An investigation of correlates of male college students’ satisfaction with dormitory living

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AH IHTBSTIGA'EtOK OF OOHHEIATES OF MAHB as.

COLLEGE SPtaJEHTS* SATISFACTIOH KITH DOHMITOHY LLVIHG

A d i s s e r t a t i o n subm itted in p a r t i a l f u lf illm e n t o f th e requirem ents f o r the degree of D octor o f P h ilo s ­ ophy, i n th e Department of Psychology, in th e Graduate College of th a S ta te U n iv e rsity of Iowa F ebruary, 1950

ProQuest Number: 10598596

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality o f this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t u p on th e quality o f th e c o p y subm itted . In th e unlikely e v e n t th at th e author did n ot se n d a c o m p le t e m anuscript a n d th ere are missing p a g e s , t h e s e will b e n o te d . Also, if m aterial h ad to b e r e m o v e d , a n o te will in d ica te th e d e letio n .

uest ProQ uest 10598596 Published by ProQ uest LLC (2017). Copyright o f th e Dissertation is held by th e Author. All rights reserved. This work is p r o te c te d a g a in st unauthorized c o p y in g under Title 17, United S tates C o d e Microform Edition © ProQ uest LLC. ProQ uest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346

t l\C.Vlo\oG u. Os o> T \ c\b O R IH l Co^> ( oR *

AQW QM mmmTS W ithout th e co o p eratio n and a s s is ta n c e o f a g r e a t

many persons t h i s in v e -stig a tio n would not h a w been p o ssib le* I n a d d itio n to the 494 s tu d e n ts a t th e S ta te U n iv e rsity of Iowa who served a s s u b je c ts in the stu d y , th e w r i t e r i s indebted to th e follow ing members of the U n iv e rs ity of Iowaf s f a c u lty and s t a f f s B e e h io ld t; P ro fe s s o r Edward

P ro fe s s o r H arold P*

Shoben, I r * ; Dean W alter H*

G oetsch, D ire c to r o f th e O ffic e o f Student A f f a ir s ; Mr* T* M* Hehder, D ire c to r o f D orm itories and D ining S e rv ic e s ; Mr* Ted M cGarrel, R e g is tr a r ; and Dr* R obert E b el, D ire c to r o f the U n iv e rs ity Exam inations Service* E s p e c ia l thanks a re du© Dean Dewey B* S t u i t , who suggested and guided the research * . F in a lly , th e w r ite r w ishes to express h is g r a titu d e to h is w ife , Io a n --n o t only f o r h e r ab le and a c tiv e a s s i s t ­ ance throughout th e stu d y , but fo r th e encouragement which

P h !ti

she so c o n s ta n tly gave*

11

?AB£LS

of co&fkkts

Chapter i

11

Page iw rnom G 'sim

i

Statem ent o f the Problem . .,.• « .* .* .* *

5

DITH CRM * OF fM qdSHOWAlSS* ..* * .* .* ,

10

The V o m ito ry S c a le s .............. The S cales of P erso n al and S o c ia l Adjustment The Soc io-lconom i© S e a le .*.* ** * ***. ** fhe Completed Q u e stio n n a ir e ,.* .* ..* .* III

«

PEE1IMIMAET IKTSSfiaAfI0H, ..........

10 11 14 15 19

Ik e P o p u l a t i o n . , . , . . . 19 C o lle c tio n of the D a ta .* , . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Scoring th e R esp o n ses.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 A nalysis of th e Data* »,.**•** *. o © © ft asj S©ET,, N *S n fit K . H H « X? 43 © ©I © ^H nj oa- 1 °o3 At fit 49 © ♦H

4* *4 © Cti

*

At

©V

t© 0 O Mf\©

* • * * * * • • « • « •

Table T I& te ro o rre la tlo iis of E evised D orm itory and Mjostme&b S cales (N - 90) Scale Seal© A Ocala B S o c ia l j

36 . S eals

.31 »4X

.39

35 between D orm itory Seal© A and B w©s reduced by .1 3 ; between Scale A and C, .19; between S eale B and C, .21; and between th e two adjustm ent s c a le s , &2*

This re d u c tio n i n s t a t i s t i *

oal r e la tio n s h ip in d ic a te s t h a t the s c a le s composed only o f th e f i n a l l y s e le c te d item s are each m easuring f a c to r s more d if f e r e n t and n e a rly d i s t i n c t than d id the o r ig in a l scales*

These re d u c tio n s i n th e in te r c o r r e la tio n s among

the s c a le s cannot be tak en a t t h e i r fa ce v a lu e , however, s in c e th e shrinkage re p re s e n ts a c e r ta in b ia s introduced by computing th e c o r r e la tio n s from d a ta from the same sample a s was used to s e le c t the ite m s. R e l i a b i l i t i e s of th e Beales*

The r e l i a b i l i t i e s of th e f i n a l

s c a le s and th© stan d ard d e v ia tio n s of th e sc o re s on each are p re se n ted i n T able T£*

C o e ffic ie n ts of r e l i a b i l i t y

were computed by th© Kuder^Hi chard son Formula Bo. 20 (1 2 ). Again, i t must h e borne in mind th a t th ese c o e f f ic ie n ts are biased sin ce they were computed from d ata from the same sample as was used to s e le c t the item s.

36

Ta ble VI R e l i a b i l i t i e s and S tandard D ev iatio n s of th e Scores on th e F in a l Dorm itory and Adjustment S cales (K ~ 90} R e l i a b i l i t y C o e ffic ie n t Dorm itory Seal® A Dormitory S cale B Dorm itory S cale 0 P e rso n a l Ad j u s t s n t Scale S o c ia l Adjustm ent S cale

.? 3 .36 .31 *32 .30

Standard D ev iatio n 3*53 4.66 4*09 3*24 3*37

37 d h ap ter I ? fm xmwn&ATLow w m m n The P o p u la tio n R esident s o f Hi 11 c r e s t Dormitory on th© campus o f th© S ta te U n iv e rs ity o f Iowa were s e le c te d a s th e experim ental group f o r the in v e s tig a tio n proper* Hi 11 c r e s t i s the newest of th e men* s d o rm ito rie s on the campus and has a housing c a p a c ity o f 5 50 men*

It

in c lu d e s such f a c i l i t i e s a s lounges, a l i b r a r y , game room, g r i l l , etc*.

There i s a ls o a d in in g h a l l , and r e s id e n ts o f

the dorm itory a re r e t i r e d to ©at t h e i r m eals there*

As

i n th© case o f th e South Q uadrangle, a re s id e n t "house­ mother* s e rv e s as manager of th e building*

Seven p ro c to rs

a re employed and have t h e i r re s p e c tiv e rooms spaced over the th r e e - s to r y b u ilding* R esid en ts who were to serve as s u b je c ts were s e le c te d on th e same b a s is a s those i n th e p re lim in a ry group (see p . 1$, Chapter I I I ) *

A fte r th e proper e x c lu sio n s had

been made, 4&9 men remained a s p o te n tia l su b je c ts* C o lle c tio n o f th e M i a The academic y ear 194^-49 was coming to a c lo se when th© stu d y had progressed to th© p o in t where th© d a ta were to be g ath ered f o r the main study*

I t was d e c id e d ,

th e r e f o r e , to send the q u e stio n n a ire by m ail to the s e le c te d

33 s u b je c ts asking t h a t i t be completed and re tu rn e d * The q u e s tio n n a ire was accompanied by a l e t t e r o f e x p la n a tio n and i n s tr u c tio n sig n e d , a s b e fo re , by th e D ire c to r o f th e O ffic e o f S tudent A f f a ir s and th© D ire c to r o f D o rm ito ries and D ining S e rv ic e s . sen ted a s F igure 2 i n Appendix A*

T his l e t t e r i s p re­ The m a te ria l was m ailed

to th e in d iv id u a ls a t t h e i r summer addresses*

A stam ped,

s e lf-a d d re s s e d envelope was In c lo se d fo r t h e i r convenience i n re tu r n in g th e q u e s tio n n a ire . During th e course o f about two months d u rin g th e siM asr of 1949, an a d d itio n a l l e t t e r and IT.8* p o s ta l card were se n t a s rem inders to th o se th o se completed q u estio n ­ n a ir e s had n o t been received*

In a l l com munications, sub*

j e e t s were reminded th a t t h e i r responses should be mad® on a b a s is o f t h e i r ex p erien ces and " fe e lin g s " during th e r e c e n tly completed school—y e a r. The number o f re tu rn e d q u e stio n n a ire s was 404— e ig h ty -s ix p e r cent o f th e o r ig in a l l i s t *

Of th e s e , f i f t y -

ain e were l a t e r removed from the group s in c e no co lle g e exam inations sco re was a v a ila b le fo r those in d iv id u a ls .

An

a d d itio n a l f iv e q u e stio n n a ire s were d iscard ed because some Item s had not been answered*

In th e end, 340 usable

q u e s tio n n a ire s were a v a ila b le , re p re s e n tin g about six ty -tw o p er dent o f th e e n tir e stu d en t p o p u latio n o f th© d o rm ito ry . A la rg e p ro p o rtio n o f th e eoropleted q u e s tio n n a ire s

con tain ed added u n s o lic ite d comments about th e d o rm ito ry . Thee© were copied verbatim and tu rn ed over to in te r e s te d U n iv e rs ity o f f i c ia ls * ^ I n a d d itio n to in fo rm atio n c o lle c te d from th e s u b je c ts thsrn selv es, c e r ta in o th e r d ata were secured from o f f i c i a l U n iv e rs ity re c o rd s .

The O ffic e o f the R e g is tra r

provided th e cum ulative grade p o in t average and c o lleg e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n {sophomore, J u n io r, s e n io r , e t c .) o f every in d iv id u a l,

The D ire c to r of th e U n iv e rsity Exam inations

S e rv ic e su p p lied th e a v a ila b le composite sc o re s on th e "an tran ce* exam inations taken by th e su b je c ts*

The resp o n ses made to the fo rty -se v e n s e le c te d item s on tb e dorm itory s c a le s and the tw e n ty -fiv e s e le c te d item s on th e adjustm ent s c a le s by the 340 in d iv id u a ls c o n s titu tin g th© f i n a l group were hands cored by th© w rite r* A p p ro p riate v a lu e s , as d iscu ssed in Chapter XXI, were assigned each item and were added to y ie ld fiv e sco res f o r each person* S im ila r ly , re sp o n se s made to item s p e r ta in in g to socio-econom ic s ta tu s were scored and assigned t h e i r a p p ro p ria te v a lu e s , as shown i n Table V II,

Scoring w eights

£Th©se s&m© o ^ f ic ia l s w e r e furnisb'ed vdth inform ation a s to the e x a c t p ro p o rtio n s in both th© South Quadrangle and H ill c r e s t groups who gave each response to each o f th© 145 item s i n th e dorm itory sca le s*

in th e S cale o f So c i o-Economi e in th e P re se n t I tom No» S 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS

19 20 21 23

24

Scoring: Weight

P o ssib le

A ssign value on b a s is of Beckman*s O ccupational S eals 1 f o r "yes* answer 1 f o r each "yes* 1 f o r each "yes* 1 f o r "yes* answer 1 f o r "no* answer 1 fo r "yes" answer 1 f o r "yes* answer 1 fo r 1 or 2; 2 f o r 3 o r more 1 fo r l t 2, or 3 | 2 f o r 4 or more 1 f o r any make 1940 model o r l a t e r ; 1 a d d itio n a l i f 1946 modal o r l a t e r ; 1 a d d itio n a l i f 1946 model or l a t e r and o th e r than make in low -priced fie ld I f o r "o ccasio n ally * o r "fre q u e n tly " 1 fo r " o fte n e r" 1 f o r "one p a rt-tim e 1*; 2 fo r "one o r more a l l th e time" 1 f o r g rad es 9 , 1Q# I l f 2 fo r grades 12* 13# 14# 15; 3 fo r g rad es 16 and above 1 fo r g rad es 9# 10# 11; 2 f o r g rad es 12, 13# 1 4 » 151 3 fo r grades 16 and above *$&d c r e d it was given f o r "telep h o n e* ; hence, h ig h e st p o ssib le score became 7 (s e e page 431*

1 2 8* 1 X 1 1 2 2

3+ 1 1 2+ 3 3

a used were i d e n tic a l to th o se m e t by Hieronymus (9 , pp* 113-14)* ex®spt f o r Item s 3, 18, 23, and 2 4 * Item e ig h t on th e soclo—©conamie s c a le re q u e ste d the s u b je c t to d e sc rib e i n d e t a i l h is f a t h e r ’s prim ary occupation*

‘The l a s t prim ary occupation was c a lle d f o r in

th© ©vent th a t th e resp o n d en t’ s f a th e r was r e t i r e d o r de­ ceased,

% In g th e e x te n s ile l i s t o f job c la s s 1 c a tio n s

developed by Beekman ( 4 , and see page 16, t h i s s tu d y ), each o ccu p atio n re p o rte d was assig n ed the value a p p ro p ria te to th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in to which i t f e ll *

Mo d i f f i c u l t y was

encountered i n c la s s if y in g the re p o rte d occupations*

fo r

easy re f e re n c e , the c la s s i f i c a t ions and t h e i r accompanying value s a r e re p o rte d again In f a b le T ill* fh@ sco rin g o f item e ig h te e n d iffe re d from th a t of Hieronymus l a t h a t c r e d it was given only f o r autom obiles of 1 9 40 model o r l a t e r , in s te a d o f 1935 models or l a t e r , While d e s ig n a tio n o f th e 1940 model was a r b i t r a r y , t h i s change was an a t t e s t to provide somewhat f i n e r d is c rim i­ nation* I n sco rin g Item s p e rta in in g to education o f both p a re n ts {Item s tw en ty -th re e and tw e n ty -fo u r), Hieronymus d eriv ed what he c a lle d ’’m id -p are n ta l education 41 sco re by adding th© number of y e a rs of school atte n d e d by fa th e r and mother and d iv id in g t h i s sum by f o u r .

In o rd e r to keep

42

fa b le

mix

VlfCH

V alues Used i n th© P re se n t Study a s Scoring Weights fo r O ccupations

4 5

U n sk illed Manual O ccupations S e jn i-sk llle d Occupa t i ons (a | Ski H ad Manual O ccupations Cb | S k ille d White C o lla r O ccupations IS# S u b -P ro fessio n al O ccupations fb) B usiness O c c u p a tio n ( e) Minor S upervisory O ccupations (a ) P ro fe s s io n a l ( l i n g u i s t i c ) O ccupations (b) P ro fe s s io n a l ( s c i e n t i f i c ) O ccupations to) M anagerial and E xecutive O ccupations

43 the weight assigned to parental education more in lin e w ith other weights* the scoring procedure shown in Table VXX was decided upon.

The assumption was made th at i t i s

com pletion o f high sch ool and/or four years o f c o lle g e which i s the cru cia l and most d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g p o in t i n the educational process* a tte n tio n i s c a lled to item eleven- in the so cio ­ economic sta tu s s c a le which d ea ls with home conveniences* I n scoring t h i s item,, i t was found th a t none o f th e su b jects earns from a home n o t p o ssessin g a telephone*

Mo c r e d it

was g iv e n , th e r e f o r e , f o r th a t p a r t of th e item ; th u s , th e h ig h e s t p o s s ib le sco re on th e item w m reduced from e ig h t to seven. For purposes of s im p llf 1 m t ion , th e composite exam inations sc o re and cum ulative grade p o in t average of each In d iv id u a l were coded.

S ince th e s e m in a tio n s sco re

was a p e r c e n tile s c o r e , th e ta b le o f normal p r o b a b il i t ie s could he used to f a c i l i t a t e t fee grouping f o r coding p u rposes*

I t m& found t h a t by l e t t i n g each in te r v a l re p re s e n t

tw o -te n th s stan d ard d e v ia tio n the sco re s could fee grouped In to a convenient number of I n te r v a ls .

The grouping o f

sc o re s and th® sco rin g v alu e assig n ed each group i s pre­ sen ted in Table IX* Table X shews the grouping and sco rin g v alu es f o r th e grade p o in t averages which were arranged to f a l l in to

falsie XX V alues TTsed l a th e P re se n t Study mm S e e i n g Weights fo r Composite Exam inations Snores Scoring: Weight 21

20

19

IS

17 16 15 Ik 13 m 11 10 9

a

l

6 5 4 3 2

1 0

p e r c e n tile Exam inations Score

~ ~ 96 —96 *• 94 69 ** 91 as - as

99 97 93 92

7 9 -6 4 73 - IB 66 - 72 36 - 65 50 - 57 42 - 49 34 —41 27 - 33 21 26 13 • 20 11 14 a - 10 5 - 7 3 - 14

1 «* 2 0

45

•2a b is X

a s S eerla g

Used in fcbe

Grade P o in t Average 20 19 18 1? 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 3 7 6 5 4 5 2 1 0

3 .3 6 3*71 3.56 3 #41 3.26 3.11 2.96 2 . SI 2.66

*•* 4-*00 - 3*35 - 3 .7 0 - 3.55 - 3.40 - 3 . 25 - 3.10 - 2.95 - 2.30 2 *51 - 2.65 2.36 ~ 2.50 2 .21 - 2.35 2.06 - 2.20 1*91 ** 2*05 1.76 - 1*90 1.61 -* 1.75 1*4-6 » 1.60 X*j X ^ 1 IE 1.16 - 1.30 l.O l - 1*15 - 1.00

approxixaafcely the same number o f i n te r v a l s a s th© examine** tio n s s c o re s .

I n th e com putation o f a grad® p o in t average

a t th e S ta te U n iv e rs ity o f Iow a, num erical v a lu e s a re assig n ed t o l e t t e r g ra d e s, a s follows* A * 4 grad® p o in ts B - 3 grad® p o in ts G ~ 2 grad© p o in ts B ~ I grad® p o in t 3f -« 0 grade p o in t I (Incom plete) «* 0 grade p o in t The cum ulative grad® p o in t average i s computed* o f co u rse, by d iv id in g the t o t a l grade p o in ts fey the t o t a l number o f sem ester hours o f work taken* A n aly sis of .the....Data, Bam® o f P ro p o rtio n s .

The p ro p o rtio n of in d iv id u a ls who

mads re sp o n se s in d ic a tiv e o f g re a te r s a t i s f a c ti o n w ith the dorm itory and of " b e tt e r ” p erso n a l and s o c ia l adjustm ent was determ ined f o r each Item .

The range extended from .12

to . 3 5 ,0 1 1 -Dormitory B eale A; from *22 to .79* on s c a le Bf from .29 to .34* on S eale 0; from .24 to *86, on the P erso n al Adjustment Beal®; and from .24 to .74* ®n th e B ocial Adjustment Beal®.

The ex act p ro p o rtio n s th a t responded most

^fav o rab ly * to ©aeh item a rc given in Tabl® X I.

I t w i l l be

noted t h a t th e rang©® o f the p ro p o rtio n s a re s u b s ta n tia lly th e same a s those of th e p re lim in ary population* A n aly sis of V arian ce.

I t was recognized th a t soma d iffe re n c e s

on a l l the v a r ia b le s under consideration* in clu d in g opin io n s

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le H a b illtie a sc o re s

any

d iffe re n c e

c o n fid e n c e

b ln e d

w e re

to 2

a

to

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In

and

s u b je c te d

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am ong r e s i d e n t s

J u n io rs ,

fro m ,

w e re

o rd e r

e x is t

o le s s i f i c a tio n s *

so p h o m o re s, a s

c o n fid e n c e

m ig h t

(1 9 )

fo rm u la te s t

th e

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o f

th e

s u g g e s te d

th e o re tic a lly

th e to

by

K u d © r-H ic h a rd -

re c e n tly

w h ic h

answ er

^ i n c l i i e d ' i n 't h e ' s e n i o r g r o u p t o o g ra d u a te d fro m th e U n iv e r s ity I n

s c a le s

r e lia b ility

d e v ia tio n

^ c o rre c t*

by

©f th e

by

ta k in g

p ro p o rtio n s

each

Ite m *

a s m a ll num ber dun© 1949#

o f

o f

The

m en w ho

fa b le XXX B esu lts of Analyse& o f Ymrlmnm o f Scores o f Sop&omTOs, J u n io rs, and B en im s

So clo**B0onami c S tatu s

r e l i a b i l i t i e s estim ated by both methods a re shown in fa b le X I I I, along w ith the stan d ard d e v ia tio n s o f th e sco res on th e fiv e sca le s* In te r o o x re la tio n s o f th e S c a le s .

The in to r c o r r e la tio n s

o f th e sc o re s made oa the s c a le s by th e experim ents 1 group were computed l a o rd e r to compare them w ith those o f th e p re lim in a ry group.

Table XI? c o n ta in s th e se i n te r o o r r a ia -

tio n s . C o rre la tio n s w ith S elected V a ria b le s .

As th e f i n a l step-

i n t e s t i n g th e hypotheses made in C hapter I concerning r e la tio n s h ip s among c e r ta in a s p e c ts of dorm itory liv in g and c e r ta in s e le c te d ”c h a ra e te ris tlc s * f o f th e dorm itory r e s i d e n ts , z e ro -o rd e r c o r r e la tio n c o e f f ic ie n ts were computed* The o b tain ed re la tio n s h ip s between s a t i s f a c ti o n w ith p h y sic a l a sp e c ts of th e dorm itory and the o th e r v a r ia b le s a re a s fo llo w s:

.I S w ith "p erso n al adjustment**; *16 w ith

" s o c ia l ad ju stm en t"; - .0 6 w ith so e lo -e conomi c s t a tu s ; - .0 3 w ith cum ulative c o lle g e grade p o in t a v e n g e ; and -.1 5 w ith composite sc o re on th e U n iv e r s ity 's achievement exam inations. S a tis f a c tio n w ith in te rp e rs o n a l r e la tio n s h ip s in th e d o rm ito ry showed th e fo llo w in g c o rre la tio n s* *09 w ith "p e rso n a l ad ju stm en t"; *16 w ith " s o c ia l adjustm ent"; -.0 3 w ith so cl 0 — e oonoml c s t a t u s ; *04 w ith grade p o in t; and - .0 4 w ith exam inations s c o re .

51

H_ HI H & m H # H P£>S *| c^** citato • • H . ©

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64 H 4» m

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H *«xs ©'® ** & m m

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ifed: m

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OS

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tO H tO H H

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1 143 m

1*4 ©H

© © ©ca © H HH © © ©tj*82 O© ©O CQ£Q I? &&H 4* «gHH H O OS a g m«h B S. S n ■©

s*& 2£

I n te r c o r r e la tio n s a t Scores Mad© by tb© on tim Dorm itory and th© Adjustment S cale B Seal© A S cale B

*31

Seal© 0 *29 *22

Obtained r e la tio n s h ip s between s a t i s f a c t i o n w ith the p erso n n e l o rg a n iz a tio n and management of th e dorm itory and th e s e le c te d v a r ia b le s a re : *28 w ith ^p erso n al a d ju s t­ ment*; .17 w ith " s o c ia l adjustm ent *; -*02 w ith so c io ­ economic s t a t u s ; - . 1 3 w itk grad© p o in t average.; and - .1 ? w ith com posite exam inations s c o re . I t w i l l be r e c a lle d t h a t one h y p o th esis made in C hapter 1 p e rta in e d to the r e la tio n s h ip between s a ti s f a c tio n w ith th e dorm itory and s c h o la s tic achievement*

Achievement

was defined# f o r purposes of t h i s study* a s th© d iffe re n c e between th e cum ulative grad© p o in t average a c tu a lly achieved fey an in d iv id u a l and th e grad© p o in t average th a t m ight have been p re d ic te d from M s com posite score on th e b a tte r y o f achievem ent exam inations* Sine© th e c o r re la tio n s between each o f th© dormi­ to ry s c a le s and grad© p o in t averages and exam inations scores# re sp e c tiv e ly # w ere known* th e c o r re la tio n between the s c a le s and achievement* a s d efin ed above* could fee found fey s u b s titu tin g th© known c o r re la tio n s in th© follow ing 1 form ula: % s tb a m a tle a l p ro o f o f t h i s re la tio n s M p can be seen fey so lv in g th e re g re s s io n equation A » P ~ bp@K - (Mpt - fepeM@)

where AF s P*1 s

achievem ent - F - P f o b tained grad© p o in t average ^ p re d ic te d grad© p o in t average st r m ^ ^ exam inations sco re ^

r