Angol nyelvtani gyakorlatok 963188466X

Table of contents :
Előszó 5
The Verb 7
The Use of the Tenses 8
Auxiliary Verbs 44
The Passive Voice 53
Sequence of Tense 58
The Verbals 71
The noun Phrase; Noun Substitutes 85
Prepositions; Particles 109
Sentences 113
Interrogative and Negative Sentences 114
Responses 121
Formal Subject 125
Objects 126
Adverbials 128
Conjunctions 133
Spelling 137
Patterns 141
Bibliography 167
Index 168

Citation preview

A kiadványt a Művelődési és Közoktatási Minisztérium oktatáshoz szükséges segédkönyvvé nyilvánította

Bírálók: SZENTIRMAY LYANE MAGYARICS PÉTER

Anyanyelvi bíráló: NICHOLAS TAYLER

Fedélterv: SZIKRA ZOLTÁN

© Dr. Budai László

ISBN 963 18 8466 X

CONTENTS

E L Ő S Z Ó ........................................................................................................................ 5 T H E V E R B ................................................................................................................... 7 The Use i)l the T enses ......................................................................................... 8 A uxiliary V erbs ..................................................................................................... 44 T he Passive Voice ................................................................................................. 53 Sequence o f T enses: D irect/Indirect Speech ................................................. 58 T i l t V E R B A L S ........................................................................................................... 71 T H E N O U N P H R A S E : N O U N S U B S T IT U T E S ............................................. 85 P R E P O S IT IO N S : PA R T IC L E S .............................................................................. 109 SE N T E N C E S ................................................................................................................ 113 Interrogative and Negative Sentences ........................................................... 114 R esponses ............................................................................................................... 121 Form al Subject ...................................................................................................... 125 O bjects ................................................................................................................... 126 A dverbials .............................................................................................................. 128 C onjunctions ......................................................................................................... 133 SP E LL IN G ..................................................................................................................... 137 P A T T E R N S ................................................................................................................... 141 B IB L IO G R A P H Y ...................................................................................................... 167 IN D E X ............................................................................................................................ 168

ELŐSZÓ

E nyelvtani feladatgyűjtemény a gimnáziumi angol nyelvi tan­ könyvekhez készült. A könyv elsősorban az alaptantervű osztályok nyelvtani törzsanyagát tartalmazza, de ugyanakkor a speciális osz­ tályok számára is nyújt feladatokat (például a Com m ent on the use o f. .’. vagy az Analyse the use o f . . . utasításokat tartalmazó felada­ tok). A z egyes gyakorlatok részben vagy egészben elvégezhetők egy-egy nyelvtani jelenséghez kapcsoltan és/vagy szintetizáló ismét­ lésként - a tanár legjobb belátása szerint. A z angol nyelvi tankönyvek megírásának idején terjedelmi okok akadályozták meg a szerzőket abban, hogy változatosabb fajtájú, elegendő mennyiségű gyakorlatokat is készítsenek. Választaniuk kellett a hagyományosabb mechanikus és az életszerűbb szituatív gyakorlatok között. A szerzők az utóbbiak mellett döntöttek kettős meggondolásból is: egyrészt a szituatív gyakorlatok közvetlenebbül szolgálják a tantervi célokat, hatékonyabban járulnak hozzá a kom­ munikatív képességek kialakításához és fejlesztéséhez, másrészt a mechanikus gyakorlatokat szükség szerint maguk a kollégák is könynyebben megszerkeszthetik vagy előteremthetik. Reméltük azt is, hogy a hagyományosabb gyakorlatfajták háttérbe szorításával csökkenthetjük az öncélú grammatizálást, megkedveltethetjük a korszerűbb, a célravezetőbb gyakorlatokat. Szándékainkkal a ta­ pasztalatok szerint egyet is értett a kollégák többsége olyannyira, hogy az idők során a nyelvtani tudatosság nem kívánt szintre sülylyedt, amihez szerencsétlen módon talán még az is hozzájárult, hogy a tankönyveknek a nyelvtani tudatosítást szolgáló részei ki­ sebb betűkkel szedettek, mintha elhanyagolható részekről lenne szó. Tanulmányi versenyeken, felvételi vizsgákon egyértelműen ki­ derült, hogy eredeti elképzeléseink eltorzultak az angolnyelv-okta-

tás mindennapi gyakorlatában. A tapasztalatok ismeretében kettős célt tűztünk magunk elé: könyvünkkel egyrészt fel kívánjuk hívni a figyelmet a nyelvtani tudatosság és pontosság fontosságára, más­ részt hathatós segítséget is akarunk nyújtani a tudatosság fokozásá­ hoz, a nyelvtani pontosság kimunkálásához. Újabb félreértések elkerülése végett hangsúlyozzuk, hogy nem valamiféle grammatizáló módszer felélesztésén fáradozunk - virul az itt-ott élesztgetés nélkül is - , nem azt akarjuk, hogy a pendulum most meg az ellenkező irányba billenjen ki, hanem azt, hogy szabá­ lyosan rója az útját a spontaneitástól a tudatosságig, illetve a tuda­ tosságtól a spontaneitásig, bár ez utóbbi út mindenkori járhatósága az idegen nyelvek elsajátítása terén egyre többekben támaszt kéte­ lyeket. A szerző sem hisz abban, hogy a nyelvi szabályok akár szö­ veges, akár táblázatokba foglalt ism erete, a szabályok tudatos al­ kalmazása, kellő mennyiségű gyakorlása önmagában elegendő lenne a tényleges nyelvtudás kialakításához, mint ahogyan a mate­ matikai képletek ismerete, a velük való m űveletek begyakorlása is édeskevés a szöveges, az életszerű feladatok megoldásához. A z azonban hihető, hogy egy idegen nyelv m egértéséhez, és a jobb megértés következtében a gyorsabb elsajátításához nagymérték­ ben hozzájárul a nyelvi jelenségek bizonyos fokú tudatosítása és mechanikus gyakorlása is. A z pedig vitathatatlan tény, hogy igé­ nyesebb nyelvi teljesítm ények - sem anyanyelven, sem idegen nyelven - nem születhetnek kellő mértékű nyelvi tudatosság nélkül. A továbbiakban is jobban hiszünk az életszerűbb szituatív gya­ korlatokban, hiszen legfőbb célunk a kommunikatív képességek kifejlesztése - a társadalmi igényeknek m egfelelően akár a nyelvtani helyesség rovására is —, de reméljük, hogy tanítványaink képessé­ geitől, célkitűzéseitől függően, differenciált módon a nyelvi tuda­ tosság, a nyelvtani helyesség értéke is a maga helyére kerül. A szerző

6

THE VERB

The Use of the Tenses Auxiliary Verbs The Passive Voice Sequence of Tenses; Direct and Indirect Speech

The Use of the Tenses Exercise 1. Read the following sentences in the third person singular: 1. They live in Oxford. 2 . 1 help my father.' 3. We think we are right. 4. What do you do? 5. D o you like eggs? 6. We don’t go to school on Saturdays. 7 . 1 know the answer. 8. D o you often buy apples? 9. They do exercises every morning before breakfast. 10. When do you come home? 11. D o you help your mother? 12. D o you speak English? 1 3 .1 don’t study Spanish. 14. Where do you keep your money? 1 5 .1 often meet them. 16. You look like your sister. 17. Which coat do you prefer? 18. How much do you weigh? 19. D o you eat much for dinner? 20. What do these signs mean? 2 1 .1 like playing football. 22. Why don’t they work? 23. We collect postcards. 24. What do you want to buy? 25. What time do you have your lunch?

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in the following sentences into the simple present tense: 1. When did you get up? 2. He liked the book very much.

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3. Will you enjoy the film? 4. Where did you have your lunch? 5 . 1 am washing myself in the bathroom. 6. Father is reading in the sitting-room. 7. Mother is dressing in the bedroom. 8. What did he do? 9. We wanted to go to Italy. 10. What time did you get home? 11. How long will it take to get there? 12. My brother didn't know about that. 13. How long did the flight take? 14. What did the man look like? 15. What did you drink at breakfast? 16. Where will they live? 17. What did he think of our classroom? 18. She didn’t want to study Hungarian. 19. Will you help them? 20. What did he collect? 21. Who did the washing up? 22. How did you get to school? 23. What are you doing? 24. They won’t like the life there. 25. Who taught you English?

Exercise 3. Use the present continuous instead of the infinitives brackets: 1. Go and see what the children (to d o ). 2. Somebody (to talk) in the next room. 3. Who (to make) such a noise? 4. They (not to work). 5. What you (to do) now? 6. Why you (not to go) to bed? 7. Who they (to wait for)? 8 . 1 can’t hear what they (to say) about. 9. Mary (to make) tea in the kitchen.

10. Joe (to study) Hungarian. 11. They (to sleep) in the garden? 12. Why George (not to help) his father? 13. What she (to show) the boy? 14. What the assistant (to give) the woman? 15. He (to listen) to the radio? 16. She (to lie) in the'sun. 17. They (to play) football. 18. Why you (not to read) an English book? 19. They (to sing) beautiful songs. 20. What you (to sit) on? 21. You (to write) an English letter? 22. He (to have) his lunch now. 23. Kate still (to dance). 24. They still (to sleep)? 25. Who (to sweep) the floor?

Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

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You (think) it is all right? It often (make) a noise like that. You can’t see George now; he (have) a bath. I usually (drink) tea but today I (drink) coffee. What you (do) in the evenings? I won’t go out now as it (rain) and I (not have) an umbrella. I (want) to buy a skirt. You (like) this picture postcard? You always (write) with your left hand? You (love) her? You (dream) at night? Who (make) that noise? Why Mr Trim (look) down at the floor? I (wait) for the shop to open. But it (not open) till 9. What you (look) at, Peter? It is Saturday evening and the Trim family are at home. Mrs

17. 18. 19. 20.

Trim (listen) to a concert on the radio; MrTrim (read) a paper; Tom (do) his homework and Mary (write) a letter. Mr Miller often (go) to the theatre but his wife (not go) very of­ ten. He (like) all sorts of plays. She (prefer) comedies. My daughter never (write) to me so I never (know) what she (do). Your son (write) to you, Mr Brown? Where you (go), Peter? - I (go) to buy some cigarettes. You (want) an evening paper? What bus you (wait) for? - 1 (wait) for a 9 or a 14. - Here is a 9 now. You (com e) on it or you (wait) for a 14? - 1 (think) I’ll take the 9. If I (wait) for a 1 4 ,1 may be late, and if you (be) late at my office everyone (look) at you.

Exercise 5. Use the present continuous where possible in the fol­ lowing sentences and put the remaining verbs into the going to form: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

We (start) tomorrow. We (spend) a few days in Cambridge next month. I (play) bridge tonight with my friends. We (have) some friends to lunch tomorrow. I (put) the new piano in the sitting-room. The Prime Minister (speak) on the radio tonight. This shop (close) down next week. We (take) the children to Lake Balaton this summer. I (give) him a football for his next birthday. You (wash) the car? What you (do) with the money? He (have) an operation next week. What you (tell) the police? The Queen (open) Parliament next week. She (sing) in her first big concert next month. I (read) you some of my poems. You (go) to the supermarket tomorrow? - Y es, I (go) but I (not buy) anything. 18. When you (have) your next lesson? - We (have) it on Tuesday.

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19. She (go) to Italy for her holidays. - She (fly)? - No, she (go) by boat. 20. Have you got a ticket for the big match on Saturday? - No, I d o n ’t even know who (play). - Hungary (play) England.

Note that planned future actions can be expressed by the present con­ tinuous tense with a time expression or by the going to form with or without a time expression. The present continuous is mainly used for very definite arrangements in the near future. The going to form can be used more widely.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 12

The post (come)? She just (go) out. You (wash) the plates? W here you (be)? You (see) my English book anywhere? I (not finish) my letter yet. You (hear) from him lately? You (have) enough to eat? They (live) in this house for fifteen years. How long you (know) Mr Trim? I often (see) her but I never (speak) to her. He (post) the letter? We (buy) a new car. Come and look at it. We (ask) them to dinner several times. They (win) fifteen of their matches. How many of their matches they (lose)? 1 (have) an exciting summer. We (be) at home all the summer. I already (eat) my apple. Why you (throw) it out? W ho (drink) my coffee? 1 (not read) many English books yet.

23. You (find) your pen yet? 24. You ever (eat) an English breakfast? 25. You (learn) anything in this lesson?

Exercise 7. Fill in the spaces in the following sentences by using for or since: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

I haven’t seen you . . . three days. It hasn’t rained here . . . more than a month. I haven’t spoken English . . . 1985. I have known him . . . a long time. She has been very ill . . . the last month. They haven’t eaten anything . . . twenty-four hours. He has been in prison . . . two years. I haven’t played football . . . last autum n. I have read two books . . . Monday. We have studied English . . . two years. Things have changed . . . then. The radio has been on . . . 8 a. m. Mr White has been in hospital . . . his accident. It has been very foggy . . . early morning. Nobody has seen them . . . last month. She had a bad fall last week and . . . then she hasn’t left the house. He has been in the water . . . half an hour. I haven’t had time to do i t . . . I was ill. She has done the high jum p . . . last summer. I haven’t met him . . . last week. He has used this car . . . ten years. We have been very busy . . . we came back. She has kept a diary . . . the first of September. He has collected stamps . . . 1980. She has corresponded with an English boy . . . many years.

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Exercise 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect continu­ ous tense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

We (live) here since 1975. How long you (wear) glasses? I (look) for my pen for ages. How long you (wait) for me? It (rain) for a week now. He (speak) for an hour now. She (eat) nothing but bananas for the last m onth. The children (look) forward to this holiday for weeks. H ow long you (drive)? He (work) all the morning. How long you (sit) here? I (stand) here in the rain for half an hour. T hat book (lie) on your table for weeks. They (play) football for three hours. How long you (study) English? I (bathe). T h a t’s why my hair is all wet. Why are your hands black? - Because I (get) the coal in. I can’t write with my pen. W hat you (do) to it? T h e r e ’s something wrong with the typewriter. Som eone (use) it again. You (drive) all day. Let me drive now. You (not eat) enough lately. T h a t’s why you feel tired. Your fingers are very brown. You (smoke) too much. I’m cold because I (swim) for over an hour. I must sit down for a few minutes; I (run) round the town all day. I have a headache; I (watch) TV too long.

Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present perfect or present perfect continuous. (In some cases either could be used.): 1. You (walk) too fast. T h a t’s why you are tired. 2. We (walk) for three hours. 14

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

20.

That boy (eat) four ice-creams. You (hear) the news? She (teach) in this school for thirty years. I (put) coal on the fire. T h a t’s why my hands are all black. We only (hear) from him twice since he went away. W hat a lovely smell! Mary (make) jam. He (not stop) eating since he arrived. They just (arrive) from London. We already (have) breakfast. This family (live) here for twenty years. How long you (stay) in that old hotel? The rain (stop). She (be) to Scotland. He (play) the guitar since eight o ’clock this morning. He only just (stop). I (do) housework all morning and I (not finish) yet. He just (sell) two of his own paintings. H e ’s lucky. I (paint) for five years and I (not sell) a single picture yet. What you (do) with my typewriter? 1 can’t find it anywhere. Tom just (go) off with it. He says he’ll bring it back when he (fin­ ish). That man (stand) at the bus stop for the last half hour. Shall I tell him that the last bus already (go)?

Exercise 10. Put the verbs in the following sentences into the simple past tense: 1. I like it very much. 2. I have some tea for breakfast. 3. They play in the garden. 4. In O ctober it rains a lot. 5. I go to school every morning. 6. The school-year ends in June. 7. I wash in the bathroom and dress in the bedroom. 8. I go to work every day. 9. I meet him in front of the museum. 15

20. For most o f the evening, the children (look at) som e picture books. 21. While the others (work), they (play) football. 22. I (m eet) him when he (cross) the street, and then (walk) home with him.(!) 23. I (m eet) him when he (cross) the street. (!) (I met him in the middle of the street.) 24. While 1 (do) my homework, he (read) a book. 25. I think I (lose) my pen when I (go) to school this morning.

Exercise 13. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: simple past or present perfect: 1. H e (live) in Oxford for two years and then (go) to London. 2. We (live) here since 1976. 3. When I (leave) school I (cut) my hair and (wear) it short ever since. 4. Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays. 5. I (not see) her for two months. I wonder where she is. 6. They (go) abroad last week. 7. H e isn’t here. H e just (go) out. 8. My mother never (see) the sea. 9. You (see) my bag? I (lose) it. 10. You (see) a good film lately? 11. I (hear) the news last night, but (not hear) it today. 12. We (not play) tennis together since last June. 13. How long ago (be) the last war? 14. We (finish) our dinner half an hour ago. 15.1 (not have) a holiday for three years. 16. My friend (not write) to me for months. 17. She (not smoke) for two weeks. 18. When you (arrive)? 19. I (write) the letter but I can’t find a stamp. 20. We (leave) home at six and (get) here at nine. 21. You (have) lunch yet? 22. The concert (begin) at 7.30 and (last) for two hours. 18

23. The play just (begin). You are a little late. 24. We (miss) the bus. Now w e’ll have to walk. 25. You (be) here before? - Y es, I (spend) my holidays here last year. - You (have) a good time? - N o, it never (stop) raining.

Exercise 14. Put the verbs into the past perfect tense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

We (have) our breakfast before we set off. After he (finish) his English course he went home. Tom didn’t go until he (speak) to his father. He said he (telephone) his parents. She studied Spanish after she (learn) Italian. He went into the army as soon as he (finish) his studies. She asked me why I (com e) so early. I was angry with him because he (forget) to post the letter. Why didn’t you drink it? - Because som eone else (drink) it al­ ready. By that time the children already (go) to bed. Everything (be prepared) by then. I saw the play last week. I (not see) it before. He said he (book) the room two months before. The concert (start) before I got to the hall. What would you have done if you (lose) your money abroad? Why did you come home so late? - Because I (have) a lot of work to do. Why didn’t you help your friend?-B ecause he (not ask) me to. She told me his name after he (leave). He thanked me for what I (do). Did Tom read the letter after you (write) it? He told me his address after I (ask) him twice. I asked him what countries he (visit). He already (learn) English before he left for England. It would have been better if you (wait). If I (know) that, I should not have made a mistake.

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10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

They leave the house at nine. We have lunch at one. She always wears black. We get up at six. You eat too much. W ho knows the answer? She takes the dog out twice a day. I dream every night. She wants to go to Italy. I lie down after lunch. We drink water. We see them every day. He sleeps badly. W hen do you meet him? Do you like white coffee? He doesn’t speak G erm an.

Exercise 11. Put the verbs into the past continuous form: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 16

1 (work) all day yesterday. 1 (read) a book when she came in. When you came in I (write) a letter. I came in while he (sleep). The bus started while I (get) on. I took another cake when you (not look). She (sing) while we (dance). They (watch) TV when we got home. He (have) lunch at 1 p. m. They (travel) the whole day. Jim (write) the book all last month. She (iron) all afternoon. I saw him as he (get) off the bus. W hat you (do) at 5 p. m.? At that time I (sit) in the kitchen. All the time she (cook) the lunch, I (wash) my clothes. What you (do) while your wife (lie) in the sun?

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

We (talk) about you. At that time she (make) tea in the kitchen. George (help) his father all the afternoon. At 6 o ’clock I (study) English. You (work) at home in the morning? While it (rain), we (play) table tennis. He (eat) his dinner when I went to see him. W hen we arrived at his house he still (sleep).

Exercise 12. Put the verbs into the correct form of the past tense (simple or continuous): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

At last they (leave). I (go) to Jim ’s house but (not find) him in. W hat you (do) betw een nine and ten yesterday? As it (rain) the children (play) in the sitting-room. We (not get) much sleep last night because the people next door (have) a noisy party. I (not want) to meet Charlie so when he (enter) the room I (leave). When I (arrive) she (have) dinner. You (look) very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)? As we (walk) along the road we (hear) a car coming from behind us. As we (come) here a policeman (stop) us. When I (arrive) at the station my parents (wait) for me. You (smoke) when I (come) in? He (sit) in a café when I (see) him. My friends (sing) when I (come) into the room. While you (play) the piano I (write) a letter. W hen I (have) a dog I always (take) him out for a walk in the evening. I (speak) to him several times, but he (read) and (not hear) me. He (eat) three sandwiches while I (talk) to him. While she (cook) in the kitchen, 1 (listen) to the radio. \7

Exercise 15. Put the verbs into the most likely form: simple past or past perfect: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

After you (go), we (go) to bed. I (read) Hamlet before I (see) it on the stage. H e (do) nothing before he (see) me. After they (go), I (sit) down and (rest). As soon as you (go), I (want) to see you again. They (dress) after they (wash). After I (hear) the news, I (hurry) to see him. When I (arrive), the dinner already (begin). She (give) me back the book, (thank) me for it and (say) that she (enjoy) it very much. Jenny (say) that she (have) a wonderful time in America. She (tell) the class that she (travel) on the Queen Elizabeth. I (be) much bigger than she (think). She also (tell) her friends that she (be) on the top of the Empire State Building, and (take) some photos. She (say) she (walk) down Broadway in the evening and (look) at the neon signs there. She (say) she never (see) so many before. She (say) that she (visit) Hollywood and (m eet) Tony Curtis. How she (say) she (travel) to New York? Where she (say) she (go) from New York? Polly has told me that you (tell) her the secret that I (tell) you not to tell her. What would I see and hear if I (go) to a music-hall? If you (want) to read all the books here, it would take you al­ most two hundred years. I would have bought it if I (have) enough money on me. I (know) that he (not read) the book. She (wonder) if they (find) her money. I (be) very hungry because I (have) nothing to eat since lunch.

Exercise 16. Put the verbs in brackets into the past perfect continu­ ous tense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

I felt tired because I (work) hard. She said that she (not sleep) well. The children said that they (play) with the boy next door. He said that he (have) extra lessons every week. After she (look) out of the window for a short time, she sat down. After he (sleep) for a little while, he woke up suddenly. I (drive) for six hours before I started to feel tired. She (wait) for the bus for an hour before it came. I (call) her for ten minutes before she answered. She was brown because she (sunbathe). The grass was wet because it (rain). I noticed that she (cry). By that time he (teach) us for three years. It was ten to four, and we (wait) since two o ’clock. How long you (study) Hungarian before you came here? The ants asked the grasshopper what he (do) in the summer. He answered that he (sing and dance). She (live) in the mountains for a fortnight when a letter came from her sister. We (walk) for two hours when we saw a lake in the distance. We (gather) mushrooms for two hours when a thunderstorm broke out. By that time he (study) English for three years. By the first of July they (live) at the seaside for a fortnight. I (work) at my English for about two hours when my friend came. When she began to study English, she (take) French lessons for two years. She rose from the bench where she (sit) for half an hour.

21

Exercise 17. Put the verbs in the following sentences into the simple future tense: 1. They arrived at two o ’clock. 2. She is sitting on a chair in the garden. 3 . 1 bought a newspaper at the station. 4. The car was in the garage. 5. He drove his car to the town. 6. They live in Scotland. 7.1 posted the letter in the afternoon. 8. We saw that film on Saturday. 9. John flew to New York. 10. You are fat. 11. They speak Hungarian. 12. Did you come alone? 13. What did they do then? 14. Where did you stay? 15. How many days did you spend in London? 16. Did you help them book a room? 17. We booked two rooms. 1 8 .1 am glad. 19. You liked it very much. 2 0 .1 met them at the airport. 21. We stayed at the Sport H otel. 2 2 .1 brought my wife too. 2 3 .1 wasn’t at home on Sunday. 2 4 .1 travelled back to Liverpool on Monday morning. 2 5 .1 don’t collect postcards.

Exercise 18. Put the verbs in brackets into the future continuous tense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 22

We (travel) all evening. They (live) in England (all) next year. I (work) in the garden when you get back from the shops. What you (do) at 7 p. m.?

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

We (have) dinner at 6 p. m. I (play) golf all day Sunday. She (learn) English all next term. Joe (take) his exams all next week. I (write) letters all day tomorrow. Jane (do) the housework at 9 a. m. tomorrow. John (drive) to the airport in an hour’s time. Mary (tour) England during the summer. Jim (have) extra lessons every afternoon next week. Joe (watch) TV while Jane is getting dinner ready. Sue (make) coffee while Mary is getting out the cups. She (talk) about her boy-friend the whole evening. This time next month we (sit) on the beach. When we reach England it probably (rain). In a few days time we (fly) over the ocean. I (wait) for you when you come out. When you next see me I (wear) my new dress. We (do) Geom etry next term. We (take off) in a minute. Please fasten your safety belts. W e’d better go out tomorrow because Mary (practise) the piano all day. 25. We (see) him on Sunday.

Exercise 19. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

We (have) dinner by 8 p. m. I (get) my car back from the garage by Saturday. Joe (be) here a year on the first o f May. I (read) this book by the time you want it. In a fortnight’s time I (take) my exam. I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening. If I continue with my diet I (lose) 10 lb. by the end of the month. By next winter they (build) ten houses in this street. By this time next year I (save) ten thousand forints. The train (leave) before we reach the station. When you come back I (finish) all the housework. 23

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

We (drink) all that wine by the end o f the year. When we reach Dover we (do) half o f the journey. By this time tomorrow we (cross) the English Channel. You (know) each other for two years by the end of May? I (mend) your shoes by tomorrow. I (do) the homework by the time the match begins. By the end of the summer he (teach) us to speak French. By then he (sell) all his furniture. By next Sunday you (stay) with us for five weeks. I hope it (stop) raining by five o ’clock. If you don’t get there before seven, they (eat and drink) everything. 23. I hope you (not forget) all this by tomorrow. 24. We (walk) a long way before we reach the sea. 25. By the end of the term we (learn) a lot of new words expres­ sions. Exercise 20. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: simple present or simple future: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

24

He (be) here before you (go). She (wash up) before she (go) to bed. We (buy) that house when we (have) enough money. I (ask) him before he (leave). I (speak) to him when he (arrive). He (mind) if I (bring) my dog? What your father (say) when he (hear) about it? I (wait) here till he (com e) back. When he (return) I (give) him the money. H e (be) ready as soon as you (be). I (stay) in bed till the clock (strike) seven. She (be) happy when she (hear) this. I (not buy) tom atoes till the price (com e) down. Stay here till the lights (turn) green. I (not com e) to London till the bus strike (be) over.

16. I (give) the children their dinner before their father (come) home. 17. I (pay) you when I (get) my cheque. 18. W hen you (open) the safe, you (see) a small black box. 19. You (get) a shock when you (open) that box. 20. If you (eat) all that you (be) ill. 21. If he (be) late we (go) without him. 22. If you (not start) at once you (be) late for the train. 23. You (buy) the house if you (like) it? 24. D o n ’t come until I (tell) you. 25. He (be) very happy when he (meet) her.

Exercise 21. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the future perfect: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

I will come as soon as I (complete) my task. After we (finish) our dinner, I will wash up the dishes. W hen you finish this book, you (learn) over a thousand words. By the end of the week the committee (come) to some con­ clusion. By then we (fulfil) our production targets. The sun (set) by the time you reach home. W hen you (read) this book, put it away. He (leave) home before you arrive. By ten o ’clock I (write) ten pages. By nine o ’clock I (read) sixty pages of this novel. We w on’t go until we (finish) o ur work. Wait till I (finish) it. They (receive) my letter by this time tomorrow. By midnight we (be) in bed over an hour. If you get to town after six o ’clock, all the shops (close). As soon as I (save) 150 000 forints, I shall buy a car. By the time you go to lunch you (drink) four cups of coffee. I hope they (repair) this road by the time we come back next summer. I hope I (pass) my driving test by then. 25

20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

When he reaches Land’s End he (walk) 100 miles. We will start as soon as we (receive) the money. I w on’t give you any cake until you (eat) your bread and butter. We shall talk business when we (have) dinner. Some people say that a man shouldn’t think of marrying till he (save) up enough money to buy a house. 25. By the time I am sixty I (visit) all the countries in Europe.

Exercise 22. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the present perfect continuous: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 26

I have a headache; I (watch) T V too long. W hat Mary (do)? - She (practise) the piano. It is two o ’clock. We (wait) for them for half an hour. What you (look) at? - I (look) at that picture over there. I (look) at it for almost half an hour and I still can’t understand what it is. She (play) the piano since three o ’clock. I think she must have a rest. I see you (write) letters all the morning. You (write) your last letter now? He (sit) there for a long time. He (wait) for anybody? I (work) on my report since Monday. Now I (write) the con­ clusion. Father (rest) in the garden all day because he is ill. He (sleep) for ten hours. You must wake him. Why you (laugh)? Jim (tell) you his anecdotes? Bill (repair) the TV-set. He (work) at it for an hour or so. All this week he (talk) about his new plan. He can’t speak of anything else. I am cold because I (swim) for an hour. My friend (live) in the capital for some time. I (plan) a trip to Cambridge since last year. They (repair) the road to Exeter. They (cut) down all those trees. I (sit) on this rock since breakfast.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

You (sit) on som ebody’s hat. Ah, here you all are at last. I (get) hungrier every minute. I have broken this clock and I (try) to mend it all the morning. Peter (eat) my ice-cream. She (pack) these suitcases all the morning, but she hasn’t fin­ ished yet.

Exercise 23. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the simple future, using the present continuous where possible: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Sh^ (play) in a tennis match on Friday. There (be) a big meeting here tomorrow. I hope that you (have) a good time tomorrow. We (see) her tomorrow. They (come) back on Sunday. I (go) again next year. Where you (meet) him? We (leave) in a few days. I think you (like) it. 1 (be) back at 5.45. We (wait) here till you come back. He (not write) to you unless you write to him. I (work) harder this year. We (take) a bus. 1 (go) for a walk. She (work) well. We (have) lunch at home. You (be) at home this evening? If you come to me, I (give) you a good book. When you (read) this book? This afternoon we (go) for a swim. I (be) glad to see a good football match this afternoon. I hope the weather (not change) for the worse. What we (do) in Hyde Park?

27

Exercise 24. Put the verbs in brackets into the going to form: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

W hat you (do) with this room? You (miss) your train. You (eat) all that? Look at those clouds. It (rain). He is standing up. He (make) a speech. I (stop) here for a m oment to get some petrol. You (ask) him to help you? I (have) a bath. I (not stay) here another minute. We (make) a lot of money out of this. The train (arrive) in a minute. I (not see) her this afternoon. They (do) the work now. I (speak) only English. We (have) a walk. I (write) some letters. We (take) a taxi. The boys (listen) to the radio. I (do) some reading tonight. She (stay) in bed tomorrow. W hat you (do)? You (have) a swim later? I (meet) Joe in the town. I (find) out the answer. I (speak) to my friend.

Note that going to expresses intention or certainty.

Exercise 25. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple future or the fu­ ture continuous: 1. She (come) if you ask her. 2. This time next m onth the snow (melt) and skiing (be) over. 3. I (tell) him what you say but he (not believe) it. 28

4. He says he (meet) us at the bus stop, but I’m sure he (forget) to turn up. 5. I wonder what I (do) this time next year. - I expect you still (work) at the same office. 6. What are you doing next weekend? - I (work) as usual. 7. Tom (leave) for England quite soon. He has got a job there. 8. She says she (not come) if you are driving. She says she doesn't want to die yet. 9. If you come here tomorrow with long hair I (send) you home. 10. I hope you (be) able to help him. 11. He (not come) by train. He never comes by train. 12. I (cook) any fish you catch, but I (not clean) them. You (have) to do that yourself. 13. D o n ’t drink your tea without milk. The milkman (come) in a minute. 14. It (be) very late when we get home and our parents (wonder) w hat’s happened. 15. The car (not start). - If you get in, we (give) it a push. 16. I (not wear) glasses when you see me next. I (wear) contact lens­ es. You probably (not recognize) me. 17. That tree still (stand) there fifty years from now. 18. Look at the time. Your father (arrive) home in a minute. 19. You (use) your dictionary this afternoon? - No. You can bor­ row it if you like. - Thanks very much. I (put) it back on your desk this evening. 20. This time next week I (have) my first skiing lesson. - And this time next month you (lie) in bed with a broken ankle.

Exercise 26. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the tenses sug­ gested: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Tom (sell) his car. (Present Perfect) We (prepare) everything by three o ’clock. (Past Perfect) You ever (write) a book? (Present Perfect) Jim (eat) too much. (Simple Present) I (wake up) at once. (Simple Past) 29

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

I noticed that she (cry). (Past Perfect Continuous) I (see) him tomorrow . (Future Continuous) W hat you (talk) about? (Present Continuous) He (work) for a firm which (make) computers. (Simple Present) She came into the room where her husband (sit). (Past C ontinu­ ous) I (read) the book by the end of the month. (Future Perfect) She always (find) fault. (Past Continuous) Until now we (know) nothing about it. (Simple Past) How old you (be) at Christmas? (Simple Future) By then we (stay) here for a fortnight. (Future Perfect C ontinu­ ous) It (rain) for three days. (Present Perfect Continuous) She always (cry). (Present Continuous) By next year my father (work) in this factory for twenty-five years. (Future Perfect Continuous) You (hear) the results by then. (Future Perfect) I (prepare) my lessons while you are typing your report. (Future Continuous) Joe (drive) for several minutes before he realized that one of his tyres was flat. (Past Perfect Continuous) He (become) an engineer. (Simple Future) W hen I (finish) breakfast, I left the house. (Past Perfect) You (study) art for a long time? (Present Perfect Continuous)

Exercise 27. Using the adverbials in brackets, put the verbs in the fol­ lowing sentences into the correct tense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 30

I am waiting for my friend, (for an hour) She is swimming in the sea. (this time next week) He wants to buy a new car. (two years ago) She looks ill. (yesterday) He will return you the book, (last week) What are you doing? (since Sunday) He has been working in the garden since five o ’clock, (now) How many letters have you typed? (yesterday afternoon)

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

I have arrived, (just now) Oliver walked twenty miles, (tomorrow) It is raining, (all day yesterday) We have been invited to tea. (last Sunday) She has spent fifty pounds this week, (last week) He wrote two letters yesterday, (tomorrow) I am watching television, (at this time tomorrow) We know each other, (for ten years by the end of this year) You will forget me. (by that time) W hat will you say to Richard? (last night) They have crossed the English Channel, (by this time tom or­ row) She has been studying English for three years, (by the end of this year) I have m ended them, (by tomorrow) Have you posted the letters? (yesterday) I have had my supper, (by the time you come) He is writing his second novel, (by next June) She is sitting at her desk, (when I came in)

Exercise 28. Comment on the use of the present tenses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

You are having a lesson now. We start work at 8 a. m. every day. I have been to London. I have been hearing a lot about you during the past few weeks. They are leaving for G erm any next month. Jane always arrives on time. He has used that car for many years. They are building a new hospital over there. M argaret prefers coffee to tea. Have you m ended the fuse? Joe has been drinking heavily all evening. She is always smoking. Men retire at the age of sixty in Hungary. The English students arrive next week. 31

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

What have you just done? They haven’t sold their house yet. He is continually asking for help. You haven’t done your work. I haven’t seen this film before. Is he still sleeping? She is listening to pop music. John enjoys playing golf. How long have you been studying this language? The sun rises in the east. Have you read a newspaper today?

Exercise 29. Comment on the use of the past tenses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 32

They came to this country three years ago. What were you doing at 8 p. m. last night? He bought a car after he had passed his test. We could see that someone had been lying on the bed. Jim was working when his wife telephoned. Did you play tennis yesterday? I joined the club last year. She was going out with George while Charlie was in America. He told me that he had been examining a patient. I was taking notes during the meeting. He told me that he h a d n ’t been there before. They had lived next door for two years when they first spoke to us. I knew that you had been having trouble with your car. We stayed in the country during the summer. He didn’t go until he had spoken to the headmaster. She said she had liked Oxford, but hadn’t had a very good time in London. What were you doing while she was at the doctor’s? W hat were the children doing when their father opened the door? We were singing while they were dancing.

20. He was always making trouble. 21. I had hoped that they would be at home. 22. Why did you feel exhausted? - Because I had been working hard all day. 23. How long had you been studying Spanish before you went to university. 24. Margie had been hoping that Peter would wait for her. 25. I would have been very happy if you had been there.

Exercise 30. Comment on the use of the future tenses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

We will be here tomorrow too. 1 will be living abroad all next year. We will have had dinner by 9 p. m. You will have been studying English for four years when you leave the school. W hat will you be doing tomorrow morning? The election will take place soon. You will feel better after a rest. We will be doing the housework at 10 a. m. tomorrow. I will have phoned before the day is over. John will have a haircut this week. I will have read the book by the time you want it. You and 1 will get on well. The children will go to a camp next week. 1 w on’t be able to meet you at the station at three o ’clock be­ cause I will be having an extra lesson. By the first of January they will have been in this town for two years. We will have finished this work when you return. On June 3 they will be spending a day in Scotland. I think it will snow tomorrow. I will be ready in a few minutes. I will go to the library twice a week. She w on’t believe this story.

33

22. If you ring me up after six o ’clock, I will have spoken to the secretary. 23. By this time tom orrow we will be nearing home. 24. She will be making tea while you are putting your notes in order. 25. By the first of July he will have been working at this office for six months.

Exercise 31. Analyse the use of the perfect tenses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

I have broken my pencil. Have you travelled much? I haven’t seen him since he left Hungary. I was sure he had never seen that woman before. We will have m ended your shoes by the time you return. I have never been there. He said that he had already spoken to him. Children, how long has this been going on? We had prepared everything by two o'clock. It is the first time we have been here. It was the first time I had seen the sea. When did you say you had got home? Have you met him this week? They have lived in the country for ten years. When I reached the house the windows were dark as everybody had gone to bed. 16. We have been working for six hours already. 17. It was four o ’clock. They had been working for eight hours. 18. She said she had been waiting for us since two o ’clock. 19. I have been thinking the m atter over these last few days. 20. I wish I had known her. 21.1 should have lost it if I hadn’t been careful. 22. She said she had been doing the rooms for six hours. 23. We shall wait till you have finished your work. 24. He said he would post the letter as soon as he had written it. 25. What have you been doing to the typewriter?

34

Exercise 32. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, using the present tenses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

You just (clean) your teeth? You (learn) French now? Many young people (not stay) at hom e after leaving school. They usually (not go) to small towns to work. Those who (live) in hall (not feel) lonely. They (not provide) food in a bedsitter. W hat it (be) since the 11th century? It is the first time we (meet). How many coffees you (drink) today? You ever (be) to Glasgow? I (not see) this film yet. I (forget) his name. (I knew his nam e.) You will be ill if you (drink) it. I (swim) all day and now I (be) tired. He (stay) at that hotel for ten days. I saw Susan last week, but I (not see) her since. I (not have) any letters since last Monday. Tom (play) football professionally. Sally (buy) clothes now. He (ask) for more money recently? You (do) any work today? You ever (work) in a bank? 1 always (arrive) early. Mary always (smoke). She should give up smoking. The Rhine (flow) through G erm any.

Exercise 33. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, using the past tenses: 1. When he (see) his wife off at the station, he (return) home as he (not have) to be at the airport till 9.30. 2. He (not have) to pack, for his wife already (do) that before she (leave) the house. 35

3. All he (have) to do (he) to decide whether or not to take his overcoat with him. In the end he (decide) not to. 4. At 8.30 he (pick) up his case, (go) out of the house and (slam) the door behind him. 5. Then he (feel) in his pockets for the key, for his wife (remind) him to double-lock the front door. 6. When he (search) all his pockets and (find) no key he (rem em ­ ber) where it (be). 7. He (leave) it in his overcoat pocket. 8. Then he (rem em ber) something else; his passport and tickets (be) in his overcoat pocket as well. 9. My dog (attack) the postman as he (put) the letters into the let­ ter-box. The man (thrust) a large envelope into the dog's mouth and of course he (tear) it. Unfortunately the letter (contain) my diploma. I (patch) the diploma up with sellotape but it still looks a bit odd. 10. I (meet) Paul at the university. We (be) both in the same year. He (study) law, but he (not be) very interested in it and (spend) most of his time practising the guitar. 11. What you (do) when the doorbell (ring)? - I (make) a cake. 12. And what you (do) when you (hear) the bell? - I (go) to answer it of course. But when I (open) the door there (be) nobody there.

Exercise 34. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, using the future tenses: 1. I (rem em ber) this day all my life. 2. When you arrive we probably (pick) fruit. 3. W hat do you think the children (do) when we get home? - I expect they (have) their supper. 4. Unless you run you (not catch) the train. 5. You (be) in London tonight. 6. Stand here, they (change) the guard in a minute and you (get) a good view. 7. Do you think that he (recognize) me? 36

8. By the time that he leaves school his parents (spend) £ 50 000 on his education. 9. He (lend) it to you if you ask him. 10. If these men go on strike we (not have) any petrol. 11. In fifty years’time we (live) entirely on pills. 12. By the end of the term I (read) all twelve volumes. 13. By the end of the m onth our home help (break) all my wine glasses. 14. It (not be) easy to get out of the country. The police (watch) all the ports. 15. I wonder how many of us (survive) the next war. 16. When I get home my dog (sit) at the door waiting for me. 17. If you think it over you (see) that I am right. 18. If we d o n ’t hurry the sun (rise) before we reach the top. 19. If you learn another language you (get) a better job. 20. You (need) a visa if you are going to England. 21. They (not send) the goods till you have paid for them. 22. In January they (work) there for twenty years. 23. I wonder if he (succeed). 24. By the end of the month 10 000 people (see) this exhibition. 25. He (not wear) uniform when you see him, because he (be) on leave then.

Exercise 35. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense-form: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

They (send) my money next month. I (be) so busy recently. You (break) my pencil. I can’t write with it. You ever (hear) anything like that before? I (know) her since my childhood. My parents (go) to bed when I came. They (leave) before we returned. I (not see) him this month. By six o ’clock tom orrow I (finish) my work. She said that she (be) ill since we last (meet). You (find) it yesterday? 37

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

I sit here till he (com e). He (mend) your shoes while you wait. He will ring us up unless he (forget). H e opened the door only after I (knock) for the second time. I am tired; I (walk) all the morning. He (practise) the piano for the last half hour. How long you (be) in London now? The woman (clean) the room now. Betty continually (argue) with people. She still (lie) in bed at 11 o ’clock. I (want) to eat now. Jane (teach) English last year. He (design) his first computer while he was still at school. Mary (try) to make a pancake for the last hour. She (drop) two eggs on the floor, and she (throw) one pancake on the ceiling, but she (not make) a good one yet.

Exercise 36. Rewrite the following sentences in the present condi­ tional: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Id 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 38

Will you help me if I need you to? If you work hard, you will soon learn English. I shall do it if I have more time. We shall speak to him if we meet him. You will catch the train if you take a taxi. If you eat too much, you will be ill. If my father gives me some money, I shall buy this novel. She will be very pleased if she sees you. I shall visit you if you are at home next Sunday. H e will be very pleased if you invite him. If it is not too cold, we shall go out. We shall go to the cinema if my brother comes home early. You will find the box if you open the bag. If you read that book carefully, you will understand it. What will happen if she doesn’t come? If I become a stewardess, I shall fly to many different countries.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

They will build a new house if they have more money. If you choose this bag for her, she will be very pleased with it. We shall drive to the seaside if it is fine. If you see this film, you will enjoy it. If I have more time, I shall write a longer letter. You w on’t lose your way if you have a map. I shall get up early if I wake up in time. They will start the match if it stops raining. I shall be very sorry if you d o n ’t find your pocket-knife.

Exercise 37. Rewrite the following sentences in the past conditional: 1. If you are good, I will give you a piece of chocolate. 2. They will get wet if it rains. 3. If it is fine, I will go for a swim. 4. I should be pleased if you came. 5. If it snowed, I should stay at home. 6. You will pass your examination if you work hard. 7. You will spoil it if you aren’t careful. 8. If I were you, I should go home immediately. 9. They would be silly if they didn’t take this opportunity. 10. You will succeed if you do as I tell you. 11. He will come if I call him. 12. If he wrote to me, I should write to him. 13. What will you do if you meet him? 14. What would happen if the bridge broke? 15. If you go to town, will you buy something for me? 16. We shall be pleased if our school wins the match. 17. If she were older, she would have more sense. 18. If dinner is not ready, I shall go without it. 19. If you don’t shut that window, we should catch cold. 20. If she were prettier, I should take her out. 21. She will listen to her husband if he talks sense. 22. You will sleep much better if you don’t drink so much tea. 23. Joe would wear that shirt if it suited him. 24. If you don’t forget me, I shan’t forget you. 25. What would you do if she didn’t come home today? 39

Exercise 38. Rewrite the following sentences in the present and past conditional: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

If I see her, I shall give her a lift. You will be ill if you eat all that. If you d o n ’t go away, I shall send for the police. If you put on the kettle, I shall make the tea. If we leave the car here, it w on’t be in anybody’s way. If Tom plays better, he will win the match. If you come late, they w on’t let you in. If you d o n ’t like this one, I shall bring you another. You will look a lot better if you shave more often. If he works more slowly, he w on’t make so many mistakes. If you leave your glasses there, someone will sit on them. If we run out of petrol here, we shall have a long way to walk. If you drive more slowly, you w on’t have so many accidents. Nobody will recognize you if you wear a false beard. If you leave the fish here, the cat will get it. If anyone attacks me, my dog will jum p at his throat. He will answer the phone if he is in. If you look at the engine for a m om ent, you will see what is miss­ ing. If you put some mustard into the sandwiches, they will taste bet­ ter. If I find your passport, I shall telephone you at once. Someone will steal your car if you leave it unlocked. What will happen if we miss the bus? It will be better if they d o n ’t come. Will you do it for me if I ask you? W hat will you do if you have a high tem perature?

Exercise 39. Put the verbs in brackets into the most appropriate form: 1. If you (see) Jane, ask her to ring me. 2. I will look for your book and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring. 40

3. If you (feel) too hot during the night, turn down the central heating. 4. I would tell him the truth if I (be) you. 5. You (like) to come with us? T here is plenty of room in the car. 6. If my father were here, he (know) what to do. 7. I hate my job. - If you hate it, why you (not change) it? 8. If you (not want) a full breakfast, you can ask for a continental breakfast. 9. If you (hear) from her, could you please let me know? 10. If you (pay) me today, I shall have enough money for the tickets. 11. If I get a work permit, I (stay) for another six months. 12. Why should I go on a diet? - If you (go) on a diet, you (lose) weight. 13. If I (work) all night, I (finish) in time; but I have no intention of working all night. 14. If I (see) a tiger walking across Hyde Park, I (climb) a tree. That (not be) any use. The tiger (climb) after you. 15. I lose everything. If I (buy) a season ticket, I (lose) it too. 16. Why d o n ’t you get a cat? If you (keep) a cat, the mice (not run) about everywhere. 17. We got lost. If we (had) a map, we (be) all right. 18. Why didn’t you say that you were short of money? If I (know) I (lend) you some. 19. If you had been there, what you (do)? 20. There was no phone in the village. If there (be), of course we (phone) from there.

Exercise 40. Complete these sentences by adding an if-clause: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I shall be very glad . . . He will come to the evening-party t o n ig h t . . . I should go there immediately . . . He would be angry . . . . I should have gone for a walk . . . I shouldn’t have been angry . . . You will reach the top in an hour . . . 41

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

They would play football . . . 1 should have lent you my book . . . . He would have died . . . We should miss the train . . . . He will sell his old car . . . . She will tell you about the accident . . . We shall help you with your work . . . . You will be there in time . . . . I should paint this wonderful view . . . I should fly away . . . . 1 should have a swim . . . She would have been happy . . . . I should have run away . . . What will happen . . .? Will they do it for me . . .? What would happen . . .? Would you be glad . . .? What would have happened . . .?

Exercise 41. Complete these sentences by adding a main clause: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 42

If I had known that, . . . . If you had left earlier, . . . . If they return s o o n............. If it snows t o m o r r o w ,. . . . If you run fast, . . . If you had read the article, . . . . If I hadn’t told him, . . . If she were here now ............. If I were hungry............. If you had waited a little............. If they hadn’t lived so far from my place............. If I had a dictionary............. If she lived in H ungary............. If you hadn’t driven your car so fast, . . . . If I didn’t know him .............

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

If the holiday had been l o n g e r ,. . . If you had kept your eyes o p e n , . . . If there had been no noise, . . . . If it d oesn’t r a i n , . . . . If I had a headache, . . . . If you had been in my place, . . .? If you had taken my advice, . . . . If you are worse tom orrow , . . . . If I had had a car, . . . . If this one doesn’t fit you, . . . .

. .

Exercise 42. Finish these sentences, using the correct tenses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

If you ate less, . . . He would lend it to you if . . . . If you practised m ore, . . . You would have been angry if . . . . If there isn’t enough wine in that bottle, . . . If you had checked the petrol before we s t a r t e d ,. . . If we leave before breakfast, . . . . If the storm becomes w o r s e ,. . . . I should have brought my coat if . . . . You will have to go to the dentist if . . . . If the telephone rings while I am in my bath, . . . . Take him to the police station if . . . . He will go home next week if . . . . If he goes to New York next m onth, . . . We shall eat at the Chinese restaurant i f . . . I shouldn’t like Mary if . . . If someone stole my car, . . . . I should have done it alone if . . . . I should hide under the bed if . . . . If the hotel is fully b o o k e d ............. If you wanted to earn more, . . . . If all the shops had been closed, . . . . We shall miss the bus if . . . . You will cut your foot if . . . I should have taken a photograph of her if . . . .

.

Auxiliary Verbs Exercise 43. Fill the spaces in the following sentences, using can for present, could for past, and shall/will be able to for future: 1. W hen the fog lifts we . . . see where we are. 2. . . . you stand on your head? - I . . . when I was at school. 3. When 1 first went to England I . . . read English but I . . . not speak it. 4. I am locked in. I . . . not get out! 5. He . . . play chess when he was young. 6. We . . . speak Finnish soon. 7. My father . . . help me when he comes home. 8. We . . . do this exercise next week. 9. She . . . cook very well. 10. 1 . . . meet her whenever I liked. 11. . . . you lift this box? 12. . . . you speak Chinese three years ago? 13. H er d a u g h te r. . . play the piano quite beautifully. 14. She was so weak that she . . . not lift her head. 15. I . . . not tell stories, never . . . 16. 1 shall help you if I . . . 17. 1 . . . do it if you help me. 18. She said she . . . smell something burning. 19. We . . . go swimming when it is warmer. 20. You . . . see the sea tomorrow. 21. I . . . see the park from my window. 22. We . . . buy a new car next year. 23. I . . . not spell his name. 24. I . . . learn all these words tomorrow afternoon. 25. We . . . go home every week.

44

Exercise 44. Fill the spaces in the following sentences, using could or was/were able to. (In some of the sentences either could or was/were able to could be used. In others only was/were able to is possible.) 1. I was a long way from the stage. I . . . see all right but I . . . not hear very well. 2. I had no key so I . . . not lock the door. 3. At five years old she . . . read quite well. 4. 1was very tired but I . . . reach the shore. 5. We . . . not meet them yesterday. 6. W h a t . . . you see there? 7. We . . . hear nothing. 8 . 1 . . . not post the letter yesterday. 9. She . . . answer all his questions. 10. We . . . book a room last night. 11. They . . . not sell their house. 1 2 . 1 . . . find all the mistakes in his letter. 13. He . . . read Latin and G reek when he was ten. 1 4 . 1 . . . sleep well last night. 15. We . . . not arrive in time. 16. She . . . not cook when she was twenty. 17. I . . . fill in the form. 18. 1 . . . dance with her too. 19. He . . . not repair his bicycle. 20. He . . . play chess when he was young. 21. My brother . . . find a good answer whenever I asked him a question. 22. We . . . see the sea from the top of the hill. 23. We . . . not understand when he spoke so quickly. 24. 1 . . . not pay the milkman last month. 25. They . . . spend two weeks in London.

45

Exercise 45. Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the fol­ lowing sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

You . . . play with matches. Visitors . . . feed this animal. You . . . ring the bell; I’ve got a key. You . . . drive fast; we have plenty of time. You . . . forget to post these letters. You . . . smoke in the kitchen. You . . . make your bed. I will do it. You . . . look under the bed. T here isn’t anybody there. We . . . climb any higher; we can see very well from here. You . . . ask a woman her age. You . . . drive fast; there is a speed limit here. You . . . write to her for she will be here tomorrow. We . . . make any noise or we’ll wake the baby. You . . . bring an umbrella. It isn’t going to rain. You . . . do all the exercise. Fifteen sentences will be enough. You . . . turn on the light; I can see quite well. You . . . strike a match; the room is full of gas. You . . . make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now. You . . . put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him. You . . . take anything out of a shop without paying for it. You . . . carry the parcel home yourself; the shop will send it. You . . . clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming to­ morrow. 23. I . . . go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house. 24. You have given me too much. - You . . . eat it all. 25. You . . . enter this hall.

Exercise 46. Fill in the spaces in the following sentences by inserting must or the present, past, or future form of have to: 1. W henever the dog wants to go out, I . . . get up and open the door. 2. My friend . . . practise the piano for three hours a day. 46

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

The buses were all full; we . . . get a taxi. He . . . leave home at 6 every morning at present. I see very badly; 1 . . . wear glasses all the time. You . . . read this book. It’s really excellent. He felt ill and . . . leave early. I . . . cook my own meals. My wife is away. We h a d n ’t enough money and we . . . pay by cheque. You . . . come to work in time. You . . . clean your own shoes when you are in the army. When you say good-bye to her, you . . . take off your cap. 1 got lost and . . . ask a policeman the way. Farmers . . . get up early. If you buy that television-set, you . . . buy a licence for it. When I changed my job, we . . . move to another flat. You . . . pay me back before Christmas. We . . . change our clothes for dinner. You . . . do the whole exercise again. We . . . finish it by today. You . . . answer at once. You . . . wait for me tomorrow. We . . . fill in the visa form as quickly as possible. You . . . leave home very early tomorrow. 1 . . . help my parents yesterday.

Exercise 47. Read the following sentences and analyse the meanings of the auxiliary verbs: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

I could go home whenever I wanted. May I come to see you sometimes? I w on’t do what you tell me. Might I borrow your pencil a moment? If you would lend me the book, I should read it with pleasure. O ne must have a rest after a day of hard work. Do you have to get up early every morning? Could you believe that? He couldn’t take his eyes off her. 47

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

H e told us we might com e. You shall stay here till I come back. Shut the window, will you? Shall I order a taxi? We may as well stop working. I told you I wouldn’t give you an answer till tomorrow. If you should happen to see him, tell him to expect me this evening about six. You mustn’t think it is so very easy. You needn’t have carried all these parcels yourself. He shouldn’t have said it. Can it be true? You can keep the change. Could you bring me some water? Will you take a seat, please. You ought to have worked harder. He said that I wasn’t to leave the house.

Exercise 48. Use the correct form of can, may or must: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

You . . . read it again tomorrow, (must) She . . . understand what you said, (can) You . . . buy a new ball tomorrow, (may) I wish I . . . solve it. (can) I wish you . . . stay with us. (may) He would sell it if he . . . . (can) He would have done it if he . . . . (can) You . . . get home early if you took a bus. (can) You . . . (get) home early if you had taken a bus. (can) You . . . (help) him with his work, (may) We didn’t do it. We . . . do it. (must) Why did you take your coat off? You . . . (catch) a bad cold, (may) 13. He said that he . . . buy the car. (can) 14. He asked if he . . . leave the d oor open, (may) 15. T h a t’s impossible. They . . . (get) married, (can) 48

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

She . . . (hurt). But she wasn’t hurt, (may) This house . . . (build) many years ago. (must) If 1 . . . stay here, I should have been very sad. (must) I . . . finish cleaning the room by the time the guests arrived, (can) He said we . . . go to school on Saturday too. (must) 1 . . . work a lot for the last month, (must) By when . . . you . . . repair my watch? (can) Nobody . . . enter his room since then, (may) She w on’t come with us. She said she . . . come with us. (may) H e wanted to know if I... speak to her for the last month, (can) ( D o n ’t forget to put to where necessary before the infinitives.)

Exercise 49. Use the perfect infinitive of the verb in brackets with a suitable auxiliary verb: 1. I heard the phone ringing in the flat above yours. - You (not hear) their phone ringing. They haven’t got a phone. 2. I left my car here under the No-Parking sign; and now it's gone. It (be) stolen! - Not necessarily. The police (drive) it away. 3. I've never seen a London policeman. - You (see) one! You've been in London a week already. 4. I've written to Paul. - You (not write). He's coming here tomorrow. 5. Why are you so late? You (be) here two hours ago! 6. I went with him to show him the way. - You (not do) that. He knows the way. 7. I bought a piano at Harrods last Sunday. - You (not buy) it on Sunday. I larrods is shut on Sundays. * 8. 1 wonder who carried the piano upstairs. I suppose it was Paul. - Paul (not carry) it by himself. Someone (help) him. 9. What do you think caused the plane to crash? - Who knows. It (blow) up. Someone (plant) a bomb on board before take-off, or one of the passengers (have) explosives with him. 10. O r someone (try) to hijack the plane. And there (be) a fight during which the plane crashed. 11. O r something (go) wrong with the engines. 49

12. He walked from London to Cambridge in three hours. - He (not do) it in that time! Som eone (give) him a lift. 13. I had to walk hom e yesterday; I had no money for my fare. You (tell) me! 1 (lend) you the money! 14. Fortunately the teapot didn’t hit anyone, but you (not throw) it out of the window. You (kill) someone. 15. Look at this beautiful painting! Only a great artist (paint) such a p ictu re!-N o n sen se! A child of five (paint) it with his eyes shut.

Exercise 50. Fill in the spaces in the following sentences by using must , can % couldn 7 or needn 7 with the perfect infinitive of the verb in brackets: 1. I’ve sent for a doctor. - You . . . (send) for him. I’m perfectly well. 2. 1 saw your friend in the library yesterday. - You . . . (see) him; he’s still abroad. 3. Did you hear me come in last night? - No, I . . . (be) asleep. 4. H e ’s back already. - He . . . (start) very early. 5. I’ve opened another b o t t l e .- Y o u . . . (do) that. W e ’ve only just started this one. 6. This carpet was made entirely by hand. - It . . . (take) a long time. 7. I wonder who broke the wineglass; i t . . . (be) the cat for she was out all day. 8. I had my umbrella w'hen I came out but I haven’t got it now. You . . . (leave) it on the bus. 9. I saw a snake yesterday. - You . . . (see) a snake. T here aren't any snakes in this country. 10. I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer. - I’m sorry. I . . . (be) in the garden. 11. I’ve just watered the roses. - You . . . (water) them. Look, it’s raining now. 12. The door was open. - I t . . . (be) open. I had locked it myself. 13. He returned home with a tiger. - His wife . . . (be) very pleased about that. 50

14. I bought two bottles of milk. - You . . . (buy) milk; we have heaps in the house. 15. I told him to turn left and he immediately turned right! - H e . . . . (understand) you.

Exercise 51. Rewrite these sentences with the verb wish according to the patterns: a) I d o n ’t know his address. 1 wish I knew his address. b) 1 know him. 1 wish I didn’t know him. 1. She is not a good pupil. 2. He is ill. 3. They d o n ’t live in this town. 4. She doesn’t come home every day. 5. I can’t cook. 6. He likes drinking. 7. He drives very fast. 8. He plays football. 9. She doesn’t like reading. 10.1 can’t sleep well. 11. He d oesn’t study English. 12. We have no car. 1 3 .1 have a headache. 14. She doesn't agree with me. 15. 1 forget everything. 16. He wears my hat. 17. He hates me. 18. He asks me difficult questions. 19. He d oesn’t arrive home in time. 20. He doesn’t collect stamps. 21. He gets home late. 22. She doesn’t help me. 23. He doesn’t speak Hungarian. 51

24. They work at home. 25. He uses my car.

Exercise 52. Rewrite these sentences with the verb wish according to the patterns: a) I didn’t buy it/I haven’t bought it. I wish I had bought it. b) I got up early. I wish I ha d n ’t got up early. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 52

He has gone abroad. We missed the bus. I didn’t catch the train. I hurt him. H e didn’t receive my letter. I spent all my money. He woke the baby. She didn’t notice me. He has changed his mind. I cut my face. They refused the gift. He broke his leg. He didn’t mend my shoes. She has thrown the bottle out. He didn’t stop smoking. I didn’t arrive in time. 1 forgot to post the letter. I didn’t know the answer. 1 didn’t speak to him. I didn’t wash my shirt. I couldn’t understand the text. (I wish I could + Perfect Inf. . .) We couldn’t have a rest. He couldn’t pass the examination. I couldn’t hear his name. I couldn’t help my father.

The Passive Voice Exercise 53. Turn the following sentences into the passive voice: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

They left me at home. They gave Joe a new bicycle for his birthday. They took the child to the cinema. Somebody stopped the train. Somebody opened the door of my room. Nobody sent an English letter to me. Nobody saw him in the street. The doctor will examine you. They will take the boy to the theatre. One uses chalk for writing on the blackboard. People speak English in many different parts of the world. They built this hospital two years ago. Does anyone play football in Japan? People d o n ’t play cricket in winter in England. The waitress brought in the coffee. They didn’t invite us to the birthday party. People will forgét it soon. We shall finish this work in time. Buses take them home in the evening. Did they leave the dog in the garden? They ate up all the cakes yesterday. They will hand in the hom ework tomorrow. Someone will ask her about it. They make cars and bicycles in this town. He promised me a book.

Exercise 54. Change the following sentences from active into passive: 1. 2. 3. 4.

They were looking for the key. Somebody was waiting for you. They are building a new house. The waiter is bringing the menu. 53

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Somebody has left the d oor open. Have you ironed your dress yet? They had set all the things right by the time I got back. She had baked the cakes by dinner-time. They will have packed all the things by then. The doctor will have examined the children by noon. The dentist is filling his tooth. She was washing the baby. She gave Tom an interesting novel. They showed the lady the way to the station. We turn on the light when it is dark. Many people read this newspaper. They will meet you at the station. They will look after the dog well. Bad w eather has put off our trip. Who has given you this book? They made fun of him. They didn’t take any notice of us. We lost sight of the boat. W ho took care of little Jim? W ho discovered the South Pole?

Exercise 55. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense in the passive. Where there is more than one possibility, explain each use: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

My friend (examine) now. You (serve)? The door (lock) every night. G reat Britain (divide) into counties. He (knock) down by a car a few days ago. The play „ H a m le t” (write) about 1600. These windows (clean) yesterday, those (clean) today, and the others (clean) tomorrow. 8. By the time you arrive at the hospital, he already (operate) on. 9. Several pages (tear) out of this book.

54

10. If she invites me to her party, I (invite) to three different parties this week. 11. We (tell) that Mr Smith (injure). 12. When I drove to E xeter the other day, the road just (repair). 13. His purse (lose) for four days when I finally found it. 14. We arrived late, as we (hold up) by the traffic. 15. If the job already (start), it (finish) by tonight. 16. If you d o n ’t behave better, you (send) away from the school. 17. We (meet) at the station by our parents. 18. Mr Brown left the town two weeks ago and he (not see) again since. 19. If you took your car to the garage today, it (repair) by Monday. 20. The doctor told us the man (kill) the night before. 21. The gardener realized that his carrots (eat) by mice. 22. The bottles (fill) with milk. 23. Joe said the books (fetch) the next day. 24. Mary said the truth soon (know). 25. He didn’t say that the car (steal).

Exercise 56. Turn the following sentences into the active voice. Where no agent is mentioned, one must be supplied: 1. Evening dress will be worn. 2. The house where the dead man was found is being guarded by the police. 3. Why wasn’t the car either locked or put into the garage? 4. It is being said that too little money is being spent by the govern­ ment on roads. 5. For a long time the earth was believed to be flat. 6. This book hasn’t been read. The pages haven’t been cut. 7. The stones were thrown by a student, who was afterwards led away by the police. 8. The referee was being escorted from the football field by a strong police guard. 9. He was brought up by his grandparents. 10. It has been taken over by a new company. 55

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

These books have been found in the classroom. The light was left on all night. His work h a d n ’t been finished by then. Has the light been turned off? This museum is visited by thousands of people every year. She was promised a new dress. The children were left at home. W ho has the letter been brought by? The doctor will be sent for at once. You will be told everything about it. The text is being typed. You were being waited for all the afternoon. This book is often asked for by students. Each student was spoken to. Only a few points will be touched upon.

Exercise 57. Put into the passive: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 56

Everyone can see the film soon. You must answer all the questions on the paper. They can reach the town by midnight. Someone must look after the baby. Could they do it before next week? You mustn’t use this blade. May 1 take the pencils away? You can’t describe it. People may borrow books from the library for a fortnight. You may allow the children to go for a walk. You should look all these words up in a dictionary. They will have to put off the meeting till later in the week. They would punish him if he told lies. You ought to help them. One cannot do it so quickly. 1 wish they could have found it. They might have killed you. They can’t have discovered it.

19. They would have given you more money if you had worked harder. 20. They couldn’t have opened the door. 21. You shouldn’t have laughed at her. 22. They ought to have pointed that out to me at the very beginning. 23. You ne e d n ’t have waited for us. 24. You really might have done it long ago. 25. They must have paid attention to him.

57

Sequence of Tenses; Direct/Indirect Speech Exercise 58. Put the following sentences into the indirect speech form; introduce them with He says, He has told me, He will tell me or any other suitable verb in one of the present or future tenses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

58

I want to speak to you. We have finished our work. I am very late. I have been shopping all the morning. She has written me a long letter. They are waiting outside. She is ready to help us. He has done his hom ework well. I met him last year. I have just been to the butcher’s. We haven’t heard the news. They will be here soon. I can come next week. I will leave the book on the table. I will talk to her m other as soon as I can. I have never been here before. He hasn’t done his homework. I was very ill yesterday. My father lives in Oxford. This pen isn’t mine. W hat have you done.today? We are living in another house now. He is sitting over there. Last year he visited us in Budapest. He liked Hungary very much.

Exercise 59. Put the following sentences into the indirect speech form; introduce them with He said, He told me or any other suitable verb in one of the past tenses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

They went away last month. They will be coming back soon. They must return to London next week. I am free tonight. You d o n ’t work hard enough. He arrived in Hungary last week. We shall see you at your place tomorrow. I feel ill today. He is going to become a doctor. I buy several newspapers every day. She is an excellent cook. We learnt all this a long time ago. He has studied here for two years. They a re n ’t dancing now. It was snowing hard when I got up this morning. I shall come if I am free. I should come if I were free. I should have come if I had been free. I was sleeping when they opened the door. Actions speak louder than words. This school was built in 1950. I couldn’t find them at home. We had to get up very early yesterday. You may go away. I wasn’t allowed to stay with them.

Exercise 60. Put the following questions into indirect speech; intro­ duce them with a verb in one of the present or future tenses (e. g. He asks, I don 9t know, I wonder, Vll ask him etc): 1. What is that hotel like? 2. W here is the post-office? 59

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23 24. 25.

How old is that castle? What colour is your car? What are you drawing now? How many English lessons do you have a week? W hat will you do tomorrow afternoon? What do you want to become? W ho has been using my typewriter? How did you get into the house? Do you like learning languages? Have you ever been abroad? Did you sleep well? Would you like to go to London? Are there any letters for me? Did you enjoy the film last night? Who do you want to speak to? Why were you laughing when you saw him? What would you do if you had more time? What are you repairing? Have you seen this play? What were you doing at nine last night? How long are you going to stay in the countrv ? Will you be angry with me? Could you change £1?

Exercise 61. Put the following questions into indirect speech, intro ducing them with a verb in one of the past tenses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 60

W ho do you want to speak to? How long does it take to get to Edinburgh by coach? How much do you think it will cost? Who did you give the money to? How long have you been learning G erm an? Do you want to see the museum? Would you like to come with us? Is this seat taken? ('an you tell me why he left university?

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Will it be all right if I come in a little later tonight? W here can I park my car? Would you like a lift? Which way are you going? W hat are you going to do with your old car? Does anyone want tickets for the boxing match? D o you grow your own vegetables? W hat train are you going to get? How many sleeping pills have you taken? Have you seen my new hat? Will the taxi be here at 10 o ’clock? Did you have to wait for her? W ere you allowed to read the letter? W ere you able to find them? W hat would happen if you didn’t meet him?

Exercise 62. Put the following into indirect speech, with the introduc­ ing verbs in the past tense: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

W here do you live? Have you been to town today? It is cold in here. Do you think it will rain? W here shall we be tomorrow? I must write some letters now. My watch has stopped. Can you tell me where I can find Mr Smith? D o you know the way to the station? The dog has eaten the meat. You are late home. W hat have you been doing? I have read this book before. Have you got something else I can read? May I take an apple? They look so nice. W here did you leave your coat? Why didn’t you get up earlier? Have you always lived in that place? 61

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Did you answer all the questions? Will they let us know tomorrow? May I use your telephone? Are you enjoying yourself? I am sorry I can’t finish it at once. You must go hom e at once. They had to go away last month. I don’t know what he will say. It is the first time I have been in this town.

Exercise 63. Change the following from indirect to direct speech: 1. I said I would spend my sum m er in a little fishing village. 2. Everybody w ondered why Jim had failed the exam. 3. I asked them what they were going to do. 4. I wonder if you have ever travelled by plane. 5. I d o n ’t know where he lives and I wonder how much time it takes him to get to the college. 6. I’d like to know when she usually does her hom ew ork, if she does her hom ew ork in the morning or in the evening. 7. He said he had arrived the day before. 8. She said she had studied there for three years. 9. They wrote to us that they would pass through Budapest the fol­ lowing week. 10. She told me she hoped I ha d n ’t forgotten that there would be a welcome party that night. 11. I asked her when we should have dinner. 12. I w ondered why you had chosen this hat. 13. I asked him if he was translating an article and he said he was. 14. He asked me if I had broken his cup ant I said I had n ’t. 15. They asked us if we would join them and we said we would. 16. He said that he had been fishing all day yesterday. 17. I wondered if they had arrived already. 18. He asked if I loved you and I said I did. 19. He asked if I would have done it if I had had more time. 20. He said he would help me if he could. 62

21. He asked if I knew when the train would leave. 22. I thought we should go on an outing to the mountains next week ifit was fine. 23. I asked why she had had to stay at home. 24. The teacher asked if we had been able to translate the sen­ tences. 25. She wanted to know if Jim had been allowed to come with us.

Exercise 64. Change the following direct commands into indirect commands according to the patterns: a) “ Brush your hair.” He told me to brush my hair. b) “ D o n ’t touch that switch, J o e .” He told Joe not to touch that switch. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

D o n ’t read in bad light, boys. Put some coal on the fire. D o n ’t be afraid. Sit dow n, children. D o n ’t drop the watch, Tom . Clean the blackboard, Peter. D o n ’t speak until you are spoken to. D o n ’t believe everything you hear. Fill in this form, Mary. D o n ’t hurry. Please do as I say. D o whatever you like. D o n ’t miss your train, boys. Read the form before you sign it. D o n ’t drive too fast. Cook it in butter. D o n ’t argue with me, Charlie. Make a list of what you want, Eve. See if you can find any eggs. Think carefully before you answer. 63

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Please help me to mend the fuse. Translate the first 20 lines. Please pass the salt. D o n ’t bathe here, children. Meet me here at the same time tomorrow.

Exercise 65. Put the following sentences into indirect speech ac­ cording to the patterns: a) I must go now. He said he had to go at once. b) I needn’t go yet. He said he didn’t have to go. c) I m ustn’t go there. He said he wasn’t to go there. Note that “must” as a true present will change to past. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 64

You m ustn’t open the windows. I n e e d n ’t clean this room. I must find my English book. You needn’t ask him for a pen. You m ustn’t buy this old car. You must dance with her. You m ustn’t eat this apple. She needn’t come back yet. You m ustn’t look at her. You must leave the luggage here. You needn’t read this page. We must return now. You m ustn’t show this photo to her. You needn’t turn the radio off. You must tell me the truth. You need n’t wait for them. You m ustn’t choose this one. I must fill in this form.

19. You needn’t cut the potatoes into pieces. 20. We m ustn’t follow him. Exercise 66. Put these sentences into indirect speech according to the patterns: a) I must go again on Monday. He said he would have to go again on Monday. b) I needn't do it again next week. He said he wouldn't have to do it again the following week. c) I m ustn't go again on Monday. He said he wasn't to go again on Monday. Note that “ must” as future ( = shall/will have to) changes to should/ would have to. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

You needn't meet me here tomorrow. I must help my parents on Saturday. You m ustn't miss your train tomorrow morning. We must buy a new car next year. You m ustn't go alone at the weekend. You m ustn't climb in through the window again. You must wait for me at the bridge tomorrow evening. You m ustn't forget your sandwiches. 1 must be at the docks at six p. m. tomorrow. 1 must go to the dentist tomorrow. You must work harder next term. We needn't get up till nine tomorrow. You needn’t come in tomorrow. They must return to London next Tuesday. We needn't come to school next Monday. You needn't work in the garden tomorrow afternoon. We must help them next week. You nee d n ’t pay for what you eat and drink on Monday. You m ustn’t use my car next Sunday. 1 must iron my shirt tomorrow morning.

65

Exercise 67. Put the following questions into indirect speech accord­ ing to the patterns: a) Shall we ever know the answer? (Pure Future Time) He wondered if he would ever know the answer. b) Shall I open the window? (Request) He asked if he should open the window. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall Shall

I write it again? 1 be able to hear what she is saying? I call for you? we have time to finish? 1 send the money to you by post? I help you pack? I like the concert? I leave the camera in the car? I live to be a hundred? I be in your way? 1 ask the policeman how to get there ? I hurry on and get the tickets? 1 ask him for a pencil? I give the key to you? we live in this town? we miss the train? we post these letters? I examine you? I iron your skirt? I be ill?

Exercise 68. Put the following into indirect speech according to the patterns: If you a) He b) He the 66

go out, leave the key under the mat. told me to leave the key under the mat if I went out. said that if I went out I was to/should leave the key under mat.

Note that was to expresses a definite command; should implies advice. 1. If it gets cold, give him another blanket. 2. If he arrives before I get back, give him something to eat. 3. When you are at the butcher’s, rem em ber to get a bone for the dog. 4. If anyone rings up, say that Til be back shortly. 5. When you are driving, always look in your driving mirror before turning left. 6. If you think the room is cold, shut the windows. 7. If you feel lonely any time, ring me up. 8. If I am not back by this time tomorow, take this letter to the police. 9. When you see the headm aster, d o n ’t forget to greet him. 10. When you get home, take the meat out of the oven. 11. When you hear (he fire alarm, shut all the windows and go downstairs as quickly as possible. 12. If he gets worse, send for the doctor. 13. If she is thirsty, give her something to drink. 14. When you are at home, help your m other clean the rooms. 15. If you find the money, give it back to him. 16. When you are in London, don't forget to visit the British Mu­ seum. 17. If you meet him, tell him not to wait for me. 18. When you sweep the floor, open all the windows. 19. If you drink, d o n ’t drive. 20. If you drive, d o n ’t drink.

Exercise 69. Rewrite the following sentences according to the pat­ terns: a) "W hat!H ow about going by car?" he said. He suggested going by car. b) "W hy don't you ask the headm aster?” I said. I advised him to ask the headmaster. 67

c) "C ould I have a cup of coffee?” she said. She asked (me) for a cup of coffee. d) ” W ould you m ind waiting?” he said. He asked me to wait. (Or: He asked if I would mind waiting.) e) (

„be"

i

supposed

to know th e traffic rules.

said

to be a good doctor.

said supposed believed thought known seen heard m ade told

to . . .

I

saw

som ebody

M r Jones

h eard ^

the thief

...

saw heard noticed w atched observed felt

...

. .).

com ing dow n th e stairs. * opening th e w indow .

— in g ( — )-

T he thief

was

seen

com ing dow n th e stairs.

She

was

heard

singing in th e kitchen.

. ..

„be”

seen heard noticed

...in g ( ...) •

finished

building th e ir house.

Stop

w orrying a b o u t it.

„en jo y ” „excuse” „finish” „im agine” „k eep ” „m ention” „m ind” „miss” „practise” „stop” „suggest” can 't help c a n 't stand

...in g ( .

His sister

likes

reading English poem s.

1

„d’love”

to com e w ith you.

His parents

„like” „love” „h ate” „p refer” „begin” „sta rt” „continue” „rem em b er” „forget” „try” „go o n ”

to ..

. .).

in g ( ...) .

I d o n ’t mind

your/you

opening the windows.

I rem em ber

his son('s)

speaking G erm an well.

my/me v your/you his/him her our/us their/them .. . fs) • •. s f)

• - • in g ( ...) .

Before

going to bed.

I always brush my teeth.

On

seeing the bus.

we hurried to the stop.

Before A fter On Since Besides By W ithout Instead of

•

How about

having dinner in a restaurant?

W hat about

going home tom orrow ?

How W hat

about

. . . i n g ( . . .) ?

66.

Subject

V erb (+ A dverbial Modifier)

The children H er father They John The two boys

are playing, d ied in 1986. live in the capital, has arrived, have gone to shool.

67. Subject

V erb

Subject Complement (+ AdvM)

T hat old man Jack and Betty He H er m other They

is look becam e has been seem

my uncle, very happy, a teacher. very ill for two months, b e tte r now.

68. Subject They The child C harlie Mary My daughter They His son We She He

V erb have finished b ro k e collects is helping will study w on’t laugh sent have w aited was looking thinks

Object ( + AdvM) their work. the cup yesterday. stamps. her m other in the kitchen. French next year. at him. for the doctor. for you for two hours. at me. o f everything.

165

69.

Subject

V erb

O bject

O bject (+ AdvM)

He They P eter I M r W hite

will show paid has given must buy asked

you him M argaret myself him

the way. enough last week. an interesting book. a new pair o f shoes. a difficult question.

Tom He T he teacher She She

gave has sent explained m ade bought

som e m eat a letter it a dress a hat

to the dogs. to his grandfather. to the students. for her daughter. for her husband.

Subject

Verb

O bject

O bject Complement (+ AdvM)

Mrs Wilson T hey I We She

painted appointed saw found had

the walls him the boy them the parcel

yellow last year, president, cross the street, sleeping under a tree, weighed at the post office.

70.

166

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, W. S.: Living English Structure. Practice Book fo r Foreign Students. London: Longmans, 1958. Bolitho, R .-B . Tomlinson: D iscover English. (A Language Aware­ ness W orkbook.) London: Heinem ann Educational Books, 1984. Budai L.: English Syntax (Theory and Practice.) Bp.: Tankönyvkiadó, 1981. Clarke,D. W .-M . D . M. Mackenzie: The Groundwork o f English Sentence Structure. London: M acmillan, 1963. Drummond, G.: English Structure Practice. London: Longman, 1972. French,F.G.: English in Tables. London: Oxford University Press, 1960. Ridout, R .-S. Mason: M odern English Structures 1—4. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Education Lim ited, 1968-1970,1972. Stone: Cambridge Proficiency English. London: Macmillan, 1969. Thompson, A. J. - A . V.Martinet: A Practical English Grammar. Exercises 1-10. London: Oxford University Press, 1961-1972. Ward, J. M.: Peculiarities in English Gram m ar. London: Longman, 1970. Whitehall, H.: Structural Essentials o f English. London: Longmans, 1958.

167

INDEX

(References are to exercises [E] and patterns [P] throughout.) a, an E96, E98-99 able E43-44 a(n) or some E99 a(n) or the E98 Accusative with the Infinitive E84, P56-57 Accusative with the Participle E84, P59 Adverbial Modifiers E135-136, P66-70 Adverbial Particles E134 Adverbs E117,:P19 Affirmative Sentences E125 after EI37 Agreement E l26-127 all (the) E l03 a lot o f E102 already P34 always E 132 any E 100-101, P8 Articles E 96-99 as P14 as soon as E137 Auxiliary Verbs E43-50, P45-47, P49 Bare Infinitive E72, E84, P57 before E l37 both E104

168

can(not) E43, E48, E50 Causative P57 Comparison P14-16 • Compound Nouns E95 Conditional Sentences E 36-42, P42-44 Conjunctions E137, E139 could E43-44, E50 Definite Article E97-98 Derivative Nouns E92-94 Determiners E l 12 Direct and Indirect Commands E64 ~ Object E131, P68-70 ~ Questions E60-62 ~ Speech E63 Disagreement E128 each E103 either E104 either. . . o r . . . E138 enough E74, P53 ever P36 every E103 few E102 /or E7, E131, P33 Formal Subject E129, P6-9 For-Phrase P54 Frequency Adverbs E132, P19 Front-Position Adverbs E136 Future ~ Continuous E18, E25 ~ Perfect E 19.E 21.P 41 ~ Perfect Continuous E26-27, E30 Simple ~ E17, E20, E23, E25, P29-31, P42 ~ Tenses E30, E34 Genitive P3 Gerund E76, E86, P61, P63-65 ~ or Infinitive E77-79, E86, P62 ~ or Participle E80, E86

169

going to E5, E24 ~ or Present Continuous E5 have to E46, E65-66 //-Clause E40-42, P42-44 Indefinite Article E96, E98-99 Indefinite Pronouns E99-105, P4—7 Indirect Commands E64 ~ Object E £30-131 ~ Questions E60-62, E67, E69, E71, P51, P55 ~ Speech E5&-59, E62-63, E 65-68, E70-71, P50 Infinitive E49-50, P72-75, E77-79, E84, E86, P45-47, P52-58 Interrogative Pronouns E107, E l 18 Interrogative Sentences E l 18-123, P9-11, P17, P20-22 it E l29 just P34 let P57 little E102 m ake P57 many E102, P9 m ay E48 Mid-Position Adverbs. E132, P19 might P45, P47, P49 much E102, P9 must E45-46, E48, E50, E65-66 mustn’t E45, E65-66 needn’t E45, E50, E65-66 Negative Sentences E122-123, E125, P12, P23, P27, P31, P35 neither E104 neither. . . n o r . . . E138 never E132, P34, P36 Nominative with the Infinitive E84, P58 Nominative with the Participle E84, P60 Numbers E l 11 Object ~ Complement P70 Direct ~ P68-69

170

Indirect ~ E130-131, P69 Prepositional ~ E133 0/-G enitive P3 often E132, P34, P36 -ought to P46-47. P49 Participle E 80-81, E84, E86 Present or Past ~ E82-83 Particles E134, P59-60 Passive Voice E53-57, E84, P48-49 Past ~ Conditional E37-38, P44 ~ Continuous E ll- 1 2 , P38 ~ Participle E81-83 ~ Perfect E14-15, P44 ~ Perfect Continuous E16 Simple ~ E10, E12-13, E15, P 24-27, P43 ~ Tenses E29, E33 Perfect Infinitive E49-50, P47 Perfect Tenses E6, E 8-9, E 13-14, E16, E19, E21-22, E31, P32-37, P36-41, P44 Personal Pronouns E 91, P l-4 Plurals E87-89 Possessive Pronouns E106, P l , P 1 0 -1 1 Postmodifiers El 14 Premodifiers E l 13 Prepositions E78, E l 15-117, P28 Prepositional Object E l33 Prepositional Phrase E l33, P 6-9, P64 Present ~ Conditional E36, E38, P43 ~ Continuous E 3-5, E 22-23, P17-18 ~ Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous E22 ~ Continuous or Simple Future E23 ~ Participle E82-83 ~ Perfect E6, E9, E13, E 21, P32-37 ~ Perfect or Future Perfect E21 171

~ Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous E9 ~ Perfect Continuous E 8-9, E22, P39-40 Simple ~ E l- 2 , E4, E20, PI9-23 ~ Tenses E28, E32 Pronouns E l 10 Demonstrative ~ E91, P l-4 Indefinite ~ E99-105, P4-7 Interrogative ~ E107, E l 18 Possessive ~ E106, P l, P10-11 Relative ~ E108-109 Question-tags E124 Questions E118-121, P10-11, P20-22, P25-26, P28, P31, P36-37, P39 Indirect ~ E60-62, E67 Question Words E107, E l 18 Relative Clauses E109 Relative Pronouns E108-109 seldom E132 Sentences Affirmative ~ E125 Conditional ~ E36-42 Interrogative ~ E l 18-123 Negative ~ E122-123, E125 Sequence of Tenses E59, E61-62, E65-66, E68, E70-71, P50-51 shall E67 Short Answers E125-128, P22, P26 should E67-68 Simple ~ Future E17, E20, E23, E25, P29-31, P42 ~ Future or Future Continuous E25 - P a s t E10, E15, P24-26 ~ Past or Past Continuous E12 ~ Past or Past Perfect E15 ~ Past or Present Perfect E13 ~ Present E2, E4, E20, P19-23 ~ Present or Present Continuous E4 ~ Present or Simple Future E20

172

since E l, P33 Singular E l, E90 ~ and Plural E89-91, E l 10 some E100-101 sometimes E l 32 Spelling Rules E140-142 Subject P66-70 ~ Complement P67 Formal ~ E129, P6-9 Tense E26, E27, E35, E55 Future Continuous ~ E18,E25 Future Perfect ~ E19, E21, P41 Future Perfect Continuous ~ E26-27, E30 Past Continuous ~ E ll-1 2 , P38 Past Perfect ~ E14-15, P44 Past Perfect Continuous ~ E16 Present Continuous ~ E3-5, E22-23, P17-18 Present Perfect ~ E6, E9, E13, E 21-22, P32-37 Present Perfect Continuous ~ E8-9, P39-40 Simple Future ~ E17, E20, E23, E25, P29-31, P42 Simple Past ~ E10, E12-13, E15, P24-27, P43 Simple Present ~ E l- 2 , E4, E20, P19-23 than PI 5 the E97-98 there E129, P6-9 this (that, these, those) P l-3 , P10-11 Time Clauses E137, P38, P41 Time Indicators P24, P29 too E74, P52 usually E l32 Verbals E49-50, E72-81, E84-86 Voice Active ~ E54, E56 Passive ~ E53-54, E56-57 was to E65-66, E68 what E l07 when E137

whenever E137 w hether. . . o r . . . E138 which E107 who E107 whose E107 w ish E 5 l-5 2 Word Order E135, P66-70 would E67 * yet P35, P37

Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó Rt. A kiadásért felel: dr. Á brahám István vezérigazgató Raktári szám: 8 1 3 3 4 Felelős szerkesztő: Siórétiné G yepes Judit U tánnyomásra előkészítette: Benedek Mihály M űszaki vezető: Babicsné Vasvári Etelka igazgatóhelyettes M űszaki szerkesztő: Hülber Péter Teljedelem: 11 (A/5) ív 9. kiadás, 1998 Borsodi N yomda K ft Felelős vezető: Ducsai György ügyvezető igazgató

Nyelvvizsgázók, érettségizők figyelmébe lyányuk: 10164 Dr. Budai László-Radványi Tamás: Angol nyelvtan a középiskolák számára A gimnáziumi tankönyvek visszatérő hiányossága a kellő terjedelem­ ben tárgyalt nyelvtan. A szerzők ezen a hiányosságon próbálnak segí­ teni, amikor táblázatos összefoglalásban bemutatják az angol nyelv fo­ netikai és alaktani sajátosságait. A kiejtés és írás problémáitól a szófajok és szószerkezetek ismertetésén át jutnak el a mondattanig, mindenütt részletes magyarázatot fűzve a nyelvi jelenségekhez és sajátosságokhoz. A könyv az Angol nyelvtani gyakorlatokkal együtt valóban nagy segít­ séget jelent a felkészülésben.

56360 Bajnóczi Beatrix-Kiss Anikó-Haavisto Kirsi: Tests, U p s and TVicks Angol nyelvkönyv felvételire és nyelvvizsgára tanácsokkal és magyarázatokkal A könyv megismertet az írásbeli vizsgák valamennyi feladattípusával, részletes nyelvtani magyarázatokkal megvilágítja, hogy az egyes fel­ adatoknál melyik válaszlehetőség miért jó vagy rossz, tippeket ad a további gyakorláshoz. Két teljes próbafelvételi feladatsor segítségével lehetőséget teremt az öntesztelésre. Praktikus tanácsokkal is szolgál a vizsgára készülőknek. A középfokú nyelvvizsgára készülő diákoknak és felnőtteknek, valamint a felsőoktatási intézmények angol szakára jelent­ kezőknek ajánljuk.

81335 Jobbágy Ilona-Katona Lucia-Kevin Shopland

General Communication Skills and Exercises A gimnázium EH. és IV. osztálya számára készült szöveggyűjtemény. Olyan témaköröket érint a könyv, amelyek a mindennapi élet legfonto­ sabb területeit ölelik fel, tehát mindazoknak ajánljuk, akik praktikus, közhasznú és országismereti tudnivalókat szeretnének elsajátítani. Szó­ ban és írásban is végezhető gyakorlatok, kommunikációs feladatok, pá­ ros és csoportmunkára alkalmas gyakorlatok kaptak helyet a kötetben. Az 1994-ben megjelenő újabb kiadást a szerzők átdolgozták, kiegé­ szítették friss anyagokkal, információkkal és tetszetősebb illusztrációk­ kal. A könyvhöz kazetta is készül.

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General Communication Skills and Exercises Munkafüzet és kazetta A munkafüzet az alapkönyvhöz hasonlóan 22 fejezetből áll, amelyek a szóbeli angol nyelvvizsgák leggyakoribb témaköreit veszik sorra. Egyegy fejezet négy egységre tagolódik: a hallás utáni szövegértést szó­ kincsfejlesztő és kiejtési gyakorlatok, megbeszélésre szánt feladatok kö­ vetik, majd a magnó alapján kitölthető lyukas dalszövegeket találunk, valamint az olvasmányokhoz kapcsolódó feladatok segítségével egy nyelvtani kérdéskört ismételhetünk át. A kazettán az alapkönyv vala­ mennyi fejezetének bevezető szövege, valamint egy brit/amerikai népdal található a M.É.Z. együttes tolmácsolásában.