An Ethnogram for Behavioural Studies of the Domestic Cat (Felis Silvestris Catus L) (UFAW Animal Welfare Research Report) [1 ed.] 0900767901, 9780900767906

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AN ETHOGRAM FOR BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES OF THE DOMESTIC CAT (F elis silvestris catus L.)

by

UK Cat Behaviour Working Group

UNNERSITIES FEDERATION FOR ANIMAL WELP ARE

(

UFAW ANIMAL WELFARE RESEARCH REPORT NO 8

AN ETHOGRAM FOR BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES OF THE DOMESTIC CAT (Felis silvestris catus L.)

by

UK cat Behaviour working Group

Published by

UNIVERSITIES FEDERATION FOR ANIMAL WELFARE _The Old School, Brewhouse Hill, Wheathampstead Hertfordshire AL4 8AN England

ISBN 0 900 767 90 1 © UFAW 1995

ISSN 0956-11 37

(

workshop Participants (in alphabetical order)

Dr. John w.s. Bradshaw Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett crescent East, Southampton SO9 3TU Dr. sarah L. Brown Department of Biology, School of Biological sciences, university of Southampton, Bassett crescent East, Southampton SO9 3TU Mrs. Sarah E. cook Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett crescent East, Southampton SO9 3TU Miss Katherine J. Durman Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett crescent East, Southampton SO9 3TU Dr. Hilary N. Feldman sub- Department of Anima l Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA

Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Californ ia, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.

Dr. Gillian Kerby Wildlife conservation Research Unit, Department of zoology, University of Oxford, south Parks Road, Oxford ox1 3PS Dr. David w. Macdonald Wildlife conservation Research Unit, Department of zoology, university of Oxford, south Parks Road, Oxford ox1 3PS Dr. Sandra Mccune sub- Department of Animal Behaviour, Un iversity of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA

Present address: Waltham centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham- on- the- Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leics. LE 14 4RT

2

Dr. Michael Mendl Department of Clinical veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 OES

Present address: SAC, Genetics & Behavioural Sciences Department, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 OOE

Mr. warner c. Passanisi Wildlife conservation Research Unit, Department of zoology, University of Oxford, south Parks Road , Oxford ox1 3PS Dr. Ian Robinson Waltham centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham- on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leics. LE14 4RT Miss Deborah F.E. Smith Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, university of Southampton, Bassett crescent East, Southampton SO9 3TU

3

contents Acknowledgements

3

Preface

4

Definitions of Solitary Behaviour Patterns

5

Definitions of Social Behaviour Patterns

10

References

16

List of Plates

18

Acknowledgements We thank the Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition for financial assistance with the three cat behaviour workshops held at the Universities of Southampton, Oxford and California at Davis. We are also grateful for their funding of the cost of producing the illustrations. We thank UFAW for publishing this document and in particular thank Roger Ewbank and Trevor Poole for their encouragement during the writing of this ethogram.

4

Preface This document arose from the co-operative efforts of ethologists from three British universities, Cambridge, Oxford and Southampton, and the Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, all of whom wished to provide a standard set of descriptions of domestic cat behaviour for their own use, and for those who might study this species in the future. The primary focus of many, but not all, of those ethologists was the recording of social behaviour, and this is undoubtedly reflected in the degree of "splitting" and "lumping" of behaviour categories of different kinds. Many of the descriptions are extremely broad, and some could even form the basis for ethograms of their own, for example those concerned with play and with feeding behaviour. None of the group who drew up this document is likely to use it without modification, nor should any future user feel that the categories cannot be moulded to suit the objectives of a particular study. The list is intended only to be a common starting point, but as such should help to alleviate the problems that can be caused by research workers using the same words to indicate different behaviour, and vice versa. The task of categorisation is , of course, left to the individual researcher. However, we have subdivided the full list of behaviour into either "SOLITARY", where the behaviour does not generally involve another cat, or "SOCIAL", where the behavioural act involves at least two individuals being present at the same time, or is observed only in a "social " context. The authors of this document are all those who participated in the workshops which were held on October 25th and November 30th 1990 and on July 24th 1993. All are (or have been until recently) actively involved in the study of cat behaviour and ecology, observing cats in environments ranging from artificially restricted areas, such as cages in animal shelters, through the whole range of cat-human associations, to the more natural free-ranging setting. However, it is acknowledged that the basis for many of the descriptions comes from Gillian Kerby's D.Phil. thesis (University of Oxford, 1987).

5

Definitions of Solitary Behaviour Patterns POSTURE ELEMENTS: LIE ON SIDE - (Plate 1) - Positioned fully on side, one side of the cat in complete contact with

the ground. Head on side or extended. Paws extended. LIE HALF SIDE - (Plate 2) - Positioned on side with body but not head in complete contact

with the ground. CROUCH - (Plate 3) - Positioned ·with ventrum and legs in contact with the ground, paws

unfolded. LIE VENTRAL - Positioned with ventrum and legs in contact with ground, paws folded. LIE DORSAL - Positioned flat with back in contact with the ground. LIE CURLED - Positioned with body pulled into a compact circular formation; this can be

further subdivided based on the degree of tightness. SIT - The pads of the front paws are on the ground with the front legs straight and the rump

squarely on the ground. STAND - Positioned with just four paws in contact with the ground.

TAIL MOVEMENTS: SWISH - A cat moves its whole tail rapidly from side to side. TWITCH - A cat abruptly moves part of its tail from side to side or up and down. SLAP - A cat quickly strikes its tail on the ground. QUIVER - A cat vibrates its tail while raising it vertically.

EAR POSITIONS: BACK - (Plates 4 and 5) - Ears are held at the rear of the head. FORWARD - (Plate 6) - Ears are held at the front of the head. FLAT - (Plates 4 and 7) - A cat flattens its ears to its head, such that they tend to lie flush with

the top of the head. ERECT - (Plates 5 and 6) - A cat points its ears upward.

SLEEP

Cat immobile, eyes closed and not easily disturbed.

6

REST

Cat remains generally inactive with eyes closed but occasionally opens them to scan the area; ears flicking regularly.

ALERT

Cat remains generally inactive with eyes fully open and flicks its ears occasionally as it scans its surroundings .

GROOM SELF

Cat grooms itself by licking its body or by licking its paw and passing the paw over its head. (Subdivisions are possible according to region of body groomed, e.g. GROOM GENITALS). Grooming can include scratching and brief chewing of the body.

OBJECT SCRATCH (Plate 8)

Cat repeatedly scrapes its extended claws against a rough surface, e.g. wood.

OBJECT COVER

Cat makes movements with its front paws to cover, or as if to cover, any object apart from urine or faeces ; e.g. food .

DRINK

Cat laps water or other liquid.

LICK OBJECT

Cat licks an inedible object.

FEED

Cat eats.

FORAGE

Cat hunts or scavenges for food (includes eating) . (Hunting behaviour can be considerably subdivided - see Leyhausen 1979 and Panaman 1981).

7

DEFECATE

Cat either scrapes a shallow pit or deeper hole in the ground or other substrate, or selects a spot on the surface of the ground by sniffing around, and then defecates. Faeces are either COVERED (cat covers, or acts as if to cover, faeces with soil, vegetation or any other suitable

material) or UNCOVERED (cat makes no attempt to cover faeces).

URINATE

Cat either scrapes a shallow pit or deeper hole in the ground or other substrate, or selects a spot on the surface of the ground by sniffing around, and then urinates. Urine is either COVERED (cat covers, or acts as if to cover, urine with soil, vegetation or any other suitable material) or UNCOVERED (cat makes no attempt to cover urine).

SPRAY (Plate 9)

Cat directs a jet of urine backwards against some object. The tail is raised vertically and quivers as the urine is discharged (see Leyhausen 1979).

PSEUDOSPRA Y

Cat backs up to an object, tail is raised vertically and quivered, but no urine is emitted (subdivision of SPRAY, when distinction can be made reliably).

SCRAPE IDND LEGS

Cat (usually an entire male) scrapes its hind legs backwards rapidly, one after another, displacing vegetation and soil or other material.

WALK Cat travels without obviously investigating its environment.

EXPLORE

Cat travels slowly, sniffing at objects and investigating its surroundings.

8

PASSIVE EXPLORE

Cat moves its head repeatedly while sitting or standing, investigating its environment.

PACE

Cat repeatedly walks to and fro along the same route.

CRAWL

Cat moves with body in a crouched position.

RUN Cat moves rapidly in a gait that is faster than walking.

FREEZE

Cat suddenly becomes immobile with body tensed.

CLIMB

Cat ascends an object, e.g. a tree or a fence.

OBJECT REAR

Cat stands up on its hind legs with its forelegs against an object.

SNIFF

Cat raises and twitches its nose, as if to smell. Subdivisions include SNIFF AIR (the nose is not near any particular object), SNIFF OBJECT (the cat smells/investigates an object with its nose), and SNIFF CAT SCENT (the cat investigates with its nose placed where cats are known to have scent marked [urine sprayed or cheek rubbed], urinated or defecated).

PANTING

Cat breathes deeply and quickly, with mouth open.

9

FLEHMEN (Plate 10)

Cat opens its mouth slightly with upper lip elevated and head tilted upwards, generally investigating an object, another cat, or the air (see Leyhausen 1979 and Hart & Leedy 1987).

GAPING

Cat opens and closes its mouth, salivates heavily and swallows rapidly.

RUB OBJECT

Cat rubs its body along the ground or object. This behaviour can be subdivided according to the partof body used: HEAD (cheek, forehead , ear, lips, chin), BODY (neck, flank), TAIL (see Leyhausen 1979 and Turner 1988).

ROLL

Cat turns over on the ground. The speed of the rolling and the position of the legs can be used to distinguish subdivisions of this behaviour.

PLAY WITH OBJECT

Cat manipulates an object with its paws in an apparently playful manner . It may pat at the object with claws retracted, throw the object into the air, pounce upon it or wrestle with it. (This is a very broad category and can be considerably subdivided - see Barrett & Bateson 1978 and West 1979).

SELF PLAY

A cat chases or paws at its own tail (see Mend! 1988).

Definitions of social Behaviour Patterns APPROACH

One cat moves toward another cat whilst looking at it.

FOLLOW

One cat travels closely behind another.

MOVE AWAY

One cat walks away from another cat.

WALK WITH CAT (Plate 11)

Two cats travel side by side, often with tails entwined.

TAIL UP

A cat raises its tail to a vertical position. This behaviour is often observed during APPROACH , FOLLOW , MOVE AWAY, WALK, and WALK WITH CAT .

PATROL

A cat walks around sniffing at objects and watching other animals, periodically stopping and scent marking by spraying and cheek rubbing. The same area is covered repeatedly. One subdivision is PATROL MATE SEARCH, which is as above, but accompanied by MOWL and TRILL vocalizations.

WITH CAT

One cat places itself adjacent to, or in contact with, another cat(s). A specific distance may be used as the criterion for this measure (e.g . within 0.25 metres).

SNIFF CAT

One cat smells the body of another cat. Subdivisions include TOUCH NOSES (two cats touch/sniff each other with the nose; this is often performed while standing and facing one another) and SNIFF REAR (one cat smells the peri-anal area of another cat).

11

RUB CAT

One cat rubs another cat (see Macdonald et al. 1987). Subdivisions include HEAD RUB CAT (Plate 12) - (one cat rubs its head on another cat; the cheek and/or forehead area may be used), and BODY RUB CAT - (Plate 13) - (one cat rubs its body on another cat; the flank and/or tail area may be used; the tails may or may not be entwined).

ALLOGROOM

One cat licks another cat.

EYES: WATCH - One cat observes another cat. This can be distinguished by the way in which the cat's

eye and head movements track what it is watching .

STARE - One cat gazes fixedly at another cat and is not easily distracted by other activity

around it.

SOUNDS: MIOUW (MEOW) -A cat makes a distinct sound, usually when it is trying to obtain something

from another cat (usually its mother, and usually food) . CIIlRRUP - A cat makes a high-pitched BRRRP sound , as a contact call between adults. TRILL (PWRR) - A shortened trilling noise emitted by a female cat to her kittens, which

typically respond by returning to her. GROWL - A cat makes a low-pitched rumbling noise. YOWL - A cat makes a long drawn-out vocalization. MOWL - A male cat makes a shortened yowling noise. IIlSS - A cat makes a drawn-out SSSS sound, which is unvoiced.

PURR - A cat makes a low rhythmical tone from its chest and throat, produced during both

exhalation and inhalation (see Frazer Sissom et al. 1991). SPIT - A cat makes a sudden, short, explosive exhalation, which is often accompanied by a

violent movement. POUNCE

One cat leaps at or onto another cat (or an object).

12

STALK

One cat attempts to approach another cat (or object) without alerting it. The belly is pressed to the ground and the head is kept low.

CROUCH TREADING

A cat crouches on the ground, treading with its hind legs, and often twitching its tail. Similar to LORDOSIS, but usually less pronounced.

REAR AT CAT (Plate 14)

One cat stands up on its hind legs and paws at another individual, frequently twisting its body around or leaping in the air.

PILOERECTION

A cat raises the hairs on the nape of the neck, shoulder, back or tail, giving a fluffed-out appearance. In more extreme situations, there are a greater proportion of erect hairs .

BACK CURVE (Plate 15)

A cat arches its back, the tail is usually up, and the cat may stand on the tips of its toes.

BODY ARCH (Plate 16)

A cat curves its back upwards and stands rigidly. The tail is usually tensely curved and the fur may be piloerected.

NECK FLEX (Plate 17)

A cat shows a marked downward flexion of the neck. The head is also turned to face another cat if the body is side-on. It can occur simultaneously with BODY ARCH and can be given while standing still or moving sideways.

HEAD POINTING

One cat stands rigid and moves its head from side to side very slowly, paralleling the head movements of another . Its nose points upwards and its chin is raised. This is invariably seen in an aggressive context, often together with PILOERECTION.

13

FIGHT Two cats engage in physical combat, often grappling with one another, scratching and biting as they turn over, and including vocalization.

WRESTLE One cat struggles with another cat, raking with its hind legs and pulling the "opponent" towards its body with its forelegs . It is mainly a play behaviour, and is distinct from FIGHT (being much less intense and lacking the additional elements of FIGHT) .

BITE One cat snaps its teeth at or succeeds in nipping another animal.

PAW One cat pats another individual with its forepaw but always with claws retracted.

RAISE PAW One cat lifts its forepaw as if to cuff another cat. Contact is not actually made.

CUFF One cat strikes another cat with its forepaw, usually with claws extended.

RAKE (Plate 18) Each bout of kicking movements by one cat at an object or another cat with one or both hind legs (see Bateson & Young 1981) .

HOLD One cat grasps another cat or object between the lower part of the forelimbs (see Bateson & Young 1981) .

CHASE One cat races in pursuit of another cat.

14

ATTACK One cat launches itself at another cat and immediately attempts physical combat.

FLEE One cat runs away from another cat.

AVOID INTERACTION One cat responds to the behaviour of another cat by withdrawing, e.g. avoiding eye contact or not approaching .

RETREAT One cat backs away from, whilst continually watching, another cat.

MOUNT (Plate 19) One cat attempts, but fails to achieve , intrornission. This behaviour is often accompanied by treading movements of the hind legs along the flanks of the recipient cat, while holding the recipient firmly at the nape of the neck.

COPULATION A male cat mounts a female cat and achieves intrornission. This behaviour is characterised by the female uttering a sharp howl at the moment of ejaculation and twisting out of the male's grasp. It is usually preceded by several mount attempts (see MOUNT) and by treading and the neck grasp. The female also treads with her hind legs and assumes the lordosis position.

LORDOSIS (Plate 20) A female cat raises her hindquarters to present her genitals to a male when in a receptive oestrous state . Her belly is pressed close to the ground and she often treads with her hind legs.

OESTROUS WALK (Plate 21) A female cat in oestrus walks for short distances while jerking her tail, "soliciting" males, and often retracing her steps or going around in circles .

15 SOCIAL ROLL (Plate 22)

A cat rolls on the ground in the presence of another cat. This may be in a "friendly" and relaxed manner, or in a submissive context, when the legs are splayed apart and the belly may be exposed as the cat "freezes" its position. The speed of the roll also may vary with social context.

MOTHER-KITTEN POSTURES: LIE VENTRAL/BLOCKING - The mother is on her ventral surface with limbs drawn into her

sides making her nipples inaccessible to the kitten. LIE ON SIDE - The mother is on her side with her ventrum fully exposed. LIE HALF SIDE - The front of the mother's body is raised by one or both forelegs while the

rear end is resting on the side of the body. LIE DORSAL - The mother is on her back with her ventrum exposed. LIE CURLED - The mother's body is curved around itself, making her nipples inaccessible to

the kittens. The degree of tightness of the curl may vary .

KITTEN NUZZLE

The kitten lies with its head against and facing toward the mother's ventrum, moving its head from side to side as if searching for a nipple.

KITTEN VENTRAL

A kitten lies with its head lying toward or facing the mother's ventrum as if it were sucking. (Includes actual suckling)..

BRING FOOD

A cat carries an item of food to kittens and places it in front of them for the kittens to (kill and) eat.

RETRIEVE KITTEN (Plate 23)

A cat recovers a kitten by picking it up by the nape of the neck and carrying it back to the nest.

16

References Barrett, P. & Bateson, P. (1978). The development of play in cats. Behaviour 66, 106-120. [re: play behaviour] Bateson, P. & Young, M. (1981). Separation from the mother and the development of play in cats. Animal Behaviour 29, 173-180. [re: play behaviour] Bateson, P., Mendl, M. & Feaver, J. (1990). Play in the domestic cat is enhanced by rationing of the mother during lactation. Animal Behaviour 40, 514-525. [re: play & nursing behaviour] Bradshaw, J.W.S. (1992) . The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat. C.A.B. International, Abingdon. [re: solitary, play & social behaviour] Brown, K.A., Buchwald, J.S. , Johnson, J.R., Mikolich, D.J. (1978). Vocalization in the cat and kitten. Developmental Psychobiology 11, 559-570. [re: vocalizations] Brown, S.L. (1993) The social behaviour of neutered domestic cats (Felis catus). Ph.D thesis, University of Southampton. [re: social behaviour] Dards , J.L. (1979) . The population ecology of feral cats (Felis catus L.) in Portsmouth dockyard. Ph.D. thesis , University of Bradford. [re: social behaviour] Feldman, H.N. (1990). Sociality and cooperative maternal care in domestic cats. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge. [re: social behaviour] Feldman, H .N. (1993) Maternal care and differences in the use of nests in the domestic cat. Animal Behaviour 45, 13-23. [re: maternal behaviour] Feldman, H .N. (1994) Domestic cats and passive submission. Animal Behaviour 47, 457-459 [re: rolling] Feldman, H.N . (1994) Methods of scent marking in the domestic cat. Canadian Journal of Zoology [re: scent marking] Frazer Sissom, D.E. , Rice, D .A. & Peters, G. (1991) . How cats purr. Journal of Zoology (Lond.) 223, 67-78 . Hart, B.L. & Leedy , M.G . (1987). Stimulus and hormonal determinants of flehmen behaviour in cats. Hormones and Behaviour 21, 44-52. [re: olfactory behaviour] Kerby , G. (1987) . The social organisation of farm cats (Felis catus L.). D . Phil. thesis, University of Oxford. [re: social behaviour] Kerby , G. & Macdonald, D.W. (1988) . Cat society and the consequences of colony size. In: The Domestic Cat: the Biology of its Behaviour (D .C. Turner & P.P.G. Bateson, eds.), pp. 67-81. Cambridge Univ . Press, Cambridge. [re: social behaviour] Leyhausen, P. (1979) . Cat Behavior: The Predatory and Social Behaviour of Domestic and Wild Cats. Garland STPM Press, New York. [re: solitary, olfactory & social behaviour] Liberg , 0 . (1983) . Courtship behaviour and sexual selection in the domestic cat. Applied Animal Ethology 10, 117-132. [re: mating behaviour] Macdonald, D.W. & Apps, P.J. (1978). The social behaviour of a group of semi-dependent farm cats, Felis catus: a progress report. Carnivore Genetics Newsletter 3, 256-268. [re: social behaviour] Macdonald, D.W., Apps, P.J., Carr, G.M . & Kerby, G. (1987). Social dynamics, nursing coalitions and infanticide among farm cats, Felis catus. Advances in Ethology Vol. 28, 1-66. Paul Parey, Berlin. [re: social & rubbing behaviour]

17

Martin, P.H. (1982). Weaning and behavioural development in the cat. Ph.D . thesis, University of Cambridge. [re: play & nursing behaviour] Martin, P.H. (1986). An experimental study of weaning in the domestic cat. Behaviour 99, 221-249 . [re: nursing behaviour] McCune, S. (1992) Temperament and the welfare of caged cats. Ph.D thesis, University of Cambridge. [re: solitary behaviour] Mend!, M .T. (1986) . Effects of litter size and sex of young on behavioural development in domestic cats. Ph .D . thesis, University of Cambridge. [re: play & nursing behaviour] Mend! , M.T. (1988). The effects of litter-size variation on the development of play behaviour in the domestic cat: litters of one and two ..Animal Behaviour 36, 20-34. [re: nursing behaviour] Moelk, M . (1944). Vocalizing in the house cat: a phonetic and functional study. American Journal of Psychology 57, 184-205. [re: vocalizations] Natoli , E . (1985). Behavioural responses of urban feral cats to different types of urine marks. Behaviour 94, 234-243 . [re: olfactory behaviour] Panaman, R . (1981) . Behaviour and ecology of free-ranging female farm cats (Felis catus, L.) . Zeitschrift far Tierpsychologie 56, 59-73 . [re: solitary & social behaviour] Passanisi , W .C . & Macdonald, D .W . (1990) . Group discrimination on the basis of urine in a farm cat colony. In: Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 5 (D.W. Macdonald, D. Muller-Schwarze & S.E. Natynczuk, eds.), pp. 336-345 . Oxford University Press , Oxford. [re: social & olfactory behaviour] Robinson, I. (1990). Olfactory communication in the Felidae. Bulletin of the Feline Advisory Bureau 27(3), 45-48 . [re: olfactory behaviour] Tan, P .L. & Counsilman, J .J . (1985) . The influence of weaning on prey-catching behaviour in kittens. Zeitschrift far Tierpsychologie 70, 148-164. [re: hunting behaviour] Turner, D .C. (1988) . Cat behaviour and the human/cat relationship. Animalis Familiaris 3, 16-21. [re: rubbing behaviour] Turner, D.C . & Bateson, P.P.G. (1988). The Domestic Cat: the Biology of its Behaviour. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. [re: solitary , play, social & nursing behaviour - many relevant chapters] West, M.J. (1979). Play in domestic cats. In: The Analysis of Social Interactions: Methods, Issues and Illustrations (R.B. Cairns , ed.) , pp. 179-193. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey. [re: play behaviour]

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List of Plates

Plate Number

Title

Behaviour defined on page number

1

Lie on side

5

2

Lie half side

5

3

Crouch

5

4

Ears back and flat

5

5

Ears back and erect

5

6

Ears forward and erect

5

7

Ears flat

5

8

Object scratch

6

9

Spray

7

10

Flehmen

9

11

Walk with cat

10

12

Head rub cat

11

13

Body rub cat

11

14

Rear at cat

12

15

Back curve

12

16

Body arch

12

17

Neck flex

12

18

Rake

13

19

Mount

14

20

Lordosis

14

21

Oestrous walk

14

22

Social roll

15

23

Retrieve kitten

15

Plate 1 LIE ON SIDE (page 5)

Plate 2

LIE HALF SIDE (page 5)

:

::.

\

Plate 3

CROUCH (page 5)

'

-

,' ' Plate 4

'

EARS BACK & FLAT (page 5)

Plate 5 EARS BACK AND ERECT (page 5)

!

Plate 6 EARS FORWARD AND ERECT (page 5)

Plate 7

EARS FLAT (page 5)

I

..

Plate 8

OBJECT SCRATCH (page 6)

Plate 9 SPRAY (page 7)

:.

Plate 10

Plate 11

FLEHMEN (page 9)

WALK WITH CAT (page 10)

Plate 12

HEAD RUB CAT (page 11)

Plate 13

BODY RUB CAT (page 11)

Plate 14

REAR AT CAT (page 12)

Plate 15

BACK CURVE (page 12)

.

Plate 16

BODY ARCH (page 12)

Plate 17

NECK FLEX (page 12)

-

Plate 18

Plate 19

RAKE (page 13)

MOUNT (page 14)

Plate 20

Plate 21

LORDOSIS (page 14)

OESTROUS WALK (page 14)

Plate 22

SOCIAL ROLL (page 15)

I I:

I I I J )

l

I 1 1

I

Plate 23

RETRIEVE KITTEN (page 15)