir and-sin tri" glais na pecthach .i. iadad iffirn tria bith sir forru 7 iadad a sul frisin ndomun dia tartsat grad 7 iadad na flatha nemda friu (LU 2413-2415). "Then the three locks of the sinful will he shut, that is the shutting of hell on them for ever, and the shutting of their e\res on the world they loved, and the shutting of the heavenly kingdom on them (*)."
64 s-+ lucht na döirce 7 na tröcaire "the folk of charity and mercy". This phrase, which also appears at § 1,6 above, is found at the conclusions of other Irish homilies : examples can be found
here has a Lrr..
t'Q
I'el)lirt,
('(ri; ' u'ithout ertr l. .,,, -cen crich.
(1) M. Diaz v f)re.z, Liber de ordine creaturarLtm, p. 88. (2) J. VIvES, Concilios uisigöticos e hisparTo-romanos, IJarcelona Madrid 1963, p.235. (3) C. O'RAHILLv, Tain Bö Cüalnge from the Book of Leinster, Dublin 1967 line
1287
.
I cite the translation of Lr. N{rc; Gli.tnarLr, from his edition in the next volume. As Elizabeth Bot,le reminds me, four " locks of the sinners" (glais inda pecthach) are described in the devotional tract Apgitir Chrabaid: \r. HurL, "Apgitir Chräbaid: The ;\lphabet of Piety", Celtica 8 (r1)
(1968), p. 44-89, at p. 72-73 § 23.
64 7 ^ltlt,tr'
I
har-e
eir-,-.:
called for l,) parallels rr lrrr,,
in war's u-hit'h
(1)
Cf
. Arx
r
r.
:'
'ggf 'd 'sanluoH
aqt puD suotssDd
aq;'NosNrxry .J3 (f) g mlnal ',,.( 1a r cLI , - .ttytfrdy ]JErl IEuoll,,. -uls aq+ J0 sllJ0l.. :: r
';era,trroq 'llnJ ur uarrF aJaq.^& lasec aql aJnssqo qslqa s{e,r ur palBr^arqqE arB sproa arll lelauaF uJ 'palou .(peatle s1a11eted aq+ Äq paurrJuor aser {ue ur sr pue xelu{s aq} {q roJ palleJ aq o+ suraas slr{} sE'sa.trlruaF sE saruBu asaq} uarr8 aAEq I 'ullo!{ n1t.dg L ttary L roqlv L rzg ',,Ja^a puB JaAaJoJ 'uorleurruJa+ +noqlr^(\ ,pua +noqlr,&\ 'fecap 'a8e J?s nqnq oul 'puatnJ uat ,qnn uat lnoqll,rn +noqll,r\,, 'ntqttn ual ua) : JaqTouE r{}I,\N 'sa aFessed slq} aceldat 0rl 'l"red"ralunoc ul+BT e seq araq a8essed rno ur aserqd lsrlJ ar{}.(1uo }Er{} paor}ou oq IIII'I }I '((,) Bg-f
f
saurl
'qlL g7) sllotlunutnq L s!runulnlp apryun AIl ..-/un lag ru\l "'aßap)a unnppu| 'rr aruilun
aq+ ur
ullq
uolllpa srrl rir
no
'J)1sLn;7
:_
.1,,
EUOIAJJEg'S'r)lil,',:-.
'8x
punoJ aq UEJ sa1tlrr.,
'
1B pUnOJ SI 'J^\0r1r: ,'
{1r-reqc Jo
}ll0l .r Lr
.
-
-ranrynad uou rnb run\sapJ
anbsnt4n aruTUn NI "'lx n-ql unro\tdn[sJtp L runn\[oTsoJdo ^u aloltun All "'unrllJour turrrroo runro+)uBs L un\uua\tuad p runur\nn af)Tun Aü "'utnrotnr4ed L runry+eqdotd aruTUn uJ :
s.^NolloJ sE aJE qcrr{,^A' Jo
suor}
-aas ul+BT aql 'qslJl pue ulleT ur acuanbas )ruoJEJEru .(q1fiua1 B Jo pua aql +E auroc sase-rqd asaql 'Hd ruorJ acuelsur puooas aql uI 't6vz-69?z nI u\ puB '\LIg-glIg puB üggt-zggt Hd +e
punoJ aq uE3 aFessed slql o+ slalle-red asolc oaroqe palou sy ',,1lrlds {loH pue uos puB raqlBd ;o ÄlrrrlrJ {lot{ aq} ;o {1run aq} ur 'i1run {tara uBrll rarlJol sr qclqa,(1run aq+ ur'poo Jo uos aq+ Jo,(+luBtunq
pue {1rur.trp aq} Jo uorun aq} ul,, ru}oN o1t1dg L )!al1t L rnqlv altoulrqlwagu ou ptoluag-u ! 'plDluao-u q)n nqsrun s?
ptoluao puls! '?CI )!al1t ultpvuagp L Dfpoap pruruao-u
-^Eaq aql Io 6ur1In rleql Jo Fugl]nrls .-,. -
pDpD! L pprb lt)tl.n. qru DUI ur1Jh ltt)i,:
!p'I np)s ]JE.r] Ilr,,aq III,\N r{Jrr{.\\ ur "\\olJ([
slq u0 {poo1c1
r
(
I'
!'t [
-EIAJ-UOU E tI I tU..
-
I t -g Vg
'(sor z-z6vz n7 : 68 zL-gBZL '6LTgLLtg 'gzog-vz|g 'vlgt-tqgt HA .(1ruua aql Jo ,(1run aql '(T,6VZ-16VZ n7 : tttg ,tqgt-Zqgt Hd) {1run {;a.r.a ueq} rar}Jol sr }Erl} {1run aq} ur ( t l.Ig-gZIg 'Zggt Hcil uos oq+ Jo r(guetunq pue {1rur.rrp oq} Jo {1run aq} ur '(?t'gz ll1t 'Jr :ggVZ n I '7BZL Hd) pueq lqFlr s,po3 \B +as arB : pJE.{A.aJ leura}a rlaq+ o} snoalq8u aq} Jo Furuotuurns aql ^rql sr lxaluo) aql 'a;aq sE 'saruelsul a^lJ IIE uJ .(Ogf U-B gVZ n7) otilprg It)I DlpS ur pue 'gBZL, ,(saptonrasnil o1 Furpuods -auoa) ILIg 'Qlsn! o+ Furpuodsauoc) 0Z0q ,t7gt-ZTgt Hd +e ,
urnJnllppal ot)tpn
ln
wnJoln)aS
.t
.
StttLt t / |
o+ sraJal qJIq \\
'( x
aql Jo Furuur.oqacl -JoJ rEIItuls
\. '((
I
Jir -
t;,,'
sttdwt) ,,1sn[ Jq] r,*
-,
-und IBuJJ]J s;.rri -nlDAJ) AUIpJO ap
/.'vg - tg
69r
.l t ,; .'
_-
S3Il r
770
THE vrsroN oF ADolvINAx: NorES
they appear as nominatives (Athair O, L[ac Qu, Spirat lixm vel sim. OtrBQ"). I have chosen not to follorv these readings as they all appear in O and/or the "Brendan group" : an assemblage which comprises almost all of our witnesses for the text at this point, but all the same a tightly interrelated subset in the stemma as a whole. saeculorum. 65 1-3 Ailim U here substitutes an extended passage of its own: Is amlaid iarom ata in chathir-sin.i. flaith cen üaill, cen dium'
mus, cen goi, cen öcnach, cen diupert, cen taithlech, cen gres, cen ruci, cen mebail, cen mölacht, cen tnüth, cen mördataid, cen teidm, cen galar, cen bochtai, cen nochtai, cen dith, cen dlbad, cen chasir, cen snechta, cen gaith, cen flechud, cen deilm, cen toraind, cen dorche, cen üardataid; flaith üasal adamra arerda, co suthi, co soilsi, co mbolud tiri latn, hi fail arer cech mathiusa
"Thus, then, is that city, i.e., a kingdom without pride, without arrogance, without falsehood, without slander, without fraud, without atonement, without insult, without disgrace, without shame, rvithout ignominy, without envy, without haughtiness, without plague, without disease, without poverty, without nakedness, without destruction, w'ithout ruin, without hail, without snow, without wind, without wetting, without tumult, rn,ithout thunder, without darkness, without cold; a lofty wondrous pleasant kingdoffi, with eter-
nity, with radiance, with the fragrance of an abundant land, in which there is the enjoyment of all that is good".
In this translation I have understood suthi as an error
for
suthaine "eternity" (probably abbreviated as sulft-i in the exem-
plar). Other possibilities would be suithe "erudition", which would not involve emendation but would seem less appropriate in this context; and an otherwise unattested *suithe "fruitfulness", an abstract noun derived from suth "fruit, offspring".
DÄts
THE T\4IO S(
Äsrrv3 NHof Äq
.(-reluaururoS pue 'uorlelsuErI
'uolllpg 'uorlcnpoJluI
NgAVgH JO I loccNrx gH.t Jo s/yloutros SIAIIN VH.IVTJ NOUg
o/[.t gH.t ya
',,Fut;dsJJo ']r n.i -
-lnJllnJJ,, aqlnts'*
I
-.-
alet;do-rdde ssrl Ti. I{3ltl1lt',,uol}IIrn.rr. -uraxa aq+ ul l-ll//t JOJ JOJJA
'
.
-
UE Sll ,i il,-r
.
',,poooa sl l,
'pue[ ]uBpun([r? ri r]
-
-
'ssau>1-rep ]noqll§ '; lnoqll&'pu1^r ]r1r,Lr -, -qll.&\'uorlrnJls)l -
-t{ll^rt. 'asEJSIp }11l..
'^i.tua lnoLllr^\\ 'i -slp lnoqlr,\\ ']111:
-
:
:
-t{1,1,tn.';apuels }ril1,'' +noq+r^\\ llri t-
'aptrd
Dsntqlour qJa) .rd.r,l) ..
'npnla nJuDpt) ltt..i ua, 'utnap uaJ '1l/i l; 'pDqlp ua, 'Lllp ri.l ua, 'plnWpJoLU Lr).t '.: 'satfr ua, 'qtalqllt,i ,. -unlp ual '11tnt,t u t ' r,
-
:
u.\\o
sll
-
l
J
uI lasqns palRIa.r.r.r -.: }xa1 aq+ JoJ sassJtrtl., -urassE uE
: ,.dIto.t
sB sFurpea-r asaq]
ua!{
1nt1dE
'oö
F ,. \\
,
-
,,t,[ \'
S3Il
..'.
Jo
{oog aq} Jo dn-aye1,,q pue
'6-L'd 1e 'It-1 sldr-rog aq+ uo
'd
'(gg
6l) L m4p7
',,;a1sura1
se}oli,,'Ny.\r-r'r;lS,O'^\\ k)
'6t-11 'd
1E
'lt-L1 'd'6002 ullqnq ''spa'xorrrrydzLtC'S r{yHcNrNr{o3'g aW Jo sarnsoaq ur ,,iourra,T pue uEJa.I
'fimtqt7 fiuapnty qsUI pfrog
'elouilleg 'eurer{r{ I^1 Jo s{oog aq+ pue arqrunq Du rnqqna7:puaFal pue aJoT Jo suorlelrdtuo3,,',rauv3'f aas uorssnJsrp JarJq E JoJ i79 aqr-rJs eql
;o Ä1r1uäpl rr{} Eurpre8är }uäruaa"r8esrp auros uaäq strq äraqJ 'tLL-lgl"d '(Z16I) g nl;F ',,arpli1l Eu roqa'I Jo lducg aql uo sa+ofi,, 'rssg 'I 't{ (t)
'q^9I-q,9I 'loJ oI 'loA :lrltlg0 'uoururoJsot{ 'oJ ur ,(lqrssod 'OVVT ') uallrJ^§ 'urnJotsnbng snovll Jaq!1 ar{} sE uaou{ '(gm) q-D Bt O gA '{uapecy qslrl 'ullqnq o lerog 'zLl-l l_1, suurn -lor:AJrIg.O'q8lstqg rl.{ oetr{ ESoI EIIoIO {q I6tI'C'y ua}}rr.^.r uorlcas e ur sreadde lxa+ rno'p,(nqT pre.{&pg {q taqlaFol punoq sldr;csnueru Jo uorloalloc e '.unca7 Jo )toog mona^ aql sE o1 parraJar Ä1asoo1 '(gf'A'H) gLgt 'aFa11o3 ilrur-rg 'ullqn6l Ä ',IBZ-nggZ 'd : N.aIgO '(r) ,qrrcs slq Jo ro '(0gIt palp) areplrx Jo doqsrq 'uretu-ro5 Bil pul.{ Jo }Br{} raq}ra : i po}Eu -Frsap uEArllnS,O 'A& r{clrl,\& puer{ aq} ur sr N1I1O Jo {doc s,-I 'saqrras raqlo puE sselF{rral Jo uurer{}rulr3 craur JBru pay iq l0ZT-ZglI 'C'y ') ual+rr,.l.r 'nytq6uoq)o{1N ou rvqaT ro rasuru7 6ggt 'aFa11o3 {1ruu; 'ullqncl T
Jo 1oog aql sE u,&\ou{
'(gt'7il
'(snoleqdace)
'd '(,) 'I 'tI {q arrnl{ Iagr\l sE parJr}uapr 'SI-,II :AIdg.O +sag aql Jo {roa aq} sr AJTISO Jo Ädoc s,n 'g0II palll{ '}r{Jogru Eu uurnS JrEru JrEr{Jal '7ry aqrros puoras
ur
asroutBruuols +E
-l?3 reru arrnr{
Iagtr{ü
Jo }Erl} sr spuer{ aq} Jo auo i atpt2tl DU g gG 'Äuapecy qslrl 1e,(og 'ullqnfl
roqaT se u.&\ou{ '(OaAf) gA
n
: sldr;csnuEur Fur,uol
-loJ ar{} ur palrasa;d sr (rlfrfgg ralJearar{)
sldr"rcsnuetrtl
aulN Dqqlg ugrg
t?O
'I
NOI.'TCN(IOUINI
17
1
THE Two soRROws oF THE KTNGDoM oF HEAVEN
F Duhlin, Royal Irish Acadeffiy, 23 E, 29 (1134), known as the Book of Fermog ; our text occurs in a section of the manuscript written in the middle of the { §th century by several scribes under the patronage of David son of Maurice son of John, one of the Roches of Fermoy. DBFAI: p. 114^-115b.
a
2.5 l), t ,).,)-+
\-l_r rr.. irt { .: o(,'il l. ttt I ,i :, .. lir' ... \-l_(.r
3.1 ,).,)
Paris, Bibliothöque nationale de France, Fonds celtique no. 1: a composite manuscript; the section containing DBFli was written c. 1473 by L'illiam Mac an Leagha. DBEN: fol . )ivrt-28'b.
.
1.8
:
,
la
9.2
I'-
Irrlt'1,r:..
II.
Sternrna
9,5
The close textual connection between § 1-2 and § 11 in DBFlrr and § 60-62 in F'is Adomnain (hereafter trA) is crucial to an understanding of the interrelationships of the manuscripts of the former. As rn'ill be argued in greater detail in Section III below, the author of DBF'I/ has taken the striking vignette of trlijah's preaching in Paradise from the end of FA, has modified it in accordance with his own ideas, and has then used this as a frame for the description of the Last Things which is l)BF'l/'s real subject. If fA is in fact one of DBF'Ä,'s sources,
then the testimony of the manuscripts of DBIrl,{ can
at
ll,2
acirt
12,3 12,1 12,5
tt'ilr .-.: hli. T j
:
-
-
-
clo-tir, \- l- ( I ,.
There are
FY, rvhere
1,2
:
1,3 1,3
be
their agreement w'ith IrA. Thus f-l can be seen to agree u,'ith ItA against the other N{SS: 2,7 nti fo chrunn bethacl i pardus t'A (§ 60,1-2) Höle co ' mbi fo chrund bethad hi pardus I-I Ds. töit didiu ptl co mbi fo chrund parduis F-YLOQ
assessed on the basis of the degree of
I .- \'.
:
..
:
-'
2,3
:
2,6
:
3,6-7
:
On the other hand, FYLOQ can agree with Fä against L':
11,5-6:In tan iarum is iat oc eroichill laithe brätha IrA ,, In tan iarum as iat ina airichill F-YLOQ
lli.r;i
-r'.1r
4,8-9:
-
5,2 5,3
There are also further points at which readings unique to Li are unlikely to reflect the exemplar. Instances are the frequent addition of the particle danö; omission of the phrase Is trummu a maith, necessary for sense (§ 5,2-3); addition of the phrase co mbiat and-sin tria bithu sir (§ 10,2); and the additional material on Antichrist in § 12 (see note ad loc.).
6,2 9,,1 9,9 9,9
Of the other MSS, F frequently shares readings with tl which do not appear in the other witnesses
70,2 11,3
:
13
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
nitll!'
,to;er&ffi$'$r
i: .:i tiirriiili1?ti+iihr,:
j,
l
--
Ädl:l pul (f.{ qceqlcad
'ÄCi) ut
fi1uo staaddo
bor IIg 'sn Äc:) Ilrarals uI öOf qrrqrre-u I 's/l Ä.{i} qrrqrre ra}a §Of uraJJr-u r rnJ 's/? r{pB}rBc) pnurors grr q}p puraJJI ellror-}B
Eu 's(? Ä,{
reuueurue-u Bu i}
0or puerrrue-rr Eu
'Luo
Ä
öf
bt)
'
z'01
: : i .
: :
§Of 'uto ÄCi) arrepu I -l r{rle§ '.s/r ÄC rlo n rloq
0O
r{}lES
o
r{}leru Ip qure
-l
:
:
q}leru gp rug 'sd t 'uro Ä.{ rt}leru v 0O r{}lerls -I qrle§ 'sn Ä.{l rlo §Of 'ruo ÄCi) agn cggp 0O (O uueru< >E ueruuu-u Eu pulc JR 'sfl
-u) uueruue-u Eu uurJ
EJE
'I
qrBpuBruuBr{ EusJoJ
d
r{qrnuurTuruB-u EroJ
O '6rru
ur prBrol 'sd Äc puroillc ur rffi3 i) urerulel
roJ 'so i)
0f
l1]la Eu
:
'uto
Cn
i)
'fian!
O plqtu ESEI'IÄ lBlqtu ESBI'sa.{:} }EIquI gro bOf f 'uro .{n al}tu r"{rer ur
ESBI
tI T.II
9'Z
:
.\ r{}l.u sFurptsJ.r \
-alBrr lBuorlrpl)lr -.' o, asetqd aq+ l() r: nulurn4 sI ase.rq,-i --,-
_
-
il
o? anbrun
s8r:
r:
öO'IÄC IIItlJt.uI-r ; lsulB.oart
r./
o3 IIg ntptp ]Bj
oJ al?H (Z-I't-l!r
v'zl
r.
-
'
.-
.
\
l
i
:ssHI raqlo rrl] ].r,. 'Y,{ q}l,\,\ aq UEJ o
sac;nos
sr r{Jrr{,^(\ s
pasn uaql
-potu
sBq
Jo aJlru8l^t
III 9,ZI E,ZI
uorlcas rrl
Jo sldr-rcsnuBur
uE
o1
I
t{tgo
EIJNJ J
UI
II
§
g'6 'q,BZ-q"!.2 'loJ : \--1,!j,
^
-llJ,\(\ sE,\A ^\'lrgo -l:e : [ 'ou anbllpr sl,l.' : ' !l:auo 'uqof Jo I-ros .r, ... saqrros IBra^as ir1 i. 1dr-rcsnueur aq+ Io lr aq] sE u,\eou{ '(f [.t i
:
g't v't
borr
L
vd Btll9rq rqlllri :il
L-9't
t'z
:
0'I
g'l t'l
0 qlrarqur
0orr uros-le8ryr{}-op
§Off ro 'so .{:) sgq (.{ 'frani ul8 EIr}
EqlgJ pul
Z,II
2,6
0 uueral EIrJ O puBrod IrJ -I purerod IrJ Ä puBroc E< >J 'so c uuBrod EI 3 purBrod EI
'uro
uepv\q'ur q)lep L -llq alltu qrrapu Eu: f-t't n nrprns rEI 'so .{:} urs rer : g'Z O urFrns ;er
i]
n(a
6'6
v'6
z'9
t'g z'9
:6.8.F
i
assoc
purBrr{J ur raqJ
o
'tuo qqlnunqtule] (f eu-ro;) EroJ : ÄC bOf BICI 'so i) 'ruo ÄC /slrJ :
O '6aru
ErE -I rlllrqtu ErB 'sfl f] 'uto Ä qllrqtu e .{ q}rarqtu e '. -(-t (, :[Ot 's^ (luasqe sr .(uourlsa] s,il aJaqa 'Äd ro) Ä.{.-} Jo }uauaatFe aq} Jo saoue}sur IEJaAas oslB aJE aJaqI
tuoas-lrera] 'sd C quos-l1eqFerql-op
§Off
§Off )aq lqce 'sn C:] caq sr lqce [Off qleq-pe 's0 Cil lleqnr-te
B.F
O uErule] rrJ 0ff pulrJJI rlJ L ueurler{} rlJ
urlJl L ueruler{} rlJ'so.{t
b Elqru
c
öff
NOITSNCIOTIINI
9Lt
I{EAVEH
-:ICr
-
I\,
-{mn*,
176
THtr T\Äro soRRows oF THE KrNGDol\{ oF HEAVEN
There is not much evidence of sub-grouping amonq the three manuscripts LOQ. In at least three cases, however, OQ appear to agree on an innorrative reading 3,8 : titacht {-l tethachd F'' tethacht Y tetacht L Ds. toidecht O toigecht a
III
:
4,7 : Dö L.|FYL
Ds.
Georges
us.
.
the joining l, gious literat u rr "the work Illtl\- \" juxtaposing. in,i' The text carl I b"v
De bi OQ
70,2: flatha suthaine [JF-'YL
Dottin
S..
flatha neimhe O flatha nime Q
While it is certainly the case that LI frequently disagrees with the other manuscripts, and that it is a particularly important witness to DBFI\-, the evidence rerriewed above does not support the opinion of Georges Dottin that the rvitnesses can be divided into two recensions comprising on the one hand I-.f, on the other FYLQ (Dottin was not aware of the copy in O) ('). Rather, the manuscripts appear to provide a continuum of copies, each more or less closely reflectirrg the exemplar. Dottin further held that, within his second recension, IIY and LQ represent tw'o autonomous subgroups (2) : against this view is the fact that there appear to be no instances of UL(O)Q agreeirrg against IlY. The stemma below accordingl}r illustrates the most straightforward interpretation of the evidence regardirrg the interrelationship of the witnesses (3).
l -
.
in l)ri 1'., of the ;i,. -
preachirrg
sorrows
account of thr' .T.. tion of horv f,lija 1r (§ 12-13). The ,it.
findings in out 1in. treatment of irt,lr,,
.
As mentiont'ri tr
.
lijah and E Itr ', ..
toward the conr l . ume); the sitrtilr, : of wording, ittr.li, ., the other (see irr .
,
t
scholars har-c :r',
.l
that the reason-,.'
in
DBIr?,{ (their'
.
r
-
to the il in \-zsr,, ' exhibits the \-r'i, ItA drew on thr \ (see note on § 1, sion of at least than that in Ä i sponds
.
heaven
U
r'
Y
L
o
o
(1) G. Dorrrx, "L.es deux chagrirs", p. 358; cf. M. \[ci\ir]rAnA. Apocrgpha in the lrish Church,, p. 25.
-
suggesting that r',.' '
The.
(2) Ibid., p. 361. (3) It should however be noted that there are some shared readings which cannot be squared with this (or, so far as I can see, any) stemma: see notes to § 1,8-9, § 2,3, § 2,3-1, § 2,5,§ 4,3. I have taken these agreements to represent coincidental innovation: the_v ma,y hou,ever be evidence for an alternative anal_vsis r,vhich has escaped me.
,rt4ia,äJgSWi
'
four rivers of I i:
(1) Ibid., p.;l
(2) In
m
HERBF-:
) l
'ggl 'd 'aqdfrnody p)nryg qslrl oYr{vr^rYl{ol,t - JuEsr{EH uI (Z) 'LgE'd
''p!u (t)
'atU I aq JeAa.^Noq ^ieur .i.:. asaq+ :
roJ Furu,rnq pue uo\Z lunotr\l punore Fur.uol; arlJ Jo sraArr rnoJ Jo s>1eads lsrlJ qelllgoluauraFpnf ]sE.I aq] Furqrrrsap uJ 'lxal aq:l Jo urroJ rarlrBa rrB pasn j\.'rlgo lEr{l EurlsaFFns '(6-8'I § uo alou) sn o+ u.&\op aruot serl +l sB Vi ur +Erl+ uer{} oAIJEAJasuoJ aJoru rllecrlsrnFurl sr ase-rqd auo +seal ]E Jo uors -JaA s,l\".rgo lBrl] palou aq JaAa,^A.oq lsntu 1I'(t § uo a+ou aas) v,4 uo uJnl ur Aljl8ro puB 'auacs slql roJ olsl^ aql uo ,&\aJp v,4 ]Brll pasodord ilFurprotJe aAEq I oaJuanlJul s,o?s7^ aql slrqrqxa y.4 Jo lsar aq+ Jo rlcntu acurs 'llnncl lpuDs olsl^ ur uaABar{
ue{E} J^\r?rl
Eruruals ({ue 'ats
-
I
:.
s8urpear pJJEr{s f, u.
-
prlrl] aq+ ur InEd qll,\N Furlaau rlaq+ Jo +unoore ar{} o} spuods -arror ]nq '({U o} alqeun Euraq }E uor}Er+snrJ rlaq}) lüjlg.g ur ua^rrF +Eq1 uorJ sraJJrp ({lruetunq Jo surs or{} roJ ,l.rorros rlaq}) SarrF s, qroug pue r{E lllg roJ sanrF vi qrlq,AN uosear aq] ]Er{T Fur>1rr1s JaAa,\Nor{ sr +I 'JaaoJJoq aq} sE V.4 uaas aAEq sJelor{cs IEra^aS '(t t pue T, § uo salou aql relnrrlred ur aas) raqlo aql uodn uaerp ser{ s}xa} asaq} Jo auo }Erll Furleclpul 'F.rlpro.t.r Jo saf,uopuodsaJJoo asol) IEJaAos o+ spualxa {lrrelrtuls aq} ! (aun -lo^ slql ur uorlrpa aql Jo Ig §) Vd Jo uorsnlruoc aql premol B salqtuasar {1aso1c asrpe"red ur qooug puE qE lllg
aFessed
Jo uorldr-rJsap aq+'uorlcas Furpacatd aq+ ur pauorluaur sy p apua
lxa aro,u
aq+
;i
lT;#J:
äJ,T3,
JHiäliä,;l" JJ,',#i;l,l
s,uorlrpa slql arrF III^\ s,trolloJ rlrlrl,\N uorssn)slp aqJ'(St-Zt s) lsrrr{rr}uv iq,{+eap o} }nd aq III,\,\ r{roug puB qBlllg,{&oq Jo uor} -ducsap Furpnlruor e (ftt) :(Ot-g §) luatrraFpnf aq+ Jo lunorre
s, r{B lttg (tt) : (t t : Z-l §) ,,ualear{ Jo tuop8ur>1 aq} Jo saorros o1\\l aq},, Jo aruaql {a{ aq} Furpnlcur oaslpered ur Furqcea.rd I{E lllg Jo ]unorse aq] {q paprno"rd ouerJ oAr}Erreu aq} (l) : suorloas aarq+ olul papl^lp {lluarualuoJ aq uEJ +xa} aqJ '(r) ,,.*oq+ IEJluac aq+ uo suorlrpeJl +uapuadapur oFursodelrnl uoAa 'raq1aFo1 Furllnd 'alrsoduoc aq IIaa {;ar .(eur {Jo,^& aq},, +Erl+ po^rasqo oslB sBrl ErEurRIWI,t urlrBl{ '(,) ,,rrn}Era+rl snorF -llar qslrl Jo sarelduouruloJ snorre^ Jo raqlaFol FururoI aq] {q pauJoJ asrlBaJl JarJq 8,, sE N"dgo pazrJalJEJErlJ url+o([ sa8roaS
purrorS4cug pue ernlcnrls
Furp-reFar aJrrJI,r..,-.
aql saleJlsnlll .ir-'. -aa"rFe
b(O)f I I,, \
SL{(\AIA SIq} }str1, : 0f pue Ä.{ 'lror:r,i -1oO 'relduJ\J .r. -
'(J (O ur ,(do.r aq uBc sassalr]r
' .
}
,r{
-
\\
"
-dns lou saop J-\r, l: lue+Jod-l -(pelrr ,,. r{}1,\\ saa;Eesrlt
§
.i1
.
1 .:
aurru ettruU O rr{i::
lqJapIol 'sd -I ]rl,rlrtl Jeodde bO 'JJ-\J.\rr,i. '.
'III
aarl{} aq}
NiOIJ,SNOOUJNI
LLl
Fuoru
t : ::
NA^V-CH J(r
.
lr.
l7B rHE Two soRRo\Ars
oF THE KrNGDOh,r oF- HtrA\,'EN
ten thousand years, är image which recurs elsewhere in medieval Irish literature and seems to have been elaborated on the basis of Daniel 7 (§ 3,2-3). Christ will conle to judge, accompanied by the nine orders of angels, by mortal humanity, and by the dwellers in hell. The detail that he rvill have his "red cross" upon his back is f requently mentioned in Irish eschatolog5r, going back ultimately perhaps to the description of tlre final times in Ltlattheru 24 (§ 4,1-3). In the account of the Judgement itself , the respective weight of each soul's good and bad deeds is assessed, every soul being accompanied by an angel standing on its right to recall all of its good, and a devil standing on its left to recall all of its evil. The fates of those rn'hose good is heavier, those in whom good and evil are perfectly balanced, and those whose evil is heavier are specified. All of these features can be paralleled in the early apocryphon The Testument of Abraham, a work rvhose description of the judging of souls may also be reflectetl in the iconography of the tenth-century Cross of Muiredach at Nlonasterboice. I propose accordingl)r that some version of the Testament was
known in Ireland, even though there appears to be no other evidence that it circulated in the West (see note on § 1-7) ('). The cry raised by the souls condemned to hell is one of the "three cries of the world" : this triad appears elsewhere as the subject of an autonomous tract, a version of which may have served as DBFIv^"s source (§ 9). DBII{ now describes the conclusion
of trlijah's
preachi.rg,
and the reaction of the bird-spirits who have heard it; here again there are strong verbal echoes of IIA (§ 1 1). The text then goes on to describe how trlijah and Enoch u'ill be killed at the end of the world by Antichrist, "a devil in the shape of a man". In a description which is not entirely clear (§ 12,7-8), it is said that Antichrist will pose as one bringing faith, and will put to death all those who do not believe in him. At last lVlichael will descend f rom heaven to put hirn to the sw'ord.
This brief ac c r)u r. ittg Antichrist. \\ . .. recurrirrg in oth.-.: many details s ir. edited in this \' ,i inserted in L- ('.t 1 r .
'
I\If I am correc't .:. and further c(-)r'r',around the \-erlr' been written in t. liest of the mrtnu above the s'or'li N{uire mac Cöil,-'.
^
post qLtem is a nri:.
logical inter"e st . indications är"e r:
.
is too brief to i':
u:
rvould be most
.
Apart fronr t h, ittg in the tert :.. - -
in thr r. is later masc. n(-)nl . thus be seen rts I discussed
srothu (§ 3,21
.
§ 2,3.5 and § 11. ,
it
ma-y be note,i
.
na Rafifr,, a Irt)cn--
(1) See J. (..ri,rr (1) The arguments in support of this hypothesis are presented at greater length in J. CeRnv, "f)d Brön Flatha Nrme and The Testament of Abraham", in La litterature apocrgphe chrötienne et les Ecritures juiues (Puhlications de I'Institut romand des sciences bibliques 7), R. GouNEr-LE B. MouNrER, eds., Lausanne 2015, p. 63 -71.
.
.'
Interpretation of' [': ' ctnd Gaelic Stud[c, : (2) On this i:.t.-
lleän-Ghaeilge'.
r''
the qualification. Dating Irish Tert.
,
,
-
ur poqlal4 a+ou
'Zg-LV 'd '(ggOt) t D)4pJ DWnß o,,s1xe1 qslJl Eurleg IeuorlJodo"r4 arl1-,'-r'rrl-oorNl ovtr{'3 Jo suor}Ecr;r1enb eq} .:nttplnN at1frrnry rvqqvaqtrl',,a81raeq3-uga1i
lnq :VV-OE'd'(tgOt)
Eu +qJolJlrl JIEIS JE aluroBluq,, 'xro-g ovtr{ 'O aas 'arlssr slq} uO k) 'FururocrllroJ 'uaap;aqy '(f satpnls' rtpDg puv uo arnpa.I lDtroural[ uCIq)orls uqoD uü)uutopv st,{ Jo uotpprdnyu;
rlnal aql
sprümoJ sdaTg
raqlrnl : Waruol sll puo uotst1 v 'Aauv.y '{' aas
- sT'rsN,.loq 'H '(l \ saomI salnltJJg
,s'r1 i
.
.
luauDlsal aq,L prrP , .. I B pa luasa"rd J.r u - r-
(f )
'pJo,{&s
}SEI }Y
'1d 'urou '6'a),(;n1uac qlual alEI aql Jo alJ{J-tuaod e'uung nu JtollDS ur punoJ are sruroJ r{loq }Eq} rala,uor{ palou aq,(etu }l
ialdues e os Jo aperu aq uBO aIUIT '(g't'tl § pue g't'Z § IIErrs (ilrt rarlrea ar{} Jo }Ert} FurouBIEq sE uaas oq snq} i utoV
r{}l,t.r)
UEO (nq\os r{}1,§) DU alrr}re ar{? Jo ruroJ'1d'urou'rseur ra}EI aql Jo asn slql i aurlncseur sE pap;eFa"r oq o1 sr (Z't §) Dqlors alqln) l7u asB"rqd aql ur unou aql ''tol pn alou aq+ ur passnJsrp
sy
'lapuaF ralnau aq] Jo IBArArns aql slsaFFns lxa+ aql ur F,rl oqryrqlu aqnDl aserqd crelnturoJ ar{} ruorJ 1.redy
-r{}ou
'(I't »
(r) prc slql pre.{eo} InJasn }soru aq plno.^,\ r{Jlr{,r\ aJuaprAa lBtr}sr}E}s Jo pul{ aq} aprno;d o} Jalrq oo} sr Aurdgg lerll pulru ur auroq aq '1sntu 1l 'uorlsonb slq] Fur-raprs -uoa uI '1xo1 aql Jo aFenFuel aql {q paproJJe are suor}Erlpul Eurlep {ue raq}aq.^N aas o} InJasn aq III,\§ }lo1sa;a1ur lecrFol -ollqd Jo lno osle puE'Ja^aANor{ouorurdo Jo ra}}Errr E sl wanb Tsod snutural slq'+ asurs 'g0I I ur palp oq.^e rrBqsall?3 cBur arrnIAI IagHI aql sE parJr+uapr Ä11etauaF aqrrf,s e Jo {ro,u aq} aloqe palou sE sE,\\opaureluoJ sr 1l rlJIr{,\N ur sldr;csnuBru aq} Jo }sall -JEa aq+ 'n ur {doc aq} li.rnluar Q}uaAa{a aq} ur ua}}rJ.&\ uaaq o^Er{ .(luessaJau }sntu lür1g'-g uaq} '(,) 000I "reaÄ aq} punore aq+ ler{} Furploq ur }carroc raq}rnl pue
pasoduoc se,ll
'Vi uodn
rallel
u,^NBJp
serl
ltig7 ler{} A{orA aq} ur }JaJJoJ ure I
et€q1
JI
pue eEenSuET 'AI
prlE'r{}lEJ
'(B-ITT
§)
Jo adeqs aq+
PAIII{ Aq 1xa1
III^\\
aqJ
'(
i.
tt
araq :11 prear{ r 1 'Futqceatd s. tlu lt . : , aAEq ,fuur qJrtl \\ ' aql sB aJar.l^\\JSIr . .
-
:
'(,) ( rro rlr il L-V § Jaqlo ou J([ tl] -i, dJ J ri SE,AA,
luaruDls
.
rrl] .. ,
Äqde"rFouoJr
Jo uotldt-rJSap
:
.,.
JSr,r,.
-code .(1rea Jt{} ri1
-
,
-tcads aJE JJr^\n)r{ \' JJR IIAJ pUU [)o{)i'. Jo salBJ
{q
aqJ 'll\..
-
_
poluedruoJ,,rn - r:
pooF s,lnos rlJr?.r aql Jo lunoJJr? .r{ } Jo uorldrlJs
-
J a rl Ir tII I,.l. _
'(1"'Zl §) l) ur palrasur aFessed e ur papnlcur are asaql Jo aruos laurnlo^ slq+ ur pallpa s+xo} lsrJr{cr}uv raq}o aq} ur punoJ aJE qolq,\N slrB}ap.(ueur ra^aAor{ s}rtllo |{igo '(zl §) sarrnos qslrl rar{}o ur FuurncaJ II^ap alBurBcur uB oq IIIA aq }Eq} Eapl or{} rlll^\'1sr;qcl}uy F.,l -uJatuoJ sJarloq pea-rdsapl,\& snorJEA slJalIoJ +unorJB JalJq slr{J
-EqJSa qSIJI
paJ,, slq a,\Erl i II \\
'
pue '.(Uuerunr{ T}r }.; ' -trro)oB 'aFpn[ ,,t .-,,.. ai{} uo pa}EJorlr]l'r : -alpaul ur aJar"{.\\.rslr \
NOIJSI} CIOTIJN I
6L,L
NEAV3H l(}
-
i'.
F
,.,,l$,iJlflW
..,.,6c{r,..!\*..r\&s,,**§*{d
-
180
THE Two soRRo\,'s oF THE KINGDoN,T oF HEA\,EN
na noeb is ind noebaingil 8193) (1). The old dative plural form of the article appears to have disappeared (forna talmannaib § 1,3, dona önaib § 2,2, d.ona trgeptacdaib § 9,2); this development \,'as already complete by the time of Saltair na Rann. The old feminine form of the numeral "three" is used correctlt in the phrase teöra gaire (§ 9,1). There are not many infixed pronouns in the text. For Class A, the 3 sg. masc. may he present in ro lla (§ 8,3), while 3 pl. appears in manis tesoirced (§ 9,1), dosn-uc (§ 9,6); the only example of Class B is 3 pl. in atta-röet (§ 7,7). There are three specimens of Class C: two 3 sg. masc. (rod bia § 7,2-3, dodröeg a § 8,3) and one 3 pl. (conda fil § 9,6) ; the f irst of these does not however reflect Old Irish usage, äs the form should be ra mbia with a Class A pronoun in a non-relatirre clause. In terms both of conservatism and innovation, the treatment of the infixed pronoun in DBF'AI can be paralleled throughout the Middle Irish period ('); thus absence of the hybrid 3 sg. fem. and 3 pl. form -dasf dos-, alreadv attested in the tenth century, need not he significant where the sample is so srnall. All independent pronouns are used as predicates with the copula, äs in the early language : condat ö (§ 1,8-9 ; 13,1), is ed (§ 3,1; 11,1), it ö (§ 9,1), os lat (§ 11,5), is ö (§ 12,8), conid ö (§ 12,9). The text accordingly exhibits both the early form (ö) and the late form (eat, iat) of the 3 pl. independent pronoun. The latter is already attested in Saltair nü Rann (ecoitchinn eat fri gnim ngann 5517), while the latter continues to be used with the copula in the early Middle Irish period, and occasionally even later (3). The most interesting point relating to DBF'lrI's use of 3 pl. ö is the contrast r,vith IrA: condat ö-sin da brön flatha nime (DBFf\r § 1), condat ö iarum da brön flatha nime (DBFf\r § 13) vs. conid iat-sin da brön flatha nime (trA § 61). As noted above, this would suggest that the copy of FA which
DBtrl
useci ii r.:
u-itnesses.
The sanle ir r, . r-erbation in I tl;,i:'
r. ' ert are osl,u r ,,r
erhated fornrt
(§ 11,3), the Iat'.'
to be founcl
(2) Collections of third-person forms ibid., p.266-267. (3) Ibid., p.273; bit e appears in one of the homilies in Leabhar (PH 57et).
:
:
Ir., r' . -
DBF'N ma)- sir.
(ro-uctha § 1 .1
-
r; ..
trI § J6,3. ett § l2,l ancl rLt-h, :: :
trote the
.
preStit'-',:
bera § 7,3, rü-t', : § 8 ,4),
the
re clu
:
I
nent preterite (i § 7,2, -scdiclt ,.' reflected as sr' than * -tesot'I'r trl r nalhar (§ 3.9 ). :
-
.'
i
(§ 1,7).
The preposit
i
..
(§ 70,2), eter rttt'. found in trl (t'lt l is ho\Ä'e\.er noth-: fri arailib (tr{ .. l The scholu r'lr
"ttt se inct fht'rLt' earliest, or ontIion is Io lte 1,,1, IrA does not Jtut rather u ":
,'-'r'...
(1) Discussion in L. BnnATNACH, "An Mheän-Ghaeilge", in Stair na Gaeilge in Ömös d.o Pailraig Ö Fiannachta, K. N{cCoNE et al., eds., l\Ia,ynooth 1994 , p. 221-333, at p. 258 -259.
,
another
exan1|rI,.'
Breac
(1) See the cii:, . --
-
'a^oqE
VV-gt'd'y,{ lo a8enFuEI aq} Jo uorssnrsrp aq} aaS (f) JDaJg Joqq0a.I ur '!(,)a.- ,
,-
''spa ''ln p ENo:):,li .:
qlutopu rout auutnp rlgr Dq r{}l.t.r ra}}BI ar{} Jo aldtuexa rar{}oue '(,) saprro;d ltdg7 ,,asn ,sE, Ieuorlrsodde-rruas,, E JaqlEJ lnq illnJ,, sll +lqlqxa +ou saop Vd .(qdtnry prera3 i punoy aq o} sr uol}
J1DIS
ur
',,aE1raBr{r )-.:
,,asr1 alrlecrpa,rd padola^ap
+Eq1 paurelurerrr raAaaor{
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182
THE Two soRRo\ rs oF Tr{E KTNGDoM otr HEAVEN
tctlmannaib ceno beimmis ina airichill "it were fitting for us, as earthl.v human beings, to be anticipating it" (§ 11,5-6). In summar], the evidence is (as anticipated) inconclusive. While it appears possible that DBIll,{ was indeed written subsequent to an early version of ItA, there is nothing in its language which actually points in this direction; \Arere it not for considerations of content, one would in fact be inclined to give it if anything a somewhat earlier date. Composition in the late tenth or early eleventh century seenls a reasonable estimate.
V. Principles of This
DÄ BF
Edition
_T_;
The general approach adopted in this edition, in terms of normalised spelling, presentation of variants, and expansion of contractions, follows the principles set forth in the introduction to FA elsewhere in this volume. In the apparatus, considerably more use has been made of angle brackets < > to indicate illegible matter; this is particularly the case for O, in which the first page of our text has suffered considerably (1).
(1) I am grateful to Caoimhin Breatnach for his generosity in making available to me his own transcript of this part of the Liber Flauus Fergusiorum; and to tr lizabeth Boyle for several helpf ul corrections and suggestions. I remain responsible for this edition's shortcornings.
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The Two Sorrows of the Kingdorn of Heaven
D.
"The two sorrows of the kingdom of heaven": why is "sorrow" uttered in heaven? Not difficult. trlijah and Enoch pra,ved to the Lord to be carried to heaven in their bodies. Such was the excellence of their deserts to Christ on earth that they were carried to paradise in their bodies of clay. The bright pure light airy souls, then, are flying all around them in the shapes of angels. They, that is trlijah and Enoch, are in their bodies of heavy bulky clay, and cannot accompan,v them; and that is a grief and a sorrow to them, that they can-
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2 Töit dicliu Icöla ina läinr ,i
not accompany the angels. And so it is they who are "the two sorrows of the kingdom of heaven". 2 Then trlijah goes so that he is beneath the Tree of Life in paradise, with the Gospel in his hand to preach to the birds
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186
THE Two SoRRowS oF THE KINGDoM oF HEAVEN
there. After that the birds come, so that therr are eating the berries of the tree, great berries that are sweeter than every honey and that are more intoxicating than every wine. They are eating the berries then. Elijah opens the Gospel after that. Thereupon the birds press their wings and their feet to themselves, without moving wing
ind öoin co nt l ir siu cach nr i I Oslaicid Eli ia: a n-eitte friu in phroicept. 3 Laithe nrl,:' dörnamaib for i tha immon slrr, i deich mile blir,, in gäbud-sin ,1, oca rnbia degu ir
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3 The Day of Judgement is what he preaches to them, that is, what sort of tortures will be inflicted on the souls of people on the Day of Judgement, that is, the four streams around
,
the mountain, that is, Mount Zion, burnirg the souls for the ten thousand years; and there are ten hundred years in every thousand. Long is that ordeal for anyone who will have sins. It is well for anyone who will have good deserts, though it be on that day only. Though there were nothing else save that, it
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1BB rHE T\,ro soRRows oF TIIE KINGDoM oF HtrAVEN would be fitting that no one sleep for thinking about it for as long as he maJ- be alive, in addition to the coming of Christ, with the nine ranks of the angels, and with the men of the earth any that have been born and that will be born until
acht sin ba nreit. r. bethu, cenmothu
-
10
the Judgement
and with the household of hell. 4 It is thus that Jesus Christ will come to them: with his red cross on his back, to revenge his crucifixion upon them, when he comes to rescue them from the guilt of the Devil. Vast, then, are the host and the gatherings that will be there. It is in the presence of that host, then, that evervone will declare his deeds, boLh the good and the bad. Ever-vone in turn showing what their e\res have seen, and what their lips and tongue have said, and what their hands have done, and that on account of which their feet have gone. Christ the Son of God, and the angels of heaven, and the men of the earth, and the men of hell: all of them listening to him until he has finished making that declaration. His guardian demon remindi.rg him of every
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190
THE Two soRRows oF THE KINGDoM oF HEAvEN
evil thing which he has done; for he is always on his left hand keeping watch over him. His guardian angel on his right hand, remindirg him of the good that he has done. 5 When he has finished all that, "Consider that, j,rdges", says Christ: "which of the two is hearrier, the good or the evil of this man." "His good is heavier." "Then let him go with his good to the household which he has chosen", says Christ, "to the angels and archangels." Angels come to meet him with their hands stretched out to him. "\Melcome to you! Come into my bosom!" 6 "He will come to me ", SayS another: "equally heavy are the good and evil of this man." "Half of him belongs to us",
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THE Two soRRows oF THE KTNGDoM oF
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10 But the company who have chosen God will go to the eternal kingdoffi, with Christ the Son of the living God, among hosts of archangels.
1l It is, then, the afflictions of the Day of Judgement which trlijah preaches, under the tree of paradise; but that (which has been related) is only a little out of much. As the cleric closes his book, the birds give forth their cr1l, and crush their wings against their sides so that streams of their blood come from them for fear of the Day of Judgement. When the birds do that, then, it were fitting for us, as earthly human beings, to be anticipating it. !2 The trlijah and Enoch who are spoken of here are awaiting their martyrdom, to fulfill the prophecy of the Lord which he spoke through the mouth of the prophet: Quis est homo qui
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THE T\,ro soRRows oF THE KINGDoM oF HEAVEN
uiuit et non uidebit mortem, that is, "\Mho has tasted life who will not taste death?"n They come to meet Antichrist toward the end of the world, so that it is by him that they are put to the sword; that is, that Antichrist is a devil in the shape of a man. It will be as if to bring faith into the world that he comes. The turning of his writing-tablet to face him: that is the sign that will be upon him. Everyone who does not believe in him will be put to the sword by him. And it is Michael who comes from the heavens, so that it is he who will take a sword to him. 1,3 And so the two sorrows of the kingdom of heaven, then, are tr,lijah and Enoch, in their bodies of clay among the angels of heaven until they go to meet Antichrist.
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arreloqd E pnos 8-Ä öOrr unuop ursr d nrsarequl .] +srrc se pa qor IEIUB ruos-sa R ouep r{}lall ot (nunut')as nJnsnr ut'ppn'xxx' 'q'+)'xxx' EupBrlq !4'auurrrquB g L pnrla g runs-uBl plq Buaqr +r{cE'pncsnp op qJIEtu 1t{ce oas-auFuIp Eu IIBqJrru ruEIE} rq }srJJ EuJap Eu JEJaq-}E pa ssr
'aq aurerl Elp urFur eyr; ru8-op docsda'ppn +agql-op Tsod bOttg.uro unuop ulsl O 'uio prq L .{ uls Iq 'ppD +srrr{rury Tsod 0 -rcl+ -uue OTÄ -roue d -rcalue Il lsrroue :rsdr;rs lsrJrlJurv C 'ttro rlur § rapr;re1c o ralrJprelr T ralrqrelr Ä rlllJr{plelr d rr}lrJrelc .t rre}qeq -plBlr :tsdrns rrlrqprBlr aqprsrBl apls EI aprsral :bg apls O TÄ il -slBI 9 O urnquop uB .I.{:} ureruop :öl urnuopu b -r)r}uue O -rJ olul .{ psrJca}ue TÄ:} -rcue : lsdl;rs }srllcurv bOf .q puac Äll pulc : rsdt;rs uunrqr C nlplp rl ruorB|ppo ruos-1eFBlql-o 11 Tsod öOf f tuoas-+rerol i] uros-?EFqsql-op :d ruos-1eFe1q1-oq e §Of Ä ra
.ns .frtntil u! .ppn 'tilo qler{+aq :O.IÄ.{ gu pleq}aq nunu 0 O § 'I utnsoJ : lrqeprn o JnlarJotu : tualJour llqapln .{ '6aru uou
t7
öorr.q.r
slaFue ar{} Fuour r: '
'uaql
'lslrr{culy uunrqJ rE 1eFer1 oc aruru qrlFure ra}a pB}rc qlBd aurru EI{}BIJ ugrq gp urnrer ? }Epuo3 tD
-ror Eul cgug L IIg
'gp qaprBlr
OI
seqgF ? pruoc 'qrepruau op +agql-op Igr{rlHI pluo3 'slBI rlrl}lq -plBlc 9p aJlrarc gu uag qcB3'rlEJ sBlq EqlrBruor ? sr uBl? Eul arreloqd e pnos '+agql-op unuop ulsl atulrarqc +rleqeq+ op plq IEIUY '+slrr{ruly }}ul ournp }r{rrrr I InqB}p 'l' rr+rqprBlc aprs-srBl ös9Q aJSrEIq _Bu plBr{}aq slBlq oJ
vl),, 'l'
o
ua,t Eaq
J0
proas E a{E} III or{,^(\
IaBr{crlt sr
'
ur
\\
,
..
,
}l I,.. \.
OAaIIAq lOU Saoll
(
rLi
,,'.
aq }Eq} plJo,!\ ati] , -,: adeqs aq+ ur [r \rlr +nd are frqt ]Erll .-. :
pruos urnuopu paJrap IrJ lsrJtlcurv uunrqs rE ruos-leFerq+-oo ,,,
lsrJrlJrlu Y 1.-. aJII pa}s E } s r? r{
pJE.A(\O}
uralJotil ryqapln uou
ol{.^(\
tI-ur
66r
NgAVgH ICI I\,
'
'ftl-ttl
'd uo uorssnrsrp 'Jt :Ztt'LE'd 'Zg6I
oluoroJ '(I swal pun satpnls qsr\1ug plo raslllr'llf) snatütü puD uDtrpv puo snurn/Ds puD uoutolos asorcl aqJ "r-rrH 'CI 'J ssorr] 'g 'f (g) '
,,ruDqDJqV JO
luaruosal aqJ pue aull\i nqlDl.{ ugrg t)(L, 'rauv3 'f 'Jc :gtt-Ztt .d ,L661 Blauao '(lZ austlryluauo,p sratqD)) suors"ra,,1 ullDT 6uo-1 aatt1l Jo uolllpg
p)tltr7
a?atv
v'lnDcl Jo asdfiTntody'.r.suoHrrFI 'y - NrErsrrsÄ-rr§ .J k) '6 §
t dJZ
'gtz, 'd ]e 'tgr,-g1,T, 'd '(toot) 'oEÄEI{ 'X (t)
'.,ualgrJJSpuBH uaqJsrJr sne ua8unlrapll{,,
'uop1fr a6uo7 pDap auo{
ta
fit1 qna( apnap uoaq
puv ptnafruvpplu austp uo orunr apns lt ap wn{ nJ gndam ru snqaq puv )oua 'abtas a4 tI 'aprun goaq puD pndam anluo1ab :
sDE puD |unmnurroau uo uaru ua6am7 n{ :-urs Wmq aut obag :(r) Ot § snaq1y puv uvtrpv +xa1 ra.\A.sue-pue-uor+ -sanb qsrlFug plo aql ur lrcrldxa apetu sr uorlerJosse uE qJnS '.\\olaq passnrsrp raqlrnJ aq o1 '1sr;qclluv Jo spuErl aql +e tuopliuBru rlaq+ Jo aFpal.trou{aroJ r{}I,\e uaru passalq oÄ\} aq} Jo ssoupBs oql FurlercossB sE pEaJ aq plnoJ slqJ, ',,lsuqJrluv +aatu o+ oF {r,l+ II}un slaFue aq} Fuoue felr Jo sarpoq rlar{}
[,,T"","iliä,
.,,'Jr
r*"
:
:
ffiä ;i H:
u,*
J::::iä :;], "
'(r) pa.tes aq III,\\ .{eaJ ", os asnBJaq uaABar{ prlr{} aq} ur Furdaa,tl sE paqrJssap aJE r{}oq araql iqnn4 4)uDS olsl^ ur r{roug puB qBlllg Jo ]unorrB aq] 01 aJuEIquaSaJ SII tuoJJ luaplAa sI JeIIrEa aql sl y./ Jo auIJlDop aq? lerl1'(ggI-I,gI'd'1xa1 +Eq1 o1 salou aql ur uorssnf,srp.Jr : aunu DtryDil ugrq pp rrll ore frq+ slql § Ig vA +Erll +unor)B uo sr : ,(nc aq} uo srouurs sFur;aJJns aq+ +l +ualuaFpr{' Jo Jo Jo uorledrrrluB rlaq+ 01 anp sr qroug puB qBlllg Jo aq] ^&orros araqA 'urpuutopv sld r{}l.^(\ s}sBr}uo3 slr{J '(,) (snq\tmd n nuaq ol 1o64a 7n6wnt ou toug| L naH'l') ,,asrpeled ur sprlq aql qll,rt {U o} alqg }ou are or{^l.r 'qcoug pue r{Elllg 'sr ]Er{},, :sso1F e ur para,&\sue sr (;rutnfr un76 urlu I uJ ugrq D:;),,ä uaAEaq anlq arnd ur aJaql sr A\oJJos }Bq/!\,, uorlsanb aql aJaqa o|sat p)lotp ut uDltT ruaod ,qt ul paoqJa sr ,,uaABar{ Jo tuopFul{ aq} }o sÄrorJos aq},, ase-rqd aq+ JoJ aJaq paprÄoJd uorlBueldxa aqJ. L o.A,\1
sg.toN
lff"
E
202
THE Two soRRows oF TIIE KINGDoT,I oF HEA\.EN
"Tell me rvho are the two men in paradise, and these continually weep and are sorrowful. I tell J-ou, I Ienoch and Elias.'fhe_v weep because thel, must come into this world and die, although hitherto thev have long delaved death."
Intriguingly, none of the comparanda cited by the editors this statement as do our text and F'A. Cross and Hill note N,I. R. James's summary of the Coptic History of Joseph the Carpenter as affording another example (1); more precisely, the History describes Enoch and trlijah as wishing to have died already, so as to have the ordeal of being slain by Antichrist behind them (2). comes as close to
7 5 11rl,t ,i ,' F llt'l't' lrrl tial".
,
.
I 1, cid ara n-apar bron i nnim "*'h-y is 'sorro\ " uttered in heaven ?". The ornission of the phrase i nnim b"v F is probably due to haplography in its exemplar. The phrase i nnim, like the abbreviated form of nl anse directl-v thereafter, would have been written simply as a row of minims, probabl_r' with one or two suspension marks. "prayed to the Lord". - highest on the stemma for which stands the manuscript F, this part of the text, reads here do Crisd "to Christ"; but cf. § 10,1 below, where ti agrees with YLOQ in readittg Dia "God" against F's Cr- "Christ". It seems, indeed, more appropriate for tr,vo Old Testament figures to be praving to God, or "the Lord"o than to Christ. This leaves the problem of § 1,3 immediately below, where Y, the I,IS next highest on the stemma, agrees with f in readi.rg Crist rather than Dia; the general pattern of shared readings discussed in the introduction suggests that this might be viewed as an indepenclent innovation on Y's part.
I2 ro gadatar don Choimdid
(1) l,I. R. .IA\{ES, The Apougphal Aleru Testament, Oxford 192,1, p. 86; cf. now J. K. Elr-rorr, The Apocrgphal Nerl Testerment, Oxford 1993, p.
115.
(2) S. l\IonENZ, I)ie 1951, p. 26 § XXXI.9.
7 7 ce1trl,t, This Seenl: teppaid
"shalrr-."
block" u'ith tl. to the boclv rr,
cla\"' in a rl,-,\ -f ^ln Cepuch "
1r
the An nals
,,1 i,'
anrl th, the translutiltr DIL pr0p0se s Lrsages,
1 7 ettrt-r'rtt Onlv F ira. rToco n-el«t I-.
(1) cf CIII 1I (2) L. lIc.Ii i, r .
§ 16. Geschir:hte uon .Ioseph dem Zimrnerm(tnn, Berlin
(3) .I. O'D r ,r, of lrelanrl bU llt,
-
'8Zg'd't'loA'ggBI ullqng ,sn1sn1,f rnol aW tiq ytun1atJ.lo ruopfrury atil Jo slryuuv 'uuD)rtg nppnqfrotY Dü)ulry oNt.,\oNoc[,o .r (g) 'EtZ'd'6t61 ullqnq ,I .lo^
.9I ,DU7(I ramlq\olptqlv.tNNEyDtrt .T e) 'auols u,r\aq R J0 '6I.r,69l
T,
',, +JauI,, sasodo"rd .IICI
,,JISSBrrr,,
'JJ) ,,i{lrrq,, uor+RISuEJ}
urlJJg'
LrLtDLttJaLuur
t7
§
'fl66I proJxo 'lu)trti t; :gg'd 'TT,6[ p.r0J\o
IIIS .Jf, (t)
qll.^& '(O {q pa}}ruro sr qraA aq}) 0 popl uDq)ou ,-I lol?-u o)ou 'Ä uo)Du Furpear raqlo aqlour;o; slq] rup! ser{.{ ilug SSIAI L
'la?r-Ollo
i(Fuuapual s,ur+1oc[ ur
ar{}
palsa88ns oAEq'}xa} luasard aql ur lxaluoJ ar{} pue.saFesn rsarlJ '(r) gzil roJ .,(.r1ua aq,} ur sras\I,l rnol aq\ Jo spuuv aq] ur aurBu{Jru E sE s.readde (a),,au0 r({oo}s aqJ,, qtnda3 uv pu, '(r) qFlrl?l3 g qprerJo0 Äq tuaod leuorlo.,\op e ur ,,{E1r Jo {rolq aq} ul,, qpUtilp donlt uDSt aserqd aq} ur ipoq aq} 01 raJar 01 pasn sr dda3 'a(n)p- xrJJns IB^rlra [pe oq] q]I,^e ,, {rolq 'Fol 'duril}s,, ddat sB Jo i(,) ,,suorqseJ ,stu-ro; ,sadgqs,, pruddat ruoJJ pa^rJap aldrcrlted E sE raqlra poolsrapun aq uBc r[c[{m 'a.tr1ca lpe slq] uor+E]sa+]E anbrun aq] aq o] suraos slr{J Jo 'opdat L L 'i1a,tr1cadsa; pue g ur readde pbun pue p6u ua b sFurpea; aql ur alou '.pfruru auroraq ser{ 7a6u u? Jlasll Vl +Bq} '{11uapl^g '(7a6v16u u? qrurparr a}lq^e lqFuq yo sadeqs i ,,sprlq s. r{B lttg JEar{ qJIq.&\ slnos
aql ul,, arB asrpBrBd ur
Furqcea-rd
aql aJaq.&\'09 § v,{ ur sJEJdde }Er{A\ uorsJo^ B aq Jo 1dn-uoc o? sreadde }xa} rno ur ase;qd ar{J'aloqe pa}lr sa} ru)pq/ ut uUt,lcl 01 ssolF aql 'J:) isp;rq Jo turoJ rr{} ur Furaq sE paqrrrsap
uolleAouul
+ua[]u.rr l..
-Fns uor+onpoJlrrr le"rauaF aq+
:
nle
.rri
ri
r
:
.
r
'etuutals aql u0 l:.'ri: -aurlul t'I § J0 ru;r{i1 Jql., Jo 'po3 ol irr aletrdordde aJoui 'i
.
.
,
.,poO,, DIO FrlpuJ.r :.,
'JJ lnq |,,1sr;q1
o1.
aq+ lro -\
JOJ EIUIUAIS
',,PJOT aH+
('l
,
Jo auo qll,Ae .(lqBr1,"r i JAE[{ plno,^A "JJJ,J ll,r.;
aq] a{ll 'LuntLI J )i: anp ilqeqo-rd sr J I)JJJllrl
iq
.^\\OJJ0S.
_
.
,,
sr
,
uIEIS Suraq J0 I Ir -'
r
o1 Furqsra sE qe[ll:-l ...IRII
:
aJour : (,) aldurBxa .r.rl. .
-uElsqnsul 'ulr{},, apruury a.trlrafpe Jar{}JnJ aq} sppB arar{ .{ ',.i;re +qFII a"rnd lqFIJq,, npJay DtilruoJp nun76 n1a6 g
fuoystg crldo 3 rtl ] ssoJ') 'Y,4 puB }x.l ]
L
-
srolrpe aq+ ,(q
'i] qll,\,\ tuJoJ slql arBqs TÄ ararl^\ '^^eolaq L'6 § {q pa}Errpul sr relduaxa aq} ur tillutU Jo 1ern1d a^rlBururou aql sElN slr{} lBr{+ ,. n- IBUIJ E ppB r{rlr{1( '0o.{ lsure8e TÄ sFurpea; aq} .{NolloJ araq I Jo 'uuDuruo g L L'l
t0z
slq} olur 'asr
i, .r t-
i,.
p.r ]
,,,'tlleap pa{e1ap plJo,{e
'
o'ri,
).r
Jur(
pue qJouaJI 'no,(
asaql pue
I
-
ltrl
-
I
pu.rr;rl
t:
|{EAYAII CO I\ l
-
201
THE Two SoRRo\vS oF THE KINGDo\,I oF HEAVEN
the straightforr,vard meaning "they are not able"; t of course is defective at this point. F"s reading appears to reflect contamination of atta-rol "they failed, \'ere unable" with preterite forms of ar-eim, ar-foim "accepts". At-roi appears in a comparable context in Scöl Tuain: Add-rö luamain 7 add-agin öonu aile "I could not fl-v, and I feared other birds" (1).
I
"a Sorrow". 8 toirse F here adds ön, employed following l\{iddle Irish usage as a particle (DIL s.r. "l Ön", col. 111,69-81). In L ön appears below instead of F"s sin, with its original significance as a neuter demonstrative pronoun ; it is not present in either position in any of the other N{SS. The difference in meaning and placement, and the fact that F and L are not adjacent on the stemma, suggest that these two instances of ön are independen L of one another. "And so it is they 1, 8-9 Condat e-sin da brön flatha nime who are 'the two sorrows of the kingdom of heaven"'. This is echoed at § 13,1 : Condat ö iarum da brön flatha nime. Cf. in trA § 61 the corresponding statement Conid iat-sin da brön flatha nime. As noted above, it is noteworthy that the use in our text of a plural form of the copula, and of the old 3 pl. pronoun ö rather than ial,, is more conservative than rn'hat \,'e find in ItA. This suggests that the version of FA on which our text drew was earlier than the exemplar shared by the survivirg copies; alternativelV, our text's author may have supplied older forms, just as LB reads he against all of the other NISS in Flt's version of the sentence.
2 This paragraph closely resembles § 60-62 in ItA. There too tr lijah is described as standing beneath the Tree of Life in paradise, preaching concerning the last things to righteous souls in the shapes of w'hite birds. The similarit,v extends to verbal correspondence: with f'A § 60,1-2 trli fo chrunn bethad i pard-us cf. in the present text § 2,7 trli f0 chrunn bethad i pardus; and with ItA § 62,2 tennait a n-eitte fria curpu cf. (1) J. CrHnv, "Scöl Tuäin meic Chairill", Eriu 35 (198-t), p. 93-111, at p. t02.62; discussion on p. 109 and in Y. Hur-L, "Varia hilternicä", Celtica 5 (1960), p. 135-140, at p. 139-1'10.
DBF}- § 2. r-r allels ltetsrti. I ]tltr-e rlist'u:-'
,
t'r-iclellcr. thlrt t hirt DBF'^\- , ,. Enoch trnti E i-' -
the ltorros
er'.
in Paraclise". Tltat this rt:: b)- the fact th,§ 60.
2 2 tlottct ,' 1) ' Thus L': th,. ytrtthuis "ilntl l reflects the or'1 t ,t
longer
st at e ci
"
.
rrr
to add a clrtu..associated u-it
it
share paraclisr
i'-
:.
:
2 3 caerrr. Ön, usecl rr> -,
,
'
ltulk of the \-ari., these three ll s:
I
the u,ord (as
'
h.
tally dropperl i u'ord bv L äitri
,
\
2 3-4 ctttt //t i ' sweeter than
t.r,
'.
.
everv wine". The patt ern
to interpret i-r,-.1', both in L-, tlit, :. innovatir-e:un,l ,
there is also
or not the
a
srr n
,
L.
-
"
aql {q pa^oru uaaq aAEr{ I 'o ur asEJ ar{} sr aruBs aq} }ou Jo rar{}aq^.r IIa} o} alqlssodurl sl }l pue 'Ä ur elndoc e osle sr arar{} n)saur aJoJag 'aArlBlartd g plo aql sl slrtl ö ur pue ta.trlerouur lsotu o.^&1 aq+'öT ur pue'Strt alrlelJasuot lsoru aql ,n ul qloq sJeodde elndoc aql Jo ruroJ e ontspru aJoJag 'aJar{ 1a-rdralur o} llnrlJJlp ureFe sr ssHI aq+ Fuoue +uauaa;Fe Jo uralled ar{J ',,auI,{N i;a.ta uer{} Furlecrxo}ur aJoru aJE }Erl} puB Äauoq {rara ueq} Ja}aa.&\s L Uw q)D) rus1ut Dlo rz-t, Z aJE
+Er{},, utJ tpo) n)saur
n1n
'a^oqB B'I § uo alou aql ur +xa} aql ur rarlrBa Ä puB Il {q ptorn aruES aql Jo uorlrppB aql Jo uorssncslp aql'J3'11 paddorp AIIet -uaprcurot IIE a^Er{ bon }Bq} ro'(peurnsse aABq I sE) pro.{N aq} pappB .(lleluaprcuroc IIB aAEq sacrnos rraq+ ro ssrt aarq+ asaq+ +Er{} Fursoddns o} aAr}Eura}le ou aos uEc I's}uErrEA aq} Jo {lnq aql iq palsa8Fns Eururals aql qll,,\§ pa.renbs aq louuea luatu -aa;Fe slr{J 'TÄ.{ ,.(q araq pappe sr 'a1cr1;ud e sB pasn ouo
-pJ o,,EJtutaqttl nt.t,r.\ 1E 'III-fl6 'd '(l S(it
'Jr ndtnt Dl!
)
,i J .
--
:
I pnqpq uuttrll,t ,,. uunrll) ,,.1 :
pDtüaq
.'
o+ spualxa ^i+l.rir1- " snoalqFu o+ sEri r r, -
aJIT Jo aarJ
aJaI{J
a
rl
1
.,
_
'Vl tII Ilr-, ,
ul ssN raqlo ,rr[1
I
-
p arlddns a-\E ti -i n r t : -^IAJns oq] ^i,l lr.-r.;: ' rno l{rlrll\\ rro t -{ UEtl] r-\i-'
-
_
r s u=J;',,'*r, o1 plBS sr aq uoq,\N r{}l,r\ slnos aq} q}l.n.r r{E[llg q]I.^e pa]Ercosse ,(luappns araq are r{Jlrl,r\ sprlq aq} Fur{yr}uapl osnelc e ppe o} paFrlqo +lal örOr.q Jo ;elduaxa oq+ '}xa+ rno ur palels raFuol ou sr slql sE lsp;rq Jo uroJ ar{} ur aq o} }as}no aq} }E plES are
slnos aql qclqa ur 'vd ur punoJ 'uorlenlrs leurFr.ro aql slJalJar s,fl 'ruls po,,asrpered ur slnos aq+ o+ pue,, smtlTmd
Furpear
ut
qlDUUDutuDq Duop
L
arar{ aAEq
',,;apuoÄ
ssw raq}o aq} :11 snqJ
spJlq aql o1,, qlDU? DUop z Z - llt
'0e
vl ur punoJ sr Furpro,&r
oures
aql {lasrca.rd }Br{} }JEJ aq}
parurrJuoo sr lsarlJea aq+ sr on o+ anbrun 'Furpear
aJIT Jo aarJ aql
rllBauaq,,
snptnd
!
pDryaq
§
Äq
slql +ErlJ ',,asrpBJBd uI
uunrq) oJ I, Z
sr +r l,r{} sa}Bcrpur (a,toqe r s uo a}ou aas) q*lrr;tä;Jä"Xä Jo ,&\oJJOS Aql JO uorleueldxa Ärole,touur uE sJaJJo rv-{flo }Erl} lraqlo aql ruoJJ pa.&\oJJoq sEr{ s}xa} asaq} Jo auo }Eq} aJuaprla are s;red asaqloaloqe Zg-0g § vd uo alou E ul passnJsrp a^Br{ J sy '.&\olaq palou aq IIIA lxa+ rno ur I I § pue ydr uaaalaq slalle -red raqlrnd 'nI( ann-u o u!o? pu! p)rlntilun-op g-g,Z s rv.'dgO
t-E'z
902
-
a,\4. }BII.\A.
'1d t
plo aql Io
.
[, .: '
asn aql +Erl+ .(r11.r'r
{)p uts-l/,t
'aulu
ptLrrt'
-
1 -': i
nq1n1J u{L.tt1
,
{rq+ sr }l os prr \-uadapur aJB LIrt J
\
aq? uo luaru[pr.: ], '. pue Futueaut ul .r -tsod JaI{}IJ tII }u.,e sE aJuBJlJ rrrFr: sJeadde uo -I lr I , sB aFesn qsl.rl rll I , ,, .
.
.'.
'(,)
..ii':
-
nuoa ut|p-pyln
rr',r;'
-eduroc E ur sJl?atiri' alualatd qll^§ ..Jlr In,.
-uoJ lJJlJaJ ol S.lil-,: ^l i ..a1r r: JSJ
nOJ Jo
L'lL
.
1
J( ) I'.
Ng^YEH
p
206
THE T\^,ro soRRo\^,'s oF Tr{E KINGDoN,I oF HEAVEN
conservatism of the verbal form
this manuscript's place in the
in a to follow it here, despite ; but this is of course
stemma
Tlte stt'rlr lr. nrore diffit'ult
-
not the onlv possibility.
25
Ostaicid trli
iar sin in soiscöl "Elijah
opens the Gos-
pel after that". Cf. fä § 60,2-3: Ond üair iarum oslaices Eli in lebor do phroicept "And from the time when trlijah opens the book to preach".
2 5 do-immaircet. It is curious that both L and a show nasalization after the preverb in this word. Neither an infixed pronoun nor relative nasalization r,vould make sense here, indicating that the readirrg is secondary; but this agreement does not conform to the pattern of the variants as a whole.
2 7 in
phroicept
llrolta
:
Inrmrem (,ur,t,,. logical associr l. opens u-ith
il
'
Ancient of Dur \
"to be destr'o\-,--
:
be easv erlotrrh.
assume thi,
-
'
-,
quarters of tho"-i
It u'ill Ile n, the image ret l rather tha n t h. iconogralthr'. I r,
',:
.
in Irish pol'tl'r,., , L-'i-se of n(t ir: rvith ind eol tt , our text af f«rr',1. has someI irrrr-
,.
.
lvord's appart,n, points to it s I ,,... .
itg
been neutr.:
and appears
1,,
and truphrrit
r
>.
(1) Srr,r'Er1s'r::\. (2) A. G. \.\\ i. (3) R. Tuun\: :.
tuIgs-
teries, p. 161.
-
i-
7,2: qttattur,r ii,
to
3 2-g na ceithre srotha immon sliab .i. im Sliab Sioin oc loscud na n-ünmünn "the four streams around the mountain, i.e. Mount Zion, burnirg the souls". A closel,v comparable tableau occurs in Bethu Phatraic, where Saint Patrick speaks of a lla mbete nü" da rigsuide döacc hi Sleib Sioin 7 mbete na .iiii. srotha tened intmon sl{ab, 7 mbete na töora muintera and .i. muinter nime 7 muinter thalman 7 muinter iffrind "the dny when the trvelve thrones are on N{ount Zion, and the four streams of fire are around the mountain, and the three households are there, the household of heaven and the household of earth and the household of hell" ('). The ultimate source is presumably l)aniel 7,9-10, where it is said of the Ancient of Days, enthroned and dispensing justice in the Iast times, that "a fiery and swift stream was going out from before him" (fluuius igneus rapidusque egrediebatur a facie eius). This fiery stream issues from the throne of Christ in pictorial representations of the Last Judgement (2).
§ 72e.3.
(1) PH 6381-t,
(2) K. KüxsrLE , Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst, vol. 1, trreiburg im Breisgau 1928'' p. 523-521; L. REeu, Iconographie de I'art chrötien, vol. 2,\, Paris 1956, p. 731.
lllr- i n.1
the cardinal rlr r the throne u it i.
"the sermon".
F' here reads an soisgel "the gospel".
(1) K. N{urcHRoN o, Betltu Phatraic, p. 71; cf. J. Crnev, King of
some of the I i,.
(5) D. O §
57.1 5.
ir-
[, H, ,r \.
'qr'lq § '06 'd 'tg6l ullqnq 'lpunry sappv ras qslrl aqJ ,xlxrgu3 O .C (g) 'U8t9-I8tg (r) IlcI 's'6zr § ullqng 'qslrl plo Jo rCIwruDrg V,,NESÄENui]Irf .t{ (g) '86 'd 'MI ullqnq 'otuDJtilttll '-rarryfl Ny.\ 'D 'y (Z)
'1gt'd'gt6l
'ua4atqt ND1 ap ,,tii, i , -
F-rnqra-rg'l'lo-\'/s..''.-' -sfiN Jo 6uty '-\3|r\
.
r
'qg 'd'qnncl ry)uDs olsl^'Nrur.sr{s,\rrs (f)
ar{J 'G) ryrJogu qrurs '(r) uauDprolu qrurs 'b'a 6sa]Brqdrg pue uBpror sra^rJ aql Jo suorluaur o1 {1uo pua}xa o} sreadde puB 'sasJnos qslJl alpplrt ruoJJ {larrsnlf,xa souroJ ro}nau uaaq Frl -^Br{ s}l roJ aJuapr^a aql allq,^(\ oeurlncsBrrr Fureq s}l o} slurod ((r) 1oo; Ieqra^ e o1 paqcelle -u-,J uorleruroJ luaredde s,pro,&l aql lng '('a'r ''r?'I 'TICI snq+) palsaFFns uaaq saurlaruos ser{ sB ralnau e illeurFr"ro sE^\ qruJS lBrll of,uaprAa sproJJE ]xa+ Jno raqlaq.^A, uorlsanb aql sasrEr '(q't'I I i g'8, Z §) u!o? pu! rl+l.trr Eurlserluof, 'a1cr1;e '1d 'ruou aql Jo ruroJ aql sE DU Jo asil
'luatuaFpnf aql Jo
sleierltod qslrl
ur
palsalle sr JrJoru slql 1Eq1 arB^\E lou lrEJ ur rrre I'iqder8ouocr ur palcrdap sel.r rrreaJls Ärar; aql qslq^\ ur {e.tr. aq+ uet[] Jaq]Er JIasll lxo+ IEsllqlq aql Jo acuanlJur aql sltalJar aFeul aq:[ uaql'lcauoc sr uorlela;d;a1ur slq] JI ,1Er[] pa]ou aq III^^,\ ]I
'plro.lr aql Jo sralrenb rnoJ ar{} o}ul stuBar}s rnoJ sE pa.^(\olJ arlJ aqtr }Er{} arunssB o} 'pa{o;}sap sr }sEaq }sEI ar{} r{rlr{^^(\ r{}l^^(\ arlJ aqtr q}I,{N auoil{} aq} ruorJ arlJ ar{} puB 5s}sBaq rnoJ aq} q}l,\\ (suorlearlp lBurprBs aql aJuaq pue) spur,A& JnoJ ar{} Furlerrosse qFnolql 'qFnoua {sea aq plno.^(\ 1I '(tubl wnpuarnqun pD : ll'L,) ,,atr; rq pe.(o-r1sap aq o1,, para^rlap Furaq Äpoq sll 6uEI{ Jo uos aq} puB sieq Jo }uarruy aql {q pa{o-r1sep sr qorr{,^N Jo }sEI aql s}seaq snor}suoru rnoJ Jo uorssacons E >1eads oJ uo seoF pue'(t1am 4lran nn1Tnnb:Z,L Jo JrloJ,, aql o1 atuaJaJal E qll1K suado
ptuoo) ,,ualBaq Jo spur,^e
,raldeqc aql : saArrap Jlasll tuEarls aql qolq.{e tuorJ aFessed letnldIJOS aql uI all ,(eru uorleueldxa ar{J 'suor}ErtossE lecrfiol -olerlcsa ser{ asaq} Jo auou }nq i (r) ntto3 Dn 6rutn3 worttnttl pue (zg §) Vi ur sruearls leuraJur rnoJ ar{} pa;rdsur {tqeqord urnl ur rlslrl,\\ '(r) llrod tpuos olsl^ Jo suorlrBpoH aq+ Jo auros ur rnoar (Vlg-tlq '0I frassfrpg '6'a) {Fo1oq}iu IEsrssEIr ur arnFr; r{3lr{,\\ sraArr p{roA\rapun rnoJ aqJ 'roJ }unorcB o} }lnJIJJIp aror,u sr Afur8.o ur rnoJ 01 auo uorJ uorlBJlldlllnru s,urBarls aq.L LOZ
t-7,0t
leuolcrd ur +sr.rrl-)
.
'(snta apnJ n .ntlttt, .. tuoJJ +no FuroF lr'i.
aql ut actlsn I JO plES SI
Err .
1l J.rJrl
I
..
\"
.
aq1 '(,) ,,llaq Jo i I ua^Eaq Jo ploq.rs n uutElunour
arll
I,rr
:-
+unonl uo aJE sJrr .. .r)JLr ni ti.
-
L uvutlDql ayaqw
L 'qnns urttti ..
nv?p apmsött t;)l) i, )tDJlpqd nqlag rr
.'
(
'a'r ourEltrnour
,
r
Jrl
aql o1 tuJoJuoJ
:
1,,i.:
-pear aql ]Br{} Eu r -, JnllEIJJ Jou UIlrII.lr ..
.
aq+ JaIJB uollBZI{tr.: ',,t{cBaJd o} {oo(i
.
-r
,rLI
-ott1d op roqal u! ll:I
-so3 aql suado
--:
r1r:tr
asJno) Jo sr slql }n alrdsap oa;aq 1l \\(-) I i
- t-t'z
NigAYgH IC)
ftF
r,
-
I..
#qffi di;ffiffi
= h-
208
rHE T\ ro soRROws oF THE
KINGDoN,I
oF HEAVtrN
earliest example of which I am aware is o sruth ntrofrail ('), where nasalization after a dat. sg. is obviousl.v not historical; the phenomenon as a whole seems likelier to represent archaism than conservatism. The relevance of all this to DBF r is that sruth should here, äs elsewhere, be regarded as a mascuIine noun ; consequently, the text reflects the Vliddle Irish use of na as a form of the nom. pl. article for masculine as well as feminine nouns.
3 s-4 na deich mile bli"adna 7 deich cöt mbliadna in cach mile "for the ten thousand .vears; and there are ten hundred years in every thousand". As N{artin NlcNamara points out to ffie, this statement contrasts with the doctrine of other Irish eschatological texts, influenced evidently by 2 Peter 3,8 ('), that the Day of Judgement would last for a thousand years. Thus Saltair nü Rann invokes the authority of " the learned " for the assertion that there are " a thousand years in the f)ay" (mili bliadna 'sind /rio) (3). Scöla Lai Bratha similarly speaks of sinners "being for a thousand years in the fire of Judgement ; for that is the length of the Day of Judgement, äs the commentators on the holy canon relate" (').Why the length of this interval should be ten times longer in DBtrl/ is not clear; note that YLOQ, standirg lower on the stemma, have the more conventional figure deich cet mbliadna, "ten hundred years" i.e. one thousand.
3 6-7 Cenco beth ann irg else save that".
acht sin
"Though there were noth-
trvidently finding this clause rather elliptical, the exemplar of F'YOLQ substituted a statement which is well reflected in
\
: ( ,t tlt'r'
''
'
,in11 l';t, .-
tirr I)lrt ,,:'t'lltt't
1
l',.'.: :
i.r
-
3 9-ro \-
h
r'I't
nrerlillrlg
to ntrtlie lt
t't'ir-t'cl
r
lut
rl\r't'llr.rs in
4-7 Thi> r . :it- .. the latter t,, rtssessecl in t:.t . tletttott rrt
l
outu-eighs th, il
nrerits ancl Ii: i,. r - nlercv front tlr Se)-n)0trr
of ^lbrah(tnt u,eighecl in
1,,
.
t| ii -. .
are preciselr-,-: and the archiri: account, u'irit h \ judge (in thi. , , angel on the l'^-. ' lef t recorrls r.\ .
our text 's u, imany relllo\-r'>
.
1
(1) SÄ 2663. (2) Quia unus dies apud Dominum sicut mille anni et mille anni sicut dies unus. Cf. Ps 89-4, and the thousand-vear reign of the just in Reu 20,1-4.
(3) SA 838e-83e2. (1) LU 2104-2405. A similar statement in the tract Airdena inna Cöic La nDöc rla mBrath, preserved in London, British I-ibrary NIS Additional 30,512, is verballr, close to ScöIa Lat Bralha, and probabl), indebted to it; cf. P. A. BnnerNrcH's new edition of the text in the next volume, and Appendix 1 at that volume's conclusion.
(1) St..r.
r)
(1924-1927y. 1r (:2) [,,I.
> .
R. ri:r
Cambridge 1,\:fl. Abraham". in -l-.; ed., vol. 2, Gar' :. (3).l . Crnur.
,
-
'
',,LttDqDrqV Jo ruawrysal aq1 pue auJ..V oqpli ugrg t)O,,'rauv3 'f (g) 'I68-688 'd te 'y06-ZLB 'd '9g6l-tg6t i+p uapre9 'Z '1or ''pa
'FrJuo,rtss-rut'H) 'H 'f 'nqdntötdapnasd luarurysal ruO aqJ, ur ',,rueqeJqv Jo luoruelsaJ,, 'suECrNvS 'd 'g ul uorlBlsue"rl i q6-06 'd '2691 a8pr"rqrrreJ LunqorqV Jo ryauosal attl'sanv1' 't{ 'I{ k)
'(Z sa?pnls' puv slra1)
pue 'aurn1o.r lxarr :11 o1
0,,
puelarl ul eqdi;cody uo saloNt,, 'unor{Äss 'C 'f '}S
,,"::;Li'J
(f )
llilL"il
',,llaq Jo ploqasnoq aq+,, urlh rllutnut 0D-6 t olrlep aql ur uorlJaJJe-n qll,!\ 'pnluu! Furpear E lsalJar aqJ ',,ruaq1 Furlre.tre +uotuaFp,,f Jo ieg aql
Jo s8urpear
L-T,
-,,1.
palqepur .i1,1r:
puaytppy SIt
-
:
.i.rn.r r --
)!Q3 DUUT DuaprtY-
'0II-60I'd'(LZ6t-tZ6t)
JLt vlüd
'(r) *aquJqv Jo Tuatuosal aq+ Jo uorsraA atuos Jo osalor.ua; Äueur JaAa.^&or{ }E 'atuanlJul aq} s}J alJal auaos }uatuaFpr, I s, 1xa1 Jno ]Er{} pasodo-rd ÄlFurproroe a^Eq I 'le}uaprcuroc aq o} ,(1a>1r1un suraas saJuapuodsa;roJ Jo {eue slr{J '(.) .auo II^a sprooar }Jal aq+ uo laFue aql allq,\,\ spaap pooii Furp"rocal lqFr-r aq+ uo laFue
aql'slaFuE o.^&l r(q prrluelJ aq o1 plES sl (laqy aser slr{} ur) aFpnI {1ua.teaq aq} }Er{} sl ouorluatu }ou plp tnou{ag qclq.,r\ 'lunocce sJuaurDsal aql Jo lcadse raqpnJ y 'laer1rrr{ laFueqrre aq} pue tuet{Brqv Jo s"ra{e.rd oq} qFnorql pa^ES sr '1enba {lasrcetd are []Äa puB pooF asoq.{e '1nos auo i acueleq 1ea"rF v ur paqFra,tn {11era1r1 aq o} plES are slnos aq} +xr} sp{} uI 'G) *Dtlntqy Jo ruaurvsal leqd{.rrode oq} Jo y uorsuacatf ur punoJ sr slnos Jo uorsrArp ploJaarr{} rBlrrurs E }Eq} }no palurod .rnouriaS 'aFpnp aq+ uorJ .(c;atu
saAlasal qJlqa pue opacueleq {lasrcard aJE sFurlre; pue s}rJaru asoq,^& Jo ua>1ods sr Inos auo 'osJao nto puE IIAa JIaq] sqFra,trlno pooF asoq,^r\ asoql saprsaq 'pue ilqFram Jo srrrJal ur passasse
ore Inos aql Jo slrasap oql lsurs sll Jo IIB IIErar o1 rallel aql pue spaap poo8 sll Jo IIE IIBrar o1 raruroJ aq+'+Jol sll ?E uoruap e Äq pue lq8lr sll +E laFue uE iq paluedurocce sr Inos qrea :sarnlea; FurqsrnFullslp aarq+ serl auors +uaruaFpnf rlqf L-v
';:',lä: aql puB r{}r,a I1%:,.,,H ;: uaaq sBq ua^ala Jaqunu aql ssalun oacua"ra;at slr{} Jo a{Etu o} +Eq^AA,^Nou{ }ou op I',,sploqasnoq ua^ala JIaq} q}I,^e,, FuruBaur .(lluaredde '6apu Jalutnutulo-u Duo) aserqd aq] sppe araq Ä '-relnFurs
bfO
JoJ ldacxa slnos oql uodn {larxue ou aJa.^A. aJoq} qFnoql,, pu!) uua7 : Ä DrD Dqprq IWIDI tq)o qrupuotttuoq oustoJ pauwt op tülaq
602
-
I
o)A uI isn[ .)tl ] I,'' ''ln)ts tuuD allttu l) ..
ur pa+salJar relduraxa
aq
IIa
\\
+ 'lir
"
.
\ , ,
-tllou aJar\ J.r.) rl 1 :, Wlap a;nFr; {Er,rr,i l,: Furpuels 'öOT \ ,," ual aq plnoqs Ilr.\.i.--
ilo,{ aq} uo
-
s.Io 1;
:
:
{1Fua1 aq} sl +rrl I E JoJ Futaq.. s.IJtrLi.:
puls, 0upotlq
71.1lti'
.
r
+BI{} uor}JassB .r1 } uu0ü Du Jü)llt)\' -t ' -aFpn1' Jo .(eC rri i :
's1xa1 lecr8olo ]n ri -uoJ luatualB+s srrl
-
_
allw tpD) ut t)Lrlt1 .
,
asn qslrl alppllt ) r.. - \ -ncsBtrr E sE pJll.rlr: sI l{igo o} slq} IIir -EI{oJE }uasaJda.r )j ileer;olslq lou ^i1sn, ' llnflogu qru.rs ( \ :
_
(
.
'(,)
- t-Z't
NEAVAH CO
II.
210
THE T\Aro soRRo\\rs oF THE KINGDoII oF HEAVtrN
The Testament of Abraham has been assigned by some scholars to a Jewish milieu, and is thought to have been originalll, composed probably in Greek, and probablv in the first century A.D. ('); there is no other direct evidence that it was known in the West. Frangoise Henrv has however noted the presence, in the Last Judgement scene on the Cross of N{uiredach (early tenth centur5r) in Monasterboice, Co. Louth, of an angel rveighing a soul at Christ's feet, while books are held b5r figures accompanying the saved on his right and the damned on his left; there is another book beside Christ himself ('). Again, the correspondence is a striking one; and the depiction of the angel u,ith the scales on the Cross of Muiredach is significantly earlier than any others in western Europe ('). This iconographic evidence may accordingly support the supposition that some form of the judgement scene in the Testament of Abraham had reached Ireland in time to exercise an influence on our text.
41-3 Is amlaid do-rega chucu inti isu Crist 7 a chroch d.erg fria ais do digail forru a chrochtha ara thuidecht dia tesorcuin a "It is thus that Jesus Christ will come to them: cin diabuil with his red cross on his back, to revenge his crucifixion upon them, when he comes to rescue them from the guilt of the Devil".
Attention has been called to the inclusion of this motif in Irish accounts of Christ's second coming b_v Darrid Dum-
ville, who opined that it "probabl_v derives from an apocr),phal source" ('). Besides the present instance, Dumville noted examples in one of the poems of I3lathmac (lines 565-566: fri tuidhecht do meic co feirccl cona croich fria ais imdeirg "At the
coming of \-oru'
back"
(')); in
-
\,,r
deirg doduak i,1
wrought (?) Lr,:\ son" (')); ancl in .
(cona chroich
l rl
,i
appears to be i.1 Altus proscrlur'.
.
lirninary Investigation", p.
308.
'
:
:
..When t he lllil: . the most illust r'. forth
" (X. isto ,i.
bit clarissinturrt
\
the Son of JIan num filii honu ir r . me that passL1i,.-fixerunt) ancl Ii, eum omnis ocrzli;' cised an influrn
-
early Irish nlrl n ment on p. 2h; is shown ltearir-able to deterrtrir. in the l-,ast Jri, I
(1) .1 . Crn\E\. Irish Gosprl
The
(1) E. P. SIxDERS, op. cit., p. 873-876. (2) F. HexRv, Irish Art rluring the Viking Inuasions (800-1020 A.D.), Ithaca 1967 , p. 17 3 (3) N'I. P. PERRv, "On the Psychostasis in Christian Art - I", T'he Burlington llagazine fo, Connoisseurs 221116 (November 1912), p. 94-105, at p. 101-102; S. G. F. BnrNDoN, "The \\reighing of the Soul", in Lluths and Sgmbols. Sludies in Honor of Mircea trliade, J. \'I. Krrecr\\'A C. H. LoNG, eds., Chicago 1969, p.91-110. at p. 100-101. (4) D. N. DuMvrLLE, "Biblical Apocrvpha and the E,arl1, Irish:A Pre-
,.
don 1964, p. lli(2) Cf. C. r-r Ir
1
(3) F-ronr P. -\ (4) R. ArIirx. London 1898.
(5)
p \
F-or referen
T. O. CreNC\- - r; lery, Edinbursir l (6) F'. HExHr. p. 198 and Pl. ll
_
'It'td puB g6I'd '(CI'v OAOf -flOS) slroßnoul 6u!rt!,\ aW butmp Uv ttslrl '.r.uxa11 'C (g) 'gg 'u pue gg 'd '9661 qFrnqulpg 'frny -snuol/f )lna7 n Jo frt1ao4 §aqrng aqJ'DUIIosi]>{uyl{'g - ÄDNrrrr:)'O'I
oas '.,r({s aq} ur ssoJJ Fururqs E eq plno.^A. uBI{ Jo uos arl} Jo uFrs aq} lqFnoq} srer{}e.{ aq} Jo Iera^as,, }Er{1 Furleclpul sacuaraJar rod (q) '08'd'868I uopuo'I
+Br{}
'I 'lo^ 'urntolrutfrpl nql7 qstrl aqJ'cuvNuag 'H 'f -NOSNrx.Lv 't{ (t) 'ourillo,\ +xau aql ul uorlrpa s(rrovNJrrsug 'v 'd trroJd (S) 'atunlol +xau aq] ul uolllp? s6rrcrtrurrHrog O '3 'J3 k) '6f-8I, d'fg6l
I
i (o)
sso-rc
t-t'v
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-i1.rr:-,1
.
'ittl- Y,\\YCYJT>J 'I\ 'l uI ',,lnoS aq] Jr) :''g0I-t6 'd '(ulr;t :- ].r\- '-Jng aq,L ',,I
'(o'v
ozol-oo;/
, i.
uop
-uo'I '(l_T,.SJI) fitn1y utfrttrl aql uo uraod D puD sDruoqJ Jo pdsog ttslrl attl qilm nq1aöoy uvna.rg r,ry Jo uos )Dutqplg Jo suraotl aqloÄsNut'3 'f (f)
.(rnluar-qluru ro -qlqFra aql ur auars +uatuaFprf lsET aql ur ]slrrl3 {q plaq ssorr aF"re1 aq+ Jo rnolor aq} aurrura}ap o} alqe pal e puB {ooq E Fur"reaq u.^&oqs sr uaaq +ou a^Erl
lslrr{f 'sladsop IIEO :}S {-rnluac-qlqFra aql Jo t"gz 'd uo }uatu -eFpn; lsE'I aql Jo uorlcrdap aql u l 'sldr.rrsnueru r{slrl {1tea Jo {qderFouoor aql ur sarnFr; osle ssorJ lecr8olo}Er{cso aq; 'acuanlJul uB pasrJ
-roxa oÄEt{ osle Äeu (Tunnbndnd una lnb p snln)o stuuro urna nqapln p snqlqnu utn) lruan ana) L'l uo4vpoay pue (Tunnrl -suUrl wanb ut Tunqapm) /.t'6I uqof sE r{tns saFessed leq} aur 01 lno slurod ErEruBNIrtr{ ur}retr{ : Q) @pm ut sluJ tiloq ruIJ runu -6lr pqamd :0{1,2 ll1t),,ualear{ ur readde III,{,\ uEHI Jo uos aq} Jo uFrs aqtr,, s{ep }sBI aq} ur }ErI} {caqdold ladsog aq} s}oalJar uJnl ur qolrl,\N '(r) (*rnruan p snnn runufrrc urnurßstJop nq -a61nJail f oturssßp) aruapunsap ounttop sqn ap ostrx) ,,r{}.roJ aurqs III,{(\ ssors aq} Jo prBpuB}s puB uFrs snorr}snlll }soru aq} 'uaneaq uorJ spuarsap proT aql lsll{f qFlq }sotrr aq} uaq1\,, Fururo3 puooas aql }E rlJrr{,t.r o} FrlproJ)E 'toTosotd snllr uu.(q aql ur punoJ a8etur uE Jo luarudolalap e aq 01 sreadde slr{J '((r) ,,auo{Ja^a Jo acuasa;d aq} ur {teq slq uo ssorc par slq qll.^,\,, nln q)ru) astnupoil 0 slD [nJ ar (btnt\p) tttlortp nuot) ql)rffttl olr )?CIU p.I )!gJ t)uut nuaprtv lcer] ar{} ur pue : ((r) ,,uos -"rad ,(;ana Jo aruasald aql ur {req slq uo ssorr (a ) lq8nor,u -lll par s1{ q}1,{,\,, autnpqrn srytu|pnl sJD oI4 I frlapnpop frttap tptonp DUn iZLZB-TLZB saurl) uuag DU rtDllDS ur :((,) ,,{req pa-r-{ral srr{ uo ssoJJ slr{ r{}l.tn.'q1e;,rrr q}1,\,\'uos;no,(;o FurruoJ
ttz
aql Jy,, \ttaptLr t \ u,4 : ggq-qg!. sarH' -,(llode uE
ur(
).r
I
,'
-
-unc[ pl,\ECI i,[ -
]
aq+ Jo 111n8 rrl
rr,
JllotII slql Jo
,
:
-
.
.
uodn uoIxIJIJn.r,-r -, :
ulaql o1 aruo,) I,l
\"
D uTn)ros4 Dlp lt! ., 6tap tpoJll) D ,,'.. .'. aJuanlJur uR JSr.r.t.'., Jo Tuawrysal arll rr -rsoddns aq] ].rorl,: sllJ '(r) rdornq rr . -FI. sr rlrepa.rlrrl\ uorlcrdap aq] Il rr Ir : '(J Jtrrmp{ }sr.ir[') ,
pauurBp aql
-
.. :
,
-
pri r? l:,
Äq plaq aJB s{0orr uE Jo 'r{lnoT 'o:l '..
-arlnl{
Jo ss0r')
ot{} po+ou
.r
.
rl
.
)r{
Ja^\a \\(
1
sE,^A. 1l lEr{} aJr.rJI,i... -uar ]srlJ rrll rrl ii'
,(11eurFr;o uaar[ J-\]rr,
-lotlJs auros ^(,[ p,rg--]..
- !--T
NflAY'CH C(r
p
I,.
%
.--*T4liJ
hL
ffi-
.l:e-.
äreP"j-
THE Two soRRo\\rs oF THtr KINGDoN'I oF HEAvEN
212
Turin Gospelr ('). This imagery contrasts with that which is standard in medieval iconography generally, where angels are depicted carrying the cross and the other instruments of the Passion when Christ returns to judge mankind (').
4
do-rega
'1,
"will
come".
This is the form in Y : contrast do-rröega I-T, do-rxgha F, do-raiga L. Since U and F are the two most significant MSS in the stemma, and LI and L the two oldest, their shared witness would seem certain to reflect the exemplar. The difficulty here is one of sense: do-rröega vel sim. is 3 sg. augmented preterite of do-goa "chooses", hence "(he) has Chosen" ; while the context calls for a word meaning "(h.) will come", this being precisely what we find in do-rega Y, do-raga OQ. This would seem to constitute evidence calling for a redrawittg of the stemma, so as to privilege YOQ over tiF. But this solution seems untenable for various reasons, among them the fact that do-rega is in both morphological and semantic terms the lectio facilior. Yet more tellingly, a similar range of variants is found in the next paragraph, where the correct form was obviousll, do-roig a : here F 's do-raghai agrees mo st clo sely with do-reg a Y, do-ragha OQ, with correct do-roiga preserved in L (Lf has nothing similar here). Similar variants appear in § 7,2 (note especially do-röga Ii, do-roegCI Y), § 8,3 (where Y has dod-raega, but OQ again read da-raga, do-ragha) and § 10,1 below. The exemplar of the surviving MSS probably already confused do-rega with do-roiga. Do-röga was in fact a variant form of do-roiga in Middle Irish: LI itself affords an example in the passage just cited, with which may be compared do-rögai ('), do-reguinn-sium (n)). There seems to be no plausible alternative
to the aclntittr
:
do-rega; that t l. . , shared bv our' ]I- have restorerl t..
4
'1,-2
a clTr',,,
.'
pronoun, u-hith be reflectecl h.'r.
4 3 acindt,:' The range , stemmatic tr'r'ir,
-
have tentat ir-r 1., '
"mouth, mA\\-
-:
l
4 3 in slt'trt,l While the :t,. ting the seConri l uncommon thirt . F is distinct ir.r :
.
lad, a worcl u-hl, \\'ü rzbu I'g q I, -
..
,
(or, in O, its
,i
articles, L hu.. gathering". r'ett rl
4 9 corl lriz ' This forttt .,,
,
other N{SS reltL currenL throLl ,..
tio facilior. fhr l can shed no li:. (1) Ibid., p. 98-99 and Pl. 40. (2) E.g. E. N,,IArn, L'art religieur du XIIY sid.cle en Franceo Paris 19488, p. 651-660. Mäle here stresses the importance of the Elucidarium of Honorius Augustodunensis as a witness to the same concepts; the relevant passage appears in trlucidarium 3, 51, edited in Y. LBr'üvno, L'Elucidarium et les Lucidaires, Paris 1954, p. 457. (3) LL 21708; cf. tr. J. Grn yNN, The Lletrical Dindshenchas, vol . 2, p. 1.37 .
(4) W. Sroxrs, "The Prose Tales in the Rennes Dindsenchas", ,RC 15 (1891), p.290.
:
5
1,
Öro scrir, ,'
I have herr'same verb is
{,
,
5 s-4 "f lyr', ,; Crlst, "co q[p,il,
.
good to
tht
11, ,
..
,
-
',,,slaFuErlJJB pue slaFue aql
sErI aq r{JIr{.A& ploqasnoq aq} o} pooF 01, 'lslJr{3 s{es ,ouasoqJ (cnq|utnqttn L nq|uru o),,'lslJ3 Jtlutnw-ußn Wloru Dal pa)Jtg,, ?-t g
slr{
q1l.1\,\
oF ullq }al uar{J,,,
Jo ',puDp
nfr1ot-op
'aJaq paldope aq o1 sr qJa^ aures aq+ lerl+ slsa8Fns .{A.olaq I'B § }B }xa}uoJ JBIrurs e ur q)tp)s or Jo asn :1 lsure8e SSHI raqlo aq+ pa.&\olloJ oral{ aAEq I ',,+Eq} IIE paqslulJ sErI aq uaqA&,,
-
ann uls 9p tpüps orQ
T,
I
'uorlelIJap s,pJo,\4. slq+ uo IqFII ou paqs uEJ I +nq '1xa1uoc aql uorJ +uaprAa suraas Furueatu aqJ 'nqnoJ oty -ral oql .(11uaprra : por.rad qslrl alpplru aql lnoqFnorr{} }uarrnr paulBurar qclq,\N p\Dq)n)s Jo ruroJ e o)stot o) lcalJar ssI,{ raq}o aq] Jo IIB Jo sFurpea-r aqJ 'i) ur Ä1uo s-readde turoJ slql ',,paqsrurJ sBrl aq Illun,, slt?l oJo) 6 17
-
'af,ualuas snor...ta;d aq+ ur ,,uol{},, o} Fur"r;a;ar ',,FuIJaq}EF JIaq+ puE lsor{ JIar{1,, : sunouo;d alrssassod '1d t sBr{ 1 'sa1cr1re
alrurJap o,t.rl Jo pealsul '(qpn*n76a7 o,\rleAlrap sll 'O ur 'ro) urvp4 pazrsarllBlaur aAEr{ SS}t raq}o aq} isassolF Frnqzrng aql ur {1uo pa+sa}le asr,{A.Ja{lo aq oT sJeadde qolqa pJo.Ar\ E'pol
-lDv)al qslrl plo Jo '1d 'ruou aq+ Furuasa;d ur aArlrullslp sr .{ 'totltttJJry o4)q aq+ aq o+ sruaas uorlua+ar sll ler{} uourruorun ÄlluarclJJns sr Dllvw)4 pro,^r aq+ oalaq aserqd puoras aql Erl+ -lluro pue Fur.,tro11o; JoJ ,^.rolle plno,&\ Errrtua+s aql allq6 n ul t V 'Dnvru)4 u! L
frnn1s
'T pue O rq apeur illuapuadapul uorleAouur uE ,.,.reur 'q1noru,,, ul6 qlr,r 'Furpeal IeurFrro aql aq o+ ulJ ua{E} .(1a.tr1e+ua} aAEr{ I '-I u!6 D'Ä up JD'öO.{ up o'i} u!6 rD:srura} Jr}Bruua}s ur ureldxa 01 ureFe sr arar{ s}uErJEA Jo aFue-r aqJ llnJIJJIp ',,llAac[ aq] Jo lllnF aq] ruorJ,, llnqop up D t V 'araq palralJar aq o+ suaas -relduraxa aql ur .{se;cu^(solpl uv '-I ur pa}BJrpul Ä1uo sI uolllual 'sesec aaJr{} IIE ur iuorlrual sasne) r{JIrI,r 'unouo;d oÄISSossod aq+ iq papacard IIB are sunou aarr{} asar{J 'lwaplnql Dro Dqltpoilp a q)ortp D z-T, v 'Fs t
'asuas {q roJ paller rrrroJ ar{} paro}sar aAEq 0O {q pareqs arrnos aq} pue Ä }ErI} pue:SSN rno Äq pareqs ;elcluraxa aql {q o6agt-op o} paldn;ror sE,\A. slq} }Er{} in\arop per{ ,(lleurFrro }xa} aq} }ErI} ,^&arl pa}nloluoJ Älpr++lrupe ar{} o}
F-t'g
ETZ
q
I 3U
'Z 'loA
',,SBqJUaS Ilrr i ( I
'snqtuaqs l)li
-nlg,7'gtr,\EJs-I
.
ri
\
.
-alaJ aI{} lsldaJrlrr,- .' Jo untrnplrnlg rrl+ _
's8t6I srJEd'
)tttt,.i..1
aAI+EuJallE alillsn:'G) p6?r-op p a.r lr, l- ; aql ur alduexJ rr, \ -' .
tuJoJ IuEIJE-\ t? ].';:
-uoJ .(pearlu
.i1,-1 ':
\
.
l
'^ttolJt[ I'l I 'nfrant-pop sBrl
i
-,.
r alou) § ur .rlr.r Z'L 1 ur Ilr-\.i-frarop qll,\\ i1.r s
:
sEq i'l) n
Älsnor,tqo sE.\\ ui.: punoJ sr sluBr.rP.\ -
-
n 6arop lerl] +,t n I -. -ualun sluaas Uf)tr:-
os 'etutuals Jrl]
.
I,,
o1 uraas plno^\\ s ir, .i .{lasrcard Furacl s r lr +xaluoJ aq+ alrrl
\\ :
.
_
ssaulr,^(\ poJEr{s .rr.r1;
'
alrralald paluJtrrit
ul SSHI IUEJIJIuär. .\ od nq\arop '^l tt,t, .
'(r) I)tliv..
aq] Jo sluatun.rlsrrr aJE slaFue aJarl \\ '.i, sr qJIq.\& lBrll r[]r \\ \ .
- t- t'r
NEAY3H l()
'
l'r
L
E:g---d
--
211
THE Two soRRows oF TlrE KTNGDoM oF HEAVEN
Instead of this, U has "Eirged iarom i n-öentaid" aingel", or Crtst "'Let him rise up into the unitv of the angels,' says Christ".
5 3 liirced. Cf . § 7 ,7. I take this to be an otherwise unattested form of tlre 3 sg. irnperative of töit "goes", based on 2 sg. eirgg. For the
7 2-6
irrg from at-reiq "rises up, ascends"; but this cannot be the rvord's sense in § 7, where a sinful soul is carried off to hell.
5 3 cosin muintir do-roiga "to the household which he has chosen". The confusion discussed in the note on § 4,7 do-reqa, exacerbated perhaps by the influence of do-rega at § 6,1, has affected the \,ISS here: all of them (apart from LI, which has eliminated the phrase entirely) seern to take Do-roiga danö or Crist as the beginning of a new sentence: "'He will come [sic], then,' says Christ
". (trven L
seerns
to have understood the text in this
\r'ay; despite retainirg the correct form of the verb, it begins a new sentence at this point.) This leaves cosin muintir, at the end of a sentence, awkwardl5r unelaborated; it is to rectify this that Y reads gusin muinntir suthain "to the eternal company". Cf . do-röega at § 7,2, where LT read s do-riga, OQ do-raga; also da-raga O and do-ragha a at § 8,3 and do-rreghai F, clo-rega Y, do-roga O, do-raga a at § 10,1.
6 3 Ni etarscörthar ind
ainim
"The soul u,ill not
be
i
For the la.i the phrase ;" come".
7 2-g llrtrl feri
airqedh Q), cf. '2 sg. airc-si in the Yellow Book of Lecan text of the saga Togail Bruidne Da Derga (t). In the present instance, eirged in LI shorn's that the form was there interpreted as deriv-
Rrtrl
ng
,i,
".
I take the
.
the intro
clu
c'
t ir
I b oc q(lll'i,,'..
F's occu rtit'i; nates the rtois,-'
kind of
I
t u nlu
The
thrr't'
'
Tri gttir', lluaicl ht lr' gair itltf'r'i i ' '
/. \ \
ren Qg
Ill,,J,:
bttaidi
/'r1,
pene
.
itltlrr:"
(1) .SIt 81 1
.
(2) F'or un r',i. tlre Book of
1-r'r.'
"Tri Gäire an I "The Three
(- r',,
.:
1t
irtntot't'r,
htrr--*.,
,
F'
ör.ätlrrr tt(
(1) E. Kxorr, Togail Bruidne Da l)ergu, f)ublin 1936, line 1115.
:
'
This statement is changed in O to Ä"i fetar sgartain i ndnanim "Division in a soul is not possible (?)".
between o/ and ar (both meaning "since, because, seeing that").
,
7 3 Do-hir,r from each". The most :t: will give sultL,t . -
divided ".
"Since is stronger". 6 B Or is treissiu Or appears in F YO, by contrast with ar Ll , ol L. This appears to represent a form, rot mentioned in I)1L,, intermediate
-
rod mbiu "ltr' \\ nem "he s-ili l. '' exemplar of \-t ,l-
r
,
.
'f8g-t8g'd'1tuo[ia[I
put) pu'd atl,L u\',,ppor11 Jr{} Jo sauS aaJr{J, Jr{J,,,
'rauv3 'f 'Jr pult :Ztt-ttt 'd '(gZOt) U dJZ .' rrrer{uo(I uE arlgg }.rJ_,, pe}nJaxa aroLUSt.I Jo :1oog aq1 'ao1-u Ecr'C aJS'uretiuol A qluBsoaq ^,{ ;o idor B rro posBq a8essed slql Jo uorlelsrleJl pue uorlrpa uE ro,r (Z) 'tl8
]1S (r)
'uu1flt171 auad
urnr fpalul frn qtvqpad oLr lDnu L unurDaqp o IES)nr lppnq nu L rtD)so) ut lqpryq qlarq n L qpoaqpLuloJ ul pnlow fin uar -ilq ou trufr 'f qruq)Dqpnarl nustl uatl DU uü)UDrs )o pr[]grq ltlllvl trufr 'f uts-tru| Dp ut tlvplo oru s? L Durnrl sr7 orrouru/7 rlDg 'sD prcrqru )nl uvl ut lslr7 op umbtn D)o uu1flqyt trufr npnTdt|W arlap ußo pa4!4 rn Drurv )nur lslotrt Dl pleny 1p
rlnlli D pDuuq n6o : erslu )Dur tru6 'l' urnraop ut atru6 UJ : (r) ,^Ltl 'loJ 'aroutsl1 Jo 1oog aql ul aFessed palelosr uE ur ureFe readde qderFered slql ur palerarunua sarrJ aarr1} aq1 6 '}lnlrln} Jo pul{ {ue a)uaq 'raq1aFo1 Furqselc suodea.tr {q apetu asrou aq} sa}Eu ',,rulq
+B Furt1Fne1,,
-
aluutt pnhtru|
n gL
',,
oH,,
tl3Ba uoJJ
tpoau op pauut nJ?q-o7
t
-
pauru! L 6truw oru poü
_
Dlq
Fu
t-Z
'(,..letl1 Furaa.^'):i'.
:
alBlpauJalur '-I I( I slrlJ '-I 1,,
s;eadde
-upu
!
ulnTtnbs' .,'/ .
aq lou III,!\
{n1..
nbat-op '..{ / nqfr,t.t.t-
iobnt-op 0O'Dl),,.1-, -uroc IEuJAla a rl l
Ä;r1cat o,1 sr ]l :l aq] 1R 'ttTutnut i/ i r -
s.{es
aq+ SE IS1.JJ J0 r)Li!,]
palBurullla sBq palJJJJt? Stsq
.
,.-
;
:
rl,-,
'l'1f
-JaJExa 'nöat-op I.I
L
',,,(BS Är,{+ ,1no{ o+ 006,,, llls lo ,,i6truw e pa+Jasul +l 'uos;ad puocas aql Jo uorlonpoJ+rrr aq+
',,
ao,\A, aAEr{
',,
.llnqUtp
6
sutFaq 1l oq;a r r ri slr{} ur +xa} r{l ,',..1} '[rJr] ..-,, I
',,LuoJJ,, lp Ja uJoJ B sE op puE ',,surE1Qo,, aJuaq ',,sFulJq,, asuas sll ur rnq-op qraA aql poolsrapun {lFurprorre a^Eq I 'slq} Jo asuos ,(ue a{Etu }ouueJ I }nq l,,euot(ue o] Fur.ray;ns arrF III,\I\ oH,, aq plno,u slr{} Jo Fuuapual pJe.^eJo;1qFre.r1s }soru aqJ
Fur-ra;;ns urelqo III,\I lot1,., asnEIJ
JoJ lunooce o1 : ,,a^Erl IIIA& noi,, nru pJ sB bf Of Jo ;elduaxa aq+ Äq palatdJalural sE,{A. slr{J '(,),,raAeaq aAtsr{ III.{I er{,, utau Dlqlu parJr i,,(ulq o1 aq IIIA araq+ 'ru) aAEq III.AT o{,, Dlqlu por qslrl alpplru rarlrBa +ralJar o+ araq uorlf,nrlsuo) aql a{Bl I
-Jns puu
IIIA aFL,
-
tla;
L
a[uoJ
-la,r III uB +l a,trF i.,{} pue,, sI4 HWJIU 71onJ L aserqd aq+ salnlrlsqns i) qderFe-red slr{} ur sacua}uas oarq} }sEI ar{} rod 9rz
poü e_z L
aq q)rq,^e ploqrS lt, -: 'llaq o+ JJo [)rr.r.r,
aql
aq +ouuBr slli l
-ArJap sE pala.rcl.ia
I r.
'aJuElsur luJSa.rcl r. Jo lxa1 untaT Jo ){,,, '-I pa)rm lL § rri l,'. 'b6tn .o.s G .: ,;
aq+ Jod
Jo ruroJ palsal+Btrn
',,lslJt{3 s{es
Jo ',,1a bulv
Ir-t,9
,'s1Jö-ir
plDllr
) tt
r:
-u
I{EAYEH C0 I\r
na---*-
ffi
216
THE T\\'o soRRo\\'s oF THE KTNGDoN,{ oF HEAVEN
"The three cries of the world: that is, the cr-y of the sons of Israel when they were being driven into the Red Sea b1,' NIoses son of Amram, in the flight from the trgvptian slavery ; and the cry of hell rn hen it was harrowed b-v Christ, when he took the plunder from it. A cr1,, however, which is heavier and greater than those two cries: that is, the cry of the Day of Judgement w'hen the righteous are separated from the sinners ; that is, the cr.v of the righteous, praising the Lord and giving thanks for the victor_-v and triumph r,vhich the-v have gained over the Devil, and the wail of the sinners as the1,' depart into the punishment of hell." Another version,, differing slightly from this one in its wordirg and adding the curious statement that the Israelites were led not by N'Ioses alone but also b.v "Judah son of Jacob ", is found in Dublin, NLI N,'IS G 9, p. 15b and Oxford, Bodleian NIS Ramlinson B 512, f. 143". The same text evidently provided the basis for the final quatrain of Düan in choi.cat cest: a gloss
on the phrase tri gaire in domuin " three cries of the world " speaks of gair mac nlsraöl ica tennad i mMuir Ruaid, gair iffirn oca arcain do Crist " the cr,v of the sons of Israel when they \Ärere being driven into the Red Sea, the cry of hell when it was heing harrowed b_v Christ " ; and another gloss sa,vs that "the cry rn,hich is heaviest of them" is gair in bratha hic deiliughad na firian frissna pectachaih "the cr]- of the Judgement, at the separation of the righteous from the sinners" (').
9 z timmarcuin. have supplied this spelling, although the readings timarcon U and timargan F indicate that the original text nla--v well not have given this word the correct accusative singular form.
9 6-7 i
n-erbothaib flatha nime. This appears to be the unique attestation of a word airboth.
I am grateful to Nicole Volmering for the observation that it probably designates some kind of outer habitation, rather than heaven itself, the latter being reserved for the baptized. Cf. the use of airdam or airphort(ach), u.ith the same prepositional prefix, for the narthex or portico: a covered space, outside (1) K. NIBvnn, "Nlitteilungen
-
L0 l-2
clocln,r
i
dom".
OQ here I'r.,
.
hea\ren".
L0 2 muc rtl),
'
t
Son of God, S,
.
71, This prlri.i.. its being the ('r: --
the sa me SC(,nt. '.\ -. verbal cot't'eslr,1 (cf
. ItA § 61 .:') - I
töebu co tecut rL r'
omun in
laithe t,:'
guha-si n ).
h,
t
§ 62,5-6 bu dt'r'i;
'
§ 62,6-7 oc €t'ui, Lr and F har-e t, ,;
,
Y, 3 in cltjit', , LOQ replar.' , .'
I
(1901), p. 226-263, at p. 237, § 23.
the church |)r' ,1 admitted to th,. \ nn-irportaiblt ir,-'r
alrs
irischen Handscriften", ZCP
3
-
.iah.
Y,3 tüurcrit This cot't't:1r,,' do-fhuarcbhut.
3 pl. present
in,
i
lier do-füairc ]
5-6 ltt i,t: düinne inur 11,1,,
-
1,1,
(1) F'urthet'rir. Rann", Cellicrt
1,r
-
i.'
'
Du JtDllDS,
'06 'cl 1e 'FSI-Z3 'd
ul i+ll ilua,reaH aqJ,, ',lauv3 'f
'(986t) Sl D)4laJ
ul uorssnrsrp
' ,LntDg
raqlrnd (t)
llltplJto Du! stutunq oua) qtouuDlulDl qturcpu JDU| auutnp rlp Dq uls 7nru6-op u!o? put lot sD urnrDt ull uI 9-q T,V ',,sasrEJ,, yn6tnJ-op Jo ruJoJ E JoJ ',,saqsnJc,, urunJ-op Jall -rBa palBqra^run aql Jo o^rlBrrpul luasard '1d t luaudola^ap Jo 6lruJJot,1l ua{E}slru oAEt{ o} sJeadde aqrJJS aq} : uor}JaJJoJ.rad,(q E a{ll s{ool r{clruy\ ruroJ Jruo}ora}nap e Fur,rrF (ruqq)rnnqJ-op spBal auolB d 'v,{ q,,ssaJd fr,{},, ltUtrttal o+ spuodsauoJ slqJ qsnJJ ({aq}),, IID)JDIy t VT, ',,
-
-llg
'qE I
Jo atuBu aq} qll.^(\ 'Ä1a1er-rdotddB
aroru 'slr{} acelda"r bor t T,T,
',,crJalJ aq},,
-
t d)z ',,uJljlJJs[)li aplslno 'a;Bcl:^ lr.-r.; IEuolltsodard
Jrrr
]r
'U(
)r I
ll
1.
.
-
'JJ 'pazrldecl rrll
utsql JJLIIUJ
1l lEI{} uoI}E \.IJ:r
:
-
1
'qloqJt0 pJo^\\ B I, , ': 'IUJOJ JEIIIo*u I-
uo)JDun7 sFurltllr.r
.
.
qJal!?p ut
'1xa1 aJrnos aql o1 lsasolc sFurpear a^Er{ .{ pue i} +Erll Äq1-ro.tralou sr +l 'ureFy '(nqryrq arylol llnprcra )o L-g,Zg §
VtI'Jc) llry)trtn DU! '(rlnuop ul qlupp op rlqqpp oq g-g,Zg s V,t 'Jr) qruuuDtnlDl qtlnopu rnut auutqtp rlw Dq '(uts-nqn6 ul 7nru6-op qagu nuut uuvtuuo tll s? utnrvt ury ut g-V,Zg s Vi .p) uls lDlu6-op u!o? pu! lryt sp utnrot uol ut '(nqwtq aqllDl untilo rn q!§a DpJ Dqprs lru)4 or ndtnt DI{ anta-u o ltDuu4 Ir-Z,Zg s Vi 'Jr) aqpryq arylnl unuro rD qtss. DpJ Dqprs o lw4 o) nqagl DI( nqla-u a TD)rDltl '(oqryrq aqnq opuqra t-t,Ig s Vi .Jr) aqnvl Dpvqra : {q1ro,{&a}ou are saouapuodsaJroc IEqraA
'(,)
,,s.rJrr rr r.
-nlap )!q DqtPrq Lt lBtl+ s{es sso{oa .r.r .. +l uaqa IIaq Jo .i i
-
:
truö 'p!»t,tt{
url[h
uaq.^.r IaB.rs
{r,lt ,,
plJo^r aql Jo
s
J .i: -
.-"
r r..
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218
rFIE Two soRRo\^,'s oF THE KINGDoM oF HEAvEN
"When the birds do that, then, it were fitting for us, as earthly human beings, to be anticipating it". ti omits this sentence, the presence of which in the original text is vouched for however by similar wording in ItA (see note on § 11 above). 1,2 The reception and development of the Antichrist legend in Ireland are documented and discussed in detail elsewhere in
this volume ('). The statement that Antichrist will be "a devil in the shape of a man" (diabul i rricht duine) recalls the treatment of Antichrist in the eighth-century Hiberno-Latin treatise De numeris: here Antichrist is identical lvith Satan, who will be released frou hell to assume a human body shortly before the end of the world (Ante iudicium tamen breuiter soluitur, ut ueniat et carnem inhoneste suscip iat (2)). The account of Antichrist in the Book of Lismore also states that he is " the Devil who will come in a human body" (in Diabal do thicfaid a curp daena (')); and the Antichrist text in Dublin, RIA MS 23 Ar 75 speaks of him as Antechristus .i. diabolus (p. 544.545 below). 7 ar-neithet-sid "they are awaiting". I have supplied this form. t-I has ernaidit-side, its univerbated counterpart; tr reads do-reghait "they will come" ; and the readings of YLOQ reflect as-regüt-side, which looks like a hybrid of at-regat-side " the,v rise" and as-eirget-side " they rise again". I accordingly conjecture that the original text contained a form modernised by t-f and misinterpreted by the shared exemplar of F'YLOQ. '/.,2
12 2 do chomailliud faistine in Choimded "to fulfill the prophecy of the Lord". This phrase is omitted by FYLOQ, for which
it is in Spirut "rpoke "the mouth of the the through Holy Spirit" who l{oem prophet ".
(1) See further I{. N[cNrnARA, "The Irish Legend of Antichrist" in Jerusalem, Alerandria,, Rome. Studies in Ancient Cultural Interaction in Honour of A.Hilhorsl, F. Grncie NIARTixEz - G. P. Lr-irrIKHUIZItN, eds.,
Leiden - Boston 2003, p. 201-279. (2) Cited ibid., p. 205 n. 6. (3) D. Hr-»p, "Nledieval Account of Antichrist", in l,Iedieual Studies in Memorg of Gertrude Schoepperle Loomis, R. S. Loouts, €d., Paris - Neu' York 1927, p. 391-398, at p. 393.
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220
THE T\ ro soRRo\\'s oF THtr KTNGDoN{ oF HEAvtrN
will be begotten by a bishop on his daughter on F riday (Esbac do-nt in natde fi, I isin alne rö ü ingin), and that he will be able to do everything which Christ did "while
he was upon the earth" (q fot ro bai for talmain) apart from raising the
; while the further assertion that i\ntichrist will have a thousand beautiful women "in his company" ('na choimedecht) corresponds to tr's statement that he will be "full of lust" ('). None of these details occur in other Irish accounts of Antichrist, although the doctrine that he rn,ill be the offspring of dead
father-daughter incest is a distinctive Irish feature. The Book of Lismore text states explicitly that Antichrist ruill revive the dead, although onl,v sinners will be the beneficiaries of this (2). That the poem shares no other features in its description of Antichrist with our text, and that it contains further elements not found there, indicates that it did not derive its information from DBF'I.,\r; that none of the details in the poem appear in parts of our text's account of Antichrist not peculiar to t-l indicates that it is ti' and not the original text which was the borrower. The poem's late date (O Cuiv suggested that it was composed c. 1200) means that it can scarcely have served as [,']''s source ; but that LI and the poem were dependent on some specific work, not known to the author of DBF'Iü as a whole, appears evident. It is also significant that the passage contains an independent object pronoun, a form not found elseu,'here in
text of DBtrA. For isin domun do-thael "into the world that he comes" F reads do-thoett inheresiu: either "(that) the heresv comes" (if for do-töt ind eirise) or "(that) he comes at this time" (if for do-tet in n-eiret-si u). !2 7-B Soud a phölaire ina ötan is ö comartha bias fair "The turning of his writing-tablet to face him: that is the sign that will be upon him". Nothing comparable to this cryptic statement can be found in other Irish accounts of Antichrist; its obscurity is reflected LI's
by Ir'. It has been rendered " I-,Tne inscription qui tourne dans son front, voilä Ie signe qui sera sur lui" (3);
in its
omission
"The inr-et'si,n l,)- u'h ich ltr u "The sense Ill.:.,
tablet"] to
Ir',
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13 Note thr,l (1) B. Ö Cuiv, "Two Items from Irish Apocr,vphal Traditior", 10 (1973), p. 87-102, at p. 95-99 § 17,26-27. (2) D. HnnE, "N'{edieval Account of Antichrist", p. 394. (3) G. Dorrrx, "Les deux chagrins", p.387.
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NOI üCNCOU,INI TVtIgNg'C
226
TRANSITLTS MARIAE
('). A complete Ethiopic version of this early narrative, now known as Liber requiei, was published by Victor Arras in 1973 ('z). In the sections of this work for which there are ancient Syriac parallels the Liber requiei is seen as a remarkabl5r faithful witness to the ancient traditions; and it may be presumed that the sections of the tr,thiopic version for which corresponding text has not heen preserved in Syriac also represent an early tradition. Other fragments of the same ancient text have been preserved in Georgian, and fragments of a closely related version are known in Coptic. This earliest narrative survives in abbreviated form in a sixth-century Greek version, preserved in an eleventh-century manuscript, Vatican Library Gr 1982. The text has been edited and studied by A. Wenger (with the siglum R = Romanus; standardized siglum G1) ('), who also discusses the larger question of the "Palm of the Tree of Life" tradition. Behind this Greek text seems to lie a lost earlier Greek source of the 5th-6th century. Wenger has shown that a narrative very similar to this lost source formed the basis for John of Thessaloni1865
ca's early seventh-century homily on the Dormition, a homily delivered between 610 and 649 (4).
All the u,estern narratives of the Dormition belong to the "Palm" tradition. Among the various Latin narratives, the Transitus attributed to Ps.-lVlelito of Sardis (L1) is often
iISslltnecl to J'... .-c'enturr- (:). \::.
Iiarlsruhe. Lr'r.
l
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11
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.
i,ittention to tit' France lat. lJ.i,,. Ius forms toget
ir.,
Wenger tlurl,--
tion, together trndertook
u'ith three
to
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Ir 'i.
cr-r1u:..
ragment traclit I irrg the influe nt,. f
mark; then. i.11 that is, the Lrrt. ations and is irr sion tradition. I
:
(1) W. W'Rrcur, Contributions to the Apocrgphal Literature of the lleru Testament, Collected and trdited from Sgriac Llanuscripts in the British fuIuseum, with an English Translation and Noles, London 1865; English
translation p. 12-51. (2) \I. Annrs, -De Transitu Mariae. Apocrupha Aethiopice I (CSCO 342343, Scriptores Aethioptci 66-67), Louvain 1973. It was this edition and Latin translation of the Liber Requei rvhich first brought the Ethiopic evidence to scholarl,v attention. (3) A. WENGEn, Lässomption de la f. S. Vierge dans la tradition bgzantine clu VI' au X' siecle. Etudes et d-ocuments (Archiues d.e l'Orient chrötien 5), Paris 1955. In earlier studies differing sigla har,e been used for the individual witnesses. The identification sigla have been standardized by
Esnnopcx in his essa-y "Les textes litteraires sur l'Assomption avant le x' siöcle", in Les Actes Apocrgphes des Apötres, F-'. Bovox et aI., eds., Genöve 1981, p. 265-285, at 266-267, followed by later writers. (4) trdition by N,I. Jucrn, Homölies mariales bgzantines, II (Patrologi.a orientalis 19,3), Paris 1926 (repr. Turnhout 1971), p.341-.438.
1\t. vAN
Yestitor
(8th-(l
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(2) Edition l,]
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228
TRANSITUS
LXXX
(10tn century), Gerhoh of Reichersberg (12tn century), the Golden Legend (13'n century) and finally the Stellarium of Pelbart of Temesvar (1490) (t).
For the remaining Latin versions, Wenger takes the source to be the variants of the M type (noted above), dating between the 5th and the 7th centuries. He takes the abbreviated version A in N'IS Karlsruhe Aug. CCXXIX (7tn-gth century), and the account in the In gloria martyrum of Gregory of Tours (died 593), to be dependent on these ('). Then in direct descent from the variants of the M type Wenger postulates a (lost) intermediary type, from which the W version (7tt'-3ttt century) and the original Melito composition (5tn-7tt' centurv) descend independently, both of these subsequently giving rise to the text found in MS Paris, Bibliothöque nationale de France lat. 2672,, fol. 7"-12, l?Lh-13th century ('). In 1981 Michel van Esbroeck published a thorough investigation of the pre-tenth- century Iiterary texts on the Assumption. In this he assigns sigla to the various farnilies and individual texts. He gives a very intricate diagram for the descent of the "Palm of the Tree of Life" type of the tradition, acknowledgirg that his framework for this is that of P. Wenger (*). As Shoemaker has noted, the fact that the literary relations of the "Palm of the Tree of Life" traditions are fairly well established is due primarily to Wenger's groundwork
...
N,TARIAE
Armenian, [.o1,.' : as well as Iri-ir tual tradition \\ :although sonrr , 1, Shoemakel'r'r:.,- group, represeril. nesses, äs the :r .l tradition. He SL.- (i) the Irish \.t']':. of 'fours; (iii) a (, tive (G1) gir-in r r G4, G5); (i\-) I-:, .
.
Sardis (I-,1) ("' ).
Earlies: L:'_
These literarr- t,-.i, '
nections. In thr . Council of tr1th.- . ,
in her honour irr kathisma ("thc >t.. salem and Betit,
(5).
These texts enable us to ascertain the background of the early or earliest witnesses of the Transitus tradition in which we are principally interested, that of the "Palm of the Tree of Life". Witnesses for this tradition alone are extant in Arabic,
(1) For detaiis. \. somption avatrt 1. others. See SrroF-\r , (2) For Irish tr\.--
.
,
[or The Testanr, nt Marg. The
(1) See WnNGER, L'Assornptiort, p. 66, with details of individual texts p. l,L0-204; indirect transmission through the Golden l,eqend and Pelbart of Tamesvär, p. 180-181. (2) trd. B. KnuscH,, Gregorii trpiscopi Turonensis miracula et opera minora (I,IGH, Scriptores Rerttm l,Ierouingicctrum I, 2), )tttt e d.,, Hanover 1969, p. 39 and ,13. (3) Wpxr;nn, I,',,lssomption, p.25, 66. (,1) N'I. vAN E ssRoECK, "Les textes littöraires sur l'Assomption avant le x. siöcle", p.270, lvith reference to Wpxcrn, Lässomption, p. 66.
(5)
SsoEN{AKen, Ancient Traclitions, p. 32-33.
Gue11,
\'-
.
Dublin, Roval Ir-iSt. .I. D. Sur'4r,,, j N{. [frinenRT s tr',: r Biblical Apouql,ii ; \. 131.
(3) These reir,t r Ancient TraditJ r,.,i . 'fours in error'.
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230
THE "P r-
TRANSITUS MARIAE
'
of Mary was celebrated there on August 15, and later a commemoration of her dormition, transitus or assumption. By the second part of the sixth century Mary's transition from earth to heaven had become part of the Christian tradition in the East. There are accounts bv sixth-century travellers to Jerusalem of the basilica at the site of her tomb; for instance, that of the basilica near Gethsemane in a pilgrimage guide attributed to Anthony of Piacenza (Antoninus; Anonymus Placentinus), writing probably between 560 and 570. The Emperor Maurice (582-620) fixed August 15 as the date for the churches of the Empire to celebrate Mary's Dormition. Liturgical celebration called for appropriate sermons, and fresh homilies were composed from the seventh century onwards ('). The oldest of these is that attributed (probably rightly) to John of Thessalonica, betrn,een 610 and 649. This further development of the tradition continued in the East and the West, but need not be considered here.
The "Palrn of the Tree of Life" Traditions Shoemaker presents "the basic outline of the Palm narratives" as follows (2) :
is met on the l\Iount of Olives by an angel (3) who announces her impending death and gives her a palm from the Tree of Life. In several of the earliest narratir,es, the angel recounts some of his past acts, äs a demonstration
Origin of the
Mar.v
of his authority, including events from the Holrr F amily's flight to trgypt and the time of the Israelite captivity in trg.vpt. llIary then returns to her house in Jerusalem, where she calls together her friends and family to inform thern of her impending death. At this point, the apostles are miraculously transported from the ends of the earth, to which they had formerl-v dispersed. John arrives first, alone, and in the earliest versions Mary entrusts him with certain secret items
The correspon,l^: earliest Greeli t: 3x roü 9p r 9.1,, , .
a some\\'hat
Ll
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Lr
Latin bruuittrrr,.
(1) See f urt ir,..: chapters, ''The I
I
Traditions":"Tli.
-
in \I. Cr-A\-T'o\. l': (1) The most significant Dormition homilies from the seventh and eighth centuries can be found in B. E. DrLEy, On the Dormition of ltarg. Earla Patristic Homilies, Crestwood, N. Y., 1998. (2) SuopNrAKE a, Ancient Traditions, p. 37-:18. (3) The place of this angel is taken br,' Christ in the Irish u,'itnesses.
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--,r,.9.g,,,/dl
ffi
,;odf'
hr
232
THE "f ! .'
TRANSITUS MARIAE
through a mistaken reading of the Greek rn,ord as pr.p).iov.) A Syriac fragment of the Obsequies has "a branch from this staf f ", or "rod " ('). F'urther, there is the question of the relation of this palm branch to the Tree of Life, or the Tree of Life of Paradise. While there are but passing references to a branch of palm, in the opening section the angel (i, the Irish texts Christ) tells Mary that this branch is from the palm tree that bent low to give her food on the journey with Joseph and her child to trgypt. The narrative of this event is recounted at length in the Irish texts, and in greater detail in the trthiopic and Georgian versions ('). In the trthiopic version Jesus says to Marv, on the I\[ount of Olives, that she went forth when fleeing from Herod to the lVIount of Olives, and when she came to some trees she said to Joseph: "N{y lord, we are hungry, and what have we to eat in this desert place ? ". This seems to situate the miracle of the palm not in the desert near trgypt but at the N{ount of Olives. In both the f,thiopic and Georgian texts the tree is identified as the date-palm, which is regarded in these two texts as having been expelled from Paradise (3). After it had bowed down and given food to Mary the child Jesus told it to return (trthiopic: "return and descend") to its original place. And then the date-palm arose before Jesus and Mary and descended into his Paradise (Ethiopic; "passed into Paradise", Georgian). A solution to these problems ma,v possibly be found in a consideration of the origin of the Transitus traditions in the
Church of Jerusalem (a). Archaeological discoveries have brought to light the Church of the Kathisffiä, or " Seat", of Mary, the Theotokos: a large fifth-centurv church and the first known centre of the cult of Mary in the Holy Land. Our
sp
of rn here ir ,. r-'
lehem. There
(1) See SHoENTAKER, Ancient Traditions, p. (2) English translation of the f,thiopic Liber llequiei 5, I and of the corresponding Georgian version in Srronr,tAKER, Anr:ienl Traditions, p.292-296. (3) Texts in SsoBMAKnR, Ancient Tradit[ons, p. 295-296. (4) On this see SsoBtrAKER, Ancient Tradilions, chapter 2, p. 78-717 "The Ancient Palestinian Cult of the Virgin and the E arlv Dormition Trad ition s ".
i-
.,. -
in the rttr , text describes t to Bethlehenr. i, , . body la-v, at t lt. the pilgrim c'ont :. road
.
r
.
road from u'hii-:. water. This S\\ L r-
by reports
trr]
the flight to aL
.
.
strr irr-
,
that place. ri:.:
trgypt near Je r ri - connected u-ith t.. ratives no\\- prr:' . ' tive of the Lettöl:,, " ' Irish l)ormfl[rtn l. ],. ryphon in Jerll: explain the link. death and the tl..
-,
(1) See SHoErr \i-^i
in (Ps.-)A.r.-ro\r\'Itineraria et alirt
.40.
,
,
,;'
ridictn locorun? .srlr: "In ipso loco r-itlr
-
.
tratum usque
a,.1
:-
..-
itur
neque anlplir,:. quod sancta JIrrt'ir,
.
ip:r, (2) Edited. ri r: i
egressa esset
infantiae,
\I. ]lr \
405, § 126-129.
,
,"'
.
-
'67,T-9zl § 'gor
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p
IqI 'enbe esdr +assa essar8a tcol osdr ur urnld{Fay ur suarFnJ BTTEIN E+cuBS ponb
,,'1so EIoEJ oporu Brsalcca 1a :npas
oo'saluaclp'stltqerJeuul unpueqrq pB opnlrlens'tnlerldure anbau rnll -nulur anbau +a sauuo lualduoc apun'ualdas sorJelxas pB anbsn tunleJl -lqre pB luellqotuul urenbe arrxe erlad ap Er^ Erpatu ul Ipl^ ocol osdr u1,, :80I 'ou 'gg6I tuelesnraf 'rorvg 'O {q pa}lpe 'tantoTcuvs utnrnq uotptJ
-ltpug ul :ttI 'd 'gg6I lnoqurnJ '[gLt .IS))1 mytdnt6oa6 Dlp p otruraulry 'ua,r.ug 'd ,(q pallpa 'urntJDJauUI 'snNrJNisolrrd soNrNorxV(-'sa) ur rurrFlrd aql Jo +xa1
: 1O-OO
'd 'suotTtpotl ruanuv 'usxvrusoHs aas
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-code uollltttro(I aql Jo uorlrsoduroc ar{J 's}xa} uoltlttrrocl qslrl pue uerF;oag 'crdorqlg aql ur puE (r) matg rattqoa7 ar{} Jo arrl} -ErrBI{ {cue;u1 qslrl aq+ ur q1Fua1 +e pa^rasa;d .^(\ou sa^r}Er -reu aql ur aarl tuled aq+ Jo +Er{} se,^.r. a}ls slq} q}l,t.r palJauuoo suorlrpBrl ar{l Jo auo }Er{} alqrssod sl }l orualesnrar rBau 1d.,(Fg
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:
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SNIOIJ,ICIYHI ,,SCIT CO ggUI EHJ CO I{-IVd,, gHJ
ru,6 -"
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231
THE "F'r-
TRANSITUS MARIAE
Relation of the Transitus Mariae to the Apocalypse of Paul and Date of the Earliest Pa1rn Traditions
It is clear that
a relationship exists hetween the OösequieslLiber requiei (the works standing behind the Transitus l,Iariae) and the ApocalApse of Paul (composed about 400 CE), especially in the narrative of the visit to Hell. One seems to d.pend oo, or presuppose, the other. Many scholars believe that it is the Transitus (o. Obsequies) that depends upon the ApocalApse. Stephen Shoemaker, after Richard Bauckham, argues that the dependence is the other way around : the priority lies on the part of the Obsequies (1). This, and other indications, argue for a fourth-century date for the earliest "Palm" traditions (2).
'
(..) Tht' ittt:,
'
the Dorniit. opinion titr, .
-
tions of lat.--
:
-
.
Research into The Irish tert > in full in tu'o vr.
1j''
.
edited belou- l,'] related to the I r'- -, of the fifteenth . is also editecl l ,..i Montaglle Rir', :' dence for the \1,, I
.
Paradise in the "Palrn of the Tree of Life" and Earlier Traditions
In his study of the history of Dormition traditions Shoemaker remarks
Stephen
Sevmour
:
In spite of the narrative diversity that
-
in rt :t I -' -
characterizes the
early Dormition traditions, these legends converge remarkably in regards to Mary's ultimate fate : almost without exception, they conclude with Mary's transfer in body and/or soul to the Garden of Paradise following her death. Beyond this initial point of agreement, however, the accounts diverge quickly, of fering various assessments of the Virgin's return to the Garden and its eschatological significance. In some instances, 1\[ary's restoration to Paradise is seen as her attainment of the final reward awaiting all the just, while in other traditions, Mary's presence in Paradise is merely representative of the intermediate state presently shared by the righteous departed, who will together receive their final reward only on the day of resurrection, at the end of time.
his more sign it i, ., "The Irish \-et'.r gives rnhat he hii..-
form of this ä|r Fergusiorum ol
t
l
;.,
(1) See SrroEir'^.. BeucKrrANr. Tht F forcibly again in . ination, Paraclisc purpose did not .i ..i and this is certrri: early Dormition : l (2) M. R. Jrrtr .,1
'
(1) See SHonMAKER, Ancient Traditions, p. 43 -45, 284-285; R. BaucxFrAM, The Fate of the Dead. Studies on Jewish and Christian Apocalgpses (Supplements to l{ouum Testamentum 93); Leiden 1998, p. 134,1-:145. (2) See SnonuAKER, Ancient Traditions, p. 285: " [W]e may conclude r,vith some degree of certainty that the earliest Palm traditions were already in existence sometime before 400 CE, and very probably earlier, perhaps even as early as the second century."
-
11 (1909-19101.i \\ ical Studies 2tl (1',-.-
Tert, mith a Prtr,t.(3) Irish \-r,sz,,r . aeual l'tsions. Lr r.
(4) "The Iri:h '','. Studies 23 (1!)2i -',
-
'--
:
'Ev-gt 'd '(zr,6t-tT,6t) sz saryrys ptt|oTorrtl Jo ü)uJnol' ',,aDtJDI,f snlsuDry ar{} Jo suorsJat\ qslJl aqJ,, (f) '0t6I uopuol 'suolsll\ lDoan -WaN Jo frpn7s atü ol uo1nqtrruo7 V 'plro,M-raql7 atil Jo suors?A ttslrl (g) 't261 a8pr"rqtue3 'qsUI wol uoßra1 pnnrDd n Wlm 'WaJ mal{ v 'sladsog ficunJul ullD.I 'r,§ser :9I-6 'd '(616I-316I) 0Z satpryS ü))l -öo1oaq1 Jo Tnutnol ',,erqdi-rcody qslrL, 'llisor : 161-gBZ 'd '(0I6I-606I) II satpnls ptt|oyoaql Jo lDurnol' ',,eqdi;cody uo sa+ol{,, 'ssrurof 'tI 'ru k) ',,suortrrpeJl uorlrurJoq i1"rea aql ul palrodar asrpBrBd Jo suorsrA aql ul asEc aq1 ilurBlraJ sl slql puB 'Eutpuelsrapun uelrrnq Jo sllurll aql o+ ruJoJuoc sie.tr.1u ]ou plp asod;nd puB aJnleu astca;d asoq.^l '.(.io8a1ec plnlJ e ualJo sB.{A. asrpeJed 'uorleur -Eeur uerlsrrqJ ipea oql uL, :(gOz 'd) uorsnlruoc slq ur ure8e flqrcro; ra]lBru aq+ slnd la>leuaoqs 'Zgt-ZtE'd'pnaq aW Jo aru,4 aqJ,r^rvHyon\/g
o+ aJuaJaJaJ qll.A{\ '6!.1 'd suotltpou ruanuv 'usxvr\rgoHs aas (r)
'Gf O tZ SHI) ullqng '.(uraperv qslrl le.(og aql Jo urnroßnfrng snoDll Jaq!1 aI{} uI punoJ sE oAr}EJrEu 1eqd.(-rcode slr{} Jo rrrroJ aq+ Jo ,,arunsaJ IIn; ,(1;reJ e,, sB saqussap Jlasturq aq ler{,\r sa.trF aq qclr{1v\ rrl '(,) ,, avuvtr[ snrysunq aq] Jo suorsraA r{slrl aqJ,, uo tz6l uI .(essa uE sE.AA. suorlnqrJ+uoJ +uecrJruFrs aJour slr{
Fuourv '(r) 096I ur pUo,M-raWO atil Jo suo?si^ qsUI {ooq slq ur Furleurtulno 's0Z6I aq? Fuunp sarpnls Jo sarras B ur rnoruÄag
'c uqor'}s {q apBtu sE,^(\ plalJ aq} ur uor}nqrr}uor
{1tea }uBcr
-yruFrs aqJ'(.) rarpnls ul eqd{rcodv aq} roJ acuap lsoru IEraAas -l^a qslrl aq1 Jo atuos Jo alou {oo} satuef anFeluory :rpoqg '([r's'i) lss'urrqno ara11o3 .(1ruus) .(-rn1]JiTr::ffi :lT |J osuors;a.t qslJI ar{} o} pa}BIaJ 1dr-rcsnueru r{slJl uE ur paAJasa-rd {1aso1c }xa} ul}ET y 'r{reu}Earg urr{uroe3 ,.(q ,tlolaq pa}lpa .(11ecr1uc IIE '.(1ruoq qslJl uE Jo uorlrod e ur osle iraqloue
ur,(11er1red pue's1dr;csnueur r{slJl JEIncBuJaA o,\r\l,ur IInJ ur pa^rasard uaaq aAEq aotroll[ snrsuou aq] Jo s]xa] qslrl ar{J
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.
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uoTlIpEr.L oeTrEtrtl sn?rsueJ.L r{sTrl or{} oluT rlcr€eseu '(,) Aft.brlue alEI Jo suorl -lpBrl snorFrlar aql ur ,(lpeorq erour passaull^e sl lBql uorurdo lecr8ololer{csa Jo {1ar-ren e }ralJar spuaFal uol}lruroC aq} ,(lrsra.trp slql ur pue 'xalduo;r pue asJalrp aJE srrorsrA crldÄ1 -eaode asaql uorJ a8;atua leq+ asrpered Jo saFeur aql ( ) gEZ
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S|{OIJICIVITJ ,,3CI-I CO ggtrJ gHJ co tr{Tvd,, gHJ
m
rH
TRANSITUS MARIAE
236
R. Willard took up Seymour's "fairly full resume" of the Liber Flauus text of the Transitus lllariae (t). He agreed with Seymour and James regarding its close connection with the Syriac form of the apocryphon, commenting that "[t]here can be no doubt that in the final evaluation of the Apocrypha relative to the Dormition and Assumption, the Irish must play an important part". In a footnote he added: "It is to be hoped that we may have soon an adequate edition, with full editorial apparatus and translation" (2). A few years later an edition anrl translation of the Irish text of Oxford, Bodleian, MS Laud Misc. 610, fol. 34-38, and the cognate Latin text of Trinity College, Dublin, MS 667 (F.5.3), p. 743-744 were published by Charles Donahue, together with an examination of the Irish tradition of the Dormilio (3). Bernard Capelle (1949) took note of Willard's essay and commented again on the importance of the Irish texts (a). Capelle was interested in recovering the (Greek) base type to which he gave the siglum n (from the Greek word 7r\\\, "source"). This type II, he believed to be very close to another
In
1937
group of narratives, the oldest of which are represented by the Syriac and Irish evidence (u). Writing a little later (1955), Antoine Wenger referred again to the i*portance of the Irish sources for a full understanding of the Transitus Mariae (o), and the same point was stressed by Victor Arras in his edition, Latin translation and study of the Ethiopic text of this apocryphon (1973) (?). Of the Irish
version (ktrori r, lard and Dottr,. retains the r1Li r'r' ., reports the ä ('t' , ., .
the
accou n t
ll
.'
cate that at t it,.irg his rn'ot'li (i: mUCh more
1.or1
.
.
regretted that l: .. even in the lari.- -
that it woulcl
1,.
Syriac trad it ir ' : . E,sbroeck ('). H,-
'
"Palm of the l-:' quies, the most by Seymour. s l. and H2 (the Lit',: " :
(1) U'dhacht )lh : '
(2)
See
L ^11
21-- -
(3) LiM 2e-31.
i
p.vii-viii: "JIuI:, mentum L'Iariue: r -; '
itinere in A.gi'lrl itinere per tran:r-..
,
,-
codicibus nobis li, de variis Transit,;
-
(1) R.'WrLLeno, "The Testament of Nfary. The Irish Account of the Death of the Virgin", Recherches de thöologie ancienne et mediöuale I
momento \-ero r:. -
(1937), p.341-364.
textus de Dornr it, exoptabit forc :r:
(2) R. WTLLARD, "The Testament of i\'Iary", p. 364. (3) C. Doxe.uun, The Testament of Marg. The Gaelic Version of the Dormitio Mariae together with an lrish Latin Version, Fordham 1942. (4) B. CapnLLE, "Vestiges grecs et latins d'un ancien 'Transitus' de la Vierge", Analecta Bollandiana 67 lMölanges Paul Peeters, Il (1949),
23048 b Dultliri...: Flctuus Fergtt.s[,,: .
p.21-48.
suum textutri :L1r
(5) B. CeenLr-n, ibid., p. 43. (6) Wnxcnn, Lässomption, p.22. Wenger knew of Donahue's 1942 edition only through Capelle's essay. (7) V. Annr s, I)e Transitu Mariae.
(etiam XY
}r"**
-
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Seymour s \-i,.'.'
adhuc tempore
hrr.--*
-
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sar
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.
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(5) M. \'.\\ I--, le
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aq+ ,.(q pa+uasa.trl-
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{caorqsg uEA 'lqFrsur s,rnour{.S '(+*rt snooli raq!.l aq}) T,H pue IS UAa.^A.}Aq UOSTJEdTUOC B A{Etu O} UO }UA,^& OrUv\ 'JnOtu.(AS {q palou uaaq Äpearle per{ s}uatuaa"rFe olqeaJl}ou lsoru aq} 'satnb -asqo cErJ.(S aql sr ler{} 'uor}rpeJ} ,.aJIT Jo aaJJ aq} Jo urled,, aql Jo {1rue; }srlJ ar{} up{}l,.t.r }BrI} s{reuar aH '(r) lcrorqsg uEA Iar{clHI Äq pacroJurar Ja}EI al}+ll e sE.{A. uor}rper} cer"r{g aql o1 rlslJl aql drqsuorlelal asolo aql uo ,{A.orA s,JnourÄas Jo '(J pr+ur;da; aq plno.^l, 11 1Eq1 adoq aq+ passardxa pue 'sar;e;qr1 ueado;ng lseF"rel aql ur uoAo arer .(laua"rlxa sE,{A. }xa} qslrl ar{} Jo uor+rpa aq} }Er{+ paparFar sEJJv ,,'{epo1 sn o} u1y\ou{ asoq} uBr{l alalduroc aJour qtntu aJaa r{clq,\N pa}srxa sldr"rcsnueur ul}ET Jo {aaJq >lJo.tn. slr{ Ful -soduroc se,\.t. Jor{}ne JEIncEuJaA qslJl ar{} arul} aq} +e }Er-l} a}Ec -lpul 01 luarcrJJns sr '(r),(aurnoI ppo.r,uar{lo aq} Jo lunoJJE aq} paurelor serl pue '(r) Irnd Jo Furlsa] ar{} Jo }unocf,E ar{} sl"rodar auole 1l +Et{l'(,) +dÄEg olur {aurnoI aq+ Jo uor]ErrBu ar{} surB}ar [sn7os asd! auole ]l ]Erl] ]rEJ aqJ,, : s.,(es aq (anqeuoq pue prEI -ll^& ';nou^(ag Jo s{Jo1!\ aq} qFnorql tulq o} u.^A,ou{) uorsra.t
,
:
..;
'$),ll-u pJo^\\ Irr.ir adil aseq (:1ae.r1
,
r
'(,,) s1xa1
qslrl
pue Äessa
..." :
s.I).rlt
L
.,,,-
t{slJI aq} Jo uorI,r'.
{q
paqsrlqnd r.rr \,, ;
Ä1rur-r1 Jo +xr+ u
pnnT sH[ 'uera1[,r,
-
,
'-
1,1
-ollpa IInJ qll.\\ 'u padoq aq ol sr ]l :
_
:
Äe1d lsntu qslrl är, I ' eqd{tcody aq+ J,) I: arallhl,, ler{} Eurlrr :'
"
:
paarFe aH 'G\ ant n 'I t. ,,alunsaJ IInJ
.i1r
r
r:
1
I{OIIICIVUJ HSIUI 3HI
LTZ
;r-
238
TRANSITLTS MARIAE
notes, has been confirmed by the remarkable coincidence of the Georgian (I 1) and the trthiopic (tr 1) on the one hand, of the trthiopic (tr 1) and the Syriac (S 1) on the other hand. The first full translation of the i*portant Liber Flauus text, made by Mäire Herbert, was puhlished in 19Bg (1). The findings of these writers on the Irish tradition of the Dormition are acknowledged and endorsed by Stephen J. Shoemaker in his detailed examination of the question in Ancient Traditions of the Virgin Marg's l)ormition and Assumption (2). After treating of the early Latin tradition, as evidenced by the Transitus attributed to Ps.-Melito of Sardis, the texts published by Wilmart and Wenger, and the important pröcis of these early traditions given by Gregory of Tours, Shoemaker writes: "Finally, there is an early Irish version, preserved in two dif ferent recensions, that was probably translated sometime before 712. This text, in spite of its considerable geographic distance, is a key witness to the earliest traditions from the eastern lVlediterranean, which probably reached Ireland early on via traffic through Spain (')." In his work Shoemaker provides translations of the Syriac and Georgian fragments in parallel with the Ethiopic text; and in an appendix on parallels to the Ethiopic l-,iber requiei from the early "Palm" narratives he includes some (but not all) of those in the Irish vernacular texts (a).
in this
con nt-Irelancl fttrr'i :
aclaptecl
;,
n,r.-,,,
brieflr- the tl,i'-
Irish Transrlri'
-',-'
The Trinitr other version:
I
\j,
-
the assuurptilrr
,
(-dhacht
)Ihttlr, f'he portion of the Assur))lr
-
.
Trunsitus. artrl r r.. -irrlr-e been ornitt-..
It
after this Jlarr '. itdise. Paradis. rof rest before t h Hell \\-as r l \ tree of litr ir great be h,-':
sun
in
heur'
harre not :i:.., is, of the I--,:
.
This tert I''i.. Hell u-as t: and eart h. ! under tirr .
(1) In HERBERT - N{cN,tN{AR e., Irish Biblical Apocrypho,p. 119-131 and : "24. Transitus N{ariae" (translation and notes to the text). (2) Oxford 2002. (3) SuopuAKER, Ancient Traditions, p. 37, with reference to Donahue's edition and the studl'of J. N. HTTLGARTH, "The East, Visigothic Spain, and the Irish ", Studia Patristica 4 (1961), p. 442-456 and C. THou,rs, The trarlg Chri"stian ArchaeologA of Iiorth Rritain, London 1971, p.22-25. (4) In footnotes to the translation of LIL{ below SsopwTAKER's parallels are noted, together with f urther similarities to which he does not call
(1)
attention.
(2) Cf. p. 31 1-
183-185
\
.
ends, hos-e\-rr'.
Sorne Observations on the Irish Evidence The Dormition of Mary traditions, that of "The Palm of the Tree of Life" and others are the end result of earlier developments. These were in turn subject to later development, from the homilies of John of Thessalonica onrn,ards. A question arising
to
-
.
Nlichael u:, noblv anri
-
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the son oI i.
Cf
. p.
25s
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Litvvt
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l!\olaq 697,-ggz'd 'J3 (r)
se,^.l.
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spJE.^A.JelJE
uE sozrreruruns ',(;ery Jo uorldunssv aql
.,(1-rea
IIEJ lou saop Jrl t{ slallBJEd '1T,-ZT,
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:gt INn o1 spuodsa;;oc
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aql Jeprrn ue{E}
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slql ur
uI paAJasatd
'rrr_rls.:
JA{EUIaOqS'S.rn(r-1_
.. -
Jo srca;d luEl.roclir:
:
-qnd slxal aq] 'sll ..: :. Äq pacuaprla sB '.: -aoqs 'f uaqdalq i,i ot{} Jo uor}rpBr} ri. ..: ,
( ,,
apeur '+xal snoDl! .i .aqJ 'puBrl raqlo ar{} Jo 'pueq auo a{+
r
rrr
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JO aJuaprcuroJ alr[]: y..
NOIIICIYUJ, HSIT{I gHI
6tz
T
ry
§'e_
---5'.\rh.
H
2$
TRANSITI]S MARIAtr
In Lf M there are passages in w'hich N{ary is said to be taken to heaven, or to have ascended into heaven. Thus in LIM 8, when announcing her death, NIary says she will go to the heavenly kingdom (corresponding to Liber requiei 38, and Syriac "to eternal rest"). John heard that Mary would go to heaven (UM 11 ; corresponding to Liber requiei 33 : "go forth from her body"). Before her death Jesus praises his mother (UM 21, corresponding to Liber requiei 70), at the end of which the narrator comments : "'When he had finished that spell of praisirg his mother, Mary ascended into heaven", to which nothing corresponds in the Ethiopic (or apparently other) texts. These may be later adjustments in this form of the Irish text, in keeping with developing reflection on Mary's assumption; if so, this is important evidence for the history of that doctrine. Iris Adomnain, c. 1000 AD, seems to have known a text of the Transitus in its Irish form, i.e. with the vision of the punishments of hell on the day of Mary's decease @A 9) ('). According to the Transitus texts, after her death and assumption Mary's soul and body were united and placed under the
tree of life in Paradise. Nothing of this appears in the vision of the kingdom of heaven in the FA. There, the apostles with Mary are in a company apart surrounding the mighty Lord, with other holy virgins on Mary's right hand (2). This may represent a Dormition theology which had advanced beyond that of the ancient Irish Transitus text. F'is Adomnain thus appears to ref lect two distinct traditions regardirg Mary's death: a text of the Transitus in the introductory section, and a distinct and independent doctrine in the subsequent account of heaven.
Mary's Burial Place in Adornnän's De Locis Sanctis
tomb in tht, \-r, ited bv pilgrirLr: O ne suclt I ,- 679-70J;. \\ir: reached Iona r r. off course. Arllt-.. .
ltt, Bede, anr-l I ment enjor-ecl u Adomnän's
xu. DE
r_( _l_,r-..
TLry,I EI(-.\
.
ir
,,
r
Ii . ,
,
Sanctoru i:
sanctae )IrLt,
;-
dupliciter t' ' l',
bili rotund,t
,-"
altarium hr1i"1 inest
"
LtctcLtuti
S. Sed cle ( r t,j. bus persorir.r , ,' .
loco re sLln't
,
:
.
potest.
"(72) CO\( I-_ j ', trVtrR YIH r ,.1". B{-iILT I\ I'. . 1. A sedttlriiused to vi:ii J
-
Josaphat. It a stone ceil.:._ eastern llot'..
of the altrir' .. where she \\.--
All texts of the Dormitiort
speak of \'[ary's tomb at the foot of the Mount of Olives, beside the garden of Gethsemane. Her (1) On this ser. and the Tomlt
(1) See p. 56 -57, l2l-124 above. (2) See p. 63 above.
"
,1, -
1A/ \',+LLl: 1
-
r-ri
I:
(2) Text ant.i ir (Scriptores LutInt ,ti ,
.
'6q-gg 'd 'g96l ullqnq ,(t aDruraqtH
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satoTüng)
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leqdesor Jo {a11er1 aq} ul ,(re1q Jo r{rrnq3 aqJ,, rar{lrnJ aas slq} uO (r)
JaH 'auBtuaS{}et ']sar o1 plBI aJuo sEA ar{s araqa '{;ery ilo.{ aq+ Jo arqclndas auo}s {1dura aql sr rE}lE aq} Jo apls puBq-}r{El.l eq} }E puB ';e11e uE sr +l Jo uorllod ure}sBa
aq+ uI 'z 'ssaupunor snorpuoa qll,r +llnq sr ,Furlrac auols e sBr{ r{clq,\§'{;o1s Je.^A.ol aq} puB,par;o1s-o.^A,1 sr }I .leqdesop Jo ia11e.t aql ur {re6 Älo.l eq} Jo qrrnqr eq} }lsl^ o} pas n JInJrv {lo,{ aq} 'saceld .(lo,{ eq} Jo raluanba"r; snolnpas v .I IYHdVSOf CO ÄSTTYA gHJ I{I JTIIg SI HSIHA .SHIOJ tIgH OI{IT{IYJI{O] '\IIOIIIA tlg^g gHJ .{O HStIi}H] V ONIIi{tIgfI{o3 (ZT),,
ÄHYHI ÄTOH
1
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SIlcuES SIcoT
lunooce luanlta: { 'puB ouotl;as ^i.r,,- : s.Ä;e141
Frlll.rni,:
3r
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'7sa1od
alns oun otd '\nJat ru 'sn11nu Tnpadsra urauo\)?tJnsal oJol onb ut pn unrulqns /7s snn unlnJsndnt urnpuys s.r uosnd snq -rub D atodua\ onb pn opotil onb ottp\ndas uapoa lnry ap pas.t 'ltnUsnnd nTyndas opunnbqn onb ut 'utnnlt1ndas urnnJDn saut utnarDs aatJoll rualtnd snn olan uolalrap pn ,tn\aqnq utntl\lln aTtod qDluatro sntn) ut 'z !npntqoJ §a ornpn4s opunpr nlq -nrtut oruruqry\ oapdol qns snd ntnJut aDlD)lrqDJ nptqdnp sntn) !Tnqnyuanbal Tnqdnso1 anDn ul ruoßapa amrDII aDpuDS snJ\ntty snpuryS rolDluanba$ sn.rrpas runro)ol unropuys .L ünJggvH sug h[nJ -ITqIAINNOIT VNö Aü VJYSIYTV,T JYH{VSU TT.IVA All S/N"I9UIA ugdWgs gVIuVh[ TVJJNVS VISflTJg go 'nX :
(.) s.nrolloJ sE sr leqdesop
yo {a118^ ar{} ur {re1q qtuo} ar{l Jo uorlducsap s,ueuuropv ;o uorlEInJJrJ apl.t.r pa.(olua ]uau -aFpuqe s,opag pue leurFuo s,ueuuropy qloq pue ,apag i(q palBrAaJqqB sE.^.\ }J 'UOda"r S,JIncJv uo pasBq sr 's4tuos sl}ol ao 'sace14 {loH aq+ uo {ro.^N slr{ +Erll sa}B}s uguruopy.asrnoc JJo ua^rJp uaaq Fur.teq JaIJE Äau;noI u-rn1a; slq uo BuoJ paqcBaJ aAEq 01 plES sr orl,\N JInJry doqsrq JIIIEO ar{} sE,{A. ,(VOt _6Lg loqqe) EuoJ Jo u-Buruopv 01 Furp-rocoe ,uruFlrd q)ns auo '(,) saunluac aql ralo sur.rFlrd {q pa}l aql Jo auo uaaq seq leqdesol Jo [a11er1 aq] ur quo]
-sl^
salrs
'pJoT
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UoISIA aI{} rrl
aql rapun
S.r
,-
r:., :
pa,tr:1 i
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:
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e
r rl
1
.
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-
_
.
Furqlou qJrrl \\ )1 ' '. -ste;d ds ] I, r; . Jo 11a lil i htil raqlour ., (
.
'VZ
:
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I{OIIICIVTIJ HSIUI gHI
M,
TRANSITIJS MARIAE
212
k'.:#
* { [ H il HHf
H#h]*fi;
*
:
In a note to the text of the last paragraph, Denis I\feehan that the remarks impty (") the belief that Marv did in fact die and was buried, and that her resurrection has not yet taken place, (b) possibly the belief that her body did not the time, suffer corruption, (c) agnosticism on other points - its present and her body of removal of the manner, and agency location. The position taken was in fact a widespread belief , maintained by many Christians in the churches of the \\rest from the seventh to the ninth century ('). observes
tE1). Sr-r'iu,',)L2l. The si.l
r
:
tr1 Etiti,,,
l
:t
\-. ARHr>.
312-jll;i r. ^lncient
i-
7-r
,
:
r:
, 1 Sr-t'ir t' crgphr il I-t ,' ';-' front Su/'1,r,
t
S
Trunsltilt',,t,
trnglish t rr,: 306-3ott:
.ril
-
the Iilar,l,..-.. i.
Parallels to the Irish Transitus Texts Drawn frorn the Ethiopic Liber Requiei and Other Early Palrn Narratives Reference has been made above (p. 238) to Stephen Shoemaker's list of "Parallels to the Liber requiei from trarly Palm Nar-
ratives", among them the Irish material as it was known to him when he wrote (3). The footnotes to the translation below incorporate a slightly amplified version of Shoemaker's list, with what we take to be further parallels to the Liber requiei and other early Palm Narratives in the Irish tradition. These parallels will hetp in situating the Irish texts within their broader context. The order in which they are given is Ethiopic
EseRoE(.K.
Boll,trt ; ]IAKER. ^1,,1, -' lectcr
Gl The (i: ( \\Ienger s I somption. I,.
f,Iarie
.
-.
(\-,11r.,
'
l'etegise rl'Lt', \,IAKER. ^l't French trlrtr.. situs greL' 'l-i apocrApht'.,
,
.i
-
""
-
G3 (first \-t'r'-
salonica.
H, ,'
\,I. Jucru. ti 19..:i r. , trnglish t rl:- -
entalis (1) In his abbreviated version Bede retains Adomnän's text, but omits the section referring to the resurrection. Bede's ending reads:... ad eius
the Dorntitt','
derteram monumentum uacuum, in quo sancta fuIaria aliquandiu parlsasse dicttur, sed a quo uel quando sil ablata, nescitur (Baedae l-,iber de locis sanclis, in P. Gnnr.p,, Itinera Hierosolgmitana saeculi IIil-\'III LCSEL, 39], Prague - Vienna - Leipzig 1898, p. 309). (2) D. NIBEHAN, Adamnan's De Locis Sanclrs, p. 59, note 1. (3) In his list, Shoemaker distinguishes betu,'een I{ 1 and F{2, that is between the Irish text edited and translated on the basis of Oxford N"IS Laud Misc. 610 by C. DoxeHUE (The Testament of Marg) and the Irish text of the Liber Flauus llergusiorum translated by N{. HBnBERT (i, HnnepRr - \'[cNrnrARA , Irish Biblical Apocrl1pha, p. 119-131).
S. C. ]lrrr,' \\ mitiort et ,1, ., 2003, p. 1ll -. .
\
N. Y..
1!t1r..
(1) In order t,r r. the Syriac Obst,tlu.. ' exact section ol
\\'
-
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01 Eulpuodsarro) uoI+EISuBrl s,+q8rrA\ Jo uorlJas lcexa
aql salBaurlap,,(L'gIr-t'Vt'd'suo4nqtJruo7,JHcru1!\)
IS,,,acuelsur
JoJ
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Io uorlBlsuBrl qsrlFug
'(tet-61r
ul) russu-clI 'I\ .i,l
:
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Snol ap Jaq!'I )t)|t,ti r i asspsnDd
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sntd pD "':s[iEr.r hrrr: slltuo +nq 'lxJ+ s.rrr::
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sltng
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crdorqlg sr ua^rrF --. ::
, .lo^ , sua4Vttlt saqdfinodn ' 6tT,- LOZ 'd 'g00Z srrecl Z ''spa rrJssI/x'c-'f Nrvurroso'cI ul 0,,,H, ca;F snlrs 's !'1sue.r} qtueJc
rlal{} ulq}I.§ s}\)asaqJ'uolllpE.ri rl. ntnbat Jaq!1 arl] , , 'lSII S,Ja{Eruaorl§
-UBJJ no arJEtr\l ep uorlduossv,, 'rNnonr1,11
| (,, g xrpuaddy,,) Ogg-Iqt .d ,suotTtpzq luanuv ,usyvtrr -'soHS :'lsuErl qsrlFug :zgot tualEsnraf 'auua4anlt asafrara,1 ap sautfrtto ap apnnJ p uo4nqtrruo7 '(aSOf catfr unn\n1) atrDIN ap uollltrrrop Dl ap p?ü a.I 'SNN\/I{ ..{ : IVZ-\\Z .d ,uo4druos -sy,.I 'uscNs^11 'V :'lsueJl r{JuaJC pue .pg .(,,tL, s,.raFuaryl) Zg6t yaarg 'Äretqrl uErrlEA SHI ,snpsuDry {aar3 aqJ IO 'f It-I It : gOZ- Z67 'd 'suotytpotg ruanuv ,usxvw -soHS : 'lsuBrl qsrlEug : gt-gg 'd ,(SZOt) 7,6 nuntpuollog r4)al -Duy',.uorlrruJocl EI ap suarF-roaF saqd,(rcody,,,>rosoussg
:
-
-
-
,\eolaq uorlBIS
r.r r?.r
]
-,
-
o+ u,&\ou{ sB^\\ l l : -JENI
tuled .ipuq
,-.
soArlPJJeN urlEd
eql uroJJ
NvÄ 'HI :'lsuBrl qsuerc puB 'pg 'i.rerlrurog r1a[pte1y aq] rrrorJ uorlrpBrJ uerFloaS aql Jo sluau8e-r; ,(1reg tI puB I I 'trt-ütt : ttt-0tt :gzt-tzt : gz| : 60t-90t :e}g-I0t 'd 'suotppntl luanuv ,usxvtrrsoHs :.lsuerl qsrlFug
q"t
u/Y\€JC
lsa/l\ aq+ Jo s rrl,r.r :
:(,) t g-Z? 'd 'lsuerl : gggl uopuoT ,sa7o1ur puD uo4asuDq ttrs1\frug uD qnm'utnasnw qsnug aW u! sTdtnsnuow :rrttfig uol panpg pu0 papanoS '\uaun\sal ma!{ aw Jo arnr)rarT \nr1dfut -odv aw q suo?nqtrruo}'rHcru^& 'AN 'pg 'sambasq5l cer.r{g IS 'd ,suotVpntl '(,,V xrpuaddy,,) 6qt-
.
luasaJd sll puE .i1,, ,: 'atull aql s lrr rl, i lou plp ,(poq rrr{ +' . :
.
lOU SEr{ UOr}Ja.r.rnsi.:
ruanuy
plp .(;ery leq+ Jrll..
'r{s>rr'rusoHS : uor}EISuEr} qsrl8ug : tt OI urEAnoT ,(tVt-T,Vt OfS3) J andoytpy nqdfinoclv 'aDtrDI,f nTSuDq aCI ,svuuy .A .rumbag
,
ueqao1,\l sluaC'r1rl,r : -
:uorlelsuerl ulleT pue uolllpg raq!7 erdorqlE Ig :suorlBlsuBrl puB suorlrpa Fur,trolloJ aql 01 raJat elFrs aqJ .kl) ulleT pue (gO pue IO) >laarq ,(II) uerFroag ,(tS) cerr{g ,(tg) NOIJI CIVTIJ
EVZ
,,'(,) uIEUaJ JoJ
aql
SIIE,lr\.E
suleural
aqs
iriu
.\\(
J.lJ
t{.i.,
:
iloq Jar,l : rr \
IUI gI{J
w
I
-ffik*,
TRANSITUS MARIAE
211
Transitus "W", ed. WnNGER ,, L'Assomption, p. 258 -259 (Wenger's "Type N"); WTLMART, "L'Ancien rÖcit de l'Assomptior", in Analecta Reginensia. Ertraits des manuscrits latins de la Reine Christine conseruös au Valican (Sludi e Testi 59), Vatican 1933, p. 323-362; B. Caeer-tE, "Vestiges grecs et latins d'un ancien 'Transitus' de la Vierge", Analecta Bollandiana 67 (1949), p. 21-48.
L2
UD: IntrodLlctiorr.
ll,_ ' '
I
i:i'
,:lii
l,
ir
I
-
HsYt{JVsug t{}HWrovJ Äq
Ä-reluauuro3 pue'uorlelsrreJl'uolllpg'uorlcnporlul
gIIINHIAI .I,HCVHCIfI -log Dpapuv
'
aE.r,rr-1
scarF sa8r1sa1,, 's r -i -: : . !§aJ a qpnß) uD)tltt.y SltnSnu0ut Sap S ltt t.t I l: . .
-sY,l ap llc?r rrrr,)rr\ 692-897,
'd
'uot1clull,
rr
--
i
b.i-d-*
'(a,roqe
gtz 'd aas) uorlrperl uorlrruroq aql ur lxal
errnos
{aarg pa}Elnlsod e roJ unlFrs aures ar{+ Jo asn s,a11ade3 r{+1,\\ pasnJuoJ aq o1 lou sr +xaluo, slq+ ur paÄoldura os U'Quqqms auutolq7 rottqna.I sB u.uou4) Gl,il gA d f?,',(uaperv qsrrl 1e{og'ullqnfl roJ satunloA eseql ur areq,{easla pasn sr d sE 'araq 1dr-rcsnueur slq} roJ pesn sl (T }o pea}sul) tI unlFrs aqJ 'Oin '11ig7 'Vg) atunlo^ luasard aq} ur pale"rodrorur suor} -lpa aI{} Jo IEJaAas JoJ urnlFrs arues ar{} asn o1 {-ressaJau sE,^A. }r asneJoq (a lo peelsur) 0 iq paleu8rsep sr y anbryTar spuod SIAI srred ar{} pue (.t lo pealsur) g Äq paleu8rsap sr urnroßnbng snovld raq!.l aql 'anqeuoO rq pasn sauo aq+ uorJ reJJrp snssaulra aarql aql roJ uasoqr elFrs aqJ (t) oluru 'l 'tunllaA outnJoßnfrng snooll Jaq!1 ar{} sB u,^A.ou{ 0T,Z x 0gZ O gZ '.(urapecy qslrl 1e{og 'ullqng (enqeuoq J)
Gtil
q-o
gf
O
'1dr-rcsnuEur ralel
slql ur punoJ sr urall rnO'{reraddtf pue proJra}E6'{uua>1lly ur ?gVI pue tgI,1 srea,( aql Eur.mp rallnt:l punupg roJ 'ure8eqpoy rEtrN r{ruoENI Bu EIIoIO pue qEUtqtS g aqplng ugeas 'saqrrss o/rt} {q {lureur ua}+rJ,^.t. sE,{A. 'ZZl-g_ pue Bq-I 'loJ '1dr;rsnueru puoJas ar{J 'arunlo^ luasa-rd aq} olul pa}Brodrocur uaq} sEÄ\ puB '(ral -+ng punupg) re?llrlrng uuorueg 'peg allqr\\ aql Jo .,r,raqdau
e Jo uorssassod aql olul aruBJ lducsnuBur slql +Br{} sleadde }I 'Z7VI ul palp oq1vr (..lreg allq6,, aql sB u.&\ou{) puourg Jo IrEa qpnoJ '(ra11ng seuref) ,e?lllllng sntue?S roJ aqrrrs palJlluaprun uE {q ua}}rr,&\ sB,^A. 'gT/l-tzl pue ZL-6g 'loJ Eursr"rduroc 'lducsn -uBtrr IsJIJ aqJ 'slducsnueur o.&\J Jo slred sasr;duoc etunlol slr{J.
'(*a+l rno roJ 0B 'd) Lg-Zg'd 'I00U ullqng 'suot1dtnsa7 'L lrod 'satrCIrqt.I afra77o3 ptoJrg pun prcJrg p frtntqt7 uDnlpog aW ut sTdtnsnuvl/V a6nnöun7 qslq Jo an6o7n7n3 'AloO g 'g 'FrlpEaq ol{'n,Bt-n.,pt 'loJ iaDtrol,I snltsuory 'vgvI-0IvI ''loJ gvl 'ruru 0gz x 07t ') 'un11a.r.'7tg pnD.I'{-re-rqr1 uBralpog'pJoJxO (enqeuoq T) U : (,) a-re sldr-rcsnuEur aarq+ aqJ 'lxal aq+ Jo luaurFe-r; E {1uo surB}uoc lducsnuBur pJlrll B 'sareal Jo ssol e o1 anfl 'slducsnueur o.ul ur IInJ ur punoJ sr oanttnry @lt -nnro7 ro) snnsuuJ aql Jo uorsral TISITI aql 'artnqru ru)oqpn
slducsnuetrAl
NOIJ,CNOOUJ,NI
\IhEi-----
-ruqfk
248
a
TRANSITUS MARIAE
92 fol., bound in 2 volumes (vol. I, 37 fol. ; vol. II, 55 fol.), 1437-7410. Transitus Mariae (1,1 - 36,2): vol. II, fol. 48"-50'o. The text is titled Timna Muire, "The Testament of Mary". For a full description of this manuscript see CCSA 13, p. 737-139. (P Donahue) Paris, Bibliothöque nationale de F rance , Fonds celtique 7,288 x 2A0 mm, 117 fol., vellum, c. 7173-1490. Transilus Mariae (1,1 3,5): fol. 14'b. The text is titled Ugacht Muire, "The Testament of Mary". The text edited below is found in f ull only in n. The text in O ends at § 36,2. It is not certain whether the remainder of the text, which pertains to the dispersal of the apostles to their own cities after they have left Nlary with Jesus, has been omitted in this manuscript or is a later addition in II. a contains only a fragment of the text. It breaks off at § 3,5. Language
drau,n to ro ltr,,,;,,-; 27,75;30,23: 3.1.i, 20,3; 27,12 anrl 1 ' instances of thr i., gle occurrence ri this we rna\- conll ro fiarfaigetur 5' I1. :
§ 31 ,4 where \\-e ir r, ..
(f)iarfaigid ancl n:. Charles Donahur :- . fit-sa" in il § 1 .8 r, .. " is a moder nizttt i, pendently" (,). T ir,fos is for the aclr-.r l Another late trrr .' plural nouns ,:
:
The language of the extant text cannot be much earlier than that of the manuscript witnesses in which it is found, all of which were written in the fif teenth century. Evidence, discussed below, indicates that Lidhacht Mhuire is a substantiallrr modernised version of an earlier text. In the case of the verb, some earlier compound verbs are found but these are greatly outnumbered by later forms. There is also fluctuation betrveen earlier compound verbs and their later simplified equivalents in the manuscripts of our text. Thus, where O frequently (but not always) has 3'd singular preterite ad-bert or at-bert, fI and the fragment in a have adubairt. An early )nrl singular present indicative form at-beri is found in O alone in § 30,14 but the same manuscript alone has the later 1't singular form adeirim in § 3,9 (adeirim is also found in both manuscripts in § 4,4 and 8,13). In § 6,6 O reads da-cluineabh-sa whereas lI reads do-cluinfe misi. There is one example of 3'd singular preterite at-racht in lI, § 5,1 (for which O reads the later do öirigh) and one of 3'd plural at-rachtadur in § 23,10. In all other instances, forms of the later öirgid rather than earlier at-reig are found (§ 1,5;2,2; 9,9 ; et passim). Another earlier compound form is do-göntar
ra töcbacl nrt h,t.: . ar lar na ht tlt.: i , ,
tive conjunct for.rr, ni fötann (;r 2 . I -, co taisbönunn
(§ 24,5)
;
There are many occurrences of simplified forms of earlier in our text. Particular attention may be
\
b.----
:
ntL, lt
beirenn (§ :12.1 l
As regards the pr.l1i pronouns, both 1' ..
.
rom hinnatörr.t,r
i
Independent prortr ,r . . .
forty-two
instär](,t-:
active verbs
:
ruc lais h{ (5 2.1-, (§ 3 ,72); oilfet-,,, \
iat (§ 5,4-5): ,,i;. (§ 6 ,7,1) ; benn( u,;
.
eia da n-uithi i,.
§ 2,4.
compound verbs
,
\i
(1) Dox.,rHLrE. p.,\
.
-
'8 'd 'EilFrYf{oC[ (t)
ls!ru qpID|pJ D pnttnJ W : (gI'6 §) lsllu ltuulqtlD-u t)p
D!)
:(qt'6 §) lsltil "' u!14!D or ;c'tz:6'8'9'/ §) fil ulTlDuuaq:Gt g s) pD! ts-ttJutnp-or :(Z'g §) ?s7r1/ naJpantru qtnunfr :(g-t,g §) lD! rc-wrbtrrs ?q
i(II'f
§) ugJ try q1o6q
au-pna(yraa:(fg'Z
§) a
l(g'7
§) ls-qqls
nspJ1tro:(Zt,t
"' rary)uuu-op:(g-g,Z
§) lU stül :
s)
)nr
sqJaA aArl3B
Jo slca fqo sE sunouo;d ]uapuadapul Jo saJuE]sur o,tr1-.(1-ro1 aJaqJ'+xa} slql ur rrrJou aql aJE sunouo;d luapuadapul aJE
'(01'gI §) qlwgl-tuor :(g'g §) DsDqrCIuutq
uror
: relnFurs 1.I r{}oq 'sunouo-rd paxrJul Jo saldurexa o,rll {1uo are araq1 unouo.rd aq1 sp-reFar sy
'fit'Zt §) uuarreq r{ceu : (flt §) punml tpvu : (-q'I t §) uuntnt tpDU : (g,I,Z s) uunpal lu :(6I'6I §) uuouq)as qrDu : (9,6I s) as uuou?qslDt or ll \tt uunnJ I :Gt'B §) pun\tunr lu :(gt,U s) uun1al ru
aq .(eu uorlua + +I? : :' JaIIJEA JO STUJOJ i):1.1 tnTuaß-op sr ur"ro1 i , ., iZ'Z ig'I §) puric)i i..: Jo sruJoJ 'saJur?JSr.r I " . 1,,f,
]o Juo
Puts
(t1l).t.t , '
ltpvJ-lp alIJala.rcl .rlr- r' -np-op spRar LI S Ir:.; pue V'V § ul s1dr.r.rsr .' rutJrcpo uJoJ Juln=.. . '
aql Inq fl'gt § rr ! luasaJd reln8urs , ,I
puB
lI
(ryaq-p
.r(-) J.;
:
.
",-
lnq) .(lluanbarl ( ) -,.:
-
s+ualeArnba prlJrltlr.:
.
uaa^\.}aq uorlErl].triT- \
:(Ot'6 §)
Ä.llerluelsqns B sr - E o r pu
pa6q
r
1ue
s
a;d,,; Xäi;,',f i, #
# i: ;i'dI:H::":: ä ;lil
'(tt-gl'62 §) llnlsdort 0u rpl rD ot:(Ot-6'62 §) t1fro attnl[ L ptplhl L pnTsdnq üu pypot nr
rlll^,\ reln'urs arrssed lsed ;o asn aql sl arnl,al ,r;";ärTj:'' 'u ur uorlrppe uB sr rlJIr{.{N ,,JaAOaJOLu,, 'SgJ qJaApE aq} to3 sr so/ pue pJtmt sr ';ala.{rroq 'a;aq tuJoJ IEqJaA aqJ .(,) ,,{11uapuad
-apur aceld ua{E} aAEq {1rsea plnoc }Er{} uor+ezrurapou E SL, 0 pue o ur so/ yo uorssruro aql leq+ s.(es pue g'I s u ur ,,DS-\il -ttnt-soJ 'JrBrlcJE aq1,, slleo ar{ }Er{.t.r ol sJaJaJ anr{Euo(J salJeqS 'tploJ-truntl Qra,t punduoc rarlrea arll auou puE p\TtrnJtoll) Jo
qJaA palJlldtuls JaIEI aql Jo sacuBlsur aArJ aAEr{
a,{A.
aJaq,\\
7,It
,^'
-slp 'aeuapl.\g '-i.r i: Jo IIE'punoJ sr
]l
-
i.
'g't § ]B Jlt.r t--'
-uoc b 'tI ur uollll , uaaq sBr{ 'snsa1' r{ } ,
,
rlaql o] sallsodu
.rr,
.
aql Jo JapurBurJ"r ;rr{ + ur +xal aqJ'LI rrl i
"
,
§
tnyatnJto! or pue :TZ'09 § 6ruJmn1J op iL'vz s mTaTtnJm! or i t,T'02 § plnJtn! op |8I'6I § pryJm! or aredtuoc ieur ano slql r{}l1y trufr-sttJ rarlrea ar{} Jo sruroJ {ue Jo aJuarrnrro alfi -uls e +ou puB prunafl QJoÄ palJlldulls ra+EI
aql Jo sasuBJsur
uaalrrrll aABr{ a,t.r araH 'LZ, gl § tnpnt\afi or puu Zl, LZ i E,gZ ;g'Ll ig'Z'gl iB'qI :II-0lZI § tm6al or igl,tt :tz,gt igtLZ ivl'vz l6I'6I iz'\r § tru\afl op i I'0I s trobafl or 01 ur\§Erp
7tpn62 palll+ sr 1\i -uDu '0671-t!_tl '.) '.:. spuol 'acue;g ap e I u-. -
'6tI-LEl'd'tI Jod',,{re6 '('loJ
F'S-,r'r
ii
yo }uJui}r
qq'II 'lo^ i'Ir-
6VZ
250
TRANSITITs MARIAE
(§ 9,18-19); ,ithnighim-si thü (§ 9,19); conach löicci me (§ 10,4); gu cöirgir hi (§ 12,9); bennaighi mö (§ 16,2); ro thimchill mö (§ 16,9); guidim-si sib (§ \7,6); bennaigim thü (§ 18,3); rucus-
tar
iat (§ 18,5-6) ; muirfit sib (§ 19,16-17); go clochfait siat si b (§ 19,22) ; na gabad iat (§ 20,6-7) ; do bennaig iat (§ 20,72-13); foillseochat-sa ial (§ 27,3); beir-si ... e (§ 21,17); bennaigmit tü (§ 22,11); ro bennaig ö-sium (§ 23,4-5); tuc ö (§ 23,9-10) ; at-chonncadur hi (§ 23,71) ; berid ht (§ 24,8); cuirid hi (§ 24,9-10) ; coimödaigh hö (§ 24,70); ni iuigeb-sa tusa (§ 24,,15); gab hi (§ 25,6); ro fregair hö (§ 27,72-13) ; do fregair fte (§ 27,75); do-röni iat (§ 30,12); do fregair iat (§ 33,10).
There
i.r
:
ad-bert tusa (§ 3,3) ; at-bert misi (§ 4,1) ; ara mbiad si ö-si (§ 15,13); nach fidir tusa (§ 19,2); go clochfait siat (§ 19,22); da creidi tü (§
27
i-,,.
of o-stents:
,j
(§
11,6 -7 t.
In all
r.,tJr.--:
:
ri,
,
1t* 1')..=,-'
Crist a apsl,Lt: : öt-chualuid t i : hapstail (5 2r' . -
muintir urlt,u,'
.
(§ 30,1-2): ,,t-
hapstail (§
:i:'i
.
I
-
(e) The clat i., which oriqin :, . (§ 1,7) ; idi r idir na ha1 , .
1,
'
r
,73).
In the ca se of the definite article the only forms found are in I an in the singular and na in the plural. Later features in the case of nouns are
:
Non-nasalisation
after accusative singular: ro
iregair
Eoin noemmhathair hisu (§ 10,1); at-chuala guth Dö (§ 16,9); nocha fhuigbi cennsa Dö (§ 19,14); co rug nech di"b-sin sidhi discir deinmnidach (§ 27 ,6-7); da-righni aithrigi dtchra (§ 27,27); örgid co parrthus Ädaim (§ 28,19) ; d.o gabus d"elb duine Ltmum (§ 30,15); öt-conncatar immoruo muintir ifirnn Muire ög (§ 33,2-3).
Note also non-nasalisation
af
ter
In the case of th,, (a)
Nomi nat .,,
.
.
osnaidh ntr',r .: tailnemach (i 1_ .
(a) l{ominative for accusative singular: tabair pog (§ 27,79).
(b)
.
.'
na scripttlr
sive verbs
There are six examples of independent pronouns as subjects of active verbs
.
bulairchlnrl,,
hinair
misi ar bur son 7 ro sraiglead 7 ro buailead mö (§ 33,11-12).
rr.
genitir-e 1t1ilr':,
There are eleven examples of independent pronouns rn'ith pas:
r,r--
(c) Non-r)ii ::. \ chinnechilrt. .'
acusatir-e
ra suigedh hi (§ 5,2); tucad sind (§ 15,8) ; coimhöltar ö (§ 19,8-9); do-conncas hi (§ 23,72); slaineochar thü (§ 27,20); do slanaighed hö (§ 27,27); ro slanaiged ö föin (§ 28,6 -7); slanöchar hö (§ 28, B) ; ro hoslaiged ö (§ 29,12) ; ro crochad
hr.----
There is
gular : mrtili,
accusative singular of
.
(b) The cla t j., gusna soslrr r'i (§ 6,13): er i, chaib (§ 2 0. 1 :,r - -
This contr'.,.-
has been
lo
s
t
.
:
(c) The onlr
.
article in: beirid diabuil in t-anam (§ 8,20) ; ro taisbön Muiri d'Eoin in phailm taitnemach (§ 12,6-7); c0 tucaid in onöir (§ 72,76); do tidlaic düinn in t-inad so (§ 75,18-19); ro gab an
(d) The con,r; robu docha (:. ,_.
slanici in anmain (§ 23,9).
(§ 15,1.1):
(§ 24,2) for' r.: r
zr,r
,
:
'(t'gr
§) nlp st
:(vt'gt
§)
Dutlo) s? L out s? :(g'gz ltI'gI §) lfrlp sr :(lZ'6 §) otpgp nqor : ul aArlelradns aql paceldar serl ruroJ a^rlereduoc aqJ (p) 'rlttruI6 rarlrEa roJ (Z'VZ §) 7a6uot ruroJ ralel ar{l sr arrlenba eq} Jo ruroJ {1uo eq; (c) 'k-l'LZ §) Dutorl qruq)nqfilos ot L nqtob Drgut qrupuos ofr L nq6 qrurqprup o):(g'g §) asp qqtlsos n:lsol uaaq seq Eurpua qI- eql qJlq.ry\ ur saauelsur aAIJ r{}1,{e s}ser}uoo slr{I '(oz- 6r'oz §) qlvq)
-uaqry?p qrurasuruq DUSI:(I'tI §) qnglp Uryntt Du rD:(tl'g §) qqruq)ua|?p qqtrßunDq oust : (L'| §) qmpuau qtasos nusn6 : seJuBlsur rnoJ ur punoJ sr Eurpua e^rlep er{J (q) 1ern1d 'Q-g'Zl §) tpvuaunDt upnqd ut ulog,p lrlnht uaqstry or :(tI'6 §) ltsln rgtu qptDuso 6pl or :ul punoJ sr reln8urs aArlesncce roJ alrleulruolt (e) :
Fur,rolloJ ar{} a}ou Äeu a,\§ 'anrlca[pe aql Jo asEJ arl]
qru1rysdnq
nustr : (Z'gZ
i V'
uI
'(BI'BZ §) qru11au ob:(II'9I §) 'T,T §) qrupsdorl ou rlpl
L
sl
Z'tt
aql
uD qDfr or:(Ot-gI'I.i Jl|uo Ul plmnl (),, 1_
lJlnru
UaqStDl
..
0J i(11[''.
uuttJt Jllutnu oJ.t, , .. qap snqn6 op : (1i 'r f
,
DJtplp tfrttt1yrrt ii..' ' ltlpls uls-up q)dLt :,: :(6'9I §) ?O tlpf) /;;'l tru\afl or :rEInEr:i'ßt;fZ §) 6q(t .nt ,t .i
"
!
aJE PunoJ stu-Iol : (ZZ'61 §) lvls
Ll : gt-Vt
..' 'i,
yr t"li;
ls-qls pDlqru D.nt
: (B I'8 §) Uvlsos o) : (l' gT, i 0l' L §) (t1) q76uru rW! : (L'l §) qtusos nusnb : aArtrESnJcE {q pe.t.rolloJ ara,&\ illeurFuo qolq.^e
suorlrsodetd ralJe punoJ sr sunou Jo 1ern1d e^rlep '(e-
:,
,
(e)
§) llnls dnq
'kt-II'tt
nu L 69 artnlA[ uuttJt rqutnu orroruun rDlu)uuu-lg :ft-I'gt §) p|uruq Du L poysdnq DU L plrtupls ut uutlfi pqpn r4utnut rDlD)uuotp-tg :(g'96 §) pn1sdnq ou pruqrvut :(V-t'gZ §) lla1sdnq nu t|rulqqtruu lrD)DS nu frtpuntru L üplqftJ Tndod u! plnlvntp-lg :(t-g'tz §) ll6rlv,t L pndsa,l sutn) op :(V-t'tZ §) TrnTsdn o sUJ qfrruuuaq or : (q'BI §) llplrdoq Du DaqnJr1n) or :(g- g'Zl §) "nnurrT DU ts-utntoruuq :(Ot-6'Z §) rrruqu n lnsttron op leArlESntE eql paceldat ser{ alr}Eurruou eq} seoue}sur raq}o IIB uI
'(t-e'rr
§l
dltl
pDtpon or : (Z t 't; . (t-9'Bu §) util :
-sed
§)
op
UpqDfr op nuf)s D 64sn Iq op lpry uop ultrylD op : sruals-o Jo ruroJ 1u"rn1d aArlESnoJE uE Jo aldurexa auo {1uo sr aJar{J (p) sruyoa
:
qll^\
(Zt'gt
sunorr().r
§)
lpt
!u,
,
?tt truöal or r(r1'1; : (yt'VZ §) ?q qbn ,y , . puaq :(II'te i
'(VT,'OE §) vpvtpu tr,t1dtns Du
Vpnl :(g-g'gZ §) lt|Ivrur,tlu lrD)DS
"
ltt
DU tpapunlrrtoruq
)nt : (7-V'EZ §) rul?r: -
-D!p :@-t'gZ §) ülnlqryruu UD)DS ou |ryunrlv :1e"rn1d a.trlruaF JaIJE uorlESrlESEu Jo saldurexa aaJql';ara,troq'aJE aJar{I
'(g-t'tt
:(tt'tZila
.
ß-rt,)qrr
ln! |ruuuaq op : ( -lnls pnJrlto1t o6 : (lI-,r .'
§) Tnsnn pTsdnuavu CIu qrauulq)
-r!D : ul punoJ sr arrlruaF ralJB uorlBsrlBsBu-uof{ (c) 1e-rn1d '(L'Z §) trnulrapu plrnDap ar anruu :te1nF aArlESnJcB JaIJE uorlESrlESEu Jo aldtuera auo sr aJar{J
-sn)nr
:
(t'BI
§) r,t7t
u.'.
aut or i (e'{r I nlryutlql §) aur p)!?l qrttlt
-uls
-
,.
(7'0I
:
goYnc-\YT
t9z
F-
252
TRANSITLTS MARIAE
In the case of the preposition, the following may be noted (a) The early forms friuth and friu are both found in § 28,74.19 in O onh'. Elsewhere later forms such as ris and riu are found pas sim. (b) There are four instances of the late simple prepositional form roim replacing earlier re I ria; roim in coin allaid (§ 9,5); roim in a[ne (§ 20,7); roim in slan{ci (§ 23,2-3); roim :
l,r ('). It crn days and in so ,i the text can 1050)
11
:
Evidence for an Earlier Irish Version
On the basis of the linguistic evidence discussed above, it would seem that the extant Irish version of Udhacht L/Ihui-re (hereafter LfM) was written between c. 1200 and 1450 as the fer,v earlier linguistic features rvould not be unusual in a prose text written in this period. Two other texts, however, indicate that an Irish account of the Dormition existed before 1100. The first of these texts is ,Fis Adomnain, which cannot have been written later than the eleventh centur,v. Here there is reference to the revealing of the torments of hell to the apostles i Uö öitsechta h[uire, "on the day of MarY's decease" (§ 9,9) which is seemingl.v a reference to the text as found in the homiletic Life of Mary above, rämely, hi llou eistecta Nlairi § 19 ('). In the corresponding section of text in UM, IIO both have a.n la roba cumsanad do Muiri, "on the day that Mary would come to her rest" (§ 29,5-6). The second text which confirms the existence of an earlier Irish account of the Dormition is the final section (§ 17-20) of an Irish Homily on the Life of the Virgin published in 2000 (2).
Irish llornily on the Life of the Virgin Mary The earliest extant version of this Irish Life of Mary in the form of a homily is found in a fifteenth-century manuscript (Dublin, King's Inns, A,'IS -10, fol. 51-54 = K); but, Iinguistically,
,-
.
tion narrative l'r--..: of my ed it ion :.
corp Nlttire (§ 25,7).
(1) Cf . p. 123. Text and translation of tri s Adomnain f rom § I of J. CrnElr's edition in the present volume, p. 51-57. (2) C. BneA'INACH, "An Irish Homily on the Life of the Virgin \'Iary", Eriu 5t (2000), p. 23-58.
r
(1) Ibid., yt.2J-1, (2) Ibid., p. I l- I parison, referen('t :
lation of the Hr'rr^ superscript).
'
'(ldrrtsladns uI sla{)Erq uaa^A,\}eq s{BJaurnu) ,(te1,q Jo aJIT aq+ uo i1ruo11 Jr{} Jo uor}Bl -suerl aq] ul poppe uraq aABr{ I,aL);o sraldeqr ar.{} o} saruaraJe.r 'uosrred -ruoJ
rrll alellllreJ oJ'(suorlerrlle rourur auros qll,\\) ffi-W'd ''plql Q) '97,-gz'd ''plql (t)
',,{;etrq ur8;r11 Jr{} l,
Jo6§uo.ry
Lnt)Lnu,
'.(11ecr1srnFur1 '1trr1
:
1,.:
1dr;csnueru -(.rn Jrr-" Ä,re1q J() ) I;- I aq:L
uI
.,t,tey41
'(.) oooZ q Pa{tstt JAIIJEA UE JO
ti;
i:
aJrr)t-
.
-,.
.(rery lBIIl .(e1,r rri qloq ou 'lf ) rrl -l: Ult)ht npalsta
,
-
I1()l! ll,
uI punoJ SE }xa} ri. ,,asEacap s.^(.re11
-sode aq+ o1 llrtl
sI aJar{} araFJ
-
l
'.i.r :'
-
aAEq lOUUBJ r,{Jrr{ \,, aJoJJ({ lr.: -'1''.
'00II
alBclpuI
'JartJ
rrotl '- -
asord e ur lensnrr
..
r'.
:
aql sE 0grl ptIB 1,,f artnqru lq)Dqp^)
1l 'a.toqe
'(.),(rery Jo aJIT r{slrl slrl} Jo uor}EISuEr} pue uor+rpa ,(ur;o uorJcas +uE^alar ar{} ,^(\olaq anrF I 'hfn o] pa]Elar o^r]ErrBu uol] Furop os ur puB s{ep
-rruJoq or{} Jo uorsJal e uo
s.^&BJp ,(1tea1c
IEUIJ s,{re6 o} Furlelar sral}Errr q}l/r\ sapnlcuot }I '(J (OgOt -006'r) pouad qslrl-alppl1l i1"rea aqt o] pa]Ep aq uer lxa+ aq] E9Z
l
.
:
passrl,):ii
unor:(g-Z'tZ §l i.)rri,' . plDllo uto) ul un1.t : r . -rsodard aldurs r ]Ir l .
puB sJJ SE I{JnS Sttl.lt a.r 1r
-
uI punoJ qloq
:palou aq ietu
i
hu
gSvlloi{YT
IRISH LIFE OF MARY
251
When afterwards Mary approached her final days the apostles were raised from every place in which they were in clouds to Mary's oratory. When Mary saw the apostles she gave thanks to God and stretched her hands tzz) and withdrew into her bed with Peter at her head and the apostles with him all around her. There then came a noise and a great scent filled the whole dwelling so that everyone slept on account of the gentleness of the scent except for the twelve apostles and the three virgins besides. (23) It was then that Jesus came from heaven with his angels to the dwelling and this is what he said : "Par uobis", that is, "peace to you". The apostles saw Mary's soul being brought to Jesus in the arms of angels (24) and he ordered Peter afterwards to attend to her body and to burv her in a burial place in the right side of the city. (25) The apostles then attended to the body of holy Mary and carried her to Jerusalem with Peter before them with the palm branch in his hand which Jesus had given to N{ary. (26) The angels moreover were carrying the soul and singing around it. 18 When moreover the heads of the priests heard the sound of the apostles praising the Lord Q7) they came then with swords and cudgels to kill the apostles and to burn Mary's body. The angels moreover who were in clouds above them struck the Jews with blindness. One of the Jews moreover came arrogantly and daringly and put his two hands on the bier. His arms however fell immediately from his two shoulders and stuck to the bier. He then tearfully beseeched Mary and he believed in the Lord Jesus Christ and he kissed the bier and his arms were healed immediatel5r as they were prius. (28) This is what Peter said to him: "Take this palm in your hand and place it on the eyes of those who will believe in Jesus Christ and they will be healed at once." It was fulfilled as Peter said. 19 They buried holy Mary. When they sat down at the grave the Lord came to them with his angels and he said to Michael the archangel that he was to raise lllary's body into the clouds and that the apostles were to approach him. (2e) When the apostles came to the Lord this is what they said to him: "Reveal hell to us for you promised that it would be 'L7
10
15
10
tJ
o3-t8)
03-rst
O
tir;,,:-.
gabtha inna irlr .cles
Mäiri. I a r':
r.
^
.
atlugad buicli r1, aidh 1 Petar rli.,
ia:
Do-deochaicl
10
:
:
co cotlaitis innr, dä apstal clec'c chaid isu do nlir. " Par uobis" i. >.
.
.
.
Mäiri do taltairt suidhi do Petar' nacul i rrai nrl , i.-.. . hapstail corp irr:. salem '7 Petor rt r.. do Mäiri. (2h' Inn:, ic claiscetul int1,i ,
15
t8 Iarsincl 1
l
foghur inna n-i11,,: co claidhbib r L'{ \ loscud chuirp ll r, uastu, ro bensat - t. .
At-rochratar ini::.
10
in Coimdid isr, ( : cötöir amail hat., in pailm-si it' l:, ndisu Crist I rr ,: as-rubart Pet or', 19 No aclhnii- -. icond adhnacuI chum et "at-lrt r' . Mäiri hi nnöllrrii Hö räncatar ini.,, :
r
.
t7 s cinn aigfither
scrrp,sz'.
scripsz
: r'
tographg
brE--
L",irrrlrllill{{l|l{
fiqdntfro7
-np q|norql >I 'pp\ qaBu :r L 6L X raqll;Freuels +or : rsdr;rs raqlr;Ere -u9ls soJ zI x uul : rsd?rJs Buur Lt BT, X uulq) : lsdt;ls uurr I Ll, : sslrJ lasprer or pa ssl qplpurlof ur IIElsde,{ Euur rE}EOugr gH '1re1sdeq Buur nop srlFrscareruoo orror L qrellauu Iq Irlgl{
aq plno.^r 1l +Br[] I , .plES {r,{+ }tsq \\ : r \-
olul Äpoq s.^i.rn1i
-.
aql lE u.\\op llri
d;oe pnqocoql oror laFureqcre I?qoll{ BIrJ }raq-Te,, }a tunqf, -opu B qrlFure Buor Ir{prulof ur r{plnqroap-op IncBurIpE puo)r ralrssrap uBl uY'lrl9nlqaou qaBu I pul lnrssrBur{pB ol{ 6D
o1 plES aq prIP :Itr-
(oz)
'Jolad lJEqnJ-sE
IrBruE pBIIEuroJ ot{,,'rlg}?J oJ taqlr;FTEuEIS sor L }s}r3 nslpu r saJ+raJO ruuJoJ Euur nJSnJ JoJ rurJrnJ L urlgl ,1l rs-u1red ur cllag,, : ssrrJ relad plgJ oJ pa ssl (se) 'snr;d relgq IrEruE Jlgl?c oJ nrugl E Er{}D}r{ ot L }EnJ ur Freccgd or L }s}r] nsl plpurloS ur +rarr or L nrgpu oc IrlgHI uls rE[ FrnF uot{ '}}Enl uuop }Esual or L qrllrenFu qlp ESSE nurgl e rlgl?o oJ orrorrrurr relerr{Jor-}v 'lEnJ pulsl nurgl }qp e lBrBl o3 aBrlBIS lBlos oc qlqplBr{p4lr{ Euop uao ouep clugJ'llllop g lr{pler{pr1lr{ Buur }Esuaq or'n1sen qrEIIau uul rE+_Bq or ouep lrFureq EuuI'lrlg1l d-rrnqc pnosol op L 1e1sde-u Euur qpnqretu op noal qreuuos oc L qlqqplelc or uls rEI JElEcuE+ (rc) 'papulof ur pnlotu Jr IElsde-u Euur rnqFo; Buur qcruurr{cJrB JB}nlBnr{c-oJ ouBp r pursJEI gD
OI
r
.
\.
.
palllJlnJ sE.\\ ]l .. ! uI aAaIIaq III \\ ,1, "rno{ ur urlecl sn. i 'smtd aJaa .(at11 1 o] (rsqnlJ pue spro,{.t,s q}l.tn. dn asor slsaud Jalqs aq} uer{.L,,
aql passl{ Jtl l) tI Ir rrul\i pJt[JJJs.]rt i -lnoqs oA\ I s Irl rrr aql uo spuBt{ o.\\ I
s.
irelq urnq o I
r{}l.An.
I
.
'
'\
-
-
,i:
,
uaq1 Jruts,l .i ,..
aql pJeaq slq
-
slsei.rrl
qll,{A. ua^\BJr{ r.:
-upls sot L lstr:) UCIutv
Jlgle
n .,r
,'
oJ tllu t,-
plputlo) ut ltar.) t uuop lüSual oJ L ,i: ,
rvlCInpor-ly 'pn.l i, .
,
-plDqpryIq nuop LI j oJ 'npnn qlDnau r.,'r...
prusol op L p1srlr,-qplDp oJ uJs rDt .i I
-q6al
.
'qlltl ulsl qqfrutri /ri.'
,
,s!a suaJlp urnJop|un autpnilnnw urn) c;stqon xDcL,
snutruoo soa pü ltuan JUryL .(JnlLrnqouDs !sd! ruuaptpan 7s 7a auod urnroa soln)o ndns urDttrlod p alDWaJ runs ßsn)Jad mb anpat|ut uawlnn urnJoapnJ p JUoq wnw\nd adttty,, :snJpd llrl1'snn snuour luns auos p wnpal §a snruln)so p llpwarS «'atr0l\[ aloaq runpal aroln)so p apanü ,onl apru ra sopan JS,, 'sn4a4 n Drury )Dq ut srynntdsap (c'aloltssa)au aut ?!{,, nrrcI 'suattp soloTsodn snlvJa.rrlrp sntttnvl wn) lsa snunru lunJapna) onb o an! )unL 'alDnJn soln)o runroapry qa6un W runrassn:.rad 'urnpal pD aril lunrasaqpD p snqntdn utnrDa qD lunrapna) snn snuout anp pas atJDIN aruaq urnpal suau4 ltrn)nJ sD ra unpmb unJ'atrDIA[ apaq snc]tot alaln p sololsodn arapn)o snqrlsnJ unpprnns sadnuttd JUTJ g-L I
p
sttpryT| urnJ lunrararJns
I ulle-I
pue .i.rr:1i
-
.-..
SacualuaS Jo Jap.l(,,
'
eql JoJ 'luaura ar F n
..
,,'paq aql
oql
1B lBS
]u;r -
puIlt-r.1
'
relad ltir\-
,\IN ISNIIVOY I{OISUAA NiIIYT CINY ACI-I
t9z
262
TRANSITUS MARIAE
of the
aff iliations
of the Life of Mary and Latin T
versions
on the one hand and the LfM version on the other must await consideration of these texts within the context of the f ull manuscript evidence of this apocryphon the trthiopic Liber requiei and others.
(d) The Life of NIary also preserves a better reading than both n and O in the case of the follorn'ing Life § 77 ,13 : i rraind deis na cathrach "in the right side of the city"
a 7 gösga pailnte in,;
laim da radh ria
it is then thtrt Jesus Christ, th,-
son of the lir-irtr God,
:
came to co[\-€r':r with the Yire-i r, Marv
UM § 24,8-9: do leith lcli add. Ol na cathrach "to the fleft add. O] side of the city" IIO
T § 6,25-26: in der,teram partem ciuitatis "to the right-hand side of the city"
and the rDännrr' in u'hich he cr nll was
Relationship of Manuscripts QnO fu Latin T As mentioned above, only a fragment of the text (LfM § 1,1 3,5) is found in a Q|IO differ from each other in manv instances and it is often i*possible to decide which readings
reflect the original. Comparison of the fragmentary text in a and nO with Latin T indicates that QIIO do not share a common exemplar. (1)
In the following four instances
bg
T against IIO
o D6
bi do agallaim Muire
öighi
isu Crist, mac D6 bi
Is ann sin täinic
T uenit dominus
o ainglib an rae-
thi d'innsaigi \{uire
ad N'Iariam
oighe a mathar fein
7 is ann sin tainic Isu Crist mac De bi 7 is amlaid tainig
7 is amlaid ro bi
S1r,rl
Oilifint
isu Crist, mac Dö
hige N{uire oighe a mathar fein
failti mör "great jol'
bi
o ainglib in rigt-
d'innsaigi
(b) LIM § 1,10
ruc lais hi i
ATI isu Crist, mac
to sal' [o her':
the reading of Q is supported
(a)UM§1,3-5-T§7,7-2 Is ann sin täinic Is ann sin tärnrc
with a branch ol r, palm in his hanrl
Tised
tror this text see BnEATNACH, "An Irish Life of the Virgin N{ary", p. 58 and for discussion cf . ibid., p. 23-24.
"he brought her t,, Mount Olir.et "
(d) uM § 2,6-7 do-conncatar muilIe re deallrad nder-
mair uili
e
"the5,r saw it (thiit is, N{ount Olivet
I
i
.,]rl sB.^e ulBl -unoru aloq,\A. arl],,
ur ruJoJ ]qFIJq lqFIrq InJ{}nBaq (larltO ]unort 'sl aw l.BS äH,, f.,l],, ]Bq1) +r qq0lls
utrv Dulp frou §a sn.:ru oJ Dpsnlos qqpap -lutnll! suour snlq uD )Jlnuun)-pD
e aJaql
,\\BS oH,,
papuarsE
',(o[
.,
]aAIIO
lunol^ü InJr:InBaq o1
luar\\ JnOI^BS aql
o7sn7ost17
,,
uJs
? !l!n rtüut -rapu porll0ap ar al -llDru r0l0)uun-op
L-g'z
§
mn
(p) IUBTJBtrf prr .,.:
]aAIIO
]unoN InJrlnBaq trua,^A.
01
JnorÄB§ aq],,
,,
lqFnorq aq,,
puerl rar{ ur urled
aql loo+
ruUvl u0 qqvfr op
-pd ualnv üuvll
snuruop
-Dls
ut
putDlD
pt0tTq)-op
6-1,'l §
puY .puBrI
,
,
---,:-
,r
or{s,,
luillllou
-u uaß D pplu
tuilll!o
lruarl
,:
.
J
! lq slDl )nr
qDlls
L tltutoy ou
,,{o I IBuJa}a,,
...tof 1earE ur",
r-
,,.,(o[
rupJ
:JEI{
aq
'
]0Ä[[Q lunOw
o1 rar.{
puR
1ea.rF
',(.re1,q puy,,
ruilano uulvlt)
qqa!ß rD antutDl
urryur
^rBS
!l!n
qDlls utrD paunl qporu nJ
uutDlD qlDap
uu0 ))tnuun-lD
6,I§Jaq] qll,{., ,r'#3
lunotrt
qll,\\ urled aq1 Fur
-{R}
!pnllo
-qsl u! qptDnq)-op
ltpunso
Ltrdluolf ut oulruop
rurl)
otpnnfr oufrnw
un) suatdnlD
utvqlns 41rut1J ua
otpnn1 oufrnu ut
g-g'z § rrun
),
.,io[
ut
(c)
:
:prES ar{
}Er{.^A
o1 plES aq
pauoddns s7 Ö J,, [, .
1BatE,,
rpul
tngl
L'r §J-oI'I §run (q) ()1 plBS
-uroc B aJBqs ]or,r
i
0 uI lxa+ ,("relrrer.L:-
sFulpear qJIq-\\ rl Jaq+o rl
.
,(ueu ur
Jaq
:rar{ o1 {es
puE
slq ur ruled Jo e Eurploq
o1
,
I'I § mn) 1.at :
puBr{ slq ul urled rIruBJq B rlll,{e
qcuerq
J ulleT
E Jo
S B,{A.
SBr\\ Ot{ .{§Oq SI SIq}
sl slq] puB aruBr 'poo Eurrrl eql J0 uos
aurBc aq r{Jlqrt\ ur JauuBru aql puE
aq1 '1sr.rr[3 snsar
Jaqlolu ur\\o srq ,,(rery
ur8rtrl aql o] aruea
aql
'{.re11 urFrrrl lrsr^ o1 aruBl 'ua,teaq ;o
slaFue
aql
uorJ 'po{)
Furrrl aql Jo uos aq1 '1sr-rr.lJ snsaf proT aql u10a pD
]Btll uaq] sr
1l
qplor or
llrlp ru
'pns nuDur ut aul
-lvd ruo6ttn
]Bq} uaql
(lr-
sr 1r puB srr{
4''t' ;
Jeqlou u/\\o
aq+
qll,\\
aql
',(retrtg urFrr.,1
urF"rrl1
'
irelq aruBt)
asJo^uoc o1
lrsr^ o1 atuBJ
slaFue
'uareaq;o eql uorJ
. lr
'po5
Furrrl aql .]o uos aq1 '1sr"rq] snsaf
+Br{} uaq}
:-.
'po3
Furrrl aq] Jo
uos
aql 'lslrqS snsaf sr }l ]Br[] uaq] sr ]l
olJ ptDJ ot snfrn
Dtr qpür
Dut awltod
suaqDq
J
Dp
Lulpl ofrsaö L
*
o
U
raq!1 crdorqlg atll IInJ aql Io ]X3 ]rr o,
r
}IE,&\B lSntII Jar{}O r:. SU0ISJaA J ullB-I I ,1,
,
I.{IJYT-OIIÖ
tqz
...-.,
'{tffirtr ,.q.*irütrt&§,.
.t:.&r,.
TRANSITUS MARIAE
261
illumi-
all
greatl5r nated "
o-
0
n
a
form in the man-
the manner
ner of fire over all the moun-
fire on the mountain"
ta
onlv that but ther
of
are adoring thr palm rvhich \'0Lr brought into nl\
in"
l
hand " .
(2) In the following two instances the reading s of IIO are supported bg T against Q :
(d) LrM § 3,3
(a)UM§1,8-T§1,5
ro-siachtabair gusin pailm isin rl[tlt-
haspail "the apostles))
na
na huile. abpstul
omnes apostolos
('all
"all the apostles
"all the apostles
na huili crunn
crotnn
"all the trees"
"the trees"
"yo,
reached the
palm in the
(b) u'M§2,9-T § 1,10 na
cles-
ert "
huili creltn "all the trees"
omnes arbores
na
"all the trees"
(e) LtM § 3,5
(3) In the following fiue instances the readings of QII üre sup' ported bg T against O : (a) L)M§
1,5-T§
-
-r\ 1\
isin dithreib-si
1,3
öirigh "risg"
eiriqh "I'ise"
ar
reib
nu huile abPstul the apostles"
-T-
om. om.
"in this desert"
surge
"rise"
(b)r/M§1,8-9-T§1,6 nt deileochait
riut
ni
deileochuid ret'
cl{ "
ni deileochaid ceil
thev will not " they will not " thev will _you" part from your part from
part from
nyn recedent a
te
not each
"they u,ill not separate from ),oll"
other"
side"
(c) LrL[ § 2,12-13
re.
e
co
-
pailme-so do-radaisi im laimh-si is clear that all "it is clear, said the trees are ador- she, that all the irg ,vou and not trees are adoring
b-r-***
-,
UM§2,70- Tr.." Iri
pailm
fuilet
"It
T against If : do adhratar
T § 1,,12-13
na is follus, a,r si, na CIs follus mLtr Ecce ornnes rtrbores huili chrann 'got huili uann utaitt ataitt na huile aq non solum te adoadradh 7 nt he.d agat adra- so 7 ni adhradh 7 ac ono- rant secl etiam palamain acht atdit ag hedh amain acht rugud ne failme rrlem quam dedisti mi"hi adradh ne pailme atait ag adrad ata am laimh tucais im' laim-se (final ad illeg.) na
Is follus
ft) In the follou,i,'
"it, is clear
how
all are adoring and honourinq
"Beholtl ail the trees adore not onlt, \rou, but also
"they adorecl thr palm"
Relationship of LIa: For most of th. onll' wittte SSes r: ment of II u.itir i
,.
.
U Jo Furpear aq+'pa>1;eur {;ar sr O lsureFe J q}1.^e U Jo }uatu -aa;Fe 'a;a11 '(Z'gt-g't § h[n) O pue l] are sassau]ra rluo ö Jo .(uourlsa+ aql +xa1 aql Jo lsoru rod
oslE Jnq 'no,( .(1uo
]ou aJ0p E se .l.r aql [IE plor{r [I ..
1
aq+ pue 'Fur>1ce1 sr
,L urleT o? O pue
L
s?dlacsnuery
p
dyqsuoqelog
tlltur HSWap
,,ur1ed aql Furle;auar,, aq]
paJope
,
urled
iaq1,,
,,ru1ed Fururqs
or{} paJope
ir,{},,
,,tu1Bd
aq] paropB {rq},,
runnb
urDtrr
1Dd urDtp pas luD.t -opD al runlos uolt sa.roqJD sauuto
)))-l
!,,
i:
tpou
trlDll!
unupd saluvJopv ul
tuyrud -unuqlruy wyruqd upod rDlorqp0 op ut ltsrlDqpD op ut rolorqpD op
II.I§J-OI,Z§ruN :
frt1 paqoddns
LI lsurubn 1
arv Oö Jo sfrutpnat aW nuv§ut |utmono[ aW ut ,.ruosoq
rnoi
Gz)
a
.,I-lOr\ TUOJI
-das lou Ilr,rr
alB.It?
i.,{1..
al n luapa)al
LI
.
uoLt
1e
+uBJur ]uaJouur uB sB I puB aluoJ aABq sa^lasJno
,.
a,{N r{Jlrl.l\e o}ul ,.+Jasap slq] ul,, uasap slql olul,, ns-fpn 7n qfrtptott
,,lJasap
slq] ul,,
,.]Jasap
JSI.I..
abtns'
slq] ul,,
-nqurDau ulqpn0u
oryasap
)oq
utn ls!ru L upJ uull JnuD)u0l D ut Dsqqaarllp uJsJ
ts-qTarqllp uls!
Ts-qnrqllp u!s!
g,Z § J
-
g't § mn
,,puEI{
,.lJa
aq]
IIts..
soloysodD salrur()
qlarq
iur ut {rql
uled
Jo
saJoqJD sauuo
lJa
-sap
" aql ul uled -sap aql ur ruled aql paqJBar no.(,,
aql peq)Ear noi,,
,sa11sodB
UAD
uuDn lllnq
qlar
-llp uls! tultnd urs -tt4p utsl ultnd uts
-n6
-nfr truqvfpDß-or
..
-dns arD OLI Jo
s'fiu ;:
puBq
,(ur olul lqFnorq noi qrlqa ruled
aql Furrope aru ,(r,ll lnq ler{1 ,r1uo
}nq }Bq} pue no{
,(1uo 1ou
aq1
JO
rtDqülpDts-oJ
- t't § mn (p)
puBI{
rur ur ]nd aABr{ nof qrlq.{e uled slql Fur.rope ere
a,r.eF
sr qrrq,AN
-dns aro IIö
(a) ,,saoJ1 ar{} IIB..
,,11 qll,lr raqlaFol saarl ar{} IIE puB
,,lJo sB,l.r urled slq] -sap aq] ur uled qclq,\§ ur +rasap aq] 0] arueJ no{,, aq} paqteeJ noi,, OIJ
-rCIru
nu L os-upnJ uD ouasap u! sll lqqlor 0 qqlrllp -stuan wnu1nd pn utst Jnqolpvts-oJ
T,Z § J ,,
,,'aLrI
no{ 1eq1 uled aq1
-Llll,
J()
:
0
TI
II{IJY-I-OUÖ
992
,,ruflffiilhr" q;.-
-
TRANSITUS MARIAE
266
full or in part by T
being supported in
against O
in twentv
I
instances:
(S) LT1 §
(a) UM § 3,6-7
-
acht en toradh do bi arin ng ei g failme ad-cunnuircisin clitre-
uair trit-sa rom hinnarbasa Inüccu.
7
dona hlüdulrih o
ro tröicis mo trf
..
umunl co
T Nonne peregrintts factus sum propter te et reliqui filios rneos
"Arn
of the palm she saw and have I not forsaken in the desert on her rnv sons ?"
banished and have forsaken my three sons..."
own..."
(b) uM § 3,11
T§
-
2,77
nl (I,st1//1 r'( t !i. ' : letters erasecl r r, -
in mac-sin
a'naidhe-sin
"that son"
"that infant"
"vour son"
(c) tr&/ § 1,9-10
-
om.
mathair dlt-si (t partlv illeg. a nd i illeg. ) "so that my father and mother may be satisfied
"And I
murmuring al,,,..that ther- u'ou l,i m)' bodv tr-htn Iri.. u'ould depalt I: and it is fronr :t-. '
(h) LIM § 12.!r-1, ös cind mu laplh,t
de fructu tuo
saciam
"above mv becl"
parentes meos
"rvith Your fruit, I shall satisfv nly parents"
indis düinn cuinil, "
T
-
tre gloir 7
§
3,2-3
Iluiri
anöir na puilmi ro b{ 'na
tre gloir 7 tre onoir na failme do bi a
laim
laimh lssu roime.-sin
"Nlarv ... because of the glorv and honour of the
"Marv ... because of the glorl and honour that had been in the hand of Jesus before that"
palm that was in hand "
(e) UM § 8,7 rium "lvith rne"
maraen
-
tre
her
mör
propter gloriam palme erat in menu l[arie
a loud voice"
que
because of the glorv of the palm that u,as in I'Iarr"s hand " "
am nönaig 7 ctiir:rr
,'
"at nones a nil
-
.,:,
ty-five"
(k) tiM § 16.ri-1
T § 3,10
tanic
orum-st
mecum
"upon me
"
om.
tell us hotr- \-( )ir
here or when \'ou I ., ..
§,ith me"
(f)uM§9,14-T§1,4 "in
'
cais nö cuitt ltitttt,1,,:..
(d) LrM § 7,7-3
do guth
nrvsrl-
heard sonle ol th-
born"
by you"
Muiri
-
in pobail ltiduiqi
the Jeu'ish l)r.,;
T § 2,15-16
co sasdar m'athair 7 mo
.
said that the cirtr. filius luus
.
adubradur
I not become a pil-
grim on account of you,
-..
,i,
nl'unu
abh na haenur...
"... for it is because of "... except for the fruit )'ou that I have been that was on the branch
'
i
1rrt..,
chorp in tttn
-
,r -
El ul-chLtuItF.t,t ,'.
T § 2,6-7
TI
1o.
chill md 7
conuigi so .r. öigi
"an uoce maqna
"in a great voice"
nell
,
t,t'
cucai"nd 7 at-chuttl,;
c[)
r'/,t; -
tt,
,i.
.',
_'
enormc)us
to us anrl I ., the voice of [iorl ,.. cloud. It surroLr n, came
l
'-
iiiiii
ruoJJ pJo.{A s,po3 Fur;eaq
uatu a^[a,te] oJO,\r aJaq] ur aceld rrues ar{l papuaJsap pnolJ 8,,
r{Jlq,t.r
ur
atJDtr,v
anbsn
aloag unuop
aw lmduJ
p
pD
aur
llpaprun)rtr ollqns'stqou D lao unqJan saluatpnU
Htn luDJa ttr onb ut nol uapoa ul saqnu llpunsap
lfrtp
n '!'
aur papunoJJns lI 'pnolJ lBr{} ul po{) Jo arro^ aq} prBaq I puB sn 01 euBJ pnolJ snoruJoua uR,,
]Bq] ur JrlorÄE§ aL[? Io aJro^ aql prBaq I puB sn 0] JIE eql ur aruBl) pnolJ snourJoua uE,, arml,f, q6na7
os rfrrnuo) uls t1pmqqfroqT op L uutJ Dtu so nau ußt tJJtutülsl uD t17tt6 asnry)n -tp-op L uutn6n) Jao ußt rorulnqqqpD nau )tutDl
gt-zt'g aq]
J()
JB,,
rnoq qluru aql
iBp
.,
!a!P
,r!
Droq
plttril r0 rnqquou §
os tfrtnuo) sm6
4sluan opunnb
arrec no{ ,roq sn 1a},,
,,aulEJ no{ uaq.\\ puE ,\§or{ sn IIaJ,,
^Lu
aJOJOq,,
unpal
aluD
preaq a^Br{ Slasiur I rod,,
aufrt
0I-B'SI
§
aq] Jo aruos pJBaq
a^Bq ;1as,(u I puy,,
-
8-Z'9r
§
run (t)
uaq.tA.
aruB3 no.( /\Nor[
,(.ro1F
r:
uu fit,tLt
r{ -r
lt./tl
,,puBtl
aql Jo
JS
S.
\..: ;
nlr
auDLf, nut)ru
r1.i :,
unttolfi t,i,i
-
stCI)
snuun uultlp slpu!
HIn (t)
§
anb aw1nd
Jo aJaq
sn ga],,
sm|aunl um) gu -DUpl
9-?'9t ,,paq nq1dn1
{tu
-il.r.
.,s1ua;Bd .(rrr
IIBr{s I '}lnrJ rno-i SOau
arroqB,,
nw pun
LilAnCIS Onl
111
S,t1t-1
,.
rt1,ttt.t.f
so
0t-6'zt § r,ryn (q)
-
. tI0S .ll'r,
,,uJoq sEÄ\ aldoad qsr,{.t.af aq} Jo ra^{arap aq} }BrI} plBS
.Sl?l?i r i.
ir,{+ alu uorJ sr }l pue aur ruoJJ 1:edap plno.,\e
{u uaq.^ . ,(poq {tu uJnq plno,\\ ,(.,1] +Eq1
Inos
aur lnoqB Furrnurnu
s]\\af aq] Jo auros pJBar{ a^Br.[ ;1asiu I puy,,
..1.
nur
rvpvrqnpD
L runsv urnuD(ut
E aruoJaq JOU
qppp1tltt
I
'^
.
\
rr:
Sldlll 5/,.,.
.
.
mbtlat p 4 n1dotrl rr.': . snpnJ snuttbatacl ,1111' \ J,
st1tJtstol
p.ropoJ )t
Stto.
ua{ESJOJ lou I a-\Btl i,'", Jo lunoJJe rro rij :-
onoi
-lld
l1lopqtf pnqod ut rrcqlqaos (pasera srallal
o,tt]) unfr or rulDn s!
-nJqnpv L unsn ulnua.ul
snnl! sndnt uralJotu snta tnTnttou
arrr
tuil (r)
-uaa] puB sauou 18,, rr J0 Jnü,tJ L fruuou utn
J
,,etuBJ noÄ
.,aJaq
§
J-
,,ale1d IErJnq,(ru aroqe,,
qpp!ülpo,u uurt [sJo
aql Jo III..{(\ ar{} }no ,(rrer
plno,ll ,(.,{J plBS i.,{t pue aru tuorJ trredap IIIA lnos ,(ur ueqa ipoq iu urnq plrlo^§ {.,{l }Rr{} Furcunouue s.{(\ar
tq|ppqqnt Tmqod u0 llol stpurupu o) rDp
anb
Tsod 7a osdt
qqlDlDqqnlq DUop ruoarp
aJIo^ lt?J.IE r
trtnpf q)al u'J' os rfrtnuot
qtv)ol-uror L ?Lu ltltt) -tillql ou 'uls-ll?u uls! ?(7
ttn| opnqt-1o L puünnr r9rulnqpD n?u Jlut)l
§ J, -
,.art1-i1
.,auru-{}uoÄ{l puE,,
7,r'g
-u0l snuun uulrlp sluul
opouonb sryou vJJDv
p
0I'g a
,,JAIq
urnaur
ZZ,V § J .,a1doad qsr,&\af
,,,'JOI{
ruoJJ uJoq sRl\\ JeJnpas
Jno asneJaq 'arr; iq ipoq raq u.rnq sn ]a[ 6q]Bap req ralJe pue i salp oqs Irlun Euol ,§or{ aas sn 1a1, 'Fur s,t.ra{' aq} }o auros
-{es
,,Jalsou
ropnpas sa snpu osdt ra
ntnb 'snutdtnqwn
pvtpDr op uDl ut dtoqt n urnwn
snq)oJ uDl u0 dtot otu stptfrstol o) ntfroJ frn
-snonb snw0padg,,'utnn -uiltp urnJoapn1 unpsonb tntpnn osdt oba u/D.,V
Duop
upJ vs-npn)-pv tg ruarp uryJ os-npnp-p lg
II-B'I § J -
L-g'ot
ou
run
§
(F)
ur O ]suluF r:
.(1ua,tr1
JNIIJYT-OU
L9Z
TRANSITUS MARIAE
268
T
o
n
and brought me here, cloud aboye my head that is, to the house of and that brought me
here, that is, to the
the Virgin N{ary"
house of
(r) uM § 21,2
T§
-
l,Iarv"
Suddenh,
tI
it
envel-
oped rne and snatched me ... as far as the house of the Blessed }Iarv."
8 ,16
na uile (add. abor,e line with caret mark) piana 7 gloir ata for neamh 7 a
na glanrüine diadachta
us.
"the divine pure m.vster-
n-ifrinn "all the pains and
ies"
that are in heaven
(m) UM § 27,75-16
-
Ad-bert Pöl re hisu: Cin-
,
"vour glorious wonders"
tles and blesse,l l'.: (q) 111 § 23.1:l robo
Dirit
autem Paulus ad Iesum, "Domine sllm nouellus et nescio quomoclo
gili fo
§echt
snechta
"she was se\-erl brighter thflr §rlr \\
-.
"And Paul said to Jesus,
'Lord, Iamabeginner, nd I knorn not holv I
Gabaid a heisler?e rii:'
should fight him."'
leith na. cathroch ir ,
a
is
Muire 7 berid ltbh ann ata adnacul
soi
.
cLtm tllo pugnarem"
"said "
voung."'
is ann-sin tanic
'
afterwards"
§ 8,18 -20
ad-bert
"Paul said to Jesus: 'IIorv will I fight with the devil for my faith
T § 6,7-8
-
I
ro bennaigh Cri,sl ri ; | 7 ro bennaig )luir, .r-
and
re rliabul uair is nua mu creidem 7 is öo mu crabad
(") LrM § 22,5-7
-
"Christ blessecl hi: glor_-v
nus do-dhön cathugud
is new and my pietv
r--l
every side är'oun,1
(p) LTl § 23.;i-
mirabilia tua gloriosa
hell"
T
"she lu_v in her i,,the apostles \\
//si
mör isin teg i roibi Lluiri 7 is and-sin nach födatis fir in domuin uili a figad ar möd an dellraid 7 in
nt fetfatdis fir in domuin
lluiri ar met a deallraid do bi urthaidh,
feitheamh
lumen refulsit in domo illa ita ut uir possit respicere illud
-
nu,t
"Put her shroucl
subito magnum
;
i,: l
take her u'ith r',,tt side of the citv tr : there that there r.
burial place"
taitnema ro boi istig
"it is then that a great "the
"suddenly a great light
brightness came into the house in which N'Iarv was and then all the men of the world could not look at it because of the great-
shone
men of the r,vorld could not look at Mar-v because of the greatness of her splendour
in that
house,
so
that it u'as scarcelv possible to look at
it"
rvhich was upon her"
samthachaib tront,t
ness of the splendour and brightness that \ /as
"u-ith sharp S\\.v' :great rough curiq.-, -
inside"
(o) LrM § 22,t4-75 do loig anü lebaid 7
co claidhmib g,r,t sondaib möra gttri',, -
heavy axes'
do
badur na hapstail da gach leith ana timcill
T
§ 6,10-12
do laigh 'na leabaid 7 do
badur na heasbuil uili a' cai co trom 'na timcheall
discubuit lectum suum. Sedebat autem Petrus ad
caput lectuli eius et alii
(t) uM § 28.1 l-t And,-sin ad-be r t 1.
-
:
re Michel corp -l/i,
thöcbail leis a ntll,i''
apostoli circa lectum
hr*tr",,
..
-,
tln
snq
qqt
-lqnu ul atrVw a!)ag snd -nnau D oal 1rut7q6oql op aultu uall?u D snl llpw?ql -ror prDnap ln lpotlrtw lJln6 dtot ttyuurnw nrfl op armry dtot l?tpl6 ar snululoI llssnr )unJ p)!N uaq-po uts-uu0 sJ lslrS nsl uaq-po uls-puv
t-z'8 § J -
,,sJBads palurod rt:}l^(1. puB
-prBq TrF{} ,.sqnlc puB
spJoAA,s
I{}IÄ\,,
spJoas snouosrod
lqpünnuuu snq?snJ
p
s7tp0l6 runt
q1t,rs,,,
B pulJ aLI] Jo
wnpal O)Jt) tl,tl',
:
lltD p snta tlnl),)l 1r: i pü SnJpd ulalnD lt)t1 .t -', 'utnns unpal ltnqti
qvrlsz § run (+) ,.SaxB ,(ruaq
DutoJl qtCIwDqlru0s
ot L nqtnfr alour qrupuos ob L ota6 qtruqptvp o) ,,11
1§ J
-
Z-I,LZ § ruN
(S)
lB {ooi (ll
'r-
-sod ilat-recs sE.\\ 1r -: os 'asnoq lBq] rrl f +qFII 1ea-rF E .i1u.r1,: r.:
u,\A.o
araql ]Bq] araql sr ]r roJ
ilTr aql Jo apls lJal aql o] noi qll.^,\ Jar{ a{E} puB {"retrq Jo {poq aq} punorB pnoJr{s Jar{ }nd,,
rprs pueq-1q8r.r aq1 o1 oF pue .(retrtr urFrrrl passalg aq+ Jo ,(poq aql JoÄoJ,,
Iil.\\ noi pue ,(llc
pue sla8pn;r qFr-ror learE puE sproas d;reqs r{}1,u,,
0JqtilDaJ
t1qtnt16na1s n) L Dq)au -qwnu qtilryrurcp n6 8,
,,Jaqlour
Jaq Jo 'sl +Brll 'euuy Jo aceld lerrnq aql sr .,'qtuol A\au
D '1' DuuV tlpo)Dlqpn
utnnou
:
, areld IErJnq ,^^.au E sr aral"[] ]EI{} araq} sr 1l roJ igc aql Jo apls
aql o+ noi q1r,t Jaq aIBl
pue {re6 Jo,(poq
eq}
punoJB pnoJl{s JaI{ }nd,,
pnn! anttdsal
/?ss,,,;
ln ol! olu otilop uJ /7ri:
uawnl wnufrnur
,,1;
,
un.l tnqynru
qryrpq L artnl,f dtot Dul aulalsnq D qplDqo)
ut apvn 7a stutfrttn atJnry
uuo sl Jlon q)oJqlD)
unluaunuout satuanul p sryDllnll uaTtod urD4rap
apag sndrct a6a7 nJ
plCI
0u lp qtlal op lq
qqll
9Z-gZ'g .,,{A.OUS
UEt{l
o,uns
§
eql uBql ralqFr.rq
Onu
ln)oup0 Dlo uut)
s7 rton q)Drqlm 0u qllal op lq qqn ptnq L arütlA[ dnt wn au?lsnq D ppqDg
J-
6-B'VZ § r,ryn (;) ,.r\\ous
uBql ralqFr,rq Dlq)aus oqor
ltpvas oJ nl6 oqor
uottb
un1dn7
sB.{4. or{S,,
saulrl ua^as sB,{A. olls,,
Jolrqa sarurl ua^as sE,{A.,, -das antu Jolplpuv)
lDJa
tr(vlr
1
OZ,g §
saulrl ua^as
,.,'uIII{ lqoat; 1r1::
I
,{A.or{
}ou t\ouI I
I
'snsa1 o+ prBS lrrL?d i ,,utatDu6ncl
i:
a.
r,11.i ..
opouonb ot)sau l) ri -ou urns auTuroo.. '.J/:..
p0 snln0d uldltlD l.
,
t)u ttt ltpa$ ,J ru6
J
-
Et'tz
§ r,ryn (b) ,,spJB,^A.JalJB
,,'sa11sodB
aql pue
,,sa11sode
aq] passalq
{.re6 passolq puE
sal}
uts JD altnl,f |muuacl ot L
qqlDlnqsDq
soToTsoda
-sode srq pesselq +srrI{J,,
}slrrl3,,
i"re6 palaa.rF aq uaqJ,, p urotrDtrI lln0lnl0s
)unJ
Duop
ls!r3 qpl0uuüaq
LT.}T,g
op §
,,sJapuo,{& snoIJol8
n
.
asottol6 t)nl Dtltqt).t.
V-E'IZ § ttrn (d)
-
.r
tl|nuuaq ot
Ttoysdo D lsUJ
J
.
,,'paq eq]
punoJB sallsode Jaqlo aql puB paq req Jo pBaq
aql
punoJB
,,Jo{
flrreaq
,,Jorl punoJe opls
Eurdaa,u.
pue paq raq ur ie1 aqs,,
or{S,,
IIB
1B lBS ralad puY
'paq rar{ o} {oo}
araa sallsode aql
,,'.d;e1q passalg
ira,ra
uo oJaa sallsode ael pue paq raq ur ,(e1
ol{s,,
asnoq aq,} sB JBJ sE
rr{l . "' ,ri..
peI{J}Bus puB aur
l-r)r i
-[or\uo ]l Äluappnq
's:,
o
J I{ITVT
697,
O
tI
F a
270
TRANSITUS MARIAtr
nor
In
"Then Jesus Christ "It is then that \{ichael "Then the Lord bade said to Nlichael to take said to his people to N'Iichael to take up the the bod}, of Mary with take the bod-y of N'Iary body of the Blessed [{ar-v him into the clouds of with them into the in the clouds of heaven." heaven" clouds"
t in O br- rln ,..,".
Utuf § 28.11.
and
"
The Relationship
-
According to l), two varianls ol .: between the tu, least one internl.:: The large nu nl i ,, T against O is i .l hetween O anrl 1.. :
(6) In one instance the reading of O is supported bg T against
II:
uM§23,1-2-T§6,16 7 muinttr nime maraen cona ainglibh neimhi cum omnibus ris 7 siut ag bindgabail in maraen ris 7 siad a' Ampnos canentibus clascedail nemda canamhain in ceoil nea-
angelis
mhdha
"and the host of heaven "with
his angels of "rvith all the angels sing-
together with him and heaven together with the\. were su,eetlv sing- him and they \ rere sing-
i.rg
celestial
ing hymns"
choral ing celestial nlusic"
songs"
Latin Material in UM (II and
O)
O omits the Latin In eritu Israhöl de trgipto domus lacop dei populo barbaro (§ 25,12-13). For Aue Maria uirgo gracia" plena Dominus tecum (§ 77,2-3) (il omits gracia), O reads Aue Maria gracia; the presence of uirgo in O's exemplar is indicated by the inclusion of its Irish equivalent og in the Irish rendering of the Latin text. A third Latin phrase , Ecce quam bonum et quam iocundum habitare fratres in unum is found in both man-
uscripts in § 15,4-5. It may be observed that all three Latin phrases are found in abbreviated form in Latin T as follows :
Ecce quam bonum et quam iocunduffi, et cetera Aue Maria, et cetera (T § 6,2) In eritu Israel, cum alleluia (T § 7,5)
In
one instance, there quote (Matthew 28,20):
(T § 5,7-8)
of them derir-c. i original. The tu , instance, both rt--:
.
:
Christ) ascencle,i ni fedais and ( ) r'.---, . text is corrultt iri or omitted in (). .. .. .
source containi n. example, appär'rr . ,..
iation on § 9.17: l'
In manY
inst
r, :,
scripts are too tr'-. lationship, ol' tit, are some
:
exar111rL, -
4,8-9 : uclub,t::'rs erl
1,9 :
Cf
6,13 :
!'
lttrrtr,. {1171'
;
strehl l,
is no Latin equivalent for a biblical
Mo nert 7 mo cumachta 7 mö föin maraen rib co crich 7 co forcenn in t§aegail "My strength and m,v might and I mvself with you until the end and conclusion of the world" (L'|N,I § 22,8-9) Cf. Ecce uobiscum sum omnibus diebus usque ad consumacionem seculi (T § 6,9-10)
".-
:
9,1-2 ; nu
hr
QI1
JIa rr
(1) f)oxrHr-E. (2) DoxeHL'E. by assuming t hat
i.,; -
t't,
I ;
,
.
',,lxa+ paldnJJos E FurlcauoJ se.t.r aqrJJS aql +Br{1 Fururnsse paurBldxa aq lsaq uBJ,, lBr{} o ur uorlerJB^ salou
iq
'L 'd 'sirHYNoCI k) 'g 'd 'ErHYNoq (t)
-on0urnsun ptt (6-8'ea :'
IIlun noi qll.\\ jl.O ,, {te1,11
rrroJJ uorleSJaAuoJ 1Eql,, 'attn6 o uts-qpüJqutu uD O ,,{;etrq ;o spJo,{A. asor{},, 'attnry rß-DJID1Jq DU O,,s8urqJea+ asleJ,,'pnpnaurcJqqans
:
o) L q)trJ o)
i,.
ql.t
Z-I'6
U ,,sJar1Jeal aslEJ,, frru11atttoqJqans : t I'g O ,, puaq,, 'liloJ) ouulny : U ,,JeAA.ol,, 6'? o ,,plES eq lBrl,,\\ sl slq},, 'qplDJ or pa s7 U ,.Joq 01 prES o{,, 'n!t Uruqnpn : 6-8'r : salduexa auros aJE Eur.to11o; ar{J 'a)rnos rlar{} o} drqsuor}Elar rlaq} ro 'drqsuol}El -Jrralul JIaq+ Euluturralap ul asn Jo aq 01 IETATJ+ ool aJE sldr"rcs -nuBur o^\+ aql ur sFurpea; +uaJaJJrp aql 'sacuBlsur {ueur uJ '(It'6t pue Zl-0I'gI i!.1'6 § uo uorlel -suBrl aI{} o} sa}ou Furpuodsauoc aq} pue sn}Eredde 'alduexa JoJ 'aas) il uI punoJ sE sFurpea; 1dn-uoc aql FurureluoJ acJnos oruBs aql ruorJ soArrap o lBr{} Furleclpul snq}oo ur pa}}rruo ro palJlldruls 'paldnrroc raq+rnJ sr 1xa1 aql oLI ur ldnuoc sr lxa+ aql araq,^& 'sacuelsul IEraAas uI 'srypal iu spear O pue srupal ru
i,.
J)
trr
IBcllqlq E roJ
'
(g-/'g punoJ aJB
§
SJSI_?.r
-uBru r{}oq rrl
ri
l)rr n
p wnuoq tunnl,
Fur"rapuar qsl.rl ,r
{q
pa}Brrpul sr
.r:
DTJDI,I AOV S[]Br.r
oua1d
(
I
nnntö ofitt,i
lap dom7
snruop
spear U 'snlnpil lu roJ 't'It § uI 'ualeaq o+ papuacse (+sl.rq3 Jo pealsur) {;ery }Eq} a}E}s {lsnoauorra sldrtcsnuEur r{}oq BI'VZ § uI 't'gl § ur asal rltn roJ dasg1 )lttl pear r{}oq 'arue}sur Jod'sJoJJa uourtrroJ aJEI{s osle sldr.rcsnuEur o,.\,\l aqJ'leurFr-ro uoruuros E ruoJJ 'salorual Furra;;rp 1B ,(lqrssod 'arr;ap uraql Jo qloq +Eq1 salearpur aloqe passnJsrp sldr;csnueru r{}oq ur IEIr -alBru ullBT aql Jo acuapr^a or{J 'lBurFr;o aq} puB O uao.^&}aq .(rerpatuJalur auo lseal 1B JoJ af,uaprla Jar"[]JnJ sr O lsureFe J ullBT puB lI uaa.\elaq sFurpBar parBqs Jo raqunu a8"re1 or{J '(J Ott Jo leurFr"ro aq+ pue O uaa.^.r}aq ,,{;erparura}ur auo }seal
}E ATUnSSE 01 aIqEUOSEaJ '11 A{EUr,, SUOTSJAA O.^,\} Aq} UaA^^(\}aq saJuaJaJJIp ,(qlto.traloN '(,) ,,rorlJBpal alFurs e Jo sluErJBA oA\1 paJaprsuoc
-Furs sla'ue
.,il'i;: :i.
SnqlluauDJ 5/,iJ,.'...'
stya|un snqllrllrr)
:LI lsuru|o
1
frt1
,-.'
lt,,i-'
aq lsaq ÄEru,, O puB II 'anqeuoq o1 F,rlpJocJv O ol U
U ur paceldat
sr
p
dyqsuoryeleg ott,L
'Juale^rnba qslrl papuedxa uE iq O ur pue J ur stqoo rnd ulleT aql 'Vl'gZ § run uI
,,'ua^Baq
O
JO
spnolJ rr{ r
aq] dn a{El o}
':
[aBQ iiri
apBq pJo-I aq+
rrrLl.l
J
T,'g §
J NIIJYT
ILZ
U
TRANSITIJS MARIAE
272
15,18
, isu Crist,
"Jesus Christ" n
lssu mac De bidh, "Jesus the Son of the living God" 16,9 : Dö, "of God" ll an tslainicci, "of the Saviour" O 77,9 : in chumachta diada, "the divine power" fI cumhachta an Coimdhi, "the power of the Lord" O 79,4 (et passim) : in slanicid, "the Saviour" II Crist, " Christ" O 19,16-17 : muirfit sib, "u,'ill kill you" n imeoraid bas foraibh, "will inflict death on you" O 79,25-26 : an tshlantci, "the Saviour" II Isu, "Jesus"
O
Sometimes a pattern can be observed, as when O repeatedly emplo.vs an alternative expression for glanrüine, "pure mysteries", in II : dona glanrüinib, "of the pure mysteries"
II
dona forceadluib (-dluib partly illeg.) 7 dona feartaibh 'of the teachings and wonders" O
19,10
:
27,2 : 21,12
:
24,17
:
glanrüine, "pure mysteries" II foirceadul De, "the teaching of God" O glanrüine, "pure mysteries" II ruin, "mysteries" O ne glanrüine diadachta, "the divine pure m,vsteries" n na uile (add. above line with caret mark) piana 7 gloir ata for neamh 7 a n-ifri"nn, "all the torments and glory that are in heaven and hell" O 7 na glanrüine diadha, "and of the divine holy mys-
terv" lI om.
O
30,25: nar comaill fein na glanrüine diada, "who did not fulfil
37,6-7
:
the divine pure m,vsteries" lI 7 niro comailldis fein na forceadla, "and they themselves did not fulfil the teachings" O 7 na glanrüine diadachta, "and the dir,ine pure myster-
:;ä
5,4
8,77
:
15,27
:
18,4
:
19,8
:
O
25,,3 : corp Muire, "the body of Mary" n corp naemh (add. above line with caret mark) mathar in Coimhdi, "the bodv of the holy mother of the Lord" O
79,4 :
In the, CäSe Ot \' or persL)n,
ten se
20,72-13
22,77
:
26,8
:
26,8
:
27,14
:
Readings in n i: difficulty, O tcrr :, l
cechtardha prescn.
"everyone
in
-
th..
the word is si nr r "everyone in thr -: ings in II can 1,,. \ 9,22; 10 ,6-7 ; 1t'l . r -
of Mary, sulllto:'-. in O Life ,,
omission
.
-
:
^r;;:rr,,,:
kitig' ' ' ' aI'e r )ll
LiM § 30.5-ri Il ne
rh
.
:
-unrto-u
rD L rlglfrlouruonoJ
((lJau JD L qU-u JD L \JAU
tn ltl s!'l!?tp!h[ v,, :g g-g'gt § run ,,,'PJOI JnO AJE 6laEqrrIAI 'Erl{
no.( IaBqcrIAI O 'q18ua"r1s rno are no{ rno are no{ 6laeqcrl{ O'peer{ rno are no{
O
6laeqJrtr\l
,,'Duta6!l
O,,,
tn ryt
s7 'lltpllN V 'Nau rn r,1l s7 'ltttrllI V 'lr rD ltt s? 'lttpll[ V 'qJauultprtv-u rD r,tl s? 'lttptht V,, :Zy0l'6I § fitnry Jo aJru : o ur uorssrruo
sll lsureFe punoJ aq uec lI ur Furpea-r E roJ lroddns 'Ä"re1q Jo aJIT crlalrluoq aql ur punoJ oslB }xa} aql Jo uor+cas lBr{} uI 'It'6I iB-I'9I i L-g'gl I L-g'01 tZZ'6 :gt- 0T'L § uo salou ur prre snleredde ur uoas aq uEJ lI ur sFur -pEaJ ;or;adns Jo salduexa Jar{}Jnd ',,asJaAlun oq} ur auo.(JaAa,, 'ttrutnt) UJSJ q)oau runq DU : O ur pa+lrtuo {ldurrs sr pJo,^& aq} 'il ur (t 'u 'BBU 'd aas) ,,asrallun ploJo,t.r+ aql ur auo^(;aAo,, Dqprvtq)atp auulnrq) DS llnJ o ur ÄllnolJJlp B sluasa-rd Dqprvlq)a) araq,^&'aldurexa roJ g'V § uI'Äyrldurs 01 spual O'.(llncrJJlp Jo sasec uI 'O Jo asoql o1 tor;adns ualJo are U ur sFulpeag O ,,1aF IIIA no{,, 'rtnqqD!fr-op U ,,14F plno.^.l no.(,, 'nq1qVfr-op O ,,1urnq aq ÄreHI Jo {poq aq} }a1,, 'UryN dtot tnafrsrcy U ,,,(;epq ;o {poq aq} urnq,, '!J!IIA[ dtot pnsrcl O ,,palll{ aq sal}sode aq} }a1,, 'pnqsoq DU JnlqJDut U ,,sa11sode aql III{,, 'pnTsdnq Du ptoqJDru
O ,,sselq L, 'utlqplouuoaq ,,sselq a,{A.,, 'ytu|ruuuaq
il
B'gZ
:
B'gZ
:
Vl'LZ
:
:
II,ZZ
O,,sassalq,,'lqplvuuDaq
-"ra1s{u a-rnd arrr \rr (r
-uaql f ,,{t IIJInJ
Ilrr
lou plp
-s{ur ,.(lo,{
Ll
or{ \\
orrr^\r
I
r :.'.
{to1F puE s}rraur.rr,-
L ountd (1.rr,:u; U ,,salJals,ittr a.rn I
tto76
L r --.' ..srl.- '--
il
.
,,pJo'I aql Jo .rrl{
,
i
:
o ,,
,,sllJInJ or{,, 'qplryllouto)
pelllJInJ aq III,\N,, 'rDll?qtiltoJ
:
8.6I
o
op
or
:
.
o
qqruTtnal nuop
-ta1s{ur a;nd.. ')Li .: .(lpaleadar O rrJL{ ,,,1 \
o ut
Joqlnur (>peur l.r.i
U ,,passalq,, 'frruuuaq op tl-7,1'02
u
O ,,palllJlnJ sE,AA.,, 'qpoulltutn U ,,palllJInJ aAEq no{,, 'slqfrlvuplstilotp O ,,paAII olylr,, 'ltnta
a
,,Ilo^ uo
7.BI
op
osalloul U,,soAI[ ot{,trt,,
O ,,op III^\,, 'nuap-op U ,.,saop ,, 'lu-op O ,,ace1d III,\\ L, 'pnqtoaöms U .. a JE1d L, 'ts-tatfrtns Jo
i
LZ,9I
V' g
:
LI,B
:
: aJE saldtuexg 'uos;ad Jo asual ouo {1durs saurr}auros sr aJuaJJJJIp aq+'sq;an;o asEJ ar{} uI
LI
.
O ,,pJOT aql l(r .. jU ..'l'l'rr'
-
I
O ,,po3 Furrrl aq] I(,
-..
otr
u.z
lE"
.".-"]*
E
274
TRANSITIJS MARIAE
are our ruler' our head' our abbot and
;:*::ffit{:u UM
§ 30,5-6
uscripts
O: "Michel,
os tu ar follamnaigthoir"
O Michael, ].-ou are our ruler"'
Occasionally, the readings
of O are superior to those of II.
Examples are:
3,74 : ar Sliabh Oilifint, a
"on l\'Iount Olivet"
O
Sleib alainn Olimpi, "on beautiful Mount Olympus"
15,13-14: a Peaduir, ar Pö\, "O Peter, said Paul" a Poil, ar Petar, "O Paul, said Peter" O
1e'5 '
:;,Tl:',,t'ä,,T:;,:'ä
ileg
n
O
) oitifint (int partrv
lreg )'
a Sliab alaind Oilimp, "in beautiful Mount Olympus" n As has been mentioned above (p. 248), O sometimes has earlier verbal forms 1,11 ; 2,2 et passim: ad-bert O :
adubairt II
9,2 :
:
at-bertsat O
6,6 :
do-cluinfe misi
lI
Editorial Policy has been noted above (p. 218) that, äs all three witnesses reflect a modernised and expanded version of the text, it is often impossible to decide which rnanuscript is more faithful to the original. Where applicable, I have opted for readings which agree with Latin T. The latter source is an independent witness u'hose authority is increased by its verbal agreement in some instances with the account of the Dormition found in the homiletic Life of Mary discussed above (p. 252-262). For the text found in QIIO (UM 1,1 - 3,5), I have based the edition prirnarily on a.a agrees with II and Latin T against O in five of the readings cited above (p. 264-265).In addition, it uniquely agrees in four instances with Latin T against IIO. For that section of text found only in IIO (LiM 3,5 36,2), the edition below is based primarily on n (with the exception of readings which are clearlv superior and earlier verbal forms).
U-
part by reading.
::
(p. 273-27,1), fi ott' each manuscriytt
there are man\- nof text fou ncl i n l All the a\-aila l -.
.
.
With regarcl t, ,
-
tion of length-nr r: r :-" the Infancr' \u r'r'r: i omitted lengt h - tn .: - :. edition follou-s t h., tate referenc e t r,r \\ I give a concorcll r, -
-
fl
da-cluineabh-sa O
It
edition of this:t-instances citecl l I
LrIVI Willarrl
ad-bertsad O
adubrudar
.
,
adubradur II 16,3
ultiinltdif fer in r.
Although
1
t-2 2-6 6-7 8
I
1
2 .l
.)
l ; (i
9-10
;
11
8
12
!)
t2
1tr
12-15
11
15
12
15
f.i i1
16
17-18
1-
1B
1s
1.)--
18-22
1tr--.
22 23
2r-: 2+
,,{retr,1i Jo }ua{.uB}saJ
eqJ,,'cut''rrr^N'tI (f)
'(suroJ Ieqra^\ .r r r uorldarxa aHl rlll
'(z'gt - g't /t^l 'Oil lsureFe J ul r
7,1
86
BT
TI
6Z-87,
6V
vl
6Z
09
BI
8I Ll-91
0t
I9
t-0t
r
Z9
ZZ-BI
tz-6t
ZT
ZZ
EZ.ZZ
CCCC (r(r )(t
,9 tq
ve
9t-qt
gq
t7,
B I.I, I 9I gI gI
7,1
6
l-z
vv'0v 6t
ZI
OI
BZ
9V-9V
9l-7,1
II
BZ
LV
II
htn
PJEIIIA(\
I
I
VZ-EZ
LZ-92
z-l
7,
v7,
8Z
LZ
8t zt- 9t 9t-7,t rt-6u
l"z
BT
B
LZ
L
C G
97,
v
9Z-97,
I I
LZ-92
0I- 6 6
6uorlrppe
lsuleFe aql
J
uI '(qir" urlu-I
pasBq a^\L?rl I '(zg z-zgT, '
uI purloJ uolllur.r' luatuaa-rFe IB([.r;. luapuadapu r rr 1? : i
sFutpear roJ pa ] InJqllEJ aror.rr s
sr 1l '1xa1 atll sassaulr.AA.
,
J,
aa.r[[]
ii
B
L-9 9-Z
PJEIII,\(\
IATi)
: (,) .tnolaq aouBpJoouoo e a.tr8 I '}xa} aq+ ;o srs{lBuB palrB}ap rarlJBa s,prEIIIA o} aJuaraJar a}B} -lllcBJ o1 rapro uI 'uorlrpa s,anr{Buofl Jo }Er[] s.^(\olloJ uor]rpa slql ;o Furqde-rFe"red ar{J 'Dt pue oa ralo s{reru-WFual pal}ruro aAEr{ I 'rncao fr,{+ arar{111 'tI VSJJ ur saAr}Errel{ .(cue;u1 aq} roJ.(cr1od Ierrolrpa aq+ pa.^.rolloJ aAEq I's4;etu-t11Fual Jo uol+ -rasur pue suorler^aJqqe Jo uorsrredxa aql 01 preFat qll1A. 'alBrAarqqB o1 telduraxa slq Jo aqrrcs aql Jo ro o Jo aqrrcs aql Jo aql uo uorleurloul uB slsaFFns acuoprla alqEIrE^B aql IIy
1"red
'lI pue r{}oq ur punoJ lerra}Eru slrruo O'0 ur punoJ }xa} Jo 0 uolloas uI'U ut ueq} O ur suorssrruo aJoru iueur aJE aJar{} +Et{} uI punoJ lou sFurpeal sureluoo ldrtcsnueru qJEa 'taq1o aq+
searar{^N 'O Jo asoq} o1 sFurpear;or;adns serl ua}Jo il'(VLZ-1LZ'd) aAoqB palBcrpur sE 6uorlrppB uI 'J ullBT ruorJ sFurpea; ,(q lred
ur ro IInJ ur palroddns sr u '(0tz-ggz'd) a^oqB pallc saruBlsur 0Z ur lBr{} sr il uo ,(lr.reurud }xa} aq} Jo uor}cas slq} Jo uor}rpa aq] Furseq roJ uosear uleur aqJ 'slrelap {ueur ur raJJIp slducsn -uBru aq+ 'asJnos uoruruoJ e tuoJl Eurlrrap .(lalerullln qiinoqlly
-JEa SEq Sa[u]]Jtti, .
{
'('EalU ,(11-red ,rn) ; .
o o
...i'-
.lrlE(l
.
r
U ,,sndul.{lo }unr)J[ -: C)
.
.. 1.:
'il Jo asoql o+ .r()r.i.((JloL{ll,.i;
.
puB loqqB rno 'pBrr{ ::
OU
9LZ
r
ffi"'
ry
uorlEIStIBJJ. puE ?xe.L
gUINHIAI IHSVH(IN
The Testarnent of Mary here At a certain time, \Ä,'hen the mother of Christ was praying and she had passed fortr,-seven years (') after the ascension of the Saviour, it is then that Jesus Christ, the son of the living God, came to converse rn'ith the Virgin l\{ary and the manner in which he came was with a branch of a palm in his hand (2) to sa]- to her: "Rise, O Virgin \,Iary", said he, "and take this palm in your hand, for you are on the threshold of death
UC 1,
1,
[A]raili riiri -
naighthi -l is c,l in tsläniciclh. I. laim Muire öirl.. dä rädh ria: 'l-- . r . l
:
it' läim uair i.
-.
Qo
Tit. ugacht
nr u i r-...
.
mpendiunt ,; ' "the testantent r,1 l,-
acht-co
Qno L r raili (space l',,r' L :' Araili uair .,1 ainr.-
left fo, large a rti amsir, "at a ('ertl, -. raebi fl dia r«ril i mathair in Coint'1,- -, an coimdheadh. '_ a hurnaighthi. "l r ,
salm, "contintrerllr
ghabail a salnr her psalms
_
ncl I ,r-:, ' ceathrachad" "for-t'
"after the
t
a
ascen::
post ntac Dö lrr.
"Ir', [an raethi O]. öighi, "to con\-er':mathar fein. "t, amlaid täiniq. 't: r
Isu Crist mac I)e ; . -
(1) .uii. mbliadna rl, "fortv-seven __vears". DoxrrruE, p. 58, n. 2, savs that "the N'Is. is bad here and the graph before mbliadna may be the numeral uii...". The manuscript is indeed bad at this point but nevertheIess uii is clearl-v legible. (2) gesqa pailme ina laim, "a branch of a palm in his hand". The omission of this phrase in II and O is an error as is clear from the subsequent references to the palm. Cf . also accipe hanc palntam in Latin T § 1,3.
of the living (ir,,r. pailme ina läinr.
note. to her" fI om.
O
.:
s rla rrr,:.. is eri :, ög.
"\-ir-
comfocus, "Ileiu'"
-.
cha, "bouttclarir.
.
.-
q,ft
LI
'q.,tl 0
O ,,aJII Jo,, 'Er{}Baq :U0 ,,rl}EJp ("') Jo,, 'slgq ul il , sorJeprrnoq,, ,eq; -lJc :Oö ,,.(;epunoq,, 't1cy-t;t O ,,JB.tu,, 'sn8oJ U ,,JEeu,, ,snlo;utot
,Fg
:§ ,,;Eau,, 'JEE g O'uo,,pue,, 'L OII 'ltto: [ ,,ut8llt\,, O.ruo Uö ,,asl1l, oqFIrlE O ,.plRS ar{ }Br{llr sl slq},, 'r{ple.l or pa sr LJ , Jaq o} .a}ou plES erl pue,, 'BIJ plBJ ot sn8e :[ ,,Je{ o1 ius o1,, ,BIJ rlpgJ gp 9
aos'OU'uro e8sgF
L
,,puer{ slq
O 'uro tI
ul uled E Jo qtueJq B r{}l..rr pue,,,rulgl eur aurlred a{ Ä\o{ sl slr{} pue aureo ,po{) Furul aq} Jo ,,s8,&\
uos aql'+slrr{3 snser }Br{} uaq} sl }1,,'lq or prBltue sr L Iq ao JEur }srJ3 nsl JrurB? urs uuB sr : § ,osB,^(\ oruBJ ar{ qclqa ul JauuBur aq},, 'Elulg} prBIurB sI , Oil ,,Jaq+our u,^.o slq 't-re1,q ur8trrl eql llsl^ o1,, 'ulal JBr{}Bru R aq8ro aJrntr\i rEresuur,p : § , i"re1,q ur8rr.,1 aql qll.Ae asJa^uoJ ol,, 'lqFlg rurelle8B op ?-s OII ,,uaABor{;o slaFuB aq} uoJJ,,,[O rqlae-r ue]
't'I§lulle-Irr, luanbasqns aq+ ur{,... -sruro aqJ .,.PUBrl sri.
:
-aqlJaAau ]nq ]u rn r i \-aq+ aq {eu Dlrptttl,l s.(es 'Z'u ,Bq .d ..: _,1 .
arrnJ,\]'
aFrql8rr ur qrlFure o 'ppn ,, po9 Eurrrl ar{} Jo uos aq1,, 'lq go )Bru Tsod t, OU uJ^EeI{ o}, oelulu lunoop 'ppo JnorAES er{} Jo uorsueJse aq+ JalJB,, 'qpr.)ruBISl ul lreqeFserJ rEr Tsod t-z oLI ,.(uaras-)ilJoJ,, 'peqrer{{]BaJ Ö'lx'z O,,raqleC raq pue uos Ä1uo raq o+ Eurie-rd pue sulesd.raq Errr8rrrs i11enurluoJ,, 6rer{}Erl E L cruuraq e IqqlnF Ee L tules E lreqeqF -JIS JE tI ,,stu1esd ;aq FurFurs t11aa.r,rs pue Fur{etd {11enur}uoo,, 'ur1es E lreqeFuurq )e L rqlreuJrrl v lreqeFrrs JB :§ ,,Eur.(B;d,, 'lqlqFleurnq E rlpgJ JE z-L O,,proT eql JO Jaqlou'ire1,q flo,{,,,qpeaqpurrot uE rJrnruquraeu L[ ,,pJo.I aq] Jo Jaq]otu {1oq,, 'Eapurro:) ul Jrerl}Rrrr
Jrer1leru
-aBu:§,,+slrr{J Jo Jar{+oru aq},,'}s}rJ rrBr{}Btu O rqror Erp I_l rqaBr Rp:[,,se.l.r"'uerl,{A,,,'roqru erp O,,orul} pue {np urE}JaJ ts }E,,,Jrsure L BI (utfrtnu ilal ut uantrm E nnlus !7ra7 Jo Auruutöaq p B afrto\ roL ilat atods) alroJe II ,,ourll pue Jnor{ urB}JaJ e }8,, 'Jasrure L JrBn IIIBJV I aul+ UIE]rac B 1ra,, oJISturc (7ra7 Jo 6utuut6aq p e abtay toJ atnds) r1re"r u tr oub :
O ,,.uolaq erar{ i-retrq Jo }uorue}sal aq},,
'sls os ar?ntu Eutul+ 0 dlqßru nfruoy ou alorls-u puD untpuaduot-qrqte, ut aqorls uotsuadsns ! afrnd Jo doy fitan W uantrm ospur arrnur lqceiin 'lTI
o0
Es-tunrl qplqllur sr L slgq ur qclrc llnp rEF sr rren urlgl ,1l oas-tulled ur qEF L,, ogs JE ',,F9 aJrnIAi E 'qFIJIiq,, :ErJ r{pgJ -Bp tulgl Eul aulred e8sgF L Fl,rl-et prEIruE sr L IqFIg arrnllr urlel -IEFB op Iq ?O reur'1slr3 nsl rlulgl urs-uue sI .rlplrlugls1 ur II-BqeFsa;; rEI 'lx' Buperlqu 'lln' Ip ugls oqor pa sr L tr{lqFreu -rnq e r{pgr rE lslrS rrer{}Eru }oqtu EIp rrsrure IIIEr[v] T,
os-pur orTnqtrtl ?T{sErIpn
tllBap Jo plor{s ar q } : r: slr{} a{E} puB,, , aq lj I ,: . (.) pre.{ slr{ ur urleci }r rauuuur aql pue ^(.re1i ," Fur,trl aql Jo uos aql .-: Jo uorsuaJsB aql JalJI,l ( Fur{etd se,u }slJqf Jo .r_l -
-
,
eJoq d"re
280
THE TtrSTAI\,IENT OF },IARY HERE
it is time for me to take )'ou to the heavenly abodes and eternal rest and I will openly send all the apostles to meet vour body and they will not part from you until I bear you into the heavenl.v seat in which there is eternal rest and great joy." It is then that Nlary took the palm from her Son's hand and said: 2 "The palm which you have brought to ffi€, dear Son, äs soon as everyone sees it ('), anger and envy will rise up in them." And it is then that Jesus said to lllarv: "Do not be in terror or fear about taking the palm from me because wonders and great miracles will be performed through it in Jerusalem." and
UM 2: cf. tr1
do breith eu:nr: -? cuirfed
na
h .: .
t
deileochait riu 10
cu
msanad
h
\
l
:. ,
str t
pailm a läini I ll. 2 "In pailnr 'r na huili hi erer h isu re 1\'Iuire: "\, do gabäil uainr-.. ,
Qtro
7 gusna sostaiJ,it enl;' ahodes irn,i
l
"
säsad sirsuthain.
suthain, to evtr'1., over" I] 8 rlr "
-
1 a comdail do l i.l 8-e ni deileochait :.
ret' cli, " ther(1) acht co faicet na huili, "as soon as evervone sees". na huili is glossed by nö na hludail ("or the Jervs") in Q. DorAFrue, p. 58-59, n. 5, assunred that the gloss was u'ritten by a later hand and that the later glossa' tor must have been familiar u'ith a text similar to fI and O which both read öröchoid frrg 1 format na nludhul am' aigid-si, "the anger and env) of the Jern,s u'ill rise up against me" for ördchoid frrg agus tnüth inntu, "anger and envv will rise up in them" in Q. The gloss, ho\\,ever, appears to have been written b1'the main scribe. Donahue also notes that the unglossed text in a here is probablv closer to the source than either II or O. He points out that in the Greek homily of John of Thessalonica, "l\'Iary, rvhen she is offered the palm b1, the angel, asks the angel why he brought onlv one palm, because if she gives it to one (presumabl-v
ri
i
ceile, "thev u'il1
l
rr
seat" Q: rigth.g.
"in which there i.
suthain 'l fäilti nr failti, "rest ancl j, eternal joy" O "from her son"
()
2 r in pailm, "thr in pailm so, " th i: the Jews" utrittert
"with me" n0
of the Apostles, since they have just been mentioned), the others rn,ill murmur". This suggestion bv Donahue is supported subsequentlv'- in the
ferg 1 format (a t; aigid-si, "the arlit
text (§ 72,11-11) when John
sin ad-ltert, "anri "and said ntore()\'.
says he cannot accept the palm f rom N'Iar.v and states: lii födatm-si in pailm-se clo gabail uait-si nö go roibi comairli n(l n-apstal uili uimpi ar nach öireochad fodord na tnüth na n-apstal umam ür son tusa da tabairt dam-sa seoch cach, "I cannot accept this palm from you until all the apostles have taken counsel about it so that neither the murmuring nor the envy of all the apostles might rise up against me because of ,-vour giving it to me rather than to all the others".
.
pailm-sea do g-u lil eagla na pailnri i, sea,
"fear uporl \',
fan failm do grrlir,. me" O
,
-
.
q.,rt LI
o
,,.affr
tuorJ lulBd aI{} EuI{El }noqe noi uodn JEaJ,,'rs-ruren lreqe8 op tulrEJ uBJ ES-lrol elFeaul u,,ou ruorJ rulBd slql Eur4e1 +noqB nor uodn rEaJ,,oBas
-rulBn op Eas (urc1ntun pul '6nl fr1atoq r puuas) rurlred Eu el8ea lreqeF uled aq1 Eur{E} }noqe JBaJ,, 'rs-turen IIgqEF op eas-u1red :
§
,,aru tuoJJ
ur ural lJo el8arur t-e 0 ,,plBS,, 'lJrBqnpB II ,,JsAoOJOru plES puB,, p :o ,,plES (snsal) }Eq} uaql sr +l puB,, 6lJaq-pB uls 'orrorurur urBqnpB -uue sl /a oil,,aur lsureFe s.^A.ar aql Jo irua pue;aFue aq1,,'rs-prfire ,{uB Inqpnlu Brr (O peruroJ L F-real II aun mopq .ppv e) }BturoJ L Fra; :§ .,uraq1 ur Ärua pue JaEuE,, 'n1uur rtltru+ L FJaJ OU ,,aru qll.,te,, 'ure8e 'ppD ,,11,, 'tr4 Tsod 'alou aas 'b lunq eu aooqy uantJm ,,sÄ\of er{} ,os urlred ur O ,,tu1ed slq},, ,,ur1ed aqJ,, 'rulred ur r, z
Jo,, 'lleptrlr{ Eu gu :,,auoÄJaAa,, 'lllnq eu z .,aqs plBS 'ur1ed slq},, 'rs JE oas ulred ur
u
:
§
g0 lJIBqnpB : O ,, plES,, '1;aq-pe O ,,uos Jaq ruoJJ,, 'JBtrr Euo :LIo ,,puBq s,uoq Jar{ ruoJJ,. 'llru E rulgl e Lr, o ,,{o[ IEuJa]e prrB +saJ,,'ureqlns IlllBqJ uE L qpeuesqunc uE II ,,{of puB }saJ,,,l}llBJ ur L peuestunc ur : § ,,{o [ 1ea.r8 pue ]sal IEuJala,, ,Jour I]llgJ L urer{}ns oII ,,sr eJaql qcrq.A. ur,, 'llnJ E : [ ,,sr aJaq] r{Jrq,A& ur,,
qpBuBsrrrnS
0[
'llnJ BJEIU O Ir{}qEIJ U ,,uaABaq ,asnoq leio-r,, ,Eaql8r-r : § }Bas (Äluareaq),,'aprns 6 o,,Jaqlo qJEa uoJJ lred lou III,§ {r,{},,,a1rac ar prBr{Joallep ru tI ,,apls }Jel rrro,( uoJJ lred }ou IIIA,(rq},,,11c,}or prnqcoallep ru :[ ,,noi uorJ 1"red 1ou IIIA {r,{1,, .}nlr }rBr{roallap ru 6-8 otl ,,{poq rno,( JJ}unoJua o} pue }aatu o},,'nls-d;rnc op lrepuroc E L auuroJ B : § ,,.(poq rno{ }aaur o},, 'drrnc op apuroc r 6-g 0 ,,sa11sode ,1n1sdqe allnq Eu orl1,, 'lredseq Bu :OU aql 8 ,,sa11sode IlE,, U ,,JaAo -aJour,, 'soJ 'ppo L ureqlns Tsod e-l O ,,{oI Eurlsel;a,ra o],, ,ureqlns r{pESBS uBsnc LI ,,io[ leulala puB epoqe crla8ue Jq] o],, ,uleq]nsJrs pESRS uesn8 L rprl8ure pesos uesn8 :§ .,}sar leurala pue sapoqe {1ua .,,
',.,sJaq+o r
L- -
aur lsure8e dn asr.i - .eq+
raqllau ]Erll 0s t'
-
tuorJ tuled slq] 1ri,r , ulvutn 1n1sdn-tr t)Lr ri.:'" t1ti\ltuot lqloJ ofr rtlr \rretrq uorJ rulecl ,r.{ - ,
.
aql ul {11uanbasc1n. , IIIA sraqlo aq] '(1,-. : .tlqeunsard) arro ,i- -
-_
{q.o la8ue aq} sls:r
il
Jarllra uBq] JJ.nt.
s"readde ';ara^uoq
':\
-
.
\
'n7uut qt\tul sttfrtt l,^-.
,(rua pue ra8uu rr{ qloq o []u]r u aiit Jr:.. -
'
r{Jlq,\e
,essolF JaIBI
pJUnSSE
'g 'u 'ti!-r
passolF sl
lllnq
_
t)Lt '.
:.
-
-AEar{ aq} o},,'ureqlns pEuESrunJ ursnF L qrnptueu qqrB}sos eusnE L
orr0
Itlllrl Erour rlreqrrru L Elral relu?F-op rren IS-rulEn IIgqEF op Bas-tullBd ur rural lro elFaurr gu uBuro qplq gNi,, :aJrnl{ aJ nsl +raq-pe urs-uue sr lg,,'n+uur r{Ttru} L F,ray proqoara Ir{ IIInq Eu lacrBJ 03 }r{tB 'q8leqpgrF 3ltu e'es-urep srBcn} rulred ur,, z :lraq-pe L crur E urlgl e urlred ur arrnlAi qEF oJ urs-uuB sI ,,'rgu I+llgJ L urBqlns q pBuBsrunc IInJ ErBru Eptuau aprns ulsl {r} Es-rBraqul oc gu }nlr }lBrlJoalrap Iu L d;rna op opuroc r snlloJ or lnlsdqe allnq Eu paJrrno L urBqlns pBuBsurnc ursnF L qrnpuau qqrBlsos EusnF qllarq op
OI
,,'IualBsnJaf ul ll i,-' sJapuoa asnBJarl Jlr:
uI aq lou oC.. : i.r,rI\: uI dn asrr III^\\ .i.ri: sE'uos JEap'Jr.rr {' pUEII S,UOS Jaq
"
[Ur,.i _
'
IBaJF pue lsal Ir?rr.i.r noA JBJq I IIlrrn r.r, laatu o1 sallsode r Li pue sapoqe ilrJ \urii .,
z-l
r8z
H
EU3
_.
282
THE TESTAMENT OF N{ARY HERE
When Jesus said those words to Ntar)' he brought her to N,Iount Olivet and when they were near it the.v sa\ ,' it all greatly illuminated and the Saviour said: "O beloved N{ary,,vour coming to the mountain pleases us." It is then that all the trees that were here and there along the \ i ay bou,ed their tops to the ground and adored the palm that was in the \rirgin lVlary's hand and she rejoiced greatly at those miracles and said to Jesus: "It is clear
a nIarusalenr," hi i Sliab Oil..
{
r
rnaille re tlr.uli: fluire innrain. r. 1t)
.
sin do crontsut .. a mbairl cu t rr .: öghe -l is rrnn
:
.
.
Qno
s a
nlarusalenr.
o ,i lem a those u'orcls t,, l',]Iarv hearcl til,,.. brought her s.ith
n-alaind nOilitrr.
,
do gabh an failr:. oilefint, "she tr,, ,. tiful llount Olir'-near it" Q: o l r
tain" n
ar
conr-
6-7 do-conncl-rt u t' greatll,' illr-rnrin rri . manner of fire (r\'..'. fo mog dina irril on the mountain' beloved llarr-. ]',, .l Et an uair do l,i Iaboue
line
ruit
h
r' , t
were trar.ersinq
l
ti
-
mathair acc inl('.-.:, and his holr-nr,
I na huili 9-10 do
('ri1n:..
bi arlunn -
and there
alorri
.
.
[do bi O] isin t s1.. [slithibh a O] t,-..i. ;
"that were on
tit,-
tains [war-s 0] .,\ . tops" IIO 10
tr
post do
om. O
"
altaig. 7l nl:
.
:
l
r.
thing" II a hon,
.:
tum delens unclr:r
".
-
Ub +;leqnpe O (p lsril rapun suapp wnl -tund) lJaq ppe l,,plBS,, 6lJaq-pe O ,,Jnouor"[ Jaq,, 'Jrouoq B U ,,Fulq+ }Bq+,, 'uIS-Iu ur :§ ,,salJBJrtu asoq},, 'urs-epalrnqJrtu Eu Tv O 'uro oErE]lE op ,,,(11earF,, 'Jotu oJ OL[,,{-retrn;,, 'lrlntr{ 'ppD,.,paJro[aJ,, Tsod vt, il ,,Fururqs,, 'qceururauqlrE] 'ppn,,[u1Bd,, 'rulred pod 0[ Oil ,sdo1 rlaql pa,uoq] papunosor pue oJo.\\ araqa FuroF [O [O siem] sure] ^..1t -unour pue speoJ aq1 Fuole aJaq+ pue aJeq urelunour aql uo eJa,\& 18q1,, '[O rrerrr B srepruorr op] rrreqtu B rreprurorl] op L srp8ral [O e qqlq]lls] our qqllqqlals Buoru L qqureuor Eueru IIBUE L uunue qqlals] ulsl IO Iq op] rrepeq ot : § .,puno;F aq+ o+ sdol rlaql (pa.uoq) {e.,rn aql Fuole arar{} pue aJoq eJoa +BII1,,'uIBLulEl oc JJrBqtu e prFrls uEurr plBuB L uunue Iq op 0r-6
0,,saaJl eq+,,'uuro-r) Bu Oil,,seeJ1 aq+ IIE,, ouuBJJ IIInq Eu 6 O . urElunour aql Eur11are"r1 pue Furs;are;1 eraa raqlou floq slq puB
+slrtlf ]Btll uaql sl +l puv,, 'lqqlalqsl ul rnrpsrE Ee L lqrerrtur cJB rrEr{}Bru -queeu e L 1st"r3 Iq oJ uIS uue sE +g il,,urelunoru aq+ Furs;areJ+ aJar\\ .raqlou.(loq srq pue snsef uaq.\A, puy,, prrn qnm aull aloqt) '(ytotu lslrrlS 'ppD ]) rqelsl ur lqcBalul Fe ;reqlerutueeu e L +slr3 nsl Iq op rrBn uB +-d :§ ,,"'uoql sl 1I 'sn saseald urelunoru aql o] Euruoc ;no{ 'i-re1,,1i pa^olaq 0 :prES rnorABS aq+ puB,, ours-uuE sI 'qBIIS ursr urBlr{JBror{} op uull r{}lBru sI'ureruur aJrnl,t V:prcJurEIS ur lJreqnpl L o-2. O ,,urelunoru aql uo aJrJ Jo Jauueru aq+ ul ruJoJ lq8lrq aql .lnES eH,, 'rlqBIIS urrB Eulp Fou oI Bpsnlos qqlBap uB sJlnuunJ-pB LI ,,ulBlunoru aq] IIB JaAo aJrJ Jo JauuBur aql ul ruroJ +qFIJq InJrlnBaq E aJaql ,{A.Bs aH,,'llln qBIIS urrB paura} qpou EJ ElsBlosq+ uurEIE qlBap uls uuE cJrnuuoJ-]E : § palBurtunlll illealF IIB 1l ,^.BS ir,{},,, 'g IIIn JreruJopu pEJIIEep aJ allretu JB}EJuuoJ-op L-g o ,,urBlunolu aq+ 01 JEeu Eururoc uo,, 'qqells+ uop rsJrBJtuoJ JB II ,,ulE} -unour ar{} JBau eruec aq uaq,,\A.,,'qBIIS} uop prsJroJruoJ oJ g:§,,}r JBau aJa,^A, {r,l+ uar{,\\,,'a-rre8 Eur JB}Eq op JrEn ul 9 O,,}oA}le }unotrs InJI} -nBaq o+ +ue,{e JnorABS oq} puB putsq Jaq ur uled aq+ {oo} aqs,,6}urJalro uurBIB qqBrls rE erJrurBlqsl ur qprBnqr-op L qtulEl Eu rullBJ uE r{qBE op ,,
il ,,IaAIIO lunoHI InJrlnBoq o] }ua,{A. Jnor^BS aq},, ,+ulJIIIOu purBIB-u qlals B prrruBls ul prBnr{c-op :§ o} ullq q}1,\\ "raq lqFnorq }unolN ,,}a^ll0 I Iq slEI rnr 9-9 OII ,,spJo,\r osoq} preaq irelq
or{,, '}UIJIIIO qEIIS
uaq,\A.,, 'urs-e;qlBIJq Eu IJInI,t rlprBlBnJ-+o :§ ,,,(;etr1i o+ spJo.\\ esoq+ plES snsaf uar{^A.,, ar urs-Brr.l}Blrq Eu .sl uBrlJ op g 'arrntrq 0 ural UaIBSnJAIU I :O ,,UralBsnJaf ul,, 'rualesnJBlu e g
-BSnJEIpU
I
U
oub
ar uaq-pB L urs-Epalrnqrrtu Eu rgru ot Fre11e op uuB sr L aqFg arrnIAI rulgl E Iq op ulred ur rBlBrr{pB op L urBrulB} oc rJrBqur B pIFIIS ueurr pleue L uunue Iq op uuerc IIInq Eu lesurorr op uls -uuE sI ,,'qEIIS ulsl uIEltlsBror{} op uull r{}lEru sr'urEruur aJrnI{ y,, :prclurgls ur lrlBqnpl L ? IIIn rrBrurapu pBrllBap ar allrBru relecuuoc-op arreF Eul relgq op rren ur L +uIJIIIO qEIIS I Ir{ slEI cnJ aJrnl{ aJ urs-EJr[]EIJq Eu nsl uBrlJ op
o
,,'uralESnJBIu
OI
JBals sl +L, :snsJ[. ()] aqs pue puerl s -(.rBI['. punorF aql o1 sclo] r, aJa.^A.
:
lBr{} SaAJ} atl} il,
01 Futuroc
;noi
'i.rr:11
-IIunll .(11ea-rF IIE +r ,!,,i lunoIAJ o1 Jaq lqronr).i,I
e
gu3H.i.,
rBz
281
THE TtrSTAMtrNT OF N,IARY HERtr
that all the trees are adoring .,vou and not onlv that but they are adoring the palm which you brought into mY hand and it is because of that that I understand and believe that -You are Jesus Christ the Son of the living God and it is ,You who came from heaven to minister to me because no one else can perform these wonders but the one God." Christ said to i\[ary: 3 "Why did you not see my wonders and miracles when from Herod?" And -vou anrl Joseph went into trgypt in flight you reached the palm in the desert and -you said to Joseph:'O lord, we are hungry and we have nothing to eat in this desert.'
a.
cf
. NIatth . 2,L3-1,4
hisa: "Is follu. amäin acht at r ,: ime-sin tuigi nr tü täinic clo n it r ferta-sa do deni. .. re Muire: 3 "Cid nac'h do-chuadhais i--. ro-siachtabair' .-."Iösep: 'A thiger'n., ,
15
.
,
,
Qno
rz-rs Is follus ('r, :
.
atäit ag adraclh r,.: t^11
3:cf. El 5-6; 11 1-5.
trees are adoring r which -you brou!,}r agat adrad-so n. .
.
)'ou have put in n.', ac onorugud na ll,.:,
honouring the
I,r' .:.
of that" Q: änlri:. believe" Q: tuicin,-stand" O
1/r-15
it is )'ou" O
rachtain-sea. "tr, mirbuile na fert l " the things'' 0 acht ri na gloirr.
"except \'0u adubairt Qn
-.
...
::
)'r,it I - '
3 r cid naclt lu. .' see m). lvonclet'-
"did )'ou see In\' siachtabar Q QII isin clitril,h
'
ad-bert ttrsa. "'. lord" onr. 0
-
.; ..
light f ronr I Irr'' "in flight frorti I:
f
.-......,,,..'
-
:
.
.
o 'uto ,, pJ0l
O,, 'eu;a8rq1 y ? Ub ESnl UrEqnpB :O ,,plr?s noi,, 'esn1 lJaq-pe O,,ll qll,r -raqlaFol saartr aql IIE puB sBr\ rulBd slq1 qclq.^a ur lrasap rql ul,, 'elr uaereru uuerJ IIInq Eu L os-rulreJ uE Irlqlor e qqlrllp ulsl :ilö ul uled aq1 o1,,'qlarql1p ursr urlred ursnF f;.reqe+qJ€rs ,par{Jear noi,, 'rreqe}rlJBrs-or E II ,poreH urorJ }qFIIJ ul,, ,,trresap aq+
op OtI
'(aun mopq uarytrm e) lenrJ uror paqllaqtr rR : Ob , porall ruorl ]qFIIJ ul,, 'q1ren;I paqJlal JE z OII ,,slq1 aJolaq salJeJrur iur aas noi plp,, 'ls-lllnqJlur oru oes rruroJ sTBJJBI ur : § , salleJrru pue sJapuo.{e .,(ur aas Ä,{,u,, 'ls-lllnqJ}tu our L E}JaJ rrr RSn} qprB)BJ rlJBu plJ I t
lou no,( plp
Uö trleqnpe O ]Jaq-pe p r ,, plES,, 6lJaq-pe O ,,snsal' O ';1as;no,( noi 1daJxa., 'ess1 B ulal n+ +qce U ,,iro15 Jo FrlX eq+ 1dacxa,, 'a;ro18 Eu rr 1r{JB :0 ,.pog auo aql 1nq,, oeruBu BICluaE-+ ul peru lrlce 9[ 6 ,,s8urq] aql,, 'tqltau Eu LI ,,18r{} e{ll sJapuo,r\ Jo se1JEJIU,,'urs JEtu E}JeJ Bu alrnqJru : § .sJapuo,!\ asaq+,, 'es-e1;al Bu gr-sD OIJ ,,aru pulJ o+,, 'Bas-urelrl)BJ -Jol o1 JJlsrunu o1,,'BS-ErunJJoq+,urop sr +l .urop:§..ofrr O,.noi g,no,( sl ]1,,'11] sl gl-rt +Er{} os,,'n1 qnrnc [,,noi,,'n] O,,pue]s -Japun L, orurJrnl U ,, puelsJapurl i1nr1 L, 'JIJ oJ rs-rurcrnl : [ , alarloq L turFrnl pue puetrsJapun 'urrpra;c L, Oil ,,aou,, 'sloue : § .. +Etl] Jo asnecaq,, 'urs-aru 3L O ,, puerl ,(u ur sr qclqa urled aq+ Eur;nouoq pue Eurrope eJB IIB .ll.or{ JBaIJ sl }1,,'qturel tue B}B atulreJ eu pn8nJouo JE L qpe-rqpe Ee allnq Bu UrBIR rnru snlloJ sB L[,.pueq r(u ur 1nd eAEq noi qrlq,!\ uled slq+ Furrope are {aq} }nq }Er{l iluo }ou pue no.( Furrope a;e saar+ ar{1 IIB }Brl} 'aqs plBS 'rea1c sl +1,, 'ls-qtulEI rul rsrBpEJ-op os-aulred Bu ('fraru pB ü)uil) pBrpe Fe llele +rIrE urerue r{paq ru L os-perpB le8e ITIBIB uuerr IIInq Eu rs rB snlloJ sl :0 ..,puer{ iru o1u1 lq8nolq nor qolr{^{N ruled aq1 Furrope are rt,{+ }nq }Eq1 Ä1uo }ou pue noÄ Fur.rope are saar} aql IIE 1Br{} realc sr }L,, 'as-urrgl ,tul sreJn} aurlred Eu r{pBJpE Fe }lg}B }u L qpelpe }oF, uuBrr{c IIInq Eu }alrnJ oc snlloJ sI s}-2, +r{cB urBrrrB port
OUÖ
-r{}lB3 }u purEFB IInJ Iu L pure"ro snrBso gw 'EuraFrq} v, :daso1 ar ESn+ lraq-pB L qlarqllp ulsl rulrEd ursnF rrEqElr{rBrs-or snlo eäqlrBnrl paqcral rE dasol L ulsl srBr{pBnqt-op ldlFlg uBl ur Is-lllnqrlur our L Bual,ru ESn+ qprEcEJ r{'JEu t .orr,,
,'lJaSAp
slql ul
qI
]r?.r
'
puY PepoJaH urc).rl -. -
:{rery o}
+slr, lraq-py ,,'BLuEu Elcrua,-, ur p,ur ]qc, urnu?p "o'Jllä-; Bu IIIE qsau uuE+?J Iu JrEn ES-ErunJJor{} ,urop ullu op slulg} r,1} sI L 'Iq ?O oeur '+slr3 .sl q1 qernF urprarc L ur8rnl urs-arur sr L as-urgl ,rul srecn+ aulred Eu r{perpe Fe llgle }rIcE urgrue paq Iu L r{pBrpB }oF, uuBl{J IIInq Bu }allnJ oJ snlloJ sL, :ESI[{ 982
plES }sr.rri')
uE3 aslo auo ou
JS n it
or{,^N noi sr }l puu
I,,
,
no^{ }Eq} aAarlaq l)rr:r
puB puBq rru olrr I i., {rql }nq }Eql iluo }, ,
t-7,
auSII
,
,
.
.i.^
THE TESTAMENT OF N,IARY FIERE
286
mid isin dithrt-..
It is then that Joseph said to you that he had nothing for you to eat'for it is because of you that I have been banished and have forsaken my three sons. I do not know how they will be after me. Not one of these trees has fruit except this palm and I cannot climb it because of its height but suckle your Son so that he may not be hungry together with us for rn,e are certain that it is from the Holy Spirit that that Son was conceived and let the Holy Spirit not allorv him to be hungry and let him show mercy (1) to us and we will care for him.' And that is when Joseph spoke to you, O mother, in the desert where we three were on Mount Olivet
(2).
4 "I, as a child at your breast, O beloved mother, said to Joseph: 'What causes you, O beloved father, not to climb the Ul\[ 4: cf. E1 7-8:
11 6-9.
i
aige ni duit-.- l tröicis mo t rr r:. crann dona ci'.:... fötaim-si clrrit:. 1t)
gunach
raibe, '
OCruS fair - r-1.:l träth do rä i cl ir I 'nar triür aI' S l . :, 4 "At-bert n. . inmhuin, I"e I, .' ,
QilO
fein I misi uIn r-.,into which \\'e L. r :' (
hosom"
O
IIo s ad-bert,
)
tt''-'
"saill
"
caithim uair trit-three letters
ille,t.
,
had nothing for' ished and har-e ,,. -,,
after me II : rrrj an toradh clo lri
Adubairt
.
Iosepir.
hunger except tr,r.
-
there is" : eirrr I .. an t-aen crAIIIr I ,. g acht tobair (ri, siu, "and sincc I
Son"
O
: dod n..' " t ir.' \
in mac-sin. (1) dönad. This emendation is based on denumh, the reading of O here. Final -mh for -dh in forms of the verb do-qni is a common feature throughout the manuscript O. (2) ar Sliabh Oilifint. This is the reading in O; il reads a Sleib alainn Olimpi. Here and in § 19,5 NIount Olivet and N{ount Olvmpus are confused in
lI.
-
"let him shos'" . fimid-ile , "\\'e \\. "spoke" O: clr, I-.:.Sliabh Oilif int. ful NIount Olvrr.: 4 t atbert nri:i. t-2 a mäthrrir' ::.
-
u u
'u,ro Jraq-op z o 'uto ,,Jer{}otu paAolaq ,,Ja^oaJotu prBS atl,, 'oJJot-utul lJIBqnpE : o
-r+neaq uo,,
'ldurllo
UUIBIE
o,, outnqurul JIBII}9ur e z-l
,,plES L, 'lsltu
+JaqlB
T,
v
-uoJ aJE sndu-(11; *ri: uutDln
qaß
D
'alou aas 'lI ,,sndui;(10 lunol,§ InJ qlals B :O ,,+aAIIO +unol{ uo,, '}UIJIIIO I{qBIIS
JB il JnrJ] E O ,,aAJr{} OA,, 'J4lJ} Jelu, VT, g Erer Op : O ,,a>l0ds., 'rlplgJ op t7T, o plntu pEaJIro : il ,,(-1,{ JoJ) aJEJ III'\§ a.\ .,, 'au-ptrutl 'alou aas'L[,,.{n'oqs,,'pteuap O qunuap:tsdlJ)s ,,.nn.oqs urlq }41,, -llae Zl. O ,,luBJuI lBI{},, 'uts-eqpteu ,E :I_l ,,uoS }Eq},, 'uIS-JBtu uI g Feu pop : O ,,uoS il lrnrrds : O ,,llrlds ({tog or{}),, '1utds tr.
O Jo Furpea.r
slllr:.. u
a{
}
'
.
'pBu?p
rno.( (a14cns),, ')Bru .pop O ,,aAIF '{es 1 'louuuc I aJuIS pue,, 'nls -Jrnqo+ urJrape urepal qceu o L :II ,.al{Jns }nq,, '(aqc1c op) ,rreqo} }t{JE o O ,,aaJ+ urled auo srql JoJ ,(1uo 1dacra,, 'ulequrB os-arullBJ uuEJJ uae-1, uB +r{JB :U ,,ur1ed slq} 1dacxe,, 'rs-tulred uI }qJe U IInJ EJIa r.,sl aJeI{} rlJlr{.\\
uo,,'O IInJ BJB 8
O,.,plBS qdasol"uao s}l uo }Jasap aql uI
\\tss rrls urled aql Jo r{cuerq aq} uo se,tn. }Bt{} }lnrJ aI{} roJ ldacxa -raFunq .rno^i 1ua.la;d plno,&\. q)lr{.ll. Eurqlou op plnoa aq }Er{},,'qdasol }JrEqnpV '.rnuaeq Eu qqeorlrp ulsl Jrreuunc-pB atulreJ FreFu urre Iq op l{pero} uB lrlJB BSnrBJo,ql qpee;Esroc op ru op snurnJ rE IqqloJ r{ceu :If ,oou re}JB aq III.\§ ir,{+ .\r\oq ,AA.ou{ }ou op I 'suos aarr{} {u ua>lBSJoJ aAEq pue paqsl -uBq uaaq aABq I ler{} noÄ Jo asne)aq sr }l roJ }Ea o} noi .ro; Furq}ou petl aq +Bq+,,'sra,ru rB1 plaq snuulr repal IN 'Qrll Jo pua 7n'frrn! sranal aarql Jo omi nJ)Brrr IJl our srcr?Jl oJ L BSBqJBuurq uroJ BS-1rJ1 JrEn IrrItllIBJ plBS,, 'lJJq-pB 9
aJ Is-llnp ru a8re IqIBJ rlseu L-g
U lJIEqnpB : O
,,
oU O .,urosoq JJo s4narq pun e L snq 0 Is-qlerr{+}p ursr nTJn ;noÄ 1E lueJur luacouur uB sB I pue auroJ aAer1 sallasJno a,A.l, r{Jlq.u o}ul lrasap slql o1ul,, 'ns-1qJn 1B qFrprocJnr{ueau urqpraeu urn ISIIU L ulaJ JnruBJue;- e BS-qqEaJlIp ursr : tI§ ,,+Jasap sll{} ul,, 'rs-qtalqgp UISI 9
uull
orr0 aq+
'urnurur JrBrllB Eoes-1-ro Jraq-op p?Jf,:qdasgl aJ'utnqurut JrErIlEru e 'es-1qcn ,+e urprBu ,LuE ?ur L ISIIu uaq-}Y,, v
'lulJIIIO qqBIIS rE rllrl rBu,
rBruBqBr e qlarup uBS 'Jlrlllgur e 'es-1nr; dasol qpl_BJ op r{}9r} uls-? sr L , ?q au-prrulJllaB L auurr arrB39rl pBugp L rlEJ snrf,o r{ruoBl\d }nJrds ur paFII gu L urs-cBur ur rrBuaF or tUoEN }nrrds ug qnrns purl uruap sl JrEn Ipulr uaBJB JIBJ snrco aqrBr qcBun8 cBru ,pop aqclc op rrBqo+ }r{cB lprlBr{ ere I}uul rul?rp rs-rurB}aJ Iu L rs-rulred ur 1r{ce pEJo} IInJ ErE os-qreuueJc Euop uuEJJ IInJ IN 'sl?,ur rE} plaq snuurc JEpaJ IN 'nccBur lrl our srcrarl oJ L ESEqJEuurq uroJ ES-11J1 JrBn, rurrllreJ aJ Is-llnp Iu aEre IqlBr r{cBu Es-lnrr dasgl }raq-pB urs-uuB sI ,'rs-qlarq}}p ulsl plru
qulllc o]
+orr '.. -'
o1 plBS ';aqlotu aA&
I
,..
aJaqa lJasap lrl
-
'-
-
puB ,(t8untl r,i paAlacuoc sE^\\ rru 1
lal
"
:
OI
aq
III.^&
{r,lt
\\, :
^\\oq
puB paqsruBq
J'
uJsr-1
r-t
LgZ
EHSII
-i
t
ts D
288
THE TESTAMENT OF
N,,IARY HERE
tree to give its f ruit to my mother to eat ? Believe this and everything else I say to -you for it is clear that I r,vill nourish you and everyone in the twofold universe (1) and not only this but all who will believe in me so that none of them will be hungry.' It is then, moreover, O beloved mother, that the infant r,vho was at your breast turned his face to the palm and said to it:'O palm,'said he,'lower your top so that my father and mother may be satisfied by -you.' The palm bou,ed immediately and Jesus said: 'O greatest tree in trgypt, rise and lift yourself nobly on me through the grace of the nobilit5r and humility you have shown to us in this desert where _you are.' 5 " It is then that the palm rose in your presence and ascended into the air and into the firmament and was placed in paradise.'Who, indeed, O Virgin Nlary?'said he,'could bear this palm but me alone. I bless the people who show humility to God and I place them in the abodes due to the righteous when their souls will leave their bodies.'
gan dröim risirL caithim? Creir i \: lus oilfet-sa siJ .. -. hedh amhäiir ri .. n-occurus clihh. -in naidhe clo I ,, ria: 'A pailnr.' ., r \ mäthair dit-si ' Ir 'A crainn is nlr - sal oruln-sa t re t' düine sa dit r.er l , : 5 "Is ann-sin.: aer I isa firnrlr n r. a Muiri ög,' a r :. amäin? Benclairi:: iat a sostaibh ri...,
10
:
-
.
corpaibh.
L']1 5: cf. tr1 9 (end)-10; 11 13 (end)-la; G1 5 (partial); G3 3 (partial).
tIo s a fuil sa chruilrr.. lI : na huili neac,it ... o damh, "in fite ( bg later hand fl s-: is what he saicl (r ]
mäthair dit-si.
(t partlg illeg.
"
r
r,
rLrt,i
-.
,
partiallg illeg. ttrtr .:rr issin Üiptrit. "irr i-.the [trees] of 1,g1 7l-72 post c0 huu.r, rinnuis, o'),,r, Ititr-. .l of puge [1 t3 ,i 1
"
reeib
(1) so chruinne chechtardha, "in the, twofold universe". Cf. "cechtarclae
.i. nime r talman gl. lam in 106u3"
caelo (luü.m
in terro
utraque in utroque, NII
in I)IL s.u. "cechtardae". The word is omitted in
O.
lI
dithr:urrl
5 r isin, "into thr from t) I1 : cia h..i,.. chad, o'I r,r,ill
1tllr,
,.
due to the rightr,,.. f irma nten t " t)
,
B^Ft L[
o
..luaulBurJlJ
aql Jo slsod aq+ ul,, 'rltrrruBurJlJ Bu qqrnlsod e : u ,.snoa+qFrr aq1 o] anp sJpoqe aq+ ul,,'u?-rlJ EU alslp qqrelsos t? 9 O,,ace1d III,\tr L,,peqt ,alaq BIJ : (f ruofl ,JSIa or[.AN,, II ,ursr I g U ulsl ursr:O ..aql olul,, -oa8rns
:il
,.aJe1d
'ttot p).,paapur
O'tuo
L,
'rs-rurFrns
h z
11q
'anborln
u
'( ) lr-
! ;tu i, ;
.
aBprRlr{rar..'J:l'....:
O
orl.^(\,,'JIpa qJrnJ
,are no.( araq,\N "'slq+,,'allnJ R oas
-+lp : tsdr;rs . lJasap,, pua lD sJanal'fran!
'qleJup
O 'uro
,,sr-l
O qtuerr{}lp
o1,, ,aurgp
g'rotddn fiq pamono[ op:O
g
el
If
qraaJ
afrnd Jo ,,u.\r\or{s oÄEr[ r1o.(,, 'srnuurJ
-op zt 'r{JBJouB 'ppD 'IRSBnr{ oJ Tsod 7L-LL O ,,.i1qu;nouor{,, ,,ilqo.r,, 6JJEq op : O ,,do} Jno{,, fI ,,;1as;noÄ,, 'ul,gJ !} LI ,,ld,(FE Jo [sea"r1] aq1 uuelc) qqreuuerc op iO ,,1dr8g ul,, ollqdlg urssr ,tr lJ sranat'öaru om\ fir1 papatatd puD'6rru fi11n4md
Jo,, 'aqldrFaq Bu ('fraru
o 'uro,,snsar,, 'nss1
LuorJ : o .,pa^.\oq,, 'ruoJJ op 0, o 'uro : u (6aru | pun 'öaru frptnd 7) no.( ,(q parJSrlRS aq ietu rar{Joru pue rar{}eJ rur 1eq} os,, 'ls-}lp rrer{}Eru ,uroJJ : .uu;nq .
otu L Jrerlle.ur Jepsgs oJ 0r-6
O ,,puaq,,
ll
,,Ja,{A,ol,,
O 'tuo U '6rru fipsow as :,,ar{ plBS,, ,es JB 6 O ,.plES er{ }Er{^Ae sr slr{},, 'QplBJ oJ pa sl :il ,.TI o} plBS,, 'er; 1;reqnpB 6-8 Il puvtl n7n1 frq dutl Japun 'ppD E :qcau il , uoABatI ur,, ,qtulu e :O .,ou ul,, ,t{IuBp g aql ur auo.(JaAa,, 'ruurnJJ ulsl r[cBau IIInq Bu : [I 'Br{pJB}r"[JaqJ ourrrnJrls ES IInJ e g 'e+ou aas 'o ,,osJor\rufi ,asJeArun ploJo,tA.l aql
ur auo.(;a,ta,,
ou '(1er1red) g glt
r{qrEdros ESB BuuBruuB-u e sEqf,BJ uBl ur u?JlJ Eu alslp qqrBlsos e +EI rs-turFrns L BICI op alslrn 1u-op aulep Bu turFrepuag öurerue ISIIII pBru lqcB oas-tullBd ur Fncrourl or, o?s rE ,,Fg lrlntr\l e 'JIpa r{31r}3, '}q snqlt;ed e qpaFrns Er L }urruururrJ ESI L rae ulsl qlB3gl or L rsreupBlJ urlred ur }r{cBr-}B urs-uuB sr,, g ,+e ,'allnJ e oas qlarllp ES aulllp I snruulr-op aplglnr{unq Eu L alsrenr{ Eu r{}Er ?.r} Bs-urnro IES -Enr{ o3 ul?J 4} qlBFg} L qFlrlq ',}lqdlg urssr oru sr uurBrr y, :nssl lrlBqnpB p urlred ur rlgl?c EJ LrrorJ o0 ,'ls-up JrBr{lBru olu L Jrer{}E,rrr Jepsgs oc JJEq op uuJn}, o?s JB ,'LUIrEd y, :ErJ lrrBqnpB L urlred urrB qpreq8e e BS-+r{3n,18 Iq op aqprBu ur gdurl op 'rrreurur Jrer{}Etrr B 'alan urs-uue sJ .,'r{cgp snJnooo-u e qtau EIq qceunF qurBp +rJprarr IIInq Eu +rlrB rrrBr{ruB qpaq Iu L Br{pre}qcaqt auurnrqc ES TInJ e L Is-qqls BS-+aJIro snl -loJ sr rrBn ++lr ls-ulrrrapB IIa Iu qceF snto oas plarS errrrqlrBJ 9p rlr{}lgur ,ruop prBro} ur }rrB({o} op puBrJ ursrJ urlgrp ueF
OI
aq+ o+ anp sJ1rr, l\\ot{S ot{,\\ alclo -., I 1
paceld serr Ilrrlr t puE aJlrasa.rcl .r r'., .
,'aJ
B
not
aJJ
pu
E
as
rr
-
LI.\\ + .
pue Äftgqou ar{i
lJII
'
1cl
-
-
i-
-Ipaullur pa.\\or[
-.;
11:-
pue Jar{}BJ ^(trr }}:i.
-
plES pue uled .rrr i aql +Erl+ '.r r L: -
+uEJIIr
aq III^\ ularll J0 r Li slql {1uo Jou []rr]r ( r{srrnou III.^& I }B rl I puB slql aAarlr B ;. - ,. ,
:
682
3t{iIl1
m
THE TESTAMENT OF MARY HERE
290
6 "It is then that I recalled these things to -you up to this time, O Nlar-v, O mother, so that ,vou rn'ill not dishelieve that I will affirm m.,v miracle. And when your soul leaves ,vour body I will come again to you and a legion of angels of heaven with me and all the apostles moreover as I have promised you a while ago so that they may pray around your body and I will certainly hear that prayer." When Jesus Christ, moreover, said those words before departirg from N'Iar-v, she sat down afterwards and when Jesus then realised that Nlary w'as filled with sorro\,, and sadness he returned to give her ioy and her heart was filled with the joy of the Holy Spirit after the Saviour had come to her and NIary said to Jesus: "Do my bidding (') well for the apostles for in the last da,vs there will be false apostles and false teachers and you will hear them." It is then that Jesus Christ went to heaven in the ascension. 7 And Mary came forth to her house and when she was near
it
a great noisy shaking seized the whole house because of the glory and honour of the palm that \ /as in her hand. And she came to a private place at the back of the house and washed
L'tM
6:
cf
. tr1 35 (end); 11 16-77; G1 6-8 (partial); G3 3 (partial)
LIM 7: cf. tr1 36-37; G1 9-72; G3 4 (partial).
6 "fs anlt-:lt, träsda, a JIur i'.. gad mo miliiui.,. fat-sa aris cir,rt ' 1na hrpstail r:.
t
,
1t)
.:
15
beid isna hainr:-.. laig 1 ro - cltr in I t'- . nime isan fresir, 7 Ocus täni, \,: dä tig ro gabh t,;. na pailmi ro 1,, ;
,
tIo 6
r
do cuimhnir li, -
that not" O:
.
nrrr
.
.
.
"l
cluineabh-sa.
\1,
ndeiliugad, " ltel, ,r.. sorrow and saclr.i,- . . "that it \\'as ll.it
"aqain" fl : aris
(
r
comaibhnis. " for' bidding" bed i
t Il
:
maith
r ..
Srrr
.
r
hoircetlaig,, "frr1.,
t4 ro-cluinfir-si i., "and the Lorcl \\
-
ascension" ont. \Aras misread by DoxrHUE, p.32, § 6, as maithtusi and maithiusi co maith was translated as "great services" by him.
ru
.
rabat ag urnrr:: in urnuithe - sin , re ndeiliugacl lr.- l: issu cur lintrr i ] l do chur ailtncir:.: Naim ar tiac'itt
s aircena, "nlot'cr,\-
(1) m'aithni-si, "my bidding". This
:
(
t
7 s ro bi 'nA ltiirr,.
.
.
.
o,,+Bq+ aroJaq snsar Jo puBrl aql ul uaaq pBq +Bq],,,'uls ,,puBr{ Jar{ ur sB.\(\ +Bq},, 'turg1 Bu, rq oJ s Ä
-aruroJ nssl qlulBl E Iq op
:
u
-Jas 1BarF,, sE IlJln--
'ZF:'d 's^lHY\oO i
:
o 'uto ,,uoISuaJSB
3q+ ul,, 'lrgqeFsa-r; uBSr 9I II ,.uraq} JEarI +ou III.^& proT aql puB,, '+EI papurloJ uE aJurnlJ Iu :O ,,rueq+ JBJq III.AI r1o.(,, 'pel rs-JrJurnlc-oJ ?t
O ,,s8urqceal eslBJ,, 'lrnpeacJroJqqaeS : II ,,sJar{JBOtr oslBJ,, 'ErellacJlor{ -JqoES U lredseqaes :O ,,sa11sode aslEJ,. 'llnpsqEqaeS il TIpaq :O ,,oQ III,\\ aJar{},, 'plaq tt, anqDuo1 ry6al as1nJ rsnrqlrBrrr :,,Furpprq 6+Jaq-pB U r{prJrurels f*,, 'ls-luqlre,ur zr, LI +JIBqnpB : O ,,plES,, ur :O aq},, uE 'rccyurglsl JoJ,, 'sruqqreuroc LT, ,,JnorAES 1ea-r8 U ,,^o[ op :O , .(o[ (;aq) a,r.r8 o],, 'eseauqre Jnqc op oD O srJB : [I ,,urBFB,, 'rsrrJop o ,,18S aqs lBr{} Eur.r,r.o"rtos pue ssaupBs tuoJJ sB^§ }l }Eq+,, 't1Etnt1s op ElaqtulauqplenJl o L rsrroql o qnrn8 :il ,,ssaupes pue aoJJos rlll.\\ palllJ sE,^. ,("re6 +Er{},, 'eloruaupBnr} g L rs.r-rro1 g Irlntrt pBu}l rnr 6 LI .re : O , (sprem);a1;e,, 'lel O 'uto ,,Fur1;edap eJoJaq,, ,peFnrlrapu a.r 8 tI ,,JBaq IIIIY\ L, 'lslru aJurnlJ-op :O ,,JEar{ III,\I\ L, 'Bs-r{qBaurnlD -Bp g q+l.^.\ ;aq1aFo1,, 'tunJ uaBJEur :il ,,Ja^oaJofu,, 'Euac;te g O ,,aur U ,,-(- qll,u,, 'tual :O ,.{-,, 'olu t tI ,,}ou +Btl},, 'qceu :O ,,}ou }Bq} g rsr8rururnJ EJ :O ,,palleceJ L, 'esnrqpruqrurnc op , g
os,, 'qceun8
z
oU
aFIt ur prnJElJEr IIr,1o e J)rurel tg 'urlgl EU, Iq oJ rrulred Bu rrguB arl L -rrg1F arl IIIn qcatr ur rgur rllrrcrurBl rIqBF or Ftr gp rscror{Jrrroc B }q or g L qFtr gp rduat IrlnHI clugl snco L 'llgqBFsarJ uESr aruru
paqsB,^(\ puE asnorl aqs puY 'puBr{ .r,rrr
aq+ Jo asnBJac[ asi', JEaU SB./!\ aqs uaq.\\
.
i
gI
tuncop lslJ3 nssl prens-op urs-uue sI ,,'pBI rs-JrJurnls-oJ t Erel -larrroJqqaBs L IInpsqEqaES r{qlBr{cuaFgp r{qrrrsrulBr{ Eusr plaq JrEn qqlnlelsdeq Euop r{+lBru oc IS-lur{}lE,ru ns-Euap,, :ESSJq ar arrnl{ }raq-pB snFe lrBpruoc Eul rc)}urEIS} uE }r{tBI} re r-u}BN EpBrrds ur IlllgJ g aprBrr e pBull op L arrrn ESEauqlE rnqc op rsrrrop tcrugl ElgruaupBnrl g L rsrrrol g IrlnHI pBull rn3 nssl grl olnl or g L uls rEI arrnW Frns or arrnl{ ar peFnrllapu ?r urs-EJIEIJq Eu oJJorurur pslJS nssl urBqnp g ,,'uls-aqllnuJn ur uruap 03 Es-r{qBaurnlJ-Ep L es-d;oc , pBrrr aq}rnuJn Fe }EqEJ o3 qrBuBr) g llnp snllBoF or lrntuB EuaJrrE IIIn IIBlsdn.{ Eu L urnrJ uaeJBur aurru qrlFure,p uglF?l L paFresuur ,}op slJE ES-+BJ -cl} d-roc op sE urnue, rI+ snqceJ uel ur l.i 'alrnqJrtu our pEF -nrFrns Ep ISIru EaJlraJcltu qceun8 ';reqlgu e 'a;rnry v'EpsgJl -snF oas Iqllou Eu ls-+lnqp BsnrqpruqurrnJ op urs-uue sL, g
uaql sl +I .. aslBJ aq III.^N (,) Futpptq iu OI
JnorAES aql lrBor{ rar{ puB
qll,r palllJ sB.\\ -Ja+JB u,^(\op ]BS a r{.
plES 'JaAooJotu '1s r.r i. III^N I puB ipocl .rnr,.., e noÄ pasturorcl J \, tlll^\ ua^Baq Jo s[rirr: {poq tno.( soÄEJ{ {11,,. I lEI{} a^arlaqsrp }olr slql oT dn nor o+ sär: r
,
..
L-9
r6z
EU3
lüttl
:
ti
.
i,
_
292
THIi TESTAMENT OF },IARY HERtr
and dressed herself in honour of the Creator who had been conversing with her before. And she sat down and began to hless the Creator and this is what she said to him: "I bless you for coming to me from heaven on earth. I bless all who are praising you continually. I bless you for choosing me in heaven and for acceptirg my body on earth. I bless you for bringing me alive to the seventh holy place among the angels of heaven and eternal joy. I bless your soul and your brightness as you came to me. I bless all the works you have performed for they will remain eternally and hear, moreovere the prayer and great cry of Mary to ,vou that the power of the devil may not avail against me or over my death (')." 8 When Mary, moreover, had finished speaking those words the heavenly Father sent messengers and heralds to fetch pious, holy and honest people who \Ä,'ere near her. And they came to her and she said to them: "All of you listen to me", said she, "and believe what I will say to you for the reason you have
'1 do-röine
a l, . -,
-
düilemain r'0 lrr bennachad an ,l do torochtain r- ., l
,
atäit agad nlr,lr,,l
i nimh -7 aI' tu,.':.. 1r)
breith sa sec'itt:.. an fäilti suthlir.. : cugum. Bennl i:,.. tre bithu si r' saige gunach t Ll .. , ,
.
1;
etsecht. "
8 Ö tairnic -:
.
faigestair in t-r, cräibtech naenl h. dä hinnsaiq'e creidig a n-ail,':r'
.
:
IIo LiLl B: cf.
E1
+
post fothrugacl.
"
\\ .
-
add. läime, "of th.G
an düilemuin. "
nim, " from
he zrr-.
neamh,
helrr',.:.
"in
'
r.
dom'etsecht, "t,r i..-
isin flaitheanrhnri. mo shoillsi mur t., i -
tre bithu sir'('on.,, dom among the l r- --
will carry
(srr') rt,:r
.
See note.
(1) Sa sechtmad naembaile damh nö dom' e.tsecht, "to the seventh -ni hol-v place... against nre or over mv death". The text in O differs in some respects from that of lI and is also clearlv partially corrupt: "in the holv kinqdom among the angels of heaven.N{-_v soul and mv brightness will be (.sic) as vou have come to me and everv rvork that )'ou har,e performed for it will carry (sic) eternallv so that the devil cannot do anvthing to me".
brr*-*
ts-
8 t-z do rädh l'(r 1., 2-g ar cenn dain. est people" II: rtr' -
creidig a n-ailter r'..
.
-
q.'?t LI
O 'Luo ,,no{ o1 ,(es III^Atr I l€r{^Ae e^arlaq pue 'aqs plBS,, 'qlJ J?qle-u e Erpra,rc L'!s Je g-,g ,,a1doad 1n;q]reJ pue ilo,{ L[ ,,uaq,t.t.,,'o'ppr] ]E Tsod t, ar{} rtJ}al o},, 'JJrnJuur-u eu L Br{}tuaeu aurepu Bu uueoc JE :II ,,a1doad 1sa -uor{ puB rlo,{ 'snord qJ}aJ ol,, 'JrnJuurrueeu qJa}qlgJc ou}Bp uuaJ Je t-z 8ur>1eads,, 'rrelsaF]BJ oJ rlpgJ op z-r g O ,.1nc{,, ';npsnpeJ op
: 11
',
ou o1 Eurql.iur:
,,r
JoJ patu"ro;rad a \Irri
:
aq III,r ssaulq8r.r,f i-; iloi{ aq} ul,, :1cln.i.; aluos ur sJaJJrp ( ) rr rl]uaAas aq] o].. '/1,'
,.]uas
'elou
aas
'O ,,eLLr o1 Furq1.(ue op ]ouuef, lr^ap aql ler{} os {11eu-ra1a (rrs) ,(uee III.^tr ll JoJ pauJoJ;ad a,teq no.( 1Bq1 {Jo,^A. {;ora pue atu o} aruoc aAEr{ no,( se (rls) aq IIIA ssaulq8r;rq iur pue Inos ilt'uaAeaq;o slaEue aql Fuoure tuop -Frl{,(lo.l aL[] ul,,'urep ru InqqEIp uE IrlpltsFqrunr r{reuor rls nq}lq ar} qpleJaq JIBn sInuuIJ-op JIBqo alrnq eu L tun)nqc sreFuetr Jnur rsllroqs otu L r-unuB. rlur q8tag 'oqurau qqrlFure rala BqpquBeu snuquEar{}IEIJ ulsl :Ll ,,rl]Eap {u;o atu lsure8e aceld ,(lor{ qlueles aq} o},, '}r{cos}a .ruop ou qurep ru alreqtuaeu petulqcas BS 9I-0I O ,.uoAeor{ ur,, 'qrueau .rB'ppD,,aJB -otla,,'llgle Tsod e il,,pue,, 6L'ppv,,uaÄBaq ruoJJ,, ourlu op JoI{,,'craru e:U aq} Jo,,'urnuralrnp uB g I Tsod O ,,uos ,,Jo}BaJ3 O 'uto ('fran'l fi11tod o),,aJoJaq,,'aruroJ g Il ,,puer{ oq} Jo,,'aul_el 'ppn .,Jo Jnouoq ul,,'Jrgue-u E Tsod O,,saqlolc Jaq IIE,,'alln Iqplepaq E r II,,passaJp,,'aFrEpa
O,,lla,,\N,,'t[]letu nfr 'ppn,,paI{sEA\,,'pBEnlq}oJ
Tsod v
OU
rren Es-run8no llgull rnq JnqpB q sr rren qlr raqre-u e Frpra;c L,, 'Is JE ',,llln ES-urnrJ Fllsg,, :nrJ pl-BJ op L I aFresuulr{ gp urs-rnpeFugl lg 'lp sncoJruoo E Iq op ornruurr{uaeu r{oa}qrgro aurep uuac JE Elr{ca} L ESSaJ Bptuau JrEr{}E-} ur,rrelsaFrey oJ r{p9r op urs-Er}Elrq Bu arrnl{ op orJoururr sruJrB} o g ,,'1qrrr1, gI ,ruop gu qurep Iu IIEqEIp Blrloeruno eqpaFqurnr qceunF eFres -uul ,1op arrnlAi rgur IEnu L aqlrnurn gq urnlc L rls nqllq arl qpreJau JrEn sreu_oJ-op qcaJqro IIInq Eu rurFreuuag'unFnc srBOuEl JEur rsllres op L rueue,l urrFreuuag'ureqlns IlllgJ uE L aurru qqrlFure rlpl nlqtu e alleqruaeu perulqcas ES r{}larq OI otu JE r,r1 rurFreuuag 'urntule+ e drrnr our pEruaEJ JB L qurlu I ul?J eqFol oru rE I1l urrFreuuag 'qcesqtF oo peloru peFe Tg+e
allnq Bu urFreuuag 'urntulel JE tulu op unFnc urelrlcoro+ op Je 4+ urFreuuoQ,, :srJ pl_BJ op pa sr L urnruallllp uB per{ceuuaq
cE qEF op L Frns op lg'urlnllecoer{ EF, aurror }q or ureurallllp ur rroue-u e rdturn aFrepa qqEF or L peFn"rqlo; E aurgr-op L
8-
t67,
aABr{
no^ uostst.r . a
-
oaqs plES ',,atu ()l - -: o1 arrreJ {r,{+ I)rr\' .
osnotd I{J+aJ o} sl,l,-
SpJO,&\ aSOq] rou i s
IIBAE
r:
-
-- . -
lou ieur II \..i
1ea"rF pue ra.iu.rcl .r..
Äaq1
.
ro; paurroJ.rr,i
no,( sB ssauleEr.rt.l .l rt, -
U3ÄBO[{ JO SlaoquU
FutFuuq JoJ no.i uaAEaI{
si--
uI aur Strrs{ |
-.
aJB oI{,\\ IIE SSal(l i no.( ssalq L, :rurl{ ni 01 ueFaq pue u.rrl l ,
I
-
uaaq pEI{ or{^\\ J0}ir ,. 3U3
t-
L]
ffirc
291
THE TESTAMENT OF N,{ARY FIERE
to me is that my spirit will leave me tomorro\ r and I will go to the heavenly kingdom and prepare well with me until that hour for it is neither gold nor silver that I seek of you but continual prayer and attend me well", said she, "and prepare me for burial and place a bright shining torch in the hand of each one of you for that is better than the wailing and lamentation of the transitory and unprofitable world. I, moregathered
over, am the star who fights against the devil who is wont to tempt the human race and I say that to you because the devil cannot avail against the righteous. For it is two angels who come to the soul of each person in the hour of death, that is, an angel of righteousness and an angel of unrighteousness. And if it is good deeds that a person does while he is alive, är angel of righteousness comes to him and the angels of heaven raise the soul with them to the abodes of the righteous. If it is evil however that a person does, angels of unrighteousness w,ill come to him together with devils and their hosts and devils carry the soul with them to hell. We, ho\A,'ever", said NIar-v, "O beloved brothers and sisters, let us look to ourselves so that there may not be a dwelling of the devil in us and so that the devil may not avail against us."
iltr 6-7 t'lri--fes nl(r :i i1i lear-e ntr ,
u
..
.
ltr-r sltirtrt ilnnl-: .lliIit ot' nt\- :,,i17 nitrith. "u't,11" n)e () 9qt',-, ('o nt:tith niisi. i: l lrais gu nlaith. ".:
..
-
1 rlogra. " la lll r il i t rrJrle" orlt. ( 1
)
s'ont) to tentltt " "of each |)€r'sl rl
i_
t7-18 tic äneri :1 sostailt na firt,n.: rrrtgels of heit\-tn
,
.
fl: teagtricl ll',tur he gusan (fr,ur,,l
,
:
na hanfilirrnc 1..- -
leo a n-ifern. "r:lrcler-ils ancl thrrr' .,
tecaid lucht itl'it,: annma leo. " t h.-_ holvet'er" fl: t,[. ":. ,
"in Your ntinrls"
rr
'qqluulluul-u
JEq
uI :U
,.sR
ul,, 'uuteut Zz
O ,,SpuIuI Jilor( uI,,
O ,,puB,, 'la :U
,,JaAa,{A.ot[
a,^4.,, 'oJJorurul Ipuls LZ O ,,"' aruoJ IIaq Jo aldoad aq+,, 'oal Eruuue ( fraru frptnd sranal anl pun '6rn! srailal oml ro auot) op uurrJl lqrnl prere+ : U ,,llaq ol uar{} q}l,u Inos aq} L;;er s[r.\op pue s]soq rlaq] pue s{rÄap r{}l,An,,raq1a8o} tulq ol auroc III,lr ssausnoalqFr"run Jo s1aFue,,'u;a;r-u B oal IUEUB-+ uI IInqEIp plrlaq L qrprErf,os eunF IInqEIp L aFrnc auurrJJuerl Eu lrFure pleJrll r,z-6L O,,"'Erllselrala aql 01 uaq] qll.{e tulq a{B} pue Inos srrl roJ ualeaq Jo "'auroc,,'ureqlns ('frapt sranal anl rc tnoJ) uesn8 aq oal pleroal L nurue E auuroc B rrlrurcu ('6a1U sranal aoil n tnoJ) prnFeal :g ,,snoalqFr-r aq1 Jo sapoqe aql o] tuaql qll.^e Inos aq+ asrer uaAeaq Jo sla8ue oq] pue rulq o+ saruoJ ssausnoalq8u Jo laFue uE,, 6qJEugJlJ Bu qre+sos oJ oel uIBuruE uI aurlu lr8ure llnqJgl L eJrn) ruurJrJ Eu la8ue JIl gt-LL O .,op IIIA,, seuap-op : U .,,soop,, 'Iu-op LT O 'uto ,,uosJed r{f,Be Jo,, 'autnp eqceF sr O ,,Fur,(oJlsap,, 'r{peelllurpe Fe :il ,,1drue1 o1 (1uo.u sl).. 'peFnrstulR Ee er LI op :O ,,aq1 1surBFE,, 'uop O 'uto ,,alqell -;ordun,, 'ureurlp zD O ,,ssaupes,, 'rs;"rto1 : U ,,uorleluatuel, 'er8op vL
O 'Luo ,.]qEIJq,,'aplruras otr O,,lle^{\ r{lBap iu pua}18,,'r[]leru nE sreq olrt q[uEIBrl]rJJ preuop : LI ,,oqs plBS 'lla,lr atu pua+]e,, 'rs JE 'lslru r{lreru oO 6 O ,,}ualJa;,, 'E;qJIp : LI ,,lenur}uoJ,, 'qcesgr8 o O ,,aru plllgr{}lJJ
oBs-utn;o
uodn,, : U ,,ou tlll^Ae,, 'uInIJ uaBJEIU O 'uto ,,lloß,, 'qllBtu L 0,,ruopFur{ Ieurr}r Jr[+ o]ul oE 11r.u pue aur eleal IIIA Inos,(u;o lurds
aql +Etp,,'uteqlns
snutuEal{}rBIJ
ulsl
snqJBJ
L ISIru BtuuE ln"rrds
oru
sEoJrrBJ : II ,,ruop8ur4 {luareaq aq} o} oE III,t I pue ("') aru aleal IIIA lrrrds i-,, 'eptuau saqlrelJ ES Bs-lerlce; L ES-urnsE ln,rrds our sa;Ere; L-g
oil ,,'aulr,lp Iu InqBIp paFrunc qJBuuos L uurBur IInqEIp qlrllB IqlBr rltBuuos ulgJ puls Iunr{FgJ 'aurnurur EqJEJqIAS R L BqseJlrBJq 8,, 'lJInHI JE o,,OJJOUrrUr IpulS 'uJaJr-u e oal tuBuB-} ur IInqBIp plrlaq L qlplBrros EunF IInqBIp L aFrnc auurrlJuer{ Eu IrFurE pleJcl} Iulnp ?u-op orroururr f,lo pEN 'I{cEu?r}J Eu qre}sos oJ oal ureurue ur aruru lrFure }lnqog} L ocrnJ ruurrlJ Eu laFue JIl plBqlaq BU, saq u?F Iulnp ur lu-op Ir{}lBru Brl}rntu}uF qpBlu L auurr}JuBr{ Eu laFure L auulr}J Eu laFure 'l' BIBlsal JIEn-u e aurnp BqcEF Burue snure JB lrncal laFure gp rleif 'qreqreu?rlJ Euop Iu InqEIp punFurnr Iu rren uls Is-qlr urrrapB L EuaBp plulr ur peFnrslulB Fe slq InqEIp uop saFreqlec EIl?r ur orrorrrrur ISII^I.urBnqulp urBurrp IIEF -aES+ ur ErFop L eqnFlenu gu uls rral sr rren qrEFB qllal oJ ule qcEF qtulgl I apllulas Blsnlos uuerJgl prrrnc L r{JEuE} nru pleu?p L,, 'Is rE ',, Islur rllleru or plllgrlllrJ L qoES?rF aqlreurn tlpBtu +tl3B qIEJo urFurnc laF"rreq gu Jgr{ }u JrEn urs-JrBn uE accrnuuoc urnrr uaereru r{}leur tunlgr{}lrJ plEu?p L Epruau L ES-urnsE lnrrds our saJErgJ r{JEJgruE sr
aql lEI{} O,,
oS prr }r
'.(te6
.' t'
plES '..:..'.
sll^ap puB s+sc)tl III.\\ ssJusnor
]
.
LI; I.:
:
0u
UaAEJLI Jo sla8 rr r: uE 'a.tt1e sI aq .rill,', .
'ssausnoa]{oqr.r
[r
+Er{+ 'r{}Eap Jo
n .r
-
1-r
gI
01 1UO1Y\ Sr Oq-\\ I I .,, .. -aJOuI oI 'plJO^\\ .rl,l,-pue Furlre,tr aq+ rrir;:
-
OI
PUE,, 'aqs plES
'..11.,','.
Jo {aas I }Erl} .r3 riraur qll,.tr IIaa a.rnr-I.,.:
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puB
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} alu
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.-
:
"
:
3H3li
962
-.i->--rF
'
296
THE TESTAMENT OF MARY HERE
I When the virgins who were in the irouse heard
those
Muire ro gah ti l cineda daena .: ... mäs ortsa at u 1.-., I-lair dä teicht.r conair rachairl r1 sat ac cai -l ic' ,1, astigh. Ann-sin "1 nä dönaicl nllr'
words of Mary, trembling and great fear seized them and they said: "O elevation of the human race and mother of the Sav-
iour, since you are our shepherdess, if ,vou are afraid of the devil, in rvhat way will \ ,'e confront him? For, if the shepherd of the sheep flees before the wolf, what way will the sheep go?" When they had finished saying that, theSr took to rveeping and great sorrowirg in the presence of N{ary and those rn ho were in the house. Then Mary said to them: "Be silent", said she, "and do not displease the Lord ". And they all arose at once and prayed to the Lord and told of the wonders and miracles of Christ on earth in the presence of Nfary. While they were at that conversation, it is then that John the Evangelist came into the house in which theSr were. When Mar v- saw John she made a great sigh and could not keep from weeping and said in a loud voice: "O beloved father, O John, do vou remember w,hen the heavenly Saviour entrusted me to you, the day he went on
,
:
:
10
1 ro
guidet
cia ir'
Crist a talnrain callaim-sin is n r. - . ÖA-cunnairc JI Lr . : :
Lr
15
in cumuin let irr
.
in lä do-cuaiclir . doenna? L air ri , r
the cross and was crucifiedn for the sake of the human race? For you were in his presence on that day and I said to him (1): 11o
I t ro bädair a. cf. Ioh. 19,26-27
a:t i-
tra-sin N{uire. "t}'i, 'conversation fronr I,j imecla mor, "an(1
.,'-
"our shephercless
,
devil" om.
.
,
O
racham-ne, "in ri]. add. ar teited nil
"qreat" om. O ;-! house"om.O s. Suiscel
(1) (Jair ro badais in la-sin 'ne fiadnoi.ssi 1 adubart ris, "For you were presence on that duy and I said to him". As indicated in the apparatus, the text of II is corrupt here and the reading of O, uuir iss e an la-sin adubart, "for that is the du,v that I said", is seemingl-r,o simplified version of the original and suggests that the corruption had occurred in the exemplar of lI and O. As DoxeHUE (p. 60, n. 2q has pointed out, the emended reading of lI can be related to the homil-v of John of Thessalonica, where N{ary points out that.Iohn was present w}ren the Lord
in his
commended her to him.
.
lI
it
t'rr l
Mary was" 0 13 ro leig osnaiclh. ":,. "from her" II: o: . ara bron, "or het'rr .... do guth mör. "in .: naemda, " holr-" [l "on the" O: sa II .
ing" O
tz
I
-l
i:
you were in his lri', . lä-sin 'na fiaclrioi::- you said to hinr" Ii that I said" O. \,-.,
.
{ep aq} sr }Brl} puB
{ep }Eq} uo
'elou aes 'o ,,plBS I
,}Er{}
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THE TESTAMENT OF NIARY HERE
298
'The way ]-ou are going is clear and to rvhom should I be entrusted and in whose company do you leave me?"I entrust you, O beloved mother, in the protection of John.'And do you remember, O John, the charge rn,hich Jesus Christ gave _you over me? F or you were the most liked by him of the apostles and it is you who slept at Christ's breastl'on the night of compline (')." t0 It is then that John answered the hol_v mother of Jesus and said to her: "\Mhat is wished of us?" And l\Iar-v answered John and said to him: "All I ask is that mv body be protected and to be with me at the point of my death so that you do not leave me unheeded. And I myself have heard some of the Jews murmuring about me that the-v would burn my body when my soul w'ould depart from me and it is from me thev said that the deceiver of the Jewish people was born (')." lr. cf. Ioh. 13,23,25;
20
'Is follus in t'orr:. farrad a fägai,1r. a läim E oin.' I'.. orum-sa hisu (.:.-hapstalaib - r ' complöite."
t0 Is ancl-sir: bairt ria: "[,r'.',: ad-bert ris: " \ bith re huclhatr t
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(1) is tü ro chodail fa choim Crfst a n-oidchi na complöite, "it is -you rvho slept at Christ's breast on the night of compline". I translate fa choim Crlst (omitted in O) as "at Christ's breast" here. I]a choim also means "under the protection of ". Dox.rFruE, p. 60-61, n. 22, notes that in the homil,v of John of Thessalonica, "Nfarv tells John tltat the Lord loved him beyond the others and that, when.John reclined on His breast, the Lord told to him a mysterv and told it later to her". If e then suggests that oidchi na complöite "must, therefore, be the night of the Last Srpper". Coimpleil (. Latin completa) means the canonical hour of compline. A n-oidchi na complöite, "on the night of compline" here rnust refer to Christ's celebration of this canonical hour; cf . hi cöimpleit autem i s and rochelebair Crist seal becc röna hirgabail, "at compline, for then did Christ celebrate a short u,hile before being taken captive" in R. I. Bss:r. "The Lebar Brecc Tractate on the Canonical Hours", in l[iscellanA Presented to Kuno NIeger, O. BencrN - C. N,IARSTnANDER, eds., Halle 7912, p. 142-166 (at p. 146 -1'17, § 5). Cf. also ro aithin isu Crist dimscr oirthci na coimplöti, "Jesus Christ ordered me on the night of compline" in § 16,15, of our text. (2) is uaim adubradar ro gein soebthöir in popail lüdaigi, "it is from me the'y said that the deceiver of the Jewish people was born". In O, ro gein soebthöir has been corrupted to adubrudar co ndeindts toil an pobuil iubhdaighi, "they said thev" would carry out the u'ill of the Jewish people".
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THE TESTAN{ENT OF N{ARY HERE
300
When John, moreover, heard that it would be on the following day that l\Iar.,v lvould go to heaven, he bow'ed his face towards the ground and wept heavill, so that the ground was wet before his face. "And, O Lord", said he, "wh5, have you revealed to us the tribulations and troubles of the world like this for we cannot bear it ? " N{ary said to John: "Arise and cease your weeping." And she commanded those who were in 71,
the house to sing psalms so that she conversed rn'ith John. 12 It is then that Mary brought John into the rear of the house to a private place, and she herself described to him the clothes she had made for her burial and said to him: "You know that of everything that is in my house I only own my burial clothes and these tr,vo tunics for the two virgins r,vith ffi€, and I leave the tunics to them before I die." And it is then that Mary showed John the shining palm which the Saviour had given to her before that and said to John: "I beseech you, O beloved father, O John, that you take this palm from me and that you arrange it above my bed when mv soul departs from m). bodv." It is then that John answered l\'Iary and said to her: "I cannot accept this palm from you until all the apostles
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302
THE TESTAMENT OF NI,\RY HERE
have taken counsel about it so that neither the murmuring nor the envy of the apostles might rise up against me because of your giving it to me rather than to all the others; for there is one u,ho is greater than me among the apostles who has been appointed, and all the apostles u'ill come here together with him so that they may give the honour which the-v o\ re to you." When John said those words in the place in which therr were in the house, that \,'as the hour and time that all the apostles came from the regions and cities in w'hich they \,'ere making known the r,vord of God; and in clouds of heaven they came to the door of the house in which the Virgin Nlarv was. 13 It is then that an earthquake came upon all of creation, when the apostles assembled to come at the one time and in the twinkling of an eye to the entrance of the house in rn hich N{ary and John \A/ere. And he who came there was Peter the apostle, that is, the head of the church and leader of the noble holv apostles, and Paul the apostle after him, that is, the chosen vessel and the one who most brought people to the faith and religion of the Lord.
do gabäil utritl--. nach eireocharl * ,
da tabairt dani-. na hapstala ilr r ris conuigi so ( na briathra-sin --. täncadar na ir Lr i . badar ic urclr-rrt- Lr_
15
.
,
,
r
,
.
dorus in
20
1,3
Is
tigi i
i', ,..
ancl-sur
lih re comthin,,l roibi Muiri -r E, is e täinic artrl-.-l chinnech na i] lr, soithech na toqr, cräbaid in Coinr .
r
i
no tz uait-si, "froin i ar nach eireochr i,l tabairt dam-sa. : apostles will rist rr, daidh co n-eireot' ji.,
up against nte lrrl than nle" Il: is ani.-
ing, "appointerl ,i.
r:. -.
)'ou" add. mur cl,
t7 isin inad a house" om. "spreading"
13 t-z
1.;1
i,
,
O
1:
(,)
talantchu nl -
in the elements"
(
_
i
re prapad na stil. " entrance of the h r ,,." . Nluire, "to the ent:' ,. :
,
II:
isdeach ar
clur.
uasal, "and learler' tt»o letters '7
erasedl. C oirn, -
cräbaid in
i
l,ord" fI: thug (,uilr own time" O
.
.
, :
q,9t
LI
O,.a[II]
Ur\IO
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Jo auo) IE+sdE 9 O 'uto ,,sallsode rloq alqou aql Jo Japeal pue,, '1esen IBlsdBIuaEu Eu I{JauuIqJJIB L S-rz O ,,}sJIJ }E ul,, 'snp te qJBapsI :U ,.eJer{},,'urs-pue ? O,,{re1,1 Jo esnoq oq} Jo aJuEJ}ua aq} o},,'aJrntr{ tqFlf snJop oJ : [I ,,aJe,nl. uqof pue i-re1,q r{Jrr{.^d. ur asnoq aq} Jo aJuEJ}ua aql o1 aia ue 3o Furl>1u1,,\N] aql ul pue aurl] auo aq'1 18,, '1ns Bu pederd a"r L r;renu?q Eu ?r IrJ rrrog L r-rrn6 rqror B IEI+ ul snrop oJ t-z O ,,lle,,
'llln 'ppn ,,sa11sode aql Jo,, '1e1sde-u Ru Tsod z O .,sluaruala aql ur rapunql 1ea.rF puE,, 'qqlllnp Eusr uuuJorllruoo L :Il ,,uorlBaJJ Jo IIB uodn (aurec) a>lenbqlrea uB,, 'qlll+p qlllnq tsu rR pn8nosturlqrtuelE+ z-r, tI O,,Frlpea.tds,,
'lra1re8s JB :lf ,,ur\\ou>l Eur>1eru,, 'pnEno"repJn Jr 6I O 'uto ,,esnoq etll rrl ara^\\ .(.qt qJIq,{A. ur aceld aq} ul,, 'FI}sl JBpBqer B peul ulsl g ..uo.( papuRruruoJ uos lnor( se.,'qqlp JBru op ulqlle op Jntu'ppl..no{ Tsod 9t O ,,ou uerl1,, 'lslur Eu 'ppo,,palurodde,, 'Erl
LT,
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r7I,-zT o
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'qpapulloS ur prBqBrr
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or r,p,ruel aruru qr,rr?u eL
rnuLi',1ä*r:T:*lH;i är:l
-Err I qlBrlsBrlBc EusB L qrBqJrrs EusE IElsdB IIInq Eu rBpBJugl Josrrrre L JrEn uls-l sr Fltsl rEpBqEr e peul ulsl urs-Errllelrc{ Eu ulog +rlBqnp 9,,'ls-llnp plEIIp rrguo ur prBJnl 03 os rFrnuor srr uaereur IIIn IIElsde,{ Eu pleJrl} L pnFnpro EurE qrele}sde,{ Eu JIpl ES-nuE gur sr rlJau g+e JrEn q3-BJ rl3oas ES-ruEp ]JrEqE] Ep ESnl uos JE rueurn lelsde-u Eu r{}Bu} Bu pJopoJ per{JoaJr? r{JEu rE tdtutn IIIn IElsde-u Eu rlrreuroc rqror oE ou 1s-l+1en IIgqeF op
t0t
07,
t{}lEJ aq} o} a1rl, .-oqc aq] 'sl +r?rll 'olqou ar{} Jo .rr1 : .-'
aql Jalad sB \\ r.i t{clq.,\e uI asrlor{ r r. ,
uI puB atul+ Jtlt t -'uoIlEaJJ JO [[u rr,
"
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Är,{+ I-lolLI,r ur J,)irl o1 qt
a.^No
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:
Fut;ntuJnru aq+ .r r ir -
TI-UI
EU3 iI
ffi
304
THtr TESTAMENT Otr N{ARY HERE
14 When they all saw each other, each one lvondered that the others had come separately at the same time, and all of them blessed each other individuallv and they said: 15 "We thank our Lord and our hol"v Saviour who through his love for us has gathered and assembled us to one place like this for it is toda,v the prophecy of the chief prophet, the son of Joseph, is f ulf illed when he said these w'ords : 'Ecce quam bonum et quam iocundum habitare fratres in Ltnum, that is, u,hat is more pleasant than a gatherirrg of the holy brothers in one placeo (') ? "' And all the apostles said at the one time: "We pray to our Lord that he ma-y reveal to us u.hy we have been brought here." It is then that Peter the apostle answered them and said to Paul: "Prav at first to the Lord", and Paul said to Peter: "Ho\Ä,'could I pray to the Lord at first in your presence? For I am the most recenth, chosen apostle of all the apostles and it is not fitting for me that I should be in front of you on the road on which -you yourselves will be. You,
1,4 Od-chorlri,
,
dib a ceili fo lt-rl. cäch dib a cirril där ngräd aigi .:l uair is aniuci ir ( an tan adubair t :. dum habitare
.
,
f'r, r.:
mbräithreclt nrr-'r.. uili a n-önuair': 'r; cid mä tucacl slr. tal döib I acl-lrrr Pöl re Pedar: "(..: an bar fiadnais. j' r
l()
laib uili -7 tto t'h r, ar an t§ligid ar.r
,
r
u0 74 t-2 ro
inga nt ir i henuaire, "each rll the same time" Il : l seeing each other"' Itr : gach neach rlir,
a. cf. Ps. 133 (132),1
,
LI\I l1: cf. E1
46; G1 22; G3
7.
ULI 15: cf. E1 16-19; G1 23-25; G3
.
7.
15 t post buicli. " t:
"and our
Sar-iorr
r
O
3:rniti,1,. comslänaigter'. ".mic Iösep, "son , ,. om.
Donahue. 4-ö
,L'-
quam iucundunr ,'
s habitare Il : uit,i:
'
one place" olll. () rupt) O adu]rrir,:., om. O se. "h,.
(1) uair is aniudh comslanaigter fatstine in primfhaid mic lösep an tan adubairt na briatra-so: "Ecce quam bonum et quam iocundum habitare fratres in Ltnl.tm", "for it is todav the prophecl'of the chief prophet, the son of Joseph, is fulfilled when he said these rvords: 'Ecce quam bonum et quam iocundum habitare fratres in unum"'. \\'ith regard to mic lösep here DoxrHUE, p. 61, n.27 has noted: "The original reading was unquestionabl.v mac lese,'the son of Jesse', i.e., David. The mistake probablv arose from a misunderstood abbreviation. The quotation is from Psalm 132,1."
Coimdi,
uili,
"I-or{i
,i/;
"chosen 11|)ir>.
all of you" O fein, "in front ,i
in bar fiadhnuisr-to the Lord " (-) Poil, ar Petar. "()
'
1:-1r
:
i
r
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If
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oU
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g0t
OI
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-
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aq+ IIE Jo
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.
i
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-
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gr-rr
gu3iI
T W::'.
306
TTIE TESTAN,IENT OI.- },IARY HtrRE
moreover, O Peter", said Paul, "are the greatest and stronqest of all the apostles; and beseech the Lord for us and for yourself which of us r,vill dare to implore the Lord in vour presence." It is then, moreover, that all the apostles were filled u,ith great joy because of the humility of Paul. Then Peter said: "We all pray to Jesus Christ together since he has bestowed this place upon us." And as Peter said that, he put his face to the ground, bent his knees, stretched out his arms and started his praying and said: "O almighty God", he said, "\A,,e are in your orders in heaven and on earth, and it is -you u,'ho rnent on the remarkable abyss (1), and it is -you who overthrew the devil and reduced his power to nothing. Since -you are thus I raise my hands, for you are our eternal comfort and our beneficial peaceful hope, and you are the Father, the Son and the Holy
Spirit who lives and rn,ill live for all eternitv." Then all the apostles answered and said that all that he said \,'as true. 16 It is then that John of the Breast came to them and said to them: "Bless ffie, O beloved brothers." Then Peter and Antll.e\\'answered John and said: "O soul dearest to us of the
ar PöI, "is tii i-
guidi in Coinrrlir hapstail uili ,1 i., . ' :
Pedar: "Guiclrrri,120
düinn in t-ina,I-aighid fri lär' a cend a urrlu i, ilt "atämaid-ni it : l aran aiböis n-irr,:
a ir r r.- . läma uair is t Lr .: chu macht
25
maires 1 mörus t: '. :.
Is ancl-sin riu: "Bennaiqhi 1,6
:.
ilo naisi, "in \-out' his ,lordship"
],t'.,
()
ad-bert, "sAicl" o: mac De bicth. ".Jr,.
.
laic düinn, "sinr',.
,
cluinn, "\,h)- ha: "Peter said that
h.
prayine" O
2C,
zr ad-bert, "saiti" ro rinnid h, " rr-h l n 24-25 Uair ö tr,.
thus I raise zz maires
-7
rnv
nreru:
lived and lives" that all that he s; (
those words" o
(1) i s tü ro imig aren aiböis n-ingantcttg, " it is you u,ho went on the remarkable abyss". Dox,qHUE, p. 61, n. 29, suggests that this reading ".nuy contain a reference to Genesis 1,2".
:
-
l
r+ is calma, "strrinG1 26-27; G3 8.
,
15
76 t täinic, "carntfregair l)edar ; -\ lr tainig Peadur .\: :
came and replierl i
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1I
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pu
r
puB sn
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qr
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-
-
EHSiI
308
THE TtrSTAMENT OF' \[ARY HERE
human race, tell us how you came here or when ),ou came?" John answered that and said: "When I lr,as in the citv named
gair Pedar I \n
in the south-eastern side of the w'orld in the regions of Asia Minor (1), I was teaching there at nones, and tu,entyfive of us were there (2). And an enormous cloud came to us, and I heard the voice of God in that cloud. It surrounded me and brought me here, that is, to the house of the Yirgin Nlary,
nö cuin täntr!ir; -' ro bädusa i sin , .: -
Ephesus
and also these holy people from the east and west and as Nlary was talking to the apostles ('). As for us, O beloved brothers", said John, "Mar\r's death is very seemly for you, and let us not
(1) An tan ro badusa isin cathraig darb ainm Effis isin leth sairdes don i crichaib na hAssia Bicci, "\Ä,'hen I rvas in the cit1, named Ephesus in the south-eastern side of the w'orld in the regions of Asia NIinor". Cf. in ciuitate Sardis Latin T § 5,11. DoxarruE, p. 61, n. 30, points out that in the Latin T version, and also in the homill' of John of Thessalonica, "John is in Sardis, äs he probablv \A,as also according to the earlier Gaelic version. Sardis would probably be rvritten sairdis b1, an Irish scribe. The connection of John with trphesus... apparentlv led a glossator to rvrite effis above sairdis, and from this the reading effis rs domun
in leth sairdes,
'Ephesus in the southeast portion', ma-y have developed."
The texL is further corrupted in O which reads meaningless toirgheas for sairdes. (2) am nönaig
I cüicer ar .rr. do bamar and, "at nones and twent_v-five of us were there". O omits "at nones" and reads nonbhur ür fichi.d, "twentv-
nine" for "trn,enty-five". The reading of II is supported by Latin T § 5,1112 (hora ix'diei); further supporting evidence for the reading "at the ninth hour" is found in E1 50, G1 26 and G3 8. (3) Et tanic nöll adbulmör cucaind 1 at-chuala guth Dö i si n nell-sin. Ro thimchill mö 1 rom töcaib conuigi so .i. co tech Muiri oigi 1 na daine naemtha-so anair 1 aniar 1 amail do bi l,[uiri a comrad risna hapstalaib, "And an enormous cloud came to us, and I heard the voice of God in that cloud. It surrounded me and brought me here, that is, to the house of the Virgin Mary, and also these hol_v people from the east and west and as N{ary \Ä/as talking to the apostles". For a detailed discussion of this text cf . DoxrHUE, p. 61-62, n. 32. There is clearll, a textual problem in 1 na dalne naemtha-so anair 1 aniar 1 amail do bi \tluiri a comrad risna hapstalaib. Donahue suggested emending to amail do-bi muiri a'comrad ris na daine naemtha so anair agus aniar and translated "while Mart'was speaking to these holy men from the east and from the west". He then says that the holy men "were thus not John's audience, but the equivalent of the multitude surrounding N, ar.v, to whom John alludes in the other versions". As is evident from the variant readings, the text has been further corrupted
b--4
in
O.
1()
domun
i
crichil.
nönaig
-?
ciric'er'
rom-tÖcaib
:
l
.:
l
c()rlu, -
tha-soanair irr^-, talaib. Sindi. it i l
ilo 3 ad-bertsad. "th..,
don cined
daen n:,
you came" lnl.
(
.
I
in the
south-... .don domhon nt()t' ( \ nones, and tu'ent r -. See note. 8 t),,'' sus
9 I)6, "of Gocl" ll chill me, " that r, l head" O 10 r'{ i..-broright" O lrtr-tthese hol1, peopir
na daine
naentthr,
rt
these holv n)en
l
anair - i: .. as NIary was" fl : .: r. note
.
.
tz Sindi, .'.\ s r, ,l ar Eoin, "saitl .1r,... "more proper ( )
-
'EJOr :U ,ilutaas iJaA,, 'pte;cosuroJ
o ,, plBS Jaled pue,, ';npea4 lJaq-pe L
O'ttlo,,uqof :
If
O.,radold aJolu,, plBS,,'uloE JE
,oSil JOJ
Sy,, ,lpUIS
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JJS 'anqDuocl ltJatun,,+sa,{l. aI{} ruoJJ puB }sea aq} ruoJJ uaur,(lr,{ asaq} o] Eur>1eads sE,&\ {re1,q allq,^&,, 'JEruB snFe JrEuB os Bqlrueeu aurep Bu slJ pBrtuot.,B rJrntu Iq-op IrEruB :,,sa11sode aql o1 aldoad ,(loq asaql pue,, 'qre1e1sde,{ BusrJ os-Brl+uaeu aurep Eu L zt-ot O ,,1qFno;q ]Br{},, 'uls qpreqq8oql op :U ,,arrr lq8no;q,, 'qletg}-uroJ 0[ O ,,peaq ,(ru aloqE,, ouurc Bur so : U ,,arrr papunoJJns ]I '(pno1c) ler{},, ,gur IIIr{J -urlq+ otl 'uls 6
O ,,JnorABS ar{l Jo,, 'rccrurelsl uB
: I_l
,,
po5 Jo,, ,gCI
O ,,JIE aq+ ul,, 'JaB ulsl 'ppD ,,snoruJoua,, .Jgrrrlnqpe lsod s
.alou aas
'O ,,auru-,(+ue,AA.] pue,, 'plqJIJ JB Jnqquou L : U ,,arr;-{1ua.ll} pue osauou 'elou aas'O Joru uoquop uop 18,, ''xx'JE Jaoln) L Ereuou rue g-L seaqF-rro1 qllal ulsl srJau :u ,,plro,{r\ eq} Jo apls ura}sBo-q}nos aq+ ur sns -aqdg,, uop sapJrBS 'unruop r{}al ulsl slJJg L-g O 'ttto ,,erueJ noi uaq,^. Jo,, 'sre8eugl urnJ ou 9 O ,,uqof pa^olaq O,, ,ulog B ,runuB E : Il ,,aJBJ uBurnq aq+ Jo sn o+ +saJBap Inos o,, 'euuaep paurJ uop auurl IIIp sr urnuE e ?-t, U JBpnJqnpe : O ,, plBS {r,{+,, 6pES}Jaq-pE t otr
prBJcosruoc sl,, 'ulog JB o,,aurBurur Er{cBaJ}lgJq e ,lpuls .qlEIE} -sdeq Eusrr pgJruot v IJInHI Iq op IrEruE L ;erue L ;reue os-Br{} -ruaBu aulBp Eu L t8tq IrlnHI qJa? orI' os rFrnuoc qlBrol-ruor L ?tu IIIqrLulq+ oU 'uls-ll?u ulsl ?O qlnF BIBnqc-1e L pulecno
OI
seq 1xa1 aq+ 'soaurlr:r--
;
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JO UOISSnCSTp pJir'l t.-: JSnOq
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:-.
.
.
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eql
.
18,, Furpea.r .rr.-
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-
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Jol sDdtlbttol ssrlirr :': ..'padola.rap r.\r:ri i s?
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e pal {lluareclclr uE
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,
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l{,
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lou sn lal pue 'rtr,.i " ',,sJaq1oJq pa^\ola([ (
.
r
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rotulnqpB IIgu clugl lg'puu rBurgq op'xx'rE rasrqrJ L Ereuou rrrB puB InlasroJ Fe ?Lu L l33lg Erssyr{ Eu qrBqsrJJ r unuop uop saprrBs qlal ulsl slJJa ururB qrBp Ererqlec ulsl BSnpEq or uE+ uy,, :lJrBqnpB L uls ulog JTEFaJJ oH ,, äsrBFBugl urnc ou os rFrnuoe srBcBuBl snuurs uulqp slpul 'EuuaBp paurf, uop auurl
IIIp sr urnuB v,, :pBslraq-pB L ulog op sBrrpuv L rBpad 60t
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3t{3
-
THE TESTANIENT OF NIARY HERE
310
in sorro\ ,' so that there ma)' be neither murmuring nor anxietv among the people, but let each of _vou strengthen the other, praising and magnifying the Lord, for Jesus Christ ordered me on the night of compline not to be sorrowful or sad
weep or be
when one of us should go to heaven."
t'itulr,
!7 It is then ttrat John and all the apostles came into the lrouse where Nlary was and said to her i "ALte Lfaria uirgo gracia plena Dominus tecum (1), that is, Hail to )'ou, O Virgin Nfary, and you were filled with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and blessed are you among the apostles and blessed is the fruit of
-
.
itl't,i->-. lr,ltt i :
.vour womb." And NIar.v answered that and said to them: "N{ay God be with you and I beseech _you, O apostles of the Lord,
./
to tell me how
-,vou came here or who told you that I was like this?" Then the apostles told her that it was the divine power, "and it has taken each of us separately in clouds of heaven from the places in rvhich we were sowing the word of God."
11.
cf. Luc.
lIo
1,28
13 eistec'ht JILiI:..
ten to llarr"' ( t3-t4 nä ru ii there mav I,r'
r
,
G1 28; G3 8.
taigerl cäclr. " l unite" O 15 isu Crist clinr.ri orderecl nre 0n tl. mostht illeg. ( )
truadhneiniel ,1,, "u,ithout sort'r,u
{
t7 z adubrurlur'. ,i, See note . 3 Spirait, "0t rr:,. a 1 is bennachtr, apostles" om. ( G-7 in Coimrlerl.
,
)
(1) Aue Maria uirgo gracia plena Domtnus tecum. Virgo is not in O but its presence in its exernplar is indicated h.v a Lluire ögh, "0 \Iirgin Ilar,v ", i n the subsequent Irish renderinq of this phrase.
8 mar s0, " like t lher" fI: do lluir-r. o and b), "that it divine power' II:
-
q.'9t Ll
0 ,,pJo'I aq+ Jo Ja,{A.od aq},, 'lqpLUIo3 uE B}r{JBrlrunJ :lf ,,Ja,\l\od JurÄrp oq+,, 'BpEIp Blr{cBrunq) ur O Iqlor nE :LI ,sBrA. +l JEL[],, '(q puo o uaampq pasDra Jalpl Iq or oc) I qoJoJ O ,,i;etrq o1,, 'arrn11 op :lf .,Jar{ o+,, 'lp 6 O ,,r{}Eap Jo lurod aqtr }8,, 'seq JJ :II ,,slq} a{11,, 'os JRtu 8 O (frrru sranal tnoJ ro aatq) tuul :U ,,proT ar{} Jo,, 'papuro3 ur L-g LI ,,plBS,, '+.rleqnpe :O ,,[uaq] o] plBS,, 'rllJ trJeq-pe 9-g O'uro.,sa11sode ar11 Fuoure no,( are passalq pue,, 'qrelelsdeq Bu rlpl B1 ElqJeuuaq sl L t il ,,llrlds ({tog aq}),, '1e;rds :O ,,}lrlds ({ton aql) Jo,, 'lrerrdg r 'alou aas O 'uto mnJal snutwo1 nua1d *z il 'uro nnntfr 'O 'uto ofrtto U ,, plBS or{,, 'lrreqnpe : O ,.plBS {.,{},, ';npn;qnpe z LL
ul ',,{reyi ur8rr-1 r sll lnq o ur ]orr Sr ,,i I
O ,.sn Jo auo iue JaIJR "' r\§oJJos ]noqll^r\,, 'rrrrreEu rurnp qpler{pear{pu ('öaru E sraryal aatJ n tnoJ) op Iaurauqpenr} rru8 : U . pBS aq o+ lou,, 'rueu?p op ugrqop Eu LL O '6rru fi11sotu : U ..oE p{nor{s^ sn Jo auo uaq,ll aurldurot Jo }r{FIu eq} uo aur parapro islrrlJ snsaf,, 'rlperlcer op uEl uB rlaldurror Bu IJrtplo Bsrulp ]slJJ .sl urr[]reoJ 9[-9[ O 'uto ,,FurÄ;ruFeu 'pue,, 'peJgtu Fe L 91 O ,,a]run auo^(;ara +a1,, 'qcel aqprEluae :lI ,,uaqlFuaJls lal +nq,, 'rlogJ pa8rel -JAU U ES :O ,,aq1 Fuorue,, 'ulsl r7r, O .,,Je {eu aJaq} +Bq1 os,, 'qqloJ oJ : II ,,oQ +ou ,(eu aJeq+ ler{} os,, 'qlel Bu vr,-tt O 'ppv .,,Eul.tloJJos Jo,, 'uoJqop Bu :,,doJ..l.r,, olBJ O ,.r(;etrq ol ua+ U ,r{}Eap s,,,(J81,q,, 'lJIntr{ }r[)a]sra t]
-sll o],, '(els)
aaJrnI,{ aJ +qtapsra
:
OU
,,'?
c[ Irr{}l?rq
pEI}s
Fe retueqer I qlepeurq EusB aurru qlBIIgu E uurEFE r{}lol oJ uoe r{reii qlerg} or L,, BpEIp E}r{cerunr{r ur } qoror Ip IIB}sde,l Bu JBpaslpul op urs-uuB sI ..,'os JEru r{}aq op rsrur q}p sruur,p EIJ 9u OS rFrnuOC JIEqEsug+ Snuur0 urBp rlsrpur-u oJ 'paptuloS uI nlelsde e'qls ls-rulpln8 L Is-qlr uaereru 816I qlor oJ,, :nrr }\U-Ue L UIS arlntr{ rIEFarJ or sn)O ,,'uuorq op pero} I ttqFle,, -uaS.sr L qrelelsde,{ Eu rlpl r,t} ElrlsBuuaq sr L lq} urrae\T }ler -tdS ur r{ler g peu}l o; L qFq arrntr{ E'}lnp Bq}aq ugls'l' eurn)al snututocl oua1d nnntb obtru üIJDIN ?frV,, :ErJ JnpnJqnpe L aJrnl,{
,,'poo Jo p.ro.\\
.r
i; -
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';a,trod auIAIp Jtl] r : llu i
a{ll sE^\ I lBlll
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.,-,
:
.
r
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,
pue 'llrlds iloH i:. tElr.l O ' rr '.,,. ',(; e1,q
-
u
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Iqler r rlralsr IIIn IIElsd*,{ Eu L ulog rlulg} urs-pue sI LT, ',,rfreu?p op uoJqop gu rsJro+ ueF aurru tunqJ puruFe
qcau r{per{cer op uE} uE rlalduroc Eu Irrlplo Es-rulp }s}rJ rsl ulr{}le or rren qpapulof uE peroru 3e L pelour Fe IIIgr{) r?
pES JO InJAOJJOS a({ ,,-
qI
qIEFE qcgr paFrelrau qce lndod ulsl qparplenq Eu propoJ qler Eu Ftpp rE puleFe rsrrrol Bu Ie) reluap r,lr L IrlnHI +r{)a}sra q}p I
II
}SIJI{3 Snsaf JoJ '[).rl-1
uaqlFuaJls nor Jo
r{
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Fut;nuJnrrr JaqlrJrr ),i
I,I - 9I
EUSI{ \
3t2
THE TESTA1VIENT OF },IARY FIERE
18 (') It is then, moreover, that jo"r and great happiness seized holy \[arv at the replies of the apostles, and she took to blessing her Son, and this is r,r,hat she said: "I bless you,
t8 Is
O Son, for ).ou are the Lord of all creatures, and it is now you have fulfilled everything you promised to me a while ägo, that you would send the apostles to bury me." And the Virgin Mary brought them with her to a private recess and showed them her shroud and burial clothes. When the beginning of the third day came upon them and N{ary \ ras at the Lhreshold of her death (2), Peter said to all the apostles and the people who were there to take bright torches and to keep a constant watch so that "\ ,e ma.,v be trustworthv before the Saviour and let none of )'ou sa]- that it is death for NIary but lasting life
ann-srr,
re aithescai lt n.: . ro räid: " B en n., , _ dhül 1 is an«ri. chianaib co c,uir'. Muire ögh lö rat 1 ödach a harln:, :
.
chomioicsicl r,r'i, 10
-
apstal 1 risin i ,, 'l fairi grössar.l: cind in t§länir i
,
:
ach betha butrn
and peaceful glory." (I,Lf 18: cf. tr1
(1) Peter's last sentence at the end of L'iV 18, "let none of r.ou sar. that it is cleath for N,Iary but lasting life and peaceful glor-v", is found in tr1 5tj and C;3 9. This means that § 18 is homogeneous and belongs to the srulre narrative sequence. Consequently, the disruptive section relating the apostolic controrrerslr and Paul's confrontation with the devil hegins u'ith § 19 and extends to the first tu,o sentences of § 22. (2) None of the text from -t do chomfoicsiil ulch a bais clo lluire, "and NIary \Ä'as at the threshold of her death" in this section (§ 18,7-8) to conuigl in tech i raibi lluire, "to the house lvhere N,'Iarv was" (§ 22,1),, is found at the corresponding point in Latin T § 6. This same section is also lacking in the homiletic Life of \'Iarv § 17.Text corresponding to part of § 21 and the opening sentence of § 22 is found in Latin T § 8,9-22 (p. 372-375). F-or a discussion of the apostolic controversy contained in this section of the text see I)orrrruE, p. 15-18 and p.62-63, n.36. Donahue rightl-1' noticed that in the Sy'riac Obsequies (S1) "the controversy takes place rvhile the Apostles are r,vaiting fo three davs at l,Iarv's tomb " (p. 15) and drer,v " the obvious conclusion that, in the Gaelic, the entire episode has been moved f rom its original position" (p. 17 ). The objection he raised immediatelv afterrvards against this conclusion is no longer valid todal.: Peter's long homily on virginitr. based on Nlattheru 25,7 including the parable of the trvo servants (G3 10-11) cannot be "an addition of the professional preacher, John of Thessalonica" because it is also present in the trthiopi c Liber Requiei (tr1 56-65). Before the discovery of E1, the fact that this homilS, belonged to the original text of the Dormition narrative had alreadv been recognized b-v \Vrixcen, L'Assomption, p. 46 -17.
no t8 r -7 fäilti, ''1111,i ,ll : NIuire, "JIar-)"' "at the replr' ( I
)
coimlinadh, "\\'a s "they brought" (
)
thehouse"O ;: adubairtll e- there" on7. 0 9-:
_
denam ar däigh. so
that" fI:
"peacef
loch(.,l'
u]" fl
:trt.
:l
O..,lBuJela,,,uteqlns U,,1n;aJeed,, 'lrr?rrlBr{prs zt o .,ruaq} Jo auo qJBa Jo puBrl aq] ur rtJro] po}qEII B ryB] o+." 'qqlp rr; qce8 qurBl e lreqe8 op qpESBI rB uuBrrr[]01 rL[ ,,]Er{} os ,q8lgp rE ruBuap rlJlB^\\ e daa>1 o1 puB saqJrol ]trBlsuo0 a{B} o},, lq8lrq ure; L upqcqql op Blsnloqsl purBrJol 0[-6 o .tilo ,,araq]
op
TIJESSTJE
ara^§ or{.tl aldoad aq} o} pue,,ouue o-r ursr; L 6 }Eq lndod Il ureqnpe 6lJeq-pe g :O ,,plBS,, O 'wo ,,pue uaql o1,, ,L qlgp Ä O ,,asnoq aql E UI,,, 'IqEII UB I{PIBJEq}EI IINJ B : I] ..SSOJAJ AlErrrd
JO JBAJ AI{1 O} SSE]EJ
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OI
aJII Eurlsel +n({ i,, , i,. puB JnOIABS aql 'r i luelsuoc B daarl {}l .
l
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pu r?
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AUOISIET{ E qIgP UAqSIETI} OJ L qFTEUTEN II!1] E }EI 9I qFq AJINtr\I JElsnJrlJ l'd ,,'lnJEupE ,urop lrelsdeq Eu EaqlrJJrnJ o3 qlEuEIr{J g ES-ruEp srella8 or ru qceF srqFreuglsruoqt or srouB sr L Ilqp IIIn-u EU eu"raFrl q} sr JrEn ',clru E 'lr{} urFreuuag,, :plgJ oJ Pa SI L JIUI e pEIIJBuuaq Fe qEF oJ L IE}ScIe-u Eu qIEJSaq}IE aJ rrrnlAiruaou rgur llllgJ L snqrnqns c1e3 o.r gr] urs-uuB sJ gD
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ur8;rr1 aql puy ..')ri: 'oFe allq.t.t. B aur ()1 i,.. ,{A.OU
Sr
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8t
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k:*
3t1
TFIE TESTAMENT OF NTARY HERE
L9 It is then that Paul said to Peter: "O beloved father, do you not know that I have not seen the Saviour in the flesh, since it is a short time ago that I have come to believe in the faith of the apostles (t)? I u'ould like the Saviour to reveal to me some of the pure mysteries, because I have heard that he reveals many things to you on N'Iount Olivet." "O beloved brother, O Paul", said Peter, "wait a while for Christ will come to us together with the angels of heaven to visit the body of Mary; for everything that he once promised us will be fulfilled well." And Paul said again to Peter: "If you r,vish to reveal pure mysteries to ffi€, tell me some of the teachings you yourselves have practised, so that it is they that I will practise as long aS I am alive." And Peter said: "O Paul", said he, "good is the thing you have sought, and this is that teaching, that is, he r,vho does not fast every day will not receive God's mercv." Paul said: "O beloved father, O Peter", said he, "do not say that, because the people rn,ill not accept that teaching because of its severity, and they will rise up against you and they will liill )'ou and adore idols." It is then that Paul turned his face
1.9 Is ancl-sir. ö nach fidir t it.
,
rid uada tänri: foillsiged clil nr .
. :
lusa co taislten : l "A bräthair i n n,:, Crist chucain,l cuirp Muire ur r: Itar co maith,-. 10
do-righnebair tt. thaid." Ocus arl-; §iris I is ö-so .:. lae nocha fhuirJ a Pedair", ar" :r:. f urcetul-sin rr: . I
.
15
Lr
ilo 19 I ad-bert. ".r,,
.
fidir tusa nach lu, .. gairid uada, "sin, LiM 19: cf. tr1 78.84-86; G1 45; 51 (Worcrrr, Contributions, p. 44,3-45,7).
,
"I
have conle" o: apostles" Il ; (.r'.: ' Sar-iour"' fl : Cri.t.
,
.
co taishenanr] sr
I have heard
.
tlirrt
(-dluib partlg ill, ,i ings and lvoncler'- ',, i\eg.) Oilifint (in. '
i-p, "in beautilLr. _ a athair, "O lii... da-ria, "will t',,nr. n-ainglib ninre nl ;
-
l
8-e coimhöltar'. ad-bert, "said" rl. mvsteries" Il: 1,,.: "said" O: aclul r,,::
-
adubairt II (1) apstalacda, "of the apostles". This reading, found only in lI, is conjectural; the manuscript reads aps and a suspension stroke.
-
- 1:
1+
O Peter, said he" L r,vill kill ,voti" fl : , i 17 do-gönait iLr,i:
naid umhuloirl rl,
,
.
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TFIE TtrSTAN,ItrNT OF N,IARY HtrRE
316
towards John and asked him how he w'ould practise the teach-
irrg. And John answered and this is u'hat he said: "He who does not avoid every evil until the day of his death will not reach the kingdom of heaven." Paul said to John: "O beloved father, the people will not accept that teaching, but they will sa]- that they will stone -you on account of their dif f icult-v with that teaching." It is then that Paul said, turnittg his face towards Andrew: "How rn,ill the teaching be practised?" Andrew replied: "FIe u,ho will not leave his father, his mother, his sister and all his friends for the love of the Saviour will not see the kingdom of heaven'." It is then that Paul said: "The teaching of John and Peter is easier than that, O Andrew, and the people of this time will not endure a teaching like that on account of its severity, for a great load should not be placed on an unbroken colt until it is broken. Likeu,'ise, a very severe teaching should not be given to the people until they accept fitting judgements (1) and light teaching." 20 Then Peter said: "O beloved brother, O Paul", said he, "'ho\ "', said he, "do you want the teaching to be practised by
a aigid go h F-, r dul I do freqtrrl i-huili olc gu la ii htroin: "A athair . acht aderait sr, Is and-sin acl-J,..: do-göntar an Il r' a athair -7 a n: : tshlänici, tri ta i usa forcedul L,,,''. lengait dai ne rl r: ni dlegar eiri rr j.. Is amlaid sin nl nö go ngabait l,r',. 20 At-bert P.-ar se, "cindlls -;. .
20
:
-
25
30
.
l
,, :
ilo rc post. forcedul. that the people
a. cf. I-uc. 74,26
UM 20:
cf
. E1 86(end)-88; S1 (\\rnrcFrr, Contributions, p.
.-
s.,'1.
dry of his death" il nime, "will not rr:: dho, "he will not 1,.,' 45 ,7-46,11).
adubairt lI
2r
will the people
i.rr -
ara trunla, "l)e('iiL..they will stone r',,..
(1) Coimi, "fitting". The reading of lI here is i t:oim. f)oxrHUE, p. 63, n. 38, took the phrase i coim to mean "in a cover, veiled" but he also noted that this phrase is seemingl,v not otherwise attested. The precise significance of "veiled judgements" here is also not clear. He suggested reading breathai coem, "gentle judgrnents", and then implausibl-v added
"with loss of the ending a in hiatus". It does seem as if a reading such as bretha colmi, "fitting judgements" was intended here and I have emended the text accordinglr,; cf. brethu söighi, "eas5' judgements" (breatha sofuIaing, "judgements that can be easily tolerated" O) § 20. Corresponding to r coim, O read s chucudh " to them" (hypercorrect f inal -dh is a common feature of this manuscript) which would seem to be the lectto facilior.
leo, "with thent impög a aigthi r,l hAnraes, " to -\ n
:
z;-z; an tshläntr' "said" O: acltr],1r.-' .
searrach, "on ar.r r place on a horst," 30 rotrom, "\'ct-\
coimi, "fitting "judeements
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3H3I]
TFIE TESTAMENT OF N,TARY HtrRE
318
düinne?" Ro Ir'. nus do-gönartr .;.
" Paul ans\ ,'ered and said: " Let us seek of the Lord how we will practise the teaching so that the people rn'ill accept us?
bretha söighi i. fir dib a ngat h : iaL roim in rrin-
and endure easy judgements (1), suitable for each one of them individually, and fasting for each one of the weak souls every week so that neither tiredness nor rveariness seize them every day before the fasting ('), and fasting until nones for the
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Then Jesus Christ, son of the living God, the Saviour of the race of Adam, came from the "i bright mansions of the kingNlichael the heaven, and archangel together with him, dom of and they descended in the midst of the apostles silently and quietly. And the Saviour blessed them and this is what he said: "Greeting, everlasting greeting to you, O holy apostle Peter and O chaste John and O Paul the chosen. And I say truly to you, O beloved apostles", said Jesus, "that the teaching from you as you have set it forth will not be accepted, and the teaching of Paul will be accepted." And Jesus asked the apostles: "Why do you not gain the whole world from the fetter and trap of the devil? It is more proper for you to practise a light teaching on account of its being accepted from you, because in the last days of the world this teaching will be fulf illed."
nönaid dona rlr, 10
.
mör agna ha1,>. ,. and-sin tänic lgrianbrogaih ri-..
.bennaig an slrrri'Patria naer,rrrr--.. 15
aderim co fir
r',
i
trt do fiarf a ici I in domun uili 20
seraib döiclhcn, i
.,,
11o
g sirum, "Let tl: \-',cumachtach. " l ), ,,,. -
söighi dingbrilrr -:
each one of thrri
hanmannailt arn-:.
ing for each
(,rrtr--
fasting until n, i.- . g at-racht, "ar,:. briatraib-sin rri,
..-
aposLles" fl: :t t,of heaven to th, arcaingel, " thc
l
orders" O r2-'-: them" lI: ]tearrr.; .
(1) (bretha) söighi, "easy ( judgements)". The usual genitive singular forms of sögh (earlier sod) are söiglr and sogha. (2) aine gacha fir dib a ngach sechlmain ar daig na gabad scis na heimellus iat roim in aine gach lae dona hanmannaib aimnirt, "and fasting for each one of the weak souls every week so that neither tiredness nor weariness seize them every day before the fasting". The s.vntax of this sentence is somewhat unusual. Gacha fir dib, "for each one", is to be taken with dona hanmannaib aimnirt, "of the weak souls".
-
Petair naeniirlr:.. apostle Peter f1r. inmuin, "O lrel, .,-
.
isu, "trulr- to \ mar do orrlai
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"as you har-e ti,,t,' ts post dönant. ' .
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aq+ Jo spro.\§ asoq+ +E sallsode aq1 11e Euoue,, '1e1sde-u Eu uls-qIEJlBIrq Brrurn rlrn qrelelsdeq euFe o O ,,efrrec,, 'crurel :L[ ,,esoJe,, '1qcer-1e 8 'Jlou JaS 'O 'ulo ,,a1doad sno;oFrr Euo.rls aql roJ sauou Illun Eurlse; pim 'Eurlse; aq+ oJoJaq Äup ira.r.a slnos {Ba.u ar{} Jo (auo r{cea -ro; Fur -isEJ).. 'ErulEJ rlJreuos qlulep Euop preuou oF auye L 1;rurure qreuueruuer{
'elou aas'O,,paleJa1o1 ilrsea aq uBJ Errop aEI qJEE auye ur ruroJ 8-z +Ert] sluatuaFpn[,, 'Fureln;os Br1]Barq : II ,,.(11enpl^lpul tuaq] Jo auo IIJEa roJ alqe1rns'sluatuaFpnI isea,,'q]lal oJ q]p JIrtJ eqceF elgq8urp IqFIgs oaq uuren 'ppv ruoJJ ErIloJq 'auyep Tsod O 9 ]1,, O ,,sr ,,a1doad,, 'trro ,,aJnpua IIII!\ {rq+ puB,, '1reFug1]nJ L z o ,,lnJJaaod,, 6r{JB+qcBrunc 'ppv,,pJoT,, 'lpruloS Tsod L[ ,,>{aas J,, 'tlrrrrs :O ,,>laas sn }aT,, 'run;rs t oU ,,'os-lnpacJoJ uE JElErJIIrBruos urBruop ur qrBr{Juar{pl?p qrBJas -rulBr{ Eusr rrBn qlBn EIgqEF e Flpp rE urBu?p op ruorpa InpacroJ
IS-qlBp rprBros sI öllBqBlp ur rlsrBqF I L Ipulrt I IIIn unuop ur rs-rr{}3rBJ r{3Bu r{}gJ I g3,, :qrBlB}sdeq Euop nsl prEJrErJ op lg ,,'ll9d InparroJ rnlq?F L rrBqaFrBpro op rBur qlBn InpacroJ uE JnlqErF r{ceuof,,, 'nsl JBq',,aurEruur nle}sdE E'qlJ J}J or rurJape lg'lr{pler{Eo+ IIgd e L rFreuuuaF ulog e L Ilelsdeuaeu rre}ad E'qlep uglsr{}lqougls,, :plgr or pa sr L lel prcruels uE Freuuaq op L r{repe}so} IB} or IB}sdB-u Eu uropau rgl re repeurnq} op L slr uaereur laFurec-re I?qclHI L aruru gF1q1qF1; qreForqueuF op 'tulBpY Ils qprcrugls 'Iq ?c sBur lslr3 nsl clu9l urs-puB sI'lelsde-u Eu uls-c[rer]Errq Euurn IIIn qrele]sde,{ euFe rgur pJopoJ lrl)EJ-+E urs-puB sI ,,'BurlBs rlJrBuos c{lu}Ep Euop prBuou oF aule L lJrurure qreuuerrruer{ Euop aEI r{rEF au}E ur ruroJ }EI snllauraq 9u slcs pEqEF 9u Ft-ep rE urBrrrlqras r{rBFu e q}p rlJ BqcEF aule L r{}lal oJ qlp -rll Br{rBF EIEqFurp IqFIgs Eq}arq aulep Bu +reFugllnJ L lleqgF IrBruE Inpa)roJ uE rrreu?F-op snu -ulc Ipurlo3 uBJB runJrs,, :lJreqnpe L Igd rreFar; oH ,,äauulllp
OZ
-lnJ aq III,\\ oourrl , ! 'no.( uloJJ IlJlri.-,-, asrlee;d o1 no i .i -
aq
,
-+aJ aql uoJJ |r{.1, i' oq+ pa>lsB snsal' l'.' pue'paldaJJB J([ -
-qcBe+ oq+ ]E r{ i .. ' \ ' 'uas l ll
.(es 9I
:
-
I puy
+Eq^N
sr slql I
pue i11ua1rs
OI
:
sal]:
:
'tulq qll,r JaqlrFi ' . -Frl{ aq} Io srrr ii. ,. aql Jrror,\B§ Jrll Jo 'sa11sode aql Jo s I lEJ.ri:'
:
'
.
Fur-rnruJnur
aql JoJ sauou I r i lr l {ra,ta urar{l azras S: ..-. .(ra,ta slnos {Ea.\\
.rr;
-
uaql Jo auo qJIIJ .lr,ldacce III1tr aldoarl .. aq+ Jo Y I
^\oq
pro
T
---
EU3I{
6It
U
ru;.
320
TIfE TESTAMENT OF N,IARY HERE
It is then that
Christ said to Paul: " Do not be sad or mournful although the apostles may not reveal the divine pure mysteries to you, because I will reveal them to you and to N1[arv." He then set off in his bright fier_,v plumage and summoned Paul with him. When Judas saw Paul being taken b1 the Saviour to heaven he spoke in a loud voice and said (1): "O Jesus, son of the living God, it is you who came into this world, and with -you there is not banishment of persons except in accordallce with the will of each person. Horv can you take that man with you without fighting with me as the other apostles have fought?" "Let him come here", said the devil, "so that \ÄIe may fight and find out which of us will be strong€r, and if he will be stronger, take him r,vith ]-ou to heaven and show him the divine pure mysteries." Jesus said to Paul: "Arise, O Paul", said he, "and fight with the devil, for I promised that I would not take anyone to heaven except he who would defeat the devil in battle." Paul said to Jesus: "How u'ill I fight with the devil, for my faith is ne\M and my piety is ),oung?" 21,
21,
Is
arln-sin
dachta uair f oil l.do gluais roi nt r .: Pöl leis. Ot-chon.. dochum ninre r', Dö bi, is tü tain. persann ach rlt,, :'-. -. gan chathugurl r :. -. ,
10
"Ticed sunn '. i1r' : againd hus t re i >: nime 1 taisben ,i Pöl: "Eirid-se. i{ }.} ro gellusa nacir r " cath ar diabul." .\ . gud re diabul urii: '. .
.
:
15
no LiLI 27: cf. tr1 88 (end); 51 (W*rGHr, Contributions, p. 46,11-19); cf. tr1 103-104
27 z gin co foillsrgii fI : muna foillsighi r.., rüine, "pure nrr-ster'-. .
duit-si, "to \-ou (:t, Crist, "Christ " rLrlri
fiert, plumage" fl
s Iubas,
:
".Juclas" l',
don tstrläinicicl. "l,i
(1) Öt-chonnairc luhas Pöl ica breith leis clon tstrl(tinicid dochum nime ro labair ö guth mör 1 adubairt ... § 22 Äd-bert isu and sin.' "Ericl-siu, a Phedair, le Pöl 1 cathaighi aruen re diabul." trt dct-chuadur in dias-sin 1 do c.hathaigetar 1 do-rochair diabul ann " \Vhen .Iudas saw Paul being taken b-v the Saviour to heaven he spoke in a loud voice and said...§ 22 .Iesus then said: 'Arise, O Peter, r,vith Paul, and fight together against the devil."' And those tr,vo went and fought and the der.il fell there'. Text corresponding to this section is found in Latin T § 8. Both manuscripts read iubas and it rvould seem as though the name .Iudas \vas intended here; for the spelling rvith -bh- cf. trvo Classical \Iodern Irish examples cited in DII-, s.D. "i1o;bas". DoxrHUE, p. 63-6,4, n. .43, suggests i.n bas "death" *u-v have been the original reading here. If so, it must have been in the comnron exernplar of II and 0. Donahue also notes that in I-atin T, "the devil meets Paul immediatelr," and that neither Judas nor "death" is []entioned.
&-
[äinic, "n'ho
clrrnt,
"with ].ou there i-
that that it is nlt i of" fl: do deircluil,' man" add. .i. Pol rim-sa, "lvith Inr sun fI rt trei:i. ,.1
diadachta, " the ri ir caret nwk) piuna -
clorl' that are in 13 a F'}öil,
om. O
h.
ar sü. "( 15
do-dhön cathtreurl
"Paul ... to
)
atl-1,,.-1
.Ie
str::
and mv piet)' is ),
,
,{\au sr r{}lEJ
'peqerr nur
O 'ulo ,,ö6unoi sr .(1ard
iru
pue
{ur "ro; '11rrap aq} q}I.^tr }qEI} I III,\[ ,\\oFI :srlsaf o} InEcL, sI L uaptarr nur Bnu sr rrBn InqEIp er pnFr"rqler u?qp-op
Eql
snuur.) :nslq ar [gd 9[-9[ Il urBqnpB :o ,,plRS,, 6]req-pB 9r o .ttto ,,fl,\ep aq] qll.{,\,,'lnqBlp aJ o'lilo,,aq plB;^,1nR4 9,, oas Jt?,llgd I} t[ [I ]JIRqnpE:O.,plBS,,6]Jaq-pB o,,llaq puB ua,\Bar{ ur a.rB }Er{tr.iro18
pue sluatuJol aq] IIE,, 'uulJJI-u e L queau JoJ Rlr? Jrol8 L euerd (qtntu laJD) qum aull aooqD 'pp?) alln EU :II , sarralsiru a;nd aurArp aq],, 'ElrlJeperp .rsrJJl Ll aurqJuBl8 eu zr U ,,EuoJ}s,, 'u?.r} : O ,JaFuoJ1s,, U uns :O.,aJa{,,'uuns 0} O,,aul 1sureFe,,'uuBa) EIrrl)pD ,ou tt}l^^§,, oES-urIJ lsod e O ,,ue^Baq 01 InEcI'sl +Br[],,'rr[rurau urn) IOd.l. .ppn,,uBLu }Br{},, 'urs-;a1 uB Tsod O (Tdntnt rua» B}qrBq} rnnprrap op : U ,.Jo III.§ Jr{l r{}1.^(\ acuBpJoJJE ul,, 'JI9J op 8 0 .,;ado;d }ou sl }l }Br{} }ErI} JO asnBf,aq sr 11,, 'tnFalp qcBu urs-sol EJB sr : u ,,]ou sr JJaql nor qll.\\,, 'llrlJ rlJBu sr lnFe o,,Äpoq ul,,'uurnloc Ipp\,,afLlBJ orl,\§,,,JIulgl Tsod t 0 ,,+slJr{3 fq,, '+slJJ op :U ,,Jrlor^Bq oq} iq,, ,pl)lulglrls} uop 'alou aas '(anqeuoq'Jt) ä,,r{}Bep,, ,sgq ur .örl ,,sBpnf,, ,seqn1 9 slal o ,,rlsEIJ }r{EIJq e sB,, 'qpler{qeaur{IqullBl rrJrl}rrJ Eu :Il ,,a8eun1d .,Lrar; .ppn ,}slr3 lq8lrq slq ul,, 'rFr1ua1 Freuraullel url1U) EuB O ,,+slJr{J,, .ls-qlep : .ls-}lnp O ,,('ld) no{ o1,, ,(.Es) noi o1,, : ,,JJo +as,, 'srenl8 op ? O'wo,.asnBJaq,, 'JIEn I
O ,,seIJa1s.(tu,,
ouInJ : II (.satJalsitu aJnd,, oouInJ
-ue1F O ,,lealar lou op sallsode eqtr JL, 'lrnqseq eu rq8rsllloJ Bunur : If ,,lealar 1ou.(eur sallsode aq1 qFnoqlle,,'1re1sdeq Eu lrFrsllroJ oc u\B z T,Z
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-
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runc g lBal rs-rraq 'rsra;1 snq uns-gp Esgru L rsraJ+ snq purEFE o3,, 'lnqBIp uE JB ',,UUnS pACIJ,, r{314J rrrBpurJ
Oqr\\ aq lda J\ r : -uoJd I JoJ 'l l-\. :lnBd o] plBS siti:ua^Ear{ o} no.i ll -uorls aq III-\\ Si-. r
.
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,, äala IIElsdEq Eu lasFIEI{}EI{t or lreruB ES-rrrrr pnFnqleqo uBF urs-ral uB uBal plrlaq snpur3 'aurnp r{tEF rl?r op r{JB uuBsrad Bu lrlqlp IInJ qseu TnFB sr L Bs-untuop ulsl clul_B+ Irl sr,lq ?O Jltu nsl Y,, :lJIEqnpE L rgtu qlnF g JTEqRI or aurru tunr{Jop plclulgF{s} uop slal q}larq E)l Igd sBqnl srrBuuoqc-}o .slal lgc{ or L rFrlual Fteuaullel url{rlJ BuE aurroJ srenl8 op
Jar{}o aq} sB Jrrr a{E} no{ uEJ .rrr}ll ldacxa suosJacl I, , SIq+ Olut au-II?J rlr',, :(,) pres puE J.)rr, r {q ua{B} Furarl {r1'
JEISIIuJIEF
:
,
,
-urns puB a.Eeurit{rl O1 puE no.,( o+ triJ: a;nd auIAIp aH] iIr,-r
urs-puB sI ,,'1BI IrlnHI op L ls-,}lnp Es-lBllroasllloJ rrBn Elq)Ep -BIp aurnruBlF Eu llnp llBlsdeq Bu 1r8rs11ro1 or ulF +ro uorqop 9u rsrrol r{}lq gN,, :lgd ar ls}r] I rlErlnpB urs-uuB sJ T,z IZE
; "
-
.1
ro
pES
aq ]ou ocl..
r7,
322
THE TESTAMENT OF N,IARY HERE
22 Jesus then said: "Arise, O Peter, rn'ith Paul, and fight together against the devil." And those t\Ä'o went and fought, and the devil fell there. Paul and Peter came in that manner to the apostles, moreover, to the house lvhere Mary was. And it is then that a great brightness came into the house in which Marl, was, and then all the men of the world could not look at it because of the greatness of the splendour and brightness that was inside. It is then that a great rroice came from heaven and said to them: "i\[y strength and my might and I myself with you until the end and conclusion of the worldu." It is then that lVlary and the apostles said in a great voice, on hearing the voice of the Saviour: "'We bless ]-ou for it is you who guides and governs all souls." Then the Virgin N{ary came out to pray to the Lord, and when she had finished saying her prayer, she came into the house and lay in her bed, and the apostles were around her on every side. And then at the hour of mid-day in particular, the house was filled with a very great thunder and an angelic fragrance so that each single one
a.
cf
. N{atth. 28,20
22 Ad-bert I '
cathaighi arr,reit
r-
sin cum na Il-1, 1 -is ann-sin täni,. \ nach f6datis
t
i:'
.
ad-bert riu: " ll co crich -l co l,,l 10
15
1na hapstail
i
cid: "Bennaigrr,i. {imanda." Is irrr :--guidi in Coinr«lh-..roimpi istech i gach leith anir ti:. 1 ro linad in tet :.
ilo 22 t ad-bert. r i: fought" II: clo r'(,r.. s diabul ann. "thr .
Muire. " JI r,: lsi mör isin t eg i
+ .post
L'M 22: cf . E1 104 (for the first sentence in this paragraph); cf. E1 57; G3 I (from "And it is then that a great brightness" to "it is )'ou who guides and governs all souls"); cf. E1 66; G1 32-33; G3 12 (for the paragraph's last two sentences).
,
brightness car]lt,
6a
fOgad,
"to
r
.:
1,, .
ar med an rirl, ness of the splen,l raid do bi urthll was upon her" ( G-7
r
i
)
my" O: ntu
r.
guth mör, "in rr ir ag cloisdecht. "r rr bless" fl : hearrni: i
"O Lord" O lz anmanda. "si amach, "out (tttt .
:
:
.
1
had f in isherl srrv i : radh, "she englrigach leith, " the ., co trom, "all th. ,
ar eis, "lrltrl "great" om. O
add.
:
-
*"gt
LI
'"rrgru
gT
ope;uuns op O 'uro ,,JEInJrlJEd uI,,
,,Jflo{,, 'Jren sod
gL
O ,,i1rreaq
O 'uto
,,1BaJE,,
O ,,JalJB,, 'sla JE 'ppD Furdaa,u. sallsode aq} IIE,, 'tuo.r1 oc
rEO ,E IIIn llnqsear{ Bu :[I ,,apls .(;arra uo "' aJa.{A. sallsode aql ,, 'r{}lal qceF O,,;aÄe;d Jaq Eur{es ur paFeFua ar{s,,'r{pEJ Ep rr{}preuJnr{ E uueal e r"lpreno-op : U ,,;a.te;d raq Eur,(es paqsrurJ perl
gp lrelsdeq Eu gr-tzl
aqs uar{,tn.,, 'pg-r op rqlBreu"rnq B ?l JruJrB} o tr O 'uto .,,}[o,, 'qceure O 'uro ,,uIFJI,1,, 'r{Fg O ,,lros,, 'IuEuB :II ,oslnos,, 'epueutue zL O ,,slea^aJ,, 'snqFntsllloJ : Il ,,suJaAoF,, 'snuutuelloJ O ,, pJoT O,, 'eu;a8r1 e 'ppv ,,rof,,, '\+ 'Jd Tsod O ,,ssalq L, 'rulqplBuuBaq : II ,,ssalq ea,, 'lruFreuuaq tt, U lqoa+srolJ I :O ,,Eur;eaq uo,, 'lqJapsrolJ Fe O ,,socroA 1ea-r8 ul,, 'EJoLu qqreqlo8 op : U ,,aJroA 1ea"rF e ul,, 'rgru qln8 6]Jaq-pB 6 op 0[ IJ ]JIBqnpB :o ,,PIBS,, II nru nru :o ,,.(ru il,f ,, 'our "' oru LI lJIEqnpB :O ,,plES,, 6lJaq-pe 8 O ,,JarI uodn se,lr qJlrl,\\ rnopualds raq Jo ssaulea;F aql Jo asneaaq,,'r{prer{}rn Iq op plEJ -lleJp E +atu JB :II ,,aprsur ser\A. trBrt+ ssaulq8rrq pue Jnopualds aq1 Jo sseu
-1earE Jql Jo esneceq,, 'Fllsl loq or Eruaulrel ul L pre-r11ap uB p?ru Je L-g O ,..ireJq lE {ool o},, 'lJlntr{ qrueaq}ral :II ,,}l }E {ool o},, 'pBE?l e 9 O 'ttto ,,uaql pue 'se,lr iretrq r{Jlr{,tr ur asnoq aq} o}ul aruec ssaulqFr"rq
1ea-rF B +Brll uaql sr 1l puv,,'urs-pue sr L rrrn6 Iqlor I3a+ ulsl rgru ISI -llos clugl uIS-uuE sl L q O ,,urEJrA,, 'qFo 'ppry ,,{rBN,, 'a.rrnry Tsod v 600l O ,,uraq1 {q IIAOp aq},, InqBIp ul :II ,,oJar{l "' IIAJp Jr[],, 'uuB Inqerp s O ,,lllap aql paJalunoJua {r,I},, 'lnqelp aJ peasFreJruot op : U }qFno; {r,{},, ';eleFreq}Er{c op t-z tI }JrBqnpE : O ,, plBS,, 6}Jeq-pe r, ZZ
-e"red aq1 ro1) 61 or{,t.r :
[:1r
no{ sr }1.. o I
Lg I g 'Jr
i(qdu.rEl-.
..
;
-
.
.
:
,,
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auo alFurs qJEa ]Irri
laFure peuellloq g L ;rotu IInqpE pureror{} g r{)a} ur peull or L pBruuns op urs-puB aBI uropau rrBn la.IIIcuIl+ EUE qllal r{tEF -Bp IIBlsde,{ Eu rnp_Bq op L pleqal EuE FIol op L qra}sr rduro; clulgl pgr op lqlFreurnr{ e ?l crurre} g L I qFrqpurlo3 ur IplnF -rBpa op qcBtuB rduro-r qFq IrlnHI clug+ urs-puB sI ,,'EpuBuruB IIInq Eu snuuurBlloJ L snJnrls r,11 sr JrEn 4+ lrurFrBuuag,, plc -Iugl§1 ur ErlloF lqcapslolr Fe rgur qlnF op IIElsdn,{ Eu L aJrnl{ }Jaq-pe urs-pue sL,'EITBFaE§} ur uuaoJoJ oc L qclJJ oJ qlJ uaEJEur ul?J ?ur L Elr{Jeurn) oru L }Jau ohl,,:nrJ }Jaq-pe
qI
-
{rar E q}l^r pallll :: aq+ +e uaql pu Y 'r i pue 'paq Jaq rrl i' Fur{es paqsrurJ l)}r:. aurec
:
,,
\ ,
{tery ur6.rr-1
_
no.( sr 1l JoJ no i i s-.' uo oacroA ]BoJoq Il ri i ' ,,'nplJOÄ{ aq} JO tIoI-I I pue 1r{Eltrr ,(ur I)u: tuoJJ aulBc aJro^\ ]it-.'-lqFlrq pue rnoprral, i+ou plnoc plro^\\ rrll ur asnoq aql olu r r ru 'sE,^A. .(tery aJar{^\\ Js:' .
OI
L tulu op rgru r{}nF clugl urs-pue sI 'Fltsl }oq or Etuaulrel ur L prerllap uE p?ur rE pEE?l e IIIn urntuop ur rlJ sllep?J rlceu urs-pue sr L IrlnHI Iqlor I Ea+ ulsl rgru rsllros clug+ urs-uue sr L arInIAI Iqler I qoa+ uI tFrnuoc Euar{rre Ie}sde-u Eu urnc uls prBIruE repad L Igd rlugJ 'uue InqBIp rrer{cor-op L rE}aFrEr{} -Er{c op L urs-sEIp ur rnpenr{o-op lg ..'lrlqEIp ar uaerB rqFreqluc L Igd al 6rrepaqd e 'nls-plJg,, :urs-ltuts nsl lJaq-py ZZ
-
:
-uBuI lBt{} uI '1qFno; pue +I{FIJ pue
B,) .i
atu
-
+uo^\\ o \\ q}r \\
'lned
tzt
Et{3H
-i,
qi!'
321
THtr TESTANIENT OF N,IARY HERE
gur chodail ear h na höga anrn i:r
who was inside slept, except onlv the apostles and the virgins;
and Marv commanded praving and the singing of psalms. 23 It is then, moreover, that Jesus Christ, the son of the living God, came and the host of heaven together with him, and they were sweetly singing celestial choral songs before the Saviour in honour of lVIar,v- the pure virgin ('). And Christ blessed his apostles and blessed N'Iarv af terwards. And Nlary blessed him and this is what she said: "I bless you,0 Son of the heavenly Father, and .vou have f ulfilled everything you have promised to ffie , and you have sent your apostles and angels for my soul, ancl you yourself have come with them." When Mary moreover had f inished saying those words, her vital spirit departed from her, and the Saviour took her soul between his two hands and brought it nobly and honourably with him. And all the archangels of heaven arose around her, and the apostles saw her in that manner being raised up b1, the anqels, and the way in which she was seen by them \vas with a human shape and form and she was seven times brighter than snow. 24 It is then, moreover, that the apostles asked whether any other soul in the world would be as bright as the soul of Mar5r. The Saviour answered that and said to Peter: "All souls will be
gabäil do clönunr..
23 Is ancl-sin maraen ris q :il,
Crist a ö-sium
apst ''?
is
a
23:
cf
. E1 67-68;
S1 (Wnrcrrr, Contributions, Preface,
p. 14),
G1
33-35; G3 12.
il
l
er-l ,i,
t'aingil a n-r1ii,-: do Muiri na ltrir, r ; - . 7 ro gab arl slrr :. -.
10
1 at-chonncrlclLr t'
:.
hainglib I is ani.; nam duine uirr' 24 Is and-sirr .:. anum eli sa clo n r .. sin -7 ad-bert rt-. J :
r
ilo O
-7
in
tshlr i n, .
d6numh, "to clo" {,
23 t 1 muintir niri..
"with his angels ,
(.tI'I 21: cf. tr1 69-70; G1 35-36; G3 72.
singing s na höigi
,
-
chorrt I . gla in,..
of the pure r-irl i r. sin, "and blesse,l l: om.
O
.'i tur
.
rt amail sin. "in t. hi, "and the \\ ir\ ndeilb 1co nrlrt. lI : co ndeillth n 1.,
t3 snechta, "sr]{,\\ (1) LIuiri na höigi glaine, "N''Iary the pure virsin". fI read s tluiri 1 na hoigi qlaine, "lfarv and of the pure r.irgin". Ar 7, "ancl" makes no sense here, I have assumed it is an error. 'fhe ithrase is omitted in O.
}..'
,
.
,
rz.istig, "insicl1." ; l of the angels" ,tri,i (.ry,I
:
24 2 sa
dorntrn.
"the Saviour iitr...' s ad-bert, "saitl"
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'o ul l))ill' asuas ou sa{Eur .. 1,r: nu L !r!nl,f s[)r?r.r U
O ,,uIls aqJ,, 'uet.tF ue : U ,,^\ous,, 'elqraus ttr O ,,Jor{ purloJe urJoJ ueurnq E q}1.{.r,, 'qprdurn Euuaepu qqllapu oJ :II ,,ruJoJ puE adeqs uBurnq B qll.,w,,'rJJrn aurnp ureuapu oJ L qllepu o) gr,'zr, O 'uto ,,tueq+ {q uoas sBÄ\ eqs qclq..t.t ur ,{e,u. oql puE,, '}r[ 'tilo qlgp setuuoJ-op plEItuE sl L ul,, 'urs zr tt, +Bq+ O ,,JauuBIu lreura O 'ulo ,,rrrlq qll,\e,, 'slal 0, O 'uto ,,1q8no;q pue,, '';n1 L O 'uto ,,lnos (.raq),,'ureruue ur 6 O 'uto,.spJE,l.rJalJE,(retrq passalq puB,,'uls 'alou aas 'O 'uro U ,,urFJr,r a"rnd aql Jo JB oJlntr\l Ereuuaq oJ L v pue,, 'aurelF tFtqq Bu L : lsdr;ls ,,urEJrA arnd JrI+ Jo,, 'aure18 l8lqq Eu I 0 ,.JISnuI Fur8urs,, olroac ur uIEt{tuBuBJ ,e :U ,,s8uos IBJoLIJ FurFurs 'llepaJSBlJ ul IIgqE8p.rlq Be z O ,,uaAEaq;o slaFue slr{ r{}1,\e,, BuoJ : [I ,,ua^Eer{ Jo }soq aq+ pue,, 'aurru Jr}urnru L t, tZ {11aa,u.s,,
'tqtutau
qt1g1Fu1e
6qunugp LI uIEuaF op :O ,,op o1,, 'uto srulesd op 6[ Eur8urs aq] pue,, ur L 'lreqeFtuler-ls] , O Jo O ,,urarll o1,, 'uls-qlp 'ppD ,,iJ8tr11,, 'lJlntr\i Tsod ev O 'ppn ,,s1a8ue aq+ Jo sarpolatu ploJruRtrr eql qll,{&,, 'lrEure-u Bu qqrnloeJllr{ al : ,,aprsul,, 'Fr1sr z.l
oil
uuBuruB IIInq Eu plaq uls prBlrrrB sL,:Jnpad aJ lJaq-pB L uls IJIUEIS uI SnJJAJd'aJrntr{ tunuBrl aJ laFruOC unuop ES IIa runuB qllac{tu rrB Bu JE}aFreS"relJ oJ orrorrrurr urs-puB sI vz lrB}sdeq 'Elqraus 9u Ir{ }qco§ oJ IIIF oqor L rJrrn aurnp rueu -?pu or L qllapu o) Iq qlgp seruuoc-op prEIruE sr L qrlFureq Euop oal llgqrgl eFe Iq uls IrErrrE IIElsde,{ Bu rnpBcuuoqt-}E L rdurrn IIIn aruru IIFurEcrB rnpelr{cer-}E lg '? slal rlcergue IES -Enq oJ Jn+ L tulgl gp e rlpl urtsruue ur roruEIS uE qBE or L IlslB pBqlaq lBrrds E prBnqs-op EpEr op urs-ErlBlrq Eu rrrnl{ op gJl cluJrerll 9,,'oal ulgJ srBcugl L Bruue,u pafire-u E 1rFure,1 L lredsa,1 srJrno op L urep srEIIaF oJ IIInq Eu sreurluroc oJ L Eptuau JEI{}E ur JIur e'4} tulFleuuag,, :plgJ op pa sr L tunrs-? Irln1i Freuuaq or L uls rE arrntr{ Ereuuaq or L IrE}sdE e }sl.r3 qFreuuaq or W 'aurEIE lFtqq Eu Irlnr\i rrrouo Ftpp rE rcruEIS ur ruror Eptuau IrEpatsBIJ ur Ilgqe8purq Fe 1BIS L slr uoBrBur aurru.rllulntu L Iq ?C oeur +slr3 nsl Jlrrgl urs-pue
OI
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7,7,
i{
THE TESTAMENT OF MARY HERE
326
Iike that after their baptism, for when they ieave their bodies, the darkness of their corporeal sins will cling to them; for no one else can keep himself from sin as the body of Nfary could, and that is why her soul is brighter than the soul of every other person." It is then that Jesus said to Peter: "Put her shroud around the body of Mary and take her with you to the side of the city (1), for it is there that there is a new burial place'(2), and put her in the burial place and guard it as I have commanded you." \ÄIhen Jesus, moreover, said those \Ä,,ords, it is then that Mary's body spoke, and what she said was that "yo, remember, O King of eternal glory, every keeping that I have made (3) of the things commanded to me according to prophecy until today". Jesus, moreover, answered the body of the Virgin Mary, and this is what he said to her: "I rn,ill not leave you", said he, "for you \ rere my pure temple, O everlasting mother, and most pure treasure-chest of the conception, and keeping of the body of the Lord and of the divine pure mystery." When he had finished that spell of praising his mother, \Iary ascended to heaven (a). a
.
cf
. Ioh.
19 ,11
(1) The reading of O, do leith cli, "on the left side", is to be retained, as it agrees rvith the Ethiopic and Greek witnesses (tr1 70; G1 36; G3 12). F-or DoxeHUE (p. 6a, n. 52), the original text corresponded with the Latin in derteram partem ciuitatis (T § 6,20; L2 28; cf. Irish homily on the Life of Mary § 17),the direction "right" had been lost in the exemplar of IIO and the scribe of O, or his predecessor, "probablv supplied 'left,' because some designation of direction \ ras expected with leith, 'side"'. (2) For the variant reading Anna.r. a mathar fein, "of Anna, that is, of her own mother" in O, which seems to be erroneous, see Doxruun, p. 64, n. 52: "anne has its origin, I believe, in a misreading of nua, 'new'. The phrase'of her own mother'may then have been added as a gloss." (3) da-rönasa, " that I have made". This reading represents a slight emendation of darnasa in O. The reading do raid sium, "he said" in fI makes no sense here. For further evidence in support of this emendation see DoNAHLTE, p. 64, n. 53. (4) Ö thairnic d-ö-sum in tres-sin d.o molail a. mathar ro frescaib Muire docum nime, "When he had finished that spell of praising his mother, Mary ascended to heaven". As DoxeHUE (p.65, n.55) points out, "the context makes it clear that Christ and not l\,{ary rises to heaven at this point". He also points out that this is the case in several Latin versions, including the Latin T version. Donahue's suggestion that the error in the Irish text was "possibly a misreading of the abbreviation for crist" is untenable.
tar eis a mbaist i a peccaid corl)Lu choimöd ar l)er r a hanum an..i ii l .. Pedur: " GaJra r, i leith na catht'ir ,.adnucul hi -1 t',,i:uero isu I na lr:.ed rt; räid "9ur',
:
:
:
.
:,
10
,
;
Do fregair inrnr, 'Ai fuigeb-sa t L. a mäthair rIlariJ. cuirp in C oi nr clr i . in tres-sin do ni, , :
15
ilo 4 asa corpailt. "oLil 5 a-peccaid, "ol ti-
lI: Muiri fein. "JI
gach duine ele. "
ad-bert, "saicl"
cli,
"lef
t
".
See
,
i-
() n,
Anna, that is. o1 ]t, "you remember" li na glöiri suthain,--.
rs da-rönasa. "th., said" ff . See rtott. the Virgin" ont. ( I
gidha, "of keeltin.rüine diadha. "i.1 r,
:
-
,
.
.
,
O 'uto ,,{ra1s.(u arnd aurlrp aq} Jo pue,, 'Er{pEIp aurnJ -UEIF eu L O 'uto,,{poq aq} Jo,,'d;rnc Ä[ O ,,Furdaa{ Jo,,'EIIplF -slel : U ,,eJnd,, 'uE1F 1 ntu : O ,,f-,, 'otu gI O 'uto ,,utFrr1 aq1 'alou aas'U,,plBS Jo,,'rFrg tu O 'uto,,.(epo1 lllun,,'q8nrue snF aq,,'runrs-preJ op O ESEuJBp :rsdr;rs,,apeur aABq I 1€r{},,'ESEuoJ-Ep s,
O ,,pJo'I O,, 'eu;aFr1 B :Il ,,{;o1F IEuJa+a ;o Fury O,, 'aureqlns r.rrglF eu rJ E O ,, eJaqurarual no{ op,, 'es-1ea1 ureurnc ur : U ,,Jaqruaural no{,, ees'O ,,Jeqlour u,uo Jaq Jo'sl +eq1 'euuy 'leal ureurnc qo-rnF zilelou 'elou ees ',,1Jo1,, 'llJ Jo,, 'ulal JBqlBru B 'l' euuv :U ,,aou,, 'Enu 6 'ppD ,,apls aql o1,, 'qllal op Tsod o-a U UrBqnpB :O ,,plBS,, '1;aq-pe
O,,plJoa aql ul,,'unquop Je'ppD,,uosJad Jaqlo,(;arra Jo,,'ala aurnp qce8
Tsod ,,ir81,11 yo
U Bu:O,,uer{},,'gue L g {poq oq},,'a;rntrq
d"roc
O,,JIesJaq.(;etrq,,'ulal IJInI^ü:U O,,plJo,{A. aq}
ul,,'untuop;e'ppv
,,asla auo ou,, 'alla I{Jau sod O 'uro ,,suIS JIeq} Jo,, 'pteccad e g O,,plJo,tn. aq+ ul,,'lnqFaes urJB:II ,,sarpoq Jlaql Jo +no,,'qred;oo ESR ?
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1
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328
TFIE TESTAi\,IENT OF N,IARY HERE
25 Then, moreover, Peter and the other apostles besides and the three virgins who were attendit g the bodl. of the Yirgin Mary went, and the1, all lifted up the bod,v of N{ar}' noblv and honourablv as befitted her. It is then that Peter took the palm in his hand and said to .John: "O John", said he, "since -you are the purest among us ('),go in the direction of the path ancl traverse it before the body of Marv and proceed to praise the Lord." Then.John said to Peter: "You are our father and chief apostle, our master and unshaken foundation and, O head of the heavenlv and earthly church, it is in your hand that God has placed the keys of heaven and the power of the heavenlr, city." It is then that Peter arose and began to sing his psalms and said then: "In eritu Israhel de trgipto domus lacop de populo
25 Ar sin trir 1na tri högha r' thöcbadur-sin u r.. dingbäla di. Is i;. 5 at-bert re hEr,riit: 1 eirig ar a nlu s r, cenn molta in [,, ,. :.. ar n-athair I u r' r. cumscaigti -l rr t.;t. 1o do-rat Dia eoch t':, and-sin do öricl Jr. adubairt ann: "lit
"
,
-'barbaron."
26 Is amlairl -i:
barbarou ."
26 It is thus that the soul of the Virgin l\Iary was carried to the clouds of heaven, and her body was carried on earth among the apostles to the burial place. \\rhen the Jewish people and the chiefs of the Jewish priests heard tlte apostles singing their psalms over the bod_v of the \rirgin Ilarv and the crying of her friends keening her, it is then that that the diabolic head of the Jewish priests and the tempter among angels
adhnacuil. Ot-c.hi.
,
ndIüblaigi na ir rr l : 5 öighi 1 gol a (,i, r' , chindech na Sä t.r: r' -
ilo 25 z öighi, "of thr \'_, _ lI: corp naemh (rrr1,r '
§25 a. cf. Ps. 111 (113),1
L'LI
25 cf. tr1 7l;
G1 37: G3 13.
LiM 26: c'f. E1 72; 51 (WnrcHr, Contributions, preface, p. 14-15); G1 38; G3
13.
bgdy of the holr-
nr
s a Eoin, "O John" Ii
palh and traversr. huinn, "take the I,., . .. apostle" O: ar n-u.r.,. "master" add. mtrinI
.
(our) unshaken fourr l,,
do-rat Dia eochrut.lr (1) is tri is oigi againd, "-vo, are the purest amone us". Doxrr{uE, p. 46-17, § 25, understood is oigi here to mean "-youngest". In a note, p.65, n.56, he points out that Peter's r,vorcls in two Latin versions are "Thou art a virgin" and that this ma)'have been the original reading
in the Irish text. He then
suggests that the Irish reading, which he proposes, "Inav have originated in a confusion of the graph s og(h), 'virgin,' and og,'yottng"'. In the light of the eviclence of the Latin versions, however, it is clear that the adjective intended here is öq, "whole, entire, integral " rvhose primar5r meaning when used of persons, as pointecl out in DIL, O, col. 110,31-36, is "complete, lacking in nothing" or "unsullied, pure".
u-
3r,
the power of the hr.:'.
t7 do gabäil, "to de
Egipto domus
.
,
.
sir-_
ltr,',
i
de Egipto domLts lrr, ,,:
26 t Is amlaid sin. "of the Virgin" on.t. "being carried " [) bech, "impious chir. diabulairchindech. ' neach, "the heacl
-
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pue ilqou iretrq ;o
i1,
urFrrTl aql Jo {poc1 JLr puB saprsaq sal+socle .i,
Euar{3rB ala lrelsdeq EU L rBpad prBrlqr-op
.
gu3H.\
9Z-92
67,t
*T:lil
*.lqtf,h*
330
THE TESTANTENT OF NIARY FIERE
of the human race and the urging of every evil and the hindrance of every good leaped up and said to them: "Rise up and kill the apostles, and burn the body of Nlary for it is that which bore the deceiver who came to you." 27 It is then, moreover, that the Jewish people came with sharp swords and great rough cudgelsn and heavv axes to kill the apostles. It is then that their sight was struck from their eyes and their strength from their hands and their power of motion from their feet, so that the Jews \ ,'ere like that without knowledge of direction as to what path they should go. And in spite of that, the power and the strength of the devil were with the Jews, so that one of them made a wild hasty rush to break the palm that was in the hand of John of the Breast and to knock the body of Mary off the bier. And he stretched his hands towards the bier, and it is not on account of that that it was not grasped, for his hands separated from his body' and stuck to the bier. It is then that the Jew cried out piteouslv and began to beseech the Saviour and the apostles to help him. Peter the apostle answered him, moreover, and said to him: "If you believe that Jesus Christ, the Son of the living God, could cure you, 1,ou would be healed." The Jew answered
1 furälum
gac,h:,
riu: "Eirgicl
n,., .
5
gera -7 gO S0I1r1., -, marbad na r1-r1l ,- I 'l a nert asa iiitt hlüdaib mar sin _ edh sin do bi (. ,.:..
.
.
,
:
nech dib-sin sr,i. bi i lläim Eoin ; : do shin a lä nr ri 10-uair do deiliq.,i.,
.
tslänici 1 na n-r; " \immorro Peclur' .;. \ isu Crist, nrar. Ir. :
IIO z furälum, "ureit.LO
: toirmiscth i. ", '
baid na hapstail. i
"let the apostlr: : of Mary" fI: loirq:.
a. cf. Matth. 26,47.55; N{arc. 14,43.48; Luc. 22,52
g e,
LiM 27: cf. E1 73-74.76' S1 (WnrcHr, G1 38-,13; G3 13.
Contributtons,
Preface,
p.
15),
.
e ro imorchair i:. 27 Is ancl-srn .
"that" fI: i. ' -.
-
:
.
27 z g6ra, " garba -7 co axes" [I : cu spears" o
dach, "wild
knock the ärad, "bier
tarthas sin, he-sin nach
"for" om. O post truag, "pitr. "the Saviour" fl:
,. r
-l
om.0 ad-l;ert r.mac Dö bi, "Chrr:., "cure you" fl: th .r would be healecl" I I släinti add.
cuir'1,
-
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fl
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O 'ppD ,,puB ';ren
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of,
paruEaJJS,, (L
U ,,(u!nua)un
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7ra7
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-ruururap Jrcslp Ä palurod-prert {)lql
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q}1.arr,,
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OF
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rrEFarJ oU'gp lrrBqoql op lr{re}roJ urn 1e1sde-u Bu L Irlugls} uI qoelle Jr qEF or L Fentl oJ IEr{pr,U-} ur IIoF or urs-prre sI 'pBJ-B uop JElEual op L d"roc BuaJ Eurgl e JBpaFrllap op JrEn uls sBrtlJBl r{JEu urs-rJrBrl ru p plBJg uB urns Errrgl E ulqs op L perg uop arrnl^T d;rnc 1;rnFserl op L rpurnrq ulog urlgll I Iq op rulred Bu pasrrq op r{cBpruruurap rrf,srp Iqpls uls-qlp qcau Fn-r or qleler{pqlq euFe IIEqBIp }rau L B}r{)Etuno Iq op uls qpa lg 'sIEpI{JEr E rIEuoJ y) nJE eroeJ} srJ uEF urs reur qlEpIrIrI
puy 'oF plnoqs i... lnoq+l^\ +Et{} aY I I ,r.. : Jo ;a,trod JIaq1 pu l JIaq+ uIoJJ {Jl].l}: :r':' III{ o} saxe .(.ruar1 I ': r{}ll\ aruEJ aldoa cl ti.
Eu rnpgq Ero) qrBsoc ESE lqcalur-u e L qlBtugl ESE +Jau B L qlllBs ESE srBpBr E I peuaq or uIS-uuE sI 'lelsde-u Eu peqreru op BruoJl qrBr{tBr{}urBs oc L oeq-reF Eroru qrBpuos oF L EJ9F qltuqplBlr oc tFtetqr,rt lndod ur rlug+ orrorurur urs-puB sI LZ
:
-
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lerll
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sr 1r roJ .(ru11
1,,
dn aslU,, :tuaq+ (-)] i -ult{ aq} pue II^\r .i.:.
lraq-pB
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97,
EH3Ii
'
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, _
332
THE TESTAMENT OF I,IARY HERE
him and said these words: "I believe indeed", said he, "that it is God who blinded us (') and who refused our faith when we crucified Jesus Christ because of envy and jealous-v." And it is then that Peter said: "If you believe with a full heart, rise and bless holy lVlary and kiss the bier on which the body is, and you will be healed." And the Jew did as Peter commanded him, and he was healed since he had repented earnestly to God through the miracles of lVlary and the apostles. 28 After that Peter said to the Jew: "Take this palm in your hand and go into the city, and let everyone w'hose eyes and hands and feet were taken from them there believe in Jesus Christ, the Son of the living God; and put this palm on them and they will be healed immediatel.,v through the miracles of God." It is then that the head of the priests came among the Jewish people as Peter had said to him, and he told them how he himself was healed and said to them: "Each one of you who will believe as I have believed will be healed." And all the people of the city did as the head instructed them and the-v were healed and they all believed in God and in the apostles. It is then that the apostles brought the bod.v of Nlary to the burial place, and the apostles sat around the burial place as the Saviour had previously commanded them. It is then
UM 28: cf. E1 76-78 (beginnirg); G1 43-15 (beginning).17; tr1 89; 51 (WnrcHr, Contributions, p.46,20-30); G1
G3
cf.no
47
15
Do fregair in t - l ön", ar se, "('ur j an tan ro cr-ot'1. ,: sin ad-bert Pe,ir,: naigh naent ll u i släineochar thLr' I do slänaighe,i .. builib Muire r. 28 Ar sitt u i-, ad' läim -7 örir l - . -7 a läma -7 tl r-'' ,in pailm-so (-)r'r' D6." Is and-sin -,; amail ad-ltert I)e fein I ad-ltrr': disa, slänöcha r' .. do tecaisc in t-r,-: dar uili do Diri tail corp ]Iuir',: :
20
:
r
5
.
10
:
a timcill in
rtri
rs do fregair in
",.
tI
him and said t h r :. "said the der-il" (
1, " blinded
u
s
[1
n,
i
t7 isu Crist, ".Jr: . adubairt il 1s pö9, "kiss" fl: ])-: r.
28 t ad-bert. "5r:. "his eye" II .: L. 5 aircindech nit ),: head" O 6 ,:'. z ad-bert, "sairi" do creidisa, slirrr, tecaisc in t-aircirr :.
{
(1) ro dall stnn, "who blinded us". fIO omit sinn and O also omits ro dall 1. I have supplied an independent pronoun rather than an inf ixed one here because, as pointed out in the Introduction, there are onlv two examples of infixed pronouns (both 1't singular) ous examples of independent pronouns.
in the text and
numer-
people of the c'itr
apostles" ont. ( roime, "prer-iotrs-)
'
O ,,}slJr{3,, '}slJ3 : [I
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aq],, 'plc]ugls
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ul zL
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GGG
OI
'urJrf
:
+
aceld Ierrnq rq ] o1 {;ey,q Jo
^(1rr,,1
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,
-
:
aIUEJ s+sarJd aq1
aq+
-
qFnorql i1.r 1,
;
uled slql lncl I,ri,' uI a^arlaq aJJr,l] I r: sa.(a asoq,\.\ auo i-r--.". ut uled slq+ rI IU_ OZ
-uaq t- Fl.llg 'uelutoc lqpterc g qFrpra"re gHL, :repod uaq-pe uls -puB sI L ,,lnurJoJ JB L qlqul JE lslJ3 .sl JEurEr{ooJJ oJ uB} uE ru-uaproJc JB +lllp oJ L uurs IIBp oJ EICI ? qoJn3,, ,?s Je o,,ug IS-rulplar3,, :os-ErlEIrq Eu lrrBqnpB L qq IEqpll-1 ur "rre8a"rJ oc gI 8Z-
C'CIC'
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.:
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.
-
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LZ
3U3tl
334
THE TESTAMENT OF MARY HERE
that Jesus Christ, the Son of the living God, came together with his angels and said to them: "Peace and joy to -you and my strength." Then Jesus Christ said to Michael to take the body of Mary with him into the clouds of heaven. And when they had taken the body with them into the clouds of heaven, Jesus Christ said to his apostles: "Gather close about me." And after the5r had moved together, they went together into the clouds of heaven with the Saviour; and he said to them: "Go to the paradise of Adam." And when the apostles came to paradise, it is there that they found the body of Mary, under the tree of life in paradise before them. 29 Mary's soul was brought again into her body, and it is then that the apostles said to Jesus: "'We asked that hell be shown to us when we were once together with you." Jesus said to them: "It w'ould be the worse for you to see it." "Though that may be, we have not consented for you not to show it to us, and you promised to show it to us and to reveal it on the
and-sin täinic' I -." ad-bert fliur ":n. 15
isu Cfist re ]l it ir
-
trt ö ro thöcltr,rt r,: rena apstalaib: ^
20
,
ceili do-cuaclar i,: . cid 1 ad-bert frir.: tar na hapsttrtl , crand na bethtr,l 29 Tucad a ili, r, na hapstail re it I an tan do ltä nt ir :' "Dobo misti clrr r; - \ uait-si gan a thrr.r; ,
,
,
=
lIo
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29: cf. E1 89-90; 51 (\\rnrcHr, Contributions, p. 46,31-17,18): G1 48.
rs Crist, mac De i ,. cona ainglib, "\\'itir : t+ ad-bert friu. "::r. 1 suba, "and jr,rr"
.
.
"strengtlt" acld. - r.r, ad-bert, "said" (): .:
.
(...) to Michael" I I rc post ö ro thocli.r . a nellaib nime. " ir, .
adubairtfl
l
,
ri:
do cuimscedar arL, do-cuad ar (follor, ,,:
a n-entaib, "toErli'.:adubairt riu ll apostles ...
to" fl
:
29 t ad-b ert at a r'. 2 d'iarumur. \\
..
iffernn, "hell" fl :
:.
n-aill. Ad-bert I-, O: fecht maraen +-s gerb edh. ni:' : that may be. \\.c l'- ,' giabhmaid-ne ui:. :
-
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'rulepy
:
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,
.
,,'aIII ]nOqE esol,) .r..,. 'uo^Bar{ Jo spnolJ .,:. uar{,^A. puY'ua^\Bar{ ; aql a>lB+ 01 IaEqJI I\ pue noi 01 {r[ I]rrir * laqlaFol aureJ 'pc-r, I
6Z-82
iI
EU3
T
336
THE TESTAMENT OF' N{ARY HERE
day that N{ary would come to her rest." It is then that the Saviour said to them: "I will show,vou hell if you desire it". "We do, indeed", said the apostles. When they had finished saying that, äil enormous great cloud came to them, and the apostles, Michael and the Virgin Marv were lifted together with the Saviour and they went to hell, and the apostles were let down on the ground there. It is then that Jesus Christ said: "Let hell be opened for us" and it was opened immediately. 30 When the great host of hell saw the Saviour, the apostles, the angels, the Virgin Mary and Michael the archangel above them, they began to weep and to sorrow, to u,ail and to grieve heavily and to lament very greatly. And this is what the people of hell said: "O Michael, you are our ruler, our head, our abbot and our strength, and it is you who labours on our behalf." When the apostles, moreover, saw the sorrow (1) and the torments of hell, they could not bear to look at it. And it was then that Michael turned his face to the ground and wept and lamented greatly and was praying to the Lord to give them help; "and I think", said he, "that it is I who am enduring those torments." Jesus said to Michael: "Arise and
-T
a töcbäil an
-
l
immorro ar' r. irt
,
Jluire ögh nl r r'.: "Oslaicter iffrr l.
l
hapstail I nrl h.,. ro gabsat ic r- r, 1ag truagrlenj.. "A Ntichöil. is t,. -
:
I ar nert I is -. trä na hnpst u r, , _ fhegad. fi is ln r-" cai l toirsi nl ,l d o tobairt clor l r
i0
ang na pia n-u
t
ilo G
LrM 30: cf. tr1 90.; 51 (WnIcur, Contributions, p. 17,18-30); cf. E1 93-95.
-l a
O.
töcbäil. "an
ad-ltert.
Isu, "Jesus" show" O
:
\
O 10
they went to h..
rr is ann sin acl-i
..
30 r adbul, "grc.r'. 2 I na haingil.
:
arcaingel, "at'chl, :.. tromtoirsi -l ag t:' .
"the people of irr^. "and our heacl. r ',^l om. O. See not e. "to look at it" () ground" O 8-1_ (1) Taigerad is explained in DIL s.u. as "enticing, decoying, luring into a trap". This can hardly be its meaning here and I have assumed that the word has been confused with toi-diuire, "sadness, sorrow" which I so translate. It is omitted in O.
and was pravi n.
1 is ed ro
lt at-bert,
,-*m
:
raiclh.
"saitl
"
r
6+Jaq-+B LL LI lJIBqnpB :O ,.PIES,, o ,, plBS aq }Br{,Ae sr slq} puB ,,(11uauaqa^ 1da.,u. o{,, ,qplBJ oJ pa sr L Ersrp nc IBc op : u ,,dlr,{ uar{1 arr8 o} proT aql o} Eurie-rd sBA\ pue ,(11ear8 paluatuel pue pue,,'qlgp op urn Fapruro3 1da.ro. lrreqo] lrlJe+roJ uI rprn8-repa Ee Iq op L -rgu rsrrol L IBJ auror-op L or-e O ,,puno;E eql o1,, 'tel IJJ :U ,,puno;E aq1 o1,, 'ureru1e1 IJJ g O ,,11 +E {ool o},,
6qruBar{}ral
L qpe"raFrel
eFe : U ,,}l }E lool o},,
z,-s
'1;au re L qB-u;e 'uur;;r Jrlurnru ?
o
'pBFgqJ
Bcl g-L
.a}ou oas .O
bs 1 qclq,\\
. .\\o.r.rr,:
Eur"rnl 'oour-i,,
olul
patunssB
lBtll
a-rnL{
.uro
'uto ,, ql8ua;+s Jno puB +oqqe Jno 'peaq ;no pue,, .uro,,llaq;o aldoad r,{},,
L qJauurcJre-u;e L
O 'tuo
01 puB IIB^N 01 '.{A.oJJos
9-9
O
,,,(11ear8 .(-ra,r. +uatuel
o} pue,,
o-rrorulnqpe
o] pue ilr.Leaq
a,r.ar;E
laurau8enJ} Ee L rsJro}ruoJ}
Eu L eqnFllenu Ee L ugJqop Jr L ?-t, O 'uto ,,1afiueqore,, ,lafiuree;e O'uto,,s1a8ue aql pue,,,1r8ureq Eu L z .uto,,1EaJF,, ,lnqpB ul [ 0t O
O'uto,,urFJrr1,,'qFg
oilsl : ,plalugls O .,snsef,, U ,,JnorAES aq},,
LI ,,plES puB,, '1;reqnpe L:O ,,plBS ". lBrll uaq] sl trL, ,lJaq-pB urs uuB sr ,, o ,.llaq Jo aJUEJ+ua oq+ o1,, 'uur.r;r snJop oc : If ,,llaq o1 }ua,{. fr.{t .uto,,ulFJIA,,, ,q8g or pue,, 'pu;a;rq oc Jnpenqc-op L O O ,,,ltor{s III,\[ L, 'es-pe;uBaqsrB] :Il (.,^A.or{s III,Atr L, ,es-leqaclg} O ,,snsaf,, ,nsl : II ,JnolAES aq1,, 'plclu-Bls ur Ä [I ]JIEqnpE : O ,, plES,, 6]Jeq-pe O ol pue,, ,llgqcgl e L g ,,.,(poq,, 'dJoJ 'ppv,,o1,, 'op lsod O.uto,,1r IBaAeJ ou
pu.E asrJY., :ia
op csros L plF.rq Eu?c[,, :l?ol1l amsl ]raq-]v ,,.+n-uerd Eu Fue -lnJ cr g+e ul?J ?ur sl,, ogs JB ,,,Bs-urnr1 JBp L,, qlgp lJrBqol op ltlcBlroJ urn Fapuro3 uI IpInFrEpa Fe Iq op L rgtu rsrro+ L IEr aurgr-op L urBrulBl paFre E IgclHI 3n1 urs-puB sr lg .pBF?r{J IrJ *,nZt L[ Ecl l{}laq rE}EpaJ rlu I uurryl BuEId L qpetaFrel Ire}sder"l Eu Vr+ JEpBOuuot{c-}O ,,'puac JE JB} SnIFIEJ}aEqS} {r} Sr L }Jou JB L qe-u JE L qoauuIJJIE-u JB L -rrglFreuurBlloJ JE r.r1 sr 'll?r{JIHI v,, :uuIJJI JIluInIu lasplgJ oJ pa sI L Jlotulnqpe laruauFenJl Fe L Isrloltuorl Fe L BqnFIIEnu Fe L uorqop or L IEO cr IBSqEF or pulc ESg laFurec;e l?qtltr\l L qFq arrntr{ L lr8ureq Eu L lrelsdeq
OI
Il
ri
.
;,:
urB or{,^(\ I sr }l },,:: . pJoT aql o+ oout i, : punoJF aq] o 1 a.', ,r - \ '11 18
.
(_)} .(:
{ool
(,) ,rn ouos a{ + \\ i : uo sJnoqEI orl \\ rr ,
lBr{,^(\
sr
.
slql prr\'
.
puE IIE,\A. O+'^\\o.r.: \ laFueqcre aq] {l: ;,
Eu L prcruBls ur uurrJJr InqpB rr+urnur rBlBsuuoqc-}o 0t
'? rlg+?o r paFrEISoq or L ,,pulqp puraJJr ra+rrEISO,, :1slr3 nsl lraq-pB UIS-uuE sI 'uIS-puE [elsdeq Bu rgl rE paFII or L puJaJIq 03 Jnpenl{o-op L mruEIS ursrJ uaBJEru qFq arrnl{
L I?qrlry L lrelsdeq Eu peqcgl Er L nrnqc rgurlnqqptr
'Älatrerpatuurr [,:
OI
sallsode
aJa,&\
lslJr{3 snsJI.
:prBS
]
arl
raqlaFol palJI{
-,,
:
j,
.
r,.
r.r.,
-,:
I
I?u
.
,
aql puB '*r,{} o} r -.: paqsrurJ per{ ,(aq } ri.. noi JI Ii: .:
clulpl Bppr op uls-qlgp JIurrEr[] g'lle]sdeq Eu rB',,oJroruurr IIg sr,,,,'qll IIg pBru puraJJr qlBp BS-+ECISJISJ,,:nrr prsruBls ur lraq-pB urs-puB sJ,,'lrlnnl op pBuBslrrnr Bqor gl uE llgqsgl E L
.
',,1l aJISap
aql lBr{} uaq} sr }i
0t-6u
/ C.C' LGG
Et{3 }r
THE TESTAMENT OF N,IARY HERtr
338
cease your weeping, for those people are no dearer to you than to him who made them, and your mercy is no better than the mercy of him who gave life to them. Atrd, O Nlichael, it is not fitting for you yourself to sa-y that, for I have given my blood on their behalf and I have assumed human shape for them. You, moreo\rer, O Michael, are interceding for them for a period of one hour with the one who has been interceding for them for eternity (t). Arise, O Michael, and show the apostles some of the torments of hell." It is then, moreover, that Michael went with them and showed them people with heavy fiery sods burning in their mouths, and they could not speak and they were moaning and enduring their torment. It is then that Mary and the apostles asked: "What evil have those people done who are in those great torments?" Jesus answered them and said: "They are wise people and people who know and are familiar with the divine scriptures", said he, "and renowned teachers who did not themselves fulfil the divine pure mysteries which thev made for all."
chai öir ni ha Il ":, ni ferr do troc'uIi',-a Micheil, ni rllrilr'fuil tara cenn-- .Tusa immorro. il li orro a fuil tre I i:. II
.
15
Micheil, -7 taislr,::. Is and-sin trä rl,,föit troma tentir. '7 siat ag ega i n c Muire I na hapS,.,.. na piana mörtr-r1:' egnaidhi 1lucht - forcedlaid anlril i. do chäch." .
20
25
:
:
tIo tz inä, "than" O: .. "not better" ll: iti ti do-rat betha ri',-t otn. O t4 po.:/ ., I i an ni at-beri, "thr i, . -
.
I do gabus assumed
del
htr ma
Ir i n -: ,
..
Michael" add. ar I..,,
of " II: re feaclh. ' ag edarguidi 0r'r',. interceding l,r' tara cenn, "foI' th..':chuaid Michöl leo :
.
and showed thenr' zo troma, "hea\-)'
r
I
not" O: nar, ''thit-. t. Muire 1 na
(1) Tusa immorro, a Micheil, fri rö na hönuai-re, do-ni-se edarguidi orro a fuil tre bithu ag edarguidi orro tara cenn, "You, moreover, O N[ichael, are interceding for them for a period of one hour with the one who has been interceding for them for eternity". The syntax of this sentence is somervhat unusual. It is simplified in O: Tusa uero, a Micel, ar Isa, re feadh na haenuairi, do-ni urnaidhti tara ceann, at-bert 1ssu, "You, moreover, O Michael, said Jesus, during one hour, are praying to me for them, Jesus said ".
ba.-*
*
-
haprst., -.
do fiarfaig Perlu i' . fuilet na piana n. ,-
lid amlaid siurl.
,
to them" ll: JIit... l. eolais na scriltt u:' r na glanrüine diii,1-,. with the dir-ine : l themselves fulf
il
.
::'
ar se 1 niro corlill .. he, and thev thrt:. --
t
"
.
'
O ,,sFurqeeal aql IIJInJ +ou plp sallasuaql iaql pue plesouatu esIA uasoqc are {aq},,'BIpBaJJoJ Eu ural srpllrerrroc oJru L as;e
6aq
pnls lrlpleq8ol rqpreuca : U ,,sar;a1s.(ur a;nd aurlrp aql IIJInJ sallastuaql lou plp oq1vr sJar{ceal pau.^loual puE,,'aq pres'.,saJn1drJcs aurAIp aql qll,tir JErlrruBJ aJB puB,{A.ou{ oq1rt aldoad puB aldoad asra,,'BpBIp aurnJuel8 eu ul?J IIIBIUoo Jgu BJIUB prelpocJoJ L '?s rB 'urs-eperpu rqldrrcs Eu sreloe O ,,laer1crl\1,, 'latl1l : II ,,uoq1 01 L sU lqcnl L rqpreuFa aurep gz-tz
snsaf,,'qlgp rsl tz
O,,}Er{} a{ll aJE or{a,,'pnls prBIruE pll
-lnJ EJ : II ,,slueurJol lear8 asoql ur eJB orIA,, '1r,r-er9u euerd Eu ]ellnJ EJB tz-zz O ,,leeqcrl,{ pa>lse Ja}ad,, 'lacltr{ op Jnpad Ere;rer; op : pa{se pue sallsode aq} {retrq }Bq} ueq} sr }L, '1re1sdeq Eu L arrntr{ U ,, Fre;.rerqJ op urs-pue sI zz-LZ O ,,sluatuJo+ Jleql Eur"rnpua ]nq,, 'uerd B iiuelny cB l{}raq lI{cB : L[ ,,]uaturol rlaq] Fur"rnpua pue Furueou araa Ar,{t pue,, 'auad e FuelnJ Ee L aureF? Fe IBIS L vz L[ ,,lou ]ErIl,, 'JBu : O ,,]ou opBSBI JE oBfuoJ+ "' pue,, ';tu L oZ O'uto,,Futu;nc[,, O'll]o,,i.t.eaq,,
snsaf 'uaql JoJ rrir O 'ra.toolotu 'no-\.. ':',
qpDal aJ 'ns1 tu '1.,.,.11,-a{uos sr aSua}uJs sr." uoaq sBq oq.\\ air0 ii: aJB '1aeqcr1t O '.rr.', -
.
D o.rJo
tptn\tnpd d\-...-
O ,,tuaq1 pa.^.oqs Iaur{Jrtr{,, 'qqlop Iacrl{ ueeqsreq} op :LI ,,rueq} pa.l.oqs pue qll,t.r +ua,^n, Iaeqcrtr{ "'JaloaJour,,'qlgp uaqsre} op L oal I?r{Jrtr{ prenqc
uaql
-op gJ+ 6[ O,,plES snsaf,,'nss1 ]Jaq-]E'ppn,,uor{} JoJ,,'uual BJB} Tsod LL O ,,FurÄBrd,, 'rlqpreurn : U , r(1rura1e JoJ Eurpac"relul uaaq seq oq,\e auo oql qll.At tueql JoJ Eurpacralul,, 'oJJo rprnE-repa Ee nqllq grl IInJ e orro rprn8repa Lt-lL O ,,FurJnp,,'rIpEaJ aJ :II ,,Jo 'alou aas 'O ,,snsaf plBS,, 'es1 re 'ppD ,,laBr-[JrHI porrad B JoJ,, '?J IJJ O,,'ll?qcllt E Tsod 9r O 'uto,.uoql JoJ adeqs uetunq paunsse aAEr{ I pue JIEqaq rlaq} uo,,'uos BrE runrun aurnp qlap snqeF op L +r,rs O ,, qsalJ {ur pue,, '1roa;,tu L 'ppD ,, poolq {*,, 'llnJ,u Tsod 9T LI ,,+Erll ies o1,, 'Er{pgJ op urs : O ,,ies noi lBr{} Erlqt aql,, ',r'aq-1u ru uE O ,,snsaf plES,, 'nsl JB 'ppv ,,laeqtrtrt O,, 'll?qtltr\l e Tsod r:L O 'tilo ,,uraq1 o+ aJII are8 oq.t\ rulrt Jo {c;au aq} uer{},, 'qlgp Erl}aq }Er-op }} uI rJrBJoJl Bu O ,,asn;o;d aJotu ]ou,, 'r8urs;rey ru : il ,,Ja11aq ]ou,, 'ua; Iu tt O 'uto ,.tulq o1,, 'utstal U Eu : O ,.uetll,, '-Bul zt OU
-Jals{u aJnd Jrr r \, , pau^\oual
,,'rlJgr{c op
srlru-op BpEIp aurqruBlF Bu ul?J llrBruoc rgu ErurE plBlpaJroJ L,,, '?s JE ',,uls Eperpu JnldrJts Eu sreloa L slJ lr{cnl L rqpreuFa aurB0,, :lJrBqnpB L qlgp nsl JTEFaJJ oc ,, 6 }q-BJgrrr EuBrd Bu IAIInJ BJB }r.r-lqCnl uB aurgJ-Op slor{ gJ,, :lrB}sdBq Eu L aJrnIAI Frey"rerq; op urs-pue sI 'auad e Fueln; Fe L aureF? Fe +BIS L lrrBqBI rElEpaJ rlu L pEsBI rE qlBl?qul BUE 1Fr1ua1 Bluorl +lgJ L aulep qlgp uaqsrel op L oal I?qclru prenqc-op grl urs-pue sI ,,'purlJr qreuerd op Iqllau qrelelsde,{ Euop uaqsre} L 'll?qcl1l
E'rs-Fr;g'uuac EJE1 oJJo rprnF-repa Fe nqllq arl IInJ e orro rprnFrBpa as-ru-op oaJrBnugr{ Eu ?J IJJ 'll?qclnl E 'oJJorurur BSnJ 'uos EJE urnrun aurnp qlap snqBF op L l}s-uuac EJE} Iln.l,tu BsnpBr-op rrBn rraq-}B Iu uE ulgJ ns-+lp;nFa1p ru'll?r{rlnl 'lg'ql9p Brlloq lBr-op I+ ur rrrBf,orl _Bu
9Z
:
pu r?.. ' - .1
aJB puB .Aeou)[ 0t[
1,,
uAq+ paJaA\Su ti S l'ialdoad osoq+ a-\Ir rr
"'-
-
lBtll uaq+ sr +I '}Lr.r; : puB >leads lou IrIn Ä.rar; Ä,reaq qll\\ . OZ
IaEI{CIHI
lBrl} '.rJ \|-,..
.
.
-
sallsodB aql -\\orls I ..
'
"ro; FurpaoJalur r.rJ.rr, \
9I
e
as-rrrBcgrl op rral Iu Iu rlg IEr{r
L lEI ruor-op I1 ursral gul +q-}r{rnl ur ES-}al ESuuEr{
6tt
roJ uaq+ roJ Fu1p., .. . JoJ aduqs uBru nr{ I ,r. ' {u ualrF aAEq 1 .rr,sI 11 6laeq)Itr{ O 'l,u',, aql ueql ral]aq orr r.
:
UEII1 no,( o1 JaJBJI,T r i"
-ct{3I1
0g
_ru -
THE TESTAMENT OF NTARY HERtr
340
31 It is then, moreover, that they saw'other people, near those in great and strange torments, that is, their hands on f ire continuousl,v and they could not look up at all to seek help, and small infants out of their buttocks eating them. And the apostles asked: "What evil have those people done?" "The ignorant priests who do not understand the divine words and the canons of the Lord and the divine pure mysteries u,hich are in the consumirg of the Lord's bod-v and u,,ho do not understand the words of repentance which should be placed upon the people who make their confession to them." 32 Afterwards they saw with them people u,ho had redhot chains on their feet and hands and a demon pulling them and flogging them, Mary said: "What evil have those people done? " Christ said: "Impious elders who had great worldly wealth, and they did not give alms to the poor or to the naked or to a wretched person ever, but who spent it on harlots and drink, and it is because of that that thev and their bodies are
t^11 31
:cf.
3t Is ancl-sin I ni födaitis telr,: asa lesaib äerr :--
t-olc do-rönsrr t
r, I .
cenn na briatra , : diadachta bis ir , .,. .
hriatra aithrigi i32 Ar sin atara cosaib I arr: ring l ica sraisl,. , lucht-üt?" Aclu i ., maithius mör il n - .
chaib I re höl
'
ilo tacha, "great arlrl
:
infants" add. ar
1.,-
l
tr1 95 -9 6.
L'lI 32: cf. E1
9
7-98
.
sin -7 piana rlt)r'.: . - -
.
the apostles
aske,i
tlicel 1 is ed ro
r
t':r
^
this is what he sai atra diadha, '' thr : :
6-7 I na glanruin, z bis, "which are" 1.
II: breatha, "jucl!rr, ple"O
2 den:, Iairring 1 ica slir ] ..
Marv said:
\\- h a:
elders" II: ag sui:,I., beginning of fol. J,t
roibh, "who hari" " had great s-orlri--
,
w"orld"
re
O
merdrecha
i
5-7
l
l.r
r,
partly illeq.) urr, ih., "and their bodir-
:
,
.
:
-
q,,zg
u
'qredroc Euor
L
O
,,uraq1 ruorJ
{tpt
o 'ulo ,,sarpoq JIar{} PUB,, oE 01 }nq,, 'eqpen ('fraru fi11tod
a) r1ceaurerulp nJ Inp B 1r{re : Il ,,>lulrp pue s}olrBr{ uo }l luads oq.r\ }nq 'JoAa uos;ad par{J}aJ,{A. E o} Jo pa>{Eu eq} o},,'lgr{ aJ L qrerltaJpJeu eJ qtrralrer{J B }r{JE ruerJ 3ent1 eurnp op Bu }rlJou op gu L-g O..plJo,\A, aql ul,, 'lnEaes ('fraru fipsou uer) uErB : , (q11ea.u) r1p1-ro.t,r 1ea;rF peq,,, once lreqFae§1 ue Jgur 9 tI ,,puB sEA,, 'L Iq oJ :O ,,peq ol[,tt,, 'qqloJ e?e v O '6al s? Brlreaqq "' rouees "' fiyuo tprym Jo ,,0g 'toJ Jo |uruutfraq p W4 Jo sauq hort D puD auo frq'noJ),,FurF;nocs,, 6qpEapsrns Ee :LI ,,srapla snordtul :preS +slrq3 eauop aldoad asoql a^Er{ II^a lBr{lN :prES ,(re6 'uar{} FurFFolJ prre uaq} Eur11nd,, 'Br{raq}qlgrc? arrguas :}srr3 }rreqnpy ö+ll-lqcnl uB lesuor-op rlor{ gf :arrntrN }rreqnpy'peal8re-rs ecr L Fur"urel EJI r7-Z O ,,SUO[UAp,, 'UrntUeap :il ,,uotuep 8,, 'uotuap z o ,,31d -oad Jarllo,, 'alla Iulep : 11 ,,a1doad uraql qll,t.r,, 'aurep urs-pBJJBJ BuB I Zt
O .,,sluauraFpnt,, 'Er{}EaJq : Il ,.sllJoa aq+,, 'er1er;q g O ,,ul aFeFua o{a,, 'snqoF tL[ ,,aJB r{crqa,, 'slq Ä O'uto ,sar;a1s.iur a"rnd eur^rp aql pue,,6elr{ceperp eurn"ruel8 Eu L L-g O ,, po5 Jo spJoa arll,, 'a11 EJlErJq : Il .,spJol\ aurlrp aql,, 'BqpEIp EJle -lJq Bu 9 O 'ttto ,,1uEJouFr,, 'rqFreu8aue O ,, plBS aq ]Bq,t.r sl slr{} pue para.{.sue Iaeqcrtr{'ra}ad O,, '('öaru fr11sou pler) pler or pa sr L 1acr1,q ;tn8ea;J op JrnpBed v : If ,,esor{},, '}! 9 O 'uto ,,pa>[se sallsode aq+ puB,,'1re1sdeq Bu tnlrEreJJBIJ oJ L O,,rueq+ Fur>1cns,,'lnlpu eE : U ,,ruaq1 Eur1ea,, 'lqll-u eFe r7 O ,,aJIJ uo,, 'pBSBI JE 'ppD ,,sluBJur Tsod O srnpal Iu [J srepal Iu : rcdtns ,,]ou plnoc O ,,}EaJF,, 'le.{qqpe :g ,,aFuEJ}s pue 1ea;8,, 'eqce1 O'Luo,,pue asoql JBeu,, 'L urs-qrgp sncoqJuoJ \ z-t T,t IIEurs,, 'eFaq urpleu {.,1+,, 'sl}lep?J Iu I
-ue8ur eJgtrr z
OU
qIBuErd Eusr qredroc Euoc plgle urs-rrre sr L lgr{ ar L qleqc -aJpJaur aJ qtualrer{c e }r{JE urerJ Fen,r1 aurnp op gu }r{cou op gu I +qroq op )rl?p +EScn+ Iu L nre ITEFaES+ uE rgur snrqlreru qqlor eFe Eqsaq+qlgrc? arrguas,, :+slrJ +rrEqnpv ,, ö 1r,1-}r{Jnl uE +Esugr-op cloq 93,,, :arrnN urBqnpv 'pEalFIErs B3l L Fur"r -rlBl B)l uoluap L pBsel8"rap rE pBI L qlBtu_BI BrB L qrBsos EJB rqFr-rqrnc L ourep urs-pBJrBJ BuB relBcpuoqc-1e uls rv Zt ,,'nlJ urprslBJ E ru-op qlulBp Eu JE JnJ op JroJ sr rFuqlrE BJIBIJq Bu purcrnl qJEu L r{papurloS ur d;rnc ruaq}rec e slq B}r{cEpEIp our4ruBlF Eu L r{papuloS ur auouBJ L EqpEIp Er}BrJq Eu uuac -ln} qcBu lqFreuFaue +JrEcES EI{,, ,,ä+r,l-}r{Jnl uE }ESuoJ-Op CIo-} ur pgr3,, :lrBlsde,I Eu ;nlrFreJrEIJ or L Iqll-u eFe qrBsal ESE eFaq urpleu L BlqcelroJ prerrer,p rlpl sens pEF?J slllep?J ru L nqllq ar+ pESEI rE EUrBI E'l'orro EqJEIUEFuI Ergtu Euerd L uls -ql9p snsoJruos I ala aulBp rBlBruuor-op grl urs-puB sI Dt
aJB Sarpoq Jraql pa>lBu
1,..
aql o].ro.1,,
.
,(lpltozn lEaJE Iln. eldoad asoq+ J rr:
':
11
uaql Furllncl rroui -i -par pEI{ oq \\ eir1 , ,,'tuaq] "+ paceld aq plnorls:
lou op oq.\\ [)rr ]r
.
--
,:
-
..
.
t{Jltl,t.t' sarJals^itu i.. r'
puB
spJo,^& aur^\r
I_)
!
ar{J,,,,äauop alclo:ti puy 'uaql Furlua :y {aas ol IIE }E cln y
uo spuBrl JIaq] 'si +, JEau 'aldoad Jaql(r .\,,:
ut-rt
tvt
3U3 ri
312
THE TESTA1VIENT OF N{ARY HERE
in those great torments." It is then that they saw other people with red flaming swords through their tongues. And it is then that Mary said: "What evil did those people do?" "They are judges of the world", said Jesus, "who pervert judgements and who do not judge them in their proper manner." 33 It is then that the Saviour said to bring an end and a halt to the torments of hell, and thus was hell finished with. When, moreover, the people of hell saw the \Iir§in iVlar-v and the apostles, they sorrowed piteouslv and lamented greatlv. And it is then they said: "O Mary", said they, "and O mother of eternal brightness and O nurse of the living and dead and O torch of the heavenly city and O fair beautiful queen of the people of heaven and O mother of the High-king, pray to your holy Son to give rest to us." And another group of the people of hell were praying to the apostles to get them help. And Jesus answered them and said to the people of hell: " I was
möra-üt." Is ärrlri-\ar lasad trenrr t .-'r. holc do-rönsat .r r. ar isar, "nech ('11r.'. . 33 Is and-sin .: pianaib if irnci r immorro muint l r' toirrsi truagh - :. Muiri", ar siat mbeo 1 na nurrl -
10
:
-
chaemcruthac'ir n - .. do mac naenrthli ...
drem ele do 10
d'iagbäil doib r! no 8 mÖra, "gre
[']1 33: cf. tr1 99-100.
nr ri i :.
at
"
(
,i
;
then that llarr- :ri i ar Pedur, "saicl [)r,
"unjust" O
lt
"who
onl. II
nech,
.
:
-
:
judge them in thrn or for love" O
33 t-z Is ancl-sin
i.:,
r
ifirnd 1 ro scuire,ii, to bring an encl ir r.
.
finished with" il: thaisbenadh pi:rn .. Michael: stop sh,,u .' ,
Christ" 0
4 ir .
lamented greatlr', \ and O" orr. O i-; na cathrach D€nlri:, in airdrig, "et elit and O torch of thr . of heaven ancl ( ) n,
-
:
-
om. O urrr ('urr-: post düind, "t0 r.: which we are" ()
na n-apstal int t.r: people of hell s'cr',. to-77 adubairt rr r, raidho "this is u'h;,
,
!-:
o
,,plBS aq
lBr{,\(1.
sl slr{},, 'qplBJ
oJ pa sr :U ,,llaq Jo aldoad aq+ plES,, 'puJIJI rrlurnru ar +JrEqnpB T,r,-or, ro1 O'uto,,puv'dlr,{ uraq} 1aE o1 sallsode aq} ol Eurierd araa IIaq;o aldoad aql Jo dnotF rarltroue puy,,'1a qlgp IIgqEEqJ.p lrlrelrnJ tul 1e1sde-u Eu Ipln8 ,B puJrJr Jrlurntu op ala ueJp JBlgq op +a o,-8 O ,,aJB a.{. qcrq,Atr ur sluatuJol eql uroJJ,,'prtulrn; e qqrnuerd Euo'pp?,,sr o1,,'pulllp Tsod (}rloe}Jn EJ :l_J opeuusrun) urn O ,,dlar{ }noqe,, ,,}sal (e.l,r8) o1,, O 'uro ,.,(lor{,, 'Eq}rrraeu 8 O 'uro ,,fruI{-qFIH aq} Jo Jaq+otu O pue ualeaq Io aldoad ar{} Jo uaanb InJr}nuaq rlEJ O puB ,(+lc ,(luareaq aql Jo r{cro} O pue
peap pue Eurrrl aql Jo esrnu O pue (ssaulqFlrq) Ieurela,,'Errp;re ur JIEt{TEtu e L atutu IJI}uInIu qcBq}nJJueBr{J rreFy-r e L epuau qcBJq}EJ Bu uuBJr{Jgl B L qteu eu L oaqu Bu arurnq B L aurBq}ns t-9 O't.uo,,O puB '{rq} plES,, 'e L 'IBIS JB 9 O 'ruo ,,uaqJ sr }l puv 'i11ea"r8 paluatuel pue ilsnoalrd,,ours-pue sr L rgtu eqn8llenu L q8entl ? 0,.lslJrIJ L atrntrq : U ,,sa11sode aql pue {.rery urF"rrrl oql,, ,lle}s pue '1slJ3 ^(186,, -deq eu L Eo artnl\l s O.,llaq Jo sluatuJol eql Eur,tnoqs dols:laeqcrtr{
ol plES puB uaql o1 aruBe Äretrq puB lslJr{3,, 'uur-r;r uerd rlpBuaqslBrl} op rrn8s Iocltr\l ar lraq-pe L nJn, arrntrt L 1srr3 Fruel :U ,,qll.,r paqsrurJ IIeq sE.^[ snql puB'llaq Jo slueturo+ aql o1 llBrl e puE pua uE Eur-rq 01 plBS JnorABq aql lerll uaql sl 1L, 'uu-rr;r uls prEIruB qpaJrnJs oJ L pulr;r qreuerd JB Jnc op urasrJrel L ;ncs prrlugls uE +JrBqnpB urs-pue sJ z-[ tt o ,.o^ol JoJ Jo pJE,^.t.AJ JOJ,, 'pe;E JB OU r{tenl JB : [I ,,JAUUerrr radord JIaq] ur tuaql a8pnt lou op or{.^(\ puB,, 'lEI ul?J }JIJ r?uB {.ruaJraq qceu L O'Luo,,o{a,,oqlau O ,,laer{crtr\l plES,, 'lacll I JE :Il ,,snsef plES,, ,nrl JB tT, O ,,}sn[u.,, 'eueelc : U ,, plJo^\ aq] Jo,, 'lre8aeqsl uB O ,,Jalad plES,, 6Jnpad JB ot, O 'uro ,.plES {re1,q 1eq+ uaq} O .tilo,,1BaJF,, oBJoru g 'ppD .,a1doad esoq1,, '1r,1-+qcnl uB Tsod
sr +l puB,,'alrn6 trJrBqnpB urs-puB sr la 6
OU sE,{A.
L rrlurnur ar ,sl rrEFarJ op p qlgp ITEqFEJ, p lrreqnpe +EI Ipln8 ,e purlJl rrlurnu op ala tuarp lg ,,'pulllp lJrBqol op pBuBsrunc run Er{}tuaBrr JEru op
0t
+rIcElJnJ rur 1e1sde-u Eu
r,, IIAq :
JO
)iri L
puY 'dlaq tuaq] i.r= -oad aql Jo dno.io- .: ;noÄ otr .(e-rd 'o= u r y - l, -
.
rBl9q op
qplnF 'F1rp;te uI JIEI{}EIu e L aruru rJr}urnur r{cer{}nJJtuaer{f, ueFy-r e L Bpruau qceJrlle) Bu uuerr{cgl E L qretu Bu L oaqu EU aurnq E L aurBqlns rsllros Bu JrBr{}Brrr e L,, '}EIS JE o,,l;lnIAI v,, :JnpEJqnpB urs-puB sr L Jgru eqnFllBnu L q8enrl rsJJrol repeuFlJ-op ltelsdeq Eu L Eg aJrntr{ uurrJr rr}urnu oJJorrrurr rBlBcuuoc-+o 'uurrJr uls prBIruB r{parrncs oJ L purlJl qreuerd JB JnC op ruasrJrB+ L tncs prsruBls uE lJrBqnpB urs-puB sI tt ,,'1EI ul?J +JIc EUE uuaJraq qJEu L eqlatq snuaBIO r{cau,, 'nsl JE ',,lRS ITEFaBSI uE urer{trtaq}aJg,, ,,Ll\-l llonl uE TESuoJ-op JIor{ yJ ,, arrnl{ }rrBqnpB urs-puB sr lg 'qlBq}Fua} Buarl pESEI re L IIa aulep Jepecuuo)-op urs-pue sI ,,'+q-EJgrrr
puB pBap puB oorrr riJAqlotu o puB,. '-i..r;'.(11earF paluaur
(1? GG -
el
I
I
,':
pue {telt urErr^1 ri. 't{}[.{e paqsrulJ IIatl ::
.,,
..'JJUil:,'..
puE sluatrraFpn[ +.,r \ OI
:
eF"rap rtuprolc
t7t
:-'.
aJB ÄaqJ,, ,,6op Jlcil. uaql sl 1l puy'sanbr:,
aldoad Jaq1o
7? (rC,
,^.ES ^iar1i
gtIS H \
H
uF"--_Er-rEJ=d
311
THE TESTAN,IENT OF I\IARY HERE
crucified on your behalf and
I
\^ras flogged
and struck about
ifirnd: "Ro
the head and my side was wounded. You, ho\N'ever", said he, " have rejected the ten commandments of the law of God and m-y teaching, and *il-v would I give rest to vou? " 34 It is then that Nlarrr knelt on the ground, bared her right
:. :
t'r'(){
obsabair .x. tin.: ma tiubraind
u
,
r, r:. -
34 Is anrl-srn
breast and dropped heavy tears on the ground and prayed to her Son to give help to the people of hell. Then Christ said: "Because of the tears of N{ary, the honour of the apostles and the beseeching of Vlichael, I will give you rest for three hours everv Sunday." It is then that the Saviour said: "Close hell",
l
deas 1 do leig rl,,-, I
thin do tobairt ar döraib sanad re
IIuirr tri huu i:
35 Do
35 Hell was then closed at the command of the King of heaven and earth. And the Virgin N'Iar,v was brought af terwards under the tree of life in paradise, and the Saviour and Michael ascended to heaven, after raising the \rirgin Mary
;
i
hiacla
:
I
slänicid: "Dirnir l,l
said he.
.
.
trt rucad lluirr ,,f rescaib in slä n r, - r il0 -
77-rz ro sraiqlearl
tt1 3f : cf. E1 100.
:
tolladh mo thaelrir ntv head u'as cru\\ r..
t-t1 35-36 (first sentence): cf. G1 48.
lI : .x. n-aithnearlir.,
.
"and my teaching'
34 1-3 Is ann-sin
i
.
l
do leig deora trrin. do lucht ifrinn. I- ,:
,
l
ground, bared hrr- t._
said" O: et g-icl ,: r.. onöir na n-apstaI the honour of thr ,, L,{uiri 1 na n-easi,,..
]Iichacl" O
5
:
their torments" ( "the Sarriour" II : II
35 r do hiadag.
,
earlh" fl:ara i,,r', ög ar sin, "AnrJ t:. bhadh corp ]Iu ilc. caib in slänicicl - l': sal anörach fo cli:r
.
tree of life" ont.
*q
t
.
u.
forgull rig ninte -
L
.
t
-.
o 'uto ,,aJII
Jo aaJl
aql Japun,(lqernouoq pue,(1qou,(retrq ur8.rrl eq+ Fursrer JaIJE,uareaq 01 papuacsB IaETIJIIAI puB JnoIAES 4q1,, 'peqlaq Eu uuEJ) oJ r{JEJouE IES -Enr{ oc lFlq aJrnl d lrgqeF;rn1 rE aruru unqcop lgrtcll{ L prrruels ur qlgs v-z O ,,ua{E} se,^a .{-retrr1 ;o .(poq aq},, 6aJrnl,,\i droc rlpeqq
-saJJ op L
-.Eo+ op : U
lqFno"rq sEÄ\ ,(re141 ur8.rrrl aqtr puv,, ,uls JB Eq O ..PUETUTUOJ SIq 78,, 'UEAS-ITBJOJ BJB :LI ..T{}JEA
,,spJB,{d.Ja}JB
AJININ PBCNJ }A Z
puB ueABaq;o Fury aql Jo pueturuoc eql 1B,,,ueur1e1 L aurru Err 11nfito; O ,, posolc Ärql,, 'prsurnp op : U ,, pasolc se,\A.,, ,Eeperq op I gt
JE
onsl : O (,snsaf,, L[ ,JnolARS aq],, 'plclugls uB 9-9 il lJIBqnpE :O ,,plES,, 6U3q-18 O ,,sluaturol rlaq+ uroJJ uaql o1,, 'qqruerd BJB rlqlop : o},, ,q}p 9 U ,,no,{ O ,,laeq)rl{ puB sellsode aql puB {re6;o rnouoq ul,, ,uaclN L lnqsea-u Bu L lrlnl,,t rrouo-u B :II ,,leBqcrtr{ ;o FurqJaasaq aq} puB sallsode arl} Jo rnouoq aq} 'Ärery Jo sreal oql Jo asneJaq,, 'llqclnl Ir{pldurl rE L 1e1sde-u Eu Jrouo JB L aJrnIAJ qleJ?p JE rz U..ssalaqlJa^au pue,,,qpe plii 1e:O,,plES ]slJt{3 uor{J'lleq Jo aldoad a{t o} dl.,{ a.tr8 o} uos raq o} pa,(e-rd pue pu norF aq+ uo srea+ {.teaq paddorp pue }searq lqBr-r raq pareq .punorF aql uo ]lau{ ,(re1r1 lBr{1 uaw sl }L, '}s}r3 lraq-pB uuB sI .uurrJr }qrnl op lrrBqol op ulqllrlg [qJ] BJ cBur B r{qln8 op L .r_el oc Bruor} Broap FIrl op L seap qclc E lrlcou op L .r-el rB ullF e arrntr{ EIal op urs-uur? sJ t-r tzt,
rBS-lnpEaJJoJ
o ,,Eurqceal .(ur yo alrds ur,, ,urJel : U ,,Eurqceal ,(u pug,, 6es-lnpecJroJ,ru L ,eqpeauqlle-u .x. : ual aq},, o ,,sluerupueruuroc il ,,sluaurpuBrutuoc ual aq},,,eqpeuurrl .x. g, O .,peu,\eoJJ sl?,\\ peaq,(u puB pac,rard sE^A. apls {trt,, 'uuBal olu qpEuorof, op L qqoBr{} oru rlpBIIo} ,, popunoÄ\ sB,{(\ apls Äur puB pBaq aq} }noqB >lenJ}s puB paFFoll L, 'qaBI{} ntu peuo8 o.l L puac urn aur pealrBnq oJ L pealErEJS oJ op : il
sB1r\
zr,-T,L
oU
arrntr{ IIgqe8tnl rB aruru tunqrop I?qclHI L prsruEIS ur qrBcsarJ op L snr{ured e pBq}aq Eu puerc oJ uls rE Fg arrnl{ pernr ru 'uBrulBl L aurru FI, rE uurrJr urs-puB Feperq o0 gt 11nFto3 '?s JB ',,uuJr;:l plEuRO,, :prcruEIS uE lraq-}B urs-puB sI ,,'qlp Freuuloc[ eqceF qrrrBnq ]r] ar pBuBS -urnc IlrIrlHI lqpldrul rE L 1e1sde-u Eu rrguo rE L a.un6 qrerap rE BS-r?q-op,, :lslrJ lraq-pB uuE sI 'uurrJr }r{Jnl op lJrBqo} op ulr{} -lrlg[ql] EJ f,Eru e qqlnF op L re1 oc Bruor] Eroap FIrl op L seap qclc E op L r-BI rE uqlF e arrnrt }r{cou FIal op urs-uuB sI vt, ,,äqlp pBuBsrrrns purBJqnr+ Bur
r{lgJ g) L Bs-lnpatrroJ,ur L ?c E}q3ar ErlpBurul} .x.rrBqBsqo oJ,, '?s JB o,,oJan IS-qlS 'qaer{} nru peuo8 oJ L puac urn ?tu peal -lBnq oJ L pealFrets oJ L uos Jnq JE rsrru pBrlcoJc otr,, :puJrJr
{rery urFtr 1 arl} -puB rnorAES aHt j i.: -JalJB lqFno.r({ Si;Jo
Frl;1 aq] Io
1.,
I rri ''
',,llaq asol3,, :prIls sJnoq aaJq? JOJ
-
:
.l
1s,r..
puB sallsode aql J,, J_ ,
:
:
prES +slJt{3 uaq
.
o1 paÄerd pue prrn,,.. r TI{FIr rar{ paJeq 'prrn , ,,6no{ o} }sal arrH J Jo ^t\{BI aql Jo s I rr.l'r.
pleS ',,JaAaÄ\oq 'll r r-\ +noqB {3nJ}S pu r? I,rr -
9t-tt
9Vt
gHS l{
.i"
_-Iil
316
THtr TESTAMtrNT OF },TARY HERE
nobly and honourably under the tree of life, with the host of God around her praising the Saviour, that is, Jesus Christ, the son of the living God. 36 It is then that the apostles dispersed to their own cities after leaving the Virgin Mary with Jesus Christ (1). These are the apostles who were there at that time, that is, Paul and Peter to Rome, the revered city of all Christians. John the Baptist to Sebastia, to the land of Ephesus ('). Andrew moreover to the territories of Pertirus in the city called Achaea (').
öigi co huasal i;.. ic molad itr t slr, :.. 36 Is antl-sir r eis Muire oigh do bi ann :tn t: chädhais nA n- .. tir trpis. I An,lr.:
l :
,
IIo 4 uimpi, "aI'ouni. tslänici .i. is,, (.:'.-.
(1) ag isu Crtst, "with Jesus Christ". O ends here, thus omitting the section on the dispersal of the apostles and the poem on their places of burial. A transcription of the poem was published twice by Kuno \{nvnn, "Die Gräber der Apostel", ZCP 12 (1918), p. 397 and "The Graves of the Apostles", RC 30 (1909), p. 393-394. Both Irish manuscripts state that the apostles dispersed to their own cities or regions after leaving Mary with Jesus; and as Nlartin NIcNamara has pointed out to me, other texts of the Transitus (e.g. Greek) end with the apostles returning to the places of their apostolate. The fact that the subsequent section is omitted in O, however, ma)'indicate that it rvas not part of the original text. It should also be borne in mind here that there are several independent texts relating to the mission and deaths of the apostles; cf. Nlartin McNeiuARA, The Apocrgpha in the Irish Church, p. 84-89. The final section of our text, peculiar to lI, ma,v derive from one or more such similar sources rn'hich are no longer extant. As can be seen in the apparatus criticus and in the notes below, there are several problems and manv instances of corruption in this section of the text. Because of their distinct character, these notes are assigned to a separate section following the translation. (2) Eoin Baisti gu Sabaistia co tir Epis, "John the Baptist to Sebastia, to the land of Ephesus". Cf. isin catraig Sabastia, "in the cit-v of Sebastia" given as the burial place of John the Baptist in q. 2b of the subsequent poem in this section. With Sabaistia I Sabastia in our text we may compare Sebasten ainm in fhicha i"nro adnacit a chorp, "Sebasten was the name of the village in u,hich his [namel-v, John the Baptist's] body was buried " f rom the Leabhar ßreac version of the Passion of John the Baptist published by Robert ArKrNsox in The Passions and the Homilies from Leabhar Breac,
tir Epis to mean "to the land of
Dublin 1887, p.67,1.927-928. I take co
Ephesus". The inclusion of Eoin Baisti,, "John the Baptist" and his place of burial (in both the prose and verse) in this section on the apostles is strange. N"Iartin N{cNamara has suggested to me that this is an intrusion and that the original text may have read Eoin Bruinne, "John of the Breast", a name b-v lvhich John the Apostle is called because he reclined on Jesus's breast at the Last Supper; cf. M. McNINTARA, The Apocrgpha in the lrish Church, p. 95.
son of the lir-irtr
36 r Is and-sin
I
1
:',
the apostles cli:1,..: fora crichuibh
-
l,:-:.
their own region. om.
O
ag I:u
r
Assuming that I'j:
further assunreri added. This rr'otri
..
:
the Baptist anti ri : places are nlenti,,: mentioned in q, I a nAsia Big trl,t i-
pure, verv s-isr .T
:
.
and John the -\1-, .possibly, the tert r. lem with reearrl t Apostle after -\n r:-
,
relating to the tu
tist and John th.
.\,
it is dif tiuL.. why the poenr ht:-. be given to thr i poem,
-
..
(3) go crichtih I'. of Pertirus in th..
:
subsequent pocn..
in our text \\-e nlr:' versions of the I)., . r
.-,,,rffiflM
EJBT
LI
ur uorsJa^ oql Jo pua aql sprB.\\oJ 'aaJpuv Jo uorssBd aq] Jo suorsJa^ tlslJl lueJaJJIp uI punoJ atueu aq+ Jo sruJoJ aJedruoJ ,(eur a,\A. +xe1 Jno ur sruroJ or{} r{}l1y svrlod ro! aq 01 ruaos plno,^.r. 'qt 'b 'ruaod luanbasqns aql ul snrtuod pu€ araq snr4rad ', EaBqtv pallBr {Ic aq+ ul snrr}rad Jo sarrolrrra? aql o1,, ututD qnJDp 'qp!a)v JTD\D\J as snJ4Jad qruqt7n oö (g) 'k'b) lsrldBg aql uqof o+ aruara;a"rd
Fur.n rE .(q slql s,&\olloJ pue sallsode ar{l Jo seceld Ierrnq aq} o} uarr8 eq IIIA acueraJa-rd 1eq+ ulerlenb 1s-rr; eq+ ul Furlels Äq sur8eq uaod ,,{t {.{rot puB papnlcur uaaq a^Bq plnoqs rauroJ aq1 {q.& aas o} }lnclJJlp sl }l'ruaod puB asotd aql qloq Jo lxa+ leurFrro aql ul aroa allsody aq] uqof puB +sr+ -deg aql uqof JI'raq1a8ol unr uaeq a^Eq plnor sur{of o,tl} ar{} o} Furlela-r aas o1 llnclJJlp sl +l aso;d leur8r"ro eq] ul asec aql osle ara,^. puB sassurBf o,\§} aq1 Ja}JE allsody
lxal aql .l.rotl
slql;r iuaod rql ur sBrr{}Btr\J
"uaJpuv aq+ uqof Jo apBu sr uorlualu lBr{} sr';ara,uoq'slq} o} pre8a"r q}l.^e tual -qord V'raqlaFol un"r {1ua{Elsrru se,lt rl}oq o1 Eurlelar }xa} aq}'{lqrssod '}Erl} puB uorlcas aso-rd leurFr;o aql ur oslB area allsody aq+ uqor puB lsrldeg aql uqof qloq leql lsaFFns plno,u slql',,urlof asr.{A..,(;a,t'a.rnd
.ira,r sr rourtr\l BISy ur snsaqdg uL, 'ttt16ot un1öot utog olv I bla Dßvu D sl[gu Y :qe7'b uI pouolluaur sr urlof puooas aq+ puB Z'b ur pauorluaur sr lsrldeg aql uqof 'a,t oqe polou sy 'tuaod eql ur pauor+uau a.re saeeld IBrrnq rlar{} puB (e11sody eq} uqo; rltealc) uqog puoras E puB lsrldeg aq1 uqof qloq lBr{}olara,uoq',(q1;o,tna}ou sl lI .}xol ar{} Jo lted slq} ul ,,sns -aqdg Jo puEI or{} o},, 's!dg r}l n Jo asuas a>leru osle plno.u slr{J .pappe uar{l sB.^A. lsrldeg eq} uqof roJ a;e1d IBrrnq aq+ +Brl} palunssB raq}rnJ eq plnoc 1l a§log {q pecelda-r ,(1ua>1e1sru se,ll auutnrg }Br{} Eururnssy
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348
THE TESTAMtrNT OF MARY HERE
The two Jameses and Mathias to the city of Jerusalem. Bartholomew to Mount Armenia in the city called Lycaonia ('). Philip in very dark India among the Saracens in the city called Edinia (2). Matthew to Mount Armenia in the city called Ammon. Thaddeus and Simon to the land of Parthia the Leabhar Breac it is stated: Tanic imorro Stratoclös 1 ruc lais corp l adnaicis co n-onoir moir he isin cathraig .i. Patrumm a hainmside, "But Stratocles came and took with him the bod_y of Andrew, and buried it with great honour in the city of Patras"; cf. ArxINSoN, The Passions and the Homilies, p. 110, l. 2478-2480; p. 355-356 (transl.). For 1 adnaicis co n-onoir moir he isin cathraig .i. Patrumrn a hainm-side, the corresponding text in the version in the Liber Flauus Fergusiorum (Part l, fol. 31'o) reads 1 ro hadnaiceadh co honorach hi Parrthus isin catraidh, "and it was buried honourably in Paradise (sic) in the city". The text ends in the Leabhar Breac version by sa-ving that Christ desires to save everyone co röiset co höibnius na firinde suthaine, "so that they may come to the joy of eternal truth"; cf. ArxrNSoN, ibid., p. 110, 1.2,+82-2483.
Andrias,
The corresponding text in the l.,iber Flauus Fergusiorum version reads (fol. 31"') co roiset co aichnius na firinne hi Patras, "so that therr may come to the knowledge of truth in Patras (sic)". In this and the previous sentence discussed above it is clear that Patras and Parrthus have been
in the Liber Flauus Fergusiorum version. At the beginning of the text it is stated in the Leabhar Breac version: Dia conf used rryith
one a nother
mboi ingreim mor forsna Cristaigib isin cathraig dianad ainm Patrais, "In the city of Patras there was a great persecution of the Christians"; cf. ArxrNSoN, ibid., p. 106, 1. 2341-2342; p. 351 (transl.). For Patrais here the l-,iber Flauus Ferqusiorum version reads Patras (fol. 30"). In the version of the Passion in a third manuscript, Dublin, Roval Irish Academy 24 P 1 (1228), p. 70b, the reading is Patrass and it can be assumed that the reading in the Leabhar Breac arose from a misreading of ss as is, a mistake which could easily occur in Irish minuscule script. The text of the latter version breaks off at the point corresponding to ArxINSoN, ibid., p. 108, 1.2115 and consequently does not include the other example of.
Patras discussed above.
(1) Parrtholön co Sliab Armenia sCI cathair darub ainm Liconia, "Bartholomew to N,[ount Armenia in the city called Lycaonia", NI. I\{cNruARA has noted in The Apocrgpha in the lrish Church, p. 88, that in a section on the missionary fields of the apostles in the Irish pseudo-Isidoria n Liber de ortu et obitu patrum, mention is made of Bartholomaeus Lgcaoniam. Witlr regard to S/iab Armenia we may compare in our text L[atha co Sliab Airmein sa cathair darub ainm Amon, "N{atthew to Mount Armenia in the cit_v called Ammon". In the subsequent poem, Armenia, as opposed to S/ioö Armenra, is found in the quatrains relating to Bartholomew and N{atthew (q. 4c, 6a). In National Library of Ireland G 3, a manuscript written in the 14tnl15th century, an illuminated miniature of Noah's Ark
}l.'
ainm Acaidh. I :. Parrtholön co \.. Pilip isin I n ir ainm E,dinia. ll-, ,, Amon. Tatheus - \ ,
10
n
8 isna
Sargent
ii
.
to Parte, "Parth:r, shaft of p 17 is found on fol.
lt
.-
nia fuithe, "The n..::. Beneath the clrurr -:.., chadh choem
er r:k,:
'
thorchair Parthrllt,l',. I place where Bart ]. .
Eriu 3 (1907 ). p t', . quatrain relating t line, in which thrr= tholomew was kilir, :.
: '
mentioned that cr,r--bed co lond i hi 1,,.' the sword on the :- .Matha mac Älpht,i thew son of Alpht,'.r. Ethiopia" frorr) ir l ing the genealoq i,, :, cf. W. S:roxes. "l-]., .
8 (1887), p. 31(1-,ir
,
"he was slain lr] . India", ibid., p.:)rr; (2) Pilip sr ri i ' Edinia, "Philip .
.
r
poem: Pilip hu c,ti',,
Endia isna Suirqt,,i.
'
in Phrvgia; the r it., quatrain. The
t ex
i
,
been run togetht,r' twent and referen,.. script reads isrtrt t'-,'' gentaib in the su i :. ,
but cf. airdub. "\'r r
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.
.
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ur 'l' Dtualurv-u t
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ETISH
3ig.--.",-
350
THE TESTAMENT OF MARY HERE
in the city called E,rendir ('). Luke to the land of Boeotia in the city called Mesopotoym (2). Nlark to the land of trg"vpt in the city called Alexandria. And it is in them that they were making known the word of God, until it was time for God to bring them to Him from those cities to the heavenly abode, in the unity of the Son of the living God and the Trinity, that is, the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. And it is to bear witness to this dispersal of the apostles that the learned man recited these quatrains: The burial-places of the followers of the Son of God, it is not improper to know them; the burial-places of the royal apostles will have precedence
in my good
Herendis.
toym.
Lur-., -
Nlar'('u
s
le Dia a nt ln't-'. , nemda a n-rlrr- -. mic .7 in Spirr, .. \,, ,
15
Reilgi
nru in t - :
nochan ögr.,i r' bid tosach r i,- - reclesa na rr .. ;
'20
,
poem.
isin catraig ).,
John the baptist, God knows, in the city
of Sebastia; the burial-places of Paul and Peter are in rovally-arranged Rome.
atäidiRoini.-
25
n
tz nEgipt, "of E -
scripsr: degresa
i1
(I am grateful to John Carey for bringing these examples to my attention). The forms Edinia and Endia in the prose and \rerse respectivelv here must be for Edesso; cf. Tomas apstal ro dichennad he isin India .i. hi nEdisa isna Sarrcend-aib, "Thomas the apostle \,'as beheaded in India, that is, in trdisa in Saracenland" in Do bungenelaig na n-apstal; cf.. W. Sroxns, "The Irish Verses", p.363,365. For hi nEdisa here the version of the poem in Dublin, Royal Irish Academ 23 P 2 (535), known as "y the Book of Lecan, fol. 167" reads i n&desa, "in Edesa" and the version in the Liber Flauus Fergusiorum, Part II, fol. 24"', reads i nEdisa, "in Edisa". The forms E,dinia and Endia ma,v have come about through confusion with the preceding India. With these texts we ma-y compare Ao claidbed Tomas tall tra I i nlndia in Calaminia, "Thomas was put to death b5r the sword bevond there in India, in Calamina" in T. Ö ftÄrllE, "Crist Rocrochad", p. 194-195 (q. 8ab). (1) Tatheus 1 Simon co tir Parte sa cathair darub ainm Herendis, "Thaddeus and Simon to the land of Parthia in the city called Erendis". Cf. loighi Simöin sund co se f Erentum e tir Parte, "the burial-place of Simon here until now is Erentum in the land of Parthia" in the subsequent poem (q. 6cd). It is noteu'orthv that there is no mention of Thaddeus in the poem. There is also no mention of Thaddeus in the poem Crist ro crochadh choem ar chend referred to above. John Carey has plausibly suggested to me that the adding of Thaddeus to Simon in the prose mav be due to their sharing feast days (July 1 and October 28);
cf.W.
SroNns,
ed., trölire
Or,',,1r; ' '
was crucified err:r : p. 196-197 (q. 1 ', Erentum, the lot'r, bungenelaig nrt ,ri- r' ,
.
that Simon \\'r1s Verses", p. 3(jji
I
hr r (2) Lucas crt ltt i
stated where
Iand of Boeotiir
.
place is intenrir,i
locatecl in : find Reilgi Lu,,; , no\Ä,'
of Luke, a pllt.. although cleallr
'
:
-
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aq ]Er{} uours Jo pa}E}s sr
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:
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352
THE TESTAMENT OF MARY HERE
The burial-place of Andrew \r'as found here in Achaea in Partirus; the two Jameses and illustrious l\Iathias are in Jerusalem.
In very
E,phesus rn
Relig Arttlrir,.
..
i nAcaia i
.
Pu:
,
Dä Iacop is ll , atäid i nIitrLi).:
in Asia Minor is very pure,
:
A ntrfis a n \:.,,
ise John;
j
atä Eoin ro!,ir,..
In
Lycaonia in inviolate Armenia is the pre-eminent burial-place of Bartholomew.
i Liconia a n-\:
Philip who was a friend to God, is in Hierapolis in Phrygin ('); the city in which Thomas is in the east is
Pilip ba ('ant r I nEropoli Fri-.
Endia among the Saracens.
trndia isna
In Armenia in Ammon, I relate, is Matthew the great apostle; the burial-place of Simon here until now is Erentum in the land of Parthia.
I nArmenia i rr-\,.. atä NIatha Illr',r'., loighi Simoin s,.: Erentum a tir i-'
The burial-place of Luke, a place for God, is Boeotia in Mesopotamia; IIark's city is correctly Alexandria in
Reilgi Lucais. l Bothia a )It's, Nlairc, is i a { r Alaxandair i rrI---
trg.,vpt.
All
Su-:
"
.-
.
,1
:
:
'-)
endured martyrdom, except for John
Do-chuaclur
because of his dearness.
nrr:
act Eoin ara ir,: is älaind a nt lr, .
Beautiful is their colour in heaven, their burial-places are virtuous.
(1) i nUropoli Frigia, "in Hierapolis in Phrygia". The manuscript reads i nUoraip in Irrigia, "in Europe, in Phr,vgia" here which clearl.v makes no sense. trurthermore, the form of the preposition i before trrigia is unusual and the line is a syllable short. It can reasonablv be assumed that i nEoraip in is a corruption of a form such as i nEropoli; cf. the follorving examples from other Irish texts: Pilip ro crochadh ur [)ia lin Heropoli Frigia, "Philip was crucified for God, in Hierapolis of Phr1,gia" in Ö N{AILLE, "Crist Rocrochad", p. 194-195 (q. 7ab); Pilip coro crocharl i nEripöli, "Philip was crucified in Hierapolis" from the tract Do bungenelaig na n-apslal in the Leabhar Breac, p. 181a; cf. \Y. Sroxps, "The Irish Verses", p.363,364. The corruption in our text seems to have arisen through the misreading of -erop- in Eropoli as Eoraip.
-
relig primcla I',,
l
.
atä rath ar':l rr . -
tI
32aom.fi note.
35
43 a
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gVItIVru SN.LISNVII.I
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slrHvrd
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NOITSTT(IOUTNI
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358
TRANSITUS N{ARIAE
According to R. Flower in Proceedings of the British Academu 13 (1927), p. 282 the codex was written in a Franciscan house in county Clare. Parchment (rough). 254 pages . 211 x 113 (177 x 111) mm. 2 cols. 19150 lines (generally on l-222) and 39 lines (on 165-188, 223-250). ( ) Catchwords (on 16, 120). Several hands, r,vriting semicurrent or current rn hich shows mixture of anglicana and secretary forms. Initials red and/ or blue, capitals marked with red. 15 cent. corrections, 15 and 16 cent. notes.
or scribal slips. than minor arlju: The editioii t ir
:
plied at the
fo.,t
manuscript.
T h,-'
,
'
.
l
tion, except in > l
The manuscript, with 356 items in all, contains religious mate-
rial, beginning with the Elucidarium of Honorius Augustodunensis (p. l-32). As apocryphal items we have the Seven Journeys of the Soul (p. 40 CorKER, p. 1727), the Visio Pauli (Visit to Hell) (p. 76-77; Cor-KER p. 1136); the present text of the Transitus Mariae (p. 143-144; CorKER, p. 1144-1115). In the manuscript, the half-vou,el is w,ritten as "v". In our edition this is reproduced as "u". The codex is compact, rvith 49 or 50 lines to the page, in two columns. A number of roughly contemporary hands are found in this substantial codex. The majority of the texts are in Latin, written in Gothic Anglicana with narrow-nibbed quills. This script is characterised b-v constant abbreviation. The ferv items in Irish are written in the Insular minuscule of the period, using quills that are broader than those used for the Latin. Some Latin tracts bear an Irish translation of the title. Capitals in red and blue are consistent in form and style throughout the manuscript. Switches between scripts occur at changes of texts, sometimes in mid-column. The manuscript, though mostlv Latin, was therefore planned as bilingual; the Irish is not an intrusion or an afterthought. The Transitus is in a single Anglicana hand, which is clear throughout, despite compression and abbreviation. The Latin of the tract is very limited in vocabulary. There are many usual mediaevalisms (e,9. redundant prepositions, such as ad domuffi, in hiis duabus noctibus). The perfect of sam is frequentlrr used in perfect passive periphrastic construction. There are some infelicities where the author's Latin fails him. The subjunctive is not always used where expected, and the verb tenses are not used with Classical precision. These characteristics can create questions of how much of the awkwardness of the Latin to reproduce in translation, but they do not
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gVItIVru SN..IISNVIIJ,
I{ere is the Testarnent of Mary On the Death of Mary 7 (1) Sixteen years after the Lord's Passion, the Lord came to the Virgin NIary, holding a branch of palm in his hand. And he said to her, "Arise, Nlary, and take this palm, because after three days your soul will exit .vour body and attain eternal rest. And behold, I shall send all the apostles to bury your body, and therr w'ill not separate from you until they will take you to a place where you shall repose in great joy." And N'[ary, taking the palm with great jo,v, ascended N'Iount Olivet rn,ith the Lord. (2) And behold, the whole mountain was lit at the Lord's arrival. Then all the trees of the mountain inclined their heads, venerating the palm that \,'as in Vlary's hand. Then Vlary, adoring him, said to Jesus, "Behold all the trees adore not only you, but also the palm that .,vou gave me." 2 (3) And Jesus said to Mar5r, "you saw a similar power on the occasion when you and Joseph fled into trg-vpt rn'ith me due to fear of Herod, and you came to the palm in the desert and said to Joseph, 'Lord, s,e hunger, and we have not what we may eat in this desert.'Then Joseph, being upset in mind, a little while later said,'What can I do for 1'ou? Am I not hecome a pilgrim on account of -you, and have I not forsaken my sons? And there is no other tree in the desert that has fruit, except this one palm, and I cannot ascend into it, because it is too lof t.v. And I am beset everlrs'here on your account because I have forsaken my countr1,, and I am pressed here. Give your Son your breast lest he hunger rn,ith us. For I am certain that your Son was born by the Hol--v Spirit, and the Holy Spirit does not permit you to go hungry, but u,ould make a miracle on the wa,v, and he shall feed -vou.'(r) When Joseph had said this, I turned to the palm and said,'O Palm, I say to you, incline yourself; and r,vith vour fruit, I shall satisfy my parents.' Then the palm bowed itself , and ),ou and Joseph were satisfied. ('r) And again I said to the palm,'Arise,' and it stood up immediatel-v in your sight and was transported through the air b-v an angel into paradise." ((i) And u'hen the Lord had said this, he ascended into heaven.
7 tlt Post 1 - --, Jlarianr hitl,,.'t. "Surge, ]lirt'i1,.
rit senrpitenl.:r: i dum corlltl s t ,.. .. locum ulli I'r'r1'.: ' accipiens cu In r.. 1Lt
domini. Tunt
,r.
adorantes prtltr..,..
admirans ait ,:. adorant, secl rt- ,. 2 (:l) Dixit ilii ," uidisti, cu rll t rr timore Hero l i. -
r
Ioseph, 'Dour in-,
.
in hoc deser t , possum tilti trr, --: reliqui filios IIr, \ ,
10
fructum nisi h, quia est ninri: ,, qui terra nt Ill t. r: . ne ipse nolt i s,- .. : de Spiritu S ir t
.
.
r
tus te
estit'it',-- ).
(.r) 15
Cum Ioselrh .. 'O palma, tii,i meos.' Tunc' r i. .. r
tis.
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conspectti
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9I
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364
HERE IS THE TESTAN,IENT OF \IARY
3 (7) And N'Iary proceeded to her house. Immediatell'(') her whole house quaked because of the glorv of the palm that was in N'Iary's hand. After the quaking of the house, she entered into her chamber, which was in the inmost part of the house, and there she placed the palm on a splendid linen cloth, and
3 17t Jlirri:, contretnttit
her body, and clothed herself in her best attire, adorned with joy.(8) And when she had done this, she sent word to and called her neighbours, namely the religious ones, and she said to them: "Hear ffi€, everyone, because nolv I shall tell -you how on the third day I shall depart from the bod-v and go home. And therefore I seek you, so that you all in one spirit may keep vigil with me until that hour in which I shall be about to depart. I seek from you neither gold nor silver nor other goods, because (') they all are useless and corruptible, but I ask you, remain with me these two nights. E,ach one of you should take a lamp, and you should not permit them to be extinguished, and I shall not fear the angel of iniquity. Indeed, two [angels] come to every person at the hour of his death, one of right-
in justice, and carrying him to
-
in lintlter, .j,. induta et iltr ..
she deposited her garments rn,ith which she was dressed, wäshed
eousness, rejoicing
:
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.
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sum. Nott Auri.... quoniam ott.t It..' 1;
dem accipiat.
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angelum iniclu:,.tempore ntr-rt't - eum in partrrl,::.. torem, port ä n: autem d)-abolr,: 4 (e) trt cunl ,
-
'
paradise;
2(_)
but the other of iniquity, rejoicing in sin, carrying him to hell. Indeed the former shall know about injustice; but the latter is a devil by justice." 4 Q) And when all were keeping vigil and praying around Mary, behold, suddenlv John the Evangelist came into the house. And Mary, seeing John, could not hold back tears and exclaimed in a great voice, saying, "O John, ffiy son, remember how Our Lord Jesus Christ, hanging on the cross commended me to you." (to) 3o1rn responded, "What, N'[ary, do you wish me to do?" l\Iarv responded, "I ask nothing of you except
.
.
ecce subito
autem
a, l
..'
\Iaria I ,.
mauit uoce llr.: .. modo me tiiri ,i .
commendauit ','
faciam?" ResI,
3 rs quoniaur ll: a. cf. Ioh. 19,26-27
(1) Continuct has the sarne meaning as statim; Latin T here follows closelv the Greek original xei eü0d.q äoeto01 rö oix^r1pe (G1 9; cf. G3 -t). (2) quoniam, and not que (Doxrur-,p); the compendium used in the tIS is qm lvith a horizontal stroke. The presence of a causal clause in this cointext is conf irmed b1' the trthiopic, Georgian and Greek versions of the Dorrnition (E1 8; 13 5-7; G1 13, G3 5).
e't' .
-
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.
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slt{} ur asnEIJ
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ri -
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uI suapneF'st1e1tnbl,rr oJan snrle lrunssrpe;ed ur urna
1a
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ldacxa no,( ;o Eui.; no.( op ',(-re1f i1:.:.,\,.
n1 +n ISIu oJanb a+ e urEIInl{,, 'erre6 }rpuodsatl ,, äurBrJEJ 'er;e6 'sln pln0,, 'sauuEr{oI }lpuodsag (or) ,,'*,}lilEpuaruuroc
+n
suapuad acnJf, ur snlsrJrls snsal Jalsou snuruop osauuerlol
-onb olsa Jouraru IIIJ O,,'suacrp euFeu acon lrneru -Blcxa 1a oJautlal sEtuIJJBI 1rn1od uou urauuer{ol ErJB}f, tua}ne suapln 'tuntuop uI elsrlaFuena sauuer{ol }ruanpe o}rqns aoJa sa+uelrFrn 'TUBI;BI BcJrc salueJo sauuro tunc lg ßt t 1a J +uEJo ,,'olsnr ap snloqe.(p uralne
alll lolsntul ap -eccad
sueltod 1a olsnl suapneF'arcrlsnr snun:ans srlJoru a"rodrual lunluan trraultuoq urauluo pB rurua onCI 'srlelrnblul urnlaFue oqatrrl+ uou 1a 'aranFullxa sBa sllellltu;ad uou 1a 'lerdrcce ruap -edruel unJlsan anbstnb snun 'snqrlcou snqenp sllq ur urnJaru oloueru 'o1ad pas 'Elllqlldn;;oc +a luns EuEn Eruruo rueruonb slqon e oled Euoq enbrle cau unluaF;e oou urnJne uoNI 'urns BJnssacal Bnb ,l ueJoq TuEIII ur anbsn srlallFln runcaur Ja+rruru -Eun sauruo +n son olad oapl }a 'urnurop pE ruBpBn ]a aJod-roc ap JEIpaJE,rl EIcJa+ alp opouronb srqon tueJrp ounu ernb 'sauruo aru
allpnv,, :soa pE llxlp
-
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.
qI
ISE
'spooF Jar{}o Jorr
.r.:
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.(eur lrtrds auo 'atrroq oF puB
OI
sons sonburdo"rd
rr
,-
"
tr
l
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;
no.(
IIal IIBris i ^eoq plBS aqs pUE'SJrli, :.
",.
pu E o+ pJo.^e +rr a s .r qll.Ae pauJopB 'J.r r I 1,-
lrnEJOn 1A llslru'laSSrCa; Joq urnJ 1g (s) 'orpneF urnc suBuJo srurrldo srluaur+san as llnpul }a urnns snd;oc llnBl }a Elnpur +EJa snqrnb Ens E+uarurlsan llnsodap 1a oprpualds oaqlurl ul ueuled lrnsod Iql +a 'sntuop oJol aJorJalur ur lBJa anb '{uens tuEIIao uI lEJa essa;Fur sntrrop urJuorssnJuoJ lsod 'aTJBIAT nueru
.
puu 'rl]olc uaurl [)r1,.. oasnoq aql Jo 1.reci I \ paJalua aqs oas no q r uled aql lr
uI lEJa anb aruled tuEIJolF -ra1do.rd Elo+ snra snuop lrnurarluoc
-
se.u lErI+
onurluoS 'urBns IIInIIIop ur lEJa EsJarlrroJ LualnB ErJEI{ (t-) t
rar{ (,) Ätr+Brpauurl
r-t
q9t
ÄuYI\
-i
1
HERE IS THE TESTAh,{ENT OF NTARY
366
that you keep watch over mv body and place it in the sepulchre. tror I myself have heard some of the Jer,vs saying, 'Let us see hou,' Iong until she dies; and, after her death, let us burn her bod_v by fire, because our seducer \Ä,as born from her."'(11) And John, hearirrg that on the third day she would depart from the body, wept, and he fell upon his face. Then Mary to John, "You cry without reason: you should rather sing the psalms." (12) Aftenn,ard, N{arv led John into her chamber and shou,ed him her clothes that she prepared there for burial, and she said to him, "You know now what things are in my house. E,xcept as much as these garments of burial and two tunics, I have nothing. And there are two widows here with ffi€, and after I shall have fallen asleep, 1rou will give them a tunic each." Then Mary showed him that palm, which she took from the Lord, and said to him, "I ask you that you take the palm, and -vou will have it borne before my bier when I shall have been taken up from this body." 5 (1r3; Then all the apostles \,'ere seized up in clouds and deposited before the entrance of the house of Blessed Mary. trirst Peter, then Paul, and after them all the other apostles came. (1{) And seeing one another marvelling, they gave salutations, saying, (15) "Lord, we give you thanks, who has deigned (') to gather us together." And thev said, "'W'hv has he gathered us together? " And Peter, observing all the apostles (16)
Then John the Er,angelist came to them, blessirrg the apostles. And Peter and Andrew said to him, "O beloved one of God, tell us how and when you came." John said to
them, "It was done when I a.
cf
. Ps.
13
r,vas
in the
cit_v
"
.
.
15
induxit llaria
I
uestimenta Sr1' due uidue nlr .: r, tunicas. Tunc' ll., domino, et clirri .
r.'
20
(1) The NIS reads dignus. Donahue rightlv printed dignatus, but failed to mark his emendation as such. (2) " Sardis". In (,'l[ 16 "Ephesus", and thus most texts of the Transitus. Wenger's R (=G1) has "Sardis", and also the Latin manuscript
A (Karlsruhe, Codex Augiensis perg.CCXXIX, gt" cent.; = Ll, "The Archaic Transitus") (see \\'nxcnn, L'Assomption. p. 250). There is great diversitv in the Latin NISS with reqard to the name; some omit it; see \VnscBn, lässomption, p. 11-15: "Sardes est ... bien la leqon authentique. Elle n'a pas encore requ d'explication" (p. a5, rvith note).
.
:
:
fuero."
5 (1:l) Tunc ,n r r- r ante ostiunr rl,,ri. lus, et post h, - .: . se inuicem nrirlr-. r
trt dixerunt.
Petrus omnes iil .quam bontrnt t,t euangelista urni. 10
.
"(..,'.,
\ ,
Petrus et Anril',..,quando uenist i, essem in ciuitut, \
-
of Sardis (2) at the
3 ( 132),7
,
autem Iohanrlrr fleuit et cec'irlit \ "Sine modo lir,-':'-:..
gathered together, said, "Behold how good and how pleasing", et cetera".
({Lt r ,que moriatur il - , buremus, cluilr ,-'),
ipsa audiui 10
4 t4 lacrimas I), conclrbilum ll S 5 z Primo IIS: I:t see note.
:Sl,ti snu8rp : en{1euof[ sn]BuFtp
q
'Jlorr aas anqeuofl or.urrd fE :SIt orurrd z g str^ü
:anqBuoc urnlncrqncuoJ 9I
SI§
.t.).i .
'anbrluaqne uo.)i1 aas :ll lluro alrroi :.' sr eJaqJ '(r! I :
1ea-rF
aqJ,, 'v'I =
:'1tl.r
eql Io slxa] ]:r
r..
pellEJ lnq'snlt)ttt,.'
unlrqnruoJ
SUEIUIJJBI :anqEuo(J SBI.UIJJEI r?L V
aq+ 1B (r) rrlt.nr\ 01 plES uqof' ..' .,- ^ pa^olaq o,, 'titnl r-
uI saqnu +Ipuaosap ollqns:lalp Bxr EJor{ srpJES a}E}rnro ul urassa runJ +sa urnloed,,:sauuEr{ol soa pE 1lxlc,,'r}sruan opuenb ]J opouonb srqou EJJEu'lap alJrlap O,,'sea;puy 1a snJlad Ia ]unJaxlp lg 'sololsode suacrpauoq soa pE lrrran elsrlaFuena sauuBtlol sunJ (er) 'pBJalac }a ',,urnpuncor rrrBnb la urnuoq urenb atcg,, 'llxlp 1a soleFa-rFuoc ruarrnul pB sololsode sauruo snJlad olun;axlp
OI
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.
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ane8 4.,{+
'6 u r I I ,, ,, :
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luns rlrsod +a snqrqnu ur
pue spnolJ
rr
I
r
\
ir-
r1de"r Ilo:tsode sauuro JunJ (sr) g ,.,'oJanJ
eldunsse a;od;oc cor{ ap urno runaru tun}Jal a}ue rJJaJ sBrcEJ IuEa 1a serdrcce tuetuled 1n a+ oFog,,'runa pE
oABtl IlBtls I U r L{ r', 'u1ed aql J{r?1 rr IUOJJ {Oo} eqs q,)r -. 3runl E Uaq+ e \, = pue oour r{ll^\\ J.r.,'.. 'sctunl o,{&} pinl I '' .(u uI J.rI.r i-
.
.
llxlp ]a oourruop
e ltdacce urenb 'urEIII ueurled ro lrpuelso ErJEtr{ f,unJ 'seJrun} OZ selnFurs sla slqep'oJaltuJop ruenblsod la orunoaru anprn anp JIr{ tua}ne }uns 'secrun} senp la oaqeq r"rrlndas E}uatur}san caq tunluel ISIU BIInN 'luns cunu Baur oruop ur anb rlsou ilL, 'runa pE lle la ruernllndes pE lrne.redatd Iql anb Ens EJuatur+ -san Ia llpualso la tunlnslqncuoc ur urauuBr{ol BrJBtr{ }rxnpur qI Ealsod eil ,,'sourlesd aJauEO saqap srFeu :sEurrJJEI oporu auls,, :urouuBr{ol pE ErJRI{ JunI 'urBns ruarJEJ radns }rprcat }a }lnalJ 'arod.roc ap lossa EJnssaJaJ alp BroJal ponb sauuer{ol tua}ne SuoIpnY (rr) ,,,'JalSOu JOlsnpAS lsa SnlBu esdr xa etnb 'Sntua;nq -Iuoc auFr snllll snd;oc tualJoru snra lsod +a iesdr JnlerJoru anb -snonb snurelcadg, 'ulnlouacrp runJoapnl uepsonb rnrpne esdr
oFa tuEN'urnluaurnuotu
!
:
'asnoq
.
puB 'lEIJnq JOJ J.ri.. puB JoqurBr{J raLi
-
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,
..
(rr) ,,,'JOf{ TUOJJ U.Io,1 \ OI
uJnq sn
lal
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a
,
1
:
sn 1aT, 'Fur.(es s \\e1 -1ndas Jq+ ur ll a,r:1,
ur seuod 1a urnaru snd;ol selpolsnJ
ÄuYri
L,9t
"
-:
368
HERE IS THE TtrSTANIENT OF N{ARY
ninth hour of the da].-; suddenl.v a cloud descended in the same place in which there were twelve men (i) hearing God's word from us. Suddenly it enveloped me and snatched me from their midst with them seeing it and bore me hither as far as the house of the Blessed N{ar1.." 6 Q7) John having said this, they entered the house of the Blessed Ulary and greeted her, saying, "Hail N'Iary", et cetera^. And Vlary responded, offerirrg "The Lord be with you."n And each told how he was brought to Mary in the clouds. (18) After this, the Blessed Nlary led all the apostles into her chamber and showed them the f uneral shroud. And when it was the third day, (22) suddenly a great light shone (2) in that house, so that it was scarcely possible to look at it. Then there was a voice from heaven, "Behold, I am with you (') every day until the end of time."'The apostles responded, "Amen." Then, praving, she took to her bed. And Peter sat at the head of her bed and the other apostles around the bed. And at the sixth hour of the day there was a great thundering indeed; as, due to an overpowering sweetness, all who were there fell asleep, the apostles and three virgins being excepted. (23) Then Jesus calne into the house to them, and Michael, prince of the angels, u-ith all the angels singing hymns. Then he greeted Mary and the apostles. And N'Iarv and the apostles greeted him. Then the Lord took the soul of the Blessed Mary and gave it to the archangel Michael, and he saw her soul had a human likeness and was seven times whiter than snow. (2+) Then Jesus said to them, "The souls of all people not having committed sins after baptism and keeping guard over themselves from ever,v sin, so
a. cf. Luc. 1,28 b. cf. Ruth 2,4; II Par.
75,2
c. cf. \{atth. 28,20
(1) "twelve". In Ltl'I 16 "tll,enty-five", rvith variant "twent_v-nine"; on the number see \\rpxcen, Lässomption p. 45. (2) The corrector, har.ing attempted to alter the word and left a blot, rewrites it in the margin as refulsit. Donahue printed refulsit rvithout comment.
(3) The word uobiscum has been added in margin bv a corrector's hand.
eocleur loc'r,
hus
6
in
.
illis et uti .. t17r Hot' ,ir . . -
.
t't saltttaut't'un attteur resl)r,n,lultusqLrisclue {J..
.
Post hoc intr'.,:
,-
esset dies tert l ,-"
illa ita ut uir I --
l
"Ecce uoltist'irr:- \ seculi..." Apost,
-.
alii apostoli t'ir', truum nlagrlLln. qui eraut ilri,i. (2:l) Tunc uertit i,--
-
,
.
.
1,r
Ilariam et
I eum. Tunc rlr,rn:-:20
ri l
rr
eam NIichael i .: l similitudinenr ..
6z refulsit IIS Ir
-
-
'alou ees :anqBuoc str{ ttlncsrqon 6
'a+ou aas :anqBuoc
sI{
+lslnJar
Ä
g
'puEI{ s,JO}JAJ.I0.)
,.- .'.
lnoqlr,{e :.ts:.nJat I ,- '+olq B lJal pur? I,..,
uo l,,ouru-iluJ.\\ ] ..
.,
-
os 'uls Äla^ra tti r ,.t -
\
JaIJE surs pa + ]i tt; i.:
qE urntcualpolsnJ as 1a urnrJueJladtad uou Eleccad tuntusrl -deq lsod trrnurtrtoq runruuro aruruv,, 'snsa1 sla llxlp tunJ Gz) 'urnldnldas anlu JoIplpuEJ lEJa 1a srurruoq tuaurpnlrlrtrrrs IllaluaqBq snra ruBurruB lBqaprn }a olaFueqJJB rlaEqJrHI urBa llplper+ 1a aIJEtr\l aleaq rueurrue lrdacsns snuruop ounJ'urna lunranBlnlBs rlolsode }a lualnB ErrBr\l 'sololsode +a [uETJEIN lInElnlES cunJ 'snqlluauer soudu,( srlaFue snqruuro urno unJol -a8ue sdacuud laeqcl1l 1a tuntuop ul soa pE snsal cunJ Gz) +ruan 'snqrurF;rn snqrrl Ta srlolsode srldaexa ruaplqr luEra Inb lulJalurJop sauuro alellnens Erruru atd 1n Ell tunuFeur runnJl -ruol +sa tunlf,EJ Ialp nltr tualnB EJOH'tunlJal E3Jr3 Ilolsode IIIB }a snra rlnlsol lndec pB snrlad tualnB lBqapas'urnns tunlcal +lnqn3srp suBJo JunJ ',,ualuv,, '1un;apuodsa; rlolsody ,,.,llnJas urauolceurnsuot pB anbsn snqarp snqruuo urns runosrqon aocg,, oolac ap xon lsa EIJEJ sunJ'pnlll a;acrdsar lrssod xrn 1n Ell EIII orllop ur +rslnJal uatunl unuFeu olrqns ftz)'snrc;a1 salp lassa urns 1g 'aJnllndas unluaunpur sla +rpualso }a runns tunlnJrq -ncuoJ ur sololsode sauruo E[JEN ElBaq +rxnpoJlul 3oq lsod (er) 'Snqlqnu uI IUEIJEI I pB lsa Sn+lnp oporuonb anbsrnbsnun 1g,,qUnJSrqOn snururoc,,'sua;aJJo llpuodsat lualnB
OZ
01 plES Snsar rrr.: i. ssaua{rl uBurrlri r-.:
aql o1 11 a.\Eoa l)ri , uaqJ 'urlr{ pa1;:.; puE .(tetrq pa +a J.i > 'slaFue aq] .lo r.)rr . .
snsar uaqJ {rr
'l
.
,
-
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.
,
.
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:
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aql
sE.^(\.
JaqtuBr{J Jaq
JaIJY
(sr)
:-.
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'spnolJ .r::-
puv n,,'no{ q}1.§ r,i 'euJaln
+TnBJJBU
o,,rEIJEtr11
ETJEHJ 'EEJAIAC 1A Any,, 'SalUaCrp ruBa lunJanBlnlBs +a arJBIAi aleaq runuop luns rssaJFrl 'auueqol aluaorp JoH r,) g ,,'arrel{ a}Baq runtuop pB anbsn Jnq aur }lln}}E }a sllll snq qI -rluaprn runJoa orpau ap aur aru llpapuncJrJ ollqns lrndel }a 'srqou e Iap unqran saluarpnB IJIn +uBra IIx onb ur oJol ruapoa
p
0,,,(;e11
aq+ Jo asnoq
aq
Il'
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,
I
:
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Jlaql tuoJJ aur parl,r -, ' pJoa s,po3 FurrEJrI Aql UI pApua,l s -
aIUES
:
9-q
698
ÄTIYI\
]
370
FIERE IS THE TESTAMENT OF \TARY
they appear in the sight of God, just as you see the soul of the Blessed \rirgin Mary." Again the Lord said to Peter, "Cover the body of the Blessed Virgin Nlar5r and go to the right-hand side (1) of the city and you will find a new tomb. And place her body there. And when the Lord had said this, the bod-v of the Blessed Marv exclaimed in their presence, saving , "Lord Jesus Christ, forsake me not!"'r Jesus responded, "It r,vill not happen that I shall forsake -you, because you are the temple and the chest from which my body proceeded." 7 Lf terwards, Jesus ascended into heaven. (25) But Peter and the other apostles and those three (2) rrirgins were around the body of the Blessed Mary. Then the apostles, rising, lifted the bier (3), carrving it in their hands. But Peter, preceding them and carrying the palm, raising his voice, said, "In Israel's departure ..."o with an Alleluia. (2tj) And the angels were in the clouds, carryirrg her soul: even as the apostles were in earth, carryirrg her bod-v. (27) Then the chief priests rose up u'ith swords and clubst'to kill the apostles and burn the body of the Blessed Mar,v. Then a certain one of them ran, grabbing the bier of the Blessed Mary, but his two hands dropped off from their elbows (a) and adhered immovably to the bier. d. cf. Ps. 27 (26),9; 38 (37),22; 7l (70),9.18; trccli.
omni peccato t rr ,- animam beatc ]1 ,, 25
corpus eius iltir lr.:: corpus beat e JI r, : 30
apostoli et ille t: Tunc surgentes r, , bus suis. Petru: ." uocem
dixit. "ln
:
beate N'Iarie. 10
Tu n
^
Marie, sed clue :.
zg Absit ne \IS : .\
r
:
Donahue
cf . Ps 114 (113),1 b. cf. Matth. 26,17.55; Luc. 22,52
style of the Arabic figure, for quatuor. Donahue's suggestion, however, is accepted as an emendation; the three virgins appear in § 6,15 above and this numlter is required for narrative sense. It is also confirmed by the other versions in trthiopic (El 7l), Greek (G1 33 and 37; G3 12 and 13), l,atin (L2 23 and 31) and Irish (LllI 25).
-
- r,,
a.
(1) "the right-hand side", ad derteram partem" as in other Latin texts of the apocrvphon (for instance in the L,2 texts Vat. Ileg. lat. 119, ed. \VrrlrART, "L'Ancien röcit", p.345); Paris, Bihliothöque nat. lat.2762 (.d.B. CrppLLl, in Analecta Bollandianu 67 [19491, p. 44-.18, at p.46. Derter "right" extends in Hiberno-Latin to mean "southern"). (2) f)osrHUE, p. 70, n.6, reconstructs tres: "Restored from context and other versions. The rvord is illegible in the \'Is. but apparentlv ends in or". Donahue's difficultv arose from rvorking from a photostat. Ther nearlv ohliterated word in the manuscript, is 4"., emploving the loop-
-
erant in nultil-,u. corpus ferrentt,cum gladiis rt I ,. --
7 z tres Donahue 23,1
.
ne me derelinrlu i, : quia tu es tenr1,1 .. -. 7 Postea Iesu: . -
(3) Renderinq
h'
t
earlier used in th..
(4) An uncert rr i :. apicibus (et edl1t,',:
fell imrnediatelr'
-l
meaning of upi,'ii', ("L'Ancien röc'it ". Assumption 2( q'l .i r.
.
,
ad Iectum)", "(tir,... the relevant tt-or''l. 1605), et bracii.,
,.r
I'
omitted in IIS H , ',. passage of the Lr,..
, :
'
'uorssrursueJ+ rrrtrBT aql Jo aFessed slql ur uorldn.rroc Jo aruepl^o IIB - (Off 'ruy '6rü'1EA) t{ Str^[ ul pa]]ruo :Q'ou ?nl4su»ar sytuoJ'solls :,1 SIt) lllqru s?ss?rsqn stnvrq p'G7gt 'bm 'ono^I aruerd ap '+Rli 'lqlg :g Sr\l) snilqn) §d! :spro,&\ ]uEAoloJ ar{} JoJ sJUETJEÄ rlll.tn.',,s.uoq1a,(lar
aql tuoJJ (d,-, palJp {ar{}),,',,(run1ca1
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372
HERE IS THE TtrSTAI,IENT OF' N,IARY
And the angels struck the eyes of the Jeu,'s with blindness. Then the one from whom the hands had dropped off begged the apostles with tears, sa,ving, "Despise me not in this great difficulty (')." Peter said to him, "If vou believe in your heart, approach and kiss the bier of the Blessed N{ary." He believed and kissed the bier, and his hands were intact. (28) Peter said, "Take this palm and enter the city of the Jews who have been struck with blindness and put this palm over their e,ves, and if they should believe, they shall be healed." And he did as Peter said, and those who believed recovered their eyes, and those who did not believe remained (') blind. And the apostles carrying lVlary carried her to the tomb. There they buried her. 8 Then the Lord came to them u,ith a multitude of angels, saying to them, "Peace be with you."'Then the Lord bade Michael to take up the body of the Blessed Mary in the clouds of heaven. And furthermore, the apostles w'ere taken up in the clouds, so that they went, worshipping at the same time, to paradise. (2e) And there they put the body of l\Iary beneath the tree of life and theSr put the soul into her body. (2e-3'1) Then the apostles and Mary were led to hell, that they might see the plrnishments and reveal them to people every day after they ascended from hell. (cr'21) Then Paul said to Jesus, "Lord, sho\A,, me what you have revealed to your other disciples." Then the Lord said to the apostles, "Sit here whilst I lead Paul, and show him the celestial mysteries that have been shown to you." And the Lord ascended to a cloud and called Paul to himself. Then the devil met them in the air, shouting with a great voice and saying, "How is it that -you lead Paul with you? Let him go, Lord, so that he may first fight with ffie, and if he defeats ffie, show him your glorious wonders." And so the Lord said to Paul, "Prepare yourself to fight him, so that his complaint
adheserunt oculos cecit
firc at r.
mis deprecat us 15
(1) Cf. the ancient Nlarian inr.ocation Suö tuum praesidium confugimus, Dei genetrir,. Noslras deprecationes ne despicias in necessitatibus
nostris, sed a periculis cunctis, libera nos semper, Virgo gloriosa et benedtcta. (2) Donahue reads permansiit and suggests permanserit. NIS in fact reads permanserit as he emended; rvhat he took to be a cancelled i is an er-stroke.
.
.
20
cecitate et palnr:, -. ipsi sanabu nt u r'. derit oculos rrr.t .
-
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tum. Ibi sepilitr'..:. 8 Tunc uenit : dicens eis, " Pi' r eleueret corItus adhuc apostoli
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20 permanserit
a. cf. Luc. 21,38; Ioh. 20,21.26
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371
HERE IS TTIE TESTANIENT OF },IAR\'
may be laid aside." And Paul said to Jesus, "Lord, I arn a beginner, and I know not hou, I should fight him." The Lord said to him, "I shall send Peter w'ith you, and he shall teach you." Which was done. And Paul fought against the devil, and that devil fell into a chasm. And the apostles came to the Saviour rn'ithout a wound. And the Lord revealed to Paul his wonders, which he shorved the other apostles. Peter and Paul descended to the other apostles. (35) And the Saviour returned to heaven, (:16) and each of them to the place where he had been preaching rn,ith great joy, praising and blessing God and the Blessed Virgin Mary; to rnhich joy may he lead us, God u,'ho lives and reigns for ever and ever. Amen. And so it ends.
contra illu nt 20
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illo puqnareilr. et docebit te." {., dyabolum" et il . apostoli acl Su lLi
25
lus descenclerLi reuersus
30
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\TISIO SANCTI PALILI
380
it
became "one of the chief formative elements in the developments of the later legends of Heaven and Hell rvhich culminated in the Divina Commedia of Dante" ('). It is known to have influenced the Vision of St Patrick's Purgator-y, and also F'is Adomnain (see p. 31-32 above), the Visio Tnugdali, and
probably other Irish texts besides. The tr/i sio Sancti Pauli is a lengthy work,
with
fif ty-one
The Long Version The extant texts of this apocryphon differ so much in detail among themselves that exact reconstruction of the original would appear to be an impossible task. In more general terms, hou,'ever, there are elements common to all witnesses of the Long texts. These may be summarised as follows Discover), of the Vision (chapters 1-2); appeal of creation to God against sinful man (3-6); the report of the angels to God about man (7-10); deaths and judgement of the righteous :
30); vision of Ff bSrters, ch. 3l: i.' Paul obtains I'r vision of Parar ii-, >
(2)
tr'isro Sancti
See SrL\rERSrErN
-
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3.
Hrr-rroRsr, Apocalgpse of Paul, p.21.
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tory of this ä|r
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pendent u'orlis. .: r.
these studie s ir ', gave rise fronr :.
val
.
-
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tions(2). In thr ..,the se short er R .I n h is monu n]r r,l shOrL r,ersiops. ( r Silverstein sturl..,. New Links anrl ir ' of these ne\\' t rx ers reveal tht' r\. the total knou r, ings en Ia rge Lr ]' r. Paul from the rt,.'. circulation orl tli' The mosl 1rt'i designated "Rr',i, seems to havc i' There is eviclrr.r' England, u'hert' :
,
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(1) The Redar l
-
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(3) See' Patterrns
(1) Srn,ERSlErN,
.
,.
Theodore Silr
chapters, rn hich are generallv grouped into seven sections accordirg to subject matter. An indication of its popularity in the Latin West is that, together with the Long Versions, eleven recensions (or Redactions as they are generallv referred to) are known, in rn hich much of the material of the Long Versions is omitted. Apart from the distinctive Redaction VI (with strong Irish connections), of rn'hich two ninth-century manuscripts are knou,'n, and Redaction XI (possibl,v with Irish connections) extant in one ninth-tenth-century manuscript, the earliest manuscripts of the Redactions are from the eler-enth century. F rom these descended the rich abundance of vernacular texts of the twelfth to fifteenth centuries (2). Identification of the place of origin of the Redactions helps in ascertaining hou, widespread knowledge of the fuller, or Long, Latin \rersions was. With regard to knowledge and use of the Long version in Ireland we have to reh, on the evidence of Redaction \rI, and possiblv Redaction XI, and rnhat evidence may be drawn from other sources. Future research may throw further light on the matter'.
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and of the u-ic'k,,
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'(n).rl8r-ro sll per{ a^Eq {eu }l araqa 'puEIFug ur relndod {1te1nar1-red uaaq Fur,teq s}l Jo aJuaprla sr arar{J 'ado.rng uJalsaa ur ilanrsualxa u,Aeou{ uaaq aler1 o} suraas rlJrrl.\\ (utnlar a.lr qJlq.t.r o1) ,, AI uorlJepatl, paleuFlsap IIErls uralsJaAIIS sE,\A. suor}JepaJ ar{} IIE Jo relndod }soru aqJ lEr{,^N 'Blnsuruad uBrlElI aql uo uorlEInJJrJ sll Ällercadsa 'Ä;n1uat qluaalxrs aql o1 r{}uo^ala aq} ruorJ InBcI 1S Jo uorsr^ aql Jo ,(tolsrq aql Jo aFpal,nou{ rno aE-rEIua sFur -pulJ s,uralsJaAIrs 'uaAala o1 asaql Jo Jaqunu u.{A.ou{ IE}o} aq} EurFuuq 'suorlcepag raqlrnJ aorrl+ Jo aJuo?srxa aql IEaAar sra -qlo isuorlcepag u.^eou{ {pea-r1e o} Fuolaq s}xal ,^.l.au asaq} Jo atuos '(r) ,,rolllperJ uralsa6 aql ur sura++Ed pue s>lrrrT ,\rali : InBd trulES Jo uorsr1 ar{1-, .(essa slq ur parpnls ura}sJaAIIS asarlJ 'parJrluapr JaIEI araa slxal ullBT raqlo 'suorsra^ lror{s lcurlsrp lqFla parJrluapr uralsJaAIIS o,(a,t;ns leluaunuour slr{ uJ '(*,) ,olsral Fuol aql ur uer{} rar{}Er suor}cepag ra}rorls asaq] ur u.^Nou{ selw uorsrA aq} sa,Ey alppl1l ra}BI aq} uI '(r) suorl -eldepe relnreural pue suorlcupag ulleT Jo luaurdola^ap IB^ -arpau r{JIJ E o} spJB.^(\uo {,rn1uac q}u Iu aq} uroJJ asrJ a.teF uorsJa^ ullBT Fuol ,(1;ea aq+ /Korl pa.A&or{s aq sarpn}s asaq} Jo lsrlJ ar{} u J 'suorsra1 ul}ET Fuol aarq} Jo uor}rpa lecr}rrr ./y\au E sa.trF +sJor{lrH ^(uoqluy rl}l^^(\ Ja}EI puB 's>1,ro,tn luapuad -apul o1y\} ur lsa^N ullBT ar{} ur {ro.{(\ 1eqd,(rcode slql Jo {to1 -slq ar{} .(pn1s q8noroql operrr serl ura}sra^lls aropoar{J e Jo '(,) (lg-7il asrpered Jo uorsrl puooas :(VV-tt) pauurep aql roJ ,(epung uo lsar surelqo InBd :(gg 'q) 's;apee; pue suoceap :qt 'r{r 'sdoqsrq :Vg 'r{r 's;a1.(q -sa-rd punoJ arB pauruup aql Fuoure :ZV-It) IIaH Jo uorsrA:(Og lsrlJ (s,1ne6) :(SI-II) pa4or.tr aql Jo prrE
-6I) asrpered
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r
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,
-
aql tuoJJ aJB Stlr-rl.r -nueur {-rn}uJJ-rl -':
"
Ä;n1uac-qluru o.\\ IA uorlcBpaH a-\r, - . Fuol aql Jo IBI.ri ', :: ,
.
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382
VISIO SANCTI PAULI
Irish Tradition and Redaction VI of the Visio Sancti Pauli Redaction
VI of the Visio Sancti Pauli is represented by the
two codices: \ratican Librar), Codex Palatinus Latinus 216 (fol. 126") of the ninth-tenth century and St Gall, Stiftsbibliothek Coder 682 (p. 193 -204), of the ninth century. Silverstein notes that "its complete independence of all the other Redactions is patent, äs well from what it omits as from its interpolations. It contains neither the homiletic prologue of the Redactions, nor their substitution of Michael for the nameless 'angelus' as the guide to Hell, nor any of the special additions attributable to the different individual redactors; nor does it preserve from the original, as most of them do, the account of the outgoing of the souls". He further points out that Redaction VI " is unique among the Redactions in keeping an-y reference t o Paul's (f irst) j ourney to Paradise", a f act which "alone is er-idence that the kinship of [Redaction] VI is directly with the longer Latin texts" ('). This Redaction represents a complete rewriting of the Visio. As Silverstein also notes, not on11, cloes it contain several obvious interpolations, " but the original incidents themselves are in general merely starting-points for elaborations which entirelv change their appearances and rneaning" ('). The same scholar goes on to suggest that "some light may be shed on many of the i*portant passages by occasional reference to the ApocalApse of Peter, and more remarkably, to descriptions of Hell in a group of early Irish revelations", for instance " the \risions of Laisren and Adomnän, the \royage of L-fi Chorra and the Celtic versions of the Transi lus Mariae". After his study of the various interpolations of Redaction VI in the light of this literature (3), Silverstein concludes that the similarities between the Irish Visions and this Redaction are both numerous and obvious, even though their significance is a matter for conjecture. Silverstein's position is that the relationship is not direct on either side ; rather are the
Irish text s n, i i work no longt'r' -. '. Silverstein :'Hilhorst, in 1 l' 'those of Silr-er'> -' r'r
.
text bears thr
r..
'
Silverstein's ri: noted and enrl1 . :.
Dumville ha. ,.'concludes that I at any rate in .: l links with thr .. l
Irish Tradition ar In 1988 lI. L,. I t tion of the \-r *, identified in tir' nus 220 (fol.
,--r
t
'
-
'
'
extracts frotn r: and interpolat r at least: (1) it 'substantial us*making onlr- \'r r-
-. -
i
(1) Ibid., p. \1r-'
(2) SrlvERSrrr:\, regard the cont. : - 126"; ninth or t,.--: the St Gall on(. it is more con\ r.r..ing to the Loni \ ' , (3) C. D. \\-r , :
,
bridge Sludres Ir' vILLE, "To\t-AI',1.
(1977-l97Bl. I).
(1) Srn,ERSrErN, tr/isro Sancti Pauli, p. 58. (2) Ibid., p. 82. (3) Ibid., p.82-89.
-
'-.'
(4) D. N. Dr ":' (5) M. tr. D\\', , uscripta 32 ( 1!t,r '. p.
39 7 -115
.
.
t:--,
'grt- L6t 'd
'puofrag puD pu'i aqJ ur',,IX uorlJBpatl'lned ,1ulBS Jo uorsrl\ aq1., 'NivAr-rrns,O 'J .(q uor+rpa aq] ,llou aas 'gtI-IZI 'd'(SgOt) ZE nTdtnsn -uvru 0,,!lnnd olsJ.,t ar{+ Jo uor}Jepeg palpn}su,'1 uy,, orraÄ,uq 'g 'I,[ (q) '0L 'd ''plry 'srrr^r\rilg 'i{ 'C (f)
'd '(gr 6t- L L6t) L L-7,9 Jo uorlelatd"ralul uB spJB.\A.oJ,, 's-r'rrA aFpr-rqurEJ '(pun76ug uorog-o76uy ut satpn1g afrpt4 '
Ell1,l m4la7 nlpryS ',,tnDtrlunpv sljl
-IurC'C :Ott 'd't661 -LUDJ)
arnpralru qsllfrug pl7 ut uolltpDry qstrl aq;'rHcrr{r\\'C 'f (g)
'(uorsrarl Euol aq1 o1 Eur -Euolaq sE uEr{}) ,,suorlJepag aq} qll,\\ paIJISSEIJ {lluaruaAuor arour sl }l ';ap1o;o uer8urlores lrEJ ur q8noqJ "'Itf uor]repag Jo'auo IIE9 ]S aq] se] 1ra1 relrrurs B Jo luaurFeJJ reqlrtrJ 8,, se (,(-rnlueJ qlual ro r{}uru :^gUI 'loJ'gl1 snu1ol snu4olad'SI{) }xa} raq}o oq} Jo s}ua}uor ar{} pre8a.r ^(.t1J 'lZ-02, 'd 'lnod Jo asdfrTmody 'JSrroH'rrH Nrsr.susA-rrS k) '06-68'd ''-plql (t)
aq+ aJE Jar{}B.r :.ri ,sI uorlrsod s.[rrr]..: Jlaql qFnoql rrr ,i j.
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.
.
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'(r,) ,,arnllnc aruoq aql qll,\N s)tull aql Fururela; arluac leluaurluoc r{slrl uE ur a}Br Äue +e
'pue1e-r1 ur lou Jr 'pasoduroJ sE^A.,, IA uol+oepaH ler{} sapnlJuoa puB uü)uutopv sld uo acuanlJur sll pauruBxa sBq allr^tunc '(r) rtttArunq pl^ECI pue TqEIT16 'O 'l Äq pasropua pue palou uot}JBpaH uo suor}EAJasqo JarlJEa s,uro}sJa^Irs
uaaq aAEI{ IA
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38,4
VISIO SANCTI PAULI
other redactions not using it at all ; (:2) some of its modifications and interpolated material may be connected to significant modifications and interpolations in the later medieval Latin redactions, the most notable of the interpolations being the sinners hanging from fierv trees. Dwver ends her essay noting that "Redaction Xl and Redaction \rI stand apart from the main body of the medieval Latin redactions. They are unique in their connection to the Long Latin version, and their authors exercise much more freedom in their use of the Long Latin original. Both are extant in manuscripts of the ninth century and both have Irish or Anglo-Saxon connections" ('). Charles D. \\rright has argued for an Insular, probably Irish, origin of Redacbion XI ('). Wright notes that the Vatican manuscript carrying this text has other material regarded as Hiberno-Latin or connected with Irish tradition, for instance the homilies 1n nomine Dei summi edited by R. tr. N{cNally, and the interpolated text of the ApocalApse of Thomas,, an apocryphon known in Ireland and translated in ^\rtslo-Saxon trngland. He also believes that Redaction XI has certain linguistic features which are consistent with an Irish origin. In his view, howel.er, the most compelling internal evidence for an Irish connection is the quotation of verses 4-6 of the Te Deum accordirrg to the peculiar Irish textual tradition of this hymn. The cumulative weight of the evidence, in Wright's opinion, suggests that Redaction XI was compiled try an Irish monk or nun on the Continent (:r). Silverstein and Hilhorst take note of some of the later r,vork on Redaction XI, but make no comment on an Irish connection. The text Pal. lat.220 is copied in an Anglo-Saxon hand and in the tenth century was at I-orsch; with its trnglish associations it testifes further to the extent of the Western spread at an earlv period of the Long Latin version. Silverstein and Hilhorst note that the character of the text suggests a connection with a house for nuns (i.r.its preoccupation u,ith the parable of the wise
and foolish r-ir':. r,r'hich occurs
ir
r
Visio Sancti PauL: Silverstein
:
l)r.r '. Visio Srurr'l i
the i tions I, II. III. \\' for his Rerlur'tr, . published lr)- tl l 100 of Becle tPI- ' , is extant in ut i,.' ' uscripts in trrlr i . t
"
believes ma)- rri. Silverst
ei
n's
,
acceptecl: lrtrt t.has been pla t'r', I
field, that of I-r.. presetrtatiorr
ui. t. .
ence as "Recliir
-
by him as lrrl, : unclassifiecl 1., r, i I . rnanuscripts u it:. and five u'ith r'\ manuscriltt s. -\ 1 .
TrinitY Collt'er i
(1)
-.
einem deulscitert i:' cod. Vienna . ltrl. ,\
tional 26770 anri
:
1r'
(list). (,1)
r
SrLr.trn s'r 1. i .,
(2) H. Bnr\r,
(3) Srr.r'trRSrr'.'.. (1) l{. tr. Dn ynn, ibitl., p. 1:16. (2) C. D. \VRrcur, "Sonle Evidence for the Irish Origin of Redaction XI of the Visr o Pauli", Ilenuscripta 31 (1990), 33-.1.1 ; also C. D. \\'nrcH'r, The lrish Tradilion, p. 1 1 1-1 13. (3) \\'nrc;rrr, The Irish T'radition, p. 111-113.
.
L..Jttrot:ri
talischen
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-
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iur
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erldouÄs e ua.trF seq ar{S '(,) g^n{snorrf. E{uaT Jo }Bq} ,plalJ slr{+ ur {ro,&\ }sa}EI aql {q Furloo;.{A.au E uo paceld uaaq sBq suorlsBpau aql Jo {urouoxB} aq} Jo uor}sanb aql }nq i paldarrB Ä11erauaF uaaq seq AI uorlJepau uo uorlrsod s,uralsra^lrs '(r,) ,olllpBr+ slr{} o} Fuolaq oslE .(eur saAorlaq aq qJIq^t.r ,,palJISSEIoun,, pa>lJEru sJar{}o 01 uor}rppe ur sldr;rsn -ueur asaq+ slsll aH 'sasrpoJ ualas-{1ua,r,r1 }sEal }E ur }uE}xa sr 'sa1ou uralsra^lls 'AI uorltepag '(ZOq-ISg,V6 7A apag Jo 00I .(lruroq snor;nds aql ur osle pue (r) sapuerg 'H {q paqsrlqnd sa}ou 'AI uor}cBpau slq roJ +xa+ aq+ ur punoJ sr +Er{} I }nq ,IIoI suorl +xa1 ulleT ou sa,rrF aH'IA pue IIIA'IIA,A,III -rBpatl roJ snql : palJl+uapl sBr{ aq qrlr{,^(\ llnad 4)uDS olsl^ aq} Jo suorlDBpaH aql Jo +soru JoJ slxal ullBT sapr.to;d uralsJaAIIS
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.
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386
VISIO SANCTI PAT]LI
Jirou§kovä does not accept the designation "Redaction IV" for the manuscripts she has studied, asserting that they cannot be said to be descended from a common ancestor. Her des-
rvhich of
ignation is " (Lateinische) Höllen-F assungen" (" Flell-\,'ersions" ). In her study she seeks to respect the multiformity of the Visio Pauli (as she designates it), i.e. its "text-variabilit_y", the fluid text-form open to new reformulations. The separate texts are not understood as deviations from an initial original text, but as individual engagements with the transmitted material (t). Jirou§kovä reclassifies the f ull corpus of Latin text witnesses (82 in all) into three groups, A, B and C, and "sing. (singular)", that is texts that do not belong to any of the three, with subdivisions for each of the groups A, B and C respectively. She pa_-vs particular attention to formulae and divides the full Latin text into 1l numbered "scenes" ("structural elements") ('); some scenes include subdivisions. In her presentation of the material she adds appropriate headings (not found
(trranciscAn) tt ).
in the manuscripts) to each of these "scenes". She also supplies a s__vnoptic presentation of the contents of the three groups, with their respective designation: Group A: "opportet nos"; Group B: "interrogandum est"; Group C: "dies dominicus". Occasionally one group has scenes not in one or more of the others; thus at times C lacks scenes found in A and/ or B. Likewise in C, occasionally some of the "scenes" or "subscenes" are absent from an individual subdivision (C1, C2, C3). Most of the witnesses in Jirou§kovä's survey belong to her C group, to which she assigns the subdivisions C1, C2, C3, and C/bes. (" besonders", "sp.cial"). As we shall see below for the Irish texts, variants within C1, C2 and C3 can indicate to (1) Jtnou§xovÄ, ibid., p. 2l: "F{ier rvird versucht, den Charakter der Visio Pauli ihre Textvariabilität und die für L,mformulierungen prädestinierte, offene Textform zü respektieren. Die einzelnen Texte
t he
s,'
.
tion belorles.
\\rith I'e ea I'r i TCD 27i (DGroup C3.
r
u'hi.. .
'materia' zusammenschließen."
-
Our prinlilr'\. nesses belone
: i: r.
.
C6 Cambricli.. > D4 Dublin. -f r I ar-yll-inrrr': .. Be2 Berlin. 5t.' ' lal. oct. I J -' .
(appa re nt
Li
l'.
i
Lonclon. Il I -
,
(or: provr'n-'
L8 London. t''r lL3 London. Iii-. M1 Munich. I-i:, ' L,pper Bltr'.,
.
.
no indication ii > gen" (" Hell-\-t'r'-
To facili t at r' the Latin u'it nr'- footnotes to th,-
-
werden hier nicht als wenn auch individuelle Abweichungen von einem ursprünglichen Originaltert verstanden, sondern als individuelles Produkt eines f reien [, mgangs mit dem überlieferten Stof f ". (2) Ibid., p. 162: "Als miteinander vergleichbare Texteinheiten lassen sich 'N'fotive' und 'Szenen' (i* Sinne von dialogisch gefassten 'Nlotiven') abstrahieren, die in den meisten Fassungen vorkommen und als konstitutive Elemente die gesamte L-rberlieferung zu einer identifizierbaren
-
does not belt-rn,. resents a nrirL',1 -"
(1) Jtnol §Iit,r '. (2) Jtnou§x,,r i. giving Co. Clur,. :altove. For the i, -
The Frunclscrar,. , ' nooth Historicrrl .s
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IV of Visio Pauli mentions the respite granted to the damned on Sunday through Paul's petition and that of the archangel Michael (').
Linguisticallv, neither of the tr,vo versions of the Irish text can he dated much earlier than the earliest extant manuscript, that is, to the first half of the fifteenth century. With regard to the expansion of abbreviations and insertion
of length-marks, I have followed the editorial Infancy Narratives in CCSA 13 (').
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(1) Ibid., p. 107. (2) l,{. r'IcNrilrARA c. Bns.rrxAcr{ J. cenp,-- rI. I{BnBErlr J.-D. KAIIsTLI - B. Ö Cuir. P. Ö F'rrNNACrrrA D. Ö LrclcuArRri (eds.), Apocrgpha Hiberniae I. Iiuangelia infantiae (CCSA 13), Turnhout 2001, p. 35-37,1,16.
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L Concernirrg Sundav here (1), that is, it is a d*)'rvhich has been chosen b,v God and it is then that angels and archangels
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rejoice the most. And it is a question here (2) rvho is the person who asked God lvtr.,v it is that the souls of sinners have rest and peace on Sundav more so than any other da)'in the r,veek. And it is said (3) that it is Paul the apostle and Nlichael the
archangel at the time when the5r rvent to see hell, for it was God's wish that Paul should see the torments of hell. And God sent N,Iichael (t) the archangel together with Paul so that he might reveal the torments of hell to him.
Paul's Vision of the Torrnents of HeIl below
O
\,/isio Pauli de penis inferni per Dei licentiam, that is, Paul's vision of the torments of hell to u'hich God consented on Sunday for Sunday is the day (') of rejoicing and gladness of the angels of heaven and it is on account of that that it was chosen for this vision. It is a question here (2) who is the first person rvho beseeched God to get repose for sinners on Sunday. That is not difficult ('). Paul the apostle and N{ichael the archangel with him, the time they went to hell to see its torments. For it was God's wish (r) that Paul should go to see hell in order that he might see everv torment. 1,
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Tit. Aisling- I),,.. (1) Concerning Sunda_v here ... rejoice the most / Sunda-v for Sundav is the cla__v ... it was chosen for this vision. Cf. Jtnot,§xovi, Die tr''isro Pattli, p. 165 and 65,1-656: l Dies clominicus. (2) And it is a question here an.v other da)' in the rveek I lt is a question here ... repose for sinners on Sundav. Cf. Jtnor'§xovi, Die tr'isro Pauli,, p. 165 and 656-659: 2a interroganrlum est.
(3) And it is said that Paul should see the torments of hell /That is not difficult ... to see its torments. Cf. Jtnor'§Novi, I)ie l'rsio Pctuli, p. 165 and 659-661: 2b Responsum: Paulus et llichuel. (1) And God sent }lichael ... reveal the torments of hell to him /For it u,as God's rvish that he might see everrv torntent. Cf . .IIRou§rovi, Die Yisio Pauli, p. 165 and 662-663: 3 deus misit ]lichaelem. This scene is t-vpical onlv of C1 and C3.
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THE \'ISION OF PAL'L
2 And Paul sar,r, before the gate\\'av of hell a fierr- tree (1) and many souls of sinners being tormented and hung in the branches of that tree, that is, one band of them being hung bv their hair and another band b,v their necks, another b,v their hands and legs and a further band by their tongues. 3 And he sa\v after that a fierv cave (2) ablaze r,vith se\ren f lames and a distinctive heat in each one of those f lames in turn and rrän1r souls being tormented in it. And he sa\Ä'seven torment. (') around the cave. The first torment of them is snow. The second torment is ice. The third torment is fire. The fourth torment is blood. The fifth torment is venomous serpents. The sixth torment is thunder. The seventh torment is stench. Thev who were in that cave (1) were the souls of
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2 He saw at first fierv trees (') at the gater,r,av of hell and the sinners being tormented in them and a band of them being hung b), their feet, another band by their hands, another b-v their hair, another bv their tongues and another band b1'their ne
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3 And Paul saw then a fierv cave (2) with seven flames in it and distinctive colours in each one of those flames and many souls being indescribablv tormented in it. And there are six plagues (') around that cave. The first of those plagues is sno\ r. The second plague is ice. The third plague is fire. The fourth plague is venomous serpents. The f if th plague is f ierv lightning. The sixth plague is unbearable stench. And it is there that the souls of sinners (t) u,ho do not repent are put to (1) And Paul sa\\' another place b-v their tongues / He sa\\' at first fierv trees... and another band h1, thpir necks. Cf..JrnoLrsKO\.A, Die \,'isio Pauli, p. 165 and 663-667: B arbores ignee. (2) And he saw after that a fierv cave tormented in it /And Paul saw then a fierv cave ... tormented in it. Cf. JrRot,§xovi, Die Vrsro Pauli, p. 165 and 668- 671: 9b fornar ignis ardens. (3) And he salr, seyen torments... seventh torment is stench /And there are six plauues ... sixth plague is unbearable stench. Cf. Jrnou§Novi, I)ie Visio Pauli,, p. 165 and 671-671: 9a septem plagae. (1) The__v u,ho were in that cave did not repent in life / And it is
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(,) aatl .\tary r? I Ir r{
. .
.
t-z
L6t
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nrh* I
398
P
THE VISION OF
PALTL
sinners who did not repent in life, that is, a band of them cry(') and screaming and groaning and a band seeking death and they do not get it because a soul never departs. 4 "If so, O beloved brothers" ('), said the rvise man, "the place in which there is everlasting sickness, sadness without joy, heartfelt groaning and abundance of tears is a cause of fear, as also is the wheel (3) which has a thousand paths (1) and that wheel is struck a thousand times by the devil every
P
irrg
1()
single day, and a thousand souls are tormented every single hour b5, means of them." There is there a dun-coloured
o
torment them and every person there gets tormented in accordance with their worldl-v works, that is, a band of then] weeping (') and another groaning and sighing and seeking death and they do not get it and another band being burned and thev are wont to seek death and they do not get it at all. \\rh),
is it that they do not get death? That is not difficult.
Souls
never die.
4 And one should fear that place ('), that is, hell in which there is everlasting sickness, heartfelt groaning, sorrow without jo)', abundance of tears, torment of the heart and unending sadness on account of the suffering of souls. In that place there is the fierv wheel (3) which has a thousand paths which are a thousand lengths in depth and rn'idth and devilish angels from hell traversing those paths ever)' single da-r,' and a thousand souls are continuallv burned in that cave and an account of that cave rvould be sufficient torment for the race of Adam although they might not see it u,ith their eyes. And after that (1) that is, a band of them crying because a soul rlever departs I that is, a band of thenr weeping ... Souls never die. Cf. .Irnou§xor,Ä, Die \/rsio Pauli, p. 165 and 677-680: 9c peccatores. (2) "If so, O beloved brothers... is a cause of fear" iAnd one shoukl fear that place ... the suffering of souls. Cf. .hRolr§xovÄ, Die Visio Pauli, p. 165 and 681-684: 10 timendus est locus inferni.. The formula "beloved brothers" is onlv found in a few of the C Group manuscripts, in keeping rvith the homiletic nature of the text; "said the rvise man" is an addition
in the Irish text. (3) as also is the wheel b.v mea ns of them" / In that place there is the fier,v wheel ... the-v might not see it with their eyes. Cf. Jrnou§xovÄ, Die Visio Pauli, p. 166 and 685-688: 1l rotct ignea.
1o saeghulta .i. ,ii'
a'
cnead
a i rl
ir
-
eile aga Iosgii, il. theasdaidh
iri Ir r,
.
4 Et is c'tiit' galar suthtr i n chus 'l inracl riL.l
r-.
c6sda na Ir-rt
Il l.ll .'
.
.
5 ina fuili nrili ,.,aingil diablai,lir dolto leor clo 1rll,sin gin gu fsiq,i.-
rt e .scripsr: ()ni. haSorlletter.' 4 t in
scripsr
:
t
murk
(1) The use o1 ing in 0 ,1,5. F,,l corresponding l-:
of a wheel"'.
(I.\J-t(,(,
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o
,e\e urs-pue sI ,,'slal uls-qlp Jrenua qJEF {unue II}ru "reluerd L glu? I{IEF InqEIp uo urs-Er{}or ur rl}llenq rren II}ul L uBSEn Illur IInJ eFe Eqlor ur L r?pu E{r sarqples L eprorJ E peuso L sllllgJqro.l UEF rsrrnl L ureqlns rnle8 IInJ Bul peul-l ur EIra Jnqpe sl,,'preuca-1 uE JE o,.,ourntutrr JJtllrEJq B'pa s_BI,{,, lZ 'lrr{}lor urnr.rE pl?l Iu rrEn lreqFe; 0t Iu L slgq prerer rE Euorp L q8terlper.rso Ju L uaFg rE L I tnF cB qlp Fuorp'l'leqFoes ES aqoar.rlru r?rr.rr?Jp rlteu rlJEqlcad d
paJnolof,-unp E ) -ulS {ta.ta p J }rr r llr {rana II^ap aHt .i,{ sqled puBsr.ror{l
"
\
(r)
JO ASnEJ 'u
:
E Sr s.rErl
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as
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lnoqlr.A(\ ssaupBs aql ,,
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1
r]
66t
E>-
400
P
TI]tr \IISION OF
PATJL
odious stream in rvhich there are a thousand devilish monsters
(1)
like sea-fish in the middle of the sea, mercilessl_v slr,allowing the souls of sinners as a r,r'olf swallows a sheep And there is a bridge (2) on that stream on which the righteous souls come without stumbling. And all the souls that go across it have man\r abodes there in accordance with their o\,.n rvorks. And there are man,v other evil dwellings (') there which have been prepared for the sinners to burn them. And each to his o\ ,,n is there, that is, adulterers together rn ith adulterers, thieves with thieves and the unrighteous with the unrighteous. It is in accordance with his o\,'n works (r) that each person goes across that bridge which is on the stream.
P
10
sruth odhart It r muiriasca nrer1, .. tröcuire auritii -tsruth-sin al'ir l. gach anunr rlu i gthe f6in a r1n -.,.. . . .
fein a farracl 15
maille re hanl,i.
4 rs oibrighte :
O Paul saw a terrible very harsh stream in rn hich there \Ä,ere manv hellish beasts (1) and terrible fierce fish of dark hell s\\-allowing the souls of sinners, grindirrg and minutely cheu,ing them as wolves grind sheep through gluttony and restless hunger. It is in that way that those terrible hellish fish brino the souls of sinners and grind and minutell, cheu, them.
O10 an sruth
15
693: 12 flumen in quo bestiae.
(2) And there is a bridge in accordance rvith their own works. Cf. Pauli, p. 166 and 693-696: 72a pons. (3) And there are many other evil dwellings with the unrighteous. Cf . Jrnou§xor'Ä , Die l'isio Pauli, p. 166 and 696-701: 12b mansiones. (4) It is in accordance with his o\Ä'n u'orks u,hich is on the stream. Cf . Jrnou§xovÄ , Die \''rsro Pauli, p. 166 and 701-701: 12c quis potest per pontem ire. \Vhile this passage (12c) appears to be a repetition of l?a, it follorvs the Latin Group C, l2c. There is no scene 13 in the Irish tert, as scene 13 does not belong to version C (C1, C2 or C3). .Jrnou§xor.Ä , Die \,/rsio
üEiu
...-
r
:;
uat h ut
r,
.
.
tiri na cairig t r',..
(1) There is there a dun-coloured odious stream as a u,olf swallorvs a sheep i And after that Paul sarv a terrible verv harsh stream and minutelt' cherv them. Cf . Jrnou§xovÄ , Die Visro Pauli, p. 166 and 689-
:-_--
t
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.
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.
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ssoJJE saoF 9I
lros.ri'i
'
ul sl 1I 'snoa1t1,5r.r i. saAaII{}'sJaJJ}lnl r' u.{A.o slt{ o} tlJB.t I l: uaaq a^Erl rlJrrl \\ .r :
r
-.
;
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i
I07
-
102
P
THE \IISION OF PAUL
5 Afterwards Paul sa\r man\r other du'ellings (1) there and countless souls being tormented in them, that is, a band of them up to their knees, a band up to their navels, a band up to their necks and another band up to their evebro\\rs, and the-v being killed and tormented like that. It is then that Paul wept (2) and sighed greatlv upon seeing that, and he asked N'Iichael: "\AIho are they over there up to their knees and their navels in those torments?" The angel ans\vered him and said that the.v rvho \ rere up to their knees there were those who used to be r,ainglorious and who used to backbite their neighbours; and thel' r,vho are up to their navels (:r) there are those who used to commit adultery and did not repent for it until their deaths; and the_v who are up to their mouths (') there are those u,'ho used to converse in the temple and u,ho used not listen rnell to the words of God; and the1, u,ho are up to their eyebro\Ä's (t) there are those who used to rejoice and be glad at the privation and want of their neighbours. 6 And after that Paul saw another place (o) full of men and women who were eating their o\Mn tongues and Paul asked )'Iichael: " SIho are the-v over there? " said he. Nlichael said: "Those are profit-makers" ('), said he, "that is, thev u,ho accept profit and who were not merciful."
(1) Afterrvards Paul sarv nlan\r other drvellings tormented like that. Cf. Jrnou§xor'Ä,.Die l'isio Pauli, p. 166 and 701-707: 14 dimersi. (2) It is then that Paul u,ept used to backbite their neighbours. Cf. Jrnou§xovi, Dte \risio Pauli, p. 166 and 707-7ll: l4a dimersi ad genua. (3) and the-v rvho are up to their nar.els did not repent for it until their deaths. Cf. .IrRou§xor..i, Die l,'rsio Pauli, p. 166 and 7ll-711 llb dimersi ad umbilicum. (4) and thet,rvho are up to their mouths to the x'ords of God. Cf. Jrnori§Nov.i, Die l'isio Pauli, p. 166 and 71L-717: 14c dintersi acl lubiu. (5) and the,v w'ho are up to their evebrours... lvant of their neighbours. Cf. .IrRou§xovÄ, Die Vrsio Pauli,, p. 166 and 717-779 lLd dimersi ad supercilia. Scenes 13, 16 and 17 do not belong to version C. Scene 15, typical only for C2, C3, is omitted in Cl as it is in the Irish tert; cf. Jrnou§xor,,Ä, Die \./rsio Pauli, p. 720-721, 15 \'e /ris ! C2 (x,ith minor variants): "Et fler.it Paulus et dixit: Ve hiis, euibus praeparantur tante pene!", "And Paul wept and said: \\roe to those for whom such great punishments are prepared"; C3: "Tunc flevit Paulus et dixit Ye his, quibus tante pene preparantur".
5 Asa haithli-..:
P
anmanna diäirnr i
:
a nglüinib 1 clt'r ,n muinelaib
.
-7 clron
pianad mar sin , I aga faicsin-sin ,i a nglüinib I a n-.:. t-aingel dö I a«lui in drong do-nirl i. atä corice a n-intlr... derna aithrige ät n l in drong do-niri ,l Dö go maith I is ,
10
r
,
6 trt asa haithli-N{ichel: "Cia hiut
-
>
:.
süd", ar se, ".i. rli','.5 t ann 1: add. P
(,r,1,
(6) And after that I' there?" said he. Cl. .T.,
uiri el mulieres linri i. (i) l'Iichael said: "l'1.
18
Cf. .Irnor,§xovÄ, I)it, \-
.
querunt). All C terts 1:, pene): "Et uidit Paultt,
phrase has been onrit:.
the beginning of thr. another place in u-hich
.
.-
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snqrnb 'slq a.\ 1l\li -und 1ea.r8 qJrls lrrr ,.. aluE+ JnluEJEdan.r': rorrrru q+1.\\) 7,'._) ,' . 'Jr l1xa1 qsrrl rril '3 rr()r(.. pft :ri._-_ :
'9I
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i
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-
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plu-op Fuotp ur prre qlFlreur B rrrror VIE lEI sr L qlreru oF ?O qrBrlBrrq ar palsl? r{rBu L 11rndtua1 pgrruos plu-op Fuorp ur uuB qlnl?qul e aJrJoJ g+v lBI sr L sequ Eoc uuB aFr,rqlre EuJap r{f,Eu L serllBpB r{p}u-op Fuotp ur puB qrnuualrul-u e acrroJ yry 0t lEI sr L puesreuroJ E pelurqle L urerurp rglF plu-op Fuo"rp ur uue qlulr,llFu E aoruuor Iq op +EI qe-rnF +rreqnpe L gp laFule-1 ur rrecarJ oCL, ep!-qrnuerd Eusr qrnpualtul-u e L qlullUFu E aJruuoJ lr.rs-lBlr{ EIJ,, :lgr{Jltr{ op Fre;"rer; op L urs-ursJrBJ eFe rgru pBuso clal op L Igd IEJ op urs-uuB sI'uls rBur peuerd eFe L peqreur eFe IEIS L elqFlreur Bor IIa Fuo"rp L qlel?ulntu B roruuoJ Fuotp L qrnpualtul-u e aJrrruoJ Fuo"rp L qrurnlFu E asruuos qlp Fuo"rp'l'qllul peuerd e8e aprurrrglp EuuBuruB L uue IIa Bptul rsrnpFal Igd Drreuuor-op uls-llqlleq ESy g d
-
oLI,A& 's ^aq] I
] ]r
.
-
.'
.
:prES IaEr{JrI[ ' r i, pa{sB InEd llir B \
,
puB uaru Io IInJ
JIaqT o1 dn aJ r? l l" lou pos n oq^\\ l) u r: aJE aJaql (, ) r{ } r1r .
,,
"
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-qFrau oq,\A.
.
aJE ataql ( | r. rlaql a ll(l l{. : r
asoq] aJa^\\ .r.,
,
.
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9-g
t07
101
P
THE VISION OF PAL:L
7 And afteru,ards Paul saw another place in u,hich there (1) were black maidens \\'earing black clothes of pitch and fierv sulphur with serpents and toads and man_-v ugl). monsters around their necks and four devils (2) u'ith fierv horns around them tormenting them and the1. \vere saving: "\\'e recognise vou, O Son of the heavenlt, Father, that is, O man r,vho redeemed the race of Adam u,ith vour own blood." And Paul asked N,fichael: "'Who are the people who \Ärere like that 1s;? " And N,Iichael said that theY who were there \Ä,'ere chaste maidens who did not keep their chastitl. (1) at the time of their marriage and engaged in lust with their own fathers and brothers and who forbade themselves to have small infants and killed them and gave them to beasts to swallou, them and who cast them in waters to drown them. 8 And after that he sau, (5) men and women in another cold i.y place with fire burning them hehind them and cold perishing them in front of them. And Paul asked \Iichael (u): "\\'ho are these?" said he. "The people who revile and insult widou,s and poor people."
I And after that he saw men and women at the edge of thirsty and hungrv, and manv ripe fruits in their
u'ater (7)
presence and the-v could not taste them. Paul asked Nlichael:
P
7 trt asa h:ritl,---dena duba i r',lLi ''l nathracha - l, . .
ceitri diabail it.tr,
siat aga rärlir: .i. a fir clo cen,l . -
-T
Pöl do N{ichel: bairt Nlichel sui a ngenmnuie-er t ,: thrib l rea ut l ,t"r: beith aca 1 clo n. a n-uiscedui lt lri r 8 Et ina cleu';], . oigreata eli - t,-'l lethad do leith ii r.hiat-so? " al' se. i d'aithisiugud - ,1 .. I trt asa haithl -n-itain 1 a lt-o('u: iedadar a fronrr,,1 süd?" Adubairt ]: troscad nä treirh' t
i
10
;
r
:
.
.
"\A/ho were like that (o)?" \,Iichael said: "The\. now are people
who did not fast or abstain at their proper time."
(1) And afterrn ards Paul saw another place in rvhich there \\rere nlany ugl-v monsters around their necks. Cf. Jrnou§xovi, Die lrisio Pauli, p. 167 and 728-732: 20a puelle nigre indute pice et sulphure. (2) and four devils u,ith vour own blood. Cf. Jrnou§xor'Ä, Die \,'isio Pauli, p. 167 and 732-736: 20b angeli quattuor. (3) Paul's question to N{ichael ("And Paul asked like that ? " ) is an addition in the Irish text. (4) And Paul asked N'Iichael cast them in rvaters to drown them. Cf. Jrnou§xovÄ , f)ie \,/rsio Pauli, p. 167 and 736-742: 20c peccata (castitatem non seruantes infantes neceuerunt). Scenes 2l-22 do not belong to r,ersion C. (5) And after that he saw... perishing them in front of thern. Cf. Jrnou§xovÄ, Die Vrsro Pauli, p. 167 and 712-715: 23 locus glacictlis. (6) And Paul asked Michael ... rvidows and poor people. Cf . Jrnorr§ror,Ä, Die Visio Pauli, p. 167 and 715-746: 23a peccatores.
u -
' ',,.
(i) And
af ter tl.r
not taste therrr,
I
21 fructus.
(8) Paul aslierl I I their proper tinrr 2-la peccalores.
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!-
406
P
THE VISION OF
PALTL
10 And he saw after that old people (1) r,r.eeping ancl crving And Paul asked N,Iichael: "W.ho was like that (')?" "Those are impious bishops", said he, "\'ho did not keep God's larv and who were not chaste in their bodies and they were covetous, haughtl, and envious in their words and in their minds and it is because of that that they suf fer those countless torments until the da), of Judgement." And Paul wept then and said: "sinners are to be pitied (') for their birth into this $,orld." And N,Iichael said to Paul: "\Ä,'hy do you u,eep (') for you have not seen the greatest torments in hell up to now?" 1'1, It was then that N{ichael shorved Paul a terrible pit (') and Michael said to Paul: "Stay standing there and endure the thing ),'ou will hear as best -you can." Paul did likewise and the pit was in such a wa,v that (6) its mouth was opened (7) and a terrible very rotten and odious smell came out of it and
P
betr,veen four devils tormenting them.
L0 trl at-r'rtlr. cliabal ag-a lrir:
.
bi mar sin']" "I--. rect Dö I ttu, l. co sanntach , il r: tinnib I is uitrr..-.
dona pecthac'hr,., N'Iichel re Pr'rl: "{ 10
is mö a n-ifrcnr1,1,
Is ann-:irr
.
-t adubairt ll ir h. ni cluinf is t u n, : amlaid clo Jrr in balad robrön r, - i l
uili ara olc u s
:
it
surpassed all the torments of hell in its evil. And l\,Iichael to Paul (8): "\Ä''hatever person is put into that pit u,ill not have his place in the presence of God until Doomsdav or after Doomsday." And Paul asked Nlichael: "\\'ho is put there (n)?" Ilichael said that the people who are put there are those who szrid
did not believe that Christ was crucified for the salvation of Adam's race and who did not partake of the bod5, of Christ and who did not believe that the Son of God was born of the Virgin and u,'ho received neither baptism nor consecration and who did not partake of communion with the flesh or blood of .Iesus Christ.
iar mbräch." o, i, süt?" Adubairt ]: Crist do cl'oullr,,: corp Crist ; n rr baisted nä t'oi:,-.: fuil isu Crist.
-
10
:
'l,O
t
sendaine
thecha add. P
(1) And he saw af ter that old people devils tormenting them. Cf .ItRou§xor.i, f)ie l''isio Pauli, p. 168 and 753-755: 26 sene.r inter diubolos. (2) And Paul asked Michael: "Who was like that?" "... until thc. da1, of Judgement." Cf. Jlnou§xovr, I)i.e I'rsro Pauli, p. 16 and 755-760: 26a .
peccata eius.
(3) A nd Paul wept then for their birth into this rvorld. Cf . .Irnoti§rol'Ä, Die \,'tsto Pauli, p. 168 and 760-762: 27a Ve ue peccatoribus. (1) And Nlichael said to Paul: "why do -you weep for,you have not seen the greatest torments in hell up to now?" Cf. Jrnou§rov.i, Die 1'rsio Pauli, p. 168 and 762-761: 27b Quid ploras? liondum uidisti rnaiora supplicia.
(5) It
(6) The openinwa)' that". is un .: Rou§xov,i, L)it'\ ' (8) r\nd ]Iic'hir.. of God until f ), , '
Pttuli, l). 1(i8 rrn (9) ,,\ nd Ptru I
then that l{ichael shou,ed Paul a terrible pit as best vou can. Cf. .Itnou§xovi , f)ie Vrsio Pauli, p. 168 and 761-767: 28 puteus sig-
take of
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Rou§xovi ,
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.108
P
THE \-ISION OF PAUL
(') after that with naked men and serpents eating them and the1, were mant'in number on top of one another like sheep in pens. And the depth of that place was (2), as he believed, from heaven to 1,2 Paul saw another place
\ Iomen
P
in it, and odious
earth. And he heard them weeping and groaning. And after that he saw them far in the distance (3), and he sa\v the soul of a sinner between seven devils the da). it was brought from its bod5r. And the angels rvent after it and said to it ('): "\Voe is _vou, O soul, for vour evil u,,orks in the u'orld because )'ou insulted God on earth ". And the soul read the document (r) containing its sins and it passed judgement on itself . And the devils received it (n) and ther. put it in the er.il du,ellings that were furthest wa,v from them in hell. And the angel said afterwards to Paul: "Belier,e and understand (7), O Paul, that everv single person rvill get a place there according to his own \\'0rks."
L3 And Paul saw for a brief single moment the soul of a righteous person (8) after it had departed from its bod_-v at that time being brought to heaven. And Paul heard the sound and noise of a thousand angels (1)) saving: "O everlasting soul, O soul which has been chosen, O soul rn.hich upheld its obligation to God, ),ou are entitled to rejoice because ).ou have carried out God's rvill on earth." And the angels ll,ho were bringing the soul (tu) u,ith them said that it \vas to be brought
(1) Paul sarv anclther place like sheep in pens. Cf. .Irnor'§xovi, Die Pauli, p. 168 and 777-781: 28f uiri et mulieres nucli et uerrnes. (2) And the depth of that place \vrls... rve€ping and qroaning. Uf..hnor.§xor,Ä , Die \risro Pauli, p. 168 and 781-783: ZEg profunditas loci. (3) '\nd after that he saw them far in the distAnce brought from its bodr'. Cf. .Jrnor'§xovi, Die \,'-i.sio Pauli, p. 168 and 783-786: ,70 unima
'1,2
Do-conn.:
nochta anrl himda ar rtru i
r
r
in inlrr,r-iat ac cai ri fad iat -l clo-('r r.. doimne
r
ruCad aSa (.or.1
(1) And the angels u,ent after it and said to it vou insulted God on earth. Cf. .Itnou§rovi, Die Vzsio Pauli, p. 169 ancl 787-789: 30a cktmor angelorum.
(5) And the soul read the document passed judgement on itself. Cf. .Jrnou§xor,i, Die \,'isio Pauli,, p. 169 and 789-7.1)2: 30b mandata contempta el carta.
..
adubratar ria: t§äogal uair' ,1, 10
i
an cairt a
r-li I l
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P,,l'
do reir a
ltrir
13
Et
oi
I
-
,
.
at - t'( )ll i.
ar ndul a sa ('' " Pöl fogar i tau':. ainim arna t ot lt , tü gairdiugari ,i,,
'
1'
r
adubratar
.
nr1 h:, ... -
72 g tarcuisnis ., : nö s writlen ,1firtr,
Vtst'o
pecculoris.
-
.
(7) And the an.according to hi: '., 795-797: 31 Lrt',1i. (8) And Paul .i,..,, Cf. .JrRou§xor'.r. 1, (9) And Paul 1,'.
u,ill on earth.
,
t..
(6) And the devils receivecl it furthest walr from them in hell. Cf. Jtnou§xovÄ , Die l'isio Pauli, p. 169 and 793-795: 30c unimcr mittitur in
il?a uor enqelrtrtt:: (10) And the ii rllrorks. Cf. .JrH,)r >l
lenebras.
eam.
.UIDA
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TI-ZI
607
1t0
THtr VISION Otr
PATJL
presence of devils (1) so that it might read its own good works (2). The sinful souls that were inside called out, saying: "O N{ichael and Paul, have mercy on us (:r) and beseech the King of heaven and earth to have mercy on us because we understand that it is he u,ho redeemed us." Michael said: "Weep (a), and Paul and I will weep with you to seek mercy for you." When the devils who were in hell heard that ('1), they cried with great voices and said: "Have mercy on us, O Son
P into the
of the living God." And their cries were heard in heaven (6). And God said to them (7): "Why did ,you not do good in this world when you are now seeking mercy from me? I was crucified on your behalf and my blood was shed and nails were driven through me and my drink was the gall of liver and vinegar, and in that way was I crucified on ,your behalf (8). And -you were evil (e), lying, covetous, haught.v and envious and ),ou were not charitable, nor did you fast or repent in spite
iagnuise cli ti i ,r, na hainint l)er ..
P
f
10
mun fa tro c'a i t',
15
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20
.
.
i:
l
tairngeda trinr mar sin tucatl i co brÖcach sa n:. nä [roscatl nti .:. .
of that " .
'l',3
tz
cloistecht
(1) Instead of "into the presence of devils", the Latin texts read "before God"; cf. C1 (with variants): "Et dixerunt angeli: Levate eam ante deum (uariant: dominum) et ipsa legit ibi bona sua opera!", "And the angels said: Raise her (the soul) up before God and she reads there her good works". The reading " der.ils" (diabal) instead of "God " or "Lord " in the Irish text ma) be due to a transcription error rvithin the Irish transmission.
(2) The Irish tert seems truncated, b1' the lack of reference to the reception in hear,,en, present in the Latin (scene s 32c ctnima collocata in paradiso and 32d clamor factus esl). In version C1, scene 32c reads (rvith certain variants): "Et post hec N'Iichael detulit illam animam in paradiso et collocavit eam inter animas benedictas in paradiso, ubi erant omnes sancti", "And after these things }lichael took that soul into Paradise and placed it among the blessed souls in Paradise, u,here all the saints are" (cf . Jrnou§NovÄ , Die I/isio Pauli, p. 807). In version C1, scene 32d reads (r,vith certain r.ariants): "Et clamor factus est ad angelum, quasi celum et terra moventer"o "And a crv \vas made to the angel as if heaven and earth are moved"; variant: "Et tunc clamaverunt sancti cum magna leticia ad istam animam et clamor factus est, quasi celum et terra[m] moverentur", "And then the saints shouted with great joy'to that soul and a crv was made as if heaven and earth \vere mor.ed " (.f . Cf . Jtnou§xovÄ, Die Yisio Pauli, p. 808). (3) The sinful souls it is he u,ho redeemed us. Cf. Jrnou§xovÄ, Die Vi si o Pauli, p. 169 and 810 - 814 : 33b miserere I ( l'Iichael et Paule) (4) l\'Iichael said: "Weep to seek mercv for )'ou." Cf. Jrnor,'§xor.Ä, Die Yisio Pauli, p. 169 and 814-817: 33c ungelus ait. .
(5) When tht heard
.
in
heavcn. 33d miserere II t,i
hell heard that ". '. that is "\\,hen th.'. (6) The Irish t.. '..
rere
III (fili
rler I t,
826. F'or 31.
t.1
ite eius", "Anri i', descending
lr'.,111
D') reads: ''Et
t.].
Nliserere nost ri . I ing rvith one \-r i (i) And Gocl :r:, -
me?" Cf. .lnr.r Christi
>;
I.In thr l-
the Son of Gori. (B)
l
I u'as ('r'rr, ::
on your behalt. 34c uor Chr r,sl r' 1.r (9) And \-otr \\,.' ' Visio Pauli, I). lr r
'
'
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'II !ls!rq) roo )tt
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.M
THE VISION OF PAUL
112
P
!4 It is then that l\Iichael and Paul genuflected on the ground (1) in the presence of the King of heaven and earth so that every person in hell might get mercy from God evel'y Sunday. When Christ heard that he said (2): "For the sake of the beseeching of il{ary, Nfichael, Paul and the saints, moreover, and for the sake of m-v own goodness I give rest and mercy to ]--ou from vespers on Saturday to tierce on Nlonday (t')." When the souls who \Ärere in hell heard that (1), the_v rejoiced and cried u,ith great voices and said: "\Ä'e recognise that you are the Son of the living God, the one rvho gave this succour to us on Sunday, for this succour means more to us than our being in the world. And the5r rvho do not observe Sunday will not find a place with the angels of God (t)." And Paul asked Nlichael what was the number of torments in hell (6). l\fichael said: "If the men of the world were counting them from the beginning of the world until the Da-v of Judgement and if there were a hundred tongues in the head of every single one of them, ther. could not enumerate the torments of hell (t)." 15 If so, O beloved brothers and sisters (B), let you he instructed so that you may do good deeds and that you may keep yourselves from the torment of hell and that you may give yourselves to your own Lord, that is, the King of heaven, earth and hell because the1,' rvho rvill not believe in Him and who will not repent for the sins the-v cornmit will be put in the torments we have mentioned. (1) It is then that \[ichael and Paul genuflected on the ground from God ever_y Sundav. Cf. Jrnou§xovi,, I)ie \,'isro Pauli, p. 169
merc_v
and 836-839: 34f prostratio.
P
gnuisi righ nin.,
a n-ifrenn tt'ot: .do Crist, rtclul :, .. na naom ä I'c t Il, :
sanad 1tröc'rri:Luain." Aga i'i, -do forbfäiltigh.
,
tar: "Aitnigh nl l: 10
tact-so dtrin Dir'
ar mbeith ar ri r, \ ni fuighe siat i:., do lVlichöl c ä ii r, mbeitis fir ar) ,i ,
1Ir
pia nu , L5 N{äs ecl. i:
fearuiois
:
l
lib inclu. ar fpein ifrinn --r .i. ri ninte - t r, . tecusc
:
nach dingne
pianaib
lr
it h : . -
i..
adtr ltlrr
:
74 G c0 teirt .§('/'i: iaittighetar': lr ri ': scripsi: linn so ing added P
J)
(2) \\Ihen Christ heard that he said from vespers on Saturdav to tierce on Monda)'. Cf. .Jrnou§xor,Ä, f)ie \,'isio Pauli, p. 169 and 839-843: ,319 Chn
slus dat refriqerium.
(3) The Irish text omits scene 35 ltostiarius inferni, present in most texts of C1, C 2 and C3; it is omitted in I'ISS Cri. L5 of C1; IISS L11, Ct, O2 and Ce of C2; N,ISS P21, Et, C', L3, Ag, Prl of C3. Scene 35 in C1, N{S D' (i.e. f)ublin, Trinit-v College TCD NIS 667) reads: "Et ostiarius inferni, cui nomen Etanael et nomen canis eius Serberus, exaltavit caput suum super penas ahlatas ab eis, contristatus est r.alde"; "And the gatekeeper of hell, whose narne (was) Etanael and the name of his dog Serberus, raised his head concerning the punishments administered
bl them,
(and)
\ ras greatl__v saddened".
(4) When the souls who were in hell heard that than our being in tlre world. Cf. .hnou§xov.+, Die \''isio Pauli, p. 169 and 845-8,19: 36 Benedicimus.
(5) And ther. angels of (l ocl.
ri t
i
..
ßeati qui cttstr,riiL;: (6) And Paul .,-. Cf. JrRoLj§xor-r. ,',
(i) \'Iichael :r. Die l"isio Pauli . , scene 40 in the I: . (8) If so, 0 l,rl tionetl. Cf . .lr n, ,- \ .
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vuYruYN3I,{ ull".rBI i .(q
NOI.TCNCOUTNI
THE IRISH LEGENDS OF ANTICHRIST
418
ii.
The Hiberno-Lcttin Liber de l{umeris (c.
AD
750).
v. Eschatologl, ,.:
\
'i
Antichrist (Antechrisfus) is said to be so called because he will
Colloqug of th,'
appear before Christ's second coming (ante aduentum Christi ad iudicium). He rn,ill be born of the tribe of Dan, the offspring of incest between a father and daughter, come into the world "to test the saints and deceive his own" (1).
The birth ot :: birth of Ant ic h : . -
vi.
iii. The Martgrologg of Öengus Ceile De (c. 800). This extensive work includes a quatrain prophesying that Antichrist will be slain by Michael (').
A description ,I :-ment leads tt, .: christ. It is in,l , the last tinteS r -
iv. Poem on the End of the World Ascribed to Colum Cille (late grh
century
?).
Antichrist, who is not named, is said to be the child of incest between father and daughter. Various monstrous features of his appearance are described. The text of the poem breaks off at the beginning of an account of the false miracles that he rvill perform (').
,
The Yogtrgir',
,
.
,
r
vii. Prayer trt ^\r -'r,' i\[ichael is rPtr']'l Ainchrisl)
('r;.
viii . Da Brön F-','
'
Heauen" (11t" r'r r. , . See
.
the edit ion i ',
ix. Leabhar BI'*',1, .'One of the fir-e \ fight against ,\ n i and will gain tir. .
Terts Societg 47), London 1964, p. 86-88. What can be made out of the text following the conclusion of C.q.nNErr's edition was published in N. Ni SunAGHDHA's posthumous article "The Poems of Blathmhac: The 'Fragmentary Quatrains'", Celtica 23 (1999), p. 227 -230. The f irst of these
quatrains follorn,s directly after the stanza referring to the Antichrist, and includes the phrase in morchath sleibhi sioin " the great battle of Mount Sion", seeming to foreshadow the rvords of the first Leabhar Breac homily on Michael (ix below). (1) I cite the unpublished transcript of the text b"v the late Robert tr. N'IcNALLv; for the full text, see \'[cNruARA, "The Irish Legend of Antichrist", p. 204-205. Cf. R. E. \'IcNrrLv, Der i-rische Liber de numeris. Eine Quellenanalgse des pseudo-isidorischen Liber de numeris (Doctoral dissertation Ludwig-N,Iaximilians-Liniversität zu N'Iünchen), trIunich 1957, p. 90. (2) Fötire of Öengus for September 29; ed. W. Sroxp s, Fölire Öengusso Cöli Dö. The h'Iartgrologg of Oengus the Culdee (Henry Bradsharu Societg 29), London 1905, p. 197. (3) J. Cennv, "A Poem on the Troubles Before the Last Davs", in The End and Begond, p.607-627. There is an earlier edition by K. Mnven, "Ein altirisches Gedicht über das Ende der Welt", ZCP B (1911), p. 195196 (text onl_-v); the section relating to Antichrist was tentativelv translated b-v B. Ö Cuiv, "Two Items", p. 90.
.
fes
i nderiud d, ,r
,
coscur leis tlel t'r
(1) J. CARtr\-.'--
in
The End and
Ii.
,
-l-
by W.SroxEs. at p. 48-49, r{ 2.-r 1--
(2) K.
JIuHH
\\
and Begoncl, p. 7t
.
-' -
(3) Irish tert. ',, (Henrg
Braclshr
ut
'
\
$) PH 627i3-t,l--
...,qq{
'tgf 'd 'uor1e1suErl qsrl8ug t gtZg-ttZg Hd (f) '^-,79 '6/6'602 slassnrg str^[ uorJ s]uBrre^ rl]r t\ 'vL 'd '(ZL6I-I L61) Vl as6tg '..,1aeqrrI,\i +ulBS o1 -ra.(erd s,ugrl)lorg Ei I nsI IaEHL, aas'69-gg'd'9z6l uopuoT'(zg fr\anog mDqspnrg fituag) 'r}l:r3 g'g
satuDlt'I qslJl ousrlrr,rn-Id'l {q pa}lpa'uorlelsuBr} q}1,\e'+xal. qslrl (g) 'L6L-V6L 'd 1e 't68 -lgL 'd 'puofiag pun Eur8eiorl ,Tr,, ',lvuun1ÄT 'X k) ggz-v?z § '6F-8t 'd +e
pug aqL ur
',.,scr;413 s,EqtunloS +S Jo
'Vg-ü'd '(906I) gZ JU',,sa8eg o.ul aql Jo {nbo11oJ ar{J,, 'saxo;g 'm {q uorlrpa rarlrBa ar{}'JJ 'gfg-gfg 'd +e 'g7g-6Z9'd'puofiag puv pug aqJ u\ ',;afrDg omJ aW Jo frnbo11o3 aqJ u\ plro^\ ar{} Jo pug aqL, 'ÄEuv3 'f (t)
-sueJl i1a^rrlBlrir l
-q6I 'd'(IIGIT s rj',',:
'uaratr11 'y (r1 r: aq1 u\ ',,s-(Bg J,
mallrosetl
t'1.
tnuthmur tr,. foburtach i .: aille aI' :rrr ..
-
gormaingli,i. daingincl'ri,i.
women" (').
4trthurr^.
xiv. Fraqment of an ApocalApse of John in A Life of John, the Beloued Disciple in the Liber Flauus Fergusiorum (MS RIA 23 O 48 [476]) (translated from the Latin c. 1400). The text belou' has been transcribed and translated for this introduction by Caoimhin Breatnach. It was previousl,v tran(1) Ibid., Iines 7268-7289; translation, p. 177-,178. (2) R. I. Brst, "The Lebar Brecc Tractate on the Canonical lJours", in rlliscellang Presented to Kuno l,Ieger, O. BnnerN - C. IIrnsrRANDEn, eds., Halle 1912, p. 112-166, at p. 111, 150. (3) Ed. tr. Kxorr, "A Poem of Prophecies",
Eriu
18 (1958),
p.
55-8,4,
at p. 72, § 68. (,1)
B. Ö cuir., "Two Items from Apocrvphal rraditioil", p.
p.94-99.
87-702, at
coimnert adhuath
nr
..
:
nr h l.
:
da leith la,,'r. . lathair sin .. .. risd gu nu ii . ar Eoin lrin:
uile gu
nri, i.
(1) G. NI.rc \ p. 248-253, at I, ': . (2) In trI. Hr,rii l Teils in Tran,sl,ti:
'96-q6'd'686I q8rnqulpg 'uotlDlslrary ut papaps'nqdfrnody 1ntt1q!g qslrI't.r{t'r\rvl{3tr{'It - russuirH 'r\i ut
sWaJ (Z)
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+€
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r
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r
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1
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SJXSI JSITIHSIINIY HSIUI
TZV
JSIUII ..
-\rr_
THE IRISH LEGENDS OF ANTICHRIST
122
gaeithe na urlabra en na enlobuirt o aenduile dona duilibh annsa bith uile re da.xx. la -i re da.xx. aidhche 1as annsin teaguid comurdha an bratha.i. na.u. la deg ata roime an mbrath. 7 trt ar eisi a tiachtana sin eirghi .iiii. haingil a ceithribh hairdibh in beatha -7 aderuid cu hard ingantach : "Eirghi trirghi ! Eirghi ! Eirghi !" 8 As annsin eirghid anmanna niamglana nime -7 anmanna olca imdha ifrinn a ceann a corp isna huadhuibh talmhan inar cuired iad dochum bunaidh 'l chum breitheamhnuis an !
I trt ac sin
beagan do deiredh an drochsaeghuil mur do
haithraiseadh damsa on Duileamh Eoin binn[fh]oclach Bruinne.
1on
dedhTigerna, arsa
"L...(') of merciful heart, very porn,erful headed knorn,ledgeable
truthful
and the broad-foresteadfast one and the resplen-
dent brorvn-nailed one of gentle and beautiful countenance his common very devout Christian race not to be ...(') and not to be harmed and not to be assailed bv merciless Antichrist.
it
is then that Christ sent the beloved divine helper, namely, pleasant, handsome, verv splendid, pleasant, holy, angelic Michael to wage u,arlike opposing battle against verv arrogant Antichrist as he fought against Lucifer. And Antichrist came in the form of a dragon on the summit of N{ount Garganus to harm and attack the Christians and the dragon was killed by N,Iichael, and God and Nlichael u,ere greatlv glorified in heaven and on earth because of that.
3 And it is thus that N{ichael comes to fight Antichrist radiant, fair of countenance, crimson-cheeked, pleasant, fairhaired, languid-eved, r€d-mouthed, eloquent, fair-necked, eager for battle, resplendent, light-footed, angr__y, furious, aggressive r,vith his four beautifullv compact fair-shading wings for vigorous conflict around him ... (') of sharp point,
.
firmlr-to J,,
'
verv righ t,
-
4 Ancl h.
-
brar,elr-. st:' .. Lhat he
Inr.i
:.'
evil, Ilrrrn\'-. as Christ
bracha.
2 r\nd
blue, sh in i :r -
-
'
r"
the Bosonr.
5 Tht \\r' 6 Anrl alt. througltorr[ sea nor thc song nor ltn"
.
:
then thtrt
t lr
da5's bel'ot''.- ..
7 Ancl rtlt,
:
cardinal p,,ir - drouslr': '-\r.-
8 It is th' the manv
r'.
graves irr \\.. and lor'Ih.
:
in our text. He r,. lorving -clouril ri i'
tor can see littlr , context,
(1) As the text is acephalous,
it is impossible to knorv the original
it
,
s'ou1,i
n,hiclr anlttire
rtr, i,i.
structure of the sentence in § 1 r.l,hich onlr- partiallv surviyes. The translation simplr', follorn's the order of the survir.ing g,ords. (2) As indicated in DIL s.u. "2 amla", the meaning of amla is uncer-
This explanatir,rr
tain.
is followed b1- .r. .,
(3) The editor is uncertain as to the meaning of. gu n-eirbed. G. IIrc Ntocr rLL, "Beatha Eoin Bruinne", p. 250, n. 5 tentatir.elv suggested
so. the an(11 ol
Bruinne", p. 2.r t t. be frightenecl" r,, .-
anturertrdhct tulltu,,:' ,r.'
-
'alrrlre alrurJap oq+ aq ieru oqprDarnrun p (flun aql 'os sl slt{} JI '+slrqrl}uy ;o uorldrrcsap E sluasarda; rnqwqlnnqpv ntlprDarnluv 1etl1 slsaEEns rlJrr{,u (,,1srrqcl}uv'i1arueu,,) pst;.l4uul7'l'iq pa,\A.olloJ sr rnqlilqlvnqpv Dtlprvarnluv +Etll +rBJ aq+ sa;ou8r osle uorleueldra slr{J 'rrrroJ IBnIJB aql roJ uorleueldxa iue Eurra;;o lnoqlr,u ,..paualqFlrJ aq ',,auurnJg
g 'rr 'ggz'd
palsa8Fns i1a rr ,: 3Ytr{'3'p)Q.t.tt-:,. -JeJUn SI Dllult
-
-'
leurFtro aq1 \\,'. j
ulog Et{}EoB,,'T'rrvDor\-i 3trI,{'3'(pear aq oslE plnoJ DqpJDaJtnluD r{JIrlt§ roJ) Dqprnarnluv Jo Eurueau eql o+ sE urelrerun sr rolrpa aqJ (t) 'lJos aruos ;o uodeeÄ\ E salouap paqJo qFnoql sE uraes plnol\ 1r 'lxaluoJ aql trroJd 'aurcp- pue paqJn uJaalaq Euruarr;alul spJo.\A. arl+ aJouFr ,(aq1 asneJacl ,(1,re1ncr1red 'suotlsaF8ns asaq+ JoI uorleJrJrlsn[ at+ftt aas uEJ ro] -lpa luasa;d eq1 ',,aJuaJap B sB pJo,rs 8,, Furuearu Jrl+ r{+l,r arurcp- 8ur,r,to1 -loJ aq] qll,\§ ua{E} aq :}l palsaFFns ,(1a,rr}E}ue} osle rH '}xa} rno ur }Brl} pue ,,aJuaJ,, aqJta Jo ruJoJ e ser\\ paqJo }Erl}
-suBJl AqJ 'SJ \r
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eqf ilatueu
oeruor
,(epsur;r.
- il§,,.T-i'iJiT :fil
pJo.AA.s .^n,oJJEu
..
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:
'snotrn; '-i.rhtrr 'pa>1cau-JIr?.+ 'J :
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-uo^§. pue {1pno1 tes i.,{l pue plro.^& aq} Jo slurod IEurprEJ rnoJ ar{} ruorJ asrre slaFuE JnoJ aruoJ aARq {r.ll ra}JE puv Ä
uaelJrJ
sr 1l pue slq8ru,(1ro; pue s{ep i1,ro3 ro; preeq aq III,\\ plro.^N aloq^\ aql ur Furql palears {ue uorJ aJuero}}n {ue rou Fuos -pJIq JOU pUr.{A, E JO pUnOS aq} JOU aAE,{A. E JO JEOJ eq} JOU EaS
E Jo punos eql raqlrau trErll os plroa eloq.^& aql lnoqFnoJq+ arualrs pue.rod-ro1 learF aq III.{,\ eraq} }Er{} IIE re}JE puv g 'atead prceld srea{ oarq} e^Eq Jo III.{N plroa ar{J g 'tllosog eql Jo uqof luanbola plES,'aur o1 {11n;acro; }l pa}Elar }sl-rtl3 sE uaql o1 dn TSrJr1f,rluV Jo elEl alqE{rEuraJ 'palace;-{ueu 'llla aql sr ler{1 pue lods }Er{} uo puno.rF aq} o} u.^Nop peeq slq Jo dol aql ruoJJ se^lerl peorq {-rar prpualds o,t\l se{Eru aq }Eq} os pear{ slrt Jo dol aq} uo }srrr.{Jr}uy.(1aueu 6alqrrratr {;ar (,) +"'+ {1Fuo"r1s ,("rar '{1sno.tar-rF '{11n;ac,ro; ',(1Fuot1s '{larelq 'i11sn['{1Ful}sEI'i11n;teaJ-ra^a'{lqsleq sa{rr}s aq puy V '{1snoa}qFIr ita,r pue {11ecr1aFue '{1sno;ole^ '{lpunos }srllJl}uy }Eaq o1 ,(1turr; puE Ä1aso1e puEr{ palreu-u.\A.orq'lnJq}lEJ ilFuorls'aurrrp slrl e Jo palllrt-ploF'd;eqs itar'Fururqs 'anlq
ur
]sIrqJIlrrY
'
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.
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.
:
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-lluY puY '.rrrr r -i-ra,t lsule8u
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l
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.
pue (r) "' ar[ r,i . oJuEuelurloJ It. . -ualdsaJ Jr[] l]u
-
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SIXAT JSITIHSIJNY HSITII
EZV
.
JS I l{ I l
_rc
121
THE IRISI{ LEGENDS oF ANTICTIRIST
9 And that is a little of the end of the evil rvorld as it \Äras related to me bv the Creator and b-v the good Lord, said eloquent John of the Bosom."
xv. Life of St l,Iaighneann (i, a 15th-century manuscript). Antichrist's coming will be presaged b,v the appearance of the Roth Ramhach ("Rowing \\'heel"), är apparatus associated with Simon N{agus and his alleged Irish disciple tr{ogh Ruith. Antichrist is said to be both "wise and foolish", and to be the child of a \\'oman impregated b,v her own father'; there is a brief account of his rnonstrous appearance and his miracles. The text breaks off with the mention of trlijah and Enoch (').
xvi. Sgöl Ainntecrtsd ("The Storg of Antichrist"), Lismore (14tn-15th centur,v), and lwo related terts.
in
the Book of
These texts are edited below in this volume b.,v Caoimhin Breatnach (p. 527-583). The language of the text in the Book of Lismore cannot be much earlier than the fifteenth centurv. It is difficult to date the other two, äs they are found in late manuscripts only and have undergone further modernisation. The text in the Book of Lismore is shorter than are the other two, and one of these (1US RIA 23 N' 15) has Latin phrases embedded in it, indicating a Latin original. These three texts and their interrelationships are studied in detail in the edition given helow. A numher of questions remain unresolved, and a f inal solution rn,ill probably only come after f urther detailed source analvsis, and an identification of the tradition on rvhich the various elements of the texts d.pend, or to rvhich they are related. The evidence brought to bear b), C. D. \\rright in his contribution belorn' will be central to any such enterprise.
2. A=pects :: The forrn of the r. Antichrist's nii ir.evident f ronr t i-. crist, Antchr r,'1. -, the form ,lrltr', ,' . Book of Lisnt(,rt't i the form ,lr7lr,'/
1892 ; reprint : Dublin 1935, p. 37 -19, ät ,48-.19 (introduction to text p. r,ii); trnglish translation, vol. 2, London 1892, p. 35-,19, at 19. See also R. IrLou'ER, Catalogue of lrish l,fanuscripts in the British Librarg fformerlg Rritish l[useumJ, r,ol. 2,, Dublin 1992 (original London 7927),, p. 138, 4 46-447.
,'
christ's conrinr various copies ,,-
:
that of the orir . Texts 1 ancl 2 t- r.. Text 3 has ^{rili, : 1
,
.
The origin of Ani::
tert: r
The Irish
of a harlot of
Bab-vlon
.
thL.
(Tert I
.
he u'ill be ler r',
:
live in the cit r On the basis ll et tempore ^trttr ' ' 954; later äl,rJr,l all of these st r,'-
'
.
important quest r (1) The text has been edited and translated b,v S. H. O'GnADy, Silua Gadelica (I-XXN). A Collection of Tales in lrish ruith Ertracts illustrating Per.sons and Places, 2 vols., vol. 1. Irish Text, London and Il,dinburs=h
,
:
see N{. NIc N-r rr u : belorv, p. .181- 11r -,
(2) See belori. i (3) See f urth,-
,'
i
Birth and L-phrir.Antichristi,
17€
t-
rt , ,l
1976; trnglish
Spiritualitg,
tr
.,
Tr,', 1;' .,
-
'
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p uou)au,4stttlttluv
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sBr{ strautnu ap raqlT aqJ '(t }xal s,r{f,Bu}Earg) atoutsl.I Jo loog aq+ trroJJ '(Z'1il 'loc ',,1srJcr+uly,, .d.s .lru) §tnaruV tuJoJ aql Jo acuelsur auo sarrF Ä1uo afron|uv-I ttslq at17 Jo frtnuottrlo aqJ Tstttltulv ,§utpluv ,7s1tt
'pstn\uulv '{§u)tlutv
^(1ate-r arour !
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.
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-
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E sI aJaq+ lrarlp: aq+ aq
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426
THE IRISH LEGENDS OF ANTICHRIST
maintained that the Antichrist is of "the tribe of Dan, born in Ilabylon, reared in Corozaim and Bethsaida". The reference to Bethlehem as the birthplace ma)' have been based on confusion arising from the contrast of Bethlehem as birthplace of Christ r,vith Bab-vlon as that of Antichrist in the Adso form of the legend, or in some version related to it (').
The ending; the rnurder of Elijah and Enoch Text 7, § 5 (copied by Text 2) says that Antichrist will kill both tr,lijah and Enoch " in the Plabi, namelY, in the palace of the citv of Jerusalem". Text 3 has: "Antichrist will kill them in the palace of the city of Jerusalem". The Long Latin version of the Reuelation of John about Anlicftrisl § 5,3 has: In platea ciuitatis iacebunt mortui tribus diebus et tribus noctibus, to which Wright adds a reference to Reu 11,8. As discussed by Caoimhin Breatnach belorn' (p. 569), it appears that the place name "Plati" of this text derives from the common noun in the Latin \rulgate plateis (" i, the streets" ) of the canonical ApocalApse of John 11,8, and it also seems likely that the text continues under the influence of this work. Reu 11,8, speaking of the murder of the two witnesses (trnoch and tr,lijah) by the beast from the sea, savs that: "their bodies [will lie] in the streets of the great cit.v (i, plateis ciuitatis magnae) which is allegorically (spiritaliter) called Sodorn and trg-vpt where their Lord was also crucified"; 11,9: "For three days and a half men from the peoples and tribes and tongues and nations gaze at their bodies and refuse to let them be placed in a tomb. ..." 11,11: "But after the three and a half days a breath of life from God entered them, and they' stood up on their feet ..." 77,72: "Then thev heard a loud rroice from heaven saying to them:'Come up hiLher'. And in the sight of their foes they went up to heaven in a cloud". With regard to 'fext 1, § 5,,+ we ma)' note the continuation of canonical Reu 1 1 ,13 : "And at that hour there \ÄIas a great
earthquake. rrn on to state thr,
:
-.
Conclusion: So'-i.: Antichrist Leger.: This introcluct i, the state of r'r'>,
to the Irish lrr.whether the tr'. knou'n apocr']
:
I
of texts.
In four ot ti tert erlr:' of John about . l' the Irish Tert. "strange st orr to John (u tt(lr t'.Iohn the Er-irr1 Flauus
"
-
for a descripti, :. christ u'hen it r' .
appearance titt.l
Antichrist le!,-.:.
:
Apocalupse ctf' I
denier, lvho is { .:
.
to me u'hat h.. .as follou,s
(1)
:
(1) Translrrti,i. Acts, and prpylrt!'
p. 493-503. lrt l',
crifi
'l
,
del \tur.tr,, 1969, p. -t09- 11 i and notes at Ir. trait de l'Antitlr:.. crits de la .l1cr .r.1 Paris 1967.1). I -' 1
Jouchim of Fiore, the Franciscan Spirituals, Sauttnarokt, Nlahrvah, N..I., 1979, p.81-96. (1) Adso, ed. VenrrELS'r, p. 23-24; PseuDo-AlcLIINo Vita Antichristi, ed. VnnFrELSr, p. 120.
-. -
ASPE.
Antichrist's
hcl -
-
-
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--rod aT,, 'rrrErrsNasotJ 'I\i-'f 01 aruaraJar qll,\\) Ilt-OIf .d te salou pue uorlJnporlur r{}1.!\ (..o1sr;rl}ue :o+}rrrs E}s o}lo^ Ins,,) TlIr-60f .d ,6g6I olr?JJeJuor{ aIBSRJ '?ssl/DJo dV , alalp.I 't 'lo^ 'o\uawnsal ooon}{ pp illn -odn J1g ''pa 'vrlaaug 'I,,\l ur uorlelsuer+ uBrlElI uy .V6t +E,t0g-t6f .d '0I91 qFJnqulpg '(gI fitntqr'1 uDtlstrqs auanl{-a|uy) suo4npoaü pur) 'sl)v 's\adsog Tnqdfrnodv'usx-ryr\\'v ur }xa} {aaro aq} Jo uor}EISuRTJ (r)
'tTst
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aql ro Euruoc oq+ Jo
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raq!1
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128
THE IRISH LEGENDS OF ANTICHRIST
"The appearance of his face is duskv (or: glooml'); the hairs of his head are sharp, like darts; his e-vebrows like a r,vild beast's; his right e.ve like the star which rises in the morning, and the other like a lion's; his mouth about one cubit; his teeth a t?] span long; his fingers like scvthes; the print of his feet of two spans; and on his face is an inscription, Antichrist."
enigmatibus.
ently basecl rjt lical writinq
.
-
on them. The present state of research scarcely permits us to draw any f urther conclusions in this regard. There ma-Y rvell have been many such apocrvphal apocal,vpses attributed to John, author of the canonical book of this name (:r). Further possible sources worthy of consideration in the study of the formation of the Irish Antichrist legend are commentaries on this same canonical Revelation. A number of these are known. One of them, transmitted in the work \rar-
iously known as l)as Bibelruerk, the "Reference Bihle", or De
acles t her- \\ l' -; themes linliinr and the conlnt,..
christ. Thtrs ti' sea Ancl tl enigmatibus
manuscript in Prague, of which an edition is now being prepared b-v J.-D. KeESTLT. See rDENI, "Un nuovo apocrifo da aggiungere al dossier delt'Anticristo: la Revelatio Iohannis recentemente scoperta in un manoscritto latino di Praga", in L'ultimo nemico di Dio. Il ruolo dell'Anticristo nel cristianesimo antico e tardoantico, A. D'AxNA - E. VTIERIANI, eds., Bologna 2013, p. 47-83 (u'ith Italian translation by E. Nonprr-r). See the various references to this text bV C. D. Wnlcur belorv, drawing on
f1>
-
.
:
I ! .: tutem suen7. i,l
is, the
D er-i
-,
\'
adhoraLterurTt ,i:
Devil; for tirr r ,r. in him" (id e.sl ,i: diabolum
:
below, p. 437, 176-177. (2) On the (Apocryphal) Revelation of John see.I. H. CurRLESwoRrH r,vith .I.R. N'IuELLER , The Neru Testament Apocrgpha and Pseudepigrapha. A Guide to Publications, with Excursuses on Apocalgpses (ATLA BibliographA Series 17), Metuchen, N.J., - London 1987, p. 36-38, 57; J.-D. K.rpsrLI's translation with notes in Ecrits apocrgphes chrötiens, vol. 2, P. Gpor-rRArN J.-D. KIESTLI, eds., Paris 2005, p. 981-1018; and IDENI , "La f igure de l'Antichrist dans l'Apocalypse de saint Jean le Theologien (Premid.re Apocalgpse apocrAphe de Jean)", in Les forces du Bien et du LIal d-ans les premiers siecles de I'Egtise, Y.-L,'I. BITNCHARD - B. PouDERoN I,I. Scoeerlo, eds., Paris 2010, P.277-290. See also \'I. N'{cNrlrARA, "Apocalyptic and Eschatological Texts" (note 1 above), p. 87-91. (3) Of particular interest here is a Reuelatio lohannis found in a
K.trsrI-I's work.
-
In the ('rrn,,... to the Enenrr ,
The text of this apocryphal work has been published b-v C. Tischendorf ('). It has often been dated to the fifth century ('). Comparison of the Irish texts with this particular apocryphon does not indicate that it had a major, or indeed any, influence
(1) C. TrscHENDoRF, Apocalgpses apocrAphae, Leipzig 1866 ; reprint Hildesheim 1966, p.70-93. On this r,vork see further C. D. \\intcnr,
\\
in
ill,,
De enigmatihu* a woman sittirr,
in purple ir n tery:'Baltr-lon -.. et bestia Ltnltilt \ ' r
which implres t.
Although
n
(d.pendent on i there wou lcl I identity. \\-e n :Bible" 's c oln nl . " For this c a l1: ,
..-
,--
.
(1) De enignt,ti-
taria minora zri -l' hout 2003, p. ') ', - (2) Ibid., p. l;l (3) Ibid., p. l, ,
-
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(s) (z)
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uo Eut.terp '.r\, ,. aJS '(rrr3 H.1 : ''spa 'INYIu3-I\.\L
r
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ä, iTI'#If
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'(09
le ur palJasatd
qcrq.^e Jo
uaaq sBr{ ,,alqlg
L 'r) urFr;o rlslrl Jo Ätqeqo;rd
-
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iiurpuelsrapun ser{ oq,\§ Lulq }al :uropsr.^& JoJ slleo slr{} ro.{,, : 8I't I oaü ur lualualBls palBJqalal aql uo sluauuroJ s,,,alqlg acuaraJatL, aql ur slr{} Jo uor}Eslpul uB aAEq ,(eur a]V\ 'i1r1uapr slq Furleclpul peaqaroJ slr{ uo af,r}ou realo e aq plno,tt araq} ler{} Jallaq aql sE,{A. (s1xa1 rarl}o ro g-t'L,l oay uo }uapuadap) puaFel lsrrqrrluy aql Jo sluauala aq+ Jo auo ler{+ aq tetu }l 'pacnpo-rd uaaq sBq aouaprla IEnlxal rEalc ou qFnoqlly ']srrrlclluv are qloq ler{} sarldul qrlr{,\r o,,leclluapl aJE lseag aq+ pue ueruoil\ aq1,, 'yuns urnun Dqsaq p Jaqnru : sluaturuoc snqlryutbtua a0 ',,,"'1ea"rF aq+ uo1[qeg, :.(ta1 -s,(tu Jo aureu e uallrJm sE,\A. pear{aJoJ Jaq uo pue ald"rnd ur paÄe;-re se,^n, ueruo,t.r ar{J,, '}seaq }alJEJS E uo Furllrs ueuro,tr e Jo s>1eads g-t'Ll oaü 'lsrl{rl}uy sr }seag aq} : snqlryrufrrua ae ur sassolF rar{}o ur {pelrurs puv '(r) (lnroqpD olll ul runpqntp 'tunTsttqJryuv ttrlua Wraqpn mb ! snyoqnlp sa oJorp sa pi ,,rulq ul IIAoO aq+ sdrqs;o,u. '1sr;qclluv sdrqs;o.^(\ orl,&\ auo aql JoJ ilr.taq aq+ sr uoFe;p aql osl ler{},, : V'tl Jo uaunDlp lunJanoJoqpn ureFy '(r) (olrtrtptluv w4nqm npap snpqüry sa yurzns tilarul -r!o nurp IIU npap p),,+srrr{cl}uv o};a.r,rod aneF ll^afl oq}'sl ler{} i-ra.trod slq a.teF uoFetp aq} }l o} puy,, : sE snq4ourfrtua a0 ur passolF sr ,,Ja,AA.od slq a.teF uoFe"rp aql 1l o1 puv Eas aql Jo lno Fursr-r lseaq e .t.rES I puy,, :Z-T'tl oaü snqJ 'lsrrqJ -lluy qll,tr parJrluopr.(1rsea aJa,{A. oasJnoJ Jo'slseag ar{J ',(pn1s lrratu lerll sarreluoruuroc aql pue asdfrTntodv IErruouEO aql 's1xa1 leqd{rcode aq} Fur>1url sauaq} palBIaJ Jo uoruuroc Jo Jaqunu e aJE aJar{J'{Jo.r\ fr,{+ salJB -rlru aql o1 pueoslseag lenpr^lpul ol'+slrrl3 Jo Ätuaug aql 01
so
ä äxäT"
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auo 's1dr;csnueur aaJr{} }seol
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:
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.
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430
THE IRISH LEGENDS OF ANTICHRIST
reckon the number of the beast, for it is a human number, its number is six hundred and sixty-six" (Revised Standard Version), or in a variant reading "six hundred and sixteen". It is generally agreed that the number 666, äs interpreted in accordance with the Hebrew value of the consonants, indicates the Roman emperor Kaisar l\eron (i, Latin ltero), or 616
for l{ero, without the final letter n, which has the numerical value of fifty. Around this verse, calling for "wisdom" and intelligence, Latin tradition developed a rich bod.v of reflection on the name of Christ (XP,the lrlonogramma) ('), but also on names with the same numerical values that could apply to Antichrist, for instance the Greek words antemos, "contrar-y of honour", arnoume, "I deny". Thus the "Reference Bible", which ends its treatment of the section with comments on sapientia et intellectus "wisdom and understanding", has: Vel iclem est sapientia et intellectus, sicut nota et nomen et numerlts per sAnomian facitur. Haec est causa nominis scripti apud antichristum. Si cul est simbolum fidei et crux Christi in frontibus christianorum, ut agnoscantur serui Christi, sicut fuit in fronte uel in manu Cain, ut Hieronumus dicit, ut agnosceretur, ita facial antichristus, ut putatur esse Chrislus (2). "Or: wisdom and understanding are one and the same, just as is the case b--v s.,vnonym for mark (nota) and name and number. This is the cause of the rlame written in front of (apud) (:t) Antichrist. Just as the symbol of faith and the cross of Christ on the foreheads of Christians, that they may be recognized as servants of Christ, äs was the case on the forehead or on the hand of Cain as Jerome sa_-vs, that he might be recognized, so does Antichrist do that he might
be
thought to be Christ."
The forehead is one of the phvsical features mentioned in most of the Irish texts on the physiognomy of Antichrist. The (1) The separate u,ork rvith the Monogramma (Pauca de I, onogrammct Christi) has been introduced and criticallv edited b"v R. GnnsoN, in Commentaria minora,
p.
131-157.
It is incorporated into the
"Reference
Bible", De enigmatibus, ed. GnnsoN, p. 271-280. (2) Ibid., p. 279. (3) IJnderstanding the Latin apud as " before, in front of " ; see A. BrarsE, Dictionnaire latin-franEais des attteurs chrötiens, Turnhout, 1954, p. 92.
irtscription on .'\ apocr)'pha I - ll tion, Antic'irr t.Ilrön Fluth,r \" same tracliti,ti e comhctrtfu t ,l r turning of iri. i,' u'ill be ulton lr
.
:
as "on his
fot',,'--
be upon hint" ','
ond Homilv
''u',
,t. \
A s a ge Ir ('r'i: that the rich I: - ber of sourr'(> : some of thenr i,.' resea rch. It rt'i. - , erridence anrl ,11 ', .
;
.
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NOITCNCOU.LNI
436
A RE\TELATION OF JOHN ABOL]'T ANTICHRIST
conveys the work's genre and contents,
I
have supplied the
editorial title "A Revelation of John about Antichrist ". ReuJnAnl conforms broadly to J. J. Collins's definition of "apocalypse" : "a genre of reuelatorg literature ruith a narratiue framework, in which a reuelation is mediated bg an otherworldlg being to a human recipient, disclosing a transcendent realitg, ruhich is both temporal insofar as
it enuisages eschatological
saluation, and
spatial insofar as it inuolues another, supernatural world (')". In ReuJnAnt, John asks Christ about the end of the world, and Christ replies b-v describing the advent, career, and destruction of Antichrist. In discussing the apocalypse as a genre, Collins also draws a fundamental distinction betr,veen the "historical" apocall,pse and the "otherworldly journe)." ('). There is no
tour or vision of a "rrpernatural world" in ReuJnAnt, u,hich includes certain eschatological elements that are more characteristic of historical apocalvpses than of otherrn orldl,v journeys, including "persecution", "other eschatological upheavals", and (counting ch. 7, which is possibly a later addition) "Resurrection", while also sharing elements that are common to both categories, specifically "Judgement/destruction of the wicked" (or of "otherworldl.v beings") and "cosmic transformation". Yet unlike most historical apocalypses, ReuJnAnt contains no "prophecy er euentu" or "recollection of past events" (other than the historical existence of Christ and John and of Enoch and Elijah). The narrative framework in rn hich John asks Christ about the end of the world, though it is unelaborated, aligns ReuJnAnt most closely with the genre of the "post-resurrection revelatory dialogue" in which Christ reveals to an apostle details (1) See J. J.
Cor-LrNS
,
The Apocalgptic Imagination.
An Introduction
Jetuish and Apocalgpttc Literature,2"d ed., Grand Rapids,
l'Iich.,
about the encltitnr. elations attribtrt e, I algpse of John (r ). .: r. Iohanni
To avoid confusi
:.
its trnglish fornt u 1. Latin Reuelatio Irtli, i: ReuJnAnl John ask: world
", Christ's
l'r'>
1998,
ch. l, "The Apocalvptic Genre", p. l-12 (quotation from p. 5; italics in the original), rvhere Collins responds to criticisms of his prer,iouslv published definition. "Eschatological salvation" is implicit in the destruction of Antichrist and the Last Judgment, and the "supernatural u'orld " is evoked by the description of Enoch and trlijah's rising to eternal life; but ReuJnAnt focuses on the endtimes (de fine seculi) culminating in the resurrection and Last Judgment rather than on the nert u'orld. (2) CoTLINS, The Apocalgptic Imagination, p. 6; the follorving list of eschatological elements characteristic of each categorv is from Collins's chart on p. 7.
' r
I
.
christ, äs ref lecterl -:. "de aduentu Antit'r'.-, (1) See R. Brr-c.Krr:.': Christian
Apoccrlltl-r.tt
r,
\
1998, p. 777-17.1.
(2) trd. C. \'olr
f-t .
Apocalypse of .Iohr.r"
,
Johannine Apocalgpti,'i F rench transl. (as tir.
by J.-D. KIESTLI -
.T
P. Gporrnrrr
.1.-Ir apocalvpse survir-eS l, see \'I. GsenARD. (,i,1 p. 212-213 (no. 331 ). .\:
titied "The Seconrl \. Apocal),pse apocrr-ph.
no. 333), The tlgster[', transl. tr. A. \\-rrrr> trgApt, London 191i,i. : post-resurrection rr\-rical.
to
:
t (').
(3) The recentlr- cli.,
but a description of " Un nuovo apocrifo
i-.. ,
i-'
tio lohannis recenterrl.-
:
together with Italian t: Apocalisse del beato (;[,
Kaestli ; tracluzione r i r' di Dio. Il rur,l, ,, A. D'Asxe - tr. \'.ri-r,i
nemico
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T{OIT3I} CIOIIINI
Lt?
JSItIHSII.\ \
.t
,138
A REYELATION OF' JOFIN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
of the three Irish translations. The specif ication "about Antichrist " in the editorial title therefore more accurateh- def ines the actual contents of the rvork.
(L', ed. .Iirotl§Ii,,,,' three codicologit r. ". and may not lte lr', A has man\- ('r r by a second; thr r,r'-.
:
r
Versions and Manuscripts
L London, British I- r:
Longer Latin Version
110 folios, parchnr,,'
See British I- r. bl.uk/catalo! ri,-'Octave .JL-lri,\.
The Longer Version survives in three tr nglish manuscripts, one of rnhich is defective, as u,ell as in brief Latin quotations from a lost manuscript embedded in one of the Irish versions: A London, British Librar--v, Add.
37,787 (saec.
xrv ex. or xv
( F-ra nce, -\ n :- i ' recherche Si nt 1 ri,
in.,
England, prov. Bordesley Abbe.v), 183 folios, parchment, 195 x 1,10 mm, fols. 23'-21'. BnrrrsH NIu5pffN{, DnpeRT}rENT oe \{ANUSCRrprs,
-f
Catalogue
(S.
Additions to the tr'Ianuscripts in the British lrluseum in theYears 1906-1910, London 7912, p. 140-150; British Lihrary, ilIanuscripts Catalogue ; N{anuscripts of the \\rest \'Iidlands ; N. S. Baucs, tt \,Vorcestershire l,[iscellang, compiled bg John Northutood, c. 1400. Edited of
-l':
-
places. ReuJnArtt ,, and conception. lrn,: sess
ion. 'f he )Iiddl,
I
.
tures 33), [,{innea]rr
of the apocr)'phirl
-
,
the appearance ol ( Zusammenhang rl,- l 11 (2000), p. 59 -7 : .
the Rise of Ph:-sir , in De Sion exih[t l, l,Iedieual I-,rLU, Li ii;'
telalter unter Einschlup der alttschechischen und deutschsprachigen Terlzeugen (Ilitellaleinische Studien und Texte 34), Leiden 73-71
H. THorrso\.
Lincoln 1235-1!.j.).,
from British lluseum Jl,/S. Add. 37,787, Philadelphia 1956; R. FenNHAM, The Producers and Readers of London, British Librarg, Additional ^}/S 37787, Ph. D. thesis, Liniversit-y of Birminghäffi, 2002; L. Jrnotr§xor.Ä, Die tr/isio Pauli. Wege und Wandlungen einer orientalischen Apokrgphe im lateinischen LIit2006, p.
he manuscriltt i-
:
,',
; w. Scasn, "John Nortwood's \{iscellant
Revisited", in lnsulur Books. \,Iernacular llanuscript trIiscellanies (Proceerlings of the British ilcudemg 201), N,I. CoxNoLLy R. Rrour-ESCLi, eds., Oxford 2015, p. 101-120.
lvho prints a
[+
This composite manuscript (related to the famous Vernon \{anuscript (1)) is a large compilation of pravers and devotional materials. ReuJnAnt here follor,vs a version of the l,'isio Pauli (1) Oxford, Bodleian Librarr,., IIS . Eng. poet. A.1 (c. 1390-1100); see Facsimi-le trdition of the Yernon I'Iunusr:ript. A Literarg Hoard from l,Ierlieual England, W. Scesn, ed. (Bodleian Digital T'eils 3) (D\ID-ROil,I),
A
0xford
ru
2011.
l)rr r'.:
Cambridge, Trii,
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nqdfrnodv ',,!lnlua'I npTstdg ualuueuaFos Jap .Suequaurru esnz urr uaFunr{JnsJa}u,'t,, 'sgugd 'N-'f aas '}slJr{3 Jo aJueJeadde aq} uo snlnluaT Jo ra++aT (irnluac-qluaalrrql) leqdÄrcode aql Jo uorsraA E puE (I,g'lg'09 'u '6ZZ 'd 't006 srlodBauurl^.r ,(tt sarnl -p3 paaryalg) frtnut|Durl ploqasnoH qsllbu.d arupllf aqJ 'uolssas -so4 Jo slr7oHJrr\is 'A'CI aas) sassatqe uo pue'uorldaJuoJ pue ÄtuouForsÄqd uo slxal qll.{,\ raqlaFol srnJco luvuf oay .saceld
i .
D Dublin, Royal Irish Acadeffiy, 23 l{ 15 (490), p. 53-58 (rvritten in 174A with addition in 1810) [= Breatnach's NIS El. Quotations from a lost Latin Nlanuscript (d) of the Longer Version in Irish Text 2 (1r2, see below, p. 143), corresponding to the Critical Text of the Longer Version 1,1-3 ; 2,1-3; 2,8; 3,1. N,Ian,v verses are not quoted,, and those that are quoted are often incomplete, because the author of Ir2 tvpically, quotes onl.v part of one or more Latin sentences that he then translates (and often elaborates) in Irish. Searches based on the incipits and headings
is the archet)'l)e ). I De ortu et tentpr,r, an intervieu' ltetu ,.
in the survil,irg
copies have failed to uncover any further manuscripts, but others might well be concealed under generic catalogue entries such as "De fine seculi" or "De antichristo".
Shorter Latin Version in the Chronicle of Roger of Howden (..a. 1190), printed in Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, \\r. SruBBS, ed. (Ro//s Series 51),
C The Shorter Version of ReuJnAnl is transmitted
4 vols., London 1868-1871, r,ol.3, p.85-86. The text had been printed as early as 1596 in H. SrvrLE, Rerum Anglicürum scriptores post Bedam praecipui er uetustissimis codicibus manuscriptis nunc primum in lucem editi, London 1596, p. 390. For the earliest manuscript, Oxford, Bodleian Librars, Laud 582, an autograph, r,r,hich Stubbs used, see D. ConNER, "The Earliest Survivirg \Ianuscripts of Roger of Hou,den's 'Chronica"', trnglish Historical Reuieru 98 (1983), p. 297-310 (the two
other manuscripts that include this addition, BL Arundel
150
and BL Harleg 3602, are therefore without authoritv, as Laud 582
The Short er
\-t,r-:
l
,
the Critical Tert : 2,9; 3,2; 3,4-5: l.l-' two versions of Ii,,i., ,i. physical descriltt i, ,n descriptions of tit L. \ urrection of the t lr., the Longer \,'ersion ' \,'ersion
:
?
The lurid ancl lil easily have motir-r,i does not suffice tr, l neutral designation. sions, rather than "jn tain details of the clr. a fragmentary Latin manuscript (a tent h -, uscript) by Bernhar.rl blance to Irish Tex t
Dottin
(see comnler.rt r,:
an earlier version oI Il. suggest that the desc,r-i i draws on earlier apor.r-j
(1) Ar.ranches, Bibl.
B.
n_r.
Brscr{oFF., "Vom I.rtrj,-
einer .Ienseitsvision
(II)
t7-
dota A'ouzssr'ma. Terte de.s r, . L,'ntersuchunqen zur lctteIni, 198,1,
p. tl0-84 at p. 82.
'Zg 'd
1e f
g-08 .d ,FB6I
1'reii11n15 '( L srannpllllf sap atöop1tt1g uaq)stuta-rr.l .rnz uabunqtnsraq ) pun uapanfi) sTnpunqrttDf uaruqazq)as stq Lralrato sap aWaJ 'nrutsstooli Dlop 'ccoHDSIg 'g uI ',,(+JepunrlJqef saluqaz) (f f) uorsrrslresua{. J.rura 'auY luatu8e"rg :(t) +srrqrrluy uro,\ pun ]lal\\ Jap apug ruor\,, .ccnHosrg .g {q pa}rpa '(1aqcrtrq-}ur*S-}uor\i 'ro.rd) gLt 'unru .rqrg ,saqruer^v (r)
'iil.r,
":
qgt ppunrY Tfl
:.
Ggg pnDT se
o,\Al
-
rql) 0lt-1ri«.
-oJqJ, s,uap-\\()FI
aqL,
otrgNt{o
,
-
-) 't i
pnDT Ä-rerqrl rrni-.-. patuJlJuoc uolsnlcuoD E 'suotltpeJ+ leqd{"rcode JarlJEa uo sa6Jp uorsra^ JaFuor aql ur +sril{cl}uy uorldrrrsap aq} }Er{} lsa8Fns Jo saop asd{lecode saqcueJ^v aql 'ruvufoaü lo uorsJa^ rarlrgo rrg asuas {ue ur }ou qFnoql '(s-z,z uo {reluaruruor aas) ul}}ocl
saF;oag Äq uorlelsuerl rlruard aq+ ur z ?xal qslrl oT aruelq -urosar IErauaF aql palou oq.^,\ ,(,) JJo.tsslg prBrlurag iq (1dr;rasn -uBur Ä"rn1uac-qlulu e o1 uolllppe {.rn1uac-q}ua} e) ldr.rcsnugur saqcuBr^v uE ruorJ por{sllqnd asd{lecode ul}ET {reluarufier; E ur palallered .(1aso1c aJE 'JAAa,^A.Oq ,uorldrtJsap aq+ slrBlap ulBl Jo
-JA3 ',, palBlodralur-uou,, puB pa+ElOdra1ur,, uBr{1 Jaq}EJ ,,
'06t 'd '9(i!. ulnJD)nfruy uaaq pBq
Lun.t -i
i
lxrl rri i
'( Ig sa:.zs sfirt[1 t D)tuoJqS ur IrrJri ',
-uoJq3 aI{} UI p.ri
.
_
.SUOTS
-JOA O,\el Aql JOJ ,,Jauor{s,, puB ,,JAFUO1,,, SUOr}EUFrsap IEJ}nAU aql pa.(o1dua oAEr{ I os 6uor}rppB lno alnJ o} aJrJJns +ou saop acuaprAa lBnlxal aql lnq suorlalap sll palB^rloru a^Eq Ä1rsea ]qFItu iurouFors{qd aq} Jo ra}cerBrlr lera}rl pue prrnl aqJ ä uorsJat\
ralroqs aql uorJ palalap uaaq {r,lt o,\Er{ Jo uorsra^ raFuol aq} ur suorlrppB sa8essed asaq+ ary 'Q'qc) pBap aql Jo uorlcarrn -sar aql Jo puB (g'r{r) ua^Eaq ur asualrs aql Jo suorldrrssap aql sB sE (B-Z'Z i?'l) IIa,r +slfllclluy Jo uorldursap lecrs{qd aq+ s{cEI uorsra^ rauor{s aql }Er{l sr luvufoatl lo suorsra^ 0^N+ aqJ .g_I,g i g_fy i g-V,t tZ,t aq+ uaa.^elaq aouaraJJlp ureur
salJlua
an8olr? ]Ir,r
+nq 'sldrrtsrlrnllr Fut.truns aq+ rr I . :
uaql aq lBq] ,(11ucrdi1
s.r.r li ,, - '
ArI Jo
palonb aJE lE rl ]
iB'Z
.r
:
'( {:T i
'[= sti ua+1lr.{N)
:
:
r
it-l'Z:t-t't
Eurpuodsauor
ra8uol aql Jo ( 1, t
i 6,2
i t't i r'z ! I't r t- I' I uorsra^ ra8uol aq] Jo lxal l*rrlrrS aq+ o1 Erlpuodsarroo Ierraleru sureluoJ (:) uorsrar\ ralroqs ar{J
Sq-tq
-
\.
',1
'paIJlluapr uaaq Jo,\ou e AEq uorlsanb ur slduesnuBur aql puB lxa} aq+ uo luaururof, lou saop aH '@ndnd nto\atg lwafl snqntpn ut assmJ
osrA\rorllo
oluanut rnlntp),,{;oFat3 adod passalq aq} Jo sldrrcsnuBur ur
punoJ uaaq aAEr{ o} plES,, (otutdo DIID) ,,n^ar^ Jaq}ou,,, sE +xa} }SIJTIJI}UY PJITI} SIT{1 SA3NPOJ}Ur.rAFOg.}SIJTI]I}UY UO S,T\ATA SIq ANEF turI{3EOr qJIT{,\.\ UI 16I I-06I I JO JA}UI,\§ Aq} UI }JEAI{ pJErlJrH puB aJord Jo rurrlJBof uaa,&\]aq ,r\arAralur uB
-uolr aql
Jo prorar e s,\ro[[oJ Jlas]l r{clr{^&
't|stttltlluy atodwal p nlro aQ }l aJaH.(ad,{laqJrE aq+ sr
asr+Barl u.{&ou{-lla^e s,ospy s^\olloJ
tvv
-ltUnlll
JO alloao[]-''
:' '
,
//' d++,{> anFo[ E ]n ' 1 \ sldrrcsnueur Tr?u( )r l:r
'Z 'lo^ 'lZOf
-.
uo1,--
plo aW ut s,d r. i puB lIENrrY.\\ ':l 'r -oaq] Jo uor]t?lrrlrr:
.
.1,
.'
1
'968I-q6BI uo[)ur -i
anoü pJDqJlü
NIOIJSO CIOUJ§{I
's'.I,,,r,i
;
I
JSIUH:]II\
412
A REVELATION OF JOHN
ABOL'I-T ANTICHRIST
by striking similiarities between the description in ReuJnAnt and that in the recentl.v- discovered Reuelatio Iohannis, u'hich Jean-Daniel Kaestli would date to the early seventh centurv in its original (probably Greek) form (1). \Vhile certaintl, is not possible, I believe that the description \,'as an original part of ReuJnAnt. The description is also retained in the three vernacular Irish translations of ReuJnAnt (Ir1-3, described belou'). Since there is nothing corresponding to chs.6 and 7 in the Shorter Version (C) or in Ir1-3, those chapters \rere either added to the original revelation, or were deleted b.,v an ancestor of C and d (the Latin source of Ir1-3). It is striking that a passage very similar to ch. 7 occurs towards the end of the Reuelatio Iohannis (72,1-5; transl. NonELLI, "Appendice", p.81-82), and that ch.7 also has close analogues in other Irish and Old tr nglish texts not otheru,ise related to ReuJnAnt (see commentary on 7,1-2). In any case Ir1-3 suggest that there was another Latin version of ReuJnAnt available in Ireland that included the physiognomy of Antichrist but lacked the conclusion (chs. 6-7) found in the Longer Version.
l
Text
" Concerning t ir r
ignate the Lat in manuscript tho:.': ger Version 1 .1- 1
:
2,7;3,1 ; 3,3; 3.1: Ir2 breaks off un,1 1,6b; 5,5-6. Tirc:. /r.3) than in lrl I stranslation of nt ir i. ,
-
more expansir"e.
Ir3 Irish Text ,1. I of Antichrist". Ir.,; Text of the L o n i,-" 2,6; 2,4h; 2,5: l. 1,6bde; 5,1-3: ;.-r-' t
.
:
.
additions founrl i:.
to the narrat ir-e Breatnach
Irish Versions
,
,
, inl'r,,.
,
text of Ir1 has Jrt-,--..
There are four Irish vernacular versions of ReuJnAnt, and what appears to be a fragment of a fifth. Three closelv related translations are edited b_v Caoimhin Breatnach in the present volume (infra, p. 527-583).
Ir1. Irish Text 1. Sgöl Ainntecrisd, "The story of Antichrist". The closest renderirrg of ReuJnAnt, with material corresponding to the Critical Text of the Longer Version 7,1 ;7,3-1;2,1 ; 2,9;2,2-4;2,7-B;3,1; 3,3; 3,2; 3,1; 4,2; 1,4; 4,3; 4,1 ; 5,7-1; 4,6b ; 5 ,5 - 6 . Irl also omits several verse s or parts of verses that are translated in Ir2 and Ir3 (these are listed by Breatnach, infra, p. 572-575). There are a number of brief additions (.sp. in ch. 5, see Breatnach, infra, P. 569 -571), most of which are probabl-_v the work of the translator, but it is possible that some may translate Latin verses that are not included in an-Y
survivi.tg Latin text
Ir2 Irish
of-
ReuJnAnt.
For the manii:
-
tion" (infra, Il. .1r , in roman thost l ri:
,
i
JnAnt and highlir:. ReuJnAnt. As Br'..,well as chs. 6 -;. -l Ir1-3 in relation t, , ,' relation to the Srrr
.
Martin
NIc\Lr nl r, . phal ApocalApse r ri i
apocalypses att ril
(1) NlcNrlrAR \. dria, Rome. Slurlz t, .
'
horst, (Supplemenls N'IenrrNEZ - G. P. Il
(1) KTBSTLI, "LJn nuovo apocrifo", p.67-69.
r-
texts see Breat n.1 r r- nach shows, "a 11 .
.
,
'glz 'd 't00u uolsog - uopraT ''spa'NEZrflHxrrrr:]T'd'0 zEr{rJrrrrtr{ vrouY9 'C '(Zg utsrupnf Jo frpn1g aqy nJ p)urnol, atü of sruawalddng) ,1stot1 1!H 'V Jo rnouoH ut uotpDraruJ lDrnnn7 luanuv ut salpnls 'aruoü ,nltp -uoralv' tuayn snJa[. ur:',, lsrJqJI]u v ;o puaFaT r{srJI eqJ,,oyrrvr4,rvi{oI,,t (f)
{ue ur papnlJur IeAarpatu Jo Äpn1s slq uI '(,) r,{or o+ pa}nqlr}le sasd{lecode raqlo Jo oDualsrxa aq+ o+ sB palBlncads 'uqof Jo asdfrpcody pttd -frnodr {aaro aq+ q}I.^.r g-trl Fur"redruoo 'ETETuENOHI ur}rEHI 'suorsral ulleT aql ur acuanbas aql 01 uorleloJ ul (0gV-gVV'd) .uolaq passncsrp s\ luyufoaY 01 uorlelar Lr\ t-LrI ur sasraA Jo asuanbas aql ur saJuaraJJlp aqJ .L-g .sr{J sB IIa,r\ sE q't ruvufoaü +lruo IIB g-trl 'sa1ou qDBulBarg sy 'luvufoay o1 Furpuodsa;ror lou s1;ed asoql sf,rlelr ul lqFIIqEIq pue luvuf -oaY 01 Eurpuodsa;;oc slxal qslrl ar{} Jo s1-red asoq+ ueruor ur suorlelsuerl pue slxal s, rlJeulearg '(Ogq .d ,nlu\) ,,uol}
+Etl+ alqrssocl sr
": ],
-
I{crr{,{(\ Jo }sour '( i _ _ SuottrIppB JaIJC[ ]r, .:
-learg ,(q sasJoA Jo
prlslI
s 1.r u
:
cl ..
i?-T'g ll'V :t't :;'; il'Z iV-t'l :I't rr, ,,
-puodsaJJoJ Iel.rf, i, .
.
oz\rF
-EISUBJI OUO ruoJJ Älalerullln puacsap aaJr{} IIE,, oqs qJRu -lBaJg sv 'QBq -g/.,9 'd 'nflut '{;eluoruuroc s,r{JEu}EaJg aas s}xa:} aarr{} asaq} Fuoue sdrqsuor}Elar puB slducsnuBur aq} rod os,tn
'(pa+rrtrlsqns uaaq sEq
trl
luasa.rd aql uI r{ r " palEIaJ .(1aso1r rJ.: - -
pue 'luYuf oau
r,
,
Jo 1xa1
raJorrq aql Gq ur lurod slql +E : t8g-u Bq 'd ,nflu1 ,qceulBarg aas) q 'qc ruvufoaü ur qelllg pue rlroug Jo alr]Erreu aql o] suorlrppB a^rsualxa raq+JnJ sE IIa^\ sE AJI ur punoJ suorlrppB oq+ Jo lsoru sapnlcur gq 'g-g,g iqg,V tg-q,g it_I,g tapqg,P lg-V'V iZ'V i7't it'V il,V iz,t tt,t iI,t i IZ tg,Z iqi,Z tg,Z ieV'Z '.9'Z lg-Z'Z i 6'Z i l,Z iv-l,l uorsral "raFuol aql Jo lxaJ IBcrlrrJ aql 01 Furpuodsauoc lBrralBtu sBrl trl .,,1s1il{tl}uv Jo Furuor aq+ Furu;acuo3,, 'psotttltuv lqJDaql oo't +xal qslrl trr 'alrsuedxa aJour puB raarJ saurlauros sr luvufoau ruorJ lBrralBtu Jo uorlEISuEJl aql pue '(t3q-Igg 'd 'nflu1 .qceulearg aas) UI ur uBrll Gtf puB) GJI ur suorlrppB aArsualxa arour arB araqJ .g-g,g I ttrg,v iv-z'g lrrt tuorJ parlddns sE.^A. rapurBurar aql puB JJo s{Earq a{ araq] I'q iapqg'f ig-V'V tZ,V t7,t tt,V il,? tz,t it,t iI,t i IZ lg'Z lqy'Z ig'Z teV'Z iB,Z it-Z,Z i6,Z il,Z iv-l,l uorsra^ taF -uoT aql Jo +xoJ IEJrlrrJ aq+ o1 Furpuodsa;;oc lerralgru sgr{ ArI (p sE trrorJ allrap {1a1eul}ln suor}Blonb asoq} lducsnugrrr ,
ullBT lsol aql puB 'o sE aq ur suorlBlonb ullBT ar{} aleuFr -sap I) 'acrnos ulle'I aq+ Jo aruos salonb }Eq} uorlelsuerl r{slrl [1uo ar{J ',, }ualua8pn I teutJ ar{} Jo Furuoc aq} Furu;acuo.),, 'qplouo?p stryuqutaaqlnrqq uo rpolttfrIotil
wV
o0 'z +xal r{slrl zrr
SB,{4. oJaq} }Etl} }:-'-aas) ruyufoaq ot r
t{slJl Jaq}o ul
sr11-
o,,aJIpuaddy.. 't -l-t .,
let{}
Fur>1rr1s
,
sr il
-saoue uE .(c[ {)a1.-
JaqlIa aJa.\\ S.l.t 1, i
,
-ro^ aarq+ aQ] ri 1
i
Jo lred leurFr.ro lr : \ +ou sr ÄlurElJJJ ali -, ,
unlual qluJ^\Js \.r t{oll{,tt 'stuunqol
tuvufoay ur
NIOIJSO CIOTIJNII
(tt .'
uor 1rI
..
\
ISIttH:]II\-
E
144
A REVELATION Otr JOHN ABOIJT ANTICF{RIST
Antichrist ph-vsiognomies, Bernard NIcGinn suggested instead that the Latin quotations embedded in Ir2 are "more likel-v learned glosses than survivirg fragments of a lost Latin original" (1). The discovery of ReuJnAnl shows that they are indeed fragments of a lost Latin original (d). (The only alternative rn,ould be to assume that ReuJnAnt \Ä'as created by extracting Latin quotations from a bilingual lrish-Latin original, but those quotations survive onlv in Ir2 (=D), in which they are not only incomplete but of ten also f ragmentary.) That original was a version of ReuJnAnt that in common rvith the Longer Version included the description of Antichrist but ended with the in common with the Shorter Version that statement (5,6) that there would be three and half years from the death of Antichrist to the end of the world. Some of the more substantive elaborations shared by all three Irish texts could be evidence of additions in d, but the fact that the Latin quotations embedded in IrZ contain nothing that is not found in the surviving witnesses of ReuJnAnt militates against such an assumption.
-
on Nlotrnt Gargi.{r,. r Latin version o l' Ii. (The Leahhar Br', a brief resunre , an account of ll r, the dead, lvith t'1.: 5,5). The follou i:, 3) seems to har-r r', (ch. 2),, whether I can assume that b1. ReuJnAnl's r.lr lels with ReuJn^ ln; though Lhe tran-l:, versions, and alsr, ." GA has matel'ir, 6,1-2;7,7; 1,1. ^\lt, ,vears from the rl,. ., GA (unlike lrl-:lt heaven drau'n f rr ,r r follow'ed by a cles( r .: Last Judgement. l Breatnach als,, Antichrist text in National Librarr- , "John the Evangri^. come. Christ saicl : \ said the Lord". Tli,-. ,;
-.
.
.
,
,,
.
.
"
.
.
:
GA Geinimhuin Annticrist, "Birth of Antichrist". This text survives as part of the Irish Life of John (Betha troin Bruinne) in the Liber Flauus Fergusiorum, Dublin, RIA 23 O 48 (476) (a. 1437-1410), fol . 32'; ed. G. N{rc NrocAILL, Eigse 7 (1955), p. 218-253, ät p. 249-259 (§ 1-9); translated by I"I. HnRBERT in HnRBERT - 1\,IcNIMARA, Irish Biblical Apocrypha, p. 95-96, no. 208, § 2-9 ("Fragment of an Apocalypse"); the relevant sections of the translation are reproduced in the present volume (p. 420-424). According to a colophon in the manuscript, Betha Eoin Bruinne was translated from a now lost Latin text by Uighisdin Mac Raighin in 1.105. See also E. Juxoo J.-D. KAESTLI, Acta lohannis (CCSA 1), Turnhout 1983, p. 109-116. GA is acephalous, and transmits only a partial translation of ReuJnAnt, one that is completely independent of Ir1-3, and
(1) B. \[cGtxx, "Portra]'ing Antichrist in the Middle Ages", in Use and Abuse of trschatologl1 in the
that moreo\-er ir r JnAnt, one that .: begins (§ 2) u ith .:
lliddle
The
Ages (h'Iediaeualia Louaniensia.
Stuclta 15), \V. VnnBEKE D. VgnHELST Leuven 1989, p. 13.
A. WnlxENHUvsEN.
eds.,
(.
.
:
:
(1) For the storr' dicarum,
l, Flanor-rr' - '
in l,Iagister Regis. Slu,, eds., New York 198ti.
allels and Analogue.: . ( GERINI, "St N{ichael r, in l,lonsters and the )l Groningana n.s. 3). Ii 2001, p. 23-58.
. .
,
:
-
.
'gg-tz'd'I00u ur^naT''spa'xamiro11'u'r'v'T - Nss'ro'E'x'(t's'u oun|uruorg Dtlnuntpary) adotn'g samqlroi\i lvlatpalA[ ut snorsuo1f atil pun srasuo7g ur ',,.(qde;EorFeg ol arnlducg ruoJJ uo8e-r61 ar{} pue IaeqJrlrf }S,,'nrruuc
-cnH 'g 'It 'dsa pue :ggt-tg1 'd '0002
aEpr"rqrueS ,sanbo1nuv
asEJ Jar{}ra ur
''spa'NESÄ^llI-\glt-l
,
vil
+uaJaJJrp E
-_,,'
'DISUAIUDOO'I Dllt),1,t |, .;
aqJ uI ',,so8y
a{
puv spllt)
-rvd 'uo6n41 aqt pun J1nmoag 'uanv11 'f, :qg-gZ 'd ,9g6l {roÄ .^Nafi ,.spa ''le la soor{g'5 'arysny ung lraqoü Jo nuog ut satpnlg'st6ag nTst|DIf u\ slr puB la8uequv ar{} IaEqrrIN }ulES 1o {ro15 paqsllqndu,l ',,suor1cauuo3
uy,, 'ssou3 'g 'f : gVgV .IHg = ggq-Itg 'd 'glgl ra^oue1{ ,I otantnttp H11I'zJry,u '3 aas i"ro1s aql Jod (f)
-tnqobun.T utnJal satoTdtng
aroJaq paqrrrsap sr ]srrqtl+uy Jo r{+Eap ar{J',,proT ar{} plBS TSnI tuJer{ }noq}r,.tr uar{,!\, : prBS }slJq3 'auroJ ,'aruoJ IIIA aq plno.{N }srJt{Jr}uy uaq^.\ proT aq} pa{sB 1sr1a8uBÄf, ar{} ur{of,, rlclr{^(\ o} FurpJocJB '.,t 'loJ '[ {) 'pue1a-r1 Jo itetqrl IEUor}El{ 'ullqn c 1dr-rcsnuBur ,("rn1uaJ-r{}uaa}xrs aq} ur }xa} }srrr{)r}uv qslJI ÄteluatuFet; E 01 uorluallB s.^(\EJp qJEulEaJg oslE oluauraFp.,f 'uorsJarl raFuol ar{} Jo l'L rrroJJ uaBJp }sET ar{} }E pBap ar{} Jo Furuoruruns aql Jo uorldr;rsap E Äq pa^(\olloJ 'luvufoau uorsJaA ,raFuol aql g 'rl3 ruoJJ u,{,\EJp ua^Baq Jo Jo ur asualrs aq+ uorldrlJsap E qll,\§ sanurluos a{rlurl) vl Jo G-rrt 'plro.^A. aql pua aql o+ rl}Bap aq} ruorJ srea{ lsrJr{Jr}uv Jo Jo .[,I iT,L iZ-l,g JIEI{ B pue aarq} aq III,t arar{} }Eq} Furlels ra}Jy f g'g i tl i g'g luyufoay o+ Furpuodsar;oc lerra+Eur ser{ yg 'pasuapuoa {ltna;F oslB pue 'suors;ar rlslrl rar{}o aq} uBr{} aarJ aJour r{3nur sr uor}BlsuBrl aq} qFnoql '6 § qFnorql anurluor pue V § Vg ur ur8aq ruvufoaü qll,r slal -1e-red rr;rcads aqJ '+srl{Jl}uv Jo uorldr.rosap s,luvufoay iq paldtuotd se.u laBqrrI\l Jo uorldrtcsap aq+ ler{} arunsse uEJ }nq i luapre re Jo uFrsap {q Jorl}aq.^& (z .rI3)
a^A.
lsrJrlorluv Jo uorldrrJsap s1uvufoay paceldar a^Eq o? suraas (g a)uEreadde s,laer{rrIAI Jo uorldrrosap Eur.,r,ro11o3 aqr '(g'q §
uo {teluaurruoJ aas lTuyupoaü Jo saoqca Jealc q}1,\\ 'peap aq} Furua>1e,lre pue lsrllf,rluy Jo Fur{e1s s,laer{JrHI Jo }unof,Je uE {q pa.^.rolloJ'aposrda snueFreg }unonl ar{} Jo ?tunsar Jalrq e apnltur saop ';a.ta,trr.oq 6laEr{JrI{ uo Älrruoq )DaJg JDqqDaT ar{J) 'uolllppB ue .(lrealc sl puE g-LrI ur ro luvufoay Jo uorsra^ ullBT .(ue ur papnlcur +ou sr alrlerrBu slr{J '(,) snueF;eg }unol{ uo uoFerp E .&\als laeqor,\l .^.\or{ Jo }unooJe Jarrq E q}l,r k §) sur8aq 'sr{r papnlrur lBq} auo 'luyuf v9 'uorsraA ra8uol aql Jo L-g uodn paseq sr JaÄoarour lerl+
-oay lo uorsral ulleT
NIO
9VV
t
r} , lrl
puu 't-UI Jo ]rr.rt uoIlEISuEJl IErl.r Ir,
'g0r I
oslB aas
'(I
+noquJnJ lSOI
,&\.OU
e
t-s"r
Lu0.r
-uBru aql UI +uasa-rd
i
1.
l
IJotit
aW rrl
I
IUBAaIAJ Aql i ( ....r.., '96-96 'd 'Dqclfit.,, russrrsH 'It ^i,l '(ggOt) L as6tg '-r(gtil Br o tz \.r (auutnrg ulog t)Vi lxa+ slr{I '.'.}sl.rrl I
.
,
qcns lsureFe sopr-, punoJ lou sr +Erll =--ullBT aq+ lBrll ].r, slxal qslJI aJ.r r.ll -
.
aq+ Jo otuoS tuorJ s;eai
'|){.1r
','.
JIBLI I,r:,
': aql qll,.\(\ paprra +nq lslrtlclluY J(, aq+ qll^\ uotuttll r -Fr"ro lertJ ('^(.r Ir ] L: .'
-
:
:
are Ar.l+ r{JIr{.\\
lr
-
I
lnq 'leutFtro rrr1r-ii.{ pai,
FurlceJlxo
aAIlEuJollE .(1rro ,:r paapul aJB i.q+ ]i;r.
,
-
-tFtro ulleT +sol n {ta{lt aJour,, a.rr? ;, , ,i pEAlSuI pAlsao=oot't. r: . -
IJ,Si} (I OUJN{ I
l
JSIUH:)II\.
:"-* - ,"_
116
A RtrVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
this (fol. 3'): "The death of Antichrist 25 days grace (?) with Michael the archangel at the command of the (? Lord) as Daniel the prophet said in the (? prophec-v...)" (transl. Breatnach, infra, p. 535, n. 2). The material is too brief to identifv confidently (and two of four lines are roughly crossed out in the manuscript), but the fact that Christ is said to be respondirg to a question about Antichrist b_v John suggests that this may also derive ultimatelrr from a version
of"
ReuJnAnt.
OId English Analogues There is no continuous translation of ReuJnAnt in Old E,nglish, but several Old tr,nglish homilies contain an account of the resurrection at the Last Judgement that is strikingly similar, in some cases nearly identical, to the one that concludes the Longer Version of ReuJnAnt as well as GA (see commentary
on 7 ,7-2).
Relationship of the Latin Witnesses One clear division among the Latin witnesses is between ARLD, which include the physiognomy of Antichrist (1,4; 2,2-8) and C, which does not. Another is between AR, which include chs. 6-7, and CD, w'hich do not (L is defective, so may or may not have included those chapters). The Latin source d of Ir1-3 (which survives fragmentarily as D) therefore agreed with ARL in including the physiognomy of Antichrist, but with C in wanting chs . 6-7. However, R shares with CDL against A a different sequence of verses in chs . 2-3. Table 1 concords the sequence of verses in all the witnesses to ReuJnAnt, includi.rg Ir1-3, with A's order as the standard of comparison. Bold font highlights significant patterns of agreement and disagreement across the witnesses ("*" indicates that there is no equivalent for a given verse; a bold "x" indicates that this is not simply due to the incompleteness of a given witness). f-,tnder D, the presumptive order of Latin verses in d that are not actually quoted in D is given in brackets where Ir1-3 all agree on the placement of those verses. [The individual clauses a-b of verse 2,4 and a-e of verse 4,6 in ReuJnAnt that are variouslv ordered in Irl-J are
as follo\,'s: 2.1
(rr
r
4,6 (a) "Surget (b) et terremoltz'
i.
]
,i, :
(d) "et stelle
crult t:
Table 1. The Seqtt, : A
n
1,1
1.1
1,2
1,2
1,3
1"3
1,4
1,+
2,1
2,7
))
))
2,3
2,3
2,1
2,7
2,5
2,5
2,6
2.6
2,7
)1
r,-
') ')
31
33 2,8
2,8
2,9
3,1
3,7
3,3 I C) L-
2,9 3,2
3,2
oo J,J
I
3,1
3,1
3,5
3,5
i-
C.'
x
x
t't
x
v't
g't v't
x
x
x
la
I't
I't
I't
[a e'e]
t't
g't
g'g
lz z't7
z't
Z,T
Z,T
t't
T't
x
q't
9't
lg'ea l
x Z,T
6,2
x
lo'zil
g'g
(.tc. GG
Z,T
7,'t
6,2
t'gl
l't
g'0 x
T,,
T
I't
x
8,2
x
8,2
arB
8
-[rI u\ I] r.r ) 1
a-E puB
l'z
.
Js.r.r.'\
Jo +uauaceld
aq+
ss
oJsE
rrll
]
'/
.i
. ]
i. -
-FIs slqFIIqEtq ]rr : s,v, qlll\ 'g -[.t [ --.
6,2 B,Z
.
..
.(11':.
Jrl
+rr a rlr
sasJaA Jo aJualtir.-
B,Z
8,2
x
L,Z
O uI palonb arrldurnsard
aq+ o+ anp .ilclrrr r ua.ttF E JoJ luJ[l.,
I,Z x
acuanbas ]ua.rJll r
t't
I x
x
x
'
r
L,T L,Z
x
L,Z
x
I,Z
T,Z
I,Z
6,2
6'Z
6'Z
(,
(r (r
('
('
x
f:'7,
T,Z
T,Z
x
lz'Z
x
g'7,
x
9,
Z,
x
9,2
g'z
g'z
qtt'Z
qt'z
g'z
g'z
e?tz
elz'Z
x x x
x
x
('
x
T,Z
('
(,
9,2
9,2
g'7,
g,Z
9,2
L,7,
L'z
L,Z
T,Z
T,Z
T,Z
v'7,
t'7,
I'I
I'I
I'I
I.I
I.I
I.I
l'I
Z,I
Z,I
Z,I
Z,T
Z,T
Z,T
x
x
t'I
t'I
t'I
t'I
g'I
t'I
g,I
x
V,I
v'l
x
i,I
V,T
v'l
x
I,Z
I,Z
T,7,
x
q
tpl
ZJI
ZJI
c=
o
x
3
7
u
ut sasnl Jo atuanbas aqJ 't
sass?ulllw aw
ul rnluaqanuoJ
9,2
6G
('
('
(r (r
V,Z
lnq '1sr;qtllrr\.-
-,
paarFe aJoJaJaLIl
tt
p aJJnos ullBT li,.: {eur os 'a.trltaJalr r{clrl.trr uJJ.rr 'uv 1-. y i
V'l)
tsl.n{Jr+rr
-
sas s au u-Y
lz o'zf
TJT
tJI
V9
luvufoaü
-uDS
o,,sautoJ
snpwarr4
I,7,
v'l
t'I Z,I
I.I
,(reluaururoJ
J.rs
aql sapnl)uo J
l
I Ir Li
-
';elrrurs {1Ful{l.r }. aq+ Jo lunoJJr? lr:' 'qsrl8ug plo ur pri
V
'luYuflau
aruDJ
SIt{} }Etl}
f'1uns op) qns anb anbn sauuto p 'utautnb ounan1J (a) 'LuDrral u! «luapo) anas l?,, (p)
p anuaülsad (c) 'otoy nd lunra ru6nw
p (q)
lwnufrat snsJanpv unubat p 'ua7ua6 o4un sua6 7a6tng,, (e) g'V innua6 anbau (q) nqaqvq uou sarotradns saruacl (e) V'Z: s.&\olloJ sE
,
s}Saoeoat't: '"
-puodsar aq o+ l)r n- \' ur lno passoJJ i1r. {yrluapl o} Jar.r([ (], ,:
-learg 'lsuErl) ..i"' sB (p;oT ü aq] lo I ) ace"rF s^(u 1., ,- . .
:
(a
§{OIJ31-} OOUJNI
L?V
JSIUH]II.\
118 A
A REVELATION OF JOFIN ABOLTT ANTICHRIST
It
L
C
=D)
4,1
1,1
4,1
x
4,\
x
1,2
,L,2
x
4,2
x
1,,3
4,3
x
,4,3
x
4,,L
1,1
x
4,4
Ir2
D ldl = Ir2
x
Irl
Ir3
4,7
G,l
x 1,2
4,3
4,3
3,4
3,4
4,2
4,2
4,1
1,4
x x
1,,1
x
4,3 4,1 4,5
4,,5
x
,1,5
x
4,5
4,5
1,6a
4,6a
x
t,6a
x
x
4,6a
,4,6b
4,6b
x
4,6b
x
4,6b
x
x x
x x
4,6c
4,6c
x
1,6c
x
x
4,6c
,4,6 d
4,6 d
x
'1,6d
x
4,6d
4,6d
4,6e
1,6e
x
'1r6g
x
4,6e
4,6e
5"1
5,1
x
5,7
x
5,1
5,1
5,1
x
5,2
5,2
x
5,2
x
5,2
5,2
5,2
x
5,3
5,3
x
5,3
x
5,3
5,3
5,:J
x
5,1
5,1
x
5,1
x
5,,+
x
5,1
x
4,6b 5,5
5,5
x
JrC
x
D,J
x x x
2,9 (about thr , does violate c'i'tt', :. 2,8 (about a Ierrt ..: low 3,3. RCL thr: having begun t, ,
.
:
and 3, 1 har-e tl i :, irrg the sequ€ncu are not quotecl it. also invert 3.2 ij rr
;
.
so that the I'r'lt']': precedes the ])ltr -. of A but is also 1,,The \\'itil0SSt'> therefore inclurl.' :, christ (RDL) rrn,i chs. 6-7 (A) änrl also cut across t lr C, Ihere are rr >1.: agree against R. agree a$ainst t h,-' ally equivalent nLr
.
4,6b 5,5
3'D
J,D 1,1
5,6
5,6
x
5,6
x
5,6
5,6
5,6
5,6
6,1
6,1
x
x
x
x
x
x
6,1
6,2
6,2
x
x
x
x
x
x
6,2
7.1
7,1
x
x
x
x
x
x
7.1
7,2
i,
x
x
x
x
x
x
of unique rearlin
-
other rvitnesses, I in D rna_-v also r' sed paucis dieh u, sedtrcet multos. I .. and simplv left 1 .. fered in se\reral ri: the inversion of . i. which lrl-3 ali sh ferently in lrl t h:, The textual r'., The evidellce of :. other witnesses: i multiple lines lI more than olre lr:, and 3,3), u'hosr' .: irg patterns 0l ., -
l'L
l
x 1.1
RCDL all have the sequence 3,1 ; 3,3; 3,2 [in C alone, 2,,1 follou,s 3,1]. The inversion of verses 3,3 (about those who believe in Antichrist and are branded b-v him) and 3,2 (about those whom Antichrist kills or who die under his rule) is not itself remarkable, since the verses har.e parallel s,vntax (Omnes quos...) and are reversible without affecting the sense or violatittg chronolog--v. Howe\rer, RCL also shift the position of verse
Llr----
,
:
,
,
r
r,vhich
(L
a
ncl
[ ,t
t
:
-uror ,(1uo aql arB üv arurs 'a1a1duo)ur are (O pue D qrrq,^& Jo o,\r1 'sassaull,{(\,\\aJ aql Fuoure luauaaarFe Jo suralled Eul -TorlJuoo o] anp paltnJlsuo:)al aq +ouueo 1xa1 asoq,^N '(t't pue Z't sasrol Jo uorsralur aql q+1.^e) adÄ1aqeted,(q auo uEql arorrr IUoJJ pa^IJap aq i1-rea1c louuec 'uorssrrusuerl Jo saurl aldlllnur Furluasa;da; a{}{,n osassau}l^e Jar{}o asoq} }nq lsassau}ra Jaq}o aql uroJJ V satrEredas sasral Jo aJuanbas aqtr Jo oJUoprAO aqJ 'uolllpBJl palBurruBluoJ e sa+Ecrpur asuaprAa lBnlxa+ aqJ 't-ZrI u\ uer{l tq ur {11ua.ra; -JIp lnq 'g-l'v puB B-v'z lJlr{s oslB g-ul 'a;eqs IIE t-trl r{clr{,^(\ 'I'2.^&olloJ 01 6'z Jo lJlqs aq+ puB t't puB z't Jo uorsra^ur aq+ 01 uollIppe uI 'sasJal Jo a)uanbas aq? ur s.(e,r,r lBJoAos ur paJaJ -JIp aAEq osle ieur 1I 'uorlelsuerl aq+ Jo lno lJal ildurrs pue p ur luasa-rd ara,{A. ,(r,{+ }Er{} alqrssod sr 1l }nq 'soqnw pJnpas (t'il g't asraA +ror{s aq} sE IIaa sE 6'Z ur snqatp snnod pas ase-rqd aql Furllruo ur a^rloullslp uaaq aAEq osle Äeu O ur paAJasa-rd {lueluaurFe-rJ p acJnos ullB.I aqJ'sassau}rlA. Jaq}o ql I,{e }uauaa;Fe Jo su-ra11ed JEalf, ou pue sFurpeal anbrun Io Jaqunu qFtq e s.{Nor{s O'sl }l sE Jalrq sV 't- }sureFe ZU ro 'tI lsureFe aa"r8e 'IV r{JIr{,\N ut sFurpeal Jo Jaqunu }ualelrnba flle -uorlJodord e szlror{s asraa{rl 7 '.1 alr}caJap aq} lsurer3e aar8e 'v lsureFe 3y ro 'u lsure8e aa"rFe uolJo üv ollr{.^e "(1.re1rluls 3V rlJIrI.^,\ ur sFurpea"r Jo Jaqunu lBrluBlsqns E arB araql ) lsureFe aa;Fe ualJo üy allq.An. : suorsr,\lp asaql sso.rJe lnJ osle sFurpear aqJ 'Od lou op lerll o.{eJ pue (ff) L-g'srlr luErrEA sapnlrur pue auo '(:) ler{} }ou saop }Er{} auo pue (lO$ }srrr"lr aql apnlrul lert] aarql apnlrur aroJararl+
-lluv
aSJa^ JO UOI I Is l, l -+BIOIA JO a S rr J s -r ..
sauuro) xe1u.i5. Jlasll lou sr (rln .
.
-
asoq+ lnoqe) I'l aAaIIaq oq.\\ JSI --"
-loJ l'7,'auo1n .t
':
,
Jo ,(uouForstqd
t't puB u6t sasJa^ Jo uorsra^ul slql orErIS lErI+ sassaull,{e aqJ 'lecrFol osle sr lnq y" Jo +EI11 tuorJ sraJJIp leq+ +uauaceld e 'iurou8ors{qd eq} sapaca-rd FurFuuqdn s,lsrrt{Jl}uy Jo sar}rJ aq} o} aruaraJa"r aq? }Ert} os 'I'Z s.^(\olloJ 6'z araq lnq '6'z lJlr{s puB t't puB z',t }raAur oslB (p Ätqeurnsa"rd aroJaraq? pue) t-trl lnq 'O ur palonb +ou are sasra^ asar{J '{uouForsrqd aq} ur sarn}Bal Jo aeuanbas aq} Frl -1dnr-ralul 'BoZ pue L'Z uaalrlaq palotu uaaq osle aABq I't pue u!'JaAoaJoru ialn-r srq ssn)srp o? unFaq Ful^Er{ t't
sasJaA
aql
I
ralJe FurFuuqdn s,lsrllorluy o+ raJar IIE aroJoraW 7Jü 't,t ,\\ol -loJ pue ({urouFors{qd s,}srl{rl}uV Jo arn}Ral E }noqE) B,Z 6'Z s.^&olloJ +l 3u ur : iFolouorr{3 a}Elor^ saop ur (FurFuuqdn s,}srrr{rl}uv Jo sarJr) aq} lnoqe) 6,2
qloq 7 ur allq,\\ ot't
+Er{} {ezw
NiO
6VV
IJ3iI CIOUJ]{I
TSIU}J:)I.L\
ru
,,-8**#"*t#'-* _-
-''---- ,--"
-
---&sdf8
150
A REVELATION OF JOFIN ABOLTT ANTICHRIST
plete witnesses
to the Longer \rersion, and since A
preserves
the logical and almost certainlv original sequence of verses 2,8 3,1, I adopt A as my base manuscript for the Critical 'fext of the Longer Version, emending where A is defective or where a superior reading is offered by one or more of the other manuscripts. I also provide unemended (but punctuated) texts of all the witnesses to the Longer \rersion. Since C is the only Latin u,itness to the Shorter Version, I print the text of C in the same \A'ay as the witnesses to the Longer \,'ersion. Date, Origin, Transrnission
If the statement in the Longer Version that Antichrist will be in Chorazain and dwell in Bethsaida (2,9) is an origi-
raised
nal part of the work (a* noted above, this verse's placement in the manuscripts is ver_v unstable) and if that information, as seems likelfr, \ Ias derived from Adso (see commentary
displaying thrir' ' extension mensti.. suggestion
that .
4 Ezra 5,8).
any of the except
-
tttttj,
for the
,1'
I,t
Sources,
rvith ju.t
John of
Gadclesri,--:.
in its etymolog) tation of Latin i i
.
Since the rvorcl ti1:.
Shorter Version
,
not exist alrearlr .. the available .".1, , coinage and
t
hu:
earlier than the derives from a
Slr..
I
a popular antiphon f irst attested in
with ReuJnÄnt. t. from a comnlon \
the last quarter of the tenth century (rather than the antiphon's ultimate source in Isidore; see commentary), then the Shorter Version of ReuJnAnt is probabl-v no earlier than the eleventh century. The terminus ante quem for the Shorter Version is between 119211193 and 120111202 when Roger compiled
his Chronicle, and probably towards the beginnirg of this range since Corner has shown that the section of the Chronicle includirg the year 1190 was written in 119211193 (1); but we must assume that ReuJnAnt had been in circulation for some time before then, since Roger claims that the account he reproduces was transmitted in manuscripts containing works
by Pope Gregory. The work's lexicon, however, provides evidence to suggest that it is unlikely to be older than the twelfth century in its present form. Both versions refer to immodest women
(1) D. ConNER, "The Earliest Surviving l{anuscripts of Roger of Horvden's 'Chronica"', English Historical Reuiew 98 (1983), p. 297 -310.
-
t',,,
and Old trnglish t' to preserve \-Prr'i r:
1,1 is
.
:
below, p 496), the use of Adso or of another source dependent on Adso w,ould establish a terminus post quem of c. 950. If the immediate source of the additional characteri zation of John
in C's version of
'
^11trrr
Since those \-ernLr
.
'
(1) C. Du F-. I), tr. FoncELLr\r. L, C. SHonr, A Lat[n i, Leipzig 1900- : P. ( , A. SourER ,, Ä Glos.\/,rDictionnaire latirt-l't,'
.
rium Mediae Luttn, Lati"nitatis Lericon .',,' ' of Latin Terts , s.u.
Samantha Shacl. :rr. N{agnu s. I t-
Albertus
nus .' De animalih Lt' schichte der Philo.s,, i'' occurs at 5 .23.5 (r
'.
uauro^& lsapour rr: q}JIa \\ l -
g Jo lrerua) uorlrpa 619I e Furlrc 'q'I'6 snqt1)unuv ag'snu8utrt snlraqlv IuorJ saruoc +l +Et{} sa}B}s 'ÄEolourila roJ ro}rpa roruas 'pBr{S Br[]uELuBS +nq'acrnos eq+ iJl+uapl lou saop OgO arIJ (g) 'o's ' the Yorkshire s i'.. has a Worcestet':i.. ReuJnAnt is ttot ( rsurr-ir-i
n
.
older Continental or perhaps trastern apocal.,v-pse. There are no
Hibernicisffis, but the text is quite brief. The rvord menstruis not recorded in the Dictionar7 of l,tedieual Latin from Celtic Sources ('), but as we have seen it is not recorded in most other major Latin dictionaries. One distinctivelv Insular motif that represents Enoch and Elijah as being sad in Paradise occurs in 5,1,, though only in the Shorter Version (C), which I believe here preserves the original reading (see commentar_y). The distinctive description of the resurrection of the dead in the Longer \rersion (7,1-2) has very close parallels in vernacular Irish and Old trnglish sources, but also in the Reuelatio lohannis. It is u,ell knou'n that Ireland preserved some rare apocrypha deriving from Eastern sources ('), and there is comparable evidence for transmission of apocrypha in AngloSaxon Ensland ('), though the post-Conquest trnglish evidence has not been so thoroughly surveved as has the Irish . ReuJnAnt would appear to be another instance of the strong Insular role in the medieval transmission of apocryphal texts. acio
(1) See the online wordlist at . (2) See especiallv D. f)urtvrLLE,
"Biblical Apocrypha and the Earlr,
Irish Church: A Preliminarv Investigation", PRIA
73C (1973), p. 299, The Apocrgpha in the lrish Church, Dublin 7975; corrected ed. 1984; l'I. HpnBERr - N{. \{cNeuene, Irish Biblical Apocrgpha. Selected Teils in Translation, trdinburgh 1989; and the volumes in 338 ;
I\I.
N'IcNrr,tARA
the series Apocrgpha Hiberniae.
(3) See F. NI. BIccs,ed., Sources of Anglo-Saron l-,iterarg Culture. The Apocrupha (Instrumenta Anqlistica llediaeualia 1), Kalanta zoa, N,Iich.,
(1) See D. Con r, narA of liational I;'
2047.
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A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
468
10
their foreheädo, and no one will be able to erase that device. 4 He w'ill raise feigned dead, he rn,ill make rivers reverse their course, he will uproot trees and turn the branches to the ground and their roots aloft, and he will make them flou,er by his diabolical wiles. 5 And he will seduce manyl'. 4 t "On the day he is born, all who inhabit the four parts of the world will realize he has been born, äs the Scripture testifies that says, 'In every house the corpse of a dead man will be the signo'. 2 Then in that time 'father' u,'ill kill 'son', and son f ather, and 'brother brother'b, and in every dealing there will be no faithful person. 3 Women will reveal their menstrual cloths and will not conceal themselves from men. 4 Churches will be destroyed, priests w'ill lament'; men will have no thought for holy relics, nor for those places u,here the bodies of saints had lain at rest.5 They will rn'orship profane
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§1
ARDC
a. ubi? cf. Ex. 12,30 b. cf . N[atth. 10,21; Nlarc . 13,12 c. cf . Iohel 2 ,17
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470
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICFIRIST
idols, like pagans and Jews.6'Nation r,vill rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom; and there rvill be great earthquakes in various places, plagues and famines'r', 'and stars will fall" to the earth, rivers and all waters belor,v heaven will be 15
10
turned to blood. 5 ! "During his reign the tr,vo prophets Enoch and trlijah, who are now sad in Paradise because of the expectation of death, will wage war against himn.2 And Antichrist rn,ill slay them. 3 They rvill lie dead 'in the streets' for three days and three nightsb. 4 On the fourth day'they will arise into eternal life. 5 On the next, that is on the last (day), älmighty God, 'who desires everyone to be saved'r', will dispatch his archangel i\Iichael, holding in (his) hand his'sharp sword", that is the'sword of the'Holv'spirit'r, and he will sla.v himg and split him in two from the top to the bottom; not so that the world should be destroyed, but so that it should be made ane\ r in a better condition. 6 It w'ill be thus for three vears and six monthsr' 'until the consummation of the worldi'. 6'l, "After these tribulations there will be a great 'silence in heaven"' and earth for fortv davs and forty nights. 2 No creature rn'ill make a sound or be heard. d. Luc. 21,10-11; cf. Nlatt. 21,7; Nlarc.
13,8
e. N{atth. 24,29; cf. }Iarc. 13,25; Apoc. 6,13
10
prophana vclollr :. gentem, et rr! r,.":. erunt per loc'ir. ,
terram, fluuritti, sub celo
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.
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10
et sex mensihtrs' r.'I 6 t "Post ha. celoo' et in terru ,i tura resonabit nutI ARC
ro r,'dola AR: iclolri /. AR: alterum C 1:
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5
cf. Apoc. 11,3; 17,7-9; NIal . 1,5 Apoc. 11,8; cf . Apoc. 11,9-11 cf . ;\poc. 11,11-12 1 'fim. 2,4
Apoc . 2J2 trph . 6,77
. Apoc. 72,7: 2 Thess. 2,8 . I)an . 7 ,25; 12,7; Apoc. l2,l,L; 13,5 \,Iatth . 28,20; cf . Nlatth. 21,3 cf
cf
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A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOLIT ANTICHRIST
7 i, "And angels will come from the four parts of the earth" and cry out, saving three times: 'Arise! Arise! Arise!' 2 And all who have died from Adam until that day will riseb in the age of thirty vears', rvhatever fire had burned on earth, animals devoured, or sea engulfedd."
in etate trigint r : bestie comecleru n
a. cf. N,Iatth.24,31; \Iarc. 73,27; Apoc. 8,2.6; 1 Thess.
AR
b. cf. 1 Cor. 15,52; 7 Thess. c. cf . Luc . 3,23; Eph. 4,13 d. cf. Apoc.20,13
4,15
,4,16
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uFra; slr{ Fur-rng '(Z'il sraq}o {ueu slll{ pue (g'g) speal{aroJ rlaq+ uo rallal e qll.tr sra,{.rolloJ slq s{reru aH '(g'g) Äe-r1se .(ueu Furpeal '(V't it'I) srapuo,u pue suFrs sur;o;;ad aq :(O'Z) Epresrllag ur sllo.up pue urezoroS ur pasrer sr aq :(:Z'ü sarurl -pua aql Jo suFrs lecrFoloursoo Äq papaaa-rd sr +ua^pe s,lsrrqo -lluy 'luvufoaü uI 'kt0z-9002 UBIIHI ''s1or Z'auotztpnd Dnap olt7il ü : II lqnul tduay lap o)tutau U : I 'o1sttttluv,1 'rzz1g'N - yrssrod ''I'O aas sarrnluac qlJla/y\l aql qFno;q1 puocas aql ruorJ slxal ,(;eur;d ;o uorlcallor E rod 'q002 '3'C uolFurqse^& 'sa6y aruplhl fipng aW ut aulrpoO Jo Tuawdopoa7 atil puo'fimy -uaututo7 lmllqlg 'lnnd :§trtplluv fru4tntsuo7 'sauon11 '1'11 :7OOZ srred '(gII anbuo1sttl at6o1oaqJ,) asqfrg1 ap sar?d sq zaq) lstrtplluv,l ap sasoqdtoutvl?tr1[ 'vrrrrovg 'f :Og-q 'd '(t0OZ) o,,srseg ZV utpnrg srJrps' lecrleFaxg rlar{J pue srar1}Ed ar{} ur oNrsrroT '111 'O :tOOt urlraB '(69 +srrr{cr}uy ar{J,, TJnqtsuasst11 atplltuawvsalnau aW rnJ TJtn1csnaz rnz aTJaqtag) WfrI1[ lstrq) -IUV aW Jo Tuaudopoa(I fipog puo surhtg aqJ 'sxxap '3 'O :(f OOt oosrcuer.{ UES) 0002 {roÄ ,\\al{ 'l!og trum uoqvul) -svi uDunH Jo sroa^ punsnoql om; '§trqrtruV 'NrNrODr{ 'g : t36t allleos 'atnTntanT puv 'ltv 'tasn4dfiTntody U)oatpaf,ry Jo frpnls V'saby arupIW aql ut lstnpttu7oNosusnir{g'X't{ :tgt -Zg 'd '(glOt) 0? apo?tp?ul p auuanuv at6o7oaq7 ap satpraq)aü 0,, +sln{cl}uv,l }uEuJaouoJ uospv, p suorldacuo) sap aJro}srrl 'H 'v 'lsueJl -?Jd E-L,'rsrsHr{s1 'O :g63t uopuoT 'sNrrsy (arollloi qslmaf puo uotlslrqJ ut n1dnq3 'pua6a7 §utptluv v aq;'rsssnog'Ar\ Ällercadsa aas uorlrperl lsrl{or}uv aq} Jo s^(auns Jod 'sJrlou IeuorlrpeJl Jo ueFle{ue uE 1"red }soru aql roJ sr salurlpuo aql puB lsrrr{3r}uy Jo }uno'JcB s,luvufoaü
ÄtIV.tNgIfiIA[OC
rurr
176
A REVEI-ATIO\ OF' JOHN ABOTJT ANTICIfRIST
E,
(6,1),at the end of u,hich angels blow trumpets and raise the
J.-C. PTcARD itr
dead (7,7-2).
J.-D. KAtrsrt. t.
Within this conventional framework, however, there are a number of rare, archaic, or exotic details and embellishments. The most striking is the elaborate and grotesque phy,siognomy of Antichrist (2,2-B), a feature more characteristic of Eastern apocalvptic (see commentary). Antichrist's birth is, apparently uniquely, said to be manifested throughout the world by a sign that is supported by an otherwise unattested quotation from "scripture" (4,1). The social evils that occur in his time include the immodesty of women who reveal their menstrual cloths (4,3). The list of Antichrist's miracles (3,4) includes raisi.rg the dead (though this is a sham) and turning trees upside down and making their roots flower. \\rhen Nlichael slays Antichrist, he cuts him in two with his sword (5,5). During the period that follows, ro creature in the u,orld makes a sound or is heard (6,2). The angels who blow the trumpets proclaim " Surgite !" three times, awakening all those who had been burned, drowned, or eaten b1' beasts (7,1-2). It is also u'orth remarkirrg how many traditional elements of the Antichrist legend that the author of ReuJnAnt ignores. He has no interest in relating Antichrist to Nero or any other historical or endtime tvrants. There is no account of kings who
will
precede ;\ntichrist, including the last Roman emperor, nd no reference to Gog and Nlagog or the armies that precede Antichrist. There is no reference to A ntichrist's number 666 or its allegorical significance. There is no reference to Antichrist sitting in the temple of Jerusalem (though Ir2-3 do include this episode), and his specific relation to the Jews is barely mentioned. In short , ReuJnAnt is distinctive in its selection of traditional elements as well as in its transmission of several rare ones. The contrast with the Reuelatio lohannis, which includes most of the traditional elements omitted hv ReuJnAnt, is particularlv striking. ReuJnAnt bears a very general resemblance to the much a
Ionger Greek f irst Apocrgphal ApocalApse of John (or Ap ocalgpse of John the Theologian), ed. and transl. J. NI. Counr, The Book of Reuelution and the Johannine Apocalgptic T'radition (JS^TT.S 190), Sheffield 2000, p.23-63 (who refers to this text as the " Second Apocalypse of John"), and transl. J.-D. KrESrLr
'
E, r -
"The Apocr)'1titr," lypse from the L ,' Studies 53 (20{ r2 r. l'Antichrist". S1,..
\..
.
,
.
are commonplitt'r'The Book of Ret'* i,,
-
Antichrist's natur... description (ch . tells John that h.. ',i, Antichrist but t ir,. ,
lVlichael
will
s0u
I.],
.
l
year old boclies r , The Reuelul[r, I ' description of \n. p. 78),but in thiparallels u'ith 11' ' [r
lohurtrti, with the sou nrli n.-
Reuelatio
.
Raphael ancl thr' : the bodies of th, ,. up those u'honr l.
"Appendice". I). \'-' it g with me thr -. is verv similar" )-. ,
Heading
The manuscript ' work. A dcles rrr Iohanncm
c\\-irrlq,.
Roger's introcluu
t
:
-
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178
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICFIRIST
a work about Antichrist: Sgel Ainntecrisd, "The Stor_-v of Antichrist" (1r1, though the title is a later addition); Do theacht Anticriosd, " Concerning the coming of Antichrist " (IrZ); and
Only the S 1., terization of .1, .. Domino et int,t'
ment: I)o thoighiocht a.n bhreitheamhnais döanaidh, "Concerning the coming of the final judgement". This ma_y echo the opening line of ReuJnAnl in which John asks Christ "about the end of the world" (de fine seculi). The attribution to John is retained in all of the Irish versions.
lus et euangelirl,r prae ceteris ,,1r 1, . nische Prologe :i: zur Geschichtt' ,i' : p. 78). The pirr'.; De ortu et ob[tu j
Setting
euangelistct, t,it'!1,, \' dilectus, a sentrn nocturn of nrati:.-
.
.
Geinimhuin Annticrist "Birth of Antichrist " (GA). Ir3 alone refers to it more generally as a work about the Last Judge-
(1,1)
In ReuJnAnt it is not made clear whether the revelation is supposed to have occurred during Christ's life or is post-Resurrection. In Matthew 24,3, the apostles ask Christ on l\{ount Olives to reveal the signs of the end : dic nobis quando haec erunt et quod signum aduentus tui et consummationis saeculi (biblical quotations are f rom Biblia Sacra iurta Vulgatam uersionzffi, R. WnBER, ed.,2 vols., Stuttgart 1983). In the Avranches apocalypse the setting is NIount Olives in illo tempore (ed. BrscHoFF, "Vom Ende der \Melt", p. 81), so presumably during Christ's life . ReuJnAnt nonetheless can be assigned to the genre of the post-Resurrection revelatory dialogue, which includes texts such as the ApocalApse of Peter (fü7ä, vol . 2, p. 620-638), the ApocalApse of Thomas (fü7ä, vol . 2, p. 748-752), the Questions of Bartholomew (lv'7ä, vol . 7, p. 537-558), and the Coptic ApocalApse of John (transl. CouRr, The Book of Reuelation, p. 737-150) as well as the Greek ltirst Apocrgphal ApocalApse of John (i, which Christ appears to John after the Ascension ; transl. Counr, The Book of Reuelation, p. 32-33) and the Reuelatio lohannis (25 days after the Resurrection: 1,1 ; \,1, transl. NonELLr, "Appandice", p. 71-72; see KeESTLT, "tTn nuovo apocrifo", p.51).On this genre see R. BeucKHAN,r, The ltate of the Dead. Studies on the Jewish and Christian ApocalApses (Supplements to l{ouum Testamentum 93), Leiden 1998, p. 777-171. On the narrative framework typical of such dialogues see also J. V. Hrrrs, Tradition and Composition in the Epistula Apostolorum, 2"d printing (Haruard Theological Studies 57), Cambridge, Mass., 2008, p. 68-73.
llll.'
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no. 3494;
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ISIT{TI:-)II\
181
A REVtrLATION OF JOFIN ABOUT ANTICI{RIST
to be tratrslatui I:::
on 3,1-3). With the further statement that none will dare say that Christ had comee compare Hugo Ripelin, Compendium
ApocalApse of
"Affirrnabit ante tum" (ed. BoncxEr, p. 242).
OTP, vol. f . il. .:)- Apocrgphul A,1t,,r, t . .'
theologiae ueritatis 7.6,
se
nullum fuisse Chris-
The Physiognomy of Antichrist (1,4i 2,2-8) John asks Christ to describe Antichrisl's üppearance (1,4). Close parallels for .Iohn's question and his reason for asking (1,4) occur in the Greek Apocalgpse of trzra 4,28 QfP, vol. 1, p. 575), in which Ezra asks Nfichael, "Nlake known to me what sort of appearance he has, and I will inform the race of men lest they believe in him" ; in the Latin Visio beati Esdrae 75: "Quam
similitudinem habet ipse Antechristus ut annuntiem filiis hominum ?" (ed. P.-lvI. BoGAERT, "I-ine version longue inedite de la Visio beati Esdrae", ReuLte benödictine 94 (198 4), p. 50 -70, at
p. 62); and in the Avranches apocalypse, in rvhich the apostles ask: "Domine, dic nobis, quod similia tenebatur" (ed. BrscHoFtr, "Vom Ende der Welt", p. 82,, l. 22). Cf. also the Copbic Apocalapse of trlijah 3,14 (OTP, vol. 1, p. 715), where Christ's description of Antichrist is prefaced by his statement that he will tell trlijah the Antichrist's signs "so that you might know him"; and the Reuelatio lohunnis 7,2 (transl. NonELLr, "Appendice", p. 71-72). In Ir1 (1 ,4) John specifies that there should be a written description "so that he may be recognized by his evil deeds" rather than b,v his appearance. The phgsiognomA of Antichrist. Lurid physical descriptions of Antichrist are not so common in \\restern apocalyptic as in Eastern. Six such descriptions in Latin have previousl-v been identified, most of which are knor,vn or suspected to derive from Greek originals (1) The Questions of llartholomeut, in Latin versions ed. LI. NlonICCA, "LIn nuovo testo dell"Evangelo di Bartolorneo"', Reuue biblique n.s. 30 (1927), p. ,181-516; 31 (1922), p. 20-30, ät p. 501 ; and A. Wrr,l,rART tr. TTssERANT, "Fragments qrecs et latins de l'Evangile de Barthelem-y", Reuue biblique,, n.s. 10 (1913), p. 161-190, 321-368, ät p. 178 -179. Known to be translated from Greek. (2) Visio beati Esdrae, e d. P.-t{. BoceERr, " t.Ine version longue inödite de la Visio beati Esdrae", p. 62 (ch. 76). Known :
hrr--
.
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tury), ed.
:
]I. R. i
,
ies 2,3), Canrhri,l,-" from the Testrtnl, l opic, and (fra:n,. apocrifo", p. (jL
Corpus Christ
i
t
Descriptiue Cut t[,
,
r
(6)
The
.
Rer' i,;
dice", p. 78).-1
:
iognomy of Antl, apocrifo", p. (j')-t
. ,
F'or tables cor11ir.: apocryphal sou r' münuscrits de l,i
et de philosophi'' Paris 19 67, p . 1 -, gese. trine altkIr',,' NI. tr. Sroxe (Terts and Tr u rt .'! , 1979, p. 36-37: li Phvsical Featur',..: T
'
the Pseudepigrrq,l, gure de l'Antic'hrial ., Introductir,t rt t ,
of the major tr,\.. tological Tert s i
.
,,äsuorl)auuoJ IElrrar.ro :aJnlBJallT rlslJI ur slxal IEsriiolol -Er{JSg pue crldÄ1ecody,, 'vulonrvNIol I 'N ts1xa1 toleu oq] Jo suorlBlsrreJl r{}1.\.r 0,.}slJqol}uv Jo puaFa.I qslJl aqJ,,'vurrr{rrfiDI{ .{llercadse oas suorldrrrsap qslrl aq} uO 'gIg -Vlg 'd '0002 }noq -urnJ 'anbrysry?naq-o?pn{ asnar|rpr arnqr?llll Dl p uoq)npo4u1 ''p /a srNsCI'I{-'y:ggq'd'1 'lo^'dJO oslE aaS',,}slrr[]l]uv,l ap a"rnF -lJ y-L, 'r'rrssvx pue :tV-te 'd '(gOOt) Vl nqclotbdapnas6 aql Jo fipnß aql ro[ ü)urno[' ',,]slrqrl]uy aq+ Jo sarn]Ead lecrsÄq4 arlJ,, 'ouog 'nü 'f :tL-Zt 'd 'trsl"npllu7'NNrODtr{ : Lt-gt 'd '626I ''luol{ 'e1nossrtr11 '(g nqdatfrdapnas6 :Bt suotlDlsuDry puD s7ra1) Z-t slJud t1nh1g Jo syoog attl o't'tel.iorlr{Js 'I' ENoJ...^ 'g 'I{ : Bt t-gI I 'd 'gL6T uapraT 'asdfrlnwdv dtptltprljplo au!-d 'asa6 -a!O-p!uDO aq)stq)au7 alq 'uscuag 'X :09 -gV 'd '/.961 srred ''spa o'ln p oxNisNorrHd'H['(W sasnatbnar anldosoltqd ap p arrcsnlcp anoaü ol ap sratqry) I aqol,f ranl nl ap snnsnuvru ruautosal uanuv1 ap saqdnt|ldVpnasd ur',,lsl.nltlluy,l ap
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lrerltod oT,,'rH-drJSNssou'HI-'f aas satJnos 1eqd,(tcode ur sarnlBal s,lsrrr{Jl}uv Jo slrB}ap aq} Fuuedruot salqBl rod '..,1slJq)lluV,l ap a-rnFr; E-L, or,{sor puE 'gg-Zg 'd ',,01rJOode o^onu ui),,'r'rJssvx aas lxa+ slql ur ?srJr{Jr}uv Jo {uouFor -s,(qcl aql uO 'leurFrro {aar5 }sol e uo paseq aq o} (Og-fg .d ',,o;uJode oAorlu uO,,) rrJSsvlt.(q lqFnoqr'(Sf .d,.,a)lp -uaddy,, 'r'r'r-cuol{ 'lsuer}) I'B stuut)qoJ otppoaü ar{J (g) 'ZL,Z-0LZ 'd oZ 'lol 'an1optlv7 aa4rht)sa7 'sawv;'pa'({;rnluar q}uao}rnoJ 'VTT aFa11o3 I}slrr{J sndto3 ol lslrql Jo uorlelaAar v (q) ',,1la6 Jap apug ruoA,, 5JJoqosrg 'pa 'aFpuqrutsS uro.r.1) .ANaqllEHI
'(,(.rn1uac qlual) asd{lecode sar{ruer^y {-reluaruFe;; ar{J (r) 'Vg 'd 0,,o3:rJJode oi\orlu ui),, orrJss.\/x 'Ic l>1aa"r3 ({1ue1uaur.Ee,r;) puB ,crdo -lqlg 'cer;{5 ur sa^r^Jrls rl3lrl.^e 'lu!ruocl wnluaw\sal aq} ruoJJ pa^rraq 'ggl -LBl 'd qll/K Vgl-tql 'd 't6gl aFpuqureJ ,(t,Z sa! -pnß puo syral) I oloryauv ntldfrnodv 'sanvp 't{ '}t 'pa '(Ärn1 -uar qlqFla i1.rea) asd{lecode rarrJ {"reluauFery or{J (g) '(Sgq 'cl 'I 'loA 'dJO aas :gg-tt 'd 'uo4n7 -anay1 Jo Yoog aqJ oruno)) t 'r{r utloS Jo asdfiTntodv pqdfittody lsrld {aar5 aq} ur }Erl} salquasor {1aso1c (gtg 'd ,l .lo^ ,dJO :tv-gz'il lsrrrl)rluy Jo uorldr"rcsap asoq.^N 'nng Jo asdfrTncodv o} pa}Elar lapoul {aaro e urorl pa}EISuEr} aq o}
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486
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
in Apocalgptic and trschatological Heritage. The Middle East and Celtic Realms, rDEM e d., Dublin 2003, p. 75-97, at p. 87-91. The closest parallels for the description in ReuJnAnt and its Irish versions are the Reuelatio lohannis and the fragmentary tenth-century Avranches apocalypse edited b-v Bischoff. The following table compares the features of each, with specific parallels indicated by lower-case letters (the order of features in ReuJnAnt is the basis for the alphabetical sequence) :
§:o tl-
+ :. r+v
-'l^ 5
H\i ^:4 PG
o§ -'(Dt A'*
2
(+üF^\
l\i
^+
Xgo §' !^r (t
u 5:
- \\ -ä: -. d
N.
\a
l-r \,/
-.!
o
tl
-* )t\v
(,
/h-
l-
^r
t9
l>)2 -.
+(v an lrJ
!i
a!)
-'x-
ar+
5 0--'G I 5r'P
J:\-/
(,
Ac
=5 c,q o. i»/
* )(, c'+
CO
At >
H iJ'\
: (acuanbas Iu , sarnlBal Jo rapro rrl . \
-
-i§r,^ a€ oq
Aa
v
')
\/
JrJrcads qll^\,q,tue aqJ 'JJorlcsrg iq I_)) I {;eluaurFer; aq} prr:r \ sll puB luvuf oaY rr I 'I6-Z8 'd 18 ',16-9! .,1
-)
(rö= p
-
a\
v,-/
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r+
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vAt
:
ry
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puD lsag aruplru aqJ LBT
JSIUHSIJNIY CO
hIONOOISÄHd
488
A REVEI-ATION OF JOHN ABOLIT ANTICHRIST
.tJr-)
X* t-m a; '-a
Fi
N§
/,§ a-: '-a ti iJ
aot. 4,
-a
gt:
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i+.,i t1 HLJ
x5 ) u./
A* .i\J+ (4
a
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A\ g ral
aFi
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a-:
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l-
rr .-v 1\, *
v-; '.r{'-a v-i! a
t-
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+t
1 aql +e puaq o1 alqeun,, : gtt .d ,?t6T aJrua1 'luauD§al plo aw Jo s'ut|ttry \DJluouo)un 'sNsorrs^vssI 'r Jo
uorlelsuerl aql ur',,JJIls are saau{ slr{ Jo s}uro[ ,,{J,,) }cexaur sr 'gzg 'd 'l 'lo^ 'suaryan1t saqdfitcodo srrJg ur aFessed aql uo alou aql ul pallc g'/.t \arunq Jo uotst| qruaoas uBruaurrv aq+ ur IallErEd aq; '(S'g'I'Itg.{ : g'I'7;,9A 'sou crapul-Jltonf ,ssouJ .d .J osle aas iFurlow'1S ?noqe alopraue uE o1 Furp.rorre'{e;d lou -uBc ar{ }Eq} os) pJE^A.{cEq pauJn} saau{ Jo'saau>1 ou aAEr{ 01 plES saurlauros sr lr^ap aql uorlrpBrl rlsrrl ul lBr{} so}ou 'z6t'd 18 B6t-I6t 'd 'LZ6l {roÄ ,{Nal{ - srred ostruoo.1 apaddaoqtg apnrl -ng Jo finruary ut sarynls poarytpanl u!',,]sl-n{cl}uv Jo }unof,rv IEAaErpoIAL,osc^H'CI'.(erd o+ Iaau{ }ouueJ aq }lnsal E sE }Er{} sureldxa qclq,\\ '(Zg 'd o,,aorpsg !ryaq olsl^ EI ap allp?ur anFuol uorsral ouf),, 'rrrsvsog 'I\l-'d 'pa) gL aDrpsg lryaq olsl1 aql ur srncco osle saau{ ou serl }srrqor}uy }Er{} IIB}ap aqJ (l)
'(asnelc Furpacard aql ruorJ parlddns aq o1 seq olqnl spuels +xa} aql sE) asdÄlecode saqruer^y aql ur (a) Jo lno paddorp sBrl saruap proa aql Älqrssod lnq 'stuunqo\ oll\poaü oql ur .(1uo palolle"red sr qlaal "raddn Furssrur aq+ Jo IIElap aqJ (a)
t6v
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191
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOLTT ANTICHRIST
I
following a manuscript of ReuJnAnt that read *in sinistra parte
p. 90). See
duas alias.
without
(i/k) Antichrist's hair is sometimes said to be fierr', or to be verv long, or to grou, in spikes or a tuft ; black hair is a distinguishing feature of the ;§ranches apocalypse and ReuJnAnt and its Irish ref lexes. The thick head of hair (k) is less distinctive than the other signs ; in the Avranches apocalypse his black hair is said to be in tortorio, apparently referring to an elaborate coiffure (see BrscHoFF's note on the phrase, "Vom -Welt", p. 83). trnde der 'Ihe detail of the three fiery f umes that issue from ( j) Antichrist's nose (Ir1 : "and mouth " ) is apparentl-v unique to ReuJnAnt and its Irish reflexes, but compare one of the Latin manuscripts of the Questions of Bartholomeru: et de naribus eius egrediebatur fu^us malignitatis eius (4,13; ed. ti. NIonrccA, "un nuovo testo dell"Evangelo di Bartolomeo"', p. 501). As KIESTLT
(trcrits üpou7phes chretiens , vol. 1 , p. 282, note to the passage in the Questions of Bartholomew) suggests, the scriptural basis is probably Job 11,11, de naribus eius procedit fumus sicut ollae succensae atque feruentis, describirg Leviathan ,, a passage applied to the beast of the ApocalApse (13,3) by Gregory (Moralia 33,37,62; PL 76,713). Cf . also the Visio beati Esdrae 76: nCIsus illius baratrum erit (ed. P.-L,{. BoGAERT, "Une version longue inödite de la Visio beati Esdrüe", p. 62). WrrLrAN{s, Irierg Shapes, p. 64, compares Antichrist's fiery breath with NIog Ruith's fiery "druidic breath". (l) As noted by Ö Cuiv, the detail of Antichrist's face "as one flat surface" (Ir1; "flat surface in his ja*" Ir2-3) is paralleled in "Ceithre coimperta caema" (8. Ö Cuiv, "Two Items", p. 96, st. 20) and in the Life of Sl. Nlagniu, w,here it is his forehead (i, Silua Gadelica, ed. and transl. H. O'GneDy, Silua Gadelica, vol. 7, p. 49 and vol. 2, p. a9) ; according to the Leabhar Breac homily on N'Iichael, Antichrist's entire body is flat (ed. and transl. ArxrNSoN, The Passions and the Homilies, p. 211 and 477); accordi,rg to the poem "Do fil aimser laithe mbratha", ed. K. MnrrER, "NIitteilungen aus irischen Handschriften : E,in altirisches Gedicht über das E nde der 'Welt ", Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie B (1912) p. 195-196, it is his teeth that form one surface (see B. Ö Cuiv, "Two Items",
}\**
fe
al
..
ttl:,,'1 *t
-r
,
.
tt /'.''
Antichrist's Birt:: Antichri sl's p(u".'
christ's paretlt r' .. Middle Ages. Ir tute is a colnlr,t ular accottttt:. \ r\ p. 23) savs tltut Änlichrisl Lt:y /i,,r tion of Adso \\ r' his parents u rlL de immunrlzsrlii :
.
,
3.33 (de nterttt'i
.
les Luciduire,s. t des crouances r,,' .
p. 453) ancl P I dition, Berlieirr Indiculum cle ,1,i,,devil enters int,
-
,
Dias 182 ( 1!l tr lt born from a "('r r. parallel in a lut,. ,.
d.pendent 0n
[-;'"
Toledo", Sr l--uli ,, . der lVi ssen sclt,r i . p.304. Altenl.; alreadv in H it -
,
would be hlrrn Several r-erIru(.'.".
ö cuiv, '"T\\,, I Legend of ^\ntr
'ktZ '602 'VOZ'd ',,1sln{clluy Jo puaFal rtslJl aqJ,, olruvr\rvlio1J pue'06-68'd',,sura1l o,r&J,,'Aln3 'g aas) uorun snonlsaf,ur uB Jo lcnpo;d aql sr aq }Eq} urrBlf, straulnu ap raqlI aql sE IIaa sB slxal qslJl rEInJEuraA lBrsAa§ 'ßZ 'u 'ELZ 'd 'puabaT §tnptluv aqJ 'rsssno[J aas oautfrtru DlulsstdtnT po Dpunuru! ra p ulo tututas ra uJoq oq plno.{A. ,}srrrlcrluy lert+ sies ruelqdg-opnoscl) sn1.(loddrg ur Äpearle str'ur8;r,r {1oqun uE aq o} plES sr aqs,(larrleura}ly'tgt'd +R 'qZt-I I I 'd '(206T qrluntr\i) uarlcu7lA{ nz uaflnqtsuassTltt rap dtludpDlv uaqrslrafinq uatpqfrlugY rap arpruaqs\unzpg',,opa1o; rro-\ rruEr{or Ja}sratr{,, 'rr{snvur) 'H : luvufoaü uo }uapuadap ^iltteqorcl sI (un7 nq!4 ra sntJprau straqnw snlvu aututas ilIo .rr) ..srlrrlqtunloS ralerJ,, o+ palnqlrl+E lunocte alEI E ul 1e11eted Jr[J'@nng) aueu Jaq sa.trF ualo pueo,,ourqncuoc,, E ruoJJ uJoq C-)
acl III^\\ rrl ]Er{} pue (OZZ 'd }E '?ZZ-L1Z 'd ,(OgOt) ZgI solcl ap popnn D.I ',,ourrugJaf UES ap oploouoosap olncsqdo uil,, '\.or.\'3'y'pa) uBru c pallBt sl oq,\['1sr;qclluv olul sralua II^ap aql +Er{} s.(Es '(q7tg 'ou.IdJ) ang p )ouaH nruanpv ap unln)tpul qslueds irnluar-r{}uru ar{J 'I I 'u '96I 'd '986I ^{a1a4tag ,uo!l?p -DU trTdfrTntocly auquozfrg aqJ 'uscrNvxsry 'f 'd pue (gqf .d 'tg6l srred '(0gI aruoy ap p sau?qlv,p sas?o\unfl sarc)g sap anbVqTonqlil afry uafrotrry no aruori ua sasnatfrnar satunfiott sap alrc§tqJ p 'a7ra7 un,p alrclsnl(1 tnd 'uo\nqtJruo7 -salruplJnT sal urntJoppnlg,.I 'srr^gcsT 'Ä 'une stnuafr nt4alau ap) tt.t
p
srsuaunpolsn8rv snrrouoH Jo tilrltroppnl-i aql .J3 .(St t .d , gV I,lt333) auolnqau olu?ssl ppnJJ p nt4araru DrutsslpuntilLu! ap uroq aq III,\& aq s{es ounu e puB doqsrq e aq IIIA slua-red slq +Bq} Fur.(uep ralJe'urncly o1 poqrJcse rl8uo-r,r ospy Jo uol] -JBpar e ur uorlBlod"ralur uE +nq ',(vLZ-tL7,'d 'pua6a-7 §trtptluv aqJ 'rsssnog 'JD) uls ur pa^racuoc aq III,\\ aq }Eq} s{es GZ .d 'gV I11JJJ 'tTstttltltuv arcdwat p nln aO) ospv .slunorce rEIn uI .{lureru punoJ 'turelc aJEJ {larrleredtuoc e sr a}n} -JEuJaA
-llso.rd e aq 01 sr rar{}oru slq }EqI '(gS -6t .d ,sa67t alppry1l aql ut lstJtptluvolrrosr{swilrg'x't{ aas) aFeluated s,}srJr{J -lluv Jo slunoJsB sllorJBA aJa^A. aJar{J'a6n7uarud \§lJtpltuy
(6'Z !T,'Z) SurtuTrqdß pue rllrT51 srlsrrrlcTluv
uoslad
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'(amJ Wil ttnm) satnTnal ruoqrym 'ou 'rapu1-hpf,ry 'ssou.) 'd 'J osle aas .(OO .d
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.
-
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"
uroA,, 'ase;qcl rL;uE o1 Fuura;a.r i'-: slq asd.(lerocle s.,. lUYUfoaU puB Jsr; ... -slp e sr JIEL{ I.)ni aq oT Jo '{tar; J(l ,,-
'
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J,SITIH3IIITY CO ÄI\IONSOISÄHd
96V
l
I,,
:
JSIUH:)II\'
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.\\TI
A REVELATION OF' JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
496
Antichrist will be born into the tribe of Dan, raised in Corozain, and utill dwell in Bethsaida. Irenaeus (Contra haereses 5,30; PG 7,7205) and Hippolytus of Rome (De antichristo 1.1,5-8) \ÄIere the first to claim that Antichrist would be born into the tribe of Dan, based on Gen 49,16-17, Deut 33,22, and Jer 8,16, among other passages ; see BoussEr, The Antichrist Legend, p . 26, 737, 777-174; N{cGrNN, Antichrist, p. 296, n. 72; Jnxxs, The Origins, p. 77-79; C. E. Htrr, "Antichrist from the Tribe of Dan", Journal of Theological Studies, n.s. 46 (1995), p. 99-117. Adso's De ortu seems to have been the immediate source of the prophecy in 2,9 that Antichrist would he born into the tribe of Dan (De ortu, CCCM 15, p. 23), raised in Corozain and dwell in Bethsaida (p. 24; cf. L'It 17,21, Lk 10,13). The ApocalApse of Pseudo-Methodius, composed about 691, has a rrery similar account, but states that he was born in Corozain and raised in Adso: el in ciuitatibus Bethsaida et Corozaim nutriti et conseruari dicitur (De ortu, CCCLI 45, p. 2\; Pseudo-N'Iethodius : Hic nascitur in Chorozaim et nutrietur in Bethsaidam (ed. B. GansrAD, ApocalApse tof I Pseudo-Methodius. An Alerandrian World Chronicle lDumbarton Oaks Medi-
Librarg
ntich ris t
it later,
f
ol
(
2
.1-
lou
]
'
in
-
followers, tliu:
.-
Latin source rl t.
of Satan" (Ir) t. " ' Bethlehem,
Irl -:
and Bethsaiclrr r I and reared iit "i j..
and dwell in IJr'; tion found in -\ i-
-
thefouru'orst I'.-
Bethsaida:
eual
A
..
741, Cambridge, 1\{ass., 2072,
p.
132).
ReuJnAnt does not, however, repeat (ot contradict) the standard claim, also found in Adso (as well as in IrZ-J 12,71),that
Antichrist will be born in Babylon. The qualification that he will dwell in Bethsaida "but only for a few days" (sed paucis diebus; omitted by Ir1-3) seems to reflect an apocal-vptic topos of kings during the last times who rule for only a short time (compare Reu 17,10, and the interpolated version of The ApocalApse of Thomas (tr. HeuLER, "Zrr den neuen lateinischen Bruchstücken der Thomasapokalypse und eines apostolischen Sendschreibens in Cod. Vindob. Nr. 16", Wiener Studien 30 [1908], p. 308-340, ät p. 331) and is perhaps related to the theme of the "shortening of the days" (Mt 21,22, Mk 1.3,20; see BoussEr, The Antichrist Legend, p. 218-219). As noted above, the use of Adso would establish a terminus post quem for ReuJnAnl of c. 950. The placement of this verse in the survivit g versions of ReuJnAnt, however, is quite unstable (see the table at p. 117). A places it immediately after the ph.,vsiognomy of
and Pilate. AS i l' tion), or possil,.l' Ir3 lists \ ero. i' Gregory, )Irtr, ti . christi non r-i, 1 . ,:
tum f uit.
,
Ju, lr, .
tamen ejus sr -
,
appetendo, c r-rni -. : -,, Ir2-3 also q ir ... '
"son of the clrr
-.
De ortu, CCC)I I possible corl'esl,
divinity", Iri l f
rom the
n,"1111j
.
=
r,."t
,
p. 284); ''slauil. accursed cl"eat.": thets in g
3.2
. ir,
.
eneris huntt u ti
19, p. 638): ,t,i
i
"
chronicon, El ,t' i , '
-
D)luoJqJ 'NssHirüo6i 'J 'pa 'stsuautßnt1yto3 aruoydg 'uo)tuoJq) nwopdg stuorll uaclsot1) snrTutlu! tuounq stnuafr :(Sgg 'd '6I T4SJ lZ'Ll'1., sauo4nnsu! aoulolq 'sntluelceT) runwnq srnuafr JosJana 'JO ',,{}luelunq Jo uol}cul}xa,, Furpnlcur oZ't uI s}aq} -lda ror{}rnJ ppe t-ArI '@Vg'69 7d ountnqtmr4nd snbo1naua7 aO) Jolonaqap urnlouotlstlq7 snurtJJa)n = (.,arnleaJc pasJncce paqclaJ.^& 8,, 'ZtI :gtil ,,suellslJt{J aq} Jo JaJa}qFne1s,, :Gge 'd ',.1slrt[)l]uv,l ap a;nFr; E-L, 'ITJSsvX 'JO 'ggg Jaqlunu aql IUoJJ palrrap saureu {aaJO aq1 Jo auo uoty) n7n6au = (trt ',,^(}lul,\lp Jo,, i 6tI ',,Allueurnq Jo,,) ,,Jaluap,, aJB saouopuodsa;Joo alqrssod +nq 'suorluoAur oq .(eru sraqlo aqJ 'GZ'd 'gT ruJJJ 'n1to a0 'ospy '' fr'a) palsalle IIa,\N sr (noqnry snql-) ,,llrap aq+ Jo uos,, 'sal}l} arrleFau Jo sarJas E }srrr{cl}uy anrF osle g-ZJI ,,'lrxunluoc'opualadde rlJrr{^\\ Jo
as.ra^rrad ruBrlualod tunJolnoEJrur'aErq;adns os sn[a uatuE] +r '+llllsxa snqrrodural rlslrqclluv qE aFuol silsIÄIp uotuIS ' ' ' ' lr rerouEr snllll sluollncas;ad uTEIIIAaES sepnf 'llnJ l-un1 -rJJr.u -rad rlsrJr{olluv tunJqluatu uatue} }a '}lplA uou I}sIJI{l -lluy sndual ule3,, : (VBV'gt 7A gl /,'62 Dllvrotr[ '.(roFa;g aredtuo3'(sn8etrq uours pue'olEIId snlluodoo;a5i slsll grl : AtD sn8elq uours pue (a+ega pue sepnf Jo .(lqrssod ro '(roll -BrrunururoJ Ieuosrad) slsaFFns allauno9 lul?tl sE 'alEIId pue poraH sarueu aq+ Jo pualq 1dn-r-roc e ,(lqeqord) ,,1e1tdosoraf,, 'ule3 Gtt) r{+l,tn. Fuole 'pa,tll rala oq,\e suos;ad }sro,u rnoJ aI{} Fuotue lsrrr{rr}uv raqunu o} uo oE g-ZrI 'ospv uI punoJ uol} -lpeJl uoruuroJ aql qll,\& aouepJocce ur 'uo1,(qeg uI lla,\ep pue uJoq aq III1tr aq +Er{} pBa}sur s,(es AJI',,E1rF.rESIg,, uI poJEaJ puB uo1.(qeg ul uroq aq IIII( aq s{es UI i(,,e1sesag,,) eplesq+ag pue (,,ueqnqre3,,) urezoro3 Jo saureu ar{} salqreF UI'tuaqalqlag ur uroq aq III^A,\ aq +Er{} ppB gq puB tq qslrl 'Grt),,uB}ES Jo aJEJ,, : Qtt) ,,aqlJ1 qsr,{A,af,, : OtD ,,larueg Jo oqlJ+,, : Äe.u }ua -raJJIp B ur ,,uBf[ Jo aqlr],, ase-rqd aq] sra]le qrea fi'Z) g-trl '(p acrnos ulleT sll ur papnlcur uaaq aAEq +snIII +loasroA ar{} a}BISuBr+ soop aq aJurs lnq '(ZtI-) O ur pue 'I a^rlcaJap aq+ ur Fur>1cel sl asraA aql) acuanbas lecrFoloIIollJ aql Furq-rnlslp snq+osra.^A.olloJ s,lsrrr{ol}uv Jo Furpuerq aq} o} acuaraJar aq} Fur.uo11o; ';a1e1 }l Furceld ur aa-rFe (:) uorsra1 rapor{S aq} pue U 'ÄtuouFors{qd aql aroJaq {lalerparurur }l aceld g-UI allq,.r.r '(B-Z'Z) }srrqrl}uy L6V
Jo ÄuouFors
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A REVELATION OF JOFIN ABOLIT ,\NTICHRIST
498
Minora
lin
Saec.
IV. V. VI. Vil. IMGH Auctores antiquissimi 9], Ber-
1892, p. 496).
Antichrist's Victirns and Followers (3,1-3) Persecutions
of Antichrist. On the Antichrist's
persecution and killing of the saints, see BnRcon, Daniel-Diegese, p. 88. With ipsi electi Dei erunt cf. the tr,thiopic Apocalgpse of Peter 2 (Ä"711, vol . 2, p. 626): "And therefore shall the-v that are slain by his hand be martyrs and shall be reckoned among the good and righteous martyrs r,vho have pleased God in their
life". The Irish translations, which give the corresponding statement after the description of Antichrist's mark, do not mention those who die of hunger and thirst during his reign. Ir2-3 (3,2) add a reference to Antichrist sitting in the temple, based on 2 Thes 2,3-4: quoniam nisi uenerit cliscessio primum et reuelatus fuerit homo peccati filius perditionis I qui aduersCItur et ertollitur supra omne quod dicitur Deus aut quod colitur ita ut in templo Dei sedeat ostendens se quia sil Deus. This is a recurrent feature of Antichrist narratives (see BoussEr, The Antichrisl Legend, p. 160-165) whose omission from ReuJnAnl is striking. Ir2 presumably adds this independently, but it could reflect a variant text of ReuJnAnt that included
the scene. The statement in 3,1 that no one will be able to hide from Antichrist differs from the usual description of the f light of
the faithful (see BoussEr, The Antichrist Legend, p. 211-217) attempting to flee into the mountains (LIt 21,16; Mk 13,14). Compare the Armenian Seuenth Vision of Daniel 37,,10: "they r,vill flee, and they will not (b. able to flee) but they rvho dwell in mountains and caverns and caves and hollows of the earth, they alone u,ill be able to flee ..." (transl. S. La PoRrr, OTPMI{S, vol. 1, p. 133). The Mark of Antichrisl (3,3). Based on Reu 13,16: et faciet omnes pusillos el magnos et diuites et pauperes et liberos et seruos habere caracter in dertera manu aut in frontibus suis. See BorrssEr, The Antichrist Legend, p. 200-202. Irl-3 (3,3) specify
that Antichrist brands them "with red-hot iron" (Latin c(h) aracter can refer to the instrument as well as to the mark it
^\\l-1,
makes) and
thlt
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Day.
The Miracles of -Ra
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dead there is lI i.. citation s a re I I':' ..
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sion of Pseuci,r-JI ländische A li t Lt r: . . Pseudo-I\Iethor Iii. . Mittelalters 11 (1'.,
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gunt" ; the Indt,
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the Coptic ^lp,,t i
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S5rriac Apoc tlu ! ,' Pseudo-trphl'itrin. . \ -
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also the
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B. Ö Cuir-. " I-* , one manuscript "Les deux t'ili,!:., Biblical Apo,'r'ltl ,' pendium t he rtlr ,,; christ fakes h i. .
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orl ler{} uEatu o} soslvJ poo}srapun
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.c$ltmnm,
A REVtrLATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
500
Makes riuers run backruards. This miracle also occurs in Adso ("aquarum cursus ex ordine conuerti", CCCM 45, p. 24) and in the Syriac ApocalApse of Daniel 21 (transl. N{. HENZE, p. 91). In Ir1 (3,4), this is not a miracle of Antichrist, but a sign of the Last Times. In Immacallam in da Thüarad, one of the signs of Antichrist's birth is "He will turn flowing liquids against their currents" (§ 256, transl. J. Cenerr in The trnd and Begond, with reference on p. 631, n. 13 to the Ir1 parallel). Hsrsr (The ltifteen Signs, p. 95, 106 n. 62, p. 174 n. 11, and p. 124) notes that two texts of the F if teeen Signs tradition (Ava 3 and Entecrist) include a sign that streams run uphill, and suggests that this, like the miracle of the trees (see followirg) may derive ultimatel5r from the Irish Antichrist Legend. Turns trees upside dorun, makes roots flower. The miracle may be an elaboration of one in Adso's treatise: "Faciet arbores subito f lorere et arescere" (CCCI,I 15, p. 24). In this form, however, the miracle is distinctive to ReuJnAnt and its Irish translations. In addition to Ir1, it occurs in the Leabhar Breac homily on Michael: "He pulls trees up from the roots, thrusts them upside down into the ground and puts leaves and fruit on the roots and bottoms of the trees" (ed.and transl. ArKrNSoN, The Passions and the Homilies, p. 244 and 177). Other textual attestations seem to be quite rare, but it does occur in the Nliddle trnglish Chester play The Coming of Antichrist; see L. LI. LucKEN, Antichrist and the Prophets in the Chester Cgcle, Washington D.C. 1940, p. 44 and 53. Ho\A,,ever, the miracle is illustrated in a number of medieval manuscripts, including the Anglo-Norman Apocalypse in New York, Pierpont l\forgan MS 424, fol. 7' (see R. K. Eurl,rERSoN, Antichrist in the Middle Ages, fig. 1 and p. 198). ReuJnAnt must be considered a likely ultimate source for this iconography. Essentiallrr the same marvel occurs as a sign of the endtimes in the Old French version of the F if teen Signs tradition and in the N{iddle tr nglish Piers Ploruman; see Hprsr, The fifteen Signs, p. 92-93, 101, 190, who attributes this to influence of the Irish Antichrist legend, but it more likely derives from ReuJnAnt. In Ir2-3 Antichrist's miracles are listed after the social evils of his times, but prefaces those with a miracle not paralleled
Lhe firmanrettt .: r Reu 13,13 rcl l,'.:
in ReuJnAnt. Antichrist by means of "devilish spirits" makes streams of flame "reach" (Ir2 [3,2); "come from", Ir3 [3,2])
frater fratrerr?
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descendere
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t
tt i
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in lists of Antir l,:.-p. 21; Indicttlun :
Y. Lpr'är'nE. Ii, -ueritatis 7.9. er l. i l
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Seduces illr tt-tLJ 24,11 : et seclur'r,r: sponding to thrCCCC 404: et nti:
-
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Johann", p. 3tl 1,
The Tribulations dies
in
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"
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Signs in Societv
Murder
of'
l;{i, : r,'
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:
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serl lsrrr{cr}uv }Er{} .^&ou{ IIIA auo{;a,ta }Er{} Äes }ou op (t'V) t-trl 'saurJ lsET aql 01 uor+Ecrldde learFolod.(1 e uanrF lnq o;a.r.osse4 aq+ Fuunp UrBIS 1dÄFg Jo uJoq-lsrlJ aq+ 01 Fur;ra;a-r (snnTtour pJa)Dt uou nnb ut snwop f)Ja unua anbau) OE'ZI rg o+ uorsnlle asool B sl 1l ,(lqlssod +snf '{ro.t.r leqd{rcode }sol B ruorJ alrJap.(eru qclql\'uotlelonb slq+ aJEJ+ o+ alqeun uaaq aAEr{ I '+xa1 yoo"rd oql sB pa+lc uorlelonb lecllqlq pasoddns aq+ sr ool oS 'palallB;edun aq o1 suraas urrelr slr{J 'asnoq frnoa ut salp uour D uaqm uroq s7 lstrtlrtluv uaqm mouY nlm puom artlua aqJ (g-T,'V) lsr.rt{cT}uv Jo oTüT.L er{l Jo
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502
TRIBT :
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
Greek Apocal7pse of Ezra 3,12: "brother delivers brother over
to death" (.f. OTP, vol. 7, p. 57\; 1 Enoch 100,1-3 (OTP, vol. 7, p. 81); see BoussEr, The Antichrist Legend, p. 113 , 121-122. Cf . Immacallam in dct Thüarad: co mera cach brathair araile "so that every brother will betray another" (ed. and transl. W. Sroxes, "The Colloqul, of the Two Sages", RC 26 (1905), p. 4-64, at p. 40-41, § 207). Faithful men are not to be found (4,2). Cf. 4 Ezra 5,1 : sterilis erit a fide regio; Lactantius , I)iu. inst. 7 ,15,9 : non fides in hominibus (CStrL 19, p. 632) ; Interrogatio de nobissimo: "et fides nulla erit" (ed.H.-J. Woltr, G/osas Emilianenses, p. 110). Cf. Immacallam in da Thüarad: conna bia fir na enech na hanim and "there will be neither truth nor honour nor soul there" (.d.and transl. W. Sroxns, "The Colloquy of the Two Sages", p. 10-41,, § 208). Immodesl ruomen (4,3). Sexual sins of various kinds are often listed among the evils of the last times, e.g. b.v Pseudo-Methodius 11,6 (.d. B. G.rnsrAD, ApocalApse fof ] Pseudo-Methodius,
p. ll2). Cf. the Interrogatio de nobissimo: "Et mulieries sibi petiebunt uiros"; "et pudor nullus erit jn mulieres" (ed. H.-J. Wor-E, G/osas Emilianenses, p. 105 and 107). For general parallels in Irish and \\relsh texts cf. the Morrigan's prophecy of the evils before the end of the world in Cath \rlaige Tuired: "\Momen without modesty" (tr. Gnav [17s 527, Naas 1982, p. 73); also as a sign of Judgement in the Welsh "Oianau N'Iyrddin", in Llyfr Du Caerfgrddin, A. O. H. JeRMAN tr. D. Joxe s, eds., Caerdydd 1982, p. 35 (Gruraget heb guilet, "\Momen without modesty"); see G. R. Iseec, "f'he trnd of the World in Welsh and Irish: A Common Disaster", Studia Celtica 28 (1991), p. 173-lTL Ferchertne's prophecy in Immacallam in Da Thüarad instead says dichrechnaigfit fir feile "men will cast off modesty" (ed.and transl. W. Sroxos, "The Colloqu"v of the Two Sages", p. 36-37, § 177); dichrechnaigfither fele "modesty r,vill be cast off " (p. 44-45, § 221). I har,e found no close parallel for the immodest display of menstruationes, but I believe that the notion may harre originated in a misreading (or a corrupt text) of 4 Ezra 5,8, et mulieres parient menstruatae monstra "and menstruous women shall bring forth monsters" (.d.R. L. BsxsLEy, The Fourth Book of Ezra. The Latin Version (Texts and Studies 312), Cam-
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paÄotlsap aq III^\ Jallaq,, ßlta)a ,, +urnq aq III1tr sar{ornqt nyltsroltoJ ruapn raryI[pluqop : paro\tqJ t)O ut urDllmouul :(ggf 'd 'I 'lo^ 'dJO),,pa{o;+sap aq IIIIK saqcrnr{J,, :6'L ptu\(I Jo asdfiTntodv >laar5 aq+ 'J3 '@'il pafio4sap aro satprnqJ ('sluBJul palooJ-rnoJ pue F.rl4eads JEaq oT plES are uaruo.^e r{Jrq,^(\ ur 'vgl'd 'sul,rvl'pa 'asd.(lecode JarJJ ullBT aq} pue IZ'g -L'g Drzg t uaaalaq s1a11e;ed palou ser{ 'gB 'd 'pua6a.7 lslrllrtluv aqr'rsssnog)'{+tttqtssod slq} s1;roddns,(1Fuot1s
ruJoJ ]uEIJEA palsalleun asr,^&Jaq1o uE ur q'g nJZg f salonb Z'l luvufoaü +Er{} }3EJ aqJ 'Tuauadn o} pa}dnuoc uaaq pBr{ Tuartnd aouo (,,ueuro.tr. FurlenJ+suau e Jo Bet,, avlvnJsuaw snuund 'Jc) avlonJsuau Jo asuos a{Etu o} 1duo11e s6oqrJJS e ur palEurFr.ro aAEq Äeur o4onJlsuaru pJo.^& aql 6paapul 'Tuauado JoJ lalqnop e 'TuotTstrour se pearsrru Jo palalap uaaq a^Eq uatll lqFlur CIJlsuout aqJ 'Tuauadv sons sauo1nn4suaru salaqnru p E'V luvufoaü {ral sn FurFur-rq 'n4suou pJo,{N
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A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOLTT ANTICHRIST
Idolatrg (4,5). Cf. Reu 13,15: et faciat quicumque non adorauerint imaginem bestiae occidantur. The Longer Version of ReuJnAnt compares the idolators to pagans and Jews; the Shorter Version adds "and Saracers", an allusion to the N{uslim Arabs, but here simpl_v as a group perceived as idol-worshippers (see J. V. TorAN, Saracens. Islam in the Medieual European Imagination, New York 2002, ch . 5, "Saracens as Pagans" ; I o\Äre the reference to Millie Wright), without any specific connection with the Ismaelites, whose conquering armies were represented by Pseudo-Nlethodius (who does not use the term Saraceni) as one of the signs of the apocalypse (see K. S. BpcKErr, Anglo-Saron Perceptions of the Islamic World, Cambridge 2003, esp. chs.4 and 5). Since ReuJnAnt speaks of " idols", the writer is apparentll, not thinking of the legend according to which Antichrist erects an image of himself to be u'orshipped (see BoussEr, The Antichrist Legend, p. 160-161). In Ir1-2 (1,3), however, he does proclaim himself to be God, a common feature of the Antichrist legend lacking in ReuJnAnt (see commentarv on 1,3). Ir2 (§ 3) adds considerably to the list of social evils.
Further Signs in Society, Signs in Heaven and Earth The f irst biblical quotation in 4,6 is from Lk 21,70-1 1 ; cf. lwt 24,7, lUIk 13,8, Mt 24,29 (cf. BnRcen, Daniel-Diegese, p. 43-45); the second, et stelle cadent de caelo, is from Mt 21,29 cf. Mk 13,25, Reu 6,13. Riuers turn into blood. On the conversion of waters into blood as an apocalyptic sign see BeneEn, Daniel-Diegese, p. 53 (Apocalgpse of Samuel: "Les sources d'eau et les fleuves se transformeront en sang") and p. 731 (Lactantius, Diu. inst. 7 ,16,7 : fontes quoque cum fluminibus arescent . . . et aquae in sanguinem aut amaritudinem mutabuntur; CStrL 19, p. 636). See also the Interpolated version of the ApocalApse of Thomas: Tunc omnes fontes aquarum et putei in puluerem et in sanquinem conuertentur (ed. tr. HeuLER , "Zt den neuen lateinischen Bruchstücken", p. 361). Cf. also Reu 8,8; in Reu 11,6 turning waters into blood is a power God gives to the tu,o w'itnesses. Ir1 omits most of these cosmological signs, listing only earthquakes and thunder and transferring those to the time
L
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iq +srllrrluv Äorlsap o+ urnlar qe[llg pue r{roug ruorl^t.r roJ 6uErllnlral qll^\ ,(1aso1c lso[u saa;Fe ruvufoau 6uorlrpBrl aql JO uorlBcrJrssBlc s,ruEr{{3nR[I Fur.trollo.{'JSrJr{JIluy lsureFe (runpaq) leqtuoc IEnlcE uE uorsrÄuo o+ suraas ruvufoaü 'qlleJ aq} 01 {rBq sra.&\ollol slq Jo {ueu Fuuq puB }srJtlrr}uy asodxa orl,\N'r{Elllg pue r{roug Jo Furqcea;d aq} {tqE:}ou ,(6VV.cl 6+JEr{f, s,urEr{{rneg aas) s}uatuala IEuor}rpBJ} Jo Joqtunu e JaAo sassed ruvufoaü ur lunoJsB palBr^arqqB aqJ'ua^Eaq olur puacsB puB palJaJJnsal arB {aq1 q}JnoJ aq} uo puE 'siup aarq+ roJ rualesnrar Jo slaarls aq+ ur parrnqun all sal -poq rlar{} lrulr{ Äq urEIS arB }nq tlllq }uorJuor o} }uas arB 'asrpeJed ur alrle +da{ uaaq aAEq or{.^&'rIE[llg pue r{]ougosall -Errru asleJ slq qll,r aldoad aq+ sacnpas lsrl{cr}uv ra}JE : lEOr -dr(+ sr luvuroau ur aruonbas aqJ 'aroJaq ueql raqler lua^pe s,+srrrlclluy ralJe reodde {11ensn qe[llg pue r{coug }Br{+ ur {tqe}ou 'I I oatl ur }Er{} ruorJ s}cadsa.r Jo raqunu e ur raJJIp ualJo slunoDre asar{J 'Bqf -L?? 'd '(glOt) q6 arnpraryT p)nqlg Jo ü)uJnol' ',,uerlsrJrl3 Jo r{sr.r.rar :qelttg puE rlooug Jo ruop;{1 -rEHI aqJ,, 'r{vHxonvg 'tI pue ,916l uafiurl}g3 ,(tI sruawvl -sa,L uana^l sap namwn rnz uarynls) ua\ra1 uatpqlstttpqnfl ut nsaf sawtq)sag sap frunynag rnz uafrunq)nsrarun atpnruntltsafr -suotllpou 'sauqosuaq)suar[ sap |unqoqtg alp pun ua\aqdord alT 'uaouag 'X {llercadsa pue : LtZ-tOZ .d sap fruntla\snJny
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506
A REVELATION OF' JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
suffering martyrdom (in some versions the.v destroy him themselves, or only expose him rather than fight with him). Enoch and trlijah in Paradise (5,1). trlijah was taken up by a fiery chariot (4 Kings 2,ll) while Enoch "walked with God, and did not appear" (Gen 5,24), so it \^Ias deduced that both were alive in heaven or the earthly Paradise. In the manuscripts of the Longer Version we are told that Enoch and trlijah are "ministered to" (ministrantur, A) or settled (collocantrtr, n) in Paradise because they are awaiting death (pro respectione mortis) . Irl- 3 (5, 1) state simply that they are in Paradise. But the Shorter Version (C) says that they "are sad " (tristantur, 17 ) . The readings ministrantur and collocantur appear to be secondary trivializations. Paleographicall tristantur could as rn,ell be a misreading of ministrantur as vice versa ; but ministrantur is more likely to be a misreadi.rg of mo tristantur (as modo is in fact abbreviated in C) than tristantur is for ministrantur (A omits modo), and the phrase pro respec[ta]tione mortis makes better sense as an explanation for being sad in Paradise than for being ministered to or settled in Paradise. Compare DBF' r § 13: "And so the t$,'o sorrows of the kingdom of heaven, then, are E,lijah and Enoch, in their bodies of clat' among the angels of heaven until they go to meet Antichrist" (p. 198-199 above; cf. DorrIN, "Les deux chagrirs", p. 386; HERBERT i\IcNaMARA, Irish Biblical Apocrgpha, p . 2l). The motif of their sorro\ r in heaven occurs in several Irish texts (see St. J. D. SnnN,IotiR, Irish Visions of the Other-World. A Contribution to the Study of Mediaual Visions, London 1930, p. 83, n. 7; J. CrnEY, In Tenga Bithnua. The Euer-new Tongue (ApocrApha Hiberniae II: Apocalgptica 1; CCSA 16), Turnhout 2009, p. 366) as well as in the Welsh dialogue y Gorcheston (C. BnrrELD M. BsrLESS, "Y Gorcheston: The Welsh Ioca monachorum. Texts, Translations and Commentar,v", Studia Celtica 30 [1996], p. 797-222, at p.205 and 207 [no. 5], 275 [no. 11], and 217-218 [ro. 6]) and in the Old trnglish Adrian and Ritheus dialogue (see J. E . Cnoss T. D. HILI, eds., The Prose Solomon and Saturn and Adrian and Ritheus lMcMaster Old trnglish Studies and Terts 11, Toronto 1981, p. 142-114). An analogue occurs in the Coptic Historg of Joseph the Carpenter 31, as noted by M. R. Janns, The Apougphal l{ew Testament, Oxford 1924,
p. 86. Carer- tr Paul encotllltrr'. i-sins of men t l- \ of Paul. -1 \-, r,i t '
fCahiers d'Or undoubtedl:-
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p. 234-21(1. ut , "Les dettr c'lt:,Biblical ^\tt tt't":i their o\\-n inr1', :. ton, versiou Il. p. 211: "... k'r' Enoch anri I-. correspollclin: r ,-plateis as a r.I., .. .
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1,74, OTP. r.,
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(5,3) add tirrrt:
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: @VZ 'd ';uxcuog 'pa) Zl'L stlD\Jao antt\op?ql wnlpuaduo3 'urladrg o8ng Älqrssod oaoJnos a1e-redas e uorJ (;o1e1suerl TISITI aql {q ro ruVufoaü lo 1dr-rcs -nuBur +sol E ur taq1aq.,r,r) palBlodtelur uaaq aAEq suorleJoqela asaqJ 'Q,l'Tl oay 'Jr :[V'g] tr) .,,a1doad aq] IIE Jo aruasa;d oq] ul ,,,, asrJ Är,{l r{olr{,t\ Ja}JE 'aJII IEuJa}a Ja}ua o} IUaq} suo{caq puB spuacsap uB {ep qunoJ aq} uo {eppru }B TBr{} ,(es laFue suorlBlsuBrl r{slrl o,r} aq} r{unoJ aq} uo aJII lBura}a o}ul "(ep asrr Är,{t }Br{} suoda; {ldulrs ruVufoaY allq,$ puy .}srrr{rl}uv Jo rEoJ Jo lno slaqdo;d aq1 .(-rnq o+ sarep auo ou +Er{} ppe (g,g) Z-trI r{loq pue (sÄep uaAas }sEI }l 'BVL, 'd ,I .lo^ ,dJO ,VlV qnhg Jo asdfiptodv er1do3 ar{} o} Furp-rocce) s{ep {1ro3 pue parpunq aarr{} roJ s}sEI }srill3rluv q}1,\§ al}}Eq rlaq} }Er{} uol} -EruroJur aql sppB tq 'tualBsnrar ur aceled aql roJ (,,aee1Bd,, spear gq irun\npd uorJ Älluatedde WH) aureu E sB sn\o\d spuelsrapunsrru (ur uorJ ua{E} s\ ZrI ur aFessed Frlpuodsalloc '(g-Z'g) tstrtpltuv frq urus qv{Ilg puo tpoug aq+ :tz'g) tq '(,,Frrluatuel aJE Är,{+ r{}Eap Jo rEaJ "',, iVlZ'd ossslÄtrg o'rsrcÄg 'lsueJ+ pue 'pa 'II 'ou oH uorsJaA ouol -saq)rog puB snaqltY pury uotrpv) sqleap Eulpuadurr u.^ .o rlar{l ^ ruvufoaü ur sE ro :(t § '6I 'd ,ntldfrttody p)nqlg Jo asnecaq ttslJl 'vu\/hrvN[3r{ JussusH : gtt 'd ',,surJFBqJ xnap saT,, 'Nrrroq ia,toqe 9BI-7BI 'd 'l § 'lt.{gg :gtZ.d }E ,g?Z-VEZ.d '(goot) v atfro7o7tr16 aq)sular rnJ fiqtsnaz ',,'A ua+xal uaqrsrrr sne ueFunllalll1l,ousÄs1l'X'pao,,suorlsan§ {Ut.+ aq} Jo uao4,,) asrpBrBd Jo slnos-prlq aql qll.^(\ ro slaFue aq+ qll.{e Äg {r,Il asnecaq ro :(wt 'd ,ntldfrttody prllqlg qsUI louuer ovur/wvN[3lAl - ruEsr{sH 'lsuBr} 't7 § 'trDuu]opv Jo uotstL) ttarr Jo sluaturol aql puB {epsuoocl Jo srorra] aq] Jo asnBcaq ]nq 'uaur Jo surs aql Jo asnecaq lou ,^A.oJJos Ar.ll slxal JEInsuI aq+ ur qFnoql 'arrnos alerullln aq+ sE srr{} aas o} }qFr-r Ä1pa}qnopun sr {a;e3 '(gt VZU 'd '/,661 EAauaO 'llz aursllyruatro,p snnlnSl suoßra1 ullv7 6uo7 aarql Jo ullllpg p)tltr7 ma^I V .1nng Jo asdfrlntodv o'spa 'JSrroHrrH 'y NrsrsusArrS 'J) uaru JO surs aql -ro; Furdaa,tr oasrpe;Bd ul r{Elllg pue r{ooug sra}unocuo InEd 'pn6 Jo asdfrptodv aq} o} Jl+oru aq} sarer+ {a-re3 'gB 'd
orar{.&\ 1,09
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CINIV HSONIS
,;
JSITIH'JIJ.\ i
nffi
508
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST mortem eorum; post dies autem tres et dimidiunt resurgent, et eorum occisores audient uocem talem : Elias el Enoch ascendit huc, et ascendent in coelum in nube.
Ir1 (and hence Ir2) probably owes to this source the variant form of the quotation of Reu 11,8 as rn'ell as the explanation that theSr are left unburied because of fear of Antichrist, and that a voice from heaven bids them arise. This passage, however, was repeated by other authors, so Hugo may not be the immediate source.
Ir3 (5,1) elaborates greatly on the story of trnoch and Elijah and their battle with Antichrist.
reconciling
r,,'.
ä Ir
him into tu'o l,r,t . angel's" role i- .. -. christ in the .\: (ninth centllt'\' r : :', . the angels, ]ltr l , '
in two [pa rt s Coming Thr ]
l,':
und Christliclt*i t' Geburtstag, D. ll 678, ät p. 6tj2 r I is said to cut it :
Antichrist Slain by Michael (5,5)
.
Accordirrg to Ir1-2 (5,4) Antichrist's followers are first burnt and killed by the po\Ä,er of God". On the destruction of Antichrist's followers, cf . Reu 11,9-11. Christ's motivation for sending Michael to slay Antichrist is from 1 Tim 2,4: qui omnes "
homines uult saluos fieri (RC; om. A). Ir1 rephrases as God's intent "to save the people". The key biblical text for the slaying of Antichrist was 2 Thes 2,8: et tunc reuelabitur ille iniquus quem l)ominus lesus interficiet spirttu oris sui et destruet inlustratione aduentus sui. There was some debate as to whether this verse meant that Antichrist would be slain by Christ, or by an agent, usuall), identified as Nfichael with reference to Reu 12,7 (cf. Adso,,De ortu, CCC]UI 45, p. 28-29, who says that whether it will be Christ or Michael, it will be by Christ's power, not an angel's). N{ichael is the slayer (sometimes together rn,ith Gabriel) in nlany earlier works : see BoussEr, The Antichrist Legend, p. 227-231 ; Gregorv, Hom. Euang.2,34,9 (PL 76,1251; cited by McGrNN, Antichrist, p. B2). That Michael will slay Antichrist is stated in several \rernacular Irish sources cited b-v B . Ö C u iv, " T\Ä'o Items", p. 87; McNevrARA, "The Irish Legend of Antichrist", p.205-207). Michael's sword. For the sword as Michael's weapon, cf. Reu 2,12 (qui habet rompheem utraque parte acutam); for the srn,ord of the Hol,v Spirit, see trph 6,17 (gladium Spirilus quod est uerbum Dei). A striking parallel for the detail that Michael cleaves him in two with his sword occurs in the Syriac ApocalApse of Daniel 21 (ed. n{. HBNZE, p. 95), where his slayers are "the
Michael ancl tir,-' Monsters erld
tl,.
.
".-'
eds., Leur-ett lr" analogues
for
t
-
...
but without t'r'j, Ir1-2 clo It(,t >: Holy Spirit. (., :. "Then \Iichat, sword in his h.,:. Arr1ery ar{J ,"' Furuo3 s{ }srJr{cr}uy arlJ,,, o\/rvs-r{suusc§ronl 'd 'f) ,,[s1red] o^l ur 7n6froq-1D lno puu uaAear{ tuorJ u,^.rop oE o1 'laEqJrI J 'slaFuE ar{l Jo JarqD aq+ rapro IIII\I poo,, lBr{+ Ä1-relrrurs s{es (Ä-rnluac q}ulu) snTsDunqlv-opnasd Jo asdfrlotodv er1do3-rrqBJv ar{} ur }srl{O -lluy lnoqB luaulFe-r; v's,laEqJII^[ o] rBlrrurs sr aloJ,,s,1aFuE FurlrcuooaJ,, aql osalou (oqt 'u) azua]H sR !,,s1;ed o,t.r} olul rulq +llds pue saau{ slq o} pBaq uorJ pro.^&s Ärar; alqeqcuanbun uE rlll,r\ tulr{ a{rJ}s IIIA,, or{A\ 'sla8ue JAr{}o pue ,,1aFue FurlrJuooaJ 609
HYfITg CINV
aq1,, aJB s.rJ ir:.. \ Io asdfrlntocly- r: " saABalJ
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.
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HSONIS
,
JSIUFI.II-
...
510
r.\t
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
when they were first created" (.d. and transl. AII(INSoN, The Passions and the Homilies, p. 742 and 390; see commentary on 7,7-2 for further parallels with ReuJnAnt in this homily). Ir1-2 add that pagans, Jews, and "foreigners" or "gentiles"
?) will convert to the Catholic faith. The con(of ten said to result f rom the preaching of Enoch and E lijah, or af ter the death of Antichrist) was a standard eschatological motif (BoussEr, The Antichrist Legend, p. 275-217; R. EMMERSoN, The Coming of Antichrist. An Apocalgptic Tradition in Nledieual Literatttre, Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford U niversity, 197 6, p. 84, citing Jerome, In Esaiam, 5,23,18 (CCSL 73, p. 222), and Gregory, Homiliae in Hiezechihelem, 7,72,6 (CCSL 142, p. 186). (=
Saracens
version of the Jews
This was prol,r' as well as th,: : days and night ' I
The
phrusc
NIt 28,20. Ir1-2 encl h,: t',-' . JnAnt GÄ (§ .=,.
and Reu 13,5 (42 months), and usually given as the duration of Antichrist's reign (see BnncnR, Daniel-Diegese, chart opposite p. 148; JeNKS, The Origins, p. 86-88), is given instead in ReuJnAnt as the time between his slaying and the end of the world. That period was almost invariably said to be 45 davs, a figure arrived at b-v Jerome in his commentary on Daniel 4,72,12 (CCSL 75A, p. 944) by subtracting 1290 from 1335. The period was generallv interpreted as a time of testing for the saints or of penance, but Jerome (Comm. Matt., CCSL 77, p. 233; cited b5r McGrNN, Antichrist, p. 75 and 301, n. 78; In Danielem 4,12,72, CCSL 75L, 943-944) characterized the testirg as a time of peace. See R. LpnNER, "Refreshment of the tr arthl5z
Progress in Medieval Thought", Traditio 32 (1976), p. 97-114, at p. 101-108. Compare the dialogue prefacing the shorter recension of the Hiberno-Latin Pauca problesmata (CCCM 173, p.223): "Et erit pax per.xl et vi. dies pro recuperatione sanc-
torum quae f ugierunt in montibus et speluncis, et exibunt gaudentes" . ReuJnAnt refers to a thirty- or forty-day period of silence concluding the three-and-a-half year period. The figure of forty days (in A, as well GA § 6, transl. HERBERT McNaMARA, Irish Biblical Apocrgpha, p. 95) ; thirty days in
.
Silence in lleaver ";
makes a sottirrl
Three and ü half Aears remain until Judgement. Based on Dan 7,25 and 12,7 and Reu 12,71 ("a time, times, and half a time"),
:
forty davs ol l--"
There ruill ht'
The Tirne after Antichrist (6,1-7,2)
Saints. The Time after Antichrist as a Station for
R) for the ltet'i,
-
--
tum est silen Iu, ' ReuJnÄnl
e\trl
-
with the tintc , ,-
.
cum enim tli.t',' ..' interitus). Irt t:
p. 742), a tinr,-. and in the Sr r'. iszalso
cltrr I'lrr
.
on earth for h.' ., of Antichrist GA § 6 (tt'rr :.rgpha, p. 951 t-.].. irg va riou s ir r. It also allucl.before Doorll:,. t
:
-
The Resurrecti,: This chalitrt' 'also not i nc'lil, l remaining unt Mc Nr ]I.\ Fi \
-. .
for the a\\'rl kr':. . : -
=
aql Jo areld ur lnq 'slaFue .(q peap aql Jo Furua>18,{A.E ar{} roJ 1a11ered e ser{ (gO 'd 'nqdfittody lmnqg qslrl 'vrrvwvl{o1l ru-rsrrsH 'lsueJl) L § V.p 'plJo.^r\ ar{} Jo pua aq} II}un Eurureurar srea{ JIBI{ e pue aarr{} aq} o} aruaraJar aq} q}l,t.r Furpua ur suorlelsuerl qslrl aq+ qll,r saa-rFe 3 : g-yq u1 papnlcur lou osle sr puB uorsroA ralrorls aq+ ur palalle-red lou sr raldeqc slr{J Q-T,'L) ppeq eql Jo uoTlcerrrrsotl orIJ, '.(epsuooC[ aroJaq suFrg uaa+Jrd aql Jo uor+rperl a1e;edas aql o1 sapnlle osle +I '+ualls uIEuraJ ler{} sFurql a}Eturueul pue a}Erurue snorJEA F,rl -i;rceds,(q sarnlearc IIE Jo aoualrs aq+ uo spuedxa (qO'd'nr1dfit -tody p)nryg qslrl 'vuvnivl{ol I nrssusH '1suer1) g § Vg '(lsr"rqclluy Jo Fur.(e1s aql JaIJE sJntoo lerll ,, {aa,\A. TJor{s e JIEI{ JoJ r{}JEa uo por"rad rar{}oue o} sraJal 'L6'd 'gZ'qc :0g 'u 'IB 'd acualrs,, Jo oszNsH 'W 'pa) ,,r{}JBa uo aoualrs,, sB pazrJa}cEJBr{c oslBZSr ecead Jo arul1 aql gI prunq Jo asdfrlntodv ceuig aql ur pue '1sr;qalluy Jo IEArrrE aq+ sapaca"rd .(+l.rn)as Jo ourl+ E '(ZVL 'd 'I 'lo^ 'dJO) 0V'7, qnfiru Jo asdfiotadv cr1do3 ar{} uI '(snpnTut ptuaoJadns sla sn u4uadal )unl sDTJn)as p rnd lulJarlp urtua utn) 't'g saqJ L'Jc) saturl +sEI aql Furpaca"rd aread Jo aurll aql qll,\\ ll Fullenba {lluatedde 'q1;ea o} arualrs slrt} spua}xa ruVufoaü '(gt'Z Drzg f 'Jr) oroq otp?ttt rconb lpo) ut wnlluaqs sa utnl iDJ: I'8 laq uo paseq sr uaAear{ ur aaualrs aqJ 'punos o salnru alnloan ou 'q1tna puo uaovaq ul nuaryS 7oat6 o aq rum alaqJ
Q-r'g) r{l;eg pue uo,reog
uT ecuolrs
'acead Jo porrad e sE srea,( aa-rq1 aql o1 sraJar (96'd 'nqdfrttody p)llqlg qsUI 'vrrvhrvNIolI nrssrrsH 'lsuerl 'g §) Vg 'tuvuf -oaü uorsraA rapor{S aq} q}l^\ ul 'araq pua Z-UI Jo }uauaatFe '02'82 lhl IUoJJ sI ,,IIncaes tuauorlelrrurnsuoc ur anbsn,, ase;qd aqJ 'slqFru puB s.(ep Ätrlrlt Jo a;nFr; aql uo aa;Fe uorsraA ralroqs aql sB IIa,§ sE U acurs ';a,ta,rrroq ';aqtunu IEurFr;o aq+ lou ,(lqeqotd se.^.t. slrlJ 'slsa8Fns (SOt 'd cstnpttuv) Nr{TODIAI sB '}uaT Jo s.(ep {1roy aq+ 1a11ered 01 papualur sdeq;ad oq.^e 'ospv ruoJJ a^rJap ,(eur 'uorlecrldde luaraJJrp aq+ alrdsap 'acualrs Jo por-rad aq+ roJ (U
IIq
uI s{ep ,(1.rrt11 r , _. JusausH '[s^tl ]l.i
.
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-
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'tll I1[JJJ) r,l /,i... Jal Jorls aQ t Fr: r 'vvl-L6 'd '(!f 1,., : Ä1q1-reg JoJ rr,i-: -aql Jo +uatrlqs).;:.I l .
,
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sr-. '.
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uoo uo pasB8 '.
.
ul aonlwoH '-i.r,,- , ,uI 'etuo;ap oorr 1r -slp 'o 'tld ',r.11r. r
;
lstilptluv aqJ '- :se.,t.r (1suq;llu \- Furqceard ar{t ur ;-uor aqJ'q+lEJ ,,salIluoF,,
Jo ..s.i.-,-: -
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-ISYHSIIAI Äg NIVTS JSTIIHCIJI{V
JSIt{H]II \
-
512
A REVET,ATION OF JOHN ABOLTT ANTICHRIST
specification of the age of the resurrected bod-v and the motif of the ways of bodily destruction, GA § B (p. 96) substitutes a statement that the souls will reunite with their bodies, with-
out specif5ring the age. The question of this passage's status as an original part of ReuJnAnt or a later addition is complicated by the existence of a close parallel in the Reuelatio lohannis, which also transmits a description of Antichrist that is very similar to that in the Longer Version of ReuJnAnt, which is likewise lacking in the Shorter Version (but is included in Ir1-3) (see commentar,v on 2,7-8 above). It is remarkable that the Reuelatio lohannis, which in most respects differs greatly from ReuJnAnt, nonetheless affords close parallels for just those trvo extended passages in the Longer Version of ReuJnAnt that are lacking in the Shorter \rersion. The parallels between the Reuelatio lohannis and ReuJnAnt 7,7-2 are set out below. Reuelatio Iohannis 12,2-1 (ed. Kaestli; cf . NoRnLLr,
ReuJnAnt 7,1-2
.
of remote cotttr, at some prinritir,-- \:
Lher langu age t . enable us to re('{ rr.-Angels ctu)uAt'i: (7 ,1). For the ru i:. see Mt 24,31 (an,i ''-' o
,
'
magna et cr t1i,;1 also Reu 8.2: ?l l uoce
datae sunt
illis
septem tubas
-'
.(t,r,.
prtr',
i
-
niam ipse Donti ri,;' descendet de c ut'\, , 1 Cor 5,52: in ,'l .
incorrupti.
"Appendice", p.81-82)
t2 z Et
procedet N'Iichael 7 r Et uenient angeli a quatuor parGabriel Raphael, et tuba canent in tibus terre et clamabunt, dicentes excelso dicentes: Surgite obuiam tribus uicibus: "Surgite ! Surgite !
domino.
John, the coirtt'i,i.
Surgite !"
Instead of rai-i:.New Testantelll r: angels cr)' out ' ) .
-
sum) of I The, I.-' pet and voice ol ' .
3 Tunc apperientur omnia monu- 2 trt resurgent omnes qui fuerunt menta ut exurgant omnes qui dor- mortui ab Adam usque in illo die in mierunt ab inicio mundi. etate triginta anrlorum, 4 Et imperabo mari restituere quicquid ignis combussit in terra, omnem carnen] quam absorbuit bestie comederunt, mare demerprofundum eius, et imperabo omnibus uolucribus celi et bestiis terre ut presentent omnem carnem quam
scit.
comederunt.
As will be shown below, the motifs of the angelic summons and of the ways of bodily destruction occur in many other sources, and are frequentlv paired in Nliddle Irish and Old trnglish sources. Moreover, the precise formulation of those motifs in the Reuelatio Iohannis differs in a number of ways from ReuJnAnt. It would be rash, therefore, to conclude that either text borrowed directly from the other; yet when taken together with their similarly close (but likewise not identical) descriptions of Antichrist, äs well as the common generic
identil'ied AS Srr\ :-
lum
praecipient t ..
uocem eiuscletn .: . Theodori episcr,1,' -',.: Carttl : Interrogatio cle n, ' trt surgite ossa .: r p. 114), x'he re '. I . '
rii, 2 vols.,
.
.
that there is äl !, the earliest nlrri.--i' translation of :.. whose comnrent ably indebtecl t,, i as "Surgite" is -:.on the Paulinc L .
mand was ont ,
.
.
'ureparuoc anls,, : auoJar 01 palnqlJl]E uatrJo auo sB,^A. puBru -ruor aql Jo uorlelnruroJ -relndod lsoru ar{J 'sror{}ne IBAarparu ralBl Jo raqunu E ur pue (Sqq'Zll 7A sallsrdg aurlned aq+ uo .(-reluaururoo s,snJnetr{ snuBqEH ur punoJ osle sr ,,o1rFrng,, sE pueruruoc or{} Jo uor}ErlJl}uapl aqJ 'aropoar{J 01 pa}qapur ilqe -qord aroJaraql sr (.,r,ro1aq palls) gI'v saql t uo luatutuoc asoq,{(\ 'sn11oc5 snrlnpas sE,\A. Ä;eluaunuoJ s,aJopoaqJ Jo uorlEISuEJ+ ullBT ar{} pasn aAEq o} u,&\ou{ Jor{}nB lB^arpalu }sarlJBa aq} 6ala,^A.S o1 Furp-roc)y 'pJlql sdeqlad pue prrooas e sr aJaq+ TBr{} slsa8Fns ,,1adrunJl 1sJIJ,, aql 01 aJuaJaJaJ aql aJaq.^e '(Vfi 'd 'sasuauvyllu,fl sDsolg ''pa '.aro41 'f-'H) ,,epr;e ESSo alrFrns lg 'eurrd Eqnl lrqetuelt coq lsod 1g,, :oru?ssJqou ap o4n6otJaryI aql osle aas '(Og 'd oZ'lo^ 'UBBI-SBBI aFpr-rqure3 ''s1or T,'!!t -Dluawuro) nnod 'q sn1oTstda ut ßuasansdolq tdotstda uopoaql 'ara.tlg'g'H),,,a1rFJns, laJIp ernb'rlaFue uapsnra urooon lEJon oJan .tunssnI, ,'a1tFrns, 'snqruruo uraluardrcae"rd urnl -aFuEI{JJE ledncunu ,urEqil},,, : ,,a1r8;[s,, Fur.(es sE parlr]uapr Brlsansdonl Jo aropoaqJ r{clr{.^{\ 'la8uBr{3rB ar{l Jo otroA puB }ad -trrnJl aql qll,.\N palenba saurlauros sB,^A. gl'V saql I Jo (ulns -snl) ,, pueurruo),, ar{J 'sarur} aaJq} ,,1 alr8;flS,, }no i-rc slaFue aql ruVufoaü lo uorsra1 rafiuol aq+ ur 'sas;al ]uatuelsal llrafi asaq+ ur sE osladrun;1 Fur.r,rolq Äq pBap aql EursrBJ Jo pBalsul '4dntto)ut Tua|tnsat tnqout p urtua puo) oqry Drußstoou ut :Zg'g JoJ t i rurucl Tua\tnsat runs o§trqJ ut rub tnuotil p opo) ap ppunsap pO Dqry ut p qa1uoqtm noo ut p nssn? ut snulurocl asdl urotu -onb:gt7 saql t iyuanuot Dqry ru as lunraonrud suqry waTdas ruDqaqaq mb qa6un utaydas 7a : g'B aDqry utaTdas snn luns aDf)p p lae npadsuot ut salulls so1aöun waTdas WIo p iz'g oatl osle 'Jt i squan nnT1nnb n snn sons sopap Tunqnfrat|uot 7a nufrout a)oo p oqry utn) sons solabun pnlw p :(LZ'EI jtIN pue) T7'VZ 1tr4[ aas slaFue Äq u,{&olq sledurnr} Äq peap aq1Jo Fursre-r aq} rod '0't) iayfrtilS,, puvttniln p1oJaan1y qnm poap aW ualomo spfruy
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511
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOLTT ANTICI{RIST
siue bibam, siue aliquid aliud faciam, semper michi uidetur illa tuba resonare in auribus meis, 'Surgite, mortui, uenite ad iudicium"'. This dictum has not been traced to an authentic
dead, though it -: for each of t h.' .
world, ancl itt, l'.---Irish Biblic rti ^ li symmetricaih' I l The motif ol
work of Jerome but has been found in the late-medieval Regula monachorum ex scriptis Hieron7mi per Lupum de Olmeta collecta (PL 30,117). See Hnrsr, The ltifteen Signs, p. 10-41, n. 21 ; R. PEnRoN, 'In laudem sancti Michaelis': The lrish and Coptic Analogues and the Anglo-Saxon Contert, unpublished MA thesis, lVlcGill [-Tniversitv, 2005, p. 41; and S. PprLE, Continuitg and Renewal in Old trnglish Homiletic Eschatology, c. 1150-1200, Ph. D. dissertation, f.Jniversitv of Toronto, 2012, p. 747, n. 58 (who cites Sedulius at p. 135). A similar formulation (with a twofold "Surgite !") i, a Pseudo-trphraemic sermon (CPL no. ll41), "surgete [si c], dormientes, surgite, occurrite Christo, quia advenit hora iudicii eius" (ed. D. VpnHELST, "scarpsum de dictis Sancti Efrem prope fine mundi", in Pascua Mediaeualia: Studies uoor Prof. Dr. J. M. De Smet, R. LrnvENS et al., eds., Leuven 1983, p. 518-528, at p. 528) was quoted by Heiric of Auxerre (Hom. I, 53; CCCM 116A, p. 502; see also Hom. I,25, P.211) in the form "O uos mortui qui iacetis in sepulcris, surgite et occurrite saluatori uestro", while another version of it ("Vox de caelis: O vos mortui, qui jacetis in sepulcris, surgite et occurrite ad judicium salvatoris") was incorporated into the liturgy as a responsory for the office of the dead: see K. OrrosEN, The Responsories and Versicles of the Latin Office of the Dead, Aarhus 1993, p. 420; CANTUS: A l)atabase fo,
.
,,
.
cussed in connr--
-..
b1' H. Tn r sr Fr \ r,: rloren Tradili,,r... :' R. J. S. Gn.rrr.7. ' College 41, Otti.1-'1.. oughly b1- P r t- i. focuses on thr r'... in N{iddle Etti .: ReuJnAnt, ltut t. " ' The close si tii ilr, might be e\pll i:.
.
,
-
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cally N'Iichael i,: thrice proclaitn .\. ' slaying of A nt i . ,. sub stitut io n i ir r for NIichael (1-rt',,: one who a\\'rtli,--r.\ number of itp, 1." and Paul anil ,.. In these sourut.: - l proclaiming "-\: . tru mpe [ [ lt t'e,' . gite !" in Ae r,ln- I ' pet blast lr)- l l lgpse of Pett'r I : tr. BnrrKE. "i{., . ,
Latin Ecclesiastical Chanl . The phrasing of the angels' summons in ReuJnAnt 7,7 in A echoes Jerome's formulation. A, however, has only the threefold "Surgite !" as do the Irish and Old trnglish parallels, rvhich suggests that the compiler or scribe of A may have elaborated here from memory of this popular dictum. The more distinctive threefold " surgite !" in ReuJnAnt is closely paralleled in a number of Irish and Old English texts, several of which, however, differ from ReuJnAnt and its Irish translations in having Michael instead of unnamed hosts of angels (o, a quartet of angels) awaken the dead in this way. (Many of these texts also closely parallel ReuJnAnt in the enumeration of the ways of bodily destruction, or which see the commentary below.) ReuJnAnt and lrl-3 do not say how many angels awaken the
.
utissenschaf'tli,
Jewish
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Srgn.'
ries in Nenr 1-,..
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p.
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aql Jo (slurod leurprec ro spua) saTmd JnoJ ar{l Jo r{cea roJ auo ';noy aJE aJaq+ +Er{} aJuaJaJur IEJn}Eu e sr }l qFnoql 'peap qrq
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518
A RtrVELATION OF JOI{N ABOLIT ANTICHRIST
As noted by Tristram, Grant, and Pelle, similar are found in other Old trnglish anonymous homilies
passages
:
Donne after peossum pingum bih neh ho^ seofopan d.age, ond ponne hatep Sanctus Michahel se heahengel blaruan pa feoruer beman at pissum feoruer endum middangeardes (Blickling VII, ed. R. l\'Ionnts, The Blickling Homilies of the Tenth Centurg lEarlg trnglish rert Societg, o.s. 58, 63, TZl, London 1871, 1876, 1BB0; repr. as 1 vol. : London 1967, p. g5). "Then after these events it u,ill be near to the seventh da-r-, and then Saint Michael the archangel u,ill command the four trumpets to be blown at these four ends of the earth . . ."
The Blickling homilist has Nlichael command other (presumably four) angels at the four corners of the r,vorld to blow their four trumpets, but he omits the repeated "Arise !" As Pelle (Continuitg and Renerual, p. 141) argues, this looks like a compromise between two traditions, one in which the dead are awakened by Nfichael and one in w'hich they are awakened by four angels. If the homilist was familiar rn,ith the tradition that N{ichael awakened the dead by proclaiming "Arise !" he has suppressed it in favor of the hiblicalll,. sanctioned trumpets. In some other Old trnglish homilies the four angels blow trumpets and Nlichael is not mentioned at pam feower healfum pgses middanearrles feoruer englas standaö and blautaö feoruer hgman (ed. J. Br zrr.E J. tr. Cnoss, Eleuen Old English Rogationtirle Homilies, ).rrl ed. lKing's College London l,Iedieual Studies 1), London 1g$g, Homily 3, p. 50). "... at the four ends of this earth four angels witl stand and blow four trumpets ..." :
In
öam dage sinqaö ba bgman on pam feoruer sceatum midila7 ponne ealle men arisaö of deaöe (\iercelli Homilv
neardes,
II,
ed. D. G. ScnAGG, The Vercelli Homilies and Retated Terts Itrarlg English rert societg, o.s. 300], oxford 1993, p. 55). "On that du.v the trumpets will sing out from the four corners of the earth, and then all people will arise from death ..." (a nearly identical passage occurs in Pseudo-Wulfstan Homily 40, ed. A. Nretnn, Wulfstan. Sammlung cler ihm zugeschriehenen Homilien nebst Llntersuchungen über ihre trchtheit fSammlung englischer Denkmaler in kritischen Ausgaben 11,
Berlin 1S s: ; K. OsTHEF-I : \', :
On öant rlii,,'
' ' XXI, erl. \, "On thirt :,'
healfa 19s''
,
four
enclS
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Pelle (Contirtttii
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the motif of t \Iiddle E,nsli:li J. tr. Cross. P,-'. variant versi,n edited b1'(,. 1) New Latin Ter':Versiols", in l; l
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p. 27-6'1, at I),
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a ['elsh lext t He further Il.1i
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sion as u'el1 tt: I: tion to Ret;,ii 1;r:.
for this
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95, § 6), so
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Jo uorsJoA E lou itqeqo-rd sE,^A. aoJnos alerpatutur slr os'(g §'q6 'd 'nqdfittody lmnqlg qsUI ovrrvr\rvr\iol{ rusrrusH '1suet1) ,,luaruaFpnp aql aJoJaq s{ep uaa}JrJ aq} uo,, "readde III.^I }Eq} {epsuoocl Jo suFrs aq} o} ^(llecryrcads sraJor Vg oFessed slq} Furpacard,(lalerpatutuI'satJnos alerurlln s,uorlrppe slr{} roJ
pllel ,(11er1ua1od sureurar +uatunF"re s,allad os 'luvufoatl o1 uor+ -lppe ralBl E aq plnor 1l +Er{} slsaFFns g-Lq uorJ sE IIa.^& sB uors -raA ralror{S aq} tuorJ acuasqe s}l'pa}ou {pea"r1e aAEr{ I sE }nq :7 'rtc luvufoaq Jo uorsra1 ;aFuo1 aql uo luapuadrp ,(ltrarlp aJorrr sE f;rluapr .{A.ou uRJ a,\A. Vg ur aFessed aq1 'gZ uoUEH uI ]Er{} a{ll sauoql Jo uorsral e {q paruanlJul uaaq aAEq {eu Vg ur peap aq+ Frlua{e.{&B slaFue rnoJ Jo uorldr;osap aq+ }Er{} slseFFns Ä1a.tr1elua1 allod'soutoql r{ll,{e potrJaurroJ asrl.rJar{}o lou sarlrruor{ IEJaAas ur oslE srnloo Jl}oru aq} qFnoql's1ad -tunr+ rnoJ Fur.uolq sla8ue rnoJ a^Er{ (ftf Furl>1er1g Furpnlrul) sDruoqJ Jo suorsral qsrl8ug
plg
{EJoÄos }Er-l} se+ou rar{}rnJ aH
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OVECI AHJ CO .\OII:I3HU.]S3U
6Ig
_
,
JSIUH:]II\-
q
520
A REVtrLATIO\
OF
i.
JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
Thomas but a version of The b-ifteen Signs before l)oomsda7; ,vet that in turn may have been dependent upon a variant version
of Thomas. Viewed from the perspective of the vernacular analogues, ReuJnAnt (including the lrish version in GA) is a hybrid in which the repeated "Arise !" is proclaimed not b5r N'Iichael but by four angels (who do not blow trumpets). The form of the motif in which i\Iichael thrice proclaims "Arise !" appears to be distinctively lrish, since it occurs in four vernacular Irish texts (in addition to LFF, LB, and GA, it occurs separately in Scöla na Esörgi) and in the Old trnglish homily in praise of N,f ichael, which shows other symptoms of Irish inf luence. Moreo\rer, as PnLLe (Continuitg and Renewal, p. 135) has noted, Sedulius Scottus in his commentary on 1 Thes 4,76 states that the (unbiblical) command "surgite, expergiscimini" is either in the voice of Christ, or else of Michael or Gabriel (PL 103,221L). A commentary on the Athanasian Creed in Paris, Bntr lut. 1012 (s. rx1l3, prov. St. Martial, Limoges), printed by G. D. W. OuNIANNIiv, trarlg Historg of the Athanasian Creed, Oxford 1880, has a twofold "Surgite !" though it is not attributed to Michael: "Sicut illa tuba magna fuerit cantura, et vox de celo audita fuerit dicens: Surgite, surgite ..." (p. 385; on the manuscript see S. KBEFE, \Yater and the Word. Baptism and the trducation of the Carolingian Clergg,2 r,ols., Notre Dame 20A2, vol. 2, p. 68-69). The form with the four angels blorving trumpets, on the contrary, appears to be distinctivelSr tr,nglish. Yet as Pnrrn (Continuitg and Renewal, p. 113) notes, "[t]he only Irish text to assign the waking of the dead to four angels instead of Michael" is GA; but here instead of blowing trumpets the four angels proclaim "Arise !" four times. On the face of it, then, the repeated command "Arise !" favors an Irish origin for ReuJnAnt or more precisely, for this chapter of Reu,InAnt while the assignment of the command to four angels instead -of to Nlichael favors an English origin. The survivi.rg (or hitherto discovered) evidence mä1,, however, give a false impression of a sharp divide between "English" and "Irish" formulations, and the evidence does, in any case, unambiguouslv favor an Insular origin for ReuJnAnt clt. 7. Resurrection at age thirty (o, thirtg-three) (7,2). A says that the resurrected dead rvill all be thirt-v years old; R says
-
thirty-three. (-h: ' 3,23: incipient ,:tl tion bodr'. uith i--: fidei et agn Ilt,,rr:. atatis plen[turh'i, . Aetas Spiritril['. i' als ldeal frült:ft ^'' ' p. 148 -162: ]1. I 1986, p. 56-i7: ]l 'l-, ,' The Patricittrt
:
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Hiberniae
1t)
l.
I
)
r.
;
ty-three is h a ..' i adding the tht'r,-' I' 11,5); this is th' Eserqi § 8 (\\-. \ 23e).
The walJs ,,1
,L
mure morluls rlti-
qui in ipsis et'(Iit:, Only A llt'c>r'1 " beasts; I I'elt-'t': that a fuller ii.t :.
R. Brt'cxH.\)r. The Fate of tht I and a numltel- l,
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Bauckham cit e:
.'
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"
2,232-23; tr tl i vol. 2, p. 627 t. .: r. : and transl. Llt'n,- - j lion, Lond o tt 1 1tt ' grave, or Sheol . -'. cles
.
passage
in Th,' .\
'
also refers tr-r thL '
.
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.
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ul pa.(otlsap Eas ar{} Jo eAE./y\ aq}
:pBap rlar{} dn Fur^lF arlJ puE Eas Jo s}uatuala aq} o} sralar oslB 1l asnBsa q ruvufoau 01 lsasolc sr saporo auq\fiqls aqJ ur aFessed aq+ 'asaql JO 'patunsuoc per{ Är.lt }Er{,\\ {JEq a.trF III,\I (spllq 'r{slJ's}seaq FurÄ;reads Ä1snor-rel) slerrrrue }Er{} Ioaqs ro'are;F 'q1;ea aql o+ af,uaraJar aql o1 sppe '(t g-g3 'd '996l uopuo-I'uo!l ,AJJrySAY AW UO AStWAq ScuDqlnUAJ 'SXv,t g lsauJa 'lsuBJl puB 'pa) yT,t sturo) auory)arrnsar aO 'uerllnlral puB '(LZg 'd oZ'lo^ IrJAt) V n7a6 Jo asdfiptodv'(Igt 'd ol'lo^ dJd L1T,-Z1Z,Z sap -DrO auq1frqg '(ZV'd 'I 'lo^ dJd g'Ig tpoug f salrc urerl{rneg rlarr{.^.r roJ'ad{1 }uerre^ aq1's}xa} leqdÄrcode Jo Jaqunu E pue tl'g2 oaü Furlra '6BU-69Z'd '966I uopraT 'pna7 atil Jo aq,q attl ut',,pEaC aq+ {JBg Fur.trg sE uor}caJJnsat{,,'rArvHxonvg'H {q passncsrp uor}rper} aq} Jo }uBrrBA E sr y ur .(11er1red pue U ur paArasa;d Furpua ar{J'uorssrusuBr} ur }sol uaaq AIqe -qo-rd sBq u ul +Er{} o} IBtr}uopr }ou Jr rBlrrurs }sll rallnJ e }Er{} Ä11dnrqe os spua }xa} aq+ +nq 'a;lJ o1 .(1uo sraJar V rslseaq pueo;a1e,t'a.rlJ {q srl}Eop Jo pBIrT aq} salrasa"rd U Äluo 'luora slsd1 ut Ub sonlJotn rynlapap snnJu! p sJotil p luoJa oa ut Ub sonlJotil alDur oaq 'J3 '(Z'L) uo4tn4sap frnpoq Jo sfiom attl
npap
p :El'02
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{q \e paArJJE 'r{}Eap slq +e aFe s,}srl{J uo paseq sr aarql-,(1 -rlr{} a;nFr; aAr}Eura}le aqJ '0L'd '6L61 ullqnO ,(0I avruraqtH lullDT satoldtrrs) q|nruty Jo loog aw ut swal uontrlod attl 'usrsrg ''I 'pa '(t)'g I lpulpcl 'S DIIA 6r,lrlrrrn1l : Lg-gq .d ,9g6l
aFpuqtue3 'aJ!1 quoly Jo a6y paJn4 aqJ'a.tog 'HI :ZgI-BfI .d 'ZL6l uuog '(VZ Dnuoqdoaql) suaqaT uatptllstttptlnfl papl s1p uaJn\ssranv uaq)qruwu rap Aunputmraqn alo'stllllrlds sopv
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522
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
Again, those u,hom the flesh-devouring destroved bv flame, these also he will gather and set at the tribunal of God."
Another close parallel occurs in trphraem's Sermon on the Fear of God and on the End, lines 502-515: "All whom the sea has drunk, whom the wild animals have eaten, whom the birds have ripped asunder, whom the fire has burnt, all these will awaken and arise and come forth at the trvinkling of an eye" (cited b"v I,I. Hnxze, The Sgriac ApocalApse of Daniel, p. 110-111, n. 147; ed. tr. BECK, Des Heiligen Ephraem des Sgrers Sermones III ICSCO 320, Scrip tores Syri 13 B] , Louvain 7972, p. 9; transl. C. W. BrrNUnI , The Resurrection of the Bodg in Western Christianitg, 200-1336 flectures on the Historg of Religions], New York 1995, p. 75; as Bynum notes, Ephraem's sermon is regarded by some as the ultimate source of a Byrantine iconographic motif in which beasts and fish are shown
regurgitating the bodies of the dead, a motif that recurs in some Western representations.) For other patristic passages listing "the ways of bodily destruction and the resurrection", see J. E. Cnoss, "On The \Vanderer Lines 80-84: A Study of a Figure and Theme", Vetenskaps-So cietetens i Lund. Ärsbok (1958-1959), p. 75-110, ät p. 104-108. The resurrection of bodies whether burned, dror,vned, or eaten, combined with the motif of the awakening of the dead by angels (or by l\{ichael), has close parallels both in Old Irish and in Old trnglish. Indeed, most of the \rernacular texts cited above in connection with the motif of the angels awakening the dead continue immediatelv" with lists of the wavs of bodilv destruction
earth
lccs^
-.
;1
t 1 1l
7 uträ st'l
i-
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:
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u
.
und h,,,
sE
ilies, p. "a
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lorve cl
t
lr,
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in tlte eir I'..
Et resurgent omneis [sic] gentes. Ereochaid na huile o bas isin lö sin frisin forcongur sin .i". cach neach ro sluic talam 7 ro baith sea
all ed.
.
t'l I
beasts rlt \
1s triasin forconqra sin atresat na huli daine a bas .i. doneoch ro sluic talam 7 atüatar biasta 7 ro baid usce 7 ro loisc tene. "By that command all men will arise out of death, to wit,, u'homsoever earth has swallowed, and beasts have devoured, and water has drowned, and fire has burnt" (Scela na Esörgi, ed. and transl. W. Sroxns, "Tidings of the Resurrection", p. 236-237, § 4).
'
besr:t:it,:-.
/as ()n l,Lr,jhonrilr- irr :
:
muir 7 ro loisc tenid 7 aduadar piasta. "Et resurgent omneis gentes. All men shall arise from death on that day at that proclamation, that is, all those rvhom
S\\
and u'itotiC. Bnn \.. \
-.
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ra^aoslBr{lN puB r{lBap urorJ asrrB IIIA uaur IIE uaq} puB "' ,, '(qq 'd 'salryutoH qp)ray aqJ 'ccvrros 'O 'C 'pa 'II {1ruog rllarra^) pasttn 6ap fi{ 77na'uotaqoT sn1afrnJ L uo1afl roap aprym L apuasaq as L aparpua1\toJ ftfrJ] L q1namstoJ ra aproa Dms L agoap Jo gnstrn uaur anoa auuo{ L
sauufrtuout Wmq nms
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'tI
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r& alq a{ qna{
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A REVtrLATION OF JOFIN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
521
1 ponne ealle arisaö, srua hwet srua eoröe forsruealh 1 fA, forbarnde 1 s& besencte 1 wilde deor fraton 1 fugelas tobxron, ectl
pat
on
ho^
dage arist. (Vercelli Homilv
XXI,
ed. D.
G.
ScnAGG, The Vercelli Homilies, p. 358). "
... and then all will arise, rvhatsoever earth swallowed
or fire burned or sea submerged or wild beasts devoured or birds carried off, all that on that day arises"). Donne arisaö ealle pa men, pa öe mid gebregedngssum on deaöe sruulton, fram bo^ feower healfum pgses middaneardes, b*t sgndon pa öe on pgsum life on fArc forbarnede ru&ron oööe on watere adrencte ruEron oööe on rode ahangene waron oööe on moröre waron ofslagene oööe wildeor freton oööe fugelas tobaron ealle pa ponne at pare bgman stefne arisaö... (.d. J. Bl^zIRE J. tr. Cnoss, Eleuen Old trnglish Rogationtide Homilies, Hom-
ily 3, p. 50). " Then all those people will arise who had perished suddenly Io, with terror] in death, from the four ends of this earth, that is those who in this life were burned b-v fire or drowned in r,vater or hanged on a cross or slain b.v murder or that wild beasts devoured or birds carried off : all then r,vill arise at the sound of that trumpet..."
On the motif of the resurrection of bodies destroyed in different ways in these Old trnglish homilies see especiall.v J. tr,. Cnoss, "On The Wanderer"; further H. TnrsrRAN,I, Vier altenglische Predigten, p. 281-282; R. J. S. GnrNr, Three Homilies, p. 76 (these scholars cite some of the same apocryphal sources as Bauckham, but none was aware of ReuJnAnt). Tristram cites as a possible ultimate source Julian of Toledo, Prognosticum futuri saeculi 3,29, u,hich is not as close as ReuJnAnt. The list of the wavs of bodily destruction lends itself to extension and variation, but most of the vernacular versions agree with ReuJnAnt in enumerating sea, fire, and beasts, though not in the same order. All except the Rogationtide homily agree against ReuJnAnt in adding to the list those swallowed by the earth. However, since A breaks off rvith the word ignis, it may be that -R's somewhat odd specification "in the earth" in quicquid ignis combuscit (sic) in terra is an accidental conflation of an original *quicquid ignis cambussit uel terra deglutiuit (o, some other verb meaning "swallowed"). The Old trnglish homilies all mention birds as r,vell as wild beasts
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NOI.tCnCOU.tNr
530
A RIi\TtrLATIO\ OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
sentences
in each section are numbered as in \Vriqht's edition,
although the order of sentences is not ahvavs the same in the Irish texts. Those parts of the Irish texts not corresponding to material in Wright's critical editions are marked in italics.
Manuscripts L
Book of Ltsrrt ttt''
1.30 1., of the Der-«,tt:l110",
Two facsitrtilr lt text wel'e Ill lt, I ,. , L1
.
Dublin, Rc)\'itl i E
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Lz Dublin, Rovtil I: Seosamh O L,
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L3 Dublin,
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Rovrrl
ten bY St'ttqitl' :'
L4 Dublin, \trti,ll
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316 (218). u t'i
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532
THE STORY OF ANTICFIRIST HERE
L8 Dublin, Royal Irish Acadeffiy, 23 P 18
(693), p. 9-10, u,,ritten
by Uilliam Ö hÖgäin, 1825-1829.
Le
Dublin, National Library of Ireland, by Peadar Ö Longäin, 19th cent. (')
Lro
Cambridge Add . 4183 (14), p. Longäin, 7844-1846.
G
156, p. 141-741, written
186 -187,
L* Dublin, National Librarv of Ireland,
written by
Peadar ö
G 669, p. 204-207, writ-
ten by Seäghan do Barradh, 1864.
Editorial Policy With regard to the expansion of abbreviations and insertion of length-marks in this text and the two others edited below,
I have followed the editorial policy for the Infancy Narratives in volume 13 of Series Apocrgphorum (2).
(1) According to N. Ni SuäAGHDHA, Catalogue of lrish Manuscripts in the l{ational Librarg of lreland: Fasciculus X, p. 81, the Storv of Antichrist in National Library of Ireland G 476 was apparentlSr the exemplar for the copy in this manuscript. (2) M. McNIMARA C. BnperxACH J. Crnpn t\t. HBnBERT P. Ö FTINNACHTA D. Ö LaoGHATRE (eds.), Apocrgpha Hiberniae I. Euangelia infantiae (CCSA 13),Turnhout
J.-D. KIESTLI B. Ö Cufv 2001, p. 35-37,146.
The story of Antichrist here 3 The Lord said that it would be the devil who would come human form, rämely, Antichrist (1), w,ho would perform great signs among the people and he will saA that he is the true 1,
in
son of God, the one who has alwags been generallg prophesied, and no ane will dare to saA that Christ came before him to succour the human race. 4 And John the Evangelist said to Jesus ('): "O
Lord, what shape u'ill that rnan have so that we might leaue a ruritten description of hi- ('), so that he might be recognized bg his euil deeds and so that he should not be helieved after he has
"
sg=
! 3 ^{r1rrörri; i curp dtrctt,t poblaibh t't ,i,i'' tarngaire trt[l, '' roime cl'f ltr ,i t' i i" ' Soiscölaitlc t't - .
"
n-aitheont
r
ri
,tir
aithne. "
been recognized?"
2 7 The Lord said that he would be born of a harlot of the tribe of Daniel in Bethlehem, that he would be reared in the Carbuban, and that he would live in the city called Besasta. 2 His body will be six hundred lengths high and fortv in rvidth. 3 And he will have a single e,ve protruding from his forehead, his face will be as one flat surface and his mouth will extend as far as his chest. 4 He will have no upper teeth in his head and he w'ill not have knees,5 and the soles of his feet
(1) in Diahal do thicfad a curp daena .i. Antecrist, "... the devil who would come in human form, namel-y, Antichrist". As noted b-v Wright, we maJ" compare here the follor,ving tert from Da Brön Flatha Nime (hereafter DBtrN), "The Two Sorrou,s of the Kingdom of Heaven": diabul i rrtcht duine int[ Ancrlst, "that Antichrist is a devil in the shape of a man" from edition b__v John Carey in present volume, § 12. (2) Et adubairt Eöin Soi sc ölaide re hisa aithne, "And John the Evangelist said to Jesus recogni zed". \\re may compare here a very short text in National Librarl' of Ireland, G I, fol. 3'', l. 7-1, written by Pilip Ballach htla Duibhgeandäin in 1579-158,1: Ro fhiarfaigh Eoin Suibhisgöl don Tigerna ga huair do thicfad Antec.rist. Adubairt Crist: "er7 uair bhus slan arc gan erbai"d ticfus se", er ctn Tigerna (there are lines of erasure through lines 3 and 4 of the text as it stands in the manuscript, thus making thern partly illegible), "John the Evangelist asked the Lord when Antichrist would come. Christ said: 'When rvithout harm he will come,'said the Lord".'fhis short text is preceded on fol.3., 1.15-17 by another short (and partlv illegible) text on the death of Antichrist:
do geinfitle h.' .-, mbeth nrt t'lt, :.. beil" .ui. r'et I,.' 3 Agus öttshiii. a ucht. 4.\r,i:: ' glüine aig-i 5 :
archaingeul tLI''.is-bert Dunrt'1 ,,r .
death of Anti, i.:.-
the conrnlarrrl
,
-
ecy...?)".
(3) c0 bhf'tt, t,J,
'
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.
.
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i
pslJcaluurv I?Ss,,
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536
THE STORY Otr ANTICHRIST HERE
be round like a cart-wheel. z He u'ill have horrible black hair.8 And there will be three fiery fumes out of his nose and
will
out of his mouth rising in the air like flames of fire. 3 r And nobody in the world rvill be able to hide himself from him. 3 And he will put a written sign rn'ith a red-hot iron on the forehead of everv person who believes in him and no one in the world r,vill be able to conceal that sign until the DaA of Judgement. 2 And he u,ill kill all who will not belieue in him he will awaken the and these w,ill be among God's elect. 4 sinners u,ho are underdead in imitation of Christ and it is the^nd stood in that case and he will tear the trees up by their roots and he will put their roots up and he will bring their fruit out through their roots by the powers of the devil and the rivers will turn upward in that man's time. 4 z Son will kill father, and father son, and brother will kill brother and there will be neither faith nor honour at that time. 4 And he will destroy the churches and the priests will flee and they w'ill not remember the relics of the saints who came before them or the churches in which the saints had been. 3 And the women who rn'ill be serving then (1) will be rvithout modesty and they will not conceal their shame or their nakedness. l And on the day that Antichrist will be born, there will be a person dead in every single house throughout the four quarters of the world. 5 7 And afterrvards the two prophets who are today in paradise, rämely, trlijah and Enoch, u,ill come to do battle with him. And theg will be fighting with one another for three hundred and fortg dags 2 and afterruards he r,vill kill them both 3 in the Plati, namely, in the palace of the city of Jerusalem. And they will he dead for three and a half da.vs and nobodg in the ruorld will dare to burg them fo, fear of Antichrist. a And at midday
(1) na mna bias ag umaloit ann, "the women who will be serving then". The manuscript reading for ag umalott is a-g umaloit. Hvor, "Nledieval Account of Antichrist", p. 397, translated na mna bias ag umalöit ann as "the women w'ho shall be making submission there" and Hpnnnnr, Irisft Biblical Apocrgpha, p. 150, translated as "the women serving in church". LImalöit (. Latin humilitatem) can mean lorn'I1, service of any kind. It is difficult to know what precisely is the sense intended in the Irish text. None of the Latin r,ersions specifies particular women.
10
beit tri dethai-. mar lasracltrr t, .: ' 3 7 Agus ril gach duine t'r't'. : Ie hiarunp rlrit__:_ d'f holach cu l,t marbaid iat u isö na mairlth .: r'
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538
THE STORY OF ANTICHRIST HERE
then, they will rise to life in the presence of all and an angel ruill descend from heauen and rutll saA to them: "O trlijah and Enoch, come henceforth into eternal life." And theg will ascend then in the presence of all the people. And there will come an earthquake and great fierg thunder upon the hosls at that time and euerA person who r»ill be ruith Antichrist will be burnt and killed bg the poruer of God. s And afterwards almight5r God will send the archangel Michael to save the people, with his sword drawn in his hand and he will kill Antichrist with a single blow for he will make two parts of him from the top to the ground. And it is not to destroy Antichrist that Michael will strike this blow but to convert the world to a better state . And it is then that euerA pagan, Jeru, and gentile (1) will conuert to the Catholic faith. 6 And only three and a half years will remain after that until the Day of Judgement et cetera.
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512
CoNCERNING THE CoMING OF THE FINAL JUDGENIENT
There are four extant copies of the composite text in E (')
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+
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Dublin, Royal Irish Acadeffiy, 23 M 7 (287 ), p. 452-460, written by Micheäl Og Ö Longäin, 1818-1819. Dublin, Royal Irish Acadeffiy, E u 5 (203), P. 109 -120, written by Pöl Ö Longäin, 1819. Dublin, Royal Irish Acadeffiy, 23 B 26 (500), P. 277-218, written by Uilliam mac Dhömhnuil ui Dhuinninn, 1819. Dublin, Royal Irish Acadeffiy, 3 B 10 (260), P. 169-175, written by Pöl Ö Longäin and lVlicheäl ÖS Ö Longäin, 1820. There are also two extant copies which do not contain the ending from L:
H
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H
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Dublin, Royal Irish Acadeffiy, 23 G 24 (257), p. 418-420, written by Micheäl Ög Ö Longäin, 1795-1833.
Dublin, National Library of Ireland, G 360, p. 364-368, written by tr,oghan Töibin, 1815-1832.
(1) Cf. C. BnBrtxAcI{, "On the Transmission, Text and Authorship of the Poem 'l\Iac an Cheannai"' Eigse 36 (2008), p. 113-131, at p . 128-130.
,i;ifl
Concerning the corning of the final judgernent
Do thoighio
I 7 Johnes Evang: interrogavit de fine saeculi. John the Evangelist asked the Lord for an account of the end of the world. 2 And the Lord answered and said: "'Sol et luna convertentur in sanguinem', that is, the sun and the moon will be turned into the colour of rapidlg running blood at this time
7 7 Johllc: I-' hfrigh Eoin \u-r -'an dörnhain. 2 .", et luna ct-)n\-t--t'-,-
and there utill be a black mist on the shining brightlg-coloured sun and the shining moon with beautiful face will be harsh, black, dark and turbid (1), and trulg poisonous streams of red blood
dubhaircheo
will be flowing and pouring from the fresh green-leafed trees
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dering mauement of their own accord. The people in the whole world will change. e 'Antechristus .i. diabolus faciet magna prodigia in populo' and then there will be a calamitous grieuous lord with a repulsiue forehead and there ruill be in the kingship and rule of Antichrist improprietg (2) in the world and he will perform contrary wondrous great signs among the people and he will s(tA that he is the true son of God and that it is he who has been generallg prophesied and no one will dare to saA that Christ cume to succour the human race." 4 Then John asked the Lord r,vhat form, shape, make or appearance he r,vill have so that he would be recognized in the hope that we would not believe him afterwards.
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(1) cömhbuartha, "turbid". F-or the meaning here cf. DII.,.s.rr. "büaidritl", "disturbs, troubles" which is also attested with the meaning "stirs
Cid ntr'tt' ii'i: d'anotl'r'li'..
up, muddies, makes turbid" \\,hen used of rvater. (2) annfhoirfe. The manuscript reads annfhoirse; cf. cuirse for cuirfe § 3. For annfhoirfe () nqptnauurcl roJ ororl Furllads
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548
CONCERNING THE CO}IING OF TFIE FINAL JT;DGENIENT
3 1. And nobody in the world will be able to hide himself from him. 3 And he will place a mark with a red-hot iron on the forehead of everyone who will believe in him and no one in the world can conceal that mark until DoomsdaA. z And he will kill every person who utill not belieue in him and they will be among God's elect. John the Euangelist sCIys.' he is not the deuil himself but the true son of the deuil hauing perfected himself in him from then on. He ruill sil arrogantlg in Solomon's temple in Christ's place, making law and ordinance himself and destroging the law of and deuotion to the Mightg One because he will do something contrarg to euerA good thing Christ did. For it is on account of that, that there is this lack of belief in Antichrist, that is, he is contrarA to C/rrisl (1). For bg means of hideously coloured deuilish spirits he makes great fireballs and streams of qreat flames reach the uaults of the firmament, from there to the ground and the fuU earth. And ruoe to him ruho reproaches that being, namelg, the ertinction of humanitg and the grtnder of mast and great fruits, the bringing forth of famine and of ordinarA land (?) and that accursed uerA powerful being is the beginning of torment and plague (2) and lamenting, deserter of proper faith and law, the denier of kinship, the denial of baptism, the destruction of altar and church and the end of euerg goodness ancl souereigntA except
3 7 Agus n. 3 Ag,rs gac'ir
n,1..
dan le hiut'rut
,i.-
ItOnA Ann
,, ..lI,
So/aimh e
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10
maith do-ruirt
;
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15
Oir
"
the bringing forth of
f
.
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cüora tron'rrt /itr.' ct bhfroighibh ,rr,r i s mairg tdir [', i.. ,
t'
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.
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and of ordinarv land ( ?) and that accursed verv powerf ul being is the beginning of torment and plaoue". I am uncertain as to the significance of gnaththalnthun, "of ordinary land" here. f.nless some derogatory sense
'
muirbhfes€r-i-,
Dublin 1927, s.u. "liopa" is "seal's flipper". The corresponding reading in Text 1is beit buinn a chos comchruinn amail roth cartach, "the soles of his feet will be round like a cart-r,vheel" and that of Wright's critical edition (§ 2, 1) is plante pedurn rolunde quasi rote plaustri, "the soles of his feet will be round like the wheels of a cart". ( ) Oir i s uime-sin ata an t-amhras-so air Ainticrist r. contrarclha do Crlst ö, "F'or it is on account of that, that there is this lack of belief in Antichrist, that is, he is contrary to Christ". Cf. as uime-sin ata an t-ainm sin fair .i. Anticriosd .i. contrarrdha do Chriosd, "it is on account of that that he has that name, namel5,', Antichrist, that is, he is contrarv to Christ" in the corresponding section of Text 3 belorv. (2) gein qhorta agas ghnaththalmhun 1 is tosach pöine 1 plaighe an ghein mhallaighthe ardchömhachtach-sino
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ap snaJpnn pu auulnpu qceF sn8y z'Dqprqq uD pl ob q:telloJ,p uls-Br{}rnuoc uE r{}lq rre r{ceau al rlpl?J ru L 8.reap uererq al uep -Eg-u E BI{}rnuroc ?s qplJrrnf, gp serJprr.r.t aurrrnpu qce8 snFy t
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aq puY Z 'fropslrlli,i y auo ou puB ullq rr I -
uo uoJr l0q-pa.r r? Li -, Jlasurrq aplq o1 rl,i,
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_
,,
r
5 k
550
CONCERNING THE CoN,IING oF THE FINAL JLTDGEN,TENT
fo, the souereigntA of heauen alone. G t) For on the night that he will be born a person will be dead in everv single house of the sorrowful world and there will be weeping in euerA doorwag of the ruhole world and the sun ruill be dark and the moon will be CIs blood to mark that abom"inable being. Because in that man's time women will abandon their modesty and lords their decorum, people their great goodliness, the priests their psalms and euerAone their righteousness and confession and no woman will conceal her female parts nor man his humanitg ('). a And he will awaken the dead, "et eradicabit arbora", he will tear the trees up by their roots and he will set their roots uppermost above them and he will cause fruit of false goodliness to come upon them by the powers of the devil. "Convertet flumina retrorsum", he will turn the rivers and the flowing streams back-
(4 1) Oir un
25
gach aointiq ,1, .. doman uilt - t.t do chomhurth,t '' si n tröigf iti Il r: r. ct
römhai"se
"f
r,l
"et eradicahit 30
-7 cuirfe se
i: I
i
it i I
:
toradh bre Ilt lt,, . "Convertet llr:n... na srotha si lt r r, , . 4 2 lluirl-,h t i, ni bhiaidh r'r',-.. 1 ior an eag-ltris ,,.'aidh cial trii r-'r..t. nä eagluis Ilr :. , aq
.
:
:
-
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na
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6 Tuitfidh Itil huisgöadhailrir
christ.
30 cuirfe scrtTrsi
(2) agas nt bhiaidh cial na cuimhne acudh. An t-ionad a rabhadar naoimh na eagluis ni haitheontaoi iad, "and the-v will have neither sense nor memory. The place in r,vhich saints or church were would not be recogni zed". The text lacks continuity here and the conditional form ni haitheontaoi, "would not be recogni zed" is unusual; it rvould seem to be a corruption of the corresponding section in Text 3: 1 ni bhiaidh cuimhne air thaisibh naomh da ttainig rompa 1 budh cuma leö an t-ionad a raibhadair naoimh nö eagluis, "and there will be no memory of the relics of saints who preceded them and they rvill not care about the place in which saints or church were".
.
e hhl',t',, .. ,: nafearQtlh,trttl;''
proper conseuated churches used to practise mass offices and obedience to the Lord up to that time. 6 The stars wilt fall on earth and the waters will be turned into blood in the time of Anti-
(1) daonacht, "humanity" makes no sense in the present context and is clearl.v a corruption of denacht, "nakedness" found in the corresponding section of text 1.
:
tacht 1
wards.
4 z F ather will kill son and brother will kill brother and there will not be faith in anyone at that time. a The church will be destroyed at that time and faith and justice will be abandoned and they rn'ill have neither sense nor memory. The place in which saints or church were would not be recognized (2). Penitential stations, altars , shrines, scribes, learning , priests and high clergg will be abandoned Canons will lament and monks ruill decline on seeing laws and altars of the heathens where
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-I\'\.
,
-
--
552
CONCERNING THE COMING OF THE FINAL JUDGE},,IENT
5 1, It is then that the tu,o prophets who are in paradise, namely, trlijah and Enoch will hear of the retribution that will be brought upon the rece of Adam bg the Antichrist at that time. Enoch son of Methuselah will go as a human bodg at that time from the uerA bright abodes of paradise 2 to fight against the Antichrist (1) and theg will giue battle to one another and he will kill them both 3 in the Plati, rämely, in the palace of the city of Jerusalem. And they will be dead for three and a half days and nobodg in the world will dare to burg them fo, fear of Antichrist. a And at midday then, they will rise to life in the presence of all and an angel will descend from heauen and ruill saA to them: "O trlijah and Enoch, come henceforth into eternal life." And theg ruill ascend then in the presence of all the people. And there will come an earthquake and great fiery thunder upon the lrosls at that time and euerA person who will be with Antichrist will be burnt and killed bg the power of God. 5 And afterwards almighty God will send the archangel Michael to save the people, with his sword drawn in his hand and he rn,ill kill Antichrist with a single bloru for he will make two parts of him from the top to the ground and it is not to destroyr Antichrist that Michael will strike that blow but to convert the r,vorld to a better state. And it is then that euerA pagan, Jew, and gentile will conuert to the Catholic faith. 6 And onlv three and a half years will remain after that until the Day of Judgement et cetera.
I
E,noc (tn ,l'.'
tan-sin. Ghtrtl'' ,'
ö ltlt,,ti':" Ainticrist - t' ," aon 3 isin Plr,. mödhön laoi n daonu
euqla ^lnlt'r'f 10
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+
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dia
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to
.
:
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20
ccreidiomh L, ti, as-sin go 1ii in i;
..1
will give battle
'
flicitrl
5 z Enoc .(, r' s gluaisfidh .,I '
(1) d'ioncalhughadh an Ainticrist. It is at this point that the section of text u,ritten by \{icheäl Ö Longäin breaks off. The remainder of the text was copiecl bv his son, iVlicheäl Ög,from the version found in I-. \Iicheä1
E
i.
mbethaiclh (t ,L'.; ' -t adöra ,se riil
tus
Ög adds the words 1 bherfuid" cath da cheile, "and they one another" to link the two different sections.
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Concerning the corning of Antichrist
D.:
'1, 1. It is here that John the Evangelist asked Christ for an account of the end of the world. z The Lord answered him and this is what he said: "The sun and the moon will be
turned into the colour o/ blood at the end of time and the shining brightlg-coloured sun will be black, dark and of hideous colour and the bright-sided tranquil moon will be mistg and dark and turbid ('). And rapidly mouing streams o/ blood will be flou,ing out of the hard tough trees making sens ible conversation with one another (') and mouing laboriouslg and in a wandering manner of their own accord All the people and the whole r,vorld will change . 3 And then the great grieuous lord with a repulsiue forehead will come and Antichrist ruill be a king ruithout rule ouer the world and he will perform contrary rn ondrous great signs among the people and he ruill saA that he is the true son of God and that it is he ruho has been generallg prophesied and no one dares to saA that Christ came to succour the human race." 4 And John the Evangelist said to the Lord: "\\rhat appearance or shape will he have so that we might leave his description and the nalne of his lifetime (') (?) so that we should recognise him b-v his deeds and that we rvould not believe him afterwards?"
(1) comhbhuartha. The reading of f here is comhai.rtha, "sign" and that of Z is an comhartha, " the sign", neither of which makes an)' sense. IIl, .*".räution is based on the corresponding section of Text 2. (2) Agus beidh srotha foluaimneach fola aig sileadh as ne crannaibh
cruatdhe cadanta aig comhradh cöillidhi- re chöile, "And rapidlv moving streams of blood lvill be flowing out of the hard tough trees rnaking sensible con\rersation with one another". Text has clearlv been omitted
here; cf. l biaidh srotha firntmhneacha fola flannruadh ag silidh
agas
teibiorsain as ne crannaibh üra glasduilleogacha na fiodhbhuidhe et lapides dabunt uoces l bhiarfaid na clocha uuagha comhradh da cheile, "and trulv poisonous streams of red blood will be florving and pouring from the fresh green-leafed trees of the forest 'et lapides dabunt \,oces' and the hard stones will converse with one another" Text 2, § 1. (3) a thuarasgabhail 1 ainm a bheatha, "his description and the name of his lifetime". The text seems to be corrupt here (Z reads ainm 7 for 1 ainm); cf. a thuaruscbdil suibhtha, "his written description" Text 1, § 1.
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CONCERNING THE COMING OF ANTICHRIST
558
t
The Lord said that he will be born of a harlot of the in Bethlehem and that he u'ill be reared in the citt, of Bablyon and he will live (t) in the city which w'ill be called Bisargita and these are the four ruorst people who were euer born, that is, l{ero, Pontius Pilate and Simon l,[agus and this being is ruorse than all of these, namelg, Antichrist, the banisher of the righteous, a ruretched accursed creatttre, the denier of diuinity, the inuoker of misbelief and the true, proper son of the d"euil and ruoe to him utho ruill liue in that man's time, namely, Antichrist. 2 And it is thus that man will be, his bod-v will be two hundred lengths high and forty lengths (') in its width and he will haue smooth, sleek, brightlA shining hair. 3 And there will be a single eye in a dark gre-v-blue, angr), harmful forehead and he will haue a black deuilish coulter as a nose and he will 2
2 7 As c' lt,l.. ; fighthair r, ,i,,
race of Satan
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nose with its three enormous smoky openings and fier.,v flames above his head . He will haue gums ruith small teeth in /ris uerA spacious mouth (+) to the middle of his breast and a solid deuilish hideouslg t:oloured flat surface in his jaw. a And he will have
only one tooth in the upper part of his palate 6 and he will have rr€ry great ribs. 4-5 And he will not have knees and the soles of his feet will be circular lips like cart-r,vheels ('). 7 And he will have black hideouslv coloured hair.
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(1) 'na chomhnaidhe. The readings a chosmhuilacht 1,, a chosamhlacht Z which nlean " his likeness" make no sense here. \'Iv emendation here is based on the reading in Text 1, § 2. Text 2 reads do cöimheonodh, "he would live".
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(2) agus as amhlaidh bhias sö, dha chead feadh a bhfad a chuirp, "and it is thus that man rvill be o his bod-v rvill be two hundred lengths high ". This mistaken reading has seemingll resulted from confusion betrveen the numeral sl, "six" and the personal pronoun sö "he". (3) mailghe mongach mongriabhach, " long-haired su,arthv-haired e-\'ebrows". The adjective mongach, "long-haired, hairv" seems somervhat superf luous here and is omitted in Z. Corresponding to mongach here,
lls I-.
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Text 2 has molbhthach, "praiseworth.v, famed, reno\Ä'ned" which, as noted above, seems out of context.
(1) ina bhöul. [Iere f reads ina mheadha, the meaning of u,hich unclear to me.
is
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note on Tert ). t he precise :i::. responds s'ith
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560
CONCERNING THE COMING OF ANTICHRIST
3 t And nobody in the world will be able to hide himself from him. 3 And he places a mark with a red-hot iron on the forehead of everyone who will belier,e in him and no one in the world can hide himself from him or from that mark till the Dag of Judgement. 2 And he r,vill kill everv person who will not belieue in him and they will be among God's elect CIs John
3 '/., Agtr: nfair. 3 .\qtt) .:
the truangelist sags: he is not the deuil himself assuming a human bodg but he is a. true son hauing been born from the deuil hauing perfected himself in him. He ruill sil dorun mysteriouslg and
arrogantlg in Solomon's great temple in Christ's place, mak[ng laws and rules himself and destroging the laws and the great poruer of God and great deuotion to Him and he will do something contrarg to euerA good thing Christ did. And it is on account of that that he has that name, namelg, Antichrist, that is, he is contrarg to Christ. For bg means of hideouslg coloured deuilish spirits
2
theantftri rr r.t.
_
l beidh sia,i i:.1 nl hö (tn rlr.,1) .:CIs Inec r1r .r , . ' e. Suidltl',' \, \ a n-ionud (.1:r ' aig sgrirts I, nl maith tlrL ,' .' ,
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he makes a great fierg pouring and streams of great flames come from the uaults of the firmament (1) to the ground and the fuU earth. And u)oe to him ruho will outrage this abominable being,
theacht
namelu, Antichrist, that is, the ertinction of humanitg and destruction of goodness and great fruits, and he i s the bringing forth of famine and plague. And belief in Christ and desire for his coming to do good ruill be abandoned. (4 1) For on the night that he will be born a person will be dead in every dooru,'ay in the world and sun and moon will be darkened through terror of that abominable being. (4 3) In that man's time women u,ill abandon their modesty and lords their decorum, kings their great goodliness, priests their psalms and mankind their confession for there will not be woman with reason nor man with confession and no woman will conceal her female parts nor man /ris male parts. a And he will awaken the dead and he will tear the trees up by their roots and he will set their roots uppermost and they will bear fruit from the roots by the powers of the devil. And the streams will be turned upward in that men's time, namelg, Antichrist.
as gein gltt,i
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phsalmttihlt
nö fear q o Öli i, ,r ' a fhearrdh,t,'1., i
feadh se Ilri -1,. a n-airde - I'it' '. 30
an diabha il n-aimsir (ul i,i . -'
3 4 ön cirotnh:,. remo\-e tht,.r >.-.' L2: om. f
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3, ,:'-.
scripsi: tht'crt1..' F
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(1) ö fhraighthibh na firmaminte, "from the vaults of the firmament". read s threathaibh and Z reads thrathaibh, neither of
le na lin. "t\-rt
or fhraighthibh, I
which makes anv sense to me.
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"
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JSIUH.TI - -,,
v-t
}
-larqq uü pl o6 urs-Erllrreqruorlr uo grr .rll? rlrlrloJ.ll ul?J ? ueq -urop ,e JIB tlceau al rlplgJ Iu L Freap urrr?.rr?ril al rlrgrsuuepB?-u Bul EI{}JIEI{tuoc as qpIJInc 9p solJplartlJ JtIIIll) tl.)t?oa sn31- t'JIEJ qJEIoJ,p ulgJ ? uerlruop ,E rre rloeau qplBJ[]Blr{l Irr snE5 T, t r9q
llll {rBru }Erl} rrr ..
l
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ur auo ou pu t? llr . JIastUIr{ aplq
o
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562
CONCERNING THE CON,TING OF ANTICHRIST
4 z And father
will kill son and son father, and brother
42 Agus Ir an bräthair i;tt
another brother, and there rn'ill not be faith in anvone at that time . a And all will be abandoned and belief in God and the church rvill be destroyed completely. Right and justice ruill be abandoned and there will be no memorr' of the relics of saints r,vho preceded them and they rn,ill not care about the place in which saints or church were. And churches, altars, shrines and scripture will be abandoned, and priests and great clergg will die. 5 Canons will lament and monks will decline on seeing altars of heathens in the places of consecrated churches in ruhich theg used to saA mass offices and prüAers to the powerful Lord in that time. 6 Then the race of Adam and Eve will rise up against
one another, everv king, e\rerv lord and every chief tain and a great plague and a famine will come in that time and the stars u,'ill fall on the earth and the waters and streams will be turned into blood in the time of Antichrist. 5 7 And it is then that the two prophets who are in paradise, namely, trlijah and Enoch will hear of the retribution and torment that Antichrist brings upon the race of Adam. Enoch, indeed, the gentle mün ruith bright teeth and beautiful hair, uerA greA (), of striking colour, brown-nailed, ruith beautiful mouth, pleasant and- of gentle speech. Elijah, moreouer, the gentle mellifluous man, noble, pleasant and amiable, of beautiful complexion, brown-haired, knowledgeable, trulg cleuer, prophetic, jogfrl, energetic, honourable and pious and those two go steadilg with smooth steps from paradise to the territories of India beside Babglon and
.
:
an üair-sin. 1
"
creidiorrth l),
-t ni lthiai,llt I budh ('tttt).r Agus triigl'i,rlti; a"gus eugf'ttirlli \ .
1 meithf 10
idlt
dhe ant tnt
lt
."
j
,
eirgheöchatlh:.
an lun-sitt :r..'. 15
do na hu isq. rr I 5 7 Jgtt.* r1," " :
Elias I Ett,i,
..
diosgurdltrült,L
thrach.
E li,
L,
,'
.;
shochairthtut,i,
faisdineach si
d an
11t
ti
,t
'
s-.s r'n
teamhpoill i' n-ri it
.
ngnäthairli:..' " aftd" rs - 5
Z
r
11
rt-ri:
.-
r chluintir,5 {"hol\"' Z 2
5
cradh ilo
.
c'h i1:'
-
,
.
3 mall fi.rt'lti.conscient iort:
"
,'-
nach, "ttoltlr-n. o dhathclirer Ili
7 fäilteach unusual in the present context.
u
q
seems
.
1..'i
mincheitttttrri jah" z
1:
..
'
:
4 s agus treiil.-.
cheile a
(1) forliath. This adjective rvhich I take to mean "ver1, $re1."
.
/Ir,,r.''
na tteumyt,tll , '' da
'
'
!-9
-llg pue qtoug {1atueu,, 'sEIIg L qooug B}B reru : J
z,,qEI rloeeurureqJu}ru
Ileur oF 8 Z'uto L qreaqlrlqlgrr IEIJ rnqulrBauuqpral r{rea}lrgJ alqou Jo,, 'qJerlqluapq8uap :J rlcellrnr{Juuop r{Jer{qlleaqpq}Eqp ,,snord,, '.qceaqlqqreJt : J rlrulgrlsJoes 9 Z Z
,,LLrroI
Z
-rlurq8eap : J qceauFuruuop Ertleqp-rnFsorp
+z
'snord 'a1qe;nouor{,, oqcesersuoc qceerl}qqrerJ IEIJ
SIUOaS,,r(atF
Ä
9
,, popurru-alqou,, 'qaeu nolluarcsu0c
:J
z
,,s
leaqFlreJRIJ IIEru
t
Z,,oJS Ilt,\e {r,ll r{olrt,trr }uatuJo} eq} JoJ uorJnqrJ}aJ ur,, 'pleJ}qc op TIpBJJ uE Iorpu f'uo el:J psolrcrluy rrar{q-op qpgrr ue L Iolp uB z Z ,,flotl.,, 'Bqlqtrrroeu 'ppv r{plgqJ Tsod Z ,,arltroJ III.^I,, 6qpeJcol} : J sorlurnlqJ D g
Z 'tuo ursue seBy 'psorJJrluV Jrsrure-u B I g - 9r Z u\s uE] uB :J rrrsue Z 'ulo urs-uB1 uE LT Z 'tuo L Z ,,pue,, 'snFe 'ppD prln Tsod Z slplqleu8u J slplBrlleFu :rsrftr.rs slplerllgu8u 0[ Z ,,ace1d ur urn] ur slopl Jo saldural eql pue,, ']lg-u E allgqo IoEJ IInpE 11rnduea1 L :J eqlForrsroc 11oduea11 Eu qqlllg-u e qplBl -1uea8 0r-6 ZJ qFreueo : r.sdr;rs q8reueuec 8 ,-I llrodqureal :7 Ä Z'uo qe ? Z'uto aunq Bu rear{lqFll8tq-r1 snFe e 7 11rndtueal
puv uofiqng ,)!ri, .. qlootils qltot titit,, .
Dtr oqrotn ofr snquJtryqd o q)Dauw!?tpultu nour ofr uts-stp uo pls -ruryb L WDaqruqlpn pil rntlutuvauwqppJ WDaWpJ tpvaLnpsq[ q)Dsol tpDlllnqJuuop tpDqqllvaqpqtvttp tpvuvqlrruq)oqs
-raua'pJfro[',ttt. 'uotraldruot 1rt lt; ; -Jma* a11uaf) ,ttt,)
,
: ,
tr1r1frn7J
ttlu!?ttsroDS tpUrqlUtrqqsTutil
uoltil rDaJ uD oran s?llg 'qr\rqt
-otrqquotut nluuolttl q)oasruqwp?q qtnau|uluuop DtilDqptn|solp t11aryoJ uumlanoJ paq|UmDl nvtil rDaJ uo oran tpoug 'qtttvqpv loltts r!0 psotntluv rrcqq-op qppn un L pru uD r{coug L sEIIg 'l' sBr{}rrlBdq e yw qpl-Br{J gp uE solutnrur ußuU sn6y g
fina 'tlotl
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'psolnquv .nsunU-u D r{qrBq}ors Eu op L eqpeaFsrnq Bu op IInJ rreluegqp L qtuEIB+ uE rlEJ Ellngr Bu rlplJllnl L uß-ull un E+roii I L rgr{trr qFtptd qpreJaor} L r{cBasrog} r{cBF L EureaqFrl I{oEF 'qFr; qcEF 'all?qt oJ Eqqg L quepv Iols r{per{rgaqFrrg UISUY I 'u7s-uol uD q)olq)Dqutnq) aqpqruloq) uop qurDuo?qp pp sryIotlTpufru D nq1\ottstu llodwuan Du
aqrubruurn L
uutlro prln
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L
sJBllE 6utaas, Ltt, rum fifua1.t lt
qFreueuec r{plJr{plog3 I 'Ittplrl?ltprtls L \tru6os tlppJ\nV snbn tn\dufrs L aut\qyt\s L oq)Drgllo snbn Tpncltuna\ rnaqruTlfrryt\ snöy 'srnlFea gu r{ruroeu rreper{qlgr e peuor-} uE gal Erunr r{pnq L eduor Flrlptt gp rlruogu r{qlslerl} rle rrrqurrnr qplelqq Iu L r!()) L rryaqrufr{1ta4 L uelruorr{ oE srel8ua L ?e qruupnr) Uon L annq Du rvaqrufrl|ta.4 srtfry- v'rrls-rlet1 uE
u I aceld aq+ ] i1o, slurBs JO SJrla.r Jl,. aq illm atrysnf l)Lti, aq] puo pog u,t i lerll 1E auo^iuu rrl .,
_
.
t{ceouoe-u E t{uolptaro llplaqq }u L alra Jrr?rl+ir.r([ rrr].rrErl]EJq uE L rleqle-} uE JEur uB L ceur uE JrErllE-] rre al.rrnur sn8y Z V
r'g
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561
CONCERNING THE COMING OF ANTICHRIST
to Jerusalem ruhere theg find (1) Antichrist making condemnation and he will laugh greatlg on seeing them coming to him and he
10
hlndhia luin, i', ' criosd ttig rl t ..'
'
,
will recite the folloruing
poem: Welcome are the journeAs on ruhich theg came the truo honourable illustrious elders
of Chrisl's folloruers with great spirit and courüge for mg destruction and great slaging {Pitiable is the man of great weakness On account of ruhom their laws will be abandoned A battle-field of fierceness, mA fullness upon ffi€, Greater on account of it, earlg rising i s welcome (') ] Great terror and fear utill come upon the elders on seeing Antichrist on a.ccount of his darkness and wickedness and then trlijah will saA to Enoch: "It could be possible that it is the end of the world and put on Uour arms and raiment so that we maA properlg defend the Christian faith (')." And Enoch will then saA to haughtg Antichrist: "O hideous abominable, dark ruicked creature, I haue neuer seen Aour likes before but I haue been accustomed to seeirg the angels of heauen and the beautiful birds of paradise, uerA green branches and uerA sweet streams and this world is euil noru. I recognise the assailing, terror and haughti ness of Antichrist." And it is here that those two contest with Antichrist, roughlg and fearfullg, and theg will be doing battle ruith one another fo, fortg dags but, be that CIs it lrtalt neither the unsheathed arm nor the sharp edge of a ridge [of a sruordJ of trlijah or Enoch affects uerA horrible Antichrist in that time. That is the fate of their destruction bg Antichrist. That is the life of Elijah from the middle of
IIoche(ulti :- l en f/f rf.S .st r,l., do nthui ni' ; t
'
du lt7(,t llllri,'
15
20
{trfuryh
['t,i:
ese leiq
l't'
,iti't,
'
.:
rae lutttt,
t:
Glacrull:
';"
aira
r1i
clhttih lu -
Enoch: 'clr,l^' ,.' .; h'arm t h'riri, ,:.
'a ghiollu cas
I
111-,:
"
,i .'
'-l
Crlosclaidhr 25
.
'
'
,r
d,-, nth,;,
'
'.
1 eöin dillt I" :
"
d'furcstrr ri. 30
agus ti«tltöli,r\ siad an tltl, .--. siad dhd f'htii.,
ni
'
ghabhr trt t't ,r '
Anticriosrl
.'
ri.'
'
'
gaidh le li l:
g mur a Jrit-L.-anta f. f ttlrt r,:^ hean nr rllr Imhör nrhiriri i. -
(1) mur a bhfuighid. This is the reading in f. Note the unusual verbal form in the variant reading in Z, namelv, rangaid. (2) {trüagh ... mochöirglhe}. These lines are omitted in Z. I have given the text as it stands in f in the apparatus criticus. I can make little sense of these lines and both text and literal translation are verv tentative. It is
ghe on7. Z '. t.'
possible that further text has been omitted in both manuscripts. (3) an creideamh Crlosdaidhi. I have supplied creideamh, "faith" here as the reading in both manuscripts simpl-v means "the Christian" rn,hich suggests that something has been omitted in the course of transmission
crio
of the text.
q
-
.
lunne Ittc) Ir,. it cadh Z: gr,i 1.-' 22 dob feriir i-. creideanth
st
rr'.-
(l"ext corrLll't
.,'
t' ,
tl tI I1l h r' ,
.
69
Z'ulo snEB qpBr{Forsure 6z-8Z I (ldnuoc 1xa1) psolrclluY rIEI{Iuq}En uls uB psorJcr}uv rlprBJBap : z r{)EJBr{IuEn }so}rc -lluv al ursue r{coug r{pBJB?p sn8y ?z zJ 'uro : tsdtns queaprarr Z'uto qlleru oE tz Z,,6a1qrssod +l sl,'rlploJ uB'J rlp?J qop zz Z ,,,,JoJJa1,, outeqtuen :J Jgl{tu uterF J ,,etlrec,, 'seqqe8 :Z qpEJ -BIF oz J aqF,rraqcotu uueaqJ our ase aproru ESruBJo uEI otu auunl aBr UES erylreare "rnaqlqFlJFlal E sB asr?r+ uE rBar{J q8el}"r1 :z'uto aqF -rraqroru q8e4r1 6[-9, z EqqrBrlul ror{ru 'J Esr{pBrlqrrBqru rgqru : lsdl;rs qpBr{qJBqurJgr.[ru 9[ z BuruuuBequl Jour J BurrruBeq
UOISSITUSUEJ+ JC)
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l
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I' /
aql ue^rF a^req
-
-ruJgrrr :tsdr;rs BuuruBaru Jgru r7T, z (1dn"uoc 1xa}) BluElEnJ 'J EluB -aq+ElrIS rr Z (ldnuoc }xa}) pre8ueJ e rBru : J plq8lnJr{q e rnru 6
pD?tp uo fioqq g solg pq\ous uls frry 'psolnryUvtt q ttpy)b -soqw D uloqtilnauun uJs 6ry 'uß-rü)n uo DUUtuq1m psolnlruv al q)oug ou sDllg Dutorp tryqqonJ ou Dltpourn ulrD uunqqotlfr lu
Jo arupltil aUt frtan spaJJn
LI,
u1
tr,
-.i
1;
-aas ol pau}§rl , I'alnyttat,, i
9Z
.1,,
ptv an?W ?r ttpv|nqTm 6In W plpqnq[ pqp pols 'nupnaqt lu ltpo qpryIq L qqtnfr ob psolrrr+uvr{ al urs-se}p uB pe}s 0t Unqurvaurutfr sBcBrr{ruoc osuU sn6y roqqqpDr,t L spqqqvlt snbn ;psolnquv os-1n frops uD )lo sp L uß)tn[p asnlqwor Dqprs L nsnpl|qwn nqqo\n L soqurlottd alty,) ulga L tlpnq\oßunu ttrolqbluqnV 'slouv aqwru a76uru sorp\arp op
ltp\ qtn\Uo Dlqul\S\)oqru op I snr
-ottJ lu 'lttplolttqrylqp qq\ttp ünqurzaurun1T ouupttlT n77otq6 D, :q)araquton §ou)tluy al ußuCI tpoug tlp\roap snfry ,'!ttp!Dps0u3 qwUaprun uD wlnu ob urolq|ruusoct o6 snuuol qp\apl?,q L urr\cq pvwn ns-qqnb L uvqruop uop qpDarnp qnmb rlpil qop, :tpoug al sollg qprurUap ußuD L rpoaqpwrtqrylqp orlD L attqlnqp nrtD psolntruv uß)taL 6tD qqlrlouUas nu o1frna L rcqur ulpr6 ttpor\lg t qßrpq)our uuuatpour ? sp aplgut osut0Jo ut)l ow auunl aal os-Dltpvar D roaqrublfrny vsn
fr1toJ
roJ ratll(tln,
.
.
puD fry16no.r '1sr.r r.
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-
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"
s'? pl,tr t.;.
frtaa 'astpntnd
, ,
aoDq
fi1qfrnott ol fhts.
fitadotd
OZ
Lr.
frnLLr d,n
.
-
aW Jo pua a7t r, ttvfllg uaql plnt \ \ -lluv |uruas Lr(t 5.,
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" /
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asnrluln toal qönqt4] qpvqqrnqurraqru out op L qpvanryLu otil ap o7una6ru L Duuruuaw rgw q psotrq7 rltulnqu op DruDaqplttls tolqJ rtguvas sllp uD
qI d
bl ,.t
'-.
trupnbupry sü)rnl uuDaq)ltr[ .'sols os-6sot uo ?s qptDro?p L a6mt1t uts)tn[ttq n6ru 89
rQtn atn26 uoßas qpwu\aqp-op L DlunwDp qttlDuD?p 6p psou) -lluv pru|In[qq o rnur I wa1nsnral ofr L uoüqDg ar qLult)l Dlttpuft q9q
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aq puo Lulq ol I,tu .t,.. LrotlDuwapun fiut:1t,
I'g
JSIHH:)II-\
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ru
B 3&^
566
CONCERNI}iG THE COMING OF ANTICHRIST
the first age to the end of the ruorld and the life of trnoch from the middle of the fourth üge till the sante time (1). Theg cannot be shiekled agüinst death. 2 ,\nd Antichrist will kill them 3 in the palace of the city of Jerusalem and the.,v r,vill be dead for three and a half dat-s and nobodg in the ruorld will dare to burg them through fear of Antichrist. There will be final thunder on the utorld ruith strong forceful claps. 4 The angel will descend from heauen and ruill saA to them: "Elijah and Enoch, arise into eternal (2) life" and then theg will stand up in the presence of euery person along ruith trulg uerA terrible Antichrist. He takes some spirit and courage from ftis ruickedness afterruards. He takes hope from /ris wickedness und makes himself dead for three days like-
wise and comes like ,Iesus Christ, who arose on the third doA, through the reuealing of his ruickedness and makes thunder and great noise and euerAone who will be in the companA of Antichrist in that time, he will burn and kill them and afterwards he goes to a beautifully streamed mountain, the dwelling place of the powerfttl Lord. 5 The powerful Lord will send the archangel N'Iichael to do battle with him then and Nlichael will kill him . And the tnen of the ruorld will conuert to the Roman Catholic faith. o And only three and a half years rvill remain from then until the
Day of the Last Judgement. Thut is the end of the death and of the permanent ertinction of trlijah and Enoch and" the cause of the death of Antichrist. trinit.
J)
aois go (lt'it',
.
chaithreat'hr, l' läe ntair'lrir .10
heaglu ^lnli.,; \ domhttrt lr' lt, ' neamh (t/? Itrr. n0 beutlt,t ti; ,'' bhfiadli1?Itrr,
,L5
Glucrirlh
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neach ugtt.\ I' 50
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un tctn-sitt 1',, . go sliahh
do
.
s/.ril.;
chuthuqh.,;,;: (i:.
poighid l'i,' 55
bhreithearnlr: :,. Aig ,sui ,'' ' aglts fuclt,Liit r;
7-
in the tinrl 40-47 toirn,
br-.-**-
;
'
air ün ll? ö, t.' i ,: .
3s clonrhain
(1) Aig sin saoghal Elias ö bholg en chöad aais go deireadh en domhain 1 sctoghal Enoch ö bholg an ceathramhadh haois gus an atmsir chöadhna, "That is the life of Elijah from the rniddle of the first age to the end of the r,vorld and the life of trnoch from the middle of the fourth age till the same time". John Carey has pointed out to me that the text is garbled here. It is Enoch who lived in the first age and Elijah in the fourth. (2) suathaine, "eternal"; suathaine Z, süathain f. Note -ua- in both manuscripts for -u-.
,i',:
thramhadh lt,i'
i1 r
thunde,'i11,.:
hlaZ
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r,,.
42 atritits I-:
:
.
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-ureuunl 'J B[rltueauurn] :rsdr;rs Elr{ueesuurn} T,? 1Ba;F,, 'BJotu EtlJBeuJlol
:
J
Z ,,sfiurJapunq} utsI{ruop uB JrBJ r{cEuorr{8tqp qJBauJro+ trz-ov
Z sedq J ssedq :r.sdr;ts sglgdq PUB,,
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L 'ppD Jrsurre Tsod se
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eql III1 o8e q1.in,,1 Jo pUJ eql o] ,rf,i: .. utDqulop uD Lll)tt,;..
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'l!u!,.{ 'psolnnuv sryqq umqtnJ sn6n tpoug sn6n slllg nbnVunltqq sn6o sy,)qq uunatlt.roJ uls frry ' qFreuolqFlgqp
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uE gl I11 oE uls g r{}Eal oF EuqpBrlq }r} }r{rB qplaqq ru snFy I 'q|ruupqrugü nqoruJ quttpartp uo untp uoqttrop ua rIJ plqfrlqd -ttto! snby'? IB?r{cltrt qplaJrlnur L ußuo sJr tlpntlfrnttww op lorFureqrre le?r{rl}\l r{rBlr{cer{tunr arlpqurloS uE aJrrnS I .qfrpt -tpoqtilnqr aqpqruloq) uD lqplUutltiln np 'uulrylryqlnrs qqUns oö p!?ql uß-arunoq DSü L pUt ?s altlnut snön I At aJßsto1 uts-ull tro psotnlruV truqtoJqq D sDftq aump qtn6 L rglu uuurol snbn q)Dau -rlol tu-op L DlpUaqplUrtqryIqp CI asnloqs ?rt t)l s\a4 uD sotqfrna
psotr) DSyI rnur 6yn L ouqpop) uo rnur pl Ut uunar o6 qqrruur up[ ? ?s tu-op L fpüaqppruqorup ostr st)ttrtp?p ttplztlqng .arury)q Dsu ltpoaqplUftqvrup DSD ? n\uofiru L DuutuDaut pn?Lu qpt\rolg 'Duuurq\tn oran psolntruv nppu o autnttp altn-u nu astnuqpoilttq o qtuDsoas DU, p?ts ttplottJgaqbtru ußuU L c3uü)qruns Dllwaq CIu (q)oug L so!\g,, :gq wnq) ruprubr\? ?s qprur\ap L sDnuD LIuDau 'Dlqlaoasuutnl ruplnlnqquoa4 q
g \otfruru-\ uD nfiory
uyqwop qönaq
uD rIüJ tpDuott\|tvp qrnaurrcl r\lu\?ttp-oo 'psoln!ruv
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'luvufoall p suorsraA ulle'I ar{} Jo ,(ue ur punoJ lou sr }xal Jo uall slqJ ',,aJEJ uBrunq aq+ Jnos)ns o1 IIIlq aJoJaq aruBr lslJtl3 ]Br{} ,(es o} arBp IIIA auo ou puB 'parsaqdotd flln -"rauaF uaaq s,(ern1e ser{ oq,r\ auo aq}'po5 Jo uos anJ} aq} sl aq ler{} .(es IIII!\ o{,, 'opu?op opnlultp uD ulqplrlotil,p autrcr sUJ )!u!pl o) qpt?r D rvqltlwq ru L qurvtr uunryn atru6utn7 ulsl ptD ? qntn6 L ?O snnru )nur upJ ? qntnfr Dr?po : (t lxal ruorJ pa+lc 1xa1) I § ur Fur.tn ollo; aql uorluaru slxal qslrl oarql IIy (c) 'stlaqn:m Jo uorlelsuerl e sr (nqmatqnvJ Furpear luer-re.t) q)orqryn sB sp1pd n ,(1durs sE,{A. ssolF leurFr"ro aq} }Brt} alerrpur {lanrlcadsar H pue 3 elFrs oq} q}l^\ }qFIrA\ ,.(q pa}lpo sldr-rrsnueru aql Jo (t'g §) slla.nn:m snynyd ut pue stla:nn:n na1n1d ut sEurpea-r aqJ 'urelraoun sr lxal qslrl ar{} Jo ro}EISuEr} oq} .(q ro uoIlEISuErl r{slrl aq} roJ aornos ul}BT leurFr"ro aq} ur un1n1od sE palardralursru se,tl na1n1d ulleT raqlaq16 'suors -JaA ulleT aql aql ul,, 'na1n1d ut Jo uorldnJJoc E sr Jo ,,laaJls olno slurod +qEIrAA. sy ',,uralesnraf Jo ,(+lc aql Jo are Ilold u!s! -led aql ul,, 'taa1nsnny nq)oalqnDry splpdq o '{1aueu 'sso18 aq} speor .(ldurrs pue Eurural aql slrruo t +xal 'I lxal tuorJ pardoc 7, +xal Jo uorlcas lBr{} ur punoJ sr +xa} Jo rua}l slrtJ ',,rualBs -nJaf Jo {+lc aq} Jo aceled aq+ ur'Älaureu'l}EId aq} ul,, 'taa1ns -nrol tporqlor spqd D 'I' Itvld u!s! spear I lxal 'g § uI (q) 'uorlrpa ullBT lBsrlrrc ar{} lurod e 1B qslulJ ,(a,{I (e) Jo q §
lo pua aql
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TISTTI
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Jo acJnos ulle'I aql'uor1e1sueJl ouo ruoJJ {1a1eurl}ln puacsap aarqJ IIE lerll salecrpur lqFIr^A,. {q pa}lpa suorsraA ul}E-I aq} pue ror{}oue auo q}l.t.r s}xa} qslrl aorq} aq} Jo uosrreduro3
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NOI.LVTSNVU.I HSITII gHT JO SNOISIISA ggtIHT gH.t NO ÄUVTNSINIAIO3
5
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-----__*_
570
A REVELATION OF .]OTIN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
(d) In the case of ,\ntichrist's ph_l.sical description in § 2, Text 1 includes önclar aighthe aigi, " his face will be as one flat surface" and Texts 2 and 3 also include this feature in rrariant form. This feature is not found in an\,, of the Latin versions. (e) The
"the \\ ' estr- rutri
-
,
ness -lrl..
-
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text corresponding to § 2,8 in \Arright's critical edition precedes Antichrist's physical description in all of the three Irish texts but follows the physical description in those Latin versions of ReuJnAnt in which it is found. In addition, there is nothing corresponding to sed paucis diebus, "but onlt, for a few days" in any of the Irish texts. (f) For omnes quos ipse occident et qui mortui fuerint fame et siti sub eius potestate, "all of those whom he himself will kill and who will die from hunger and thirst under his dominion" in § 3,2 of Wright's critical edition, Text t has agus in lucht nach creidenn dö, marbaid iat uili, "and he rvill kill all who will not believe in him" and Texts 2 and 3 have variant forms of this text. (g) At the point corresponding to the end of § 3,3 in \\'right's critical edition, the three Irish texts add cu la na breithe, "until the Day of Judgement", go la an bhratha, "until Doomsday" and go la an bhreitheamhnais, "until the Day of Judgement" respectivelv.
(h) The text corresponding to conuertet flumina retrorsurn, "he will make rivers reverse their course" found tou,ards the beginnirg of § 3,4 in \\,'right's critical edition is found at a point correspondirrg to the end of this sentence in the three Irish texts. (i) § 3,5 in Wright's critical edition is omitted in all of the Irish texts. (j) The three Irish texts omit testante scriptura que ait, "as the Scripture testifies that salrs" found in § 1,7 of Wright's critical edition. (k) The text corresponding to mulieres menstruaciones suas aperient et non abscondet se ab hominibus, "\Ä,omen will reveal their menstrual cloths and will not conceal themselves from men" in § 4,3 of Wright's critical edition is as follows in the
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572
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
Tröigfioghrtr
Ornissions in Irish Text L of text found in lrish Texts 2 and 3 and in the Latin versions of RevJnAnt Although the earliest extant manuscript witness to Irish Text 1 is much earlier than the earliest extant manuscript witnesses to Irish Texts 2 and 3, it not only omits all of the original Latin but it also omits text found in Irish Texts 2 and 3 and in the Latin versions of ReuJnAnt. The omitted text is cited below (reference is to section and sentence numbers in Wright's critical edition) (a) § 1,1-2 is omitted in Text 1 but is found in Texts 2 and 3. (b) Antecri slus regnabit, "Antichrist will reign" § 1,3. There is nothing corresponding to this in Text 1. The readings biaidh a righe 7 ü riaghail Ainticrist annfhoirfe fo, an dömhan, "there will be in the kingship and rule of Antichrist impropriety in the world" in Text 2 and budh righ gan riaghail Anticriosd fair a.n domhan, "Antichrist will be a king without rule o\rer the world" in Text 3 would seem to be based on regnabit in the Latin text. It is to be noted, however, that Text 2 omits regnabit in its corresponding Latin text. It may also be observed, however, that Text 2 omits et signa in faciet magna prodigia in populo (cf. faciet prodigia magna et signa in populo in Wright § 1,3) whereas the corresponding Irish text in Text 2 (and in Texts 1 and 3) seems to be based on signa magnü. (.) flnum aurem in capite, "one ear in his head" § 2,3 is omitted in Text 1 but Text 2 has aenchluas aira cheann, "there will be one ear on his head" and this feature is also found in Text 3. (d) Costa una apparebit sibi in sinistra parte ertra alias, "one rib will be visible in his left side without others" § 2,5 is omitted in Text 1 ; cf. asnadh ardmhör iongantach ionna ucht. Da asnadh leathanmhör ana thaobh clö, "he u,ill have a wondrous very great rib in his chest. He will have two broad big ribs in his left side" in Text 2 and asnacha ardmhöra ann, "he will have very great ribs" in Text 3. (e) Adorabunt prophana gdola sicut pagani et ludei, "the1,r rn'ill worship profane idols, like pagans and jews" § 1,5 is omitted in Text 1. The followitrg passage from Text 2 (similar passage in Text 3) would seem to be based on the Latin text :
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DuuDalntaor nu qpilnryJr :1 lxal ur pa++rruo sr g,V s ,,poolq 01 pouJnl aq III^\ uaAear{.&\olaq sJa}E.A.r IIE pue SJaATJ'q1;ee aql IIIA srBls puB,, '\uns op) qns anb anbn sauulo p
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574
A REVELATIO\ OF JOI{N ABOTTT ANTICHRIST
will rerreal their menthe text correFurthermore, 4,3). (Wright strual cloths" § in 3 sponding to all of Wright § 4,3 is found § in Texts 2 and
menslruaciones suas aperient, "women
3. Corresponding to omnes qui habitant in quatuor partes mundi In unaquaque domo cadauer unius cognoscent esse nutum "all who inhabit the four parts of signLtffi, erit hominis mortui the rvorld will realize he has been born In everv house the corpse of a dead man will be the sign" (\\rright § 4,1), the Irish texts read as follows:
in la gheinfid,er Antecrist biaidh duine
marbh
in
gac öintigh
f,
ceatar hairdib in domhuin, "on the da,v that Antichrist r,vill be born, there will be a person dead in e\rerv single house throughout the four quarters of the world " Text 1 (§ 1)
an oidhche oeinfioghar ö biadh duinne murbh ann gach aointig don bhioth bhraonach,
"on the night that he will be born a person will be dead in every single house of the sorrowful world" Text 2 (§ 3)
an oidhche gheinfighthir ö beidh duine mairbh ann gach
dorus
san mbith,
"on the night that he will be horn a person r,vill be dead in every doorwa,v in the $'orld" Text 3 (§ 3)
As noted, this item of text is found in § 3 in Texts 2 and 3. Texts 2 and 3 also agree in the main rvith each other against Text 1 in their wording. Although this item is found in § 4 in 'fext 1, it is found at the end of that section whereas in the l,atin versions of ReuJnAnt it is found at the beginning (Wright § 4,7). This item u,ould seem to be misplaced in Text 1 as it is followed immediately b-v an event w'hich normall-v comes at the end of Antichrist's career, namely, the coming of trlijah and Enoch 'na dhiaigh sin ticfait in da fhaidh ata aniugh o pardus do chathugad ris .i. Helg 7 Enoc, "and afterwards the two prophets who are todaV in paradise, namelS', trlijah and Enoch, will come to do battle rn,ith him". One rvould expect an account of the evils perpetrated in the world as a result of the birth of Antichrist to be narrated after the mention of the dn)' on which he u,ill be born as is the case in Texts 2 and 3 and in the Latin versions of ReuJnAnt. In Text 1 , however, these evils are narratecl prior to the mention of the da-r' on rvhich
he will lte lr,'t'' versions ol I l, ,''
textual ittrtr ; of Anticiu'i.t. correspottrlit -
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Irish text:.
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another i: ii : Text 3 (t!t't'r instance,s
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2
(b)§1 asa mhignitt, l, ,t ' aira ghnirtrrtlt,r '.
am. Text
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2
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Bheithil.
san mBetil. om. I-ert 2
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(d)§2 isin cathair
rt
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"in the cit., ',i san ccaithir
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JSITIHSIJ\\
ÄTIYJNEITWO'J
919
5
576
A RtrVELATION OF JOHN ABOT]T ANTICHRIST
aontsüil a. cclar eadain "a single eye in a forehead ..." Text 3 aonshüil ionna cheand, "a single eye in his head" Text 2; note, however, that the precedirrg Latin text in Text 2 has oculum unum in fronte eius (oculum unum in fronte in Wright § 2,3) u'hich agrees with Texts 1 and 3
(f)§3 impöid na srotha a n-agaid airdibh a n-aimsir an fhir sin, "the rivers will turn upward in that man's time" Text 1 iontöbhair na srotha a n-adhaigh an uird a n-aimsir an fhir-sin, "rivers will be turned upward in that man'S time" Text 3 iontoighidh sö na haibhne 7 na srotha silteacha tar n-ais, "he will turn the rivers and the flowing streams backwards" Text 2 (the precedittg Latin text here (and in \Vright § 3,4) reads conuertet flumina retrorsum)
(s)§4 ni- bhia cuimhne a.ca ar thaisibh na naemh thainic rompa na Qr na. hecalsaibh a rabhatar na naeim, "they will not remember the relics of the saints u,ho came before them or the churches in which the saints had been"
Text 1 nl bhiaidh cuimhne air thaisibh naomh da ttainig rompa 7 budh cuma leö an t-ionad a raibhadair naoimh nö eagluis, " there will be no memory of the relics of saints who preceded them and they will not care about the place in rvhich saints or church were" Text 3 ni bhiaidh cial na cuimhne acudh. An t-ionad a rabhadar naoimh na eagluis nl haitheontaoi iad, "they will have neither sense nor memory. The place in which saints or church were u,'ould not be recogn ized" Text 2 (') Tert 2 agrees ruith Tert 1 against Text 3
in
the folloruing two
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The tertur,l is unique iit '1 closelr- u'it h
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T'erts 2 urtri ,
ing fitte
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gach
duint.
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(d)§3
instances :
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t
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JSIHH:]II.\'"
ffi'
A REVtrLATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
578
thuicter ann would seem to be an attempt the Latin versions of ReuJnAnt) duiseoighidh sö
"he
will
to explain
ö mheirrlr{,il
falsos in
"of tt h;.'t
na daoine marbha,
awaken the dead" Text
As uot e t,l rr I off irr § ,) ii :.
2
düisgeöbhaidh na marbhaibh,
"he
will
awaken the dead" Text
-
The lreriti:... -
3
(e)§4 nl bhia creidium na einec in tan-sin ann, "there will be neither faith nor honour at that time" Text ni bhiaidh creidiomh a n-a.oineach an tan-sin,, "there will not be faith in anyone at that time" Text 2 n[ bheidh creidiomh a n-aoneach an üair-sin, "there will not be faith in anyone at that time" Text 3
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In two further
instances where theg agree with one another against Tert 7, there are slight differences between Texts 2 and 3:
It lt ;., . Iot'-'
(a)§2 gan fiacuil ann uachtar a charbaid, "he will not have a tooth in the upper part of his palate" Text
li1.
.
2
"only one tooth in the upper part of his palate" Text 3 bheit fiacla ttachtaraca 'na chinn, "he will have no upper teeth in his head" Text 1
liiilr.'l,i
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The ntaitt :
ö meirdrig do treibh Daineil,
"of a harlot of the tribe of Daniel" Text
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AU three terts differ in the following instance in § 2 ruhere stated that Antichrist will be born :
\
lti, l ,i ,-
"in the citv of Bablyon" Text 3 1
:
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Ilrl \r
san ccathraigh Bhabilön,
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(b)§2 "in Bab-vlon" Text 2
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The srr-t,
san mBaibiolöin,
isin Carbuban, "in the Carbuban" Text
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gan acht aonfhiacail a n-uachtar a chairbaid,
ni
r
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1
in t he l'..'
mbetfui,i i lvill rise t, ,
ö mhöirdricc do chinne lüduigheach,
"of a harlot of a Jewish tribe" Text 2
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ÄUVINgIAIIAIO3
619
JSIT{H:]II\
k
ffi* ffi
580
A RE\TELATION OF JOHN ABOLTT ANTICHRIST
The remaining part of the text added to Text 2 from Text 1 is as follorvs:
Agus ticfa talamcumhscugad 1 torann mhör teinntighi umna sluagaib in tan sin 1 gach uili duini bias fare hAntecrist loiscfider l murbhfider iat tre cumhachta Dö. trt da eisi sin cuirfidh
Dia uilicumhachtach cum slanuighte na ndaine Ltlichel arcaingel 1 a claideb nocht 'na laimh 1 murbhfidh d'aeinbeim Antecrlst ör do-ni dha rann de ö mhulluch co talmain. Agtts ni do scris Antecrlst do-beir Michel in builli-si acht d'impöd in domain a sdaid bhud ferr. Et is ann sin impödius in uili padanac 1 Iudaide 1 chinedec er in creidimh Catolaca 1 nt bhia acht tr{
The :'.:'l' 't
\\-right i:. . In § l. .:.,
bliadna co leith iar sin gu la in bhratha et celera. "And there r,vill come an earthquake and great fiery thunder upon the hosts at that time and every person who will be with Antichrist u,ill be burnt and killed by the power of God. And afterwards almight-v God will send the archangel Michael to save the people, with his sword drawn in his
hand and he will kill Antichrist with a single blow for he will make two parts of him from the top to the ground. And it is not to destrov Antichrist that \{ichael will strike this blow but to convert the world to a better state. And it is then that every pagan, Je\\,, and gentile will convert to the Catholic faith and only three and a half years will remain after that until the Day of Judgement et cetera." The corresponding section of text in Text 3 is as follows
:
do-ni toirneach agus torann mör 1 gach duine bhias a bhfochair Anticriosd an tan-sin loisgfe sö agus muirfe sö iad Cuirfe an Coimhdhe cumhachtach l,Iicheal archaingiol do chathughadh ris ansin 1 muirfeidh Micheal e 1 iompoighid fi, an domhan chum en chreidimh Catolice Römhanaigh 1 ni bheidh acht tri bliadhna go leath ö sin go tti la an bhreitheamhnais dheighionaigh. " ... he makes thunder and great noise and everyone who will be in the company of Antichrist in that time, he will burn and kill them The powerful Lord will send the archangel Michael to do battle with him then and N'Iichael will kill him and the men of the world will convert to the Roman
Catholic faith and onlv three and a half years w'ill remain from then until the Day of the Last Judgement."
The main difference here between 1-ext 1 and Text 3 is that, when Michael encounters Antichrist in the latter, it is simply stated that muirfeitlh l,Iicheal ö, "N[ichael will kill him".
(1) Set' tr )
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582
A REVELATION OF JOHN ABOUT ANTICHRIST
air
molbhthach moingriabhach
7 an mhorshüil bias aige, i
mörluath lionnardha. "and he will be big, vast and forbiddi.tg and he will have and a black devilsmooth, sleek, repellent, dense hair ish garment (') on him and he r,vill have renowned (') swar-
thy-haired eyebrows and the great e),e he will have will be very quick and shining."
In Text 3 they are as follows
:
agus fult sleamhain slim snassh olais fair 7 cultar dubh diabhlaidhi mur shröin fair 7 mailghe mongach mongriabhach. "and he will have smooth, sleek, brightl-V shining hair and he will have a black devilish coulter as a nose and he will have long-haired swarthy-haired eyebrows."
In § 3, Texts 2 and 3 have an additional passage in which John the Evangelist states of Antichrist that ni hö an diabhal föin ö acht mac dileas an diabhail iairna liona ann ö shin amach, " he is not the devil himself but the true son of the devil having perfected himself in him from then on" and in Text 3 it is said that ni hö an diabhal föin aig gabhail coluinn daondha chuige crcht CIs müc dilis airna ghineamhuin ön diabhal airna ltonadh ann ö, "he is not the devil himself assumirg a human body but the true son having been born from the devil having perfected himself in him". With this we may compare adubuirt an Tigerna gurub ö in Diabal do thicfad a. curp daena .i. Antecrist, " the Lord said that it would be the devil who would come in human form, namely, Antichrist" at the beginning of Text 1, a statement not found in Texts 2 and 3. In the same additional passage in Texts 2 and 3 it is stated that Antichrist rn'ill sit in Solomon's temple in Christ's place and that he will perform a contrary deed to every good that Christ will perform. It then adds further evils associated with Antichrist. In § 5 of Text 3 there is a much more detailed discussion of Elijah and Enoch and of their encounter with Antichrist. Onlv the beginnirg of this more detailed description survives no\Ä' in Text 2. Text 3 also adds that Antichrist will take hope from his wickedness and that he will imitate Christ in lying dead for three days and rising on the third day. It states f urther (1) For "garment" here (:2) See textual note.
see
textual note.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
586
Stemma
171
Structure and Background Language and Date
177
Principles of This
182
E
179
dition
The Two Sorrows of the Kingdonl of I{eaven Text and Translation
184
20t
Notes
Here is the Te s'-:: Tex'- ::: Mar_v
TRANSITUS MARIAE General Introduction by Nlartin
llIcN.rMARA
The Literary Background E,arliest Dormition Traditions and Liturgical Connections The "Palm of the Tree of Life" Traditions Research into the Irish Transitus Nlariae Tradition
\. I 225
Introrlti,-ti ..
225
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229 230 235
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Udhacht Mhuire The Testarnent of Mary Introduction, Edition, Translation, and Commentary
.
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b_v
Re:a-::
Caoimhin BnnArNAcH I
ntro duction
247
Manuscripts Language Evidence for an Earlier Irish Version Irish Homil-v on the Life of the Virgin N{ar1, Agreements of the Life of NIary with the Latin Version in TCD 667 (T) against t-l\,{ (ilO) Relationship of Nlanuscripts QilO to Latin T Relationship of Nlanuscripts lI and O to Latin T
Latin Material in
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The Relationship of tr
M (II and
ditorial Policy
The Testarnent of Mary
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II to O
217
248
Intt'oriit, '-,
252
Jllrtttr- .
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259
262
THE IF.ISH
265 270 271
Conclu.i,
Text and Translation
l
252
274
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
5BB
A Revelation of John about Antichrist Introduction, Edition, Translation, and Commentary by Charles D. WnrGHr I
ntroduction
135
Versions and N{anuscripts
438
Relationship of the Latin Witnesses Date, Origin, Transmission
446 450
Texts
455
Manuscript Texts Longer \rersion Shorter Version
455 455 467
A Revelation of John about Antichrist
Critical Text and Translation of the Longer Version
463
Commentarl'
47 5
Three Irish Texts of A Revelation of John about Antichrist Introduction, Edition, Translation, and Commenlarv b-v
Caoimhin I
BnTiATNACH
ntro duction
529
trditions
531
'fext 1: "Sgöl Ainntecrisd"
531
cript s trditorial Policv
NI a nu
531
s
The story of Antichrist her lation
532
Text and Trans531
Text 2: Do thoighiocht an bhreitheamhnais döanaidh 541
Nlanuscripts
541
Concerning the corning of the final judgement Text and Translation
541
Text 3 Do theacht Anticriosd
555
N'I a
nu
s
cript
555
s
Concerning the corning of Antichrist and Translation
Text 556
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999
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