Ancient Greek Alive 9780807848005, 080784800X

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgments
Words to Students
Words to Teachers
Chronology
Map
SCRIPTS FOR CLASSES
The Alphabet Grows
The Doctor Comes
Greek Writing and Literacy
Greek Medicine
VOCABULARY REVIEW
Lesson 1. The A-Group
Cases
Nasrudin and the Letter (Nasrudin)
Lesson 2. The O-Group
Neuter Plural Subject + Singular Verb
The Article
Nasrudin Eats with his Fingers (Nasrudin)
Lesson 3. Accents
Your Handwriting is Bad
Lesson 4. as Pronoun as "Same" Accent Review
Heraclitus #1-4
Looking for the Ring (Nasrudin)
Nasrudin and Socrates
Lesson 5. Use of Cases
Double Negatives
Articular Infinitive
Nasrudin Gives Figs (Nasrudin)
Lesson 6. Masculine A-Group Agent Nouns
Feminine Nouns with a after
Feminine O-Group Nouns
New Testament #1
Lesson 7. O-A-O Adjective
Agreement
Alpha Privative
Two-Ending Adjectives
Adjective with Noun Understood
New Testament #2
Feeding the Cloak (Nasrudin)
Lesson 8. Bound vs. Unbound Position
Emphatic
Intensive
New Testament #3
The Name Dropper (Nasrudin)
Lesson 9. Adjectives
Indirect Discourse
Heraclitus #5
Lesson 10. Uses of; Participle with
Game: Coming Into Baghdad
Lesson 11. Comparatives and Superlatives
Genitive of Comparison or Same Case with Superlative
Heraclitus #6-9
Sun or Moon? (Nasrudin)
A Lamp for Others (Nasrudin)
Two Ionian Philosophers
VOCABULARY REVIEW (pp. 1-59)
Lesson 12. Relative Pronoun: Subordination
Heraclitus #10-12
Supreme Tact (Nasrudin)
Lesson 13. Translationese
The Soup of the Soup (Nasrudin)
Lesson 14. The Third-Group
Walk Through a Greek Graveyard #1-3
Mosquito's Buzz (Armenian)
Lesson 15. Adverbs in + Adjective Comparison of Adverbs
Mosquito's Buzz (Nigerian)
PARSING
Lesson 16. Third Group: One-Syllable Stems and Family Terms with Verbs
Graveyard #4, 13
The Oath (Part 1) (Nigerian)
Lesson 17. Third Group Adjectives 3-A-3 Adjectives
Graveyard #11
Heraclitus #15-17
The Oath (Part?)
Lesson 18. Participles
New Testament #4-5
Who is Poor? (Part 1) (Ghana)
The New Testament
Lesson 19
Interrogatives and Indefinites
Adverbial Accusative
Articular Infinitive
New Testament #6
Famous Sayings #1
Who is Poor? (Part 2)
Lesson 20. Proclitics and Enclitics
Who is Poor? (Part 3)
Lesson 21. Third-Group Comparatives and Superlatives
Superlative as "Exceedingly"
Special Words for Pairs
Heraclitus #13
Graveyard #12, 27-28
Who is Wiser? (West African)
Lesson 22. Neuter EO- Stem Nouns
Lesson 23. Personal Pronouns
Heraclitus #14
New Testament #7
Turtle Wings (Part 1) (Nigerian)
Lesson 24. Possessive Adjectives
Generalizing
Inner and Cognate Accusatives
Graveyard #6-7
Diogenes #1-2, 5
Turtle Wings (Part 2)
Turtle Tales
REVIEW OF GRAMMAR and SYNTAX
VOCABULARY REVIEW (pp. 62-100)
VERB OVERVIEW: ASPECT and TENSE
Lesson 25. The Continuous Stem
The Lazy Man (Part 1) (Armenian)
Lesson 26. The E/O Aorist
Graveyard #8, 10, 14
Famous Sayings #2
The Lazy Man (Part 2)
The Bride of Death
Lesson 27. The a-Aorist
The Ingressive Aorist
Graveyard #5,15-17, 23
The Blind Men and the Elephant (India)
Lesson 28. The Genitive Absolute
Special Aorists
Famous Sayings #3-4
Diogenes #20
Graveyard #19, 24
Climbing the Stairs (Nasrudin)
Collecting the Fine (Nasrudin)
Lesson 29. The Future
New Testament #8-9
The Helping Hand (Nasrudin)
Lesson 30. Verbs
Diogenes #6
The Earth's Treasure: (Aesop paraphrased; scrambled fable)
You're Rightl (Nasrudin)
Lesson 31. Verbs
Use of
The 99% Principle
Graveyard #21
Diogenes #3-4
Never Enough (Parti) (Nigerian)
Diogenes
Lesson 32. Contrary-to-Fact Conditions
Heraclitus #18-19
Xenophanes #5
Graveyard #22
Never Enough (Part 2)
Lesson 33. Indirect Discourse in Greek and English
The Gnomic Aorist
Heraclitus #20-22
Lesson 34. More on Indirect Discourse
Xenophanes #1-6
The Death of the Pot (Nasrudin)
PRINCIPAL PARTS
VOCABULARY REVIEW (pp. 108-144)
VERB OVERVIEW: MOOD
Lesson 35. The Subjunctive
(Hortatory, Deliberative, Prohibition, Purpose, Fearing)
Famous Sayings #5
Diogenes #12-13
An Old Man's Advice (Part 1) (Siberian)
Lesson 36. More Uses of the Subjunctive
Forms of Eipi
Graveyard #18
Diogenes #7-8
The Personal Muse
Lesson 37. The Perfect (nEirauKa; XcXoiTra)
New Testament #10
Graveyard #26
Famous Sayings #6
Diogenes #21
An Old Man's Advice (Part 2)
Lesson 38. Perfect as Present
Famous Sayings #7
Lesson 39. The Optative
(Wish, Potential, in Past Sequence, in Optative Sequence)
Graveyard #34-36
Famous Sayings #8
Diogenes #14
An Old Man's Advice (Part 3)
Lesson 40. The Series: (Asking, Shrugging, Relating, and Pointing)
Graveyard #30
Famous Sayings #9
Diogenes #9
An Old Man's Advice (Part 4)
Lesson 41. Optative of
Periphrastic Perfect (Subj. and Opt.)
Optative in Conditions and Indirect Discourse
Diogenes #10
POETRY REVIEW
Lesson 42. The Imperative
Imperative of
Graveyard #20, 40
Diogenes #22
An Old Man's Advice (Part 5)
REVIEW OF VERB FORMS
REVIEW OF CONDITIONS
VERB OVERVIEW: VOICE
Famous Sayings #10
Lesson 43. The Indicative Middle
Primary and Secondary Endings
Deponent Veibs
Famous Sayings #11-12
Diogenes #15-16
The Gift of Gold (Part 1) (Armenian)
The Human City
Lesson 44. The Perfect Middle
All Forms of
Diogenes #17
Graveyard #9
The Gift of Gold (Part 2)
Lesson 45. Middle Imperatives
Impossible Wishes
U-Stem Nouns
U-A-U Adjectives
Graveyard #25, 37
The Gift of Gold (Part 3)
Lesson 46. The Middle: All Forms
Heraclitus #23
Graveyard #38
The Gift of Gold (Part 4)
Lesson 47. The Passive System
Genitive Verbal Adjectives Ending
Famous Sayings #13-14
Graveyard #31-32, 39
Did the Tailor Have a Nightmare! (Part 1) (Yiddish)
Lesson 48. The Aorist Passive
Passive Deponents
Dative of Agent with Perfect Passive
Graveyard #41
Famous Sayings #15
Diogenes #11, 18
Did the Tailor? (2)
Lesson 49. The Passive Voice: All Forms
New Testament #11-12
Did the Tailor! (3)
Lesson 50. Regular
Did the Tailor*! (4)
REVIEW OF VERB FORMS
VOCABULARY REVIEW (pp. 145-199)
Lesson 51. Contract Verbs:
Graveyard #33
HIPPOCRATIC OATH (Part 1)
Lesson 52. Continuous Forms of Aorist System of Verbals ending in
Diogenes #19
Famous Sayings #16
HIPPOCRATIC OATH (Part 2)
Three Medical Symbols
Lesson 53.
Graveyard #29
TROJAN WOMEN (Hecubafs Speech)
Lesson 54.
Famous Sayings #17
OEDIPUS TYRANNOS (Oedipus and Teiresias)
THESAUROS
PARADIGMS
PRINCIPAL PARTS
GREEK-ENGLISH DICTIONARY
ENGLISH-GREEK DICTIONARY
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
I
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
APPENDIX: Embroidery in Conversation

Citation preview

ANCIENT G R E E K ALIVE

This page intentionally left blank

THIRD EDITION

A N C I E N T G R E E K ALIVE PAULA 5 A F F I R E A N D

CATHERINE FREI5

T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F NORTH C A R O L I N A P R E S S CHAPEL HILL AND

LONDON

© 1999 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Second revised edition copyright © 1992 by Paula Reiner. Published by The Aldine Press, Ltd. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Saffire, Paula, 1943- Ancient Greek alive / Paula Saffire and Catherine Freis. —3rd ed.

p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-8078-4800-5 (pbk.: alk. paper) i. Greek language—Grammar—Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Greek language—Readers. I. Freis, Catherine. II. Title. PA258.S2 1999 488.2^421—0021—98-46276 CIP ii 10 09 08 7654

T H I S BOOK IS D E D I C A T E D TO GOOD S T O R Y T E L L E R S E V E R Y W H E R E .

This page intentionally left blank

vu

CONTENTS Sections

Readings

(Cultural Essays in Bold; Organizational Chapters in Capitals)

(Story Titles in Italics; Boldface indicates Greek Original)

Acknowledgments Words to Students Words to Teachers Chronology Map

xiii xv xvii xxii xxiiii

SCRIPTS FOR CLASSES

1

Greek Writing and Literacy

7

Greek Medicine

20

VOCABULARY REVIEW

25

Lesson 1.

The A-Group (f] aSe^q, f] yXoo-rra) Cases

26

Nasrudin and the Letter (Nasrudin) 28-29

Lesson 2.

The O-Group (6 a6EATr|To 9iXq, E0EXEic; ypa9Eiv Ta ypappaTa; aXqScbc;; aXqOcbc; E0EXEic; ypa9Eiv Ta ypappaTa; --Kai ou, cb 9iXE, E0EXEic; ypa9Eiv TO ypappaTa; navTa Ta ypappaTa; EuyE. ypa9CA>pEV navTa Ta ypappaTa.

The Greek Letters

c

Note Capitals:

A P

B I

T T

A Y

E 0

Z X

H

G

Y

O

I

K

A

M

N

E

and O

>

n

Names of the letters: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta, iota, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, xi, omicron, pi, rho, sigma, tau, upsilon, phi, chi, psi, omega. Small letters were not used by the ancient Greeks. (They were developed by scribes in medieval times.) They are used because they are easier to read than capital letters. They are shown with lines so you can learn what part of a letter fills the central space and what goes above or below. There is a letter digamma (F) that dropped out of the Greek alphabet It was pronounced "w" and, like vav of the Hebrew alphabet, was the sixth letter. We can tell that some words had a w sound, although the Greek names give no indication. For example, oTvoq was fd\vos--wine in English. By the time the f dropped out of the alphabet, the numbering system was already fixed. So that even after there was no longer a letter F , that sign was used for #6, and £, although it was the 6th letter now, was used for # 1 and so on. o is given the special sign q at the end of a word. indicates an h sound or "rough breathing" and ' indicates the lack of an h sound or "smooth breathing." (You can consider the marks as h and non-h.) Originally both the epsilon sound and the eta sound were represented by E, and q was used for the h sound-as you might guess by the capital letter (H). But at some point the Greeks decided to use the letter q for the eta sound and needed to indicate the h sound in another way. (It would be best if modern editors dispensed with the non-h sign altogether, as an eye-saving measure. After all, we depart in other ways from ancient Greek practice, when we have found improvements, printing Greek with small letters and a space between words. Future editors take note!)

Every word that begins with a single vowel, a diphthong (vowel combination pronounced as a single sound), or an p will have a rough or smooth breathing mark. The mark goes over the second vowel of a diphthong and does not affect alphabetical order. €OTI - is ou - not fboSoc; - rose There are three marks indicating pitch:

) acute-pitch up ) circumflex-pitch up and back down ) grave—slight rise in pitch

(or no change at all, as some scholars believe)

If you look over the scripts you will find the rough or smooth breathing marks in combination with other marks showing pitch, which will be explained on p. 12. A breathing mark is written to the left of an acute (') or grave ( ^ ) and under a circumflex (*). TO ovopa o oiSa.

Say all together the name which I know.

Pronunciation

Name of Letter

o

alpha

0X90

hot (when short), far (held longer)

p

beta

PnTa

back

y

gamma

yaMM a

go

8

delta

SIX TO

dig

e

epsilon

e yiXov

let

t

zeta

£qja

zd as in wisdom or dz as in adze

(literally baree)

(going before y, K, x> £)

(evidence goes both ways)

n e •

eta

r*JTa

theta

OQTO

thank

iota

ICOTO

big (when short), beet (when long)

K

kappa

Karma

skin

X

lambda

XaM(35a

let

M

mu

MU

met

V

nu

vu

net

xi

£7

axe

O

omicron

o M^pov

potential (not emphasized, but not a schwa)

n

pi

nT

spy

P

rho

fbco

ring (or trilled)

o, M^ya

awe

*

(literally little o)

(literally bareu)

(literally big o)

gate (or at home, see p. 6)

(or up hill, see p. 6)

Vowels Greek may be considered to have five basic vowel sounds, as English does. A vowel is long or short depending on the time it takes to pronounce it Greek a, i, and u are used for both long and short sounds. Epsilon and omicron are always short (as their names indicate), while eta and omega are always long (as the name omega indicates). So there are short a, e, i, o, u and long a, q, i, GO, u. There are varying schools of thought on how to pronounce these vowels. (The differences are mainly over the eta and omega sounds.) What matters for speaking is that all vowel sounds be distinct and that eta and omega be recognizably long. I Exercise a:

Read aloud:

1. OGOjja oq|ja. 2. vuv yiyvcooKco TO ovojja. 3. rroXXa cpcoTqpaTa Xcyco. 4. k'

Diphthongs Diphthongs are vowels pronounced together. These important combinations may occur: ai au

aisle sauerkraut

I Exercise P:

ei eu qu

weigh, gate (slurred e-u ) (slurred q-u)

01 ou

noise group

Read aloud:

1. oi 91X01 ou cpiAouoi TauTa Ta Tpaujjara. 2. ai 91X011 ou 91X0601 TauTa Ta Tpaupara. 3. 6 ScuTepoq 9iXo-— „• — ^ — — Short syllable: Long syllable:

\j

0

J

ends with a short vowel—a, E, i, o, u has a long vowel—at q, T, GO, Cf hasadiphthong-ai, EI, 01, au, EU, ou, etc. ends with a consonant ends a line of poetry

The combination of mute + liquid gives a poet options on length. For example, nETpo^ (rock) can begin with a short syllable (TTE - TpoO or a long one (TTCT - poq). Note: C, £, and y are really a pair of consonants: 5 + o, < + o, n + o. So the second syllable of TpaTTE^a (table) is poetically long, though E is a short vowel. The first syllable of 6 £EVOmade with the palate) to make £. Note: dental mutes (T, 5, 6, made with the teeth) drop before o. An o + 5 combination makes Vowels

a e

n

Liquids & Nasals

Sibilant

o ( y

Palatal (palate)

K

y

X

palatal + o — > £

Dental (teeth)

T

5

6

(Dental drops before o) 0 + 6 --> I

Indo-European Indo-European is a language postulated as the ancestor of many related languages. (A partial list is given below.) Its original speakers may have lived somewhere near the Black Sea. In historical times Indo-European languages have spread by force of arms (to Africa and the Americas). If the same was true in prehistoric times, as is likely, speakers of early IndoEuropean tongues must have been competent fighters. For people are willing to lay down their lives rather than give up their language. (Consider recent resistance by Basques and Tamils to Indo-European encroachment.) INDO

EUROPEAN

PERSIAN

GREEK

SANSKRIT

LATIN

Italian French Spanish Portuguese Rumanian

CELTIC

Irish Welsh

GERMANIC

German English Dutch Norwegian, Swedish, Danish

SLAVIC

Russian Ukranian Czech, Slovak Polish

We can trace Indo-European roots by comparing the words which have descended from them in the various Indo-European languages spoken today. These roots have been used to construct the history of the various groups: what kind of institutions they had, what kind of lands they went through, and so on.

It seems that the speakers of Indo-European split up before they had a chance to see the sea together. For some descendant languages have words in common for sea and fish, but there are none to match in Sanskrit or Persian. While the Indo-European speakers were together they knew weaving and they yoked animals. We can tell that they had a god in common. Addressed as Zeu naT€p (Father Zeus) in Greek, he was Jupiter in Latin, and dyaus pitr in Sanskrit— all three meaning Father Sky. ° In the word peGuco the Greeks keep up the memory of a brew, probably made from honey, drunk by their ancestors, which we call mead. There is an Indo-European root: *medhu, which -> |j£0u- in Greek, madhu in Sanskrit, and mead in English. To be sure, the Greeks now became drunk on wine (oTvoq), made from grapes. But words have a way of preserving ancient memories. Derivatives and Cognates There are several ways a word in English can be connected with a word in Greek: (a) It can be derived. That is, the word may be deliberately taken from Greek . This is commonly done, as in pharmacology or iatrogenic. When an English word is derived from Greek it resembles the Greek closely. For example, erg looks very much like epyov. (The logo fa will be used whenever a point is being made about English.) Many English words are derived from Latin or French (which is based on Latin). Since Latin words closely resemble their Greek cognates, an English word derived from Latin will lode like a Greek word. Octopod (eight-footed) is derived from Greek (hence has the Greek pod = foot), pedestrian from Latin (hence has the Latin ped = foot).

(b) It can be cognate. This means it has the same Indo-European root as the Greek word but has come down on our (Germanic) side of the family. When this has happened, there are usually so many changes that the word looks very different from its Greek relative. Work has this relation to cpyov. In this book a one-way arrow shows derivation, and a two-way arrow shows the cognate relationship. So, for example: e'pyov work (JE0U- mead

k'pyov --> erg

|J€0u- — > amethyst (the stone having been considered a charm against drunkenness, from a = non, as in amoral, agnostic + pe6uco = be drunk)

One interesting difference between the Latin/Greek group and the Germanic group is that what is elk in the one is h in the other. Think of Canis Major, for example-from the Latin canis = dog. The Greek is KUCOV (as in vq Tqv KUVCJ). English derivatives of the cards /KUO>V family are canine and cynic. An English cognate is hound, from the German hand. Or think of cor = heart in Latin. We see cor in English in such derived words as cordial or record (from the Latin recordor, since the Romans regarded the heart as the seat of memory). The Greek is icapSia, from which we derive cardiac. But what is the cognate in English? Simply heart. /&£* English words come from two main sources: our own Germanic heritage and the Greek/Latin family including French. The really useful words-the words we use about day-to-day experience, words we could not do without— are usually from our Germanic heritage. And notice that whenever there is a choice of "words— labor or work, cordial or hearty, amity or friendship, verity or truth—the Germanic words call forth a stronger response, while the borrowed words seem more formal or remote. ?py a

-Reread today's script and make sure you understand it -Read "The Alphabet Grows" (p. 13) aloud and silently until you understand every word. -Look at the Greek-English dictionary words beginning with gamma and phi. Write all the derivatives you can think of, at least twelve. Derivatives will resemble the Greek closely in lode and meaning. Remember: a Greek upsilon often shows up as the letter y in English. (Can you think of any cognates?)

16

Script # 7 & 9iAE, yiyvoboKEic; TO noir||ja; E0EAEic; A£yEiv TO noir||ja; (3ouAfl Xe TO noir||ja; Eyoo (pointing to self) (3ouXo|jai A£yEiv TO no(q(ja. Kai au,

In earlier times you want (singular) was pouAeacu. At a certain point, the Greeks stopped pronouncing an s sound between vowels-have you ever heard someone say "wa'n't" for "wasnTI-and used the form pouAscii, which we have been using. Eventually the E and a were slurred together, to make r\. (This process is called contraction.) In fifth century Athens the "you singular" form would have been written pouAqi. Eventually the iota stopped being pronounced (around 200 B.C.E.) and was omitted. To mark that it was once there, scribes used an iota subscript (under the vowel). When you see an iota subscript, pronounce the iota unless your teacher directs otherwise. Originally

soon

(3ouAo|jai pouXcaai (3ouA£Tcu

Latest — >

Later ~ > g-cn

pouAopon (BouAECii (3ouAeTC(i

Q

pouAopoti (3ouAfl (BouAeTcu

•Kai vuv, 5(5co|Ji aoi TQV Xe^Pa (extending hand). Kai au, 66c; |joi TQV TI HOIEEIC;; navTEc; ajja- H6i5oo|ji aoi TQV i vuv, co 9iAq, 56vr\ aXXa TQV yXooTTav opaEic;.

n 9^vn

TQV 9covqv

n

Tqv

-Kai vuv, cb 9»XE, TI HOIEEIC;; (javSavEic; yXcoTTav; vai, |jav0avEic; Tqv yXcoTTav Tqv 'EXXqviKqv. |jav0avEi 9iXE, OTE q [jqTqp KaXEEi, Epxojjai. Kai au, OTE q (jqTqp KaXEEi, Epxq; XPH ae ^PX80®01: "Kai aKGO|JEV TO 6pa|ja. "The Doctor Comes" is played, several times.

23 £> '\\£, Tl EQTI TOUTO; TOUTO EOTI |3l|3AlOV. 6p§tc; TO (3l|3AlOV;

Eycb 6p£> TOUTO TO (3i(3Aiov, Kai ou oppc;; KOI vuv (hiding the book) 6p§cc; TO PI^XIOV; TO (3i|3Aiov oi/x Do you hear the difference? Before, we were saying opccco and 6pa£iq. Now we are saying opco and opac;. The Greeks sometimes ran their vowel sounds together, as we saw with (SouAfl (p. 16). Two vowel sounds will be slurred or contracted into one sound. There are verbs that have a full set of contracted forms. These are called contract verbs. They may be -eoo (e contract) or -a GO (a contract) verbs. For the sake of seeing the original system (endings -co, -sic;, -EI, etc.) we began by using uncontracted sounds. From now on, we shall use the contracted forms, which were spoken and written in Athens during the fifth century B.C.E. It is best simply to memorize the patterns below. If you want to know the rules behind contraction, you may look ahead on pp. 126 and 129. You will notice that whenever there was an acute accent on a contracting a or €, the resulting accent is a circumflex: -eco

I

Verbs 9lX(I)

9lAeTvq T^^ X£^(*)vq^ TH^ NiKry; ou cpiAob . Asya) TQ NMCQ OTI ycovqv ouic EXOUOIV ai XEAcovai aCrrqc SIOTI y^TTav OUK EXOUOIV.

£pya

-Write paradigms for f] 9e*>vr| and f\ yAWTTQ three times. Memorize. -Read "Nasrudin and the Letter." Practice reading it aloud until you can read it smoothly while being aware of what it means. -Learn the vocabulary for "Nasrudin and the Letter." (This instruction is to be understood with every story. Always learn the vocabulary and the grammatical notes, especially whatever is in a box.)

28

NASRUDIN AND THE LETTER avOpcoTToc; TIC; (3ouX£Tcu H£|JTT£IV £TTioToXqv TOK; a&£X90 school, scholar (because going to school was what people chose to do in their free time) (Cf. Diogenes' witty definition of k'pox;: + Tqv cxoxoAiocv TGOV oxoAa£6vTcov.) Notice that our word "time" combines a number of concepts that were separate for the Greeks: (1) xpovcx; = clock-time, (2) oxoXq = free time, (3) icaipcx; = right time, opportune moment, (4) &pa = season, and (5) cticov = lifetime or eternity.

TTop€uo|jai - travel, journey EIC; - into + accusative 8

(jovov - only —> monologue, etc. cmoKpivo|jai - reply

12-

Punt auTouq! If OUTQ means to her, what must auTonc; mean?

30 Lesson 2. The O-Group;

Neuter Plural Subject + Singular Verb;

The Article

THE O-GROUP We come now to the O-Group. Compare the endings of 6 aSc^oc; and q abz\yf). You will find them similar except that in the one an o sound is dominant, in the other an a sound. Feminine A- Endings Singular nom. ace. gen. dat.

q qv q 9iAE, TI TTOIE?(;; " 6 SE 1096^ ouSEV AsyEi. &AAa CqTE?. 6 SE 9iAoTqpcr "(I) cpiAE, TI **

N

'

C *

kI

' tt

' —

*

'

3

**

SaKTuXiov pou (ring). EHEOE (it fell) yap &no TOU SaKTuXou |JOU OTE €V TQ OIKI^ ?JV."

8

6 8£ 91X0^ cpcoTa auTov "aXX 1 & Naop€55iv€, c! cv TQ olidp oou TO SaKTuXiov (ring) ?jv OTC cncocv (it fell), TI ev TO? psychedelic

Lesson 8.

Bound versus Unbound Position; Emphatic aOr6c (Unbound); Intensive icaf

BOUND POSITION

6 ocxpoc; avOpconcx;

Both mean:

6 avSpcoTToq 6 0096^

the wise man

This is called bound position (also attributive position). The article (6, q, TO) makes a tight unit, binding the adjective to the noun. The function is to identify a particular one or ones. Which man? The wise man. **£* English has only one binding position, while Greek has two. You can use a genitive or a prepositional phrase in bound position in Greek, since they identify a particular one or ones. q Tqc; aSeAcpqc; x^&vq

Both mean:

q x^k> v n H T H^ ot&£^ NaopeSSivE, vo(jf^o|j€v TOUTO cTvai Oaupaoiov (wonderful)." 6 6£ 1096^ Xcycr "ou JJOVQV TOV paoiXea cTSov aXXa vq to8fei. I say that the turtle is eating. Xcyco T^|V x^vqv toOfciv. I say (that) the turtle is eating. Literally, / say the turtle to be eating.

There is agreement in indirect discourse. If the subject of an infinitive is accusative, then any adjectives or nouns referring to it will be accusative also: Xcyco Tqv x^covqv eTvou KaAqv. ^ TOV avOpconov slvai noiqTqv.

isay (that) the turtle is beautiful. / say (that) the man is a poet.

Some verbs, such as Aeyco, take either OTI or the infinitive. Others are restricted, using only one or the Other. £*£* Similarly in English: To say takes only a that construction, whereas to believe takes that OR an infinitive: / say that she is wise, vs. / believe that she is wise OR / believe her to be wise. I Exercise y : Translate the following. What were the original statements in Greek? 1. AsyEic; TOV Io9ov pqXa cpEpeiv. 2. Aryouai TOV qXiov ctvai piicpov.

3. 4.

Aeyco TOIK; OEOU moron noTEpoc;,a ,ov - which [of 2]? (used in direct questions) OTTOTEpo