Andreas and the fates of the apostles 0198114222, 9780198114222

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Andrea. 5.

I

pp,

ANDREAS

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AND

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THE FATES OF THE APOSTLES^ EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION COMMENTARY AND GLOSSARY

KENNETH R. BROOKS S E N IO R LE C TU R ER IN E N G L I S H U N IV E R S I T Y OF S O U T H A M P T O N

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1961

Oxford University Press, Amen House, London E.C, GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO M ELBOURNE W E LLIN G T O N BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI KUALA LUM PUR CAPETOW N

IBADAN NAIROBI ACCRA

© Oxford University Press 1961

U ,-/./( [I ; .* 1519-20. The same law makes it clear that in 88, 950, and 1219 the verb has the final lift in the first half-line. 1 So also 1260b, clang wæteres þrym.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY T his list is intended to include only the more essential and directly relevant publications. Many other works, chiefly articles in periodicals, have been consulted; references to these will be found at the appropriate places throughout the present work. , I. M A N U S C R I P T Quarterly Review, lxxv (1844-5), 398-9 (Cardinal Guala and the Vercelli Book; see Introduction, p. vii). R. P. WOlker , ‘Ucbcr das Vercellibuch’, Anglia, v (1882), 451-65. ----- ‘Das Vercellibuch’, Grundriss zur Geschichte der angels. Litteratur, Leipzig, 1885, pp. 237-43. A. S. N apier , ‘Collation der altengl. Gedichte im Vercellibuch’, HZ xxxiii (1889), 66-73. R. P. WO lker, Codex Vercellensis, Leipzig, 1894 (facsimile of the poetic texts on a half-size scale). M . F oerster, ‘Der Vercelli-Codex CXVIF, Festschrift fur Lorenz Morsbach, Halle, 1913, pp. 20 ff. (introductory essay followed by texts : of some of the homilies). ' ’ ----- II Codice Vercellese, Rome, 1913 (facsimile of the whole MS, twothirds of actual size, with introduction). N. R. K er , ‘Maicr’s Transcript of the Vercelli Book’, Med. Æv. xix (1950),

'17- 25-

S isam , ‘Marginalia in the Vercelli Book’, Studies, Oxford, 1953, pp. 109-18. / N. R. K er , Catalogue of Manuscripts containing Anglo-Saxon, Oxford, 1957, pp. 460-4. II. E D I T I O N S (B. T horpe ), Appendix B to Cooper’s Report on Rymer’s Foedera, pp. 47138. Printed, London, 1836; published, London, 1869. (Based on Maier’s transcript). ■■ J. G rim m , Andreas und Elene, Cassel, 1840. J. M . K emble, The Poetry of the Codex Vercellensis, Part I (Andreas), London, 1843; Part II (other poems), London, 1856. C. W. M. G rein , Bibliothek der angels. Poesie, vol. ii, Gottingen, 1857-8. W. M. B askervill, Andreas, a Legend of St. Andrew, Boston, 1885; second ed. 1891. R. P. WOlker, (revision of) Grein, vol. ii, Leipzig, 1894. G. P. K rapp , Andreas and the Fates of the Apostles, Boston, 1906. ----- ‘The Vercelli Book’, Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, vol. ii, LondonNew York, 1932.

K.

xlvii

III. S E L E C T I O N S L. E ttm Oller, Engla and Seaxna Scopas and Boceras, QuedlinburgLeipzig, 1850, pp. 148-56 (Andreas). A. S. C ook, A First Book in Old English, Boston, 1900, pp. 211-31 (Andreas). W. A. C raigie , Specimens of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, vol. ii, Edinburgh, 1926, pp. 2-6, 15-31 (Andreas), 31-33 (Fates). IV. T R A N S L A T I O N S J. M. K em ble : see under II. C. W. M. G rein , Dichtungen der Angelsachsen stabreimend ubersetzt, Cassel-Göttingen, 1859, vol. ii, pp. 1-46. R. K. R oot , Andreas, the Legend of St. Andrew, New York, 1899. J. L. H all , Judith, Phoenix and other Anglo-Saxon Poems, New York, 1902, pp. 60-1x9 (Andreas). C. W. Kennedy , The Poems of Cynewulf, London-New York, 1910 (con­ tains Andreas, Fates, Rood, Elene). R. Ki G ordon , Anglo-Saxon Poetry, Everyman’s Library 794, LondonToronto, 1927; second ed. London-New York, 1954. (Contains all the Vercelli poems except Horn. Frag. I.) V. SOURCES AND A U T H O R S H I P R. P. WOlker, ‘Ueber den Dichter Cynewulf’, Anglia, i (1878), 483 ff. A. F ritzsche, ‘Das angels. Gedicht Andreas und Cynewulf’, Halle, 1879; also printed in Anglia, ii (1882), 441 if. F. R amhorst, Das altengl. Gedicht vom heiligen Andreas und der Dichter Cynewulf, Bonn, 1885. J. Z ufitza , ‘Zur Frage nach der Quelle von Cynewulfs Andreas’, H Z xxx (1886), 175-85M. C remer, Metrische und sprachliche Untersuchungen der altengl. Gedichte Andreas, GutSlac, Phoenix, Bonn, 1888. „ A. S. C ook, ‘The Affinities of the Fata Apostolorum’, M LN iv (1889),

7-I 5-

G. S arrazin , ‘Die Fata Apostolorum und der Dichter Cynewulf’, Anglia, xii (1889), 375-87E. S ievers, ‘Zu Cynewulf’, Anglia, xiii (1891), 1-25. F. J. M ather, ‘The Cynewulf Question from a Metrical Point of View’, M LN vii (1892), 193-2x3. M. T rautmann, ‘Der Andreas doch von Cynewulf’, Anglia Beiblatt, vi (1895), 17-22. G. S arrazin, ‘Noch einmal Cynewulfs Andreas’, Anglia fieiblatt, vi (1895), 205-9. M. T rautmann, ‘Wer hat die Schicksale der Apostel zuerst fur den Schluss dcs Andreas erkla.rtl’, Anglia Beiblatt, vii (1897), 372-5-

xlviii

BIBLIOGRAPHY

M. T rautmann , ‘Kynewulf der Bischof und Dichter’, BB i (1898). E. C. B uttenwieser , Studien iiber der Verfasserschaft des Andreas, Heidelberg, 1899. J. B ourauel, ‘Zur Quellen- und Verfasserfrage von Andreas, Crist und Fata’, BB xi (1901), 65-132. F. H olthausen, ‘Zur Quelle der altengl. Fata Apostolorum’, HA cvi (1901), 343-5W. W. Skeat, ‘Andreas and Fata Apostolorum’, Furnivall Miscellany, Oxford, 1901, pp. 408-20. A. J. B arnouw , ‘Die Schicksalo der Apostel doch ein unabhangiges Gedicht’, HA cviii (1902), 371-3. G. S arrazin , ‘Zur Chronologie und Verfasserfrage angels. Dichtungen’, Englische Studien, xxxviii (1907), 145-70. C. F. B rown , ‘Irish-Latin Influence in Cyncwulfian Texts’, E. Stn. xl (1908), 1-29. K. J ansen , ‘Die Cynewulf-Forschung von ihren Anfangen bis zur Gegenwart’, BB xxiv (1908). R uth P erkins , ‘On the Sources of the Fata Apostolorum’, M LN xxxii (1917)» 159-61.

A. S. C ook , ‘The Authorship of the Old English Andreas’, M LN xxxiv (1919), 418-19. G . L . H amilton , ‘The Sources of the Fates of the Apostles and Andreas’, M LN xxxv (1920), 385-95. K . S isam , ‘Cynewulf and his Poetry’, Proceedings of the British Academy, xviii (1932), 303 if. (also issued separately); reprinted in Studies, Oxford, 1953. PP- i-a8. , S. K . D as, Cynewulf and the Cynewulf Canon, Calcutta, 1942. C. S ciiaar, ‘Critical Studies in the Cynewulf Group’, Lund Studies in English, xvii, Lund-Copenhagen, 1949. VI. T E X T U A L C R I T I C I S M AND I N T E R P R E T A T I O N C. W. M. G rein , ‘Zur Textkritik der angels. Dichter’, Germania x (1865), ■ 416-29.

W. H inze , Zum altengl. Gedicht Andreas, I. Teil, Berlin, 1890. P. J. CosijN, ‘Cynewulfs Runenverzen’, Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninkl. Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, 3. Reeks, 7. Dcel, Amsterdam, 1890, pp. 54-64. ------ ‘Anglosaxonica’, PBB xxi (1896), 8-26, 252. R. S imons , ‘Cynewulfs Wortschatz’, BB iii (1899). > G . P. K rapp , ‘Notes on the Andreas’, Mod. Phil, ii (1905), 403-10. M. T rautmann, ‘Berichtigungcn, Erklarungen und Vermutungen zu Cynewulfs Werken’, BB xxiii (1907), 85-146. : J. J. von der W artii, Metrisch-sprachliches und Textkritisches zu Cynemdfs Werken, Halle, 1908. R. J ente , Die mythologischen Ausdrucke im altengl. Wortschatz, Heidel­ berg, 1921.

BIBLIOGRAPHY xlix R. I melmann , Englische Studien, lxvi (1931), 331-45 (on ealu- and -; meoduscerwen, Beowulf 769 and Andreas 1526). J. R. R. T olkien , ‘Sigelwara Land’, Med. Æv. i (1932), 183-96, and iii (1934), 95- 111. R. W. L umiansky , ‘The Contexts of Old English ealu- and meoduscerwen’, JEGP xlviii (1946), 116-26. K. R. B rooks, ‘Old English zvopes hring’, EGS ii (1949), 68-74. ------EGS iii (1950), 61-64 {Andreas 998-9, 1532). G. V. S mithers , EGS iv (1952), 67-80 (Andreas 303, 339, 1526). K. R. B rooks, ‘Old English ea and Related Words’, EGS v (1953), 15-66. R. W. V. E llio tt , xxxiv (1953), 49-57,193-204. (Interpretation of the runic signatures ; defence of older views.) L. A. M uinzer , ‘Maier’s Transcript and the Conclusion of Cynewulf’s Fates of the Apostles’, JEGP lvi (1957), 570-87. See also Sisam, Das, and Schaar under V. VII. LA NGUA GE F. H oltbuer, Der syntaktische Gebrauch des Genitives in Andreas, GuSlac, Phönix, dem heiligen Kreuz und der Höllenfáhrt,"Halle, >1884. A. P ogatscher, ‘Zur Lautlehrc der griechischen, lateinischen und romanischen Lehnworte im Altenglischcn’, Quellen und Forschungen, lxiv (1888). H. A. R eussner, Untersuchungen iiber die Syntax in dem angels. Gedichte vom heiligen Andreas, Halle, 1889. H. B auer, Ueber die Sprache und Mundart der altengl. Dichtungen Andreas, Guðlac, Phönix, hi. Kreuz und Hcillenfahrt Christi, Marburg, 1890. G. W ack, ‘Artikel und Demonstrativpronomen in Andreas und Elene’, Anglia, xv (1893), 209-20. E. M. T aubert, Der syntaktische Gebrauch der Prdpositionen in dem angels. Gedichte vom heiligen Andreas,,Leipzig, 1894. • A. P ogatscher, ‘Unausgedrucktes Subjekt im Altenglischen’, Anglia, xxiii (1901), 261-301. , G. S hipley , The Genitive Case in Anglo-Saxon Poetry, Baltimore, 1903; H. B auch, Die Kongruenz in der angels. Poesie, Kiel, 1912. K. S isam , ‘The Dialect Origins of the Earlier Old English Verse’, Studies, Oxford, 1953, pp. 119-39E. von S ciiaubert, Vorkommen, gebietsmassige Verbreitung und Herkunft altengl. absoluter Partizipialkonstruktionen in Nominativ und Akkusativ, Paderborn, 1954. ■ VIII. M ET RE E. S ievers, ‘Zur Rhythmik des germanischen Alliterationsverses’, PBB • x (1885), 209-314, 451-545----- Altgermanische Metrik, Halle, 1893. H. K u h n , ‘Zur Wortstellung und -betonung im Altgermanischen’, PBB Ivii (1933), 1-109. C2S9

d

BIBLIOGRAPHY

B IB LIO G R A PH Y

J. C. P ope , The Rhythm of Beowulf, New Háven-London, 1943. D. S lay, ‘Some Aspects of the Technique of Composition of Old English Verse’, TPS 1952, pp. 1-14. R. B. Le P age, ‘A Rhythmical Framework for the Five Types’, EGS vi : (i957), 92-103. A. J. B liss , The Metre of Beowulf, Oxford, 1958. See also Cremer and Mather under V.

F ranz B latt, ‘Die lateinischen Bearbeitungen der Acta Andreae ct

1

IX. LI TE RA RY AND GE NE RA L C R I T I C I S M C. W. K ent , Teutonic Antiquities in Andreas and Elene, I-Ialle, 1887. B. ten Brink, Geschichte der englischen Litteratur, Berlin, 1877 (second ed. 1899), trans, as ‘History of English Literature to Wiclif’ by C. W. Kennedy, New York, 1889. S. A. Brooke, History of Early English Literature, New York, 1892. A. Brandl, ‘Z u Cynewulfs Fata Apostolorum’, JL2 c (1898), 330-4. W. E. M ead, ‘Color in Old English Poetry’, PMLA xiv (1899), 169-206. W. P. K er, ‘The Dark Ages’, Edinburgh-London, 1904, reprinted 1955. H. M. Chadwick, ‘Early National Poetry’, in Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. i, London-New York, 1907. A. S. C ook, ‘The Old English Andreas and Bishop Acca of Hexham’, Trans. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, xxvi (1924), 245-332. S. J. Crawford, Anglo-Saxon Influence on Western Christendom, Oxford, 1933R. H. H odckin, A History of the Anglo-Saxons, vol. ii, Oxford, 1935, ■PP- 461-3F. M. S tenton , Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford, 1943 (second ed. 1947; reprinted 1950), pp. 192-9. D. W iiitelock , ‘Anglo-Saxon Poetry and the Historian’, Trans. Royal Historical Society, 4th series, xxxi (1949), 75-94. L. J . Peters, ‘The Relationship of the Old English Andreas to Beowulf’, ' PM LA lxvi (1951), 844-63. F. P. M agoun, jr., ‘Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry’, Speculum, xxviii (1953), 446-67. K emp M alone, ‘Grendel and his Abode’, Studia Philologica et Litteraria in honorem L. Spitzer, Bern, 1958, pp. 297-308. R. E. D iamond, ‘The Diction of the Signed Poems of Cynewulf’, Philo­ logical Quarterly, xxxviii (1959), 228-41. See also Sisam, Das, and Schaar under V. ‘ X. T H E L E G E N D OF ST. ANDREW C. W. G oodwin, The Anglo-Saxon Legends of St. Andrew and St. Veronica, Cambridge, 1851. The Blickling Homilies, ed. R. Morris (EETS), 1880, pp. 229-49. Passio Andreae ex Actis Andreae, &c., in Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha, part ii, vol. i, ed. Lipsius and Bonnet, Leipzig, 1898;

li

Matthiae apud Anthropophagos’, Beiheft 12, Zeitschrift fiir dieneutestamentliche Wissenschaften, Giessen-Copenhagen, 1930. F . H olthausen, ‘Eine neue lateinische Fassung der Andreaslegende’, Anglia, lxii (1938), 190-2.

ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS (The roman numerals refer to sections of the Bibliography) And. Áng. Ang. Beibl. Az. Baskcrvill BB Beo. Blatt Blick. Horn. Boeth. Brun. BT BTS Bulbring . Campbell Cook Cosijn Cr. Craigie Dan. ■ Desc. EETS EGS El. E. Stn. E.Sts. Ettmiillcr Ex. Fates Feist Finn. Gen. Gifts Grein Grein G Grein-Köhler

Andreas. Anglia. Beiblatt zur Anglia. Azarias. see II. Bonner Beitrage zur Anglistik. Beowulf. see X. Morris’s ed. of the Blickling Homilies in EETS. Metres of Boethius. The Battle of Brunanburh. Bosworth and Toller’s Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Toller’s Supplement to the above. K. D. Bulbring, Altenglisches Elementarbuch (I. Teil, ' Lautlehre), Heidelberg, 1902 (quoted by section). A. Campbell, Old English Grammar, Oxford, 1939 (quoted by section). •• ■ .:see' III.' ' ! "• ■ 1 ■ "... ■■■, P. J. Cosijn, Anglosaxonica; see VI. Crist. ■ . " . ■ see III. Daniel. Descent into Hell (Krapp-Dobbie, iii. 219). Early English Text Society. English and Germanic Studies. Elcne. Englische Studien. English Studies. see III. • Exodus. Fates of the Apostles. S. Feist, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden, 1939. The Fight at Finnsburg. . Genesis. . ...■/. The Gifts of Men. see II.'. Grein, Germania, x. 423; see VI. Grein, Angelsachsischer Sprachschatz, 3rd ed., revised by (Holthausen and) Kohler, Heidelberg, 1912. Earlier eds. are cited as: Grein, Sprachschatz.

Grein-Wiilker Grimm Guth. HA

"

Mi

Wiilker’s revision of Grein; see II. se e 'll.'■ Guthlac. ■. ■ ■ ! Herrig’s Archivfiir das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen. Holthausen, AEW F. Holthausen, Altengl. etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg, 1934. • Horn. Frag. IJII Homiletic Fragment I (Krapp-Dobbie, ii. 59) or I I (idem, iii. 224). HZ Haupt’s-Zeitschrift fur deutsches Altertum. JEGP Journal of English and Germanic Philology. Jente see VI. ■ . ■ ■ ■■ Jud. Judith. Jul. Juliana. Kemble see II." " Krapp Krapp A and B where they agree (see below). Krapp A Krapp, Andreas and the Fates of the Apostles. Krapp B Krapp, The Vercelli Book. Krapp-Dobbie The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records. Lind. Lindisfarne Gospels. Maid. The Battle of Maldon. Malone, Grendel see IX. ■ ■ Max. 11I I Maxims I (Krapp-Dobbie, iii. 156) or I I (idem, vi. 55)ME Middle English. 1 Med. Æv. Medium Ævum. Men. Mcnologium. Migne, PG Patrologia Graeca, ed. Migne. M LN Modern Language Notes: MLR Modern Language Review. Mod. Phil. Modern Philology. Napier ;.see I. 1 OE Old English. OED Oxford English Dictionary, revised ed., Oxford, 1933. OHG Old High German. ON Old Norse, esp. Old Icelandic. OS Old Saxon.■ '..■■■ PBB Paul and Braune’s Beitrage zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur. Phoe. Phoenix. • . PMLA Publications of the Modem Language Association of America. Pr. Gmc. Primitive Germanic.

liv Free. Ps. Resig. restored Rid. Rim. Rood Rushworth i SB Schaar Seaf. Sievers Simons Sisam, Studies Sol. Summ. supplied Sweet, OET Thes. Ling. Lat. Thorpe TPS Trautmann Vain. von der Warth VP Wald. Wand. Wid. WS V Wulfing Wiilker WW

ABBREVIATIONS Precepts (Krapp-Dobbie, iii. 140). Paris Psalter. Resignation (Krapp-Dobbie, iii. 215). in the apparatus, indicates a form restored for a corrupt MS reading. Riddles. Riming Poem. The Dream of the Rood. Rushworth Gospels (Mercian glosses to Matthew and small parts of Mark and John). Brunner’s last‘revision of Sievers’s Angelsachsische Grammatik, Halle, 1951 (quoted by section). see V. The Seafarer.' see V. see VI. K. Sisam, Studies in the History of Old English Literature, Oxford, 1953. Solomon and Saturn. A Summons to Prayer (Krapp-Dobbie, vi. 69). in the apparatus, indicates a word or words supplied by the present editor. H. Sweet, The Oldest English Texts (EETS). Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. see II. Transactions of the Philological Society. see VI. Vainglory (Krapp-Dobbie, iii. 147). see VI. Vespasian Psalter. Walderc. ' ■ The Wanderer. Widsith. _ West Saxon. 1 J. E. Wulfing, Die Syntax in den Werken Alfreds des Grossen, Bonn, 1894-1901 (quoted by volume and page). see Grein-Wiilker. T. Wright and R. P. Wiilker, Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies, 2nd ed., vol. i (quoted by column and line).

The customary abbreviations of grammatical terms, &c., used through­ out this book are not included here, since they will be self-evident.

NOTE ON THE TEXT I n the present edition the usual manuscript abbreviations for -um, ond or and, and þæt have been expanded without comment; likewise manuscript þon has been expanded to þonne. Other manuscript abbreviations are noted in the Apparatus. The text has been kept as free as possible from diacritics, since an excessive use of these tends to defeat their purpose; but words and letters added to the text are enclosed in angle brackets, and other textual alterations are italicized. A circumflex accent over a vowel or diphthong indicates a ‘contracted’ form (see pp. xxi-xxii).

ANDREAS H WÆ T„ we gefrunan on fyrndagum twelfe under tunglum tireadige hæleð, þeodnes þegnas. No hira þrym alæg came wærlogan witebendum, synne ðurh searocræft, swencan motan. Ic þe Andreas ædre onsende no to hleo ond to hroðre in þas hæSenan burg; he ðc alyseð of þyssum leodhete. Is to þære tide tælmet hwile iemne mid soðe) seofon ond twentig nihtgerimes, þæt ðu of nede most; n s sorgum geswenced, sigore gewyrðod, hweorfest of henðum in gehyld Godes.’ Ge him þa se halga helm ælwihta, engla scyppend, to þam uplican eðelrice; he is onriht cyning, , staðolfæst styrend, in stowa gehwam.

iao

Ða wæs Matheus miclum onbryrded niwan stefne. Nihthelm toglad, 95 heaf/locan MS

99 ne ne murn MS: corr. Thorpe þe mid MS before correction 118 gehim MS: corr. Thorpe rices MS before correction 121 ghwá MS at end of line,

/

lungre leorde; leoht æfter com, dægredwoma. Duguð samnade, hæðne hildfrecan heapum þrungon (guðsearo gullon, garas hrysedon) bolgenmode under bordhreoðan; woldon cunnian hwæðer cwice lifdon þa þe on carcerne clommum fæste hleoleasan wic hwile wunedon, hwylcne hie to œte ærest mihton æfter fyrstmearce feores berædan. Hæfdon hie on rune ond on rimcræfte awriten, wælgrædige, wera endestæf, hwænæs Öu gife hleotest, haligne hyht on heofonþrymme, gif ðu lidwerigum larnaþinra estam cynestole, þær arimbred wæs tempel dryhtnes heah ond horngeap, hæleðum gefrege, wuldre gewlitegod, ws^i^c worde ongan þurh inwitðanc ealdorsacerd herme hyspan; hordlocan onspeon, wroht webbade. He on gewitte oncneow þæt we soðfæstes swaðe folgodon, læston larcwide; he lungre ahof woðe wiðerhydig, wean onblonden: ‘“Hwæt, ge syndon earme ofer ealle men! Wadað widlastas, weorn geferað earfoðsiða; ellþeodiges nu butan leodrihte larum hyrað, eadiges orblytte æðeling cyðað, secgað soðlice þæt mid suna meotudes drohtigen dæghwæmlice! pæt is duguðum cuð, hwanon þam ordfruman æðelu onwocon; hewæsafeded on þysse folcsceare, cildgeong acenned mid his cneomagum. Pus syndon haten hamsittende fæder ond modur, þæs \ve gefrægen habbað þurh modgemynd, Maria ond Ioseph. Syndon him on æðelum oðere twegen beornas geborene broðorsybbum, suna Iosephes, Simon ond Iacob.” .^ Swa hleoðrodon hæleÖa ræswan, dugoð domgeorne; dyrnan þohton

meotudes mihte. Man eft gehwearf, yfel endeleas, þær hit aer aras. 66S

670

,

Z' '

^1 A

695

700

70S

675

680

685

690

667 atrimbred MS, atr not clear; corr. Napier 669 huscworde MS: 682 emend. Trautmann, teste Simons 672 gewite MS before correction drohtgen MS before correction 688 þurh: fol. 386 begins

A/

‘pa se þeoden gewat þegnaheape fram þam meðelstede mihtum geswiðed, dugeÖa dryhten, secan digol land. He þurh wundra feala on þam westenne, cræfta, gecyÖde þæt he wæs cyning on riht ofer middangeard, mægene geswiðed, waldend ond wyrhta wuldorþrymmes, an ece God eallra gesceafta; swylce he oðerra unrim cyðde wundorworca on wera gesyliðe. -

23

‘Syþþan eft gewat oÖre siÖe getrume mycle, þæt he in temple gestod, wuldres aldor. Wordhleoðor astag geond heahræced; haliges lare synnige ne swulgon, þeah he soðra swa feala tacna gecyðde þær hie to scgon. . Swylce he wrætlice wundor agræfene, anlicnesse engla sinra geseh, sigora frea, on seles wage, on twa healfe torhte gefrætwed, wlitige geworhte; hewordecwæð: “Ðis is anlicnes engelcynna þæs bremestan mid þam burgwarum in þære ceastre is; Cheruphim et Seraphim þa on swegeldreamum syndon nemned. Fore onsyne ecan dryhtnes standað stiðferðe, stefnum herigað, halgum hleoðrum, heofoncyninges þrym, meotudes mundbyrd. Her amearcod is haligra hiw þurh handmægen, 710 hie MS: corr. Grimm 712 aræfene MS before correction pe suppi. Holthausen 722 stiðferðe:/o/. 39a begins

710

715

720

725 7 1 8

ANDREAS

ANDREAS

awritcn on wealle, wuldres þegnas.” pa gen worde cwæd weoruda dryhten, heofonhalig gast, fore þam heremægene: “Nu ic bebeode beacen ætywan, wundor geweorðan on wera gemange, ðæt þeos onlicnes eorÖan sece wlitig of wage, ond word sprece, ' secge soðcwidum, py sceolon ær is ar gelang f>am þe hie findan cann.

ANDREAS

.

Ða wæs gemyndig modgeþyldig, beorn beaduwe heard; eode in burh hraðe anrœd oretta, elnc gefyrðred, maga mode rof, meotude getreowe. Stop on stræte (stig wisode), swa hine nænig gumena . ongitan ne mihte, synfulra geseon; hæfde sigora weard on þam wangstede wære betolden leofne leodfruman mid lofe sinum. Hæfde þa se æðeling , in geþrungen, Cristes cempa, carcerne neh; geseh he hæðenra hloð ætgædere fore hlindura, hyrdas standan seofone ætsomne. Ealle swylt fornam, druron domlease; deaðræs forfeng hæleð heoroda þam halgan hospword sprecan: 131S ‘Hwæt hogodest ðu, Andreas, hidercyme þinne on wraðra geweald ? Hwær is wuldor þin, þe ðu oferhigdum upp arærdest, J>a ðu goda ussa gilp gehnægdest? 1291 gescylded MS: corr. Thorpe' 1294 frö beam ■waxmMSicorr.Ettmúlier 13i2yfela:/oí. 47a begins ■ corr. Grein (note)

1306 bnin i3i7hwætM5:

Hie wæron reowe, ræsdon on sona gifrum grapum. Iline God forstod, staðulfæst steorend, þurh his strangan miht; syððan hie oncneowon Cristes rode on his mægwlite, mære tacen, wurdon hie ða acle on þam onfenge, forhte, afærde ond on fleam numen. Ongan eft swa ær ealdgeniðla, helle hæftling, hearmleoð galan: ‘Hwæt wearð eow swa rofum, rincas mine, lindgesteallan, þæt eow swa lyt gespeow?’ H

ecan þine yrmð'u; þe bið a symble ofdægeondæg drohtaþ strengra.’ Ða wearð on fleame, se ðe ða fæhðo iu wið God geara grimme gefremede.

45

1385 '

Com þa on uhtan mid ærdæge hæðenra hloð haliges neosan leoda weorude; heton lædan ut þrohtheardne þegn þriddan siðe. Woldon aninga ellenrofes mod gemyltan; hit ne mihte swa. Ða wæs niowinga nið onhrered, heard ond hetegrim; wæs se halga wer sare geswungen, searwum gebunden, dolgbennum þurhdrifen, ðendon dæg lihte. Ongan þa geomormod , t9 Gode cleopian, heard of hæfte, halgan stefne; weop werigferð, ond þæt word gecwæð:

1390

1395

1400)

‘Næfre ic geferde mid frean willan under heofonhwealfe heardran drohtnoð, þær ic dryhtnes æ deman sceolde! Sint me leoð^u) tolocen, lie sare gebrocen, banhus blodfag; benne weallað, seonodolg swatige. Hwæt, ðu sigora weard, dryhten hælend, on dæges tide mid Iudeum geomor wurde, ða ðu of gealgan, God lifigende, fyrnweorca frea, to fæder cleopodest, cininga wuldor, ond cwæde ðus: “Ic ðe, fæder engla, frignan wille, lifes leohtfruma; hwæt forlætest ðu me?” Ond ic nu þry dagas þolian sceolde wælgrim witu! Bidde ic, weoroda God, 1400 ferð added above line in MS 1415 wælgri MS

1404 leoð MS: corr. Holthausen

46

ANDREAS

þæt ic gast minne agifan mote, sawla symbelgifa, on Junes sylfes hand. Ðu ðæt gehete þurh þin halig word, þa ðu us twelfe trymman ongunne, þæt us heterofra hild ne gesceode, ne lices cíœl lungre oðbcoded ne synu ne ban on swaðe lagon, ne loc of heafde to forlore wurde, gif we þine lare læstan woldon; nu sint sionwe toslopen, is min swat adropen, licgaÖ æfter lande loccas todrifene, fex on foldan. Is me feorhgedal leofre mycle þonne þeos lifcearo!’ Him þa stefn oncwæð stiðhycgendum, wuldorcyninges word hl{e)>oðrodc: ■ ‘Ne wep þone wræcsið, wine leofesta, nis þe to frecne; ic þe friðe healde, minre mundbyrde mægenc besette. Me is miht ofer eall, . . . sigorsped geseald. Soð þæt gecyðeð mænig œt meðle on þam myclan dæge, þæt ðæt geweorÖeð, þæt ðeos wlitige gesceaft, heofon ond eorðe hreosaþ togadore, ær awæged sie worda ænig þe ic þurh minne muð meðlan onginne. Geseoh nu seolfes swæðe, swa þin swat aget þurh bangebrec blodige stige, lic lælan; no þe laðes ma þurh daroða gedrep gedon motan, þ a þe h e a rd ra mæst h ea rm a g efrem ed an .’ pa on last beseah

ANDREAS

æfter wordewidum wuldorcyninges; geseh he geblowene bearwas standan blædum gehrodene, swa he ær his blod aget. Ða worde cwæð wigendra hleo: ' ‘Sie ðe ðanc ond lof, þeoda waldend, ' to widan feore wuldor on heofonum, ðæs ðu me on sare, sigedryhten min, cllþeodigne an ne forlæte.’

1420

1425

1430

143s

144°

-

144S

lcoflic cempa

1416 gast: fol. 486 begins 1425 aÖropen MS: corr. Grimm, þ. 172 1430 hloðrode MS: corr. Grimm 1434 No indication of omission in MS; lacuna indicated by Thorpe 1443 lie lælan MS: corr. Sievers

Swa se dædfruma dryhten herede halgan stefne, oöðæt hador sfga þa folctogan feorðan siðe, egle ondsacan, œÖeling lœddon to þam carcerne; woldon cræfta gehygd, magorædendes mod oncyrran on þære deorcan niht. pa com dryhten God in þæt hlinræced, hæleða wuldor, ond þa wine synne wordum grette ond frofre gecwæð, fœder manneynnes, lifes lareow. Heht his lichoman hales brucan: ‘Ne scealt ðu in henðum a leng searohæbbendra sar þrowian.’ Aras J>a mægene rof; sægde meotude J>anc, hal of hæfte heardra wita. Næs him gewemmed wlite, ne wloh of hrægle lungre alysei, ne loc of heafde, ne ban gebrocen, ne blodig wund lic gelenge, ne laðes dæl þurh dolgslege dreore bestemed, . ac wæs eft swa ær þurh ]?a æðelan miht lof lædende, ond on his lice trum.

47

1450

14 SS

1460

1465

1470

1475

1453 me: fol. 49a begins' 1456 sægl MS: sigel restored 1437 waSu MS: corr. Grein 1468 sás MS: corr. Thorpe 1472 alysdc MS: corr. Grimm 1474 liege lenge MS: corr. Grimm (note)

48

ANDREAS

ANDREAS

Hæt, ic hwile nu haliges lare leoðgiddinga, lof þœs þe worhte, wordum wemde, wyrd undyrne. Ofer min gemet mycel is to secganne, langsum leornung, þæt he in life adrcag, call æfter orde; þæt scell æglæwra mannonmoldan þonne ic me tælige findan on fcrðe, þæt fram fruman cunne call þa earfeðo þc he mid cine adreah grimra guða. Hwæðrc git sccolon lytlum sticcum leoðworda dæl furður reccan; þæt is fyrnsægen, hu he wcorna feala wita gcðolode, heardra liilda, in þærc hæðenan byrig. He be wealle gescah wundrum fæste under sælwage sweras unlytle, stapulas standan storme bedrifene, eald enta geweorc; he wið anne þæra, mihtig ónd modro/, mæðel gehede, wis, wundrum gleaw, word stunde ahof: ‘Geher ðu, marmanstan, meotudes rædum, fore þæs onsyne ealle gesceafte forlite geweorðað, þonne hie fœder geseoð heofonas ond corðan herigea mæste on middangeard mancynn secan! Læt nu of þinum staþole ' streamas weallan, ea inflede, nu ðe ælmihtig hateð, heofona cyning, þæt ðu hrædlice on þis frœte folc forð onsende wæter widrynig to wera cwealme, ^eofon geotende. Hwæt, ðu golde cart, sincgife, sylla; on ðe sylf cyning

>

wrat, wuldres God, wordum cyÖde recene geryno, ond ryhte æ getacnode on tyn wordum, meotud mihtum swið, Moyse sealde, swa hit soðfæste syðþan heoldon, modige magoþegnas, magas sine, godfyrhte guman, I osmíz ond Tobias. Nu ðu miht gecnawan þæt þe cyning engla gefrætwode furður mycle giofum geardagum ; þonne call gimma cynn þurh his halige hæs, þu scealt hræðe cyðan gif ðu his ondgitan ænige hæbbe.’

/ 14801

1485

■ 1490

Næs þa wordlatu wihte þon mare, }?æt se stan togan. Stream ut aweoll, fleow ofer foldan; famige walcan mid ærdæge eorðan þehton, myclade mereflod. Meoduscerwen wearð æfter symbeldæge; slæpe tobrugdon searuhæbær ofostlice

ANDREAS

S3 pa gesamnodon secga þreate weras geond þa winbúrg wide ond side, eorlas anmode, ond hira idesa mid; cwædon holdlice hyran woldon, onfon fromlice fullwihtes bæð *640 dryhtne to willan, ond diofolgild, ealde ealhstedas, anforlætan. pa wæs mid þy folce fulwiht hœfen, æðele mid eorlum, ond æ Godes riht aræred, ræd on lande i 64s mid þam ceasterwarum, cirice gehalgod þær se ar Godes anne gesette wisfæstne wer, . wordes gleawne, in þære beorhtan byrig bisceop þam leodum, ond gehalgode fore þam heremægene l6So þurh apostolhad, Platan nemncd, þeodum on þearfe; ond þriste bebead þæt h J4° 3> Fates 10, Beo. 3174. On the pattern of the variation thus produced, see 31, note; see also K. R. Brooks, EGS iii. 61-62. 999-1000. Cf. Beo. 721-2. The prose versions state that Andrew makes the sign of the Cross on reaching the prison door, which opens of its own accord.■ 1000. haliges gastes: ‘of the holy visitant’; so also 1621. In these two passages, and also in beodgastes 1088, forms of gait‘spirit’are written where WS gi(e)st, gyst, non-WS gæst, gest ‘stranger’ or ‘visitant’ is intended; in the expression here discussed, confusion with the extremely common halig gast ‘Holy Spirit’ is to be postulated. There is also a front-mutated form gxst, found in Beo. 102 and. 1123, which in OE MSS would be indistinguishable from non-WS gxst = WS giest', on the confusion of these two words in Beowulf, see Klaeber’s 3rd ed., p. 338, and the articles there cited. There is thus no reason to alter the text in such cases; it is noteworthy that Andreas has no unambiguous forms of giest. 1002. swxfon: ‘lay dead’, i.e. slept the sleep of death; cf. Beo. 2060, 2256, 2746, Ex. 496. 1003. deaðwang rudon: ‘they dyed red (with their blood) the place where they fell dead’; cf. Beo. 1151, where MS hroden must be emended to roden as in Wrenn’s 2nd ed., p. 319. The same verb occurs in the derived sense ‘kill’ in Ex. 413 (see Irving’s note) and Boeth. viii. 34., 1013. geseon:‘see each other’, as inJ3eo. 1875; cf. Ex. 207 and Irving’s note. 1022. sxde him guSgeSingu: a hypermetric type, preceded in the same verse by a normal D*i-type; see 733, note. 1023. þinfolc : the prisoners who are incarcerated with Matthew; they do not appear to be in the same cell with him, cf. 1007. 1024-5. A leaf has been excised from the MS here. The prose versions indicate that the lost portion of the narrative may have been to the following effect: after some preliminary dialogue in which Andrew speaks of his coming trials (cf. 1022-3), the apostles find the other prisoners, and Andrew miraculously restores their sight and reason; they then plan to effect the safe conduct of Matthew and the others back to their own homes, and release them all from the prison. 1029. se halga: Andrew, who knows of the torments in store for,him; cf. 950 ff., 1031-2.

97

promiscui sexus et mulieribus fere cum viris, quippe ducentis nonaginta et septem cum sancto apostolo (i.e. including Matthew). C (p. 73) distinguishes 248 men and 49 women: erat autem qui retrusi fuerunt,'numerus quasi ducenti quadraginta octo, absque mulieribus que fuerunt 'quadraginta novem, and so also the OE prose, p. 239: and þ x r wæron on þxm carcerne twa hund and eahta and feowertig zvera, and nigon and feowertig wifa. But the •

Greek MSS of P vary, some giving 270 as the total; that foliowed'by' Blatt i gives 249, but he emends it with much probability^ agree with the Latin / and OE (p. 72): fjoav Be ol narres dvBpes BiaKoaidycrapaKovra (oKTOJ Kai yvvaiK.es oapauovra) evvea ovs aneXvaev ’AvBpéas eK rrjs v\aKrjs. As the poet distinguishes 49 women, it seems probable that his source agreed with those versions which give 248 men. One point at least is clear : the MS reading tu 7 hundteontig cannot be right, for this can only mean 102, so that as they stand lines 1035-6 give a total of 142 men. It is there- fore advisable to cancel 7 here, giving tu hundteontig . . . swyIce feowertig, i.e. 240, which is nearer the number required; for the form of the numeral, cf. Bede, Hist. Eccl. iv. 17, þreo hundteontig (v. 1. hund) bisepa and eahtatyne. But Kock, Ang. xlv. 105, may be right in regarding tu 7 as a mistake for twa or tmea, which can also be used as multipliers. 1036. swyIcefeowertig: the MS is defective, for it fails to give the correct number (248), and a noun in the gen. corresponding to wifa is lacking. For a suggested reconstruction see 1040, note. 1037. nxnigne: if the MS nxnige is retained, fxste must be read in 1038; the sg. is perhaps preferable, as stressing the fact that not a single prisoner was left. Metrically nxnigne is sound, cf. 5x7, 1081. 1038. bennum: see 962, note. 1040. anes wana þe fif tig: the verse is incomplete and the grammar hardly sound. The adj. wana is found with þe only once elsewhere, in Bede, Hist. Eccl. iii. 24, where MS B reads anes wonaþe syxtig wintra ; the other MSS read wonþe, wona, or wana. As adverbs meaning ‘minus’, wan pe and læs þe are common; hence the two instances of wana þe or wonaþe are probably errors due to confusion of the two constructions. Correct grammar would require anes wana fiftig or anes wan þe fif tig ; the latter should probably be read here, but in view of the defective state of the text the MS has been allowed to stand. Examples of wana (either declined weak or indeclinable) with a numeral seem to be found only in prose apart from the present passage; but if anes wan þe fif tig be read here, the main stress and alliteration would most probably fall on fif tig, as indicating the starting-point for the subtraction, so that a half-line of Type A3 would result. Then the missing half-line should contain a word alliterating with fiftig, such as forþgerimed, which might well have dropped 0289' n

98

COMMENTARY

COMMENTARY

out before forhte. Emendation, of 1036 is a more difficult matter, but the following reconstruction would give the numbers required: (1035) Tuhundteontig geteled rime , (fira ond eahta,) swylce feowcrtig, . . (1039) on(d) pair wifa pa git, weorodes to eacan, ancs wan )>e fiftig (forpgerimed) iV • forhte gefreoöode. ' For t£ie|word-order in the reconstructed 1036, cf. El. 2-3: tu hund ond 'þreo . . . szcylceþritíg'các.

1068. frumgaras: cf. Beo. 2856; though the word recalls Latin primipilus, it probably came too early to be a loan-translation. . 1072. Cf. Guth. 663.

1044. fr. Here Matthew drops out of the story, and the poet does not say what becomes.of him; but the prose versions.treat the parting in greater detail. The rescued prisoners are told to go to the lower part of the city, where they will find a fig-tree; they are to sit beneath it and eat of its fruit until Andrew returns to them. Meanwhile Matthew and Andrew’s disciples are conveyed under cover of a cloud (not mentioned in the OE prose, but cf. line 1046 of the poem) to St. Peter, with whom they remain. In the poem this is much compressed; the whole party is led out under the cloud, but nothing is said concerning their destination. ■ 1046. zceorod on zdlsiff: cf. Beo. 216, El. 213. beþehte: pret.sg., the subject being Andrew (se halga, 1045); inPandC , it is Andrew who commands the cloud to cover the others. 1047. scyldhatan: see 85, note. scyffffan: cf. seyffeff 1561, and see Introduction, p. xxxiv, B. (23). This spelling is not found elsewhere, and may represent the late WS form corresponding to the usual sceffffan; early WS would have had *scieððan, cf. Goth, skaþjan. The fact that sceððan invades Alfredian prose is no objection, for Alfred employed some Mercian assistants; in particular the OE translation of Bede has many Anglian forms. See also 1147, note. 1057. mid eldum: ‘among men’, i.e. ‘in the world’; cf. Beo. 77. 1059. to þæs þe: ‘to the place where’; cf. 1070 and Beo. 714. 1062. stapul osrenne: P (p. 72) reads: koX deaodpevos gtvXov yaXuovv xal avSplavra htdvm iarrjKora, and the OE prose, p. 239: andhe peer geseah, szver standan, and ofer þone szver ærne onlicnesse; but C (p. 73) makes no mention of brass: vidit statuam erectam stantem super columpnam mar­ moream. The fact that the poet makes no mention of a statue may indicate that he followed a different source. 1065. panon: i.e. from where he (Andrew) was sitting awaiting the coming of the Mermedonians; not, as Krapp A, p. 130, supposed, indicative of the direction from which the guðzveorc is to come. under burhlocan: i.e. within the city walls; not ‘in the town prison’, for Andrew is not yet in prison.

99

i° 74- geleah: as MS gelah is not found elsewhere, it seems best to assume a scribal error (cf. 1430); for the expression cf. Beo. 2323, Gen. 49, 1446. 1075 ff. Schaar, p. 203, rightly remarks that ‘the sentence does not gain from the fact that the least striking part of the alarming discovery is heavily stressed’; cf. 198, note. The passage seems to be based partly on jful. 236-7. 1078. unhyðige: lit. ‘without booty’, hence ‘without profit’ or ‘luckless’; the same word is used in Guth. 1328 of Guthlac’s servant after his master has died. 1081-2. senigne . . . negemetten: the MS senigne .. . czvicnegemette cannot be sound, for a negative is necessary, and gemette lacks a subject. Schaar, p. 57, suggests ænig ne to lafe . . . czvicne gemette, and translates: ‘nobody had met any one of the strangers left alive’, but this is unlikely, as there is no word corresponding to ‘any one’. Of the many attempts to rectify the passage, the best seems to be that of Grimm (adopted by Krapp), which is followed here with the slight change to gemetten; translate, ‘that there they had found none of the foreigners remaining alive’. Schaar, loc. cit., rightly observes that the poet has confused two ideas: the prisoners were no longer there, and the guards were no longer alive. 1088. Mates beodgastes: 'a pale guest at table’; there is nothing in the < prose versions to correspond to this striking personification. On the element -gastes see 1000, note. 1089. belidenan: MS behlidenan ‘closed’ gives no sense, and fails to alli­ terate; the right word is clearly belidenan ‘departed’, i.e. ‘dead’, although elsewhere this word occurs only in conjunction with lifefs), cf. Guth. 1338, El. 878, Jud. 280. 1090. gefeormedon: the lack of alliteration with durupegnum makes it fairly certain that some words are missing here, although there is no break in the sense and no'lacuna in the MS; the attempts which have been made to emend the text have all been unfortunate. A lacuna of two half-lines is here assumed; if the first word of the missing passage had been huru, the resemblance of this word to dune might well have caused the omission. The following would regularize the metre: Nyston beteran ræd, ponne hie pa belidenan him to lifnere gefeormedon. (Huru pæt wæs fremde peod dryhtna dryhtne!) Durupegnum wearð, &c. For dryhtna dryhtne, cf. 874, 1151; and for the added phrase cf. Beo. . ■ 1691-2.

COMMENTARY

COMMENTARY

1092. þurh heardgelac: ‘by brute force’. > hildebedd: ‘bed of violent death’; apparently coined by the poet on the pattern of morþorbed in Beo, 2436. The MS hildbedd is an abnormal form, and better emended; see Holthausen, Ang. Beib. xxxi. 28, H. Weyhe, PB B xxx. 79 if., and Campbell 349, footnote 1. styred: since Cosijn, PBB xxi. 15, many editors have taken this word as equivalent to stred ‘strewn’, i.e. ‘prepared’, comparing Beo. 2436; but all such suggestions are entirely wrong, as the door-keepers are already dead (cf. 994 ff.), and so cannot be said to die a second time. Here styred is the pp. of styrian ‘disturb’; the sentence means ‘their bed of death was disturbed by violence’, i.e. they were roughly seized where they lay and torn to pieces to serve as food. The metrical pattern of this line, as also of geomorgidd wrecen 1548, is Type E3.

1118. breostum onbryrded: cf. Guth. 654. to þam beadulace: parallel to ymb þæs geongan feorh ; on the punctuation see Schaar, p. 58. This passage, in which the Mermedonians come out in full battle array to kill a single child, is another example of absurd exaggeration by the poet. 1122. eogotSe: on the spelling cf. eador 1627, and see Introduction, p. xxxiv, B. (14). Although these words are spelt elsewhere in the poem with initial g, there is no need to normalize, as similar spellings occur throughout the Vercelli MS; see Siszm, Studies, p. 101, footnote.

100

1094. burgwara: all editors keep the MS burgwaru as an exceptional acc. sg. f.; but the only possible parallel is Lord’s Prayer I I 30 sib ond lufu, usually emended to sibbe and lufe. Hence it is best to postulate scribal confusion of a and u here; cf. 424, 1545. 1099. taan: ‘the lot’; see 6, note, and for the spelling cf. 649, 1593, 1599In P and C the executioners are about to mutilate the bodies of the door­ keepers, when at the prayer of Andrew the knives fall from their hands, which are turned to stone; the people then draw lots to decide which of them shall be slaughtered to serve as food for the rest. P adds this further detail: the Mermedonians agree to subsist on the bodies of the door­ keepers until they can send their young men out in boats to attack the neighbouring countries and bring back prisoners. The OE prose omits the whole episode, and continues with a passage corresponding to lines 1168 ff. 1100. hwylcne: the poet begins as if saying leton taan wisian hwylcne hie sceoldon feores berædan (cf. 131-2), but continues as if about to say leton taan wisian hwylc hira sceolde feores ongyldan (cf. 409 ff., 1227 ff.). 1104 ff. In P and C the lot falls upon seven old men, one of whom offers his young son and daughter in exchange for himself; the poem makes no mention of seven men or of a daughter. 1107. feores orwena: cf. Beo. 1002, 1565, Guth. 627. 1113. modgeomre: either the weak adj. or plural after the collective noun peod\ cf. 947. 1116. reow: this emendation of MS hreow is certain, for the adj. should alliterate, and hrædlice 936 (see note) is not parallel. The simplex else­ where is always reow, cf. 1134; OE had two synonymous words reow and hreoh, which seem to have influenced each other so as to produce a hybrid -hreow as the second element of compounds, e.g. blod(h)reow, woslQi)reow. See Sievers, PBB ix. 257.

101

1122-3. dsel. . . leofne: ‘and would receive a share to support their life’; i.e. each one of them would receive a share of the body for food. 1124. herigweardas: ‘temple guardians’, i.e. high priests; P has ol hrpxioi, and C carnifices. On the first element, which is a form of WS hearg ‘heathen temple’, see Jente, pp. 2-3 and 9—13; the word cannot mean ‘army leaders’, for here immediately follows, and elsewhere in the poem this word is always Acre-in compounds. here samnodan: i.e. they summoned the people to the feast; see 586, note. 1125. ceastrewarena: the regular ceaster- occurs in 1646 and El. 42, but it would be unwise to emend; cf. Franks Casket Romæcœstri, Fates 11 Romebyrig, and gu’ðe rœs twice in Beowulf (2356, 2626) beside the com­ moner guðrces. 1129. earmsceapen: see 1345, note, and cf. Beo. 1351, 2228 (the latter on the evidence of Kemble and Zupitza; MS defective). 1130. pe . . . wolde: pe cannot be relative, with freo 3e as antecedent, for geunnan elsewhere is used only with a personal subject; iifolce be taken as antecedent, Ettmiiller’s emendation nolde must be accepted. It seems that Krapp is right in taking pe as the conjunction, understanding folo as the unexpressed subject: ‘the wretched one could find no mercy or favour from the people, that they would grant him life and existence.’ x131-2. ‘The fierce warriors were bent upon the violent deed.’ 1133. scurheard: cf. Beo. 1033, and scurum heardne, said of a sword in Jud. 79. Krapp A, pp. 133-4, lists many suggestions regarding the mean­ ing of scurheard; the most probable seems to be that of Klaeber, Beowulf, 3rd ed., p. 392, ‘hard in the storm of battle’. See also Wrenn’s 2nd ed. of the same poem, pp. 81, 281, 284. sceaðan: cf. 1159, 1291, also Beo. 525, Brun. 32, Rood 66, 146, and Cr. 775 for this late WS weak gen. pi. For the'form of the expression, in which folme is collective sg., cf. 941. ■■■■..•■ II39- prist ond prohtheard: cf. 1264; the emendation seems sound, as prohtheard alone is metrically insufficient. Perhaps the scribe, faced with three words beginning pr-, accidentally started with the second. prymman : ‘in crowds' (inst. pi.); on the ending -an cf. waðuman 1280.

COMMENTARY

COMMENTARY

1142. on pam hysebeordre: on is unusual, for the dat. alone would be expected, cf. 48. The construction seems to be an extension of the use of on with verbs of depriving, &c., seen in prose, e.g. Boethius, vii, ed. Sedgefield, p. 18, line 2, ac hy hine habbad on me genumen, and xiii (ibid., p. 27, line 30), se 3e (gold) on odrum reafad. hysebeordre: elsewhere this word occurs only as a gloss to puerperium, but here it is used as abstract for concrete to mean ‘male offspring’, i.e. ‘boy’ or ‘youth’; see H. Back, ‘The Synonyms for Child, Boy, Girl in Old English’, Lund Studies in English, iii. 181-2.

,by þ rea ormsete. Cf. the frequent use of þrag as ‘time of sorrow’, although this is not the only meaning (in Wand. 95 seo prag is ‘the good old days’). But it would also be possible to take sæl and prea ormsete as constituting a hendiadys fo r‘a time of great tribulation’ here.

102

103

1142-3. heafolan gescenan, garum agetan: probably a hendiadys, as the first verb describes the action and the second the result: ‘to injure his head, (so as) to destroy it.’ On agetan see 32, note. P and C say that the Mermedonians slaughtered their victims over a cauldron into which the blood was allowed to flow, which suggests that they cut their, throats; the Greek verb used in P is ofayialew.

1169. weriges hiw: ‘the appearance of a malefactor’; although P, p. 78, reads ópoiwOels yépovri, and C, p. 79, in similitudinem hominis canuti, the word here is not weriges ‘weary’ taken in an otherwise unexampled sense of ‘stricken in years’, but an Anglian form of WS wearges ‘outlaw’ or ‘criminal’. This sense seems certain in view of the very close parallel of Cr. 1564: Won ond wliteleas, hafað werges bleo, which describes the sinner standing before God at the Last Judgement. The OE prose, p. 239, differs in saying that the devil appeared in the form of a youth: softer piossum him œteowde deofol on cnihtes onlicnesse. See also 86, note.

1145 ff. In P the knives simply fall from the killers’ hands, but C is nearer the poem: liquefiant [sc. gladii] in manibiis eorum!—quod et ita factum est (p. 79). Krapp A, p. 134, compares Beo. 1608 and Cr. 988.

1170. morpres brytta: ‘the dispenser of evil’, see 19, note; the expression is clearly an ironic variation of beaga or sinces brytta, applied to earthly rulers in Beowulf and other poems. Cf. 1313 and Jud. 90.

1147. scyldhatan: cf. 1047, and see 85, note. sceddan: MS sceadan is scarcely a late form modelled on the pret. sc{e)5d, but rather an early form without original,/ (< Pr. Gmc. *skaþanan beside *skaþjanan); similar forms also occur in Ps. xc. 7 and in the prose Psalter (ed. Spelman), Ps. lxxxviii. 33. This would imply a short diph­ thong, which suits the verse in Ps. xc but not that in Andreas; hence the MS reading here is an error for sceddan. The scribe was perhaps influenced by scyldhatan and ondsacan to write sceadan, which he took as the noun.

1171. helle hinca: following Grimm’s note, Krapp and others write these .words as a compound, but they are perhaps better separated, as 'helij)- is the normal first element in compounds; cf. Beo. 163 helrunan, Maid. 180 helsceadan. This unique phrase seems to mean ‘the cripple of hell’; the only apparent parallel is Guth. 912 adloman, used of devils, and usually interpreted as ‘the lame ones of the fire of hell’, although Trautmann, BB xxiii. 123, and H. D. Meritt, Fact and Lore about Old English Words, pp. 5-6, would regard it as a corruption of adlogdn ‘oath-breakers’, for which cf. Cr. 1604. On the probable etymology of hinca see Holthausen, A E W 160, under hinca and hincian (where the reference to WaldePokorny should read ii. 564); cf. also Mod. German Henker, which in standard German means ‘hangman’, but is colloquially used for ‘the Devil’. Krapp A, p. 135, observes that allusions to lame devils are not uncommon in modern European literature, but there is no further evidence for such a belief among the Anglo-Saxons; he makes the attractive suggestion that the story of Satan’s fall from heaven became confused with the classical myth of Vulcan’s fall from Olympus, which resulted in his becoming lame. This would lend some support to the orthodox interpretation of adloman, for Vulcan, or Hephaestus, was the god of the fire and forge.

1156. hreopon friccan: cf. El. 54, 550; here the words are incongruous, being probably suggested by hlud heriges cyrm, which does not in fact refer to a shouting army (cf. 586, 1124); on the punctuation see Schaar, p. 262. . 1157. tnændon meteleaste: see 39, note. 1158. hornsalu: this word, found only here, has an odd ring in the con­ text; see 668 and 1236, notes. , 1159. winræced: parallel to hornsalu; weste is predicative. welan : see 1133, note. 1160. brucanne: cf. 1481, 1659, 1689, where the substitution of the uninflected infinitive would give a simpler metrical type (see Sievers, PBB x. 482). But it would be inadvisable to change the text, as similar lines are found in Beowulf and other poems; for the uninflected inf. with to, cf. Beo. 316, 2556, Gulh. 531. 1165. ssel: here perhaps ‘time of sorrow’ or ‘crisis’; the sense is amplified

1176. neon: this form also occurs in Beo. 3104; see Introduction, p. xxxvii, C. (26). 1180. gewyrhtum: the poet changes from the specific sg. to the generic pi; (cf. 256), so that there is no need to read gewyrhtan with Simons, BB iii. 66.

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leetad wæpnes spor: there is no lacuna in the MS, but the metre shows that a word has been omitted; for the emendation ci.jful. 623. The phrase wecpnes spor ‘mark of a weapon’ signifies ‘wound’, cf. ON eggja (or sverffa) spor, dálg-spor, in the same sense. Schaar, p. 269, observes that the idea

hunt for him, whereupon God orders Andrew to reveal himself. C makes no mention of Andrew’s becoming visible, but merely says that he is captured at the devil’s instigation. Here once again the poet has failed to make the motivation of his narrative clear.

is not appropriate to the context, since Andrew is not tortured with weapons (cf. 1232 ff.); but cf. 996, note.

1208. ellen fremman: cf. Beo. 3 and 636-7.

• 105

1181. eadorgeard: i.e. the ‘enclosed dwelling’ of the spirit, hence ‘body’; the meaning is defined by the following feorhhord. Kemble’s ealdorgeard ‘life-enclosure’, suggested independently by Napier in Aug. iv. 411, would have the same meaning and is adoptedby Krapp; cf. Maid. 297 feorhhus. But eadorgeard may stand as a type of compound in which the second element defines the first, the meaning being understood from the context; cf. hordlocan 671. On the form see Introduction, p. xxxvii, C. (25); the half-line scans as Type A2. sceoran: see Introduction, p. xxxvi, C. (12).

1212. cealdan clommum: ‘with cruel bonds’; cf. Seaf. 10, and see 138, note, above. cyd þe sylfne: Andrew has hitherto been invisible, cf. 986-7.

1186. wait: the MS weest, found also in 1282, occurs nowhere else, and admits no satisfactory explanation; it is therefore emended to zvast, cf. 932. Confusion with the very common zvæs may have caused the corruption. 1187. ond: ‘if’, as in Jul. 378; cf. ME and early Mod. Eng. an(d).

1221. beeron ut hræðe: ‘they rushed out in force’; the object of beeron, i.e. ‘weapons’, is understood, cf. Finn. 5, El. 45 (see Gradon’s note), and ON bera út. The metre is Type E3; the full phrase, including the object, occurs in jfud. 191 herad Unde ford. It is less probable that beeron is a late spelling of beran, inf. dependent on com, for this involves two spelling deviations in the same word.

1188. Cf. Beo. 811. 1189. Su deofles street: cf. the OE prose, p. 241: anapu heardeste street to eeghmlcre unrihtnesse. C has nothing to correspond; P, p. 78, reads di BeXla ixOporare. Zupitza, fJZxviii. 185, ingeniously explains the odd use of streel as a translation of sagitta or telum of the assumed lost Latin source, this being itself a mistranslation of Greek BeXla, taken not as ‘Belial’, but as equivalent to jSe'Aos ‘dart’. Cf. also Cr. 779 deojla strælas, and Wulfstan, cd. Napier, p. 214, line 13, eall mid deofles strælum awrecen; in these two passages, however, street is used in its literal sense. One may perhaps compare Beo. 1020, where brand Healfdenes ‘sword of Hcalfdene’ seems to be a title of Hrothgar in his capacity as the chief warrior of his father Healfdene, see Wrenn’s note; thus deofles street here, and possibly street alone in the OE prose, may perhaps signify one who serves, armed with darts, in Satan’s host. 1 1193. Satan: this name occurs ten times in OE verse; see Krapp A, P- 136. 1194. te: MS a is clearly an error caused by a in the preceding line; the word ee(w) ‘law’, which in a Christian context can mean ‘Divine law’, and hence ‘the Scriptures’, is not elsewhere spelt a. For dryhtnes æ deman ‘preach the Gospel’, cf. 1403 and Fates 10. 1201 ff. In P and the OE prose the devil, on hearing the voice of Andrew, orders the people to search for him; they lock the city gates and begin to

1218. mirce: ‘cruel’, a sense common when this word is associated with man ‘wickedness’; cf. Cr. 1279, Phoe. 457, Jul. 505. The primary meaning ‘dark’ occurs in Beo. 1405 and Judgment Day 1 26. manslaga: acc. pi. of manslagu ‘wicked blow’, which occurs only here, and affords the only example of fern, slagu beside masc. siege. The sense seems confirmed by the parallel in 955-6.

1222 ff. The punctuation is that of Wulker and Krapp A. Krapp B follows the bad punctuation of Baskervill, placing a period after gebundon and beginning a new sentence with siþþan; Schaár, p. 58, rightly objects that this gives ‘a monstrous hysteron proteron’ which totally destroys the sense. 1223. eedelinga wynn: cf. 1713, Jul. 730. This figurative use of wynn is absent from the older heroic poetry; Cook, ed. Cr., p. 86, believed that it may have originated from similar expressions in Latin hymns, e.g. angelorum (or caeli, mundi) gaudium, applied to the Virgin Mary, who is called wifa wynn in Cr. 71. 1224-5. The object hine (Andrew) is understood, cf. 921. 1225. secg: MS sec occurs also in Beo. 2863, Wald. i. 5; cf. Beo. 957, 980, where Ec- is written for Ecg- in proper names. In all these passages except that from Waldere another consonant immediately follows, and , hence the spelling may represent the scribe’s pronunciation, showing simplifica­ tion of three contiguous consonants; cf. Beo. 2710 and Wrenn’s 2nd ed., p. 287. But as final eg is not normally written c (cf. Campbell 66, SB 216.1, 231. 1), it seems better to normalize. 1226. welwange: see Introduction, p. xxxv, C. (7).'' 1229 ff. This method of torture, by which Andrew’s body is lacerated by being dragged over rough and stony ground, is mentioned also in P, V,

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and the OE prose; C is defective here, and resumes with a passage corre­ sponding to 1337 ff.

The idea is foreign to the context here; the poet is perhaps using a formula inappropriately, if not consciously echoing Beowulf.

1230. teon ðragmælum: the MS reading ðragmælum teon gives an E-type alliterating on the final lift only; three other lines of this form occur in Beo. 2615, Finn. 31, and Seaf. 56, but they have all come under editorial suspicion and been subjected to emendation. Since teon is the significant word here, it should bear the chief stress ; hence it is advisable to accept Kock’s rearrangement in Ang. xliv. 97, assuming accidental scribal trans­ position of the words. It is hardly possible to scan the MS reading as Type A3 with teon = *teohan, since it is unlikely that 'ðragmælum, as the first word of the line, would lie weakly stressed; the half-line hwilum us on yðum 514 is scarcely parallel, cf. also 443. The word Sragmælum normally means ‘from time to time’, as in Boeth. xxvi. 80 and xxviii. 56; but here the sense is rather ‘time and time again’, for Andrew is tortured without respite all day, cf. 1245, 1274, 1397. In Jul. 344 the same word is most probably a noun; see Rosemary Woolf’s ed., pp. 88-89. torngeniðlan: there is no objection to taking this as acc. sg. with reference to Andrew, cf. 1249; this enables the MS readings to be kept in 1232 ff.

1239. soden: ‘tormented’, sec 64, note.

io6

1231. swa . . .h it: swa here means ‘where’ as in 1441, and hit refers back to the fern, landsceare; see 810, note. The Mermedonians look for the places where jagged rocks and stones arc likely to do Andrew the greatest harm. 1232-3. deormode, stærcedferþþe: nom. pi., referring to the Mermedo­ nians; the object of drogon (Andrew) is understood from torngeniðlan. With the application of these otherwise laudatory adjectives to the Mermedonians, cf. 693, note; there is no need to read -modne and -ferhpne with Cosijn (PBB xxi. 16) and Krapp, who take torngeniðlan as nom. pi. For the spelling -ferþþe cf. Guth. 924, Cr. 476, Jul. 328, Rid. lix. 3. .. 1234. tolagon: it is not clear from the MS whether the scribe intended to write this or to logon; the latter is read by most editors, including Krapp, but they fail to make satisfactory sense of it. The compound tolagon ‘ran in different directions’ is appropriate here, see BT under toliegan. 1235. enta sergeweorc: so Beo. 1679, where an ancient sword is described. Similar expressions occur in And. 1495 (pillars supporting a building), Beo. 1562 (a sword), 2717 (the dragon’s cave), 2774 (the dragon’s hoard), Wand. 87, and Ruin 2 (ancient buildings, perhaps Roman). The expression ‘work of the giants’ thus seems to have been a formula applied to anything that had lasted through several centuries from an older civilization; see Beowulf, ed. Wrenn, p. 212. 1236. stræte stanfage: cf. Beo. 320 street wæs stanfah, 725 on fagne flor. Although the Beowulf poet is speaking of Denmark, he seems to be think­ ing of Roman tessellated pavements, examples of which might have still been seen in the England of his time; see Beowulf, ed. Wrenn, p. 288.

107

1241. haton heolfre: cf. Beo. 849; the MS hat of heolfre is clearly corrupt since it makes no sense. 1242. ellen untzveonde: cf. El. 797. ■ 1246. sigeltorht: ‘bright as the sun’, an epithet of Andrew; there is no reason to change the good MS reading to sigetorht, as is done by several editors, including Krapp, on the grounds that sigeltorht would be unsuit­ able as descriptive of cefen. • 1255. searoþancum beseted: the meaning seems to be that Andrew spent the night in prayer and meditation, not that he was beset by the evil plots of the Mermedonians ; elsewhere scaroþanc is used in a good sense except in Jul. 298 and 494, where the devil is telling how he has incited various men to sin. 1255 ff. This description of the cold winter night proves that Mermedonia is not a name for Ethiopia, see 432, note; this passage may be original with the poet, for there is nothing to suggest it in the prose .'versions. ■ ; ' . 1256. wintergeworpum: cf. Phoe. 57, and see 306, note; on the spelling cf. 705, and see Introduction, p. xxxiii, B. (12). wedcr: ‘skies’ rather than ‘storms’, cf. 372, 837. 1258. hare hildstapan: ‘grey stalking warriors’; the frost is here personified as a warrior stalking abroad at night like Grendel, who is called rinc in Beo. 720, in a passage describing his stealthy approach to Heorot at dead of night. Cf. also Beo. 103, 1348; the word har, an eminently suitable epithet of frost, is often used of warriors, e.g. Beo. ,1307, 3136. Winter and frost are often represented as giants in Germanic literature, especially in ON; a modem example can be seen in the Icelandic poem Veturinn by Bjarni Thórarensen, printed in the Oxford Book of Scandinavian Verse. 1259 ff. The punctuation here is doubtful; Grimm, followed by Krapp, places commas after cylegicelum and eastreamas, but ‘the ground was freezing with cold icicles’ seems a strange expression, as icicles are more appropriate to water, and bryegian is not found elsewhere with a direct object. It seems better to punctuate as in the present text, following Kemble; blæce brimrade is then parallel to eastreamas. 1260. cealdum cylegicelum: cf. Phoe. 59. clang wæteres þrym: ‘the mighty water became hard and motionless’. The verb clingan ‘shrink’ survived into early Mod. English, e.g. Shake­ speare, Macbeth, v. v. 40: ‘Upon the next tree shalt thou hang alive, till famine cling thee’; see OED under Cling vb.1

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8

COMMENTARY

1262. blæce: this word is usually rendered ‘dark’, but this is not a suitable epithet of water covered by ice. The word is to be read blæce, a frontmutated variant of bláce ‘shining’, cf. 243, 1541; this form is found in Panther 26 and Judgment Day I 56, and as blaec or blec in glosses. 1265. Cf. Guth. 692. 1268. wuldres gim: i.e. the sun, cf. Bco. 2072 heofones gim. 1270. ding : dat. sg. of dung ‘chamber’, hence ‘prison cell’; cf. OHG time, rendering hypogeum ‘subterranean chamber’, and ON dyngja ‘lady’s bower’. Cf. also sea dingle of the ME^ Sawles Warde, revived by W. H. Auden in ‘Doom is dark and deeper than any sea-dingle’, Poems, Faber and Faber, 1933, p. 43. 1274. For the omission of the subject (Andrew), cf. 548, 626. 1276. þ urh: here and in 1279 the meaning is ‘over’, see BT under þurh I. (2); two streams, one of blood and the, other of tears, are said to flow over Andrew’s body. blod lifrum swealg: these words seem to be a variation of swat ySum weoll, but it is hard to, extract any meaning from them. Elsewhere lifer is found only in the sg. in its normal sense of ‘liver’, but the context and the pi. here exclude this meaning. Most editors take lifrum in the otherwise unknown sense of ‘blood-clots’, and explain the words as meaning that the fresh blood flowing out covered up the clots left by the the previous day’s wounds; Krapp writes blodlifrum, taking swat as subject, comparing ON blóðlifrar in Brennu-Njdls Saga, chap. 112. But lifrum may perhaps mean ‘in thick streams’; cf. E. Ekwall, Concise Oxford Diet, of English Place-Names, p. 287, under Liverpool and Liverton, where the Norwegian river-name Lifra ( 1654. feorhrædfremedon: cí. folcrœd fremede 622. ssegde hisfusne hige: i.e. sægde þæt his hige fus viære; for other examples of similar shortened constructions, cf. Guth. n g , Cr. 137, El. 588. 1656. seega seledream: cf. Rid. lxiii. 1; in Beo. 2252 the MS reading gesawon seledream was emended by Trautmann, jfEGP vi. 193, to seega seledream on the strength of this passage, see Klaeber’s 3rd ed., pp. 209-10. 1663 ff- The lack of grammar and sense shows that some words have been omitted here, although the MS does not indicate this. Comparison with the prose versions shows that the loss is not considerable; C, p. 93, reads: Andrea, quare sic ambulas, et magnum laborem ammisisti a te sine fructum, quid non audistis homines quos edificasti? Quare flentes et obsecrantes te non . exaudisti? Ut scias, tu eos non exaudisti rogantes, exaudivi enim ego eos , flentes, quia clamor eorum usque ad me pervenit-, the OE prose, p. 249: Andreas, for hvian gæst þu szva buton vicesime pines gewinnes, and pu forlete pa pe pe bcedon, attd pu nsere miltsiend ofer heora cild pa pe wceron fyliende and viepende? para cirm and wop to me astah on heofonas; and P, p. 92: AvSpia, Sia rl i£e\9áiv eacras avrovs auapnovs, Kal ovk eorn\ayxvio9t]s ini toTs (IkoXovOovitlv Snurdiv aov Kal twv Seojxévoiv avSpibv ori Ilobqcrov pe9' r)p.&v rjpipas oXlyas; rj yap flor] avTwv Kal 6 KXav9]i6s dvéflr) eis ovpavovs. Thus a lacuna of some three or four verse-lines is probable here; the following would give the required connexion: > on wiege fæger, fæstlic on færelde, fyrdgeafewa sum (lines 84 ff.). Many scholars interpret ýr as ‘bow’, on the evidence of the fifteenthcentury Icelandic Runic Poem, but this ON f r corresponds to .OE eoh .‘yew’, which was the name of a different rune; in the thirteenth-century Norwegian Runic Poem ýr is clearly ‘yew’. As in the case of úr, the meaning given by the Rune Poem is hard to reconcile with the context in the Cynewulf signatures. Sisam’s view that the runes for C and Y in these passages, and also the rune-groups in Juliana, merely stand for T, Cynewulf’ has found some favour; but such a use of runes is unparalleled in extant OE literature, and unsupported by other evidence. Holthausen, Ang. xxxv. 175 ff., suggests ‘horn’ for ýr, which will give good sense in all the signatures except that of Juliana, which cannot be discussed here. In El. 1259 the horn is said to lament,

I2&

COMMENTARY

instead of sounding rousing calls to battle or the chase; it is also called N-gefera ‘companion in need’ (see 104, note), which would accord well with fæstlic on fœrelde in the Rune Poem. In Cr. 800 God rebukes those who were remiss in their duty to Him ‘as long as Y and N could most easily have found consolation’; if Y there is ‘horn’, there is a difficulty

in the collocation of the concrete ‘horn’ and the abstract ‘need’. But for a connexion between drinking-horns and the N-rune see G. TurvillePetre, The Heroic Age of Scandinavia, p. 21; perhaps Y in the Cr. passage means a drinking-horn, so that Y and N stand for ‘heathen magic’. In the present passage an ink-horn may be meant: ‘while torch and ink-horn employ their function with labour in the night, constraint, the service of the King, lies upon them.’ Then Cynewulf represents him­ self as working at his poem by night under torch-light; cf. El. 1238-9. It is, however, possible that the rune-name ýr may signify some sharp instrument, such as a sword or axe; cf. Chronicle, MS. E, anno 1012, where æxe-yre is used of the weapon which split Ælfheah’s skull. The same sense could pass in El., where a disused weapon would be under­ stood; in 'Cr. Y and N might signify ‘fighting’, while here a quill pen, or a tool for sharpening it, might be meant. But it is at least doubtful whether the rune-name ýr had any specific meaning. The sound it represented was a comparatively late development, being the front mutation of «; as the name Hr existed for the U-rune, the name yr may have been simply, a mechanical formation like the Y-rune itself, which consisted of the Urune with a subscript I-rune joined to it. 104. nihtes nearozce: cf. El. 1239, Guth. 1210. on him ligeS: the rune, lige'ð, and the first two letters of cyninges are illegible in the MS ; Maier and Napier restored cyninges, and Sievers the rest. The rune stands for N and its name wed or (WS) nied, nyd ‘need’ or ‘constraint’. These lines refer not merely to the service due to God, but also to the universal compulsion imposed by death, so that IV here has a double meaning. 105. cyninges-. for cyning alone used of God, cf. And. 1633. cunnon: this spelling is clear in the MS; for similar forms cf. Beo. 308, 2167. ■■■■ ■ .■■■■■■ . ■ . ■ ■■ 106. hzva on þam wordum: only A and -urn are now visible; Napier’s restoration is generally accepted. Translate wæs as ‘has been’ (epistolary imperfect). oncyðig: ‘made known’, cf. the gloss ignorantia-, unondcyðignis in VP, Ps. xxiv. 7. For the reduction of ond- to on- in proclitic position cf. And. 1540, note; see also SB 363 (note 1) and Campbell 73, footnote 1. OncySig also occurs in El. 724 and Guth. 1226, but there it appears to mean ‘devoid of’; this may be a different word, related to oncyð ‘distress’ of Beo. 830 and 1420 (cf. also And. 1179). 107. mann se Se lufige: cf. 88. Only -fige is now legible; all editors have accepted Napier’s restoration.

COMMENTARY

■

127

^j&Zdres: see And. 166, note. There is point in the use of this word Cynewulf’s signature, the runes of which would be regarded as *08 SlI1g magical or supernatural powers. f®°ce

ondfrofre-. only the last two letters are now legible. Maier gives £ G.e. geoce ond) followed by a gap of approximately eight letters, s^ . 5^Tefricle, of which ur is marked as doubtful. Although Ker, Med. 33>doubts Napier’s restoration, this is followed here, since there ^ way of accommodating ond after geoce; see also Muinzer 580-5. ^ Scoce is followed by a mark resembling a semiquaver rest in musical 'litj which might perhaps be the first stroke of m disfigured by an 11 *lal cross-stroke.

eardes- restored by Napier, who writes ford, and so all subseilVs &&c.

1517 , 1602.

S’ Xi 79 , 1 3 0 - 7 ’ 34 ° , nQ géna, n a ott’ *504, n ú þ á , adv. j u s t I Ice 8 6 n a , f t ? .

«y(s)ton, see witan’. A *480 n °i, Prep. w. d. t,nrn 100, & c. o f e r , prep.

zv

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o tn > o u t o f A ’ 1 5 7 , 89,

(o u t), A 7 ,’ i ó o V er’ U poiL t h c o n tra ry t o ° a 2 ®4 - & c • ^ r o u Sh ' b e y o n d , a b o VeA A 3 l 7 ,

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co v er, e n v e l o p • \ 3, s P t e a d „ A l 54 i , - b r a i r t \ ^ et- sS k Ver o f e r- e o d e ( n \ d A 1306 h - b r te g f o fe re o d e p o w e re d , a

subj. plm

C o tn e u P o n . ° v e r c á m p n ’ Pret 830 0 / °ver

pride, A , í éon, with comp, or sup., by gescrifen A 297, 787. so much the . . . (often untransl.), scríðan, sv. 1, glide, move quickly, A 361, 501, 1522, þé A 368, 932, A 1457F 115 (see also lýt1); also in ær pan, *sculan, prp. v. must, ought to, have for-pan, which see. to, be bound to, be resolved to, sealde, ge-scald(on), see syllan, be in the habit of: (1) involving ge-syllan. obligation or command: pres. 1 sg. sealt1, adj. salt(y); a. pi..m. *sealte sceal A 66, F 92, sceall F 109, A 196, salte A 749. 2 sg. scealt A 174, 216, 943, See., sealt2, n. salt, salt water; g. sg. , scealtú = scealt þú A 220, 3 sg. *sealtes A 1532 n. sceal A 185, 435, 1309 n., F 100, searo-craeft, m. cunning, treachery, pi. sccolon A 614, .733; pret. sg. A 109. sceolde A 924, 1137, 1244, Sec., pi. searo-hæbbend (searu-), m. armed sccoldon A 137, 796, F 10, 79; man, A 1468, *1528. (2) involving futurity or destiny: searo-net, «. web of guile, malicious pres, i sg. sceal A 341, 2 sg. scealt artifice, A 64, *943. ' A 1383, 1467, 3 sg. sceal A 890, searo-þanc, m. wise thought, A 1255. 947, seel A 952, scell A 1483, pi. searu,/. or«. device, artifice, cunning, sceolon A 1487; pret. sg. sceolde treachery; a. sg. searwe A 1348, A757, iioo, 1132,1697; pres. subj. sg. F 13; inst. pi. scarwum A 1396, scyle A 77; (3) involving certainty: searowum A 745. pres..sg. sceall, is sure to, A 181; searu-Jiancol, adj. wise in thought, sceal racian, rules by right, A 520. A 1161. 6250 M

162

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

sécan, kid . i , seek, visit, go to, A 226, 308, 600, &c.;pret. sg. söhte A 28, F 28, pi. söhton A 641, F 77. gc-sec(e)an, wv. *1, (1) come to, reach, attain to, A 175, 295, 424, 1701, F *93 n.; pret. sg. gesöhte A 380, F 32, 39, 62, pi. gesöhtonA 268, pp. a. sg.f. gesöhte A 845; (2) try to reach, be bent or determined upon-,pret. subj.pl. gcsöhtonA 1121, . pp. a. sg.f. gesohte A 1132. secg, in. man, warrior, A *1225 n., 1368, 1636, 1656. ■ sccgan, wv. 3, say, tell, declare, relate, A 345, 458, 618, &c.; pret. sg. sægdc A 7SS, 1207, 1654, siiidc A 1022, pi. sægdon A 1080; imp. sg. saga A 557; seegdepane, thanked, A 1469; seegan lof, praise, A 1006. ge-seegan, wv. 3, say, narrate, tell, A 603, 624; pane gesægde, thanked, A 384. j-secg-plega, m. sword-play, i.e. , fight, battle, A 1353. sefa, m. mind, heart, thought, A 98, 1165, 1251, F 2. segl, m. or n. sail, A 505. sel, A 762, see sæl. sél1, A 745, see sail. sél2, adv. better, A *733 n, sele, m. hall, A 714, 1311. sclc-dream, to. revelry in a hall, i.e. festive joy, A 1656. selc-rædend, m. counsellor in a hall, i.e. wise man, elder, A 659. sélost, sélra, see god2, semninga, adv. presently, at length, A 464, 820. ' sendan, wv. 1, send, A 1028, 1613, . F 116. 1 seoc, adj. sick; sad, troubled, F 2. seofon, num. seven, A 114, 994, 1313 m, 1673. seolf, see sylf. seolfor, n. silver, A 338. j-seolh-pæð, n. seal’s path, i.e. sea, ocean; a. pi. -paðu A 1714. seomian, wv. 2, rest, lie, remain, A 183, F 121. seon, sv. 5, sec, behold; pret. pi. sáwonA 1679, ségon A 711. ge-séon, sv. 5, see, behold, look at,

perceive, A 760, 987, : 1714, inf. gesion A 1225; pres. pi. geséoð A 1500; pret. sg. geseah A 493, 499, 1492, 1690, geseh A 714, 847, 992, &c., pi. geségon A 455, 881; imp. sg.: geseoh A 1281, 1441; absol. geségon, received sight, A 581; reflex, geséon,seeoneanother, A 1013 n. fseono-dolg, n. sinew-cut, i.e. deep wound, A 1406. stioðan, sv. 2, boil, cause to well up; " pp. soden, afflicted, A 1239. seoðRan, see sy'öðan. séowan, wv. 1, sew, weave; pres. pi. *séowað, forge, contrive, A 64 n. sépan, wv. 1, instruct, teach, A 742 n. j-sessian, wv. 2, settle, subside, A 453set, n. setting (of the sun), A1248, i 3°4ge-settan, wv. replace, appoint, A 156, 1647. sid, adj. wide, large, broad, extensive, A 652, 762, 1067. side1, ado. widely; wide ond side, far and wide, A 1637. side2,/, side, A 968. sie(n), see béon. j-sige-bröðor, m. glorious brother, : A I83.,'. , sige-déma, m. mighty Ruler, A 661. sige-dryhten, m. mighty Lord, A 60 n.,877,1453. *sigcl, n. sun, A 50 n., 89, 1456 (restored for corrupt MS. forms), sige-léan, n. glorious reward (or reward for victory over evil), F 81. j-slgel-torht, adj. bright as the sun, radiant, A 1246 n. sige-röf, adj. gloriously bold, valiant, A 1225. ■ sige-spéd,/. mighty power, A 646. sige-wang, m. place of victory (i.e. of Andrew’s victory over evil), A 1581. sigor, to. magical or supernatural power; mighty power, (Divine) might, A 329, 714, 760, 987; 1406; mastery, victory, triumph, glory, A 116, F 62. sigor-spéd, /. God-given success, A 909; Divine mastery, A 1435.

sin, pron. adj. his, A 427, 522, 663, &c.; a. sg. m. sýnne A 1464. sine-gestreon, n. precious treasure, A 1656. fsinc-gifu,/. rich gift, A 1509. fsinc-hroden, adj. richly adorned, A 1673. sinc-weorðung,/. costly gift, A 272, 477- ' singfd, adj. continual, everlasting, A 869. singan, sv. 3, sing; pret. pi. sungon A 877.

sinnan, sv. 3, to. g. cease from, have respite from; pret. sg. sann A '1277 n. sionwe, see synu. sittan, sv. 5, sit, A 247; pret. sg. sast A 305, 1007, pi. sæton A 362, 591. ge-sittan, sv. 5, sit down; pret. sg. gcsæt A 359, 1063, pi. gesæton A 1161. slð, to. journey, expedition, exploit, A 44, 155, 175, &c.; time, occasion, A 490, 605, 706, 808, 1391, 1458, 1675, 1700, F 32. sið-fæt, m. journey, A 204, 211, 358, 420, 1662; d. sg. síðfate A 663. síð-from, adj. ready to go, eager, A 247, 641, F 77. •jsiS-gcömor, adj. weary of life, F i n. siðigean, wv. 2, journey, depart, A ■ 829. .■ ■■■ siððan, see syöðan. slæp, to. sleep, A 464, 795, 820, &c. slæpan, sv. 7 or wv. 1, sleep, A 865. *sli5p-wörig, adj. weary with sleep; pi. as noun, tired sleepers, A 826 n. sléan, sv. 6, strike, beat, A 1300 \pret. pi. slögon A 964. siege, to. stroke, blow, A 956. j-smeolt, adj. smooth, pleasant, A 1581. (Variant of smolt.) smylte, adj. smooth, calm, A 453. snaw, to. snow, A 1255. snel, adj. swift, A 505. snel-lic, adj. swift, A 267. snéome, adv. quickly, at once, A 795. snéowan, sv. 2, go, move, hasten, A242,1668. (Variant oisnowan; see : Campbell 740, 745.)

163

snottor, adj. wise, learned, A 469, " 659. snöwan, sv. 7, go, move, A 504. snyt(t)ro,/. wisdom, prudence, skill (often pi.), A 554, 631, 646, &c. söna, adv. at once, immediately, A 72, 45°, 529, &c. sorg, /. sorrow, care, trouble, suffer­ ing, A 116,1568, 1690. f sorg-byrþcn, /. brewing of sorrow, i.e. baleful drink, A 1532 n. sorgian, wv. 2, care, A 1227. SÖ31, adj. true, A 710, 1602, F 81; truly (a. sg. n. as adv.), A 1435. söð2, n. truth, A 114, 458, 526, &c. söð-cwlde, to. truthful saying; pi. true words, A 733. söð-fæst, adj. righteous, A 228, 386, 673, 1514j-söð-fœst-lic, adj. sincere, unfeigned, A 877. spanan, sv. 7, entice, draw; pret. sg. spéon A 597. spell, n. tale, A 815. spildan, wv. 1, w. inst. destroy, waste; poet pit pine feore spilde, that you should lose your life, A 284. spor, n. track, mark, A 1180 n. spöwan, sv. 7, w. inst. succeed (in); fleame spöwan, manage to escape, A 1544. gc-spöwan, sv. 7, impers. succeed; pret. sg. in éow (d.) swá lýt gespéow, you have been so tmsuccessful, A 1344; i sprecan, sv. 5, speak, say,. A 732, 1315; pret. sg. spræc A 904, 1557; pp. spreccn A 1622. ge-sprecan, sv. 5, speak, utter; pret. sg. gcspræc A 923. springan, sv. 3, spring; pret. sg. sprang, spread, F 6. stæfna, see stefna. stseppan, sv. 6, step, walk, go; pret. sg. stop A 985, 1577. , ge-staeppan, sv. 6, step, walk, tread; pret. sg. gestöp A 1582. stærced-fer(h)ð, adj. stout-hearted; n. pi. m. stserccdferjjjjc, hard­ hearted, A 1233. , stan, to. stone, A 738, 741, 766, 774, 1523; rock, A 841.

16a

GLOSSARY Stq*ida an, ^ *v- 6, (i) stand, remain, A storm, m. storm, tempest, A 502, 1236 (metaph.), 1576; storme bedri?s4, 8s2, & . ; pret. sg. stöd A ' ~l l 57, 3 -'-PI. stödon A 842, 871, fene, weather-beaten, A 1494. Po:°int, i ,l3 * (2) issue from a fixed stow,/, place, A 121. siO a V ome f°rtb>rise UP i Pret- strsSl, m. dart, A 1189 n. , stræt,/. street, road, A 334, 774, 985, rtStandah' 375d75‘ ,~ stöq .*» sv. 6, stand up; pret. sg. &c. stan: Strang, adj. strong, powerful, hard, , lr‘8 2 ° 7severe, A 162, 313, 536, &c.; comp. st.'°^°UrpH\'*'• adorned or paved wiith strengra A 1385. a*i'hlisv 1 stones, A 1236 n. **. rocky slope; a. pi. ‘strang-lice, adv. resolutely, A 167. « h S *, »m' 1233, -hleoðu A 1577. stream, m. stream, current; water, st H q4- ‘ column, pillar, A 1062, sea, flood, A 374, 852, 1280, &c. fstream-faru, /. flow of water, flood; a. sg. -fare A 1576. Stað o ^ ^ 'base, pedestal, A 1503. R- cd, flr *• (staðul-), adj. establish- stream-racu,/. water-course; a: sg. -ræceAiséo. ^ o u ^ ^ a d f a s t . A m í , 1336. ■ lrtn, m 2, make firm, con- •(■stream-welm, m. surge of water, ocean wave, A 495. « *?t3. Stat>lish, A 82, 799, i2io, strong, m. rope; pi. cordage, tackle, S1.®stab^^gii£l,l (ge-staðelian), wv. 2, ■, A 374- ■> strengra, see strang. °aP, Clr{'. Create, A 162, 536. l 3o6. J' high, towering, A 840, streonan, wv. 1, w. g. win over, gain, A 331. St6(le.v, A -L Va*»g m. plain, A 334; floor, stund,/. hour, time, A 1210. stunde, adv. at once, A 416, 1497. >^ , OtrCe • time, hour; niwan stefne, stýrend, see steorend. styrian, wv. 1, stir up, disturb, A 1092 n.; intr. be in uproar, A 374. s w * >/. V^em’ prow’ A 2*71R*n a . % lce>A 56, 6r, 92, &c. sum, adj. and indef. pron. some (one), ataafUai; Prow, A 403, 1707; a. sg. a certain (one), one of (w. g.), A n , 967, 1174, 1311 n.; n. pi. m. sume A 495. (as noun), mighty men, F 11 n. ‘.Staff>club>F 72. sund,;n. swimming; course, sailing, i 0* * * * 0-, i, steer, A 495 n. A 381, 488; water, ocean, flood, s /Pier a’ l*1- steersman; governor, ■8ticce,’w I336; stýrend A 121. A *2670., *424, 747, 1528. Plece, portion, A 1488. sundor, adv. apart, A 1161. sunne,/. sun, A 1013, 1248, 1304. l8a H,Ps^ > track, A 985, 1442. nr>CrPbar. ascend; pret. //. stigon, sunu, m. son, A 681, 691, 879, &c.; a. sg. sunu A 1109. ASt'8un ’ A 349, 429- ■ , f t ’ sv. i, ascend, embark, sflsl, «. torment, A 1379. lllan> ’^ t . sg. gestah A 899. swá, adv. and conj. (1) so, thus, A 4-5r . ■ . f< r, to. d. quieten, calm, A 157, 177, 438, &c.; (2) so, very, *"• become calm, subside, A 710, 895, 922, 1243; (3) as, according as, just as, A 5, 67, 149, &c.; (4) inasmuch as, for (w. pron., adi ' *> subslde>A 532. la'fe r g ' still, motionless, A 502. e.g. swa he, who, which), A 327 n., ^ ^ Qdj. strong-hearted,. vali357, 622, 937. 1115, 1288, 1514; (5) so that, A 261 n., 493 n., 524, 986; (6)as if, as though, A 501; stS^bbofn nde’ adi- resolute>A 14291 (7) also, likewise, A 582; (8) where, Ö~rnöu * pttvcrse, A 741. ’ adj. resolute, F 72. A1231,1441,1449, 1583; (9) siodt... c

165. GLOSSARY swá, so . . . as, just as, A 192, 333, ge-swlcan, sv. 1, w. d. abandon, 926 (‘as when’), 1234; (10) swa þéah, forsake, A 1290. swigian, wv. 2, become silent, A 762. although, A 813; yet, still, A 1250. swais, adj. (one’s) own, dear, A 1009. swilt, see swylt. swæsendc,«. repast, A 386(//.). swingan, sv. 3, beat, scourge\pret.pi. swæðorian, see sweðrian. swungon A 964; pp. swungen swan-rád,/. swan’s riding-place, i.e. A 1246, 1275. sea, A 196. swIO, adj. strong, mighty, A 1207, swat, m. blood, A'968, 1239, 1275, I5I.1See. ■ ■ . (gc-)swíðan, wv. 1, strengthen, A697, swatig, adj. blood-stained, A 1406. 701. ■ swaðrian, see swcðrlan. swlðe, adv. greatly, much, very, A423, swaSu, /. track, way, A 673, 1422; 618, 926. a. sg. or pi. swœöe, footprints, swylc, pron. and dem. adj. such, A 29; swclc A 25. path, A 1441. swefan, sv. 5, sleep, A 832, 849 \pret. swylce1, adv. likewise, so, also, thus, A 166, 584, 589, Sec. pi. swaifon, lay dead, A 1002. swylce2, conj. like, as if, A 89, 247. sweg, m. sound, music, A 93. swegel-dream, in. heavenly joy, A swylt, m. death, A 994, 1610; swilt 720. A 1348, F 71. , ■■■■. ;■ swcgel-torht, adj. shining in the sky, swylt-ewalu,/. torment or pains of A 1248. death, A 156, 1368. swegl, n. sky, heaven, A 98, 208, 455, syb(b),/. kinship; peace, goodwill, ■&c. A 98, 358, 809, Sec. swcgle, adj. bright, F 32. sylf, pron. and adj. self {he sylf{a), swclc, see swylc. himself), A 5, 248, 329, &c.; pe *swelg, m. abyss, gulf, A 1532 n. sylfa, yourself, A 1348; n. sg. m. seolfa A 340, 505, a. sg. m. seolfne swelgan,' sv. 3, w. inst. swallow; A 921, g. sg. m. scolfes, his own, pret. sg. swealg, poured out, flowed, A 1276 n. {intr.), pi. swulgon, A 1300, your own, A 1441. •(■sylf-æta, m. self-eater, i.e. cannibal; imbibed, i.e. accepted, A 710. sweltan, sv. 3, die, perish; pret. pi. //. the Anthropophagi, A 175. 1 swulton A 1530. sylla, see göd2. (ge-)swcncan, wv. 1, torment, afflict, syllan, wv. 1, give, grant, render, A 109, 116, 394. A 97, 272, 366, &c.; pret. sg. scalde sweng, m. stroke, blow, F 72. A 577, 1513. sweorcan, sv. 3, grow dark; pret.sg. ge-syllan, wv. 1, (1) grant, bestow; swcarc A 372. pp. geseald A 646, 909, X435; (2) yield, give up; 'pret. sg. gesealde sweord, n. sword, A 72, 1132, F 34. F 58,//. gesealdon A 1616, F 85 n., j-swcord-riös, m. violence of the sword, F 59. pret. subj. pi. A 433. sweotol (-ul), adj. clear, manifest, syl-lic, adj. wonderful, marvellous'; comp. a. sg. m. syllicran A 500. evident, A 565, 742. sweoðerian, see swcðrlan. symbel-dæg, m. day of feasting, A swér, m. column, pillar, A 1493. 1527sweðrlan, wv. 2, subside, become still fsymbcl-gifa, m. one who gives a or calm; pret. sg. swcoöcrade A feast, i.e. provider, A 1417. 465 n., swaOrodc A 1583, pi. sym(b)lc, adv. always, ever, con­ sw£ESorodonA533, swcðerodon, tinually, A 157, 411, 651, &c.; -|-symles A 64 n. disappeared, vanished, A 836. swican, sv. 1, w. d. slip away (from); syn-ful(l), adj. sinful, wicked, A 764, desert, be false to, A 407, 958. ' 987-' ■

166

GLOSSARY

synn, /. strife; sin, wickedness, A log n., 407, 926, 1243. ■ sýnne, see sin. synnig, adj. sinful, wicked, guilty, A 565, 710, 921, See. sy n u sin e w , A 1422; tt.pl. sionwe A 1425, •_ ■■■■■■■ syrwan, wv. 1, plot, contrive;pret.pl. syredon A 610. syöðan1, adv. afterwards, thereupon, then, A33,706,1193,&c.,*i704n.; siððan A 1106. syððan2, conj. after, since, when, A 5, 240, 295, &c.; siððan A 1223, sco'ðpan A 534. syxtýne, nutn. sixteen; A 490. taan, see tan. tacen, n. token, sign, A 88, 711, 742, 1338; characteristic, feature, A 29; earnest, pledge, A 214. ge-tacnian, wv. 2, symbolize, express, A £Si2. gc-tæcan, wv. 1, show; pret. sg. getiehto A 6, pret. siibj. sg. A 485. tail, /. blame, censure; for tæle, in order to find fault with you, A 633. taelige, see tclian. ttæl-met, «. measured number, A II3taligan, wv. 2, consider, A 1563. tan, m. twig; lot, A 1103; a. sg. taan A 1099. ■ teala, adv. well, rightly, A 1612. tear, m. tear, A 59. (Sec Ross, TPS 1954. PP- 87 ff-) telian, wv. 1, count, calculate, A 1103; pres. sg. taelige, consider, account, A 1484; pp. geteled, reckoned, numbered, A 665, 1035. (Variant of : telian-, see Campbell 753. 9.) (gc-)tellan, wv. 1, reckon, count;pp. getealde A 8S3. ■ 1 tempel, n. temple, A 667, 707, 1634. *teogan, wv. 2, fashion, create; pret. sg. teodc A 797. (See Campbell 760.) *ge-teogan, wv.' 2, appoint, order; pret. sg. ’getéode A 14. téon, sv. 2, pull, drag, A 1230. teon-ewide, m. censorious speech, rebuke, A 633, 771.

fid, /. time, hour, A 113, 214, 911, See. ■ftigel-fag, adj. adorned with (colour­ ed) tiles, A 842 n. (ge-)tihhian, wv. 2, claim, A 1320. til-mödig, adj. noble-hearted, F 86. gc-timbran, wv. 1, build, erect, A 1633; imp. sg. getimbre, establish; A 1671. fge-tingan, sv. 3, w. d. press upon, follow behind; pret. sg. getang A • 138. fir, m. glory, renown, A 485, F 86; g. sg. tyres A 105. tlr-eadig, adj. glorious, renowned, A 2; 665, 883, &c. tö1, adv. too, very, A 98, 212, 612, 1301, 1432, 1609; stressed, thither, there, A 711, 1348. tö2, prep. w. d. to, towards, unto, into, upon, A 40, 47, 81, &c.; as, for, in, A 27, 76, in , &c.; on, at, A 221, 1539; of, from, at the hands of, A 449, 909, 1152; according to, A 653, 796; with ittfl. inf. to, in order to, A 23, 73, 206, &c.; to toidan feore, for ever, A 106, 810, 1452; w. g. in phrase tö pees (pe), ■ see se. . . . tö-bregdan, sv. 3, separate; pret. stéj. pi. töbrugdon, tear to pieces, A 159 ;slæpe töbrugdon, they started from sleep, A 1527. tö-dœlan, wv. 1, share out, divide, A 152. tö-drlfan, sv. 1, scatter, destroy;pret. sg. tödráf A 1688; pp. n. pi. m. tödrifcnc A 1426. tö-gadore, arfu. together, A 1438. tö-gönes, prep. w. d. towards; him tögénes, against him, A 45, to meet Him, A 657; withpron. unexpressed, to meet him (Andrew), A 1011. tö-ginan, sv. 1, split open; pret. sg. tögán A 1523. tö-glldan, sv. 1, glide away, vanish, F. 102; pret. sg. töglád A 123. tö-hlidan, sv. 1, spring apart; pret. sg. töhlád, opened, A 1587. tohte,/. battle, F 75. tö-hweorfan, sv. 3, move apart, dis­ perse, F *101 n.

GLOSSARY

tö-licgan, ■ sv. 5, run in different directions; pret. pi. tölágon, ex­ tended, A 1234 ntö-lucan, sv. 2, pull apart, dislocate;, pp. tölocen A 1404. tö-lýsan, wv. 1, separate, A 151. torht, adj. bright, radiant, glorious, A 105, 1612, F 4. torhtc, adv. brightly, beautifully, A 715. torht-licc, adv. gloriously, A 1681. torn-gcníðla, m. bitter enemy, A 1230 n. torr, m. tower, A 832. ■ tö-slúpan, sv. 2, slip away; pp. töslopcn, torn apart, A 1425 n. tö-somnc, adv. together, A 33, 1093. træf, n. building; 11. pi. trafu A 842. (gc-)trahtian, wv. 2, consider, pre­ pare, A 1359. tredan, sv. 5, tread, A 775, 802. tréowe, adj. true, loyal; tréowe tácen, an earnest of good faith, A 214. tréow-gepofta, m. trusty companion, , A 1050. trum, adj. strong, whole, A 1477. trymman, wv. 1, strengthen, en­ courage, cheer, A 428, 463, 1419, 1681; confirm, establish, A 1051. tú, see twegen. tungol, n. star; under tunglum, under the heavens, A 2. twegen, num. two, A 689, F 75; a. f. twú A 715; a. n. tu A 1035 n., 1050; d. tvvám A 249, 589, twaim A 779. twclf, num. twelve, A 2, 883, 1419, F 4, *86. twelfta, ord. num. twelfth, A 665. twéntig, num. twenty, A 114. tweogan, wv. 2, doubt, A 771. týn, num. ten, A 1512. tyres, see fir. tyrgan, wv. 1, point at; mock, insult, A 963.

167

þœr2, conj. where, wherever, A 15,105, 168, &c.; when, A 805, 923, 967. þæs, see se. \>setl,pron. and def. art., see se. þæt2, conj. that, A 26, 30, 71, &c.; so that, A 37, 707. 737, 916, 958, 1327, 1373, F 5; in order that, A 303, 368, 603, 860, 1183, 1214, 1333, 1357, F 117; when, A 115, 150, 185, 1211; while, in which, A 108, 1697; until, A 788, 1523; exclam, (to think) that, A 203. þætte, conj. so that (equiv. to ‘who’), A 546. þæt þe, conj. that, A 1602. þafigan, wv. 2, agree, consent, A 402. þan, see ær2, for-þan. pane, m. thought, A 557; thanks, A 384, 1150, 1451, 1469; to pance, willingly, gladly, A 1112; on pane, acceptably, A 1622. pancian, wv. 2, thank, A 1011. panon (ponon), adv. thence, from there, A 1065, F 31, 38, 61. pe1, rcl. particle, who, which, that, A 101, 164, 263, &c., 815 n. pe2, conj. that, so that, A 1130 n.; than, A 1040 n. J>ö, see lýt1, se. péah (peh)1, adv. however, yet; *peh : A 507 n., 630. péah (peh)2, conj. w. subj. (rarely indie.), though, although, A 271, 476, 515, &c.; peah pe A 53, 564; péh pe, that (after expression of emotion), A 1609. pearf,/. need, necessity, A 1166,1605, 1652. pearl, adj. grievous, severe, A 1598. pcarle, adv. grievously, A 1115. pearlic, adj. grievous, A 1136. péaw, m. custom, manner, practice, A 25, 177; pi. virtues, A 462. peccan, wv. 1, cover;pret.pl. pehton, engulfed, A 1525; pret. sg. pehte, was stretched out on, A 966, F 22. peg(c)n, m. servant, retainer, follower, j>as proti. and def. art., see sc. disciple, A 3, 43 n., 237, &c. Jia2, adv. then, thereupon, A 40, 45, pegnian, wv. 2, serve, minister to, 59, &c. þa3, conj. when, since, as, A 171, 230, A 884. J85, Sec., *846 n. , ■ ■ v pegon, see piegan. peh, see peah. þær1, adv. there, A 21, 41, 48, &c.

168

GLOSSARY

þencan, wv. x, think, intend, A 212; pret. pi. þöhton A 150, 693. þenden, conj. while, as long as, A • 1288; þcndori A 1397, 1713; Þynden A 1323. þéod,/. people,nation, A25, 107,185, . &c. þCod-bealo, n. great evil, A 1136. þCod-cyning, m. king (of a people), ruler, F 18. þCoden, m. king, lord, ruler, the . Lord, A 3, 94, 288, &c. J»coden-hold, adj. true to the Lord, _A 384. þCo-döm, m. service, F 105. þeod-sceaða, m. despoiler of the people, A 1115. RSs, RC o s , þls, dem. prort. and adj. (itifl. stem þis- or þys-), this, A 77, 88, 100, &c.; n. sg. it. ðys A ■ 492 n. þicgan, sv. 5, receive, partake of; pret.pl. þégon A 25, 593, m 2. J>in, pron. adj. thy, thine, your, A 65,

70, 194. &c.

þrcagan, wv. a, ch subdue; pret. sg 1687; PP. n. pi: 391.

se, , , r.Ch^ , 452,

^

þrCa-néd,/. great afflw. þréat, n. crowd, host

8l ° ’ I09s* (ge-)þreatian, wv.&c’ a.

Ue A Ultitude64Á

a ’A

bulte, overcome, A 4 óRrestra:n

þrCo(ra), see þrý. 43G. Sio In> reþreodian, wv. z, hes.v ’ *15, , F 18. Sltate , . þridda, ord. nun. third a " Stlnnli> þrim, see þrý. >A. þrinncs(s),/. Trinity A 391, þringan, m. 3, press ’ A I68s pret. pi. þrungon Á v °v,’d, gc-þringan, 3, V * * W ”®5 approach; pp. gej>rpt,®ss f þrist(c), adj. bold, ear6,1,1 A ' ard' 1264; hard, severe, A í est, A " ° ' þriste, adv. boldly p ?37> A 1652. ’ 8c>; • þrlst-lice, adv. rashly A ' nestly’ þritig, nun. thirty, A s’ A 1*8*

þincan, see þyncan. h t-h ea rd , arfy. stro ‘ Ring, «. meeting, assembly, A 157, þ roance, patient, A 4o,°r'8 in . 930. . . excessively hard, verv’ -l 264 . nciur_ þing-gemearc, «. measured or ap­ þröwi(g)an, wv. pointed time, A 148. undergo, A 80, 28I; ^ r , **39þingian, wv. 2, make a speech; þry, num. three, A Stc durc’ wi3 pingode, spoke with, addressed, a.f. J>rCo A 185; „ í 3’.. 80l V A 263 n., 306, 632. d. þrim A 14.8. þing-stede, m. meeting-place, A þrym(m), m. strength V 93°; 1098. A 957, F 18; valour *°,ce, Jj°li(g)an, wv. 2, endure, suffer, A majesty, A 344, A 3 .p°'vcr, 955. 1217, 1414. F 8; host, m u ltitu d ^ 8V 8l°0ry’ ' multitude3’ ge-þoli(g)an, wv. 2, endure, suffer, 1572; inst. pi. þ’ A igeó A 107, 1136, 1490, &c. crowds, r.'Sfv ^"í4n h uanls ’,,153.trs’ 11-, ___J!__ in 4.- force, 1« AmiJ J'A Ron., see se. þrym-fæst, adj. 9’ Jjonne1, adv. then, therefore, further, powerful, glorious, A A 152, 347, 399, 655, 1309, F 88. .þrym-full, adj. full of nl ?3>47o °ng: þonne2, conj. when, whenever, A 4, 9, glorious, A 363. / Po'vCl7/ 9. 252, &c.; while, A 142, F *103 n.; þrym-lic, adj. glorious , ’ ^ ' 8hty> than, A 924, 1089, 1178, 1428, 1484, þrym-lice, adv. gloried 1519, F 49. þrym-sittende, ad/ Us y, a e ]>onon, set! þanon. majesty, A 884; m J»rag (þrfih),/. time, A 107, 790, One (God), A 417, G ?8 . m 1598, F 30. þrýð, /. strength, Po, 1 nous þrág-maílum, adv. time after time, 376, 1148 (/>/.). Cr> tniBh. . incessantly, A 1230 n. tþrýð-bearn, «. 8i0ri 8ht. A þrCa,/. trouble, affliction, A 107,1166. glorious youth, A 4 9 ^ « Sotl> i e j

a

.

. 0

t

4

I 4

;

GLOSSARY 169 un-fyrn, adv. not long, soon; unfyrn fþrýð-cinlng, m. glorious King faca, very soon, A 1371. (God), A 436. þrýð-full, adj. powerful, mighty, A un-hCore, adj. unpleasant, horrible, baleful, A 34. 1329. fþrýð-wcorc, n. mighty work, A un-hwilen, adj. timeless, eternal, A 1154, F 20, 120. 773Rii, pron. thou, you, A 68, 73; 85, &c., un-hýðig, adj. without booty; emptyhanded, A 1078. scealtii = scealt þii A 220; a. sg. þe A 83, too, 102, &c.; g. sg., see un-RCd(e), adj. unhappy, wretched, A 30, 142, 744. þin; d. sg. þö A 81, 97, 99, &c.; «. pi. gé, you, A 256, 295, 337, &c.; un-lýtcl, adj. great, mighty, A 876, 1237, 1270, 1493, F 8. , a. pi. éow A 336, 347, éowic A 259, 882; g. pi. see Cower; d. pi. Cow un-mæte, adj. boundless, immense, A 653, 1219, 1682. A 297. 338, 346, &c. *þurfan, prp. v. need; pres. pi. unnan, prp. v. w. g. grant, A 146; de­ cide, A 298 n. Surfan A 337. J>urh, prep. w. a. through, by, by ge-unnan, prp. v. w. g. grant, allow, A 179,1131. means of, according to, by virtue of, A 34, 66, 79, &c.; þurg F 13, un-riht, n. wrong, A 1559. 63, ðurg F 72; out of, A 739; over, un-rim, n. great number, A 704. un-saiVig, adj. unhappy, wretched, A 1276 n., 1279. A 561. ■■■ Jjurh-drlfan, sv. 1, pierce through; un-scyldig, adj. innocent, A 1137. pp. þurhdrifen A 1397. þus, adv. thus, so, A 62, 173, 354, See. un- sláw, adj. not slow; eager, þusend, «. thousand, A 591. zealous, A 1711. þösend-mælum, adv. in thousands, un-syfre, adj. unclean, foul, A 1310. #un-twConde, adj. unhesitating, un­ : A 872. ' ' ' þý, see sc. wavering, A 1242. fun-tyddre, ad?, unwavering, A 1252. þydcr, ado. thither, A 282. (ge-)þýn, wv. 1, oppress, crush, un-weaxen, adj. not fully grown; young, A 1627. restrain; pres. sg. ðýð A 520; pp. up (upp), adv. up, upwards, above, geðýd A 436. þyncan, wv. 1, seem, appear ;pres. sg. A 443, 792, 979, &c. þynceð A 472, þinceð A 609; pret. up-engel, m. heavenly angel, A 226. sg. þflhte A 740, 1135, pi. þúhton -j-Op-gemynd, n. tliought turned heavenward, A 1064. A 440. þynden, see þenden. Qp-heofon, m. heaven above, A 798. up-lic, adj. upper; celestial, heavenly, þys, þysne, &c., see þes. A 119. fihte, /. dawn, early morning, A 235, uppe, adv. above, A 749. up-weg, m. ascent, A 830. 1388^ un-brœcc, adj. unbreakable; im­ úr, pron. adj. ours; name of the U-rune, F *101 n. perishable, eternal, F 86. un- cúð, adj. unknown, strange, A úre, pron. adj. our, A 454. us, usic, see ic. 179, F 92. under ,prep. w. a. or d. under, beneath, user, pron. adj. our, A 340, 397, 860; a. pi. f. össe F 116; g. pi. ussa in, A 2, 46, 93, &c. un-dyrne, adj. not secret; manifest, A 1319. flt, adv. out, forth, A 15, 968, 1221, clear, famous, A 1480, F 42. un-CaSc, adj. difficult, hard, A 205. &c. un-fore 53, adj. not notorious; of utan, int. let us (w. inf.), A 1356; utu wC, F 115. unstained renown, A 475, 1263.

17°

GLOSSARY

titan, adv. fromwithout, outside, A 28, 871. utu, see utan. GS-wcota, m. counsellor, leader, A .IIOS. : wác, adj. weak, A 212. wadan, sv. 6, go, journey, travel, A 677, 1271. ge-wadan, sv. 6, go over, penetrate; pret.sg. gewöd A 1246. wæd, n. wave, flood; n. pi. *wadu A 1545, wsedu A 533; a. pi. *wadu A 1457; g. pi. wasda A 439. wæde, n. garment; pi. wtedo, sheets, cordage, tackle, A 375 n. wæg.m.wave, billow, A373, 456,533, &c.;g. sg. wéges A 601 n.; g. pi. wega A 932. wæg-faru, /. sea-voyage; d. sg. -fære A 923. > vvæg-flota, m. wave-floater, i.e. ship, A 487waíg-þel, n. wave-board, i.e. ship, . A 1711. ■■ ■ wæl- glfre, adj. hungry for carrion, A 372; bloodthirsty, A 1271. •jvvael-graidig, adj. greedy for slaugh­ ter, A 134. wsBl-grim(m), adj. cruel as death, murderously cruel, A 1415. wælm, see wylm. wasl-réaf, n. spoil of slaughter; body, F 95 n. wæl-réow, adj. cruel as death, brutal, savage, A 1211, F 69. j-wael-wang, to. field of slaughter or fight; d. sg. welwange A 1226. wæl-wulf, to. wolf of slaughter; ruffian, A 149. wæpcn, n. weapon, A 71, 1069, 1145, *1180 n., 1291, F 69. fwæpen-hete, to. armed hostility, F 80. wser, jj . sea, A 269, 487. w æ r,/. compact, covenant, A 213; protection, A 535, 824, 988. wiere, wairon, see béon. wær-fæst, adj. faithful, true, loyal, A 416, 1273,1310. wair-Ieas, cidj. faithless, impious, A 1069.

wær-Ioga, m. treaty-breaker; evil­ doer, enemy, A 71, 108, 613, 1297. vvaes, see béon. (ge-)wætan, wv. 1, wet, drench; pp. n. pi. n. gewaitte A 375 n. waiter, n. water, sea, flood, A 22, 201, 222, &c.; d. sg. wætere A 587, waettrc A 953. wastcr-bröga, m. terrible water, A i 97»4S6(M). wastcr-eg(e)sa, to. terrible water, A 375»435wajter-flöd, m. flood of water, wave, A 503wag, to. wall, A 714, 732. walca, m. roller, billow, A 1524. waldcnd, see wealdend. wana, weak or indecl. adj. lacking, less; tines wana þefiftig, forty-nine, A 1040 n. Wang (wong), m. plain, field, land, A 22, 839. wan-hal, adj. unhealthy, sick, A 580. wann (wonn), adj. dark, gloomy, A 837, £169. wan-sielig, adj. unhappy, wretched, A 963. waroS (waruS), to. shore, A 240, 263, 306. ■ , , . •j-waroð-faruð, m. or n. eddying surf, A 197 n. fwaruð-gewinn, n. tumult of the surf, moving surf, A 439. wáð,/. journey, A 593. waðuma, to. flood, stream; inst. pi. waöuman A 1280. wé, see ic. wéa, m. woe; evil, malice, A 675, weald, conj. in case; fweald hú, adv. w. subj. however, A 1355 n. wealdan, sv. 7, w. g. rule, govern, A 1685; intr. A 1603. ge-wealdan, sv. 7, w. inst. practise, perform, A 1365. wealdend (waldend), to. ruler, lord, the Lord (God), A 193, 213,225, &c, weall, m. wall, A 726, 736, 843, &c. weallan, sv. 7, flow, well up, boil, surge, A 1405, ■ 1503, ■ 1574,'1709; pret. sg. WÖ0IIA769,1240,1275, &c. weall-geat, «. gate in a (city) wall; city gate, A 1203.

GLOSSARY

weard, m. guardian, keeper, possessor, lord, A 52, 56» 82. &cwcardlgan, wv. 2, guard, inhabit, occupy, A 176, 599. wéa-taccn, n. sign of evil; signal for a wicked deed,A 1119. weaxan, sv. 7 (orig. sv. 6), grow, increase, flourish; pret. sg. wéox A568,1536.1677,/)!. wéoxonA373, 1545. (See Campbell 745; the orig. pret. sg. wox is also recorded.) webbian, aw. 2, weave, contrive, A 672. wecc(e)an, wv. 1, arouse, awaken, A 850. wedd, n. promise, pledge, A 1631. weder, n. weather; sky, air, A 837, !25Ö. j-weder-burg, /. pleasant city, A 1697 n. weder-candel,/. lamp of the sky, i.e. sun, A 372. weg, m. way, road, path, A 65, 170 n., 191, 198 n., &c. wegan, sv. 5, bear, carry; pret. pi. wégan F 87. wél (well), adv. well, rightly, A 212, 885. wcla, to. riches, prosperity, success, happiness (often pi.), A 302, 318, 75518- pl- welan A 1r59wel-wang, see wæl-wang. woman, zov. 1, speak, A 740; pro­ claim, tell, A 1480. (ge-)wemman, wv. 1, defile, dis­ figure, A 1471. wén, f. hope, expectation,. A 1074, 1087. wenan, wv. 1, w. g. or /iæt-clause, expect, think, look for, A 377, 1072, 1597wendan, wv. 1, turn, change, A 587. wennan, wv. 1, guide, direct, A 1682. weorc, n. work; creation, A 799; action, A 1365; pain, trouble, A 1277, *1659, F 80. weorm, m. worm, F 95; serpent, dragon, A 769 n. wcorn, sec worn, weorod, -ud, see werod. weorSan, sv. 3, become, happen, befall, arise (often simply ‘be’), A

*7 *

137, 204, 211, &c., wyröan A 182, 215. 437; pres. 2 sg. wyrðest A 483, 3 sg. wyrðeS A *219,972, wcorðcö A 1383; pret. 2 sg. wurdo A 1408, 3 sg. wearð A 90, 92, 350, &c., pi. wurdon A 376, 447, 453, &c.; pres. ■ subj. sg. weorðe A 276, wyrðe A 208; pret. subj. sg. wurdc A 156, 1066, 1228, 1423, pi. wurdan A 1619; imp. sg. weorð A 902. ge-weoröan, sv. 3, (1) happen, occur, take place, come to pass, A 730, gewyrOan A 573; pres. sg. geweorðeS, shall come to pass, A 1437; pret. subj. sg. gewurde A 558; (2) become, be, A 1500; pret. 2 sg. gewurde A 550,3 sg. gewcarð A 167, 804; pp. a. pi. m. gewordne A 457; (3) impers. seem fitting; hu gcwearS þé þæs, þxt how did you come to . . ., A 307 n. wcorðian (wyrðían), zvv. 2, honour, glorify, A 55, 538, 55L &c.; sacrifice to (ai. a.), F 48. : weotian, see witlan. wépan, sv. 7, cry aloud, weep, A 59 n.; pret. sg. weop A 1400; w.a., weep at, lament, mourn, A 1431. wer, to. man, hero, A 22, 35, 135, &c. werian, «w. 1, defend, protect: ward off, A 1053; rebuke, A 743. werig, to. malefactor, felon, A 1169 n. (Variant of WS wearg.) *werig(e), adj. (n. sg. not recorded), accursed, outcast, evil, A 86, n., 615. wérig, adj. weary, tired, A 593; exhausted, A 1278; wretched, sorrowful, A 59, 580. wcrig-ferð, adj. sorrowful in spirit, A 1400. . wérig-möd, adj. sad in mind, de­ jected, A 1366. werod (weorod, -ud), n. troop, host, company, throng, multitude, A 62, ■ 173, 388, &c. wer-þéod, /. nation, people, A 137, 543, 573 u., *855, F 15. wes, see béon. waste, adj. waste, deserted, A H 59wcsten(n), n. wilderness, A 699. wex,«. wax, A 1145.

GLOSSARY

172

wlc, «. dwelling, habitation, A 131, 1310, F 112. wicg, «. horse, steed, A 1095. wxd, adj. wide, A 283; in phrases tö widan feore, tö widan (e)aldre, widanfeorh, for ever, A 106, 810, 938, 1383, 1452, 1721Wide, adv. widely, far, A 333, 576, 1119, &c. wid-fœðme, adj. wide-bosomed, capacious, A 240; deep and broad, A 533. .■■■■ ■ ' _ wxd-ferende, adj. far-travelling; pi. travellers from afar, A 279. wid-land, n. broad earth; dry land, ‘terra firma’, A 198 n. wid-last, m. far track; distantjourney, A 677. j-wid-rynig, adj. flowing far and wide, in spate, A 1507. wif, «. woman, A 1039, *1597. wig1, m. idol, F 48. wig2, m. or «. battle, war, fighting, A 839, 1183, 1226, &c. wiga, m. warrior, champion, A 1711. wigend, m. warrior, fighter, hero, A 506, 850,887, &c.; g.pl. wiggendra A 1095. wihte, adv. in any way, at all, A 1522, ■. 66 . wll(l)-geofa, m. granter of one’s desires, i.e. gracious Lord, A 62, ' 1282.' ' " . wxlla, m. wish, desire, pleasure, A 6s, 70, 106, &c.; inst. pi. willum, joy­ fully, A 810. willan, anom. v. will, desire, wish; be about to, A 84, 178, 292, Sec.', pres. 2 sg. wilt A 288; pret. sg. wolde A 894, 970, 1109, &c., 2 sg. woldes A 308, woldest A 203, pi. woldon A 129, 402, 803, &c.; pres. subj. sg. wille A 7s, 342, 1286; pret. subj. sg. wolde A 146, 271, 478, 8tc., pi. woldon A 1424. rwill-gcdryht, /. glorious company, ■ A 914. ■ wilnian, wv. 2, w. g. long for, im­ plore, A 448, 918, 1128; with poetclause, and verb of motion omitted, A 283 n. wil-sið, m. happy journey, A 1046. j

i

fwil-þcgu,/. pleasant feast, A 153. win, n. wine, A 587. wxn-burg, f. city where wine is drunk, i.e, joyful city, A 1637; d. sg. winbyrig A 1672. wind, m. wind, A 269, 373, 452, &c. " windan, sv. 3, turn about, circle round; pret. sg. wand A 372. windig, adj. windy, wind-swept, A 843. wine, m. friend, A 307, 1431, 1464; lord, ruler, A 198 n. winc-dryhten, m. generous lord, A 919. . . wine-þearfende, adj. friendless, A ■•300. . winnan,ra. 3, strive, labour 2 sg. wunne, suffered, A 1380 n. winnum, see wynn. wín-ræccd, n. wine-hall; festive hall, A 1159. , . winter, m. winter; year, A 506. winter-ccald, adj. cold in winter; bitterly cold, A 1265. winter-geworp, n. snowdrift, A 1256. ■ wir, m. wire; wlra gespann, orna­ mented fine metalwork (made of twisted strands), A 302 n. wxs, adj. wise, prudent, A 316, 470, 624, &c.; weak (?) d. sg. *wison A 552 n.; comp. a. sg. m. wisran A 474- ■■■■■■-■ wxs-döm, m. wisdom, learning, A 569, 645, 650, 1678. wls-fæst, adj. wise, learned, A 1167, ■ .1648. ■ wxsian, wv. 2, show, guide, A 381, 488, 1099, F 9; absol. show the way, A 985. , wis-lic, adj. true, certain, A 509. w ist,/, sustenance, food, A 153, 302, 312, &c. witan, prp. v. know; pres. 1 sg. wat A 185, 199, 433, See., z sg. wast A 932, *1186 n., *1282; pret. sg. wiste A 261; pres, subj: sg. wite A 546, 603. Negative forms: nat, I know not, F 111; nyton, you know not, A 745; nyston, they knew not, A 1088. .

GLOSSARY

ge-witan, sv. 1, go, depart (often 10. inf. and/or reflex, pron. in d.)\ pret. sg. gewát A *118, 225, 235, &c., pi. gewiton A *829, 1675, gcweotan A 801. wxte, «. torment, affliction, punish­ ment, A 580, 889, 1052 etc. wite-bend, f. cruel bond, A 108, 1561. witian, wv. 2, order, appoint, decree; pp. witod A 889, wcotod A 951, weotud A 1074, 1366. wxtig, adj. wise, A 743. wxtiga, m. wise man; prophet, A 801. wið, prep. (1) w. a. to, towards, A 213» 389, 921» 1188, 1387, 1495; with, at the hands of, A 285; (2) w. d. against, A 425, 560, 1210, 1291, 1359; from, away from, F 37, 83; postposited, in reply to, to, A 263 n., 299, 306, 632. wiðer-feohtend, m. adversary, A 1183. wider-hyegende, adj. with hostile intent, A 1072, 1172. fwiðer-hýdig, adj. malevolent, A 675. wiðer-xnéde, adj. hostile in thought, evil-minded, A 1195. wið-standan, sv. 6, w. d. oppose, resist; pret. sg. wiðstöd A 167. wlite, m. countenance, appearance, A 1471-

(ge-)wlitegian, wv. 2, adorn, beauti­ fy, A 669; glorify, A 543. wlite-leas, adj. ugly, A 1169. wlitig, adj. beautiful, fair, A 363,732, 870, 1437. wlitigc, adv. beautifully, A 716; gloriously, A 1721. wlöh,/. fringe, hem, A 1471. wolcen, n. cloud, sky, A 93, 837,1046. wöma, m. noise, tumult, A 1355. wong, see wang. wöp, m. loud cry, lamentation, A 1155, 1554; weeping, A *1666; wöpes bring, the circle of weeping, i.e. a flood of tears, A 1278 n. word, n. word, speech, saying, A 13, 55, 62, &c.; sentence, A 1510. word-ewide, m. speech, A 552, 1447 (:Pi-)-

173

word-liléoSor, «. sound of words, harmonious speech, A 93, 708. word-hord, «. store of words, i.e. thoughts, A 316, 601. fword-latu, /. delay in obeying a command, A 1522. word-laðu,/. eloquence; a. sg. -læðc A 635. j-word-loca, m. store of words, i.e. thoughts, A 470. worn, m. great number, many (w. g.), A 812, 904; weorn A 677; weorna feala (cf. Goth, manageins filu), a very great number, very many, A 1490- ■■■■■■ _ woruld, /. world, earth, mankind, A 304, 356, 509, &c.; in woruld worulda, to all eternity, for ever, A 1686. woruld-sped, /. worldly success, prosperity on earth, A 318. woruld-wunigcnde, adj. dwelling on earth, F 100. wöD',/. cry, shout, A 675. wracu,/. punishment, torment; a. sg. wra3ceA6i5. wrac, w. exile; misery, A 1380, 1383. wræc-slð, m. exile; wretchedness, A_i358, 1431wræt-lic, adj. ornamental; marvel­ lous, beautiful, A 93,630,740,1200; a. pi. n. wrætllce A 712. wráð, adj. angry, fierce, hostile, A 6x3, 1297; tn. enemy, A 1273, 1317. wrecan, sv. 5, set in motion; avenge, A 1180; pp. wrecen, uttered, chanted, A 1548. wreöðan, wv. 1, support, maintain, A 523. wrxdian, wv. 2, grow, flourish, A 635, 767v ■■ writan, sv. 1, engrave; write, A 12; pret. sg. wrat, inscribed, A 1510. wröht, m. or /. accusation, A 672. wröht-smi3, m. contriver of an accusation; malicious foe, A 86. fwudu-bat, m. (wooden) ship, A 905. wuldor, «. glory, A 88, 171 n., 555, &c., wuldur A 899; g. sg. wuldras A 523 n.; heavenly glory, i.e. heaven, A 55, 70, 193, &c.; inst. sg. wuldre, gloriously, A 543, 669.

174

GLOSSARY

wuldor-cyning (-cining), m. glori­ ous King (God), A 418, 801, 1430, 1447. E 74wuldor- gesteald, n. heavenly dwel­ ling, A 1686. wuldor-gifu,/. glorious gift, A 938. j-wuldor- spédig, adj. rich in glory, A 428. wuldor-torht, adj. gloriously bright, A 1457.

wuldor-J>rym(m), m. glorious ma­ jesty, heavenly glory, A 325, 702. wund1,/. wound, A 953, 1278, 1473. wund2, adj. wounded, A 407, F 61. wundor, n. strange object, wonder, marvellous thing, A 712, 730, 736; marvel, miracle, A 564, ,569, 584, &c.; inst. pi. wundrum, marvel­ lously, mightily, A 1492, 1497wundor-cræft, m. marvellous skill, A 13, 645. wundor-wore, n. miracle, A 705. wuni(ge)an, wv. 2, occupy, inhabit, dwell in, A 131, 1310, 1697, F95; stay, remain, abide, A 99, 101, 163, &c. ge-wunian, wv. 2, remain, dwell, A 279; vi. a. remain with, A 1661. wunn, see wynn. wurd, see wyrd, wylm, m. surge, billow, wave, flood, A 367, 863; d. pi. wælmum A 452. wynn,/. joy, pleasure, delight, A 635, 887, 1113, 1162; inst. pi. winnum A 1019; name of the W-rune, F *100 n.; metaph. w. g. best, choicest, A 1223 n., wunn A 1713 n. wyrean, wv. 1, make, fashion, create; pret. sg. worhte A 523, 1479. ge-wyrean, wv. 1, (1) make; pret. subj. pi. geworhton A 1073; pp. a. pi. f. geworhte, wrought, A 716; (2) achieve, deserve; pret. sg. geworhte A 920 n. w yrd,/. fate, destiny, A 613, 1561; happening, event, A 630, 758, 1056, 1480, wurd F 42.

wyrhta, m. maker, creator, A 325, ■■ 702.'' wyrresta, see yfel2. wyröan, see wcorðan. wyrðian, see weorðian. wyrömynd,/. or n. honour; inst. pi. i wyrðmyndum, graciously, kindly, ’ A 905. yfel1, n. evil, sin, wickedness, A 695, 1312,1382. yfel2, adj. evil, wicked; sup. wyrresta, worst, A 86, 1592. ylde, m. pi. men, A 182, 1555; d. cldum A 1037. yldesta, see cald. ylding,/. delay, A 215. ymb(e), prep. w. a. round, about, A 841, 871, 872, &c.; after, A 157; concerning, for, A 1117. ymb-sclnan, sv. 1, shine around; pret. sg. -scan A 1017. ymb-weorpan, sv. 3, surround;pret. pi. -wurpon A 1553. , (ge-)yppan, wv. 1, bring to light, reveal, A 1223.. 1 1. . yppe, adj. revealed, F 64. ýr, m. horn (?), name of the Y-rune, F *103 n. yrmðo, /. misery, distress, torment, A 163, 970, 1190; yrmðu A 1384, ermSu A 1162. yrne, see cor re. yst, f. storm, tempest, A 1586. ýð, /. wave, billow, A 259, 352, 368, &c. ■ ýð-bord, n. wave-plank, i.e. ship, A 298. ýS-faru,/. wave-current, i.e. ocean; d. sg. ýöfarc A 900. ýð-fynde, adj. easy to find (i.e. ‘every­ where’), A 1547. ' ýS-lád, /. wave-way, i.e. ocean, A *499 n. ýð-lid, n. wave-traveller, i.e. ship, : A 278, 445. ywan, wv. 1, show, reveal, A 972.

LIST OF PROPER NAMES • I n i t i a l vowels in a closed syllable and final unaccented vowels arc not marked long, whatever their quantity in the original language. In doubt­ ful or exceptional cases the scansion is noted either here or in the Commentary; on the scansion of proper names in OE verse, see Campbell 550 fl.

Abraham, m.; a. Ilabraham A 793; Ebréas, m. pi. Hebrews, A 1,65. d. Abrahame A 753, Habrahame Effcssia,/. Ephesus, F 30 n. (Tri­ A 756 n., 789. (Disyllabic, see Camp­ syllabic.) bell 557; initial H is inorganic, the Églas, m. indec. Egias or Aegeates, a name always alliterating with Greek ruler who martyred Andrew, F 17 n. 1 vowels.) Achaia, f. a province of Greece, in Essai, m. Jesse; g. Essagcs A 879 n. which was situated Patras, the traditional scene of St. Andrew’s Gad, m. an Indian prince, raised from martyrdom, A 169, 927; d. the dead by Thomas, F 57. Áchágia F 16; irreg. a. Áchaic Gcarapolis, f. Hierapolis, a town in A 1700 n. (Trisyllabic except in Phrygia; quasi-Latin a. used as d. A 1700, where it is quadrisyllabic Gearapolim F 40 n. (Scansion if the text is sound.) probably—x—x; see Campbell 551.) Albanum, n. a town in Armenia; Latin d. Albano F 45 n. Andreas, m. Andrew, A n o , 169, Ilabraham, see Abraham. 189, &c.; d. Andrea A 1135, 1569. Hérödes, m. Herod, A 1324 n.; d. Héröde, Herod Antipas, F 36. (Trisyllabic except in A 914, 950, 1316, where it is disyllabic.) Iácob, m. (1) James, brother of Jesus Asséas, m. pi. Asiatics, F 38 n. and Simon, A 691, F 70; (2) James, Astrlas, m. Astr(y)ages, an Armenian king who martyred Bartholomew, brother of John, F 35; (3) Jacob, A 794; d. *Iácöbe A 754 n. : F45 n. Ierusalem,/. indec. Jerusalem, F 70. Bartholaméus, m. Bartholomew, F (Scanned ^ f s; or with syncope of u, cf. ON Jorsali, Orrm jjerrsa44 n. . ■ Ixml) • •• ■ Channancas, m. pi. Canaanites; d. Indeas, m. pi. Indians, i.e. Orientals, Channanéum A 778. (Scansion F 43 n., 51. more probably thj- x than—x —with Iöhannes, m. John, F 23 n. -Hum one syllable; sec Campbell Iöseph, m. Joseph (earthly father of Jesus), A 688; g. Iöséphes A 691. 1551. 558.) Cheruphin, quasi-Hebrew m. pi. *Iösua, m. Joshua, A 1516. (Di­ Cherubim, A 719 n. syllabic.) ■ IrtScus, m. an Ethiopian king who Crist, m. Christ, A 57, 322, 991, &c. martyred Matthew, F 68. Cristen, adj. (as noun), Christian, A Isaac, m. A 793; d. Isáce A 753. 1677. Israhélas, m. pi. Israelites, A 165, Dfluid, m. David, A 878. 880. (Scanned - —x.)

176

L I S T OF PROPER NAMES

Iudcas, m. pi. Jews, A 12, 166, 560, 966, 1325, 1408, F 35. (Trisyllabic except in A 12, where it is disylla­ bic.)

Perseas, rn.pl. Persians, i.c. Orientals, F 76 n. ■■■■. ■, ' ■ ./■ Petrus, m. Peter, F 14. Philipus, m. Philip, F 37 n. Platan, rn. Plato, first Mermedonian bishop, consecrated by Andrew, A 1651 n.

Mambre, n. Mamre, A 788 n. • Maria, /. Mary, A 688. (Disyllabic.) Marmedonia, see Mermedonia. Máthéus, m. indec. Matthew, A 11, Römeburg,/. Rome; d. Römebyrig 4°, 97» &c. (Trisyllabic except in Fun. A 11, where it is disyllabic.) Mermedonia, /. indec. the home of the Anthropophagi, A 42, 180; g. .Satan, m. *1193; d. Satane A 1689. or in attributive use, Marmedonia Seraphin, quasi-Hebrezo m. pi. Sera­ phim, A 719. A 264, 844, 1676. (Quadrisyllabic.) Möyses, m. Moses; d. Möyse A 1513. Sigel-ware, tn.pl. Ethiopians, F 64 n. Simon, m. A 691,1’ 77. (Disyllabic.) Néron, m. Nero; g. Nérönes F 13. Paulus, m. Paul, F 14.

Thaddeus, m. F 77 n. (Disyllabic.) Thomas, m. F 50. Tobias, m. A 1516 n. (Disyllabic.)

A P P E N D IX I

THE ‘BONNET FRAGMENT’ T he corresponding passages are: Andreas 847-954; C and P, chaps.

17-18; OE prose, ed. Morris, pp. 235-7. See Introduction, p. xvi.

. . . d o n iae. . . doniae. E t respexit ad discipulos et uidit eos dormientem. E t excitans eos dixit e is: surgite filii mei et uidete et cognoscite miseri­ cordiam dei que facta est nobis, et scitote: quia dominus iesus christus nobiscum erat in naucm et non cognouimus eum. . . . nobis quas(i) homo ad tentandum nos. N am domine iesu christe intellegi tua loquella . . . ideoque non te minime recognoui. E t dixerunt discipuli eius ad ipsum : domine pater andreas, ne speres quia nos alii intellegimus quicum que loqueuaris in mari. T ranslati enim sumus in sommo gramori, et ascenderunt aquilae et rapuerunt animas nostras, et duxerunt nos in paradysum quod est in caelis, et uidimus mirabilia magna. E t uidimus dominum nostrum iesum christum sedentem in throno gloriae s(u)ae et omnes angeli circumstantem . . . et uidemus post uos . . . unum quem que . . . et audiuimus dominum iesum dicentes ad angelos: audide apostolos meos in omnibus que p(etant) a uobis. Haec sunt que uidimus pater andreas. E t cum nos resuscitasti, tunc reddite sunt animae nostrae in corpore nostro. E t cum haec audisset sanctus andreandreas, letus factus est, qui(a) digni fuerant discipuli eius haec mirabilia uidere. T u n c respiciens sanctus andreas in caelum et d ix it: domine meus iesu christe, ego enim scio quia non est longe a seruis tuis. U nde obsecro te indulgeas michi in unc locum. Haec dicentem sanctum andream, uenit ad eum dominus iesus christus in effigia pulcerrimi pueri et dixit ei: gaudeas cum tuis discipulis. E t cum uidisset sanctum andream, procidens in terra adorauit eum dicens: indulge michi domine iesu christe, quia u t hominem te extimaui in mari ct ita tibi locutus sum. Quid enim pec(c)aui domine u t non te michi manifestasti in mare? E t dominus iesus ait illi: andreas, nichil michi peccasti, set ideo hoc tibi fecit quia dissisti: non possum proficere in triduo in anc duitate. Propterea

Letters added in brackets are not in the MS. Correctionof some corrupt forms: i Mermedoniae 1 dormientes (cf. 12, 13) 8 quaecumque 8-9 somno grauiori, descenderunt 12 angelos (?) circumstantes 13 dicentem 17 andreas 20 non es 23 sanctus andreas 25 existimaui or estimaui 27 feci 28 proficisci

5

10

15

20

’ 25

178

APPENDIX I

hoc tib i hostendi qui(a) potens sum et omnia possum facere et unicuique aperire sicut michi placet. E t nunc surge, ingredere in ciuitatem ad m atheum fratrem tuum et erue eum de carcere, et omnes qui cum eo sunt peregrini. Ecce enim dico tibi quia m ulta torm enta tibi habent inferre isti nequissimi, u t carnes tuas in plateas duitatis et uicos ex­ purgant. Ita sanguis tuis fluent in terra sicut aqua, u t . . .

30 apparere

33_34 ex{s)pergant, tuus fluet

A PPE N D IX II

CYNEWULF’S OTHER RUNIC SIGNATURES A. Crist 7S9-814 H uru ic wene me

ond eac ondræde dom Úy repran, ðonne eft cymeð engla peoden, pc ic ne heold teala pæt me hælend min on bocum bibead.

,

790

Ic pæs brogan sceal

gcscon synwræce, pæs pe ic soð talge, pær monig bébð on gemot læded fore onsyne eces deman: ponne • h • cwacað, gchyreð cyning mæðlan, rodera ryhtend, sprecan repe word pam pe him ær in worulde wace hyrdon; pendan • ftl • ond • i> • ypast meahtan frofre findan. Þær sceal forht monig on pam wongstede werig bidan hwæt him æfter dædum deman wille wraprawita. I3ip se • F* • scacen, eorpan frætwa. • 1*1 • wrcs longe . Is.- -flodum bilocen lifwynna dæl, • ¥ • on foldan. ponne frætwe sculon byrnan on bælc, blac rascttcð recen reada leg, repe scripeð geond woruld wide. Wongas hreosað, ; burgstede berstað; brand bið on tyhte, æleð ealdgestreon unmurnlice gæsta gifrast, pæt geo guman heoldan penden him on eorpan onmedla wæs.

B. Elene 1256-76

795

800

805

810

' A wæs sæc^ oð ðæt

cnyssed cearwelmum, •|'V drusende, peah he in medohealle maðmas pege, æplede gold. •F fl• gnornode, Crist: 790 dyreþran MS: emend. Thorpe 795 lædad MS-.emend. Thorpe Elene: 1256 sæcc MS: emend. Gradon after Leo’s seeg.

APPENDIX II

•"f»• -gcfera, nearusorge dreah, enge runc, þær him•M•fore milpaðas mæt, modig þrægde wirumgewlenced. *f*- *is geswiðrad, gomenæfter gearum; geogoð is gecyrrcd, aidonmedla. •H*wæs geara geogoðhades glæm; nu synt geardagas æfter fyrstmearce forð gewitene, lifwynne geliden, swa •Is •toglideð, ílodas gefysde. • ^ æghwambið

1260

INDEX 1265

Lives of Saints, h i . Æneid, 88. Æschylus, Prometheus Vinctus,

•

læne under lyfte; landcs frætwe gewitaþ under wolcnum winde geliccost, þonne he for hæleðum hlud astigeð, wædcð be wolcnum, wedende frereð, ond eft semninga swige gewyrðeð in nedcleofan nearwe geheaðrod, þream forþrycced.

1270'

Albania, 121. Aldhelm, xv.

xxviii.

Ancrene Riwle, 89. Andreas, xiv, 119-27.

710

Accents in MS text, xii, 95. Authorship, xviii-xxii. Commentary, 61-119. Date, xxii. Language, xxxi-xxxix. Metre, xxi-xxii, xxxix-xlv. Relation to Fates, xviii-xx, 124. Resemblances to Beowulf, xxi-xxvii. Sources, xv-xviii. Text, 1-55. Andrew, St., xv-xvii, xx, xxiii-xxv, xxvii-xxx, 61, 65, 67, 69-71, 74, 76-77, 81, 91, 93. 95-96, 98, 104-8, 110-13, 118. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 88, 126. Poem on death of Edgar, 111. Anthropophagi {or Mermedonians), xv-xvii, xxv-xxvi, xxviii-xxx, 6263,69,95,100-2,106-7,111-12,114. Apostles, Apocryphal Acts of, xv, xxvii, xxx, 121. Dispersion, xx, xxvii, 61. Lists of, xxx. OE poetic treatment of, xxvi, 61,76. Aristotle, xxviii. , ■ Armenia, 121. : Atlakviða, 68. Auden, W. II., 108. Azarias, 118.

715

Bede, Ecclesiastical History, 61, 68, 72, 83, 97- 98, 121. Martyrology, xxx, 119-22. Beowulf, xviii, xxi, xxii and n. 1, xli, xlv, 61-62, 64-80, 83, 86-96, 98-121, 123, 126-7.

1275

C. Juliana 695-715 Is m e þearf micel ' ^ þœt seo halge mc helpe gefremme, þonne mc gedælað deorast calra, sibbe toslitað sinhiwan tu, micle modlufan. M in sceal of lice sawul on siðfæt, nat ic sylfa hwider, eardes uncyðþu; of sceal ic þissum, secan oðerne ærgewyrhtum, gongan. iudædum. Geomor hweorfeÖ • h - o n c l •Í ' ; ; cyning biþ reþe, sigora syllend, þonne synnum fah • M j • P* • ond • h • acle bidað hwæt him æfter dædum deman wille lifes to leane; • h • • ^ • beofað, i seomað sorgcearig. Sar eal gemon, synna wunde, þe ic sif> oþþe ær geworhte in w orulde; þæ t ic wopig sceal tearum mænan. Wæs an tid to læt þæt ic yfeldæda ■■ ■. ær gescomede, þenden gæst ond lie geador siþedan onsund on carde.

Achaia, xvii-xviii, xxviii-xxix. Ælfric, xxxv, 121. Colloquy, 67. Homilies, 90, 119.

695

700

7°S

Compared with Andreas, xxii-xxvii. Bianchini, Giuseppe, xiii. Blatt, Franz, xv-xvii, xxiv n. 2, xxix n. 2, 61, 97. Blickling Homilies, xv-xvi, 68, 91. Bliss, A. J., xlii n. i, xliii. Blume, F., xiii. Boethius, De Consolatione Philosophiae, OE prose version, 102. Metres, 73-74. 77. 81, 92, 94. to 6. Brennu-Njdls Saga, 108. Breviarium Apostolorum, xxx, 121-2. Brunanburh, 63, 101. Ccedmon’s Hymn, 87. Charms, 65. ■ Cherubim, OE spellings of, 86. Christ and Satan, xxxv. Comitatus theme in OE poems,

xxvi, 61, 76. Cook, A. S., 75, 92, 105, no, 123. Cosijn, P. J., 67, 71, 74, 79, 81, 88, 100, 106, 117, 123-4. Crist, xviii, xx-xxii, xxiv n. 2, xxxviii, 63. 68, 73, 80-81, 83-84, 86, 90, 95,101-6,108-11,117-19,121-3. Runic signature, xviii, 125-6, 179. Cynewulf, xviii-xxii, xxv, xxx-xxxi, ■■ 122-7.' ■'■■■■■■ ■ ■ 62-63, 66-67, 87, 109, 112, 114,116,121. Das, S. K., xx-xxi, xxvi, 76. ' Dear, 85. Descent into Hell, 83,86, 119. Dickins, Bruce, 124. Domitian A. ix, MS Cotton, 64, 124. Daniel,

■xx-xxii, xxvi, xxxv, xliv, 62, 66-68,70-72,75-76,80,82,8589, 91, 93-95, 98, 101-2, 105, 107-11, 117-19, 123, 127. v Latin source, 86. Runic signature, 125-6, 179-80. Elliott, R. W. V., 123-5. End-rhyme in OE verse, 92-93. Epiphanius, 119. Elene,

182 ,

IN D E X IN D E X

Ethiopia, 62, 76-77, 107, 121. Eusebius, xvii, xxvii-xxviii, 62. Exodus, 62, 67-68, 70-72, 77, 79, 96, 115-16.

Holthausen, F., xvii, xxx n. 2, 62, 79, 86, 88-89, 91, 93, 100, i°3, 119, 125- ■■■■ Homiletic Fragments, 85.

Fates of Men, 63. .Foies of the Apostles, xx, xxvii, xxxxxxi, 61-62, 65, 69, 78, 83, 88, 92, 94-96, 101, 104, 115-16, 118. Commentary, 119-27. Relationship to Andreas, xviii-xx, 124. . Runic signature, xiv, xviii-xix, r xxx-xxxi, 59, 123-6. Text, 56-60. Fight at Finnsburg, 65, 75, 105-6. Foerstcr, Max, xii, xiii nn. 1 and 3, xiv, xvii. Franks Casket, 101. Fritzsche, A., xviii, xxiii.

India, 120. Inc, Laws of, 79, 115. Isidore, De Vita et Obitu utriusque Testamenti Sanctorum, xxx.

Genesis, xli n. 3, 62-63, 67, 69, 73, 77-78, 85, 87, 93-94, 99, 109, i n , 113-15.

Gifts of Men, 72, 81, 94. Gollancz, Sir Israel, xviii, 123-4. Gradon, P. O. E., xiii n. 1, xiv n. 1, xxii n. 1,67-68, 72, 105. Greece, Andrew’s acts in, xxviii-xxix. Greek, known in Anglo-Saxon Eng­ land, xv. Grein, C. W. M., xiv, 67, 71, 78-79, 82, 87, 90, 92, IIO-II, 119. Grein-Köhler, Sprachschatz, 79, 118. Grein-Wiilker, Bibliotheh der ags. Poesie, xiv, 69, 71, 78, 123. Grcndel, xxiii, xxvii, 62, 75, 91, 107-8, i H, 121. ' Grimm, Jakob, xiv, 65, 82, 85, 89, 99, 103, 107, 115. Guala Bicheri, Cardinal, xiii. Guthlac, xxii, xxv, xliv-xlv, 62, 64, 67, 69, 71-72, 77, 80-84, 89, 91- 93. 95, 99- 103, 106, 108-15, 117-19, 121, 126. Hebrews, 62. Hcorot, xxiii-xxv, xxvii, 85, 114, 121. Herod, no. Hierapolis, 120.

Jente, Richard, 63, 66, 69, 88, 101, 116. ■ Jerome, Notitia de Locis Apostolorum, xxx. Jews, xxiv, 69, 81, 83, 86, 88. Judgment Day I, 105, 108. 1 Judith, 76, 85, 95, 99, 103, 105, 109, 118. ■ Juliana, xx-xxii, xxxi, xliv, 61, 65, 80, 85, 89, 95, 99, 104-7, 109-12, 119, 123-5, 127. Runic signature, 124-5, 180. Kalevala, 61. Kemble, J. M., xiv, 73, 95, 104, 107. Kcr, N. R., xi and n. 1, xiv n. 1, xix n. I, 125, 127. ■ Klaeber, F., 85, 96, 117. Kock, E. A., 65, 88, 93, 97, 106, 122. Krapp, G. P., xi n. 2, xii n. 3, xvi, xix n. 2, xx, xxii-xxiii, xxvii and n. i, xxix and nn. 1 and 4, xxx and n. 2, xiv, 62-64, 67-68, 7075, 77-82, 84-86, 88-92, 94, 9899, 101-8, no-11, 113-15,117-' 18, 123-4. Kuhn, H., xliv-xlv, 89, 93-94, 114. Laodicea, 120. Latinisms, 94, no. Legend of St. Andrew, Greek, xvxviii, xx, xxiii, xxviii, 61, 66, 6869, 71, 73-79, 81, 83-84, 86-90, 92, 95, 97- 98, 100-5, 109-n, 113, 117, 177. Latin: (a) Blickling Homily xix, fragment in, xvi; (6) Bologna MS, ' xvii, 61; (c) ‘Bonnet fragment’, xvi, 92, 177-8; (d) Recensio Casanatensis, xvi-xviii, xx, 61, 63, 66, 68, 71, 73-79, 81, 83-90,

92, 95, 97- 98, 100-6, in , 113, 117, 177; (e) Recensio Vaticana, xv-xvii, xx, 61, 9 7 ,' 105, 116, 118. OE prose, xv-xvi, xx, 61, 66, 68-70, 73- 77, 83, 95, 97- 98, 103-4, .109-11, 113, 117, i77Lifra, Norwegian river-name, 108. Lindisfarne Gospels, 80. Lord’s Prayer II, 100. Maier, C., xi, xiv, 70, 79, 85, 123-7. Maldon, 67-68, 71-72, 76, 78, 87, 94, 103-4. Malone, Kemp, xxiii n. 1, 75, 79, 91Mamre, xvii, 89. Martyrium Matthaei, 116. Matthew, St., xv, xxviii, 65-67, 76, 96-98. Confused with Matthias, xvii, 6162. Maxims I, 62, 116. Menologium, 122. Mermedonia, xvi-xviii, xxiv, xxviixxx, 62-63, 76. Mermedonians, see Anthropophagi. Milton, John, Paradise Lost and II Penseroso, 109. Muinzcr, L. A., 123-5, 127. Myrmecium, xxviii-xxix. Myrmidons, xxix.

183

Precepts, 83. Proper Names in OE verse, 88, 116, 119-21, 175-6. Psalter, Eadwine’s, 109. Paris, xxxv, 82, 87, 102, 113, 116, 118, 120-1. Prose, 102. Pscudo-Abdias Collection of heretical writings, xvii, xxviii-xxix. Record Commission, xiv. Riddles, 63, 67, 77, 83, 89-90, 106, i n , 113, 117. Riming Poem, 72. ' Rood, Dream of the, 64, 69, 71-72, 83, 86,88,91,94-95,101. Ruin, 91, 106, 108, 113. Rune Poem, in , 119, 124-6. Runes, use in OE verse, 64, 123-6. Rushworth Gloss to St. Matthew’s Gospel, 64. Rymer, Thomas, Foedera, xiv.

Satan, 103-4. Sawles Warde, 108. , Schaar, Claes, xviii n. 1, xx n. 1, xxiXXV, xxx n. 2, xxxi, 63, 67-68, 70-71, 74-75, 78, 80-83, 85, 94, 99, 101-2, 104-5, no, 112-15. Scridefmnas, 79. Scythia, xvii, xxviii-xxx. Napier, A. S., xii and n. 1, xiv, xviii- Seafarer, 68, 105-6. xix, 104, 123-7. Shakespeare, William, Coriolanus, 93. New Testament, xxvii, 62, 82, 122. ; Macbeth, 107. Troilus and Cressida, 109. Odyssey, xxx. Sicvers, E., xxxix, 71, 100, 102, 108, Orosius, xxxiii, 88. 123, 125-6. , Simons, R., 77, 85, 103, 108. Panther, 108. Sisam, Kenneth, xii n. 3, xiii, xix and Partridge, 119. n. i, xxii n. i, xxvi, xxx n. 2, xxxi, Pastoral Care, xxxi, xxxv, xxxviii. xxxviii, 101, 123-5. Patrae (modern Patras), xxix. Slay, D., xliv-xlv, 66, 93. Patraeus, xxix. Smithers, G. V., 74, 114. Paul, St., xx. Solomon and Saturn, 73, 77, 83, 117. Peter, St., xx, xxviii, 98. Sortes Apostolorum, xxvii. Peters, L. J., xxiii-xxv.. Phoenix, 67, 89, 91-92, 105-7, ' » 5. Soul and Body I, 68, 121. . Strabo, Geography, xxviii-xxix. 118, 123, 127. Plato (OE Platan), Mermedonian : Summons to Prayer, 86. bishop, xv, xvii, 116-17. Tacitus, Germania, 61, 67, 76, 91. ‘Poetic Dialect’ in OE, xxxviii-xxxix. Thomas, St., Apostle, xxx, 121. Pope, J. C., xxxix, xlii-xliii.

184

IN D E X

Thórarensen, Bjarni, 107. Thorpe, Benjamin, xiv, xviii, 79, 91. 92, 119. . . Þrymskviða, 77. , Tolkien, J. R. R., 64, 121. Trautmann, M., 66, 76, 81, 85, 90, 103, 108-9, 117, 123-4. Tupper, F., jr., 67, 123. Turville-Pctre, G., 126. Vainglory, 76,83. Vercelli, xi, xiii. Manuscript, xi-xiv, 68, 87, 101. Vespasian Psalter Gloss, xxxiv-xxxix, xlii, 93, 113, 124, 126. Vulgate, 92-93, 113.

Wanlcy, H., xviii. Whale, 71, So, 82, 88, 114. Whitelock, Dorothy, x x v i x x x ix n .

an d

Widsith, 79, 85. Wife's Lament, 63. Woolf, Rosemary, xxii n. 1, xxxi, 94, ■ ■ 106. . Wrenn, C. L., xxii and n. 1, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 83, 91, 96, 104-6, 1 II4‘ ' ... ; ■ . '■ Wulfstan, xiii, xxvi, 61, 81, 84, 88, ■ ■■ 104. ■ Wiilker, R. P. (see also Grein-Wiilker), xii and n. 1, xiv, 64, 74, 105, 112, ■ 122. 1 Yenikale, xxviii.

Waldere, 61, 105. Wanderer, 67, 78, 85, 103, 106, 113.

n n .,

I.

Zupitza, J., xiv, xv n. 2, 104.

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