Antiphon: The Speeches 0521389313, 9780521389310

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ANTIPHON

THE SPEECHES E D IT E D BY

M IC H A E L G A G A R IN Professor of Classics, University of Texas at Austin

SSI C a m b r id g e UNIVERSITY PRESS

Published by the Press Syndicate o f the University o f Cambridge T he Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge 0 B 2 i r p 40 West 20th Street, N ew York, ν ύ 10011 4211, U SA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, M elbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1997 First published 1997 Printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue recordfor this hook is availablefrom the British Library Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Antiphon, c. 480-411 ut: [Orationes et fragmenta] T he speeches / Antiphon ; edited by M ichael Gagarin, p. cm. (Cambridge Ch eek and Latin Classics) Text in original Greek with comm entary in English. Includes bibliographical references. Rom anized record. ISBN o 521 38029 4 (hardback), is b n o 521 38931 3 (paperback) I. Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek. 1. Gagarin, Michael, π . Title, h i . Series. P A 3 8 G 9 .A 1 7 8 8 5 '. 0 1

is b n is b n

dc20

1997

9 ^ -1 5 ^ 6 4 g ip

o 521 38029 4 hardback 0 521 38931 3 paperback

SE

T O MY PARENTS

CONTENTS Preface

page ix

I n t r o d u c tio n

I

i A ttic oratory

I

2 L ife o f A n tip h o n

3

3 W orks

7

4 A thenian law

9

A note on currency

*3

5 L a w a nd oratory; the Sophists

*3

6 A n tip h o n s fo rensic argum entation

i6

7 T h e rhetoric o f law

21

8 Language a n d style

24

9

Text

35

io Abbreviations

36

A N T IP H O N : T H E SP E E C H E S i A g a in s t th e s te p m o t h e r

39

2 F irst T e t r a lo g y

44

3 S e c o n d T e t r a lo g y

54

4 T h ir d T e t r a lo g y

62

5 O n th e m u r d e r o f H e r o d e s

69

6 O n th e c h o r u s b o y

90

Fr. i O n th e r e v o lu t io n

102

C o m m e n ta r y

104 VII

vili

CONTENTS

B ib lio g r a p h y

252

In d ex es

259

1 A n c i e n t a u th o r s

259

2 G reek w o r d s

262

3 G en eral

263

PREFACE U n til r e c e n t ly th e o n ly n o t e s o n th e s p e e c h e s o f A n t ip h o n in E n g lis h w e r e t h o s e in th e L o e b e d itio n , a n d th e r e h a s n o t b e e n a c o m m e n t a r y o n a ll th e s p e e c h e s in a n y la n g u a g e s in c e th a t o f M a e t z n e r in 18 3 8 . T h e d e s ir a b ility o f a c o m p le t e E n g lis h c o m m e n t a r y first b e c a m e e v id e n t to m e w h e n I i n c lu d e d a s u b s t a n tia l a m o u n t o f A n t ip h o n in a c o u r s e o n t h e A ttic o r a to r s at B e r k e le y in 1977. T h e r e s p o n s e o f s tu d e n ts in th a t c la ss r e v e a le d th e v ir tu e s o f A n t ip h o n as a te x t fo r t e a c h in g u n d e r g r a d u a t e s a n d g r a d u a te s tu d e n ts , a n d I th a n k m y s tu d e n ts , e s p e c ia lly A n d r e a S h a n k m a n a n d A n n C u m m in g s , fo r t h e ir e n t h u s ia s m a n d su p p o r t. T h e p r e s e n t w o r k w o u ld n o t e x is t w it h o u t th e a d v ic e a n d e n c o u r a g e ­ m e n t o f m a n y f r ie n d s a n d c o lle a g u e s . A m o n g m y s p e c if ic d e b ts , th e g r e a te s t is to P at E a s te r lin g , w h o w e lc o m e d m y p r o p o s a l fo r th is c o m ­ m e n ta r y m a n y y e a r s a g o a n d d id n o t d e s p a ir (or a t le a s t c o n c e a le d h e r d e sp a ir) w h e n a te r m as d e p a r t m e n t C h a ir a n d o t h e r d u t ie s d e la y e d c o m p le t io n far l o n g e r t h a n s o m e w o u ld h a v e to le r a te d . I m u s t a lso th a n k J im Z e t z e l w h o s e n t m e c o lla t io n s o f th e tw o m a n u s c r ip t s o f A n tip h o n h e h a d m a d e s o m e y e a r s a g o , B e r n d S e id e n s tic k e r w h o h e lp e d m e o b t a in a c c e s s to th e th r e e T e u b n e r e d itio n s o f A n t ip h o n th a t W ila m o w itz h a d a n n o t a t e d a n d th a t a r e n o w in th e W ila m o w itz lib r a r y a t th e v o n H u m b o ld t U n iv e r s it y in B e r lin , a n d m y c o lle a g u e G a r e th M o r g a n w h o c o m m e n t e d o n p a r ts o f a n e a r lie r d r a ft. T h o u g h c la s s i­ c ists te n d to ta k e for g r a n t e d th e a v a ila b ility o f th e e le c t r o n ic d a ta b a n k o f th e T L G a n d th e P a n d o r a s e a r c h p r o g r a m s , it is w o r th r e m in d in g o u r s e lv e s h o w m u c h t h e s e t o o ls h e lp us c o m p e n s a t e fo r o u r in a d e q u a t e k n o w le d g e o f G r e e k lite r a tu r e ; n o c o m m e n t a t o r to d a y w o u ld th in k o f w o r k in g w it h o u t th e m . T h e c o m p le t e w o r k h a s b e e n r e a d b y P a t E a s te r lin g a n d T o m C o le , b o t h o f w h o m h a v e c o n t r ib u t e d m a n y u s e fu l id e a s a n d h a v e sa v e d m e fro m in n u m e r a b le er ro r s. T h o s e th a t r e m a in a re, o f c o u r s e , m y o w n . F in a lly , P a u lin e H ir e at th e C a m b r id g e U n iv e r s it y P r e ss h a s b e e n w o n d e r f u lly p a t ie n t a n d h e lp fu l w ith a ll th e ( s o m e t im e s irr ita tin g ) d e ta ils o f sty le a n d fo r m a t. M .G .

A u s tin , T exas M arch ig g 6

IX

INTRODUCTION 1.

ATTIC ORATORY

A n tip h o n is th e first o f th e A ttic o r a to r s , m e n w h o w r o te s p e e c h e s p r i­ m a r ily fo r th e la w c o u r ts o r th e A s s e m b ly d u r in g th e c e n tu r y o r so fr o m 4 3 0 to 3 2 0 . 1 M o r e th a n 100 o f th e s e s p e e c h e s s u r v iv e , m a n y o f t h e m c o m p le t e , o n to p ic s r a n g in g fr o m im p o r t a n t p u b lic is s u e s a n d s e r io u s c r im e s to b u s in e s s a ffa ir s, lo v e r s ’ q u a r r e ls , i n h e r it a n c e , a n d o t h e r p e r ­ s o n a l o r fa m ily m a tte r s. S o m e o f th e s e s p e e c h e s w e r e c o m p o s e d b y th e sp e a k e r h im s e lf, b u t m a n y o f th e fo r e n s ic s p e e c h e s w e r e w r itt e n b y a “ lo g o g r a p h e r ” ( sp e e c h w r ite r ) fo r s o m e o n e e ls e to d e liv e r in c o u r t, th e r u le b e in g th a t, w ith fe w e x c e p tio n s , a lit ig a n t h a d to p r e s e n t h is o w n c a se. A n t ip h o n d e liv e r e d o n ly o n e s p e e c h h im s e l f - h is la st, s p o k e n in h is o w n d e f e n s e a t h is tria l fo r t r e a s o n in 411 (A n t. fr. 1 b e lo w ). It is a n a c c id e n t o f p r e s e r v a t io n th a t h is six s u r v iv in g s p e e c h e s a ll c o n c e r n h o m ic id e , s in c e title s a n d f r a g m e n ts o f h is o t h e r s p e e c h e s in d ic a t e th a t h e tr e a te d m a n y o t h e r a r e a s t o o . A t first th e w o r k s o f th e o r a to r s w e r e p r e s e r v e d b y f a m ily a n d fr ie n d s , o r b y b o o k s e lle r s w h o d is tr ib u te d t h e m a s e x a m p le s fo r s tu d y o r im it a ­ t io n .2 S c h o la r s b e g a n s tu d y in g th e s e w o r k s in th e th ir d c e n tu r y , c o ll e c t ­ in g te x ts fo r th e lib r a r y in A le x a n d r ia a n d f o r m in g a “ c a n o n ” (th is u se o f th e t e r m is m o d e r n ) o f te n o r a to r s ,3 s o m e o f th e m r e p r e s e n t e d b y o v e r 100 s p e e c h e s . A n c ie n t s c h o la r s g a t h e r e d b io g r a p h ic a l fa c ts a b o u t t h e s e a u th o r s a n d p r o d u c e d g r a m m a t ic a l a n d le x ic o g r a p h ic n o te s; a n d s in c e s o m e o f th e o r a to r s p la y e d im p o r t a n t r o le s in th e p u b lic a ffa ir s o f A t h e n s , t h e ir s p e e c h e s w e r e a lso u s e d a s e v id e n c e fo r A t h e n ia n p o lit ic a l h isto r y .4 B u t u n til th e n in e t e e n t h c e n tu r y th e r e w a s lit tle in te r e s t in A ttic o r a to r y as e v id e n c e for A t h e n ia n la w - c la s s ic a l A t h e n ia n la w b e in g o f little c o n c e r n to R o m a n o r la te r E u r o p e a n ju r is ts , w h o s e o w n

1 All dates in this book are bc unless the contrary is either indicated or obvious. 2 D over’s discussion (1968) is very useful, though his theory o f jo in t author­ ship o f speeches is unconvincin g (see U sher 1976). 3 T h e date and early history o f the canon is disputed; Sm ith (1995) argues that it was A lexandrian. 4 For the historiographical value o f A thenian oratory see Todd (1990b).

1

IN T R O D U C T IO N la w s w e r e n o t i n f lu e n c e d b y it

a n d o n ly r e c e n t ly h a v e s c h o la r s r e a liz e d

th e v a lu e o f th e o r a to r s fo r th e b r o a d e r s tu d y o f A t h e n ia n s o c ie t y .5 E ven

am ong

a n c ie n t

r h e to r ic ia n s

th e

o r a to r s

o th e r

th a n

D e m o s t h e n e s r e c e iv e r e la tiv e ly little a t te n t io n . In h is R h e to r i c , A r is to tle c it e s o n ly I s o c r a t e s m o r e th a n tw ic e ; r e fe r e n c e s to th e p o e t s H o m e r , S o p h o c le s a n d E u r ip id e s

e s p e c ia lly

are fa r m o r e n u m e r o u s / ’ A n d la te r

w r ite r s in a n tiq u ity , lik e C ic e r o a n d Q u in t ilia n , r a r e ly m e n t io n a n A ttic o r a to r b e s id e s D e m o s t h e n e s / w h o fr o m a t le a s t th e tim e o f D io n y s iu s o f H a lic a r n a s s u s (first c e n tu r y b c ) w a s a g r e e d to b e th e b e s t o f th e G r e e k o r a to r s .8 T h e o r a to r s are o f in te r e s t o n ly to t h o s e r h e to r ic ia n s a n d lite r ­ a r y c r itic s , lik e D io n y s iu s o r H e r m o g e n e s ( s e c o n d c e n tu r y a d ), w h o s e p r im a r y c o n c e r n is p r o s e sty le , a n d h e r e t o o D e m o s t h e n e s , th e a c k n o w ­ le d g e d m a s t e r o f s ty le th r o u g h o u t th e p e r io d , d o m in a te s th e fie ld . T h is c o n c e r n w ith s ty le is still e v id e n t in m o d e r n s c h o la r s h ip , as, fo r i n s ta n c e , in th e s ta n d a r d w o r k s o f J e b b a n d B la ss at th e e n d o f th e n in e t e e n t h c e n tu r y ; 9 n o t u n t il K e n n e d y ’s g r o u n d - b r e a k in g w o r k (1 9 6 3 ) w e r e th e o r a to r s s tu d ie d fr o m th e b r o a d e r p e r s p e c t iv e o f r h e to r ic in a fu ll s e n s e . T h e t r a d it io n a l e m p h a s is o n p r o s e sty le a n d th e c o n s e n s u s th a t D e m o s t h e n e s r e p r e s e n t s th e c u lm in a t io n o f th e g e n r e h a v e a f fe c t e d o u r a s s e s s m e n t o f A n t ip h o n , w h o is c o m m o n ly s e e n a s a n e a r ly p i o n e e r w h o s e h a r s h a n d u n s o p h is t ic a t e d sty le is s ig n if ic a n t p r im a r ily fo r its in f lu e n c e o n T h u c y d id e s a n d la te r o r a to r s . B u t A n t i p h o n ’s a c h ie v e m e n t in p r o s e sty le is o n ly a s m a ll p a r t o f h is t o ta l a c c o m p lis h m e n t : h e is a lso a n im p o r t a n t t h in k e r w h o m a d e n o t a b le c o n t r ib u t io n s to le g a l a n d p h ilo s o p h ic a l t h in k in g as w e ll as to r h e to r ic a l t h e o r y a n d p r a c tic e . T h is c o n t r ib u t io n m a y b e b e t te r a p p r e c ia t e d as s c h o la r s ’ in te r e s ts sh ift fro m 0 W ebster’s b ook on everyday A thenian life (1969), for exam ple, scarcely m en ­ tions the orators. T h e first scholar to perceive the broader im portance o f the orators was K en n eth D over (e.g. D over 1974, 1978); as he has recently noted (Dover 1994: 157), ‘‘w hen I began to m ine the riches o f A ttic forensic oratory I was aston ished to discover that the m ine had never been ex p lo ited .” 6 “A n tip h on ” is m en tion ed three tim es in the Rhetoric: in each case the refer­ ence is to the fourth-century tragic poet. ' Q uintilian still has about as m any references to H om er or Plato as to D em osth en es. 8 A n tiquity’s high regard for D em osth en es is also ev id en ced by the large num ber o f surviving papyri o f his works and by the ex istence o f scholia to them (scholia to AeschiiTes were probably m otivated by the interest in D em osth en es). 9 Jebb, for instance, refers to his work on the orators as an “attem pt to aid in giving Attic O ratory its due place in the history o f A ttic Prose” (1875:1 xiii).

2.

3

L IF E O F A N T I P H O N

o r a to r y as a h is to r ic a l r e c o r d o f p u b lic o r p r iv a te e v e n ts to th e v a r io u s agendas

s o c ia l, c u ltu r a l, p o lit ic a l, o r in te lle c t u a l

th a t a re n o w b e in g

d is c o v e r e d in th e s p e e c h e s . M o r e im p o r t a n t , A n t ip h o n c a n c la im to h a v e p io n e e r e d th e f ie ld o f w r itte n o r a to r y a n d to h a v e h e lp e d o p e n th e w a y fo r th e p u b lic p e r fo r m a n c e o f o r a to r y to r e p la c e d r a m a a s th e d o m in a n t A t h e n ia n c u ltu r a l in s titu tio n in th e fo u r th c e n t u r y H e is th e c r u c ia l lin k b e t w e e n th e f if th -c e n t u r y in te lle c t u a lis m o f th e s o p h is ts a n d th e p o p u la r c u ltu r e o f f o u r th - c e n t u r y o r a to r y ; a n d i f h is p r o s e s ty le d o e s n o t m e e t w ith o u r a p p r o v a l (se e fu r th e r I n tr o d . 8), w e s h o u ld n o t th e r e fo r e ig n o r e h is m a n y o t h e r c o n t r ib u t io n s to G r e e k t h o u g h t a n d lite r a tu r e .

2.

LIFE O F A N T I P H O N

A n tip h o n o f R h a m n u s (a c o a s ta l d e m e , o r p r e c in c t , in n o r t h e r n A ttic a ), s o n o f S o p h ilu s , c a m e fr o m a n o ld A t h e n ia n f a m ily .10 B o r n a r o u n d 4 8 0 , h e a c h ie v e d e n o u g h p r o m in e n c e in th e c ity to r a te o c c a s io n a l m e n t io n b y th e c o m ic p o e t s , b u t for th e m o s t p a r t h e a v o id e d p u b lic life . In 411, h o w e v e r , h e w a s a p p a r e n t ly o n e o f th e le a d e r s o f a g r o u p o f a r is to c r a ts w h o s ta g e d a c o u p , r e p la c in g th e d e m o c r a t ic g o v e r n m e n t w it h a r u lin g c o u n c il o f 4 0 0 . T h is n e w g o v e r n m e n t s o o n c o lla p s e d a n d a lm o s t all its le a d e r s w e n t in to e x ile , b u t A n t ip h o n r e m a in e d in A t h e n s a n d w a s tr ie d , c o n v ic t e d a n d e x e c u t e d fo r tr e a s o n . I n h is d e s c r ip t io n o f th e s e e v e n ts , T h u c y d id e s

w h o is r e p o r te d to h a v e b e e n a p u p il o f A n t ip h o n

g iv e s

h im a n e x c e p t io n a lly fa v o r a b le n o tic e : “ O f a ll th e A t h e n ia n s o f h is d a y A n tip h o n w a s s e c o n d to n o n e in in te g r ity (άρ ετή) a n d h a d th e g r e a te s t p o w e r o f t h o u g h t a n d e x p r e s s io n . H e d id n o t c o m e fo r w a r d in p u b lic o r w illin g ly e n t e r a n y d is p u te , b e in g r e g a r d e d w it h s u s p ic io n b y th e m u lt i­ tu d e b e c a u s e o f h is r e p u t a tio n fo r c le v e r n e s s (δεινότης). N e v e r t h e le s s , fo r t h o s e in v o lv e d in a d is p u te , w h e t h e r le g a l o r p o lit ic a l, h e a lo n e w a s m o s t a b le to h e lp w h o e v e r c o n s u lte d h im fo r a d v i c e .” 11 C o n c e r n in g A n t ip h o n ’s tria l fo r h is r o le in th e r e v o lu t io n , T h u c y d id e s a d d s , “ o f all 10 T h e m ost convenien t collection o f ancient testim onia to the life o f A ntiphon is in M orrison (1972) 114-29. 11 T h uc. 8.68.1-2: Ά ντκρώ ν ήν άνήρ ’Αθηναίων τ ώ ν καθ’ εαυτόν άρετήι τε ούδενός ύστερος καί κράτιστος ένθυμηθήναι γενόμενος καί ά γνοίη είπεΐν, καί ές μέν δήμον ου π α ρ ιώ ν ούδ’ ές άλλον ά γ ώ ν α εκούσιος ούδενα, ά λ λ ’ υ π ό π τω ς τώι πλήθει διά δόξα ν δεινότητος διακείμενος, τούς μέντοι άγω νιζομένους καί έν δικαστηρίου καί έν δήμωι πλεΐστα εΤς άνήρ, δστις ξυμβουλεύσαιτό τι, δυνάμενος ώφελεΐν.

IN T R O D U C T IO N th e m e n u p to m y tim e . . . h e s e e m s to m e to h a v e m a d e th e b e s t d e f e n s e in a c a p ita l c a s e .” 12 F u r th e r i n fo r m a tio n a b o u t h is life c a n b e in fe r r e d fr o m h is s p e e c h e s . S e v e r a l lo st s p e e c h e s w e r e w r itte n fo r o t h e r G r e e k c it ie s a n d o n e s u r v iv in g s p e e c h (A n t. 5) d e f e n d s a c it iz e n o f M y tile n e ; th is s u g g e s ts t h a t A n t ip h o n t r a v e le d a n d h a d c o n n e c t i o n s a b r o a d . H is s tr o n g a n d c o n t in u e d in te r e s t in p u b lic a ffa ir s is a lso c le a r fr o m th e p r o m in e n c e o f h is c lie n t s o r o p p o n e n t s (su ch a s A lc ib ia d e s o r th e g e n e r a l D e m o s t h e n e s ) . T h u s , it a p p e a r s th a t b y a d v is in g a n d w r itin g s p e e c h e s for o t h e r s , A n t ip h o n i n f lu e n c e d p u b lic a ffa ir s w it h o u t p a r t ic ­ ip a tin g in t h e m o p e n ly u n til h is la st y e a r s. L a te r s o u r c e s te ll us th a t A n t ip h o n ta u g h t o th e r s , w h ic h m a y w e ll b e tru e a t le a s t in th e s e n s e o f in fo r m a l t r a in in g i f n o t o f a fo r m a l s c h o o l. W e a ls o le a r n t h a t h e w a s th e fir st p e r s o n to le a v e w r itt e n s p e e c h e s . E a r lie r o r a to r s , s u c h as T h e m i s t o c le s o r P e r ic le s, d e liv e r e d th e ir o w n s p e e c h e s a n d h a d n o n e e d o f a w r itt e n te x t. A u d ie n c e s m ig h t r e m e m b e r th e g e n e r a l lin e s o f a r g u m e n t o f t h e s e s p e a k e r s o r n o t a b le e x p r e s ­ s io n s , 13 b u t to o u r k n o w le d g e A n t ip h o n w a s th e first to w r ite o u t a s p e e c h . 1415I n t e r e s t e d in p u b lic a ffa ir s a n d le g a l a r g u m e n t, b u t w is h in g to a v o id s p e a k in g in p u b lic , h e p r o b a b ly b e g a n to a d v is e f r ie n d s w h o w o u ld b e s p e a k in g in c o u r t; la ter, p e r h a p s a r o u n d 4 3 0 , th is p r a c tic e le d to h is w r itin g o u t a n e n tir e s p e e c h for a fr ie n d o r c lie n t to m e m o r iz e a n d d e liv e r as h is o w n . T h u s A t t ic o r a to r y as w e k n o w it c a m e in to b e in g r e l­ a tiv e ly la te in A n t i p h o n ’s life: h is e a r lie s t d a t a b le fr a g m e n t a r y s p e e c h is a b o u t 4 2 5 ( D o v e r 1950: 5 3 - 6 ) , a n d h is th r e e s u r v iv in g c o u r t s p e e c h e s are p r o b a b ly all fr o m th e p e r io d 4 2 0 - 4 1 1 . lo H o w e v e r , h is in te r e s t in la w a n d 12 άριστα φαίνεται τ ώ ν μέχρι εμού . . . θα νάτου δίκην ά π ολογη σά μ ενος. T h e speech is Ant. Fr. i (below). 13 H erodotus reports that before the battle o f Salam is T h em istocles c o n ­ trasted the better w ith the worse in all things (τα δε επεα ήν π ά ν τ α κρεσσω τοΤσι ησσοσι άντιτιθέμενα, 8.83); and Pericles was rem em bered for calling the island o f A egina “the eyesore o f the Piraeus” (Plut. Per. 8.5). 14 T h e Suda reports (P i 180) that Pericles “was the first to give a written speech in court” (cf. C icero, Brutus 27); but m ost scholars put m ore faith in Plutarch’s statem ent {Per. 8.5) that he left behind no writings excep t the texts o f decrees (cf. [Plut.] Moralia 832d). 15 W ithin this tim e period D over (1950) attem pts to use stylistic evid en ce to establish a relative order for the court speeches (6, 1, 5), but given the small am ount o f text and the short space o f tim e, no such conclu sion can be secure. D o v er’s figures on p. 57 are slightly inaccurate and inflate the differences betw een the Tetralogies and the court speeches.

2 . L IF E O F A N T I P H O N

5

le g a l o r a to r y d e v e lo p e d e a rlier, a n d th e th r e e T e t r a lo g ie s (e a c h w it h tw o p a ir s o f o p p o s in g s p e e c h e s w r itt e n fo r f ic titio u s c a s e s ) w e r e p r o b a b ly c o m p o s e d in th e 4 3 0 s , i f n o t e a r lie r (se e I n tr o d . 3). T h e m o s t d is p u t e d q u e s t io n a b o u t A n t i p h o n ’s life is w h e t h e r th e o r a to r is th e s a m e p e r s o n as th e a u t h o r o f th e “ s o p h is t ic ” tr e a tis e s O n T r u th

a n d O n C o n c o r d , w h o is u s u a lly a s s u m e d to b e th e c h a r a c te r

“A n tip h o n ό σ οφ ισ τ ή ς” w h o M e m o r a b ilia

a r g u e s w ith

S o c r a te s in X e n o p h o n ’s

1 .6 .16 T h e d e b a t e g o e s b a c k a t le a s t to D id y m u s in th e first

c e n tu r y bc (as r e p o r te d b y H e r m o g e n e s , P e r i I d e o n 3 9 9 - 4 0 0 ) , w h o e v i­ d e n t ly a r g u e d th a t s ty listic d iff e r e n c e s b e t w e e n th e r h e to r ic a l a n d th e s o p h is tic w o r k s p r e c lu d e s in g le a u th o r s h ip . T h is v ie w d o e s n o t a p p e a r w id e s p r e a d in a n tiq u ity ; th e r h e to r ic a l a n d s o p h is tic w o r k s w e r e in c lu d e d in th e s a m e c o r p u s a n d w e r e a lm o s t a lw a y s a ttr ib u te d s im p ly to “A n t ip h o n ” w ith n o s u g g e s tio n o f d iffe r e n t a u t h o r s h ip . H o w e v e r , th e v a r io u s “L iv e s ” o f A n t ip h o n d o te n d to m ix t o g e t h e r s e v e r a l d iffe r e n t A n t i p h o n s ,17 a n d a n c ie n t s c h o la r s s o m e t im e s r e fe r to “A n t ip h o n o f R h a m n u s ,” “A n t ip h o n th e o r a to r ,” o r (ra rely ) “A n t ip h o n th e s o p h is t .” T h e s e p a r a tis t p o s itio n g a in e d s tr e n g th e a r ly in th is c e n tu r y w it h th e d is c o v e r y o f s e v e r a l p a p y r u s f r a g m e n ts o f O n T r u th , in w h ic h th e a u t h o r s e e m s to p r e s e n t a n e g a lit a r ia n v ie w o f s o c ie t y a n d to a d v o c a t e o b e d i ­ e n c e to th e r e q u ir e m e n ts o f n a tu r e (φύσις) as a g a in s t t h e r u les o f la w (νόμος). S o m e s c h o la r s fo u n d it in c o n c e iv a b le th a t th is “ s o p h is tic a n a r ­ c h is t ” c o u ld b e th e s a m e m a n as th e a r is to c r a t w h o in h is s p e e c h e s r e p e a te d ly e x p r e s s e s r e s p e c t fo r th e la w s. M o r e r e c e n tly , h o w e v e r , th e U n ita r ia n p o s it io n h a s g a in e d g r o u n d ; s c h o la r s n o w r e c o g n iz e th a t a n o r a to r w h o p r a is e s th e la w in a c li e n t ’s s p e e c h b e f o r e a j u r y is n o t n e c e s ­ s a r ily v o ic in g h is o w n o p in io n , a n d th e p a p y r u s fr a g m e n t s a r e le s s o f te n u n d e r s t o o d as a c a ll to a n a r c h y ; m o r e o v e r a n e w p a p y r u s fr a g m e n t h a s f o r c e d a r e v is io n o f p a r t o f th e t e x t o f O n T r u th , e lim in a t in g a n e a r lie r r e c o n s t r u c t io n in w h ic h th e a u t h o r a p p e a r e d to c h a lle n g e th e tr a d i­ t io n a l c la s s s tr u c t u r e .18 S c h o la r s n o w a lso r e c o g n iz e t h a t s ty listic d iffe r ­ e n c e s b e t w e e n d iffe r e n t w o r k s c o m p o s e d fo r d iff e r e n t p u r p o s e s a n d

16 For recent discussions see Avery (1982) (unitarian), Pendrick (1987) (separ­ atist), and W iesner (1994) (unitarian); cf. G agarin (1990a), Pendrick (1993). 17 O ther notable A n tiphons are an A thenian execu ted by the T h irty in 404 and a tragic poet living in Syracuse in the early fourth century. 18 For the new papyrus text see D eclev a C aizzi (1989); for an English transla­ tion o f the revised text see G agarin and W oodruff (1995) 2 4 4 -7 .

IN T R O D U C T IO N d iff e r e n t a u d ie n c e s

s o m e fo r a r e a d in g a u d ie n c e , o t h e r s fo r o r a l d e liv ­

e r y (see fu r th e r I n tr o d . 8 v ii)

c a n n o t b e u s e d as e v id e n c e fo r s e p a r a te

a u t h o r s h ip . M o s t c o m p e llin g , h o w e v e r , is T h u c y d id e s ’ p ic tu r e o f A n t ip h o n o f R h a m n u s ( q u o t e d a b o v e ), w h ic h c o u ld se r v e as th e d e s c r ip t io n o f a ty p ic a l s o p h is t: “ h e h a d th e g r e a te s t p o w e r o f t h o u g h t a n d e x p r e s s io n ” a n d w a s “ r e g a r d e d w ith s u s p ic io n b y th e m u lt itu d e b e c a u s e o f h is r e p ­ u t a tio n fo r c le v e r n e s s .” I n d e e d σ οφ ιστή ς is th e m o s t a p p r o p r ia te te r m to d e s c r ib e th is w e ll- k n o w n lo g o g r a p h e r (n o t s tr ic tly a n o r a t o r 19), w h o w a s a le a d in g in te lle c t u a l o f h is day. w h o s e s p e c ia l t a le n t w a s w r itin g s p e e c h e s fo r o t h e r s a n d w h o h a d a r e p u t a tio n fo r δ εινό τη ς, a w o r d s u g ­ g e s t in g p r e c is e ly t h a t c o m b in a t i o n o f c le v e r n e s s , a w e s o m e n e s s a n d t e c h n ic a l skill n o r m a lly a s s o c ia t e d w ith th e s o p h is ts .20 T h u s it s e e m s im p o s s ib le th a t X e n o p h o n o r a n y o n e e ls e at th e tim e c o u ld u se σ οφ ιστή ς to d is tin g u is h a fif th -c e n t u r y in te lle c t u a l n a m e d A n t ip h o n fr o m th e lo g o g r a p h e r A n t ip h o n d e s c r ib e d b y T h u c y d id e s . In s h o r t, th e r e is so m u c h o v e r la p b e t w e e n w h a t w e k n o w o f th e “ s o p h is t ” a n d th e “ o r a to r ,” t h a t w it h o u t m u c h s tr o n g e r e v id e n c e to th e c o n t r a r y w e s h o u ld c o n ­ c lu d e th a t th e y ar e p r o b a b ly o n e a n d th e s a m e m a n . O n th is r e a d in g A n t ip h o n w a s a le a d in g A t h e n ia n in te lle c t u a l in te r ­ e s te d in m a n y d iff e r e n t iss u e s o f h is d a y fr o m g e o m e t r y (h e p r o p o s e d a m e t h o d fo r s q u a r in g th e c ir c le ) to r h e to r ic , w h o s e s p e c ia l in te r e s t w a s la w a n d j u s tic e . A fr ie n d o f th e r ic h a n d p o w e r f u l, h e a v o id e d s p e a k in g in p u b lic b u t a d v is e d fr ie n d s o n le g a l m a tte r s , u ltim a te ly c r e a t in g th e n e w p r o f e s s io n o f lo g o g r a p h e r . C o m b in in g a q u ic k in t e lle c t w ith r h e to r ic a l sk ill a n d a th o r o u g h k n o w le d g e o f th e law , h e e a r n e d la r g e su m s, i f w e are to b e lie v e P h ilo s tr a tu s , w h o r e p o r ts ( V i t . S o p h . 4 9 9 ) th a t A n t ip h o n w a s a c c u s e d o f “ s e llin g fo r a h ig h p r ic e s p e e c h e s th a t r u n c o u n t e r to j u s t ic e , e s p e c ia lly to t h o s e w h o are in th e g r e a te s t d a n g e r o f c o n v i c t i o n .” B u t h o w e v e r s u c c e s s fu l h e m a y h a v e b e e n fo r h is c lie n t s , h e lo s t h is fin a l c a s e - th e o n ly s p e e c h h e d e liv e r e d o n h is o w n b e h a lf. W ith so little le ft o f th is s p e e c h it is h a r d to a c c o u n t fo r th is d e f e a t , b u t th e s c a n ty r e m a in s m a y s u g g e s t a n in te lle c t u a l a r r o g a n c e a n d r e lu c t a n c e to

19 A n tiphon w ou ld not be called a ρήτω ρ in the fifth century, since this term was used only o f citizens w ho actually delivered speech es (H ansen 1983). 20 In Plato δεινός λέγειν (“skillful in speaking”) is w hat Protagoras teaches his pupils to b ecom e, accord ing to Prot. 3 i2 d -e . It is also used o f G orgias (Symp. 198c); cf. Ap. 17b.

3.

W ORKS

7

d e s c e n d to th e le v e l o f th e ju r o r s th a t w e la te r fin d in S o c r a t e s ’ s im ila r ly u n s u c c e s s f u l A p o l o g y (se e c o m m e n t a r y o n A n t. fr. i b e lo w ).

3.

WORKS

T h e s p e e c h a c lie n t d e liv e r e d in c o u r t p r e s u m a b ly k e p t fa ir ly c lo s e to th e w r itte n te x t A n t ip h o n h a d p r o v id e d h im , b u t th e r e is c o n s id e r a b le d is ­ a g r e e m e n t as to h o w m u c h th e te x t m a y h a v e b e e n c h a n g e d b e fo r e it w a s “p u b lis h e d ,” o r m a d e a v a ila b le for c o p y in g a n d d is tr ib u t io n to o t h e r s .21 S p e e c h e s w ith p o lit ic a l s ig n if ic a n c e m a y h a v e b e e n m o r e s u s c e p tib le to r e v is io n a fte r d e liv e r y th a n t h o s e in p r iv a te c a s e s , w h e r e a l o g o g r a p h e r ’s r e p u t a tio n w o u ld d e r iv e first a n d fo r e m o s t fr o m h is s u c c e s s w ith ju r o r s . I f a p r iv a te s p e e c h w a s v ic t o r io u s , th e r e w o u ld b e n o r e a s o n to a lte r it fo r p u b lic a t io n , a n d i f it lo st, a lte r a tio n w o u ld p r o b a b ly n o t d e c e iv e p o t e n tia l c lie n t s . T h e “p u b lis h e d ” te x ts o f A n t i p h o n ’s c o u r t s p e e c h e s , th e r e fo r e , w e r e p r o b a b ly q u it e f a ith fu l to th e te x ts h e p r o v id e d h is c lie n ts , a n d w e h a v e little r e a s o n to s u s p e c t s u b s ta n tia l a lte r a tio n in th e c e n tu r y o r so b e f o r e th e y w e r e c o lle c t e d b y s c h o la r s in A le x a n d r ia . B y th e first c e n tu r y bc th e w o r k s a ttr ib u te d to A n t ip h o n f o r m e d a c o r p u s o f s ix t y title s , tw e n t y -f iv e o f w h ic h C a e c iliu s o f C a le A c t e d e c la r e d sp u r io u s . T h e s e in c lu d e d fo r e n s ic s p e e c h e s a n d t h e o r e t ic a l (“ s o p h is tic ” ) tr e a tis e s a n d w e r e a r r a n g e d b y s u b je c t m a tte r , th e h o m i ­ c id e s p e e c h e s (οί φονικοί) c o m in g first. T h e s ix s u r v iv in g s p e e c h e s a re fr o m th is g r o u p a n d p r o b a b ly r e p r e s e n t th e first s ix in th e a n c ie n t c o r p u s . T h r e e o f t h e s e ( i, 5, 6) w e r e w r itt e n fo r a c tu a l tria ls a n d a re g e n e r a lly a c c e p t e d as a u t h e n t ic . T h e m a n u s c r ip ts a lso p r e s e r v e th r e e T e t r a lo g ie s (2, 3, 4 ) ,22 a n d w e h a v e title s o f t w e n t y o t h e r w o r k s, in c lu d ­ in g A n t ip h o n ’s fin a l s p e e c h “ O n th e r e v o lu t io n ” (fr. 1), p a p y r u s fr a g ­ m e n ts o f w h ic h w e r e d is c o v e r e d in 1907. L a te r w r ite r s a lso c r e d it A n tip h o n w ith a n A r t o f R h e t o r i c a n d a c o lle c t io n o f P r o lo g u e s , b u t m a n y s c h o la r s d o u b t th e a u t h e n t ic ity o f th e se . F in a lly , w e h a v e fr a g m e n ts fr o m th r e e “ s o p h is t ic ” w orks: O n T r u th , O n C o n c o r d a n d P o l i t i c u s ,23 21 See Todd (1990b) 164-7, and W orthington (1991), w ho relies on a doubtful analysis o f “rin g-com position” in the speeches. 22 It is confusing that the num bering o f the T etralogies and the corpus differ; all references in this work are to corpus num bers (e.g. 3 = S econ d Tetralogy). 23 For the rhetorical fragm ents see the editions o f T h , G or M; sophistic frag­ m ents are collected in D K and G. T h e definitive text o f all the papyrus frag­ m ents is now D ecleva C aizzi (1989).

IN T R O D U C T IO N S in c e th e e n d o f th e n in e t e e n t h c e n tu r y th e a u t h e n t ic ity o f th e T e t r a lo g ie s h a s b e e n d is p u te d . T h e r e is n o h in t o f d o u b t in a n tiq u ity ,24 b u t s o m e s c h o la r s h a v e a r g u e d th a t h is to r ic a l, le g a l a n d sty listic d is ­ c r e p a n c ie s set t h e m a p a r t fro m th e th r e e c o u r t s p e e c h e s .25 T h e s e a r g u ­ m e n ts d e p e n d , h o w e v e r , o n in s e c u r e a s s u m p tio n s a b o u t th e n a tu r e o r p u r p o s e o f t h e s e w o r k s, a n d th e a lle g e d d is c r e p a n c ie s c a n b e e x p la in e d i f w e k e e p th is fa c to r in m in d . W h e t h e r th e T e t r a lo g ie s w e r e p r im a r ily i n te n d e d to a d v e r tis e th e a u t h o r ’s in te lle c t u a l a n d r h e to r ic a l skills o r to in s tr u c t fu tu r e litig a n ts in m e t h o d s o f fo r e n s ic a r g u m e n t (or b o th ), th e y w e r e p r o b a b ly in t e n d e d to b e r e a d , s tu d ie d , d is c u s s e d , a n d p e r h a p s a lso im ita t e d , im p r o v e d u p o n o r r e fu te d b y a n y o n e in te r e s te d in su c h m a tte r s. T h e ir p u r p o s e is to illu s tr a te ty p e s o r m e t h o d s o f a r g u m e n t, w h ic h w e r e la te r d e s ig n a te d s t a s e i s ; 26 th u s th e y ta k e fo r g r a n te d th e g e n e r a l r u les o f A t h e n ia n h o m ic id e p r o c e d u r e (ea c h s id e , fo r e x a m p le , d e liv e r s tw o s p e e c h e s ) a n d c o n c e n tr a t e o n a r g u m e n ts th a t m ig h t b e a p p lic a b le , m u t a t i s m u t a n d i s , to m a n y d iffe r e n t c a s e s . I n f o r m a t io n u s u a lly in c lu d e d in a r e a l c a s e , fa c tu a l in fo r m a tio n in p a r tic u la r , is la r g e ly o m it te d a n d t h e o r e t ic a l o r s ty listic in te r e s ts m a y b e in d u lg e d b e y o n d w h a t w o u ld n o r m a lly b e f o u n d in a rea l c a s e . T h u s A n tip h o n rin g s th e c h a n g e s o n th e a r g u m e n t fro m p r o b a b ilit y (είκόζ) in th e F irst T e tr a lo g y a n d o n a r g u m e n ts a b o u t p o llu t io n in all th r e e , t h o u g h a lit ig a n t in a rea l c a s e w o u ld p r o b a b ly n o t d e v o t e s o m u c h tim e to s u c h m a tte r s. R h e t o r ic a l c o n s id e r a t io n s m a y at tim e s o v e r r id e le g a l a c c u r a c y , as w ith “ th e la w p r o h ib it in g j u s t a n d u n ju st h o m ic i d e ” (see b e lo w o n 3 .2 .9 ), w h ic h c o u ld n o t b e a f o r m a l le g a l s ta tu te in a n y s y s te m b u t is p r e s e n te d as i f it w e r e . D if f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n th e la n g u a g e a n d sty le o f th e T e t r a lo g ie s a n d th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s ar e d is c u s s e d m o r e fu lly b e lo w (In tr o d . 8 vii); fo r 24 T h ree citations from A n tiphon by H arp ocration (second century ad ) are to words found o nly in the T etralogies (though they m ight have also occurred in lost speeches). O ne o f these citations (s.v. άγυεύετε) is said to com e from “the second (speech)” (β'); the word occurs in the First T etralogy (2.3.11), indicating that already in H arp ocration ’s day this work cam e secon d in the corpus. 20 Sealey (1984) gives the m ost recent sum m ary o f possible objections and conclu des that they are later works. Som e o f his argum ents are discussed at appropriate places in the com m entary. See also Caraw an (1993), w ho makes som e doubtful assum ptions about hom icide procedure and argues that the Tetralogies system atically reverse these. 26 T h e hypotheses to the three T etralogies, w hich are considerably later than the works them selves, assign each to a specific stasis; see Russell (1983) 17, with n.72, w ho links the T etralogies to the later tradition o f declam ation (see further introduction to 2).

4.

9

A T H E N I A N LA W

s o m e s c h o la r s th e y ar e e v id e n c e o f d iffe r e n t a u t h o r s h ip (G , 15) b u t o th e r s e x p la in th e m as th e r e su lt o f d iff e r e n c e s in p u r p o s e , o c c a s io n a n d p e r h a p s d a te o f c o m p o s it io n (D o v e r 1950: 5 6 - 9 ) . S in c e c o n t e m p o ­ ra ry p r o s e w o r k s, n o t a b ly H e r o d o t u s a n d th e e a r ly H ip p o c r a t ic tr e a ­ tise s, ar e w r itte n in I o n ic d ia le c t , it is h a r d ly s u r p r is in g th a t th e T e tr a lo g ie s , p e r h a p s th e e a r lie st w o r k s o f A ttic p r o s e , s h o w s ig n s o f I o n ic in flu e n c e (se e b e lo w n . 61, D o v e r 1950: 5 7 - 8 ) . T h e o n ly o t h e r A ttic p r o s e w o r k th a t m a y b e as e a r ly is th e p a m p h le t b y th e s o -c a lle d “ O ld O lig a r c h ,” 27 a n d it t o o e x h ib it s s o m e s lig h t I o n ic c o lo r in g . T h e T e t r a lo g ie s b e l o n g to th e e a r lie s t p e r io d o f A t t ic p r o s e , w h ic h s o o n s u p e r s e d e d I o n ic p r o s e as th e m e d iu m o f in te lle c t u a l c o m m u n ic a ­ tio n ; t h e ir in f lu e n c e o n th e sty le o f T h u c y d id e s , th e fir st g r e a t m a s t e r o f A ttic p r o se , is e v id e n t, a n d t h e ir c o m p le x , s o m e t im e s e x p e r im e n ta l sty le is e v id e n c e o f a n a u t h o r w h o (like T h u c y d id e s ) is c r e a t iv e ly e n g a g e d in th e in te lle c t u a l iss u e s o f h is day. T h e c o u r t s p e e c h e s , b y c o n ­ tra st, w e r e c o m p o s e d n o t fo r r e a d in g a n d stu dy, b u t fo r o r a l d e liv e r y ; in th e s e A n tip h o n n a tu r a lly e m p lo y s a s im p le r, m o r e p u r e ly A t t ic p r o s e , as w o u ld th e lo g o g r a p h e r s w h o s u c c e e d e d h im ; b u t th is d iff e r e n c e is n o r e a s o n to d o u b t h is a u t h o r s h ip o f th e T e tr a lo g ie s . F in a lly , th e a r g u m e n ts o f th e T e t r a lo g ie s fit w e ll w ith t h e in te lle c t u a l in te r e s ts

of

th e

s o p h is tic

age

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th e

sp ir it o f

e x p e r im e n ta t io n

c h a r a c te r is tic o f th e p e r io d (S o lm s e n 1975). In p a r tic u la r , a r g u m e n ts b a s e d o n p r o b a b ilit y in th e F irst T e t r a lo g y a n d th e n e x u s o f a r g u m e n ts c o n c e r n in g c a u s e , e ff e c t, b la m e a n d r e s p o n s ib ilit y in t h e S e c o n d a n d T h ir d c a n b e p a r a lle le d in th e w o r k o f C o r a x , T is ia s a n d G o r g ia s , as w e ll as in fif th -c e n t u r y tr a g e d y a n d c o m e d y . T h u s , a lth o u g h it is a lw a y s d iffi­ c u lt c o n c lu s iv e ly to p r o v e a u th e n tic ity , th e r e is n o g o o d r e a s o n to d o u b t th e tr a d it io n a l a s c r ip t io n o f th e T e t r a lo g ie s to A n t ip h o n . I n d e e d , t h e s e w o rk s d e m o n s tr a t e w e ll th e p o w e r s o f th in k in g a n d s p e a k in g so p r a is e d b y T h u c y d id e s , as w e ll as t h e δεινότη ς th a t so a r o u s e d p o p u la r s u s p ic io n .

4. A t h e n ia n la w

A T H E N I A N LAW

d iffe r e d fr o m

R om an

la w

an d m o st m o d ern

le g a l

s y s te m s in its a lm o s t to ta l la c k o f p r o f e s s io n a liz a t io n .28 In th is r e g a r d 27 O fficially entitled Constitution of the Athenians and found am ong the works o f X en o p h on , but from the style and internal references it cannot be by him. 28 Todd (1993) esp. 1-73 presents an excellen t sum m ary o f the general char­ acter o f A thenian law.

IN T R O D U C T IO N la w r e s e m b le d o t h e r a r e a s o f A t h e n ia n g o v e r n m e n t , w h e r e m a n y le a d in g o f fic ia ls w e r e c h o s e n b y lo t fo r n o n - r e n e w a b le o n e - y e a r te r m s . The

le g a l p r o c e s s f u n c t io n e d w it h o u t j u d g e s , p u b lic p r o s e c u to r s ,

la w y e r s o r le g a l sc h o la r s ; th e n e a r e s t t h in g to a p r o f e s s io n a l w a s th e lo g o g r a p h e r , w h o u n d o u b t e d ly a d v is e d h is c lie n t o n le g a l m a tte r s w h ile c o m p o s i n g a s p e e c h for h im . 29 In m o s t c a s e s ju r o r s w e r e s e le c t e d b y lo t fr o m t h o s e w h o v o lu n t e e r e d , a n d a s m a ll d a ily s tip e n d h e lp e d e n s u r e th a t t h o s e w it h o u t fin a n c ia l m e a n s c o u ld se rv e ; c a s e s w e r e u s u a lly h e a r d b y j u r ie s o f 2 0 0 to 5 0 0 m e n . A s in A n g lo - A m e r ic a n c o m m o n law , A t h e n ia n p r o c e d u r e w a s a d v e r s a r ia l, w ith ju r o r s d e c id in g fo r o n e o f th e lit ig a n t s , e a c h o f w h o m p r e s e n te d h is o w n c a s e , e v e n i f h is s p e e c h w a s w r itt e n b y s o m e o n e e ls e . A n o f fic ia l p r e s id e d o v e r th e c a s e , c o n d u c t in g th e p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g s , s c h e d u lin g a n d s u p e r v is in g th e tria l, a n d a n n o u n c in g th e v e r d ic t , b u t o n ly r a r e ly c o u ld h e m a k e a d e c is io n a f fe c t ­ in g th e s u b s t a n c e o f a c a s e (se e 5 .8

1 9 η ., 6.4211.). T h e r e w a s n o fix e d

s ta n d a r d o f p r o o f. S p e a k e r s s o m e t im e s s u g g e s t th a t ju r o r s s h o u ld v o te fo r th e s tr o n g e r c a s e , o r for a c q u itt a l i f b o t h c a s e s a r e e q u a l (e.g. 4 .4 .9 ) ; 30 b u t s o m e t im e s th e d e f e n d a n t (u n d e r s ta n d a b ly ) u r g e s a h ig h e r d e g r e e o f c e r t a in ty (e.g. 5 .6 4 - 7 3 ) . In c o u r t e a c h s id e p r e s e n te d its c a s e in o n e s p e e c h w it h in a s p e c if ic tim e lim it; in m o s t p r iv a te c a s e s e a c h t h e n g a v e a s e c o n d s p e e c h (see A P . 6 7 .2 ), p r o b a b ly a r e b u tta l o f th e o p p o n e n t ’s a r g u m e n ts . N o c a s e s la s t e d m o r e th a n a day. T h e r e w a s a r u le th a t in a h o m ic id e c a s t o n e s h o u ld stic k to th e s u b je c t (5.11, 6 .9 ) b u t th e r e w a s n o m e c h a n is m to e n f o r c e th is r u le (o th e r th a n th e d is fa v o r o f th e ju r o r s ), a n d sp e a k e r s in a ll c a s e s h a d c o n s id e r a b le la titu d e in c h o o s in g t h e ir a r g u m e n ts ; th u s s u b je c ts s u c h as p r e v io u s s e r v ic e to th e c ity (or la c k o f it) c o u ld b e in tr o ­ d u c e d in a n a t te m p t to in flu e n c e th e v e r d ic t. S u c h iss u e s m a y strik e a m o d e r n r e a d e r as o u t o f p la c e in a le g a l c a s e , b u t A t h e n ia n la w s e r v e d a r a th e r d iff e r e n t p u r p o s e , u ltim a te ly s h a p e d b y its d e m o c r a t ic p o lit ic a l id e a ls , in w h ic h th e w o r t h o f a n in d iv id u a l to th e p o lis w a s o f te n as m u c h a c o n c e r n as str ic t o b e d ie n c e to th e le t t e r o f th e la w o r th e p r e s e r v a t io n o f in d iv id u a l r ig h ts .31 W h e n th e tw o s id e s f in is h e d s p e a k 29 B onner (1927) is still useful for a practical understanding o f the A thenian legal system . 30 Equal votes from the jurors resulted in acquittal (5.5m .). 31 T h e difference on this score betw een A thenian and m odern practice (not theory) should not be exaggerated. As D over shows (1974: 2 8 8 -3 0 1 , esp. 292-5),

4 . A T H E N I A N LA W

11

in g , th e ju r o r s d e c id e d b y m a jo r ity v o te . N o o n e o t h e r th a n th e litig a n ts in s tr u c te d th e m o n p o in t s o f law , a n d ju r o r s w e r e n o t b o u n d b y p r e c e ­ d e n t in a n y str ic t s e n s e . S o m e c a s e s h a d f ix e d p e n a ltie s ; in o th e r s , a fte r a g u ilty v e r d ic t, th e ju r o r s a lso d e c id e d th e p u n is h m e n t b y c h o o s in g b e t w e e n th e p r o p o s a ls o f e a c h sid e. T h e r e w a s n o a p p e a l fro m th e v e r d ic t, b u t a lit ig a n t c o u ld r e k in d le th e d is p u te b y c h a r g in g a w itn e s s w ith p e r ju r y o r b r in g in g su it o n a r e la te d issu e . A m o n g th e d iffe r e n t p r o c e d u r e s fo r lit ig a t io n a t A t h e n s th e tw o m o s t c o m m o n w e r e th e δίκη a n d th e γ ρ α φ ή . A lt h o u g h b o t h te r m s c o u ld b e u s e d g e n e r a lly , δίκη o f a n y “ c a s e ” o r “ t r ia l” a n d γ ρ α φ ή o f a n y w r itte n p le a d in g (e.g. 1.2), th e y a lso h a v e s p e c if ic t e c h n ic a l m e a n in g s , δίκη w a s th e o ld e r p r o c e d u r e , u s e d p r im a r ily fo r o ffe n s e s a g a in s t in d iv id u a ls ; it c o u ld o n ly b e b r o u g h t b y th e v ic t im o r h is r e la tiv e s . In a γ ρ α φ ή , a p r o ­ c e d u r e in tr o d u c e d b y S o lo n , p r o s e c u tio n w a s o p e n to a n y c it iz e n w h o w is h e d (ό β ουλόμ ενος); m o s t γ ρ α φ α ί w e r e fo r p u b lic o ffe n s e s . I n a d d it io n to th e s e , o t h e r p r o c e d u r e s w e r e a v a ila b le fo r c e r t a in s p e c if ic c r im e s. A m o n g t h e se ar e ε ισ α γ γ ε λ ία , a less risk y p r o c e d u r e t h a n th e γ ρ α φ ή fo r p r o s e c u tin g s e r io u s p u b lic c r im e s lik e tr e a s o n , a n d ά π α γ ω γ ή , o r th e s u m m a r y a r r est a n d p r o s e c u tio n o f c e r t a in c o m m o n c r im in a ls (b u t cf. 5 . 8 - i g n . ) , o f te n a fte r a n ενδειξις (“d e n u n c i a t io n ” ) m a d e to th e E le v e n , th e o ffic ia ls p r im a r ily in c h a r g e o f ja ils . It w a s c o n s id e r e d le g it im a te , e v e n h o n o r a b le , to p r o s e c u te o n e ’s p e r s o n a l e n e m ie s fo r p u b lic c r im e s, th e id e a b e in g th a t e v e r y o n e w o u ld k e e p a n e y e o n h is e n e m ie s . A less h o n o r a b le m o tiv e fo r p r o s e c u tio n w a s p r o fit; t h o s e s u s p e c te d o f th is m o tiv e w e r e c a lle d “ s y c o p h a n t s ” (se e b e lo w I n tr o d . 7). T h e first A t h e n ia n la w g iv e r w a s D r a c o (c . 6 2 0 ). A g e n e r a t io n la te r (c . 5 9 0 ) S o lo n w r o te n e w la w s s u p e r s e d in g D r a c o ’s w o r k in e v e r y a r e a e x c e p t h o m ic id e , w h e r e h e r e p o r te d ly r e ta in e d D r a c o ’s la w ; th u s th e h o m ic id e la w s a r e p r a is e d as th e o ld e s t in th e la n d (5 .1 4 , 6 .2 ). O v e r th e y e a r s a m e n d m e n t s w e r e a d d e d , b u t little e ffo r t w a s m a d e to o r g a n iz e o r s y s te m a tiz e th e la w s u n til th e la st d e c a d e o f th e fifth c e n tu r y , w h e n a n o ffic ia l c o m m is s io n c o lle c t e d a n d o r g a n iz e d t h o s e la w s still in e ffe c t. O n e o f th e first r e su lts w a s th e p u b lic a t io n in 4 0 9 / 8 o f th e t e x t o f “ D r a c o ’s la w o n h o m ic i d e ” o n a s te le in th e S t o a B a s ile u s in th e a g o r a .

the A thenians did not ignore objective factors of.guilt or in n o cen ce and verdicts today m ay be influenced by som e o f the sam e extra-legal considerations as in Athens.

IN T R O D U C T IO N A f r a g m e n t o f th is in s c r ip t io n s u r v iv e s (I G i 3 104), a n d e n o u g h is still r e a d a b le fo r u s, w it h th e h e lp o f e x c e r p t s q u o t e d in D e m o s t h e n e s 2 3 , to r e sto r e th e te x t o f m o s t o f th e first th ir ty l in e s .32 H o m i c id e 33 w a s n o r m a lly p r o s e c u te d b y m e a n s o f δίκη φ ό νο υ , a p r iv a te s u it b r o u g h t b y a r e la tiv e o f th e v ic t im , in w h ic h th e p r o c e d u r e d iffe r e d in s e v e r a l w a y s fr o m th a t o f o t h e r c a s e s . T h e r e la tiv e first m a d e a p u b lic p r o c la m a t io n ( p r o r r è s i s ) n a m in g th e k ille r ( if h e w a s k n o w n ) a n d t h e n p r e s e n te d th e c a s e to th e b a s i l e u s (“ k in g ” ), th e a r c h o n in c h a r g e o f h o m ic id e c a s e s a n d o f s e v e r a l k in d s o f r e lig io u s d is p u t e s .34 T h e b a s i le u s m a d e a f o r m a l p r o c la m a t io n b a n n in g th e a c c u s e d fr o m th e a g o r a (a n d th u s fr o m th e o r d in a r y la w c o u r ts , w h ic h w e r e l o c a t e d th e r e ) a n d fro m s a c r e d p la c e s , s u c h as te m p le s ; th e a c c u s e d w a s n o t im p r is o n e d . T h e b a s i le u s

d id n o t p a s s j u d g m e n t o n th e s u b s t a n c e o f th e a c c u s a tio n , o n ly

w h e t h e r it m e t th e p r o p e r le g a l c r ite r ia fo r b r in g in g a c a s e . T h e b a s i le u s h e ld t h r e e p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g s { p r o d i k a s i a i ) in s u c c e s s iv e m o n th s a n d b r o u g h t th e c a s e to tria l in th e fo u r th m o n th ( 6 .4 2 η .). A t th e p r o d i k a s i a i th e b a s i l e u s h e a r d th e t e s t im o n y o f w it n e s s e s a n d th e g e n e r a l o u t lin e o f th e a r g u m e n ts to b e p r e s e n te d at th e tria l. T h u s a lo g o g r a p h e r lik e A n t ip h o n w o u ld c o m p o s e a s p e e c h fo r a tria l k n o w in g th e g e n e r a l th r u s t o f th e o p p o n e n t ’s c a s e ( D o r j a h n 1935). An

a c c u s a tio n

of

4

in t e n t io n a l h o m ic id e w o u ld b e

tr ie d b y th e

A r e o p a g u s , a c o u n c il m a d e u p o f f o r m e r a r c h o n s ,35 w h o s e o n c e e x t e n ­ siv e d u t ie s w e r e m u c h r e s tr ic te d b y th e r e fo r m s o f E p h ia lte s in 4 6 2 . A c c u s a t io n s o f u n in t e n t io n a l h o m ic id e , o r o f k illin g a m e t ic (r e s id e n t a lie n ), a f o r e ig n e r o r a sla v e , w e r e tr ie d n e a r a t e m p le , th e P a lla d io n , b y a g r o u p o f 51 e p h e t a i \ th e s e m a y h a v e b e e n a c o m m it t e e o f th e A r e o p a g u s . I f th e a c c u s e d a d m it t e d th e k illin g b u t c la im e d it fell u n d e r s p e c if ic r u le s fo r la w fu l h o m ic id e , th e c a s e w a s h e a r d at a n o t h e r te m p le , th e D e l p h i n io n , a lso b y th e e p h e t a i . E x a m p le s o f la w fu l h o m ic id e a re k illin g a m a n fo u n d in b e d w ith y o u r w ife o r d a u g h te r (se e L y sia s 1), a c c id e n t a lly k illin g a n o p p o n e n t in a n a t h le t ic c o n t e s t o r a fe llo w s o ld ie r in b a ttle , a n d th e u n in t e n t io n a l d e a th o f a d o c t o r ’s p a t ie n t . 32 See Stroud (1968), G agarin (1981). 33 For a fuller discussion see M acD ow ell (1963). 34 See A P 57. T h e A thenians did not use the m odern expression archon basileus. 35 Estim ates o f the size o f the council vary; as m any as 200 m ay have been eli­ gible at a given tim e, but m any were old m en, w ho m ay not have attended regu­ larly; see W allace (1989) 94-7.

5.

LAW A N D O R A T O R Y

13

A t a h o m ic id e tria l th e litig a n ts sw o r e e s p e c ia lly s o le m n o a th s th a t t h e ir a c c u s a tio n o r d e n ia l w a s tru e. E a c h sid e t h e n s p o k e , p la in t if f fir s t,36 f o llo w e d b y a s e c o n d s p e e c h b y e a c h . T h e lo g o g r a p h e r p r o b a b ly w r o te o n ly th e first s p e e c h (cf. th e r e fe r e n c e in 6 .1 4 to a “ s e c o n d s p e e c h ”), t h o u g h th e T e t r a lo g ie s s h o w us a ll four. W itn e s s e s w e r e n o t q u e s t io n e d b u t m a d e s ta t e m e n ts o r (a fte r a b o u t 375) c o n f ir m e d w r itte n s ta t e m e n ts th a t w e r e r e a d to th e c o u r t; th e y a lso sw o r e a n o a th in s u p p o r t o f th e ir sid e. T h e p e n a lty fo r in te n t io n a l h o m ic id e w a s d e a t h a n d c o n f is c a tio n o f p r o p e r ty , th o u g h th e d e f e n d a n t w a s a llo w e d to g o in to e x ile b e fo r e h is s e c o n d s p e e c h , a n d e x ile m a y in p r a c tic e h a v e b e e n a n a lte r n a tiv e to d e a t h in m o s t c a s e s . S o m e o n e c o n v ic t e d o f u n in t e n ­ t io n a l h o m ic id e w e n t in to e x ile ; la te r th e v i c t i m ’s f a m ily c o u ld a llo w th e k ille r to r e tu r n , i f th e y w is h e d . A s e a r ly as D r a c o th e la w a llo w e d th e “p la n n e r ” o r in s tig a to r to b e p r o s e c u te d j u s t lik e th e a c tu a l k iller; th is is a c r u c ia l f a c t o r in A n tip h o n 6 . In A n t ip h o n 5 th e p r o c e d u r e o f ά π α γ ω γ ή is u s e d fo r h o m ic id e , b u t th is a p p e a r s to b e e x c e p t io n a l

(5 .8 - 1911 .). A

n o te o n

cu rren cy:

th e b a s ic u n it o f A t h e n ia n c u r r e n c y w a s th e

d r a c h m a , w h ic h w a s d iv id e d in to s ix o b o ls . For la r g e r su m s, a m in a c o n ­ s is te d o f 100 d r a c h m a s a n d a t a le n t c o n s is t e d o f 6 0 m in a s o r 6 ,0 0 0 d r a c h m a s. M o d e r n e q u iv a le n c ie s are h ig h ly p r o b le m a t ic , b u t it m a y b e h e lp fu l to th in k o f a d r a c h m a , w h ic h w a s r o u g h ly th e d a ily w a g e o f a sk ille d w ork er, as w o r th (in r o u n d fig u r e s) a b o u t $ 5 0 (or £ 2 5 ) in 1 9 9 6 c u r r en cy , a m in a as a b o u t $ 5 ,0 0 0 ( £ 2 ,5 0 0 ) a n d a t a le n t as a b o u t $ 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 ( £ 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 ) .37

5.

L A W A N D O R A T O R Y ; T H E S O P H I S T S 38

A s e a r ly as H o m e r (a n d u n d o u b t e d ly e a r lie r) th e G r e e k s p la c e d a h ig h v a lu e o n e ff e c tiv e s p e a k in g , b u t th e fo r m a l s tu d y o f r h e to r ic as a τ έ χ νη o r “ a r t” b e g a n , w e ar e t o ld , in th e m id d le o f th e fifth c e n tu r y in S ic ily

36 Since a δίκη φόνου was a private suit, the accuser is best referred to as the “p la in tiff”; “prosecu tor” will be used for accusers in public procedures, includ­ ing ά π α γ ω γ ή . 37 M arkel (1985) goes into som e detail about the cost o f living in fourthcentury Athens. 38 Som e o f the points in this section are discussed m ore fully in G agarin

(1 9 9 4 )·

IN T R O D U C T IO N

w ith the w ork o f C orax and his p up il T isia s.39 T h ese tw o are scarcely m ore than n a m es to us, but an oth er fam ou s S icilian , G orgias o f L eo n tin i (c. 4 9 0 -3 9 0 ), d ev elo p e d a n ew style an d m eth o d o f argu m en t and is reported to have d a zzled the A th en ian s w ith a sp eech delivered in 427. G o r g ia s’ H e l e n calls itself an en co m iu m but is also cast as a sp eech in d efen se o f H elen ; it con tain s in n ovative view s o n p sych ology and the effects o f lo g o s and displays a m eth o d o f argu m en t by e lim in a ­ tio n , term ed “a p a g o g ie ,” that is also fou nd in A n tip h o n (2.1.4 9η.). G o r g ia s’ P a l a m e d e s , a n o th er h y p o th etica l d efen se sp eech , rehearses argu m en ts b a sed on ε’ικός, or “p rob ability.” T h e EÌKÓs-argument is found as early as the H y m n to H e r m e s (com p osed c. 500), but T isia s and C orax d ev elo p e d a n ew tw ist, the reverse EÌKÓs-argument. T h e classic exam p le co n ce rn s a figh t oetw een a w eak m an an d a strong m an , w here the form er argues, as ex p ec te d , that b ein g w eak, he is n o t likely to have assau lted a stron g m an; the latter cou n ters w ith a reverse είκός: he is n ot likely to have assau lted a w eak m an , sin ce he w ou ld im m e d ia tely be sus­ p ected o f the crim e (Arist. R h e t . 2.24.11). T h e reverse είκός-argu m en t40 is fou nd in A n tip h o n ’s First T etralogy (2.2.3, 2.2.6), a work that, like P a l a m e d e s , is an exercise in EÌKÓs-arguments, but is n ot fou nd in actu al speech es; sig n ifican tly it is ab sent from A n tip h o n 5, w here EÌKÓs-argu-

m en ts are c o m m o n . Plato severely criticizes the EÌKÓs-argument, sayin g that T isias and G orgias “saw that p rob ab ilities w ere m ore to be h o n o red th an the tru th ” (.P h a e d r u s 267a); in the G o r g i a s he ch aracterizes rh etoric as a sup erficial a ttem p t to p ersu ade w ith ou t regard for the truth o f o n e ’s case - in con trast to p hilosop hy, w h ich p ursu es the truth by m ean s o f d ia lectic. A lth o u g h Plato m od ifies this view o f rh etoric som ew h at in the P h a e d r u s and L a w s , it had con sid erab le in flu en ce on later thinkers, and, to g eth er w ith P la to ’s p roclaim ed h ostility to the sophists, persists to the p resen t day a m o n g th ose w ho see rh etoric as little m ore th an d eceitfu l d eco ra tio n , or at best h o n ey on the lip o f the cup to en cou rage an oth er to drink the b itter m ed ic in e o f p h ilo so p h ica l truth. N e e d l e s s to say, o r a to r s su c h as A n t ip h o n a n d G o r g ia s w o u ld n o t 39 See K en nedy (1963) 26-51. C ole (1991) and Schiappa (1990) have argued that the term ρητορική (sc. τέχνη) was coin ed by Plato to designate (and d en i­ grate) an enterprise he strongly opposed; this m ay be true, and earlier thinkers probably did not use ρητορική o f their works but m ay have called them τέχναι Xóycov. 40 See further G agarin (1994) 51-2.

15

5 . LAW A N D O R A T O R Y

h a v e a c c e p t e d su c h a c h a r a c te r iz a t io n o f th e ir w o rk . For th e s o p h is ts lo g o s

w a s a p o w e r fu l fo r c e w ith m a n y u s e s , in c lu d in g e s p e c ia lly th e

a b ility to o v e r tu r n tr a d it io n a l w a y s o f th in k in g in fa v o r o f n e w a n d b e tte r a r g u m e n ts . P r o ta g o r a s c a lle d th is e n t e r p r is e “ m a k in g th e w e a k e r a r g u m e n t s tr o n g e r ” (τ ο ν ή τ τ ω λ ό γ ο ν κ ρ είτ τω π ο ιεΐν ),41 a n d s u c h a r g u ­ m e n ts n a tu r a lly r a is e d s u s p ic io n a m o n g m o r e t r a d it io n a l th in k e r s , w h o c o u ld in te r p r e t th is e x p r e s s io n to m e a n “ m a k e th e w o r s e a r g u m e n t th e b e tte r .” B u t a lth o u g h th e s o p h is ts c o u ld u s e lo g o s to a r g u e fo r a p p a r e n t ly p e r v e r s e p o s itio n s , P r o ta g o r a s a im e d fo r a s ta n d a r d o f “ c o r r e c t a r g u ­ m e n t ” { o r th o s lo g o s ) , a n d o n e r e p o r t n o t in flu e n c e d b y t h e h o s t ile P la to n ic t r a d itio n h a s h im d is c u s s in g w ith P e r ic le s a le g a l c a s e r a th e r lik e th a t in th e S e c o n d T e t r a lo g y a n d a s k in g w h o w a s g u ilty “ a c c o r d in g to th e m o s t c o r r e c t a r g u m e n t ” (κ α τά τ ο ν ό ρ θ ό τ α τ ο ν λ ό γ ο ν , P lu t. P e r . 3 6 .3 ). A n d a lth o u g h th e F ir st T e t r a lo g y m a k e s m u c h u s e o f είκός- a r g u m e n t s , it is c le a r th a t th e e ff e c tiv e n e s s o f t h e s e is lim it e d a n d t h e y d o n o t h a v e th e s a m e fo r c e o r v a lid ity as fa c tu a l tru th . T h e A t h e n ia n p u b lic in th e la st q u a r te r o f th e fifth c e n tu r y h a d m ix e d f e e lin g s a b o u t th e s o p h is ts ’ u s e o f r h e to r ic a n d t h e ir m a n ip u la ­ t io n o f tr a d it io n a l th in k in g . T h e o p e n i n g s c e n e o f P l a t o ’s P r o t a g o r a s s u g ­ g e sts th e e x c it e m e n t a v isit b y P r o ta g o r a s c o u ld g e n e r a te , p a r tic u la r ly a m o n g th e y o u n g , a n d A r is t o p h a n e s ’ C lo u d s p a r o d ie s th is s a m e e a g e r ­ n e s s to le a r n t h e la te s t in te lle c t u a l d is c o v e r ie s . B o th w o r k s a lso s u g g e s t th a t th e s o p h is ts a r o u s e d s u s p ic io n a n d h o stility , a n d T h u c y d id e s ’ p r a ise o f A n t ip h o n

(In tr o d .

2) c o n f ir m s th is a ttitu d e . W e m ig h t

c o m p a r e th e c u r r e n t a ttitu d e to w a r d la w y e r s ’ a r g u m e n ts in a n a r e a lik e th e in s a n it y d e fe n se : m a n y m ig h t o b j e c t to th e r e su lt in c a s e s w h e r e s o m e o n e g u ilt y o f a te r r ib le c r im e is s e n t e n c e d to o n ly a b r i e f p e r io d o f h o s p ita liz a t io n fo r in s a n ity ; o n t h e o th e r h a n d , fe w w o u ld w is h to r e tu r n to a n e r a w h e r e n o d e f e n s e o n th e g r o u n d o f in s a n it y w a s a llo w e d , a n e r a th a t w a s e n d e d b y la w y e r s a n d o th e r s w h o c h a lle n g e d tr a d it io n a l th in k in g a n d w o r k e d “to m a k e th e w e a k e r a r g u m e n t s tr o n g e r .” T h e s e c o n d h a l f o f th e fifth c e n tu r y w a s a p e r io d o f c h a n g e in m a n y a r e a s o f A t h e n ia n life , n o t le a s t th e law . E p h ia lte s ’ r e d u c tio n o f th e p o w e r o f th e A r e o p a g u s a n d P e r ic le s ’ in s titu tio n o f p a y fo r ju r o r s a r o u n d th e m id d le o f th e c e n tu r y h e lp e d in c r e a s e th e a m o u n t o f lit ig a ­ tio n

in A t h e n s ,

th u s p r o v id in g fe r tile

ground

fo r

som eon e

Fr. 6b (DK); cf. Ar. Clouds 113—15 and 883-1451 passim.

w ith

IN T R O D U C T IO N A n t i p h o n ’s in te r e s ts a n d t a le n t. A lo g o g r a p h e r , a c tin g as b o t h le g a l a d v is e r a n d s p e e c h w r ite r , w o u ld g a in c o n s id e r a b le e x p e r tis e in le g a l a r g u m e n t a n d f o r e n s ic str a te g y . H e m ig h t d e v e lo p a sp e c ia lty , as I s a e u s a p p a r e n t ly s p e c ia liz e d in i n h e r it a n c e c a s e s . H e c o u ld n o t, h o w e v e r , a p p e a r t o o s k illfu l. A n t ip h o n a r o u s e d s u s p ic io n b e c a u s e o f h is δεινότη ς, a n d th e d e f e n d a n t in th e S e c o n d T e t r a lo g y e x p lic itly w a r n s th e ju r o r s n o t to b e p u t o f f b y th e s u b t le t y (άκρίβεια , 3 .2 .2 ) o f h is a r g u m e n t. It w a s c o m m o n fo r s p e a k e r s (like S o c r a te s in P l a t o ’s A p o l o g y ) to d is c la im le g a l e x p e r ie n c e o r r h e to r ic a l a b ility w h ile at th e s a m e tim e d e liv e r in g a s k ill­ fu lly c o m p o s e d s p e e c h . B u t th e A t h e n ia n s w e r e a lso f a s c in a t e d b y th e n e w id e a s o f th e s o p h is ts , w h o s e im p a c t o n a ll a s p e c ts o f A t h e n ia n c u ltu r e , in c lu d in g h isto r y , tra g e d y , c o m e d y a n d p h ilo s o p h y , w a s e n o r ­ m o u s . I n d e e d , th e fo r c e o f P la t o ’s a tta c k s o n th e s o p h is ts , w h ic h h a v e m a d e it so d iff ic u lt to g a in a n a c c u r a te a p p r e c ia t io n o f t h e ir w o r k , in i t s e lf t e s tifie s to t h e ir in flu e n c e a n d im p o r t a n c e .

6.

A N T I P H O N ’S F O R E N S I C A R G U M E N T A T I O N

A n t i p h o n ’s g r e a t s tr e n g th as a lo g o g r a p h e r is a r g u m e n ta t io n

th e

s e le c t io n , c o m p o s i t io n a n d a r r a n g e m e n t o f a r g u m e n ts in s u c h a w a y as to m a k e th e b e s t p o s s ib le c a s e fo r a c li e n t .42 A n t ip h o n m a y la c k th e c la r ity

of

e x p o s it io n

of

L y s ia s

or

th e

e m o t io n a l

appeal

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D e m o s t h e n e s , a n d h e s h o w s little in te r e s t in th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f h is s p e a k e r ’s e t h o s ( th o u g h in A n t. 1 th e s te p m o t h e r is e f f e c tiv e ly c h a r a c te r ­ iz e d as a v illa in ); b u t th e a c c u m u la t io n o f d iffe r e n t k in d s o f a r g u m e n t in h is s p e e c h e s h a s a fo r c e f u ln e s s n o t p r e s e n t in a n y la te r w rite r . W e h a v e a lr e a d y a llu d e d to h is u se o f είκ ό ς^ ^ υ Γ η ο 'η ί8 (In tr o d . 5), o n e s p e c ia l fo r m o f w h ic h m a y b e n o t e d h e r e : t h e u se o f a g e n e r a liz a t io n to s u p p o r t a p a r t ic u la r c a s e (e.g. 5 .5 3 ), w h ic h is a lso c h a r a c te r is t ic o f th e s p e e c h e s o f T h u c y d id e s ( D o v e r 1971: x ii). T a k e n s in g ly th e a r g u m e n ts m a y b e q u e s t io n a b le , b u t b y c o m b in i n g a n d o f te n r e p e a tin g t h e m A n tip h o n a c h ie v e s a p o w e r f u l e ffe c t. In d is c u s s in g f o r e n s ic a r g u m e n t it is c o m m o n fo r u s to th in k in te r m s o f “ r h e t o r ic a l” a r g u m e n ts a n d “ le g a l ” a r g u m e n ts , w ith th e im p lic a t io n o f a w e ll- e s t a b lis h e d o p p o s itio n b e t w e e n “ f o r m ” a n d “ c o n t e n t ,” o r s u b ­ j e c t iv e a n d o b j e c t iv e c o n c e r n s . T o c a ll a n a r g u m e n t “ r h e t o r ic a l” is to

42 T h ere are useful remarks on the subject in D u e (1980).

6.

F O R E N S IC A R G U M E N T A T IO N

17

d is m is s it as su p e r fic ia l; to c a ll it “ le g a l” im p lic it ly in v e sts it w it h th e k in d o f o b j e c t iv it y w e c o n s id e r a p p r o p r ia te in le g a l c a s e s to d a y . T h e o p p o s itio n b e t w e e n fo r m a n d c o n t e n t , h o w e v e r , first s u r fa c e s in P la to ;43 th e r e is n o in d ic a t io n th a t th e s o p h is ts t h o u g h t a b o u t o r a to r y in th is w a y T h e t e c h n iq u e s th e y e x p lo r e d w e r e a t th e s a m e tim e s ty listic a lly a n d s u b s t a n tiv e ly e x p e r im e n ta l a n d p r o v o c a tiv e a n d th e a r g u m e n ts th e y c r e a t e d w e r e b o t h le g a lly a n d r h e to r ic a lly e ffe c tiv e . O r ra th er, o n e s h o u ld sa y th a t for th e s o p h is ts a n d o r a to r s le g a l a n d r h e to r ic a l e ff e c tiv e n e s s w e r e v ir t u a lly th e s a m e th in g . R h e t o r ic a l c o m m o n p la c e s , fo r in s ta n c e , s u c h as th e c a p t a t i o b e n e v o le n tia e (a p p e a l fo r th e j u r o r s ’ g o o d w ill) o r th e r e la te d p le a o f le g a l in e x p e r ie n c e , are u s u a lly in te g r a t e d w ith th e s p e a k e r ’s m a in le g a l a r g u m e n ts . I n th is w o r k , th e r e fo r e , a lth o u g h c e r t a in p a s s a g e s o r fe a tu r e s m a y b e i d e n tif ie d as “ r h e t o r ic a l,” th is s h o u ld n o t b e ta k e n to im p ly th a t th e y are n o t a lso o f le g a l s ig n if i­ c a n c e ; at tim e s th e a d je c tiv e “f o r e n s ic ” w ill b e u s e d to in d ic a t e a c o m ­ b in e d le g a l a n d r h e to r ic a l p e r s p e c t iv e . S in c e a lit ig a n t h a d o n ly o n e o r tw o s p e e c h e s in w h ic h to p r e s e n t h is e n tir e c a s e , a n d n o iss u e c o u ld b e d e c id e d s e p a r a te ly (as b y a j u d g e ), a ll th e n e c e s s a r y fa c t u a l in fo r m a tio n a n d e v e r y im p o r t a n t a r g u m e n t o n s u b s ta n c e o r p r o c e d u r e , fa c t o r law , h a d to b e p r e s e n te d to g e th e r . A s in g le s p e e c h w ill th u s c o m b in e (a p p a r e n tly ) s tr a ig h tfo r w a r d n a r r a tiv e , c o m p le x a r g u m e n t, e m o t io n a l a p p e a l, r e p e titio n s a n d d ig r e s s io n s , a ll w ith th e g o a l o f o b t a in in g a f a v o r a b le v e r d ic t. E v e n m o r e th a n to d a y a l it ig a n t ’s p r im a r y ta sk w a s to c o n t r o l th e iss u e - to d e t e r m in e w h ic h issu e s th e ju r o r s w o u ld c o n s id e r m o s t im p o r t a n t , w h ic h q u e s t io n s th e y w o u ld h a v e in t h e ir m in d s as th e y c a s t t h e ir v o t e s .44 N a tu r a lly , a sp e a k e r f o c u s e d h is a r g u m e n ts o n p o in t s th a t fa v o r e d h is o w n c a s e , w h ile at th e s a m e tim e d r a w in g a t te n t io n a w a y fr o m p o in t s th a t m ig h t fa v o r h is 43 T h e distinction underlies the entire discussion o f rhetoric in the Gorgias beginnin g in 4 4gd w ith the question, what is rhetoric about, and the answer that it is about logoi and persuasion; but the d istinction is apparently not explicitly for­ m ulated until Republic 392c, where Socrates distinguishes betw een what is said and how it is said (α τε λεκτεου και ώς λεκτεου). 44 T h e attem pt to control the issue is still fundam ental in m odern trials, even though a judge m ay considerably narrow the range o f argum ents available to lit­ igants. In the m urder trial o f O. J. Sim pson, for exam ple, the prosecu tion focused on specific factual evid en ce, whereas the defense raised m uch broader issues about police conduct and racial prejudice; each side sought to control the ques­ tion the jurors w ould have upperm ost in their m inds.

IN T R O D U C T IO N o p p o n e n t; a s p e a k e r m ig h t a r g u e d ir e c t ly a g a in s t s o m e o f h is o p p o ­ n e n t ’s a r g u m e n ts b u t o n o t h e r p o in t s it w a s p r o b a b ly m o r e e ff e c tiv e to ig n o r e a n o p p o n e n t ’s a r g u m e n t e n tir e ly . W e a lm o s t n e v e r k n o w th e v e r d ic t in a c a s e , a n d e v e n i f w e d id , w e w o u ld n o t k n o w w h ic h o f th e s p e a k e r ’s a r g u m e n ts

c o n t r ib u t e d

m o st

to

h is

su ccess

or

fa ilu r e .

H o w e v e r , a lo g o g r a p h e r lik e A n tip h o n c o u ld p r o b a b ly le a r n fro m ju r o r s w h ic h p o in t s h a d o r h a d n o t b e e n s u c c e s s f u l, so th a t a r g u m e n ts th a t are f o u n d r e p e a te d ly in s p e e c h e s p r o b a b ly w e r e k n o w n to b e e f f e c ­ tiv e in m o s t c a s e s . A h a llm a r k o f A n t i p h o n ’s a r g u m e n ta t io n is its fle x ib ility . T h e t r a d i­ t io n a l fo u r -p a r t d iv is io n o f a s p e e c h in to p r o lo g u e (π ρ ο ο ιμ ίο υ), n a r r a tiv e (διήγησις), p r o o f o r a r g u m e n t (π ίσ τις), a n d e p ilo g u e (ε π ίλ ο γ ο ς ) w a s s a id to h a v e b e e n d e v is e d b y T is ia s a g e n e r a tio n e a r lie r, b u t A n t ip h o n o fte n fo llo w s t h e s e d iv is io n s o n ly lo o se ly , fit tin g h is p r e s e n ta t io n to th e n e e d s o f th e c a s e . T h u s th e n a r r a tiv e in i is m o r e d e t a ile d a n d r e la tiv e ly m u c h l o n g e r th a n in 5 o r 6 , in p a r t b e c a u s e 1 is a s p e e c h fo r th e p r o s e c u tio n a n d th u s n e e d s to p r e s e n t th e first a c c o u n t o f th e fa c ts to th e ju r o r s , b u t a ls o b e c a u s e th e s p e a k e r la ck s th e e v id e n c e th a t m ig h t s u p p o r t o t h e r a r g u m e n ts . A n t ip h o n s o m e t im e s b lu r s th e lin e b e t w e e n th e d iffe r e n t p a r ts o f a s p e e c h , m o r e o v e r , so th a t e v e n w h e r e h e m o v e s e x p lic itly fro m n a r r a tiv e o f th e fa c ts (τα π ρ ά γ μ α τ α ) to a r g u m e n t, as at 5 .2 5 , h e in fa ct c o n t in u e s to p r e s e n t a m ix tu r e o f b o t h w it h o n ly a s h ift in e m p h a s is . P r e v io u s s c h o la r s h a v e o f te n s o u g h t to fin d u n if y in g str u c tu r e s o r s tr u c tu r a l p r in c ip le s in th e th r e e c o u r t s p e e c h e s , b u t t h e s e h a v e o n ly b e e n a c h ie v e d at th e c o s t o f d is to r t io n a n d m is u n d e r s t a n d in g . For e x a m p le , s c h o la r s h a v e n o t e d th a t a fte r th e p r o lo g u e e a c h s p e e c h c o n ­ ta in s a p r e lim in a r y a tta c k o n th e o p p o n e n t s ; 40 b u t th e r e a r e s ig n if ic a n t d iff e r e n c e s a m o n g th e s e (1.5 13η.) a n d o n e m u s t b e c a r e fu l n o t to ig n o r e in d iv id u a l v a r ia t io n s a m o n g t h e m . S im ila r ly , th e fr e q u e n t m e n t io n o f o a t h s a n d th e p r o c e d u r e o f b a s a n o s , o r th e in te r r o g a tio n o f sla v e s u n d e r to r tu r e (In tr o d . 7), le d S o lm s e n (1931) to c o n c lu d e th a t th e s e le c tio n a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f a r g u m e n ts in A n t i p h o n ’s c o u r t s p e e c h e s w a s c o n d i ­ t io n e d b y th e lin g e r in g i m p o r t a n c e o f “ n o n - a r tis tic p r o o f s ” (πίστεις ά τ ε χ ν ο ι) as o p p o s e d to “a r tis tic p r o o f s ” (πίστεις έ ντ ε χ νο ι). T h e s e te r m s are A r is t o t le ’s, w h o in c lu d e s a m o n g n o n - a r tis tic p r o o fs w itn e s s e s , b a s a m i,

c o n t r a c t s , la w s a n d o a th s ( R h e t. 1.2, 1.15). In e a r ly G r e e k law, 45

45 Som etim es called the προκατασκευή (E, 24 7; Reuter 1903).

6.

F O R E N S IC A R G U M E N T A T IO N

19

S o lm s e n a r g u e d , n o n - a r tis tic p r o o fs o p e r a te d a u to m a tic a lly , so th a t th e p r e s e n c e o f a c e r t a in n u m b e r o f w it n e s s e s o n o n e sid e o r th e s w e a r in g o f a s p e c if ie d o a th in it s e lf d e c id e d th e c a se ; th e im p o r t a n c e o f t h e se “p r o o f s ” in e a r ly la w a c c o u n t s fo r t h e ir im p o r t a n c e in A n tip h o n , th e e a r lie st o f th e o r a to r s . S o lm s e n ’s t h e sis w a s w id e ly a c c la im e d , b u t is n o w m o r e o f te n r e je c t e d .46 N o t o n ly is th e r e v ir tu a lly n o e v id e n c e th a t n o n - a r tis tic p r o o fs p la y e d th is k in d o f r o le in e a r ly p r o c e d u r e , b u t A r is t o t le ’s d is c u s s io n o f th e s e p r o o fs in R h e to r i c 1.15 m a k e s it c le a r th a t d e s p ite h is in it ia l e x p la n a tio n th a t th e s p e a k e r s im p ly fin d s th e s e p r o o fs “ o u t s id e ” h is s p e e c h a n d in s e r ts t h e m w it h o u t e x e r c is in g a n y sk ill, th e y d o n o t w o r k a u t o m a t ic a lly b u t, j u s t lik e a r tis tic p r o o fs, a r e m a te r ia l fo r th e s p e a k e r to m a n ip u la t e in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e n e e d s o f h is a r g u m e n t. T h u s , A n tip h o n m a n ip u la t e s th e s e p r o o fs j u s t lik e o th e r s , a c c o r d in g to th e n e e d s o f th e c a s e (C a r e y 1994); a c lo s e lo o k a t h is a r g u ­ m e n ts w ill s h o w th a t h e a c tu a lly p u ts little e m p h a s is o n o a th s , a n d a r g u m e n ts a b o u t b a s a n o s are q u ite d iffe r e n t in 1 a n d 5 a n d are in e a c h c a s e d e t e r m in e d b y th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s . T h e a s s e s s m e n t o f th e s e a n d o t h e r a r g u m e n ts is m a d e m o r e d iffic u lt b y th e fa c t th a t w e o n ly r a r e ly h a v e b o t h s p e e c h e s fro m a tr ia l,47 a n d w e u s u a lly h a v e little o r n o e x te r n a l e v id e n c e fo r th e fa c ts o f a c a se; w e m u st th u s in fe r b o t h th e fa c ts a n d th e o p p o n e n t ’s s tr a te g y fr o m th e s p e e c h w e h a v e , a p r o c e s s r e q u ir in g c a u t io n a n d s k e p tic is m . I n d e e d , A n t i p h o n ’s w o r d s to th e ju r o r s in 6 .1 8 c a n u s e fu lly b e d ir e c t e d to th e m o d e r n c r itic o f A ttic fo r e n s ic o r a to r y : “y o u are fo r c e d to r e a c h a v e r d ic t o n th e b a s is ó f n o t h in g o t h e r th a n th e s p e e c h e s o f th e p la in t if f a n d d e f e n d a n t [for m o d e r n s c h o la r s , o n ly o n e o f th e s e ] ; y o u m u s t b e s u s p ic io u s a n d e x a m in e th e ir w o r d s in d e t a il, a n d y o u r v o t e w ill n e c e s s a r ily b e c a st o n th e b a s is o f lik e lih o o d r a th e r th a n c le a r k n o w le d g e .” I f w e b e a r in m in d c e r t a in g e n e r a l p r in c ip le s ,48 h o w e v e r , w e c a n d r a w s o m e r e a s o n a b le in fe r e n c e s a b o u t t h e se m a tte r s. F irst, th e p r im a r y g o a l o f b o t h p a r tie s is to s e c u r e a fa v o r a b le v e r d ic t; th u s e v e r y s ta t e m e n t m u st b e s u s p e c t. E v e n w h e n a s ta t e m e n t is tru e, it m a y b e o n ly a p a r tia l tr u th , a n d e v e n a slig h t a m o u n t o f e x a g g e r a t io n o r d is to r t io n m a y b e c r u c ia l. W e m u s t a lso ask w h a t th e s p e a k e r is le a v in g o u t o f h is a c c o u n t

46 E.g. Vollm er (1958), D u e (1980), G agarin (1990c); cf. E, 84. 47 T h e excep tions are D em . 19 and Aes. 2; D em . 18 and Aes. 3. 48 T h ese are m ore fully elaborated in M H 13-14.

IN T R O D U C T IO N a n d w hy. S e c o n d , th e s p e a k e r ’s c a s e is p r o b a b ly n o t s tr o n g e r t h a n h e c la im s , a n d is q u it e lik e ly w e a k e r . T h ir d , a s p e a k e r p r o b a b ly d o e s n o t ig n o r e all o f h is o p p o n e n t ’s a r g u m e n ts , th o u g h h e m a y sa y n o t h in g a b o u t s o m e t h a t h is o p p o n e n t c o n s id e r s c r u c ia l. M o r e o v e r , w h e n h e d o e s a llu d e d ir e c t ly to h is o p p o n e n t ’s a r g u m e n t, h e m a y b e m is r e p r e ­ s e n t in g it by, fo r e x a m p le , p r e t e n d in g it is m o r e im p o r t a n t th a n th e o p p o n e n t c o n s id e r e d it. F o u r th , i f w e f e e l a s p e a k e r ’s c a s e is e x tr e m e ly w e a k o r o v e r w h e lm in g ly s tr o n g , w e s h o u ld s e e k s o m e e x p la n a t io n fo r th e fa c t th a t h e o r h is o p p o n e n t h a s b r o u g h t o r c o n t e s t e d th e c a s e . F ifth , d e s p ite th e c r it ic is m s o f A r is to p h a n e s a n d P la to , A t h e n ia n ju r o r s w e r e p r o b a b ly r e a s o n a b ly c o m p e t e n t to e v a lu a te th e s p e e c h e s o f b o t h s id e s fa ir ly a n d s e n sib ly . M a n y s e r v e d r e g u la r ly as ju r o r s a n d g a in e d c o n s id ­ e r a b le e x p e r ie n c e in s iz in g u p th e lit ig a n t s a n d e v a lu a tin g t h e ir a r g u ­ m e n ts . T h e y w e r e n o t in fa llib le a n d th e y u n d o u b t e d ly h a d p r e ju d ic e s , b u t th e r e is n o r e a s o n to a s s u m e th a t t h e y c o u ld e a s ily b e d e c e iv e d b y o b v io u s ly f a lla c io u s a r g u m e n ts . N o r w a s th e r e n e c e s s a r ily a s ig n if ic a n t d iff e r e n c e b e t w e e n th e ju r o r s a t th e A r e o p a g u s o r P a lla d io n a n d t h o s e in th e p o p u la r c o u r ts . L it ig a t io n w a s a v ita l fe a tu r e o f A t h e n ia n d e m o ­ c r a tic g o v e r n m e n t ; i f it r o u t in e ly r e s u lt e d in b la ta n tly b ia s e d o r o b v i­ o u s ly e r r o n e o u s j u d g m e n t s , th e p r o c e s s c o u ld n o t h a v e e n d u r e d .49 F in a lly , w e m u s t n o t e th a t t h e s e c o n s id e r a t io n s d o n o t a p p ly to th e T e t r a lo g ie s . S in c e A n t ip h o n c o n t r o ls th e s p e e c h e s o n b o t h s id e s, w e m u s t a s s u m e t h a t e v e r y f a c t o r a r g u m e n t s ig n if ic a n t fo r h is p u r p o s e is in c lu d e d in t h e te x t. T h e le g a l c o n t e x t is g e n e r a lly c o n s is t e n t w ith A t h e n ia n law , b u t th e T e t r a lo g ie s p a y little a t te n t io n to th e d e ta ils o f a c tu a l la w s, w h ic h m a y b e d is to r t e d o r ig n o r e d . M o r e o v e r , s in c e th e s e a r e n o t a c tu a l c a s e s b u t e x a m p le s o f fo r e n s ic a r g u m e n t, th e fa c ts a re k e p t to a m in im u m , so th a t th e e n tir e e m p h a s is c a n b e p u t o n a r g u ­ m e n t a t io n . For th e sa k e o f c la r ity a r g u m e n ts a r e o fte n m a tc h e d p o in t f o r - p o in t w it h c o u n t e r - a r g u m e n ts in a w a y th a t w a s u n d o u b t e d ly ra re in a c tu a l c a s e s . T h u s , th e r e a d e r o f th e T e t r a lo g ie s s h o u ld n o t a sk w h a t are

49 O n the vexed question o f the com p osition o f A thenian juries, besides liter­ ary works, such as A ristoph anes’ Wasps (for w h ich see Sinclair 1988: 127-35, H ansen 1991: 183-6) there is som e evid en ce in the bronze allotm ent tablets (pinakia) that have been found in A thenian graves, from w hich one scholar c o n ­ cludes, “the com p osition o f [the body o f jurors] would seem to have reflected closely the social and econ om ic com p osition o f the citizen popu lation at large” (Kroll 1972: 263).

7.

21

T H E R H E T O R IC O F LAW

th e fa c ts o r w h e r e d o e s th e tru th lie , b u t h o w v a lid (or p e r h a p s h o w in te r e s tin g ) ar e th e a r g u m e n ts a n d w h a t c a n w e le a r n fro m th e m .

7.

T H E R H E T O R I C O F LAW

A n A t h e n ia n tria l w a s e s s e n tia lly a s ta g e d c o m p e t itio n , a v e r b a l c o n t e s t (ia g ö n ) b e t w e e n tw o o p p o n e n ts , in w h ic h a lit ig a n t ’s s in g le s p e e c h (or tw o sp e e c h e s ) c a r r ie d a lm o s t th e e n tir e b u r d e n o f h is c a s e . T h e d e t e r m in a ­ tio n o f fa ct a n d th e o b je c tiv e a s s e s s m e n t o f le g a l r u les w e r e n o t u n im ­ p o r ta n t to A t h e n ia n ju r o r s , b u t th e ir v e r d ic t r e p r e s e n t e d m o r e th a n a d e c is io n as to w h e t h e r th e fa cts as e s ta b lis h e d c o n s tit u te d a v io la t io n o f a s p e c ific law ; th e y a lso j u d g e d b o t h lit ig a n t s ’ o v e r a ll b e h a v io r in lig h t o f th e g e n e r a l s ta n d a r d s o f th e c o m m u n it y a n d a s s e s s e d th e v a lid ity o f th e ir c la im s o n th e b a s is o f th e t o ta lity o f th e ir b e h a v io r . A n A t h e n ia n tria l r a ise d a b r o a d e r set o f iss u e s th a n m o d e r n la w d e e m s p r o p e r (in th e o ry , at lea st), a n d w a s less c o n c e r n e d w ith s e p a r a tin g s u b je c tiv e (rh eto r ic a l) fro m o b je c tiv e (le g a l) c o n c e r n s . T h u s c e r ta in fo r e n s ic str a te g ie s th a t are c o m m o n in th e o r a to r s m a y b e m is u n d e r s t o o d b y a r e a d e r w h o ta k e s r e fe r e n c e s to a lle g e d ly o b je c tiv e fa c to r s at fa c e v a lu e . A s n o t e d a b o v e (In tro d . 6), A r is to tle c la im s th a t a sp e a k e r s im p ly fin d s n o n -a r tis tic p r o o fs a n d in se r ts th e m in to h is s p e e c h , b u t h is s p e c ific a d v ic e to o r a to r s in R h e to r i c 1.15 e m p h a s iz e s th e fo r e n s ic u se o f t h e se a lle g e d ly o b je c tiv e fa cto r s, n o t th e “ e x tr a - f o r e n s ic ” skills n e e d e d to fin d t h e s e p r o o fs. It is c h a r a c te r is tic o f A t h e n ia n fo r e n s ic o r a to r y (as o f m u c h le g a l a n d p o lit ­ ic a l o r a to r y e v e n to d a y ) to p r e te n d th a t c e r ta in te r m s o r c o n c e p ts d e s ig ­ n a te a n o b je c tiv e reality, w h e n in fa ct t h e ir p r im a r y v a lu e lie s in th e ir a v a ila b ility fo r f o r e n s ic m a n ip u la t io n . S e v e r a l o f th e s e a r e p r o m in e n t in A n t ip h o n ’s a r g u m e n ta t io n , a n d th e y m u st b e u n d e r s t o o d in te r m s o f th e ir c o n t r ib u t io n to th e str a te g y o f th e s in g le lo g o s h e w r o te fo r th e tria l. O ne

o f A r is t o t le ’s n o n - a r tis tic p r o o fs ( R h e t. 1 .1 5 .2 6 ),

b a sa n o s

or

“ in te r r o g a tio n u n d e r t o r t u r e ,” p la y s a r o le in e a c h o f A n t i p h o n ’s c o u r t s p e e c h e s .00 In th e o r a to r s b a s a n o s u s u a lly d e s ig n a te s n o t th e to r tu r e o f a s u s p e c t in a c r im in a l in v e s t ig a tio n , as o c c u r r e d in A n tip h o n 5, b u t a u n iq u e ly A t h e n ia n p r o c e d u r e w h e r e b y in a n y le g a l c a s e , c iv il o r c r im in a l, o n e lit ig a n t c o u ld iss u e a c h a lle n g e (π ρ ό κ λ η σ ή ) to th e o th e r, 50

50 Thür (1977) is the fundam ental work on b a sa n o s ; the view outlined here is m ore fully argued in G agarin (1996).

IN T R O D U C T IO N e it h e r o f fe r in g h is o w n o r r e q u e s tin g h is o p p o n e n t ’s sla v e s fo r in te r r o g a ­ t io n . T h e o r a to r s tr e a t th is as a r e a l p r o c e d u r e g o v e r n e d (su p p o s e d ly ) b y p r e c is e r u les. T h e lit ig a n t w h o p o s e s a c h a lle n g e to b a s a n o s s p e c if ie s th e q u e s t io n , w h ic h m u s t b e a n s w e r a b le “ y e s ” o r “ n o . ” T h e n o n - o w n e r is n o r m a lly in c h a r g e o f th e in te r r o g a tio n b u t b o th p a r tie s a r c p r e s e n t, th e s la v e is i n te r r o g a te d a n d to r tu r e d (by w h ip p in g o r th e rack) “ u n til h e a p p e a r s to te ll th e t r u th ,” a n d e it h e r s id e c a n a p p a r e n t ly c a ll o f f th e p r o c e s s at a n y tim e . A ttic o r a to r y g iv e s th e im p r e s s io n th a t th e u se o f b a sa n o s

w a s c o m m o n (so m e fo r ty c h a lle n g e s a r e m e n t io n e d ) , a n d th e

o r a to r s o f te n p r a ise b a s a n o s as a n e ff e c tiv e m e a n s o f e lic it in g th e tru th . M o d e r n s c h o la r s g e n e r a lly c o n d e m n th e p r o c e s s as c r u e l a n d ir r a tio n a l. It is r e m a r k a b le , h o w e v e r , th a t a lth o u g h a lit ig a n t o f te n s p e a k s o f a c h a lle n g e h e h a s iss u e d a n d h is o p p o n e n t h a s r e je c te d , a n d str e sse s th e in fo r m a tio n th a t w o u ld h a v e b e e n e lic it e d fro m th e sla v e h a d th e c h a l­ le n g e b e e n a c c e p t e d , in n o k n o w n c a s e w a s th e b a s a n o s a c tu a lly c a r r ie d o u t. In th e fe w c a s e s w h e r e w e are to ld a c h a lle n g e w a s a c c e p te d , o n e p a r ty a lw a y s r e n e g e d b e fo r e th e a c tu a l in te r r o g a tio n . I n d e e d , o n c lo s e r e x a m in a t io n it a p p e a r s th a t th e r u les fo r b a s a n o s w e r e in fa ct d e v is e d in s u c h a w a y th a t th e r e w o u ld b e a lm o s t n o c h a n c e o f its e v e r b e in g c a r r ie d o u t. T h is s u g g e s ts th a t a l it ig a n t ’s c h a lle n g e to e m p lo y a b a s a n o s m a y h a v e n o r m a lly b e e n m a d e n o t w ith th e i n te n t io n o f a c tu a lly e x a m in in g th e sla v e u n d e r to r tu r e , b u t r a th e r for fo r e n s ic p u r p o s e s . O n th is v ie w b a s a n o s w a s a fo r e n s ic d e v ic e w h e r e b y a lit ig a n t w h o w is h e d to in c lu d e th e te s t i­ m o n y o f a sla v e in h is s p e e c h c o u ld c h a lle n g e h is o p p o n e n t , f e e lin g q u ite c o n f id e n t th a t h is c h a lle n g e w o u ld n o t b e a c c e p te d , so th a t h e c o u ld t h e n u se th e r e je c t e d c h a lle n g e in h is a r g u m e n t to th e ju r o r s . In th is w a y (as w e s e e in A n t ip h o n i a n d 6), in fo r m a tio n fr o m sla v e s w a s a c tu a lly p r e s e n te d to th e c o u r t w it h o u t a n y p h y s ic a l to r tu r e ta k in g p la c e , w h ile at th e s a m e t im e th e A t h e n ia n s c o u ld m a in t a in th e id e o lo g ic a l d is tin c tio n b e t w e e n sla v e s, w h o w e r e s u b je c t to to r tu r e , a n d fre e m e n , w h o w e r e n o t .01 T h e T e t r a lo g ie s , w h ic h g e n e r a lly d is r e g a r d fa c t u a l e v id e n c e , p a y little a t t e n t io n to b a s a n o s (b u t se e 2 .4 .8 ) , b u t th e y o f te n r e fe r to a n o t h e r fo r e n s ic c o n c e p t , th e id e a o f p o llu t io n th a t in fe c t s a k ille r a fte r a h o m i ­ c id e .-’2 A lt h o u g h a p u r ific a tio n r itu a l m a y h a v e b e e n r e q u ir e d o f la w fu l 51*

51 T h ere are som e interesting sim ilarities betw een the challenge to swear an oath and the challenge to basanos, w hich need to be explored at greater length. 32 Parker’s study (1983: 104- 43) is valuable; see also M oulinier (1952).

7.

T H E R H E T O R IC O F LAW

23

k illers w h o w e r e a b s o lv e d o f g u ilt, th e r e is n o e v id e n c e th a t p o llu t io n w a s a s ig n if ic a n t fe a tu r e o f A t h e n ia n h o m ic id e law. T h e id e a th a t a k ille r is p o llu t e d (μιαρός) b y h is k illin g is w e ll k n o w n fro m tra g e d y , p a r ­ tic u la r ly in c o n n e c t i o n w ith k illin g in th e fa m ily , a n d p o llu t io n a n d p u r ­ ific a tio n a lso p la y a la r g e r o le in P la t o ’s L a w s (esp. in B o o k N in e ) , b u t th e T e tr a lo g ie s p r e s e n t th e m o s t e la b o r a t e v ie w o f p o llu t io n a s (p o te n tia lly ) a t ta c h in g n o t o n ly to th e killer, b u t e v e n to th e p r o s e c u to r o r th e ju r o r s w h o c o n v ic t th e w r o n g p e r s o n o r w h o fa il to c o n v ic t th e a c tu a l k ille r .53 T h is e x tr e m e v ie w o f p o llu t io n (see 2 .1 .io n .) is s o m e t im e s c o n s id e r e d a p r im itiv e c o n c e p t m o tiv a te d b y r e lig io u s c o n s id e r a t io n s , b u t th e r e is n o e v id e n c e for it in H o m e r a n d e v e n in tr a g e d y p o llu t io n d o e s n o t h a v e th is p o w e r to in fe c t o th e r s . W h y th e n d o e s A n tip h o n d w e ll so o n p o llu ­ tio n in th e T e t r a lo g ie s , w h ic h in o t h e r r e s p e c ts e m p h a s iz e r a tio n a l a r g u ­ m e n t? A g a in , th e a n s w e r lie s in u n d e r s t a n d in g h o m ic id e p o llu t io n n o t as a fe a tu r e o f la w or r e lig io n , b u t as m a te r ia l fo r fo r e n s ic a r g u m e n t. A n tip h o n is c a r e fu l to c o n f in e th e a r g u m e n ts a b o u t p o llu t io n to th e r h e to r ic a lly e la b o r a t e d p r o lo g u e s a n d e p ilo g u e s , so th a t th e y d o n o t in te r fe r e w ith o t h e r c o n s id e r a t io n s . In t h e s e a p p e a ls to th e ju r o r s , A n tip h o n c r e a te s e la b o r a t e r u le s r e la tin g to p o llu t io n a n d illu s tr a te s th e p o s s ib ilit ie s for r h e to r ic a l m a n ip u la t io n o f t h e s e r u les. It is p o s s ib le th a t s o m e o f t h e s e a r g u m e n ts w e r e te s t e d in a c tu a l d e b a t e in A t h e n s (th o u g h w e h a v e n o e v id e n c e o f th is), as th e p r o g r e s s iv e r a t io n a liz in g o f th e s o p h is ts s tir r ed r e s is ta n c e a m o n g t h o s e w h o h e ld to t r a d it io n a l b e lie f s ,545 a n d th a t A n tip h o n is d e m o n s tr a t in g h is v ir t u o s ity in m a n ip u la t in g t h e se a r g u m e n ts , b u t it is u n lik e ly th a t s u c h a r g u m e n ts c a r r ie d m u c h (if any) le g a l w e ig h t a n d it is n o t s u r p r is in g th a t p o llu t io n p la y s little r o le in th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s , o r in la te r o r a to r y .50

53 D o d d s’s analogy o f an im personal typhoid germ (1959: 36) is apt, though in som e cases pollution is said to spread even without contact. 54 T h e tensions betw een rationalism and traditional b elief at this tim e are evident in, e.g., Oedipus the King. A m odern analogy m ight be the recent d evelop­ m ent o f “righ t-to-life” view s o f the sanctity and “p erso n h o o d ” o f a hum an em bryo, w hich are prim arily found am ong religious “conservatives” but are in fact a rather recent idea. 55 See 5.81 4; m ost notable is the absence o f pollution from 1, where the intrafam ilial nature o f the crim e (as em p hasized by allusions to the Oresteia) w ould m ake the them e particularly appropriate. For pollution elsew here in oratory, see A n doc. 1.137-9 and Lys. 6.19, a case dom in ated by religious c o n ­ cerns.

IN T R O D U C T IO N A n o t h e r c o n c e p t th a t h a s p u z z le d s c h o la r s is “ th e la w p r o h ib it in g j u s t a n d u n ju s t h o m ic i d e ,” w h ic h o c c u r s in th e S e c o n d a n d T h ir d T e t r a lo g ie s ( 3 .2 .9 , e tc ., 4 .2 .3 , e tc .). A l a w p r o h i b it i n g j u s t (δίκαιος) h o m i ­ c id e is a n o b v io u s p a r a d o x a n d c a n n o t h a v e b e e n a n a c tu a l la w in A t h e n s o r a n y w h e r e e lse ; m o r e lik e ly it is a p r o d u c t o f th e s o p h is tic s p ir it o f p r o v o c a tiv e e x p e r im e n t a t io n th a t in fo r m s th e T e t r a lo g ie s . T h e “ la w ” is c it e d in o r d e r to illu s tr a te a c e r t a in k in d o f fo r e n s ic a r g u m e n t a r is in g o u t o f it, n o t b e c a u s e it is a n a c tu a l la w th a t a ffe c ts th e c a s e .56* F in a lly ,

th e

com m on

a c c u s a tio n

of

sy co p h a n cy ,

or

m a lic io u s

p r o s e c u tio n (or th r e a t o f p r o s e c u tio n ) fo r p r o fit, m a y b e m o r e a r h e to r ­ ic a l p lo y t h a n a n o b j e c t iv e la b e l. C e r t a in ly th e s y s te m o f a llo w in g a n y o n e w h o w is h e d to p r o s e c u te (In tr o d . 4) w a s s o m e t im e s a b u s e d b y t h o s e w h o b r o u g h t a c a s e o n ly for a s h a r e o f th e fin e , o r e v e n th r e a t e n e d to b r in g a c a s e m th e h o p e o f “b e in g p e r s u a d e d ” (i.e. b e in g p a id ) n o t to b r in g it, a n d v a r io u s p r o c e d u r e s w e r e a v a ila b le fo r p r o s e c u t in g a lle g e d s y c o p h a n ts ; b u t th e r e is n o e v id e n c e th a t s y c o p h a n c y w a s o b j e c t iv e ly d e f in a b le , a n d th e c h a r g e o f s y c o p h a n c y is b e t te r s e e n as p a r t o f th e “ c o d e d r h e t o r ic ” (T o d d 1993: 93) u s e d b y th e r ic h w h o d id n o t lik e o t h e r s , e s p e c ia lly t h e ir less w e a lth y , d e m o c r a t ic o p p o n e n t s , in te r f e r in g in th e ir a f fa ir s .;)/ E v e r y o r a to r c o u ld e m p lo y th e a c c u s a tio n o f s y c o ­ p h a n c y w h e n it s u ite d h is p u r p o s e (as w e s e e in A n i. 5), b u t in a lm o s t n o c a s e c a n w e s a y w ith a s s u r a n c e th a t th e c h a r g e h a d a n o b j e c t iv e b a sis.

8.

L A N G U A G E A N D S T Y L E 58

A s n o t e d (In tr o d . 3), A n t ip h o n w a s th e first m a jo r fig u r e to w r ite A ttic p r o s e . H e w a s i n f lu e n c e d , o f c o u r s e , b y t h e s p o k e n l a n g u a g e o f h is tim e (as u s e d b o t h in e v e r y d a y c o n v e r s a t io n a n d in th e c o u r ts a n d o t h e r m o r e fo r m a l s e ttin g s ), a n d m u s t in a d d it io n h a v e d r a w n o n t h e t w o m a in lite r 56 See G agarin (1978b); cf. D C , 21-44, Sealey (1984) 7 5 -6 . 37 See Todd (1993) 92 -4; this view is m ost fully develop ed by O sb orn e (1990), against w hom the argum ents o f H arvey (1990) are not entirely successful. In the 1950s a congressional com m ittee accused som e A m ericans o f “unam erican activities” - an equally slippery concept. 58 T h e only extensive discussion o f A n tip h o n ’s style to date is C ucuel (1886). D C (79-82) has a b rief discussion o f stylistic parallels betw een the Tetralogies and the sophistic fragm ents. D en n isto n (1952) is go o d on som e aspects o f style, but says little about A n tiphon, o f w hose style he has a regret­ tably low opinion .

8.

25

LA N G U A G E A N D STYLE

a ry la n g u a g e s o f h is day, I o n ic p r o s e as r e p r e s e n t e d b y H e r o d o t u s , th e m e d ic a l w r ite r s a n d th e (m o s tly lost) w o r k s o f s o p h is ts lik e P r o ta g o r a s , a n d th e d ia lo g u e o f A ttic d r a m a . F ro m t h e s e s o u r c e s h e c r e a te d a p o w ­ e r fu l a n d v e r s a tile s ty le w h o s e in flu e n c e is e v id e n t in s u c h d iv e r s e s u c ­ c e ss o r s as T h u c y d id e s , L y sia s a n d I s a e u s. H is m a in c o n t e m p o r a r y riv a l in th is r e g a r d w a s G o r g ia s ,59 w h o s e s ty listic b r illia n c e w a s m o r e a d m ir e d th a n im ita t e d , a t le a s t in th e c o u r tr o o m . T h e s ty le s o f b o t h m e n ar e o f te n te r m e d “p o e t ic ,” t h o u g h so little p r o s e r e m a in s fr o m th e p e r io d th a t s p e c if ic fe a tu r e s c a n r a r e ly b e d e s ig ­ n a te d p o e t ic w it h c o m p le t e c o n f id e n c e (D o v e r 1971: x v ii). E a rlier, u n w r itte n o r a to r y p r o b a b ly s h o w e d s im ila r f e a t u r e s ,60 a n d A n t i p h o n ’s p r o s e m a y n o t h a v e b e e n fe lt as p o e t ic b y h is c o n t e m p o r a r ie s . T o th e e x te n t th a t h e d id in c o r p o r a t e p o e t ic fe a tu r e s , h o w e v e r , t h e s e p r o b a b ly r e p r e s e n t e d a c o n s c io u s e ffo r t to g iv e h is p r o s e a m o r e a r tis tic to n e . T h e p ic tu r e o f A n tip h o n s tr u g g lin g to fre e h im s e l f fr o m th e g r ip o f p o e t r y ( C u c u e l 1 886: 30) is b e lie d b y th e fa c t th a t m o r e t h a n h a l f a c e n tu r y e a r lie r th e I o n ia n h is to r ia n H e c a t a e u s h a d a lr e a d y p r o d u c e d p r o s e t h a t, to j u d g e fro m th e s u r v iv in g f r a g m e n ts , is a c c u r a te ly a s s e s s e d by H e r m o g e n e s (410 R a b e ) as “p u r e a n d c le a r . . . a n d le s s p o e t ic [th a n H e r o d o t u s ] .” A n t ip h o n (lik e H e r o d o t u s ) i n c o r p o r a t e d p o e t ic fe a tu r e s b y c h o ic e , n o t n e c e s s ity (se e fu r th e r I n tr o d . 8 ii 5). A n tip h o n is w r itin g d u r in g th e f o r m a tiv e s ta g e o f A t t ic p r o s e , a n d m a y th u s s h o w m o r e v a r ia t io n in m a tte r s o f d ia le c t , d ic t io n , m o r p h o ­ lo g y o r s y n ta x t h a n m o s t a u th o r s . M o r e g e n e r a lly w e c a n sa y th a t, lik e G o r g ia s , h e e x p e r im e n t e d w ith sty le , s e e k in g n o v e l e ff e c ts th a t a r e o fte n in te r e s tin g , e v e n i f u n s u c c e s sfu l; D io n y s iu s d e s c r ib e s h is sty le (like T h u c y d id e s ’) a s “f in e ly c o n s tr u c t e d b u t n o t at a ll p l e a s i n g ” (κ αλώ ς μέυ σύγκειται . . . ού μήυ ή δ έω ς, C o m p . 10). H is c a r e f u lly d e v is e d sty listic e ffe c ts

can

be

h a rsh ,

aw kw ard

or

c o n f u s in g ,

e s p e c ia lly

in

th e

T e t r a lo g ie s , w h e r e th e c o m p le x it y o f s y n ta x , th e f o n d n e s s fo r p e r ip h r a ­ sis, a n d th e a b u n d a n t u s e o f p a r t ic ip le s s o m e t im e s r e s e m b le th e p r o s e o f T h u c y d id e s , w h o s e t e a c h e r A n tip h o n w a s o f te n s a id to h a v e b e e n . A n tip h o n m a d e im p o r t a n t c o n t r ib u t io n s to th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f A ttic 59 We m ight include Thrasym achus if m ore o f his work survived. D enn iston, w ho deplores G orgias’ style, has greater praise for T hrasym achus (1952: 13-15). 60 For exam ple, Pericles was fam ous for his m etaphors (cf. above n.13). Com pare the rhythm ic prose style o f m any m odern preachers, particularly black Am ericans like M artin Luther K ing, Jr. and Jesse Jackson.

IN T R O D U C T IO N p r o s e , b u t th e r e su lts w e r e o f te n t o o c o n s c io u s ly a r tis tic a n d e x p e r i­ m e n ta l to b e e le g a n t .

i. D i a le c t

A s id e fr o m o c c a s io n a l I o n ic is m s ,61 A n t ip h o n w r ite s a fo r m o f A ttic G r e e k s im ila r to th a t o f T h u c y d id e s , b u t (lik e in s c r ip t io n s o f th e p e r io d ) h e s h o w s in c o n s is t e n c ie s , w h ic h e d ito r s s o m e t im e s r e m o v e fro m th e te x t. T h u s h e u s u a lly w r ite s -σ σ - in s te a d o f - τ τ - b u t h a s ε λ α τ τ ο ν in 5.9 1 ; h e v a r ie s b e t w e e n σ υ ν- a n d ξ υ ν- (e.g. 5 .8 7 ξυνειδώ ζ vs. 6 .5 σ υνειδώ ζ in a n o t h e r w is e i d e n tic a l e x p r e ss io n ); a n d h e w r ite s b o t h έά ν (άν) a n d ή ν .62

ii. D i c tio n { i) .N e o lo g is m s .

A n t ip h o n is e s p e c ia lly f o n d o f n e w o r ra re w o r d s , m a n y o f

w h ic h h e p r o b a b ly c o in e d h im s e lf; s o m e o f t h e s e n e o lo g is m s s u p p ly a n e e d e d p r e c is io n o f m e a n in g (e.g. 5 .1 0 ά ντα π ο θα νεΤ ν), b u t o t h e r s s e e m m o tiv a te d p r im a r ily b y a d e s ir e for n o v e lty (e.g. 5 .9 ά π ο ψ ή φ ισ ις, w h e r e ά π ό λ υ σ ις (or a v e r b ) c o u ld e a s ily se rv e ). M a n y o f h is n e o lo g is m s a r e n o u n s , e s p e c ia lly a b s tr a c t n o u n s , o r c o m p o u n d w o r d s , e s p e c ia lly v e r b s. A n t ip h o n a lso g iv e s m o r e c o m m o n w o r d s m e a n in g s th a t a re n e w o r u n u s u a l.03 (2)

A b s tr a c t n o u n s.

E x a m p le s o f a b s tr a c t n o u n s p r o b a b ly in v e n te d b y

A n t i p h o n 64 a r e 2 .3.1 μ ια ρ ία ν, 3 .4.7 ά φ υ λ α ξ ία a n d 5. 2 5 α ιτ ία σ ή ; as th e s e e x a m p le s s u g g e s t, th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s g e n e r a lly p r e fe r a b s tr a c t n o u n s in -σι$, th e T e t r a lo g ie s n o u n s in -ία o r -εια , b u t th e s ig n if ic a n c e o f th is d iff e r e n c e is u n c le a r . A n o t h e r fo r m o f a b s t r a c t io n , c o m m o n a lso in T h u c y d id e s , is th e n e u t e r p a r t ic ip le w it h th e a r tic le (5 .7 3 τ ό ύ μ έτερ ο ν

61 See notes on 2.1.3, 2.2.7, 5 -7°; 8.25, fr. ib, and D over (1950) 58. T h e identification o f a word as Ionic is not always secure (2.2.7η.). H erodotus influ­ enced A n tip h on ’s language in other ways too, especially in the court speeches (notes on 1.1, 1.23, 1.29, 5.2, 5.82, 6.30). 62 For ήν (not ή) as the first p erson singular im perfect o f είμί, see fr ia. 1-911. 63 See C u cu el (1886) 19 22, to w hich w e m ay add 4.1.3 (άλιτηρίω ν), 5.14 (τω ν περιεστώ τω ν). 64 For T h u cy d id es’ even greater use o f abstract nouns see Rüsten (1989) 2 2 -3 . T h e lists in C u cu el (1886) 18 are incom plete.

8.

LA N G U A G E A N D STYLE

27

δ υ νά μ ενο ν = “y o u r p o w e r ”). A b str a c ts a r e s o m e t im e s p e r s o n if ie d (e.g. 2 .3.1 ά τ υ χ ία ), t h o u g h th e p r e c is e d e g r e e o f p e r s o n if ic a t io n is o f te n d iffi­ c u lt to d e t e r m in e .65 (3) A g e n t n o u n s . A n tip h o n c o in s a g e n t n o u n s in v a r io u s w a y s: e.g . 2 .2 .2 ά ν α τ ρ ο π ε ύ ς , 2 .4 .3 έλεγκ τή ρ , 3 .3 .3 δ ια γ ν ώ μ ω ν , 5 .3 3 έπ ιτιμ η τή ς, 5 -9 4 γ ν ω ρ ισ τ ή ς . T h e r e d o e s n o t a p p e a r to b e a s ig n if ic a n t d iff e r e n c e o n th is s c o r e b e t w e e n th e T e t r a lo g ie s a n d th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s .66 (4) C o m p o u n d s . A n t ip h o n is fo n d o f c o m p o u n d v e r b s a n d s e e m s to h a v e c r e a t e d m a n y n e w o n e s , e s p e c ia lly in th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s ; e s p e ­ c ia lly str ik in g ar e h is d o u b le c o m p o u n d s (e.g. 2 .1 .1 0 σ υ γ κ α τ α π ιμ π λ ά ν α ι, 2 .2 .1 3

σ υ ν ε π ιβ ά ν τ α ς ,

5 .7 6

σ υ νεξα μ α ρ τ ε ΐν,

5 .9 3

σ υ νεξέσ ω σ εν,

προ-

α π ο λ είπ ει, 6.17 έπιπ ροσ τίθ η μ ι). S o m e c o m p o u n d s p r o v id e a n e e d e d e m p h a s is (1.19 έ ξ α π α τ ω μ έ ν η , 5 .6 3 διακινδυνεύειν) o r p r e c is io n (4.4.1 ύ π α π έσ τ η ) b u t o th e r s s e e m v ir tu a lly i d e n tic a l to a s im p le v e r b in t o n e a n d m e a n in g (5 .9 4 έξερ γ ά σ α σ θ α ι). A n t ip h o n a lso fo r m s c o m p o u n d s w ith p r e fix e s th a t are n o t p r e p o s it io n a l: 3.2.11 a n d 5 .1 8 κ α κ ο π ά θ εια ν, 5 .7 8 χ ω ρ ο φ ιλ ε ΐ.67 (5) P o e t i c d i c t i o n . C e r t a in w o r d s (e.g. 2 .4 .5 ά σ π α ίρ ο υ σ ι) o r c o n s tr u c t io n s c a n b e id e n tif ie d as e x c lu s iv e ly o r m a in ly p o e t ic ( C u c u e l 1 8 86: 2 2 -3 ); se e n o t e s o n 1.16, 1.20, 2 .1 .6 , 2 .3 .1 0 , 2 .4 .1 , 2 .4 .5 , 5 -2 7? 5 -4 U 6 .3 8 , fr. i a .1 - 9 . A n t ip h o n is a lso fo n d o f m e t a p h o r s w it h a p o e t ic fla v o r: e.g.

5 ■37 5 5 ·77 5 5 ·93 ? 6 . 2 i. iii.

(1)

R a r e s y n ta x .

S y n ta x

T h e u se o f u n u s u a l fo r m s o r c o n s tr u c t io n s , s u c h as s in g le

τε (1 .9 η .), a n d e v e n s in g le μήτε (5 .9 3 ), o r th e p a s s iv e o f εύσεβεΐν ( 3 .3 .i l ) , is p r o b a b ly in t e n d e d to d r a w a t te n t io n to i t s e lf a n d th u s g iv e e m p h a s is to th e p o in t; s e e a lso n o t e s o n 5 .3 9 , 5 .4 5 a n d 6 .3 0 . (2)

T h e p a r tic le a v .

A n t ip h o n s o m e t im e s o m its ά ν w ith th e p o t e n tia l

o p ta tiv e o r in th e a p o d o s is o f a c o n t r a r y - t o -f a c t c o n d it io n , a n d o n c e w ith π ρ ιν a n d th e s u b ju n c tiv e (1.29). E d ito r s h a v e o f te n w r o n g ly in s e r te d 65 D enn iston has a good discussion o f abstracts and personification (1952: 2 8 -4 0; 31-2 on A ntiphon). 66 Pace D over (1950) 57, iiy; there are at least five nouns in -τής in the T etralogies, and with 2.4.3 έλεγκτήρ cf. 5.27 όπτήρ . 67 For other exam ples see E on 5.2.

IN T R O D U C T IO N αυ in t h e s e p a s s a g e s (1 .2 5 η .).68 T h is is a n o t h e r p r a c tic e in w h ic h A . is c lo s e r to th e p o e t s t h a n to la te r A t t ic p r o s e (G il 4 5 0 , K G 1215 1 6 ,2 2 5 6)· (3) P a r t i c i p l e s . A n t i p h o n ’s f o n d n e s s fo r n e w a n d e x p e r im e n ta l s y n ta x is m o s t n o t a b le in h is u s e o f p a r t ic ip le s . A s D o v e r o b s e r v e s (1950: 5 7 , πε), a d v e r b ia l ( c ir c u m s ta n tia l) p a r t ic ip le s a r e e s p e c ia lly c o m m o n in th e T e t r a lo g ie s , w h e r e th e y o f te n a c c u m u la t e a r o u n d a s in g le m a in v e r b . A fa ir ly s im p le e x a m p le is 3 .1 .2 ύμά$ δέ ά ξ ιώ έλ εο ΰ ντ α $ μεν . . . ο ίκ τ ίρ ο ντ α ς δε . . . ε ϊρ γ ο ν τ α ζ . . . μή π ε ρ ιο ρ ά ν . . . (“ I b e g y o u w ith p ity . . . a n d g r ie f . . . to b a n is h . . . a n d n o t to ig n o r e . . .” ); D o v e r q u o t e s 2 .3 .1 , a m o r e c o m p le x e x a m p le . (4) T h e g e n i t i v e a b s o l u t e . L ik e h is p r e d e c e s s o r H e r o d o t u s , A n t ip h o n o f te n u s e s a g e n itiv e a b s o lu te c o n s tr u c t io n , s o m e t im e s to v e r y g o o d e ffe c t; s e e e s p e c ia lly 3 .2 .3 5 , w h e r e th e r e p e a te d p l a c e m e n t o f th e b o y ’s a c tio n s in a g e n itiv e a b s o lu te r e fle c ts th e s e p a r a tio n a n d d iff e r e n tia tio n o f th e b o y ’s m is ta k e s fr o m th e y o u t h ’s p r o p e r b e h a v io r (ά λ λ ο υ δ ’ εις α υ τ ό ν ά μ α ρ τ ό ν τ ο ζ . . . τ ο ύ δέ π α ιδ ό ζ ύ π ό τ η ν τ ο ύ ά κ ο ν τίο υ φ ο ρ ά ν ύ π ο δ ρ α μ ό ν τ ο ς κα'ι τ ό σ ώ μ α π ρ ο σ τ ή σ α ν τ ο ς . . . διά δέ τ η ν ύ π ο δ ρ ο μ ή ν β λ η θ έντ ο ζ τ ο ύ π α ιδ ό ζ). (5) P e r i p h r a s ti c c o n s t r u c ti o n s . In p la c e o f a d e s c r ip t iv e v e r b A n tip h o n s o m e t im e s u s e s a p e r ip h r a s t ic c o n s t r u c t io n c o n s is t in g o f a n o u n ( s o m e ­ t im e s o f h is o w n c r e a t io n ), a d j e c t iv e o r p a r t ic ip le a n d a r e la tiv e ly c o lo r ­ le s s v e r b ; e.g. 1.4 τ η ν κ α τ α φ υ γ ή ν π ο ιή σ ε τα ι = κ α τ α φ ε ύ ξε τ α ι, i .g ο υ σ α ν ά π α ρ ν ο ν = ά π α ρ ν ο ΰ σ α ν ,69 2.1 .2 φ υλα κ ή ν π ο ιή σ ω ν τ α ι = φ υ λ ά ξ ω ν τ α ι (cf. T h u c . 3·4·6)5 2 .2 .2 ά ν α τ ρ ο π ε ύ ς . . . έ γ έ ν ε τ ο = ά ν έτρ εψ εν, 2 .2 .2 (a n d e ls e ­ w h e r e ) ά ρ κ οΰ ν . . . έσ τίν = άρκεΐ. P a r tic u la r ly s tr ik in g a r e p e r ip h r a s e s e m p lo y in g a n a b s tr a c t n o u n in s te a d o f a c o m m o n a n d o b v io u s v e r b a l c o n s tr u c t io n : 1.6 εξουσ ία ήν = έξη ν, ι . ι 8 γ ε γ έ ν η τ α ι ή δόσις τ ο ύ φ α ρ μ ά κ ο υ = δ έδ ο τ α ι τ ό φ ά ρ μ α κ ο ν.

68 T h e M SS o f A. present at least five instances o f the potential optative w ithout άν (i.25, 2.2.4, 3 -2 .6 ,4·4·3> 5-64, cf. i.io ) and six other instances o f a contrary-to-fact apodosis w ithout άν (3.2.4, 4.2.2, 4.4.2, 5.38, 5.45, 6.48); see also notes on 1.29, 2.2.6, 5.1. In none o f these passages is there any other reason to suspect corruption, and to explain all these om issions o f this particular word as scribal error seem s beyond the realm o f probability. We can thus restore the M S text with full confidence. 69 Cf. i . io ; άπ αρ νέομα ι occurs in 2.3.4 and D em . 21.189. T h is verb is m ore com m on ly com p ou n d ed w ith έξ-, periphrastic form s o f w hich are predom inant in the orators.

8. L A N G U A G E A N D ST Y L E

29

T h e e ffe c t o f u s in g s u c h p e r ip h r a s e s , in m a n y c a s e s a t le a s t , is to fo c u s a t te n t io n o n a sta te o f a ffa ir s (“ th e g iv in g o f th e d r u g ” ) th a t c a n b e a n a ­ ly z e d r a th e r t h a n a n a c tio n th a t is s im p ly n a r r a te d (“ th e d r u g w a s g iv e n ”). T h is e n c o u r a g e s a m o r e a n a ly tic a l v ie w o f th e a c tio n a n d is in k e e p in g w ith th e g e n e r a l fif th -c e n t u r y m o v e “ fr o m m y t h o s to lo g o s ” (to u se a n o ld -f a s h io n e d e x p r e s s io n ). A s im ila r e ff e c t is a c h ie v e d b y th e s u b ­ s ta n tiv e u s e o f a p a r t ic ip le as a p r e d ic a t e w ith είμί: e.g . 6 .2 7 ο υ τ ο ι ή σ α ν οί φ ευ γο ντ ες (= ο υ τ ο ι εφ υ γο ν), ι . ι ι ε γ ώ γ ά ρ είμιι . . . ό θελ ω ν (= ε γ ώ γ ά ρ έθελω ). It m a y b e t h o u g h t o d d th a t th is la st fe a tu r e s e e m s to b e c o n f in e d to th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s ; th is is p e r h a p s e x p la in a b le as a s tr iv in g fo r g r e a te r cla rity, w h ic h th is c o n s tr u c t io n c a n a c h ie v e .

iv.

(1)

H y p e rb a to n .

W o r d o rd er

A s in d ic tio n a n d s y n ta x , A n t ip h o n o f te n str iv e s fo r

u n u su a l e ffe c ts w ith w o r d o rd er, m o s t o fte n b y h y p e r b a t o n , o r th e s e p a r a ­ t io n o f c lo s e ly c o h e r in g w o r d s ( D e n n is t o n 1952: 4 7 - 5 9 ) . M ild h y p e r b a t o n , w h e r e o n ly a w o r d o r tw o in te r v e n e s (e.g. 1.27 τής δ ικ α ιό τα τ η ς ά ν τ ύ χ ο ι τ ιμ ω ρ ία ς), is q u it e c o m m o n in c la s s ic a l G r e e k a n d se r v e s to e le v a t e th e t o n e o f th e s e n t e n c e sligh tly. B u t A n t ip h o n o f te n e x p e r im e n ts w ith m o r e e x tr e m e s e p a r a tio n , e s p e c ia lly in th e T e tr a lo g ie s ; t h e s e p r o d u c e str ik in g e ffe c ts b u t s o m e t im e s v e r g e o n th e i n c o m p r e h e n s ib le . In 2 .1 .9 τ α μεν β ια σ ά μ ενα τ α ϋ τ ά εστιν ά σ εβή σα ι α υ τ ό ν (“ th e c o n s id e r a t io n s th a t fo r c e d h im to a c t im p io u s ly ar e t h e s e ”) th e s e p a r a tio n o f α υ τ ό ν fr o m β ια σ ά μ ενα is p e r h a p s n o t to o d iffic u lt; b u t in 2 .4 .9 τ °ί lXvrl · · · E>,S το υς ά π ο λ υ ο μ ενο υ ς ά π οδ εδ εικ τα ι ύ π ’ α υ τ ώ ν (“ th e tra c k s . . . h a v e b e e n s h o w n to le a d to t h o s e w h o a re a c q u itt e d b y t h e m ” ) th e p o s t p o n e m e n t o f ύ π ’ α υ τ ώ ν c a u s e s r e a l c o n f u s io n , s in c e its p o s itio n m a k e s it a p p e a r to b e lo n g w ith ά π οδ εδ εικ τα ι (“ h a v e b e e n s h o w n b y t h e m ” ), w h ic h is im p o s ­ sib le in th e c o n t e x t . (2) I n te r lo c k i n g w o r d o r d e r . A s in th is la st e x a m p le , h y p e r b a to n c a n a lso r e su lt in in te r lo c k in g w o r d ord er, s o m e t im e s to th e p o in t o f c o n fu s io n ; o t h e r e x a m p le s are 4 .2 .7 ά π ο κ τεϊνα ι υμάς με π είθ ο ντες (“p e r s u a d in g y o u to kill m e ”), a n d 4 .3 .1 τ ά λ λ α π α ρ α π λ ή σ ια ά π ο λ ο γ η θ ε ν τ α τ ο ύ τ ο ις (“th e o th e r p o in t s a r g u e d in h is d e f e n s e a r e n e a r ly th e s a m e a s t h e s e ” ). S u c h e x p r e s s io n s a r e c o n f in e d to th e T e tr a lo g ie s . (3) R e l a t i v e c l a u s e s . A less e x tr e m e d is p la c e m e n t fr o m n o r m a l w o r d o r d e r is th e p l a c in g o f a r e la tiv e c la u s e at th e b e g in n in g o f a s e n te n c e

IN T R O D U C T IO N w h e r e its a n t e c e d e n t m a y n o t b e im m e d ia t e ly a p p a r e n t: 5 .2 2 έν ώ ι μέν y à p έπ λέομ εν, ά σ τ έ γ α σ τ ο ν ήν τ ό π λ ο ΐο ν .

V. S y m m e tr y a n d v a r ia tio n

(ι) A n t i t h e s i s . A lt h o u g h A n t ip h o n s o m e t im e s u s e s a n t it h e s is in a r a th e r p e r fu n c to r y w a y (e.g. 1.31 έμο'ι μ έ ν . . . έν ύμΐν δε), o f te n h is v e r b a l a n t it h e ­ ses r e in fo r c e b a s ic s u b s t a n tiv e a n t it h e s e s e s s e n t ia l to th e s p e a k e r ’s c a se: th e s t e p m o t h e r vs. th e m a id in 1 (se e 1.1 5 η .), th e b o y vs. t h e y o u t h in 3 ( e s p e c ia lly in 3.2; s e e 3 .2 .4 η ., 3 .2 .7 η .), th e fre e m a n vs. th e s la v e in 5 , a n d in e v e r y c a s e th e s p e a k e r vs. h is o p p o n e n t s . S o m e o f t h e s e o p p o s itio n s ( e s p e c ia lly th a t b e t w e e n th e s p e a k e r a n d h is o p p o n e n ts ) a r e o v e r ­ w o r k e d , a n d o th :rs s e e m p u r e ly o r n a m e n t a l, b u t s o m e in s ta n c e s , at le a s t, illu s tr a te F i n le y ’s v e r d ic t (1967: 70) th a t a n t it h e s is is “ a n e ff e c tiv e m e a n s o f is o la t in g a n d th e r e fo r e c la r ify in g c o n c e p t s , a n d its v o g u e in f if th -c e n t u r y s ty le . . . at b o t t o m sp r in g s fro m th e d e s ir e fo r fo r c e fu l c la r ity .” (2) P a r a l l e l i s m . A n t i p h o n o f te n r e in fo r c e s h is a n t it h e s e s w it h p a r a lle l fe a tu r e s w h o s e e ff e c t o f te n lie s p r im a r ily in t h e ir s o u n d ; a m o n g t h e s e a r e p a r i s o s i s (c la u s e s o f e q u a l le n g th ) o r is o c o lo n ( c la u s e s w ith th e s a m e n u m b e r o f s y lla b le s ) , p a r o m o i o s i s ( sim ila r ity o f s o u n d in tw o c la u se s ), o n e ty p e o f w h ic h is h o m o i o t e l e u t o n ( s im ila r ity o f e n d in g s ), a n d a n a p h o r a ( r e p e t it io n

o f t h e s a m e w o r d in s u c c e s s iv e c la u se s ). O n ly rarely,

h o w e v e r , d o e s h e c o m b in e s e v e r a l o f t h e s e fig u r e s a s G o r g ia s r e g u la r ly d oes;

e.g.

ύπ η ρέτη μ α .

1.15 είναι φ ά σ κ ουσ α 3 ·2 ·^

ού

αυτής

σ υ ν η δ ο υ έν ω ν

μέν τ ο ύ τ ο

μέν

ουδέ

εύ ρ η μ α , εκείνης δ ’

σ υνεθελ όντω ν

σ υ ν α λ γ ο ύ ν τ ω ν δέ και σ υ λ λ υ π ο υ μ έ ν ω ν . a n d 5-74 °

η μ ώ ν,

UÈv Υ&Ρ ττολλώ ι

π ρ ε σ β ύ τ ερ ό ς έστι τ ώ ν έμ ώ ν π ρ α γ μ ά τ ω ν . ε γ ώ δέ π ο λ λ ώ ι ν ε ώ τ ε ρ ο ς τ ώ ν έκείνωι π ε π ρ α γ υ έ ν ω ν . (3) V a r ia t i o n . T h is la st e x a m p le s h o w s h o w e v e n in c lo s e ly s y m m e t r ic a l e x p r e s s io n s A n t i p h o n , lik e T h u c y d id e s ,70 u s u a lly p r o v id e s s o m e v a r ia ­ t io n

(μ ετ α β ο λ ή )

in

e x p r e s s io n

(έμ ώ ν

vs.

έκείνω ι,

πρα γμά τω ν

vs.

π ε π ρ α γ μ έ ν ω ν ) , a n d v a r ia t io n is th e r u le in m o s t o f h is a n t it h e s e s . In th is r e g a r d A n t ip h o n s ta n d s s o m e w h e r e b e t w e e n w h a t P a r r y (1 9 8 9 : 177 -94) s e e s as th e b la n d a s s u r a n c e o f G o r g ia s ’ n e a t ly s y m m e t r ic a l a n t it h e s e s a n d th e s tr u g g le in h e r e n t in T h u c y d id e s ’ m o r e c o m p le x s ty le in w h ic h See R üsten (1989) 26-7; the standard work on variation is Ros (1938).

31 n e a t s tr u c tu r e s c o lla p s e a n d th e h u m a n in te lle c t ( lo g o s , g n o m e ) p r o v e s in c a p a b le o f m a s t e r in g r e a lity (e r g o n ). A n t i p h o n ’s a n t it h e s e s c a n e x p r e ss c o n f id e n c e in , say, th e s t e p m o t h e r ’s r o le in th e p o i s o n in g (1.15, c it e d a b o v e ), b u t h e f r e q u e n tly im p lie s b y v a r ia t io n th a t r e a lity is n o t so n e a t ly c o m p r e h e n d e d . T h e p l a in t if f in 3 .3 .1 0 , fo r e x a m p le , a r g u e s , ό μέν π α ΐς eis α υ τ ό ν ά μ α ρ τ ώ ν μ ά λ λ ο ν ή κ α τ ά τ η ν ά μ α ρ τ ία ν α υ τ ό ν τ ετ ιμ ώ ρ η τ α ι, τεθνηκε γ ά ρ , ό δε σ υ λ λ ή π τ ω ρ και κ οινω νό ς εις τ ο ύ ς ου π ρ ο σ ή κ ο ν τ ο ς τής ά μ α ρ τ ία ς γεν ό μ εν ο ς π ώ ς δίκαιος άζήμ ιος ά π ο φ υ γ ε ΐν έστιν; (“ th e bo y , w h o e r r e d a g a in s t h im s e lf, h a s p u n is h e d h i m s e l f m o r e s e v e r e ly t h a n h is error, fo r h e is d e a d , w h e r e a s h e w h o w a s th e a c c o m p lic e a n d p a r tn e r in th e e r r o r a g a in s t t h o s e w h o d id n o t d e s e r v e it, h o w is it r ig h t th a t h e s h o u ld e s c a p e u n p u n is h e d ? ” ). H e r e th e b a s ic a n t it h e s is o f b o y a n d y o u th is a s s u r e d , b u t w h ile th e fo r m e r is s im p ly n a m e d w ith th r e e w o r d s d e s c r ib in g h is fa u lt, th e la tte r c a n n o t b e so e a s ily c o m p r e h e n d e d ; tw o d e s c r ip t iv e n o u n s a n d s e v e n m o r e w o r d s a r e u s e d to id e n tif y h im a n d d e s c r ib e h is fa u lt (ό δε . . . γεν ό μ ενο ς); a n d w h e r e a s t h e b o y ’s fa te is s u m m a r iz e d b y o n e p e r fe c t v e r b s u p p o r t e d b y a n o t h e r p e r fe c t v e r b (τετ ιμ ώ ρ η τ α ι, τεθνηκε γ ά ρ ), th e y o u t h ’s fa te is u r g e d in a r h e to r ic a l q u e s ­ tio n im p ly in g h o p e r a th e r t h a n c e r ta in ty , as in th e p r e v io u s s ta t e m e n t. A n t ip h o n ’s s ty le th u s im p lie s a v ie w o f th e w o r ld n o t so c o m p le x as T h u c y d id e s ’ b u t far fro m

th e (a p p a r e n tly ) s im p le d ic h o t o m ie s o f

G o r g ia s . (4)

A n tip h o n s o m e t im e s s e e m s to tric k th e r e a d e r (or

F a ls e p a r a l l e l i s m .

lis te n e r ) w ith a m is le a d in g p a r a lle lis m . T h e s p e a k e r in 1.28 a r g u e s , fo r e x a m p le , th a t c r im in a ls d o n o t p la n c r im e s in fr o n t o f w it n e s s e s , ά λ λ ’ ώ ς μ ά λ ισ τα δ ύ ν α ν τ α ι λ α θ ρ α ιό τ α τ α και ώ ς ά ν θ ρ ώ π ω ν μη δένα είδέναι; d e s p ite a p p e a r a n c e s t h e tw o ώ ς e x p r e s s io n s a r e n o t p a r a lle l; th e first ώ ς s tr e n g t h e n s a s u p e r la tiv e w h e r e a s th e s e c o n d in tr o d u c e s a r e su lt c la u s e (cf. 2.1.3).

vi. O th e r s t y lis tic f e a tu r e s

(1)

P l e o n a s m a n d r e p e ti t i o n .

A n tip h o n o f te n in c lu d e s w o r d s , c la u s e s o r e v e n

p a r a g r a p h s (to u se a m o d e r n n o t io n ) th a t a r e r e d u n d a n t, r e p e titiv e o r n o t s tr ic tly n e c e ss a r y , e s p e c ia lly in th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s (e.g. 1.2 0 ευθέως π α ρ α χ ρ ή μ α , 2 .2 .9 π ερ ιγ ενό μ ενο ς δε κα'ι λειφθείς, e tc .). S u c h r e d u n d a n c y is c h a r a c te r is t ic o f m o s t G r e e k s ty le s , a n d o f m u c h o r a l s p e e c h to th e p r e s e n t d ay; it is e s p e c ia lly p r o m in e n t in e x te m p o r a n e o u s s p e e c h w h e r e

32

IN T R O D U C T IO N

(like th e p o e t ic fo r m u la ) it g iv e s th e s p e a k e r tim e to p r e p a r e h is n e x t p o in t , b u t it b e c a m e (a n d h a s r e m a in e d ) a n a c c e p t e d fe a tu r e o f p e r s u a ­ s iv e s p e e c h o n th e th e o r y t h a t r e p e titio n p r o d u c e s a c c e p t a n c e , i f n o t c o n v ic t io n . R e p e t it io n is s u p p o s e d to b e a v o id e d in m o d e r n w r itte n p r o s e , w h ic h m a y e x p la in w h y s c h o la r s h a v e s o m e t im e s w is h e d to d e le t e p a s s a g e s o r o t h e r w is e a lte r A n t i p h o n ’s te x t to a v o id it (se e n o t e s o n 1.7, 5 .1 8 , 6 .5 1 , e tc .). (2) D o u b l e t s . In tw o in s ta n c e s p a s s a g e s in tw o s p e e c h e s a r e v ir tu a lly i d e n tic a l (5.1 4 15 = 6 .2 , 5 . 8 7 - 9 = 6 .3 - 6 ) . S o m e e d ito r s (n o ta b ly G ) d e le t e o n e o f th e p a s s a g e s in e a c h pair, b u t t h e r e is n o r e a s o n w h y a n o r a to r c o u ld n o t r e u s e m a te r ia l fr o m o n e s p e e c h to th e n e x t . E v e n i f a j u r o r r e m e m b e r e d h e a r in g s im ila r w o r d s at a n e a r lie r tr ia l, h e w o u ld p r o b a b ly b e le ss lik e ly to o b j e c t th a n a m o d e r n r ea d er. (3) I n c o n s i s t e n c y a n d a n a c o l o u t h o n . S m a ll i n c o n s is t e n c ie s a r e c o m m o n t h r o u g h o u t A n t ip h o n (a n d in m a n y o t h e r a u th o r s ), b u t th e b la ta n t in c o n s is t e n c y o f e.g . 5 .3 9 o r 5 .5 4 is s u r p r is in g .71 It is h a r d to im a g in e th a t A n t ip h o n w a s u n a w a r e o f th is; p e r h a p s h e h o p e d t o c o n f u s e th e ju r o r s . A t a n o t h e r le v e l, a n a c o l o u t h o n o r s y n t a c t ic a l in c o n s is t e n c y is a com m on

r h e to r ic a l

fig u r e

th a t

e x t e m p o r a n e o u s s p e e c h (se e b e lo w ).

seem s

in t e n d e d

to

r e p lic a te

1

(4) H i a t u s . D e s p it e s o m e e v id e n c e th a t A n t i p h o n ’s u s e o f h ia tu s (a w o r d e n d in g w it h a v o w e l f o llo w e d b y o n e b e g in n in g w it h a v o w e l) is p u r p o s e f u l (P e a r s o n 1978: 1 3 6 - 8 ) , h e a p p e a r s r a th e r in c o n s is t e n t in h is a t te n t io n to th is. O n e o f h is d o u b le t s , fo r e x a m p le , e n d s w it h a c la u s e in w h ic h a m in o r c h a n g e in w o r d o r d e r r e su lts in a v o id a n c e o f h ia tu s in o n e v e r s io n b u t n o t th e o t h e r ( 5 .8 4 τ ά έ ρ γ α ζη τ ο ύ σ ιυ ά π ισ τ α vs. 6 .4 7 ζη τ ο ΰ σ ι τ ά έ ρ γ α ά π ισ τ α ).

v ii. T h e T e tr a lo g ie s a n d w r itte n c o m m u n ic a tio n

T h is su r v e y r e v e a ls th a t m a n y fe a tu r e s o f A n t i p h o n ’s l a n g u a g e a n d sty le a r e s h a r e d b y t h e T e t r a lo g ie s a n d th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s . O n th e o t h e r h a n d , th e r e a r e a ls o a fe w s tr ik in g d iff e r e n c e s in s p e c if ic u s a g e , s u c h as th e a o r is t o f ά π ο λ ο γ έ ο μ α ι, for w h ic h th e p a s s iv e f o r m ά π ε λ ο γ ή θ η ν is a lw a y s u s e d in t h e T e t r a lo g ie s (fou r tim e s) vs. th e m id d le ά π ε λ ο γ η σ ά μ η ν in t h e c o u r t s p e e c h e s (six tim e s). S u c h d iff e r e n c e s h a v e le d s o m e to q u e s -

T h ere are no apparent inconsisten cies in the argum ents o f the Tetralogies.

33 t io n th e a u t h e n t ic ity o f th e T e t r a lo g ie s , b u t it is p r e fe r a b le to s e e k a n e x p la n a tio n in th e d iff e r e n c e in p u r p o s e a n d o c c a s io n o f t h e s e tw o “ g e n r e s ” (as w e m a y le g it im a te ly c a ll t h e m ), a s w e ll a s th e p o s s ib ilit y th a t a d e c a d e o r tw o m a y s e p a r a te t h e ir c o m p o s it io n (In tr o d . 3). S o m e o f th e s ty listic d iff e r e n c e s n o t e d a b o v e r e su lt fro m A n t i p h o n ’s t e n d e n c y to p u s h h is e x p e r im e n ts w ith la n g u a g e to g r e a te r e x tr e m e s in th e T e t r a lo g ie s .72 T h is t e n d e n c y a n d o t h e r fe a tu r e s f o u n d p r im a r ily o r o n ly in th e T e t r a lo g ie s s e e m to s u g g e s t th a t t h e s e w e r e i n t e n d e d to b e r e a d a n d s tu d ie d , in c o n tr a s t to th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s , w h ic h w e r e c o m p o s e d fo r a s in g le o r a l p r e s e n ta t io n th a t w o u ld b e j u d g e d i m m e d ia t e ly .73 T h e g r e a te r s y n t a c t ic a l c o m p le x it y o f th e T e t r a lo g ie s , w ith t h e ir f o n d n e s s fo r p e r ip h r a s is a n d th e a b u n d a n t u s e o f p a r t ic ip le s , s u g g e s ts a r e a d in g a u d ie n c e , a n d th e s a m e fe a tu r e s a r e c h a r a c te r is t ic o f th e e a r lie s t p r o s e th a t w a s c e r t a in ly in t e n d e d to b e r e a d , th e κτήμα ές αίεί (“ p o s s e s s io n fo r a ll t im e ”) o f A n t ip h o n ’s r e p o r te d p u p il, T h u c y d id e s .74 T h e c o u r t s p e e c h e s , o n th e o t h e r h a n d , s e e m d e s ig n e d fo r e a s ie r c o m p r e h e n s io n in o r a l p r e s e n ta tio n : t h e y e x h ib it a g r e a te r a m o u n t o f p l e o n a s m a n d r e p e titio n t h a n th e T e t r a lo g ie s , th e s e n te n c e s a re g e n e r a lly s h o r te r , a n d e v e n l o n g s e n te n c e s te n d to b e “ s tr u n g o u t ” (κ α τ εσ τρ α μ μ ένη , to u se A r is t o t le ’s t e r m in o lo g y ) r a th e r t h a n p e r io d ic . T h a t t h e s e d iff e r e n c e s a re r e la te d to th e d iff e r e n c e b e t w e e n w r itt e n c o m m u n ic a t io n a n d o r a l p e r fo r m a n c e is o n ly a h y p o t h e s is b u t a n e x a m p le m a y s u g g e s t a v e n u e s for e x p lo r a t io n . E v e n a r e la t iv e ly sh o r t s e n t e n c e in th e T e t r a lo g ie s m a y b e in te n t io n a lly c o m p le x , e.g . 3 .2 .9 ά π ο λ ύ ει δε καί ό νόμ ος ήμ ας, ώ ι π ισ τ ε ύ ω ν , ε’ίρ γ ο ν τ ι μήτε άδίκω ς μήτε δικαίω ς ά π οκ τείνειν, ώ ς φ ονέα με διώκει (“ th e la w a lso a b s o lv e s u s, r e ly in g o n w h ic h - [th e la w ] p r o h ib it in g u n ju s tly o r j u s t ly k illin g - h e p r o s e ­ c u te s m e as a m u r d e r e r ” ). 3 .2 .9 is a d m it t e d ly o n e o f th e m o s t c o m p le x s e n te n c e s in th e T e t r a lo g ie s , b u t m a n y o t h e r s a lso a p p e a r u n n e c e s s a r ily c o m p le x ; fo r e x a m p le , 2 .1 .2 γ ιγ ν ώ σ κ ο ν τ α ς ο υ ν υμά ς χ ρ ή τ α ΰ τ α , καν ό τ ιο ΰ ν ε’ικός π α ρ α λ ά β η τ ε , σ φ όδ ρ α πισ τεύειν α ΰ τ ώ ι (“ b e in g a w a r e o f th is,

72 Cf. Solm sen (1975) esp. ch. 4 “E xperim ents with the G reek language.” 73 T h e fact that A n tip h on ’s ow n defense speech was w ritten dow n suggests that he w ished it to be read long after he delivered it to the jurors, but this does not m ean the speech was com p osed for publication; A n tiphon must have been prim arily con cern ed with its im pact on the jurors. 74 T h e influence o f the T etralogies m ay help explain why T h u cy d id es’ speeches are m ore com p lex than his narrative; cf. D over (1950) 57, n.3.

IN T R O D U C T IO N th e n , y o u m u s t, e v e n i f y o u a c c e p t a p o in t a s [o n ly ] lik ely, h a v e fu ll c o n ­ f id e n c e in it ”), w h e r e s im p ly m o v in g χ ρ ή to fo llo w th e c o n d itio n a l c la u s e w o u ld s ig n if ic a n t ly e a s e c o m p r e h e n s io n . B y c o n t r a s t , a l o n g s e n t e n c e in th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s is still r e la tiv e ly s im p le , e.g . 6 .2 3 και εΤπόν τε τ α ΰ τ α έν τ ώ ι δικ α στη ρ ίω ι, και π ρ ο ύ κ α λ ο ύ μ η ν α υ τ ό ν εύθυς τ ό τ ε , και αύθις τήι ύ σ τ ερ α ία ι έν τοΐς α ύ τ ο ΐς δικ α στα ΐς, και ίέναι έκέλευον λ α β ό ν τ α μ ά ρ τ υ ρ α ς ό π ό σ ο υ ς β ο ύ λ ο ιτ ο έπι τ ο ύ ς π α ρ α γ ε ν ο μ έ ν ο υ ς , λ έ γ ω ν α ύ τ ώ ι ό ν ό μ α τ ι έκ α σ τ ο ν, τ ο ύ τ ο υ ς έ ρ ω τ α ν και έ λ έ γ χ ε ιν , τ ο ύ ς μεν ελευθέρους ώ ς χ ρ ή τ ού ς ελευθέρους, όί σ φ ώ ν ένεκα και τ ο ύ δικαίου έ φ ρ α ζο ν α ν τ ά λ η θ ή και τ α χ ε ν ό μ ε ν α , τ ο ύ ς δε δο ύ λο υ ς, εί μεν α ύ τ ώ ι έ ρ ω τ ώ ν τ ι τ ά λ η θή δοκοΤεν λ έγειν, εί δε μή, έτοιμ ος εϊην διδό να ι β α σ α ν ίζε ιν τ ο ύ ς τε έ μ α υ τ ο ύ π ά ν τ α ς , και εΐ τ ιν α ς τ ω ν ά λ λ ο τ ρ ίω ν κελεύοι, ώ μ ο λ ό γ ο υ ν πείσ α ς τ ό ν δ ε σ π ό τ η ν π α ρ α δ ω σ ε ιν α ύ τ ώ ι β α σ α ν ίζειν τ ρ ό π ω ι ό π ο ίω ι β ο ύ λ ο ιτ ο : “ a n d I s p o k e t h e s e w o r d s in c o u r t a n d c h a lle n g e d h im r ig h t t h e n a n d a g a in th e n e x t d a y b e f o r e th e s a m e j u r o r s a n d b id h im g o w ith w it n e s s e s , a s m a n y a s h e w is h e d , to t h o s e w h o w e r e p r e s e n t nam e

a n d I to ld h im e a c h o n e b y

to q u e s t io n a n d e x a m in e th e fre e m e n a s o n e o u g h t w ith fre e

m e n , w h o for t h e ir o w n sa k e a n d fo r j u s t ic e te ll th e tr u th a n d th e fa cts, a n d th e s la v e s, i f th e y s e e m e d to h im to a n s w e r h is q u e s t io n s tru th fu lly , b u t i f n o t , I w a s r e a d y to g iv e all m y o w n (sla v es) fo r ih te r r o g a tio n u n d e r to r tu r e , a n d i f h e w a n t e d a n y fr o m o t h e r p e o p le , I a g r e e d to p e r s u a d e th e ir m a s te r to h a n d t h e m o v e r for in te r r o g a tio n in w h a te v e r w a y h e w i s h e d .” E v e n a n a n c ie n t A t h e n ia n w o u ld p r o b a b ly h a v e d iff ic u lt y d e c ip h e r ­ in g th e t a n g le d s y n t a x a n d w o r d o r d e r o f 3 .2 .9 , i f th e s e n t e n c e w a s s im p ly r e a d a lo u d to h im ; a n d th is s u g g e s ts th a t it w a s in t e n d e d to b e r e a d a n d s tu d ie d a n d (p e r h a p s ) a d m ir e d fo r its a rtistry . In 6 .2 3 , h o w e v e r , th e tr a in o f t h o u g h t is e v id e n t a n d t h e s e n s e is e a s ily u n d e r s t o o d , d e s p ite th e lo o s e n e s s o f its s y n t a x (w h ic h th e t r a n s la t io n tr ie s to c a p tu r e ). N o t o n ly w a s it w r itt e n for o r a l p r e s e n ta t io n , b u t it s e e m s in t e n d e d to r e fle c t th e la c k o f a r tis tr y fo u n d in m o s t s p o n t a n e o u s c o n v e r s a t io n . T h is is in k e e p in g w ith th e a d v ic e g iv e n b y A lc id a m a s , a b o u t a g e n e r a tio n later, th a t “ p e o p l e w h o w r ite s p e e c h e s for th e la w c o u r ts a v o id g r e a t p r e c is io n o f e x p r e s s io n a n d im ita t e in s te a d t h e s ty le o f e x t e m p o r a n e o u s sp e a k e r s; a n d t h e ir w r itin g a p p e a r s fin e s t w h e n th e y p r o d u c e s p e e c h e s le a s t lik e t h o s e th a t ar e w r i t t e n .” 75 A l c id a m a s ’ e n tir e e s s a y p r e s u p p o s e s th a t g o o d

On the sophists 13 (probably w ritten c. 390).

9. TEXT

35

w r ite r s s h a p e t h e ir w r itin g for a s p e c if ic a u d ie n c e a n d o c c a s io n ; s u r e ly w e s h o u ld n o t e x p e c t a n y t h in g less fro m A n tip h o n .

9. T E X T A lt h o u g h s ix M S S o f A n t ip h o n s u r v iv e , fo u r c a n b e s h o w n to b e d ir e c t c o p ie s o f o t h e r s u r v iv in g A IS S . T h e tw o w ith i n d e p e n d e n t a u t h o r it y a re A,

a t h ir t e e n th - c e n t u r y M S n o w in th e B r itis h L ib ra ry , a n d A , w r itte n in

th e e a r ly fo u r te e n t h c e n tu r y a n d n o w a t O x fo r d . B o th w e r e c o r r e c t e d b y t h e ir o w n s c r ib e s ( A 1, A 1) a n d t h e n la te r b y a d iff e r e n t s c r ib e ( A 2 , A 2). T h e tw o M S S ar e q u it e s im ila r in t h e ir w r itin g a n d t h e ir tex t; A w a s w r itte n in a m o n a s te r y o n A lt. A t h o s in n o r t h e r n G r e e c e a n d Λ m a y h a v e b e e n t o o . T h e first p r in te d te x t (th e A ld in e ) a p p e a r e d in 1513; th e c o n v e n t io n a l n u m b e r in g o f s e c t io n s w it h in s p e e c h e s is ta k e n fr o m th e e d itio n o f S t e p h a n u s in 1575. T h e t e x t p r e s e n te d h e r e is g e n e r a lly c o n s e r v a t iv e , in th a t it r e sists th e t e n d e n c y o f e a r lie r e d ito r s to n o r m a liz e A n t i p h o n ’s la n g u a g e by e m e n d a tio n . In g e n e r a l, it is c lo s e s t to T h a lh e i m ’s fo r th e c o u r t s p e e c h e s , to D e c l e v a C a i z z i ’s fo r th e T e tr a lo g ie s . I h a v e f o u n d t h e n o t e s in G e r n e t , M a id m e n t , D e c l e v a C a iz z i, B a r ig a z z i a n d E d w a r d s p a r t ic u ­ la rly u s e fu l. T h e a p p a r a tu s n o t e s o n ly t e x t u a l v a r ia n ts th a t s ig n if ic a n t ly a ffe c t th e s e n s e a n d a b o u t w h ic h th e r e is s ig n if ic a n t d is a g r e e m e n t a m o n g m o d e r n e d ito r s (i.e. e d ito r s in th e t w e n t ie t h c e n tu r y , b e g in n in g w ith T h a lh e im ) . T h a lh e i m

( v ii-v iii) h a s a u s e fu l b ib lio g r a p h y

of

s c h o la r s h ip o n th e t e x t o f A n tip h o n . T h e t e x t o f th e p a p y r u s fr a g m e n t o f “ O n th e r e v o lu t io n ” (fr. ia ), p u b ­ lis h e d b y N i c o le in 1907, c lo s e ly fo llo w s th e m o s t r e c e n t p u b lic a t io n , D e c le v a C a iz z i (1989) 2 2 6 - 8 . O n ly s u p p le m e n t s th a t a r e r e a s o n a b ly lik e ly to c o n v e y th e c o r r e c t s e n s e ar e p r in te d ; u n d is p u t e d s u p p le m e n t s a r e n o t m a rk ed ; a n d n o a p p a r a tu s is in c lu d e d .

36

IN T R O D U C T IO N

10. A B B R E V I A T I O N S 76 1. E d ito r s, c o m m e n t a to r s , tr a n sla to r s: B

= B la ss

Ba

= B a r ig a z z i

DC

= D e c l e v a C a iz z i

E

= E d w ards

F

= F e r r a n te

G

= G ern et

M

= M a id m e n t

M o r = M o r r is o n tB

= te n B e r g e

Th

= T h a lh e i m

2. G r a m m a r s , e tc .: G il = G ild e r s le e v e M T = GP

G o o d w i n , S y n t a x o f th e m o o d s a n d te n s e s o f th e G r e e k v e r b

= D e n n is t o n , T h e G r e e k p a r t i c l e s

K G = K ü h n e r G erth L S J = L id d e ll a n d S c o t t S

= S m y th R e f e r e n c e s to G il, S a n d M T d e s ig n a te s e c t io n n u m b e r s ; to G P a n d

K G p a g e n u m b e r s . W h e r e p o s s ib le , r e fe r e n c e s a r e to S m y th , s in c e it is lik e ly to b e m o r e r e a d ily a v a ila b le to B r itis h a n d A m e r ic a n s tu d e n ts t h a n G il o r K G . 3. O t h e r a b b r e v ia tio n s : A P

= A r is to t le (?), A t h e n a i ö n P o l i t e l a .

DK

= D i e ls - K r a n z

Μ Η

= G a g a r in , T h e M u r d e r o f H e r o d e s

κτλ.

= καί τ α λ ο ιπ ά (= e tc .)

ά π . λ ε γ . = ά π α ξ λ ε γ ά μ ε ν α (a w o r d f o u n d o n ly o n c e in e x ta n t G r e e k lit e r ­ a tu r e) R e f e r e n c e s to P lu ta r c h ar e to th e L o e b (n o t T e u b n e r ) s u b - s e c t io n n u m b ers.

76 For full details see the Bibliography.

ANTIPHON THE SPEECHES

1. Κ ατά τής μητρυιάς

Νέος μεν και άπ ειρ ος δικών ε γ ω γ ε έτι, δεινώς δε και ά π ό ρ ω ς έχει μοι περί τ ο υ π ρ ά γ μ α τ ο ς , ώ άνδρες, τ ο ύ τ ο μεν εί έπισ κήψ αντος τ ο υ π α τ ρ ό ς έπεξελθεΐν τοΐς α ύ τ ο ύ φονευσι μή έπέξειμι, τ ο ύ τ ο δε εί έ πεξιόντι ά ν α γ κ α ί ω ς εχει οίς ήκισ τα έχρ ήν έν δ ιαφ ο ρ άι κ α τ α σ τ ή ν α ι , άδελφοΤς ό μ ο π α τ ρ ί ο ι ς και μητρι άδ ελ φ ώ ν. ή γ ά ρ τ ύ χ η και αυ το ί ούτοι ή ν ά γ κ α σ α ν έμοι π ρ ο ς το ύ τ ο υ ς α ύ το ύς τ ο ν ά γ ώ ν α κ α τ α σ τ ή ν α ι , ούς είκός ήν τ ώ ι μεν τ ε θ νε ώ τ ι τιμ ω ρ ο ύ ς γενεσθαι, τ ώ ι δε έπεξιόντι βοηθούς, νύν δε τ ο ύ τ ω ν τ ά ν α ν τ ί α γεγ έν η τα ι· αύ το ι γ ά ρ ο ύτο ι καθε στάσιν άντίδικοι και φονεΤς, ώ ς και ε γ ώ και ή γ ρ α φ ή λέγει/ δέομαι δ ’ ύμώ ν, ώ άνδρες, εάν ά π ο δ ε ί ξ ω εξ επιβουλής και π ρ ο β ο υ λ ή ς την τ ο ύ τ ω ν μ ητέρ α φονέα ο ύσ αν το ύ ήμε τέρου π α τ ρ ό ς , και μή ά π α ξ ά λ λ ά π ο λ λά κις ήδη ληφθεΤσαν τ ο ν θ ά ν α τ ο ν τ ο ν εκείνου ε π ’ α ύ τ ο φ ώ ρ ω ι μ η χα νω μ έ νη ν, τ ι μ ω ρ ή σ α ι π ρ ώ τ ο ν μεν τοΐς νόμοις τοΐς ύμετέροις, ούς π α ρ ά τ ώ ν θεών και τ ώ ν π ρ ο γ ό ν ω ν διαδεξάμενοι κ α τ ά τ ό α ύ τ ό έκείνοις περί τής κ α τα ψ η φ ίσ ε ω ς δικάζετε, δεύτερον δ ’ έκείνωι τ ώ ι τεθνηκότι, και ά μ α έμοι μόνω ι άπ ο λελειμμένωι βοηθήσαι. ύμεΐς γ ά ρ μοι άν α γ κα ΐο ι. ούς γ ά ρ έχρ ήν τ ώ ι μεν τ ε θ νε ώ τ ι τ ι μ ω ρ ο ύ ς γενέσθαι, έμο'ι δε βοηθούς, ούτοι τ ο ύ μεν τε θ ν ε ώ τ ο ς φονεΐς γ ε γ έ ν η ν τ α ι, έμοι δ ’ άντίδικοι καθεστάσι. π ρ ο ς τίνα ς ούν έλθηι τις βοηθούς, ή π ο ΐ τη ν κ α τ α φ υ γ ή ν π ο ιή σ ε τα ι άλλοθι ή π ρ ο ς ύμάς και τ ό δίκαιον; θ α υ μ ά ζ ω δ ’ ε γ ω γ ε και τ ο ύ άδελφού, ήν τιν ά π ο τ έ γ ν ώ μ η ν έ χ ω ν άντίδικος καθέστηκε π ρ ο ς έμέ, και εί νομίζει τ ο ύ τ ο εύσέβειαν είναι, τ ό τη ν μητέρ α μή π ρ ο δ ο ύναι. έ γ ώ δ ’ η γ ο ύ μ α ι π ο λ ύ ά ν ο σ ι ώ τ ε ρ ο ν είναι άφεΐναι τ ο ύ τε θ ν ε ώ τ ο ς τ η ν τ ι μ ω ρ ί α ν , ά λ λ ω ς τε και τ ο ύ μεν έκ π ρ ο β ο υ λ ή ς άκ ουσίω ς ά π ο θ α ν ό ν τ ο ς , τή ς δε έκουσίως έκ π ρ ο ν ο ία ς άποκ τειν άση ς. και π ώ ς τ ο ύ τ ο γ ’ έρεΐ, ώ ς εύ οΤδεν ότι γ ’ ούκ άπέκτεινεν ή μήτηρ α ύ τ ο ύ τ ο ν π α τ έ ρ α τ ο ν ήμέτερον; έν οίς μεν γ ά ρ α ύ τ ώ ι έξουσία ήν σ α φ ώ ς είδέναι, π α ρ ά τής βα σ ά ν ο υ , ούκ ήθέλησεν έν οίς δ ’ ούκ ήν πυθέσθαι, τ ο ύ τ ο α ύ τ ό προύθυμήθη. καίτοι α ύ τ ό τ ο ύ τ ο έχρήν, ό 1.6

καί π ώ ς Cole: και ο ù ΑΝ\ καίτοι T h alheim

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5

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ΑΝΤΙΦωΝΤΟΣ

και ε γώ π ρ ο ύ κ α λ ο ύ μ η ν , π ρ ο θυμηθήναι, δ π ω ς τ ό π ρ α χ θ έ ν ήι 7 άληθές έπεξελθεΐν. μή γ ά ρ ό μ ο λ ο γ ο ύ ν τ ω ν τ ώ ν ά ν δ ρ α π ό δ ω ν ο ύτ ό ς τ ’ είδώς αν ά π ε λ ο γ ε ΐ τ ο και ά ν τέσπ ευδ ε π ρ ο ς έμέ, και ή μήτηρ α υ τ ο ύ ά π ή λ λ α κ τ ο αν τ α ύ τ η ς τής αιτί ας, ο π ο ύ δε μή ήθέλησεν έ λ ε γ χ ο ν π ο ιή σ α σ θα ι τ ώ ν π ε π ρ α γ μ ε ν ώ ν , π ώ ς περί γ ’ ώ ν ούκ ήθελησε πυθεσθαι, έ γ χ ω ρ ε ΐ α ύ τ ώ ι περ ί τ ο ύ τ ω ν είδεναι; π ώ ς ούν περί τ ο ύ τ ω ν , ώ δικά ζοντες, α υ τ ό ν εικός είδεναι, ώ ν γε 8 τ η ν άλ ήθειαν ούκ εϊληφε; τί π ο τ έ ά π ο λ ο γ ή σ ε σ θ α ι μέλλει μοι; εκ μέν y à p τή ς τ ώ ν ά ν δ ρ α π ό δ ω ν β α σ ά ν ο υ εύ ήιδει δ τ ι ο ύ χ οΐόν τ ’ ήν αύ τή ι σω θή να ι, εν δε τ ώ ι μή β α σαν ισ θήνα ι ή γ ε ΐ τ ο τήν σ ω τ η ρ ί α ν είναι* τ ά y à p γε νό με να εν τ ο ύ τ ω ι άφα νισ θήναι ώ ιήθησ αν. π ώ ς ούν εύορκα ά ν τ ο μ ω μ ο κ ώ ς εσται φ ά σ κ ω ν εύ είδεναι, δς ούκ ήθελησε σ α φ ώ ς πυθεσθαι εμού εθελοντος τήι δικ α ιο τ ά τ η ι β α σ ά ν ω ι χρ ή σ α σ θ α ι περί τ ο ύ τ ο υ τ ο ύ π ρ ά γ μ α τ ο ς ; 9 τ ο ύ τ ο μεν y à p ήθελησα μεν τ ά τ ο ύ τ ω ν ά ν δ ρ ά π ο δ α βα σανίσ αι, ά συνήιδει και π ρ ό τ ε ρ ο ν τή ν γ υ ν α ίκ α τ α ύ τ η ν , μητέρα δε τ ο ύ τ ω ν , τ ώ ι π α τ ρ ι τ ώ ι ήμ ε τέ ρ ω ι θ ά ν α τ ο ν μ η χ α ν ω μ έ ν η ν φ αρμάκοις, και τ ο ν π α τ έ ρ α ε ίλ η φ ό τα ε π ’ α ύ τ ο φ ώ ρ ω ι , τ α ύ τ η ν τε ούκ ο ύσ αν ά π α ρ ν ο ν , π λ ή ν ούκ έπι θ α ν ά τ ω ι φ άσ κουσ αν ίο διδ όνα ι ά λ λ ’ έπι φίλτροις. διά ούν τ α ύ τ α ε γ ώ β ά σ α ν ο ν τ ο ι α ύ τ η ν ήθελησα π ο ιή σ α σ θ α ι περί α ύ τ ώ ν , γ ρ ά ψ α ς εν γ ρ α μ μ α τ ε ί ω ι ά έ π α ι τ ι ώ μ α ι τ ή ν γ υ ν α ίκ α τ α ύ τ η ν , β α σ α ν ισ τ ά ς τε α ύ το ύ ς τ ο ύ τ ο υ ς εκελευον γ ίγ ν ε σ θ α ι εμού π α ρ ό ν τ ο ς , ϊν α μή ά ν α γ κ α ζ ό μ ε ν ο ι ά ε γ ώ ε π ε ρ ω τ ώ ι η ν λεγοιεν, ά λ λ ’ εξήρκει μοι τοΐς έν τ ώ ι γ ρ α μ μ α τ ε ί ω ι χρήσθαι* και α υ τ ό μοι τ ο ύ τ ο τεκμήριον δίκαιον γενεσθαι, δ τ ι ό ρ θ ώ ς και δικαίω ς μ ετέρ χο μαι τ ο ν φονεα τ ο ύ π α τ ρ ό ς · εί δέ ά π α ρ ν ο ι γ ί γ ν ο ι ν τ ο ή λεγοιεν μή ό μ ο λ ο γ ο ύ μ ε ν α , «££ M a e t z n e r w h o a r g u e s fo r a s ig n ific a n t d iff e r e n c e b e t w e e n διά a n d ύ π ό ); m o r e o v e r , th e a r g u m e n t th a t fo llo w s

i f th e y h a d n o t e n t r u s t e d th e v ic t im to a d o c to r , th e y

w o u ld h a v e b e e n a c c u s e d o f n e g le c t

a n s w e r s th e a c c u s a tio n o f k illin g

th e m a n b y e n t r u s t in g h im to a b a d d o c t o r a n d m a k e s little s e n s e i f th e a c c u s a tio n w a s n o t m a d e (se e M , 134 5 η .).

ά θ ε ρ α π ε ία ς: a ά π . λ ε γ .

ό γ ά ρ ν ό μ ο ς: th e o n ly o t h e r e v id e n c e fo r th is la w is P la to , L a w s 8 6 5 b (ια τ ρ ώ ν δέ περί π ά ν τ ω ν , ά ν ό θ ερ α π ευ όμ ενο ς ύ π ’ α ύ τ ώ ν ά κ ό ν τ ω ν τ ελ ε υ τ ά ι, κ αθαρός έ σ τ ω κ α τ ά νόμ ον); it is g e n e r a lly a g r e e d th a t th is r e fle c ts th e s e n s e , t h o u g h n o t th e p r e c is e w o r d in g , o f A t h e n ia n law. α ύ τ ώ ι: th e d o c to r .

α ύ τ ώ ι. . .

C O M M E N T A R Y : 4.3.6 4.4.2 7 T h e e p ilo g u e

6

T h e e p i l o g u e r e f u te s th e c h a r g e t h a t th e p l a i n t i f f a r e m u r d e r e r s , s u m m a r i z e s th e p r e ­ c e d in g a r g u m e n t , a n d m a k e s a p e r f u n c t o r y a p p e a l to r i d th e c i t y o f p o l l u t i o n .

6 είς τ ο ύ τ ο . . . ήκει: 2 . ι .ι η .

ά ρ κ ο ΰν . . . έσ τιν: 2 .2 .2 η .

τό

τ ο ύ τ ο υ μ ία σ μ α έπ εξ ερ χ ό μ εθ α : a m e t a p h o r ic a l e x t e n s io n o f th e u s u a l s e n s e o f th e v e r b ( i . i n . , cf. 2.1 .2 έπ εξε ρ χ ό μ ε νο ι τ ο ν φ ό νο ν).

ά θ έμ ισ τα :

L SJ c a ll th is th e p o e t ic fo r m b u t it is fa ir ly c o m m o n in p r o se ; άθεμιτα (i .22) o c c u r s o n ly in p r o s e . 7 τ ο ια ΰ τ α δ εδ ρ α κ ότι “ c o n s id e r in g th e so r t o f th in g s h e h a s d o n e .” τ ό ν θ ά ν α τ ο ν φ α ν ε ρ ό ν ά π ο δ εικ νύ ντ ες “ s h o w in g th a t (th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s o f ) th e d e a t h a r e c le a r .” A ll e d ito r s s in c e B a d d τε a fte r τ ό ν to m a k e th e c o n s tr u c t io n p a r a lle l w ith w h a t fo llo w s , π λ η γ ή ν a n d ν ό μ ο ν a r e a lso o b je c ts o f ά π ο δ εικ νύ ντ ες.

ά ν τ \ τ ο ύ ά π ο θ α ν ό ν τ ο ς “ in p la c e o f (i.e . o n

b e h a l f o f ) th e d e a d m a n .” ύ π έρ is m o r e c o m m o n in th is s e n s e ; fo r α ν τ ί, s e e L SJ A .I I I .4 . T h e r e is little to c h o o s e b e t w e e n th is a n d th e r e a d in g o f ύμΐν . . . ά κ εσ α μ ένους: th e v a r ia t io n in c a s e is n o r m a l.

A.

τώ ι

τ ο ύ τ ο υ φ ό ν ω ι “ b y th is m a n ’s d e a t h ,” a n u n u s u a l e x p r e s s io n h e r e , s in c e φ ό νο ς o f te n im p lie s “m u r d e r .”

τ ό μήνιμα τ ω ν ά λ ιτ η ρ ίω ν : th e s a m e

e x p r e s s io n in 4 .2 .8 .

1

4.4 i

T h e p ro lo g u e

T h e s p e a k e r e x p l a i n s b r i e f l y t h a t th e d e f e n d a n t h a s v o l u n t a r i l y l e f t f o r e x i l e ) , a s w a s a l l o w e d ( A n t. 3 . 1 3 , D e m . 2 3 . 6 g ) , l e a v i n g f r i e n d s o r r e l a t i v e s to s p e a k f o r h im ; th e j u r o r s w o u l d s t i l l r e n d e r t h e i r v e r d ic t . I n t h i s w a y A . p r o b a b l y in d i c a te s th e w e a k n e s s o f th e d e f e n d a n t ' s c a s e a n d i l l u s t r a t e s p o s s i b l e a r g u m e n ts f o r th o s e w i t h s i m i l a r l y w e a k ca ses.

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τ ά δ ε : i.e . g o in g in to e x ile .

2 —g

T h e p r o o fs

M o s t o f th e a r g u m e n t s e x p a n d o n th o s e a l r e a d y p r e s e n t e d , b u t f i r s t th e s p e a k e r p r e ­ s e n t s a s t r o n g r e b u t t a l to th e

είκός- a r g u m e n t o f 4 . 3 . 2 .

2 π ερ ί τ ό ν ά ρ ξ α ν τ α . . . είναι “c o n c e r n s h im w h o s ta r te d i t ,” a v a g u e

171

C O M M E N T A R Y : 4.4.2 4 w a y o f s a y in g , “c o n c e r n s th e q u e s t io n , w h ic h o n e s ta r te d i t .”

ούκ

εΐκόσι τ εκ μ η ρ ίου “ u n lik e ly a r g u m e n ts ” ; cf. th e la te fif th -c e n t u r y tr a g e ­ d ia n A g a t h o n (fr. 5 , q u o t e d in A r ist. R h e t. 2 .2 4 .1 0 , i 4 0 2 a i o - i ) : “ o n e m ig h t sa y th a t th is t o o is lik ely: th a t th in g s th a t a re n o t lik e ly o f te n h a p p e n to m o r t a ls .” H e r e A . m a k e s th e im p o r t a n t d is tin c tio n b e t w e e n w h a t is lik e ly a n d w h a t is n e c e s s a r y κ α τ ά φύσιν; cf. th e d is tin c tio n in A . ’s s o p h is tic fr a g m e n t b e t w e e n n a tu r a l f u n c tio n s lik e b r e a th in g th r o u g h th e m o u th a n d th e r u les ( n o m o i ) im p o s e d o n t h e s e f u n c tio n s , su c h as w h a t th e m o u th c a n sa y (in D e c le v a C a iz z i 1 9 89: A . 2 .2 7 -3 .1 2 vs. B .2 .3 0 -3 .1 8 ).

ά υ τή γ ά ρ ; m a n y e d ito r s a d d ά ν a fte r γ ά ρ , b u t fo r its

o m is s io n in a c o n t r a r y - t o -f a c t a p o d o s is , s e e 3 .2 .4 η . 3 τ ο υ τεκμη ρίου; th e a r g u m e n t fro m είκός, w h ic h is th e s a m e fo r b o t h s id e s.

τ ο ύ τ ω ι; w ith κοινού.

ά ρ ξ α ν τ ο ς δε τ ο ύ τ ο υ ; th e d e f e n d a n t

s u r e ly e x a g g e r a t e s in c la im in g th a t th is o n e fa c to r w o u ld fr e e h im fro m a ll th e b la m e .

τ ω ν ά λ λ ω ν ά π ά ν τ ω ν κ α τ η γ ο ρ ο υ μ έ ν ω ν ; g e n itiv e w ith

α ιτ ία ς. A ll m o d e r n e d ito r s fo llo w B e k k er in a d d in g τ ω ν b e f o r e th e p a r ­ tic ip le ; as M a e t z n e r e x p la in s (fo llo w e d b y K G 1 136), a lth o u g h th e a r tic le c a n b e o m it te d in su c h c o n s tr u c t io n s w ith a n o u n (e.g. D e m . 1 5 .3 0 τοΐς ά λλοις ά π α σ ιν ά ν θ ρ ώ π ο ις) t h e r e a re n o o t h e r e x a m p le s o f th is w ith a p a r tic ip le . W e s h o u ld r e sist e m e n d in g , h o w e v e r , d e s p ite th e p a l e o g r a p h ic e a s e , fo r A . ’s p r a c tic e in th is r e g a r d m a y w e ll b e d iffe r e n t (cf. 6 .4 5 τ ούς νόμ ο υς ά π α ν τ α ς ).

εϊ τε; fo r s in g le τε s e e 1 .9 η .

ά π ο κ τ ε ίν α ν τ ο ς ; th e d o c t o r (a lso in th e n e x t s e n te n c e ) .

του

ήνάγκ ασε;

th e d e f e n s e a r g u e s for a n e c e s s a r y c a u s a l c h a in , lik e a s e r ie s o f b illia r d b a lls: i f th e b la m e is to b e tr a n sfe r r e d fr o m th e fin a l lin k (th e d o c to r ) to th e p r e c e d in g c a u s e (th e a c c u s e d ), t h e n it s h o u ld b e m o v e d to th e e a r li­ e s t c a u s e , th e v ic t im h im s e lf. ά ν , b u t s e e 1 .2 5 η ., I n tr o d . 8 iii 2.

ά ν ό σ ια γ ά ρ ; a ll m o d e r n e d ito r s a d d έσ τ α ι; th e fu tu r e e x p r e s s e s s tr o n g

f e e lin g a n d s u g g e s ts s o m e t h in g u n d e s ir e d

(S 2 3 2 8 ); cf. L ys. 7.41

ά θ λ ιώ τ α τ ο ς ά ν γεν ο ίμ η ν, εί φ υ γ ά ς άδίκω ς κ α τ α σ τ ή σ ο μ α ι. 4 ε σ τ ι . . . δ ιώ κ ο ντ ο ς “n o r d id th e a c c u s e d p la n (th e d e a th ) a n y m o r e th a n th e a c c u s e r ” ; b y “a c c u s e r ” h e m e a n s th e v ic t im , as t h e f o llo w in g s e n te n c e m a k e s c lea r, έστι . . . ό έπ ιβ ο υ λ εύ σ α ς = έπ εβ ο ύ λ ευ σ ε (cf. 2 .2 .2 η . o n ά ν α τ ρ ο π ε ύ ς . . . έγ έν ετο ).

ή μ α ρ τ ε ν; th e d e f e n d a n t c a n a d m it a n

e r ro r b e c a u s e th e c h a r g e is in te n t io n a l h o m ic id e (c o n tr a s t th e d e f e n ­ d a n t in A n t. 3), b u t h e i m m e d ia t e ly trie s to t r a n sfe r th is e r ro r to h is o p p o ­ n e n t.

εις & ούκ ή β ο ύ λ ε τ ο “w ith a n e ff e c t h e d id n o t i n t e n d ” (M or); so

t o o in th e n e x t s e n t e n c e άκουσίω ς m u s t m e a n “ n o t as h e in t e n d e d .”

C O M M E N T A R Y : 4.4.5 9 5 οίκεΐον: 1.13η.

ά κ ο λ α σ ία ν : 4 · ΐ· 6 , cf. 3 .2 .3 η .

καί τή ς έ α υ τ ο ΰ

καί τή ς εκείνου ά μ α ρ τ ία ς : t h e r e is n o w a y to c o n s tr u e th e g e n itiv e u n le s s s o m e t h in g is a d d e d to th e tex t; o t h e r s u p p le m e n t s are p o s s ib le , b u t M a e t z n e r ’s is th e s im p le s t. It is m o r e lik e ly th a t a sc r ib a l e r r o r c a u s e d th e first t h r e e w o r d s to b e o m it t e d in j V th a n th a t a sc r ib e a d d e d th e m in A .

6

ώ ς . . . δ ιδ ά ξ ω : 2 .2 .g n .

κρ εισ σ ό νω ς . . . ύ π ο δ ε ε σ τ έ ρ ω ς : D C

r e ta in s th e M S te x t (κρείσσω ν ώ ν . . . υ π ο δ ε έ σ τ ε ρ ο ς), b u t th is p r o d u c e s a n im p o s s ib le c o n s t r u c t io n for cbv, a n d so m o s t e d ito r s a c c e p t R e is k e ’s e m e n d a tio n s .

&

τ ’ έδρ ασ ε “w it h r e g a r d to h is a c t i o n ,” a k in d o f

a c c u s a tiv e o f r e s p e c t. A . c h a r a c te r is t ic a lly v a r ie s th e c o n s tr u c t io n a fte r th e a p p a r e n t ly p a r a lle l ά τ ’ έ π α σ χ ε ν .

καί ούκ έδρ α is, s tr ic tly s p e a k ­

in g , illo g ic a l a fte · ά τ ’ έδρ α σ ε, b u t th e s e n tim e n t is n o t u n lik e th e c u r r e n t w o r ld - w id e p r a c tic e o f m a s k in g a m ilita r y a tta c k as a d e f e n s iv e m a n e u ­ v e r (a n d th u s n o t r e a lly a n a tta c k at all). 7 εί δε . . . κ ρ εισ σ όνω ς: o r a to r s c o m m o n ly in c lu d e fa il-b a c k a r g u ­ m e n ts

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π α ν τ α χ ο ΰ : D C s e e s in th is a n a llu s io n to a u n iv e r sa l

ά γ ρ α φ ο ς νό μ ο ς, b u t th e r e fe r e n c e to a w r itte n p e n a lty ( γ έ γ ρ α π τ α ι) in d i­ c a te s th a t A .

h a s in m in d

th e w r itte n

la w s o f a ll G r e e k c itie s ,

έπίκ ειτα ι “a r e i m p o s e d ” ; έπίκειμαι c o m m o n ly f u n c tio n s a s th e p a s s iv e o f έπιτίθημι (4 .1 .5 , e tc .). 8 TÒ μήτε δ ικα ίω ς κ τλ.: th e p l a in t i f f d id n o t m e n t io n th is “ la w ” in e it h e r o f h is s p e e c h e s , b u t th e s p e a k e r k e e p s u p th e p r e te n s e ( 4 .2 .3 η .) in o r d e r to r e e m p h a s iz e h is a r g u m e n t a b o u t th e d o c t o r ’s r o le . τυ ρ ες: 4 .1 .3 η .

μάρ­

ά λ λ ο τ ρ ία ι τ ύ χ η ι κ έχ ρ η τ α ι “ h a s b e c o m e in v o lv e d in

s o m e o n e e ls e ’s ( m is )fo r tu n e ” (cf. 3 .2 .8 ).

π ρ ο σ α γ ό μ ε ν ο ς “ b r in g in g

u p o n h im s e lf .”

9

ώ ς . . . ά π ο δ έδ εικ τ α ι: 2 .2 .g n .

ά π ο λ ύ σ ιμ ο ν . . . κ α τ α λ ή ψ ιμ ο ν

“ d e s e r v in g o f a c q u itt a l . . . c o n v i c t i o n ” ; κ α τ α λ ή ψ ιμ ο ν (cf. 2 .2 .9 η .) is a ά π . λ εγ .; ά π ο λ ύ σ ιμ ο ν o c c u r s o n ly h e r e in c la s s ic a l G r e e k a n d v e r y r a r ely in la te r a u th o r s . T h e r e is n o t , a n d p r o b a b ly n e v e r w a s , a d e f in it iv e s ta t e ­ m e n t o f th e s ta n d a r d o f p r o o f n e e d e d fo r c o n v ic t io n in A t h e n s , b u t sp e a k e r s g e n e r a lly im p ly th a t j u r o r s s h o u ld v o t e fo r th e s tr o n g e r c a s e (In tr o d . 4). sc . έστί. 2 .4 .6 η .) .

έκ τ ω ν λ ε γ ο μ έ ν ω ν : 3 · 4 · ΐ - 2 η .

δίκαιον . . . ά ν ό σ ιο ν :

σ α φ ώ ς . . . φ α ν ερ ώ ς : “ c le a r ” p r o o f is c e r t a in p r o o f ( i.6 n .,

C O M M E N T A R Y : 4 .4 .1 0 - 1 1

ioti

173

T h e ep ilo g u e

T h e e p ilo g u e r e t u r n s to th e i s s u e o f p o l l u t i o n , n o t m e n tio n e d s in c e th e p r o lo g u e to th e p l a i n t i f f ’s f i r s t s p e e c h .

T h e s p e a k e r d r a w s on r h e t o r ic a l c o m m o n p la c e s w i t h o u t

r e g a r d to th e f a c t s o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , in w h ic h th e d e f e n d a n t i s a l r e a d y in e x ile a n d th u s w o u l d n o t b e p u t to d e a t h o r l e a v e a v e n g in g s p i r it s . M o r e o v e r , a c c o r d in g to o n e o f th e d e f e n s e ’s a r g u m e n t s , th e o n e m a n w h o i s g u i l t y o f th e o r i g in a l h o m ic id e , n a m e l y th e v i c t i m h im s e lf , h a s a l r e a d y b e e n p u n i s h e d in f u l l .

ίο

ό σ ιώ τ ε ρ ο ν “m o r e r ig h te o u s ” (sc. th a n th e p l a in t i f f ’s r e q u e s t),

ά λ ιτή ρ ιο ς: th e M S r e a d in g is c e r t a in ly c o r r u p t; T h ’s e m e n d a t io n is d if­ f ic u lt to e x p la in p a l e o g r a p h ic a lly b u t it g iv e s th e n e e d e d se n s e a n d n o t h in g b e t te r h a s b e e n s u g g e s te d ; se v e r a l e d ito r s s im p ly o b e liz e .

toT saixiois : v a g u e ly in d ic a t in g th e ju r o r s a n d p r o b a b ly th e p la in t i f f t o o . μ ία σ μ α : se v e r a l e d ito r s c h a n g e to μήνιμα to a c c o r d w it h 4 .2 .8 , b u t μίασμα c a n ta k e a s u b je c tiv e g e n itiv e (“p o llu t io n b r o u g h t b y th e a v e n g ­ in g s p ir its ”); cf. S o p h . O T 1012 μία σ μα τ ω ν φ υ τ ε υ σ ά ν τ ω ν .

ii ύμ έτερ ον “y o u r d u t y ” ; cf. 4 .2 .8 . w ith ά π ο δ ό ν τ ε ς .

φ ήνα ι “ to r e v e a l” (φ α ίνω ),

τοΤ$ έ γ γ ισ τ α “th e n e x t o f k in .”

5. On the murder of Herodes B a c k g r o u n d . O n th e M u r d e r o f H e r o d e s

is A . ’s l o n g e s t s u r v iv in g s p e e c h , a n d

is g e n e r a lly c o n s id e r e d h is b e s t, as it w a s in a n t iq u it y ([P lu t.] M o r a l i a 8 3 3 d ). T h e s p e a k e r is a y o u n g M y t ile n e a n , w h o , a c c o r d in g to a la te s o u r c e ( S o p a te r in R h e to r e s G r a e c i 4 .3 1 6 [W a lz ]), w a s n a m e d E u x ith e u s . H e te lls u s h e w a s t r a v e lin g in th e s a m e b o a t as a n A t h e n ia n , H e r o d e s , fr o m M y tile n e to T h r a c e , w h e n th e y w e r e fo r c e d b y a s to r m to p u t in at a s m a ll h a r b o r o n th e n o r th s h o r e o f L e s b o s . T h e r e t h e y w a it e d o u t th e s to r m d r in k in g w ith p e o p le o n a n o t h e r b o a t in th e h a r b o r . S o m e tim e d u r in g th e n ig h t H . d is a p p e a r e d a n d w a s n e v e r s e e n a g a in ; h is b o d y w a s n e v e r fo u n d . E u . c o n t in u e d o n to T h r a c e , b u t w h e n h e la te r r e tu r n e d to M y tile n e , h e w a s a c c u s e d o f m u r d e r in g H . T h e c a s e w a s b r o u g h t to tria l in A t h e n s , w h ic h w a s c lo s e ly lin k e d b y tr e a tie s w it h M y tile n e . A lt h o u g h th e c h a r g e w a s h o m ic id e , th e p r o s e c u tio n a r r e s te d E u . b y a s p e c ia l p r o c e d u r e o f ά π α γ ω γ ή r a th e r t h a n th e o r d in a r y δίκη φ ό νο υ , a m o v e h e c la im s w a s u n p r e c e d e n t e d a n d ille g a l. A s ig n if ic a n t fa c to r in th is c a s e , w h e r e a M y t ile n e a n is a c c u s e d o f k illin g a n A t h e n ia n , m u s t h a v e b e e n r e la tio n s b e t w e e n th e tw o c itie s . In

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5. I N T R O D U C T I O N 4 2 7 M y t ile n e , o n e o f A t h e n s ’ m o s t p o w e r fu l a n d im p o r t a n t a llie s in th e P e lo p o n n e s ia n W ar, h a d r e b e lle d a g a in s t A t h e n ia n d o m in a n c e o f th e ir a llia n c e ( T h u c . 3.1 5 0 ). A t h e n s q u a s h e d th e r e v o lt, e x e c u t e d its le a d e r s , a n d s e n t A t h e n ia n c le r u c h s , o r s e ttle r s , to d iv id e u p th e ter r ito r y . E a c h c le r u c h w a s g iv e n a p ie c e o f la n d , a n d th e p r e v io u s M y t ile n e a n o w n er , w h o c o n t in u e d to fa r m th e la n d , p a id a n a n n u a l r e n t. It is a r e a s o n a b le g u e s s th a t H . w a s o n e o f t h e s e c le r u c h s . E u .’s fa th e r h a d p la y e d a s ig ­ n ific a n t p a r t in th is r e v o lt (5.7 4 -80) a n d w a s liv in g in v o lu n t a r y e x ile in T h r a c e . W e c a n n o t d a te th e p r e s e n t tria l p r e c is e ly , b u t it p r o b a b ly o c c u r r e d a b o u t a d e c a d e a fte r th e r e v o lt (c. 4 2 0 417), a n d th e A t h e n ia n j u r o r s w o u ld u n d o u b t e d ly still h a v e s tr o n g m e m o r ie s o f th e e v e n t. T h e case.

A s in th e F irst T e t r a lo g y (a n d u n lik e a n y o t h e r s u r v iv in g A ttic

s p e e c h ), th e b a s ic q u e s t io n in th is c a s e is “ w h o d id it? ” , a n d th e s p e e c h e s u s e se v e r a l c o m m o n a r g u m e n ts . T h e c a s e a g a in s t E u . w a s b a s e d p r i­ m a r ily o n th e t e s t im o n y o f h is a lle g e d a c c o m p lic e , a sla v e w h o w a s in te r r o g a te d u n d e r to r tu r e , c o n f e s s e d h is a c c e s s o r y r o le in th e c r im e , a n d w a s t h e n p u t to d e a th . T h e p r o s e c u tio n a lso in tr o d u c e a n in c r im i­ n a t in g n o t e a d d r e s s e d to a c e r t a in L y c in u s , w h o a lle g e d ly h e lp e d E u . p la n th e c r im e ; b o t h m e n h a d h a d p r e v io u s d e a lin g s w ith H . E u .’s d e f e n s e r e lie s p r im a r ily o n a n a r r a tiv e e m p h a s iz in g th a t h is p r e s e n c e o n th e s a m e b o a t as H . w a s m e r e c o in c id e n c e , o n a n a lib i s u p p o r t e d b y a w it n e s s w h o t e s t if ie d th a t E u . n e v e r le ft th e b o a t o n th e n ig h t in q u e s ­ t io n , a n d o n tw o p r o c e d u r a l irr e g u la r itie s : th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n are u s in g th e w r o n g p r o c e d u r e ( 5 .8 - 1 9 , 8 5 - 9 6 ) a n d th a t th e y in te r r o g a te d th e sla v e u n d e r to r tu r e in v io la t io n o f th e n o r m a l r u le s (5 .2 9 - 5 1 ). H e a lso a r g u e s th a t h e h a d n o m o tiv e for th e m u r d e r, h e d e f e n d s th e r o le h is fa th e r p la y e d in th e r e v o lt, a n d h e n o t e s th e a b s e n c e o f a n y s ig n s o f r e li­ g io u s p o llu t io n . A . ’s b a s ic s tr a t e g y is t w o f o ld , to r a ise s u b s ta n tia l p r o c e d u r a l o b j e c ­ t io n s a n d to e m p h a s iz e h o w m u c h o f th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s c a s e is s p e c u la ­ tio n as o p p o s e d to c le a r f a c t. B o t h a r g u m e n ts le a d to th e c o n c lu s io n th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n d o n o t k n o w w h o k ille d H . a n d h a v e c o n c o c t e d th is c a s e a g a in s t E u . p r im a r ily for th e ir o w n p r o fit. T h u s b e fo r e s a y in g a n y t h in g a b o u t th e a c tu a l e v e n ts E u . o b je c ts at le n g th to th e t r e a tm e n t h e h a s r e c e iv e d . T h e n in h is n a r r a tiv e h e c a r e fu lly (a n d m is le a d in g ly ) d is ­ tin g u is h e s b e t w e e n fa c ts (τά γ ε ν ό μ εν α ), w h ic h a re s u p p o s e d ly c o n f ir m e d b y th e t e s t im o n y o f w it n e s s e s , a n d a r g u m e n ts fro m lik e lih o o d (τά

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5. I N T R O D U C T I O N

175

είκότα), w h ic h le a d to n o c e r ta in c o n c lu s io n s b u t r a ise q u e s t io n s , p r o ­ c e d u r a l a n d s u b s ta n tiv e , a b o u t th e s la v e ’s t e s t im o n y a n d th e n o te to L y c in u s. T h r o u g h o u t h e str e sse s th e s e p a r a tio n o f w h a t is c le a r ly e s ta b ­ lis h e d φ α νερ ός) a n d w h a t is u n c le a r (άφ αυής) o r h a s d is a p p e a r e d H . ’s c o r p s e a n d th e to r tu r e d slave). T h e s e a r g u m e n ts o c c u p y th e first h a l f o f th e s p e e c h ; th e r e m a in d e r a d d s s u p p le m e n t a r y a r g u m e n ts w h ic h k e e p r e tu r n in g to th e s e m a in p o in ts. T h e p r o s e c u tio n 's ca se.

A m o n g t h o s e q u e s t io n e d a fte r H . ’s d is a p p e a r a n c e

w a s a sla v e w h o in itia lly d e n ie d a n y in v o lv e m e n t b u t u n d e r to r tu r e a p p a r e n tly p r o v id e d a fu ll a c c o u n t o f th e c r im e a n d h is r o le in it. A c c o r d in g to E u . th e slave r e c a n te d b e fo r e b e in g p u t to d e a t h , b u t th e p r o s e c u tio n n o n e t h e le s s p r o d u c e d a d e t a ile d n a r r a tiv e o f th e c r im e b a s e d o n h is a c c o u n t: d u r in g a n ig h t o f h e a v y d r in k in g , E u . le ft th e b o a t w ith or a fte r H . a n d k ille d h im o n s h o r e , h itt in g h im w ith a la r g e rock; w ith th e s la v e ’s h e lp h e p u t th e c o r p s e in a sm a ll b o a t a n d d u m p e d it in th e se a . T o c o n f ir m th is a c c o u n t th e p r o s e c u tio n m u s t h a v e f u r n is h e d w it n e s s e s w h o w e r e p r e s e n t at th e s la v e ’s in te r r o g a tio n . T h e y a lso r e c o u n te d p a s t d e a lin g s a m o n g H .. E u . a n d L y c in u s a n d in tr o d u c e d th e in c r im in a t in g n o t e , t h o u g h th e y a p p a r e n t ly d id n o t p r e s e n t a s in g le c le a r m o tiv e fo r th e m u rd er. T h e y a lso r e c o u n te d E u .'s f a th e r ’s r o le in th e r e v o lt a g a in s t A t h e n s , a n d p r o b a b ly in c lu d e d b o t h e x p lic it a n d im p lic it r e m in d e r s o f p a s t a n d p r e s e n t h o s t ilit ie s b e t w e e n th e tw o c itie s , s e e k in g to c a p ita liz e o n th e j u r o r s ’ p r e ju d ic e s . T h e y p r o b a b ly d id n o t n e e d to a p p e a l o p e n ly to a n t i- M y tile n e a n s e n tim e n t, a n d th e fa c t th a t E u . la r g e ly a v o id s d ir e c t m e n tio n o f c u r r e n t p o lit ic a l f e e lin g s m a y s u g g e s t th a t th is w a s o n e o f h is o p p o n e n t s ’ s tr o n g e r p o in ts . T h e a lle g a tio n o f syc o p h a n c y .

In s e v e r a l p la c e s 5 . 1 0 ,5 9 - 6 0 , 8 0 E u . a c c u s e s

h is p r o s e c u to r s o f b r in g in g th is c a s e fo r t h e ir o w n e n r ic h m e n t . A t th is tim e m a n y A t h e n ia n s w e r e g r o w in g c o n c e r n e d a b o u t th e n u m b e r o f su its b r o u g h t a g a in s t r ic h m e n b y s o -c a lle d “ sy co p h a n ts'* σ υκ ο φ ά υτα ι . o r litig a n ts w h o s e m o tiv e w a s p e r s o n a l e n r ic h m e n t . For m o st p u b lic c r im e s tr e a s o n , e m b e z z le m e n t , e tc . A t h e n ia n la w a llo w e d a n y o n e w h o w is h e d ό βουλό μ ευ ος to b r in g a c a s e , o n th e t h e o r y th a t p u b lic o ffic ia ls w o u ld b e w a t c h e d b y th e c it iz e n s , a n d e s p e c ia lly b y th e ir p e r s o n a l e n e m ie s , for a n y w r o n g d o in g . In m a n y c a s e s th e fin e s le v ie d w e r e s h a r e d b e t w e e n th e s u c c e s s fu l p r o s e c u to r a n d th e city. A p e r s o n c o u ld

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5. I N T R O D U C T I O N a ls o p r o fit b y t h r e a t e n in g a r ic h m a n w ith a la w s u it a n d t h e n o f fe r in g n o t to p r o s e c u te in r e tu r n fo r m o n e y . T h e p la y s o f A r is to p h a n e s p o r tr a y s e v e r a l m a lic io u s s y c o p h a n t s , b u t o n e o f th e m (P l u t u s 9 0 0

19) d e f e n d s

h is a c tiv ity as n e c e s s a r y a n d p a t r io t ic (“ w h o e ls e w ill w a t c h o u t fo r la w b r e a k e r s ? ”). S e v e r a l m e a s u r e s w e r e e n a c t e d to c o m b a t th e p r o b le m : a la w w a s p a s s e d p r o h ib it in g s y c o p h a n c y a n d p r o s e c u to r s in m a n y c a s e s f a c e d a p e n a lt y o f 1 ,0 0 0 d r a c h m a s i f th e y fa ile d to s e c u r e o n e - fift h o f th e j u r o r s ’ v o t e s . S till, lit ig a n t s c o n t in u e d to c o m p la in a b o u t s y c o p h a n ts a n d to a s c r ib e th is m o tiv e to th e ir o p p o n e n ts ; in s o m e c a s e s th e c o m ­ p la in t w a s u n d o u b t e d ly v a lid b u t in o t h e r s it w a s p r o b a b ly j u s t a n a t te m p t to d is p a r a g e th e o t h e r s id e (se e fu r th e r T o d d 1993: 9 2 - 4 , I n tr o d . 7).

A s s e s s m e n t.

A lt h o u g h r e c e n t s c h o la r s h ip h a s t e n d e d to s id e w ith E u . o n

th e b a s is o f h is a lib i (see e s p e c ia lly S c h in d e l 1979), G a g a r in (1 9 8 9 a ) ( h e n c e f o r t h M H ) p r e s e n ts th e c a s e fo r h is g u ilt (b o th th e s e w o r k s s h o u ld b e c o n s u lt e d fo r m o r e d e t a ile d c o n s id e r a t io n o f m a n y iss u e s d is c u s s e d in t h e f o llo w in g n o te s ). W h a t e v e r th e tr u th , E u .’s a r g u m e n ts are w e ll c o n s tr u c t e d to h id e th e w e a k n e s s e s in h is c a s e , a n d m o s t s c h o la r s h a v e fo u n d h is s p e e c h p e r s u a s iv e . T h e m o s t d iff ic u lt fa d to r to a s se ss is th e s tr e n g th o f a n t i- A I y t ile n e a n s e n tim e n t in A t h e n s a t th e t im e a n d h o w e ff e c tiv e ly th e p r o s e c u t io n m a y h a v e p la y e d o n it (see H e it s c h 19 8 4 ). E u . is in a d iffic u lt p o s it io n , w is h in g to r e fu te c h a r g e s th a t h is fa th e r w a s a l e a d e r o f th e r e v o lt w h ile at th e s a m e tim e k e e p in g th e j u r o r s ’ a t te n t io n a w a y fr o m th is iss u e . It is a lso d iffic u lt to a s se ss E u .’s a c c u s a tio n o f s y c o ­ p h a n c y . It s e e m s u n lik e ly th a t a c o n v ic t io n w o u ld r e su lt in o n ly a fin e (w h ic h in a n y c a s e m ig h t n o t b e s h a r e d b y th e p r o s e c u tio n ) , a n d th e c a s e s e e m s to h a v e p r o g r e s s e d t o o far fo r a n o u t -o f - c o u r t s e tt le m e n t ; b u t th e r e is m u c h w e d o n o t k n ow . For th e ir p a r t th e p r o s e c u tio n w o u ld h a v e b e e n s e r io u s ly h a m p e r e d b y th e la c k o f a c o r p u s d e l i c t i a n d th e a b s e n c e o f a c le a r m o tiv e for th e c r im e . T h e s la v e ’s t e s t im o n y a n d th e n o t e to L y c in u s ar e s tr o n g e v id e n c e , b u t n e ith e r is u n a s s a ila b le . In s h o r t, w i t h o u t k n o w in g e it h e r th e tru e fa c ts o r th e f in a l v e r d ic t, w e m a y s p e c u la t e th a t th is m a y h a v e b e e n o n e o f th o s e c e le b r a t e d c a s e s in w h ic h A . w a s a c c u s e d o f “ s e llin g fo r a h ig h p r ic e s p e e c h e s th a t ru n c o u n t e r to j u s t ic e , e s p e c ia lly to th o s e w h o a re in th e g r e a te s t d a n g e r o f c o n v i c t i o n ” (In tr o d . 2).

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5. I N T R O D U C T I O N

O u tlin e .

177

E u .’s a r g u m e n ts a r e b r o k e n u p a n d r e a s s e m b le d in a c o m p le x

fa s h io n (se e D u e 1980: esp . 3 9 -4 1 ): fo r e x a m p le , h e e x p lic itly p a s s e s fro m th e n a r r a tiv e o f fa c ts to είκός-a r g u m e n t s in 5 .2 5 , b u t o t h e r fa c tu a l d e ta ils are n o t p r o v id e d u n til h e la te r r e a c h e s th e r e le v a n t p o in t in h is a r g u m e n t. A fte r s e v e r a l είκός-a r g u m e n t s a r e p r e s e n te d in 5 . 2 5 - 8 , E u . tu r n s to a n e w iss u e , th e in te r r o g a tio n o f w itn e s s e s , b u t h e le a v e s th is in 5 .4 3 to r e tu r n to m o r e είκός- a r g u m e n ts , a fte r w h ic h h e r e tu r n s to th e m a tte r o f th e in te r r o g a tio n s . W h e n h e r e tu r n s to iss u e s , m o r e o v e r , h e o fte n a d d s n e w a r g u m e n ts , s o m e t im e s e v e n c o n t r a d ic t in g w h a t h e h a d s a id earlier. T h e e ff e c t is to r e in fo r c e h is p o in t s w it h r e p e titio n b u t a lso to g iv e a n im p r e s s io n o f t h e ir c u m u la t iv e w e ig h t; a n d t h e s e p a r a tio n o f d iffe r e n t t r e a tm e n ts o f th e s a m e iss u e s m a k e s a n y in c o n s is t e n c ie s less n o t ic e a b le . T h e p r o lo g u e (1 -7 ) is f o llo w e d b y a r g u m e n ts a b o u t th e p r o p e r p r o ­ c e d u r e for p r o s e c u tio n

( 8 -1 9 ) . T h e n

c o m e s th e n a r r a tiv e , w h ic h

in c lu d e s s o m e a r g u m e n t ( 2 0 - 4 ) , είκός-a r g u m e n t s ( 2 5 -8 ) , th e in te r r o g a ­ t io n a n d t e s t im o n y o f th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s w it n e s s e s ( 2 9 - 4 2 ) , m o r e είκόςa r g u m e n ts (4 3 -4 5 ) , fu r th e r d is c u s s io n o f th e in te r r o g a tio n o f th e w it n e s s e s ( 4 6 -5 2 ) , a n d b r ie fe r d is c u s s io n s o f th e n o t e to L y c in u s ( 5 3 -6 ) a lle g e d m o tiv e s (5 7 -6 3 ) , th e n e e d for c e r ta in p r o o f ( 6 4 -7 3 ) , E u .’s fa th e r a n d th e M y t ile n e a n r e v o lt ( 7 4 -8 0 ) , a n d s ig n s fr o m h e a v e n (8 1 -4 ) . T h e e p ilo g u e ( 8 5 - 9 6 ) is d e v o t e d la r g e ly to th e p r o c e d u r a l iss u e d is c u s s e d in '8 -1 9 .

/-7

T h e p ro lo g u e

T h e p r o l o g u e i s t y p i c a l l y f u l l o f c o m m o n p la c e s , b e g in n in g w it h th e p l e a o f i n e x p e ­ rie n c e ( i . m . ) ; th e s t y l e i s e m b e l l i s h e d b y m a n y r h e t o r ic a l f e a t u r e s , s u c h a s a n ti t h e s i s and

i

p le o n a s m . Έ β ο υ λ ό μ η ν : u s e d h e r e w it h o u t α ν to e x p r e ss a c o n t r a r y - t o -f a c t

w is h (S 1782, M T 4 2 5 , K G 1 .2 0 5 -6 ) , t h o u g h th e o r a to r s m o r e c o m m o n ly in c lu d e th e α ν (W yse 1904: 6 5 3 g iv e s e x a m p le s o f b o th ).

μεν: i . i n .

τ ο υ λ έγειν . . . τ ω ν π ρ α γ μ ά τ ω ν : for v a r ia tio n in a p a r a lle l c o n s tr u c t io n s e e I n tr o d . 8 v 3; in c o m p a r is o n w it h th e T e t r a lo g ie s , v a r ia t io n in A . ’s c o u r t s p e e c h e s is r e la tiv e ly m ild (c o n tr a s t e.g . 2.3.11) so a s n o t to im p e d e a u r a l c o m p r e h e n s io n . For th e w o r d / d e e d a n t it h e s is s e e 3 .3 .1 η .; th e c o n tr a s t is e la b o r a t e d b e lo w (5.5). τ ω ν π ρ α γ μ ά τ ω ν is u s u a lly ta k e n to

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.1-5 r e fe r to le g a l a ffa ir s, b u t it p r o b a b ly d e s ig n a te s “ a ffa ir s ” in g e n e r a l a n d is u s e d p r im a r ily fo r r h e to r ic a l b a la n c e .

τε συμφοραι κα\ τοΐς κακοΐς:

p le o n a sm

(1 .2 0 η .).

καθεστάναι: ι . ι η . τήι του μεν . . . τοΰ δε:

σ υμ φ ορ ά ι a n d κακοΐς . . . λ εγειν a n d π ρ α γ μ ά τ ω ν , t h o u g h th e e m p h a s is in th e la tte r p a ir is o n s p e a k in g ab ility . T h e s e n te n c e is c a r e f u lly b a la n c e d w ith p a r i s o s i s a n d h o m o i o t e l e u t o n in th e fin a l p a r t ic ip le s (In tr o d . 8 v 2). 2 ou “w h e n ,” a n e x t e n s io n o f th e n o r m a l “w h e r e .” I n tr o d . 8 ii 4.

κ ακ οπαθ εΐν:

μ ετά “ in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h .” T h e “ im p r o p e r a c c u s a ­

t io n ” r e fe r s to th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s u se o f ά π α γ ω γ ή (5 .8 c a u s e d E u . to b e im p r is o n e d w h e n h e r e a c h e d A t t ic a .

1 9 η .), w h ic h ε ίπ ό ν τ α τ ά

γ ε ν ό μ ε ν α : a s ta t e m e n t o f th e fa c ts s h o u ld r e q u ir e n o s p e c ia l r h e to r ic a l a b ility , b u t th e p r e te n s e o f in a b ility e ff e c tiv e ly p r e p a r e s fo r th e a r g u ­ m e n t th a t th e fac ts s u p p o r t E u .

ά δ υ ν α σ ία : a lth o u g h b o t h M S S g iv e

ά δ υ ν α μ ία , a la te le x ic o n { S y n a g o g e L e x ic o n C h r e s im o n , in B e k k er 1814: 3 45) te lls us th a t A . a n d T h u c y d id e s (7 .8 , 8 .8 ) u s e d th is e a r lie r fo r m (a lso f o u n d in H e r o d o t u s ) .

3

T h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n u n p e r s u a s iv e tr u th s a n d a p e r s u a s iv e lie is

p r e s e n te d in a p r e c is e ly p a r a lle l c o n s tr u c t io n u n til th e v a r ia t io n at th e e n d o f th e s e n t e n c e (διότι έψ εύ σ α ντο). For th e s e n tim e n t cf. Eur. fr. 5 6 N ; G o r g ia s , H e l e n 13.

α ύ τ ο ϊς τ ο ύ τ ο ς : ι.2 η .

δ η λ ώ σ α ι: A . u n d e r ­

s ta n d s th e n e e d fo r c la r ity in s p o k e n o r a to r y , a n d it is p r im a r ily in th e T e t r a lo g ie s , w h ic h w e r e p r o b a b ly in t e n d e d fo r r e a d in g , th a t h e p u s h e s s ty listic e ff e c ts to th e p o in t o f o b s c u r ity ; cf. σ α φ ώ ς είδεναι, i .6 n . ά γ ω ν ίζ ε σ θ α ι: th e v e r b c a n d e s ig n a te a n y so r t o f c o n t e s t , b u t in A . it a lw a y s r e fe r s to a le g a l c o n t e s t (1 .2η .; cf. 5 .7 4 η .).

έ π ίτ ο ίς . . . λόγοι ς

είναι “ h a v e r e g a r d fo r th e w o r d s ” ; th e s e n s e is p r o b a b ly th a t a p o o r s p e a k e r m u s t a d d r e s s h im s e lf to th e o p p o n e n t ’s w o r d s , n o t th a t h is c a s e is “ d e p e n d e n t o n ” th e o p p o n e n t ’s s p e e c h . E u . w o u ld p r o b a b ly h a v e to r e s p o n d to th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s a c c o u n t o f t h e m u r d e r in a n y c a s e , b u t h e p r e te n d s th a t i f h e w e r e a b e t te r s p e a k e r , h e c o u ld s im p ly d is c u ss th e fa cts.

τήι ά λη θεία ι τ ω ν π ρ α γ μ ά τ ω ν : 2 .4 · ΐ η ., 3 .2 .3 η .

4 ο ύ χ ά π ε ρ οί π ο λ λ ο ί: th e r e je c t io n o r r e v e r s a l o f a c o m m o n p la c e b e c o m e s a r h e to r ic a l d e v ic e in itse lf; cf. L y s. 12.1 “ m y p r o b le m is n o t w h e r e to b e g in b u t w h e r e to e n d . ” F la tt e r y o f th e j u r o r s is a n o t h e r c o m m o n p r a c tic e .

ύ π ά ρ χ ε ιν “e x is t s ,” as e ls e w h e r e in A . ; it u s u a lly is

f o llo w e d b y a d a tiv e o f p o s s e s s io n (S 1476).

ο υ π ε ρ : n e u te r , a g r e e in g

w ith th e id e a o f a fa ir h e a r in g r a th e r t h a n w ith ά κ ρ ό α σ ιν i t s e lf (S 2 5 0 2 d ). 5 A . c o n t in u e s to str e ss th e i m p o r t a n c e o f Ip y o v as o p p o s e d to λ ό γ ο ς .

179

C O i M M E N T A R Y : 5 . 5 -7

T h e r e is a c o n c e n tr a t io n o f h ia tu s in th is s e c t io n , w h ic h w o u ld s lo w d o w n th e d e liv e r y a n d a d d e m p h a s is to th e id e a s (P e a r s o n 1978: 1 3 6 - 8 ). τ ο ΰ τ ο μέν . . . τ ο ϋ τ ο δε: a d v e r b ia l ( ι .ι η .) .

έά ν τι τήι γ λ ώ σ σ η ι

ά μ ά ρ τ ω : th is c o n t in u e s th e id e a in 5 .3 b u t m a y p e r h a p s a lso a llu d e to th e s p e a k e r ’s b e in g fr o m M y tile n e , w h e r e th e L e s b ia n d ia le c t w a s sp o k e n .

ό ρ θ ώ ς: cf. 3 .4 .2 η ., w h e r e th e s e n tim e n t is q u it e d iffe r e n t,

δ εινό τη τι: A . h im s e lf w a s a c c u s e d o f δεινότη ς (In tr o d . 2).

ού γ ά ρ

δίκαιον κτλ.: a sim ila r t h o u g h t is e x p r e s s e d in Eur. H e c . 1 1 8 7 -9 4 . γ λ ώ σ σ η ς . . . γ ν ώ μ η ς : th e e ffe c t is G o r g ia n ic . 6 ά ν ά γ κ η : d e f e n d a n t s o f te n la m e n t th e fo r c e o f n e c e s s ity (e.g. 2 .2 .4 , 3 .2 .1 - 2 ) b u t th e th r e e f o ld r e p e titio n o f ά ν ά γκ η in th is s e c t io n is u n u su a l. For th e id e a th a t s o m e o n e at risk is at a d is a d v a n t a g e in s p e a k in g , s e e Eur. fr. 67 N .

τ ύ χ η ι . . . π ρ ο ν ο ία ι: a lth o u g h “ c h a n c e ” is m e n t io n e d

at th e b e g in n in g o f A . ’s o th e r c o u r t s p e e c h e s (1.2, 6 .1), it h a s a s p e c ia l p o in t in E u .’s a r g u m e n t th a t τ ύ χ η n o t π ρ ό ν ο ια s h a p e d t h e fa c ts o f th is c a se.

εκ π λη ξιν π ο λ λ ή ν π α ρ ε χ ε ιν :

e m p h a tic a llite r a t io n . For th e

p e r ip h r a sis εκπλη ξιν π α ρ ε χ ε ιν (in p la c e o f έκ πλή σσειν), s e e I n tr o d . 8 iii 5; th e s a m e p h r a s e is in T h u c . 4 .5 5 . 7 ό ρ ώ γ ά ρ έ γ ω γ ε : th e o b s e r v a tio n s e e m s to im p ly m o r e e x p e r ie n c e o f le g a l a ffa ir s t h a n th e s p e a k e r h a s th u s fa r p r e te n d e d to h a v e , χ ε ίρ ο ν

εαυτώ ν

“w o r s e

th a n

t h e m s e lv e s ,”

i.e .

w orse

th a n

u s u a l,

μ ά λ λ ο ν ό ρ θ ου μ ένου ς: sc. ό ρ ώ αυ τού ς; th e e llip sis is e a s e d b y th e p a r a lle l­ ism o f th e tw o c la u se s .

α ΐτη σ ις: cf. α ίτή σ ο μ α ι in 5 .4 .

κα\ νο μ ίμ ω ς

κα\ ό σ ίω ς: th is p a ir a p p e a r s o n ly h e r e in A .; in th e T e t r a lo g ie s h e u s e s όσ ίω ς καί δικαίω ς for th e s a m e id e a (e.g. 3 .2 .1 2 ).

έν τ ώ ι ύ μ ετέρ ω ι

δικαίωι “in a c c o r d a n c e w ith y o u r j u s t i c e ,” a n u n u s u a l e x p r e s s io n p e r h a p s s u g g e s te d b y th e p o e t ic u s e o f ένδίκηι fo r δικαίω ς.

π ε ρ ί. . .

έκ α σ τ ον: a n u n u s u a lly b r ie f tr a n s it io n to th e a r g u m e n t o f th e c a s e .

8 - ig

T h e p r e l i m in a r y a r g u m e n t ( π ρ ο κ α τ α σ κ ε υ ή )

B e fo r e b e g i n n i n g th e n a r r a t i v e E u . i n c l u d e s a n a r g u m e n t (cf. i . j - i g n . ) c r i t i c i z i n g th e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s p r o c e d u r e s ; h e r e t u r n s to th e s e c r i t i c i s m s in th e e p ilo g u e ( 8 y - g 6 ) . I n s t e a d o f th e r e g u l a r a g a in s t E u .,

δίκη φ ό νο υ , th e p r o s e c u tio n u s e d a s p e c i a l p r o c e d u r e

ά π α γ ω γ ή κ α κ ο ύ ρ γ ω ν ( I n tr o d . 4 ) . T h i s p r o c e d u r e f o r “ s u m m a r y

a r r e s t o f m a l e f a c t o r s ” w a s d i r e c t e d p r i m a r i l y a t c o m m o n c r i m i n a l s , e s p e c i a l ly h ig h ­ w a y m e n a n d c lo a k - s n a t c h e r s ( 2 . 1 . 4 η . ) ; i t w a s n o t n o r m a l l y u s e d f o r h o m ic id e , b u t th e p r o s e c u t i o n d e f e n d e d t h e i r u s e o f i t in a h o m ic id e c a s e on th e g r o u n d t h a t

180

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.8

“h o m i c id e i s a g r e a t c r i m e ” (μ έγα κ α κ ού ρ γ η μ α , 3 · ΐ ο ) . E u . o b je c ts t h a t b y u s in g t h i s a b n o r m a l p r o c e d u r e th e p r o s e c u t i o n w a s v i o l a t i n g c e r ta in s p e c i a l r u le s r e la tin g to h o m i c id e c a s e s a n d h a d u n j u s t l y i m p r i s o n e d h im b e fo r e t h e t r ia l , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e b e e n i l l e g a l in a

δίκη φ ό νο υ . H e a l s o a l l e g e s t h a t i f h e i s a c q u i t t e d in th i s c a s e th e

p r o s e c u t i o n i n t e n d s to b r i n g a n o th e r c a s e a g a i n s t h im b y th e n o r m a l p r o c e d u r e . T h e f a c t t h a t th e p r o s e c u t o r a p p a r e n t ly f e l t th e n e e d to j u s t i f y h is u s e o f th is u n u s u a l p r o c e d u r e s u g g e s t s t h a t E u . ’s p r o t e s t i s v a l i d , a n d t h a t t h i s w a s th e f i r s t i n s ta n c e o f a n

ά π α γ ω γ ή u s e d f o r h o m i c id e . I t is ir r e l e v a n t to a s k w h e th e r u s e o f

th i s p r o c e d u r e w a s l e g a l , s i n c e in A t h e n i a n l a w n o s e p a r a t e d e c is io n w o u l d b e m a d e o n th e p r o c e d u r a l a r g u m e n t , b u t t h i s w o u l d b e o n e f a c t o r in f lu e n c in g th e j u r o r s ’ v e r d ic t in c o u r t. T h e E l e v e n , o f f i c i a l s w h o s e d u ty i t w a s to m a k e th e a r r e s t in su c h c a s e s , e v i d e n t l y a c c e p t e d th e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s a r g u m e n t a n d a l l o w e d th e c a s e to p r o c e e d to t r i a l ; w e d o n o t I .n o w e x a c t l y h o w m u c h a u th o r i ty th e E le v e n h a d in s u c h m a tte r s , b u t in a s i m i l a r c a s e ( L y s i a s 1 3 ) w e a r e t o l d t h e y i n s i s t e d o n a c h a n g e in th e la n g u a g e o f th e c o m p l a i n t b e f o r e th e y w o u l d a c c e p t i t (se e f u r t h e r T o d d 1 9 9 3 : 7 9 - 8 1 ) . E v e n i f w e k n e w th e v e r d i c t in t h i s c a s e , w e w o u l d n o t k n o w h o w la r g e a ro le , i f a n y , th is is s u e o f p r o c e d u r e p l a y e d in th e j u r o r s ’ v o te s. T h e p r o s e c u tio n a ls o j u s t i f i e d th e ir u se o f

ά π α γ ω γ ή b e c a u s e in a δίκη φ ό νο υ

E u . c o u l d l e g a l l y l e a v e A t h e n s a n d g o i n t o e x ile ( 5 . 1 3 ) , a n d t h i s w a s p r o b a b l y th e ir m a i n r e a s o n f o r u s in g th e i r r e g u l a r p r o c e d u r e . O th e r r e a s o n d m a y h a v e b ee n to h a v e Eu.

i m p r i s o n e d b e f o r e th e t r i a l ( 3 . 1 7 - 1 8 ) ,

to m a k e th e p e n a l t y

“a s s e s s a b le ”

( 3 . 1 0 η . ) , a n d to h a v e th e c a s e t r i e d b y o r d i n a r y j u r o r s , w h o m i g h t b e m o r e h o s ti l e to r ic h M y t i l e n e a n s th a n th e A r e o p a g u s ( H e i t s c h

1984:

p a s s im e m p h a s iz e s th is

a s p e c t ) . H o w e v e r , th e p r o c e d u r e d o e s n o t s e e m s u i t e d to th e a l l e g e d m o t iv e o f p e r s o n a l e n r ic h m e n t ( 3 . 1 0 η . , 3 . 1 7 η . ; s e e f u r t h e r g r e a te r p r o c e d u r a lf a ir n e s s o f th e

M H 1 7 - 2 9 ) . E u . ’s t a c t i c i s to e m p h a s iz e th e

δίκη φ ό νο υ , w h i l e a v o i d i n g a n y s u g g e s tio n t h a t h e

w is h e s to a v o i d th e p o p u l a r c o u r t f o r p o l i t i c a l r e a s o n s .

8

T h e s e n t e n c e is c o m p le x , w it h its p a r e n t h e tic a l e x p r e s s io n o f c o n ­

f id e n c e in th e ju r o r s , b u t th e “r in g - c o m p o s it io n ” t e c h n iq u e o f r e tu r n ­ in g to th e b e g i n n in g ( π α ρ α ν ο μ ώ τ α τ α καί β ια ιό τ α τ α . . . β ια ιό τη ς και π α ρ α ν ο μ ία - i n c h ia s t ic o r d e r ) h e lp s k e e p th e t h o u g h t clea r. δ ιδ ά ξ ω : 2 .2 .9 η .

καθέσ τη κα: i . i n .

ώς . . .

ο ΰ τ ώ ι φ εύ γειν ά ν . . . ά λ λ ’

ϊν α “ n o t b e c a u s e I w o u ld a v o id . . . b u t in o r d e r t o .” “ T h e d a tiv e o f c a u s e s o m e t im e s a p p r o x im a t e s to a d a tiv e o f p u r p o s e ” (S 1519). T h e d is tin c tio n b e t w e e n c a u s e a n d p u r p o s e is s o m e t im e s b lu r r e d ; fo r a fu ll d is c u s s io n s e e S c h e n k e v e ld (1 9 8 9 ). F or e x a m p le s o f th e a r tic u la r in fin i­ tiv e w ith ά ν s e e K G 1 241.

τ ό π λ ή θ ο ς τ ό ύ μ έτ ερ ο ν “y o u th e p e o p l e ,”

w ith d e m o c r a t ic p o lit ic a l o v e r to n e s (so t o o in 5 .7 8 , 5 .8 0 ). T h e la rg e

181

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.8-10

ju r ie s in th e p o p u la r c o u r ts w e r e a n o t a b le fe a tu r e o f A t h e n ia n d e m o c ­ racy.

έ π ε \ . . . δια ψ η φ ίσ α σ θαι “ s in c e I w o u ld e n tr u s t m y s e lf to y o u r

v e r d ic t in a c a p ita l c a s e e v e n i f y o u w e r e n o t u n d e r o a th or s u b je c t to a n y la w .” T h o s e w h o w o u ld se rv e as ju r o r s in th e p o p u la r c o u r ts s w o r e a n o a th at th e b e g in n in g o f e a c h y e a r to j u d g e a c c o r d in g to th e la w or, i f th e r e w a s n o la w o n th e s u b je c t, to u se th e ir b e s t j u d g m e n t (r e fe r e n c e s in M a c D o w e ll 1978: 4 4 w ith n o te s).

τ ω ν els εμέ “ th e ir c o n d u c t

to w a r d m e ,” a s d is tin c t fro m th e ir b e h a v io r in g e n e r a l. A ll m o d e r n e d ito r s d e le t e th e καί b e fo r e th is p h r a s e , b u t s e e P e a r s o n (1976) 1 7 η .27. 9 ένδεδειγμ ένος:

for

ένδειξις

(“d e n u n c ia t io n ” ) b e f o r e

ά π α γ ω γ ή , se e I n tr o d . 4 , H a n s e n 1976).

a r r est

by

φ ό ν ο υ δίκην φ ε ύ γ ω “ I a m o n

tria l for h o m ic i d e ” ; th e e x p r e s s io n a lso s u g g e s ts “ I a m a d e f e n d a n t in a δίκη φ ό ν ο υ ” (w h ic h o f c o u r s e h e is n o t).

ούδείς . . . τ ω ν εν τήι γή ι

τ α ύ τ η ι: s o m e (G , Μ ) s e e a d e lib e r a t e a m b ig u it y (“ n o o n e in A t t ic a ” o r “ n o A t h e n ia n ”) a n d a r g u e th a t E u . trie s to c o n c e a l h is M y tile n e a n c itiz e n s h ip ; b u t h e c o u ld h a r d ly h o p e to d o th is, a n d h e h i m s e l f r e m in d s th e ju r o r s o f it in 5.17 (ξένω ν).

ένοχος: i .u n .

p r o s e c u to r s (1.411.); for α ύ τ ο ι ο ύ τ ο ι s e e 1.2η.

ο ύ τ ο ι: i .e. th e λ ω π ο δ υ τ ώ ν “fo o t­

p a d s ,” “ c lo a k -s n a t c h e r s ” (2 .1 .4 η .; fo r a fu ll d is c u s s io n s e e H a n s e n 1976). κεΐται: fo r m s o f κείμαι o c c u r t e n t im e s in 5 . 8 - 1 9 , a lw a y s w it h r e fe r e n c e to νό μ ος. B e in g e q u iv a le n t to a p a s s iv e o f τίθημι (cf. 4 .4 .7 η .) , th e r e g u la r te r m for “ e n a c t in g ” a law , κείμαι e m p h a s iz e s th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n are v i o la t in g “ e s ta b lis h e d ” le g is la t io n .

π ρ ο σ ό ν “ is r e le v a n t ” ; p a r t ic ip le

fro m πρόσειμι in in d ir e c t d is c o u r s e w ith ά π ε δ ε ιξα ν.

ά π ο ψ ή φ ισ ιν : a

ra re n o u n , p e r h a p s c o in e d b y A . (1 .3 η .). O n ly h e r e d o e s it m e a n “ a c q u itt a l” ; b y th e fo u r th c e n tu r y th e s e n s e is “ d is e n f r a n c h is e m e n t .” 1 0 φ α σ \ δε: th e p r o s e c u tio n p r o b a b ly m a d e th is a r g u m e n t to th e E le v e n w h e n th e y p r e s e n te d t h e ir ένδειξις (5 .9 η .); E u . a p p e a r s to b e q u o t in g th e ir a r g u m e n t d ir e c tly ; cf. λέγεις δέ ( 5 .13).

κ α κ ο ύ ρ γ η μ α : for

th e n o n t e c h n ic a l s e n s e o f κα κ ούργη μ α s e e A e s . 3 .9 4 , D e m . 1 8.31, e tc . ΙεροσυλεΤν . . . π ρ ο δ ιδ ό ν α ι τ ή ν π ό λ ιν : t h e s e tw o c r im e s w e r e c o v e r e d b y a s in g le la w ( M a c D o w e ll 1978: 1 7 6 -9 ).

έμο\ δέ “ in m y c a s e .” B y th e

la te fifth c e n tu r y th e A r e o p a g u s , th e o ld e s t A t h e n ia n c o u r t, tr ie d o n ly c a s e s o f h o m ic id e a n d c e r ta in r e lig io u s m a tte r s. Its p r o c e d u r e s w e r e th u s o ld e r a n d m o r e s o le m n th a n t h o s e in th e p o p u la r c o u r ts (In tr o d . 4). T h is s p e e c h is o n e o f o u r m a in s o u r c e s fo r th e d iffe r e n c e s .

ο υ το ΐς

ά λ λ ο ις εϊρ γεσ θ αι κ τλ.: th e p u b lic p la c e s fro m w h ic h a n a c c u s e d k ille r w a s b a n is h e d b y p r o c la m a t io n in a δίκη φ ό νο υ (3 .1 .2 η .) in c lu d e d th e a g o r a ,

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.10 11 w h e r e th e p o p u la r c o u r ts m e t. T h e s e p a r a tio n o f τοΤ$ ά λ λ ο ΐζ (“ in th e c a s e o f o t h e r s ”) fr o m to Ts . . . φ εύγο υσ ι is a r e la t iv e ly m ild h y p e r b a to n (1 .3 η .).

π ρ ο α γ ο ρ ε ύ ο υ σ ι: fo r th e in it ia l p r o c la m a t io n s e e In tr o d . 4.

τίμη σιν: in s o m e c a s e s (th e tria l o f S o c r a te s is a w e ll- k n o w n e x a m p le ) th e p e n a lty w a s n o t f ix e d b y la w b u t w a s d e c id e d a fte r a g u ilt y v e r d ic t b y th e ju r o r s , w h o c h o s e b e t w e e n th e p e n a ltie s p r o p o s e d b y e a c h sid e. T h e p e n a lty in a δίκη φ ό νο υ w a s f ix e d as d e a t h , w ith e x ile as a p r a c tic a l a lte r ­ n a tiv e . T h e p e n a lty in a n ά π α γ ο ο γ ή κ α κ ο ύ ρ γ ω ν w a s n o r m a lly d e a t h , a n d s o m e s c h o la r s th in k E u . is s im p ly t r y in g to c o n f u s e th e j u r o r s h e r e ; but

it

appears

th a t

an

assessm en t

w as

s o m e t im e s

m ade

in

an

ε ν δ ε ιξ ις /ά π α γ ω γ ή (se e A P 6 3 .3 , D e m . 2 1 .1 8 2 ). A lt h o u g h it is u n lik e ly th a t th e p r o s e c u t io n c o u ld h a v e p r o p o s e d a fin e fr o m w h ic h th e y w o u ld b e n e f it d irectl·., th e y m a y h a v e m a d e th e c a s e a s s e s s a b le so th a t a fte r a c o n v ic t io n th e y c o u ld n e g o t ia t e w ith E u . a n d p r o p o s e a le s s e r p e n a lty w h ile c o ll e c t i n g a s u b s t a n tia l b r ib e fr o m h im .

ά ν τ α π ο θ α ν ε ΐν : th e

v e r b o c c u r s o n ly h e r e in c la s s ic a l G r e e k . N o t a ll o f A . ’s n e o lo g is m s (In tr o d . 8 ii 1) a re r e c h e r c h é o r a r b itr a r y ; s o m e (as h e r e ) a r e clea r, p r e c is e a n d a p t.

τ ο ΰ σφίσιν α ύ τ ο ΐς λ υ σ ιτ ε λ ο ΰ ν τ ο ς : t h e a lle g a t io n o f

s e lf -e n r ic h m e n t is r e p e a te d la te r (5 .5 9 , 7 8 ), b u t n o fu r th e r d e ta ils are p r o v id e d ; s e e in tr o d u c t io n to 5, a b o v e . ii

‘

ύ π α ίθ ρ ω ι δικάζει: tria ls at th e A r e o p a g u s a n d th e o t h e r h o m ic id e

c o u r ts (P a lla d io n , D e l p h i n io n , P r y t a n e u m a n d P h r e a tto ) w e r e in th e o p e n a ir { A P 5 7.4); th e p o p u la r c o u r ts in th e a g o r a w e r e e n c lo s e d . T h e r e a s o n s fo r th is d iff e r e n c e m a y h a v e b e e n m o r e h is to r ic a l th a n r e lig io u s, σύ δε: th e p r o s e c u tio n ; fo r th e c h a n g e to th e s in g u la r cf. 3 .2 .1 0 η . T h e a c c u s a tio n o f ille g a l b e h a v io r in 5.11

15 is u n d e r lin e d b y th e r e p e titio n

o f σύ (six tim e s) a n d π α ρ ε λ θ ώ ν (fo u r tim e s).

δέο ν σε διο μ ό σ α σ θα ι:

A t h e n ia n la w d is tin g u is h e d th e v e r y se v e r e διομ οσία s w o r n in h o m ic id e c a s e s (b u t cf. i.8 n .) fr o m th e ά ν τ ο μ ο σ ία s w o r n in m o s t o t h e r tria ls (for d e t a ils s e e D e m . 2 3 . 6 7 - 8 , M a c D o w e l l 1963: 9 0 - 3 ) .

ή μήν “ v e r ily ,”

e c h o e s th e f o r m a l l a n g u a g e o f a n o a t h , t h o u g h it is n o t c le a r w h e t h e r th e o a t h e x p lic itly r e fe r r e d to th e r u le th a t lit ig a n t s in h o m ic id e c a s e s s h o u ld s tic k to th e p o in t (In tr o d . 4). T h e r e w a s n o m e a n s o f e n f o r c in g th is r u le a n d it m a y h a v e b e e n o f te n ig n o r e d ; th e d e f e n d a n t in A n t. 6 d e v o t e s m u c h o f h is s p e e c h to m a tte r s n o t d ir e c t ly r e la t e d to th e a lle g e d h o m ic id e .

ήλισκ όμην: 2 .1 .5 η . o n είλεν.

πολλά άγαθά

ε ίρ γα σ μ ενο $ : a r e fe r e n c e to th e c o m m o n p r a c tic e o f c it in g p r e v io u s s e r v ic e to th e c ity (2 .2 .1 2 η .).

183

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.12-14 12

'ά

re fe r s lo o s e ly to a ll o f 5 .9 - 1 1 . T e c h n ic a lly th is is a n a n a c o lo u th o n

(sy n ta c tic a l in c o n s is t e n c y ) , b u t r e s u m in g a t h o u g h t w ith a r e la tiv e p r o n o u n is q u it e c o m m o n in G r e e k a n d th e e ff e c t w o u ld h a r d ly b e n o t ic e d .

ά ν ώ μ ο τ ο ς : th is m a y b e a n e x a g g e r a t io n ; lit ig a n t s s w o r e

o a th s in m o s t tria ls, a n d d e s p ite th e s u m m a r y n a tu r e o f t h e ά π α γ ω γ ή p r o c e d u r e , o a th s m a y w e ll h a v e b e e n s w o r n w h e n th e c a s e c a m e to tria l. It is u n c e r ta in w h e t h e r w it n e s s e s in tria ls o t h e r th a n h o m ic id e sw o r e o a th s; s e e B o n n e r (1905) 7 6 - 9 . we

have

no

o th e r

e v id e n c e

τ ω ν σ φ α γ ίω ν “ s a c r ific ia l v ic t im s ” ; for

th is

s ta g e

of

th e

p rocedure,

ά ν ω μ ό τ ο ις . . . το ΐς μ α ρ τυ ρ ο ϋ σ ι: th e m ild h y p e r b a to n g iv e s a s lig h tly e le ­ v a t e d t o n e (1.3η .).

ούς: th e w itn e s s e s .

1 3 λέγεις δε: th e p r o s e c u tio n a r g u e d th a t e x ile w o u ld b e le ss s e v e r e fo r a M y t ile n e a n lik e E u . th a n for a n A t h e n ia n ; th u s th e n e e d fo r a s p e c ia l p r o c e d u r e th a t d id n o t a llo w h im th is c h o ic e .

ώ σ π ερ εί

ά κ ο ν τ α : it is p la u s ib le th a t E u . c a m e to A t h e n s w illin g ly , e x p e c t in g to b e tr ie d b y a δίκη φ ό νο υ , w h ic h w o u ld a llo w h im to le a v e later. S in c e c o n v ic ­ t io n in a δίκη φ ό νο υ w o u ld p r o b a b ly h a v e m e a n t c o n f is c a tio n o f h is p r o p e r ty in M y tile n e as w e ll as e x ile fr o m A t h e n s , E u . h a d g o o d r e a s o n to c o m e to A t h e n s a n d d e f e n d h im s e lf, b u t s in c e h is f a th e r ’s p r o p e r ty in T h r a c e w o u ld p r o b a b ly n o t h a v e b e e n c o n f is c a te d , e x ile w o u ld n o t b e a g r e a t h a r d s h ip .

π ρ ο σ κ λη θ έντ ι: a s u m m o n s (πρόσ κ λησ ις) to a p p e a r in

c o u r t w a s r e q u ir e d in a lm o s t all le g a l c a s e s ( e x c e p t in a n ά π α γ ω γ ή ) . ερήμην: 2. ι .7η. c a s e .”

όφ λεΐν τ ή ν δίκην: lit. “ o w e th e p e n a lt y ” ; i.e . “ lo s e th e

τ ο ύ τ ο δ ’ : a d v e r b ia l.

τ ή ν π ρ ο τ έ ρ α ν : sc . ά π ο λ ο γ ία ν . T h e

d e f e n d a n t in a δίκη φ ό νο υ c o u ld le a v e a t a n y tim e b e f o r e h is s e c o n d s p e e c h (4 .4 .1 η .).

ίδίαι “o n y o u r o w n ” (LSJ s.v. V I . 2 .a).

θέμενος:

5 .9 η . o n κεΐται. 1 4 —15 τ ο υ ς γ ε . . . ο ύ τ ω ς : G b r a c k e ts th is e n tir e p a s s a g e , w h ic h is a lm o s t id e n tic a l w ith 6 .2 , a r g u in g th a t su c h p r a ise o f th e la w s is p r o p e r in a δίκη φ ό νο υ b u t n o t in th is s p e e c h (cf. 5 . 8 7 - 9 , w h ic h r e c u r in 6 .3 - 6 ) ; b u t s in c e E u .’s p o in t is th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n a r e v i o la t in g t h e e s ta b lis h e d la w s, it is s u r e ly r e le v a n t to e m p h a s iz e th e s p e c ia l a u t h o r it y o f th e s e la w s. A . is r e p o r te d (fr. 70 T h ) to h a v e w r itte n a c o lle c t io n o f p r o lo g u e s a n d e p ilo g u e s , fr o m w h ic h t h e s e p a s s a g e s m a y h a v e b e e n ta k e n , b u t th e r e is e n o u g h v a r ia t io n in th e w o r d in g o f b o t h p a ir s to s h o w th a t th e y w e r e n o t s im p ly in s e r t e d b y a la te r sc rib e . 1 4 υ π ά ρ χ ε ι (5 .4 η .) is r e d u n d a n t fo r e m p h a s is .

ά ρ χ α ιο τ ά τ ο ις :

th is is c o r r e c t, at le a s t a c c o r d in g to tr a d it io n (In tr o d . 4).

τούς

184

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 . 1 4 -1 7

α υ τ ο ύ ς . . . τ ω ν α υ τ ώ ν : th is t o o is p r o b a b ly c o r r e c t in t h e s e n s e th a t th e o r ig in a l te x t o f D r a c o ’s la w w a s still a u t h o r it a t iv e in th e fifth c e n tu r y a n d w a s r e p u b lis h e d in 4 0 9 / 8

(In tr o d . 4); a lth o u g h th e la w h a d

u n d o u b t e d ly b e e n a m e n d e d , th e m a in r u les w e r e p r o b a b ly u n c h a n g e d (G a g a r in 1981: 2 1 - 6 ). 15 νο μ ο θ έτ η ς: th e c h a r g e o f a s s u m in g th e d u tie s o f “ la w g iv e r ” is s c o r n fu l, s in c e at th e tim e th e te r m w a s u s e d o n ly o f th e le g e n d a r y fig u r e s D r a c o a n d S o lo n . B y m a k in g n e w la w s th e p r o s e c u tio n v io la t e t r a d it io n a l la w s (ταΟ τα π α ρ ε λ θ ώ ν ).

δ ιο μ ο σ ά μ ενο ς: 5 .1 m .; th e s e n s e

is c o n d it io n a l (“ n o o n e w o u ld h a v e te s t if ie d a g a in s t m e i f h e h a d s w o r n th a t o a t h ” ). 1 6 ά ν α μ φ ισ β η τ ή τ ω ς “w it h o u t r o o m fo r d is p u t e ,” “ c o n c lu s iv e .” A . ’s p o in t - th a t a ' e r d ic t w o u ld n o t b e c o n c lu s iv e s in c e a c q u itt a l c o u ld b e f o llo w e d b y a n o t h e r tria l b y δίκη φ ό νο υ

is r a th e r c o n t r iv e d a n d n o t

im m e d ia t e ly c le a r ; h e r e tu r n s to th e p o in t in th e e p ilo g u e . A t h e n ia n la w a p p a r e n t ly p r o h ib it e d d o u b le j e o p a r d y ( D e m . 2 0 .1 4 7 ), b u t w e d o n o t h a v e a te x t o f th e la w a n d so w e c a n n o t r u le o u t th e p o s s ib ilit y th a t th e s a m e iss u e c o u ld b e tr ie d b y a d iffe r e n t p r o c e d u r e . L itig a n ts o f te n r e o p e n a n o n g o i n g d is p u t e b e t w e e n p a r tie s b y r a is in g a n e w iss u e , b u t w e h a v e n o e x a m p le s w h e r e th e s a m e iss u e is t r ie d tlw ice. p le o n a s tic .

καί λ ό γ ο ν :

το ΐσ δ ε τ ο ΐς: th e M S r e a d in g c a n n o t b e r ig h t; τ ό τ ε τοΐς

( D e n n is t o n 1933: 216) is p a le o g r a p h ic a lly e a s y b u t g iv e s a v e r y d iffic u lt se n se : “ as i f e v e n t h e n (b e fo r e th e tria l) y o u w e r e g o i n g to d istr u st th e j u r o r s .” είλεν.

π λ έ ο ν “a d v a n t a g e .”

ά π ο φ υ γ ό ν τ ι . . . ε λ ώ ν : 2 .1 .5 η . o n

ά ξιώ σ εις ‘ y o u w ill e x p e c t ” ; th is im p lie s th a t th e p u n is h m e n t

w a s n o t a u t o m a t ic b u t n e e d e d to b e a s s e s s e d (5 .1 0 η .). fr o m ό φ λ ισ κ ά νω (5 .1 3 η .).

ώ φ λη κότα:

κ αίτοι κ τλ .: a n e ff e c tiv e s u m m a t io n (cf.

6 .4 3 , 6 .4 7 ), t h e r h e to r ic a l q u e s t io n b e in g c o m p le t e d b y a c a r e fu lly b a l­ a n c e d a n t it h e s is .

κ α τ ε ίρ γ α σ τ α ι: p e r fe c t p a s s iv e ; α β ούλεσθε is th e

su b je c t. 1 7 έδέθην: fr o m δέω = “b i n d ” ; i.e . “ im p r is o n .”

έ γ γ υ η τ ά $ : th e u s e

o f s u r e tie s w a s c o m m o n in A t h e n s , to g u a r a n t e e a d e b t th a t s o m e o n e c o u ld n o t p a y (e.g. P la to , A p . 3 8 b ) o r to e n s u r e th a t a f o r e ig n e r w o u ld n o t le a v e A th e n s ; th r e e w a s th e u s u a l n u m b e r . W e k n o w o f n o o t h e r c a s e w h e r e s u r e tie s ar e r e je c t e d o u t o f h a n d , a n d it w a s p r o b a b ly a r e a s o n ­ a b le e x p e c t a t io n th a t f o r e ig n e r s w h o w is h e d to p o s t s u r e tie s w o u ld b e a llo w e d to d o so. H o w e v e r , th e la w p r o b a b ly d id n o t r e q u ir e th is, so th a t th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s r e fu s a l, t h o u g h p e r h a p s u n u s u a l, w a s p r o b a b ly n o t

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.17-19

185

ille g a l. T h e ir m o tiv e in w a n tin g to k e e p h im in p r is o n is u n c e r ta in , s in c e th e y p r o b a b ly s to o d to p r o fit i f h e p o s t e d su r e tie s a n d t h e n left th e city ; th e m o tiv e s a lle g e d in 5 .1 8 m a y b e c o r r e c t (see M H 2 8 - 9 ) . . . .

πώ ποτε:

r e p e titio n

fo r

e m p h a s is .

oi

πώ ποτε

έ π ιμ ελ η τ α ί

τω ν

κ α κ ο ύ ρ γ ω ν: th e E le v e n , w h o w e r e a lso in c h a r g e o f p r is o n s a n d m u s t, th e r e fo r e , h a v e a c c e p te d th e p r o s e c u tio n ’s r e fu s a l o f s u r e tie s (cf. 5 . 8 - i 9 n .) .

ο υ τ ο ς: sc. ό νόμ ος.

ώ φ ελ ή σ α ι: th is is th e s im p le st

s o lu tio n to th e t e x tu a l c o r r u p tio n , b u t it is o n ly a g u e s s a n d it d o e s n o t e x p la in h o w νό μ ο υ o r κόσμου e n t e r e d th e te x t. T h e r e is n o p a r a lle l fo r έπ ιλ ε ιπ ω f o llo w e d b y a n in fin itiv e (w ith μή) m e a n in g “ fa il t o .” 1 8 α υ τ ό ν : e m p h a tic ; “m y s e lf,” “ in p e r s o n .”

τ ο ύ ς τ ε . . . όνειδός

τε: tw o e x a m p le s o f s in g le τε (1 .9η .); th e th ir d τε is p a ir e d w ith th e f o l­ lo w in g καί.

φ ίλους κ τλ.: M e x p la in s th e r e a s o n in g as “ r a ts w ill le a v e

a s in k in g s h ip ,” b u t se v e r a l o f E u .’s fr ie n d s d o , in fa c t, t e s tify fo r h im o n m a n y p o in ts. B u t h e m a y h a v e h a d d iffic u lty e n lis t in g w it n e s s e s fo r h is s id e w h ile in p r iso n .

διά τ ή ν . . . κ α κ ο π ά θ εια ν: se v e r a l s c h o la r s (G ,

M o r ) d e le t e t h e s e w o r d s as a g lo ss (G a lso d e le t e s th e p r e c e d in g λ έγειν), b u t su c h r e p e titio n is c o m m o n in A . (In tr o d . 8 v i 1). 1 9 έλα σ σ ω θ είς im p lie s b o t h “b e in g at a d is a d v a n t a g e w ith r e sp e c t t o ” a n d “s u ffe r in g a lo ss f r o m .” (T h is w o r d w a s c o r r u p te d in th e M S S to έλος σωθείς; th e first w o r d la te r b e c a m e έλ ο ς, w h e n c e a n c ie n t s c h o la r s d e d u c e d th a t th e s p e a k e r ’s n a m e w a s H e lo s .) εκ τ ο ύ τ ω ν “in t h e s e c ir c u m s ta n c e s .”

κ αθέστη κα εις: i . i n .

έκ π ο λ λ ο ύ “ fo r a lo n g t im e .”

π α ρ α χ ρ ή μ α : lit ig a n t s m e m o r iz e d t h e ir s p e e c h e s so as to a p p e a r to p r e s e n t t h e m e x te m p o r a n e o u s ly . In A . ’s d a y th e r e w e r e fe w lo g o g r a p h e r s , a n d a lit ig a n t m ig h t s u c c e e d in su c h d e c e p t io n , b u t la te r th e ju r o r s c a n n o t o f te n h a v e b e e n fo o le d .

α γ ά ρ τις μή π ρ ο σ εδ ό κ η σ εν : it

is n o t c e r ta in h o w m u c h E u . (a n d A .) c o u ld h a v e l e a r n e d a b o u t th e p r o s e c u tio n ’s a r g u m e n ts (In tr o d . 4) b u t th e y w o u ld h a v e h e a r d th e p r o s e ­ c u t io n ’s p r o c e d u r a l a r g u m e n ts to th e E le v e n (5 .1 0 , 13) a n d th e y k n e w d e ta ils o f th e s la v e ’s te s tim o n y , o n w h ic h th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s c a s e w a s b ased .

20~ 4

T h e n a r ra tiv e

T h e p r o s e c u t i o n h a v e a l r e a d y g i v e n t h e i r n a r r a t i v e o f th e f a c t s ; in i t th e y p r o b a b l y p r e s e n t e d a v i v i d a c c o u n t o f th e e v e n ts o f th e n ig h t in q u e s tio n , b a s e d o n th e d e a d s l a v e ’s t e s tim o n y . E u . m u s t n o w t u r n th e j u r o r s ’ a tte n tio n to th o s e p o i n t s t h a t a r e

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.20 i m p o r t a n t f o r h i s c a s e . H e t h u s r e c o u n ts th e m a in e v e n ts le a d in g u p to H . ’s d i s ­ a p p e a r a n c e , b e g i n n i n g w i t h h i s d e p a r t u r e f r o m M y t i l e n e , s tr e s s i n g th e r o le o f c h a n c e a n d n e c e s s ity . H e th e n d e a l s v e r y b r i e f l y w i t h th e e v e n ts o f th e n ig h t in q u e s tio n , c l a i m i n g h e d i d n o t l e a v e th e b o a t b u t g i v i n g n o d e t a i l s . F in a l l y , h e d e s c r ib e s e v e n ts o f t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y s b e f o r e h e l e f t th e s m a l l h a r b o r w h e r e th e y h a d a n c h o r e d , a r g u in g t h a t h i s o w n a n d th e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s b e h a v i o r a f t e r th e c r im e i n d i c a te h is in n o c e n c e . D e s p i t e th e s t i p u l a t i o n in c l a s s i c a l r h e to r ic a l th e o r y t h a t “ n a r r a t i v e ” a n d “p r o o f ” b e k e p t s e p a r a t e , A . in t e r s p e r s e s a r g u m e n ts in to t h i s n a r r a t i v e , a n d c e r ta in f a c t s o f th e c a s e a r e o n l y r e v e a l e d d u r in g th e l a t e r s e c tio n o f “p r o o f s . ” T h e s t y l e c h a n g e s m a r k e d l y f r o m th e a n t i t h e t i c a l p e r i o d s o f th e p r o lo g u e a n d p r e l i m i n a r y a r g u m e n ts to th e “ s t r u n g - o u t ” s t y l e in th e n a r r a t i v e ( I n tr o d . 8 v i i ) .

20

Μ υτιλή νη ς: M y tile n e in th e s o u t h -e a s t a n d M e th y m n a (5.21) in

th e n o r t h -w e s t w e r e th e m a in c it ie s o n th e is la n d o f L e s b o s ; M e th y m n a d id n o t ta k e p a r t in th e r e v o lt a g a in s t A t h e n s in 4 2 7 ( in t r o d u c t io n to 5, a b o v e ).

φ α σ ιν: th e r e p e titio n o f φ ασί (2 0 , 21, 2 9 , e tc .) r e m in d s us

th a t th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s v e r s io n is m e r e ly a story. o n ύ φ ’ ώ ν ήκ ιστα έχ ρ ή ν.

ά π ο θ α ν ε ΐν : i .2 i n .

Α ίνο ν: A e n u s w a s a G r e e k c o m m e r c ia l city,

p a y in g t r ib u te to A t h e n s , n e a r th e m o u th o f th e H e b r u s r iv e r in T h r a c e . It w a s a b o u t 100 n a u t ic a l m ile s fro m M y tile n e , a n d t h e j o u r n e y w o u ld ta k e a b o u t th r e e d a y s a g a in s t th e p r e v a ilin g w in d s , w h ic h u s u a lly b lo w fr o m th e n o r t h -w e s t. F r o m M y tile n e o n e w o u ld s a il a lo n g th e c o a s t o f L e s b o s n o r th a n d t h e n w e s t p e r h a p s a s fa r as M e th y m n a , t h e n d ir e c tly n o r th to A s ia M in o r , a n d t h e n n o r th a lo n g th e c o a s t to A e n u s; o n e w o u ld n e v e r b e o u t o f s ig h t o f la n d . It is lik e ly th a t th e b o a t le ft M y tile n e e a r ly in th e m o r n in g , e n c o u n t e r e d a s to r m in th e e a r ly e v e n in g , a n d m a d e it to s h o r e b e f o r e n ig h tfa ll. S k a la S ik a m in ia s , w h e r e th e y p r o b a ­ b ly s p e n t th e n ig h t ( 5 .2 m .) , w o u ld b e a b o u t th ir t e e n h o u r s ’ sa il fro m M y tile n e .

ε τ υ γ χ α ν ε : E u . e m p h a s iz e s th e r o le o f c h a n c e (τύ χη ),

w h ic h fo r c e d th in g s to h a p p e n as th e y d id (ά νά γκ η ). O n ly la te r (5 .7 8 ) are w e g iv e n a h in t th a t h is f a th e r m a y h a v e b e e n liv in g in A e n u s fo r e c o ­ n o m ic o r p o lit ic a l r e a so n s; t h e A t h e n ia n j u r o r s w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n p l e a s e d to h e a r th a t a r ic h M y t ile n e a n w a s e s c a p in g A t h e n ia n ta x e s in th is w ay.

Ή ρ ώ ιδ η ς: H . ’s n a t io n a lity is n o w h e r e s ta te d , b u t it is

g e n e r a lly a g r e e d h e w a s a n A t h e n ia n ; th e m u r d e r o f o n e M y t ile n e a n b y a n o t h e r w o u ld p r o b a b ly n o t h a v e b e e n t r ie d in A t h e n s , a n d i f it h a d , it w o u ld p r o b a b ly .n o t h a v e b r o u g h t a d e a t h p e n a lty (fu r th e r a r g u m e n ts in S c h in d e l 1979: 8 1 3 ) . E u . sa y s n o t h in g h e r e a b o u t h is p r io r r e la tio n s w ith H ., b u t fr o m la te r c o m m e n t s ( 5 .5 7 - 6 3 ) w e c a n in fe r th a t th e y m u st

187 h a v e k n o w n e a c h o th e r.

ά ν δ ρ ά π ο δ α : t h e s e sla v e s m a y h a v e b e e n

p r iso n e r s o f w ar, c a p tu r e d d u r in g A t h e n ia n c a m p a ig n s in T h r a c e , w h ic h t o o k p la c e fa ir ly f r e q u e n tly at th is tim e . W e a r e n o t t o ld h o w m a n y w e r e o n b o a r d , b u t th e im p r e s s io n is th e r e w e r e s e v e r a l - a t le a s t th r e e o r four. O th e r T h r a c ia n s (p r o b a b ly th e p r is o n e r s ’ r e la tiv e s ) h a d a p p a r e n tly c o m e to M y tile n e to a r r a n g e fo r a r a n s o m , w h ic h p r e s u m ­ a b ly w o u ld b e p a id w h e n th e y r e a c h e d A e n u s . It h a s p u z z le d s c h o la r s th a t E u . d o e s n o t try to c a s t s u s p ic io n o n t h e s e T h r a c ia n s , b u t th e y m a y h a v e h a d a s o lid a lib i; m o r e o v e r , i f th e y w e r e g o in g to m u r d e r H . (p r e ­ s u m a b ly to a v o id p a y in g th e r a n s o m ), th e y w o u ld p r o b a b ly h a v e w a it e d u n til th e y r e a c h e d A e n u s .

Μ ά ρ τυρ ες: th e a c tu a l t e s t im o n y o f w it ­

n e s s e s is o n ly o c c a s io n a lly p r e s e r v e d in th e o r a to r s (e.g. D e m . 3 5 .1 4 ), b u t n o t a tio n s s u c h as th is (or Ν όμ ος, e tc .) m a y h a v e b e e n in s e r t e d b y th e lo g o g r a p h e r to in d ic a t e th a t w it n e s s e s w o u ld te s tify (or a la w w o u ld b e r e a d , e tc .) at th is p o in t . T h e tim e r e q u ir e d fo r th is a d d it io n a l m a te r ia l d id n o t c o u n t a g a in s t th e s p e a k e r ’s tim e lim it. H e r e a n d e ls e w h e r e E u . g iv e s little in d ic a t io n as to p r e c is e ly w h ic h fa c ts t h e s e w it n e s s e s c o n f ir m . 21

T h e r e is fr e q u e n t h ia tu s in th is a n d th e f o llo w in g s e c t io n (5 .5 η .).

π ρ ό φ α σ ις m a y b e e it h e r a tru e r e a s o n , as h e r e (a n d 5 .5 9 , e t c ., cf. T h u c . 1.23 τ η ν ά λ η θ εσ τ ά τ η ν π ρ ό φ α σ ιν), o r a p r e te n s e (e.g. 5 .2 6 ). μ ε ν ο ι: ι.8 η .

ή ν α γκ ά σ θ η μ εν; 5 .2 0 η . o n έ τ ύ γ χ α ν ε .

χρησά-

τή ς Μ ηθυμναίας

τι χ ω ρ ίο ν : a u t o p s y a g r e e s w ith G r e e n ’s c o n c lu s io n (1 982) th a t th is c a n o n ly b e th e m o d e r n v illa g e o f S k a la S ik a m in ia s , w h ic h h a s h a d a n a tu r a l h a r b o r s in c e a n tiq u ity . S e v e r a l b o a ts c o u ld h a v e t ie d u p to a d o c k ; o th e r s w o u ld

h a v e e it h e r a t ta c h e d

a n c h o r e d n ea rb y .

α υ τ ό ν τ ό ν Ή ρ ώ ιδ η ν: th e e m p h a s is s e e m s u n n e c ­

t h e m s e lv e s

to t h e s e

or

essary, b u t it m a y h e lp s u p p o r t E u .’s c o n t e n t io n th a t H . a c te d e n t ir e ly o n h is o w n (E u . d o e s n o t h e r e m e n t io n h is o w n tr a n sfe r to th e c o v e r e d b o a t); th e s a m e e m p h a s is o c c u r s in 5 .2 4 . S o m e e d ito r s c h a n g e α υ τ ό ν to ο υ τ ο ι (G ) o r (b e tte r ) d e le t e τ ό ν Ή ρ ώ ιδ η ν ( T h , Μ ).

où π ρ ο ν ο ία ι: th e

p r o s e c u tio n a p p a r e n t ly a r g u e d th a t E u . h a d a r r a n g e d to tra v e l o n th e s a m e b o a t as H ., to s to p a t th e h a r b o r , e tc . T h e n e g a t iv e m u s t b e ού (ότι μή is a la te u s a g e - th u s its o c c u r r e n c e in th e M S S - a n d th e p a r a lle l a d d u c e d at M T 6 8 6 is n o t va lid ); a n d it is s im p le s t j u s t to c h a n g e th e μή o f th e M S S (M a e tz n e r ). S o m e m o d e r n e d ito r s f o llo w J e b b (1 8 8 8 : 15) in r e a d in g ου τήι έμήι π ρ ο ν ο ία ι, b u t π ρ ό ν ο ια is n o t u s e d w it h a p o s s e s s iv e a d je c tiv e (or a p o s s e s s iv e g e n itiv e , e x c e p t fo r θεού).

π ε π ο ιη μ ε ν ο ς:

str ic tly sp e a k in g , th e p a r t ic ip le o u g h t to r e fe r b a c k to th e s u b je c t, E u .,

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.21 24 b u t th e s e n s e r e q u ir e s th a t it r e fe r to H ., w h o w a s n o t p e r s u a d e d b u t w e n t o n h is o w n . E u . r e tu r n s (au) to h is o w n r e a s o n fo r s a ilin g in 5 .2 2 . It is e a s ie s t to u n d e r s t a n d ήν w it h π επ ο ιη μ έν ο ς a s a p e r ip h r a s t ic p e r fe c t; o r w e m a y s u p p ly ά π ε λ έ γ χ ε τ α ι a n d u n d e r s t a n d th e c o n s tr u c t io n as a z e u g m a ; o r w e m a y ta k e ou t ’ (5.22) a s a n a c o lo u th o n (5 .1 2 η .). 22

ο ύ τ ’ . . . φ α ίνο μ α ι “ it is a p p a r e n t th a t I d id n o t . ”

ά ν ά γκ η ι:

t w ic e in th is s e c t io n ( 5 .2 0 η . o n ε τ ύ γ χ α ν ε ) E u . s u c c e s s f u lly r e fu te s th e c h a r g e th a t h e p la n n e d th e s e d e ta ils o f th e m u r d e r b e f o r e h a n d , b u t h e le a v e s o p e n th e p o s s ib ilit y th a t h e h a d w a n te d to g e t r id o f H . a n d s e iz e d th e

o p p o r t u n ity

th a t

p r e s e n te d

itse lf.

ή

μ ετέκ βασ ις

έγένετο:

p e r ip h r a s t ic (In tr o d . 8 iii 5) fo r μετεξέβη μεν; th e im p e r s o n a l e x p r e s s io n g iv e s n o h in t w h o ( if a n y o n e ) b e s id e s E u . a n d H . tr a n sfe r r e d to th e o t h e r b o a t.

ά σ τ ε γ α σ τ ο ν : a ty p ic a l u n r o o f e d fis h in g b o a t in a G r e e k

h a r b o r t o d a y m ig h t h o ld 5 10 p e o p le ; th e r o o fe d b o a t to w h ic h th e y t r a n sfe r r e d w a s p r o b a b ly larger. 23

έπ ίν ο μ εν: th e im p e r f e c t is in g r e s s iv e (“ w e b e g a n to d r in k ”); th e

d r in k in g m a y h a v e c o n t in u e d for s o m e tim e , a n d w e a re t o ld (5 .2 6 ) th a t H . w a s d r u n k w h e n h e le ft th e b o a t .

φ α νερ ό ς . . . ά φ α ν ή ς: E u . ta k e s

p a in s to d is tin g u is h b e t w e e n w h a t is c le a r ly e s ta b lis h e d a n d w h a t is n o t, g iv in g th e im p r e s s io n th a t all th e e v e n ts b e fo r e 1 H . ’s d is a p p e a r a n c e ( in c lu d in g E u .’s a lib i) a re in th e first c a te g o r y ; s e e fu r th e r 3 .3 .3 η . o n έ ρ γ α φ α ν ερ ά , 5 .3 7 η .

ε γ ώ δε κτλ.: E u . p a s s e s to th e e v e n ts o f th e n e x t

d a y w ith o n ly a b r i e f m e n t io n o f h is a lib i. P e r h a p s h e is tr y in g to p iq u e th e j u r o r s ’ in te r e s t, b u t m o r e lik e ly h e h a s little e v id e n c e to s u p p o r t th e a lib i. B y c o n t r a s t , h e d w e lls o n h is a s s is t a n c e in th e s e a r c h , t h o u g h th is p r o v e s n o t h in g d ir e c t ly a b o u t th e m u r d e r. t h e im p e r f e c t se e fr. i a . i -g n .

α ίτ ιο ς ή ν: fo r th e fo r m o f

έπ έ μ π ε τ ο : th e im p e r f e c t c o u ld p o t e n ­

t ia lly i n d ic a t e a n i n c o m p le t e a c t io n , b u t in th is c a s e α ίτιο ς ήν πεμ φ θήνα ι c le a r ly in d ic a t e s th a t a m e s s e n g e r w a s se n t; th e v e r b c o n t in u e s a s e q u e n c e o f im p e r f e c t s b e g in n in g w it h ά φ α ν ή ς ήν a n d c o n t in u in g to ώ ιχ ό μ η ν . S k a la S ik a m in ia s ( 5 .2 m .) is a b o u t 5 0 k ilo m e te r s fro m M y tile n e b y r o a d , a r e a s o n a b le d a y ’s w a lk (5 .2 4 βαδίζειν; cf. C a s s o n 1974: 72), t h o u g h i f t h e w e a t h e r w a s cle a r , a trip b y b o a t w o u ld p r o b a b ly h a v e b e e n e a s ie r a n d safer. 24

τ ω ν ά π ό τ ο ΰ π λ ο ίο υ . . . τ ω ν α ύ τ ώ ι τ ώ ι Ή ρ ώ ιδ η ι σ υ μ π λ ε ό ν τ ω ν :

th e p a ir in g o f t h e s e tw o g r o u p s im p lie s th a t th e y w e r e o n d iffe r e n t b o a ts . T h e r e f o r e , “t h o s e fr o m th e b o a t ” m u s t b e fr o m t h e b o a t o n w h ic h t h e r e w a s d r in k in g ; th e y w o u ld u n d e r s t a n d a b ly n o t w is h to g o to g r e a t

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 .2 4 - 2 5

189

le n g th s for H ., w h o m th e y h a d p r o b a b ly o n ly m e t th a t n ig h t. “ T h o s e s a ilin g w ith H . h i m s e l f ” a re p r o b a b ly n o t th e T h r a c ia n s o r th e p r is o n ­ ers (w h o w o u ld n o t b e s e n t to M y tile n e ) , b u t o th e r s a s s o c ia t e d w ith H ., w h o m a y h a v e b e e n o n b o a r d to k e e p a n e y e o n th e sla v e s a n d h e lp w ith th e r a n s o m in g in A e n u s. T h e i r u n w illin g n e s s to g o to M y t ile n e m a y h a v e b e e n c a u s e d b y t h e ir n e e d to g u a r d th e sla v e s, w h o m ig h t o t h e r ­ w is e h a v e s a ile d o f f to A e n u s w h ile th e o th e r s w e r e s e a r c h in g fo r H .

TÒv ά κ ό λ ο υ θ ο ν τ ό ν έμ α υ τ ο ΰ : a n άκόλου θο ς is o f te n , b u t n o t a lw a y s a sla v e; th is o n e m a y b e E u .’s sla v e , t h o u g h n o t th e sla v e w h o in c r im in a t e d E u . u n d e r to r tu r e (5 .2 9 η ., Μ Η 41), o r a fre e s e r v a n t. πλους

“fa ir

s a ilin g

w e a t h e r .”

m e a n in g o f th e m id d le .

άνή γετο

“set

μ η νυ τ ή ν: 5 .3 4 η . s a il,”

th e

r e g u la r

ώ ιχ ό μ η ν κ ά γ ώ π λ έ ω ν : a lth o u g h r e la tiv e s

a n d fr ie n d s o f H . p r e s u m a b ly c a m e fro m M y tile n e to in v e s t ig a te h is d is ­ a p p e a r a n c e a n d ta k e c h a r g e o f th e sla v e s, E u . w a s n o t a c c u s e d at th is tim e (5.25), a n d so h e d e p a r ts fo r T h r a c e .

Μ ά ρ τυ ρ ες: t h e s e w it ­

n e s s e s w o u ld n e e d to te s tify to e v e r y t h in g n a r r a te d s in c e th e p r e v io u s w it n e s s e s (in 5 .2 2 ) - n a m e ly th e n ig h t o f d r in k in g , H . ’s le a v in g th e b o a t, E u .’s r e m a in in g o n b o a r d , th e s e a r c h o f th e h a r b o r , th e d is p a tc h o f th e m e s s e n g e r to M y tile n e , th e m e s s e n g e r ’s r e tu r n , a n d E u .’s d e p a r tu r e for A e n u s; th u s, th e y p r o b a b ly d id n o t g iv e m o r e d e ta ils b u t o n ly c o n f ir m e d th e m a in p o in t s o f th e n a r r a tiv e .

2 5 -8

ε ί κ ό ς -a rg u m e n ts

T h i s s e c tio n o f p r o o f s c o n t a i n s s o m e n e w f a c t s a s w e l l ( c f 5 . 2 0 - 2 4 η . ) . A . r a is e s d o u b ts a b o u t th e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s c a s e o n e p o i n t a t a tim e , in th e h o p e t h a t th e a c c u m u l a ­ tio n o f s m a l l d o u b ts w i l l e v e n t u a l l y t h r o w s u f f i c i e n t d o u b t on th e e n tir e c a se .

25

τ & γ ε ν ό μ ε ν α . . . τ ά εΐκ ότα : th is c o m b in a t io n o f fa c ts a n d είκός-

a r g u m e n ts a lso o c c u r s in th e F irst T e t r a lo g y (cf. 2 .1 .9 , 2 .2 .1 0 , e tc .; I n tr o d . 5), w h e r e th e iss u e is a s im ila r p o in t o f fa c t. A s in th a t c a s e , th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s m a in 5 .2 4 η .

w itn e s s

is n o t

u n im p e a c h a b le .

ά ν ά γ ε σ θ α ι:

ούδείς ή ιτ ιά σ α τ ό με: b e fo r e th e y in te r r o g a te d t h e sla v e , H . ’s

r e la tiv e s a p p a r e n t ly h a d n o e v id e n c e a g a in s t E u . p r o s e c u tio n ( b i s ) .

τ ο ύ τ ω ν : th e

κρεΐσσον: P r o ta g o r a s sp o k e o f o n e lo g o s b e in g

“ s tr o n g e r ” th a n a n o t h e r (fr. 6 D K τ ό ν ή τ τ ω λ ό γ ο ν κ ρ είτ τω ποεΤν); h e r e th e tr u th is (te m p o r a r ily ) str o n g e r th a n a lo g o s .

τά

άλη θές καί τ ό

γ ε γ ε ν η μ έ ν ο ν “tr u th a n d th e f a c t s .” T h e e x p r e s s io n is u s u a lly ta k e n as h e n d ia d y s (“th e tr u th o f th e m a tt e r ”) b u t fo r th is id e a A . n o r m a lly u s e s

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 . 2 5 -2 7 a g e n itiv e (5 .3 τήι άληθείαι τ ω ν π ρ α γ μ ά τ ω ν , 5 ·7 2 τ η ν α λή θεια ν . . . τ ω ν γ ε γ ε ν η μ έ ν ω ν , e tc .).

α ίτ ιά σ εω ς: a ra re -σις n o u n (In tr o d . 8 ii 2),

o c c u r r in g o n ly in A . (a ls o 5 .8 9 , 6 .6 ) a n d in A r is to tle (.P o e tic s 18, 1455631) in c la s s ic a l G r e e k .

σ υ νέθεσ α ν τ α ΰ τ α καί έ μ η χ α ν ή σ α ν τ ο : th e e s s e n c e

o f E u .’s c a s e is th a t h e h a s b e e n fr a m e d (συντίθημι is o f te n u s e d o f c o n ­ tr iv in g a fa ls e a c c u s a tio n ; cf. 6 .9 ), a n d th a t th e d e la y in a c c u s in g h im a n d h is a b s e n c e fr o m th e s c e n e a llo w e d th e p r o s e c u tio n to c o e r c e fa lse te s t im o n y fro m th e sla v e a n d to fo r g e th e n o t e to L y c in u s . W e m a y s u s p e c t, h o w e v e r , th a t th e y h a d n o e v id e n c e a g a in s t E u . u n til th e y s e a r c h e d th e b o a t t h o r o u g h ly in M y tile n e (5 .2 9 ), a t w h ic h t im e th e y m a y h a v e fo u n d t h e n o t e to L y c in u s a n d t h e n in te r r o g a te d th e sla v e (5 .5 5 - 6 ). 26

λ έ γ ο υ σ ι: th e p r o s e c u tio n m u s t h a v e d e r iv e d th e s e d e ta ils fro m th e

to r tu r e d sla v e . T h e in c o n s is t e n c ie s E u . a lle g e s a re r e la t iv e ly in s ig n ifi­ ca n t, b u t h e m ak es m u ch o f th em .

ά κ ρ ιβ ώ ς: ir o n ic .

ουδενί

λ ό γ ω ι είκότι: E u . g iv e s th e im p r e s s io n th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n h a v e n o e x p la n a t io n fo r H . ’s d is a p p e a r a n c e , b u t w e le a r n la te r (5 .2 8 ) th a t in th e ir a c c o u n t h is b o d y w a s d u m p e d a t s e a fr o m a s m a ll b o a t.

δήλον

κ τλ.: E u .’s p o in t th a t H . m u s t h a v e d ie d n e a r th e h a r b o r is c o n s is t e n t w ith th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s c a s e ; b u t h is a r g u m e n t s e e m s d e s ig n e d to c o n f u s e th e issu e .

α υ τ ό γ ίγ ν ε σ θ α ι “ it [i.e . H . ’s d e a t h ] 1h a p p e n e d .”

τώ ι

ά π ά γ ο ν τ ι “ s o m e o n e le a d in g h im a w a y ” (a h y p o t h e t ic a l p o s s ib ility ); fo r th e fa lse r e a s o n in g , s e e E.

π ρ ό φ α σ ή : 5 .2 m .

2 7 ό π τ ή ρ : a p o e t ic w o r d ; in c la s s ic a l p r o s e o n ly h e r e a n d X e n . C y r . 4 .5 .1 7 .

σ ημ εΐον: i . i o n . o n τεκμή ριον.

κ ά ιτ ’ ε γ ώ σ υ γ χ ω ρ ώ κτλ.

“ S h o u ld I t h e n a c c e p t th e ir a c c o u n t ” (e v e n t h o u g h I h a v e w it n e s s e s to th e c o n tr a r y )? O f m o d e r n e d ito r s o n ly T h p u n c t u a t e s as a q u e s tio n ; m o s t m a k e it a s ta te m e n t: “ B u t I w ill g o fu rth er. I a c c e p t th e p r o s e c u ­ t io n ’s s to r y ” (M ). B u t είτα is c o m m o n ly u s e d “ in q u e s t io n s o r e x c la m a ­ tio n s to e x p r e s s s u r p r is e , i n d ig n a tio n , c o n t e m p t , s a r c a s m , a n d th e lik e ” (LSJ s.v. II), a n d th e s e q u e n c e o f t h o u g h t is m o r e c o h e r e n t w ith a q u e s ­ t io n .

πα ρεχόμ ενος

. . . τ ο υ ς μ ά ρ τ υ ρ α ς:

s in c e t h e p r e s e n t c a n

d e n o t e p a s t a c t io n w h o s e e ffe c ts a re still in th e s p e a k e r ’s m in d (K G 1 135), t h e s e a r e p r o b a b ly th e w it n e s s e s in 5 .2 4 , t h o u g h th e p a r tic ip le p e r h a p s in t e n t io n a lly le a v e s o p e n th e p o s s ib ilit y th a t E u . w ill p r o v id e m o r e w it n e s s e s la te r ; sim ila r ly 6 .2 9 π α ρ έ χ ο μ α ι.

μεν . . . δ έ: o n th e

s w itc h fro m p a r t ic ip le to f in ite v e r b se e G P 3 6 9 n . i .

ώ ς μ ά λ ισ τα

“ d e f in it e ly ,” “ c e r t a in ly .” For th is fo r e n s ic id io m , u s u a lly in a c o n d i­ t io n a l c la u s e , g r a n t in g s o m e o n e e ls e ’s c a s e o r a r g u m e n t, cf. 5 .6 2 ,

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 .2 7 - 2 8

191

A n d o c . i . 113, D e m . 3 1.14, L ys. 3 .3 4 (in d ir e c tly ), 1 3 .5 2 , 2 2 .1 , 2 2 .1 0 . λαθεΐν “r e m a in u n d is c o v e r e d .” 28

cos κ α τ ε π ο ν τ ώ θ η : th e b r ie fe s t s u m m a r y o f th e d is p o s a l o f H . ’s

b o dy. T h e p r o s e c u tio n p r e s u m a b ly r e c o u n te d th e e v e n t in m o r e d e ta il, e x p la in in g h o w th e b o d y w a s p la c e d in a b o a t , p r o b a b ly o n e o f th e m a n y s m a ll r o w b o a ts th a t a re f o u n d e v e r y w h e r e in h a r b o r s , a n d d u m p e d in to d e e p w ater. T h e b o d y c o u ld h a v e b e e n w e ig h t e d w ith ro ck s a n d a n y o b v io u s tr a c e s o f th e c r im e m ig h t h a v e w a s h e d a w a y in th e r a in .

ά νδρ ό$ τ εθ νεώ το $ “a d e a d m a n ,” o r “ a m a n w h o h a s b e e n

k ille d ” (cf. 1 .2 m .). S o m e e d ito r s (B, f o llo w e d b y T h , M , M o r ) a d d έντιθεμένου a fte r τ εθ νεώ το ς to p r o d u c e a m o r e p a r a lle l e x p r e s s io n : “ a d e a d m a n p la c e d in th e b o a t a n d th r o w n o v e r b o a r d ” ; b u t καί m a y a d d e m p h a s is (“ a c tu a lly th r o w n o v e r b o a r d ”). th e s e s h o r tly (5 .2 9 ).

σημ εία: w e le a r n a b o u t

μή: w ith ά π ο θ α ν εΐν; th e h y p e r b a to n ( 1 . 3 η . ) a d d s to

th e e m p h a s is a lr e a d y c o n v e y e d b y μή (S 2 7 2 5 - 6 )

2g~42

T h e in te rr o g a tio n a n d te s tim o n y o f the tw o m en

T h e m i x tu r e o f n a r r a t i v e a n d a r g u m e n t c o n tin u e s . S in c e th e p r o s e c u t i o n b a s e d th e ir c a s e on th e s l a v e ’s te s t i m o n y , E u . p l a c e s th e m o s t e m p h a s is on a l l e g e d i r r e g u la r i t i e s in th e ir i n t e r r o g a t i o n . T h e A t h e n i a n s h a d s t r i c t r u le s f o r th e in te r r o g a tio n o f a s l a v e f o l l o w i n g a c h a lle n g e b y o n e p a r t y ( I n t r o d .

7, G a g a r in i g g 6 ) b u t th e s e r u le s d i d n o t

a p p l y to th e i n v e s t i g a ti o n o f a c r im e in w h ic h th e s l a v e m a y h a v e h a d a h a n d (c f. Ϊ . 2 0 ) . E u . s e e k s to c o n f u s e th e is s u e . O n th e o th e r h a n d , o n c e th e p r o s e c u t i o n l e a r n e d t h a t th e s l a v e w a s i m p l i c a t i n g E u . , th e y c o u l d i f th e y w i s h e d h a v e l e t h im c o n fr o n t th e s la v e , a n d th e y d i d n o t n e e d to p u t th e s l a v e to d e a th b e fo re a r r e s t i n g E u . B u t th e y m a y h a v e f e a r e d th e s l a v e w o u l d r e c a n t h i s te s tim o n y , w h e th e r o r n o t i t w a s tr u th f u l. T h e s e q u e n c e o f e v e n ts w a s a p p a r e n t l y a s f o l l o w s : th e p r e l i m i n a r y in v e s t i g a ti o n on th e s p o t r e v e a l e d n o th i n g a n d E u . s a i l e d o f f to A e n u s w h i l e th e r o o fe d b o a t c o n ­ t i n u e d to M y t i l e n e . H . ’s r e l a t i v e s c o n t i n u e d th e in v e s t i g a ti o n in M y t i l e n e , i n t e r ­ r o g a tin g s e v e r a l w it n e s s e s . A f r e e m a n d e n i e d t h a t E u . w a s i n v o l v e d b u t a p p a r e n t ly p r o v id e d f e w

d e t a i l s . T h e n a s l a v e , w h o a t f i r s t h a d d e n i e d e v e r y th in g , c o n f e s s e d

u n d e r t o r tu r e to a s s i s t i n g E u . w i t h th e m u r d e r a n d g a v e a f a i r l y d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t. T h e in te r r o g a t o r s m a y h a v e h e l d o u t h o p e o f f r e e d o m in r e tu r n f o r t h i s t e s t i m o n y b u t th e y th e n d e c i d e d to p u t th e s l a v e to d e a t h f o r h i s p a r t in th e m u rd e r, e x e c u tio n b e in g w it h i n t h e ir p o w e r i f th e y o w n e d th e s l a v e (c f. th e

p a lla k è , w h o i s e x e c u te d in 1 . 2 0 ) . W h e n

th e s l a v e r e a l i z e d t h i s , h e a p p a r e n t l y r e c a n t e d a n d a g a in d e n i e d e v e r y th in g . E u . c o n ­ c lu d e s f r o m t h i s t h a t h e w a s f r a m e d , b u t s i n c e th e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s a c t i o n s d o n o t in

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.29 30 th e m s e l v e s p r o v e h i s g u i l t o r in n o c e n c e , h is t a s k i s to m a k e h is e x p l a n a t io n o f th e ir a c t i o n s m o r e p l a u s i b l e th a n th e ir s .

29

φ ρ ο ύ δ ο ς: v e r y c o m m o n in fif th -c e n t u r y d r a m a b u t o n ly h e r e in

c la s s ic a l p r o s e .

έπ ίν ο μ εν: W e il’s e m e n d a t io n (1 8 8 0 : 150) is a c c e p t e d

b y a ll m o d e r n e d ito r s ; th e M S r e a d in g c a n n o t b e r ig h t, s in c e w e h a v e b e e n t o ld (5 .2 8 ) th a t b lo o d w a s f o u n d o n th e b o a t o n w h ic h th e y w e r e d r in k in g .

ή ρ εύ ν ω ν “ th e y m a d e a s e a r c h ” ; th e s u b j e c t m u s t b e th e

p r o s e c u to r s ( H . ’s r e la tiv e s ), w h o p r o b a b ly m a d e o n ly a q u ic k s e a r c h o f th e b o a t a fte r th e s to r m , s in c e th e y h a d b e e n to ld th a t H . h a d le ft th is boat

a liv e .

τό

α ίμ α :

th e

a r tic le

is

“ a n a p h o r ic ”

(so

to o

τω ν

π ρ ο β ά τ ω ν b e lo w ) , i n d ic a t in g th a t th is h a s a lr e a d y b e e n m e n t io n e d , e it h e r in th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s s p e e c h o r in th e te s t im o n y o f w itn e s s e s , τ ο ύ τ ο “ th is lin e o f a r g u m e n t .”

ούκ έ νε χ ώ ρ ε ι, ά λ λ ’ έφ α ίνετ ο : h y s-

t e r o n p r o te r o n : fir st th e b lo o d w a s fo u n d to c o m e fr o m a n a n im a l, a n d t h e n as a r e su lt t h e a r g u m e n t w a s d is a llo w e d .

π ρ ο β ά τ ω ν : in p o e t r y

th e w o r d d e s ig n a te s v a r io u s h e r d a n im a ls , b u t in A t t ic p r o s e it is u s u a lly u s e d o f s h e e p fo r s la u g h te r o r (as h e r e ) s a c r ific e . T h e s h e e p m a y h a v e b e e n s a c r if ic e d as t h a n k s g iv in g a fte r th e s to r m .

τούς ά νθρ ώ π ου ς:

E u . is (p r o b a b ly d e lib e r a te ly ) v a g u e a b o u t th e i d e n tit ie s o f th e tw o m e n w h o w e r e in te r r o g a te d ; a n d th e p r o s e c u tio n p r o b a b ly in te r r o g a te d o t h e r s b e s id e s t h e s e tw o . W e le a r n in 5 .4 9 th a t o n e m a n is a sla v e , th e o t h e r fre e . T h e fr e e m a n w a s p r o b a b ly a M y t ile n e a n o f lo w s ta n d in g , p e r h a p s E u .’s a t te n d a n t (5 .2 4 η .) t r a v e lin g o n th e b o a t fro m M y tile n e (5 .4 2 η .). T h e sla v e c a n n o t h a v e b e lo n g e d to H ., w h o s e r e la tiv e s h a d to p u r c h a s e h im (5 .4 7 ), o r to E u ., w h o w o u ld n e v e r h a v e s o ld t h e m a sla v e w h o m ig h t i n c r im in a t e h im . I f th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s s to r y is tr u e , E u . m u st h a v e e n lis t e d h is h e lp d u r in g th e v o y a g e , p r o b a b ly b y p r o m is in g m o n e y o r fr e e d o m ; s e e fu r th e r M H 5 8 - 6 3 , M i8 o n .c , E 8 8 - 9 . 30

δ ν μεν: th e fr e e m a n .

ο ύδέν . . . φ λ α ΰ ρ ο ν “ n o t h in g b a d ,” a

s u r p r is in g ly w e a k e x p r e s s io n fo r t e s t im o n y th a t s u p p o s e d ly c o n f ir m e d E u .’s a lib i; h e g iv e s s o m e d e ta ils in 5 .4 2 (τ ό π α ρ ά π α ν κτλ.).

ήμέραις

. . . π ο λ λ α ΐς : th e v a g u e n e s s o f th is e x p r e s s io n (a n d o f ε χ ο ν τ ε ς π α ρ ά σφίσιν α ύτοΐς) m a y b e m e a n t to s u g g e s t a lo n g e r d e la y a n d g r e a te r c o m p lic it y t h a n a c tu a lly o c c u r r e d . T h e p r o s e c u tio n m a y h a v e n e e d e d th e

t im e

to

p u rch a se

th e

sla v e

b efo re

th e y

in te r r o g a te d

h im .

Μ ά ρ τυρ ες: t h e w it n e s s e s h e r e a n d a t th e e n d o f 5 .3 5 a n d (p r o b a b ly ) 5 .5 6 a r e p r o b a b ly f r ie n d s o f E u . w h o w e r e p r e s e n t a t th e in te r r o g a tio n . O n e o f t h e m m ig h t b e th e to r tu r e d fre e m a n ; i f so , h is t e s t im o n y in s u p p o r t

193

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 .3 0 - 3 3

o f E u .’s a lib i is n o t lik e ly to h a v e b e e n s tr o n g e r o r m o r e d e t a ile d th a n E u . le a d s u s to b e lie v e . 31

ο'ία γ ε γ έ ν η τ α ι: E u . d e v o t e s m o r e s p a c e to th e c h a r g e o f p r o ­

c e d u r a l ir r e g u la r itie s in th e in te r r o g a tio n th a n to a n y o th e r. M a n y o f h is a c c u s a tio n s a r e e it h e r s p e c u la t iv e (as h e r e ) o r in t e n t io n a lly d is r e ­ g a r d th e d iff e r e n c e s b e t w e e n a c r im in a l in v e s t ig a tio n a n d a b a s a n o s fo l­ lo w in g a c h a lle n g e ( 5 .2 g - 4 2 n ., 4 0 ~ 5 2 n .); n o n e t h e le s s , th e n e t e ffe c t is to r a ise s e r io u s d o u b ts a b o u t th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s m o tiv e s .

locos · · ·

locos* th e first locos m o d if ie s o n ly th e p r o m is e o f f r e e d o m , a b o u t w h ic h E u . c a n o n ly s p e c u la te ; th a t th e in te r r o g a to r s h a d th e p o w e r to s to p th e to r tu r e is n o t a m a tte r fo r s p e c u la t io n .

ελευθερίαν ύ π έ σ χ ο ν τ ο : sla v e s

c o u ld b e g r a n t e d th e ir f r e e d o m fo r in fo r m in g a g a in s t th e ir m a ste r s , so th e s p e c u la t io n is p la u s ib le . O f c o u r s e , th e in fo r m a tio n so o b t a in e d w a s n o t n e c e s s a r ily fa lse . 32

επί τ ο ύ τ ο ς “ in th e ir h a n d s .”

έφ ’ oTs α ν . . . λεγειν “p e o p le b e in g in te r r o g a te d n o r m a lly te s tify

in fa v o r o f t h o s e w h o h a v e m o s t c o n t r o l o v e r th e in t e r r o g a t io n .” ήι m u s t b e s u p p lie d in th e r e la tiv e c la u se ; e llip sis o f fo r m s o f είμί o t h e r t h a n th e p r e s e n t in d ic a t iv e is r a re, b u t th e c o n t e x t fa c ilita te s it h e r e (see M a e tz n e r , K G 1 4 1 - 2 for p a r a lle ls). For έπί s e e 5 .3 m .

πρό$ τ ο ύ τ ω ν

“ in th e ir fa v o r,” “ o n th e ir s id e ” (LSJ s.v. π ρ ό ς A .I I I .2).

λ ε γ ε ιν:

M a e tz n e r (o n 5.17) ta k e s th is as a n e p e x e g e t ic in fin itiv e (“ so a s to sa y ,” “ as r e g a r d s s a y in g ”), c o m p a r in g ώ σ τ ε . . . ώ φ ελή σθ α ι (5.17).

μή

π α ρ ό ν τ ε ς : E u .’s a b s e n c e at th e in te r r o g a tio n in d ic a t e s th a t th e sla v e w a s n o t b e in g in te r r o g a te d p r im a r ily as a w itn e s s a g a in s t h im b u t r a th e r as a s u s p e c t in th e c r im e (th e d is tin c tio n w a s n o t a lw a y s c le a r ; s e e T o d d 19 9 0 a : 33); h is c h a r g e s a g a in s t E u . a re lin k e d to h is o w n c o n f e s s io n , σ τ ρ ε β λ ο υ ν : a lth o u g h w h ip p in g o r b e a t in g w a s th e n o r m a l m e t h o d o f to r tu r e , th e r a c k a n d th e w h e e l w e r e s o m e t im e s u s e d (5 .4 0 ; cf. 1 .2 0 η . o n τ ρ ο χισ θ εΐσ α ).

β α σ α ν ισ τ α ί: i . i o n .

έπ ιτ ιμ η τ α ί “ a s s e s s o r s ,” a ra re

w o r d w h ic h in th is s e n s e is o t h e r w is e fo u n d o n ly in in s c r ip t io n s (in tr a g e d y it m e a n s “p u n is h e r ,” s e e LSJ); E u . im p lie s th a t th e in te r r o g a to r s c a lc u la t e th e ir o w n in te r e s t. 3 3 χ ρ η σ τ ή ς έλ π ίδ ο ς “ g o o d h o p e ,” h e r e e q u iv a le n t to “ h o p e for g o o d ” : as lo n g as th e sla v e t h o u g h t h e m ig h t b e n e f it , h e c o n t in u e d to im p lic a t e E u .

δ ιισ χ υ ρ ίζετ ο “h e r e lie d o n ” (w ith th e d a tiv e ); th e m o r e

c o m m o n m e a n in g is “ a f fir m ” (w ith a n a c c u s a tiv e ).

έ χ ρ ή τ ο : i.8 n .;

th e im p e r f e c t is in g r e s s iv e (cf. έπ ίνομ εν, 5 .2 3 η .): “ h e b e g a n t e llin g th e t r u th .” T h e p r o s e c u tio n w o u ld , o f c o u r s e , o ffe r a d iff e r e n t e x p la n a tio n

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.33-36 fo r th e s la v e ’s r e c a n ta t io n : u n d e r to r tu r e h e to ld th e tr u th in th e h o p e o f b e in g t r e a t e d le n ie n tly , b u t w h e n f a c e d w ith p u n is h m e n t for h is p a r t in th e m u r d e r, h e tr ie d to lie a b o u t h is r o le .

έ λ ε γ ε ν δ τ ι: E u . m a y h a v e

le a r n e d th e g e n e r a l c o n t e n t o f th e s la v e ’s t e s t im o n y fr o m fr ie n d s , w h o w e r e a p p a r e n t ly p r e s e n t for th e s la v e ’s e x e c u t io n (5 .3 4 ) t h o u g h p e r h a p s n o t for h is i n te r r o g a tio n . It is v e r y u n lik e ly th a t a t r a n sc r ip t w a s m a d e o f th e t e s tim o n y , a n d E u . a p p e a r s to k n o w o n ly t h o s e d e ta ils p r o v id e d by th e p r o s e c u tio n . 34

δ ια π ε ιρ α θ έ ν τ α : “p e r s is t e n tly a t t e m p t in g ” ; o n ly h e r e in th is s e n s e ,

ούδε'τερα: i.e . n e ith e r f a ls e h o o d n o r tru th ; t h e r e is a s lig h t a n a c o lo u th o n (5 .1 2 η .) w ith ου δ έτ ερ α as s u b je c t o f ώ φ έλ η σ εν p ic k in g u p th e s e n s e o f th e p a r t ic ip le s th a t m o d if y its o b j e c t α υ τ ό ν , b u t th e m e a n in g is c le a r a n d fo llo w s a m e n ia l lo g ic .

τ ό ν μ η νυ τ ή ν: th e sla v e c o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d

a n “ in f o r m e r ” in th e lo o s e s e n s e , s in c e h e g a v e e v id e n c e a g a in s t a free m a n , b u t th e G r e e k t e r m a lm o s t c e r t a in ly d id n o t h a v e a p r e c is e le g a l d e f in it io n . E u . im p lie s th e t r e a t m e n t o f in fo r m e r s w a s u n if o r m , b u t it m u s t h a v e v a r ie d d e p e n d i n g o n fa c to r s lik e th e s la v e ’s r o le in th e c r im e . A sla v e w h o in fo r m e d a g a in s t h is m a ste r , e s p e c ia lly b e f o r e th e c r im e w a s c o m m it t e d , c o u ld b e r e w a r d e d w ith f r e e d o m (for refs, s e e E a d l o c .), b u t a sla v e w h o c o n f e s s e d to a c r im e , e v e n w h ile im p lic a t in g a fre e p e r s o n , c o u ld b e e x e c u t e d , as w a s th e p a l l a k è in 1.2 0 . In th a t c a s e th e p a lla k è

w a s g iv e n o v e r to a p u b lic e x e c u tio n e r , b u t th is m a y h a v e b e e n

im p o s s ib le

in

M y tile n e ;

se e

fu r th e r 5 .4 7 η .

διώ κουσ ι: th e id e n tic a l w o r d s in 3 .2 .9 (cf. 5 .5 2 ). com m on

a c c u s a tio n

άπ αγορευόντω ν

τω ν

ώ ι π ισ τ ε ύ ο ν τ ε ς εμέ τ ο υ ν α ν τ ίο ν : a

(1 .2 η .,

5 .1 1).

δω ρεά ν

φ ίλ ω ν :

cf.

προκ α λουμ ένω ν τ ω ν

5 .3 8

“rew ard ”

(ir o n ic ), φ ίλ ω ν,

π ρ ίν ε γ ώ έλθοιμι: E u . w a s p r e s u m a b ly still in A e n u s . 3 5 σ ώ μ α τ ο ς . . . λ ό γ ω ν : a n u n u s u a l a n d a r tific ia l tw ist o n th e λ ό γ ο ς /έ ρ γ ο ν o p p o s it io n .

ά π εσ τ έ ρ ε ι “ h e w i t h h e ld ” (fr o m m e); in th e

m o r e u s u a l c o n s tr u c t io n th e a c c u s a tiv e d e s ig n a te s th e p e r s o n d e p r iv e d (5 .6 2 , e tc .).

μ ά ρ τ υ ρ α ς : m u c h o f th e a r g u m e n t s in c e th e p r e v io u s

w it n e s s e s (in 5 .3 0 ) is s p e c u la t io n a n d c o u ld n o t b e c o n f ir m e d b y w it ­ n e s s e s , w h o c o u ld , h o w e v e r , te s tify to th e s la v e ’s r e c a n ta t io n a n d e x e c u ­ tio n . 36

ενθάδε “h e r e ” ; th is m u s t m e a n “ h e r e in c o u r t ,” e v e n t h o u g h it is

d e b a t a b le w h e t h e r a sla v e c o u ld g iv e d ir e c t t e s t im o n y in c o u r t (se e E , w ith r e fe r e n c e s to o t h e r s c h o la r s ). C e r t a in ly sla v e s d id n o t n o r m a lly

195 te s tify in c o u r t, b u t o n th is p o in t (as o n m a n y o th e r s ) th e la w m a y n o t h a v e b e e n h a r d a n d fast; cf. 5 .4 8 η . o n μ α ρ τυ ρ εΐν έξεστι δ ο ύ λ ω ι. E v e n i f th e la w p r o h ib it e d th e t e s t im o n y o f sla v e s in c o u r t, th e s u g g e s te d c o u r s e o f a c tio n is p u r e ly h y p o t h e t ic a l a n d th e p r o p o s a l se rv e s to e m p h a s iz e E u .’s p o in t .

ά π ε λ έ γ χ ε ιν . . . χ ρ ή σ θ α ι: b o t h in fin itiv e s s h o u ld b e

ta k e n w ith έχρ ή ν; th e s e n s e is “ th e y s h o u ld h a v e c o n v ic t e d m e a n d u s e d th is

m ean s

of

p r o o f .”

ά γ ω ν ίσ μ α τ ι:

a

fa m o u s

w ord

fro m

T h u c y d id e s 1.22, w h e r e it s c o r n fu lly r e fe r s to H e r o d o t u s ’ “ c o m p e t it io n p i e c e ” (ά γ ώ ν ισ μ α έ$ τ ό π α ρ α χ ρ ή μ α ); in fo r e n s ic o r a to r y (L ys. 13.77 a n d h e r e ) it m e a n s κ ε λ ε ύ ο ν τ α ι:

an

arg u m en t or p r o o f

r e fe r r in g

to

a

fo r m a l

(G

“m o y en

“ c h a lle n g e ”

de

p r e u v e ”),

( 5 .3 8 η .

on

π ρ ο κ α λ ο υ μ έν ω ν , T h ü r 1977: 6 2 - 4 ) . T h is n o r m a lly t o o k p la c e w e ll b e fo r e th e tria l, b u t A e s c h in e s (2 .1 2 6 - 8 ) p r o p o s e s a c h a lle n g e to D e m o s t h e n e s fo r a b a s a n o s o n th e s p o t, a n d T h ü r (1977) 1 9 0 - 3 a r g u e s th a t th is m ig h t h a v e b e e n a llo w e d .

φέρε κτλ. : th e r h e to r ic a l q u e s t io n s a r e u n d o u b t ­

e d ly s p o k e n w ith s c o r n . 37

εκ τ ο υ είκότο$: b y s ig n a lin g th a t c e r t a in a r g u m e n ts a r e a m a tte r o f

lik e lih o o d n o t fa c t (cf. 5 .2 5 η .), E u . c o n v e y s th e im p r e s s io n th a t h is o th e r a r g u m e n ts ar e o b j e c t iv e . T h e p r o s e c u tio n m a y w e ll h a v e a r g u e d th a t it w a s m o r e lik e ly th a t th e sla v e to ld th e tr u th w h e n g iv e n th e h o p e o f f r e e d o m b u t lie d w h e n h e r e a liz e d th a t a tr u e a c c o u n t o f h is r o le in th e c r im e w o u ld le a d to h is e x e c u t io n .

φ α ίν ο ν τ α ι “ a p p e a r ,” n o t “ are

e v id e n tly ,” w h ic h w o u ld r e q u ir e th a t th e p a r t ic ip le b e e x p r e s s e d , τ ώ ι: J e r n s t e d t ’s e m e n d a t io n y ie ld s a b o u t th e s a m e s e n s e , b u t th e d a tiv e a r tic u la r in fin itiv e is s u p p o r t e d b y th e c o r r e c t o r o f A .

άπώ λλυτο

“w a s a b o u t to b e r u in e d ” ; “th e im p e r f e c t s o m e t im e s d e n o t e s lik e lih o o d , i n te n t io n , or d a n g e r in p a s t t im e ” ( M T 3 8 ).

μεν ο ύ ν m u s t b e a d v e r ­

sa tiv e h e r e - a r a re u s e in c o n t in u o u s p r o s e (GJP475).

τ ιμ ω ρ ό * . . .

σ ύ μ μ α χ ο ς: str ik in g m e ta p h o r s ; th e la tte r r e c u r s in 5 .4 3 a n d 5 .8 6 . E u . w o u ld h a v e b e e n a n “ a v e n g e r ” o f th e tr u th in th a t h e w o u ld h a v e d e f e n d e d it.

ή σ α ν oi ά φ α ν ιο 0 ντ ε$ “ t h e r e w e r e t h o s e w h o w e r e g o in g

to m a k e (his w o r d s) d is a p p e a r .” S in c e th e p r o s e c u tio n d id n o t w is h to m a k e th e s la v e ’s in c r im in a t in g w o r d s d is a p p e a r (q u ite th e c o n tr a r y ), th e s e n s e is p r o b a b ly th a t th e y w e r e g o in g to p u t a w a y h is s ta t e m e n ts for s a fe k e e p in g (M ); b y r e m o v in g th e w o r d s fro m sc ru tin y , th e y w o u ld e n s u r e th a t th e tr u th th e y c o n t a in e d w o u ld n o t b e r e v e a le d . O th e r s (G , M o r , E) ta k e th e e x p r e s s io n to m e a n th a t th e y w e r e g o in g to m a k e th e

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.37-40 sla v e w h o s p o k e th e w o r d s d is a p p e a r . In e it h e r c a s e th e r e is a n a llu s io n to th e s la v e ’s d is a p p e a r a n c e (cf. 5 .3 8 ή φ ά νισ α ν).

eis τ ό άληθές

κ α τ α σ τ ή ν α ι “e n t e r u p o n th e t r u th ” (1 .in .); i.e . “b e c o r r e c t e d .” 38

oi μέν ά λ λ ο ι κτλ.: E u . a g a in (cf. 5 .3 4 ) s tr e sse s th e p r o s e c u tio n ’s

d iv e r g e n c e fr o m th e n o r m ; u s u a lly it is th o s e w h o a r e a c c u s e d w h o e lim ­ in a te th e a c c u se r .

ά π ά γ ο ν τ ε ς : h e r e in th e n o n - t e c h n ic a l s e n s e o f

“s e iz in g ” (th e slave); E u . m a y b e tr y in g to r e m in d th e ju r o r s o f E u .’s a r r est b y ά π α γ ω γ ή .

εί μέν έ γ ώ κ τλ.: a h y p o t h e t ic a l r o le -r e v e r s a l

( i . n n . ) ; cf. 5 .7 4 ,5 .8 4 , 6 .2 7 - 8 ; a ll b u t th e first o f t h e s e a r g u m e n ts is in tr o ­ d u c e d b y εΐ μέν έ γ ώ (or έμοΟ).

έ χ ρ ώ ν τ ο . . . ήν: a ll e d ito r s s in c e Β a d d

ά ν a fte r αύτοΤς o r c h a n g e δή to ά ν , c it in g th e n e a r ly id e n tic a l la n g u a g e o f 5 .8 4 ; fo r its o m is s io n in a c o n t r a r y - t o -f a c t c o n d itio n , s e e In tr o d . 8 iii 2. προκα λουμένω ν

in d ic a t e s

a f o r m a l c h a lle n g e

(π ρ ό κ λ η σ ή )

th a t th e

p r o s e c u tio n s h o u ld h a n d o v e r th e sla v e fo r in te r r o g a tio n b y E u . o n his r e tu r n ( 5 .3 6 η . o n κ ελ εύ ο ντ α ι).

τ α ϋ τ ’ Icpuyov: i.e . th e c h a lle n g e w a s

r e fu s e d , as it a lm o s t a lw a y s is in o u r s o u r c e s (In tr o d . 7). 39

ά ν θ ρ ω π ο ς : a d e m e a n in g te r m (1.17η.); ά νή ρ is la te r u s e d o f th e

sla v e ( 5 .4 0 , e tc .).

έ γ ώ δε φημι κ τλ .: e v e n a c c e p t in g E u .’s a c c o u n t , th e

a lle g e d d i s c r e p a n c y is m in o r , s in c e le a d in g th e tw o m e n o u t o f th e b o a t , h e lp in g lift u p th e b o d y a n d p u t it in th e s m a ll b o a t , a n d t h e n d is p o s in g of

th e

body

at

sea

e s s e n t ia lly

c o n s tit u te s

“ h e lp in g

to

k ill”

(συναποκτεΤ ναι). S o m e s c h o la r s (e.g. E o n 5 .5 4 ) s p e c u la t e th a t E u . is p la y in g o n t h e a m b ig u it y in σ υ ν α ν ε λ ώ ν , w h ic h c o m m o n ly m e a n s “ h e lp k ill,” b u t o n ly h e r e a n d in 5 .4 2 m e a n s “ h e lp p ic k u p ” ; b u t s in c e th e o b j e c t o f σ υ ν α ν ε λ ώ ν , b o t h h e r e a n d in 5 .4 2 , is ήδη τ ε θ ν ε ώ τ α (α υ τ ό ν), a m b ig u it y is r u le d o u t. I n 5 .5 4 E u . c o n t r a d ic t s h im s e lf, c la im in g th a t th e sla v e s a id h e h im s e l f k ille d Η .

άτι δέ έ ξ ά γ ο ι: ό τι is r a r e a fte r φημί (S

2017a); th e c h a n g e fro m th e in fin itiv e c o n s tr u c t io n is s tr ik in g , a n d is p r e s u m a b ly in t e n d e d to e m p h a s iz e th e s la v e ’s a c tu a l s ta te m e n ts . T h e p r e s e n t o p t a tiv e έ ξ ά γ ο ι s ta n d s fo r a n o r ig in a l im p e r f e c t (M T 673); m o s t e d ito r s c h a n g e to th e a o r is t. 40

π ρ ώ τ ο ν : th u s far E u . h a s m e n t io n e d o n ly tw o s ta g e s in th e s la v e ’s

te s tim o n y , d u r in g th e in te r r o g a tio n a n d j u s t b e f o r e h is d e a th ; h e n o w a d d s a th ir d s ta g e , b e f o r e h e w a s to r tu r e d . T h e p r o s e c u tio n p r o b a b ly a r g u e d th a t t h e sla v e c o n c e a le d th e tru th a t fir st, b u t f in a lly u n d e r to r tu r e th e tr u th c a m e o u t (cf. 5 .3 3 η . o n έχ ρ ή τ ο ). στρεβλούν.

έ χ ρ ή τ ο : i .8 n .

τ ρ ο χ ό ν : 5 .3 2 η . o n

β ο υ λ ό μ ε ν ο ς: th e s la v e ’s w is h to b e

197 r e le a s e d fro m to r tu r e w a s e a r lie r q u a lif ie d b y ’ίσω ς (5.31) b u t is n o w ta k e n as fa c t (a lso in 5 .5 0 ). 41

ά π ώ ιμ ω ξ ε ν : a p o e t ic w o r d a d d in g p a t h o s to th e a r g u m e n t; o n ly

h e r e in c la s s ic a l p r o s e . m e .” 42

ού χ ά ρ ιτ ι τήι έμήι “ n o t fr o m k in d n e s s to w a r d

π ώ ς γ ά ρ ; δς γ ε κτλ. “H o w c o u ld h e ? A fte r a ll h e . . .” ό ετερ ος ά ν θ ρ ω π ο ς , ό έν τ ώ ι α ύ τ ώ ι π λ ο ίω ι π λ ε ω ν κα\ π α ρ ώ ν διά

τε'λους κα\ σ υ ν ώ ν μοι: th e fre e m a n (5.49)5 p o s s ib ly E u .’s a t te n d a n t (as m a y b e im p lie d b y σ υ ν ώ ν , w h ic h o f te n s u g g e s ts a n a s s o c ia t e o r c o m p a n ­ io n ), w h o s e in te r r o g a tio n w a s m e n t io n e d b r ie fly in 5 .3 0 . T h e i n fo r m a ­ tio n g iv e n h e r e h a s t r o u b le d s c h o la r s: “ th e s a m e b o a t ” m u s t b e th e b o a t in w h ic h E u . a n d H . se t o u t fro m M y tile n e , b u t th a t t h e m a n “w a s p r e s e n t to th e e n d a n d w a s w ith m e ” s e e m s in c o n s is t e n t w ith th e fa c t th a t h e w a s in te r r o g a te d o n th e s p o t (5 .3 0 ) a n d w ith th e im p lic a t io n th a t h e d id n o t a c c o m p a n y E u . to A e n u s (5 .52). T h e m o s t lik e ly e x p la n a tio n is th a t “w a s p r e s e n t to th e e n d ” m e a n s th a t th e m a n w a s w it h E u . u n til th e e n d o f th e e v e n ts c o n c e r n in g H . a n d t h e n r e tu r n e d to M y tile n e w h ile E u . w e n t o n to A e n u s; o r h e m a y h a v e b e e n q u e s t io n e d b r ie fly o n th e s p o t a n d t h e n c o n t in u e d o n to A e n u s w ith E u ., w h o s e r e m a r k s in 5 .5 2 m ig h t m e a n o n ly th a t h e d id n o t ta k e th e fre e m a n to A e n u s b e fo r e th e p r o s e c u tio n h a d a c h a n c e to e x a m in e h im . L e ss lik e ly e x p la n a tio n s in v o lv e th e e m e n d a t io n o f π λ εω ν ; s u g g e s tio n s in c lu d e cbv (P a la u 1977) a n d π ίν ω ν ( L a ttim o r e 1987, c it in g W e il’s e m e n d a t io n in 5 .2 9 as a p a r a lle l); for fu lle r d is c u s s io n s e e M H 5 9 - 6 1 , 5 .2 9 η . o n τ ο ύ ς ά ν θ ρ ώ π ο υ ς. τήι αύτή ι β α σ ά ν ω ι β α σ α ν ιζό μ εν ο ς: th e d e c r e e o f S c a m a n d r io s ( A n d o c . 1.43; s e e M a c D o w e ll a d lo c .) p r o h ib it in g th e to r tu r e o f A t h e n ia n c it iz e n s w a s p r o b a b ly in e ff e c t at th is tim e , a n d t h e r e h a s b e e n c o n s id e r a b le d e b a t e a b o u t t h e sta tu s o f th e fr e e m a n h e r e , w h o w a s a p p a r e n t ly s u b ­ j e c t e d to th e s a m e in te r r o g a tio n u n d e r to r tu r e a s th e sla v e . S in c e h e w a s a lm o s t c e r t a in ly a M y tile n e a n , p e r h a p s o f lo w sta tu s, th e la w p r o t e c t in g A t h e n ia n c it iz e n s p r o b a b ly d id n o t a p p ly (se e C a r e y 1 9 8 8 , M H 5 9 n .4 ). ύ σ τ ε ρ ο ν : b y “la te r ” E u . m e a n s th e la st o f th e s la v e ’s t h r e e sto r ie s, συνεφε'ρετο: p a s s iv e w it h th e s e n s e “ a g r e e w i t h .” o n ε γ ώ δε φημι κτλ.

σ υ να ν ελ εΐν: 5 .3 9 η .

τ ό π α ρ ά π α ν is p r o b a b ly m e a n t to g o p r im a r ily

w ith έκβήναι (cf. 5 .2 3 ε γ ώ δε τ ό π α ρ ά π α ν ούκ έξέβην έκ τ ο ύ π λ ο ίο υ ) b u t its p o s itio n a llo w s it to b e h e a r d w ith εφη as w e ll. It is u n c e r ta in w h e t h e r th e fre e m a n a c tu a lly te s t if ie d in c o u r t; i f h e w e r e p r e s e n t, o n e w o u ld e x p e c t E u . to c a ll h im as a w itn e s s h e r e .

198

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.43 45 4 3 —5 M ore είκός-arguments

E u . r e t u r n s to th e m e t h o d o f a r g u m e n t h e u s e d in 2 3 - 8 to s h o w t h a t th e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s r e c o n s t r u c t io n o f th e c r i m e i s n o t p l a u s i b l e . I n r e s p o n s e , th e p r o s e c u tio n c o u l d r a is e s e v e r a l p o i n t s h e o m i t s : E u . n e e d e d s o m e o n e ’s h e lp to d i s p o s e o f th e b o d y ; o th e r s on th e b o a t w e r e d r i n k i n g a n d t h u s m i g h t n o t h e a r a n y n o is e ; a n d th e s t o r m w o u l d h a v e d r o w n e d o u t a n y n o is e a n d w a s h e d a w a y b l o o d s ta in s .

43

εικός a n d είκότα (at th e e n d o f 5 .4 5 ) fr a m e th e i n t e r v e n in g είκός-

a r g u m e n ts , w h ic h d o n o t , h o w e v e r , u se th e w o r d its e lf. in 5 .3 7 tr u th is E u .’s ally. m e a n in g

lit.

σύμμ αχον:

κ α κ οδ α ίμ ω ν: a c o m m o n w o r d in c o m e d y ,

“p o s s e s s e d

by

an

e v il g e n iu s ” (LSJ);

here

perhaps

“ d e l u d e d .” For th e a c c u s a tio n o f in c o n s is t e n t b e h a v io r , se e 2 .2 .3 η . ήδη δέ π ε π ρ α γ μ έ ν ο υ μοι τ ο υ έ ρ γ ο υ : o n ly h e r e d o e s E u . c la im (ra th e r v a g u e ly ) th a t h e o n ly e n lis t e d h e lp a fte r th e c r im e w a s a c c o m p lis h e d (cf.

5 -39)· 44

ά π ο θ ν ή ισ κ ω ν : 1.2 m .

αΐσ θησ ιν ο ΰ δ εμ ία ν έπ ο ίη σ εν “ c r e a t e d n o

p e r c e p t i o n ,” i.e . w a s n o t p e r c e iv e d (cf. D e m . 10.7 où π ο ιεί τ η ν αΐσθησιν ευθέω ς, “is n o t i m m e d ia t e ly p e r c e iv e d ” ).

π ο λ λ ώ ι < έ π \> π λ έο ν γε

άκ ουειν: a lth o u g h G a n d F d e f e n d th e M S te x t (π ο λ λ ώ ι π λ έ ο ν γ ε ά γ νο ε ΐν) a s a n im a g in e d o b j e c t io n , “n o t h e a r in g a n o is e h a p p e n s m u c h m o r e a t n ig h t , e t c . ” (F), th e r e a re s e v e r a l r e a s o n s fo r e m e n d in g it: (a) th is is a v e r y a w k w a r d w a y to e x p r e ss th is id e a ; ( b ) a lth o u g h και μην (u s u a lly = “ f u r th e r m o r e ”) c a n in tr o d u c e a n e w s p e a k e r ’s o b j e c t io n (“y e s, b u t ” ) o r th e s p e a k e r ’s o w n o b j e c t io n (“a n d y e t ” ), it is u n p a r a lle le d a s in tr o ­ d u c in g s o m e o n e e ls e ’s im a g in e d o b j e c t io n ( G P 3 5 7 - 8 ); (c ) ά γ ν ο ε ΐν is n o t u s e d in th is s e n s e , a n d π ο λ λ ώ ι π λ έ ο ν is u n p a r a lle le d , a c c o r d in g to W y se (1 9 04: 311); a n d ( d ) E u .’s n e x t p o in t d o e s n o t a n s w e r th e a lle g e d o b j e c ­ t io n , as o n e w o u ld e x p e c t. S c h ö m a n n ’s e m e n d a t io n is th e s im p le s t o f s e v e r a l t h a t h a v e b e e n o ffe r e d .

έτι έ γ ρ η γ ο ρ ό τ ω ν “w h e n p e o p le

w e r e still a w a k e ” ; b y o m it t in g th e s u b je c t o f th e g e n itiv e a b s o lu te E u . c o n t in u e s to b e v a g u e . 4 5 ν υ κ τ ω ρ : at n ig h t it w a s p r e s u m a b ly m o r e d iff ic u lt to r e m o v e tr a c e s o f th e c r im e .

ά ν α ιρ εθ έντ ο ς “ h a v in g b e e n k ille d ,” th e m o r e

c o m m o n m e a n in g (cf. 5 .3 9 η . o n ε γ ώ δέ φημι κτλ.)

ά ν α ξ υ σ α ι “ sc r a p e

a w a y ,” a rare v e r b , p e r h a p s c o in e d b y A .; o t h e r w is e in c la s s ic a l G r e e k fo u n d o n ly o n c e in A r is to tle .

ά ν α σ π ο γ γ ίσ α ι “ s p o n g e c le a n ” is fairly

c o m m o n (s ix t e e n tim e s) in th e H ip p o c r a t ic w r itin g s , o th e r w is e o n ly

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 . 4 5 -4 7

199

h e r e ; th e u n c o m p o u n d e d v e r b is u s e d b y A r is to p h a n e s , ά π ο σ π ο γ γ ίσ α ι (th e r e a d in g o f A ) o n ly o c c u r s t w ic e in th e H ip p o c r a t ic w r itin g s , b u t is fa ir ly c o m m o n in la te r G re e k ; it is th u s m o r e lik e ly to h a v e b e e n m is ­ ta k e n ly s u b s titu te d b y th e s c r ib e o f A .

ένδ ο ν ώ ν α υ τ ο ύ “ in c o n t r o l o f

h im s e lf.” T h e p a r t ic ip le s are c o n d it io n a l (as in d ic a t e d b y μή) a n d all m o d e r n e d ito r s in s e r t ά ν a fte r ημ έραν; fo r its o m is s io n in a c o n t r a r y - t o fa c t c o n d itio n , s e e In tr o d . 8 iii 2.

4 6 -5 2

εΐκ ότα: 5 .4 3 η . o n είκός.

T h e in te rr o g a tio n a n d te s tim o n y o f th e tw o m en (c o n t.)

A c o n tin u a t io n o f th e e a r l i e r a r g u m e n t s ; se e y . 2 g - 4 2 n .

46

καθ’ 6 τι “ to w h a te v e r e x t e n t .”

τ ά λ η θ ο υ ς = τ ο ύ ά λη θοϋς.

έ ξέλ η τα ι τ ο ύ τ ο “r e m o v e th is [ th o u g h t ] ” ; cf. P la to , A p . 19a έξελέσθαι τ η ν δ ια β ο λ ή ν.

μ η νυ τ ή ν: 5 ·3 4 η ·

&ξαι: th e fir st a o r is t o f ά γ ω is ra re,

b u t d o e s o c c u r (e.g. T im o t h e u s , P e r s ia n s 153); m a n y e d ito r s e m e n d , τ ο ύ τ ο : i.e . m y in te r r o g a tin g th e sla v e .

47

π ρ ιά μ ενο ι: th e sla v e m u s t h a v e b e lo n g e d to s o m e o n e o th e r th a n

H . o r E u . (5 .2 9 η .). H . ’s r e la tiv e s c o u ld h a v e in te r r o g a te d h im w ith h is m a s t e r ’s p e r m is s io n b u t th e y w o u ld c e r t a in ly n e e d to b u y h im b e fo r e p u t t in g h im to d e a th ; th e d e la y in e x a m in in g h im m a y h a v e b e e n c a u s e d b y n e g o t ia t io n s a b o u t th e d e ta ils o f th e p u r c h a s e o r th e c o n d it io n s fo r in te r r o g a tio n .

Ιδίαι έπ \ σ φ ώ ν α υ τ ώ ν “ b y t h e m s e lv e s ,” “ o n t h e ir

o w n .” E u . p u ts m u c h e m p h a s is o n th e ille g a lity o f th e ir k illin g th e sla v e t h e m s e lv e s (cf. t h e r e p e a te d α υ τ ο ί), b u t e v e n i f h e is c o r r e c t th a t a le g a l v i o la t io n o c c u r r e d , th e s la v e ’s s to r y m a y still b e tru e, s in c e H . ’s r e la tiv e s m a y h a v e ta k e n th e la w in to t h e ir o w n h a n d s s im p ly b e c a u s e th e y w a n te d to s e e h im p u n is h e d for h is r o le in th e c r im e . S o m e s c h o la r s a sse r t th a t it w a s ille g a l to k ill o n e ’s o w n sla v e , b u t m o s t lik e ly th e la w o n th is s u b je c t w a s n e ith e r c le a r n o r c e r t a in (se e E ’s t h o r o u g h d is c u ss io n ). E u . r e fe r s to la w s t h a t, h e a r g u e s , h a v e im p lic a t io n s in th is c a s e , b u t h e d o e s n o t c ite a s p e c if ic la w d ir e c t ly a p p lic a b le to th e s itu a tio n ; w e m a y in fe r th a t n o su c h la w e x is t e d . It m a y h a v e b e e n th e n o r m a l p r a c tic e to tu r n a sla v e o v e r to a n o ffic ia l for e x e c u t io n (as in 1 .20), b u t th is w a s n o t n e c e s s a r ily r e q u ir e d b y la w (cf. 5 .4 8 η . o n νό μ ο υ ς . . . π α τ ρ ίο υ ς ), e s p e ­ c ia lly in M y tile n e , w h e r e th e o n ly A t h e n ia n o ffic ia ls m a y h a v e b e e n ta x c o lle c to r s a n d s u c h , w h o w o u ld n o t w is h to ta k e o n th e r o le o f e x e c u tio n e r s . T r e a tie s b e t w e e n A t h e n s a n d M y tile n e a lm o s t c e r t a in ly

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.47-48 m a d e s o m e p r o v is io n fo r t r a n s fe r r in g c a p ita l c a s e s (su ch as E u .’s o w n ) to A t h e n s so th e y c o u ld b e d e c id e d b y A t h e n ia n j u r o r s , b u t t h e s e w o u ld n o t h a v e a p p lie d to sla v e s w h o c o m m it t e d p r iv a te c r im e s; se e fu r th e r M H

7 4 -7 .

α ύ τ ό χ ε ιρ α “ o n e w h o kills w ith h is o w n h a n d s ” ; th e

p r o s e c u tio n d id n o t c la im th e sla v e w a s th e a c tu a l killer, b u t h is in v o lv e ­ m e n t in th e m u r d e r , as t h e y p o r tr a y e d it, w a s s u f fic ie n t to j u s tify h is e x e c u t io n .

έ ξ ε γ γ υ ή σ α ι “ r e le a s e h im

w ith s e c u r it y ” ; th e fr ie n d s

w o u ld h a v e g iv e n s u r e tie s (5.17η .) th a t th e sla v e w o u ld b e r e tu r n e d in g o o d c o n d it io n a fte r E u . h a d in te r r o g a te d h im .

ουδέ π ό λ ε ι: u n d e r

th e t e r m s o f t h e tr e a ty w ith M y tile n e , it a p p e a r s , n o t e v e n th e city, let a lo n e a n in d iv id u a l, c o u ld e x e c u t e s o m e o n e w it h o u t a v o t e o f th e A t h e n ia n s . I n c la im in g th a t H . ’s r e la tiv e s a r e v io la t in g th e tr e a ty w ith A t h e n s , E u . s u b t ly g lo s s e s o v e r th e fa c t th a t th e y a re A t h e n ia n s t h e m ­ se lv e s . 48

λ ό γ ω ν . . . έ ρ γ ω ν : 5 .5 η . ε π ’ α υ τ ο φ ώ ρ ω ι: 1.3η.

τ ο υ τ ο υ σ ί: th e ju r o r s . νό μ ο υ ς . . . π α τ ρ ίο υ ς : th e v a g u e n e s s

o f th e s e “ a n c e s tr a l la w s ” im p lie s th e a b s e n c e o f a n y s p e c if ic la w (5 .4 7 η .), a n d th e a r g u m e n ts p r e s e n te d in th e n e x t s e n t e n c e fu r th e r s u g g e s t th a t t h e r e is n o e x p lic it la w o n th e s u b je c t.

μαρτυρεΤν εξεστι

δ ο ύ λ ω ι “it is p o s s ib le fo r a sla v e to te s t if y ” ; th is m a y r e fe r to th e s la v e ’s t e s t im o n y b e in g in tr o d u c e d in c o u r t b y o t h e r s a n d M o e s n o t n e c e s s a r ily m e a n th e sla v e c o u ld a p p e a r in c o u r t h im s e lf. A lt h o u g h m o s t s c h o la r s r ig h tly ta k e t h e d a tiv e w it h εξεσ τι, E (pp. 9 0 - 1 , f o llo w in g M a c D o w e ll 1963: 104) ta k e s it w ith μαρτυρεΤν, tr a n s la t in g “ to g iv e e v id e n c e fo r a s la v e ,” i.e . in a c a s e w h e r e th e sla v e is d e a d a n d s o m e o n e is p r o s e c u tin g h is killer. B u t μαρτυρεΤν τινί is u s e d fo r g iv in g t e s t im o n y o n b e h a l f o f a lit ig a n t , a n d a lth o u g h it is o n ly a s lig h t e x t e n s io n to u s e it fo r t e s t im o n y o n b e h a l f o f a d e a d p e r s o n for w h o m s o m e o n e e ls e is p r o s e c u tin g , th e s w itc h in c o n s tr u c t io n fr o m th e d a tiv e w it h μαρτυρεΤν h e r e to a d a tiv e w ith εξεστι in th e n e x t c la u s e w o u ld b e v e r y d iffic u lt. E u .’s p o in t is th a t in o t h e r r e s p e c t s sla v e s p a r t ic ip a te fu lly in th e le g a l s y ste m ; th u s th is sla v e o u g h t to h a v e b e e n g iv e n h is d a y in c o u r t.

ψ ήφ ος Ισον δ ύ ν α τ α ι

“ a v e r d ic t c a n b e r e n d e r e d e q u a lly ” ; a s lig h t e x a g g e r a t io n , s in c e p r o s e c u tio n s fo r k illin g a sla v e w e r e h e a r d b y a d iffe r e n t c o u r t th a n k illin g a fr e e m a n (th e P a lla d io n ) a n d m a y h a v e r e s u lt e d in a d iffe r e n t p e n a lty .

ύμεΤς δ ικ α ιό τερ ο ν: th e M S S (a n d e d ito r s ) d iffe r o n th e w o r d

o rd er, b u t t h e m ild h y p e r b a t o n o f A is c h a r a c te r is t ic o f A . a n d le ss lik e ly to b e th e r e su lt o f s c r ib a l error.

υμείς: th e p r o s e c u tio n .

άδίκω ς:

201

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 . 4 8 -5 2

th e u n u su a l p o s itio n at th e e n d o f th e s e n te n c e le n d s e m p h a s is (m a n y e d ito r s d e le t e it). 49

δίκαιον . . . εΐκό$: in fa c t E u . o n ly c o n s id e r s lik e lih o o d .

δύο

λ ό γ ω “tw o a c c o u n t s ” ; h e a c tu a lly g a v e th r e e s ta t e m e n ts in v o lv in g tw o d iffe r e n t v e r sio n s .

φ λ α ύ ρ ο ν ο ύδέν: a g a in (5 .3 0 η .) E u . s u r p r is in g ly

r e p o r ts n o d e ta ils o f th e m a n ’s te s tim o n y . 5 0 τ ο ύ τ ο μέν . . . τ ο ύ τ ο δε: a d v e r b ia l ( ι .ι η .) .

π ρ ο τ ε ίν ο ν τ α ς :

th e r e is n o n e e d to fo llo w all e d ito r s s in c e R e is k e in c h a n g in g th is, th e M S r e a d in g , to a n a o r is t (R e isk e h a d fa lse in fo r m a tio n a b o u t th e M S S ), π εΐσ α ι: w ith ούκ fjv; th e h y p e r b a t o n is a w k w a r d .

δέοι: th e o p ta tiv e in a

g e n e r a liz in g r e la tiv e c la u s e in th e p a s t (S 2 5 6 8 ); th e o p t a tiv e s in th e rest o f th e s e n te n c e are in in d ir e c t d is c o u r s e .

έπεί “ a n d y e t ” (L SJ s.v.

B .4); in th is s e n s e it is c o m m o n ly a c c o m p a n ie d (as h e r e ) b y γ ε (S 2 3 8 0 ). ή π ίσ τ α τ ο : fr o m έπ ίσ τ α μ α ι.

σ τ ρ εβ λ ο ύ μ ε νο ς: 5 .3 2 η .

τά τ ο ύ τ ο ς

δ ο κ ο ύ ντ α “w h a t th e y w a n t e d ” (δοκέω in th e s e n s e o f “ s e e m b e s t ” ). 5 1 ά ν θ ρ ω π ο ι/: th e slave.

έκ α τ έρ ω ι ίση έστί: th e t e x t is d a m a g e d

b u t a ll e d ito r s a g r e e o n th e s e n s e . (G , f o llo w e d b y F, a c c id e n t a lly o m its λ ό γ ω ν τ ω ν , u n w it t in g ly illu s tr a tin g a c o m m o n s c r ib a l m is ta k e .)

εκ

τε . . . εξα ρ νο ς ή ν: o f te n d e le t e d b y e d ito r s o n th e g r o u n d s o f h a r s h s y n ta x a n d u n s o u n d r e a so n in g ; b u t th e s y n ta x is n o t u n t y p ic a l o f A . (for s in g le τε s e e 1.9 η . a n d th e e llip sis o f τ ω ν λ ό γ ω ν p r o v id e s a c h a r a c te r is t ic v a r ia tio n in p a r a lle l c la u se s ) a n d th e a r g u m e n t is p la u s ib le , t h o u g h str ic tly s p e a k in g th e sla v e b o t h a ffir m e d a n d d e n ie d . H e r e , a s e ls e w h e r e (In tr o d . 8 v i 1), E u . a d d s p o in t s th a t a re la r g e ly r e p e titiv e ; th is m a y n o t b e e ffe c tiv e w ith r e a d e r s , b u t e v e n to d a y r e p e titio n b e y o n d w h a t s e e m s n e c e s s a r y is a c o m m o n s tr a te g y in o r a l a r g u m e n t.

κα\ μέν δή c o m ­

m o n ly m ark s th e tr a n s it io n to a n e w p o in t; h e r e th e “ t r a n s it io n to m a jo r p r e m is e , w ith c o n c lu s io n le ft u n e x p r e s s e d ” ( G P 3 9 7 ). κτλ.:

th e

E u m e n id e s )

s o -c a lle d

“v o te

of

A t h e n a ” ( d r a m a tiz e d

ό άριθμός in

A e s c h y lu s ’

p r o v id e d th a t i f th e ju r o r s c a s t e q u a l v o te s , th e d e f e n d a n t w a s

a c q u itt e d . G s u g g e s ts th e r e m a y b e a n a llu s io n to a n a r c h a ic fo r m a lis t p r o c e d u r e o f c o u n t in g w it n e s s e s , b u t th e e v id e n c e fo r s u c h a p r o c e d u r e c o n s is ts o n ly o f o n e r e sto r e d C r e t a n in s c r ip t io n (I C r e t ι ν 8 1 .1 1 -1 6 ; s e e G a g a r in 1 989b : 5 1 - 2 ), a n d in g e n e r a l th e r e is s c a r c e ly a n y f o r m a lis m in e a r ly G r e e k law. 5 2 ή μέν: c o o r d in a te d w ith φασ'ι δε in 5 .5 3 . 3 .2 .9 η .

ήι . . . π ισ τ ε ύ ο ν τ ε ς:

εύ είδέναι: p r o b a b ly ir o n ic in to n e ; cf. ι.6 η .

ή φ ά νισ 5:

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.52-53 a n o t h e r v a r ia t io n o n th e t h e m e o f d is a p p e a r a n c e (cf. 5 .3 7 η .). E u . m a y b e e x a g g e r a t in g h is h o ld o v e r th e tw o m e n b u t h e is lik e ly to h a v e a t le a s t s o m e b a s is fo r th is c la im (th e fr e e m a n m a y h a v e b e e n h is a t te n d a n t (5 .2 9 η .) a n d h e c o u ld p e r h a p s h a v e p u r c h a s e d th e sla v e ). T h is is p o t e n ­ t ia lly a s tr o n g a r g u m e n t, at le a s t as r e g a r d s th e sla v e , w h o a p p a r e n t ly p r o v id e d th e m a in e v id e n c e a g a in s t E u .; b u t it s e e m s to c o m e in h e r e a lm o s t as a n a f te r t h o u g h t .

53

τ ή ν ή π ε ιρ ο ν: A s ia M in o r .

6

T h e n o te to L y c in u s

I n a d d i t i o n to th e s l a v e ' s c o n f e s s io n th e p r o s e c u t i o n r e l i e d o n a n i n c r im i n a ti n g n o te to a c e r ta i n L y c i n u s , a n a c q u a i n t a n c e o f E u . a n d H . I t i s d i f f i c u l t f o r u s to a s s e s s E u . 's a r g u m e n t s o n t h i s p o i n t , s i n c e h e g i v e s v e r y f e w f a c t s a b o u t th e n o te , i t s c o n te n ts , o r th e c ir c u m s t a n c e s o f i t s d is c o v e r y . T h u s w e d o n o t k n o w w h a t th e n o te s a i d , o r w h a t l i n k e d i t to th e s l a v e , to E u . , o r to L y c i n u s . I f t h e f a c t s a r e m o r e o r le s s a s E u . s u g ­ g e s ts , h is

είκός- a r g u m e n t s h a v e c o n s i d e r a b l e f o r c e , s in c e th e re i s n o a p p a r e n t re a s o n

w h y h e w o u l d s e n d a w r itte n m e s s a g e w ith in f o r m a tio n th a t c o u ld e a s ily b e c o m m u ­ n ic a t e d o r a l l y a t le s s r i s k . B u t th e r e m a y b e m u c h t h a t h e d o e s n o t t e l l u s, a n d h is a p p a r e n t l y f a l s e a n d m i s l e a d i n g a l l e g a t i o n s o f c o n t r a d ic t io n s in th e le t t e r s u g g e s t th a t h e la c k s a n y s tr o n g e r a r g u m e n ts .

5 3 γ ρ α μ μ α τ ε ίδ ιο ν :

th e d im in u t iv e is d is m is s iv e ( C a r e y - R e id o n

D e m . 5 4 .3 7 , 56.1 ); th e “ n o t e ” m a y h a v e b e e n w r itte n o n a p ie c e o f p a p y r u s o r o n w r itin g ta b le ts . b o a t,

w h ic h

s a ile d

to

τ ώ ι π λ ο ίω ι: th is m u s t b e th e r o o fe d

M y t ile n e

a fte r

H . ’s d is a p p e a r a n c e

(5 .2 9 ).

Λ υκ ίνω ι: a m y s t e r io u s fig u r e fo r u s, b u t th e p r o s e c u tio n m u s t h a v e g iv e n th e j u r o r s m o r e in fo r m a tio n a b o u t h im , s in c e th e y a p p a r e n t ly a lle g e d th a t h e w a s in v o lv e d in th e m u r d e r ( 5 .6 0 - 3 ) . S c h o la r s g e n e r a lly a g r e e t h a t h e w a s a n A t h e n ia n (B la ss 1887: 175, n .3 ), w h o h a d h a d p r e v io u s d e a lin g s w ith b o t h E u . a n d H ., a n d h e m a y h a v e b e e n a c le r u c h , lik e H . (in t r o d u c t io n to 5 , a b o v e ).

τί εδει: o n e m a y in d e e d w o n d e r w h y E u .

n e e d e d to s e n d a w r itte n n o t e , e s p e c ia lly i f L y c in u s w a s in M y tile n e at th e tim e , w h e r e h e p r e s u m a b ly w o u ld a lr e a d y k n o w o f H . ’s d is a p p e a r ­ a n c e ( th o u g h p e r h a p s n o t th a t E u . w a s in v o lv e d ). P o s s ib ly h e w a s a b r o a d a n d th e n o t e w a s g o in g to b e d e liv e r e d to h im . (In E u r ip id e s ’ I p h ig e n i a

in

T a u r is

7 2 6 - 7 8 I p h ig e n ia g iv e s P y la d e s a le t t e r a n d th e n

r e p e a ts th e s ix - lin e m e s s a g e to h im in c a s e h e lo s e s th e letter , t h o u g h t h e r e a r e d r a m a tic r e a s o n s fo r th is.)

τ ο υ . . . φ έρ ο ντο $ : th e sla v e

w h o c o n f e s s e d ; th e j u r o r s w o u ld k n o w th is fr o m th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s

203 s p e e c h . T h e t r a n s p o s it io n o f τ ίνο ς γ ε δή . . . έμοι κάκείυωι to 5-57 is a c c e p te d b y a ll e d ito r s .

à y à p κ τλ.: th is u s e o f a g e n e r a liz a tio n

a b o u t h u m a n b e h a v io r to s u p p o r t a s p e c if ic c o n c lu s io n c r e a te s a n im p lic it είκός- a r g u m e n t , s e e I n tr o d . 6. 5 4 τ ο ύ τ ο μ ε ν . . . τ ο ύ τ ο δε: a lth o u g h th is p a ir is c o m m o n ly a d v e r b ia l ( i . i n . ) , h e r e it is m is le a d in g ; τ ο ύ τ ο μέν is in d e e d a d v e r b ia l, b u t τ ο ύ τ ο δέ is d e m o n s tr a tiv e : “ th is m e s s a g e .”

τ ώ ι μή δια μ νη μ ο νεύειν κ τλ .: th e

a r tic u la r in fin itiv e in th e d a tiv e e x p r e s s in g c a u s e .

τέθνη κεν ό ά νή ρ :

th e m e s s a g e m a y n o t h a v e b e e n q u ite th is s h o r t, s in c e E u . la te r im p lie s th a t th e n o t e in it s e lf im p lic a t e s h im (ά νο ιχ θ έν έμέ τ ο ν ά π ο κ τ ε ίν α ν τ α έμήνυε), b u t a n o t e th is s h o r t c o u ld h a v e b e e n all th a t w a s n e e d e d , δ ιά φ ο ρ ο ν . . . δ ιά φ ο ρ ο ς: s e v e r a l e d ito r s d e le t e th e s e c o n d c la u s e as r e d u n d a n t, b u t s e e In tr o d . 8 v i ι.

α υ τ ό ς εφη ά π ο κ τ ε ΐν α ι: in 5 .3 9 E u .

e x p lic itly c h a lle n g e d th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s c la im th a t th e to r tu r e d sla v e a d m it t e d k illin g H . a n d a r g u e d in s te a d th a t th e sla v e o n ly a d m it t e d h e lp in g E u . b e f o r e a n d a fte r th e m u rd er. B u t in a n y l a n g u a g e “ k ill” c a n b e a p p lie d m o r e o r le ss lo o s e ly to d iffe r in g d e g r e e s o f p a r t ic ip a tio n (5 .3 9 η .), a n d th e j u r o r s m a y n o t h a v e n o t ic e d th e c o n t r a d ic t io n .

55

π ο τ έ ρ ω ι χ ρ ή π ισ τ εΰ σ α ι: cf. 5 .3 6 π ο τ έ ρ ω ι νύν χ ρ ή σ ο ν τ α ι τ ω ν

λ ό γ ω ν ; , 5 - 5 ° π ο τ έ ρ ω ι ούν ε’ικός έστι π ισ τεύσ α ι;. T h e r e p e titio n w o u ld r e in fo r c e th e c la im th a t th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s c a s e w a s fu ll o f c o n t r a d ic ­ tio n s .

π ρ ώ τ ο ν . . . ύ σ τ ερ ο ν : th e b o a t m a y h a v e b e e n s e a r c h e d fo r

'the first tim e w h e n it a r r iv e d in M y tile n e (a n d s h e e p ’s b lo o d w a s fo u n d , 5 .2 9 ), o r (m o r e lik e ly ) a q u ic k s e a r c h m a y h a v e b e e n m a d e r ig h t a fte r H . ’s d is a p p e a r a n c e .

έ μ εμ η χ ά ν η τ ο :

5 .2 5 η .

ε ίσ β ά λ λ ο υ σ ιν :

th is

t o o s e e m s s c o r n fu l (5 .5 3 η . o n γ ρ α μ μ α τ είδ ιο ν): H . ’s r e la tiv e s j u s t “ t o s s ” th e n o t e in to th e b o a t; th e h is to r ic p r e s e n t a d d s to th e e ff e c t (cf. 1 .2 0 η .). τ α ύ τ η ι: a d v e r b ia l, “in th is w a y .”

56

ά φ α ν ίσ α ι: cf. 5 .5 2 , 5 .3 7 η .

b e g in n in g .”

ά π ό π ρ ώ τ η ς : sc. α ρ χ ή ς , “ fr o m th e

Μ ά ρ τυρ ες: in a d d it io n to p r o v id in g s u p p o r t fo r E u .’s

a r g u m e n t, th e w it n e s s e s m a rk th e t r a n s itio n to a n e w to p ic .

5 7 -6 3

T h e m o tiv e

E u . d e f e n d s h i m s e l f a g a i n s t s e v e r a l p o s s i b l e m o tiv e s - e n m ity , f e a r , h o p e o f e n r ic h ­ m e n t a n d d o i n g s o m e o n e e ls e a f a v o r . T h e p r o s e c u tio n m a y h a v e a l l e g e d a l l o f th e s e m o tiv e s i n d i v i d u a l l y o r to g eth er. A lt h o u g h E u . d o e s l i t t l e to c la r if y h is p a s t r e la tio n s w i t h H . o r L y c i n u s , i t a p p e a r s t h a t h e h a d h a d p r e v io u s b u s in e s s d e a l i n g s w i t h b o th

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.57 59 m e n , a n d th e s e m a y h a v e c a r r i e d o v e r in to l e g a l c o n te s ts . H i s p o s s i b l e m o tiv e s , th e r e ­ f o r e , m a y h a v e i n c l u d e d b i t t e r f e e l i n g s f r o m h is p a s t d e a l i n g s w i t h H . , th e f e a r o f l e g a l o r f i n a n c i a l h a r m f r o m H . , th e h o p e o f p r o f i t f r o m H . ’s d e a th e ith e r d i r e c t l y o r b y a r e w a r d f r o m L y c i n u s , o r o th e r m o t iv e s a r i s in g f r o m h is d e a l i n g s w i t h L y c in u s . T h e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s a l l e g a t i o n s w o u l d h a v e b ee n s p e c u l a t i v e , e s p e c i a l ly a s r e g a r d s a n y c o n s p i r a c y w i t h L y c i n u s , b u t t h e y m a y h a v e h a d e n o u g h e v id e n c e ( s u p p o r t e d b y w i t ­ n e s s e s w h o w e r e f r i e n d s o r r e l a t i v e s o f H . ) o f p r e v io u s d e a lin g s a m o n g th e th r e e m e n to m a k e a p l a u s i b l e a r g u m e n t a b o u t m o t iv e . T h e s a m e m o t iv e s a r e o fte n a l l e g e d (o r d e n ie d ) in f o r e n s i c s p e e c h e s (e .g . L y s . 1 . 4 3

4 , D em . 2 g .2 2

4 ) , e s p e c i a l ly in c a s e s

t h a t a r i s e f r o m p r e v i o u s l e g a l w r a n g l i n g , w h ic h c a n r e s u lt in a c o m b in a tio n o f p e r ­ s o n a l e n m ity , f e a r o f f u r t h e r p r o s e c u t i o n , a n d h o p e f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n (e.g. 2 . i . g - 8 ; F r. i a ) .

57

τ ίν ο ς y e δή κ τλ.: 5 .5 3 η . o n τ ο ύ . . . φ έ ρ ο ντ ο ς .

χ ά ρ ιτ ι: 5 · 4 Ι η ·

P r e s u m a b ly th is d o e s n o t r e p r e s e n t th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s fu ll a lle g a t io n , b u t th e y p r o b a b ly u s e d th e w o r d , a n d E u . s e iz e s th e o p p o r t u n ity to b e lit tle th e id e a th a t o n e c o u ld c o m m it m u r d e r as a favor. c o m m it m u r d e r.

ύ π ά ρ χ ε ιν : 5 .4 η .

τοΟ το ( b i s ) : i.e .

τ ή ν π ρ ό ν ο ια ν . . . φ α ν ε ρ ό ν

είναι έπιβουλευ ομ ε'νη ν “ p r e m e d it a t io n o f a p lo t m u s t b e [είναι w ith δεϊ] e v id e n t ” ; th e p a r t ic ip le is l o o s e ly a t ta c h e d .

έ μ ο \. . . ε χ θ ρ α ο ύδεμ ία:

th e r e p e titio n m a sk s th e fa c t th a t E u . o ffe r s n o s u p p o r t fo r th is c la im .

58

ά λ λ ά . . . ά λ λ ά κ τλ.: th e r e p e t it io n o f ά λ λ ά w it h e a c h a l le g a t io n

a n d its r e fu t a t io n is r h e to r ic a lly e ff e c tiv e in r e je c t in g th e s e e m in g ly e n d le s s list o f m o tiv e s p r o p o s e d b y th e p r o s e c u tio n ; cf. G o r g ia s , P a l. 1 3 - 1 9 , w h e r e f e a r a n d p r o fit a r e a m o n g th e m o tiv e s r e je c t e d .

άλλά

χ ρ ή μ α τ α . . . α ύ τ ώ ι: all m o d e r n e d ito r s a c c e p t D o b r e e ’s t r a n s p o s it io n , w h ic h s e e m s n e c e s s a r y to fit th e a r g u m e n t in 5 .5 9 (se e e s p e c ia lly τ η ν π ρ ό φ α σ ιν τ α ύ τ η ν ). T h e s ta t e m e n t t h a t H . h a d n o m o n e y is n o t s u p ­ p o r te d ; h e w o u ld h a v e r e c e iv e d r a n s o m m o n e y fo r th e p r is o n e r s h e w a s ta k in g to A e n u s , t h o u g h s o m e o f th e s e m a y h a v e b e l o n g e d to o th e r s . It is a lso p o s s ib le th a t E u . w o u ld p r o fit b y a v o id in g a c o s tly la w s u it th a t H . w a s g o in g to b r in g a g a in s t h im .

59

π ρ ό φ α σ ιν : 5 .2 m .

χ ρ η μ ά τ ω ν ϊνεκ α : th e s u g g e s tio n w a s m a d e

e a r lie r (5.10 ενεκα . . . τ ο ΰ σ φ ίσ ιν α ϋ τ ο ΐς λ υ σ ιτ ε λ ο ΰ ντ ο ς); h e r e E u . p r o v id e s n o fu r th e r s u p p o r t fo r th e c h a r g e . For w a y s to p r o fit fr o m p r o s e c u tio n s e e in tr o d u c t io n to 5 , a b o v e .

συ έμο\ εκείνον: th e e x tr e m e e llip sis is

h a r s h b u t th e s e n s e is c le a r : “y o u (a sc r ib e th is m o tiv e to) m e (for k illin g ) h i m .”

ά λ ο ίη ς: cf. 2 .1 .5 η . o n εΤλεν. For t h e t h o u g h t th a t th e p r o s e c u ­

tio n d e s e r v e tr ia l r a th e r t h a n th e d e f e n d a n t , cf. 2.2.11

ά π ο κ τ ε ίν α ς:

“ fo r h a v in g k ille d m e ,” i.e . “i f y o u kill m e ” (by o b t a in in g a d e a t h s e n ­ t e n c e a g a in s t m e in th is trial).

ά ν α γ κ α ίω ν : i.e . h is o t h e r r e la tiv e s

(1.4η .); p r e s u m a b ly th e p r o s e c u to r is a r e la tiv e t o o .

φ ανεράν . . .

ά φ α νεΐ: cf. 5 .2 3 η . E u . h a s c h a r g e d th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n h a v e n o t m a d e h is m o tiv e c le a r (5.57), a n d h e c o n tr a s ts th is w ith h is o w n a c c u s a tio n , w h ic h c ite s o n e c le a r m o tiv e (profit) as o p p o s e d to a m ix t u r e o f se v e r a l. 6 0 τ α ϋ τ α μεν ύμΐν λ έ γ ω , ώ$ “ I tell y o u th is b e c a u s e ” ; ταΟ τα re fe r s b a c k to h is c h a r g e (5.59) th a t th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s c a s e is u n c le a r , n o t (as a lm o s t all s c h o la r s u n d e r s t a n d it) to th e a s s e r tio n th a t f o llo w s , ύμΐν a lm o s t c e r t a in ly d e s ig n a te s th e ju r o r s (so t o o 5.6 1 ύ μ ετ έρ ω ν ), a n d E u . s w itc h e s to th e th ir d p e r s o n (έχει, α ίτ ιώ ν τ α ι) fo r th e p r o s e c u tio n , w h o m h e w a s p r e v io u s ly a d d r e s s in g in th e s e c o n d p e r s o n sin g u la r . In o r a l p r e s e n ta t io n t h e c o n f u s io n fe lt b y th e r e a d e r c o u ld e a s ily b e a v o id e d b y g e s tu r e s .

α ύ τ ώ ι μοι π ρ ό φ α σ ιν ούδεμ ία ν εχει ά π ο κ τ ε ΐν α ι “ h e h a s n o

m o tiv e for m e to h a v e k ille d ” th e m a n . T h e e x p r e s s io n is d iffic u lt a n d is c o m m o n ly e m e n d e d b y a d d in g a n a r tic le to th e in fin itiv e (to m a k e it th e su b je ct) a n d p e r h a p s c h a n g in g έχει to a p a s t te n se ; b u t (as in th e E n g lish v e r sio n ) th e a w k w a r d n e s s d o e s n o t p r e v e n t o u r u n d e r s t a n d in g th e e x p r e s s io n , a n d e m e n d a t io n is u n n e c e s s a r y . E u . e x p la in s to th e ju r o r s th a t h e a c c u s e s th e p r o s e c u to r o f n o t h a v in g a c le a r c a s e a g a in s t h im b e c a u s e h e , th e p r o s e c u to r , d o e s n o t h a v e a s p e c if ic m o tiv e fo r E u . to h a v e c o m m it t e d th e m u r d e r (for π ρ ό φ α σ ις w ith a s im p le in fin itiv e , s e e S o p h . P h i l . 1 034 α ύ τη γ ά ρ ήν σοι π ρ ό φ α σ ις έκβαλεΐν εμέ), α ύ τ ώ ι μοι is e m p h a tic to c o n tr a s t w ith th e fo llo w in g re m a r k s a b o u t L y c in u s , to w h o m th e p r o s e c u to r a p p a r e n t ly d id a s s ig n a s p e c if ic m o tiv e .

ούτε

γ ά ρ χ ρ ή μ α τ α ήν α ύ τ ώ ι ό π ό θ εν ά ν έ λ α β ε ν “ n o r d id h e h a v e (a so u r c e ) fro m w h ic h h e w o u ld r e c e iv e ” ; th e s e p a r a tio n o f χ ρ ή μ α τ α fr o m έλ α β εν is d i f ­ fic u lt. 6 1 τεκμή ριον:

i . i o n . T h e “e v id e n c e ” is h y p o t h e t ic a l a n d p r e tty

flim sy : E u . g iv e s n o s p e c if ic i n d ic a t io n h o w s e r io u s a c r im e H . h a d a lle g e d ly

c o m m it t e d

or

b r o u g h t a g a in s t h im .

how

s tr o n g

a

case

L y c in u s

c o u ld

have

α ύ τ ό ν : H .; h o w e v e r , E u . u s e s έκεΐνος fo r H .

b e f o r e a n d a fte r th is, a n d th e f o llo w in g α ύ τ ώ ι d e s ig n a te s L y c in u s. κ α τ α σ τ ή σ α ν τ ι: tr a n sitiv e .

π ρ ο ω φ ε ίλ ε τ ο α ύ τ ώ ι κακ όν “p a y m e n t fo r

a p r e v io u s w r o n g w a s o w e d to h im ” ; i.e . i f th e r e h a d b e e n p r e v io u s d e a l­ in g s b e t w e e n t h e tw o m e n a n d L y c in u s fe lt H . o w e d h im s o m e t h in g , th is w o u ld h a v e b e e n th e tim e to s e ttle th e sc o r e .

κα\ τ ό τ ε ίδ ιο ν . . . κα\

τήι π ό λ ει: th e o r a to r s o fte n s e e k to j o in p u b lic a n d p r iv a te in te r e s ts (e.g.

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.61 63 L y s. 12.2).

χ ά ρ ιν κ α τα θέσ θα ι “ e a r n g r a tit u d e ” ; o n e “ d e p o s it s ” a

fa v o r w ith th e city, w h ic h t h e n o w e s o n e a fa v o r in r e tu r n (th e s a m e e x p r e s s io n in T h u c . 1.33.1).

ο ύ δ ’ ήλθεν έπ \ τ ο ύ τ ο ν : i.e . “ h e d id n o t

e v e n p r o c e e d a g a in s t h i m ” (i.e . w ith le g a l a c tio n ) .

καλλίοον “ m o r e

h o n o r a b le ” ; fo r th e A t h e n ia n v ie w o f lit ig a t io n as a m e a n s o f a s s e r tin g o r d e f e n d in g o n e ’s h o n o r , s e e C o h e n (1 9 9 5 ).

α ύ τ ώ ι: m o st e d ito r s

p o s it a la c u n a h e r e b o t h to m a k e th e s e n s e c le a r e r (th a t it w o u ld h a v e b e e n m o r e h o n o r a b le to ta k e le g a l a c t io n th a n to c o m m it th e a lle g e d m u r d e r ), a n d to p r o v id e th e fo r m u la ic in tr o d u c t io n th e o t h e r w itn e s s e s r e c e iv e in th is s p e e c h . B u t th e s e n t e n c e m a k e s s e n s e w it h o u t a n y su p p le ­ m e n t , a n d th e s u m m o n in g o f th e w it n e s s e s m a y n o t a lw a y s h a v e b e e n w r itt e n in to th e te x t (cf. 5 .8 3 η .) . I f c h a n g e w e r e d e s ir e d , it m ig h t b e b e s t to d e le t e Μ ά ρ τ υ ρ ες, s in c e it is h a r d to s e e w h a t th e w it n e s s e s c o u ld te s tify to (th a t L y c in u s d id n o t ta k e le g a l a c tio n ? ) a n d 5 .6 2 fo llo w s d ir e c t ly fro m th e e n d o f 5 .6 1 w it h n o a llu s io n to th e t e s t im o n y o f a n y w it n e s s e s (c o n ­ tra st 6 .1 5 -1 6 ) . 62

ά λ λ ά γ ά ρ “b u t, as a m a tte r o f f a c t ” ( G P 101).

εν τ α ύ θ α

5

ε ντ α ύ θ α μεν . . .

’ : in t h e p o t e n t ia l l a w s u i t . . . in th e m u r d e r.

“ h e le t h im g o ” ; th e s u b je c t is L y c in u s .

άφήκεν α υ τ ό ν

ο υ δε: a lth o u g h b o t h M S

r e a d in g s a r e s y n t a c t ic a lly v ia b le , n e ith e r c o n v e y s th e n e c e s s a r y s e n s e th a t p r e v io u s ly L y c in u s a v o id e d a c t io n d e s p i t e th e a b s e n c e o f risk, w h e r e a s n o w h e is a lle g e d to h a v e a c te d w h e n th e risk w a s g r e a t, άπεστε'ρει κ τ λ .: E u . s p e a k s o f tw o d iffe r e n t p u n is h m e n ts , e x ile fo r h im a n d b a n is h m e n t fr o m e v e r y t h in g th a t is s a c r e d a n d h o ly a n d v a lu a b le fo r L y c in u s , b u t it is u n lik e ly th a t th e p u n is h m e n ts w o u ld b e s ig n if ic a n t ly d iffe r e n t i f b o t h w e r e c o n v ic t e d . E s u g g e s ts th a t E u . is r e fe r r in g to th e p o s s ib ilit y th a t L y c in u s w o u ld b e c h a r g e d o n ly w ith p lo t t in g th e m u r d e r (βούλευσ ις), b u t o u r e v id e n c e in d ic a t e s th a t s o m e o n e a c c u s e d o f p lo tt in g a m u r d e r w o u ld b e b r o u g h t to tria l b y a δίκη φ ό νο υ a n d w o u ld fa c e th e s a m e p u n is h m e n t as th e a c tu a l k iller; s e e fu r th e r in tr o d u c t io n to 6 , b e lo w , G a g a r in (1 9 9 0 b ). G d e le t e s th e w h o le s e n te n c e ( b e g in n in g w it h έν ώι) o n th e g r o u n d th a t th e p u n is h m e n ts a r e t o o m ild fo r h o m ic id e , a n d o n e w o u ld e x p e c t E u . to m e n t io n a h a r s h e r p e n a lty , w h a te v e r t h e rea lity , ώ ς μ ά λ ισ τ α : 5 .2 7 η . 63

ου: th e a n t e c e d e n t fo llo w s (έρ γ ο ν).

δια κινδυνευειν “ ta k e a g r e a t r is k ,” th e e a r lie st u s e o f th is c o m ­

p o u n d w h ic h is fa ir ly c o m m o n in th e o r a to r s , T h u c y d id e s a n d la te r h is ­ to r ia n s ; fo r c o m p o u n d s in A ., s e e I n tr o d . 8 ii 4 .

έκ πρ ία σ θαι “b u y

o f f,” a r are c o m p o u n d ; o n ly th r e e o t h e r o c c u r r e n c e s in th e o r a to r s

207

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.63 (a lw a y s

n e g a tiv e ),

τ ο υ ν α ν τ ίο ν

“j u s t

and

a fe w

e x a m p le s

th e

o p p o s it e ”

in la te r

G reek .

(a d v e r b ia l).

d e f a u lt ” ; lit. “p a s t th e d a y ” a lo a n w a s d u e .

αυτό

υ π ερ ή μ ερ ο υ

“ in

ε π τ ά μ ν ώ ν : th e g e n itiv e

e x p r e ss e s v a lu e ; s e v e n m in a s w a s a fa ir ly la r g e s u m (se e I n tr o d . 4: A n o t e o n c u r r e n c y ).

λύ σ α σ θ α ι: i.e . fro m p r is o n , w h e r e h e p r o b a b ly w a s

s e n t as a p u b lic d e b t o r (a ss u m in g a s im ila r ity b e t w e e n M y t ile n e a n a n d A t h e n ia n law ).

κα\ μεν δή: 5 .5 m .

t io n s h ip . . . tre a t a s ” ; cf. i .8 n . h o w e v e r , s o m e d e g r e e o f f r ie n d s h ip .

χ ρ ε ία ς . . . έ χ ρ ώ μ η ν “ r e la ­

ου σ φ ό δ ρ α “ n o t v e r y ,” im p ly in g , où y à p δ ή π ο υ g o e s w ith th e

w h o le s e n te n c e : “it is s u r e ly n o t th e c a s e ’ (th a t I d id n o t p a y h is d e b t b u t I d id c o m m it m u r d e r ).

ά ρ ά μ ενο$: a o r is t m id d le o f α ίρ ω (άείρ ω ).

6473

P r o o f a n d c e rta in ty

A n e x te n d e d a r g u m e n t t h a t th e j u r o r s o u g h t to b e c o m p le te ly c e r ta in b e fo r e c o n v ic tin g s o m e o n e in a c a p i t a l c a s e , s i n c e in n o c e n t p e o p l e a r e o fte n w r o n g l y a c c u s e d o f c r im e s a n d a w r o n g v e r d ic t c a n n o t b e r e m e d i e d la te r . T h r e e h is t o r i c a l e x a m p l e s a r e i n t r o ­ d u c e d ( 5 - 6 7 - 7 1 ) to s h o w t h a t ( a ) w h e r e th e k i l le r i s u n k n o w n , s o m e o n e w h o w a s w i t h th e v i c ti m i s n o t n e c e s s a r il y g u i l t y ( i l l u s t r a t e d b y th e k i l l i n g o f E p h i a l t e s a n d , h y p o th e t ic a l ly , th e k i l l i n g o f a s l a v e ’s m a s t e r ) , a n d ( b ) s o m e m e n e x e c u t e d f o r c r im e s a r e l a t e r f o u n d to b e in n o c e n t ( i l l u s t r a t e d b y th e H e l l e n o t a m i a e ) . S c h o la r s h a v e w o n d e r e d w h y E u . r e f u s e s to s p e c u l a t e a b o u t o th e r p o s s i b l e k i l le r s (o r o th e r s c e n a r i o s , s u c h a s a n a c c i d e n t a l d r o w n i n g ) a n d h a v e o f f e r e d v a r io u s s p e c u l a t i o n s o f t h e i r o w n . I n a v e r y s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n , m o re o v e r, th e d e f e n d a n t in th e F i r s t T e t r a l o g y a l s o c o m p l a i n s t h a t h e s h o u l d n o t h a v e to r e v e a l th e a c t u a l m u r d e r e r in o r d e r to p r o v e h i s in n o c e n c e ( 2 . 2 . 4 , 2 -4 -3 )> b u t h e th e n ta k e s u p t h i s t a s k n o n e th e ­ le s s

(ό μ ω ς δε, 2 . 4 . 3 ) . R e a s o n s f o r a v o i d i n g s u c h s p e c u l a t i o n in t h i s c a s e m a y b e (a )

th e s l a v e ’s d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t t o g e th e r w i t h o t h e r f a c t s t h a t m a y h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d (e.g . t h a t a g u a r d w a s w a t c h i n g th e T h r a c i a n p r i s o n e r s , w h o m s o m e h a v e r e g a r d e d a s lik e ly s u s p e c ts ) m a y h a v e d e te r r e d su ch s p e c u la tio n ; a n d (b ) s u c h s p e c u la tio n w o u l d t a k e t i m e a w a y f r o m E u . ’s a r g u m e n t t h a t th e j u r o r s s h o u l d n o t c o n d e m n h im u n le s s th e y a r e c e r ta i n . A . m a y h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t h e c o u l d n o t c r e a te en o u g h s u s ­ p i c i o n a b o u t a n o th e r s u s p e c t to i n c r e a s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y th e d o u b t a l r e a d y in th e j u r o r s ’ m in d s . H o w e v e r , i t i s s t i l l p u z z l i n g t h a t h e d o e s n o t s u g g e s t a n y a l t e r n a t i v e , e v e n b r ie fly , a n d t h a t h e d w e l l s a t s u c h le n g th o n h is r e f u s a l to s p e c u l a t e ( 3 . 6 4 - 6 ) . H e w o u l d n o t h a v e to d e s c r ib e in d e t a i l j u s t h o w H e r o d e s m e t h is e n d , b u t h e c o u l d e a s i l y c ite th e s t o r m y c o n d i t io n s , H e r o d e s ’ d r u n k e n s t a te , a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s c o n d u c iv e to a n a c c i d e n t a l d r o w n i n g , w h i l e c o n t i n u i n g to m a i n t a i n t h a t h e h i m s e l f n e v e r le f t th e

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.64 68 b o a t.

64

cos · · · ά π ο δ έδ εικ τ α ι: cf. 4 .4 .9 .

π λ ε ίσ τ ω ι: m o s t e d ito r s (n o t

G ) a d d τ ώ ι a fte r th is (to g o w ith τ ο ύ τ ω ι . . . λ ό γ ω ι) , a s s u m in g it d r o p p e d o u t b y h a p lo g r a p h y . T h e e m e n d a t io n is a ttr a c tiv e b u t u n n e c e s s a r y , i f w e ta k e λ ό γ ω ι as p r e d ic a tiv e : “ th e y u s e th is as th e ir s tr o n g e s t a r g u m e n t ” (S 1178a).

ά φ α ν ή ς: th e p r o s e c u tio n p r o b a b ly d id n o t e m p h a s iz e

H . ’s d i s a p p e a r a n c e as m u c h as E u . d o e s , fo r th e y m u s t h a v e r e a liz e d th a t th e a b s e n c e o f a c o r p s e w a s a w e a k n e s s in th e ir c a s e .

εξ Ισου

κ τλ.: h o w e v e r , E u . w a s p r e s e n t a t th e tim e , w h e r e a s th e j u r o r s w e r e n o t. τ ο ΐς άληθέσι χ ρ ή σ θ α ι: 5 .3 3 η . o n έχ ρ ή τ ο .

έ ρ ω τ ώ ν τ ω ν : th e fo r m o f

th e th ir d p e r s o n p lu r a l im p e r a t iv e is in d is t in g u is h a b le fr o m th e p a r t ic i­ p le . T h e r e is e v id e n t ir o n y in s u g g e s tin g th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n s h o u ld a sk o n e o f t h o s e w l o d id it for a n a c c o u n t .

ά ρ ισ τ α : a ll m o d e r n e d ito r s

r e a d ά ρ ισ τ ’ ά ν; b u t s e e I n tr o d . 8 iii 2. 65 τό

μα κρότα τον

τή ς

ά π ο κ ρ ίσ ε ω ς

“ th e

fu lle s t

a n s w e r ,”

a

T h u c y d id e a n fo r m o f e x p r e s s io n (“ a n a d j e c t iv e . . . c o n v e r te d in to a n e u t e r s u b s t a n tiv e f o llo w e d b y a n o u n as d e p e n d e n t g e n i t i v e ,” R ü ste n 1 9 89: 22).

ευ είκάσαι: sc. ρ ά ιδιο ν έσ τίν. O f c o u r s e , th e m u r d e r e r

w o u ld n o t h a v e to s p e c u la t e . ( 5 .2 m .) .

π ρ ό φ α σ ιν “ p la u s ib le e x p la n a t io n ”

π ερ ί τ ω ν ά φ α ν ώ ν είκάζειν: th e id e a th à t s p e c u la t io n a b o u t

t h e u n k n o w n is n o t c e r t a in h e r e c o m e s t o g e t h e r w ith th e t h e m e o f d is ­ a p p e a r a n c e (5.3 7 η .): th e d is a p p e a r a n c e s o f H . a n d th e sla v e m e a n th a t th e fa c ts a fte r H . le ft th e b o a t h a v e d is a p p e a r e d (th e y w e r e c le a r a n d c e r t a in u p to th e p o in t o f H . le a v in g th e b o a t , 5 .2 3 η .) a n d a re th u s a m a tte r for είκός- a r g u m e n t s , o r s p e c u la t io n . 66

μή . . . νείμητε “ d o n o t p r e s e n t ” (νέμω ).

ά π ο ρ ία ι: i . i n . ά ξ ιο ΰ τ ε : w ith th e

in fin itiv e h e r e (a n d in 5 .6 8 ) m e a n s “ th in k th a t . . . s h o u l d ,” “ e x p e c t .” For th e c h a n g e fr o m a o r is t s u b j u n c t iv e to p r e s e n t im p e r a t iv e , se e S i8 4 id -e . 6 7 γ ε γ ο ν ό ς “ it h a s h a p p e n e d ” (that); as in E n g lis h , th e s u b je c t is s u p ­ p lie d b y th e c la u s e s th a t fo llo w .

τ ά ς α ιτ ία ς ύποσχεΤ ν: ύ π έ χ ε ιν is o fte n

u s e d in le g a l c o n t e x t s to m e a n “u n d e r g o ” o r “ s u ffe r ” a p e n a lty , a tria l, o r (h ere) b la m e for s o m e t h in g ; cf. P la to , A p . 3 3 b τ ο ύ τ ω ν . . . οΰκ ά ν δικαίω ς τ η ν α ιτ ία ν ΰ π έχ οιμ ι. 68

αύτίκ α

“ fo r e x a m p le ” (LSJ s.v. II).

Ε φ ιά λ τ η ν :

th e m o s t

n o t o r io u s u n s o lv e d c r im e in A t h e n ia n h is to r y a t th e tim e . E p h ia lte s , a n a s s o c ia t e o f P e r ic le s, w a s m u r d e r e d in 4 6 1 , p r o b a b ly a s a r e su lt o f th e r e fo r m o f th e A r e o p a g u s h e c a r r ie d o u t in 4 6 3 . D e s p it e m a n y s u g g e s -

209 tio n s , in c lu d in g A P 2 5 .4 , w h ic h n a m e s a c e r t a in A r is to d ic u s o f T a n a g r a as th e killer, n o s o lu tio n h a s b e e n a g r e e d u p o n b y a n c ie n ts o r m o d e r n s (se e R h o d e s 1981: a d l o c .); a n d th e ju r o r s w o u ld p r o b a b ly h a v e a g r e e d w ith E u .’s p r e s e n ta t io n o f th e c r im e as u n s o lv e d . T h e r e is n o r e a s o n to s u s p e c t a n “ o lig a r c h ic v ie w ” o f th e m u r d e r (G ).

ή ξίου: 5 .6 6 η .

εί δέ μή “o t h e r w is e ” (i.e. i f th e y d o n o t m a k e a p la u s ib le c o n je c tu r e ), ε ν ό χ ο υ ς: ι . ι ι η .

κινδυνεύειν d e p e n d s o n έ ζή τ η σ α ν, a s lig h tly a w k w a r d

c o n s tr u c t io n b u t p r e fe r a b le to e m e n d in g to έκινδύνευον, as s o m e d o . T h e id e a is th a t d is p o s in g o f th e c o r p s e w o u ld in c r e a s e th e risk o f e x p o s u r e (as it a lle g e d ly d id in E u .’s c a s e ).

τή ς δ ’ ά ν α ιρ έ σ ε ω ς : it is p o s s ib le to

u n d e r s ta n d th is p h r a s e as r e s p o n d in g to τής μεν επ ίβ ο υ λ η ς (τ ο ύ θ α νά τ ο υ ), “ th e m u r d e r ” a s o p p o s e d to p la n n in g th e c r im e , b u t th e n o u n (in c o n ­ tra st to th e v e r b , 5 .3 9 η .) o n ly h a s th is s e n s e in la te G re e k ; w e s h o u ld th u s tr a n sla te “th e p ic k in g u p ” (as in 3 .3 .6 ). 69

τ ο ύ τ ο δ ’ : a d v e r b ia l w it h o u t τ ο ύ τ ο μεν (cf. i . in .); th e n e x t e x a m p le

is sim ila r ly in tr o d u c e d .

εντ ό ς οΰ π ο λ λ ο ύ χ ρ ό ν ο υ : A . m a y h a v e u s e d

th is e x a m p le , w h ic h o n ly h y p o t h e t ic a lly fits h is n e e d s , b e c a u s e it h a p ­ p e n e d v e r y r e c e n t ly a n d w a s th u s in th e m in d s o f th e j u r o r s ; w e k n o w n o t h in g o f th e e v e n t b e s id e s w h a t is s a id h e r e . sla v e , o r h e w o u ld b e fu r th e r id e n tif ie d .

π α ΐς: p r e s u m a b ly a

έζή τη σ εν: th e a t te m p t w a s

u n s u c c e s s fu l. E u .’s p o in t is th a t i f th e sla v e h a d n o t p a n ic k e d , h e w o u ld h a v e s u c c e e d e d a n d w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n id e n tif ie d a s th e killer, ά ν εβ ό η σ εν: th e s u b je c t is th e m a ste r .

ά π α ν τ ε ς : a lth o u g h th e a c tu a l

k ille r w o u ld h a v e b e e n a m o n g t h o s e e x e c u t e d , E u .’s p o in t is th a t m a n y in n o c e n t p e o p le w o u ld a lso h a v e b e e n e x e c u te d b e c a u s e th e k ille r w a s u n k n o w n . It is n o t c le a r w h a t le g a l g r o u n d s , i f any, ju s t if ie d a m a s t e r ’s e x e c u t in g h is o w n sla v e , le t a lo n e h is w h o le h o u s e h o ld ; cf. 1 .2 0 (th e c o n ­ c u b in e c o n f e s s e s a n d is h a n d e d o v e r to a p u b lic e x e c u tio n e r ), 5 .4 7 (E u. p r o te s ts th a t a sla v e s h o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n k ille d b y h is m a s te r w it h o u t a tria l), a n d 6 .4 (a m a s t e r w h o k ills a sla v e su ffe r s n o p u n is h m e n t b u t m u s t b e p u r ifie d ).

οΰκ ο ύ σ α ν :

i.e . (b la m e ) th a t w a s n o t tru e.

οί

Έ λ λ η ν ο τ α μ ία ι: a g r o u p o f t e n (la te r tw e n ty ) o ffic ia ls c r e a t e d in 4 7 8 to o v e r se e th e f in a n c e s o f th e D e lia n le a g u e . T h is e p is o d e , w h ic h is n o t m e n tio n e d in a n y o t h e r s o u r c e , m u s t h a v e o c c u r r e d in th e 4 5 0 s o r 4 4 0 s (see 5.71). A t h e n ia n la w r e q u ir e d in d iv id u a l tria ls fo r a ll a c c u s e d o f c r im e s (a r u le n o t o r io u s ly v io la t e d in th e c a s e o f th e g e n e r a ls a fte r th e b a ttle o f A r g in u s a e in 4 0 6 ); th e H e l le n o t a m ia e w o u ld th u s h a v e b e e n tr ie d a n d s e n te n c e d o n e b y o n e , w ith S o s ia s p r e s u m a b ly b e in g th e la st.

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.69 73 ο ρ γ ή ι μ ά λ λ ο ν ή γ ν ώ μ η ι: th e p h r a s e h a s a G o r g ia n ic rin g ; it r e c u r s in T h u c y d id e s 2 .2 2 .1 .

κ α τ α φ α ν ές: cf. 5 .6 5 η . o n περ ί τ ω ν ά φ α ν ώ ν

είκάζειν. η ο κ α τ έ γ ν ω σ τ ο : h e r e w ith g e n itiv e s fo r b o t h th e p e r s o n c o n v ic t e d a n d th e p e n a lty ; cf. 2 .2 .1 2 η . G .V I I I .ö .b ) .

έν τ ο ύ τ ω ι “ m e a n w h i le ” (L SJ s.v. ο ϋ τ ο ς

τ ώ ι τ ρ ό π ω ι: a n I o n ic u s e o f th e a r tic le as a r e la tiv e .

S o m e e d ito r s e m e n d to ό τ ω ι τ ρ ό π ω ι (cf. 5 .6 6 , 5.71).

ά π ή χ θ η : o n th e

n o n - t e c h n ic a l s e n s e se e 5 .3 8 η .; th e r e m a y b e a n ir o n ic a llu s io n to th e fa c t th a t t h o s e a r r e s te d b y ά π α γ ω γ ή (like E u .) w e r e d e liv e r e d to th e E le v e n .

71

ύ π ό τ ο ΰ δή μου: p r o b a b ly b y a v o t e o f th e A s s e m b ly .

β α σ α ν ίζειν “ to t e s t ,” th e o r ig in a l m e a n in g o f th e w o r d ( i.6 n .) .

μή . . . γ ν ώ τ ε :

cf. 2 .4 .1 2

μή μ ετ α ν ο ή σ α ντ ε ς τ η ν ά μ α ρ τ ία ν γ ν ώ τ ε .

δ ια β ο λ ή ς: p o s s ib ly a n a llu s io n to a n t i- M y t ile n e a n s e n t im e n t in A th e n s . T h e r e is a s im ila r w a r n in g a g a in s t h a s te , a n g e r a n d p r e ju d ic e in th e s p e e c h T h u c y d id e s g iv e s D i o d o t u s d u r in g th e M y t ile n e a n d e b a te , u r g in g t h e A t h e n ia n s to r e c o n s id e r th e ir h a s ty d e c is io n o f th e p r e v io u s d a y ; s e e e sp . 3 .4 2 .1 ν ο μ ίζω δε δύο τ α έ ν α ν τ ιώ τ α τ α εΰβ ο υλία ι είναι, τ ά χ ο ς τε κα'ι ο ρ γ ή ν . E u .’s r e m a r k s m a y b e in t e n d e d to r e m in d th e j u r o r s o f th e ir c h a n g e o f h e a r t o n th a t o c c a s io n .

72

oil γ ά ρ . . . τ ο ΰ ά ν θ ρ ώ π ο υ : lit. “ t h e r e is n o t h in g th a t a n a n g r y

m a n w o u ld d e c id e w e ll, fo r it [i.e . h is a n g e r ] d e s tr o y s th e f a c ility w ith w h ic h h e p la n s , th e m a n ’s j u d g m e n t .” T h is m a x im , w h ic h w o u ld n o t b e o u t o f p la c e a m o n g th e s u r v iv in g f r a g m e n ts o f A . ’s O n c o n c o r d , w a s in c lu d e d in S t o b a e u s ’ a n t h o lo g y c o m p ile d in th e fifth c e n tu r y ad [ F lo r . 2 0 .4 4 ). S t o b a e u s ’ t e x t s h o w s m in o r d iff e r e n c e s fro m th e M S S o f A ., b u t t h e s e m a y h a v e a r is e n in th e p r o c e s s o f e x c e r p t in g a n d n e e d n o t b e a s ig n o f t e x t u a l c o r r u p tio n . g r e a t t h in g .”

μ έγ α : sc. έστί: (d a y s u c c e e d in g d a y ) “ is a

μ ετ α σ τ ή σ α ι: e p e x e g e t ic in fin itiv e w it h μ έγα : “fo r

c h a n g i n g ” (a n g e r in to j u d g m e n t) .

73

ϊσ τε: im p e r a t iv e .

είκός: h e r e = “ r e a s o n a b le ,” i n d ic a t in g a

g e n e r a l s ta n d a r d o f h u m a n b e h a v io r ; cf. 1.2η.

τ ό ύ μ έτ ερ ο ν δ υ νά -

μ ενον “y o u r a b ility .” T h e a r tic le w ith a n e u t e r p a r t ic ip le f u n c tio n in g as a n a b s tr a c t n o u n is c h a r a c te r is t ic o f T h u c y d id e s ( R ü s te n 1989: 2 2 - 3 ; P r itc h e tt 1975: 9 2 n .3 2 ), as is th e f u r th e r a d d it io n o f w o r d s d e p e n d e n t o n th e p a r t ic ip le ; s im ila r ly τ ό τ ω ν ε χ θ ρ ώ ν β ο υ λ ό μ ε ν ο ν = “ m y e n e m i e s ’ d e s ir e .”

έπ ισ χ εΐν:

έπ εχ εΐν

has

tw o

b a s ic

m e a n in g s ,

“ e x te n d

t o w a r d s ” a n d “k e e p a w a y ,” “k e e p b a c k ” (cf. E n g lis h “ h o ld o u t ” ); h e r e in th e s e c o n d s e n s e = “w a i t .” E u . a llu d e s to th e p o s s ib ility , w h ic h h e la te r

211

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.73-74

e la b o r a t e s (esp . 5 . 8 5 - 9 0 ) , o f a s e c o n d tria l b y th e r e g u la r p r o c e d u r e o f δική φ ό νο υ a fte r a n a c q u itt a l in th is tria l (cf. 5 .1 6 η . o n ά ν α μ φ ισ β η τ ή τ ω $ ). τ ώ ι π α ρ α χ ρ ή μ α “ im m e d ia t e ( a c t io n ).”

α ρ χ ή ν : a d v e r b ia l, w ith a

n e g a t iv e = “at a ll” (LSJ s.v. I.c ).

7 4 -8 0

E u x i t h e u s ’f a t h e r a n d th e M y tile n e a n re v o lt

E u . n o w d e f e n d s h is f a t h e r , w h o s e r o le in th e M y t i l e n e a n r e v o lt s o m e te n y e a r s e a r lie r th e p r o s e c u t i o n h a d e v i d e n tl y d i s c u s s e d , p e r h a p s a t le n g th . T h i s i s a d a n g e r o u s a r e a f o r E u . , s i n c e m o s t j u r o r s w o u l d r e m e m b e r th e e v e n t w e l l a n d m a n y p r e s u m a b ly s t i l l h a r b o r e d i l l w i l l t o w a r d M y t i l e n e . E u . ’s s t r a te g y i s to d o w n p l a y h is f a t h e r ’s r o le in th e e v e n ts , w h i l e p o r t r a y i n g h im a s a w e a l t h y M y t i l e n e a n w h o , m u c h lik e a w e a l t h y A th e n i a n , c o n t r ib u t e s h i s s h a r e to th e c i t y b u t is c o n s t a n t l y p e s t e r e d b y s y c o p h a n ts ( I n tr o d . 7 ) . T h i s l a s t p o i n t l e a d s to a r e n e w e d a t t a c k on th e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s m o t i v e s f o r b r in g in g t h i s c a s e ; h e n o w a c c u s e s th e m e x p l i c i t l y o f b e in g s y c o p h a n t s th e m s e lv e s . E u . ’s d e f e n s e o f h i s f a t h e r i s in s o m e w a y s a s e l f - c o n ta i n e d s p e e c h ( V o llm e r 1 9 5 8 : 1 0 9 - 1 1 ; E 1 1 1 - 1 2 ) ; h e m u s t h a v e a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t th e p r o s e c u t i o n w o u l d i n c lu d e h is f a t h e r a n d t h e f a m o u s r e v o lt in t h e i r a r g u m e n ts , b u t h e ( a n d A . ) m a y h a v e ta k e n c a r e t h a t h is o w n d i s c u s s io n o f h i s f a t h e r c o u l d b e d e l e te d a t th e l a s t m in u te , in c a s e th e p r o s e c u t i o n d i d n o t m e n tio n h im .

74

καίτοι γ ε κ τ λ.: 5 .7 4 - 5 fo r m a k in d o f p r o lo g u e to th e d e f e n s e o f h is

fa th er, in w h ic h t h e s e n tim e n ts e x p r e s s e d a n d th e v e r b a l e ffe c ts , s u c h as t h e p a r i s o s i s a n d p a r o m o i o s i s o f ό μεν . . . ό δε (In tr o d . 8 ν 2), a r e a p p r o p r i­ a te. S im ila r ly , th e s e n tim e n ts in 5 .8 0 (ύμεΤ$ β οη θ ή σ α τε μοι, e tc .) are a p p r o p r ia te for a n e p ilo g u e .

εΐκό$: 5 .7 3 η .

πρεσβυτερος . . .

τ ω ν έμ ώ ν π ρ α γ μ ά τ ω ν “o ld e r th a n m y a ffa ir s ” ; th e s e n s e is c le a r ( E u .’s fa th e r h a s b e e n a liv e lo n g e r t h a n E u . h a s b e e n a c tiv e ) b u t th e o d d e x p r e s s io n a p p e a r s m o tiv a te d b y a d e s ir e to r e ite r a te t h e o p p o s itio n o l d e r / y o u n g e r w it h o u t m u c h r e g a r d fo r cla rity . N o t h i n g a b o u t E u .’s a g e c a n b e in fe r r e d fr o m th is.

εί μεν ε γ ώ κ τλ .: 5 .3 8 η .

ά γ ω ν ι-

ζο μ ένο υ “ c o n t e n d in g in c o u r t ,” “ b e in g a lit ig a n t ” c a n d e s ig n a te e ith e r lit ig a n t (cf. 5 .3 , 5 .4 , 5.7), b u t h e r e it m u s t b e th e p r o s e c u to r (το ύ τ ο υ ), άκοήι: s e v e r a l p a s s a g e s in th e o r a to r s in fo r m u s th a t m o s t h e a r s a y e v i­ d e n c e w a s p r o h ib it e d (e.g. D e m . 4 6 .7 , 5 7 .4 ), b u t w e d o n o t k n o w th e w o r d in g o f a n y la w o n th e su b je c t a n d th e p r o h ib it io n m a y h a v e b e e n o n ly im p lic it. E x c e p t io n s w e r e a p p a r e n t ly n u m e r o u s (th e w o r d s o f th e d e a d o r o th e r s a b s e n t fr o m A t h e n s w e r e a llo w e d ) a n d , as w ith a n y r e str ic tio n s o n te s tim o n y , th e r u les c o u ld o n ly b e e n f o r c e d b y th e ju r o r s

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.74 77 h e e d i n g th e o b j e c t io n o f th e o p p o s in g litig a n t; s e e fu r th e r B o n n e r (1905) 2 0 - 5 . A lt h o u g h h e e a r lie r s h o w e d n o r e lu c t a n c e to in tr o d u c e h e a r s a y e v id e n c e (άκοήι, 5 .6 7 ), h e r e , b y la b e lin g th e a r g u m e n ts a b o u t h is f a th e r h e a r sa y , E u . s e ek s to c a s t t h e m in to th e a r e a o f u n c e r ta in t y as o p p o s e d to c le a r k n o w le d g e .

75

κακώ ς ά κ ο ύ ο ν τ α : 3 .4 .4 η .

τ ά χ 5 α ν σ φ α λ είη ν: th e c o n v e n t io n a l

e x p r e s s io n o f fa llib ilit y a g a in e m p h a s iz e s th a t h is f a th e r ’s a ffa ir s are r e m o t e a n d n o t c le a r ly k n o w n .

76

τ ω ν Μ υ τ ιλ η ν α ίω ν : m o d e r n e d ito r s fe e l a n e e d to p u t th e g e n itiv e

in th e a ttr ib u tiv e p o s itio n b y w r itin g e it h e r τ η ν Μ υ τ ιλ η να ίω ν (B) o r τ η ν τ ω ν Μ υ τ ιλ η να ίω ν (G ), b u t th e r u le s g o v e r n in g th is g e n itiv e are n o t h a r d a n d fast; T h u c y d id e s h a s τ η ν τ ω ν Ά ρ γ ε ίω ν ά π ό σ τ α σ ιν (5 .81.1) b u t τ ω ν πόλεω ν τας

ά τ ο σ τά σ εις

(1.57*8)·

εύ νο ια ν:

th e

a s s e r t io n

of

h is

f a th e r ’s g o o d w ill to w a r d A t h e n s b e fo r e th e r e v o lt is w e a k e n e d b y E u .’s fa ilu r e to m e n t io n a n y s p e c if ic a c ts.

ή μ α ρ τ ε τή ς ΰ μ ετ έρ α ς γ ν ώ μ η ς

“ fe ll s h o r t o f y o u r o p i n io n ,” i.e . “ f a ile d to m e e t y o u r e x p e c t a t io n s .” S e v e r a l e d ito r s d e le t e τή ς . . . γ ν ώ μ η ς , w h ic h is i n d e e d h a r s h b u t is h a r d to e x p la in as a g lo ss . E u . c a r e f u lly s p e a k s o f th e r e v o lt as n o t a c r im e , b u t a n e r r o r in w h ic h h is fa th e r w a s f o r c e d to p a r t ic ip a te a lo n g w ith e v e r y ­ o n e e ls e ; cf. th e r e p e a te d όλη . . . όλη ς (a lso in 5 .7 9 ).‘H is fa th e r c o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n a le a d e r o f th e r e v o lt o r h e w o u ld h a v e b e e n e x e c u t e d (5.77), b u t o n e s u s p e c ts h e w a s m o r e s y m p a th e t ic to it t h a n E u . a llo w s. έκείνω ι “ in h is p o w e r ” (L SJ s.v. επί B .I .i.g ) .

επ ’

ε ύ ρ ό π ω ς εΤχεν . . .

ά δ υ ν ά τ ω ς εΤχεν “ it w a s e a s y . . . it w a s im p o s s ib le ” ; i.e . h e c o u ld n o t e a s ily le a v e M y t ile n e so as to s h o w h is g o o d w ill t o w a r d A t h e n s , a n d w h ile h e r e m a in e d th e r e h e c o u ld n o t s ta n d u p a g a in s t th e a n tiA t h e n ia n s e n tim e n t o f th e r e st o f th e city. For ούτε . . . δε se e G P 511. ε υ ρ ο π ο ς (“ e a s ily in c li n in g ,” i.e . “e a s y ” ) o c c u r s o n ly h e r e a n d o n c e in la te r G re e k ; s o m e e d ito r s e m e n d to th e m u c h m o r e c o m m o n εύ π ο ρ ο ς, ε ν έ χ υ ρ α : ένέ χ υ ρ ο ν u s u a lly m e a n s a “p l e d g e ” g iv e n as s e c u r ity ; h e r e it is u s e d m e ta p h o r ic a lly .

77

ά δ εια ν: fo r th e a m n e s t y a n d c o n d it io n s a fte r th e r e v o lt s e e T h u c .

3 .5 0 (cf. i n tr o d u c t io n to 5 , a b o v e ; E 1 1 3 -1 5 , w ith r e fe r e n c e s to r e c e n t s c h o la r s h ip ).

έδ ώ κ α τ ε: th e e a r lie st o c c u r r e n c e o f th is fo r m (in s te a d

o f έδοτε), w h ic h b e c o m e s c o m m o n in la te r G r e e k . α υ τ ώ ν : sc. γ ή ν . unn ecessary.

τ ή ν σ φ ετ έρ α ν

τ ώ ι έμώ ι π α τ ρ ί: m o s t e d ito r s d e le t e t h e s e w o r d s as ο ΰ δ 5 ής . . . γ ε γ έ ν η τ α ι: in a p p o s itio n to τ ω ν δ εό ντ ω ν:

(h e h a s n e g le c t e d ) “ n o litu r g y w h ic h th e c ity n e e d e d .”

λ η ιτ ο υ ρ γ ία ς :

213

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.77 79 s e e 2 .2 .1 2 η .

χ ο ρ η γ ία ς : s e e A n t. 6 p a s s i m ; th e r e fe r e n c e is p r e s u m ­

a b ly to p e r fo r m a n c e s in M y tile n e .

τ έλ η : t h e s e r e g u la r “ t a x e s ,” as

o p p o s e d to th e είσφ ορα ί (sp e c ia l le v ie s ) m e n t io n e d in 2 .2 .1 2 , m a y h a v e in c lu d e d th e r e n t p a id to th e A t h e n ia n c le r u c h s (in t r o d u c t io n to 5, a b o v e ), a c o n t r ib u t io n to th e a n n u a l tr ib u te o w e d b y M y tile n e to A th e n s , a n d o th e r s (se e E 114-1 5 ). 78

Α ΐνω ι: 5 .2 0 η .

χ ω ρ ο φ ιλ ε ΐ “lik e s th e c o u n t r y ” (i.e. lik e s to liv e

th e r e ), a r a re c o m p o u n d , a lso f o u n d in a le t t e r a ttr ib u te d to th e e a r ly p h ilo s o p h e r T h a le s (q u o te d b y D io g e n e s L a e r tiu s 1.44); it is a p p a r e n t ly e q u iv a le n t to th e m o r e c o m m o n φ ιλ ο χ ω ρ ε ΐ.

τ ο ύ τ ο ούκ: sc. πο ιεί

(a c tu a lly in s e r te d b y s o m e e d ito r s ), o r έστί (“ in th is h e is n o t ” ); th e fo u r p a r tic ip le s (ά π ο σ τ ε ρ ώ ν , γεγ ενη μ ένο $ , φ ε ύ γ ω ν , μισώ ν) e x p r e s s c a u s e o r m o tiv e .

άπ οστερώ ν

fro m n o n e .”

. . . ε α υ τ ό ν οΰδενό$

“w it h d r a w in g h i m s e lf

τ ώ ν εί$ τ ή ν π ό λ ιν “ h is o b lig a t io n s to th e c it y ” ; π ό λ ιν is

p r o b a b ly i n te n d e d to s u g g e s t b o t h A t h e n s a n d M y tile n e . ή π ειρ ο ν: 5 .5 2 η .

τήν

: a lm o s t a ll e d ito r s r e c o g n iz e tw o p r o b le m s

in th is p a s s a g e : ( a ) το ύ ς μέν h a s n o a n s w e r in g δε, a n d ( b ) w e k n o w o f tr e a tie s (σ ύ μ βολα ) p r o v id in g for lit ig a t io n w ith A t h e n ia n s fo r se v e r a l a llie d c itie s , in c lu d in g M y tile n e , b u t n o t fo r a n y e n e m y sta te s. E d e fe n d s th e M S r e a d in g , a r g u in g ( a ) th e r e a r e e x a m p le s o f μέν w it h o u t δέ in A . (tru e, b u t n o n e o f ό μέν, ή μέν, e tc .), a n d (b ) E u . m a y b e r e fe r r in g to A t h e n ia n a llie s w h o still b o r e h o s t ilit y to w a r d A t h e n s (b u t t h e s e w o u ld p r o b a b ly n o t b e d e s ig n a te d π ολέμ ιοι). R e is k e ’s e m e n d a t io n s o lv e s b o t h p r o b le m s ; E u . is r e fe r r in g to tw o g r o u p s , t h o s e w h o le ft M y t ile n e a n d s e ttle d a m o n g A t h e n s ’ e n e m ie s in A s ia M in o r , a n d t h o s e w h o r e m a in e d b u t p e s te r e d th e A t h e n ia n c le r u c h s w ith lit ig a t io n .

δίκα^ ά π ό

ξ υ μ β ό λ ω ν : a t e c h n ic a l e x p r e s s io n for “ tr e a ty c a s e s ,” o r c a s e s b r o u g h t a c c o r d in g to th e p r o v isio n s o f a tr e a ty b e t w e e n A t h e n s a n d a n o t h e r city ; th e s ta n d a r d w o r k o n th e s e is G a u th ie r (1972). oYous ΰμεΐ^: sc. μισούσι.

π λ ή θ ο ς : 5 -8 n .

σ υκ οφ ά ντα ^ : se e in tr o d u c t io n to 5 , a b o v e .

T h e w o r d it s e lf o c c u r s o n ly h e r e a n d in 5 .8 0 , w h e r e it re fe r s to th e p r o s e c u tio n . It m a tte r s little w h e t h e r o r n o t E u .’s fa th e r h a d in fa ct b e e n s u b je c t to m a lic io u s p r o s e c u tio n s ; a n y r ic h m a n c o u ld p la u s ib ly b e sa id to h a te s y c o p h a n ts . 7 9 έπ εΐδον “ th e y w a t c h e d ” ; th e p r e s e n t fo r m s o f th e v e r b a re p r o ­ v id e d b y έφ ο ρ ά ω .

ά ν ά σ τ α τ ο ν “la id w a s t e ” ; a n e x a g g e r a t io n , s in c e

o n ly th e w a lls o f th e c ity w e r e ta k e n d o w n ( T h u c . 3 .5 0 .1 ), b u t e v e n th is m u st h a v e b e e n a b itte r sig h t.

χ ρ η μ ά τ ω ν γ ά ρ ένεκα: E u . n o w tu r n s

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.79 81 h is

d e fen se

of

h is

fa th e r

in to

an

a tta c k

on

th e

p r o s e c u tio n ,

π α ρ α σ κ ευ ή : lit. “ p r e p a r a tio n ” ; u s e d b y th e o r a to r s o f a “ c a r e fu lly c o n ­ tr iv e d

ca se”

(e.g.

A n doc.

i .i,

w ith

M a c D o w e l l ’s

n o te ).

τά

σ υ μ β α λ λ ό μ ε ν α “ th in g s th a t c o n t r ib u t e t o .” O n e e x p e c ts E u . to s p e a k o f g e n e r a l c o n d it io n s fa v o r in g s y c o p h a n t s in M y tile n e ; in s te a d h e sp e a k s o n ly o f h i m s e l f a n d h is fath er.

τ ω ν ά λ λ ο τ ρ ίω ν έφίεσθαι “ to la y th e ir

h a n d s o n th e p o s s e s s io n s o f o t h e r s .”

γ φ ω ν . . . ώ σ τ ’ “ t o o o ld t o .”

ν ε ώ τ ερ ο ς . . . π ο λ λ ώ ι: as o f te n , E u . u se s a n im p r e c is e e x p r e ss io n ; w e c a n o n ly g u e s s at h is e x a c t a g e . 8o

μή διδά σ κετε: th e id e a th a t th e j u r o r s ’ v e r d ic t t e a c h e s a le s s o n for

th e fu tu r e ( s o m e t im e s c a lle d a p r o s p e c tiv e p r e c e d e n t) is c o m m o n in th e o r a to r s (e.g. A e s . 1.192) a n d is fo u n d as e a r ly a s A e s c h . E u . 4 9 0 515. πείθειν: i.e . o n f s h o u ld a v o id (φεύγειν) c o m in g to c o u r t, w h e r e th e ju r o r s w ill a w a r d th e v e r d ic t to th e s y c o p h a n t , a n d s h o u ld in s te a d “p e r s u a d e ” h im to a c c e p t a n o u t -o f - c o u r t s e tt le m e n t (cf. 2.3.611.). In su c h c o n t e x t s πείθειν o f te n im p lie s th e p a y m e n t o f m o n e y (L ys. 7.21); in s o m e c o n t e x t s (e v e n h e r e ) o n e m a y w is h to tr a n sla te it a s “ b r ib e .”

π λ ή θ ο ς : 5 .8 η .

π ο ν η ρ ο ί “ s c o u n d r e ls ,” p r o b a b ly w ith c la ss a s s o c ia t io n s ; p r e s u m a b ly m o s t s y c o p h a n t s , r e a l o r a lle g e d , w e r e fr o m th e lo w e r c la ss.

ώ σ π ερ

κα\ τ ό δίκα ιον εχει “in a c c o r d a n c e w ith j u s t ic e t o o ”1; εχει v ir tu a lly = “ is .”

Si 4

S ig n s f r o m h ea ven

E u . a d d s a n a r g u m e n t b a s e d o n s i g n s f r o m th e g o d s

a c t u a l l y th e a b s e n c e o f s ig n s :

in a l l h i s r e c e n t a c t i v i t i e s , r e l i g i o u s a n d s e c u la r , n o o n e h a s s u f f e r e d f r o m a s s o c ia tio n w i t h h im . T h e r e f o r e , h e i s n o t p o l l u t e d a n d m u s t b e in n o c e n t. I t i s f u t i l e to s e e k in t h i s a r g u m e n t th e r e l i g i o u s v i e w s o f A . o r t h e a v e r a g e j u r o r ; a lth o u g h E u . u r g e s th e i m p o r ­ ta n c e o f th e s e s i g n s , th e b r e v i t y a n d g e n e r a l i t y o f h is a r g u m e n t b e lie s th i s c la im . T h e a r g u m e n t m i g h t a p p e a l to s o m e j u r o r s , a n d th o s e w h o f e l t i t s i l l y w o u l d p r o b a b l y n o t le t i t a f f e c t t h e i r e s t i m a t e o f E u . ’s o th e r a r g u m e n ts . A r g u m e n t s b a s e d on p o l l u t i o n p l a y a c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r r o le in th e T e tr a lo g ie s ; s e e I n tr o d .

81

d iff e r e n c e h e r e ; cf. i . i o n . o n τεκμή ριον. su c h m a tt e r s .” d a tiv e .

7.

τ ε κ μ η ρ ίω ν . . . σημείοις: it is n o t c le a r th a t t h e r e is a n y s ig n if ic a n t εις τ ά τ ο ια ΰ τ α “ c o n c e r n in g

τεκ μ η ρα μ ένους “ d r a w in g in fe r e n c e s f r o m ,” w ith

τ ά . . . κοινά “p u b lic a ffa ir s ,” as o p p o s e d to τ α . . . ίδια

(5 .8 2 ). S c h o la r s h a v e a r g u e d th a t A . w o u ld n o t h a v e m a d e su c h a c o m m e n t o n A t h e n ia n p u b lic a ffa ir s in a s p e e c h w r itte n a fte r th e

215

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 . 81-84 S ic ilia n d isa ste r ; th is w o u ld p r o v id e a t e r m i n u s a n te qu ern o f 41 3 .

εις

τ ά έξω : m o s t e d ito r s s in c e B e k k e r d e le t e εις, p r o d u c in g a n ic e b a la n c e : τ ά εις . . . τ ά έξω ; b u t Β a r g u e s for k e e p in g it; th e b a la n c e is le s s e le g a n t - τ ά εις τ ού ς κινδύνους ή κ οντα . . . εις τ ά έξω τ ω ν κ ινδύ νω ν = “ th o s e p e r ­ t a in in g to d a n g e r s . . . t h o s e p e r ta in in g to th in g s n o t in d a n g e r ” - b u t p e r h a p s m o r e c h a r a c te r is t ic o f A .

82

έπ ίσ τ α σ θ α ι

δτι

. . .

σννα πώ λεσαν

. . .

άπ ολομ ένους

. . .

έ γ έ ν ο ν τ ο : th r e e d iffe r e n t c o n s tr u c t io n s a ll t e c h n ic a lly d e p e n d e n t o n έπ ίσ τ α σ θ α ι a n a c o l u t h o n , 5 .1 2 η . . b u t th e s e n s e is c le a r t h r o u g h o u t . T h e d e s c r ip t io n s are f ille d o u t w ith g e n e r a litie s e.g . ό σ ίω ς δια κειμένους τ ά π ρ ο ς τ ούς θεούς .

μή:

w ith

καθαροί =

“im p u r e ”

cf.

S

2735 ·

καθαροί χεΤρας: s in c e a ll fiv e o t h e r o c c u r r e n c e s o f th is e x p r e s s io n in th e o r a to r s

in c lu d in g 5.11 a b o v e

i n c lu d e th e a r tic le w ith χεΤρας, m o s t

e d ito r s a d d th e a r tic le h e r e ; b u t H e r o d o t u s h a s ού κ αθ αρ ός χεΤρας 1.35,. d e s c r ib in g A d r a s tu s , a n d A . s h o u ld n o t b e h e ld to c o n s is t e n c y in s u c h m a tte r s cf. 1 .2 9 η . o n σ φ ετέρ ους .

ΐεροΤς: ι . ι β η .

ο ύ χ όσιοι ό ντ ε ς,

καί δ ια κ ω λ ύ ο ντ ες “ it b e c a m e a p p a r e n t t h a t th e y w e r e u n h o ly a n d w e r e p r e v e n tin g ” ; m a n y e d ito r s d e le t e th e καί a n d u n d e r s t a n d “w e r e u n h o ly b e c a u s e th e y w e r e p r e v e n tin g .”

83

τ ο ύ τ ο ις:

w it h

εν α ν τ ία .

έχρήσαντο

“ e x p e r ie n c e d ”

i .8 n . .

ούκ έσ τιν ό π ο υ ο ύ χ ί: b o t h n e g a t iv e s h a v e fu ll fo rc e : “ n o w h e r e w a s it n o t . ” τ ο ύ τ ω ν μ ά ρ τυ ρ ες “W itn e s s e s p l e a s e .” A lm o s t a ll e d ito r s a s s u m e a la c u n a a n d m a n y s u p p ly a fe w w o r d s to m a k e a c o m p le t e s e n te n c e , su c h as u s u a lly in tr o d u c e s w it n e s s e s b u t cf. 5 .6 1 ; b u t t h e s e w o r d s a re c o m ­ p r e h e n s ib le b y t h e m s e lv e s a n d A . m a y h a v e i n t e n d e d th e m a s a n in fo r ­ m a l v a r ia n t o n th e u s u a l p r a c tic e .

84

έπ ίσ τ α μ α ι κτλ.: a n o t h e r h y p o t h e t ic a l r o le -r e v e r s a l

i . n n . ; cf.

5 .3 8 . 5 .7 4 , 6 . 2 7 - 8 . T h e w o r d in g in 6 .2 8 is e s p e c ia lly c lo s e to th a t h e r e ; th e d iff e r e n c e s a re a ttr ib u ta b le to d iff e r e n c e s in c o n t e x t o r in v o lv e m in o r v a r ia tio n s e.g. ψευδή vs. ουκ άληθή .

τ ά σημεία . . . θεώ ν: in

a p p o s itio n to τ α ύ τ η ν ; th is p h r a s e c a n e a s ily b e r e p la c e d in a d iffe r e n t c o n t e x t cf. 6 .2 8 .

καί οί μεν ά λ λ ο ι κ τλ.: th e e x a c t s a m e w o r d s w ith a

m in o r c h a n g e in w o r d o r d e r in 6 .4 7 . I n b o t h s p e e c h e s th e s e n t e n c e fits th e c o n t e x t

fo r e s h a d o w in g th e t r a n s itio n to th e e p ilo g u e ; h e r e it

e c h o e s a c h a r g e m a d e in th e p r o lo g u e r e ly in g o n λ ό γ ο ι, n o t έ ρ γ α cf. 3 .3 .1 η . .

5 .3

th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n are

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 . 8 5 -8 7 8 5 -9 6

E p ilo g u e

T h e e p i l o g u e i s d e v o t e d l a r g e l y to t w o p o i n t s : c r i t i c i s m o f th e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s u s e o f

ά π α γ ω γ ή i n s t e a d o f a δίκη φ ό νο υ ( a l r e a d y a r g u e d in 5 . 8

1 9 ) , a n d a n a p p e a l to

ta k e m o r e t i m e in d e c i d in g b y a c q u i t t i n g E u . in t h i s t r i a l , th e r e b y a l l o w i n g th e c a s e to b e t r i e d l a t e r in a p r o p e r

δίκη φ ό ν ο υ ( a l r e a d y s u g g e s te d in 5 . 1 6 ) . T h i s s t r a te g y

o ff e r s th e j u r o r s a n e a s y w a y o u t i f th e y f e e l th e l e a s t b i t u n c o m f o r ta b le c o n v ic tin g h im . E u . d o e s n o t r e m i n d th e j u r o r s , o f co u r s e , th o u g h th e p r o s e c u t i o n p r o b a b l y e m p h a s i z e d th e p o i n t , t h a t i f h e i s a c q u i t t e d a n d c h a r g e d in a

δίκη φ ό νο υ , h e w i l l b e

f r e e to l e a v e A t h e n s b e f o r e th e t r i a l ( o r b e fo r e h is s e c o n d s p e e c h in th e t r i a l ) ; s o a n a c q u i t t a l h e r e w o u l d n o t, in f a c t , n e c e s s a r ily r e s u lt in a s e c o n d t r ia l .

85

δέομα ι: m o s t e d ito r s w h o k e e p οΤμαι a s s u m e a la c u n a , e x c e p t G ,

w h o u n d e r s t a n d s a n εΐναι w it h υ μ ώ ν a n d tr a n sla te s “ I th in k it is y o u r d u t y ” ; b u t th e e llip sis is v e r y h a r s h . δια ψ η φ ίσ α σ θαι. I n tr o d .

8

iv

3).

ένοχος: i .i i n . άγώ νες.

ώ μ ό σ α τ ε : 5 .8 η . o n έπε'ι . . .

οϋ$: th e a n t e c e d e n t (τοΤ$ νόμοι$) is p o s t p o n e d (cf. (b y

ά π α γ ω γ ή ).

ά γ ω ν μοι νόμ ιμ ο ς: i.e . a δίκη φ ό νο υ .

άπήχθην

“I

w as

a r r este d ”

δύο: sc.

ο ύ δ ή π ο υ “ it is s u r e ly n o t th e c a s e t h a t ” ; th e fo r c e o f th e

n e g a t iv e c a r r ie s t h r o u g h to π ρ ο κ α τ α γ ν ώ σ ε σ θ ε . 86

μή υμείς γ ε : o m is s io n o f th e v e r b in n e g a t iv e c o m m a n d s is

c o m m o n in d r a m a (L SJ s.v. μή A . 8); cf. D e m . 1 9 .2 4 2 μή σύ γ ε , α λ λ ά . τ ώ ι χ ρ ό ν ω ι: cf. 5 -7 1 ° 6 T“ S ά γ α θ ό ν έστι μ ετά τ ο ΰ χ ρ ό ν ο υ β α σ α νίζε ιν τ α πρά γμα τα .

ά κ ρ ίβεια ν: 3 . 2 . in .

ή ξίο υν ‘T s h o u ld t h in k ” ; cf. 5 m .

o n έβ ο υ λ ό μ η ν (cf. L y s. 12.37 ήξίουν ικανά εΤναι τ ά κ α τ η γο ρ η μ ενα ); b o t h είναι

and

έλ εγ χ εσ θ α ι

depend

on

it.

έ γ ιγ ν ώ σ κ ε τ ο

“w o u ld

be

d e c id e d ” ; s o m e t r a n sla te “w o u ld b e u n d e r s t o o d ,” b u t th is h a s le ss p o in t in th is c o n t e x t (a n d cf. 5 .8 7 γνω σθεΤ σα). 8 7 -9

σ ύ μ μ α χ ο ι: 5 .3 7 η .

a r e r e p e a te d w ith s o m e c h a n g e s in 6 . 3 - 6 a n d a re t h e r e fo r e

d e le t e d b y s o m e e d ito r s ; b u t t h e r e is n o r e a s o n w h y A . c o u ld n o t a d a p t g e n e r a liz e d s e n tim e n ts su c h as th e s e fo r u s e in tw o d iffe r e n t s p e e c h e s , e s p e c ia lly fo r d iff e r e n t c o u r ts .

87

φ ό ν ο υ . . . δίκη: as c o m m e n t a to r s n o t e , th is is n o t s tr ic tly a δίκη

φ ό νο υ . B u t E u . m a y h e r e b e r e fe r r in g to h o m ic id e c a s e s in g e n e r a l, n o t a s p e c if ic p r o c e d u r e , a n d in th is s e n s e b o t h tria ls h e h a s b e e n d is c u s s in g a re h o m ic id e c a s e s . i.8 n .) .

δ ν τ α : sc. με.

χ ρ ή σ θ α ι ( b i s ) “ s u b m it t o ” (cf.

ούδε\ς ά ν το λ μ ή σ ειεν κτλ.: th e f a ls e n e s s o f th is a s s e r tio n is

o b v io u s . T h e o n e e x a m p le w e h a v e o f s o m e o n e w h o w a s c o n f id e n t o f

217

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5 .8 7 - 9 0

h is o w n i n n o c e n c e s u b m it t in g to th e g u ilty v e r d ic t - th a t o f S o c r a te s is c le a r ly p r e s e n te d (in th e C r i t o , at lea st) as w h o lly a t y p ic a l. It is n o t c le a r w h e t h e r A . e x p e c ts th e ju r o r s to b e lie v e th e c la im s, to b e s k e p tic a l o f b u t n o n e t h e le s s im p r e s s e d b y th e m , o r p e r h a p s to b e a m u s e d b y E u .’s n a iv e p iety . In P la t o ’s G o r g i a s 4 8 o b - e

S o c r a te s p r o p o s e s a s im ila r v iew ,

a r g u in g th a t a s c o m m o n ly e m p lo y e d fo r e n s ic r h e to r ic is u n n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e p e o p le w h o c o m m it c r im e s s h o u ld d e n o u n c e t h e m s e lv e s a n d a c c e p t th e ir p u n is h m e n t v o lu n ta r ily ; b u t P o lu s ’ r e s p o n s e th a t th is is a b su r d ( ά τ ο π α ) m a y s u g g e s t th a t e v e n P la to d o e s n o t s e r io u s ly p r o p o s e th is

(th o u g h

in

th e

Law s

he

com es

c lo s e

to

su c h

a

p o s itio n ),

νικάσθαι: lit. “b e c o n q u e r e d b y ” ; w ith a g e n itiv e o f c o m p a r is o n = “ y ie ld t o .”

α ύ τ ο ΰ τ ε : for s in g le τε s e e 1.9 η .

τ ο υ ά λ η θο ΰς κ τλ .: in 6 .4 th e

s p e a k e r c ite s th e s p e c if ic e x a m p le o f a m a n w h o k ills h is o w n sla v e w h o h a s n o “ a v e n g e r ” (i.e. n o o n e to p r o s e c u te th e k ille r ), b u t h e r e E u . sp e a k s m o r e g e n e r a lly o f th e m u r d e r o f a n y o n e w it h o u t r e la tiv e s to p r o s e c u te th e k ille r (o n e su c h c a s e is d is c u s s e d in D e m . 4 7 .6 8 - 7 3 ) . In su c h c a s e s th e k ille r w o u ld p r o b a b ly n o t fa c e le g a l p u n is h m e n t b u t w o u ld n o r m a lly u n d e r g o r e lig io u s p u r ific a tio n . 88

αί διω μ οσ ία ι: th is o a th ( 5 .1 m .), th e s a c r ific e s a n d th e p r o c la m a ­

t io n are s p e c if ic to a δίκη φ όνου .

τ ό μ ια “ c u t p i e c e s ,” i.e . th e p ie c e s o f

a n a n im a l th a t h a s b e e n s a c r ific e d (cf. 5.1 2 τ ω ν σ φ α γ ίω ν ).

αί

π ρ ο ρ ρ ή σ εις: th e p r e lim in a r y p r o c la m a t io n m a d e b y th e v i c t i m ’s r e la ­ tiv e s (In tr o d . 4). 89

α ίτία σ ις:

γ ι γ ν ώ σ κ ε σ θ α ι. . . γ ν ω σ θ έ ν τ α : 5 .8 6 η . 5 ·25 η ·

τις ά ν ε ν ε γ κ ώ ν τ ή ν ά μ α ρ τ ία ν ά π ο λ υ σ α ιτ ο

“ s o m e o n e c o u ld h a v e y o u r m is ta k e u n d o n e b y r e fe r r in g ” (th e v e r d ic t e ls e w h e r e ); τις d e s ig n a te s a n y lit ig a n t w h o is th e v ic t im o f th e j u r o r s ’ m ista k e ; ά π ο λ υ σ α ιτ ο is a “c a u s a tiv e ” m id d le (S 1725). A lit ig a n t c o u ld n o t “ r e fe r ” or “a p p e a l” a n A t h e n ia n v e r d ic t to a n y h ig h e r a u th o r ity . S o m e c r itic s (G , Μ , E) tak e τις as a ju r o r, w h o c o u ld n o t e s c a p e fr o m h is m is ta k e b y r e fe r r in g it e ls e w h e r e , b u t E u . is e m p h a s iz in g th e e ff e c t a m is ta k e w o u ld h a v e o n th e litig a n t, n o t th e ju r o r s (or e ls e h e w o u ld sa y s o m e t h in g s p e c if ic a b o u t th e h a r m a w r o n g v e r d ic t w o u ld c a u s e th e m ). 90

διομ οσ α μ ένου ς: 5 · ΐ ι η .

π ερ ί α υ τ ο ύ τ ο ΰ π ρ ά γ μ α τ ο ς : in a δίκη

φ ό νο υ th e lit ig a n t s w e r e r e q u ir e d to stic k to th e p o in t; cf. 5.11 ή μην μη ά λ λ α κ α τ η γο ρ ή σ ειν εμού ή εις α υ τ ό ν τ ο ν φ ό ν ο ν .

κάκεϊ: i.e . at th e

A r e o p a g u s , w h e r e th e δίκη φ ό νο υ w o u ld b e tr ie d . E u . u s e s ύμεΐς l o o s e ly in th e se n s e o f “y o u A t h e n ia n s ,” g lo s s in g o v e r th e fa c t th a t th e ju r o r s

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.90-93 w o u ld in fa c t b e d iff e r e n t (In tr o d . 4); h e d o e s n o t w a n t to s u g g e s t th a t h e m ig h t

have

a

m ore

f a v o r a b le

h e a r in g

in

th a t

court

( 5 .8 - ig n .) .

χ ρ ή σ θ α ίϊ sc. μοι. gì

άδίκω ς ά π ο λ υ σ α ι . . . δικα ίω ς ά π ο λ έ σ α ι: th is k in d o f w o r d - p la y is

g e n e r a lly a v o id e d in th e m a in b o d y o f th e s p e e c h .

ά σ έβ η μ α : th e

id e a th a t a m is t a k e n p r o s e c u tio n is a sin o c c u r s s e v e r a l t im e s in th e T e t r a lo g ie s (e.g. 4 .1 .4 ), w h e r e it is a s s o c ia t e d w ith s p irits o f v e n g e a n c e , a n d m o r e g e n e r a lly w ith th e n o t io n o f p o llu t io n (In tr o d . 7). T h a t p o l lu ­ t io n is n o t m e n t i o n e d h e r e is a n o t h e r in d ic a t io n th a t it is o f r e la tiv e ly little in te r e s t in r e a l c a s e s a t th is t im e (cf. 5 . 8 1 - 4 ^ ) . τ ο ύ τ ω ι.

έν ώ ι = έν

ά ν ή κ εσ τ ο ν “ir r e m e d ia b le ” ; b y A . ’s t im e th e w o r d m a y h a v e

lo s t its m e t a p h o r ic a l s e n s e o f “in c u r a b le ” (G a r v ie o n A e s c h . C h . 516). For th e id e a , cf. 2 .4 .1 2 ά ν ία τ ο ς γ ά ρ ή μ ε τ ά ν ο ια τ ω ν τ ο ιο ύ τ ω ν έσ τίν, a n d G o r g ia s , P a l . 34* w h ic h e c h o e s s o m e o f th e w o r d in g h e r e : (o n e s h o u ld e x e r c is e c a u t io n ) τ α δέ ά νή κ εσ τα τ ω ν ά κ ε σ τ ώ ν έτι μ ά λ λ ο ν- τ α ύ τ α γ ά ρ π ρ ο ν ο ή σ α σ ι μέν δ υ ν α τ ά , μ ετ α ν ο ή σ α σ ι δέ ά ν ία τ α .

ά κ εσ τ ώ ι: a lm o s t all

e d ito r s a c c e p t S t e p h a n u s ’ c o r r e c t io n ; th e M S r e a d in g m a k e s n o s e n s e in

th e

co n tex t.

χ ρ η σ α μ έν ο υ ς:

i .8 n .

μεταγνους

. . .

β ο υ λ ε υ σ α ιτ ο : th e s u b je c t is e s s e n t ia lly th e s a m e as th a t o f th e p lu r a l p a r ­ tic ip le s th a t p r e c e d e a n d f o llo w (i.e . a ju r o r ). M d n y e d ito r s a d d τις b e fo r e όρ θ ώ ς to h e lp c la r ify th e s e n s e , b u t th e a w k w a r d n e s s o f s w itc h in g fr o m p lu r a l to s in g u la r a n d b a c k r e m a in s .

π λ έ ο ν β λ ά β ο ς κ τλ .: E u .

d o e s n o t e x p la in th is a s s e r t io n , h o p in g it w ill p a s s w it h o u t q u e s t io n , έξα π α τ η θ εΐσ ι: i.e . d e c e iv e d b y th e p r o s e c u tio n (as in th is c a s e ).

χρή:

a ll e d ito r s s in c e B c h a n g e th is to th e im p e r f e c t χ ρ ή ν , b u t th e p r e s e n t m a k e s g o o d s e n s e (d e c e iv e r s o u g h t to b e p u n is h e d ) , a n d m a k e s c le a r e r a n a llu s io n to th e p r o s e c u tio n in th e p r e s e n t c a se . 92

τ ά μέν ά κ ού σ ια . . . σ υ γ γ ν ώ μ η ν : 4 -t-b n .

tò

δέ εκούσιον τής

γ ν ώ μ η ς : th e n o t io n o f a n “in t e n t io n a l e r r o r ” s e e m s to m e a n a n e r ro r c o m m it t e d a fte r d e lib e r a t io n (cf. ώ ν β ο υ λ ή ν π ο ιο ΐτ ο ). F or th e o p p o s itio n b e t w e e n τ ύ χ η a n d γ ν ώ μ η , cf. I s o c . 3 .4 7 οΐ μέν γ ά ρ τ ύ χ η ι κα'ι μη γν ώ μ η ι σ ω φ ρ ονοΰντες.

τήι ψ ήφ ω ι: E u . lin k s th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s d e lib e r a t e ly

fa ls e c a s e c lo s e ly w ith th e j u r o r s ’ v o te ; o t h e r w is e th e v e r d ic t m ig h t b e t h o u g h t to b e a n u n in t e n t io n a l error. 93

εΐ τι ξυνή ιδη έμ α υ τ ώ ι: cf. 5 ·5 2 · T h e a r g u m e n t th a t v o lu n t a r ily

fa c in g tria l is a s ig n o f in n o c e n c e is a to p o s ; it is r e je c t e d b y e.g . L y c u r g u s (1 .9 0) o n th e g r o u n d th a t e v e r y t h ie f a n d te m p le -r o b b e r m a k e s th is c la im .

π ισ τ ε ύ ω ν τ ώ ι δικαίω ι: sc. ή λ θ ο ν. E u . g iv e s a d iffe r e n t (n o t

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.93-94

219

in c o n s is te n t) r e a s o n fo r c o m in g to A t h e n s in 5 .1 3 .

ο υ π λ ε ο ν ο ς οΰδεν

έσ τιν ά ξιο ν “ th a n w h ic h [g e n itiv e o f c o m p a r is o n ] n o t h in g is w o r th m o r e .”

σ υ ν α γ ω ν ίζε σ θ α ι “fo r a s s is tin g (s o m e o n e ) in a tr ia l” ; th e la n ­

g u a g e is b e c o m in g m o r e m e t a p h o r ic a l.

μηδέν . . . μ ή τ ’ : b e c a u s e

s in g le μήτε is rare in p r o se (cf. 1.9η . o n s in g le τε), m o s t m o d e r n e d ito r s e m e n d it to μηδ’, (n o t E), b u t th is is u n n e c e s s a r y ; se e G P 5 0 9 - 1 0 . άπ ειρ ηκός

“w h e n

it

has

g iv e n

u p ,” p e r fe c t

p a r t ic ip le

(ά π ε ΐπ ο ν ).

σ υ νεξεσ ω σ εν: g n o m ic a o r is t. T h e v e r b is a v e r y rare d o u b le c o m p o u n d , fo u n d a lso in S o p h o c le s ( O C 5 6 6 ) a n d M e n a n d e r ( D y s . 7 53).

διά τ ό

μή ξυνειδέναι έα υτή ι “b e c a u s e it h a s n o t h in g o n its c o n s c ie n c e ” (i.e . h a s a c le a n c o n s c ie n c e ), σ υνοΐδα έμ α υ τ ώ ι (“ I k n o w in m y c o n s c ie n c e ” ) is fr e ­ q u e n t ly f o llo w e d b y e x p r e s s io n s o f w r o n g d o in g (e.g. th a t I h a v e d o n e s o m e t h in g w r o n g ); it th u s c o m e s to m e a n “ I h a v e a g u ilty c o n s c ie n c e ” e v e n w it h o u t fu r th e r s u p p le m e n t .

τ ο ύ τ ο α υ τ ό : th e ψ υχή .

προ-

α π ο λ είπ ει “le a v e s h im e a r lie r ,” a n o t h e r ra re d o u b le c o m p o u n d . T h e w o r d o r d e r is su c h th a t τ ο ύ σ ώ μ α τ ο ς Ισ χύ ο ντο ς w o u ld b e fe lt as a g e n i ­ t iv e a b s o lu te r a th e r th a n a g e n itiv e o f c o m p a r is o n w ith π ρ ο - (as LSJ h a v e it) .

oi: 1.16η.

τ α ύ τ η ν : i.e . th e g u ilty c o n s c ie n c e , w h ic h th e

sp irit ta k e s to b e p u n is h m e n t for th e m a n ’s c r im e . T h e p r o n o u n s u g g e s ts A . fe e ls a n e e d fo r a n o u n to e x p r e ss th e id e a o f a c o n s c ie n c e , b u t as G n o te s , th e first o c c u r r e n c e o f σύνεσις in th is s e n s e is E u r ip id e s ’ O r . 3 9 6 , p r o d u c e d in 4 0 8 (p e r h a p s a d e c a d e a fte r th is s p e e c h ). T h a t th e ψ υχή is sa id to “ r e g a r d ” th is c o n s c ie n c e as s o m e t h in g e x te r n a l to it is fu r th e r le v id e n c e th a t ψ υχή is c lo s e r to “life f o r c e ” o r “ s p ir it,” th a n to “ s o u l” (2 .4 .5 η .). 94

πείθεσθαι τ ά μή δίκαια “ b e p e r s u a d e d o f w h a t is u n j u s t ,” a n in te r ­

n a l a c c u s a tiv e (S 1574), m o r e o fte n f o u n d w ith a n e u t e r p r o n o u n (6 .4 7 α π ε ρ α υ τοί σ φ ά ς α υ τ ο ύ ς ούκ έπ εισ α ν, τ α ύ θ ’ υμά ς άξιούσι π εΐσ α ι). δε . . . έξ ερ γ ά σ α σ θ α ι: w ith ϊασις. fro m m y s e c o n d o n e ).

του

ό δ ια φ ερ ω ν “ s e p a r a tin g ” (th is tria l

τ ω ν έ π ε ιγ ο μ έ ν ω ν “fo r t h o s e in a h u r r y ” ; th e

g e n itiv e d e n o t e s lo o s e ly th e p e r s o n w h o s e c o n c e r n s o m e t h in g is (cf. S 1 3 0 4 -5 ).

γ ν ω ρ ι σ τ α ί . . .τ ή ς δ ίκ η ς. . . δικ α σ τα ί τ ω ν μ α ρ τ ύ ρ ω ν . . .

δ ο ξ α σ τ α ί . . . κριταί τ ω ν ά λ η θ ώ ν “fa c t fin d e r s in th is c a s e . . .j u d g e s o f th e t e s t im o n y o f w it n e s s e s . . . h o ld e r s o f o p in io n s . . . j u d g e s o f th e t r u th .” T h e c o m p le x n e x u s o f p a r a lle ls a n d a n t it h e s e s r e in fo r c e s th e s e r io u s n e s s a n d im p o r t a n c e o f th e s e c o n d tria l in c o m p a r is o n w ith th is o n e . N o w th e j u r o r s c a n o n ly le a r n fa c ts a n d fo r m o p in io n s ; t h e n th e y w ill a ssess th e t e s t im o n y o f w it n e s s e s a n d j u d g e th e u ltim a te tru th o f th e

C O M M E N T A R Y : 5.94-96 c a s e , γ ν ω ρ ισ τ α ί a n d δ ο ξ α σ τ α ί a re b o t h ra re, e s p e c ia lly th e fo rm e r , w h ic h o c c u r s o n ly h e r e in c la s s ic a l G r e e k . S o m e e d ito r s d e le t e τ ώ ν μ α ρ τ ύ ρ ω ν , b u t th e w o r d s h a v e a p o in t (w h ic h is p ic k e d u p b y κ α τ α μ α ρ τ υ ρ ή σ α ι in th e n e x t s e n te n c e ) a n d it is d iffic u lt to s e e h o w th e y c o u ld h a v e c o m e in to th e te x t at a la te r tim e . For δ ο ξ α σ τ α ί a n d κ ριταί, s e e A n tis th e n e s , A j a x 8 ού κριται τ ώ ν λ ε γ ο μ έ ν ω ν ά λ λ ά δοξα στα'ι καθήσθε (sp o k e n to th e j u r o r s w ith s c o r n ). 95

φ α ισ τ ο ν δε τ ο ι: D o b r e e ’s e m e n d a t io n o f th e m e a n in g le s s r e a d in g

o f A is a c c e p t e d b y all m o d e r n e d ito r s .

τ ό π α ρ α χ ρ ή μ α μ ό ν ο ν “ o n ly

fo r a m o m e n t ,” w ith π είσ ω σ ιν. O th e r s ta k e τ ό π α ρ α χ ρ ή μ α a s “ o n th e s p o t ” w ith ά π ο κ τ εΐν α ι, b u t t h e r e is n o p o s s ib ilit y o f s u m m a r y e x e c u t io n in h o m ic id e c a s e s .

τ( . . . π λ έ ο ν “ w h a t . . . b e n e f it ? ” F o r e n sic

o r a to r s (a n d o th e r s ) g e n e r a lly e m p h a s iz e th a t a d e a d m a n n e e d s r e v e n g e a n d b e n e f it s fr o m it, b u t w h e n it su its th e ir n e e d , o r a to r s are q u it e c a p a b le o f a r g u in g t h a t r e v e n g e d o e s n o t h e lp th e d e a d (cf. A n d o c . 1.7, L ys. 1 2 .8 8 , 19.4). 96

ύμεΐς . . . δ ια γ ν ώ σ εσ θ ε: 5.9011. o n κάκεΐ.

3 .2 .4 .

οΰδε\ς λ ό γ ο ς : cf.

π α ρ είς: s o m e c h a n g e th is to th e p r e s e n t πα ρ ιείς b e c a u s e o f

ά π ο σ τ ε ρ ώ ν , b u t su c h c o n s is t e n c y c a n n o t b e f o r c e d o n A .

τούτω ν:

i.e . τ ό ύ μ έτ ερ ο ν ευσεβές, τ ό δίκαιον a n d τ ώ ι ϋμ ετέρ ω ι ορκ ω ι.

6 . On the chorus boy B ackgrou n d.

T h e s p e e c h w a s d e liv e r e d b y a n u n k n o w n A t h e n ia n (cf.

6 .1 2 η . o n Φ α ν ό σ τ ρ α τ ο ν ), w h o in 4 1 9 (se e 6 .4 5 η . fo r th e d a te ) w a s a s s ig n e d a n im p o r t a n t (a n d e x p e n s iv e ) p u b lic d u ty o r litu r g y (2 .2 .1 2 η . o n έκ τ ώ ν π ρ ο ε ιρ γ α σ μ έ ν ω ν )

th e tr a in in g o f a b o y s ’ c h o r u s to c o m p e t e

at t h e T h a r g e lia , a fe s tiv a l h e ld in th e la te S p r in g . T h e d a te c a n b e e s ta b lis h e d fr o m o u r k n o w le d g e o f th e A t h e n ia n c a le n d a r (se e 6 .4 5 η .) a n d is a c c e p t e d b y m o s t s c h o la r s , t h o u g h V o llg r a f f (1948: 2 5 8 - 6 3 ) a r g u e s th a t th e M S n u m b e r s a r e u n r e lia b le a n d B a le a v e s th e q u e s t io n u n d e c id e d . T h e χ ο ρ η γ ό ς o r c h o r u s p r o d u c e r ( h e n c e f o r t h C h .) r e c r u it e d th e n u m b e r o f b o y s n e e d e d fo r th e c h o r u s (p r o b a b ly Fifty) fr o m v a r io u s f a m ilie s a n d s e t a s id e r o o m in h is h o u s e fo r t h e m to tr a in . T h is χ ο ρ η γ ό ς w a s b u s y w ith h is o t h e r a ffa ir s, a n d so h e a s s ig n e d h is s o n - in - la w a n d t h r e e o t h e r m e n to s u p e r v is e t h e t r a in in g a n d a t te n d to w h a te v e r n e e d s m ig h t a r is e . O n e d a y w h e n C h . w a s n o t a t h o m e , o n e o f th e c h o r u s -

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6. I N T R O D U C T I O N

221

b o y s n a m e d D io d o t u s w a s g iv e n a d r u g to d r in k , p e r h a p s to r e m e d y a s o r e th r o a t; in s te a d it c a u s e d h is d e a t h . T w o d a y s a fte r D i o d o t u s ’ d e a t h h is b r o t h e r P h ilo c r a t e s fo r m a lly a c c u s e d C h . o f “p la n n i n g ” a n u n in t e n t io n a l h o m ic id e , b u t th e b a s i l e u s , th e o f fic ia l w h o s u p e r v is e d h o m ic id e c a s e s , r e fu s e d to a c c e p t th e su it. A lm o s t tw o m o n th s la te r a n e w b a s i l e u s t o o k o f fic e , a n d P h ilo c r a t e s s u b m it t e d h is c a s e to th is o f fic ia l a b o u t s ix w e e k s a fte r th a t. T h is t im e it w a s a c c e p t e d , le a d in g to a tr ia l at th e P a lla d io n , th e c o u r t th a t h e a r d c a s e s o f u n in t e n t io n a l h o m ic id e . T h e p e n a lt y for u n i n t e n t io n a l h o m ic i d e w a s e x ile , p e r h a p s fo r a l im it e d p e r io d ( M a c D o w e ll 1963: 1 2 0 - 3 ). W e d o n o t k n o w w h e t h e r a n y o n e w h o w a s m o r e d ir e c t ly in v o lv e d in t h e d e a t h w a s p r o ­ s e c u te d . C le a r ly C h . is a w e a lth y c it iz e n w h o is a c tiv e in p u b lic life . H e s p e a k s o f su its h e h a s b r o u g h t a g a in s t o th e r p r o m in e n t A t h e n ia n s a n d a lle g e s th a t P h ilo c r a te s is b r in g in g th is c a s e b e c a u s e h e h a s b e e n b r ib e d by C h . ’s p o lit ic a l e n e m ie s , w h o w is h to t h w a r t C h . ’s o w n s u its a g a in s t th e m . T h u s th is h o m ic id e c a s e a p p e a r s to b e j u s t o n e in a s e r ie s o f su its a n d c o u n t e r - s u its th a t h a v e o c c u p ie d C h . fo r se v e r a l y e a r s, illu s tr a tin g T o d d ’s o b s e r v a tio n (1993: 153) th a t “ a lo t o f w h a t o c c u r s in th e o r a to r s is n o t so m u c h d is p u t e s e tt le m e n t as d is p u te p e r p e t u a t io n .” In su c h c ir ­ c u m s t a n c e s , it w o u ld h a v e m a tt e r e d little to th e p r o s e c u tio n i f t h e ir c h a n c e s o f s e c u r in g a c o n v ic t io n w e r e q u ite sm a ll; a n y o n e a c c u s e d o f h o m ic id e w a s b a r r e d fro m p u b lic p la c e s , in c lu d in g th e la w c o u r ts , d u r in g th e tr ia l, a n d C h . th u s h a d to w it h d r a w fr o m th e c a s e h e w a s a b o u t to b r in g a g a in s t h is o p p o n e n ts . T h e case.

C h . a d v a n c e s t h r e e m a in lin e s o f a r g u m e n t. F ir st h e a r g u e s

th a t h e d id e v e r y t h in g r e q u ir e d o f h im a n d m o r e in o v e r s e e in g th e c h o r u s ’s tr a in in g , a n d h e p r o v id e s d e t a ils to s h o w th a t a ll m a tte r s w e r e h a n d le d p r o p e r ly . S e c o n d , h e m a in t a in s th a t h e h a d n o t h in g to d o w ith D i o d o t u s ’ d e a t h a n d w a s n o t e v e n p r e s e n t w h e n h e d ie d . T h ir d , h e c la im s th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n o n ly b r o u g h t th is c a s e a g a in s t h im b e c a u s e th e y w e r e b r ib e d b y h is p o lit ic a l e n e m ie s , w h o s e m o tiv e w a s to fo r c e h im to a b a n d o n h is o w n le g a l a tta c k s o n t h e m . In s u p p o r t o f th is c la im h e a r g u e s th a t th e v i c t i m ’s b r o th e r w a s o n fr ie n d ly te r m s w ith h im u n til C h . b e g a n e x p o s in g th e w r o n g d o in g o f h is o p p o n e n ts . T h e d e ta ils a n d s u p p o r t in g a r g u m e n ts C h . p r o v id e s fo r th e s e p o in t s s u g g e s t th a t t h e y a ll c o n t a in a c o n s id e r a b le d e g r e e o f tru th . N o n e t h e le s s , t h e r e a r e a

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6. I N T R O D U C T I O N n u m b e r o f w a y s th e p r o s e c u tio n c o u ld a tta c k t h e se c la im s , a n d th e ir m a in a r g u m e n ts p r o b a b ly f o c u s e d o n s o m e d iffe r e n t issu e s. T h e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s c a s e .

T h e p r o s e c u tio n p r o b a b ly d id n o t c h a lle n g e C h . ’s

c la im th a t h e w a s n o t p r e s e n t at D i o d o t u s ’ d e a t h , s in c e th is fa c t c o u ld e a s ily h a v e b e e n te s t e d a n d C h . c la im s h e h a d m a n y w it n e s s e s to it. T h e y r e je c t e d C h . ’s c h a lle n g e to in te r r o g a te h is sla v e s o n th is p o in t , a n d a lth o u g h h e m a k e s m u c h o f th is r e je c t io n , th e y m a y h a v e ig n o r e d it in t h e ir s p e e c h . T h e y m a y h a v e a t ta c k e d C h ., h o w e v e r , o n h is o v e r a ll s u p e r v is io n o f th e tr a in in g . A lt h o u g h h e m e n tio n s m a n y th in g s h e d id c o r r e c tly , t h e y m a y h a v e p r o d u c e d e v id e n c e o f im p r o p e r a c tio n s o r n e g le c t ; fo r e x a m p le , t h e y m a y h a v e a lle g e d m is t r e a t m e n t o f o n e o f th e o t h e r b o y s a n d p r e s e n te d t e s t im o n y fr o m h is fa m ily , o r th e y m a y h a v e a t ta c k e d th e q u a lif ic a t io n s o f C h . ’s s o n - in - la w o r h is o t h e r a s sista n ts. T h e p r o s e c u tio n c o u ld a lso h a v e r e s p o n d e d in a d v a n c e to C h . ’s a r g u ­ m e n t, w h ic h t h e y c o u ld a n t ic ip a t e , th a t th e y w e r e m o tiv a te d o n ly b y p o lit ic a l o r f in a n c ia l c o n s id e r a t io n s . T h e y m a y p e r h a p s h a v e a lle g e d p o lit ic a l o r f in a n c ia l w r o n g d o in g o n th e p a r t o f C h . o r a r g u e d th a t h e h a d u lte r io r m o tiv e s fo r h is su its a g a in s t h is e n e m ie s . T h e y m a y a lso h a v e c la im e d th a t h e c o llu d e d w ith th e first b a s i le k s to p r e v e n t th e c a s e b e in g tr ie d r ig h t aw ay, a n d th a t th e s e tt le m e n t h e t h e n a r r a n g e d w ith t h e m w a s o n ly a c o v e r g iv in g h im tim e to p r e p a r e a n e w p r o s e c u tio n o f h is e n e m ie s . T h e y c o u ld e x p la in th e lo n g d e la y in b r in g in g th e c a s e th e s e c o n d t im e b y s a y in g th a t, a lth o u g h u p s e t o v e r D i o d o t u s ’ d e a t h , th e y w e r e t r y in g to b e c o n c ilia to r y a n d so th e y a llo w e d C h . to g o u n p u n ­ ish e d ; b u t w h e n h e t h e n v io la t e d th e s p irit o f th e r e c o n c ilia t io n b y la u n c h in g a n e w a tta c k o n t h e m , th e y c o u ld n o lo n g e r r e fr a in fro m p r o s e c u tio n . In a d d it io n to t h e s e p r e e m p t iv e r e s p o n s e s , th e m a in b u r d e n o f th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s c a s e p r o b a b ly r e s te d o n th e g e n e r a l iss u e o f o v e r a ll r e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r th e d e a th . C h . (th e y c o u ld say) h a d a s s u m e d a n im p o r ­ ta n t p u b lic d u t y a n d h a d th u s a c c e p t e d r e s p o n s ib ilit y fo r th e c h o r u s ’ w e lfa r e . W h a t e v e r m e a s u r e s h e m a y h a v e ta k e n , D i o d o t u s ’ d e a t h s h o w s th a t h e d id n o t e x e r c is e p r o p e r s u p e r v is io n . H a d h e n o t b e e n so b u s y p u r s u in g p r iv a te g r u d g e s a n d m in d in g o t h e r p e o p l e ’s b u s in e s s, h e c o u ld h a v e p r e v e n te d th e c a r e le s s n e s s a n d m is m a n a g e m e n t th a t le d to D i o d o t u s ’ d e a t h . H e is th u s g u ilt y as th e “ p la n n e r ” (m u c h lik e th e s te p ­ m o th e r in A n t. i), e v e n t h o u g h th e d e a t h w a s n o t in t e n t io n a l a n d h e d id

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n o t a c tu a lly a d m in is t e r th e d r u g h im s e lf. In a d d it io n th e p r o s e c u tio n p r o b a b ly m a d e a h ig h ly e m o t io n a l p le a . O n e c a n im a g in e t h e m r e la tin g in g r im d e ta il th e a w fu l c ir c u m s ta n c e s o f th e d e a t h

h o w th e p o o r

fa m ily o f u p r ig h t c it iz e n s w a s d e p r iv e d o f th is o u t s ta n d in g y o u n g boy, str ic k e n d e a d w h ile h e w a s fu lfillin g a n im p o r t a n t c iv ic d u ty , e tc . T h e y c o u ld a lso h a v e u r g e d th e j u r o r s to c o n s id e r th e th r e a t th is la m e n t a b le e v e n t p o s e d to e v e r y o n e ’s (i.e ., e v e r y j u r o r ’s) c h ild , a n d i n d e e d to all c iv ic in s titu tio n s , fo r w h o w o u ld n o w a llo w h is c h ild o r r e la tiv e to v o l­ u n te e r i f th e y w e r e g o in g to b e s u p e r v is e d b y ir r e s p o n s ib le m e n lik e C h .? A r g u m e n ts a lo n g th e s e lin e s c o u ld h a v e a p o w e r fu l im p a c t . T h e c h a r g e : “p l a n n i n g ” a n u n i n te n t i o n a l h o m ic id e .

In 6 .1 6 C h . c ite s w h a t

a p p e a r to b e th e a c tu a l w o r d s o f th e o a th th e p r o s e c u tio n s w o r e a t th e b e g in n in g

of

th is

c a se:

ά π ο κ τεΐνα ί με Δ ιό δ ο τ ο ν β ο υ λ ε ύ σ α ν τ α

τον

θ ά ν α τ ο ν , a n d h e la te r tells us th a t “th e p r o s e c u tio n a g r e e th a t D i o d o t u s ’ d e a th d id n o t o c c u r in te n t io n a lly o r w ith p r e m e d it a t io n ” (6 .1 9 μή έκ π ρ ο ν ο ία ς μηδ’ έκ πα ρ ασ κευής); th e c h a r g e in th is c a s e , th e r e fo r e , w a s “p la n n in g a n u n in t e n tio n a l h o m ic i d e ,” a n e x p r e s s io n th a t o n th e su r fa c e s e e m s s e lf -c o n t r a d ic t o r y (o n “p l a n n in g ” in A t h e n ia n la w s e e G a g a r in 1990b : e sp . 9 5 - 6 o n A n t. 6). A s e a r ly a s D r a c o ( I G i 3 1 0 4 ,1 2 -1 3 ; cf. A n d o c . 1.94), th e p la n n e r (τ ο ν β ο υ λ ε ύ σ α ν τ α ) w a s c o n s id e r e d j u s t as r e sp o n s ib le le g a lly fo r a h o m ic id e as th e a c tu a l killer; b u t th is p r o v is io n w a s p r o b a b ly in t e n d e d a n d u s e d p r im a r ily fo r th e p la n n e r o f a n in t e n ­ t io n a l h o m ic id e . L ik e th e k ille r th e p la n n e r w a s n o r m a lly t r ie d fo r h o m ic id e b y a r e g u la r δίκη φ ό νο υ , as fo r e x a m p le in A n t. 1 (e.g. 1 .26 έκουσίω ς καί β ο υ λ εύ σ α σ α τ ο ν θ ά ν α τ ο ν ). A n t. 6 is th e o n ly c a s e w e k n o w w h e r e th e c h a r g e is p la n n in g a n u n in ­ t e n tio n a l h o m ic id e ; i f th e r e w e r e a n y o t h e r su c h c a s e s , th e y w e r e p r o b ­ a b ly v e r y rare. A n y a t te m p t to d e t e r m in e th e p r e c is e m e a n in g o f th is c h a r g e o r to se t c le a r g u id e lin e s for its u se is fu tile. W e d o n o t k n o w , a n d th e A t h e n ia n s th e m s e lv e s p r o b a b ly c o u ld n o t say, w h e t h e r s o m e o n e w a s c o n s id e r e d le g a lly lia b le for th e a c tio n s o f h is s u b o r d in a te s . R u le s fo r s u c h c a s e s c o u ld o n ly b e in fe r r e d fro m r e g u la r p r a c tic e , n o t fro m th e o u t c o m e ( if w e k n e w it) o f o n e o r tw o c a s e s . A t h e n ia n la w a llo w e d c o n s id e r a b le le e w a y in a d a p t in g e x is t in g p r o c e d u r e s to d iffe r e n t c ir ­ c u m s t a n c e s , as, fo r e x a m p le , in A n t. 5 , w h e r e th e p r o s e c u tio n u s e d a d iffe r e n t p r o c e d u r e fo r h o m ic id e , a p p a r e n t ly fo r th e first tim e . T h e o f fi­ c ia ls o v e r s e e in g a p r o c e d u r e a p p a r e n t ly d id n o t h o ld w o u ld - b e p la in -

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tiffs to s tr ic t i n te r p r e ta t io n o f th e law , w h ic h w o u ld h a v e b e e n d iffic u lt in a n y c a s e g iv e n th e g e n e r a lity o f th e la n g u a g e o f m a n y s ta tu te s . I n th is c a s e th e c h a r g e o f p la n n in g a n u n in t e n t io n a l h o m ic id e w a s p la u s ib le e n o u g h fo r a b a s i l e u s to a llo w th e c a s e to p r o c e e d ; C h . ta k e s th e a c c u s a ­ t io n s e r io u s ly a n d im p lie s th a t su c h a c h a r g e w o u ld b e le g it im a te i f h e h a d b e e n m o r e in v o lv e d in th e b o y ’s s u p e r v is io n . A ll w e c a n s a y a b o u t th is c a s e is th a t th e j u r o r s p r o b a b ly b a s e d th e ir d e c is io n o n th e e n tir e se t o f a r g u m e n ts p r e s e n te d b y e a c h s id e , n o t j u s t o n th is o n e issu e . T h e r o le o f th e b a s ile u s

b a s ile u s . T h e o f fic ia l in c h a r g e o f h o m ic id e c a s e s w a s th e

(’‘k in g ”), o n e o f th e n in e A t h e n ia n a r c h o n s , w h o s e o n e - y e a r

te r m s w e r e n o n - r e n e w a b le . H is d u tie s w e r e a d m in is t r a t iv e a n d p r o b a ­ b ly in c lu d e d m a k in g th e in it ia l p r o c la m a t io n , a r r a n g in g th e tria l, h o ld in g p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g s ( p r o d i k a s i a i) , r u n n in g th e tria l itse lf, a n d p e r h a p s d e c la r in g th e v e r d ic t { A P 57; M a c D o w e ll 1963: 3 4 8). T h e s e d u tie s c a r r y little p o w e r in t h e m s e lv e s , b u t a b a s i le u s m ig h t still e x e r c is e s ig n if ic a n t in flu e n c e o n a c a s e ( th o u g h s c h o la r s d is a g r e e o n h o w m u c h ; s e e fu r th e r G a g a r in fo r t h c o m in g ) . W hen

P h ilo c r a t e s ’ a c c u s a tio n

w as

first p r e s e n te d ,

th e

b a s i le u s

r e je c t e d it o n th e g r o u n d th a t it w a s n e c e s s a r y to h o ld t h r e e p r o d i k a s i a i in th r e e d iff e r e n t m o n th s (6 .4 2 ) a n d h is t e r m o f o ffic e w o u ld e n d in less th a n tw o m o n th s . P h ilo c r a t e s p r o t e s t e d (6.41 2), b u t d id n o t a c c u s e th e b a s ile u s

o f m is c o n d u c t at th e f o r m a l a s s e s s m e n t h e a r in g w h ic h e v e r y

o ffic ia l u n d e r w e n t at th e e n d o f h is te r m . S ix w e e k s in to th e n e x t y e a r P h ilo c r a t e s p r e s e n t e d th e c a s e a g a in a n d th e n e w b a s i le u s a c c e p t e d it. T h e fir st b a s i l e u s p r o b a b ly h a d th e le g a l r ig h t to r e je c t th e c a s e (he a p p a r e n t ly p o i n t e d to th e w o r d in g o f th e la w ), b u t it is n o t c le a r th a t h e w a s r e q u ir e d to r e je c t it; th e la w m a y h a v e s a id o n ly th a t th r e e p r o d i k a s i a i w e r e r e q u ir e d , n o t th a t th e y n e e d e d to b e h e ld b y th e s a m e b a s i le u s . I f so, h e m a y h a v e r e je c t e d th e c h a r g e o u t o f p o lit ic a l fr ie n d s h ip w ith C h ., as th e p r o s e c u t io n p r o b a b ly a r g u e d . H e m a y a lso h a v e q u e s t io n e d th e u n u s u a l, p e r h a p s u n p r e c e d e n t e d , c h a r g e o f u n in t e n tio n a l h o m ic id e by p la n n in g , b u t i f h e h a d o p e n ly e x p r e s s e d d o u b ts a b o u t th e c h a r g e , o n e m ig h t e x p e c t C h . to c it e s u c h d o u b ts in h is d e fe n s e . A s s e s s m e n t.

E a c h s id e p r o b a b ly p r e s e n te d a s tr o n g c a s e . T h e p r o s e c u tio n

c o u ld c ite th e le t t e r o f th e law , a r g u in g th a t as χ ο ρ η γ ό ς C h . w a s r e s p o n ­ s ib le for th e a c tio n s o f h is s u b o r d in a t e s a n d th a t th e g e n e r a l in s tr u e -

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6. I N T R O D U C T I O N

225

tio n s h e g a v e t h e m le d to D i o d o t u s ’ d e a th ; b u t th e y p r o b a b ly h a d few w itn e s s e s o n th e ir s id e , a n d u n le s s th e y c o u ld in tr o d u c e e v id e n c e o f s ig ­ n ific a n t m is m a n a g e m e n t b e s id e s th is a c c id e n t a l d e a th , th e s tr e n g th o f th e ir c a s e w o u ld rest p r im a r ily o n its e m o t io n a l a p p e a l, w h ic h c o u ld h a v e b e e n p o w e r fu l, a n d th e ir c r itic is m o f C h . fo r m in d in g o t h e r p e o p l e ’s a ffa ir s w h ile n e g le c t in g h is d u tie s . T o im a g in e a m o d e r n a n a lo g y , i f a c h ild in a d a y -c a r e c e n te r d ie s fro m b e in g g iv e n th e w r o n g d r u g for a fever, th e o w n e r o f th e c e n te r m ig h t b e h e ld r e s p o n s ib le e v e n i f sh e w e r e o u t o f to w n th a t d a y a n d th e d r u g w a s g iv e n b y a n e m p lo y e e w it h o u t h e r k n o w le d g e . In h is d e f e n s e C h . p r e s e n ts s tr o n g a r g u m e n ts o n a ll th r e e o f h is m a in p o in ts , a n d th e ju r o r s m ig h t w e ll w o n d e r w h e t h e r s o m e o n e w h o h a d ta k e n su c h t h o r o u g h p r e c a u tio n s to e n s u r e th a t th e b o y s w o u ld b e w e ll c a r e d for a n d w h o w a s n o t e v e n in th e h o u s e at th e tim e c o u ld b e h e ld lia b le for a n a c c id e n t a l d e a th . T h e p ic tu r e h e p a in ts o f h is o p p o n e n t s ’ p o lit ic a l o p p o r t u n is m a n d P h ilo c r a t e s ’ v a c illa tio n , m o r e o v e r , w o u ld ra ise s tr o n g d o u b ts a b o u t w h e t h e r th is c a s e s h o u ld h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t in th e first p la c e . A ll in a ll th e s p e e c h is a v e r y e ff e c tiv e r e s p o n s e to th e c h a lle n g e o f a n o v e l a n d c o m p le x s itu a tio n . O n e fa c to r th a t is d iffic u lt to a s se ss is th e lia b ilit y o f C h . ’s a ss is ta n ts . In a r g u in g th a t h e w a s n o t in v o lv e d in D i o d o t u s ’ d e a t h , C h . d o e s n o t s e e k to b la m e h is s u b o r d in a te s , s o m e o f w h o m m u s t h a v e b e e n d ir e c tly in v o lv e d ; r a th e r h e b la m e s τ ύ χ η . T h e p r o s e c u tio n m a y h a v e b r o u g h t a s e p a r a te c a s e a g a in s t th e s u b o r d in a te s , b u t th is w o u ld n o t p r e v e n t th e ir a lso c h a r g in g C h . C o n v ic t io n o f a s u b o r d in a te , h o w e v e r , m ig h t w e a k e n th e e m o t io n a l a r g u m e n t th a t D i o d o t u s ’ d e a th m u s t b e a v e n g e d , a n d i f th e ir r e a l m o tiv e in p r o s e c u tin g w a s to b a r C h . fr o m th e la w c o u r ts , th e y m a y w e ll h a v e ig n o r e d h is s u b o r d in a te s . O u tlin e .

T h e p r o lo g u e ( i - 6 ) is f o llo w e d by a p r e lim in a r y a tta c k o n th e

p r o s e c u tio n ’s c a s e (7 -1 0 ). T h e n a r r a tio n o f e v e n ts l e a d in g u p to th e d e a th (11-14) le a d s to a r g u m e n ts th a t C h . is n o t r e s p o n s ib le fo r it (1:5—1:9), w h ic h is fo llo w e d b y a fu r th e r n a r r a tiv e ( 2 0 -2 ) a n d b y C h . ’s c h a lle n g e th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n in te r r o g a te h is sla v e s ( 2 3 -3 2 ) . N a r r a tiv e a n d a r g u m e n t are t h e n m ix e d t o g e t h e r in th e d is c u s s io n o f th e first b a s i le u s ’

r e je c t io n o f th e c a s e a n d P h ilo c r a t e s ’ s e c o n d , s u c c e s s fu l

a tte m p t to p r o s e c u te ( 3 3 -5 0 ) . A v e r y b r ie f e p ilo g u e (51) c o n c lu d e s th e sp eech .

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.1 4 1 -6

1 "Η δισ τον: sc. έσ τίν.

P ro lo g u e

μεν: ι . ι η .

κ ίνδυνον: o f te n u s e d o f th e

“ r isk ” o f b e in g c o n v ic t e d in c o u r t. For th e t o p o s th a t a v o id in g lit ig a t io n is a v ir tu e , cf. 3 .2 .1

2, w h e r e th e d e f e n d a n t a lso la m e n t s th e σ υμ φ ορ ά

a n d τ ύ χ η th a t h a v e fo r c e d h im (ή να γκ ά σ θ η ν) in to c o u r t.

π ερ ί τ ο υ

σ ώ μ α τ ο ς p r o b a b ly = “lif e - t h r e a t e n in g ” ; so in 5 .9 5 ά μ α τ ώ ι σ ώ μ α τ ι, t h o u g h ψ υχή c a n a lso b e u s e d (e.g. 2 .1 .4 ).

ύ π ά ρ χ ε ιν : 5 .4 η . T h e

in fin itiv e d e p e n d s o n εύξα ιτο: i f o n e c a n n o t h a v e th e b e s t s it u a t io n (ή δισ τον), t h e n o n e c a n w is h at le a s t (yoùv) fo r a c le a r c o n s c ie n c e e v e n i f som e

m is f o r t u n e

str ik e s

(εϊ τις και σ υμ φ ο ρ ά

γ ίγ ν ο ιτ ο ) .

έα υ τ ώ ι

σ υνειδένα ι: s e e 5 · 9 3 η · o n διά τ ο μή ξυνειδέναι έαυτή ι. 2 is n e a r ly id e n t ic a l to 5 .1 4 , w ith o n ly m in o r c h a n g e s in w o r d in g , τ ο ύ τ ω ν : i.e . th e p la in tiffs (1.4η . o n ουτο ι). 3

[α ύ τ ο ύ ]:

a lo n e

am ong

m od ern

e d ito r s

B a d efen d s

th e

MS

r e a d in g , c it in g W ila m o w itz (1900) 4 1 3 (w h o s e v ie w s o n th e te x t o f A . o f te n fa ll s h o r t o f th e h ig h s ta n d a r d h e d is p la y s o n o t h e r a u th o r s ), b u t th e r e is n o o t h e r e x a m p le o f ό τ ο ιο ύ τ ο ς α ύ τ ό ς in G r e e k , a n d it is n o t e a s y to s e e w h a t s e n s e it m ig h t h a v e .

μία δίκη “ o n e v e r d ic t .” S in c e th e r e

w a s n o p r o c e s s o f a p p e a l in A t h e n ia n law , a ll c a s e s h à d o n ly o n e v e r d ic t, b u t in o t h e r m a tte r s a lit ig a n t c o u ld o f te n b r in g a n e w su it o n a r e la te d m a tte r , e ff e c tiv e ly r e o p e n in g th e c a s e . H o m i c id e c a s e s le ft n o s u c h o p p o r tu n ity .

μή ό ρ θ ώ ς κ α τα γνω σθ εΤ σ α κ τλ.: m u c h o f th e te x t fro m

h e r e to th e e n d o f 6 .6 a lso o c c u r s in 5 .8 7 - 9 ; th e r e a r e s ig n if ic a n t d iffe r ­ e n c e s , h o w e v e r , in d ic a t in g th a t th e t h o u g h t h a s b e e n

s p e c if ic a lly

a d a p t e d to th e c o n t e x t o f 6 . 3 - 6 . 4

εΐρ γεσ θ α ι π ό λ ε ω ς ιερ ώ ν ά γ ώ ν ω ν θυ σιώ ν: in a l o n g s e r ie s o f n o u n s

a s y n d e t o n (as h e r e ) is m o r e c o m m o n t h a n n o t (G\P x liv ). B a n is h m e n t fro m p u b lic p la c e s (se e 3 .1 .2 η . o n ώ ν ό νό μ ο ς εϊργει) is n o t m e n t io n e d in 5 .8 7 , b u t its r e le v a n c e to th is c a s e is c le a r i f w e u n d e r s t a n d ά γ ώ ν ω ν as “ tr ia ls ” r a th e r th a n “ g a m e s .” It is tr u e th a t a p r o v is io n in D r a c o ’s la w s p e c if ic a lly p r o t e c t s a k ille r as l o n g as h e sta y s a w a y fr o m a t h le t ic c o n ­ te s ts (ά θ λ ω ν), a m o n g o t h e r t h in g s ( D e m . 2 3 .3 7 ; cf· 2 3 .4 0 ). ®u t

A.

ά γ ώ ν a lw a y s m e a n s “tr ia l” (1.2η . o n ά γ ώ ν α ) , a n d th e r e w o u ld b e n o r e l­ e v a n c e in th e m e n t io n o f a t h le t ic c o n t e s t s h e r e .

τοσαύτην . . .

π ρ ά ξ ε ιν : in 5 .8 7 A . s p e a k s m o r e g e n e r a lly o f k illin g s o m e o n e w h o h a s n o r e la tiv e s to p r o s e c u te th e k iller; k illin g o n e ’s o w n sla v e (for w h ic h s e e 5 .4 7 η .) w o u ld b e o n e e x a m p le o f th is.

κα\ ά ν τις κτείνηι τ ιν ά : A . u se s

227

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.4-8

th e m o r e a r c h a ic κτείνω in s te a d o f th e n o r m a l A t t ic ά π ο κ τ ε ίν ω th r e e tim e s: h e r e th e la n g u a g e c le a r ly e c h o e s th a t o f D r a c o ’s la w ( I G i 3 104, 11 κα'ι έάν μή έκ π ρ ο νο ία $ κτείνηι τίς τινα); in 5 · 11 a n d 5-57 R m a y e c h o th e w ord s o f an o a th .

τ ό ν ο μ ιζό μ εν ο ν κτλ.: t h e s e ste p s s a tis fy m o r a l a n d

r e lig io u s fe e lin g s; th e law , e v id e n tly , is n o t in v o lv e d as l o n g as n o o n e p r o s e c u te s .

ά ρ ισ τ α π ρ ά ξ ε ιν “ h e w ill fa re b e s t ” ; h is c o n c e r n is w ith

h is fu tu re s ta n d in g in th e e y e s o f th e g o d s a n d th e c o m m u n ity .

5-6

κα\ ούδε\$ . . . α ιτ ία ν ά π ο λ ύ σ α ιτ ο : r e p e a te d n e a r ly v e r b a tim in

5 .8 7 - 9 ; th e m o s t n o t a b le c h a n g e is α ιτ ία ν h e r e in s te a d o f ά μ α ρ τ ία ν .

6

α υ τ ώ ν δε τ ο ύ τ ω ν : i .2 n .

< α ιτ ιά σ α σ θ α ι. . . όρθώ$>: th e s u p p le ­

m e n t (from 5 .8 8 ) is n e c e s s a r y for th e s e n s e a n d is a c c e p t e d b y a ll e d ito r s ; its o m is s io n w a s c le a r ly c a u s e d b y th e r e p e a te d μή ό ρ θ ώ ς. 5 .2 5 η .

y-1 0

P r e lim in a r y a tta c k

C h . n o w t u r n s to h i s s p e c if i c c a s e . 1.5 - 1 3

α ιτ ία σ ή :

vöv: d e le t e d b y m o s t e d ito r s o n th e g r o u n d it is n o t in 5 .8 9 .

and 3 .8 -ig ,

T h e s e p r e l i m i n a r y r e m a r k s , u n lik e th o s e in

c o n t a i n n o a r g u m e n t, o n ly a n a t t a c k on th e p r o s e c u t i o n ’s

m e th o d s a n d m o t iv e s . C h . ’s m a i n o b je c tio n i s t h a t th e y a r e a t t a c k i n g h im f o r r e a s o n s o th e r th a n th e b o y ’s d e a t h . H e m a k e s m u c h o f th e ir d i s r e g a r d f o r th e r u le t h a t in a h o m i c id e c a s e o n e w a s s u p p o s e d to s t i c k to th e p o i n t , a r g u in g t h a t th e y h a v e d e v o te d m u c h o f t h e i r c a s e to h i s p u b l i c a c t i v i t i e s r a th e r th a n to th e s p e c if i c c h a r g e o f h o m i ­ c id e .

7 δ ίω ξιν d e s ig n a te s th e e n tir e p r o s e c u tio n , as o p p o s e d to κ α τ η γ ο ρ ία , w h ic h m a y r e fe r o n ly to th e a c c u s a tio n o r th e a c c u s e r ’s s p e e c h (th o u g h it m a y a lso d e s ig n a te th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s e n tir e c a s e ).

εύσεβεία$ . . .

δικαίου: fo r th e p a ir cf. 6 .5 1 , w h e r e C h . p r a ise s th e j u r o r s as εύσ εβ εσ τά Tous . . . και δικ α ιοτά του$ (cf. 3 .2 .1 2 ).

δ ια β ά λ λ ο ν τ ε ς : m a n y e d ito r s

c h a n g e th is to th e a o r is t δ ια β α λ ό ντ ε$ to p r o d u c e a p a r a lle l c o n s tr u c t io n , b u t th is is n o t a g o o d r e a s o n fo r e m e n d a tio n in A . (cf. 2 .4 .7 η . o n άκινδύνω $ τε ουτό$ γε). 8 π ρ ώ τ ο ν . . . επ ειτ α : th e s p e e c h d o e s n o t d iv id e n e a t ly in to tw o p a r ts, b u t s o m e o f 6 . 2 0 - 3 2 a n d a ll o f 6 . 3 3 - 5 0 c o n c e r n e v e n ts a fte r D i o d o t u s ’ d e a th th a t are n o t str ic tly r e le v a n t.

π ερ ί α ύ τ ο ΰ τ ο υ π ρ ά γ ­

μ α τ ο ς : o n s tic k in g to th e p o in t in a h o m ic id e c a s e , se e I n tr o d . 4 , 6 .9 , 5 .1 m . o n ή μην.

κρίνεσθαι: m a n y e d ito r s (n o t T h o r B a) a c c e p t

R e is k e ’s άπ οκ ρ ίνεσ θα ι, w h ic h p r o d u c e s a s m o o t h e r tr a in o f t h o u g h t , b u t κρίνεσθαι y ie ld s a n a c c e p ta b le se n se: “ I th in k I s h o u ld first b e j u d g e d o n

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.8 10 th e iss u e a n d s h o u ld r e la te w h a t h a p p e n e d .”

ε ά ν ύμΐν ήδομένοι$ “ i f

it p le a s e y o u ” ; sc. ήι (w h ic h B a a d d s in h is tex t). fu r th e r a c c u s a tio n s . 9

αυτά:

i.e . th e

τοΐ$ έπ η ρ εά ζο υ σ ιν “ t h o s e w h o in s u lt m e .”

έπεί: 5 .5 0 η .

ϊν α “w h e n ,” t h o u g h a lo c a l s e n s e is a lso p o s s ib le ,

έξη ν αύτοΤ$: C h . is p r o b a b ly r e fe r r in g to th e δοκιμασία (“ e v a lu a t io n ” ) h e a n d th e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f th e C o u n c il (a n d o t h e r m a g is tr a te s ) h a d r e c e n t ly f a c e d b e fo r e a s s u m in g o ffic e . A n y c it iz e n c o u ld c h a lle n g e a n e le c t e d o f fic ia l o n v a r io u s g r o u n d s , a n d fo u r s p e e c h e s fr o m s u c h c h a l­ l e n g e s su r v iv e (L ys. 16, 25, 2 6 , 31); s e e H a n s e n (1991) 218 2 0 . It w a s u n d e r s t o o d th a t c it iz e n s m ig h t c h a lle n g e t h e ir p o lit ic a l e n e m ie s at su c h tim e s , t h e r e b y a c h ie v in g p r iv a te s a tis fa c t io n a s w e ll a s d o in g p u b lic good.

α ύ τ ώ ν : sc. “ m y a c c u s e r s ” ; a m ild h y p e r b a to n .

ά ν δ ρ α : i.e . t h e s p e a k e r h im s e lf.

τόνδε τό ν

τ ό π λ ή θ ο ς τ ό ύ μ έτ ερ ο ν h a s p o lit ic a l

o v e r to n e s (5 .8 η .); as a r ic h m a n , C h . c o u ld e a s ily b e s u s p e c te d o f a n t i­ d e m o c r a t ic a c tiv itie s . έμηχανήσαντο.

σ υντιθέντε$ : 5 .2 5 η . o n σ υνέθεσ α ν τ α ΰ τ α και

τ ά εί$ τ ή ν π ό λ ιν “ m y p u b lic a c t iv it ie s .”

τήι μεν

π ό λ ε ι . . . α υ τ ο ί δε: n e ith e r th e s y n ta x n o r th e t h o u g h t is q u ite p a r a lle l, b u t th e e s s e n t ia l p o in t (r e p e a t e d s e v e r a l tim e s in 6 .9 - 1 0 ) is th a t p u b lic w r o n g s s h o u ld n o t b e p r o s e c u te d as a p r iv a te c r im e , w h ic h h o m ic id e w a s c o n s id e r e d to b e . P la in tiffs s o m e t im e s a r g u e th a t c e r ta in w r o n g s are b o t h p r iv a te a n d p u b lic (e.g. L ys. 12.2), b u t th e y w o u ld h a v e d iffic u lty d o in g s o in th is c a s e . M o r e lik e ly th e y a d d e d a c c u s a tio n s o f C h . ’s a l le g e d p u b lic c r im e s to th e ir a c c o u n t o f th e h o m ic id e .

είπερ: th is

r e a d in g is a c c e p t e d b y a ll m o d e r n e d ito r s e x c e p t B a (fo llo w in g V o llg r a f f 1 9 4 8 ), w h o r e ta in s th e M S r e a d in g , b u t n o n e o f t h e e x a m p le s o f r e p e a te d μέν in G P 3 8 4 6 is at a ll sim ila r .

δίκην λ α μ β ά ν ε ιν : cf. 1.23

δίκην μη δώ ι. ίο

ου “w h e r e .”

εν π ρ ά γ μ α τ ι τ ο ιο ύ τ ω ι: i.e . in a h o m ic id e c a se,

σ χ ε δ ό ν a d d s a t o u c h o f m o d e s t y (“ I d a r e sa y ,” L S J s.v. IV .2).

όσ ια καί

δίκαια: 2 . 2 . 12n. o n φ ιλοθύτη ν.

i i

—1 4

T h e n a r ra tiv e

A s u s u a l in a d e f e n s e s p e e c h , th e n a r r a t i v e is b r i e f a n d s e le c tiv e . C h . f o c u s e s o n ly on h is p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r a n d o v e r a l l s u p e r v i s i o n o f th e b o y s ’ t r a in i n g ; w e le a r n n o th in g o f h o w D i o d o t u s c a m e to d r i n k th e d r u g , w h o p r e p a r e d o r a d m i n i s t e r e d i t , o r j u s t h o w h e d i e d , a n d s p e c u l a t i o n o n th e s e p o i n t s i s f u t i l e . T h e p r o s e c u tio n p r e s u m a b ly g a v e a m o r e e x t e n s i v e (th o u g h p e r h a p s e q u a l l y s e le c tiv e ) a c c o u n t.

229

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6 .1 1 - 1 2

I n C h . ’s r e m a r k s w e g e t a g l i m p s e o f th e p o l i t i c a l b a c k g r o u n d o f th e sp e e c h (se e H e its c h i g 8 o : 2 4

3 0 f o r a d e t a i l e d e x a m i n a ti o n o f th e e v id e n c e ) ; C h . ’s o p p o n e n ts

w e r e e v i d e n tl y p r o m i n e n t p u b l i c f i g u r e s , a n d th i s a n d th e o th e r l e g a l c o n te s ts m e n ­ t io n e d p r o b a b l y f o r m e d p a r t o f a c o n t i n u i n g p o l i t i c a l s tr u g g le .

11 κ α τ εσ τ ά θ η ν eis “w a s a p p o in t e d ” ; cf. i . i n . o n κ α τ α σ τ ή ν α ι. T h e r u les a n d p r o c e d u r e s r e g a r d in g th e a p p o in t m e n t o f a χ ο ρ η γ ό ς , th e r e c r u itm e n t o f c h o r u s m e m b e r s a n d r e la te d m a tte r s a r e d is c u s s e d b y M a c D o w e ll (1 9 8 9 ). A p p o in t m e n t as a χ ο ρ η γ ό ς r e q u ir e d c o n s id e r a b le e x p e n s e ; o n e s p e a k e r (Lys. 21.4) say s h e s p e n t m o r e th a n 15 m in a s (c.

$ 7 5 ,0 0 0 ) o n a b o y s ’ c h o r u s in 4 0 4 (a n d 2 0 m in a s o n a m e n ’s c h o r u s fo r

th e T h a r g e lia ) .

Θ α ρ γ ή λ ια : a fe s tiv a l h o n o r in g A p o llo o n d a y s 6

a n d 7 o f th e m o n t h T h a r g e lio n , th e n e x t to la st m o n th in th e A ttic y e a r (r o u g h ly e q u iv a le n t to M a y ). F iv e c h o r u s e s o f b o y s a n d fiv e o f m e n c o m p e t e d at th e T h a r g e lia .

ε λ α χ ο ν Π α ν τ α κ λ έ α δ ιδ ά σ κ α λ ο ν “ I w a s

a llo t te d P a n ta c le s as m y p o e t ” (διδάσ κ α λος is th e r e g u la r te r m fo r a c h o r a l o r d r a m a tic p o e t). E a c h c h o r u s w a s g iv e n a p o e t to c o m p o s e th e h y m n it w o u ld s in g at th e fe s tiv a l. T h e d ith y r a m b ic p o e t P a n ta c le s is k n o w n fro m s e v e r a l c o n t e m p o r a r y in s c r ip t io n s c o m m e m o r a t in g v i c t o ­ r ies ( H e its c h 1 980: 4 9 - 5 0 , n .14).

Κ εκροπίδα φ υλ ή ν: fo r th is c o m p e t i­

tio n th e te n A t h e n ia n tr ib e s w e r e d iv id e d in to fiv e p a ir s; C h . c o u ld r e c r u it b o y s fro m e ith e r h is o w n (th e E r e c h th e id ) o r th e C e c r o p id trib e, [ τ ο υ τ έ σ τ ι τήι Έ ρ εχ θ η ίδ ι]: a n o b v io u s in tr u s iv e g lo ss (1.17η. o n τής τούτου

μη τρός)

b a sed

'“ in s tr u c t io n r o o m .” sen se.

on

in fo r m a tio n

in

6 .1 3 .

διδα σ κ α λεΐο ν

: B e k k e r ’s s u p p le m e n t is n e c e s s a r y fo r th e

Δ ιο νυ σ ίο ις: C h . r e m in d s th e ju r o r s th a t h e h a s b e e n χ ο ρ η γ ό ς

fo r th e D io n y s ia (w h ic h w o u ld h a v e b e e n a s ig n if ic a n t h o n o r ), th e a n n u a l fe s tiv a l h e ld in M a r c h w h e r e th e m o s t im p o r t a n t , a n d m o s t e x p e n s iv e , d r a m a tic a n d c h o r a l p r o d u c t io n s w e r e p r e s e n te d , i n c lu d in g m o s t tr a g e d ie s . S in c e t h e se d u tie s w e r e n o r m a lly r o ta te d , C h . p r o b a b ly u n d erto o k

th is

s e r v ic e

at

th e

D io n y s ia

several

years

ea rlier,

ζη μ ιώ σ α ς . . . ενέχ υ ρ α βίαι φ έρ ω ν: th e χ ο ρ η γ ό ς h a d th e p o w e r to fin e s o m e o n e w h o w o u ld n o t a llo w h is s o n to b e e n lis t e d in th e c h o r u s . A p a r e n t w ith a v a lid e x c u s e w a s r e q u ir e d to p o s t surety, w h ic h w o u ld b e f o r fe ite d i f th e e x c u s e p r o v e d in v a lid . T h e r e c r u it m e n t o f c h o r u s m em b ers

is

t h o r o u g h ly

d is c u s s e d

by

M a c D o w e ll

(1 9 8 9 )

6 9 -7 2 .

έκόντες κα\ β ο υ λ ό μ εν ο ι: p l e o n a s m (1 .2 0 η .) fo r e m p h a s is ; b o t h w o r d s m e a n “w illin g ly .” 12 έτύ γχα νε:

C h . h in ts at th e

r o le o f τ ύ χ η

(6.15; cf. 5 .2 0 -1 ) .

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.12 14 π ρ ά γ μ α τ α “ la w s u its ,” n o t m o r e g e n e r a lly (as s o m e t im e s ) “ b u s in e s s .” Ά ρ ισ τ ίω ν α :

p r o b a b ly

th e

A r is tio n

who

w as

archon

in

4 2 1 /0 .

Φ ιλΐνον: a fa ir ly im p o r t a n t p o lit ic a l fig u r e at th e t im e (R a u b its c h e k i9 5 4 ); w e h a v e fo u r v e r y s m a ll f r a g m e n ts o f a s p e e c h A . w r o te a g a in s t P h ilin u s (61 4 T h ; 4 8 51 M o r ), p e r h a p s fo r th is c a s e .

ε ίσ ή γ γ ε ιλ α :

th e p r o c e d u r e o f e i s a n g e l i a w a s u s e d for c r im e s a g a in s t th e sta te , su c h as tr e a s o n ( M a c D o w e ll 1978: 183 6 , H a n s e n 1975); c a s e s o f e is a n g e lia w e r e b r o u g h t to t h e C o u n c il (as h e r e ; cf. 6 .3 5 ) o r th e A s s e m b ly . W e a r e la te r to ld (6 .3 5 8) th a t C h . s e c u r e d a c o n v ic t io n .

ά π ο δ ε ΐξ α ι: c o n t in u e s

th e s e n s e o f a ε γ ώ περ ί π ο λ λ ο ύ έποιούμ ην: “ (a suit) th a t I c o n s id e r e d v e r y im p o r t a n t . . . n a m e ly , th a t I d e m o n s t r a t e .”

Φ α ν ό σ τ ρ α τ ο ν : th e

id e n tif ic a t io n o f th is P h a n o s tr a tu s a n d h is f a th e r - in - la w (th e sp e a k e r ) p r o p o s e d b y R r u b it s c h e k (1954: 6 9 7 0 , n .io ) is r e je c te d b y D a v ie s (1971: 530

1).

δη μ ό τ η ν: th e im p lic a t io n is th a t m e m b e r s o f th e s a m e d e m e

w o u ld i p s o f a c t o h a v e g r e a te r r e s p e c t fo r o n e a n o th e r , t h o u g h c e r t a in ly th is w a s n o t a lw a y s th e c a s e .

ά ρ ισ τ α : m o s t e d ito r s (n o t B a , tB) a d d

ώ ς b e fo r e ά ρ ισ τ α , b u t th is is u n n e c e s s a r y . E ls e w h e r e A . a lw a y s u se s ά ρ ισ τ α w it h o u t ώ ς (fo u r tim e s) e x c e p t in th e e x p r e s s io n cos ά ρ ισ τ α έδυνά μ η ν ( t w ic e in 6.11); a n d lo ss o f cos h e r e w o u ld b e h a r d to e x p la in p a le o g r a p h ic a lly .

1

1 3 δύο ά v δ p α s . . . ετι δε τ έ τ α ρ τ ο ν : sc. κ α τ έσ τ η σ α . W e k n o w n o t h in g fu r th e r

about

A m e in ia s

or

P h ilip p u s.

The

th ir d

m an

( c o u n tin g

P h a n o s t r a tu s as t h e first) is n o t n a m e d ; m o s t e d ito r s (n o t tB) p o s t u la t e a la c u n a , o n t h e a s s u m p tio n th a t h is n a m e w a s o r ig in a lly g iv e n , b u t A . m a y h a v e fe lt h is n a m e w a s n o t im p o r t a n t , o r h e m a y h a v e h a d o th e r r e a s o n s fo r n o t n a m in g h im .

έκ ά σ τ ο τ ε : c h o r u s e s w e r e n o r m a lly

c o m p o s e d o f m e m b e r s o f s p e c if ic trib e s; a p p a r e n t ly th e r e c r u it m e n t a n d m a n a g e m e n t o f c h o r u s e s (σ υ λλεγειν καί έπιμελεΐσθαι) w a s c o m m o n ly h a n d le d b y c e r t a in m e n in e a c h tr ib e . a n d s p e n d m o n e y ,” p l e o n a s m .

ώ νεΐσ θ α ι κα\ ά να λ ίσ κ ειν “ b u y

ά ρ ισ τ α : a ll e d ito r s e x c e p t tB a d d cos

b e f o r e ά ρ ισ τ α , b u t s e e 6 .1 2 η . o n ά ρ ισ τ α ; h e r e th e lo ss w o u ld b e e a s ie r to e x p la in a fte r ο π ω $ . 1 4 καθειστήκει: p lu p e r fe c t ( i . i n . o n κ α τ α σ τ ή να ι). ενεκα “in j u s t i f i c a t i o n ” ( 5 .2 m . o n π ρ ό φ α σ ή ).

προφ άσεω ς

είπεΐν: th e s y n ta x

s e e m s im p o s s ib le { p a c e tB) u n le s s s o m e c h a n g e is m a d e , a n d th e d e le t io n o f είπεΐν (p e r h a p s in f lu e n c e d b y έπεί) m a y b e e a s ie r p a l e o g r a p h ic a lly t h a n th e a d d it io n o f καί b e f o r e ο τι (T h ).

έπεί: 5 ·5 0 η ·

τω ν

π ε ρ ιε σ τ ώ τ ω ν “ th e b y s t a n d e r s ,” a r a re m e a n in g o f th is v e r b . C h . w a s a

231

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.14-16

w e ll k n o w n p u b lic fig u r e , w h o s e tria l w o u ld p r e s u m a b ly a ttr a c t a la rg e c r o w d , i n c lu d in g m a n y r e la tiv e s o f o t h e r b o y s in th e c h o r u s . It is a lso p o s s ib le th a t s o m e ju r o r s , lik e s o m e in th e a u d ie n c e , h a d d ir e c t o r s e c o n d -h a n d k n o w le d g e o f th e e v e n ts; th is w o u ld n o t p r e v e n t t h e m fr o m se rv in g .

τ ο ΰ ό ρ κ ω τ ο ΰ : th e o ffic ia l w h o a d m in is t e r s th e o a th ,

άκ ούουσι: C h . s p e a k s as i f th e b y s ta n d e r s c a n still h e a r h is w o r d s, ε ίν α ι. . . π εΐσ α ι: b o t h in fin itiv e s d e p e n d o n δοκεΤν.

1 5 -1 9

T h e p r o o fs

T h e t r a n s i t i o n to th e p r o o f s i s r a t h e r a b r u p t , a s w e h a v e b ee n t o l d n o th in g a b o u t th e m o r e im m e d i a te e v e n t s c o n c e r n in g D i o d o t u s ’ d e a th ; n o r h a v e w e h a d a n y c o n f i r m a ­ tio n f r o m

w i t n e s s e s c o n c e r n in g th e g e n e r a l a r r a n g e m e n ts f o r th e c h o r u s.

T h ese

a r r a n g e m e n ts w e r e p r o b a b l y n o t in d i s p u t e , so t h a t A . m a y h a v e se e n n o n e e d to a d d s u p p o r t to h is a c c o u n t ; A . m a y b e t r y i n g to c o n v e y th e im p r e s s io n , m o re o v e r, t h a t s in c e C h . w a s n o t p r e s e n t , h e c a n n o t s a y a n y t h i n g a b o u t w h a t h a p p e n e d b u t c a n o n ly r e ite r a te t h a t h e w a s in n o w a y i n v o l v e d . F i n a l l y , C h . ’s d e n i a l s o f s p e c if i c a c t i o n s ( “ I d i d n o t o rd er, ” e tc .) w e r e p r e s u m a b l y s u p p o r t e d b y m a n y w it n e s s e s , a n d th e p r o s e c u ­ tio n m a y h a v e l a r g e l y a v o i d e d g i v i n g a s p e c if ic a c c o u n t, c o n c e n tr a tin g i n s t e a d on o th e r is s u e s (s e e in t r o d u c t i o n to 6 , a b o v e ) .

1 5 ετ ερ ο ν: a lth o u g h b la m in g s o m e o n e e ls e (su ch as th e p e r s o n w h o g a v e th e d r in k to D io d o t u s ) m ig h t h e lp a c q u it C h ., it w o u ld s u r e ly h u r t h is s ta n d in g in th e c o m m u n it y i f h e h e lp e d c o n v ic t o n e o f h is a s s o c ia t e s o f h o m ic id e .

τή ς τ ύ χ η ς : c o n tr a s t th e a ttitu d e t o w a r d τ ύ χ η in th e

S e c o n d T e tr a lo g y , w h e r e th e d e f e n d a n t a v o id s b la m in g τ ύ χ η w h ile th e p la in t if f a r g u e s (3 .3 .8 ) th a t i f th e d e a th w a s c a u s e d b y τ ύ χ η , th e b la m e still fa lls to th e a c c u s e d . T h e c r u c ia l d iff e r e n c e m a y b e th a t th e d e f e n ­ d a n t in th a t c a s e w a s d ir e c tly in v o lv e d in th e b o y ’s d e a t h a n d so c o u ld b e h e ld r e s p o n s ib le for a n a c c id e n t; C h . m a y h a v e b e e n le s s i n c lin e d to b la m e τ ύ χ η i f h e h a d g iv e n D i o d o t u s th e d r in k h im s e lf. It is a lso p o s s i­ b le th a t a ttitu d e s to w a r d τ ύ χ η h a d c h a n g e d i f a d e c a d e o r tw o s e p a r a te s th is c a s e fro m th e T e t r a lo g ie s .

ά π ο σ τ ρ έ ψ α ι: a ll m o d e r n e d ito r s

e x c e p t tB c h a n g e th is to ά π ο τ ρ έ ψ α ι, b u t se e 2 .3 .7 η .

μή ο ύ γ εν έσ θ α ι

ή ν τ ιν α δει έκ ά σ τ ω ι: lit. “ (p r ev e n t) fr o m h a p p e n in g w h a te v e r (fo r tu n e ) m u s t h a p p e n fo r e a c h p e r s o n .”

έκ ά σ τω ι: a ll m o d e r n e d ito r s p o s t u ­

la te a la c u n a h e r e to a c c o m m o d a t e a c la u s e s u m m o n in g th e w itn e s s e s , b u t cf. 5 .6 1 . 1 6 έξ α ύ τ ώ ν δε τ ο ύ τ ω ν : i . e. fr o m th e t e s t im o n y o f th e w itn e s s e s ; th e

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.16 17 s a m e e x p r e s s io n in 6.17 r e fe r s to th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s a r g u m e n ts (εξ α ύ τ ώ ν τ ο ύ τ ω ν ώ ν α ίτ ιώ ν τ α ι). For th e id e a th a t lo g o i s h o u ld b e t e s t e d a g a in s t th e fa c ts ,

cf.

3 .4 .3

(έκ

τω ν

π ρ α χθ έντ ω ν),

5 .8 4 .

ά λ η θ έσ τ ερ α

κα\

εύ ο ρ κ ό τ ερ α “ m o r e tr u th fu l a n d m o r e c o r r e c t in th e ir o a t h ” ; p l e o n a s m , s in c e εύορκος m e a n s “ s w e a r in g a tru e o a t h .”

δ ιω μ ό σ α ν τ ο : s in c e

e a c h lit ig a n t in a δίκη φ ό νο υ sw o r e a n o a th (διω μ οσία; cf. i .8 n . o n ά ν τ ο μ ω μ ο κ ώ ς εσται) b e fo r e th e tria l s ta tin g th e e s s e n c e o f h is c a s e , a lit ­ ig a n t (a n d th e lo g o g r a p h e r ) w o u ld k n o w h is o p p o n e n t ’s e x a c t w o r d s b e f o r e h a n d a n d c o u ld th u s r e fe r s p e c if ic a lly to th is o a t h , r a th e r th a n v a g u e ly to “w h a t th e y say.” T h e s p e a k e r in A n t. 1 fr e q u e n tly q u o t e s th e w o r d s ευ οίδα fro m th e d e f e n d a n t ’s o a t h ( i.6 n .) , t h o u g h h e r a r e ly m e n ­ tio n s th e o a t h s p e c if ic a lly (1.8, 1.28). H e r e C h . e x p lic itly o p p o s e s h is o a t h to th e p l a i n t i f f ’s o a t h as a c o n c is e d e m o n s tr a t io n o f t h e ir d iffe r ­ e n c e s . S o m e h a v e s e e n in th is a n e c h o o f a n a r c h a ic p r o c e d u r e w h e r e d is p u te s w e r e fo r m a lly d e c id e d b y o a th s a lo n e , b u t th e r e is v e r y little e v id e n c e th a t s u c h p r o c e d u r e s w e r e e v e r im p o r t a n t in G r e e k law. β ο υ λ ε ύ σ α ν τ α : o n th e “p la n n e r ” vs. th e a c tu a l killer, se e in tr o d u c t io n to 6 , a b o v e . T h e s y n ta x m a k e s c le a r th e p r io r itie s : th e m a in p o in t o f d is p u te is s ta t e d in th e in fin itiv e s (ά π ο κ τ εΐνα ί vs. μή ά π ο κ τεΐνα ι); th e c ir ­ c u m s t a n t ia l p a r t ic ip le s lim it th is a c tio n , th e flrsi s p e c if y in g th a t th e k illin g w a s d o n e b y “p la n n in g ” (n o t b y C h . ’s o w n h a n d ), th e n e x t tw o (μήτε χειρ'ι ά ρ ά μ ενο ς μήτε β ο υλεύσ α ς) f o r m in g a n e x h a u s t iv e p a ir for e m p h a s is , e v e n t h o u g h o n ly th e la tte r is r e le v a n t to th e c h a r g e (sim ila r ly μήτε άδίκω ς μήτε δικαίω ς ά π ο κ τείνειν in 3 ·2 ·9? e tc ·)·

τόν θά νατον:

H e it s c h (1980: 23) a r g u e s th a t t h e s e w o r d s w e r e n o t in th e p l a in t i f f ’s o a th b u t w e r e c le v e r ly a d d e d b y A . to s u g g e s t a c o n t r a d ic t io n in th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s c a s e (th a t th e d e a t h w a s b o t h a c c id e n t a l a n d p la n n e d ); b u t β ο υ λ ε ύ σ α ν τ α τ ό ν θ ά ν α τ ο ν d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r ily in d ic a t e a n i n te n t io n a l p la n to kill; cf. 4 .3 .4 β ο υ λ ευ τ ή ν τ ο ύ θ α ν ά τ ο υ .

άρά μ ενος: m a n y

e d ito r s e m e n d to έ ρ γ α σ ά μ εν ο ς ( c o m p a r in g A n d o c . 1 .9 4 ), b u t χειρ! ά ρ ά ­ μενος ( d e fe n d e d b y W ila m o w itz 1900: 401 n . i , a n d m o r e r e c e n t ly tB a n d B a)

lit. “w it h o n e ’s o w n h a n d ,” “ h a v in g r a is e d it u p ” - m a y r e fle c t

a r c h a ic la n g u a g e . T h e s e n te n c e in D r a c o ’s la w th a t a lm o s t c e r t a in ly c o n t a in e d a p a ir o f e x p r e s s io n s fo r a c tu a l k illin g a n d p la n n in g (I G i 3 1 04, 11—13) h a s a la c u n a at th e c r u c ia l sp o t.

17

C h . h e r e r e tu r n s to th e s a m e p o in t s o f d e n ia l h e m a d e in 6 .1 5 .

α ίτ ιώ ν τ α ι: C h . n o w tu r n s to th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s a r g u m e n ts , w h ic h w e r e n o t in c lu d e d in th e ir o a th .

έκ τ ο ύ τ ω ν “ o n th e s e g r o u n d s ” ( sp e c ifie d

233 in w h a t fo llo w s).

α ίτιος δς: W ila m o w itz (1 9 0 0 ) 401 n .2 (fo llo w e d b y

tB a n d H e its c h ) a r g u e s for r e ta in in g th e M S ο υ τ ο ς, u n d e r s t a n d in g it as a d ir e c t q u o ta tio n : th e p r o s e c u tio n m a k e th e a c c u s a tio n th a t “ th is m a n e ith e r (W il. a d d s ή) o r d e r e d o r fo r c e d o r g a v e ” ; i.e . th e y are n o t su re j u s t w h a t C h . d id , b u t th e y c la im e d th a t h e m u s t h a v e d o n e o n e o f th e se . B u t th e p r o s e c u tio n w o u ld h a r d ly c la im h e h a d d o n e s o m e t h in g th a t m a n y w itn e ss e s w o u ld d e n y (se e n e x t n o te ). O n th is r e a d in g , m o r e o v e r , ο υ τ ο ς is v e r y d iffic u lt to u n d e r s t a n d as a r e fe r e n c e to th e s p e a k e r ( e s p e c ia lly a fte r th e i m m e d ia t e ly p r e c e d in g ουτοι) a n d w o u ld s e e m u n n e c e s s a r ily c o n fu s in g ; i f th is w e r e th e s e n s e h e w is h e d to co n v e y , th e n o r m a l ε γ ώ w o u ld m a k e h is m e a n in g clear.

oì/τε γ ά ρ έκελευσα κ τλ .: in v ie w o f

C h .’s e m p h a s is o n th e str e n g th o f h is w it n e s s e s ’ te s tim o n y , it s e e m s u n lik e ly th a t th e p l a in t if f a s s e r te d th a t h e c o m m itt e d o n e o r m o r e o f t h e se s p e c ific a cts; o n th e o t h e r h a n d , h e p r o b a b ly d id n o t e x p lic itly c o n c e d e th a t C h . d id n o t c o m m it a n y o f t h e m . M o s t lik e ly h e s a id s o m e ­ t h in g lik e, “w h a te v e r h e d id , w h e t h e r h e o r d e r e d o r f o r c e d o r g a v e o r h a d a n y o t h e r in v o lv e m e n t, h e w a s n o n e t h e le s s in c h a r g e a n d th u s is r e sp o n s ib le for t h e d e a t h .” C h . c o u ld t h e n ta k e t h e s e w o r d s a n d m a k e th e m a p p e a r to a lle g e th a t h e h a d c o m m itt e d o n e o f th e s e a cts, εδω κ α . . . ή ν ά γ κ α σ α : all m o d e r n e d ito r s r e v e r s e t h e s e tw o to c r e a te th e s a m e o r d e r as in th e p r e c e d in g s e n te n c e (a n d e ls e w h e r e ). R e v e r s in g th e o r d e r o f w o r d s is a c o m m o n s c r ib a l error, b u t it is a lso c o m m o n fo r A . to b r e a k a p a tte r n at tim e s.

έπ ιπ ρ οσ τ ίθ η μ ι: e v e r y e d ito r s in c e A ld u s

c h a n g e s th is to ετι π ρ οσ τίθη μ ι, b u t th e d o u b le c o m p o u n d v e r b o c c u r s in th e

(p o s sib ly

c o n tem p o r a n e o u s)

H ip p o c r a t ic

On

n u tr im e n t,

and

έπιπ ροσ τίθ η μ ι w o u ld su it A . ’s f o n d n e s s fo r c o m p o u n d v e r b s (In tr o d . 8 ii 4).

αύτοΤς “to th e s e s ta t e m e n ts ” ( v e l s i m . ) .

κα\ εΐ φ α σ ιν κ τλ.: C h .

r e ite r a te s h is d e n ia ls in th r e e n e a r ly id e n tic a l s e n te n c e s w ith s lig h t v a r i­ a tio n (In tr o d . 8 v 3) in th e th ir d (και εί τ ο ν δ ό ν τ α κτλ.). ι8

T h e a r g u m e n t s h o u ld b e c o m p a r e d p a r tic u la r ly w ith 3 .4 .1 - 2 -

th a t tru th is to b e d e t e r m in e d fro m th e λ ό γ ο ι o f b o t h s id es

a n d 2 .i.i

3

- th a t w h e n c r im e s ar e p la n n e d a n d c a r r ie d o u t in se c r e t, h a r d e v id e n c e is n o r m a lly l a c k in g a n d j u d g m e n t m u s t b e r e n d e r e d o n th e b a s is o f lik e ­ lih o o d (εΐκός). T h e b a s ic id e a is th e s a m e in a ll c a ses: λ ό γ ο ι a r e n e c e s s a r y w h e n th e fa cts a re n o t k n o w n o r t h e ir in te r p r e ta t io n is n o t clea r, b u t th e r e a re lim its o n th e p o w e r o f λ ό γ ο ι: th e y c a n n o t p r o d u c e a lo g ic a l c o n t r a d ic t io n o f r e ality, j u s t as th e y c a n n o t p r o d u c e a n a r g u m e n t th a t v io la t e s

th e

fa cts

(3 .2 .4 η .

on

οΰδεις

. . .

λ ό γ ο ς ).

εξεστι τώι

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.18 21 β ο υ λ ο μ έν ω ι: th is m a y b e a n a llu s io n to th e la n g u a g e o f m a n y p u b lic p r o c e d u r e s (su c h as th e g r a p h e ), w h e r e “ a n y o n e w h o w is h e d ” w a s a llo w e d to p r o s e c u te . (LSJ s.v. A . 1.6).

έν τοΐς “ d e p e n d e n t o n , ” “ in th e p o w e r o f ”

ό π ό σ α μεν: th e c o n t r a s t is w ith ο π ο ύ δε ( 6 .ig ).

θηρεύειν . . . ύ π ο ν ο ε ΐν τ ά λ εγ ά μ ε ν α : th e s a m e w o r d s in A n d o c . 1.9 μήτε ύ π ο ν ο ε ΐν τ ά λ εγ ά μ εν α , μήτε ρ ή μ α τ α θηρεύειν.

έπ \ σ μικρόν “ in d e t a il.”

E ls e w h e r e ( S o p h . E l . 4 1 4 , H e r o d . 4 .1 2 9 ) th e p h r a s e m e a n s “ to a sm a ll e x t e n t ,” a n d D o v e r (1 9 8 8 ) s u g g e s ts e m e n d in g to έπί σ μ ικ ρ ώ ν, b u t th is e x p r e s s io n is u n p a r a lle le d (for S o p h . A j a x 1 2 6 8 s e e L lo y d -J o n e s a n d W ils o n 1990 : 37 8).

εικ ά ζο ν τ α ς . . . σ ά φ α είδ ό τ α ς : cf. i .6 n . o n

σ α φ ώ ς ε’ι δέναι. ig

δ π ο υ δε κ τλ.: th e s e n t e n c e e n d s (at έ ξ ε λ ε γ χ ο ιτ ο ) w it h o u t a m a in

v e r b , p r o b a b h a n in t e n t io n a l a p o s i o p e s i s (“b r e a k in g o f f in s ile n c e ” ), s u g ­ g e s tin g th a t t h e c o n c lu s io n is so o b v io u s th a t th e s p e a k e r d o e s n o t n e e d to p u t it in w o r d s , a n d leav in g in th e ju r o r s ’ m in d s th e fin a l c o n s id e r a ­ t io n , th a t a n u n ju s t a c c u s a tio n is c o m p le t e ly r e je c te d . 1.5η.

έκ π ρ ο ν ο ία ς :

έκ π α ρ α σ κ ευ ή ς : v ir t u a lly e q u iv a le n t to έξ επ ιβ ο υ λ ή ς (1.3, 2 .1 .5 ,

5 .2 5 ), b u t C h . c o u ld n o t u s e th e la tte r t e r m s in c e th e c h a r g e in c lu d e d th e w o r d β ο υ λ εύ σ α ς . T h e p r o s e c u tio n p r o b a b ly d id n o t e la b o r a t e o n th e c h a r g e o f u n i n t e n t io n a l h o m ic id e , b u t C h . is d r a w in g o u t th e i m p lic a ­ tio n s o f th is c h a r g e , as h e s e e s t h e m .

π ρ α χ θ ή ν α ι is n o t r e a lly p a r a l­

le l w it h γεν έσ θ α ι, b u t th e r e is n o o t h e r c o n s tr u c t io n fo r th e in fin itiv e th a n w it h ό μ ο λ ο γ ο ύ σ ι. P e r h a p s th is is p a r t o f th e s y n ta c tic b r e a k d o w n o f th e s e n te n c e , o r p e r h a p s s o m e t h in g h a s d r o p p e d o u t. m o r e th a n fifty, so w e a r e to ld (6 .2 2 ). t h e s e b e lo w ( 6 .2 3 - 3 2 ) .

πολλώ ν:

δούλω ν: w e hear m ore o f

έ ξ ε λ ε γ χ ο ιτ ο : fo r th e o m is s io n o f ά ν , w h ic h

a ll m o d e r n e d ito r s a d d , s e e 1.25η . o n γ ίγ ν ο ιτ ο .

20

2

F u r th e r n a r ra tiv e

C h . n o w r e l a t e s th e a c t i o n s o f D i o d o t u s ’ b ro th e r, P h il o c r a te s , a f t e r h is d e a th . T h e a c c o u n t p r e p a r e s f o r t h e f u l l - s c a l e a t t a c k on P h i l o c r a t e s ’ m o t iv e s in 6 . 3 3 - 3 0 .

20

ά μ φ ό τ ε ρ α : e it h e r a d v e r b ia l o r th e o b j e c t o f ένθυμηθήναι (w h ic h

c a n ta k e e it h e r a n a c c u s a tiv e o r a g e n itiv e ). 2 1 ο ύ τ ο σ ί: P h ilo c r a t e s is p r e s e n t as p la in tiff.

ά ν α β ά ς : ά ν α β α ίν ω

is c o m m o n ly u s e d o f “m o u n t in g ” th e s p e a k e r ’s p la tf o r m (βήμα) to a d d r e s s a c o u r t o r a n A s s e m b ly (LSJ s.v. I I .6); h e r e (tw ic e ) w ith εις it m e a n s “ c o m e b e f o r e ,” i.e . to a d d r e s s . P h ilo c r a t e s a n d C h . a p p a r e n tly

235 h a d a s p e c ia l h e a r in g b e fo r e th e c o u r t, w h ic h w a s g o in g to h e a r C h . ’s e is a n g e lia

th e n e x t day.

τ ή ν η λ ια ία ν τ ή ν τ ω ν θεσ μ ο θ ετ ώ ν “ th e c o u r t o f

th e th e s m o t h e t a e ” ; th is is th e o f fic ia l n a m e , fo u n d in in s c r ip t io n s as e a r ly as 4 4 6 / 5 , for th e c o u r t in th e s e n s e o f b o t h b u ild in g a n d in s titu tio n (th e r e is a fu ll d is c u s s io n in H a n s e n 1 9 8 1 -2 ). T h e th e s m o th e ta e w e r e th e six o t h e r a r c h o n s (a fter th e e p o n y m o u s a r c h o n , th e b a s i le u s , a n d th e p o le m a rch ); th e y p r e s id e d o v e r a v a r ie ty o f c a s e s ( A P 5 9 ). C h . ’s e is a n g e lia (6 .1 2 η .) a g a in s t A r is tio n e t a l . w a s p r e s e n te d to th e C o u n c il (6 .3 5 ), b u t im p o r ta n t c a s e s w e r e o fte n r e fe r r e d to th e c o u r ts , s in c e th e m a x im u m p e n a lty

th e

C o u n c il

c o u ld

le v y

w as

a

fin e

of

500

d r a c h m a s,

έξεφ έρ ετο: lit. “w a s b e in g c a r r ie d o u t ,” th e s ta n d a r d te r m fo r c o n v e y in g th e c o r p s e from th e h o m e w h e r e it h a d b e e n “ la id o u t ” (6 .3 4 ) to th e g r a v e . H e r e a n d 6 .3 7 C h . im p lie s c r itic is m o f P h ilo c r a te s fo r g o in g to c o u r t b e fo r e h is b r o t h e r ’s fu n e r a l is c o m p le t e .

δ τ ι ά δ ε λ φ ό ν κ τλ.:

P h ilo c r a te s w a s u n o f f ic ia lly n o t if y in g th e c o u r t th a t a h o m ic id e c a s e w o u ld b e b r o u g h t; h is fo r m a l p r o c la m a t io n w a s n o t m a d e u n t il th e fo l­ l o w in g d a y (6 .3 4 ).

έν τ ώ ι χ ο ρ ώ ι: i . e. “ as a m e m b e r o f th e c h o r u s ” ;

th e a c c u s a tio n p r o b a b ly a c c u s e d C h . o f th e h o m ic id e s p e c if ic a lly in h is r o le a s χ ο ρ η γ ό ς .

ά ν α γ κ ά σ α ς : P h ilo c r a te s m a y h a v e u s e d th is te r m

in r e p o r tin g to th e c o u r t, s in c e h e w a s n o t m a k in g a fo r m a l, s w o r n a c c u s a tio n ; o r C h . m a y b e d is to r t in g h is w o r d s .

ο ύ δίκαιον π ρ ο -

καθισταίη: th e v e r b o c c u r s o n ly t w ic e e ls e w h e r e in c la s s ic a l G r e e k , b o t h tim e s o f p o s t in g a g u a r d as a p r e c a u tio n ( T h u c . 2 .2 , X e n . H i e r o 6 .9 ); h e r e th e m e t a p h o r ic a l u se is strik in g . C h . a c c u s e s P h ilo c r a t e s o f u n ju s tly u s in g th e la w to p r o t e c t h is fr ie n d s a g a in s t th e th r e a t e n e d p r o s e c u tio n (C h . w o u ld b e b a n n e d fro m c o u r t a fte r b e in g p r o c la im e d a killer; 6 .3 4 η . o n εϊρ γεσ θαι τ ω ν νομ ίμ ω ν). S o m e e d ito r s r e a d δικ α ίω ς, b u t th e p r e d ic a tiv e a d je c tiv e g iv e s th e s a m e s e n s e .

α υ ρ ιο ν < κ α \> τήι

ενηι “ t o m o r r o w a n d th e d a y a fte r ” ; th e c a s e in v o lv e d se v e r a l d e f e n d a n t s , a n d a c c o r d in g to A t h e n ia n la w e a c h h a d to b e tr ie d s e p a r a te ly (th e tria l o f th e g e n e r a ls a fte r th e b a ttle o f A r g in u s a e in 4 0 6 w a s a n o t o r io u s v io la t io n o f th is r u le). 22

α ιτ ιώ ιτ ο : th is a n d th e f o llo w in g o p ta tiv e s in d ic a t e th a t C h . c o n ­

tin u e s to r e p o r t h is s ta t e m e n ts to th e c o u r t. S o m e e d ito r s c h a n g e ή π ίσ τ α ν τ ο at th e e n d o f 6 .2 2 to a n o p ta tiv e a lso (έ π ίσ τ α ιν τ ο ), b u t a fte r s u c h a lo n g in te r v a l it is n o t u n u su a l to r e v er t to th e in d ic a t iv e .

κα\

τ ά λ εγ ά μ εν α : l o g ic a lly s u p e r flu o u s a fte r τ ο ύς τε λ ό γ ο υ ς τ ο ύ ς λ ε χ θ έ ν τ α ς a n d m o s t e d ito r s (n o t tB) d e le t e t h e m , o r c h a n g e th e p a r t ic ip le to

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.22 25 γ ε ν ό μ ε ν α , o r o t h e r w is e a lte r th e tex t; n o n e t h e le s s , th e w o r d s s h o u ld r e m a in as p a r t o f a g e n e r a l s u m m a r y e x p r e s s io n (“ e v e r y t h in g s a id a n d d o n e ”).

23

32

T h e w itn e s s e s a n d th e ch a llen g e to

b a sa n o s

C h . e l a b o r a t e s th e c h a lle n g e h e i s s u e d t h a t s l a v e s in th e h o u s e b e i n te r r o g a te d a b o u t th e e v e n ts s u r r o u n d in g D i o d o t u s ’ d e a t h (o n th e c h a lle n g e to

b a s a n o s s e e I n tr o d . j ) .

A s u s u a l m u c h i s m a d e o f th e o p p o n e n ts ’ r e je c tio n o f th e c h a lle n g e ( c f 1 . 6

13) an d

th e i r a l l e g e d r e f u s a l to c r e d it th e t e s t i m o n y o f h is w itn e s s e s . T h e p r o s e c u tio n p r o b a ­ b l y t r i e d to ig n o r e th e c h a lle n g e to

b a s a n o s ( a n d th e f r e e w it n e s s e s ) a n d d ir e c te d th e ir

a r g u m e n t s to o t h e r i s s u e s .

2 3 T h is a n d th e n e x t tw o s e c t io n s e a c h c o n s is t o f o n e lo n g s e n te n c e , b u t t h e s e n s e a n d s y n ta x a re c le a r t h r o u g h o u t; s e e I n tr o d . 8 v ii. π ρ ο ΰ κ α λ ο ύ μ η ν : th e t e c h n ic a l te r m fo r is s u in g a c h a lle n g e (π ρ ό κ λ η σ ή ); s e v e r a l o t h e r te r m s (έκέλευον, έτοιμος ε’ίην, κελεύοι, π α ρ α δ ώ σ ε ιν ) a lso r e c u r r e g u la r ly in c o n n e c t i o n w ith a c h a lle n g e to b a s a n o s (see T h ü r 1977: 5 9 -6 8 ).

έν το ΐς α ΰ τ ο ΐς δ ικ α σ τα ΐς: a fte r c. 3 8 0 ju r o r s w e r e s e le c te d b y

lo t e v e r y day, so th a t th e s a m e j u r o r s w o u ld n o t b e in c o u r t th e n e x t day; b u t in th e fifth c e n tu r y ju r o r s m a y h a v e b e e n a s s ig n e d to a c o u r t fo r m o re th a n

o n e day.

D io d o tu s ’ d ea th .

τούς π α ρ α γενομ ένους:

sc. a t th e tim e o f

έ ρ ω τ α ν καί έ λ έ γ χ ε ιν : p l e o n a s m (ι .2 0 η .), t h o u g h th e

s e c o n d v e r b s u g g e s ts a m o r e in te n s iv e in te r r o g a tio n .

σ φ ώ ν ένεκα

“ for t h e ir o w n s a k e .” A lm o s t a ll m o d e r n e d ito r s a d d τ ’ α υ τ ώ ν a fte r σ φ ώ ν , b u t tB c ite s in s c r ip t io n s a n d T h u c y d id e s in d e f e n s e o f th e M S r e a d in g ; cf. 1.13η. o n ο ’ικεΐον σφίσι.

ε ί . . . τ ά λ η θ ή δοκοΤεν λ έ γ ε ιν: sc.

έ ρ ω τ α ν κα'ι έλ έγχ ειν ; i.e . h e s h o u ld q u e s t io n th e m lik e fr e e m e n , i f h e t h o u g h t th e y w e r e te llin g th e tru th ; i f n o t , h e s h o u ld u s e to rtu r e , τ ιν α ς τ ώ ν ά λ λ ο τ ρ ίω ν : t h e s e m ig h t h a v e b e lo n g e d to C h . ’s a s s is ta n ts or to th e fa m ilie s o f s o m e o f th e b o y s , o r C h . m a y ju s t b e e x p a n d in g h is o ffe r fo r r h e to r ic a l e ffe c t. It is rare fo r sla v e s n o t b e lo n g in g to o n e o f th e tw o p a r tie s to b e o ffe r e d o r r e q u e s te d fo r b a s a n o s . 24

ευ είδότες: cf. 1.8 ευ ήιδει.

in m y fa v o r.”

τ ο υ τ ο ις . . . έμοί “ in t h e ir fa v o r . . .

δτι “b e c a u s e ,” w it h th e in d ic a tiv e .

2 5 ά ν ά γ κ α ι: E n g lis h d o e s n o t n o r m a lly u s e th e p lu r a l, b u t it is n e e d e d h e r e to s u g g e s t th a t th e “c o m p u ls io n s ” fo r fr e e m e n a n d sla v es a r e d iffe r e n t.

έ λ ε γ χ ο ι . . . π ισ τ ό τ α τ ο ι: sc. είσί, “ p r o o fs . . . (are)

m o s t c o n v in c in g .”

π ίσ τ εσ ιν “p l e d g e s ,” “ c o n f ir m a t io n s ” ; a p p a r -

237

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6 .2 5 - 2 9

e n t ly th e s e are v e r b a l c o n f ir m a tio n s o t h e r th a n o a th s , b u t it is n o t c le a r w h a t ( if a n y th in g ) C h . h a s in m in d ; c o n tr a s t 6 .2 3 , w h e r e fre e m e n tell th e tru th σ φ ώ ν ένεκα καί τ ο ΰ δικαίου.

ήν: th e o n ly in s ta n c e in A . o f

th is I o n ic a n d o ld e r A ttic fo r m o f εάν.

τή ς μ ελλου ση ς έσεσθαι: th e

fu tu re c o m p u ls io n is th e s la v e ’s d e a t h , p r e s u m a b ly a s a s e lf -c o n f e s s e d c r im in a l; cf. th e d is c u s s io n o f th e r e la tiv e p o w e r o f p r e s e n t a n d fu tu re p le a su r e s a n d p a in s in P la to , P r o t . 3 5 6 a - c , w h ic h s u g g e s ts th a t th is iss u e w a s d is c u s s e d b y P r o ta g o r a s o r o th e r so p h is ts . 2 6 έξ ώ ν : έκ τ ο ύ τ ω ν m u st b e u n d e r s t o o d w ith th e m a in c la u s e (εξήν κτλ.).

άνθρω πον

π ρ ό φ α σ ις : 5 .2 m .

δντα:

i . e.

not

h a v in g

d iv in e

u n d e r s ta n d in g ,

έλ έ γ χ ε ιν εΐ τι ή δ ικ ο υ ντο “ c o n f ir m a n y w r o n g th e y

s u ffe r e d ” ; n o t “ c o n f ir m w h e t h e r th e y s u ffe r e d a n y w r o n g ,” a n in d ir e c t q u e s t io n th a t w o u ld r e q u ir e th e o p ta tiv e . 2 7 εΐ μεν ε γ ώ κ τλ.: a h y p o t h e t ic a l r o le -r e v e r s a l; cf. i . u n . , 5 .3 8 η ., 5 .7 4 , 5 .8 4 .

ά π ο φ ή ν α ι “r e v e a l,” sc. th e n a m e s of.

έξα ιτο υ σ ι:

τ ο ύ τ ο ις m u st b e s u p p lie d fro m th e p r e c e d in g τ ο ύ τ ω ν .

αύτά αν

τ α υ τ α μ έγ ισ τ α τεκμή ρια: th e s a m e c o n c lu s io n in ι . ι ι . “ c o n s id e r ” (LSJ A .V ) .

δίκα ιον: sc. έστί.

έ π ο ιο υ ν τ ο

ούκ άλη θή ς ήν: s o m e

e d ito r s d e le t e ήν as in c o n s is t e n t w ith th e p r e s e n t te n s e th a t fo llo w s ; b u t th e e x p r e s s io n m a tc h e s άληθής ήν in th e p r e c e d in g c la u s e , a n d th e i n c o n s is t e n c y is m in im a l (In tr o d . 8 v i 3). 28 τούς

M u c h o f th e w o r d in g in th is s e c t io n is s im ila r o r id e n tic a l to 5 .8 4 . μ ά ρ τ υ ρ α ς:

5 .8 4 η .

on

τα

σημεία.

το ΐς

μεν

μ ά ρ τυ σ ι

το ΐς

μ ά ρ τυ ρ ο υ σ ιν: a lm o s t all e d ito r s e m e n d to τοΐς < ε μ ο ί> μ α ρ τυ ρ ο ΰ σ ιν to p r o v id e s o m e ju s tific a tio n fo r th e p a r tic ip le (w h ic h is a b s e n t in 5 .8 4 ); b u t M a e tz n e r (fo llo w e d b y tB) d e fe n d s th e M S r e a d in g , c it in g su c h p a r a lle ls as L ys. 3 0 .2 2 ή βου λή ή β ου λεύ ου σ α ( e m e n d e d to ή < ά ε ι> β ο υ λ εύ ο υ σ α b y m o s t e d ito r s ).

ε γ ώ εί έλ εγο ν : ε γ ώ is n e c e s s a r y to s h o w th a t έ λ ε γ ο ν is

f ir s t-p e r s o n sin g u la r , n o t t h ir d -p e r s o n p lu r a l lik e κ α τ η γ ο ρ ο ύ ν ; its p o s i­ t io n o u t s id e th e c o n d itio n a l c la u se e le v a te s th e sty le slig h tly . 29

δεινόν: sc. έστί; u s e d in a s im ila r c o n t e x t in 1.12. For th e c o n s tr u c ­

tio n a fte r εί s e e S 2247; th e first p o s s ib ilit y is u n r e a l, h e n c e ά ν . . . ή σ α ν. καί εί μεν κτλ.: it is o f c o u r s e n o n s e n s e to ta lk o f p r e s e n tin g w it n e s s e s w h e n n o n e w e r e p r e s e n t, b u t th e c la u se p r o v id e s a lo g ic a l a n d r h e to r i­ c a l b a la n c e to th e rest o f th e s e n te n c e . te n se se e 5 .2 7 η .

π α ρ έ χ ο μ α ι: fo r th e p r e s e n t

: a lm o s t a ll e d ito r s a c c e p t R e is k e ’s s u p p le ­

m e n t; th e M S te x t is s y n t a c t ic a lly p o s s ib le , b u t r e q u ir e s th a t ευθύς ά π ό τής π ρ ώ τ η ς ήμ έρας g o w ith π α ρ έ χ ο μ α ι, w h e r e it h a s little p o in t , a n d in

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6 .2 9 32 th a t c a s e it is n e a r ly im p o s s ib le (p a c e M a e t z n e r

to u n d e r s t a n d th e

p h r a s e a lso w ith λ έ γ ο υ τ ε ς , w h e r e it is n e e d e d for th e s e n s e .

π όθ εν

“ b y w h a t m e a n s '’; lit. “ fro m w h e r e ” = “ d r a w in g o n w h a t r e s o u r c e s .” τ ά λ η θ ή π ισ τ ά κ τ λ.: cf. 5 .3 π ο λ λ ο ί . . . ά π ισ τ ο ι γενό μ ευ ο ι το ϊς άληθεσιυ . . . πολλο'ι . . . π ισ τ ο ί γ εν ό μ ευ ο ι τ ώ ι ψ εύδεσθαι.

έκ τ ώ ν τ ο ιο ύ τ ο ο ν: i.e . by

m e a n s o f w it n e s s e s . 30

τεκ μ ή ρια :

here

=

“ a r g u m e n t s ,”

as

in

4 .4 .2

3

fcf.

1.1011.).

ά π ο φ α ίν ο ιτ ο , τ α ύ τ ά : th e o n ly in s ta n c e in Λ . o f ά π ο φ α ίν ω in th e m id d le , b u t th e m id d le , t h o u g h rare, is s o m e t im e s u s e d in th is s e n s e H e r o d . 5 .4 5 μ α ρ τύ ρ ια ά π ο φ α ίν ο ν τ α ι/. M o s t e d ito r s e m e n d to th e a c tiv e . 3 1 --2 B e fo r e r e c o u n t in g e v e n ts l e a d in g u p to th e p r o s e c u tio n a n d e x a m i n i n g th e p r o s e c u tio n 's m o tiv e s , C h . s u m m a r iz e s h is a r g u m e n t in a

m in i- e p il ig n e

w ith

c o n s id e r a b le

r h e to r ic a l

e m p h a s is

b a la n c e d

c la u s e s , r e p e t it io n , e tc . . 31

λ ό γ ο υ ς . . . είκότας a “ p la u s ib le a c c o u n t ” i.e . th e n a r r a tiv e , n o t

“ a r g u m e n ts ," w h ic h a r e h e r e d e s ig n a te d τεκμήρια. 32

όπου h ere = “w h e n ”

LSJ s.v. II. 1; cf. 1.7η. .

ήδίκουν, καί:

a lm o s t all la te r e d ito r s e x c e p t tB a c c e p t B ‘s e m e n d a t io n o f th e s e w o r d s to < εΐ τ ι> ή δ ικ ο ϋ ντ ο as in 6 .2 6 . b u t o n c e a g a in c h a n g e fo r th e sa k e o f c o n s is t e n c y is m is c o n c e iv e d in Λ . w h e n th e M S r e a d in g g iv e s g o o d s e n s e : i.e . (w h e n th e y r e fu s e d th e te st I o f fe r e d “ th e y w e r e c o m m itt in g a c r im e p io t I , a n d s u r e ly . . .”

π ο ΐ . . . ή π ό θ ε ν: th e s u m m a t io n e n d s

w ith tw o r h e to r ic a l q u e s t io n s : “w h e r e e ls e c a n I tu r n , w h a t a r g u m e n ts c a n I u se" ?

77 j o

T h e a t t a c k on th e p r o s e c u tio n s m o tiv e

C h . n o w t u r n s to th e e v e n t s a f t e r D i o d o t u s ' d e a th to s h o zi t h a t th e h o y 's r e l a t i v e s o n ly b r o u g h t th e s e c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h im b e c a u s e t i n y w e r t b r i b e d b y C h . 'sp o l i t i e a l e n e m ie s w h o w i s h e d to s t o p h im f r o m p r o s e c u t i n g th e m on o th e r m a tte r s . T h e i r f i r s t a t t e m p t to r e g i s t e r a c h a r g e o f h o m i c i d e w a s m o t i v a t e d b y C h . 's p r o s e c u t i o n o f P h il i n u s

et

al. a n d w a s t h w a r t e d b y a p r o c e d u r a l r u lin g . T h e y m a d e n o f u r t h e r a t t e m p t u n t i l C h . b e g a n a s e c o n d p r o s e c u t i o n s e v e r a l m o n t h s la te r , a t w h ic h t i m e th e y

a ll e g e d l y ) to o k

a b r i b e o f y o m i n a s to c h a r g e C'h. w i t h h o m i c id e s o t h a t h e w o u l d h a v e to d r o p th is case.

7 h ese

p o l i t i . a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f a l l o u t s i d e th e s p e c if i c is s u e o f th e h o m ic id e , a n d

a lth o u g h th e p r o s e c u t i o n a p p a r e n t l y a l l e g e d s o m e p u b l i c w r o n g d o in g b y C h . (cf. (i.Q ii. o n

τήι μεν πόλει . . . αύτο'ι δε , th e y m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d in th e ir r e b u t ta l n o t

239 o n ly to d e n y th e c h a r g e o f b r i b e r y b u t to a r g u e t h a t C h . h a s v i o l a t e d th e r u le t h a t in h o m ic id e c a s e s o n e m u s t s t i c k to th e p o i n t ( y . u n . on

33

ή μην,).

είρ η μ ένω ν κα\ ά π ο δ ε δ ε ιγ μ έ ν ω ν : p r o b a b ly p l e o n a s m , t h o u g h B a s u g ­

g e s ts th a t th e w o r d s r e fe r to th e n a r r a tiv e a n d p r o o f s e c t io n s r e s p e c ­ tively.

ούδέν μοι π ρ οσ ήκ ει “n o t h in g (in th e c h a r g e ) is r e le v a n t to m e .”

C h . c o n t in u e s th e h ig h ly r h e to r ic a l to n e o f 6 .3 1 - 2 , g iv in g th e im p r e s ­ s io n th a t th is is h is c o n c lu s io n . O n ly in 6 .3 4 d o e s h e in tr o d u c e h is n e w a r g u m e n t ( fo r e s h a d o w e d in 6 .2 0 - 1 ) , w h ic h w ill o c c u p y th e r e st o f th e sp eech .

έπ ιο ρ κ ο τ ά τ ο υ ς “ m o st p e r ju r e d ” ; επίορκ ος is m o r e o fte n

u s e d o f a n o a th th a t is fa lse th a n o f a p e r s o n w h o sw e a r s fa lsely . B e c a u s e o f th e s p e c ia lly s o le m n o a th s s w o r n in h o m ic id e c a s e s (5.11), C h . s tr e sse s th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s fa lse o a th s r a th e r th a n s im p ly th e ir f a ls e ­ h o o d s.

où μ ό ν ο ν ύ π 9 έμοΰ κτλ.: o n th e lin k in g o f th e p u b lic a n d

p r iv a te d im e n s io n s o f a lit ig a n t ’s c a s e se e 6 .9 η . o n τήι μέν π ό λ ε ι . . . α ύ τ ο ι δε.

δίκης . . . τ α υ τ η σ ί “th is c a s e ” (n o t j u s t th e tria l). 34

π ρ οέκ ειτο: th e t e c h n ic a l w o r d fo r a c o r p s e b e in g “ la id o u t ” fo r

b u r ia l (cf. 6 .2 m . o n έξεφ έρετο), a p r o c e ss th a t m a y h a v e r e s e m b le d a m o d e r n w a k e.

ο ύ δ ’ άδικεΐν: th e r e p e titio n o f ούδε, p r e s u m a b ly fo r

e m p h a s is , is u n p a r a lle le d a n d is d e le t e d b y m a n y e d ito r s ; b u t C h . is tr y in g to b e e m p h a tic , a n d A . is n o t a v e r se to u n n e c e s s a r y r e p e titio n (In tr o d . 8 v i 1).

σ υ νή σ α ν έμο\ κα\ δ ιε λ ε γ ο ν τ ο : Μ { a d lo c .) s e e s a n a llu ­

s io n to th e id e a o f p o llu t io n (In tr o d . 7); b u t th e a r g u m e n t c e r t a in ly d o e s n o t r e q u ir e su c h a n a llu s io n (e v e n to d a y a p e r s o n w o u ld n o t n o r m a lly a s s o c ia te w ith s o m e o n e h e w a s a b o u t to a c c u s e o f h o m ic id e ). I f A . h a d m e a n t to r e fe r to p o llu t io n , h e c o u ld e a s ily h a v e m a d e th is p o in t e x p lic it.

τήι δέ τρ ίτη ι: as th is p a s s a g e s h o w s , th e G r e e k s c o u n t e d

in c lu s iv e ly ; th u s th e “ th ir d ” d a y w o u ld fo r us b e th e s e c o n d d a y a fte r th e b o y ’s d e a th .

πεπ εισ μ ένοι: i.e . “b r ib e d ” (5 .8 0 η .).

εΤργεσθαι τ ω ν

νο μ ίμ ω ν : 3 ·ΐ·2 η . o n ώ ν ό νόμ ος εϊργει; th e p o in t h e r e , o f c o u r s e , is th a t C h . w o u ld b e b a n n e d fr o m th e c o u r ts (cf. 6 .2 1 ). 3 5 κ α τ η γο ρ ή σ ειν : cf. 6 .1 2 , w ith n o t e s o n Ά ρ ισ τ ίω ν α , Φ ιλΐνον a n d ε’ι σ ή γ γ ειλ α ,

and

6 .2 1 .

For

th e

a sy n d e to n

se e

GP

x liii xliv.

Ά μ π ε λ ίν ο υ : n o t h in g is k n o w n o f th is m a n , w h o is n o t m e n t i o n e d w h e n C h . e a r lie r r e fe r s to th is p r o s e c u tio n (6 .1 2 , 6 .2 1 ). J e r n s te d t s u g g e s ts h e m a y b e th e sc r ib e o f th e t h e s m o t h e t a e a n d th a t καί w a s la te r in s e r t e d in th e te x t b e fo r e τ ο υ , th u s c r e a t in g a fo u r th d e f e n d a n t . w h ic h (c r im e ).”

π ερ ί ώ ν “ fo r

ά π ογ-ρ ά φ εσ θ α ι: a t e c h n ic a l t e r m fo r r e g is t e r in g a

le g a l p r o s e c u tio n ; its d ir e c t o b j e c t m a y b e , as h e r e , th e p e r s o n a c c u s e d ,

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.35 38 o r th e c r im e o f w h ic h h e is a c c u s e d . T h e v e r b o c c u r s s e v e n te e n tim e s in 6 .3 5 4 6 a n d n o w h e r e e ls e in A ., th e r e a so n b e in g th a t o n ly in th is p a s s a g e is th e a c t io n o f r e g is t e r in g a p r o s e c u tio n s ig n if ic a n t , fo r it m a rk s th e m o m e n t th a t th e a c c u s e d is b a r r e d fro m o t h e r le g a l a c tio n s ( 6 .3 6 ).

π ρ ο α γ ο ρ ε ύ ε ιν

. . .

νο μ ίμ ω ν :

6 .3 4 η .

σφίσιν:

for

σ φ ώ ν /σ φ ίσ ι w it h o u t α ύ τ ώ ν /α ύ τ ο Τ ς s e e 1.13η. ο η οίκεΤον σφίσι. 36

φ αιδίω ς εμ ελ λ ο ν ά π ο φ εύ ξεσ θ α ι: s in c e a n e is a n g e l i a w a s a p u b lic

p r o c e d u r e b y w h ic h a n y c it iz e n w h o w is h e d c o u ld p r o s e c u te , s o m e o n e e ls e c o u ld h a v e ta k e n o v e r t h e c a s e ; C h . m a y h a v e k n o w n m o s t a b o u t th e c a s e , as h e sa y s, b u t h e is a ls o p r o b a b ly e x a g g e r a t in g th e e a s e w ith w h ic h P h ilin u s e t a l . w o u ld h a v e g o t t e n o ff.

Λ υ σ ισ τ ρ ά τ ω ι: fo r p o s s ib le

r e fe r e n c e s to th is L y s is tr a tu s e ls e w h e r e , s e e M o r { a d lo c .); R a u b it s c h e k (i9 5 4 ) 70 i n . i 5 .

còs . . . η χ ο ύ σ α τ ε : w h e n d id th e j u r o r s h e a r o f

L y s is tr a tu s ’ c a s e ? G ’s s u g g e s tio n th a t h e h a d b e e n t r ie d b e fo r e th e P a lla d io n b e c a u s e o f c ir c u m s ta n c e s s im ila r to th e p r e s e n t c a s e is m e r e s p e c u la t io n . M o r e lik ely, e it h e r th e w it n e s s e s in 6 .1 5 (or e ls e w h e r e i f a r e fe r e n c e to t h e m h a s d r o p p e d o u t) m e n t io n e d th is c a s e in t h e ir t e s ti­ m o n y , o r C h . s im p ly m e a n s “ as y o u a ll k n o w .” 3 7 ο ύ τ ο ι: t h e p la in tiffs (1 .4 η .).

τ ό τ ε μεν: a n s w e r e d b y επειδή δε

(5 .3 8 ), b u t t h e c o n t r a s t is n o t e x p r e s s e d u n til τό τ? δή (5 .3 8 ), w h e n th e p la in t if f s ’ e a g e r n e s s s u d d e n ly v a n is h e s .

τήι ύ σ τ ε ρ α ία ι ήι m u s t m e a n

“ th e d a y a f te r ” th e b u r ia l, t h o u g h th is s e n s e u s u a lly r e q u ir e s a n ή (w h ic h s o m e e d ito r s s u g g e s t a d d in g ; so LSJ s.v. I). T h e f u n e r a l a n d th e in fo r m a l n o t ic e o f in te n t to p r o s e c u te o c c u r r e d o n th e th ir d d a y ( c o u n tin g D i o d o t u s ’ d e a t h as th e fir st day, 6.21); th e fo r m a l p r o c la m a t io n a n d th e first o f th e e i s a n g e l i a tria ls o n th e fo u r th day.

κα\ τ ά νο μ ιζό μ εν α

π ο ιή σ α ι: p r o b a b ly p l e o n a s m : p u r ify in g th e h o u s e w a s th e p r im a r y “ c u s ­ to m a r y r it e ” t h e d a y a fte r th e f u n e r a l.

φ υ λ ά ξ α ν τ ε ς : n o t “w a it in g

fo r,” as it is o f te n tr a n s la te d (w h ic h w o u ld im p ly th a t th e y c o u ld h a v e a c te d s o o n e r ), b u t “m in d fu l o f .” T h e p la in tiffs iss u e d t h e p r o c la m a t io n fo r h o m ic id e at th e first p o s s ib le m o m e n t , th e d a y a fte r th e f u n e r a l, m in d fu l th a t t h e e i s a n g e l i a tria ls w o u ld b e g in th a t v e r y day. T h e p a r t ic i­ p le t h e n a ls o g o v e r n s ό π ω ς μηδέ, w ith th e s e n s e o f “ in t e n d in g to p r e v e n t ” (m e fr o m p r o c e e d in g ) .

ό π ρ ώ τ ο ς : cf. 6 .2 m . o n αυρ ιο ν

< κ α ι> τήι ενηι. 38

χ ρ ό ν ο υ ς “ T m e s ,” “ d a t e s ” for th e t h r e e p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g s , e tc .;

s o m e e d ito r s h a v e a lte r e d th is to a sin g u la r , b u t th e p lu r a l is u s e d in e.g. D e m . 2 1 .112.

τ ά ς κλήσεις: a “ s u m m o n s ” (th e t e c h n ic a l te r m is

241

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.38-39

π ρ ό σ κ λη σ ή ) h a d to b e is s u e d to th e a c c u s e d at le a s t fo u r d a y s b e fo r e a h e a r in g ; se e H a r r is o n (1971) 8 5 - 7 . fu lle r

account

of

th e

b a s ile u s ’

δ σ α ς εδει: se e 6 .4 2 η . C h . g iv e s a a c tio n s

in

6 .4 2 .

είλ ο ν:

2 .1 .5 η .

έτιμήθη “th e p e n a lty w a s a s s e s s e d ,” i.e . b y th e j u r o r s a fte r c o n v ic t io n (5 .1 0 η . o n τίμησιν).

καί ο ύ τ ο ι κ τλ.: th e p la in tiffs in th is c a s e (ούτοι)

c o u ld n o lo n g e r g iv e P h ilin u s e t a l . (αΰτοΐς) th e h e lp fo r w h ic h (ώ ν ένεκα) th e y o r ig in a lly a c c e p t e d th e b r ib e . T h e d a tiv e (αΰτοΐς) w ith ώ φ ε λ έ ω is p o e t ic

(LSJ

s.v.

I.3 ),

th e

a c c u s a tiv e

b e in g

norm al

in

prose,

δ ια λ λ α γ ή ν α ι: a o r is t p a s s iv e ; th is is th e s ta n d a r d v e r b fo r a fo r m a l r e ­ c o n c ilia tio n . 39

πεισθείς υ π ό τ ω ν φ ίλ ω ν : f r ie n d s o f te n h e lp p e r s u a d e (o r try to p e r ­

su a d e ) tw o p a r tie s to b e r e c o n c ile d (cf. L y s. 3 2 .2 w ith C a r e y ’s n o te ), έν Δ ιιπ ο λ είο ις: e d ito r s are d iv id e d o n th is e m e n d a tio n . I f έν τήι π ό λ ει o f th e M S S m e a n s “in th e c ity ,” it w o u ld b e p o in tle s s ; th u s it is u s u a lly ta k e n to m e a n “ o n th e A c r o p o lis ,” a p o s s ib le m e a n in g b u t (a ) “ th e te m p le o f A t h e n a ” (i.e. th e P a r th e n o n ) n e e d s n o fu r th e r i d e n tif ic a t io n a n d it w o u ld b e o d d to h a v e tw o d iffe r e n t in d ic a t io n s o f p la c e in s e p a r ­ a te c la u se s , a n d ( b ) a lth o u g h T h u c y d id e s te lls us (2 .1 5 .3 ) th a t th e ά κ ρ ό π ο λις a n d th e a r e a a r o u n d it h a d o n c e b e e n a π ό λ ις , w e h a v e n o e x a m p le w h e r e π ό λ ις d e s ig n a te s th e A c r o p o lis . In fa v o r o f έν Δ ιιπ ο λ είο ις, it w o u ld a d d c r e d ib ilit y to C h . ’s a c c o u n t to s p e c if y th e d a te o f th e r e c ­ o n c ilia tio n in a d d it io n to th e p la c e ; th e D i p o l e ia w a s a n e a s y o c c a s io n to r e m e m b e r ( 2 .4 .8 η .); a n d s in c e it w a s h e ld o n th e

14th d a y o f

S k ir o p h o r io n (6 .4 2 η .), s lig h tly m o r e t h a n a m o n th a fte r th e T h a r g e lia ( 6 .n n . ) , th e t im e w o u ld b e r ig h t for a r e c o n c ilia t io n , w h ic h , a lth o u g h C h . s u g g e s ts it h a p p e n e d q u ic k ly a n d ea sily , p r o b a b ly t o o k s o m e t im e to a r r a n g e . T h e e m e n d a t io n w a s s u g g e s te d b y a n e n t r y in H a r p o c r a t io n : Δ ιιπ ό λ εια . . . Ά ν τ ιφ ώ ν έν τ ώ ι περί τ ο υ χ ο ρ ε υ τ ο ύ . H a r p o c r a t io n m ay, o f c o u r s e , b e m is ta k e n , o r r e fe r e n c e to th is fe s tiv a l m a y h a v e o c c u r r e d in s o m e o t h e r p a s s a g e th a t is n o w m is s in g , b u t all in a ll, th e e m e n d a t io n s e e m s likely.

μ α ρ τ ύ ρ ω ν : w h e r e are th e s e w itn e ss e s ? E ith e r a r e fe r ­

e n c e to th e ir t e s t im o n y h a s d r o p p e d o u t ( 6 .4 m .) , o r A . d o e s n o t th in k t h e ir t e s t im o n y is n e e d e d a n d d o e s n o t w is h to b r e a k th e n a r r a tiv e at th is p o in t , o r p e r h a p s h e is d is to r t in g th e e p is o d e to su c h a n e x te n t th a t w it ­ n e s s e s w o u ld n o t b e a b le to g iv e s tr o n g s u p p o r t to h is a c c o u n t , δ ίπ ερ δ ιή λ λ α τ τ ο ν : th e r e d u n d a n c y h e lp s e m p h a s iz e th e fa c t o f r e c o n ­ c ilia tio n .

έν το ΐς ίεροΤς κ τλ.: th e list o f p la c e s in w h ic h a m a n w o u ld

m o s t a s s id u o u s ly a v o id c o n t a c t w ith s o m e o n e w h o h a d k ille d h is r e la tiv e

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.39 42 in c lu d e d p u b lic p la c e s (w h e r e c o n t a c t w a s p r o h ib it e d b y la w ) a n d o n e ’s o w n h o m e . A s in 6 .3 4 (cf. n. o n σ υ νή σ α ν έμοι καί δ ιε λ έ γ ο ντ ο ) a r e fe r e n c e to p o llu t io n is o f te n s e e n h e r e (e.g. M a c D o w e ll o n D e m . 2 1 .1 17), b u t th is is u n n e c e s s a r y . For th e a s y n d e t o n s e e 6 .4 η . 40

ώ Ζεύ κ τλ.: th e o n ly d ir e c t a p p e a l to th e g o d s in A .; th e t a c tic is

m o r e c o m m o n in D e m o s t h e n e s (e.g. 1 9 .16 ώ ΖεΟ και π ά ν τ ε ς θεοί), b u t q u it e rare in th e o t h e r o r a to r s .

ά π τ ό μ ε ν ο ς εμού: it is n o t c le a r p r e ­

c is e ly w h a t p h y s ic a l g e s tu r e ( if an y ) is in d ic a t e d . T h e r e is n o e v id e n c e th a t G r e e k s s h o o k h a n d s o r c la s p e d fo r e a r m s , a n d a lth o u g h α π τε σ θ α ι m u s t h e r e in d ic a t e a fr ie n d ly g e s tu r e , it is m o r e o f te n u s e d o f h o s t ile s e iz u r e . 4ΐ

εΐρ γεσ θ α ι τ ω ν νο μ ίμ ω ν : 3 .1 .2 η . o n ώ ν ό νό μ ο ς ε φ γ ε ι.

μ νήσ θη τε: C h . is p r o b a b ly a s k in g t h e m to r e c a ll th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s

s p e e c h , w h ic h p r o b a b ly i n c lu d e d th is a c c u s a tio n th a t C h . a n d th e b a s i l ­ eu s

c o n s p ir e d t o g e t h e r to th w a r t th e in it ia l h o m ic id e p r o s e c u tio n ,

μ ά ρ τυ σ ιν : o n e c a n m a k e a s tr o n g c a s e th a t w it n e s s e s m u s t h a v e te s t if ie d at s o m e p o in t d u r in g th is a c c o u n t o f e v e n ts a fte r th e b o y ’s d e a th ( 6 .3 3 5 0 ). E v e n i f th e c o n tr a s t b e t w e e n w it n e s s e s a n d d e e d s is p r im a r ­ ily r h e to r ic a l (se e n e x t n o t e ), it im p lie s th a t s o m e w it n e s s e s h a v e r e c e n t ly t e s t if ie d o r w ill s o o n testify. T h e s e e v e n ts , m o r e o v e r , w e r e w it ­ n e s s e d b y m a n y p e o p le (cf. 6 .3 9 ), w h o s e t e s t im o n y c o u ld n o t b u t s tr e n g t h e n th e c a s e . I f w it n e s s e s te s t if ie d o n ly o n c e in th is p a r t o f th e s p e e c h , a r e fe r e n c e to t h e m m a y h a v e d r o p p e d o u t o f th e tex t; b u t if, as th e a r g u m e n t o f 6 .4 8 im p lie s , w it n e s s e s te s t if ie d a t se v e r a l p o in t s , it is u n lik e ly th a t a ll r e fe r e n c e s to t h e m w e r e a c c id e n t a lly o m it te d . P e r h a p s A . d id n o t w r ite s p e c if ic la n g u a g e in tr o d u c in g w it n e s s e s b u t le ft th e p h r a s in g o f s u c h in tr o d u c t io n s to C h . U n lik e th e s p e a k e r s in A n t. 1 a n d 5 , G h . is a n e x p e r ie n c e d lit ig a n t , so th a t A . c o u ld w r ite w o r d s in tr o ­ d u c in g th e fir st w it n e s s e s in 6 .1 5 a n d r e ly o n G h . to in tr o d u c e th e o th e r w it n e s s e s h im s e lf, w h e r e a p p r o p r ia te .

έ ρ γ ω ν : d e e d s are n o r m a lly

c o n f ir m e d b y w it n e s s e s , n o t c o n t r a s t e d w ith t h e m . B u t th e s e έ ρ γ α w e r e a p p a r e n t ly r e la t e d b y th e p r o s e c u tio n a n d th u s d o n o t n e e d to b e c o n ­ f ir m e d b y C h . ’s w it n e s s e s . tiv e , as u s u a l.

ου

φ α σ ιν έθέλειν: ou n e g a t e s th e in fin i­

ά π ο γ ρ ά φ ε σ θ α ι: 6 .3 5 η .

τ ο ύ τ ο δε: “ a p o d o t i c ” δε,

t h o u g h rare in p r o s e , s o m e t im e s o c c u r s a fte r a r e la tiv e p r o ta sis w h e n th e a p o d o s is o p e n s w ith a d e m o n s tr a t iv e p r o n o u n (e x a m p le s in G P 178); m o st

m od ern

e d ito r s

(n o t

G)

u n n e c e s s a r ily

change

to

δη.

τεκμή ριον: i . i o n . 42

εδει μεν κ τλ.: th e r u le s g o v e r n in g a h o m ic id e c a s e (for w h ic h th is

243 s p e e c h is o u r p r im a r y e v id e n c e ) a p p a r e n t ly c o n s tr a in e d t h e b a s i le u s in c e r ta in w a y s b u t p r o b a b ly a lso left h im s o m e d is c r e t io n . T h e m o s t c e r ta in le g a l r e q u ir e m e n t w a s th a t t h r e e p r e lim in a r y h e a r in g s n e e d e d to b e h e ld in t h r e e s u c c e s s iv e m o n th s . T h is r e q u ir e m e n t w a s p r o b a b ly s ta te d in th e la w th e b a s i l e u s c it e d in d e f e n d in g h is a c tio n (6 .3 8 ). B u t th e la w a lm o s t c e r t a in ly d id n o t sta te e x p lic itly th a t a h o m ic id e c a s e c o u ld n o t b e p a s s e d o n to a su c c e s s o r ; o t h e r w is e C h . (a n d th e b a s ile u s ) w o u ld s u r e ly h a v e c it e d th is la w d ir e c t ly r a th e r th a n a r g u in g fr o m h is to r ic a l p r e c e d e n t. P r o b a b ly th e la w sp o k e o f ό β α σ ιλεύς w it h o u t e x p lic itly s ta tin g th a t th is m u st b e th e s a m e b a s i le u s d u r in g a ll th r e e h e a r in g s. It m ig h t b e r e a s o n a b le to p r e fe r th a t th e s a m e o f fic ia l h o ld a ll t h r e e h e a r ­ in g s a n d c o n d u c t th e tria l, b u t th is w o u ld h a v e th e u n d e s ir a b le c o n s e ­ q u e n c e th a t in s o m e c a s e s a m u r d e r e r w o u ld b e fr e e to p a r t ic ip a te in p u b lic life fo r se v e r a l m o n th s . T h u s th e la w p r o b a b ly d id n o t p r o h ib it th e b a s i l e u s fro m r e g is t e r in g th e c a s e , a n d C h . ’s e x p la n a tio n th a t “ h e d id n o t th in k it r ig h t ” to r e g is te r th e c a s e s u g g e s ts th a t h e c o u ld , in fa ct, h a v e d o n e so i f h e w is h e d . In r e fu s in g , th e b a s i le u s w a s e x e r c is in g h is o w n d is ­ c r e t io n , a n d h is d e c is io n m a y h a v e b e e n b a s e d o n s e v e r a l fa cto r s: th e u n o r t h o d o x n a tu r e o f th e c h a r g e o f “p la n n in g ” a n u n in t e n t io n a l h o m i­ c id e (se e in tr o d u c t io n to 6, a b o v e ), C h . ’s h ig h s ta n d in g in th e c o m m u ­ nity, a n d p e r h a p s h is o w n fr ie n d s h ip w ith C h . T h e p r o s e c u tio n c o u ld p r o te s t th is d e c is io n , b u t th e r e w a s n o le g a l m e a n s o f a p p e a lin g it (cf. 6 .4 3 ).

τρεΤς π ρ ο δ ικ α σ ία ς: th e p u r p o s e o f t h e s e h e a r in g s m a y h a v e

b e e n to a llo w a c o o li n g o f f p e r io d as w e ll a s to p r e p a r e fo r tria l. A t h e n ia n la w in c lu d e d m a n y in d u c e m e n t s to s e ttle d is p u te s w it h o u t a tria l a n d o fte n r e q u ir e d a r b itr a tio n b e f o r e o r in s te a d o f a tria l. In th is c a s e a s e tt le m e n t w a s a p p a r e n t ly r e a c h e d d u r in g th e d e la y , t h o u g h it s o o n c o lla p s e d .

τής 5 ’ ά ρ χ ή ς “ h is (te r m o f ) o f f ic e .”

θ α ρ γ η λ ιώ ν

κα\ Σ κ ιρ ο φ ο ρ ιώ ν: th e la st tw o m o n th s in th e A t h e n ia n y e a r ; th e t e r m o f all a n n u a l o ffic e s e n d e d at th e e n d o f th e year.

έν τ ήι γ ή ι τ α ύ τ η ι: th e

s a m e p h r a s e in 5 .9 a n d 5 .1 4 = 6 .2 , in all c a s e s e m p h a s iz in g t h e u n iv e r s a l­ ity o f tr a d itio n .

π α ρ ά τ ο ύ ς ύ μ ετερ ο υς ν ό μ ο υ ς: th is v a g u e e x p r e s s io n

d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r ily m e a n t h e r e w a s a s p e c if ic la w p r e v e n tin g th e b a s i l ­ eu s

fr o m r e g is te r in g th e c a se.

43

σημεΐον . . . τεκμή ριον: h e r e th e te r m s a r e in te r c h a n g e a b le

( i . i o n . o n τεκμήριον).

τ ω ν υ π ευ θ ύ ν ω ν : lit. “ t h o s e a c c o u n t a b le .” A t

th e e n d o f th e ir te r m in o f fic e all A t h e n ia n m a g is tr a te s h a d to u n d e r g o a n “ e x a m in a t io n o f a c c o u n t s ” (εύθυναι, u s u a lly in th e p lu r a l) a t w h ic h

244

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.43 45

a n y o n e c o u ld c h a lle n g e th e ir fin a n c ia l c o n d u c t in o f fic e o r a c c u s e th e m o f o t h e r v io la t io n s . T h e s e h e a r in g s p r e s e n te d m a n y o p p o r t u n itie s fo r a g g r e s s iv e p r o s e c u tio n o f o n e ’s p o lit ic a l e n e m ie s , o r fo r m a lic io u s th r e a ts o f p r o s e c u t io n in th e h o p e o f f in a n c ia l g a in . A t first g la n c e , it m a y s e e m o d d th a t P h ilo c r a t e s d id n o t lo d g e a p r o te s t at th e b a s i le u s ’ h e a r in g , b u t at th is p o in t h e a n d C h . h a d a p p a r e n t ly b e e n r e c o n c ile d , εσειε “ s h o o k .” In c o llo q u ia l u s a g e th e v e r b h a s th e s a m e s e n s e as E n g lish “ s h a k e d o w n ” ; in A r is to p h a n e s (K n i g h ts 8 4 0 , P e a c e 6 3 9 , cf. fr. 219 εσειον, ή ιτο υ ν χ ρ ή μ α τ ’, ή π είλο υ ν, έσ υ κ οφ ά ντ ο υ ν) it s u g g e s ts th e w o r k o f a s y c o ­ p h a n t ( ln t r o d . 7); th is is its o n ly u se in th e o r a to r s . P h ilo c r a t e s ’ a c tiv ity in c h a lle n g in g o t h e r m a g is tr a te s b e lie s th e p ic tu r e o f h im as o n ly a p a w n in th e h a n d s o f P h ilin u s e t a l . ; h e h a s h is o w n p o lit ic a l in te r e s ts a n d is p r e s u m a b l) s e r v in g th e m as w e ll as P h ilin u s ’. p le o n a s m .

δεινά κα\ σ χ έ τ λ ια :

κ αίτοι: a lso u s e d in a r h e to r ic a l q u e s t io n s u m m a r iz in g a n

a r g u m e n t in 5 .1 6 , 6 .4 7 .

44

επειδή γ ά ρ : m o st e d ito r s c h a n g e y a p to δε o n th e v ie w th a t a n e w

a r g u m e n t b e g in s h e r e ; b u t, as B a a r g u e s , C h . h e r e s u p p o r ts h is c o n c lu ­ s io n in 6 .4 3 th a t th e p r o s e c u t io n t h e m s e lv e s th in k h e (as w e ll a s th e b a s i l ­ e u s)

c o m m it t e d n o c r im e .

ο ύ τ ο σ \ ό β α σ ιλ εύ ς: th e b a s i le u s p r e s id in g at

th is tria l (n o t t h e o ld b a s i l e u s , as M o r ta k e s it); as p r e s id in g m a g is tr a te , h e w o u ld b e p r e s e n t at th e tria l.

άρξαμε'νοις κ τλ .: a n e w b a s i le u s to o k

o f fic e at th e b e g i n n in g o f H e k a t o m b a io n , th e first m o n t h o f th e n e w y ear, w h ic h w a s f o llo w e d b y M e ta g e it n io n ; e a c h m o n t h h a d tw e n ty n in e o r th ir ty d a y s (th e r e is a g o o d s u m m a r y o f th e c o m p le x it ie s o f th e A t h e n ia n c.alen d ar(s) in W o o d h e a d ή μ ερ ω ν.

1981:

117 22).

τούτω ν:

π α ρ ε ΐσ α ν “ th e y p a s s e d o v e r ” (fr o m πα ρ ίη μ ι).

sc.

πλέον ή

π ε ν τ ή κ ο ν τ α : s in c e th ir ty a n d t w e n ty a d d u p to e x a c tly fifty, th is c a lls fo r e x p la n a tio n . “ M o r e t h a n fif ty ” is p r o b a b ly a s im p le e x a g g e r a t io n ; th e s im p lic ity o f th e s u m w o u ld s e e m to m a k e m a th e m a t ic a l e r r o r o r t e x t u a l c o r r u p tio n le ss likely.

45

έ γ χ ω ρ ε ΐ: a b o u t a lin e o f te x t s e e m s to h a v e d r o p p e d o u t h e r e (cf.

2 .1 .4 ) to th e e ff e c t th a t o t h e r s r e g is te r th e c a s e as s o o n as th e n e w b a s i l ­ eu s

ta k e s o f fic e .

τ ο ύ ς νό μ ο υ ς ά π α ν τ α ς :

ά π ά ν τ ω ν κ ατη γορουμ ένω ν.

4 .4 .3 η .

on

τω ν άλλω ν

β ο υ λ ε ύ ο ν τ α “ s e r v in g as a C o u n c ilo r .”

C h . h a d b e e n s e le c te d (by lo t fro m t h o s e n o m in a te d ) to s e r v e o n th e C o u n c il in th e p r e s e n t year. U n til c. 4 0 7 th e C o u n c il f o llo w e d its o w n c a le n d a r so th a t th e n e w C o u n c il d id n o t u s u a lly b e g in s e r v in g o n th e first d a y o f t h e n e w y e a r (for fu r th e r in fo r m a tio n o n t h e C o u n c il, s e e

245 R h o d e s 1972).

κα\ έν α ύ τ ώ ι κ τλ.: a s th e list o f C h . ’s p u b lic a n d r e li­

g io u s a c tiv itie s g e ts lo n g e r , th e o r ig in a l c o n s tr u c t io n w ill b e f o r g o tte n (1a n a c o lo u th o n ). T h e p o in t o f th e list is th a t th e p r o s e c u tio n m u s t h a v e h a d fu ll k n o w le d g e o f t h e s e a c tiv itie s (ό ρ ώ ντ ε ς εμέ, φ α νερ ό ς ή); C h . d o e s n o t s e e m c o n c e r n e d w ith p o llu t io n , t h o u g h h e c o u ld e a s ily h a v e a d d e d a n a r g u m e n t th a t h is p r e s e n c e

d id n o t p o llu t e

s h r in e s o r sa c r ific e s .

Δ ιό ς Β ουλα ίου: P a u s a n ia s (1.3.5) m e n tio n s a s ta tu e in th e C o u n c il c h a m b e r to Z e u s o f th e C o u n c il, b u t sa y s n o t h in g o f A t h e n a .

κα\ εις

τ ά λ λ α : th e s tr in g o f p a r t ic ip le s th a t f o llo w s e e m at first to b e in a p p o s i­ t io n to ό τ α ΰ τ α π ρ ά τ τ ω ν , b u t th e y c a n a lso b e ta k e n w it h th e fin a l φ α νερ ός ή; th e j u r o r s w o u ld h a v e n o tr o u b le f o llo w in g th e s e n s e , π ρ υ τ α ν ε ύ σ α ς : T h e C o u n c il c o m p r is e d fifty m e n fro m e a c h o f th e te n trib es; its y e a r w a s d iv id e d in to te n p r y t a n ie s o f t h ir ty -s ix o r th ir ty s e v e n d a y s e a c h , a n d e a c h tr ib e h e ld th e p r y ta n y o n c e e a c h year. T h e trib e h o ld in g th e p r y t a n y c a r r ie d o u t a ll th e a d m in is t r a t iv e d u tie s o f th e C o u n c il, a n d th is y e a r C h . ’s tr ib e w a s s e le c te d (by lo t) fo r th e first p r y ta n y , w h ic h a t th is t im e w a s a lw a y s t h ir ty -s e v e n d a y s lo n g . C h . tells u s th a t h e s e r v e d th ir ty -fiv e o f th e s e d a y s (“ a ll b u t t w o ” ) a n d e a r lie r (6 .4 4 ) th a t h e s e r v e d fo r t w e n ty d a y s o f M e t a g e it n io n . W e c a n c a lc u la t e , th e r e fo r e , th e n e w C o u n c il b e g a n its s e r v ic e th is y e a r o n th e 1 6th d a y o f H e k a to m b a io n , a n d th e e v id e n c e o f in s c r ip t io n s in fo r m s u s th a t th is h a p p e n e d in 4 1 9 / 8 a n d in n o o t h e r y e a r n e a r th is.

ίε ρ ο π ο ιώ ν :

se v e r a l C o u n c ilo r s w e r e a p p o in t e d ίερ ο π ο ιο ί to p e r fo r m r e lig io u s c e r e ­ m o n ie s , su c h as s a c r ific e s ; cf. D e m . 2 1 .1 1 4 -1 5 , w h e r e a s im ila r p o in t is m a d e (“M e id ia s d id n o t o b j e c t to m y s e rv in g ; t h e r e fo r e h e c o n s id e r e d m e i n n o c e n t ” ).

έπ ιψ η φ ίζω ν

“p u t t in g m a tte r s

to

a v o t e .” T h e

p r y ta n y h a d a d iffe r e n t c h a ir m a n (επ ισ τ ά τ η ς) e a c h day, s e le c t e d b y lot; in th is c a p a c it y C h . c h a ir e d a s e s s io n o f th e C o u n c il at w h ic h h e p u t m a tte r s to a v o te a n d is s u e d o p in io n s . 46

π α ρ ό ν τ ε ς κα\ έπ ιδ η μ ού ντες: p l e o n a s m .

κα\ ένθυμηθήναι, εΐπερ ή δ ικ οΰ ντο, ά μ φ ό τ ε ρ α

Ικανά y ’ ήν ύ π ο μ ν ή σ α ι “th ere

w ere

s u ffic ie n t

r e a so n s (for t h e m ) to r e m e m b e r a n d b e c o n c e r n e d a b o u t it, i f t h e y w e r e w r o n g e d , (re a so n s) o f b o t h k in d s . . .”

διά τί σ υ νή σ α ν: a lm o s t all

e d ito r s a c c e p t D o b r e e ’s c h a n g e to δι’ ö τι = “ fo r th e r e a s o n t h a t ” to p r o v id e a n a n s w e r to th e p r e c e d in g q u e s t io n . B u t th e r e p e a te d q u e s t io n is e ffe c tiv e (cf. 5 .3 6 ) a n d th e fo llo w in g s e n te n c e c le a r ly a n s w e r s b o t h q u e s tio n s . tB c ite s L y sia s 1 3 .6 4 (το ύ τ ο υ ς . . . Ά γ ό ρ α τ ο ς . . . ά π έκ τεινε . . . τίς ώ ν αυτός; δεΐ γ ά ρ υμάς ε’ιδέναι ό τ ι δο ύλ ο ς . . . έστίν) in s u p p o r t o f th e

C O M M E N T A R Y : 6.46 49 e x p la n a to r y γ ά ρ th a t fo llo w s it (th is u se d o e s n o t a p p e a r to fit a n y o f D e n n is t o n ’s c a te g o r ie s for γ ά ρ in a n s w e r s , G P 73 81). τ ο ΰ φ ό νο υ : n o r m a lly w ith d a tiv e ( i . n n . ) .

ένο χο ν . . .

ουδέ πρ ο σ ή κ ειν: th e th r e e

in fin itiv e s b u ild to a c lim a x : I w a s n o t th e killer; I a m n o t lia b le ; I h a v e n o c o n n e c t i o n w h a ts o e v e r w ith th e affair. 47

ά π ερ

. . .

επ εισ α ν:

cf.

5 .9 4 η .

on

πείθεσθαι

ά π εδ ίκ α σ α ν . . . κ α τ α δ ικ ά σ α ι “ a c q u it . . . c o n v i c t .”

τά

μη

δίκαια,

καί οί μεν ά λ λ ο ι

κ τλ.: 5 8 4 η . 48

εΤπον . . . ά π έφ η ν α . . . μ ά ρ τ υ ρ α ς π α ρ ε σ χ ό μ η ν : p r o b a b ly r e fe r ­

r in g to n a r r a tiv e , p r o o f a n d w it n e s s e s , r e s p e c tiv e ly ; fo r w it n e s s e s cf. 6 .4 m .

ό π ο υ ( b i s ) : h e r e “w h e n ” ; cf. 1.7η.

χ ρ ή μ α τ α : th e b r ib e r y

is p r e s e n te d as fa c t, t h o u g h C h . h a s p r e s e n te d n o e v id e n c e for it b e y o n d h is o w n a s s e r 'io n s; b u t h is a c c o u n t o f th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s a c tio n s is so s tr u c tu r e d as to m a k e b r ib e r y a p p e a r th e o n ly p la u s ib le e x p la n a tio n , ικ α νά ή ν “w o u ld b e s u f fic ie n t ” ; a c o n t r a r y - t o -f a c t a p o d o s is w it h o u t ά ν (In tr o d .

8

iii

2),

w h ic h

ά κ ο ύ σ α ν τ α ς : sc. υμά ς.

is

s o m e t im e s

s u p p lie d

by

e d ito r s ,

έ π ιο ρ κ ο τ ά τ ο υ ς καί ά ν ο σ ιω τ ά τ ο υ ς : cf. 6 .3 3 ,

w h e r e C h . s a y s h e w ill d e m o n s tr a t e th e p la in tiffs a re έ π ιο ρ κ ο τ ά τ ο υ ς κα'ι άσ εβ εσ τάτους. 49

δίκην où δ ικ ά σ α ιν τ ’ : δίκην δικάζεσθαι m e a n s “ p le a d a c a s e ” o r

(h e re ) “b r in g a s u it .”

τ ρ ιά κ ο ν τ α

μ ν α ς:

perhaps

e q u iv a le n t to

$ 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 - a v e r y s u b s ta n tia l b r ib e (In tr o d . 7). C h . d o e s n o t in d ic a t e h is source

( if a n y ) for th is fig u r e .

π ο ρ ισ τ ώ ν

. . . πω λητώ ν

. . .

π ρ α κ τ ό ρ ω ν : R e v e n u e M a n a g e r s (cf. Ar. F r o g s 1505), S u p e r v is o r s o f P u b lic R e s o u r c e s (A rist. A P 4 7 .2 3), a n d D e b t C o lle c t o r s (cf. A n d o c . 1.77, 1.79). A ll t h e s e o f fic ia ls m a n a g e d p u b lic fu n d s , a n d a ll s e r v e d in g r o u p s (th e r e w e r e t e n π ω λ η τ α ί); C h . im p lie s (p e r h a p s e x a g g e r a t in g ) th a t e a c h g r o u p as a w h o le (w ith t h e ir s e c r e ta r ie s ) w a s g u ilty .

όρκους

τ ο ιο ύ τ ο υ ς : fo r th e s e v e r ity o f o a th s s w o r n in h o m ic id e tria ls s e e 5 .1 m . o n δέον σε δ ιομ όσ α σ θα ι.

ό τ ι “b e c a u s e .”

π υ θ ό μ ενο ς: in v ie w o f

C h . ’s o t h e r p o lit ic a l i n v o lv e m e n t, it s e e m s lik e ly th a t h e w a s u s in g th e p o w e r s o f h is p o s itio n in th e p r y ta n y to in v e s t ig a te h is e n e m ie s , t h o u g h h e m a k e s it s o u n d as i f th e in fo r m a tio n s im p ly c a m e to h is a t te n t io n , είσ ή γ ο ν: ε ισ ά γ ω = “b r in g a c a s e to c o u r t ” (6 .4 2 ), o r in th is c a s e to th e C o u n c il; it m a y b e u s e d o f a n e i s a n g e lia (as in 6 .3 8 ) b u t is n o t lim it e d to th is p r o c e d u r e . It is n o t c le a r w h a t p r o c e d u r e C h . u s e s in th is c a s e , t h o u g h th e d e t a ils h e g iv e s a r e c o n s is t e n t w ith a n e i s a n g e lia (see H a n s e n 1975: 11 2 -1 3 ).

ζ η τ ο ΰ ν τ α ς έπεξελθ εΐν “ in v e s t ig a te a n d p r o s e c u te .”

247 C h . la y s in fo r m a tio n b e fo r e th e C o u n c il, w h ic h c a n t h e n ta k e a c tio n w it h o u t h im , as it d o e s (6.50); h e m a y h a v e a n t ic ip a t e d th a t h is e n e m ie s w o u ld r e su r r e c t th e h o m ic id e c h a r g e to r e m o v e h im fr o m th e c a s e . 50

α υ τ ο ί τε καί oi μ εσ εγ γυ η σ ά μ ενο ι: in a d d it io n to th e o ffic ia ls t h e m ­

se lv e s , c h a r g e s w e r e b r o u g h t a g a in s t ( a c c o r d in g to th e M S S ) “ th o s e w ith w h o m m o n e y w a s d e p o s ite d for t h e m ” (μ εσ εγγ υ η σ ά μ ενο ι, fo r th e m id d le cf. D e m . 3 9 .3 ) a n d “t h o s e w ith w h o m th e m o n e y w a s d e p o s i t e d ” ( π α ρ ’ oTs έτέθη τ α χ ρ ή μ α τ α ). S in c e th e s e a p p e a r to b e th e s a m e p e o p le , it is p r o b a b ly b e s t to d e le t e καί b e fo r e π α ρ ’ οΤ$. I f w e r e ta in καί, th e first d e p o s its m ig h t b e for th e o f fic ia ls ’ p u b lic f in a n c ia l c r im e s , w h ile th e s e c o n d d e p o s it w o u ld b e th e 3 0 m in a s (so Ba); b u t w e m u s t t h e n a sk w h y P h ilo c r a te s is a llo w e d to c o n t in u e th e p r o s e c u tio n , fo r i f o t h e r o ffic ia ls h a v e a lr e a d y b e e n c o n v ic t e d o f b r ib in g h im to p r o s e c u te , h e w o u ld p r o b a b ly b e c o n v ic t e d a lo n g w ith t h e m , o r at th e v e r y le a s t w o u ld fin d h im s e lf at a g r e a t d is a d v a n t a g e in th e p r o s e c u tio n . M o r e o v e r , i f th e p r e s e n t b r ib e r y h a d a lr e a d y b e e n p r o v e n in c o u r t, C h . w o u ld m a k e th is m o r e e x p lic it.

ά ν = έάν.

βΐ

T h e e p ilo g u e

T h e e p ilo g u e i s s o b r i e f a n d l a c k i n g in e m o t i o n a l o r p e r s o n a l a p p e a l to th e j u r o r s t h a t m a n y h a v e a s s u m e d t h a t s o m e t e x t i s m i s s i n g a t th e e n d . ( I f t h e s e s i x s p e e c h e s f o r m e d o n e v o lu m e , th e s e l a s t p a g e s w o u l d b e m o r e p r o n e to d a m a g e .) B u t C h . d o e s tu r n to th e j u r o r s h e re , a n d h e m a y w i s h to b e r a t h e r a b r u p t h e re a n d le a v e h is e m o t i o n a l a p p e a l f o r th e e p i l o g u e o f h i s s e c o n d s p e e c h .

5 1 π ο ιο ν . . . π α ρ α β α ίν ε ιν : r e p e a te d w ith s lig h t c h a n g e s fr o m 6 .4 9 , b u t th e r e th e r h e to r ic a l q u e s t io n s in tr o d u c e d a s p e c if ic a c c u s a tio n , w h e r e a s h e r e th e y le a d in to m o r e g e n e r a l c o n c lu s io n s .

ε ύ σ εβ εσ τά -

Tous . . . δ ικ α ιο τ ά τ ο υ ς: cf. th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s c la im to b e a c tin g εΰσεβείας ενεκα . . . κα\ τ ο υ δικαίου (6.7; cf. 3-2.12).

έ ξ α π α τ ή σ ο ν τ ε ς : fu tu r e p a r ­

tic ip le o f p u r p o s e .

Fr. i. On the revolution B ack g ro u n d .

A fte r th e o lig a r c h ic g o v e r n m e n t o f th e F ou r H u n d r e d w a s

o v e r th r o w n in 411, its c h i e f p r o p o n e n t , P h r y n ic h u s , w a s a s s a s s in a te d a n d a lm o s t a ll th e o th e r l e a d in g o lig a r c h s w e n t in to e x ile . A . r e m a in e d in A th e n s , h o w e v e r , w h e r e h e a n d o n e o t h e r (A r c h e p to le m u s ) w e r e trie d

248

C O M M E N T A R Y : F R . 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

a n d c o n v ic t e d o f tr e a s o n . T h e p r o s e c u tio n w a s a n e i s a n g e l i a (6. 12η.) b e fo r e th e C o u n c il a n d th e s p e c if ic c h a r g e c o n c e r n e d th e ir p a r t ic ip a ­ tio n in an e m b a s s y to S p a r ta n e a r th e e n d o f th e F o u r H u n d r e d ’s b r ie f r e ig n . S p e c ific a lly th e y w e r e c h a r g e d w ith “ s e r v in g o n a n e m b a s s y to S p a r ta fo r t h e p u r p o s e o f h a r m in g th e c ity a n d a r m y o f th e A t h e n ia n s , s a ilin g o n a n e n e m y s h ip , a n d r e tu r n in g o n fo o t th r o u g h D e c e l e a ” (π ρ εσ β ευ ο μ ένο υ ς είς Λ α κ εδ α ίμ ονα έπι κακώι τής π ό λ ε ω ς τή ς Α θ η να ίω ν και τ ο υ σ τ ρ α τ ο π έ δ ο υ π λ εΐν έπ'ι π ο λ έμ ια ς νεώ ς και π εζεΰ σ α ι δια Δεκελείας). T h e c h a r g e a n d t h e s e n t e n c e (d e a th , c o n f is c a t io n o f p r o p e r ty , r e fu s a l o f b u r ia l, a n d lo ss o f c it iz e n r ig h ts fo r th e ir d e s c e n d a n t s ) a r e p r e s e r v e d in th e V it a e d ec ern o r a t o r u m (= [P lu t. ] M o r a l i a 8 3 3 c 4b); s e e fu r th e r F e r g u so n (1 9 3 2 ), H a n s e n (1975) 113 15, G o m m e e t a l . (1981) 197 2 0 0 . A lt h o u g h Λ . d e liv e r e d th e s p e e c h o r a lly , h e a lso c o m m it t e d it to w r itin g , m a k in g th is , to o u r k n o w le d g e , th e first w r itte n te x t o f a s p e e c h c o m p o s e d b y t h e s p e a k e r h im s e lf. T h e s p e e c h w a s a p p a r e n t ly a n a p o l o ­ g ia p r o v ita s u a ,

a n d A . p r o b a b ly w a n te d it p r e s e r v e d fo r p o ster ity . It w a s

w id e ly a d m ir e d at th e tim e : o n e o f h is r e a d e r s , T h u c y d id e s , c a lle d it “ th e b e s t d e f e n s e in a c a p ita l c a s e ” (In tr o d . 2), a n d A r is to t le r e p o r ts (.E u d . E t h i c s 3.5) th a t th e t r a g e d ia n A g a t h o n p r a is e d it, e a r n in g A . ’s r e s p o n s e th a t th e p r a is e o f o n e e x p e r t is w o r th rriore t h a n th a t o f m a n y o r d in a r y m e n . D e s p it e th is r e c e p t io n th e s p e e c h d id n o t s u r v iv e a n t i­ q u it y a n d u n t il th e t w e n t ie t h c e n tu r y it w a s o n ly k n o w n fr o m a fe w lin e s (fr. i b - c ) a n d is o la t e d w o r d s c it e d in H a r p o c r a t io n a n d th e S u d a . W e m ig h t w o n d e r i f th is s p e e c h , lik e t h e “A p o lo g y ” o f S o c r a te s , m ig h t n o t b e a r e c r e a t io n o f A . ’s s p e e c h b y a la te r a u t h o r (R o u s s e l 1925; cf. G o m m e e t a l . 1981: 1 9 8 - 2 0 0 ) . B u t u n lik e S o c r a te s , A . m a d e a p r a c tic e o f w r itin g s p e e c h e s , a n d th e j u d g m e n t o f T h u c y d id e s im p lie s th a t h e r e a d t h e s p e e c h ( b e in g in e x ile h e c o u ld n o t h a v e h e a r d it). S o m e o f th e l a n g u a g e s e e m s q u it e c h a r a c te r is t ic o f A . (έ π ιρ ρ έ π ο υ σ α ν , ό κ ρ α τ ώ ν είμι). G iv e n h o w lit tle s u r v iv e s , it is n o t s u r p r is in g if, a s s o m e f e e l, t h e s e fr a g ­ m e n ts d o n o t s e e m to j u s tify T h u c y d id e s ’ h ig h o p in io n o f th e s p e e c h . T h e pa p yru s.

I n 1907 se v e r a l p a g e s o f a b a d ly m u tila te d p a p y r u s te x t (2 -3

c. a d ) w e r e p u b lis h e d b y N i c o le ( N ic o le 1907). T h e y w e r e im m e d ia t e ly i d e n tif ie d as fr o m th is s p e e c h , a n d a lm o s t a ll s c h o la r s h a v e a c c e p t e d th is a t tr ib u t io n (cf. R o u s s e l 1925). T h e e x c e r p t p r in te d h e r e is fr o m th e b e st p r e s e r v e d p a r t o f th e p a p y r u s; th e r e s t o r a t io n o f o t h e r p a r ts is m e r e g u essw o rk .

C O M M E N T A R Y : F R . 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N

249

T h e te x t o f fr. i a is b a s e d o n D e c l e v a C a iz z i (1 9 8 9 ) 2 2 6 - 8 , b u t o m its m o s t o f th e s p e c ia liz e d n o t a tio n o f a s c h o la r ly p a p y r o lo g ic a l te x t. G a p s in th e o r ig in a l a n d p r o b le m a t ic r e s to r a tio n s a re in d ic a t e d b y h a lf ­ b r a c k e ts (i j). T h e a r g u m e n t.

A lt h o u g h w e are still in th e d a rk a b o u t A . ’s o v e r a ll d e f e n s e

str a te g y , t h e s e te x ts a re o f g r e a t in te r e s t a n d c o n v e y s o m e t h in g o f h is a p p r o a c h to th e s it u a t io n a n d th e t o n e o f h is a r g u m e n t. Fr. i a b e g in s in th e m id d le o f a c o m m o n a r g u m e n t (cf. 5 .5 7 - 6 3 , 2 .1 .5 - 8 ) r e je c t in g p o s ­ s ib le m o tiv e s fo r th e a lle g e d c r im e o f p a r t ic ip a tio n in a n o lig a r c h ic c o u p ; e v e n t h o u g h th e s p e c if ic c h a r g e c o n c e r n e d a n e m b a s s y to S p a r ta , A . s e e m s to h a v e r e c o g n iz e d a n d a d d r e s s e d s p e c if ic a lly th e b r o a d e r a c c u s a tio n o f p a r t ic ip a tio n in th e F o u r H u n d r e d th a t u n d e r la y th e c h a r g e . A . t h e n d e v e lo p s a p o s itiv e EÌKÓs-argument, th a t h is s p e c ia l p r o ­ f e s s io n o f l o g o g r a p h e r w o u ld b e c u r ta ile d u n d e r a n o lig a r c h y b u t w o u ld th r iv e u n d e r a d e m o c r a c y . S in c e h e c o u ld s c a r c e ly d e n y h is e v id e n t r o le in th e c o u p , h e m a y h a v e g o n e o n to a r g u e th a t h is g o a l w a s n o t o li­ g a r c h y b u t a n im p r o v e d d e m o c r a c y . Fr. ib r e s p o n d s to th e c h a r g e th a t A . ’s g r a n d f a th e r w a s a s u p p o r te r o f th e ty r a n ts (cf. fr. ia .5 ) , a n d fr. i c s e e m s to p r e p a r e fo r a r e fu t a t io n o f th e p r o s e c u tio n ’s e x p e c t a t io n th a t A . w ill u se tea r s a n d s u p p lic a t io n in h is d e fe n s e . P a r a l l e l s w i t h S o c r a te s .

B r ie f as th e y a re, t h e se a r g u m e n ts s u g g e s t th a t, like

S o c r a te s , A . d id n o t h e s ita te to u se th e so r t o f c le v e r a r g u m e n ts th a t in c u r r e d p o p u la r d istr u st. A s S o c r a te s a r g u e s th a t h e w o u ld n o t h a v e in te n t io n a lly c o r r u p te d th e y o u n g , s in c e th e y w o u ld t h e n h a v e a h a r m fu l e ffe c t o n h im (cf. P la to , A p . 2 5 d - e ) , A . a r g u e s th a t it w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n in h is o w n in te r e s t to d e s ir e o lig a r c h y , s in c e h is a b ility w ith w o r d s w o u ld h a v e n o v a lu e in a n olig a r c h y . A n d lik e S o c r a te s ( A p . 3 4 c ) A . r e fu se s to a p p e a l to th e j u r o r s ’ e m o t io n s w ith tea r s a n d s u p p lic a t io n . It is te m p t in g to in fe r th a t A ., w h o (like S o c r a te s ) w a s a b o u t s e v e n ty a t th e tim e o f h is tria l, d e c id e d n o t to c h o o s e e x ile , as a lm o s t all th e rest o f th e o lig a r c h s d id (a n d as m a n y e x p e c te d S o c r a te s to d o ), a n d d id n o t c o m p r o m is e h is p r in c ip le s in p r e s e n tin g h is c a s e to a p o p u la r jury. In w r itin g th e s p e e c h d o w n h e , lik e P la to in w r itin g S o c r a te s ’ A p o l o g y , h o p e d to le a v e a j u s tific a tio n o f h is life for p o ster ity . H e s u c c e e d e d fo r a tim e , b u t in th e lo n g r u n fa te d id n o t g r a n t h is s p e e c h th e s u c c e s s o f P la t o ’s.

C O M M E N T A R Y : F R . la a.

1—9 T h e d e n ia l o f m o tiv e .

ά ρ χ ιή ν ά ρ ξ α ι “ to h o ld o f f ic e ,” a

c o m m o n e x p r e s s io n . O t h e r s u p p le m e n t s a re p o s s ib le ( e s p e c ia lly fo r αίρεθείς), b u t A . m u s t b e r e je c t in g as a p o s s ib le m o tiv e th e fea r o f a n a u d it for f in a n c ia l m is m a n a g e m e n t . T h e s e n t e n c e p r e s u m a b ly b e g a n w ith a n in te r r o g a tiv e , s u c h as “ D o y o u th in k m y m o tiv e w a s . . .” W e k n o w o f n o p u b lic o f fic e A . h e ld b e fo r e 411. υ π ε υ θ ύ νω ν.

ευθυναι: 6 .4 3 η . o n τ ω ν

ά τ ιμ ο ς: s o m e o n e w h o h a d b e e n d is e n fr a n c h is e d m ig h t

h o p e fo r a n e w g o v e r n m e n t th a t w o u ld r e sto r e h is r ig h ts; th e “ O ld O lig a r c h ” a r g u e s th a t th e d is e n fr a n c h is e m e n t o f a fe w c it iz e n s is n o t a t h r e a t to th e d e m o c r a c y ( [ X e n .] A t h . P o l. 3.12

13).

ήν: th e p a p y r u s

g iv e s th is fo r m o f th e first p e r s o n im p e r f e c t o f είμί, as d o t h e M S S fo r th e n in e o t h e r o c c u r r e n c e s (5 .2 3 , 24 , 2 9 , 63; 6 .2 6 , 3 6 , 4 5 b is ; fr. ib ; a lso 6 .1 5 π α ρ ή ν ). B u t s ir c e m e d ie v a l M S S n o r m a lly c h a n g e th e o ld e r A ttic fo r m ή to ήν, m o d e r n e d ito r s h a v e g e n e r a lly r e sto r e d ή in A e s c h y lu s a n d S o p h o c le s a n d , w h e r e p o s s ib le , in E u r ip id e s (se e B a r r e tt o n H i p p . 7 0 0 ) a n d A r is to p h a n e s . B “ r e s t o r e d ” ή (or π α ρ ή ) e v e r y w h e r e in th e te x t o f A ., e v e n g o in g so far as to a d d a καί in fr. ib to r e m o v e th e h ia tu s p r o d u c e d b y th is e m e n d a t io n . B h a s b e e n f o llo w e d b y a ll la te r e d ito r s . B u t p e r h a p s fro m c a r e le s s n e s s (a n d w it h o u t B ’s g u id a n c e ), T h , G a n d M a ll p r in t ήν h e r e , f o llo w in g th e p a p y r u s , e v e n w h ile p r in tin g ή i*n fr. ib . T h e u s a g e o f E u r ip id e s a n d A r is to p h a n e s , e v e n i f it w e r e c e r t a in , w o u ld n o t n e c e s ­ s a r ily b e a g u id e to A . ’s u s a g e , b u t a fo u r th - o r fif th -c e n t u r y ad p a p y r u s f r a g m e n t p r e s e r v e s ή at Eur. R h e s u s 6 3 w h e r e th e M S S r e a d ήν, s u g g e s t ­ in g th a t th e s lig h t ly e a r lie r p a p y r u s o f A . m a y r e fle c t h is o r ig in a l te x t. I f th is is c o r r e c t , it is r e a s o n a b le to s u p p o s e th a t A . w r o te ήν (π α ρ ή ν ) e v e r y ­ w h e r e e ls e .

έ π ιρ ρ ε π ο υ σ α ν : a r a re v e r b o c c u r r in g o n ly in p o e t r y

b e f o r e A . (cf. I n tr o d . 8 ii 5); in th e O r e s te ia A e s c h y lu s p la y s o n th e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n i m p e n d in g e v e n ts a n d th e in c lin in g o f th e s c a le s o f δίκη (e.g. A g . 707).

ά λ λ ’ ώ ς: i . e. “ o r (d o y o u th in k m y m o tiv e w a s)

th a t . . .” A . a d d r e s s e s th e C o u n c il a s r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f th e p r e v io u s d e m o c r a t ic r e g im e .

τ ω ν π ρ ο γ ό ν ω ν : cf. fr. ib .

ε ίρ γ α ισ μ έ ν ω ν

. . . : th e to ta l g a p a p p e a r s to b e fo u r lin e s , p e r h a p s fo rty le tte r s in a ll, o f w h ic h th e s u p p le m e n t s p r in te d h e r e o c c u p y a b o u t tw o -th ir d s . T h e rest o f th e g a p p r o b a b ly e x p r e s s e d th e id e a , “ d id y o u p u n is h m e [fo r c r im e s o f m y a n c e s to r s ] ? ” π ο λ ιτ ε ία ς : 3 .1 .1 η .

οί μεν ά λ λ ο ι: fo r th e c o n t r a s t cf. 5 .3 8 , 5 .8 4 , e tc . ή (τή ς) “r a th e r t h a n ,” a c o m m o n u se a fte r th e

im p lic it c o m p a r is o n in έπιθυμοΰσιν (cf. X e n . C y r . 1 .4 .3 a d f i n Ο­ ι 0 -1 7

ά λ λ ά μεν δή in tr o d u c e s a n e w a r g u m e n t; in t h e o r a to r s it is

251 o n ly in L y sia s (13.27, 1 4 .4 4 , 2 6 .2 2 ) a n d h e r e .

έκ έρ δα ινο ν: A . ’s

φ ιλ α ρ γ υ ρ ία w a s a p p a r e n t ly s a tir iz e d b y P la to C o m ic u s ([P lu t.] M o r a l i a 8 3 3 c ); cf. P h ilo s t r a tu s ’ r e p o r t ( V S 4 9 9 ) th a t “ c o m e d y a tta c k s A . fo r b e in g c le v e r (δεινός) in fo r e n s ic m a tte r s a n d fo r s e llin g fo r a h ig h p r ic e s p e e c h e s th a t ru n c o u n t e r to j u s tic e , e s p e c ia lly to t h o s e in g r e a t d a n g e r [ o f c o n v i c t i o n ] .”

ό κ ρ ια τ ώ ν ι είμι “ I a m th e o n e w ith p o w e r ” ; fo r th e

c o n s tr u c t io n cf. 1.11 έ γ ώ γ ά ρ είμ ι. . . ό θ έλ ω ν, I n tr o d . 8 iii 5.

είδώ ιςι

τ ο υ λ έγειν “b e in g sk ille d in s p e a k in g ” ; th e g e n itiv e m a y b e s u p p o r t e d b y c o n s tr u c t io n s

lik e

X en.

είκός: i .2 n ., I n tr o d . 5·

b.

H e ll.

2 .1 .5

του

γεγενη μ ένου

ουδέν

είδώ ς.

γ ιγ ν ώ σ κ ε ιν : sc. οΤός τ ’ είμί.

T h e fr a g m e n t is c it e d b y H a r p o c r a t io n (s.v. σ τ α σ ιώ τ η ς ) as c o m in g

fro m th is s p e e c h . H e c la im s (w r o n g ly , it a p p e a r s ) th a t A . u s e s σ τ α σ ιώ τ η ς h e r e to m e a n “ b o d y g u a r d ” in s te a d o f its u s u a l s e n s e , “p o lit ic a l p a r t i­ s a n .” A . ’s a r g u m e n t a p p a r e n t ly is th a t a lth o u g h h e , lik e h is g r a n d fa th e r , m a y h a v e b e e n a p a r tis a n o n th e sid e o f t h o s e n o lo n g e r in p o w e r , h is g r a n d fa th e r w a s n o t p u n is h e d fo r th is n o r, th e r e fo r e , s h o u ld h e h i m s e l f b e p u n is h e d .

Ά π ό λ η ξ ις :

o t h e r w is e

unknow n.

ουκ α ν κτλ.:

“ th e y w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n a b le to p u n is h ty r a n ts b u t u n a b le to p u n is h b o d y g u a r d s .” A . ’s p o in t is a p p a r e n t ly th a t i f h is g r a n d f a th e r ’s a lle ­ g ia n c e to th e t y r a n ts w a s a c r im e , h e w o u ld h a v e b e e n p u n is h e d w h e n th e ty r a n n y w a s o v e r th r o w n ; s in c e h e w a s n o t , t h e r e w a s n o c r im e fo r w h ic h A . s h o u ld b e p u n is h e d in h is p la c e .

ή δ υ νή θ η σ α ν: fo r th e

“-d o u b le a u g m e n t ” o f δύ να μ α ι, w h ic h m a y b e I o n ic , s e e L S J s.v. a d i n i t . \ cf. A n t. fr. 5 8 .8 D K . A . m a y in te n t io n a lly b e p la y in g o n th e c lo s e s im ila r ­ ity to ή δ υ ν ά τ η σ α ν (ά δ υ να τέω ) th a t fo llo w s .

δ ο ρ υ φ ό ρ ο υ ς; o f te n u s e d

o f th e p r iv a te g u a r d o f a t y r a n t, s u c h a s P e isis tr a tu s (e.g. H e r o d . 1.59).

c . T h is fr a g m e n t is a s s ig n e d to th is s p e e c h b y m o s t e d ito r s (B , T h , G , M o r ), t h o u g h th e S u d a (s.v. Ίκετεία) a ttr ib u te s it to A . w it h o u t n a m in g a s p e c if ic w ork . A . p r o b a b ly c o n t in u e d b y s c o r n fu lly d is m is s in g th e u se o f te a r s a n d la m e n t a tio n s , s in c e th e r e w o u ld s e e m to b e n o r e a so n to c ite th e p r o s e c u t io n ’s e x p e c ta t io n e x c e p t to r e je c t it.

ά να π είθ ειν s o m e ­

t im e s im p lie s a m is le a d in g p e r s u a s io n ; it m a y h a v e b e e n u s e d b y th e p r o s e c u tio n for th a t r e a so n .

BIBLIOGRAPHY i. Editions, commentaries, translations of Antiphon B a r ig a z z i, A . e d . (1955) A n t i p h o n t e , p r i m a o r a z i o n e . F lo r e n c e (1955) A n t i p h o n t e , s e s t a o r a z i o n e . F lo r e n c e B e r g e , H . M . t e n e d . (1948) A n t i p h o n ' s z e s d e r e d e . N ij m e g e n B la ss, F r ie d r ic h , e d . (1892) A n t i p h o n , o r a tio n e s . 2 n d e d n . L e ip z ig D e e l e v a C a iz z i, F. e d . (1 9 6 9 ) A n t i p h o n t i s , te tr a lo g ia e . M ila n E d w a r d s ; M . a n d U s h e r , S. e d s. (198 5 ) G r e e k o r a to r s I: A n t i p h o n a n d L y s i a s . W a r m in s t e r ( in c lu d e s A n t ip h o n 5 , e d it e d b y E d w a r d s) F e r r a n te , D . e d . (1 9 7 2 ) A n t i p h o n t e , Π Ε Ρ Ι T O Y H P Ù J I A O Y Φ Ο Ν Ο Υ . N a p le s G e r n e t , L. e d . (1 9 2 3 ) A n t i p h o n , d i s c o u r s . P a ris J e b b , R . C . (1 8 8 8 ) S e l e c t i o n s f r o m th e A t t i c O r a to r s . 2 n d e d n . L o n d o n M a e tz n e r , E . e d . (1 8 3 8 ) A n t i p h o n t i s , o r a tio n e s x v . B e r lin M a id m e n t , K . J. e d . (1941) M i n o r A t t i c o r a to r s 1. C a m b r id g e M A (L o e b C la s s ic a l L ib r a r y ) M o r r is o n , J. S. tra n s. (1972) “A n t i p h o n ” in

The

o ld e r

s o p h is ts ,

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R o s a m o n d K . S p r a g u e (C o lu m b ia S C ) 1 06 2 4 0 T h a lh e i m , T h . a n d B la ss, Fr. e d s. (1914) A n t i p h o n , o r a tio n e s e t f r a g m e n t a . L e ip z ig T h ie l, J . H . { 1 ^ 2 ) A n t i p h o n s e r s te te t r a lo g ie . G r o n in g e n (For o t h e r e d ito r s a n d t e x t u a l c r itic s m e n t io n e d in th e a p p a r a tu s a n d n o t e s , s e e T h a lh e i m 1914: v i i- v ii i.)

2. Other scholarship A e r ts , W ille m J . (1965) P e r i p h r a s t i c a . A m s t e r d a m A v ery, H a r r y C . (1982) “ O n e A n t ip h o n o r tw o ? ” H e r m e s n o : 1 4 5 - 5 8 B ek k er, I m m a n u e l (1 8 1 f ) A n e c d o t a G r a e c a , v o i. i. B e r lin B la ss, F r ie d r ic h (1887) D i e a t t i s c h e B e r e d s a m k e i t , 3 rd e d n . v o i. I. L e ip z ig B o n n e r , R o b e r t J . (1905) E v i d e n c e in A th e n i a n c o u r ts . C h ic a g o (1927) L a w y e r s a n d l i t i g a n t s in a n c i e n t A th e n s . C h ic a g o B r e m m e r , J a n N . (1994) G r e e k r e lig io n ( G re e c e & R o m e , N e w su r v e y s in th e c la s s ic s n o . 24). O x fo r d C a r a w a n , E d w in (1993) “T h e T e t r a l o g ie s a n d A t h e n ia n h o m ic id e tr ia ls ,” A .J .P .

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ig g o :

R e c h ts g e s c h ic h te ,

V o r tr ä g e

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BIBLIO G RA PH Y F e r g u s o n , W. S. (1932) “T h e c o n d e m n a t io n o f A n t i p h o n ,” M é l a n g e s G u s ta v e G lo tz

(P aris), v o i. 1 3 4 9 - 6 6

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19: h i

20

(1978b ) “T h e p r o h ib it io n o f j u s t a n d u n ju s t h o m ic id e in A n t ip h o n ’s T e t r a l o g i e s ,” G . R . B . S .

19: 291 3 0 6

(1981) D r a k o n a n d e a r l y A t h e n i a n h o m ic id e l a w . N e w H a v e n (1 9 8 9 a ) T h e M u r d e r o f H e r o d e s . F ra n k fu rt a m M a in (1 9 8 9 b ) “ T h e f u n c tio n o f w it n e s s e s a t G o r t y n ,” S y m p o s io n 1 9 8 9 : V o r tr ä g e z u r g r i e c h i s c h e n u n d h e l l e n is tis c h e n R e c h ts g e s c h ic h te ,

ed. G erh ard

T h ü r ( C o lo g n e ) 29 5 4 (1 9 9 0 a ) G.

“T h e

R .B .S .

a n c ie n t t r a d it io n

on

th e

id e n tit y

o f A n t i p h o n ,”

3 1 :2 7 4 4

(1 9 9 0 b ) “ B o u l e u s i s in A t h e n ia n h o m ic id e la w ,” S y m p o s io n 1 9 8 8 : V o rträ g e z u r g r i e c h i s c h e n u n d h e l l e n is t i s c h e n R e c h ts g e s c h ic h te ,

e d . G u is e p p e N e n c i

a n d G e r h a r d T h ü r ( C o lo g n e ) 81 9 9 (1 9 9 0 c) “T h e n a tu r e o f p r o o fs in A n t i p h o n ,” C . P . 85: 2 2 - 3 2 (1994) “ P r o b a b ilit y a n d p e r s u a s io n : P la to a n d e a r ly G r e e k r h e t o r ic ,” P e r s u a s i o n : G r e e k r h e t o r ic in a c t i o n ,

e d . I a n W o r th in g t o n (L o n d o n )

46 68 (1 9 9 6 )

“ T h e to r tu r e o f sla v e s in A t h e n ia n la w ,” C . P . 91: 1 -1 8

( fo r th c o m in g ) “ K in g s a n d th e la w in a r c h a ic a n d c la s s ic a l G r e e c e ,” K i n g s h i p a n d th e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f p o w e r ,

e d . T o m P a la im a (A u stin )

G a g a r in , M ic h a e l a n d W o o d r u ff, P a u l (1995) E a r l y G r e e k p o l i t i c a l th o u g h t f r o m H o m e r to th e s o p h i s t s .

C a m b r id g e

G a u th ie r , P h ilip p e (1972) S y m b o l a : l e s S tr a n g e r s e t la j u s t i c e d a n s le s c ite s g r e c qu es.

N an cy

G e r n e t , L o u is (1955) D r o i t e t s o c i é t é d a n s la G r e c e a n c ie n n e . P a ris G ild e r s le e v e , B a s il L . (1 9 0 0 -1 1 ) S y n ta x o f c l a s s i c a l G r e e k f r o m H o m e r to D e m o s th e n e s .

2 v o ls. N e w York

G o e b e l, G e o r g e H . (1983) E a r l y G r e e k r h e to r ic a l th e o r y a n d p r a c t i c e : p r o o f a n d a r r a n g e m e n t in th e s p e e c h e s o f A n t i p h o n a n d E u r i p i d e s .

D is s . M a d is o n W I

G o m m e , A .W . e t a l . (1981) H i s t o r i c a l c o m m e n ta r y on T h u c y d i d e s , v o i. v . O x fo r d G o o d w in , W. W. (1 8 8 9 ) S y n t a x o f th e m o o d s a n d te n s e s o f th e G r e e k v e r b . L ondon G r e e n , P. (1982) “ L o n g u s , A n t ip h o n , a n d th e to p o g r a p h y o f L e s b o s ,” J . H . S.

102: 2 1 0 - 1 4

255

BIB LIO G R A PH Y

H a n s e n , M o g e n s H e r m a n (1975) E i s a n g e l i a : th e s o v e r e ig n ty o f th e p e o p l e 's c o u r t in A t h e n s in th e f o u r t h c e n tu r y B C a n d th e im p e a c h m e n t o f g e n e r a ls a n d

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L a ttim o r e , S t e v e n (1987) “T w o m e n in a b o a t: A n t ip h o n , O n th e m u r d e r o f H ero d es

4 2 C . Q 37: 5 0 2 - 4

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(1978) T h e l a w in c l a s s i c a l A th e n s . L o n d o n (1 989) “A t h e n ia n la w s a b o u t c h o r u s e s ,” S y m p o s io n i ( ) S 2 : V o rträ g e z u r g r ie c h is c h e n

u n d h e l l e n is t i s c h e n

(C o lo g n e ) 6 5 77

R e c h ts g e s c h ic h te ,

c d . F r a n c isc o N i e t o

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to

G.

E.

M .

d e S te

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on

b ir th d a y ,

h is y y t h

ed .

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P aris

N i c o le , J u le s (1907) I 'a p o l o g i e d A n t i p h o n . G e n e v a O s b o r n e , R o b in (1 9 9 0 ) “ V e x a t io u s lit ig a t io n in c la s s ic a l A th e n s : sy k o p h a n c y a n d th e s y k o p h a n t ,” .X o m o s : essays in A t h e n i a n l a w , p o l i t i c s a n d so c ie ty ,

e d . P. C a r t le d g e , P. M ille t t a n d S. T o d d ( C a m b r id g e ) 8 3

102

O s t w a ld , M a r tin (1 9 6 9 ) . \ o rn o s a n d th e b e g in n in g s o f A t h e n i a n d e m o c r a c y . O x fo r d O ’S u lliv a n , N e i l (1992; A l c i d a m a s , A r i s t o p h a n e s a n d th e b e g in n in g s o f G re e k s t y l i s ti c th e o r y {H e r m e s

E in z e ls c h r ift e n 6 0 ) S tu ttg a r t

P a la u , A . C . (1977) “ I p o t e s i p e r u n ‘g i a ll o ’ a n t ic o ,” H e l i k o n 17: 193 2 0 9 P a rk e, H . \V. (1977; F e s t i v a l s o f th e A t h e n i a n s . L o n d o n Parker, R o b e r t (1983) M i a s m a : p o l l u t i o n a n d p u r i f i c a t i o n in e a r l y G r e e k r e lig ­ io n .

O x fo r d

Parry. A d a m (1981) L o g o s a n d E r g o n in T h u c y d zdW. (S a 1e m , N H (1 9 8 9 ) T h e l a n g u a g e o f A c h i l l e s a n d o th e r p a p e r s . O x fo r d P e a r s o n , L io n e l (1976) T h e a r t o f D e m o s th e n e s . M e is e n h e im (1978) “ H ia t u s a n d its e ff e c ts in th e A t t ic s p e e c h -w r it e r s ,” T .A .P .A . 1 0 8 : 131 45 P e n d r ic k ,

G erard

(1987)

“O n ce

a g a in

A n t ip h o n

th e

s o p h is t a n d

A n t i p h o n o f R h a m n u s ,” H e r m e s 115: 47 6 0 (x993 ) “T h e a n c ie n t t r a d it io n o n A n t ip h o n r e c o n s id e r e d ,” G . R . B . S . 3 4 :2 1 5

28

P r itc h e t t, W. K e n d r ic k (1975) D i o n y s i u s o f H a l i c a r n a s s u s : on T h u c y d id e s . B e r k e le y R a u b it s c h e k , A . E . (1954) “ P h i li n o s ,” H e s p e r i a 23: 6 8 - 7 1 R e u te r , A u g u s t (1903) “ B e o b a c h t u n g e n z u r T e c h n ik d e s A n t ip h o n ,” H erm es

38: 481 97

R h o d e s , P.J. (1972) T h e A t h e n i a n B o u l e . O x fo r d (1981) A c o m m e n t a r y o n th e A r i s t o t e l i a n A th e n a i o n P o l i te l a . O x fo r d R o s , J a n (1938) D i e μ ε τ α β ο λ ή

( V a r i a ti o )

a ls

S tilp r in z ip

des

T h u k y d id e s .

N ijm e g e n R o u s s e l, P. (1925) “ L a p r é te n d u e d é f e n s e d ’A n t i p h o n ,” R . E . A . 27: 5 - 1 0

257

BIBLIO G RA PH Y R u sse ll, D . A . (1983) G r e e k d e c l a m a t i o n . C a m b r id g e

R ü ste n , J. S. (1989) T h u c y d i d e s , T h e P e lo p o n n e s ia n w a r , B o o k II. C a m b r id g e S c h e n k e v e ld , D . M . (1989) “A n t ip h o n , O r . V, 8: A c a s e o f a d a tiv e o f p u r p o s e ? ” M n e m o s y n e 42: 4 7 4 - 6 S c h ia p p a , E d w a r d (1990) “D i d P la to c o in r h e t o r i k e N A . J . P . h i : 4 5 7 - 7 0 S c h in d e l, U lr ic h (1979) D e r M o r d f a l l H e r o d e s ( N a c h r ic h t e n d e r A k a d . d e r W iss., G ö t t in g e n , P h il.- H is t. K l. 9) S ea ley , R . (1984) “T h e T e t r a l o g i e s a s c r ib e d to A n t i p h o n ,” T .A .P .A . 114: 7 1 -8 5

S in c la ir , R . K . (1 9 8 8 ) D e m o c r a c y a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n in A th e n s . C a m b r id g e S m ith , R . M . (1995) “A n e w lo o k at th e c a n o n o f th e t e n A t t ic o r a to r s ,” M n em osyn e

48: 6 6 -7 9

S m y th , H e r b e r t W e ir (1956) G r e e k g r a m m a r . 2 n d e d n . C a m b r id g e M A S o lm s e n , F r ie d r ic h (1931) A n t i p h o n s t u d i e n . B e r lin (1975) I n t e l l e c t u a l e x p e r im e n t s o f th e G r e e k e n lig h te n m e n t. P r in c e t o n S tr o u d , R o n a ld S. (1 9 6 8 ) D r a k o n ’s l a w o n h o m ic id e . B e r k e le y T h ü r , G e r h a r d (1977) B e w e i s f ü h r u n g v o r d e n S c h w u r g e r ic h ts h ö f e n A th e n s : d ie P ro k le sis z u r B a s a n o s

(A k a d . d e r W iss ., W ie n , S i tz u n g s b e r ic h te 310)

T o d d , S t e p h e n (1 9 9 0 a ) “T h e p u r p o s e o f e v id e n c e in A t h e n ia n c o u r ts ,” N o m o s : e s s a y s in A t h e n i a n l a w , p o l i t i c s a n d s o c i e t y ,

e d . P. G a r t le d g e , P.

M ille t t a n d S. T o d d (C a m b r id g e ) 19 -3 9 (1 9 9 0 b ) “T h e u s e a n d a b u s e o f th e A t t ic o r a to r s ,” G . & R . 37: 1 5 9 - 7 8 (r993 )

s h a p e o f A th e n ia n l a w .

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U s h e r , S t e p h e n (1976) “ L y sia s a n d h is c lie n t s ,” G . R . B . S . 17: 31 4 0 V o llg ra ff, W. (1948) “ O b s e r v a t io n s su r le s ix iè m e d is c o u r s d ’A n t i p h o n ,” M n em osyn e

ser. 4 , 1: 2 5 7 - 7 0

V o llm e r , G e r h a r d (1958) S tu d i e n z u m B e w e i s a n ti p h o n t i s c h e r R e d e n . D is s . H am b u rg W a lla c e , R o b e r t W. (1 9 8 9 ) T h e A r e o p a g u s c o u n c il, t o j o y B C . B a lt im o r e W eb ster, T. B. L . (1 9 6 9 ) E v e r y d a y l if e in c l a s s i c a l A th e n s . N e w Y ork W e il, H e n r i (1 8 8 0 ) “A n t ip h o n , M e u t r e d ’H é r o d e , 2 9 , 5 e t 4 9 , ” R e v u e d e P h i l o l o g i e 4:

150

W iesn e r , J ü r g e n (1994) “A n t ip h o n , d e r S o p h is t u n d A n t ip h o n , d e r R ed n er

e in o d e r z w e i A u to r e n ? ” W i e n e r S tu d i e n 107: 2 2 5 - 4 3

W ila m o w itz - M o e lle n d o r ff , U lr ic h v o n (1887) “ D i e e r ste R e d e d e s A n t i p h o n ,” H e r m e s 22: 194 210 (1900) “ D ie s e c h s t e R e d e d e s A n t i p h o n ,” S it z u n g s b e r ic h t e d e r P r e u s s . A k a d . d e r W is s .

3 9 8 -4 1 6

BIBLIO G RA PH Y W oodhead, A.

G.

( 1981 ) T h e s t u d y

of

G reek

i n s c r ip t i o n s .

2nd

edn.

C a m b r id g e W o r th in g t o n , Ia n (1991) “ G r e e k o r a to r y , r e v is io n o f s p e e c h e s , a n d th e p r o b le m o f h is to r ic a l r e lia b ility ,” C la s s i c a e t m e d i a e v a l ia 42: 55 74 W y se , W illia m (1904) T h e s p e e c h e s o f I s a e u s . C a m b r id g e Z u n tz , G . (1939) “ E a r lie s t A ttic p r o s e -s t y le ,” C la s s i c a e t m e d i a e v a l ia 2: 1 2 1 -4 4

INDEXES I.

A N CIEN T A U TH O R S AND TE X T S [excluding the speeches of Antiphon)

A E S C H IN E S

1.192 2.126-8 2.158 3-94 3-244

214

677 707 855 1507

Ch. 313 516 Eu. 490-515 724 Prom. 439-506 845

Septem 67

Ajax 8

116 168 250

Ach. 1159 Clouds 113- 15, 883-1451 Frogs 1505 Knights 840 Peace 639 Plutus 900-19

244 244 176

fr 219

244

x47 156 X5 X 218 214 "9 163 x39 xx3

A L C ID A M A S

On the sophists 13

34

A N D O C ID E S 1 .1

1-7 !-9 1.30 x-43 1.77 1-79 x-94 I-II3 1.129 I-I37-9 L Ì4 9

214 220 234 IIO 197

246 246 167, 223 X9 X 116 23 108-9

A N T IP H O N

fr. 4 4 - 4 4 A D K fr 58 D K fr. 61-4 Th

183 112

x95 x39 181 166

A ESCH Y LU S

Ag. 84

fr. 70 Th fr. 72 T h

1 2 9 ,171 138, 168, 251 230

A N T IS T H E N E S

220

A R IS T O P H A N E S

n4 x5 246

A R IS T O T L E

An. Post. 93a25 An. Pr. 2ga5~6 ^

25.4 42 47.2-3 56.6 57 57-3 57-4 59 63-3 67.2

126 126 209 107 246 164 12, 224 104, 160 182

235 182 10 Eud. Ethics 3.5 248 Magna Moralia 1188629-38 104 Nie. Ethics 3.1-5 146, 164 Poetics 13 166 18 190 Rhet. 1.2 18 1.2.16-18 112 1.10.17 164 122 I-I3-9“ 10 1.13.16 156 Ι·Ι5 χ8--19, 21, 129 2.24.10 171 2.24*11 x4

A R IS T O T L E

RJiet. (coni.) 3 -9 -Ϊ-3 Rhet. ad Alex.

{coni)

D IO G E N E S L A E R T IU S

1.44 *47

143962

12

166

ATHENAEUS 5506

147

6 3 5 6 -0

116

C IC E R O

Brutus 2 7

4

D EM O STH ENES 198

! 5 -3 o

171

1 8 .1 5

163

1 8 .3 1

181

1 9 .1 6

242

1 9 .2 4 2

216

2 0 .1 0 4 2 0 .1 4 7

135 184

2 0 .1 5 1

166

2 0 .1 5 8

147

2 1 .7 3 - 5 2 I .II 2

Andr. 727 Hec. 1187-94 Hekn 21 H F 1150 Ion 758 I T 7 2 6 -7 8 Or. 3 96 1230

I O .7

16 1 240

Rhesus 63 Suppi. 201 28 fr. 56 N fr. 67 N

Helen II

13 16-17

On jYot-Being Pal. 13 19

2 3 .2 2

120

2 3 .3 7 2 3 .4 0

226

36

226

37 fr. 6 D K

245

2 I .II 7

242

2 1 .1 8 2

182

2 1 .1 8 9

28

2 3 .6 5 - 7 5 2 3 .6 7 - 8

160 182

2 3 .6 9

170

2 3 .7 6

166, 169

Inv. 4.2

120

HERODOTUS

2 9 .2 2 - 4

204

3114

191

I.24 I.32

3 5 ·:14

187

3 9 -3

247

116

467

1 2 9 , 21 1

4 7 -6 8 -7 3

217

*79 IIO

n9 109 202 219 156 250 163 178 179

162 138 i n , 141, 178 128 1 4 8 ,152 204 128 148 I3I 144, 218 157 II8 165

l37

HERM OGENES

2 4 .1 I I

4 0 -5

168

G O R G IA S

19 24 25 34 35

2 I .II 4 - I5

213

E U R IP ID E S

1-3 4 -4 5 1-35 1-59 1199 2.17

x4 9

n9 121 156 215 251

125 126

5 4 -3 7

202

5 6 .1

202

352 4 .4 6

5 7 -4

21 1

483

126 140

106

4.129

234

58.3

l3 l

IN D E X 238 127 126

545 6.12 7-214 8 .8 3 9 .6 0 9 .8 6

4 126 125

H IP P O C R A T IC

Alim. Epid. 4-57 Liqu. i Morb. 2.1 2-54

VM 20

CORPUS

233 126 126 130 130 126

13-52 13.64 13-77 14.44 16 194 21.4 22.1 22.10 25 26 26.22 30.22 31 32.2

ICret IV 8 i.ii- i6

261 191 245 195 251 228 220 229

l9 l 191 228 228 251 237 228 241

201 M ENANDER

IG i 3 104

D y s. 753

219

12 , 166, 167, 223, 227, 232 P A U S A N IA S

IS A E U S

ΐ ·3 I.42 7-29 8.16

1-3-5 152 152 138 115

218

LYCURGUS

I.90

218

L Y S IA S I

I.23 I 4 3 -4 2.29 3-34 5-3 6.19 7.21 741 10.6 12.1 12.2 12.37 12.88 !3 13.27

Vit. Soph. 4 9 9

12 114 204 107

l9 l !25 23 214 I7I 166 178 2 0 6 ,2 2 8 216 220 180

25I

6, 251

PLA TO

Ap. 17b

IS O C R A T E S

347

245

P H IL O S T R A T U S

i9a 2 5 d -e 33b 34 C 38 b

Gorgias 449c! if. 4 8 o b -c

Laws 8 65b 9 ° 7d

Farm. i 39 b -4 o a Phaedrus 267a 2 §ηά Phil. 37d Prot. 3i2d --e 3 20C -3 22d 322a 3 5 6 a -c Rep. 338c 377C 3 92C Symp. 198c

6 *99 249 208 249 134, 184 17 217 169 148 127 14 164 133 6

163 163 237 129 168 17 6

PLA TO

(coni.)

Theaet.

190c

ιφ

PLU TA RCH

Mor.

832c!

251

248

4b

144, ι8 9

3 6 -3

00

ο!

fr. 6 D K

1026

1268

ιιη ι6 8

3 -6 7 - 1

IIO

4 -5 5

179

5 · 8 ι.ι

212 121

6 -9 7 - 2

I2 I

7 ·8

178

7 -6 3

I2 5 !3 7

234

OC 5 6 6 OT

219 23

5 3 4 -5

IIO

1012

m 5

1034

ΙΙ8 156 205

STO BA EU S 2 0 .4 4

210

Suda P1180

Ίκετεία

ϊ- 3 3 ·1 ι.5 7 ·6 2 .2

178 141

8 -5 0 - 5

2

3 -4

T IM O T H E U S

Pers.

153

199

XENOPHON

Anab. 4 .1 .2 1 Ath. Pol. 3 . 1 2 Cyr. 1 .4 .3

121 13

250 250

4 -3 - 1 3

152

4 -5 - I 7

190

4

251

T H U C Y D ID E S 1 .2 2

148

7 -6 9 - 4 8 .8

8 .6 8 .1

1384

s.v .

212 213

7 - 6 8 .1

414

Flor.

125

3 ·5 3 -5 0 . 1

234

331

Phil.

210

6 .2 9 - 1

SO PH O CLES

1184

n 9

3 .4 2 .1

4

PROTAGORAS

El-

134

3 ·3 6 · 3

173

8 .5

Ajax

r37

3 -Ϊ9 ·1

3 ·4 6

833d

Per.

148

2 -5 9 - 3 4

833c 833e

130

2 -3 5 - 1 2 .4 0 .2

1 5 4 ,1 9 5 206 212 235

2 1 5 -3

24Ι

2 .2 2 .1

210

Eq. Mag. 1 .1 2 Hell. 2 . 1 . 5

138

251 143

7 - I -2 5

116

7 - I -3 3

Hiero 6 . 9 Mem. 1 . 2 . 4 6

235

125

1 .6

5 -6

2. G R E E K W O R D S

(for transliterated words e General Index below) άγχιστος ά γω ν, άγωνίζομαι άγώνισμα άδυνασία

128 107-8, 2 ΐι, 226 195 178

άκρίβεια άλήθεια τω ν πραχθέντω ν, ή

148 140, 148,

149, !58, Ì78, ϊ 9° άμάρτημα

ΐ2θ

IN D E X

150 27-8

234 132 ι 9Μ Iίο, 187 ιι6

239 40 32 238

154 107 159

βάλλω βάσανος βιαίως βουλόμενος, ό

149 ΙΙΟ 120 ιι, 175, 233-4

δεινός, δεινότης δίκαιος

Igo 210 ι 85

Σ93 mg

157

ήν (ειμί, ist sing, imperi.)

250

θέλω καθαρός καθίστημι κακούργημα

00

Gì

129 14, ιο 8 , 163,

οο

εΤεν/εϊησαν είκός, εικότως εΤτα έπέχω έπιλείπω έπιτιμηταί ευσέβεια εΰσεβέω

3, 6 ,9 ! 33“4

Π3 132, 144 107

λωποδύται μαρτυρέω μέν μοχθηρία πείθειν περιίστημι προκατασκευή πρόνοια πρόφασις

263 126 ι8ι ιι6 co ^0

άμαρτία αν άναβαίνω άναγιγνώ σκω άνασ π ογγίζω άνδράποδα άνθρωπος άπογράφομαι άπολογέομαι άποφαίυω αύθέντης αυτός ουτος άφυλαξία

κακούργοι κείμαι Κλυταιμήστρα κρίνω κτείνω

226 7 126, 181 200 107 166 119, 137»214 230 18 109,187 187, 205, 208

ρητορική ρήτωρ σαφώς σημεϊον σοφιστής σύνεσις σφέτερος σφών/σφίσι

14 6 ΙΙΟ

112, 214, 243

5- 6 219 Ι2 Ι

Π3, 236

τε, τε . . . τε in ,1 1 6 τεκμήριον 112, 214, 238, 243 τέχνη Σ3 τίμησις ΐ82 τούτο μέν . . . τούτο δέ 107 φανερός φονεύς ψυχή

138, Ι4Ι ιο8 Ι4 Ι, ι6 5 , 219

ι8ι

3. G E N E R A L abstract expression 26 accountability, see euthynai Aenus 186 Aeschines 133 Aeschylus, Oresteia 105, 116, 118, 119, 121 Agathon 171, 248 agent nouns 27

agön 21 akrìbeia 16, 154, 158; see also precision Alcidamas 34-5 alibi 142-3, 188, 192-3 anacolouthon 32, 157, 183, 188, 194, 215, 245 anaphora 30, 134 Andocides 107

IN D E X Antiphon, Art of Rhetonc 7; On Concord 5, 7, 210; On Truth 5, 7, 140; Politicus 7; Prologues 7; Tetralogies 20- 1, 23, 24, 32-5, 121 2; authenticity o f Tetralogies 8 9 antithesis 30, 149, 151 apagoge 11, 179 80, 181, 183, 216 apagogie m ethod 126 aphrodisiac 104, h i , 112 aposiopesis 234 appear/disappear, apparent/nonapparent (phaneros/aphanes) i n , 138, H b l53 !75> i 8 8 > l95 201 2, 205, 208 Areopagus 12, 15, 20, 104, 107, 119, 135, 160, 161, 18 ), 181, 182, 209, 217 argument, argumentation 16-21, 122, 167,177 Aristion 230 Aristophanes, Clouds 15 Aristotle 2 asyndeton 226, 239 banishment from public places 12, 147, 156, 181 2, 226, 235, 239 basanos 18, 21 2, n o , 112 13, 137, 142,

I9 I“ 7, 2 3 6 basileus 12, 136, 224, 242-4 bòna 234 boats 188-9, !97 bouleusis, see planner Caecilius o f Cale Acte 7 calendar, Athenian 143, 229, 241, 244,

245 canon o f orators 1

captatio benevolentiae 17, 106, 130, 147 cause and effect 146, 156, 171 challenge (proklèsis) 21-2, 105, 193, 195, 196, 236 character, see ethos choregus 134, 220-47 passim Cicero 2 cleruchs 174 com pound words 27 Corax 9, 14, 168 Council 244-5

court, popular 107, 181, 182; o f the thesmothetae 235; see also homicide courts creation o f humans 163 currency 13 Delian league 209 D elphinion 12, 160 Democritus 163 Dem osthenes 2, 142 dialect, see Ionic dialect Didymus 5 dike 11 dike phonou 12, 108, 179 80, 181, 183, 184, 216, 217, 223 Dionysia 229 Dionysius o f Halicarnassus 2, 25 Dipoleia 143, 241 doctor’s responsibility for hom icide 160, 166, 169, 171, 172 dokimasia 228 double jeopardy 184 doublets 32 Draco 11-12, 13, 184, 226 drama 3, 25 1 «.fow-argument 14, 16, 123-4, 133, 138, 141, 142, 143, 157, 163, 168, 170-i, 174 5, 177, 189, 195, 198, 202, 203, 208, 233, 249; see also reverse

eikos eisangelia 11, 230, 235, 240, 246, 248 eisphora 134 Eleven 180, 185

endeixis 11, 181 ephetae 12 Ephialtes 12, 15, 2 0 8 -9 epilogue 18, 121, 122 ergon, see logos error 150, 151, 171 \ see also hamartia ethos 16, 105-6 Euripides 117 euthynai 243-4 evident, see apparent false witness 142 fortune, see tyche funeral 235, 239, 240

265

IN D E X genitive absolute 28, 127, 149, 155 Gorgias 9, 14, 25, 30, 122, 123, 126, 151

graphe 11, 108, 128

logos (and logos/ergon) 15, 31, 141, 149,

i53> x54> 157,

158

» l68>x77> x78>1 8 9,

232, 233 Lysias 25, 107, 129 Lysistratus 240

hamartia 156 Harpocration 8, 132, 139, 241, 251 hearsay evidence 129, 211 Hecataeus 25 Hellenotam iae 209-10 H erm ogenes 2, 5, 25 Herodotus 25, 28, 107, 121, 128, 129, I3Is χ32> ! 36 hiatus 32, 179, 187, 250 Hippocratic Corpus 128, 198 H om er 23 homicide, intentional/unintentional 12, 147, 149, 151-2, 154, 155, 160, 164, 165, 169, 223-4 hom icide courts 182 homicide law 12-13, 151, 179-80 homoioteleuton 30, 115, 125, 178 honor 128-9, 206 hyperbaton 29, 108, i n , 120, 129, 133, 134, 140, 148, 152, 156, 158, 167, 182, 183, 191, 200, 201, 228 hypothetical role-reversal 113, 196, 215,

237 inconsistency 32, 121, 147, 190 informer 194 intent, intentional 104, 109, 120, 145-6, 150; see also homicide, intentional/unintentional intrusive gloss 116, 229 Ionic dialect 9, 25, 26, 126, 132, 210 Isaeus 25, 132 jurors 10-11, 15, 20, 106, 181, 217-18, 219-20, 236 law, Athenian 1-2, 9-13, 21-4, 169; written/unwritten 172; see also homicide law lexis eiromene 147 liturgies 134 logographer 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 18, 114, 185, 187, 232, 249

manuscripts o f Antiphon 35 m etaphor 25, 114, 156, 167, 170, 195, 212, 235 M ethym na 186 motives 127-8, 138, 203-7 Mytilene 186; relations with Athens 173-4, !78 5 199-200, 210, 213 M ytilenean revolt 174, 211, 212 narrative 18, 105, 114, 115, 121, 122, 185 -6 ,2 2 8 negligence 146, 156 neologisms 26 nomos 5, 162 - 3, I7 I oaths 18, i n , 181, 182, 183, 184, 217, 232, 239, 246 “O ld Oligarch” 9, 250 oral/written 4 -5 , 9, 10, 31-2, 33-5, 201, 205, 248; see also law, written/unwritten oratory 1-3, 4 -5 , 13-16 orthos 15, 158 Palladion 12, 20, 107, 144, 147, 160

pallakè 114, 117, 194 Pantacles 229

paraleipsis 116, 135 parallelism (and false parallelism) 30, 3 1, 168 parisosis 30, 109, 115, 139, 151, 178 paromoiosis 30, 118, 120, 140, 151 participles, use o f 28, 127, 130, 136, 164, 210; see also genitive absolute pathos 154, 223 Pericles 4, 15, 25, 144, 148, 155, 158, 208 periphrasis 2 8 -9 , 108, 109, n o , 116, 125, 130, 138, 179 Phanostratus 230 Philinus 230, 240, 241, 244 physis 5, 163, 171 planner/planning (bouleusis) 13, 104, 108, 116, 133, 166 -7, 206, 223-4, 232

IN D E X Plato 14, 16, 137, 217; Apology 249; Im w s 23; Protagoras 15 pleonasm 31 2, 117, 118, 178, 229, 232, 236, 239, 240, 244, 245 poetic style 25, 27, 28 poison, poisoning 104, 120 pollution 22 3, 121, 123 4, 130, 161, 164, 214, 218, 239, 245 polysyndeton 118 precedent 139, 214 precision 162; see also aknbeia preliminary hearings, see prodikasiai probability, see «faw-argument proclamation 12, 136, 217, 235, 240 prodikasiai 12, 224, 240, 243 prologue 18, 122, 125 proof (division o f a speech) 18, 186; artistic/non-artistic 18 19, 123 proof, standards o f 10, 172 Protagoras 15, 25, 141, 144, 155, 158, 163, 237 Prytaneion 169 prytany 245 public service, see liturgies publication o f speeches 7 Quintilian 2 reconciliation 241 relative clauses 29-30 repetition 31-2, 201, 204, 239 responsibility 144-6 revenge, see vengeance reverse eikos 14, 131, 132, 138 rhetoric 1317, 21-4, 157 sailing 186 Scamandrios, decree o f 197 Skala Sikaminias 186, 187, 188 slaves 22, n o , 117, 137, 142, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 199-200, 209, 226

Socrates 217, 249 Solon i i , 135 Sopater 173 sophists 5 6, 15 16, 146, 158, 163, 237 stasis theory 8, 122

style 24 35 summons 240 1 sureties 184 sycophant, sycophancy 11, 24, 135, 175 6, 213 14 symmetry 30

Tetralogies, see Antiphon, Tetralogies Thales 213 Thargelia 229 Them istocles 4 thesmothetae 235; see also court Thrace, Thracians 186, 187, 189 Thrasymachus 25 Thucydides 9, 16, 25, 26, 30, 33, 129, i3Ö, 153, 155, 206, 210; praise o f Antiphon 3 4, 6, 15, 248 Tisias 9, 14, 18, 168 torture 193, 196, 197; see also basanos truth 140, 141, i^8, 149, 157, 158, 178, 189-90, 233 tychè 130, 155-6, 179, 218, 225, 229, 231 variation 3 0 1 , 136, 201 vengeance 108, 139, 159 60, 163, 164, 220 vote o f Athena 201 witnesses 129, 163-4, 183, 187, 189, 190, 192, 194, 201, 206, 215, 241, 242, 246; see also false witness word order 29-30, 34, 167, 168 writing, written speeches see law, written/u n written; oral/written Zeus o f the Council 245; Ctesius 115; Polieus 143