Anterior and posterior porcelain application 0979740237, 9780979740231

Citation preview

TechBOOk Anterior &Posterior Porcelain Application

Anterior and Posterior Porcelain Application John C. Ness CDT

Dedicated to

James Mahan, CDT for your standard application and unwavering adherence to the technology.

----

\Jlfai l'lmd p > terior p, r

1oi11

\pj lie if it 11

ohn C. Ness, CDT

Editor Mark Larson

Illustration Christopher Cross BA, MA Jeff Felson, BA

Photography Christopher Cross BA, MA

Special Acknowledgment to James Mahan CDT This publication was adapted from methods developed by John C. Ness CDT

© 2009 JOHN C. NESS and PRODUCTIVITY TRAINING CORPORATION

All worldwide rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, scanning or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission of Productivity Training Corporation. Printed in the USA. Revision 3.27.9 ISBN 10: 0-9797402-3-7 ISBN 13: 978-0-9797402-3-1 Published by

Productivity Training Corporation 360-A Cochrane Circle Morgan Hill, CA 95037 Phone: 408-776-0433 • 800-448-8855 •Fax: 408-776-0145 E-mail: [email protected] •Web: ~.v.ptcdental.com

Produah itv 11'a in in /

T

"-'

11

di

1

Contents I

I

08 Part One Introduction to Porcelain 1O Color in Porcelain 12 Matching a Shade Tab 12 Kinds of Porcelains and their Uses 15 Working with Porcelain 15 Controlling Moisture 16 Condensing Porcelain 16 Allowing for Shrinkage 17 Maintaining Control 17 Maintaining a Clean Work Area 18 Porcelain Palettes

19 Porcelain Brushes 21 Porcelain Instruments 22 Furnaces

23 IPart Two I Opaquing 29 Opaquing Single Units (Anterior and Posterior) 30 Opaquing Posterior Bridges

34 Opaquing Anterior Bridges 36 Matching Difficult had

( tipplin

37 Opaquing Long Clinical

rown

IAnterior Porcelain

39 j Par/ 111re 41 Ant ri r 52

Ant '1 i r r PorL "lam 4.ppli atiun

On a posterior tooth, coat the occlusal on the lingual and buccal sides of the central dissectional groove. (Fig. 1) If necessary, add a little extra opaque to the margin and to any areas that appear gray. (Fig. 2)

STEP cover the occlusal

5

Check quality.

Look up from the margin of the understructure and compare the contour of the outer surface of the tooth with the inner surface of the metal. Check the thickness of the opaque. (Fig. 3) Ifyou see any areas where the opaque is too thick, wash off the opaque and start over.

Fig. :: cover the margins

Remove any opaque that may have gotten inside the coping with a dry brush.

STEP

6

Condense and dry the opaque.

Tap the hemostat very gently to settle the opaque particles. Hold the crown near a heat source such as a nail dryer for three to five seconds to dry the opaque. Fig. 3 I check inside

Repeat tapping and drying until the porcelain is completely condensed. If you're using paste opaque, you can simply dry the opaque by placing it on hot plate or coffee warmer.

vdu til'itv

nm zi

l

Parr Two Opaquing 29

STEP

7

Bake the crown.

Bake the tooth according to the porcelain manufacturer's time and temperature instructions.

STEP

8

Inspect the crown.

After the crown has been fired and has cooled, look for gray areas. If you find any, cover them with a thin coat of opaque and rebake. (Fig. 1)

411 I

riur and l

>

tu io1 I , u

/11 in \pp/1

lf i

'11

Fig. 1 Ifired opaque Opaquing Posterior Bridges

Ui

! it

rt TH (

OP.aquing Posterior Br1dges STEP

1 F( . l

I enamel , body and gingival/cementum opaques

Read the work authorization or prescription.

If you have any questions, do not proceed until you get them answered.

STEP

2

Prepare the metal understructure.

(Follow the procedure for opaquing a single unit.)

Note: This is a good time to QC the metal framework prior to starting the porcelain work. Return the framework to the metal department if it is not accurate.

STEP

3

Prepare the opaques.

Mix body opaque as you did for opaquing a single unit. Mix another batch of opaque to use to simulate enamel in the occlusal one-third and the cusp tips. For a light or medium shade, use one part violet stain with nine parts of a light opaque such as Vita AL For a dark shade, use gray stain. Mix a small an1ount of darker opaque to reate depth in the central di sectional groo e. U a gingival/cementum shade if your por elain manufacturer supplies it, otherwi e m· n part ochre tain to nine part of b d o a u . (Fig. 1) r

Part T1 o Opaquing 31

STEP

4

Apply the opaques.

Coat the lingual surface of all teeth with bodycolored opaque, stopping just below the linguoocclusal angle of the preparation. (Fig. 1) Add a bead of enamel-colored opaque along the linguo-occlusal angle of each cusp. Do this on all four units, beginning with the first bicuspid. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 1 cover the lingual surfaces

Starting on the buccal of the second molar, add enamel opaque along the bucco-occlusal angle on each tooth. (Fig. 3) Add body opaque from the occlusal one third to the margin on the buccal of each tooth. Take the opaque down in to the interproximals. (Fig. 4) Fig. 2 cover the linguo-occlusal angles

\ntu io1 and P ~ft 11

l/

fl 1 /,Jin

\p Ii

1h 11

Apply body opaque to the bottom of the pontic. (Fi . 1)

Add enamel opaque to the occlusal area of each tooth. Add first to one side of the central dissectional groove, then to the other. (Fig. 2) Add a small amount of body opaque with ochre where the central dissection al gro ove will be. opaqu und r panties

(Fig. 3)

STEP

5

Dry the opaque.

Tap and dry the as you did for a single unit.

STEP

6

Check your work.

Check the thickness of the opaque. (Follow the procedure for opaquing a single unit.) Fig. ~ cover the occlusal cusps

Fig. : central dissectional grooves

Productil it1 Trainin Corp rati /

1

Parr

STEP

7

Bake the bridge.

Bake the bridge according to the porcelain manufacturer's time and temperature instructions.

STEP

8

Inspect the bridge.

After the bridge has been baked and has cooled, look for gray areas. If you find any, cover them with a thin coat of the appropriate opaque. Fill any cracks with opaque. Bake the bridge again (Fig. 1)

Fig. 1 fire d opaque

r-~ 'o

Opaquing 33

I

( 11 w th pr

du

uin

unit.)

_ opaque

Th m d I mar ri nti g th bridg h u1 till b 1 the m d 1 fr m the w and metal d partment . Thi i a go d time t Q th m tal framework prior to tarting the porcelain work. Return the framework to the metal department if it is not accurate. (Fig. 1)

STEP

3

Prepare the opaques.

Different teeth may require different shades of opaque. Follow the procedure for a single unit and prepare the opaques you will need. In this example we are using one shade for the cuspids, and another shade for the incisors. (Fig. 2)

P1 aductivit) Trai 1i11g Cr, rporation

Part Two Opaquing 35

STEP

4

Apply the opaques.

Coat the lingual sides of the teeth. (Fig. 3 previous

page) Coat the labial sides with vertical beads. Make sure the opaque reaches into the interproximals. (Fig. 1) Coat the tissue sides of the pontics. (Fig. 2)

Fig.

1 I labial

surfaces

STEP

5

Dry the opaque.

Tap and dry as you did for a single unit.

STEP

6

Check your work.

Check the thickness of the opaque. (Follow the procedure for opaquing a single unit.)

STEP

7

Fig.~ I under

the panties

Bake the bridge.

Bake the bridge according to the porcelain manufacturer's time and temperature instructions.

STEP

8

Inspect the bridge.

After the bridge has been fired and ha cooled, look for gray areas. If you find any, cover them with a thin coat of the appropriate opaque. Fit,;. " fir dopa u

Fill any crack with opaque. Fire the bridg again (Fig. 3)

Anterior and Po krior P r I 1i11 Tp/h,1t1

11

Matching Difficult Shades (Stippling Effect)

Fig. 1 ' stippled opaque

Note: This procedure is used to roughen the surface of the opaque, dispersing light in the areas of thin porcelain, and minimizing the reflection from the opaque. Some porcelain systems come with opaque crystals, thereby eliminating the need for this step. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for applying the opaque crystals.

STEP

1

Apply the opaque.

Apply the opaque as normal.

STEP

2

Dry the opaque slightly.

Tap the hemostat to set the porcelain partid and dry the opaque slightly.

STEP

3

Stipple the opaque.

Touch the entire urface of the stiff brush to create the tippled efte t.

STEP

4

Finish the unit.

Fini h dr in the hemo t t. Wh n th (Fi . 1)

p qu

ut

dr fir

iith

Por

Opaquing Long Clinical Crowns STEP

1

Prepare the opaque.

Prepare the modified opaques. For the incisal area, select an opaque that is two or three shades lighter than the prescribed shade. Mix one part violet stain with nine parts of this lighter opaque.

Fig. 1 body opaque

For the subgingival area, use opaque a shade or two darker than the prescribed shade, or use your manufacturer's gingival/ cementum shade. Above the gingival area, use the selected shade.

STEP

2

Apply the opaque.

Apply body opaque on the lingual side. Apply body opaque to the labial side from the top of the middle third to the margin. (Fig. 1) Add enamel opaque above the middle third on the labial side. Take the opaque just over the incisal edge. (Fig. 2) Tap and dry until the porcelain is thoroughly condensed.

Fig 2 enamel opaque

T11·0

Opaquing 37

STEP

3

Carve away below the cementoenamel junction line.

With the pointed end of the characterizer carve away the porcelain below the cementa-enamel junction line exactly the way it appears on the adjacent unprepared teeth. (Figs. 1 and 2) Use your brush to dean and slightly moisten the carved area.

STEP

4

Add subgingival opaque.

Add subgingival opaque below the cementoenamel junction line and blend the two opaques together. (Fig. 3)

STEP Fig.

gingival opaque removed

5

Finish the unit

Finish the unit as normal. (Fig. 4)

Fi~.

F

_ subgingival shade

finished effect

l

Anterior Porcelain Application

Part TI1ree I Anterior Porcelain Application j 41

Anterior Single Crown

Buildup

STEP

1

Read the work authorization or prescription.

If you have any questions, do not proceed until you get them answered.

STEP

2

Fig.

1 I model

marks

Prepare the model.

Mark the extension of the long axis on the operative model. Make sure the direction of the long axis is consistent with the adjacent and opposite unprepared teeth. (Fig. 1) Coat the mesial and distal contacts with sealer. (Fig. 2) Coat the opposing arch with sealer. When the sealer is dry, coat any area that will come into contact with the porcelain with separator.

Fig. 2 I porcelain sealer

ri

I

)Ii , ion I l \ /1 t llll'et

STEP

3

Prepare the porcelains.

Using the scoop end of the glass mixing rod, place two scoops of body and one scoop of enamel porcelain on the master porcelain palette. (Fig. 1) Mix the porcelains with liquid medium. Carefully incorporate the liquid and powder without trapping air.

If the porcelain is too moist, blot it from the edge to draw out the excess moisture.

STEP

4

Apply porcelain to the gingival area.

Use the cusp/lobe brush or the rapid building brush, depending on the size of the tooth.

I

Fz~T. 2 Add gingival first

Apply body porcelain to the gingival third. Push it around and down to cover the gingival margin. (Fig. 2)

Note: Be sure the porcelain comes into intimate contact with the opaque at the margin. Most lifting at the margin is the result ofpushing a microscopic layer of liquid ahead of the porcelain, preventing the porcelain from bonding to the opaque. Lightly blot the porcelain. Tap the model gently and blot again. Fig. 3 j body building sequence

The porcelain application sequence is shown in Figure 3.

Pmdudil'it)' Trainin~

orpl mth 1

n 1t

iJJrt'L

I Anterior Porcelain Application

STEP

5

Form the base of the mesial, distal and central lobes.

Add one brushful of body porcelain to the mesioproximal wall and mesial lobe. The porcelain should release easily from your brush when placed on the opaqued coping. If not, thoroughly clean your brush in water and repeat. (Figs. 1 and2)

Fig. 1 I middle third applications

Shape the porcelain in alignment with the long axis to start to form the mesial lobe. Do the same on the distal. (Fig. 3) Add porcelain to the middle third of the tooth. (Fig. 4)

Fzg. 2 I mesial lobe

I

43

--t

I

u r r l' c l in pplic tion I T

rt

TIH"

t'

STEP

6

Create the incisal edge.

Add porcelain to create the incisal edge. (Figs. 1, 2 and 3)

Make sure the incisal edge is the same height as the adjacent unprepa red teeth. Add porcelain if necessary. (Fig. 4) FT.

1 I incisal application s

Brush in alignmen t with the long axis to smooth the surface and refine the long axis. (Fig. 5)

Fig. 2 I distal lobe (#6)

1-ig .f

Ifill as necessmy

Fig. 3 I centrallob e (#7)

r -~· .; I refine with Ion axi

I'1t. 1 I ·tint\ 1r 11

li

Part 7Jiree I Anterior Porcelain Application I 45

STEP

7

Build up the gingival bulge.

Ifn ar~ add porcelain to fill out the gingival bulge. (Fig. 1) Overbuild 15% to allow for hrinkage. Don t overbuild too much. (Fig. 2)

STEP

8

Define the mesial and distal

lobes.

Smooth the surface of the porcelain with your brush.

Fig. 1 I gingival bulge

Gently accentuate the inside perameters of the mesial and distal lobes. Refer to the marks on the model and brush in alignment with the long axis. (Fig. 3) Tap the model and blot on the lingual side if necessary. Fig. 2 Iporcelain shrinkage

Ant rior and Posterior Porcelain Appliclltinn

l

t 171

t. '

STEP

g

Support the incisal porcelain.

dd b dy p r lain to any v id in th lingual in i al ar a to upport the incisal porcelain during the namel cutback, but avoid overbuilding. Do not fill in the lingual surface at thi time. (Fig. 1)

STEP

10 Cut away body porcelain.

Make sure the body porcelain is well condensed and not too moist. Cut along the incisal edge toward the lingual at a 45° angle. Cut off excess porcelain at the incisal edge to the same length as the adjacent unprepared teeth. (Fig. 2) Go to the disto-incisal and cut in toward the contact area of the adjacent unprepared tooth. Hold the instrument at about 10° from vertical and rotate the blade about 30° into the interproximal to make the cut. Do the same on the mesio-incisal. (Figs. 3 and 4)

fo~.

interproximal cutback

l 1oducti1'ity Training Corporation

Part Tlzree I Anterior Porcelain Application I 4 7

Cut at approximately 25° down the labial surface into the middle third. Taper the depth of the cut to blend smoothly with the body porcelain at the middle third. (Fig. 1) Use the probe to measure the thickness of the body porcelain in the incisal middle third area. It must be at least .7 mm thick. If necessary, add porcelain to achieve the proper thickness. (Fig. 2)

Carefully close the hole made by the probe by pushing the porcelain up with a moist brush.

Fig. 2 I probe at thinnest spot

(Fig. 3) With your brush smooth the surface of the porcelain.

Note: When you are proficient at building the 7-step sequence and have mastered cutting back for a pe1fect body/enamel blend, your supervisor may allow you to build to the cutback shape as shown in Figure 4, eliminating a few steps and some time. However, you must master the full buildup and cutback first, so you can recognize the cutback shape. Fig. 3 I repair the hole

Ir 11 t 77nt STEP

11 Add enamel porcelain.

Add enamel porcelain to the mesial interproximal and the mesio-incisal edge, then to the mesial lobe. Extend each strip I mm above the adjacent unprepared tooth to compensate for shrinkage. (Fig. 1) Do the same to the distal, then fill in between the lobes. (Fig. 2)

STEP

12 Accentuate the mesial and distal lobes.

When necessary add a small amount of enamel porcelain to accentuate the mesio-incisal lobe. Place the strip from the incisal down through the middle third. Angle the brush to create first one side of the lobe, and then the other. Add to the distal lobe the same way. (Fig. 3) Check to see if there is enough porcelain for the incisal length and the gingival bulge. Add more porcelain if necessary. Add a transparent overlay if requested. (Fig. 4) Fig. 3

Accentuate the lobes

Flg'.

transparent overlay

p

.1

t

n1ru:?

Anterior Porcelain Application 49

STEP

13 Build up the lingual.

Carve away excess porcelain on the lingual and smooth the surface. (Fig. 1) Moisten the area to receive new porcelain. Add body porcelain at the cingulum and carry it down just over the lingual band. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 1 carve away excess

Add body porcelain at the lingual incisal and at the mesio- and disto-marginal ridges. (Fig. 3) Add enamel at the lingual incisal and the mesioand disto-marginal ridges. (Fig. 4) Note: The lingual concavity is framed by the

mesial and distal marginal ridges, the incisal edge and the cingulum area. Fig. ] I build

the cingulum

Fig. 3 I marginal ridges

r el· in i: Ii ati n

n t 77n t'

STEP

14 Check centric.

Carefully bring the opposing model down to check centric occlusion. (Fig. 1) Close the models completely to check the bite.

F:.._ . 1 check centric

If the bite is open more than .3 mm, adjust the porcelain.

STEP

15 model. Remove the unit from the

Flatten your brush. Gently wipe up from the gingival to remove excess porcelain from the interproximal undercuts. (Fig. 2) Push up the dowel pins from underneath and remove the tooth from the model. Leave the crown on the die.

STEP

16 Finish the contacts.

Smooth and moisten the contact areas.

Fig. 3 Ifill with body

Add a small amount of body porcelain in each depression. Elongate and smooth the porcelain toward the incisal. (Fig. 3) Apply enamel overlay at the incisal corners of both interproximals. Blend the enamel down into the contact areas. Blot. (Fig. 4)

Remember: Allow for 15 % shrinkage from mesial to distal.

Fig. 4 cover with enamel

Part TI1ree I Anterior Porcelain Application 51

STEP

17 Check the unit.

Remove the tooth from the die. Without touching the porcelain, clamp a hemostat on the lingual band. Make sure the porcelain is completely adapted to the margin and the lingual band. Gently press your brush all around the margin and the junction where the lingual band meets the porcelain.

Fig. 1 !fin ishing brush

STEP

18 Finish the unit.

Condense the porcelain as prescribed by your porcelain manufacture r. Smooth the porcelain with the finishing brush. (Fig. 1) Remove any porcelain particles inside the crown with a dry brush. STEP

1g Fire the unit.

Fire the crown according to the porcelain manufacturer's instructions. (Figs. 2 and 3)

\nft1f(

rc111d p, ·tenor rn(clm11J\f>pli·clllt1l

Fig. 2 I crown after firing

-

~ - .....

'-11-•ll

p•l.all u

II

1

t

11/Jt ,·

Anterior Bridge Buildup STEP

1

Read the work authorization or prescription.

If you have any questions, do not proceed until you get them answered.

STEP

2

Prepare the model.

Note: The model marks should still be on the model from the wax and metal departments. If not, you'll need to remark them. Extend the long axis lines on the operative model onto the base of the model. (Fig. 1)

If a preoperative model is available, mark the incisal length and extend the interproximal lines onto the opposing model.

F1g. :. I porcelain sealer

Coat the mesial and distal contacts and the pontic tissue areas with sealer. (Fig. 2) Coat the opposing arch with sealer. When the sealer is dry, coat any area that will come into contact with the porcelain with separator. Remove the models from the articulator for easy handling.

Part 1hree I Anterior Porcelain Application 53

STEP

3

Prepare the porcelain.

Mix body and enamel porcelains as you did for the single unit. Mix a similar quantity of opacious dentin porcelain. (Fig. 1)

STEP

4

Build up the tissue sides of the pontics.

Fig. I

I body, enamel and opacious dentin

Clamp the bridge in the hemostat. Moisten the opaque on the bridge with your brush. Use the rapid building brush to add a large amount of opacious dentin porcelain to the undersides of the pontics. Blot. (Figs. 2 and 3)

Fig. 2 I opacious dentin

Keep applying porcelain until you know it will adapt to the tissue surface on the model.

STEP

5

Fill in the interproximals.

Fill in the interproximals with a small amount of opacious dentin porcelain. (Fig. 4) F(i.?. ~

\11ft'flur

n11d

l't>S!t'l ior

l

01

d

lill

\;I lit c11 i1lJI

Ifill under pontic

-

~

u.n._..1 •

1

..l ..-v1l..

ia111

11c ti n I 1 u-t n11u·

STEP

6

Place the bridge on the model.

Carefully remove the bridge from the hemostat and place it on the model. (Fig. 1) Rock the bridge gently until it is completely seated. Blot away any excess moisture. seat the bridge

Fill in any voids below the panties on the lingual side with opacious dentin porcelain. (Fig. 2)

STEP

7

Build up the labio-gingival surfaces of the pontics.

Add opacious dentin porcelain to extend the panties labially and gingivally to align with the adjacent prepared teeth and the tissue. (Fig. 3) Remove the excess moisture.

Note: Visualize the final tooth form in your mind each time you add porcelain. Discipline yourself to stay in sequence. This will always make you maintain high quality standards, building to size as well as increasing your quality and efficiency.

Fig. _, add opacious dentin to gingivals 1

Produ ·th 1t\' Tmini11__

L 1pl

n th

11

I int TI1 rt' C I Anterior Porcelain Application 155

STEP

8

Build up the two centrals.

Pick up an appropriate an1ount of body porcelain on the tip of the brush to create the gingival area of the right central. (Fig. 1) Carefully press it down to the margin. Add the same amount to the gingival area of the left central. Tap and blot.

Fig. 1 I add gingival porcelain

Add porcelain to create the large mesial lobe of the left central, then to the same area on the right central. Build up the distals, then the middle of each central. Complete the sequence the same as you did on the single unit, adding the mesio-incisal, distoincisal and middle-incisal areas. (Fig. 2) Smooth between the mesial and distal lobes. Brush in alignment with the long axis of each central. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 2 I anterior body building sequence

Note: Control the moisture by blotting excess moisture or moistening the bridge when necessary.

Fig. 3 I refine with long axes

I

-

-----&

"-'V'A

v

\..CHUH

ppu atton 11

11 f

Tii

t't'

STEP

g

Build up the two laterals.

Follow the same proced ure to build the two laterals. (Fig. 1) Place each application in turn on each lateral as you go, maintaining the symmetry of the teeth. F.~ ~ l : lateral building sequence

Brush in alignment with the long axis of each lateral. (Fig. 2)

STEP

10 Build up the two cuspids.

Follow the same proced ure to build the two cuspids, but make the central lobe the longest and most promi nent of the three. (Fig. 3) Fig. 2 I refining axes

Brush in alignment with the long axis of each cuspid. Add porcelain where necessary. (Fig. 4)

Fig. 3 I cuspid sequence

Fi~.

'-i ,

refining axes

P1 oducfii ·it) Tr ii11i11~ C rpt r 1 h 11

Part 711ree I Anterior Porcelain Applica tion ' 57

STEP

11 Add support to the incisal edges in the lingual areas.

Moisten, if necessary, and smooth the porcelain on the lingual side. Add porcelain to fill any voids to support the incisal porcelain during enamel cutback Do not cover the lingual at this time. (Fig. 1) Fig. 1 I support the incisal edges

STEP

12 C~t back for the enamel porcelain.

Blot to remove enough moisture to allow for efficient cutback of body porcelain. Cut the incisal edges at a 45° angle to the lingual. Leave the centrals 1 - 2 mm longer than the laterals. (Fig. 2) Check the interproximal lines on the opposing model and make sure where the interproximals should be. Cut the interproximals at a 30° angle with the blade held 10° off of vertical, just as you did on the single unit. (Figs. 3) (Fig 1 and 2

next page)

nftrior and Po lt~rior Pn1cL lam

pplh·utii n

Fig. 1 I incisal cutback

Cut back the labial surfaces at a 25° angle. Taper the cut to blend with the body porcelain in the middle third area. (Fig. 3) Use the probe to check the thickness of the porcelain. It must be at least .7 mm thick. (Fig. 5 next page)

STEP interproximal cuts

13 Add enamel porcelain to the incisal edges.

Moisten and smooth the surface of the porcelain with the cusp/lobe brush to prepare it for receiving the enamel porcelain. Add enamel porcelain to the incisal 1/3. Start at the mesial and work to the distal on each tooth, maintaining the symmetry of the bridge as you go. (Figs. 1 and 2 next page)

Fig. 2 fi nished cutback 1

Follow the smile line as you go. Make sure the centrals are at least 1 mm longer than the preoperative model to allow for shrinkage. The laterals should be shorter than the centrals, and the cuspids should be longer than the laterals, but shorter than the centrals. (Fig. 3 next page) Blend each application down to the middle of the middle third. (Fig. 4 next page)

Fig. 3 labial cutback

Productivity Trailling Corporation

J . ntree I Anterior Porcelain Application 59

Fig. l

I enamel Building sequence

Fig. 3 I the smile line

Fig. -I I the smile line

\ n t t ri11r and Pn:tt::rior rorre/, l iJ1 \Pf>lico t i1 >n

Fig. 2 I maintain symmetry as you go

Fi~·· 5 Iprobe each tooth

-- -

• • • t ' t '-U

UUVJl

I

l ill I

I'"

l'

STEP

14 Establish the primary anatomy.

With the cusp/lobe brush, add a little extra enamel or clear porcelain to build up the mesial and distal lobes down to the bottom of the middle third area. Keep the lobes aligned with the long axis of each tooth. (Figs. 1and2) Stay within the interproxim al lines on the model. Follow this procedure for all teeth, adding a strip at a time and smoothing as you go. Smooth the surfaces of each tooth with the primary plane brush, going inside and outside of each mesial and distal lobe in alignment with the long axis. (Figs. 3 and 4) Fi;:. 2 I refine lobes with long axes

You may also be requested to add a transparent overlay at this time. However, do not overbuild. (Fig. 5)

Fiz;; 3 I primary plane brush

Fig. -1 align with long axis

F ·g

~

I transparent overlay Producti1'itv

Trai11in~1

Ct rpl mti

11

n.1 t 171ft:e I Anterior Porcelain Application

STEP

15 Add opacious dentin porcelain to the lingual.

Cut away any excess porcelain on the lingual surface. Moisten and smooth the lingual surface. Add opacious dentin porcelain to back up the enamel porcelain in the incisal area. (Figs. 1 and2)

Fig. I

Continue down to cover the lingual concavity, including both lingual interproxirnals and the cingulum area. Carry the porcelain just over the lingual band to compensate for the shrinkage. (Fig. 3)

Add small amounts of enamel porcelain to the marginal ridges. (Fig. 4)

I

Fig. 2 opacious dentin

Do this for each tooth.

Fig. 3 I cingulum areas

nterior nnd Th terior Pore ·lo i11 \f pliu 11 ion

61

--- I . • , , ,

•

#If t.. l.

STEP

16 Check centric.

Bring the models together to check centric. The bite should be open no more than .3 mm. (Fig. 1) Where not in occlusion, add a small amount of regular body porcelain to accentuate the cingulum area. P .... 1 check centric

Where not in occlusion, small amounts of clear or regular enamel to the mesio- and distomarginal ridges. Check centric and adjust as you go. Tap and blot. Make sure you remove excess moisture. Carefully smooth the lingual surface.

Fig. ~ fill in voids 1

Use the finishing brush to smooth each tooth in alignment with the long axis.

STEP

17 Finish the contact areas.

Free the porcelain in each contact area. Remove the bridge from the dies and place it in the hemostat. Fill any voids you find in the tissue sides of the panties. Remove porcelain ridge laps over the lingual tissue ridge area. (Fig. 2) Slightly moisten the depressions in the contact areas. Add body porcelain to almost fill the depressions. Pr ductivitr Tmillh .I'

T

'-

Co ·v 1rath 11 .1

1 Part 111ree I Anterior Porcelain Application 63

Cover the body porcelain with a small amount of enamel porcelain, and smooth the contact areas. (Fig. 1)

STEP

18 Finish the interproximals.

With most porcelains, you can leave the interproximals 2/3 full. The porcelain will shrink evenly into the interproximals, saving a second bake.

Fig. 1 I fill in contacts

In rare cases, you may need to slice through each interproximal to the opaque while the porcelain is still moist.

Note: Most porcelains do not require interproximal separations. Only do the following steps if your supervisor tells you it is required for your brand of porcelain. The porcelain needs to be slightly moist when doing the following steps. Start with the tip of the slicer in the incisal.

(Fig. 2) Rotate the bridge, keeping the slicer aligned with the interproximal. Cut through the middle third and the gingival. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 2 I cut only if requested

STEP

1g Check your work.

Press a slightly moist brush to the margins and the lingual bands to ensure complete adaptation of the porcelain. (Fig. 1)

STEP

20 Condense the porcelain.

Tap the hemo stat and blot excess moisture. Clean porcelain from the insides of the abutments with a dry brush. (Fig. 2) Brush each tooth softly with the finishing brush in alignment with the long axis. (Fig. 3)

STEP

21 Fire the bridge.

Fi~.

2 I clean out inside crowns

Fig. : Ifinishing brush

Dry and fire the bridge according to the porcelain manufacturer's instructions.

i ..

t'

Anter ior Porcelain Appli cation I 65

STEP

22 Close the interproximals.

If u cut the interproximals, they will need to be filled after the fir t firing. Start by addin g opaci ous denti n deep in the gingival areas of the cuts. (Fig. 1) Vibrate the hemo stat with a serrated instru ment to flow the porcelain deep into the interproximals . (Fig. 2)

Fig. 1 I repair tears

Fill the gingival and middle third areas with body porcelain. Add enamel in the incisal area. Vibrate the hemo stat again to settle the porcelain. Leave the interproximals slightly full.

F ig. 2 I vibrate

into cracks

STEP

23 Fire the bridge again.

Fire the bridge again according to the porcelain manufacturer's instructions. (Figs. 3 and 4)

1

A.

1t

rior and Po~ terior Porcdnin Applil ntion

after stain and glaze

p

11

t

OU

11

Posterior Porcelian Application

J

t Fo1lr I Posterior Porcelain Application I 69

Posterior Single Crown

Buildup STEP

1

Read the work authorization or prescription.

If you have any questions, do not proceed until you get them answered. F(f;. 1 I check space

STEP

2

Prepare the model.

Mark the extension of the long axis on the operative model. Make sure the direction of the long axis is consistent with the adjacent and opposite unprepared teeth. (Fig. 1) Coat the mesial and distal contacts with sealer. Coat the opposing occlusal area with sealer. When the sealer is dry, coat any area that will come into contact with the porcelain with separator. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 2 I porcelain sealer

STEP

3

Prepare the porcelain.

Using the scoop end of the glass mixing rod, place two scoops of body and one scoop of enamel porcelain on the master porcelain palette. (Fig. 3) Mix the porcelains with liquid medium. Gently push the porcelain toward the liquid to incorporate the liquid throughout the porcelain.

If the porcelain is too moist, lay a tissue on it to draw out the excess moisture.

Fig. 3 I body and enamel porcelains

STEP

4

Apply porcelain to the lingual side.

Place the crown on the model. Hold the model with the lingual surface parallel to the floor occlusal surface toward you.

F?-~ 1 1 the first application

Using the cusp/lobe brush, cover the lingual surface with body porcelain. Start at the lingual band and add porcelain from one interproximal to the other. Slowly press it around the shelf of the lingual band. (Fig. 1) Be sure the porcelain is well adapted to the lingual band. Apply porcelain to the middle third, forming the base of the lingual cusps. (Fig. 2) The lingual porcelain application sequence is shown in Figure 3.

STEP

5

Add the mesio- and disto-lingual cusp tips.

Add the mesio- and disto-lingual cusp tips. Make sure to add more porcelain to the mesio-lingual cusps. (Fig. 4) Fig. 3 I lingual building sequence

Control the moisture.

STEP

6

Check centric.

Bring the models together to check centric. The bite should be open no more than .3 mm. Adjust the porcelain as necessary. (Fig. 1)

Fio. · I add the cusp tips

!'1'ltr

I Posterior Porcelain Application

Note: The upper cusps should fit into the lower fossae and the lower cusps should fit into the upper fossae. (Fig. 2)

STEP

7

Refine the lingual surface.

Add porcelain under the disto-lingual and mesio-lingual cusps if needed. (Fig. 3) 1

Establish the primary anatomy planes. Each time you add porcelain, press the brush in the same direction as the primary plane.

Fig. J check centric

Fig. 2 I cusp to fossa relationship

71

STEP

8

Add porcelain to the buccal sulface.

Holding the buccal surface parallel to the floor, add body porcelai n in the gingival third area (Fig. 1), then fill in the mesio-gingival and distogingival areas. The buccal porcelai n application sequence is shown in Figure 2. STEP

9

Form the mesio- and disto-buccal cusps.

Add beads of body porcelain to form base of the mesio- and disto-buccal cusps. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 2 I buccal building sequence

Fia. 3 1 adding a cusp

Build up the porcelain enough on the buccal surface to conform with the adjacent unprepared teeth. Overbuild approximately 15° to compensate for shrinkage.

1.-~irr Four I Posterior Porcelain Application 73

STEP

10 Add t~e mesio- and disto-buccal cusp tips.

Pick up small amounts and add to each side. Align your brush with the adjacent cusp tip. Smooth each side as you go. (Fig. 1) Use your cusp/lobe brush to create the primary anatomy planes. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 1 / adding a cusp tip

STEP

11 Check centric.

Bring the models together to check centric. The bite should be open no more than .3 mm. Adjust the porcelain as necessary.

If the gingival bulge area is not full, add more porcelain. Fig. 2 / refine the buccal planes

• ..- -- ------ - I

A

\11'

.I' ' '"'

STEP

12 ~dd the buccal and lingual cusp ridges.

Add porcelain to create the occlusal buccal cusp ridges. Always turn your brush and press at the sides to create the 45° primary planes. (Fig. 1) Rotate the tooth and add the lingual cusp ridges in the same way. (Fig. 2) Complete the occlusal by adding the marginal ridges. Use the primary plane brush to smooth all surfaces. (Fig. 3)

STEP

13 Cut back for enamel.

Blot away excess moisture. Using the porcelain slicer, cut back parallel with the primary planes. Start at the mesial cusp area and cut at an angle of about 30° into the contact area. (Fig. 4)

I

Fig. 3 primary plane brush

Fitz. .J I interproximal cut

1 ...

r Four I Posterior Porcelain Application 75

Continue carving all of the primary planes on the buccal, lingual and occlusal surfaces. (Fig. 1)

STEP

14 C~eck the thickness ofthe porcelam.

Using the porcelain probe, check the thickness of the porcelain at the top of the buccal middle third. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 1 I primary planes

If the porcelain is less than 0.7 mm thick, add more body porcelain. Fill in the hole from the probe carefully. Press a moist brush under the hole, working the particles up from the bottom, and pushing the air out. (Fig. 3)

With the primary plane brush, smooth, and refine the surface of the porcelain. Fig. 2

/probe thinnest area

Fig. 3 / repair the hole

STEP

15 Add enamel to the cusps.

Pick up a small amoun t of enamel porcelain with the cusp-lobe brush and add it to the mesiointerproximal and mesio-buccal cusp. (Fig. 1) Turn the brush and press to create each buccal prima ry plane. F ·__, 1.

add enamel to buccal

Do the same on the disto-buccal cusp and interproximal. Add ename l to the lingual cusps in the same way. (Fig. 2) Add enamel to the cusp ridges on the occlusal surface in the same sequence as the body occlusal applications. (Fig. 3) Fig. 2 add enamel to lingual

Fig. 3 add cusp ridges 1

Fig.

-J

refine the enamel

Make sure there is enoug h porcel ain in the gingival bulge area. (Fig. 4)

Pa rt Four I Posterior Porcelain Application I 77

STEP

16 Check centric.

Check centric and adjust the porcelain as necessary. (Fig. 1)

Note: Your ultimate objective is to use the full complement of space the dentist provided you, so check centric while the porcelain is moist and moldable. Leave the bite open only enough to compensate for shrinkage during.firing.

Fig. 1 I check centric

STEP

17 Remove the die from the model.

Pass your brush up from the gingival through the interproximals to remove excess porcelain. Remove the die from the model, but leave the crown on the die. Fig. 2 moisten the contact areas J

STEP

18 Finish the contact areas.

Moisten the porcelain in the contact areas. (Fig. 2)

Add a small amount of body porcelain to the voids and move it around to smooth out the contacts. (Fig. 3) Add a small amount of enamel porcelain over the contacts to help form the marginal ridges. (Fig. 4)

Ant riort nd Postt::rinr

P11ri-

/11i11 Jr.,_,J;- .1: ...

Fig. : Ifill with body porcelain

STEP

Check the margins. n

th

th di and 1an it

with h th margin by tou hing a moi t bru h to th margin pore lain. Do the same where th porcelain meet the lingual band to prevent lifting f the p rcelain in the e areas. (Fig. 1)

STEP

2QCondense the porcelain.

With the finishing brush, smooth and refine the surface contours of the crown. (Fig. 2) Always brush in alignment with the long axis and the contours of the crown. Clean excess porcelain from the inside of the coping with a dry brush.

STEP

21 Firethecrown.

Dry and :fire the crown according to the porcelain manufacturer's instructions. (Figs. 3 and 4)

. F1g.

contoured and glazed

Productivity Training C01poration

I

1rt

F

iff

I Posterior Porcelain Application I 79

Posterior Bridge Buildup STEP

1

Read the work authorization or prescription.

If you have any questions, do not proceed until you get them answered. Fig. 1 I mark the models

STEP

2

Prepare the model.

Mark the extensions of the long axes and the interproximal widths on the operative model. Make sure the direction of each long axis is consistent with the adjacent and opposite unprepared teeth. (Fig. 1) Coat the mesial and distal contacts with sealer. Seal the opposing arch with a porcelain sealer. Fig. 2 Iporcelain sealer

When the sealer is dry, coat any area that will come into contact with the porcelain with separator. (Fig. 2)

STEP

3

Prepare the porcelain.

Mix body and enamel porcelains as you did for the single unit. (Fig. 3) Mix a similar quantity of opacious or chroma dentin porcelain.

4ntt!rior and Postr:rior Porcelain Apf lirntio11

Fig. 3 I opacious dentin, body and enamel

STEP

4

Build up the tissue sides of the pontics.

Clamp the bridge with a hemostat. Using the buildin g brush, apply a genero us amoun t of opaciou s dentin porcelain to the tissue side of the panties . (Fig. 1) Fi~. 1 opacious dentin

Blot as you build up the porcela in.

STEP

5

Build up the interproximals.

Add small amoun ts of opaciou s dentin porcelain to all interpro ximals .. (Fig. 2) Tap and blot. Fig. 2 opacious dentin 1

STEP

6

Place the bridge on the model.

Place the bridge on the model. Rock the bridge gently until the opacious dentin porcela in forms to the ridge and the bridge seats all the way on the dies. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 3 I seat the bridge

Add opaciou s dentin to any voids on the lingual areas of the panties . (Fig. 4)

Fig. 4 I fill in voids

Produai1 it) Train in~ C rp rati 111

P.nt Fozi1· I Posterior Porcelain Application l 81

STEP

7

Build up the buccal gingival of the pontics.

Keep the porcelain moist but not wet. Build up the buccal gingival of the pontics with opacious dentin porcelain to conform with the adjacent abutments. (Fig. 1)

STEP

8

Build up the gingival third.

Fig. 1 I gingival of panties

Add a small bead of opacious dentin in the gingival third of each tooth. (Fig. 2) Place a small amount on each tooth, then press the moist porcelain around with the brush where you want it.

Keep in mind the lingual building sequence as you do the following steps. You'll build the bicuspids the same way you did the molars, but with fewer steps. (Fig. 2)

I

Fig. 2 thin areas

Fig. 2 j lingual building sequence

I

w•

•

•'

'-'

STEP

g

Build up the lingual surfaces.

dd paciou dentin at the helf of the lingual band and lightly up the lingual of each tooth. (Fig. 1) Pick up some regular body porcelain with your rapid building brush and build the base of each lingual cusp. Add the lingual cusp tips. (Fig. 2) Check centric and adjust the porcelain as necessary.

STEP

10 Create the primary planes.

F

"' lingual cusps

Following the lingual building sequence, place a small amount of porcelain on each plane, turning your brush and pressing in the direction of the plane. (Fig. 3) Blot excess moisture if necessary. Continu e doing this until all the lingual primary planes are formed.

Fi . :

refine the planes

Fig.

buccal building sequence

-1

Keep in mind the buccal building sequence as you do the following steps. You'll build the bicuspids the same way you did the molars, but with fewe r steps. (Fig. 4)

n..

-1 •• -"-·· .:.1-•.

-r.. ~: .. .:.4

~I'

•• -n ..... •·.nti

"111

p n-t Four I Posterior Porcelain Application I 83

STEP

11 Build up the buccal gingival third areas.

With the building brush, place a bead of body porcelain on the gingival third of the buccal surface. (Fig. 1) Move the porcelain with your brush to the desired area.

Fig. 1 I buccal building sequence

Blot as necessary. Compensate for shrinkage in the gingival areas of the panties by overbuilding somewhat. Add an extra amount in the gingival bulge area. Tap and blot.

STEP

12 Create the buccal middle third areas.

Fig. 2 I build up the middle third areas

Add body porcelain to create the buccal middle third on all teeth. (Figs. 2 and 3) Build the buccal surfaces out 10 to 15% from the adjacent unprepared teeth to allow for shrinkage. Smooth the porcelain with your brush as you go. Fig. 3 I middle thirds

STEP

13 Add the buccal cusps.

Start with the second molar. (Fig. 1) Add to the tips first and then smooth out each prima ry buccal plane with your brush. (Fig. 2) Check centric as you go. (Figs. 3 and 4) F . .,· 1 ' build the buccal cusps

Refin e the surfac e with the prima ry plane brush.

Fi~· 2

I refine the planes

Fig. 3 I check centric

. 4 I double-check lingual cusps Fig.

Prodz -til'ity Training Corporc tioll

R7rt Foz/r I Posterior Porcelain Application l 85

STEP

14 Add the occlusal cusp ridges.

Turn to the occlusal surface. Add the buccal ridges on all teeth. Place a small amount on the ridge itself, then press down on both sides to form the angle of each plane. (Fig. 1) Turn your brush and press the porcelain to create the plane on one side, and then on the other.

Fig. 1 I buccal cusp ridges

Then add the lingual cusp ridges and the marginal ridges, completing each tooth as you go. (Fig. 2) Check centric and adjust as necessary. Refine the buccal and occlusal surfaces with the primary plane brush. (Figs. 3 and 4)

Fig. 2 I lingual cusp ridges

Tap and blot.

Fig. 3 I refine the planes

Anterior and Po . t rior Pore :>ft in Applicnti rn

STEP

15 Cut back for enamel.

Use the porcelain slicer to cut back for enamel. Cut 30° into each interproxim al. Follow the primary planes you have established. (Fig. 1) Cut the buccal and lingual planes at a compound 30°/15° angle. (Figs. 2 and 3) Cut the occlusal planes. (Fig. 4) Smooth the surface with the primary plane brush.

STEP

16 C~eck the thickness of the porcelain.

Fig. 2 buccal planes 1

Use the probe to check for any areas that are less than .7 mm thick. Add porcelain where necessary. Fill in the hole as you did on the single unit.

Fig. 3 lingual planes

Fi i ,

.:;

occlusal planes

Part Four I Posterior Porcelain Application \ 87

STEP

17 Add enamel porcelain.

tart adding enamel porcelain to the interproximals and cusp areas on the buccal surface. Begin on the disto-buccal cusp of the second molar. (Fig. 1)

Follow the enamel building sequence as you apply the porcelain. (Fig 2) Apply enamel to the disto-interproximal then to the distal cusp tip, then between the cusps, the mesial cusp tip, and the mesio-interproximal. Do the same to the buccal cusps on all the teeth. (Fig. 2) Add enamel to the lingual cusps following the same procedure. Moving left to right, do the same to the buccal cusps on all the teeth. Add enamel to the lingual cusps following the same procedure.

A11terior m1

i Pn_·terior Porcelnin A.f•plicutio11

Fig. 1 I adding enamel

STEP

18 Add the occlusal cusp ridges.

Apply enamel to the occlusal cusp ridges as you did with body porcelain. Place enamel porcelain directly on the ridge and press both sides at the angle of each plane. (Figs. 1 and 2) Also add small amount s of enamel at the margina l ridge areas to complete each tooth as you go. Tap and blot if necessary. Check centric and adjust the porcelain as necessary. With the primary plane brush, refine and smooth each surface. Using the finishing brush, smooth the surface.

STEP Fig. 2 refine

19 Remove the bridge from the model.

Free the gingival contacts and remove the bridge from the model. (Fig. 3) Clamp the bridge with a hemostat.

Fi5. 3 remove excess

Produ ~tiFity TH iniu~ Corportition

Part Four I Posterior Porcelain Application I 89

STEP

20 Finish the contact areas.

Moisten the voids in the contact areas. Fill the voids with body porcelain. Smooth the porcelain and add an overlay of enamel. (Fig. 1) Create the marginal ridges at the same time. Fig. 1 I repair the contacts

STEP

21 Condense the porcelain.

Remove any excess porcelain on the tissue area of the panties. Blot to remove excess moisture. (Fig. 2) Smooth the entire bridge with the finishing brush. (Fig. 3) Clean porcelain from inside the abutments with a dry brush.

Fig. 2 I remove excess moisture

Fig. 3 I condense the bridge

Ant rior 011d Po'iteri >1 Pure I 1in 1pplh tlf hl11

- - -- I ... . . . ' .......

v

VI I

STEP

22 Cut the interproximals.

With most porcelains, you can leave the interproximals 2/3 full. The porcelain will draw evenly into the interproximals when it shrinks, preventin g tearing. This will save a second bake.

Fig. 1 1 slice only if required

In rare cases, you may need to slice through each interproximal to the opaque while the porcelain is still moist.

Note: Most porcelains do not require interproximal separations. Only do the fallowing steps if your supervisor tells you it is requiredfor your brand of porcelain. The porcelain needs to be slightly moist when doing the following steps. Start at the gingival on the buccal side and cut straight down to the opaque. (Fig. 1) Roll the blade around the bridge to the lingual side. STEP

23 Fire the bridge.

Dry the bridge and fire it according to the porcelain manufacturers's instructions.

Part Four I Posterior Porcelain Application I 91

STEP

24 Inspect the bridge.

When th bridge has cooled, seat it on the model and add porcelain to any areas that need it, such a the cu p or the tissue areas of the pontics. Remove the bridge from the model and clamp it with a hemostat.

Ifyou have cut the interproximals, fill the gingival areas of the cuts with opacious dentin porcelain. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 2 I body porcelain

Add body porcelain in the middle and gingival third areas. (Fig. 2) Add enamel in the marginal ridge and occlusal third areas. (Fig. 3)

Vibrate the bridge to settle the porcelain into the bottom of the cut.

Fig. 3 I enamel porcelain

Dry the porcelain and bake the bridge again. (Figs. 4 and 5)

Fig. -1 I.fired porcelain

Fig. 1 opacious dentin

nterior and Po terior Pore lni11 pplimthm

Pa t Five

Internal Color Characteristics

-

- - -

- --- -

I

Part Fi1 ·c I Internal Color Characteristics I 95

Opacious Dentin Note: All internal color characteristics can be used on posterior as well as anterior teeth.

Begin with an opaqued metal coping.

STEP

1

Prepare the porcelains. Fig. 1 I dentin, body, enam el and clear

Mix body, opacious dentin, enamel and clear porcelains. (Fig. 1)

STEP

2

Build up the crown.

Follow the instructions for building a single unit and build up the crown with body and enamel as you normally would. Fig. 2 I cingulum

STEP

3

Add opacious dentin on the lingual side.

Add opacious dentin porcelain in the cingulum area just over the lingual band. (Fig. 2) Add opacious dentin at the top of the lingual incisal. (Fig. 3) Add opacious dentin to the mesial and distal areas. (Fig. 4)

Fig. 3 I incisal edge

!-\...:. -J I interproximals

.\nttrinrand Pn~teri )r Porce!oin. \pf>liL"ulit

11

STEP

4

Form the cingulum and marginal ridges.

Cover the cingulum with body porcelain. Create the mesio- and disto-marginal ridges with clear porcelain.

Ft.

I body porcelain

Check centric and adjust the porcelain as necessary. Use your brush to form and smooth the cingulum and the marginal ridges. (Fig. 1)

STEP

5

Finish the contacts.

Remove the crown from the model. Use the cusp/lobe brush to moisten the depressions in both contact areas. Fig. 2 I repair the contact area

Place small amounts of body porcelain in these depression. (Fig. 2) Place a very small amount of clear porcelain over each contact. (Fig. 3) Blend the clear porcelain with the surrounding porcelain. Draw all moisture from the porcelain from the lingual.

Fig. 3 I clear porcelain

Fr du ~ti1 it Trai11i1

Part Five I Internal Color Characteris tics , 97

STEP

6

Finish the crown.

Follow the instructions for building a single unit and finish the crown as you normally would. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 1 I opacious dentin effect

'

.

Enamel Variations Note: 111is example is a fundamental way to create enamel variations. Your porcelain system will have various enamel powders for creating similar effects. Begin with the crown built up normally and the body porcelain cut back in preparation for adding enamel porcelain.

STEP

1

Prepare the porcelains.

Mix regular enamel porcelain, clear porcelain, and opalescent incisal. If your porcelain system does not include an opalescent incisal, substitute with 50% enamel and 50% clear porcelain. (Fig. 1)

STEP

2

Add the incisal edge.

F· '"' clear porcelain

Add a small strip of clear porcelain at the mesial contact area. Gently move it around to form a small, narrow strip. (Fig. 2) Add a strip of opal porcelain next to the clear porcelain, lightly forming the mesial side of the mesial lobe. (Fig. 3) Add regular enamel next to the opal strip and carefully shape the other side of the lobe. Fi T.

_:.

I opalescent incisal

Keep alternating between regular enamel and opal porcelain until you come to the distal lobe and contact area. Add and shape the distal lobes as you did the mesial.

n11 f Fm: I Internal Color Characteristics I 99 Finall add clear porcelain at the distal contact area (Fi . 1) Do not smooth the porcelain you have added. Create a thin mix of dear or opal porcelain and add it to the incisal edge. Carefully layer dear or opal porcelain over the irregular labio-incisal middle third area. (Fig. 2) Fig 1 I continue vertical layering

Blot all excess moisture from the lingual. Tap and blot until the porcelain is thoroughly condensed. Always draw moisture from the lingual side.

STEP

3

Finish the crown.

Finish and fire the crown as usual. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 2

I cover with clear or opal incisal

F(s;:. 3 I enamel variations effect

-- - -

I

..

.

• , • ..

Enamel Cracks Begin with the crown built up normally and the body porcelain cut back in preparation for adding enamel porcelain.

STEP

1

F

1

1 I body enamel, opal and stains

Prepare the porcelains.

Mix regular enamel porcelain, clear porcelain, and opal incisal (or 50% enamel/ 50% clear) porcelain with liquid medium. (Fig. 1) For a white crack, mix one part white stain with one part violet stain in stain liquid medium. For a brown crack, use any light or dark brown stain mixed with stain liquid medium.

STEP

2

Begin building the incisal edge.

Use the cusp/lobe brush to add regular enamel porcelain to the incisal until you get to the middle of the central lobe. (Fig. 2)

STEP

3

Add the first enamel crack.

Flatten the brush and make a sharp, straight wall where you stopped adding enamel porcelain. Make sure the wall is parallel with the long axis of the tooth. (Fig. 3) Fig. 3 I make a wall

Moisten the wall.

Part Five I Internal Color Characteristics I 101

Dip the tip of the internal effects brush into the stain and place the stain along the wall. Just touch the brush lightly down the wall to deposit a small amount of stain. Create a well-defined line with the stain. (You may have difficulty seeing the stain, but resist the temptation to put on too much.) (Figs. 1 and 2) For variety, you can push the wall out of line to make the crack irregular. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 1 I placing white stain

STEP

4

Continue building the incisal.

Moisten the surface. Add enamel porcelain on top of the stain and press it into the wall. (Fig. 4)

Fig. 2 I place the stain

Fig. 3 I subtle variations

F1\. .1 I. I

••• :

.•

-

'

'\

•

•

1

ntinu with

11 111 ~1

STEP

5

Add the second enamel aack.

Create a short wall, just as you did before. Add a second enamel crack using brown stain. Follow the same procedure used for the white crack, but make this crack shorter. (Fig. 1)

STEP

6

Finish the incisal edge.

Finish building the incisal edge with enamel porcelain. Add an opalescent porcelain overlay to form the mesial and distal lobes and the incisal edge. Blend it with the surface of the existing porcelain. (Fig. 2) Blot from the lingual if necessary. Fi;. 2 I cover with opal incisal

STEP

7

Finish the crown.

Finish and fire the crown as usual. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 3 I.finished enamel crack effects

Part Five I Internal Color Characteristics 1 103

Cemento-Enamel Junction Begin with an opaqued metal coping.

STEP

1

Prepare the porcelains.

Mix opacious dentin that is one or two shades darker than the shade selected for the crown. Mix the porcelain with liquid medium. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 1 I dentin, body, enamel and stain

Mix a small amount of brown stain. Also mix regular body and enamel porcelains.

STEP

2

Apply porcelain below the cemento-enamel junction line.

Apply the darkened opacious dentin porcelain below the cemento-enamel junction line on the labial surface. Move the porcelain with your brush to conform with the line. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 2 I darkened opacious dentin

STEP

3

Carve away above the cementoenamel junction line.

With the carver, trim the porcelain along the cementa-enamel junction to create a sharp line.

(Fig. 3) Brush away all loose porcelain, then moisten the porcelain. t · '· ~ I carv away Ej

STEP

4

Apply porcelain above the cemento-enamel junction line.

Build up the labial surface above the cementoenamel junction line with body porcelain as you normally would. Let the body porcelain overlap the opacious dentin porcelain slightly at the cementa-ena mel junction. (Fig. 1) F·.. 1 body porcelain "T.

1

Finish building the crown.

STEP

5

Prepare the cemento-enamel junction line and vertical crack.

To exaggerate this effect for older patients, use the characterizer to make a very shallow ditch along the cemento-ena mel junction line. (Fig. 2)

Ftg. 2 carve out cej

Fig. 3 vertical crack

With the other end of the characterizer, add a slightly deeper vertical ditch halfway to the top of the gingival third in the mesial or distal area. (Fig. 3)

Part Fi1·e I Internal Color Characteristics I 105

STEP

6

Add color characteristics.

Moi ten the porcelain and add brown stain in the junction line ditch and in the vertical ditch. (Fig. 1)

Close the vertical separation with a moist brush. (Fig. 2)

Blot the porcelain with a tissue from the lingual side to absorb excess moisture.

Fig. 1 I add stain

STEP

7

Finish the aown.

Finish and fire the crown as usual. (Fig. 3)

Fig. 2 I close the crack

lncisal Highlight Begin with the crown built up normally and the incisal porcelain in place.

STEP

1

FT

1

I body, enamel, clear and stains

Prepare the porcelains.

Mix the selected stain (orange, brown, yellow, blue, pink or other) straight from the bottle. (Fig. 1)

STEP

2

carve the porcelain and add the color characteristic.

Use the carver to carve out a depression in the incisal edge. Do not go through the enamel porcelain into the body porcelain. Carve to a depth of approximately .2 to .4 mm. (Fig. 2) Using the internal effects brush, moisten the depression and paint it with stain. Apply the stain very lightly so you get subtle color showing on the surface of the prepared area. Do not carry the stain to the very edge of the prepared area.

(Fig. 3) Cover the orange stain with clear porcelain.

(Fig. 4) Fig. 3 I.fill with stain

Draw all moisture from the lingual side.

Fig.

I cover with clear

I

i

Po rt Fi1 ·c Internal Color Character istics 107

STEP

3

Finish the crown.

Finish and fire the crown as usual. (Fig. 1)

Fit 1 I.finished incisal highlight effect

-

I

...

• • •

Blue lncisal Begin with the crown build up normally and the incisal porcelain in place.

STEP

1

Prepare the porcelains.

Mix blue stain straight from the bottle with liquid stain medium. (Fig. 1)

STEP

2

carve the porcelain and add the color characteristic.

Use the carver to make very small nicks randomly along the incisal edge. (Fig. 2)

Fi:?·· 2 ; carve small, random nicks

Cut .3 to .4 mm off the mesio- and disto-incisal corners. Do not go through the body porcelain. With the internal effects brush, moisten the nicks and place small amounts of blue stain in them. Vary the amount of stain from one nick to another. (Fig. 3) Add blue stain lightly at the mesio- and distoincisal corners.

Fig. 3 I add slight amounts of stain

Add clear porcelain along the entire incisal edge. Blend the clear porcelain with the enamel. (Fig. 4)

Draw excess moisture from the lingual.

Fig. ~ cover with clear

Pn ductil'it1· Traini11l-r ( t 1['t nltl< 11 ' /

STEP

3

Finish the crown.

Finish and fire the crown as usual. (Fig. 1)

Fig 1 I.finished blue incisal effect

-

----- -

_

,.

,

.....

'j

' 'l.

White Decalcification (Mottling) Begin with the crown completely built up.

STEP

1

c ~ ~ 1 1 body, n.amel, clear and white

Prepare the porcelains.

Mix a small amount of white body porcelain modifier or white stain. (Fig. 1)

STEP

2

Carve the porcelain and add the color characteristic.

Use the carver to carve out several shallow depressions in the middle of the incisal third area. (Fig. 2) Fi~.:;

carve random depressions

Moisten the porcelain and place small spots of white porcelain randomly in the depressions.

(Fig. 3) Place a very small amount of clear porcelain on top of the white spots. Cover the depressions with clear porcelain. (Fig. 4) Draw excess moisture from the lingual. Fig 3 , fill with white

Fia.

-+

1

cover with clear

Producti1'it\' Tn i11i11l0 CtJrpt rath 11 " 1

Part Five I Internal Color Character istics 111

STEP

3

Finish the crown.

Finish and fire the crown as usual. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 1 I.finished white mottling effect

- -- - -

I

...

I

I

•••

\.

Composite Filling Begin with the crown completely built up.

STEP

1

Prepare the porcelains.

Mix red-brown stain straight from the bottle with liquid stain medium. Fi:T· 1 dentin body, enamel, clear and stain

Mix opacious dentin that is three shades darker than the regular body shade. (Fig. 1)

STEP

2

Carve the porcelain and add the color characteristic.

Use the carver to carve out a semi-circular depression in the disto-gingival area. (Fig. 2) Fi~. 2

I carve a depression

Moisten the porcelain and paint the wall of the cavity with the red-brown stain. (Fig. 3) Moisten the depression and fill it with the darkened opacious dentin without disturbing the stain at the perimeter. (Fig. 4) Cover the depression with a thin coat of clear porcelain.

Fig. 3 I line with stain

Smooth and condense the porcelain. Draw all moisture from the lingual side.

Fig ..J Ifill with opacious dentin

J>nductil'it1· Trai11i11,__ ""' rpt r ti ~

'-

11

Part Fil·e I Internal Color Characte ristics j 113

STEP

3

Finish the crown.

Finish and fire the crown as usual. (Fig. 1)

Fig. 1 I.finished composite filling effect

-

I

..

Ma melons Begin with the crown built up but not cut back for the incisal porcelain.

STEP

1

Prepare the porcelains.

Mix yellow and light gray stains with liquid stain medium. (Fig. 1)

STEP

2

Cut back for incisal porcelain.

Cut back for the enamel in the interproximal areas, but cut deeper toward the gingival than normal. (Fig. 2)

F1~..,· 2

1

cut interproximals normally

Cut back less than normal along the incisal edge. (Fig. 3) Make distinct V-shaped notches in the incisal. Make sure the grooves are parallel with the long axis. (Fig. 4)

Smooth the grooves with the cusp/lobe brush.

Fig. _:: , cut incisal less than normal

F.g

-1

I cut vertical grooves

P1 oducti1'it\' Trainino J

'-

orporath 11

Port Fil ·e I Internal Color Characterist ics 11 5

STEP

3

Add color characteristics.

Ifthe doctor requests it, accentuate the mamelons by placing light gray stain into the developmental grooves. (Fig. 1) Place yellow stain on the lobes. (Fig. 2)

STEP

4

Fig. I I stain bottom ofgrooves

Add incisal porcelain.

Moisten the porcelain and add enamel in the grooves. (Fig. 3)

STEP

5

Finish the crown.

Finish and fire the crown as usual. (Fig. 4) Fig. 2 I stain the lobes

1-1...-;. 3

\!Jt

'I

ior

1111/

f>n:ft'nor [

1lJ't't'ft1ill,

\f'! /tulfi

111

I.fill with enamel

Glossary

Glossary I 127

abrasive Something used to wear away a

alveolar ridge crest The highest part of the

surface. Dental abrasives include finishing stones and wheels with abrasive surfaces, and polishing compound s.

alveolar process, usually used to describe the crest of the alveolar process after the teeth have been removed.

abrasive point A grinding wheel used fo r shaping porcelain, metal or acrylic. Abrasive points are not always "pointed': but usually have a cylindrical or conical shape.

amalgam In dentistry, a mixture of silver and

abutment A support or anchor. The part of

an object that anchors it to its base. abutment teeth The teeth that support

and retain a bridge or partial denture. On a bridge, the abutment teeth are the prepared teeth to which the bridge is attached, whether they be full crown preparatio ns or inlay/ onlay preparations. accentuate To accent or emphasize. To give

mercury used for dental :fillings. anatomical Lifelike, real. Having a certain

form . In dentistry, having all the landmarks of the natural teeth. anatomis t A skilled artist who analyzes and

understand s the relationships, structures and functions of natural teeth. anatomy The form or structure of an object.

The features that define the shape of a tooth. Dental anatomy can be thought of as a series of convexities and concavities that form the light reflective surfaces that create the apparent shape of the tooth.

prominence. We can accentuate an area by adding to it or by reducing the surroundin g areas. The dental technician tries to accentuate the areas which have prominenc e in natural teeth, in order to make a restoration look natural.

two or more anterior teeth.

aesthetics The visual attractiveness of the

anterior crown A fixed restoration covering an

natural teeth. An aesthetic restoration is one that is pleasing to the eye. The aesthetic qualities of the bridge are as important as the functional qualities.

anterior tooth.

air abrasive unit A device in which abrasive

material propelled by compressed air is used to clean oxides and porcelain particles from bridges and crowns. alveolar process The raised bony tissue that

supports the teeth of the mandible or m axilla. alveolar resorption Shrinkage of the alveolar

ridge that occurs after the natural teeth have been removed. Because of the shape of the alveolar ridges, resorption occurs more on the lingual of the lower and the buccal of the upper, causing the mandibula r arch to widen with age and the maxillary arch to narrow.

anterior The front of an object. The front of the

mouth, or pertaining to the front of the mouth. anterior bridge A fixed restoration connecting

anterior teeth The front teeth. The central

incisors, lateral incisors and cuspids of each arch. The anterior teeth define the smile. articulate To put together with a joint. To mount dental models on a hinged device used to simulate occlusion of the natural teeth. articulato r A mechanica l hinged device to 'V\hich

casts of the mouth can be attached for the purp of arranging teeth. auxiliary Serving a supporting role or purp auxiliary groove A secondar gro

po terior tooth whi h bran h usually another e nd ry r

ff · n

e

block out ~ r m v undercut fr m a

n uth. rib any ur

rti al urfac of ial di t 1 1 bi 1 r buc al and

m d 1by fillin th m in typically with a high t mper ture wa or a re in. body/ena mel blend TI1e gradual tran ition of

the body porcelain to the enamel porcelain in a ceramic restoration. body porcelain The porcelain that simulates

the natural dentin and is used to build up the main body of the restoration. balance Equality in weight, size or proportion .

imultaneo u contact of occluding teeth on both ide f the opposing dental arcl1es. basic esthetic composition A generic

arrangem ent of anterior teeth that you can use for most cases when you have no other reference such as a preoperati ve model. The basic compositi on is thus: 1. Centrals flat to the front of the mouth, on the occlusal plane and vertical in profile. 2. Laterals face on the curve of the arch, 1 to 2 mm shorter than the centrals and vertical in profile. 3. Cuspids on the curve of the arch, shorter than the centrals, rotated out slightly at the gingival with the mesials rotated slightly out and the distals in.

boley gauge A device used to measure the exact dimension s of an object or space. Used for quick and accurate comparison of two or more objects, such as when comparing the widths of teeth on one side of the mouth with the other. bridge A structure that provides connection.

A fixed restoration which connects two or more teeth in the mouth. brush A device having bristles or hairs

attached for the purpose of painting or placing porcelain or stains where needed. buccal Referring to the cheek.

bicuspid A tooth generally having two cusps.

buccal depression A shallow concavity on

The frontmost of the posterior teeth in each arch. The fourth or fifth tooth from the midline.

the buccal surface of a posterior tooth at the point where the occlusal third meets the middle third.

bifurcatio n Where an object splits into two forks.

Usually used to describe the root bifurcation.

buccal overjet The overlap of the buccal cusps

bite To close the teeth together. An impression

of the upper teeth over the buccal cusps of the lower teeth.

showing how the patient's upper and lower teeth come together in centric occlusion. A term sometime s used to designate centric occlusion.

tooth facing the cheek.

bite registration A recording of the jaw

canine A cuspid, so called because of its

relationship in centric and functional vertical dimension . blend To mix colors gradually to produce a

different color. A gradual transition from one color to another.

buccal surface The surface of a posterior

canine shape (like a dog's tooth). carabelli cusp A raised protrusion on the mesio-lingual cusp of an upper molar, usually only found on the upper first molar. cast A model formed from a mold. To form

an object in a mold.

casting A metallic object formed in a mold.

The act of forming an object in a mold. CEJ The cementa-enamel junction. cemento-enamel junctio n The line on the

ceramic A day-like material that is hardene d

by firing at high temperatures. Dental ceramics are finely ground porcelain powders, mixed with liquids into a workable state, then sculpted by the technician and fired in a furnace to a hard, glossy state.

surface of a tooth which marks the meeting of the cementum and the enamel. The cervical line.

cervical Referring to the cervix or the narrow est

cementum The hard, bony layer covering the

part of an object. On a tooth, the part of the tooth nearest the neck.

dentin on the root of the tooth. cementum-enamel junctio n The cemento-

enamel junction. central Referring to the middle of an object. A

central incisor. central dissectional groove A groove in the

occlusal surface of a posterio r tooth that runs from the mesial to the distal and dissects the tooth into buccal and lingual parts. central fossa A shallow depression found approximately in the middle of the occlusal surface of a molar, bordere d by the cusp ridges and the occlusal table. Sometimes used to describe the linguo-middle fossa of a lower second bicuspid. central incisor One of the two anterio r teeth

cervical border The extreme margin toV\ ard the

root. It is located just above the cervical line. cervical line The line around the narrowest part

of a tooth, where the cement um and enamel meet. cervical third The third of the tooth closest to the

cervix. cervix The narrowest part of an object. A neck. The neck of the tooth, just below the cement oenamel junction. charac terize To apply colored metal oxides to a

crown or bridge to produce highlights that give the tooth a lifelike appearance and arrange ment. To arrange the teeth in a way to enhanc e their appearance. To characterize the soft tissues of the denture to enhanc e their appearance. check line An enamel crack in a natural tooth

in the middle of each arch. The tooth next to the median line.

which usually runs vertically.

centric Being in the central position. Usually

chroma The saturati on or intensit y of a color in

used to mean centric occlusion. centric occlusion The relationship of the

upper and lower teeth to one another when the mandible is fully closed and at rest. centric relation The relation of the mandib le

to the maxilla with the mandible in its most superior retrude d position and at functional vertical dimension. centric stop The point where a cusp on on

poster!or toot~1 contacts a fossa on the oppo ing tooth m centnc occlusion.

the Munsell color system. A color photog raph ha high chroma. A black and white photog raph ha, no chroma. cingulu m The lingual lobe of an anteri rt

th which is located in the gingival third f the lingu 1 surface. clinical crown TI1e p rt of at

in the mouth. A the gingi' reced th cro\\rn gets longer.

d

collar

b nd ar und a neck. A band around

th n rr "'

rt fa tooth. Sometimes used t d ri e a metal band around the neck of a re t rati n and om etimes used to describe a b and of color. t

color How the human eye perceives different wa elengths of light. Sometimes used to refer to a

coping A thin covering or cap. A thin metal

covering over a prepared tooth over which the porcelain is applied. cosmetic Beautified or arranged to enhance

appearance.

hue other than black, white or gray.

cosmetic dentistry The practice of dentistry for the improvemen t of appearance.

color wheel A graphic representatio n of color

crest of the ridge The highest part of a ridge.

theory where the hue varies with the angle on the wheel.

The height of contour of the tissue in the edentulous region.

colorist One who uses knowledge of color to

cross bite The condition in which the buccal

skillfully harmonize and characterize dental restorations to make them more natural in appearance. complemen tary color Colors which are directly

opposite each other on the color wheel. When mixed, these colors produce neutral grey. concave Curved inward.

cusps of the lower posterior teeth are buccal to the buccal cusps of the upper posterior teeth when the jaws are in centric occlusion. crown The highest part of an object. A cover.

The highest part of a natural tooth. A fixed restoration that covers a natural tooth. curve of spee The antero -posterior curve

Causes shadows on the surface of teeth.

of the occlusal plane, lowest in the bicuspid region, extending upward as it goes anterior and posterior.

connector A device that connects one object to

curve of wilson The lateral curve of the

another. In bridgework, the part of the framework that connects one tooth with another.

occlusal plane, with its lowest point in the center, rising as it extends laterally.

contact To touch.

cusp A point or peak. A cone-shaped

contact area See proximal contact.

elevation on the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth.

concavity A hollowed or rounded inward shape.

contrast An obvious difference between light and

dark or between two colors. contour The shape of a surface. To shape an

object. To shape the surface of a restoration. contouring To shape so as to fit contours in

conformity. Making teeth that look like teeth.

cusp ridge A raised part of the occlusal

surface of a posterior tooth that runs from a cusp tip toward the central dissectional groove. cusp slope The mesial and distal sides of a cusp, which slope at an angle of 35 to 45

convex Curved outward.

degrees to the occlusal surface, marginal ridge, and buccal and lingual dissectional grooves.

convexity Curved or rounded outward like the

cusp tip The highest point of a cusp.

surface of a sphere. The area that reflects light from a tooth, giving it shape.

cusp to fossa relationship The relation hip

of the posterior teeth where the cusp of one tooth fits into the fossa of the opposing tooth.

Glossary 131

Cuspid A tooth having a single cusp. The most

di tal of the anterior teeth in each arch. The third tooth from the midline. The cuspids are u ed primarily for tearing. cuspid guidance Immediate disclusion of

the posterior teeth in lateral excursion due to contact between the opposing cuspids. cuspid rise Cuspid guidance. daylight The natural light of the sun. Daylight

is the ideal reference for matching colors because it is the purest, whitest light. Colorcorrected lights try to simulate the color of natural daylight. dental Referring to the teeth. dental implant A device embedded in

the mandible or maxilla to support a dental restoration. dentin The hard tissue which forms the main

body of a tooth. It surrounds the pulp and is covered by the enamel and the cementum. dentist A licensed practitione r who cares for

the teeth. dentistry The practice of caring for the teeth. dentition The teeth. depression A concavity on a surface. developmental groove The slight depression

dividing the lobes on an anterior tooth. diagnostic model A model of the patient's

mouth showing the condition of the teeth prior to reconstruction.

dissect To divide into parts. dissectional That which divides an object into

parts. dissectional groove A groove that divides a posterior tooth into two distinct parts. A dissectional groove breaks through the occlusal table. distal Facing away from the median line,

following the curve of the arch. distal fossa A shallow depression found in the

distal third of the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth, bordered by the cusp ridges, the marginal ridge and the occlusal table. distal surface The surface of the tooth facing

away from the median line, following the curve of the dental arch. dominant color The color which appears to most

influence the overall color of a tooth, crown or bridge. dowel and core A metal post that fits into the

prepared root of a tooth and restores the length and contour of the tooth for the retention of a crown. edentulou s An area of the mouth where the natural teeth have been removed. edentulou s ridge The highest part of the

alveolar process after the teeth have been removed. The alveolar ridge. embrasur e AV-shape d space formed by the

die A positive reproduction of a prepared

curved proximal surfaces of adjacent teeth. In dental technology, we define 4 embrasure s surroundi ng the proximal contacts. For po terior teeth: gingival, occlusal, buccal and lingual.

tooth. Usually, a removable portion of a model.

enamel A hard, glossy coating. The m

diastema A space between two adjacent teeth.

disclusion The state of the teeth not being

in occlusion. Typically, disclusion refers to movement of the mandible where some teeth force the jaws apart, causing disclusion in other areas.

th translucen t hard substance V\ hich cm er the r of a tooth over the dentin. enamel porcelain The tran lu

porcelain used to imulate th n tur enamel.

t

m

esthetic

1 tin

t th qualiti

f beauty in

tur 1 n i i n r d ntal r t ration. esthetics Th

· ual attractiv ne of the natural t th. Th th ti qualiti f the bridge are as in1 rtant a the function al qualities. excursion A hart trip, returnin g to the same pla e. A mo ement of the mandible, from the centric p osition and back. facet A sm all plane cut or worn into another surface. female characteristics Physical characteristics and features that are generally associated with a feminine appearan ce (delicate, rounded , softer, etc.) . Where the female gender is concerned, teeth and their arrangem ent should follow these natural, accepted characteristics. TI1is has great esthetic value when we incorpor ate the concepts of smile lines and buccal corridor s with this feminine tooth arrangem ent. female esthetic composition An arrangem ent of anterior teeth that you can use to create a softer, more delicate appearance for a patient. The standard female composition is thus: 1. Centrals flat to the front of the mouth, one depressed slightly from the other, on the occlusal plane and vertical in profile. 2. Laterals on the curve of the arch, depressed at the neck, mesials rotated out, 1 to 2 mm shorter than the centrals. Rotate one lateral slightly to the distal on the incisal labiolingual axis and the other slightly to the mesial. 3. Cuspids on the curve of the arch, shorter than the centrals, rotated out slightly at the gingival with the m esials rotated slightly out and the distals in. fire To bake or cure porcelain crowns and bridges in a furnace . fixed partial denture A bridge. It is most common ly abbreviated "FPD" on the prescription

form.

flat to front The esthetic principle describing the central incisors being positioned flat to the fro nt of the mouth. This is one of the things most often done incorrectly in dental restorations. Except in the case of crowding, the labial surfaces of both centrals should be parallel and flat to the front of the mouth, not in the curve of the arch. fluorescent light Light produced by a glass tube coated on the inside with a fluorescent substance. fossa A rounded or angular depression in the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth bordered by the cusp ridges and the occlusal table. fossae The plural of fossa. framework The metal understr ucture that supports the porcelain in dental crowns and bridges. The metal portion of a cast partial denture. function To work or perform. The physiologic position and action of the mandible in relation to the maxilla. functional model A positive model of the patient's mouth that is made after the teeth have been prepared by the doctor. The model on which a restoration is fabricated. gingiva The soft tissues surrounding the teeth. The gums. The fibrous tissue covered by mucous membra ne that immediately surrounds a tooth and is continuous with the periodontal membrane. gingival Referring to the gingiva. The area of the tooth closest to the gingiva. gingival bulge The convex area just above the cervical line that deflects food away from the gingiva. gingival line TI1e line around a tooth at the height of the gingiva.

Glossary j 133

gingival margin The border or boundary

between a tooth and a restoration in the gingival area.

incandescent light A lamp in which the light is

produced by a filament inside a glass bulb.

gingival third The third of the tooth closest to

the gingiva. glaze A thin, transparen t coating on porcelain

restorations. golden proportio n A concept used to describe the relative proportion s of the central and lateral incisors, where 3/2 is the ratio. That is, in the space occupied by a central and a lateral, the central will take up 3/ 5 of the space and the lateral will take 2/5. Another way to think of it is that the lateral is 2/3 the size of the central. handpiece The instrumen t used to hold and

rotate abrasive points during contouring. height of contour The maximum contour

incisal cutting Referring to the cutting edge of

an anterior tooth. incisal edge The narrow biting edge or facet area

of an anterior tooth. incisal pin The pin that fits into the upper

member of the articulator and rests on the incisal table. The incisal pin maintains the vertical dimension of the models. incisal third TI1e third of an anterior tooth closest

to the incisal edge. incisive papilla An area directly lingual to the

two maxillary central incisors at the midline of the mouth where nerves and blood vessels come through the bone. incisor A tooth with a narrow biting edge, located

at the front of the dental arch.

of a surface in any direction. Convex areas of a tooth that reflect light and give shape to the tooth.

making them appear separate or different.

hemostat A clamping device used to hold a

intensity The density or saturation of a color.

metal understructure.

interdent al Between the teeth.

high lip line The highest position of the

vermilion border of the upper lip in a grin. horizontal Level. Parallel to the horizon.

interdent al papilla The soft tissue between

adjacent teeth. interprox imal Between the proximal surfaces of

hue The variety of color within the spectrum.

The relative wavelength of a color. In the Munsell color system, the position on the color wheel. imbrication lines Small semi-circular lines

in the gingival third area that diffuse light reflected from the surface. impinge To force the tissue away from its

natural position, causing periodonta l disorders. implant To imbed within the body. impression A negative reproducti on of the

mouth, taken with an elastic material.

Ant rior and P >~-terior Pore lain Appli1. iti

individua lize To make teeth appear natural by

11

two teeth. interprox imal space The space between the proximal surfaces of adjacent teeth. This area must be open enough to allow the tissue to return to its natural position to ensure proper periodonta l care. interprox imal stain An orange or brown t in used to simulate the natural staining beru e n teeth. invest To surround or nvel pe. 't urr und or embed a pattern or obj t "'itl r fr

investmen t material£ r c tin oldering.

ir

in

tm nt nt

dt

r

r

r

ld rin .

j w relation ship Th r l ti' iti n f the 1 di 1 he m ill u uall relating t centric, ·· t l· t ral left 1 t ral, pr trusive retru ive or ~ rti p iti n f th mandible. labia Th lip . labial Referrin g to the lips. labial parame ter A line describing the maximu m extent of an anterior restorati on toward the lips usually referring to the labial position of an anterior pontic. labial surface The surface of an anterior tooth that faces the lips. lateral To the side. lateral incisor The tooth next to (lateral to) the central incisor. 1he second tooth from the median line of the arch. lateral movem ent A sideways moveme nt of the mandibl e. Rotation of the mandible in a horizont al plane around one condyle. lateral position A sideways position of the mandible. lingua The tongue. lingual Referring to the tongue. lingual band A metal reinforcement found on the lingual of a porcelain fused to metal restorati on. lingual collar A lingual band. lingual concavity The depression on the lingual surface of an anterior tooth bordered by the incisal edge, the cingulum and the marginal ridges. Sometim es called the lingual fossa.

liquid medium A glycerin ba ed liquid used to arry characterization stains. lobe A segment from which a natural tooth develops. Of the three labial lobes found on centrals and laterals, the central lobe is usually the widest and flattest. TI1e mesial lobe is the longest and the narrowest of the three, blending at its base into the gingival bulge. The distal lobe is the shortest and the second widest. While a large percentage of teeth exhibit the proporti ons described, much variation is found. Often the central lobe is depressed and the least promine nt, and there may also be variations in the mesial and distal lobes.

Like the rest of the anterior teeth, cuspids have three lobes. The mesial lobe is second in length, second in prominence, and the narrowest of the lobes. It is smoothly convex in all directions, and blends at its gingival extremity with the central lobe. The central lobe extends from the tip of the cusp to the cervical line. It is the longest, widest and most promine nt of all anterior lobes. Because of its prominence, it forms a labial ridge that differentiates this tooth from the centrals and laterals. The distal lobe is separated from the central lobe in the incisal region by the disto-labial developmental groove. The distal lobe is the shortest and the second widest of the lobes. It ends below the distal middle third in a fairly deep concavity. long axis An imaginar y line that runs vertically through the center of a tooth. All contoure d areas must be in correct relationship to the long axis in order for the teeth to appear natural.

lingual surface The surface of a tooth facing the tongue.

long clinical crown A tooth where the clinical crown is excessively long due to recession of the gingiva.

lip support The conditio n in which the upper teeth hold the upper lip forward.

low lip line The level of the vermilion border of the upper lip when it is completely relaxed.

Producti\ ity Training Corpomtio11

Glossary I 135

lute To attach one thing to another with wax.

master porcelain control palette A ceramic

male characteristics Certain physical

tray that holds various types of porcelains and stains. Depressions in the palette provide a consistent layout for the materials that help make the building process more efficient.

characteristics and features that are generally a sociated with a masculine appearance (bold, rugged squared, vigorous, etc.). Where the male gender is concerned, teeth and their arrangement should follow these natural, accepted characteristics. This has great esthetic value when we incorporate the concepts of smile lines and buccal corridors with this masculine tooth arrangement. male esthetic composition An arrangeme nt

of anterior teeth that you can use to create a stronger, more aggressive appearance for a patient. The standard male composition is thus: 1. Centrals flat to the front of the mouth, one depressed slightly from the other, on the occlusal plane and vertical in profile. 2. Laterals on the curve of the arch, depressed from the centrals, mesials rotated in, 1 to 2 mm shorter than the centrals. 3. Cuspids on the curve of the arch, shorter than the centrals, rotated out slightly at the gingival with the mesials rotated slightly out and the distals in.

mastication Chewing. maxilla The upper jaw. maxillary Referring to the maxilla. Upper. median line An imaginary line which extends

vertically through the middle of the face. Also the midline of a model through the centrals. mesial Toward the median line, following the

curve of the dental arch. mesial fossa A shallow depression found in the

mesial third of the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth, bordered by the cusp ridges, the mesial marginal ridge and the occlusal table. mesial surface The surface of a tooth facing the median line, following the curve of the dental arch.

mandible The lower jaw.

metamerism The visual effect in which a color blend appears differently under different light sources. Crowns and bridges may appear a different shade under a light source other than the one with which they were produced.

mandibular Referring to the mandible.

middle third The third of the tooth closest to the

malocclusion Abnormal occlusion of the

teeth.

Lower.

center.

margin A border or perimeter.

middle third bulge The convex area in the

marginal Referring to a margin or border of

middle third of a posterior tooth that deflects food away from the gingiva.

an object. marginal ridge An elevation of enamel which

forms the mesial or distal margin of the lingual surface of an anterior tooth or the occlusal surface of a posterior tooth. master model The primary model on which

a restoration is fabricated. If there is more than one operative model, one is designated the master model.

Anterior and Po~ teri r Porcelain

pplicoth 11

midline An imaginary line which extends

vertically through the middle of the face. Also the median line of a model through the centrals. modifier Colored porcelain that i u ed to chan

the hue, value or chroma of another p rcelain. molar A tooth generally having fi ur u p ... Th

six most posterior teeth in ach r h.

b

II color system n 1 '.\ ith r d

1 r Y t mu din 11 '"' and blue a the d ) lfr d H. Mun ell

natura l dentiti on Th n tural teeth. obliqu e Runnin g t an angle slanting. obliqu e ridge A ridge that runs at an angle to the entral di section al groove across the occlusal urface fa posteri or tooth. occlude To come togethe r or close. When the opposin g teeth come together. occlusal Referring to occlusion. occlusal anatom y The physical features of the biting surfaces of posteri or teeth. occlusal function The physiologic position and action of the upper and lower jaws in relation to each other. occlusal groove A groove on the occlusal surface of a posteri or tooth. We generally refer to three types of grooves: dissectional or primary grooves, second ary or "S" grooves, and auxiliary grooves. occlusal pit The deepest point of the occlusal fossa. occlusal plane An imagin ary curved plane formed by the incisal edges of the anterio r teeth and the occlusal surfaces of the posterio r teeth. The occlusal plane is shaped by the curve of Spee and the curve of Wilson. occlusal surface The surface of a posterior tooth that comes into contact with the opposing teeth. occlusal table The occlusal surface of a posterior tooth. The perime ter of the occlusal surface. The sharp edge where the buccal and lingual surfaces of the tooth meet the occlusal surface. occlusal third The third of a posterior tooth closest to the occlusal surface. occlusion Closure between teeth of the opposing arches.

opaceous body Opacious dentin. opacious dentin A semi-opaque porcelain used to mask the transition from a translucent body porcelain to an opaque or transparent porcelain. opaque Blocking out light. Opaque porcelain. opaque body Opacious dentin. opaque dentin Opacious dentin. opaque porcelain Porcelain that us used to mask out the color of the metal understructure and give the tooth its basic shade. The opaque porcelain also provides the bond between the metal and the body porcelain. operative model The positive model of the patient's mouth that is made after the teeth have been prepare d by the doctor. The model on which a restoration is fabricated. oral Referring to the mouth. oral cavity The inside of the mouth. oris The mouth. overbite Vertical overlap of the upper and lower teeth. overjet Horizontal overlap of the upper and lower teeth. palette A set of colors from which to choose. A ceramic tray used to contain a variety of dental porcelains or stains for use by the technician. papilla A small elevation of soft tissue. parallel Lines in the same plane or surfaces which can be extended indefinitely without meeting. partial ridge lap Contact between the pontic and the alveolar ridge that does not extend lingual to the crest of the ridge.

Glossar y I 13 7

perikymata area An area of small semicircular lines in the gingival third area that diffuse light reflected from the surface. Imbricat ion lines. periodontal Referring to the tissues surround ing the teeth. periodontally contoured Shaped to fit the surround ing tissue and bone. plane A flat surface. pontic Having a pointed shape. The part of a fixed bridge which is suspend ed between the abutmen ts and replaces a missing tooth. porcelain A semi-tra nsparent ceramic material used for dental restoratio ns. posterior Referring to the back. The back of the mouth. posterior bridge A fixed restorati on connecti ng two or more posterio r teeth. posterior crown A fixed restorati on covering a posterior tooth. posterior teeth The bicuspid s and molars of either arch. posterior tooth A tooth having an occlusal surface. A bicuspid or molar. pre-op model The preopera tive model. premolar A bicuspid. preoperative model A model of the patient's mouth showing the conditio n of the teeth prior to reconstru ction.

primary color A fundame ntal color of the Munsell color system. Red, blue or yellow. The colors from which all others are derived. primary groove A groove that divides a posterio r tooth into two distinct parts. A primary groove breaks through the occlusal table. A dissectio nal groove. primary model The m ain model on which a restorati on is fabricated. primary plane On an anterior tooth, the flat plane inside the mesial and distal lobes which is in alignme nt with the long axis. On a posterio r tooth, the flat planes at angles of 15 to 30 degrees which make up the basic occlusal, buccal and lingual surfaces. These planes are shown on the Primary Ness Teeth™. protrud e To push forward. protrusive Protrudi ng outward. protrusive movem ent A forward movem ent of the mandible . protrusive position The for ward position of the mandibl e so that the upper and lower teeth are touching at their incisal edges. proximal Referrin g to the proximit y or closenes s of two objects. proximal contact The area of a tooth that touches another tooth on the proxima l surface. The proxim al contact is an ovoid area ju t b I w the m arginal ridge and ju st buccal to the entral dissectio nal groove in natu ral tooth ontact . proximal surface The urface f t an adjacent tooth. A me ial r di t 1

pressable ceramic A ceramic m aterial that is form ed using the lost wax techniqu e by pressing at high tempera ture into a mold.

proximal wall The pr ~ rim 1 urf;

primary The first or the fun damenta l.

quality TI1 n· tur 1 h r

primary anatomy Th e basic physical feature of a tooth. On a posterio r tooth, all features except the secondar y and auxiliary gr ov .

quality restoration s R the fun ti nalit and p

t r fan

reflectan ce ·11

l

I

I

"

Ul

th fa in

"S" groove A urving gr ov that form one id an lu al ridg , in the hape fa lazy

lar ri

r n retrusi ve movem ent di l .

th

nd p

V\hi h arance of

rearwar d movem ent of

reverse "S'' groove A curving groove that forms ne ide of an occlusal ridge, in the shape of a lazy re\ er e ridge A long narrow elevation. ridge lap Overlap of an artificial tooth on the residua l ridge. Labial ridge lap is used for esthetic ally pleasin g pontic restorations. Lingual ridge lap is avoided because it prevent s cleanin g under the panties . ridge lap area That portion of an artificial tooth that is closest to or rests against the residual ridge.

saggar tray A mall tray-like device used to upp rt er wn and bridges during firing. sandblaster A device in which abrasive materia l propell ed by compressed air is used to clean oxides and porcela in particles from bridges and crowns. saturation The chroma , or intensity of a color. secondary Supplemental, following the first. secondary anatom y The features of a tooth that come after the primary anatomy. On a posterio r tooth, the seconda ry grooves. secondary color A mixture of equal parts of two primary colors. Violet, green and orange are the seconda ry colors of the Munsell color system.

root The buried part of an object. The part of a tooth below the gingiva.

secondary groove A curving groove that forms one side of an occlusal ridge, in the shape of a lazy "S': A seconda ry groove does not break through the occlusal table.

root bifurca tion Where the root of a tooth splits into two forks. Commo nly used to describe the depress ion in the middle of the gingival third of a molar where the mesial and distal root formati ons begin to diverge.

shade The degree of darkness in a color. In the Munsell color system, a shade is made by adding black to a color. Typically used in dentistr y to describe any variation of color, or the overall color of a tooth.

rotatio n Turnin g an object about its axis.

shade adjustment The slight correction of the color of a crown or bridge by the addition of stains.

rotatio nal axis An imagin ary line about which an object can be rotated. "S" curve A curving depression on the labial surface of an incisor in the shape of a lazy "S". The curve starts in the disto-gingival area and blends into the central lobe, causing a pleasing visual blendin g of the tooth into the tissue. The "S" curve tends to accentuate the length and fullness of the mesial lobe and shorten the distal lobe, reinforc ing the long axis of the tooth.

shade duplication The matching of a chosen shade by the use of porcelain powders and stains. shade guide A collection of shade tabs, organized by color, used to match the color of natural teeth. shade tab A porcelain tooth manufactured in one of many different shade possibilities used to express the color of a patient's teeth.

ProductiFity Training Corporation

Glossary I 139

Simplifying Malting simple.

system An assemblage of organiz ed ideas and

simultaneous contrast The visual effect that

principles intende d to explain the arrange ment or working of a systematic whole. A harmon ious agreement.

causes colors to appear more intense when placed next to each other. smile line A curved line that encompasses the

incisal edges of the centrals and laterals and the tips of the cuspids.

systematic Method ical in procedu re. A plan marked by thoroug hness and regularity. taper Gradua l decrease in thickness, diamete r or

soft tissue model A model on which the soft

width.

tissue areas are poured in an elastic material. The restoration can be seated on the model to closely estimate how it will fit the gingiva in the mouth.

tapere d diamon d A cone-sh aped diamon d point

spectrum A range of magnitude, such as the

wavelengths of visible light. sprue The metal, plastic or wax pin attachin g

a wax pattern to the crucible former or sprue base, which creates the ingate through the investment when the pattern is cast or pressed. stain A metallic oxide used to color crowns

and bridges. study model A model of the patient's mouth showing the condition of the teeth prior to reconstruction. subgingival Below the gums. The area of a

tooth below the gingival line. subtractive color system A color system

in which colors are described by the amount of light reflected from a surface. When the primary colors in a subtractive color system are mixed togethe r equally, the result is black. The Munsell color system used in dental ceramics is an example of a subtractive color system. surface tension The phenom enon that

causes a liquid to form droplets on a surface rather than coating the surface evenly. Surface tension can be overcome when working with dental materials by vibration, pre-wet ting or roughen ing of the surface.

used for surface texturization. texturi zation The act of applying a surface

texture to an object. tint The degree of lightness in a color. In the

Munsell color system, a tint is made by adding white to a color. translucent Allowing the transmi ssion of diffused light. A substan ce that transmi ts light but

diffuses it so that objects cannot be seen clearly. With respect to teeth, appeari ng lighter or more clear. Some incisals are more transluc ent than others. transp arent Allowing clear transmi ssion of light. transverse ridge A cusp ridge running at a 90

degree angle to the central dissecti onal groove. trial A case that is returne d to the dentist for

test fitting prior to comple tion. An appoin tment where the dentist tests the fit of a restorat ion in the patient's mouth. try-in The procedu re of testing the fit and

appeara nce of wax-ba sed denture s or other restorat ions in the patient's mouth prior to comple tion. turn of the arch The shape of the upper u pid

and its placem ent in the upper dental ar 1. TI1 six anterio r teeth follow the arch. At the di tal f the cuspid, the arch turns sharply to th teeth. underc ut Depre ion in

overhan g .

.Ant ri Jr and P st ri )f Pore lain App/it c1 thin

u

d

und rstructur Th in t I orti n fa porcelain t n. lue r I ti Ii htne r dark ne s of a color. In th un 11 1 r y tern '"'hite has the highest ' lu and blac k ha the lowest. V

vermilion bor der The area along the crest of the lip bord ered by the dry, reddish oute r skin of the lip and the moi st muc ous mem bran e lining the lip. vertical Plumb, straight up and down. Perp endi cula r to the horizon. vertical dimension TI1e vertical relationship of the upp er and lower jaws when the teeth are in occlusion. wea r facet A wor n surface caused by one toot h touc hing and wearing against another. working See "working occlusion': working model The positive model of the patient's n1outh that is n1ade after the teeth have been prep ared by the doctor. The model on which a restoration is fabricated. working occlusion Occlusal contact of the teeth on the side to"'ra rd which the mandible is moved.