An ecological analysis of a mountain-mahogany community

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,

This thesis having been approved by the special Faculty Committee, is accepted by the Graduate School of the University of Wyoming

,

in partial fulfillm ent of the requirements f o r the degree o f

Master of Science__ —

_______

Dean of the Graduate School.

D ate

M§X-22j__125_Q__ _ _

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

AN

E C O L O G IC A L A

A N A LY S IS

OF

M O U N T A IN M A H O G A N Y C O M M U N IT Y by R obert

E.

Johnson - “sec

A T h e s is S u b m itte d to th e D e p a r t m e n t of R a n g e M a n a g e m e n t and th e G r a d u a te S c h o o l o f th e U n i v e r s i t y o f W y o m in g in P a r t i a l F u l f i l l m e n t o f R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e D e g r e e o f M a s t e r o f S c ie n c e

U n i v e r s i t y o f W y o m in g L a r a m i e , W y o m in g June,

1950

l ib r a r y DPT H^

UNIVERSITY 0? LAtM/vlit

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U M I N um ber: E P 2 3 2 6 3

IN F O R M A T IO N T O U S E R S

T h e quality of this reproduction is d ep e n d e n t upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and im proper alig n m en t can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely e ve n t that the author did not send a com plete m anuscript and there a re missing pages, th ese will be noted. A lso, if unauthorized copyright m aterial had to be rem oved, a note will indicate the deletion.

®

UMI U M I M icroform E P 2 3 2 6 3 C opyright 2 0 0 7 by P roQ uest Inform ation and Learning C om pany. All rights reserved. This m icroform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United S ta te s C ode.

P roQ uest Inform ation and Learning C o m p an y 3 0 0 North Z e e b R oad P .O . Box 134 6 Ann Arbor, M l 4 8 1 0 6 -1 3 4 6

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ACKNOW LEDG EM ENTS

T h e a u th o r w is h e s to e x p r e s s a p p r e c ia tio n to D r . A . A . B e e t le o f th e R a n g e M a n a g e m e n t D e p a r t m e n t , w ho f r e q u e n t ly g a v e p e r s o n a l a s s is ta n c e in m a n y w a y s ; R o b e r t L a n g o f th e s a m e d e p a r t m e n t a ls o o ff e r e d h e lp fu l s u g g e s tio n s . B o ta n y D e p a r tm e n t :

D r.

a n d s u g g e s tio n s a n d D r . id e n tify in g p la n t s p e c ie s .

T h a n k s a r e a ls o due m e m b e r s o f th e

John F . R e e d m a d e im p o r t a n t c o r r e c t io n s C. L .

P o r t e r r e n d e r e d v a lu a b le s e r v ic e in

T o a l l o f th e s e p e r s o n s , th e a u th o r w is h e s

to e x p r e s s s in c e r e g r a titu d e . R. E.

J.

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TA B LE

O F

C O N TEN TS

C hap ter

Page

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I N T R O D U C T I O N ..........................................................................................

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•II.

D E S C R I P T IO N O F T H E G E N U S ........................................................

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III.

D I S T R I B U T I O N ...............................................................................................

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W y o m in g S p e c ie s

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T h e O a k -M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y Z o n e

IV .

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U S E S O F M O U N T A I N M A H O G A N Y ...................................................

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C h e m ic a l A n a ly s is o f M o u n t a i n m a h o g a n y ..........................

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M is c e lla n e o u s U s e s .....................................................................

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C o m m o n N a m e s o f M o u n t a in m a h o g a n y ..........................

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T H E R E G I O N ................................................................................................... D e s c r ip t io n o f L o c a l i t y .

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C l i m a t e .............................................................................. V I.

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T r u e C h a p a r r a l ..............................................................................

Use of B ro w s e R a n g e

V._

‘ .

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M E T H O D S ................................. R a n d o m S a m p lin g

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S h ru b l a y e r .......................................................................................

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G r a s s a n d f o r b l a y e r s .................................................................

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S o il A n a l y s i s .....................................................................

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iv

C h ap ter

Page A g e D e t e r m in a t io n (R in g C o u n ts ) C o lle c t io n o f tw ig s

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P r e p a r a t i o n o f tw ig s

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S e e d G e r m i n a t i o n ....................... ....... ....................................................

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C o l l e c t i o n ...........................................................................................

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S e t A ..................................................................................

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S e t B . ....................................................................................................

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R o o t S tu d y .................................. ' .................................... V II.

A R E A S S T U D I E D ............................................................................................ T e le p h o n e C a n y o n

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D e s c r ip t io n o f s lo p e s G r a n it e C a n y o n

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in G r a n it e C a n y o n ..................... .

T h e N a t u r e o f th e C o m m u n i t y ....................................... C o v e r ......................................................................................

L o w e r s h ru b l a y e r

35 36

R E S U L T S O F I N V E S T I G A T I O N S ...................................................

T a l l s h ru b l a y e r

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in T e le p h o n e C a n y o n . . . . .

D e s c r ip t io n o f s lo p e s V III.

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D o m in a n t g r a s s e s ..........................................................................

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S u b d o m in a n t g r a s s e s ...................

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D o m in a n t f o r b s ..............................................•...............................

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S u b d o m in a n t f o r b s ..........................................................................

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C hap ter

Page S e e d lin g r e p r o d u c t i o n ..................................................................

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S o i l s .................................................................

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S o m e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f C e r c o c a r p u s M o n ta n u s . . . . S e e d g e r m i n a t i o n .......................... A g e d e t e r m in a t io n ( r in g c o u n ts )

IX .

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R o o t s y s t e m .......................................................................................

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I N T E G R A T I O N A N D S U M M A R Y .........................................................

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B I B L I O G R A P H Y ..................... • A P P E N D I X .....................................................................................................................

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L IS T O F T A B L E S

T ab le I.

Page C h e m ic a l a n a ly s e s o f th e tw ig s a n d le a v e s o f s ix im p o r t a n t b r o w s e s p e c i e s .............................................................

II.

17

A c o m p a r is o n o f th e c h e m ic a l a n a ly s e s o f M o u n t a in ­ m a h o g a n y tw ig s c o lle c te d in d if f e r e n t s e a s o n s o f'th e y e a r .................................................................................................................

III.

M a g n e t ic fa c in g s a n d p e r c e n t s lo p e o f e a c h o f fiv e s lo p e s o f T e le p h o n e a n d G r a n it e C a n y o n s ..........................

IV .

44

D is t r i b u t i o n o f th e s h ru b s o f e a c h l a y e r (o v e r a n d u n d e r 3 - l / 2 f e e t h ig h ) on th e p lo ts o f th e fiv e s lo p e s

V II.

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D e n s it y , fr e q u e n c y a n d t o t a l n u m b e r s o f s h ru b s (o v e r an d u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h ) fo u n d on th e f iv e s lo p e s . .

V I.

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E s t im a t e d p e r c e n t c o v e r f o r th e s h r u b , g r a s s a n d fo r b l a y e r s o f th e f iv e s l o p e s ..................................................................

V.

18

. , . .

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T o t a l n u m b e r s a n d a v e r a g e s o f s h ru b s ( o v e r a n d u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h ) fo u n d on th e q u a d r a ts o f th e tw o l o c a l i t i e s ....................................................................................................

V III.

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F r e q u e n c y a n d d e n s ity o f th e d o m in a n t g r a s s s p e c ie s on fiv e s l o p e s ...........................................................................................

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T ab le IX .

Page F r e q u e n c y a n d d e n s ity o f th e s u b d o m in a n t g r a s s s p e c ie s on fiv e s l o p e s ................................................................................................

X.

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F r e q u e n c y an d d e n s ity o f th e d o m in a n t fo r b s p e c ie s on fiv e s l o p e s ....................................................................................................

X I.

F r e q u e n c y a n d d e n s ity o f th e s u b d o m in a n t f o r b s p e c ie s on f iv e s lo p e s . , ....................................................................................

X II.

F re q u e n c y

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S o il a n a ly s e s o f c o m p o s ite s o il s a m p le s ta k e n f r o m th e f iv e s l o p e s ..........................

X IY . XV. X V I.

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a n d d e n s ity o f th e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y

s e e d lin g s fo u n d on th e fiv e s l o p e s .............................. X III.

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R e s u lt s o f s e e d g e r m in a t io n te s ts o f S e t A R e s u lts o f

s e e d g e r m in a t io n te s ts

of Set B

A v e r a g e a g e s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b s 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h a n d th e t a l l e s t s h ru b s o f e a c h o f th e fiv e s lo p e s . . . .

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C H A PTER I

IN T R O D U C T IO N

T h e s h ru b v e g e ta tio n c h a r a c t e r is t i c o f th e h i l l s s u r r o u n d in g th e L a r a m i e P la in s is d o m in a te d b y M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y (C e r c o c a r p u s ■I

m o n ta n u s , R a f . ) , w h ic h b e lo n g s to th e r o s e f a m i ly (R o s a c e a e ). T h is s h ru b is one o f th e m o r e im p o r t a n t b r o w s e s p e c ie s f o r b o th d o m e s tic s to c k a n d w i ld l i f e in th e in t e r m o u n t a in r e g io n .

I t o c c u rs

in a lm o s t p u r e s ta n d s on r o c k y r id g e s a n d s lo p e s a n d f o r m s a n open s c r u b b y g r o w th on i m m a t u r e s o ils o f lim e s to n e an d s a n d s to n e .

On

m o r e m a t u r e s o il a n d on m o r e g r a d u a l s lo p e s , i t e x h ib its b e t t e r g r o w th f o r m b u t h e r e fin d s m o r e c o m p e titio n w it h th e g r a s s e s a n d fo r b s .

It

m a y be fo u n d w it h a n a d m ix t u r e o f s h ru b s s u c h as S e r v i c e b e r r y ( A m e la n c h ie r spp. ) a n d S n o w b e r r y (S y m p h o r ic a r p o s s p p . ) in th e L a r a m i e H i l l s e a s t o f L a r a m i e ( 2 5 ) , an d th e S h ee p

M o u n ta in a r e a to

th e w e s t. ^ M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y is n o t r e s t r i c t e d to th e T r a n s i t i o n Z o n e o f W y o m in g (3 ) , a n d m a y be fo u n d g r o w in g in th e f o o t h ills o f th e w e s t e r n

* P la n t n a m e s b y a u t h o r it y o f K e ls e y , H . P . , a n d D a y to n , W . A . , S ta n d a r d iz e d P la n t N a m e s , H a r r i s b u r g , P a . , J . H o r a c e M c F a r l a n d C o .

2

.

F ig u r e s in p a r e n th e s e s r e f e r to th e b ib lio g r a p h y on p a g e s 6 9 - 7 3 .

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2

s ta te s f r o m N o r t h D a k o ta , N e b r a s k a , a n d K a n s a s , on w e s t to th e c o a s t in c o m b in a tio n w it h o th e r s h ru b b y s p e c ie s (4 6 ).

In th e C e n t r a l

R o c k y M o u n ta in r e g io n , i t is fo u n d g r o w in g in c o m p a n y w it h s e v e r a l s p e c ie s o f s c ru b o a k s , a n d f a r t h e r s o u th th e zo n e is c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y s h ru b s o f P a c i f i c C o a s t a f f i n i t y (5 ).

O n th e w e s t c o a s t o f C a l if o r n i a ,

M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y is o f m in o r im p o r ta n c e in th e v e g e ta tiv e s h ru b ty p e s g r o w in g t h e r e . L o c a l l y , th e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b ty p e is s o m e t im e s r e ­ f e r r e d to as " c h a p a r r a l , " w h ic h is th e t e r m u s e d b y s o m e to d e n o te th e b r o a d - s c le r o p h y llo u s v e g e ta tio n o f C a l if o r n i a (5 ) , w h e r e th e n a m e s e e m s to h a v e o r ig in a t e d .

" C h a p a r r a l " is a M e x ic a n o r C a s t i ll i a n

w o r d m e a n in g e v e r g r e e n s c ru b o a k o r o a k b r u s h a n d , in e a r l y S p a n is h C a l if o r n i a , w a s a p p lie d to Q u e r c u s d u in o s a , w h ic h is fo u n d g ro w in g a lo n g th e c o a s ta l r e g io n (2 4 ).

H o w e v e r , th e t e r m is lo o s e ly u s e d and

s h o u ld p e rh a p s be r e s e r v e d to e m b r a c e th e C a l if o r n i a s c r u b ty p e e x c lu s iv e ly . M a n y e c o lo g ic a l w o r k s h a v e b e e n c o n tr ib u te d d e a lin g w it h th e C a l i f o r n i a c h a p a r r a l ty p e s b y v a r io u s in v e s t ig a t o r s .

S o m e l ig h t h as

b e e n sh ed on th e e c o lo g ic a l s ig n ific a n c e o f s o m e o f th e f o o t h i ll a r e a s in C o lo r a d o , b u t l i t e r a t u r e a s a w h o le is la c k in g th a t d e a ls s p e c i f i c a ll y w it h th e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y b r u s h ty p e , b o th e c o lo g ic a lly a n d f r o m th e s ta n d p o in t o f it s im p o r ta n c e a s a b r o w s e s p e c ie s .

The p re s e n t w o rk

is a n a tte m p t is th is d ir e c t io n , a n d i t is h o p e d th a t th is p a p e r w i l l

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s t im u la t e f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h in to s o m e o f th e p r o b le m s d e a lin g w ith t h is s h ru b c o m m u n ity .

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C H A PT E R II

D E S C R I P T IO N O F T H E G E N U S

A c c o r d in g to K ir k w o o d (1 9 ) , th e h i s t o r y o f th e g e n u s , C e r c o c a r p u s , d a te s b a c k to 1 8 2 3 , w h e n th e f i r s t s p e c ie s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y w as c o lle c te d n e a r M e x ic o C it y b y H . B . K u n th a n d w as d e s c r ib e d u n d e r th e n a m e o f C e r c o c a r p u s f o t h e r g illo id e s .

T h e g e n e r ic n a m e ,

C e r c o c a r p u s , is d e r iv e d f r o m tw o G r e e k w o rd s (2 ), k e r k o s , m e a n in g " a t a i l , " an d k a r p o s , m e a n in g " a f r u i t . " T a x o n o m ic a lly , th e genus m a y be d e s c r ib e d as fo llo w s (3 8 ): T h e g r o w th m a y o c c u r e it h e r in th e f o r m o f a t r e e o r s h ru b a n d m a y a t t a in a h e ig h t o f 25 fe e t.

T h e § te m s a r e b r i t t l e a n d h a r d , a n d th e

le a v e s a r e a lt e r n a t e , l e a t h e r y , a n d m a y be e it h e r d e n ta te o r e n t ir e . T h e f lo w e r s a r e a x i l l a r y ,

s o l it a r y ,

o r f a s c ic le d a n d s m a ll.

I t is o f

ta x o n o m ic i n t e r e s t to k n o w th a t t h e r e is no c o r o lla , an d th e h y p a n th iu m w id e n s w it h a c y l i n d r i c a l tu b e in to a d e c id u o u s f iv e - lo b e d l im b . S ta m e n s n u m b e r 15 to 25 a n d a r e in tw o to t h r e e ro w s on th e li m b o f th e c a ly x .

T h e f r u i t is a l e a t h e r y a k e n e w it h a tw is te d , f e a t h e r y t a i l .

T h e f lo w e r in g p e r io d is u s u a lly th ro u g h o u t th e m o n th o f June; th u s th e g r e a t e r p o r t io n o f th e s e e d c ro p is m a t u r e d b y th e m id d le o f A u g u s t (3 8 ).

H e r b a r i u m s p e c im e n s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y th a t w e r e

e x a m in e d w e r e fo u n d to be in th e e a r l y f lo w e r in g s ta g e b y th e f i r s t o f

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June a n d in th e e a r l y f r u i t i n g s ta g e b y th e t h i r d o f J u ly .

3

S e e d d is ­

p e r s a l ta k e s p la c e a s e a r l y as S e p te m b e r f i r s t o r s h o r t ly t h e r e a f t e r , d e p e n d in g up o n th e t i m e o f s e e d m a t u r i t y . T h e r e a r e as m a n y as n in e te e n s p e c ie s r e p o r t e d b e lo n g in g to th e genus ( 8 ) , an d n u m e r o u s v a r i e t i e s a r e l i s t e d b y s o m e o f th e ta x o n ­ o m is t s .

T h e r e is m u c h d is a g r e e m e n t in th e l i t e r a t u r e a m o n g th e

a u th o rs in d e s c r ib in g th e s p e c ie s , th e v a r i e t i e s , a n d t h e i r d is t r ib u t io n in th e w e s t e r n s ta te s .

R y d b e r g (3 4 ) li s t s n in e te e n s p e c ie s an d v a r i ­

e t ie s , w h ile S a r g e n t (3 9 ) s ta te s th a t t w e n ty -o n e s p e c ie s h a v e b e e n d is ­ tin g u is h e d , e le v e n o f w h ic h a r e c r e d it e d to th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d th e o th e r s to M e x ic o .

S a m p s o n (3 8 ) s ta te s th a t 15 s p e c ie s o c c u r in th e

w e s t e r n s ta te s , w h ile A b r a m s (1 ) , w ho h as p e rh a p s p u b lis h e d th e la t e s t d e s c r ip t io n o f th e g e n u s , l i s t s 7 s p e c ie s ; 5 a r e o fte n l is t e d as b e in g th e m o r e im p o r t a n t b r o w s e s p e c ie s a n d o f th e tw o r e m a in in g s p e c ie s , one is fo u n d on th e is la n d s o f C a t a lin a a n d S a n ta C r u z ,

o ff th e c o a s t o f

s o u th e r n C a l if o r n i a , a n d th e o th e r is fo u n d o n ly on th e Is la n d o f C a t a lin a .

A b r a m s (1 ) l i s t s th e fo llo w in g s p e c ie s a n d t h e i r d is t r ib u t io n :

1. C e r c o c a r p u s T r a s k i a e , E a s tw . T r a s k 's m a h o g a n y : A r a r e i n s u la r s p e c ie s k n o w n o n ly f r o m S a n ta C a t a lin a I s l . , So. C a l if . 2 . C . m o n ta n u s , R a f . C o lo r a d o m o u n ta in m a h o g a n y : F o u n d on d r y h i l l s a n d m o u n ta in s lo p e s , U p p e r S o n o ra n and

3

H e r b a r i u m s p e c im e n s on d e p o s it in th e R o c k y M o u n ta in H e r b a r i u m , U n i v e r s i t y o f W y o m in g , L a r a m i e .

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6

T r a n s i t i o n Z o n e s ; S o u th D a k o ta to N e w M e x ic o w e s t to M o n ta n a , a n d U ta h ; a ls o , in n o r t h e a s t e r n C a lif o r n i a a n d a d ja c e n t O re g o n . 3. C . a ln if o liu s , R y d b . Is la n d m o u n ta in m a h o g a n y : F o u n d on h ills id e s a n d c a n y o n s , U p p e r S o n o ra n Z o n e ; S a n ta C r u z an d S a n ta C a t a lin a I s i s . , C a l if o r n i a . 4 . C . b e tu lo id e s , N u tt. C a l if o r n i a m o u n ta in m a h o g a n y : A c o m m o n c o m p o n e n t o f th e c h a p a r r a l, U p p e r S o n o ra n Z o n e ; s o u th w e s te r n O re g o n to lo w e r C a l if o r n ia . 5. C . m in u t i f o l i u s , A b r a m s . S m o o th m o u n ta in m a h o g a n y : C h a p a r r a l s lo p e s , U p p e r S o n o ra n Z o n e ; h i l l s a n d m o u n ta in s lo p e s o f S an D ie g o c o u n ty , C a l if o r n i a . 6 . C . le d if o liu s , N u tt. C u r l le a f e d m o u n ta in m a h o g a n y : W a s h in g to n to M o n ta n a a n d s o u th o f th e C a s c a d e - S ie r r a N e v a d a D iv id e to s o u th e r n C a l if o r n i a a n d C o lo r a d o . 7. C . in t r i c a t u s , S. W a ts . L i t t l e - l e a v e d m a h o g a n y : D e s e r t ra n g e s a n d m o u n ta in s lo p e s , m a in ly th e a r i d t r a n s it io n Z o n e o f C a l if o r n i a , to U ta h an d A r i z o n a .

S p e c ie s a n d v a r i e t i e s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y fo u n d in th e R o c k y M o u n ta in H e r b a r i u m a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f W y o m in g , L a r a m i e , a r e l i s t e d u n d e r th e fo llo w in g n a m e s : C e r c o c a r p u s le d if o liu s C e r c o c a r p u s le d if o liu s v a r . in te r c e d e n s C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s ( p a r v if o liu s ) C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s v a r .

a rg e n te u s

C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s v a r .

g la b e r (b e tu lo id e s )

C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s v a r . m a c r o u r u s C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s v a r . p a u c id e n ta tu s

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C H A PT E R III

D IS T R IB U T IO N

W y o m in g S p e c ie s T h e r e a r e t h r e e s p e c ie s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y g r o w in g in th e s ta te o f W y o m in g , n a m e ly :

C e r c o c a r p u s le d if o liu s , N u tt. , C e r c o c a r p u s

i n t r i c a t u s , W a ts . , a n d C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s , R a f . ( 3 ) , w h ic h c an be d is tin g u is h e d w it h th e a id o f th e fo llo w in g k e y : I. II.

L e a v e s w ith c o a r s e o v a te te e th .

C . m o n ta n u s

L e a v e s w ith e n t ir e , m o r e o r le s s r e v o lu te m a r g in s , l i n e a r to o b lo n g e llip tic . A.

B.

L e a v e s 1 5 -3 0 m m . lo n g , th e m a r g in s o n ly s lig h t ly r e v o lu te .

C . le d if o liu s

L e a v e s 5 - 1 5 m m . lo n g , th e m a r g in s s t r o n g ly r e v o lu te a lm o s t to th e m i d - r i b .

C . in t r ic a t u s

C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s , w h ic h is th e m o s t im p o r t a n t b ro w s e s p e c ie s o f th e t h r e e fo u n d g ro w in g in th e s ta te , o c c u rs l o c a l l y on th e lo w e r s lo p e s o f J e lm a n d S h e e p m o u n ta in s w e s t o f L a r a m i e a n d th e f o o t h ills o f th e L a r a m i e R a n g e to th e e a s t.

T h is s p e c ie s g ro w s in

p u r e s ta n d s on th e s lo p e s a n d r id g e s w h ic h e x te n d s o u th in to C o lo r a d o , p e r h a p s 35 to 40 m i l e s , w h e r e i t is fo u n d on th e g r a n it ic s o ils a n d upo n r id g e s o f s e d im e n t a r y r o c k s in th is a r e a (2 7 ).

O n th e e a s t s id e o f th e

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8

L a r a m i e R a n g e , i t o c c u rs on th e h o g b a c k s a n d s ite s th a t g r a d u lly s lo p e e a s t w a r d in to th e g r a s s la n d t y p ic a l o f th e S h o r t G r a s s P la in s . H e r e , it s d is t r ib u t io n a l c o n tin u ity is b r o k e n , and i t a p p e a r s a g a in s o m e 70 to 80 m i l e s to th e e a s t on th e f o o t h ills o f w e s te r n N e b r a s k a , w h ic h P o u n d a n d C le m e n ts (2 6 ) h a v e d e s c r ib e d p h y to g e o g r a p h ic a lly as an e a s tw a r d e x te n s io n o f th e R o c k y M o u n ta in f o o t h i ll f l o r a .

C a r y (3 ) ,

a g e o g r a p h e r o f a U . S. B io lo g ic a l S u r v e y P a r t y , in v e s tig a tin g th e fa u n a a n d f l o r a o f W y o m in g i n 1 9 1 3 , d e s c r ib e s th e n o r t h e r n l i m it a t io n s o f th is s p e c ie s b y a lin e th a t e x te n d s f r o m N e w c a s tle , W y o m in g , to E v a n s to n , W y o m in g , w h e r e i t o c c u rs m a in ly in th e T r a n s i t i o n Z o n e . C e r c o c a r p u s in t r i c a t u s , W a ts . , w h ic h c a n be d is tin g u is h e d f r o m th e o th e r tw o s p e c ie s b y it s s t r o n g ly r e v o lu t e , e n t ir e le a v e s , m a y be fo u n d g ro w in g on th e o p en s lo p e s o f th e B ig H o r n M o u n ta in s on b o th o f th e e a s t a n d w e s t s id e s a t an a lt itu d e o f f r o m 5 0 0 0 f e e t to 6 0 0 0 fe e t (3 ):

T h e o th e r s p e c ie s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y , C . le d if o liu s , N u t t. , is

s c a t t e r in g ly d is t r ib u t e d in th e T r a n s i t i o n Z o n e f r o m th e G r e e n R i v e r v a l l e y in s o u th w e s te rn W y o m in g n o r t h w a r d to J a c k s o n H o le .

T h is

s p e c ie s e n te r s th e s ta te f r o m U ta h a lo n g th e S nake R i v e r a n d c o v e r s , in good g r o w th , th e e x p o s e d a r e a s o f th e w e s t e r n s lo p e s o f th e S a lt R i v e r R a n g e a t a lt itu d e s u p to 7 5 0 0 f e e t .

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9

T h e O a k -M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y Z o n e T h e z o n e in w h ic h M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y o c c u r s w ith a d m ix tu r e s o f v a r io u s s p e c ie s o f o a k is b e s t d e v e lo p e d in th e S o u th e rn R o c k ie s w h e r e its v e r t i c a l d is t r ib u t io n is l i m i t e d to 1800 f e e t ( 7 ) .

H e re , it

f o r m s a b r o a d b e lt b e tw e e n th e p in io n - ju n ip e r an d d e s e r t r e g io n s , a n d f l o r i s t i c a l l y , is m o s t c o m p le x .

In th e C e n t r a l R o c k ie s , i t fo r m s

n a r r o w b e lt s , a n d f a r t h e r n o r t h i t is s c a r c e l y r e p r e s e n te d .

In A r iz o n a ,

th is zo n e is c o m p lic a te d b y th e p r e s e n c e o f o th e r s h ru b s , p e rh a p s r e la t e d to th e P a c i f i c C o a s t v e g e ta tio n (7 ). ( 7) ,

A c c o r d in g to D a u b e n m ir e

o a k s su ch a s G u n n is o n O a k (Q u e r c u s g u n n is o n i) , W a v y le a f O a k

(Q . U n d u la ta ) , F e n d l e r O a k (Q . f e n d l e r i ) , a n d E m o r y O a k (Q . e m o r y i ) , a r e fo u n d w it h M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y in th e S o u th e rn R o c k ie s b u t a r e fo u n d no f a r t h e r n o r t h o f a lin e d r a w n f r o m L o g a n , U ta h , to D e n v e r , C o lo r a d o .

N o r t h o f th is lin e , th e o a k s a r e r e p la c e d b y s u c h s h ru b b y

m e m b e r s as S ku n kb u s h (R h u s t r i l o b a t a ) , A p a c h e p lu m e ( F a l l u g ia p a r a d o x a ), S e r v i c e b e r r y ( A m e la n c h ie r a ln if o li a ) , a n d S n o w b e r r y (S y m p h o r ic a r p o s spp , ).

R a m a le y (2 7 ) r e p o r t s th a t in th e v i c i n i t y o f D e n v e r , C o lo r a d o ,

a t th e m o u th o f P l a t t e C a n y o n , th e S k u n k b u s h m a y b e m ix e d in w it h M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y w h ic h o fte n e x is ts in p u r e s ta n d s .

O o s tin g (2 3 )

p o in ts o u t th a t th e O a k -M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y zo n e does n o t f o r m a b r o a d v e g e ta tiv e c o v e r , b u t is r e p r e s e n t e d a s in d iv id u a l s h ru b s o r a s d en se c lu m p s , a n d m a y be s e p a r a te d b y g r a s s la n d a r e a s o r d e s e r t v e g e ta tio n . S to d d a rd a n d S m it h (4 4 ) r e p o r t t h a t in g r a z in g u s e th is s c ru b o a k ty p e

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10

is c o m p a r a b le to th e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y b r u s h ty p e as b o th a r e u s e d f o r s p r in g a n d f a l l ra n g e . d u r in g th e s u m m e r .

E i t h e r ty p e m a y be g r a z e d o c c a s io n a lly

T h e o a k - g r a s s la n d s o f C a l i f o r n i a , as w e l l as

th e g r a s s la n d s a v a n n a s a d ja c e n t to th e m , a r e g r a z e d th e y e a r lo n g .

T rU e C h a p a rra l T h e w o r d , " c h a p a r r a l , " is c o m m o n ly u s e d to a p p ly to a n y s c r u b b y g r o w th fo u n d in m a n y o f th e w e s t e r n s ta te s , a n d in th is s e n s e is p e rh a p s lo o s e ly u s e d .

M a n y in v e s t ig a t o r s a r e in a g r e e m e n t th a t th e

w o r d s h o u ld a p p ly e x c lu s iv e ly to th e s h ru b g r o w th o f s o u th e rn C a l if o r n i a .

P l u m m e r (2 4 ) s ta te s th a t " t r u e c h a p a r r a l" is one o f th e

ty p e s o f p la n t f o r m a t io n s w h ic h m a y be fo u n d in s e v e r a l w id e ly s e p a r a te d p a r t s o f th e w o r ld ; one f o r m a t io n w h ic h is fo u n d in th e U n ite d S ta te s is c o n fin e d to th e w e s t c o a s t o f s o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a a n d is a m ix e d f o r e s t o f s tu n te d t r e e s , th e r e s u l t o f p e c u lia r c l i m a t i c c o n d itio n s .

I t is fo u n d

o u ts id e th e U n ite d S ta te s an d M e x ic o in C h ile , S o u th A m e r i c a ; in E u r o p e a n d A s ia a lo n g th e M e d i t e r r a n e a n , a n d e x te n d in g e a s tw a r d in to T u r k e s t a n ; in A f r i c a a lo n g th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e ; in A u s t r a l i a in th e s o u th e rn a n d s o u th w e s te r n c o a s ta l re g io n s th a t in c lu d e p a r t o f T a s m a n ia . T h e f l o r a d if f e r s in e a c h o f th e s e r e g io n s (2 4 ) , a n d on th e b a s is o f th is e v id e n c e , i t m a y be p o s s ib le to d is tin g u is h i t f r o m o th e r s h ru b c o m ­ m u n it ie s . C a l if o r n i a c h a p a r r a l is a ls o k n o w n as " b r o a d - s c le r o p h y llo u s w o o d la n d , " a n d h as b e e n r e f e r r e d to as s u c h b y C o o p e r (6 ).

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He uses

11

th e p r e f i x , " b r o a d , " to d e s c r ib e a g e n e r a l g ro u p c h a r a c t e r w h ic h d is tin g u is h e s i t f r o m th e " n a r r o w - s c l e r o p h y l l " c o n ife r s .

S c h im p e r

(4 0 ) has e m p lo y e d th e t e r m , " s c le r o p h y llo u s , " to r e f e r to th e x e r o p h y tic b u s h la n d a n d b u s h fo r e s t in s u b tr o p ic a l r e g io n s , a n d i t a llu d e s s p e c if ic a lly to th e s m a l l , t h ic k ,

c o r ia c e o u s , e n t ir e le a v e s , c o m m o n

to th e v e g e ta tio n o f th is a r e a . C o o p e r (5 ) r e la t e s t h a t th e C a l if o r n i a c h a p a r r a l w h ic h is d o m in a te d b y m a n y s p e c ie s o f a s in g le e c o lo g ic a l ty p e is c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y th e r o o t s y s te m , w h ic h is e x te n s iv e in p r o p o r t io n to th e s iz e o f th e p la n t, an d th e l e a f , w h ic h is e v e r g r e e n w ith a t h ic k h e a v y c u t ic le .

B ecause

o f th is e c o lo g ic a l c o r r e l a t i o n , he m a in t a in s th a t th e C a l if o r n i a s c ru b ty p e is e n t it le d to a n a m e o f its ow n and th a t " c h a p a r r a l " is th e o b v io u s c h o ic e .

O o s tin g (2 3 ) has d iv id e d th e C a l if o r n i a s c r u b ty p e in to tw o

c lim a x ty p e s , l i s t e d u n d e r one f o r m a t io n .

T h e c la s s if ic a t io n is as

fo llo w s : I.

B r o a d s c le r o p h y ll f o r m a t io n . T h e m a jo r s p e c ie s h a v in g t h ic k , h a r d , e v e r g r e e n le a v e s . A.

S c le r o p h y ll f o r e s t c lim a x . e v e rg re e n fo re s t tr e e s .

M a d e up o f im p o r t a n t

B.

C h a p a r r a l. In c lu d in g a t le a s t 4 0 s p e c ie s o f e v e r ­ g r e e n s h r u b s , o c c u r r in g in m a n y c o m b in a tio n s , b u t w h ic h f o r m lo w , d e n s e th ic k e ts .

J e p s o n (1 6 ) a s s e r t s th a t th e C a l if o r n i a c h a p a r r a l ty p e is e s s e n ­ t i a l l y a f i r e ty p e f o r m a t io n , m a in t a in in g th a t i t h as b e e n f i r e - r a v a g e d f o r m a n y th o u s a n d s o f y e a r s .

H e ad d s th a t th is p h e n o m e n o n h as

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12

c o n tr ib u te d to th e x e r o p h y tic n a tu r e o f th e g r o w th a n d c ite s one genus in p a r t i c u l a r (A r c to s ta p h y lo s ) as b e in g m o s t a d a p ta b le to r e g e n e r a t io n a fte r fir e . R a m a le y ( 3 ) , w h o has c o n tr ib u te d m u c h to th e l i t e r a t u r e b o th t a x o n o m ic a lly a n d e c o lo g ic a lly d e a lin g w ith C o lo r a d o f o o t h i ll v e g e ta ­ tio n , r e f l e c t s , th a t l i m i t i n g th e t e r m " c h a p a r r a l " to th e C a l if o r n i a s c r u b ty p e , w o u ld n e c e s s ita te d ro p p in g th e w o r d " c h a p a r r a l " in C o lo r a d o an d s u b s titu tin g " s c r u b , " o r " s h r u b a s s o c ia tio n " in its p la c e . F r o m th e fo r e g o in g e v id e n c e i t m a y be c o n c lu d e d th a t th e C a l if o r n i a ty p e s c r u b g r o w th does d e s e r v e r e c o g n it io n w ith s p e c ific r e f e r e n c e to th e w o r d " c h a p a r r a l , " b u t th e t e r m is so m u c h in use th r o u g h o u t th e w e s t e r n r e g io n o f th e U n ite d S ta te s , th a t f o r la c k of a b e t t e r d e s c r ip t iv e w o r d , p e r h a p s it s c o n tin u e d u s e is g u a r a n te e d .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

C H A PT E R IV

U S E S O F M O U N T A IN M A H O G A N Y

T h e g e n u s , C e r c o c a r p u s , as a w h o le , is im p o r t a n t in fu r n is h in g fo r a g e f o r a i l c la s s e s o f liv e s t o c k as w e l l as w i l d l i f e , an d s o m e o f th e s p e c ie s in th e w e s te r n p a r t o f th e U n ite d S ta te s a f f o r d y e a r lo n g b r o w s ­ in g (8 ).

O f th e t h r e e b r o w s e s p e c ie s fo u n d g r o w in g in W y o m in g , T r u e

M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y is th e m o s t im p o r t a n t , fo llo w e d b y C u r l l e a f M o u n ­ ta in m a h o g a n y a n d L i t t l e l e a f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y ; th e l a t t e r w a s n o t m e n ­ tio n e d in th e l i t e r a t u r e c o n s u lte d as b e in g a n im p o r t a n t s p e c ie s .

T ru e

M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y is u t i l i z e d in m a n y o f th e w e s t e r n s ta te s n o t o n ly b e c a u s e o f its w id e d is t r ib u t io n b u t b e c a u s e o f th e c h a r a c t e r and d e n s ity o f its g r o w th (3 8 ) .

I t is s i m i l a r in p a la t a b i l i t y to B i t t e r b r u s h

( P u r s h i a t r i d e n t a t a ) , a n d th e le a v e s o f b o th o f th e s e s h ru b s p e c ie s a r e th e f i r s t o f th e m o r e p a la ta b le b ro w s e p la n ts to a p p e a r in th e s p r in g . T h e le a v e s o f T r u e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y a r e a ls o v e r y f r o s t r e s is t a n t in th e f a l l o f th e y e a r a n d so r e t a in m u c h o f th e n u t r i t i v e v a lu e u n t il la te in th e a u tu m n (3 8 ). C u r l l e a f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y , w h ic h is fo u n d g r o w in g p r i n c ip a l l y in th e w e s t e r n p a r t o f W y o m in g , is h ig h ly p a la ta b le t o d e e r in p a r ­ t i c u l a r b u t is p r a c t i c a l l y d is r e g a r d e d b y liv e s t o c k (3 8 ).

4

Pechanec^

W r i t t e n c o m m u n ic a tio n f r o m J . F . P e c h a n e c , P a c i f i c N o r th w e s t

F o r e s t a n d R a n g e E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n , P o r t la n d , O re g o n .

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s ta te s th a t th is s a m e v ie w is h e ld b y in v e s tig a to r s in O r e g o n , w h e re th is s p e c ie s is o f l i t t l e v a lu e to liv e s t o c k b u t fu r n is h e s b r o w s e f o r d e e r a n d e lk th e y e a r ro u n d .

In U ta h (4 3 ), C u r l l e a f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y ,

a lo n g w ith B ig S a g e b r u s h ( A r t e m i s i a t r i d e n t a ) , C e d a r (J u n ip e r u s spp. ), A s p e n (P o p u lu s t r e m u lo id e s ) , a n d G a m b e l O a k (Q u e r c u s g a m b e li) a r e s e ld o m im p o r t a n t to liv e s t o c k e x c e p t d u r in g r e s t r i c t e d s e a s o n s , w h e r e a s a l l o f th e s e s p e c ie s a r e v e r y im p o r t a n t to d e e r .

B ig S a g e b ru s h is th e

m o s t h e a v ily b r o w s e d s p e c ie s d u r in g th e w in t e r m o n th s , w h ile in th e s u m m e r A s p e n a n d G a m b e l O a k m a k e up th e b u lk o f th e d ie t f o r d e e r .

U se of B ro w s e R ange. W h e n th e e x is tin g fo r a g e is m a d e up p r e d o m in a n t ly o f b ro w s e s p e c ie s , c a r e s h o u ld be e x e r c is e d in th e s p r in g o f th e y e a r to s ee th a t s to c k a r e n o t a llo w e d on th e a r e a to o e a r l y .

P e r m a n e n t i n j u r y to th e

b r o w s e m a y r e s u l t i f th is p r e c a u tio n is n o t ta k e n , a n d th e y e a r l y g r o w th is r e t a r d e d .

S to d d a r t a n d S m ith (4 4 ) a d v is e in s p e c tin g th e

le a v e s o f s o m e o f th e b r o w s e s p e c ie s s u c h as M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y , S e r v i c e b e r r y , a n d S n o w b e r r y in th e s p r in g .

In t h e i r o p in io n , th e

le a v e s s h o u ld be o n e - h a lf to o n e - f o u r t h d e v e lo p e d b e fo r e a llo w in g s to c k to g r a z e on th e a r e a . T h e a m o unt o f th e c u r r e n t y e a r 's g r o w th o f b ro w s e t h a t c a n be r e m o v e d w ith o u t d a m a g e to fu t u r e p r o d u c tio n is q u e s tio n a b le a n d s e e m s to v a r y w it h th e ty p e o f liv e s t o c k a n d s e c tio n s o f c o u n tr y in v o lv e d . N e ls o n (2 1 ) , w ho m a d e s h ru b s tu d ie s in U ta h in r e la t i o n to g r a z in g ,

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15

fo u n d th a t i f liv e s t o c k b r o w s e th e a c c e s s ib le tw ig g r o w th y e a r a f t e r y e a r , th e p la n t w o u ld be re d u c e d in v ig o r , b u t th a t i f p a r t o f th e c u r ­ r e n t y e a r 's g r o w th r e m a in e d ,

e a c h w it h one o r tw o l a t e r a l b u d s , th e n

n e w g r o w th is a s s u r e d th e fo llo w in g y e a r . th is to be t r u e .

F o r s l in g (1 0 ) a ls o h o ld s

A f t e r c o n d u c tin g b ro w s e e x p e r im e n t s in U ta h , he c o n ­

c lu d e d th a t th e c o n tin u e d u se o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y b y c a t tle o v e r a t h r e e - y e a r p e r io d r e d u c e d th e s h ru b s to a s tu n te d f o r m .

A t th e en d

o f e a c h g r a z in g s e a s o n f o r t h is t h r e e - y e a r p e r io d , none o f th e c u r r e n t y e a r 's g r o w th o r g r e e n le a v e s w e r e l e f t b y th e liv e s t o c k a t th e end o f th e g r o w in g s e a s o n .

B i t t e r b r u s h w a s s i m i l a r l y a ffe c te d an d b o th

s h ru b s p e c ie s w e r e lo w in v ig o r a t th e e n d o f th e s e a s o n . R e p o r ts f r o m o th e r q u a r t e r s h o ld th a t c lo s e b r o w s in g b y d e e r a n d liv e s t o c k m a y h e lp to s tim u la t e g r o w th o f th e s h ru b s p e c ie s . R e y n o ld s a n d S a m p s o n (3 1 ) s ta te th a t n o t o n ly th e n u t r i t i o n a l v a lu e o f th e c ro w n s p ro u ts o f s o m e o f th e C a l if o r n i a c h a p a r r a l s p e c ie s is in c r e a s e d as a r e s u l t o f c ro p p in g b y d e e r , b u t th a t th e p e r io d o f d e ­ s ir a b le b r o w s in g is le n g th e n e d .

H o w e v e r , i t is f u r t h e r s ta te d th a t

t h is m a y n o t c o n tin u e y e a r a f t e r y e a r b e c a u s e o f th e e v e n tu a l r e d u c tio n in v ig o r o f th e b r o w s e .

N ic h o l (2 2 ) a ls o r e p o r t s th a t in A r iz o n a th e

s h ru b g r o w th in s o m e p a r t s o f th e c o u n tr y is in c r e a s e d a s a r e s u l t o f o v e r g r a z in g , b u t S h a n tz (4 2 ) r e p o r t s th e o p p o s ite te n d e n c y in C o lo r a d o , w h e r e th e d o m in a n t s h ru b s p e c ie s h a v e b e e n k i l l e d b y c a t tle w ho h a v e

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16

b r o w s e d th e th ic k e ts to o c lo s e .

H e r e , in s o m e c a s e s , th e s h ru b

g r o w th h a s b e e n r e p la c e d b y a g r a s s f o r m a t io n (5 1 ). F o r e s t S e r v ic e in v e s tig a tio n s in s o u th e a s te r n W y o m in g ® in d ic a te th a t b o th th e c o n tr o lle d a n d u n c o n tr o lle d b r o w s in g o f T r u e M o u n t a in m a h o g a n y an d o th e r b r o w s e s p e c ie s b y d e e r s t im u la t e d th e a n n u a l g r o w th o f th e s h ru b s , w h ile u n c o n tr o lle d b r o w s in g b y b o th d e e r an d c a ttle r e s u lt e d in a r e d u c tio n o f p la n t v ig o r , a n d c o n s e q u e n tly , tw ig p r o d u c tio n w a s r e d u c e d th e fo llo w in g y e a r .

C lip p in g e x p e r im e n t s in

U ta h (9 ) s h o w th a t T r u e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y c a n be u t i l i z e d in th e f a l l u n t i l a n a v e r a g e o f one in c h o f th e c u r r e n t y e a r 's tw ig g r o w th r e m a in s w ith o u t d e le te r io u s e ffe c ts to th e p la n t.

R e s u lt s a ls o s h o w th a t a p p r o x i­

m a t e ly th e s a m e a m o u n t o f g r o w th can be e x p e c te d th e fo llo w in g y e a r w h e n tw o in c h e s o f th e p r e s e n t y e a r 's g r o w th r e m a in s in th e f a l l .

C h e m ic a l A n a ly s is o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y I t is h ig h ly s p e c u la tiv e w h y liv e s t o c k a n d w i ld l i f e choose one b r o w s e s p e c ie s o v e r a n o th e r , a lth o u g h , p e r h a p s in th e s p r in g o f th e y e a r , b r o w s in g a n im a ls p r e f e r th e n e w g r e e n g r o w th f o r a c h an g e in d ie t .

R e y n o ld s a n d S a m p s o n (3 1 ) b e lie v e th a t d u r in g th e s u m m e r

m o n th s

th e w a t e r r e q u ir e m e n t o f th e b r o w s e a n im a l is th e l i m i t i n g

f a c t o r , a n d th a t s u c c u le n c y , c o m b in e d w it h th e n u t r i t i v e v a lu e o f th e

®Sheep M o u n ta in (W y o m in g ) D e e r - B r o w s e S tu d y s p o n s o re d b y th e W y o m in g G a m e a n d F i s h C o m m is s io n a n d th e F o r e s t S e r v ic e .

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17

c u r r e n t tw ig g r o w th , w o u ld m a k e one b r o w s e s p e c ie s m o r e p a la ta b le th a n a n o th e r to s o m e c la s s e s o f b r o w s in g a n im a ls .

T h e a r o m a t ic o ils

a n d r e s in s fo u n d in s o m e b r o w s e s p e c ie s a ls o m a y be fa c t o r s in f lu e n c ­ in g p a la t a b i l i t y .

T a b le I is a c o m p a r is o n o f th e n u t r i t i v e v a lu e s o f

T r u e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y an d o th e r im p o r t a n t b ro w s e s p e c ie s fo u n d in th e L a r a m i e a r e a . 6

T a b le I .

C h e m ic a l a n a ly s e s o f th e tw ig s a n d le a v e s o f s ix im p o r t a n t b r o w s e s p e c ie s . (C o n v e n tio n a l a n a ly s is : m o i s t u r e - f r e e b a s i s . ) A l l v a lu e s a r e f ig u r e d in p e r c e n t.

N itr o g e n C ru d e F re e C ru d e F ib e r E x t r a c t P r o t e in

Ash

E th e r E x tra c t

A r t e m i s i a t r id e n t a t a

8 . 18

9. 04

16. 61

4 9 .9 2

16. 25

A m e la n c h ie r a ln if o li a

5. 10

3 . 20

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6 4 . 34

14. 09

S y m p h o r ic a r p o s a lb u s

9. 19

4. 73

12. 83

5 9 .4 3

13. 82

C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s

4. 27

3 . 31

16. 70

6 0 . 20

15. 52

A c e r g la b r u m

4 . 26

3. 63

3 1 . 05

4 9 . 35

11. 71

R ib e s c e r e u m

1 0 .2 3

3. 56

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6 5 . 48

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B r o w s e S p e c ie s

A s show n in T a b le I ,

C u r r a n t (R ib e s c e r e u m ) c o n ta in s th e

h ig h e s t p e r c e n t n i t r o g e n - f r e e e x t r a c t ( c a r b o h y d r a t e ) , w h ile

^ T h e d a ta s u p p lie d in T a b le s I a n d I I r e p r e s e n t a n a ly t ic a l w o r k done b y O . A . B e a th , e t a l. , R e s e a r c h C h e m is t r y D e p a r t m e n t , U n i ­ v e r s i t y o f W y o m in g , L a r a m i e , W y o m in g , a n d h a v e n o t b e e n p u b lis h e d to d a te .

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18

S e r v i c e b e r r y is s e c o n d a n d M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y t h i r d .

In th e p e r c e n t

o f p r o t e in , M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y c o m p a r e s f a v o r a b ly w it h B ig S a g e b ru s h , a lth o u g h th e l a t t e r c o n ta in s m o r e th a n t w ic e a s m u c h e th e r e x t r a c t ( f a t t y m a t t e r ) a s a n y o f th e o th e r s p e c ie s l i s t e d .

T h e v a lu e s o f T a b le I

w e r e o b ta in e d f r o m tw ig s c o lle c te d d u r in g th e s u m m e r m o n th s , a n d , in o r d e r to show th e d iffe r e n c e s in a n a ly s e s o f tw ig s c o lle c te d a t d i f ­ f e r e n t t im e s o f th e y e a r , T a b le I I is . p r o v id e d .

T a b le I I .

A c o m p a r is o n o f th e c h e m ic a l a n a ly s e s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y tw ig s c o lle c te d in d if f e r e n t s e a s o n s o f th e y e a r . (C o n v e n ­ t io n a l a n a ly s is : m o i s t u r e - f r e e b a s i s . ) A l l v a lu e s a r e fig u r e s in p e r c e n t.

B ro w s e S p e c ie s

Ash

E th e r E x tra c t

N itr o g e n D a te C ru d e F re e C ru d e F ib e r E x t r a c t P r o t e i n C o lle c te d

C e rc o c a rp u s m o n ta n u s

4 . 27

3. 31

16. 70

6 0 . 20

15. 52

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C e rc o c a rp u s m o n ta n u s

7. 70

3 . 86

14. 71

5 9 . 47

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C e rc o c a rp u s m o n ta n u s

2 . 29

7. 28

2 7 . 06

5 3 . 15

5. 54

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T a b le I I show s th a t tw ig s a m p le s c o lle c te d a n d a n a ly z e d a t d i f ­ f e r e n t t im e s o f th e y e a r v a r y in t h e i r r e s p e c t iv e p e r c e n ts o f fo o d n u t r i ­ e n ts p r e s e n t.

T h e r e is a r e d u c t io n o f c ru d e p r o t e in c o n te n t in th e

w in t e r t w ig s a m p le s a s c o m p a r e d to th e s u m m e r s a m p le s .

T h e r e is

a ls o a n o tic e a b le in c r e a s e in th e a m o u n t o f c ru d e f i b e r a n d e th e r e x t r a c t

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19

in th e w in t e r s a m p le s a n a ly z e d , a n d th e n i t r o g e n - f r e e e x t r a c t p e r c e n t ­ a g e s a ls o r e m a i n f a i r l y c o n s ta n t.

I t is n o te d ( T a b le I I ) th a t th e in c r e a s e d

a m o u n t o f f a t t y m a t e r i a l o f th e w in t e r tw ig s a m p le s is s to r e d d u r in g th e s e a s o n w h e n d e e r h a v e th e g r e a t e s t n e e d f o r i t in t h e i r m e t a b o lis m .

M is c e lla n e o u s U s e s A s id e f r o m it s u s e as a v a lu a b le b r o w s e s p e c ie s , M o u n t a in ­ m a h o g a n y h a s s e v e r a l o th e r u s e s o f m in o r im p o r t a n c e . m o s t im p o r t a n t of th e s e is th e f u e l v a lu e o f th e w o o d .

P e r h a p s th e T h e s te m s m a k e

a v e r y h o t f i r e a n d b u r n f o r a lo n g t im e due to th e g r e a t d e n s ity o f th e w ood (2 ).

E v id e n t ly , it s u s e as an o r n a m e n t a l is l i m it e d , b u t s o m e

p e o p le v a lu e th is s h ru b f o r it s a t t r a c t iv e n e s s in a u tu m n w h e n th e f e a t h e r y t a i l e d f r u i t is m a t u r e .

R e h d e r (3 0 ) s ta te s th a t M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y

can be g ro w n as an o r n a m e n t a l s h ru b on a w e l l d r a in e d s o il w it h sunn y p o s itio n . O c c a s io n a lly , th e w o o d is u s e d to m a n u fa c tu r e s m a ll a r t i c l e s f o r d o m e s tic a n d i n d u s t r i a l u s e (3 9 ).

T h e h e a r tw o o d is b r o w n , r a n g in g

f r o m c h e r r y r e d to a r e d d is h o r c h o c o la te b r o w n , w it h l i g h t e r a n d d a r k e r s h a d e s in t e r m in g lin g .

T h e sap w o o d is a p a le y e llo w a n d is

s h a r p ly d e m a r c a te d f r o m th a t o f th e h e a r tw o o d . d e s c r ib e th e w o o d as b e in g v e r y h a r d , h e a v y ,

R e c o r d a n d H e s s (2 9 )

c o m p a c t,

s tr o n g , an d

w it h a w e ig h t ( a i r d r y ) o f 65 pounds p e r c u b ic fo o t, w h ic h is a p p r o x i­ m a t e ly th e s a m e w e ig h t as th a t o f w a t e r f o r one c u b ic fo o t.

T h e sapw ood

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20

c an be d e s c r ib e d f u r t h e r as b e in g to u g h , an d th e h e a r tw o o d b r i t t l e ; b o th a r e i r r e g u l a r in g r a in a n d r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t to w o r k .

T h e wood

d o es ta k e a h ig h p o lis h a n d is v e r y r e s is t a n t to d e c a y (2 9 ).

M a k in g

t u r n e r y a r t i c l e s o f a n y s o r t f r o m th e w o o d o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y in a n y g r e a t q u a n tity is l i m i t e d , h o w e v e r , b e c a u s e o f th e p o o r s te m d e v e lo p m e n t, b u t B a i le y ,

e t a l.

(2 ),

r e p o r t fin d in g s p e c im e n s o f

B i r c h l e a f M a h o g a n y (C . b e tu lo id e s ) g r o w in g w e s t o f S e q u o ia N a t io n a l P a r k on n o r t h s lo p e s th a t h a v e s t r a ig h t ,

e r e c t s te m s t h r e e to fo u r

in c h e s in d ia m e t e r a n d a le n g th o f t h i r t e e n fe e t. I t is o f i n t e r e s t h i s t o r i c a l l y to n o te th a t th e ro o ts o f s o m e s p e c ie s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y w e r e u s e d b y th e In d ia n s o f th e s o u th w e s t to m a k e a b e a u t if u l r e d d ye (2 ) .

A n u m b e r o f c o lo r s h a d e s c a n be m a d e

b y a d d in g a s h e s , c a c tu s f r u i t s , a n d o th e r in g r e d ie n ts .

In d ia n s o f

c e r t a in re g io n s a ls o u s e d a s p e c ie s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y (C . le d if o liu s ) to m a k e t h e i r bow s (2 ).

A n e x t r e m e e x a m p le o f a u s e p u t to th is

s p e c ie s b e c a u s e o f it s e x t r e m e h a r d n e s s an d d e n s ity is d e s c r ib e d b y J e p s o n ( 1 7 ) , w h o r e la t e s th a t in e m e r g e n c ie s th e w o o d h a s b e e n u s e d f o r e n g in e b e a r in g s f

C o m m o n N a m e s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y L o c a l l y , M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y is c o m m o n ly c a lle d " d e e r b r u s h " o r " b u c k b r u s h " b y r a n c h e r s an d s to c k m e n ,

T

w h o , a c c o r d in g ly , u s e

7

V e r b a l c o m m u n ic a tio n f r o m L o u is C o u g h lin , F o r e s t R a n g e r , M e d ic in e B o w N a t io n a l F o r e s t , N o v e m b e r 10, 1949.

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21

th e s e t e r m s to a p p ly to a n y a r e a s w h e r e s h ru b b y v e g e ta tio n is e n ­ c o u n te re d .

M a n y o th e r n a m e s a r e in u s e f o r M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y d e ­

p e n d in g upon th e s p e c ie s a n d th e l o c a l i t i e s .

S o m e o f th e m o r e c o m m o n

n a m e s th a t a r e u s e d a n d th e s p e c ie s th a t th e y a p p ly to , a r e l i s t e d as f o llo w s :

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S p e c ie s R e f e r r e d T o

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

22

Com m on Nam e

S p e c ie s R e f e r r e d T o

C a l if o r n i a m a h o g a n y

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e n tir e le a f m ahogan y

C e r c o c a r p u s p a r v if o liu s v a r . p a r c id e tita tu s

s m o o th m o u n ta in m a h o g a n y

C e rc o c a rp u s m in u tiflo r u s , A b ra m s

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C H A PTE R

V

T H E R E G IO N

D e s c r ip t io n o f L o c a l i t y T h e L a r a m i e H i l l s a t th e e a s t e r n edge o f A lb a n y C o u n ty a r e p a r t o f th e n o r t h e r n fla n k o f th e f r o n t ra n g e o f th e R o c k y M o u n ta in s . T h e f o o t h ills o f th is r a n g e , w h ic h s u p p o rt M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y , h a v e c h a r a c t e r is t i c lim e s to n e an d s a n d s to n e o u tc ro p p in g s , w h ic h r e p r e ­ s e n t th e C a s p e r f o r m a t io n (2 5 ).

O n th e w e s t s id e o f th e s e h i l l s , th e

C i t y o f L a r a m i e lie s on th e edge o f th e L a r a m i e B a s in , w h ic h is a w id e r o l lin g p la in b o u n d e d on th e s o u th w e s t b y th e M e d ic in e B o w m o u n ta in s a n d on th e n o r t h b y th e F r e e z o u t H i l l s .

T h is ra n g e c o n ­

s is ts o f n u m e r o u s r id g e s a n d th e v a l l e y of th e M e d ic in e B o w R i v e r (6 ). T h e L a r a m i e B a s in is a p p r o x im a t e ly 80 m ile s lo n g a n d 35 m ile s w id e a t its g r e a t e r e x t r e m i t i e s (2 0 ).

T h e M e d ic in e B o w R a n g e is i n t e r ­

r u p te d in c o n tin u ity b y S h eep an d J e lm m o u n ta in s w h o s e f o o t h i ll v e g e ta ­ t io n is m a d e up p r i n c i p a l l y o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y a n d B ig S a g e b ru s h . T h e lo w e r f o o t h ills on th e e a s t s id e o f J e lm m o u n ta in a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y p o r tio n s o f th e C h u g w a te r an d M o r r i s o n f o r m a t io n s , w h ile th e u p p e r p o r tio n s a r e o f g r a n it e .

T h e lo w e r p o r tio n s o f th e w e s t e r n s lo p e s ,

as th e y a r e a s c e n d e d , e x p o s e th e C h u g w a te r , M o r r i s o n , S u n d a n c e , C l o v e r l y , and B e n to n fo r m a t io n s in o r d e r o f o c c u r r e n c e .

S h eep

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24

m o u n ta in , w h ic h is a p p r o x im a t e ly 5 m ile s n o r t h o f J e lm m o u n ta in , is a ls o m a d e up c h ie f ly o f g r a n it e .

H o w e v e r , th e e a s t e r n fo o t h ills

h e r e e x p o s e th e M o n ta n a f o r m a t io n , w h ile on th e w e s t e r n s lo p e s th e C a s p e r , C h u g w a te r , M o r r i s o n , S u n d a n c e , a n d G lo v e r ly f o r m a t io n s c a n be c r o s s e d (6 ). T h e e a s t e r n s lo p e o f th e L a r a m i e H i l l s d e s c e n d s a b r u p t ly to a lin e o f f o o t h i ll r id g e s th a t o c c a s io n a lly r i s e h ig h b e tw e e n can y o n s w h o s e c r e e k s flo w e a s tw a r d . s to n e s a n d s a n d s to n e s .

T h e s e r id g e s a r e m a d e up o f h a r d l i m e ­

F a r t h e r to th e e a s t o f th e L a r a m i e H i l l s a t

G r a n it e C a n y o n , M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y c o v e rs th e s lo p e s , w h ic h can be d e s c r ib e d g e o lo g ic a lly as p r e - C a m b r i a n , p o rp h ry .

c o n s is tin g of a g r a n ite

J u s t e a s t o f th is s t r a t u m is th e C a s p e r f o r m a t io n w h ic h

is c r o s s e d b y th e U n io n P a c i f i c R a i lr o a d a t th e G r a n it e r a i l r o a d s t a ­ t io n .

H o w e v e r , due to th e o v e r la p p in g o f t e r t i a r y s e d im e n ts a t th a t

p o in t, th e f o r m a t io n is n o t e n t i r e l y e x p o s e d , b u t a p p e a r s one m i l e n o r t h o f th e r a i l r o a d s ta tio n in a h i l l w h e r e th e e n t ir e th ic k n e s s is exp o sed (6 ).

T h e r e g io n e x te n d in g e a s tw a r d f r o m th is p o in t r e p r e s e n ts

t y p ic a l p o r tio n s o f th e G r e a t P la in s . T h e s lo p e s in G r a n it e C a n y o n (w h e r e p a r t o f th e w o r k f o r th is p a p e r w a s a c c o m p lis h e d ) a r e f a r t h e r e a s t o f th e r a i l r o a d s ta tio n a t G r a n it e a n d a r e t e r t i a r y in o r ig in .

H e r e , th e O g a la lla fo r m a tio n ® is

^ T h e U . S. G e o lo g ic a l S u r v e y o f 1910 h e ld th e s e s t r a t a to be th e A r i k a r e e f o r m a t io n , b u t a c c o r d in g to D r . M c G r e w o f th e U n i v e r s i t y o f W y o m in g G e o lo g y D e p a r t m e n t , l a t e r s u r v e y s o f th e a r e a s h o w th is to be th e O g a la lla f o r m a t io n .

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25

e x is te n t, c a p p in g th e f o o t h ills w it h a s h e e t o f lo o s e s a n d o r c o n g lo m e r a te . N o r t h o f th is a r e a , M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y m a y be fo u n d on s lo p e s o f B r u le c la y , w h ic h e x te n d s f r o m n e a r th e G r a n it e r a i l r o a d s ta tio n n o r t h e a s t ­ w a r d to S i lv e r C r o w n .

T h is s o il is l a r g e l y a m ix t u r e o f c la y a n d f in e ,

h a r d s a n d w h ic h is e r o d e d on th e s lo p e s in to m in ia t u r e b a n d la n d s (6 ). R a m a le y (2 8 ) d e s c r ib e s p u r e s ta n d s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y g r o w ­ in g on s e d im e n t a r y r o c k a n d a d ja c e n t g r a n i t i c f o o t h ills 60 m ile s w e s t o f F o r t C o llin s , C o lo r a d o .

H e s ta te s th a t i t is p o s s ib le to ju d g e s o m e ­

th in g o f th e g e o lo g y o f th e r e g io n b y e x a m in in g th e v e g e ta tio n , an d w h e n s o m e s lo p e s a r e s e e n a t a d is ta n c e , one c a n p r e d ic t th a t c e r t a in o u t­ c ro p p in g s w i l l in a l l p r o b a b i li t y s u p p o rt a p a r t i c u l a r s h ru b s p e c ie s . V e s t a l 's in v e s tig a tio n s (4 8 ) in p h y to g e o g ra p h y in C o lo r a d o h a v e le d h im to b e lie v e th a t c e d a r s in p a r t i c u l a r a r e m o r e c h a r a c t e r is t i c o f th e lim e s to n e s ju s t b e lo w th e D a k o ta f o r m a t io n .

H e s ta te s th a t t h e r e

m a y be s lig h t d if fe r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e f lo r a s fo u n d on g r a n i t ic a n d s e d i­ m e n t a r y e x p o s u re s .

C lim a t e T h e c lim a t e o f th e a r e a a ro u n d L a r a m i e is a r i d , due to th e e f fe c t o f th e n e a r b y m o u n ta in s u p o n r a i n f a l l a n d a ls o th e g r e a t d is ta n c e f r o m th e P a c i f ic c o a s t.

W e a th e r o b s e r v a tio n s s h o w th a t th e a n n u a l p r e c i p i ­

t a t io n a t L a r a m i e is a p p r o x im a t e ly 10 in c h e s , w h ile th e p r e c ip it a t io n a t C e n te n n ia l (3 5 m i l e s w e s t o f L a r a m i e ) is 17 in c h e s (2 0 ).

T h is

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26

d iffe r e n c e m a y be due to th e fa c t th a t s to r m s u s u a lly f o llo w th e m o u n ­ ta in s .

T h e a v e r a g e a n n u a l t e m p e r a t u r e a t b o th L a r a m i e and C e n te n n ia l

is 40 d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e it . T h e L a r a m i e a r e a is s u b je c te d to th e c o ld e s t w e a th e r d u r in g th e m o n th s o f D e c e m b e r , J a n u a r y , F e b r u a r y , a n d M a r c h , th e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e b e in g 25 d e g re e s F a h r e n h e it f o r th e s e m o n th s . A u g u s t a r e th e w a r m e s t m o n th s .

J u ly an d

F r o s t s h a v e b e e n k n o w n to o c c u r

d u r in g e v e r y m o n th o f th e y e a r , b u t th e la s t fr o s t s c o m e u s u a lly in th e s p r in g m o n th s o f M a y on to th e s ix th o f J u n e .

T h e f i r s t f a l l fr o s t s

o c c u r f r o m th e m id d le o f A u g u s t to th e f i r s t o f S e p te m b e r (2 0 ).

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C H A PTE R

V I

M ETHODS

T w o lo c a l i t i e s w e r e c h o s e n f o r in te n s iv e e c o lo g ic a l w o r k n e a r L a r a m i e w h e r e r e p r e s e n t a t iv e g ro w th s o f th e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y b r u s h ty p e a r e fo u n d .

O ne o f th e tw o s ite s s e le c t e d is lo c a te d s o m e 10 m il e s

e a s t o f L a r a m i e in T e le p h o n e C a n y o n .

A t th is p o in t, t h r e e s lo p e s

w ith in c lo s e ra n g e o f e a c h o th e r w e r e c h o s e n f o r in v e s tig a tio n .

The

o th e r s ite s e le c te d is lo c a te d in G r a n it e C a n y o n , a p p r o x im a t e ly 23 m i l e s e a s t o f th e T e le p h o n e C a n y o n a r e a , w h e r e th e c h o ic e o f a n a d d i­ t io n a l tw o s lo p e s w as m a d e f o r in v e s tig a tio n .

A d if f e r e n c e in a lt itu d e

a n d c li m a t i c c o n d itio n s b e tw e e n th e tw o c a n y o n s is in v o lv e d , a n d a good c o m p a r is o n is a ffo r d e d c o n tr a s t in g th e q u a lit a t iv e an d q u a n tita tiv e d iffe r e n c e s o f th e v e g e ta tio n o f th e s e tw o l o c a l i t i e s . A s p e c ie s l i s t w a s e s ta b lis h e d b y in te n s iv e c o lle c tio n s o f a l l s h r u b , g r a s s , a n d f o r b s p e c ie s fo u n d on th e s lo p e s s e le c te d d u r in g th e w e e k o f J u ly 26 to A u g u s t 4 ,

1 94 9 . ^

T h is w o r k w as a c c o m p lis h e d

b e fo r e s t a r t in g th e m a jo r w o r k o f c o m m u n ity a n a ly s is .

T h e s tu d y o f

e a c h o f th e fiv e s lo p e s c o n s is te d o f s e v e r a l a s p e c ts o f in v e s tig a tio n w h ic h a r e o u tlin e d b e lo w :

9 A l l s p e c ie s w e r e m o u n te d a n d id e n t if ie d in th e R o c k y M o u n ta in H e r b a r i u m , U n i v e r s i t y o f W y o m in g , a n d a s e t w i l l b e d e p o s ite d in th e U n i v e r s i t y o f W y o m in g S u m m e r C a m p H e r b a r i u m .

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28

1.

R a n d o m s a m p lin g o f th e s h ru b , g r a s s a n d f o r b l a y e r s .

2.

A g e d e t e r m in a t io n ( r in g c o u n ts ) o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y .

3.

S e e d g e r m in a t io n te s ts o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s e e d s .

4.

S o il a n a ly s is o f s a m p le s f r o m th e 5 s lo p e s .

5.

R o o t s tu d y o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b s .

R a n d o m S a m p lin g S h ru b l a y e r .

T e n q u a d ra ts w e r e lo c a te d on e a c h s lo p e b y u s in g

th e r a n d o m s a m p lin g te c h n iq u e .

E a c h p lo t w a s lo c a te d b y th r o w in g a

r o c k in th e in te n d e d d ir e c t io n o f lo c a tio n . la y e r ,

each q u a d ra t w as 2 x 4

F o r s a m p lin g th e s h ru b

s q u a re m e t e r s in a r e a .

s t r a t a w e r e d iv id e d in to tw o c a te g o r ie s :

T h e s h ru b

th o s e s h ru b s o v e r 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t

in h e ig h t fo u n d in a p lo t w e r e a s s ig n e d to a t a l l s h ru b la y e r ; s h ru b s fo u n d u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 fe e t in h e ig h t w e r e a s s ig n e d to a s h o r t s h ru b l a y e r . C o v e r w a s e s t im a te d f o r th e e n t ir e s h ru b l a y e r as a w h o le on e a c h p lo t, a n d n o s e p a r a te a tte m p t w a s m a d e to o b ta in c o v e r v a lu e s f o r e it h e r th e t a l l o r s h o r t s h ru b s t r a t a .

In e s t im a tin g p e r c e n t c o v e r ,

a c o v e r c la s s v a lu e w as a s s ig n e d to th e s h ru b s o f th a t p lo t. c la s s e s a n d t h e i r c o r r e s p o n d in g v a lu e s a r e l i s t e d a s fo llo w s : C o v e r C la s s I II III IV V

P e rc e n t C over

1-20 2 1 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 80 8 1 -1 0 0

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The cover

29

G r a s s arid f o r b l a y e r s . ^

A one s q u a re m e t e r p lo t ( l x l

m e te r)

w a s s u p e r im p o s e d on one c o r n e r o f e a c h o f th e l a r g e r s h ru b q u a d ra ts in o r d e r to s a m p le th e s p e c ie s o f g r a s s e s a n d fo r b s o f e a c h s lo p e . T h e c o v e r w a s e s t im a te d f o r e a c h o f th e s e v e g e ta tiv e c la s s e s u s in g th e s a m e te c h n iq u e th a t w a s a p p lie d to th e s h ru b l a y e r .

The num ber

o f e a c h s p e c ie s o f th e fo r b s a n d g r a s s e s th a t w e r e fo u n d in e a c h o f th e l x l m e t e r q u a d r a ts w a s a ls o r e c o r d e d . B y u s in g th e a b o v e m e th o d s o f s a m p lin g , i t w a s p o s s ib le to o b ta in d e n s ity , fr e q u e n c y , c o v e r d a ta f o r th e v e g e ta tio n , a n d o f f e r c o m p a r is o n s o f th e q u a n tita tiv e d if f e r e n c e s o f th e 5 s lo p e s .

S o il A n a ly s is T h e s te e p n e s s o f th e s lo p e , c o u p le d w it h th e s lo p e fa c in g , h as m u c h in flu e n c e on th e m a t u r i t y o f th e s o il m a n t le .

A s te e p s lo p e

e n c o u ra g e s r u n o ff a n d e r o s io n , a n d p r o f i l e d e v e lo p m e n t is p o o r .

In

o r d e r to fin d th e ty p e s o f s o il a n d th e e x te n t o f p r o f ile d e v e lo p m e n t on e a c h o f th e fiv e s lo p e s ,

s a m p le s w e r e ta k e n f r o m th e to p 6 in c h e s o f

s o il in te n w id e ly s e p a r a te d p la c e s on e a c h s lo p e .

In th e s a m e m a n n e r

as d e s c r ib e d a b o v e , te n s a m p le s w e r e a ls o o b ta in e d f r o m th e 6 to 12 in c h l a y e r o f e a c h s it e .

T h e te n s a m p le s f r o m e a c h l e v e l w e r e t h o r ­

o u g h ly m ix e d so th a t a c o m p o s ite s a m p le f r o m e a c h o f th e tw o l a y e r s

^®A11 sed g e s p e c ie s fo u n d w e r e l i s t e d as fo r b s . F o r b : A n o n ­ g r a s s lik e h e r b . S ee D a y to n , U . S. D . A . M i s c . P u b . 3 3 7 , 1 9 3 1 :1 4 .

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30

on e a c h s lo p e w a s o b ta in e d . to t h e i r r e s p e c t iv e ty p e s .

T h e s e s o il s a m p le s w e r e c la s s if ie d as T h e p H a n d th e p e r c e n t l i m e c o n te n t w e r e

a ls o d e te r m in e d . ^

A g e D e t e r m in a t io n (R in g C o u n ts ) T h e p r i m a r y p u rp o s e o f th e ag e d e t e r m in a t io n s tu d y w a s to fin d th e a v e r a g e a g e s o f th e s h ru b s o f th e t a l l an d s h o r t s h ru b l a y e r s . W it h t h is in f o r m a t io n i t is p o s s ib le to c o r r e l a t e s h ru b g r o w th a s r e la t e d to s it e . C o lle c t io n o f tw ig s .

T e n tw ig s 5 to 6 in c h e s in le n g th w e r e ta k e n

f r o m s c a t t e r e d s h ru b s a p p r o x im a t e ly 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h on e a c h o f th e fiv e s lo p e s .

T h e tw ig s w e r e ta k e n f r o m th e la r g e s t s te m o f e a c h

s h ru b a n d w e r e r e m o v e d a t g ro u n d le v e l w it h th e a id o f a h a c k s a w . T h e s a m e p r o c e d u r e w a s u s e d to s e c u r e te n tw ig s f r o m th e la r g e s t s h ru b s fo u n d on e a c h s lo p e .

W h e n th e a b o v e o p e r a tio n s w e r e a c c o m ­

p lis h e d , th e h u n d re d tw ig s w e r e th e n r e a d y f o r ag e d e t e r m in a t io n . P r e p a r a t i o n o f tw ig s .

C o n s id e r a b le d i f f i c u l t y w a s e n c o u n te re d

in p r o c u r in g a c c u r a te c o u n ts o f th e a n n u a l r in g s o f s o m e tw ig s b e c a u s e th e a n n u a l in c r e m e n ts w e r e to o c lo s e t o g e th e r , and th e b r o w n d is ­ c o lo r a tio n s o f th e h e a r tw o o d a n d s a p w o o d m a d e th e r in g d is tin c t io n s d i f f i c u l t o f p e r c e p tio n .

~

■ ^ S o il ty p e s d e t e r m in e d b y T-. J. D u n n e w a ld , S o ils L a b o r a t o r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f W y o m in g , L a r a m i e , W y o m in g .

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31

T h e f i r s t m e th o d s u s e d c o n s is te d o f s a w in g th e tw ig s a t a 45 d e g re e a n g le ( r a t h e r th a n t r a n s v e r s e l y ) , a n d s a n d in g w ith p r o g r e s ­ s iv e ly f i n e r g ra d e s o f s a n d a n d e m o r y p a p e r u n t il s m o o th s u r fa c e s w e r e o b ta in e d .

W it h th e a id o f a 10 x h a n d le n s o r la b o r a t o r y b in o c u la r s ,

th e l a r g e r g r o w th r in g s o f s o m e tw ig s c o u ld be d is tin g u is h e d , b u t th e s m a l l e r g r o w th r in g s a n d s o m e o f th e c e l l in c lu s io n s m a d e a c c u r a te a g e d e te r m in a tio n s im p o s s ib le . T h e a b o v e te c h n iq u e w a s f i n a l l y a lt e r e d so th a t th e a g es o f a l l tw ig s c o u ld be m o r e e a s i l y d e te r m in e d .

T h e tw ig s w e r e b e v e le d a t

a g r e a t e r a n g le b y c u ttin g th e m to a le n g th o f 3 - 1 / 2 to 4 in c h e s a n d th e n s a w in g th e m d ia g o n a lly th r o u g h t h e i r o p p o s ite e n d s .

T h e s e le c te d

h a lv e s w e r e th e n g iv e n th e s a m e s a n d in g t r e a t m e n t as o u tlin e d a b o v e an d b o ile d f o r a p p r o x im a t e ly one h o u r a f t e r r e m o v a l o f th e b a r k .

The

w a t e r w a s c h a n g e d f r e q u e n t ly so as to a v o id f u r t h e r d is c o lo r a t io n o f th e w o o d .

T h e a g e s o f a l l b u t t h r e e o r f o u r tw ig s c o u ld be d e t e r m in e d

u s in g th is t r e a t m e n t .

T h e s e tw ig s w e r e r e p la c e d b y o th e r s c u t f r o m

th e s a m e s lo p e a n d t r e a t e d a c c o r d in g to th e a b o v e p r o c e d u r e . d ia m e t e r s o f a l l tw ig s w e r e m e a s u r e d in t e r m s o f m i l l i m e t e r s .

The A fte r

th e a g es o f a l l tw ig s h a d b e e n d e t e r m in e d , th e a v e r a g e a g e s f o r th e t a l l and s h o r t s h ru b s f o r e a c h s lo p e w e r e fig u r e d .

T h is in f o r m a t io n

is v a lu a b le w h e n i t is c o m p a r e d to th e d e n s it y a n d fr e q u e n c y v a lu e s o f th e tw o s h ru b l a y e r s o f e a c h s lo p e .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

32

S e e d G e r m in a t io n G r is w o ld (1 2 ) c o n d u c te d g e r m in a t io n te s ts in U ta h u s in g th e s e e d s o f s e v e r a l b ro w s e s p e c ie s (in c lu d in g C . m o n ta n u s ).

U s in g

c o n tin u o u s m o is t u r e w i t h r a p id an d s lo w d r y in g , th e r e s u lt s f o r th e s e e x p e r im e n t s w e r e 5 % ,

1 0 % , a n d 10% r e s p e c t iv e ly .

I t w a s a ls o s ta te d

th a t a g e r m in a t io n p e r c e n t o f 6 5 % w a s o b ta in e d w ith M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s e e d s ; b u t no m e n tio n w a s m a d e a s to th e m e th o d s u s e d in c o n n e c tio n w it h th e e x p e r im e n t .

T e s t s s o m e w h a t s i m i l a r w e r e c o n d u c te d b y th e

a u th o r , u s in g s ee d s o f th e s a m e s p e c ie s f o r e x p e r im e n t a t io n to c o m p a r e g e r m in a t io n p e r c e n ta g e s b e tw e e n th e see d s c o lle c te d in T e le p h o n e an d G r a n it e C a n y o n s . C o lle c t io n .

M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s e e d w a s c o lle c te d f r o m th e tw o

d i f f e r e n t lo c a l i t i e s d u r in g th e w e e k o f S e p te m b e r 1 8 - 2 2 ,

1949, fr o m

th e s h ru b s w h o s e s e e d s w e r e m a t u r e b u t h a d n o t y e t b e e n sh ed . Set A .

T h e f i r s t s e t o f 175 s ee d s w a s a m ix t u r e o f s e e d s f r o m

b o th c a n y o n s a n d no a tte m p t w a s m a d e to k e e p th e m s e p a r a te d .

They

w e r e k e p t in th e g e r m in a t o r a p p r o x im a t e ly t h r e e w e e k s , w h ic h w a s lo n g e n o u g h to d e t e r m in e th e o u tc o m e o f th e r e s u lt s .

O ne h u n d re d

t w e n t y - f iv e s e e d s w e r e p r e c h il l e d f o r 5 d a y s a t a c o n s ta n t t e m p e r a t u r e o f 50 d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e it b e fo r e b e in g p la c e d in th e g e r m in a t o r ; 50 s e e d s w e r e im m e d i a t e l y p la c e d in th e g e r m in a t o r w ith o u t b e n e f it o f p r e c h ill.

T h e s e e d s w e r e p la c e d b e tw e e n m o is t b lo t t e r s w ith o u t b e in g

d is in f e c te d .

A l l s eed s w e r e k e p t m o is te n e d w it h e it h e r w a t e r o r a

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

33

. 2 o f 1% s o lu tio n o f p o ta s s iu m n i t r a t e .

S eeds w e re s c a r ifie d by

n ic k in g th e s e e d c o a ts w ith a r a z o r b la d e to d e t e r m in e w h e th e r g e r ­ m in a t io n w o u ld be h a s te n e d o r n o t.

T e m p e r a t u r e in th e g e r m in a t o r

w a s h e ld c o n s ta n tly a t 20 d e g r e e s C e n tig r a d e . Set B .

T h e 4 0 0 s e e d s u s e d f o r th e s e t e s t s w e r e s e p a r a te d in to

tw o s e ts o f 2 0 0 s e e d s e a c h - - 2 0 0 s e e d s f r o m G r a n it e C a n y o n a n d 2 0 0 seed s f r o m T e le p h o n e C a n y o n .

O ne h u n d re d see d s f r o m e a c h s e t

w e r e s c a r i f i e d , a n d a l l s e e d s w e r e p r e c h i l l e d f o r 5 d a y s p r i o r to p la n tin g in s t e r i l e s a n d .

T w o g a lv a n iz e d t i n pans (e a c h m e a s u r in g

20 in c h e s x 15 in c h e s ) w e r e f i l l e d w it h s a n d to a d e p th o f fo u r in c h e s . T w o h u n d re d s e e d s w e r e p la n te d in e a c h p a n u n d e r a c o v e r in g o f o n e f o u r t h in c h o f san d .

R o o t S tu d y V e r y l i t t l e h a s b e e n w r i t t e n c o n c e rn in g th e ty p e o f r o o t s y s te m s o f s o m e o f th e s h ru b s o f th e m o u n ta in b r u s h ra n g e .

C o o p e r (5 )

d e s c r ib e s one s p e c ie s o f th e C a l if o r n i a c h a p a r r a l (A d e n o s to m a sp . ) a s h a v in g a d u a l r o o t s y s te m w h ic h is a c o m b in a tio n o f b o th th e ta p a n d l a t e r a l r o o t s y s te m s .

In o r d e r to l e a r n s o m e th in g o f th e r o o tin g

h a b it o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y , a t o t a l o f 15 r o o t s y s te m s w e r e p a r t i a l l y e x c a v a te d a n d dug o u t.

O n ly e n o u g h o f th e r o o ts w e r e u n c o v e r e d to

d is c o v e r th e n a tu r e o f th e r o o t s y s te m a n d to fin d e v id e n c e , i f a n y , o f la y e r in g . l ib r a r y OF T H E

UNIVERSITY OF WY0MINL LARAMIE

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34

T h e r o o t s y s te m o f a s p e c im e n o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y g r o w in g on th e s o u th w e s t s lo p e o f G r a n it e C a n y o n w a s u n c o v e re d f o r c h a r tin g in th e v e r t i c a l p la n e .

T h e s h ru b w a s a p p r o x im a t e ly 2 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h

a n d w a s g ro w in g on a s m a ll r o c k y le d g e .

P a r t o f its r o o t w a s e x p o s e d

g r o w in g dow n th r o u g h a c r e v ic e in th e le d g e .

A l l o f th e r o o t s y s te m

w a s u n c o v e r e d e x c e p t th e end p o r tio n , w h ic h w a s im p o s s ib le to e x c a v a te as i t p e n e t r a t e d th e s id e o f th e s lo p e u n d e r a le d g e o f g r a n ite c o n ­ g lo m e r a t e . ^

12

S ee A p p e n d ix F .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

C H A PTE R

V II

A R E A S S T U D IE D

F o r th e s a k e o f d is tin c t io n b e tw e e n th e 5 s lo p e s w h e n r e f e r r e d to th ro u g h o u t th is p a p e r ,

r e f e r e n c e w i l l be m a d e to t h e i r r e l a t i v e

m a g n e tic h e a d in g s o r fa c in g s , a n d th e l o c a l i t y in w h ic h e a c h is lo c a te d .

T h e fo llo w in g in f o r m a t io n s u p p lie s th is k n o w le d g e :

T a b le I I I .

1^

M a g n e tic fa c in g s a n d p e r c e n t s lo p e o f e a c h o f 5 s lo p e s o f T e le p h o n e a n d G r a n it e C a n y o n s .

S lope S o u th s lo p e

F a c in g s (d e g r e e s )

L o c a lity T e le p h o n e C a n y o n

P e rc e n t S lo p e

180

52

S o u th w e s t s lo p e

1!

II

2 20

44

N o r t h e a s t s lo p e

II

II

40

40

G r a n it e C a n y o n

200

43

10

19

S o u th w e s t s lo p e N o r t h s lo p e

it

ti

T e le p h o n e C a n y o n T h is lo c a l i t y r e p r e s e n t s p a r t o f th e P e t r a n m o n ta n e f o r e s t (7 ) w it h D o u g la s f ir (P s e u d O ts U g a t a x i f o l i a ) a n d P o n d e r o s a P in e (P in u s

13

T h e p e r c e n t s lo p e w a s o b ta in e d b y u s in g th e A b n e y h a n d l e v e l f o r c a lc u la tio n s .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

36

p o n d e r o s a ) g r o w in g on th e b e t t e r s lo p e s a n d r id g e s th a t t r a v e r s e th e a re a s .

H e r e , M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y r e p r e s e n t s a t r a n s it io n zo n e b e tw e e n

th e c o n ife ro u s f o r e s t a n d g r a s s la n d (4 3 ).

T h is s h ru b g ro w s on th e

s lo p e s an d r id g e s e n te r in g T e le p h o n e C a n y o n f r o m th e w e s t, w h e re s p e c im e n s as h ig h as 9 - 1 / 2 f e e t in h e ig h t h a v e b e e n fo u n d b y th e a u th o r . A t th e u p p e r e a s t e r n e n d o f th e c a n y o n , A s p e n (P o p u lu s t r e m u lo id e s ) occupy f o r m e r ly b u rn e d a re a s .

Som e tim b e r had been re m o v e d fro m

b o th s id e s o f th e c a n y o n in th e e a r l i e r y e a r s , as is e v id e n c e d b y r e m a i n ­ in g s tu m p s .

T e le p h o n e C a n y o n , a lo n g w it h o th e r s m a l l c a n y o n s an d

h i l l s o f th e L a r a m i e R a n g e , g iv e p r o te c tio n to d e e r d u r in g th e w in t e r m o n th s , a n d M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y , a s w e l l as o th e r b ro w s e p la n ts , o ff e r s a m p le w in t e r fo r a g e f o r w i l d l i f e . D e s c r ip t io n o f S lo p e s in T e le p h o n e C a n y o n .

T h e t h r e e s ite s

s e le c te d f o r s tu d y in th is l o c a l i t y a r e fo u n d a p p r o x im a t e ly fiv e m ile s f r o m th e e a s t edge o f L a r a m i e a n d a r e in c lo s e p r o x i m i t y o f e a c h o th e r .

T h is la n d r e p r e s e n t s p a r t o f th e W a r r e n L iv e s t o c k s h e e p ra n g e .

T h e e le v a t io n is a p p r o x im a t e ly 7 5 0 0 f e e t .

T h e n o r th e a s t a n d s o u th ­

w e s t s lo p e s fa c e e a c h o th e r a n d a r e s e p a r a te d b y H ig h w a y 3 0 , w h ic h th r e a d s its w a y up th e c a n y o n to th e s u m m it o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n . s o u th s lo p e is lo c a te d n o r th w e s t o f th e o th e r tw o s ta tio n s a n d is d i r e c t l y a r o u n d th e h i l l f r o m th e s o u th w e s t s lo p e . T h e p h y s io g n o m y o f th e t h r e e s lo p e s is e s s e n t ia lly th e s a m e w it h th e e x c e p tio n o f th e d if f e r e n c e s in g r a d e .

A l l th r e e have w e ll

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

The

37

e s t a b lis h e d , p u re s ta n d s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y g ro w in g on th e m .

O th e r

s h ru b s t h a t m a y o c c a s io n a lly be fo u n d g r o w in g on th e s e s lo p e s a r e S e r v i c e b e r r y , C u r r a n t , R o c k y M o u n ta in M a p le ( A c e r g la b r u m ) , and J u n ip e r (J u n ip e r u s s p p .) .

B ig S a g e b ru s h m a y be fo u n d g ro w in g c lo s e

to th e b o tto m o f th e s o u th a n d n o r th e a s t s lo p e s .

A s c a t t e r e d g r o w th

o f D o u g la s f ir , P o n d e r o s a P in e , a n d L i m b e r P in e (P in u s f l e x i l i s ) m a y be fo u n d n e a r th e to p o f e a c h s lo p e a lo n g w it h J u n ip e r (J u n ip e r u s spp. ). A s t r a t u m o f lim e s to n e o u tc ro p p in g is e x p o s e d in th e u p p e r h a lf o f th e s lo p e s , an d n u m e r o u s huge lim e s to n e b o u ld e rs d o t th e s lo p e s . A t th e to p o f a l l t h r e e h i l l s , M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y g r a d u a lly th in s o u t in to g e n tly s lo p in g g r a s s la n d w h ic h is u s e d p r i m a r i l y as a s u m m e r s h e e p ra n g e .

T h e t h r e e a r e a s s e le c t e d f o r in v e s tig a tio n h a v e b e e n

h e a v ily b r o w s e d b y d e e r , as is e v id e n c e d b y th e h e d g e d a p p e a ra n c e o f th e s h ru b s .

T h e s o u th s lo p e is a ls o s u b je c t to u s e b y s h e e p d u rin g

th e s u m m e r m o n th s w h ic h ad d s to th e o v e r b r o w s e d a p p e a r a n c e o f th e s h r u b s .

T h e o th e r tw o s lo p e s , a lth o u g h b e in g p a r t o f th e s h e e p

r a n g e , h a v e n o t b e e n b r o w s e d b y s h e e p due to t h e i r c lo s e p r o x i m i t y to th e h ig h w a y .

14

T h e n o r th e a s t s lo p e h a s p e rh a p s th e b e s t d e v e lo p e d

s o il m a n tle w h ic h s u p p o rts th e g r e a t e s t v a r i e t y o f fo r b s a n d g r a s s e s .

14

I n t e r v i e w a t W a r r e n L iv e s t o c k C o . , C h e y e n n e , W y o m in g , A p r i l 10, 1 9 5 0 .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

38

G r a n it e C a n y o n T w o a d d itio n a l s lo p e s w e r e s e le c te d f o r a n a ly s e s , a d is ta n c e o f 23 m ile s f a r t h e r e a s t o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n .

T h e l o c a l i t y is c a lle d

G r a n it e C a n y o n , a n d M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y m a y be fo u n d to c o v e r in good g r o w th m a n y o f th e r id g e s and h o g b a c k s o f th e a r e a .

T h e s ite c h o se n

c a n b e s t b e d e s c r ib e d as a g r a d u a l t r a n s it io n f r o m th e s te e p e r , r o c k y s lo p e s o f G r a n it e C a n y o n , w e s t w a r d to g r a s s la n d , th e G r e a t P l a i n s .

c h a r a c t e r is t i c o f

S m a ll b a n d s o f d e e r m a y be fo u n d o c c a s io n a lly in

th is a r e a , b u t th e y u s u a lly ra n g e f a r t h e r s o u th in th e h i l ls a lo n g th e W y o m in g -C o lo r a d o b o r d e r .

14

T h e c l i m a t i c c o n d itio n s o f G r a n it e C a n y o n a r e s o m e w h a t le s s s e v e r e th a n in T e le p h o n e C a n y o n s in c e th e a lt itu d e is s o m e 6 0 0 f e e t l o w e r , a n d b e c a u s e o f its d is ta n c e e a s t o f th e L a r a m i e H i l l s . D e s c r ip t io n o f s lo p e s in G r a n it e C a n y o n .

T h e s lo p e s s e le c te d

in th is v i c i n i t y a r e s itu a te d n o t f a r f r o m th e h ig h w a y w h e r e th e a lt itu d e is a p p r o x im a t e ly 6 8 0 0 fe e t .

T h e s o u th w e s t s lo p e c h o s e n f o r s tu d y

a s c e n d s f r o m a s m a l l v a l l e y up to th e to p o f th e h i l l w h e re i t m e r g e s in to g r a s s la n d a d ja c e n t to th e m a in th o r o u g h fa r e ; i t h a s an a p p r o x im a te s o u th w e s t fa c in g .

T h e n o r t h s lo p e c h o s e n r e p r e s e n t s a s m a l l h o g b a c k

w h ic h is p a r t o f th e w e s t e r n e x te n s io n o f th e r id g e s o f G r a n it e C a n y o n . B o th o f th e s ite s s e le c te d h e r e a r e c o v e r e d w it h a good g r o w th o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y a n d a r e d e v o id o f t r e e s a n d o th e r s p e c ie s o f s h ru b s . T h e s o u th w e s t s lo p e p e r h a p s m o r e c lo s e ly r e s e m b le s th e lo c a l i t i e s

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39

o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n in o u tw a r d a p p e a ra n c e b e c a u s e o f its e x p o s e d , i m m a t u r e , g r a v e l l y s o il a n d s te e p e r s lo p e .

A s c a tt e r in g o f S m a ll

S o a p w e e d (Y u c c a g la u c a ) a n d P la in s P r i c k l y p e a r (O p u n tia p o ly a c a n th a ) m a y be fo u n d g ro w in g h e r e .

B o th s ite s a r e s u b je c t to g r a z in g b y

t h r e e b a n d s o f s h e e p f r o m th e m id d le o f June to th e f i r s t o f O c to b e r . D e e r a ls o b ro w s e to s o m e e x te n t in th is a r e a .

T h e s o u th w e s t s lo p e

h a s b e e n h e a v ily u t i l i z e d , p e r h a p s b e c a u s e th e p o o r g r o w th o f th e fo r b a n d g r a s s l a y e r b e n e a th is lo w in p a l a t a b i l i t y .

T h e n o r t h s lo p e is

s o m e w h a t o f a c o n tr a s t to th is b y v ir t u e o f it s d en se g ro u n d c o v e r m a d e up o f g r a s s a n d fo r b s on it s m u c h m o r e g e n tle s lo p e .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

C H A PT E R VIII

R E S U L T S O F IN V E S T IG A T IO N S

T h e N a t u r e o f th e C o m m u n ity C o v e r.

T a b le I V sh o w s th e e s t im a t e d © o v e r o f th e e n t ir e s h ru b

la y e r on e a c h o f th e 2 x 4 m e t e r q u a d r a ts .

I t is e v id e n t th a t 4 o f

th e 5 s lo p e s h a d s i m i l a r v a lu e s in t h e i r e s t im a t e d a v e r a g e c o v e r . T h e s lo p e w it h th e lo w e s t s h ru b c o v e r v a lu e o f 26% b e lo n g s to th e s o u th s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n w h e r e th e g r e a t e s t p e r c e n t g ra d e is fo u n d .

T h e tw o n o r t h - f a c in g s lo p e s o f e it h e r l o c a l i t y h a d a n e s t im a te d

a v e r a g e s h ru b c o v e r on th e 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts o f 4 4 % f o r G r a n it e C a n y o n a n d 4 2 % f o r T e le p h o n e C a n y o n .

S i m i l a r l y , th e s o u th w e s t

s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n h a d a n e s t im a t e d c o v e r o f 3 8 % f o r th e s h ru b l a y e r , w h ile th e s o u th s lo p e o f G r a n it e C a n y o n h a d a n e s t im a t e d c o v e r o f 3 6 % f o r s h ru b s . T h e a v e r a g e g r a s s c o v e r w a s fo u n d to be n o t a s u n if o r m in d is t r ib u t io n a s is th e s h ru b c o v e r .

H o w e v e r , as c an be s e e n f r o m th e

d a ta ( T a b le I V ) , th e p lo ts o f th e tw o n o r t h - f a c in g s lo p e s o f T e le p h o n e a n d G r a n it e C a n y o n s h a v e v a lu e s o f 3 8 % an d 3 6 % f o r t h e i r g r a s s c o v e r . T h e s o u th s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n h a d a n e s t im a t e d g r a s s c o v e r o f 3 0 % f o r th e 10 p lo ts o f th is s it e .

T h e o th e r s o u th w e s t-fa c in g s lo p e s

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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

T a b le I V .

E s t im a t e d p e r c e n t c o v e r f o r th e s h ru b , g r a s s a n d f o r b l a y e r s o f th e 5 s lo p e s . B a s e d on 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts f o r s h ru b s a n d l x l m e t e r p lo ts f o r g r a s s e s an d fo r b s . C la s s o f V e g e ta tio n

Q u a d r a ts 5 6

8

9

10

A v e ra g e Cover %

40 40 20

40 60 20

60 20 20

40 20 20

42 38 20

40 40 40

60 20 20

60 20 20

40 20 20

40 40 20

38 26 22

60 60 20

20 20 20

20 20 20

20 20 20

40 40 20

20 20 20

26 30 20

40 20 20

40 20 20

20 40 20

40 20 20

20 20 20

60 20 20

40 20 20

36 22 20

40 40 20

40 20 20

40 40 20

60 20 20

20 20 20

20 60 20

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44 36 20

1

2

3

4

N o r th e a s t s lo p e

S h ru b s 40 G r a s s e s 40 F o rb s 20

40 40 20

40 40 20

40 60 20

40 20 20

40 40 20

S o u th w e s t s lo p e

S h ru b s 20 G r a s s e s 20 F o rb s 20

40 20 20

40 60 20

20 20 20

20 20 20

S o u th s lo p e

S h ru b s 20 G r a s s e s 20 F o rb s 20

20 20 20

40 40 20

40 40 20

S o u th w e s t s lo p e

S h ru b s 20 G r a s s e s 20 F o rb s 20

40 20 20

40 20 20

N o r t h s lo p e

S h ru b s 40 G r a s s e s 20 F o rb s 20

60 60 20

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L o c a lity

7

T e le p h o n e C a n y o n

G r a n it e C a n y On

42

o f b o th lo c a l i t i e s h a d c o v e r v a lu e s o f 2 6 % f o r T e le p h o n e C a n y o n and 2 2 % f o r G r a n it e C a n y o n . T h e e s t im a t e d c o v e r d a ta f o r th e fo r b s a ls o a p p e a r in T a b le I V , w h e r e t h i s l a y e r h as th e lo w e s t c o v e r v a lu e o f a l l t h r e e v e g e ta tiv e s tra ta .

T h e s o u th w e s t s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n h a d a n e s t im a te d

a v e r a g e f o r b c o v e r v a lu e o f 2 2 % f o r th e te n l x l

m e t e r q u a d r a ts ,

w h ile th e p lo ts o f th e o th e r 4 s lo p e s h a d li k e v a lu e s o f 2 0 % . e v id e n t t h a t o f th e 5 0 , l x l

I t is

m e t e r p lo ts s a m p le d , o n ly one o f th e p lo ts

o f th is s lo p e h a d a n e s t im a t e d c o v e r v a lu e o f m o r e th a n 2 0 % . T h e c o v e r f o r M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s e e d lin g s w a s n o t e s t im a te d b e c a u s e o f th e t o t a l la c k o f s e e d lin g r e p r o d u c t io n on th e m a j o r i t y o f th e p lo ts s a m p le d .

A lth o u g h s h ru b c o v e r w a s e s t im a t e d on th e

2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts a n d fo r b s a n d g r a s s e s on 1 x 1 m e t e r q u a d r a ts , i t c an be s ta te d on a c o m p a r a tiv e b a s is th a t th e s h ru b l a y e r c o n tr o l th e g r e a t e s t a m o u n t o f c o v e r on th e p lo ts o f th e 5 s lo p e s } th e g r a s s e s a r e s e c o n d , an d th e fo r b s l a s t in e s t im a t e d c o v e r .

O n ly on th e so u th

s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n w a s th e e s t im a te d a v e r a g e c o v e r o f th e g r a s s e s m o r e th a n th e s h ru b s ( T a b le I V ) , i f t h is c a n be c o n s id e r e d a n a d e q u a te c o m p a r is o n .

T h e g r a s s c o v e r o f th e l x l m e t e r p lo ts

on th is s lo p e w a s e s t im a t e d a t 3 0 % , w h ile th a t o f th e s h ru b s on th e 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts w a s 2 6 % . T a l l s h ru b l a y e r .

T h e t a l l e r s h ru b s (th o s e o v e r 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t in

h e ig h t) a r e n o t a s u n if o r m in d is t r ib u t io n w h e n c o m p a r e d to th o s e

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43

s h ru b s o f th e lo w e r s t r a t u m . q u e n c y v a lu e s o f T a b le V .

T h is is show n b y th e d e n s ity a n d f r e ­

M a n y o f th e s h ru b s o f th is t a l l e r l a y e r

m a y be fo u n d g ro w in g on a l l p a r t s o f e a c h s lo p e , b u t th e t a l l e s t M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b s w e r e u s u a lly fo u n d c lo s e to th e to p o r b o tto m o f e a c h s ite w h e r e th e g r a d e is n o t a s s te e p a n d th e s o il m o r e m a tu re .

T h e tw o s ite s in G r a n it e C a n y o n h a v e th e h ig h e s t a n d lo w e s t

f r e q u e n c y v a lu e s o f a l l o f th e 5 s lo p e s .

T h e n o r t h s lo p e o f th is l o c a l i t y

h a s a 1 0 0 % fr e q u e n c y v a lu e , w h ile th e o th e r s o u th w e s t s lo p e h a d a lo w v a lu e o f 5 0 % .

D e n s it ie s f o r th e n o r t h a n d s o u th w e s t s lo p e s o f

th is a r e a a r e 2 . 9 a n d . 6 f o r th e te n 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts s a m p le d , r e s p e c t iv e ly . ^ R e f e r r i n g to th e f r e q u e n c y a n d d e n s ity v a lu e s o f th is t a l l e r s h ru b l a y e r in T e le p h o n e C a n y o n , w e fin d t h a t th e s o u th a n d s o u th ­ w e s t s lo p e s o f th is a r e a h a v e s i m i l a r v a lu e s .

T h e n o r th e a s t s lo p e

h a s th e h ig h e s t d e n s ity a n d fr e q u e n c y v a lu e s , f o r i t is c h a r a c t e r iz e d b y b e t t e r s ite c o n d itio n s due to th e d i r e c t io n o f e x p o s u re to th e s u n , a n d a ls o b e c a u s e o f it s m o r e s ta b le s o il m a n t le .

T h e r e s p e c tiv e

fr e q u e n c ie s o f th e t a l l e r s h ru b l a y e r o f th e s o u th e a s t an d n o r th e a s t s lo p e s a r e 6 0 % , 7 0 % a n d 9 0 % . s a m e t h r e e s lo p e s a r e . 7 ,

T h e r e s p e c t iv e d e n s itie s f o r th e s e

. 9 a n d 1. 7 f o r e a c h o f th e t e n 2 x 4 m e t e r

p lo ts .

^ P h y t o g r a p h s f o r th e s h ru b , g r a s s a n d f o r b l a y e r s a p p e a r in A p p e n d ix G .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

T a b le V .

D e n s it y , fr e q u e n c y a n d t o t a l n u m b e r s o f s h ru b s ( o v e r a n d u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 fe e t h ig h ) fo u n d on th e 5 s lo p e s . B a s e d on 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts .

L o c a lity

T a l l S h ru b L a y e r o v e r 3 - 1 / 2 f t . h ig h No. D en. F re q .

S h o rt S h ru b L a y e r u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 f t . h ig h No. Den. F re q .

T o t a l f o r B o th L a y e rs No. Den. F re q .

T e le p h o n e C a n y o n N o r t h e a s t s lo p e S o u th w e s t slo p e S o u th s lo p e T o ta l

67 75 48

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90 70 60

100 100 100

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118 82

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100 100

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200

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G r a n it e C a n y o n N o r t h s lo p e S o u th w e s t slo pe T o ta l

45

W it h r e f e r e n c e to T a b le V I , w e fin d t h a t o f th e t h i r t y 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts o f th e 3 s lo p e s , 8 w e r e d e v o id o f s h ru b s o v e r 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h .

T h is is in c o m p a r is o n to G r a n it e C a n y o n w h e r e a t o t a l

o f 5 q u a d r a ts o u t o f th e 2 0 w e r e w ith o u t s h ru b s o v e r 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t in h e ig h t.

T a b le V I .

D is t r i b u t i o n o f th e s h ru b s o f e a c h l a y e r (o v e r a n d u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h ) on th e p lo ts o f th e 5 s lo p e s . B a s e d on 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts .

L o c a lity

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1

2

3

4

5

7 8

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10

9 75

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1 7

2 5

7 48

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6 76

6

T e le p h o n e C a n y o n N o r t h e a s t s lo p e

S o u th w e s t s lo p e

S o uth s lo p e

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1 3

1 11

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7

1 2

T a ll S h o rt

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2 4

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5

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G r a n it e C a n y o n S o u th w e s t slo p e

N o r t h s lo p e

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L o w e r s h ru b la y e r .

29 89 423

R e f e r r i n g to T a b le V , p a g e 4 4 , i t is e v id e n t

t h a t th e s h ru b s o f th e lo w e r s t r a t u m h a v e th e h ig h e r f r e q u e n c y an d

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46

d e n s ity v a lu e s o f th e tw o la y e r s .

T h e s h o r t s h ru b l a y e r w a s fo u n d

to be u n if o r m in c o m p o s itio n on a l l f iv e s lo p e s , an d th e d iffe r e n c e s in d e n s ity v a lu e s b e tw e e n th e s lo p e s o f e it h e r G r a n it e o r T e le p h o n e C a n y o n w e r e in flu e n c e d b y th e s lo p e fa c in g .

T h e d e n s itie s a r e m o r e

o r le s s u n i f o r m on th e tw o s lo p e s o f G r a n it e C a n y o n ; th e v a lu e f o r th e n o r t h s lo p e is 8 . 9 f o r th e te n 2 x 4 m e t e r q u a d r a ts , an d 7 . 6 f o r s i m i l a r p lo ts o f th e s o u th w e s t s lo p e .

A s to th e d e n s ity v a lu e s o f th e

3 s lo p e s o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n , w e fin d th a t tw o o f th e s lo p e s o f th is l o c a l i t y ( n o r t h e a s t a n d s o u th w e s t s lo p e s ) a r e a ls o f a i r l y u n if o r m in th is r e s p e c t w ith d e n s itie s o f 6 . 7 a n d 7. 5 f o r e a c h te n 2 x 4 m e t e r ’ p lo ts .

T h e s o u th s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n is th e s te e p e s t o f th e

t h r e e e x p o s u re s o f th is a r e a a n d h a s th e p o o r e s t s o il d e v e lo p m e n t. T h is e x p o s u re h a s a lo w d e n s ity o f 4 . 3 f o r th e te n 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts o f th is s lo p e .

I t is n o te d f r o m th e d a ta ( T a b le V ) th a t th e fr e q u e n c ie s

o f e a c h o f th e 5 s lo p e s w a s 1 0 0 % . T a b le V I show s th e n u m b e r o f s h ru b s fo u n d in e a c h o f th e p lo ts t h a t m a k e u p fr e q u e n c y a n d d e n s it y v a lu e s f o r th e t a l l a n d s h o r t s h ru b l a y e r s o f th e 5 s lo p e s .

F r o m th e s e d a ta , i t c a n be s e e n th a t th e M o u n -

ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b s o f th e lo w e r s t r a t a w e r e fo u n d in n u m b e r s r a n g ­ in g f r o m 2 to 11 s h ru b s on e a c h p lo t o f th e T e le p h o n e C a n y o n a r e a , w h ile in G r a n it e C a n y o n m e m b e r s o f th e s a m e s h ru b c la s s w e r e fo u n d to v a r y in th e n u m b e r s fo u n d p e r p lo t; s h ru b s ra n g e d f r o m 4 to 14 s h ru b s f o r e a c h q u a d r a t.

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47

T a b le V I I g iv e s a c o m p a ris o n , o f th e t o t a l n u m b e r s a n d a v e r a g e s o f s h ru b s o f th e tw o l a y e r s fo u n d on th e p lo ts o f e a c h l o c a l i t y . ' R e f e r ­ r in g to th is t a b le , w e f in d th a t in T e le p h o n e C a n y o n a t o t a l o f 189 s h ru b s u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t in h e ig h t w e r e c o u n te d on th e 30 p lo ts o f t h is a r e a , as c o m p a r e d to 33 s h ru b s o v e r 3 - 1 / 2 fe e t.

T h is w o u ld

g iv e a n a v e r a g e o f 6 . 3 M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y p la n ts o f th e s h o r t e r s t r a t a f o r e a c h o f th e 2 x 4 m e t e r q u a d r a ts o f th is l o c a l i t y as c o m p a r e d to an a v e r a g e o f 1. 1 s h ru b s f o r th e t a l l e r l a y e r .

T a b le V I I .

T o t a l n u m b e r s a n d a v e r a g e s o f s h ru b s ( o v e r a n d u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 fe e t h ig h ) fo u n d on th e q u a d r a ts o f th e tw o l o c a l i t i e s . B a s e d on 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts .

L o c a lity T e le p h o n e C a n y o n (3 0 , 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts ) A v e ra g e

G r a n it e C a n y o n ( 2 0 , 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts ) A v e ra g e

T a l l S h ru b s ( o v e r 3 - 1 / 2 f t . h ig h )

S h o rt S h ru b s (u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 f t . h ig h )

33

189

1. 1

6. 3

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1. 7

8. 3

C o m p a r in g n o w , th e t o t a l n u m b e r s a n d a v e r a g e s o f th e s h ru b s o f e a c h l a y e r in G r a n it e C a n y o n f o r th e 20 p lo ts h e r e to th o s e o f th e o th e r l o c a l i t y , w e f in d a t o t a l o f 166 s h ru b s in th e s h o r t s t r a t a . is a n a v e r a g e o f 8 . 3 s h o r t s h ru b s f o r e a c h p lo t.

T h e t a l l s h ru b s

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T h is

48

n u m b e r e d 3 4 , w h ich , is a n a v e r a g e o f 1. 7 f o r e a c h p lo t.

T h ese la tte r

f ig u r e s r e p r e s e n t a s iz a b le d if f e r e n c e b e c a u s e 10 le s s p lo ts w e r e u s e d in th is l o c a lit y . D o m in a n t g r a s s e s .

T a b le V I I I g iv e s fr e q u e n c y a n d d e n s ity

v a lu e s f o r th e d o m in a n t g r a s s s p e c ie s .

A g r a s s w a s c o n s id e r e d to

b e a d o m in a n t s p e c ie s i f i t h a d a fr e q u e n c y v a lu e o f 3 0 % o r m o r e a n d a d e n s ity v a lu e o f n o t le s s th a n 1. 0 f o r th e s p e c ie s in q u e s tio n . I t is e v id e n t f r o m th e r e s u lt s th a t R ic e g r a s s (O iy z o p s is h y m e n o id e s ) is th e o n ly s p e c ie s o c c u r r in g a s a d o m in a n t on th e q u a d r a ts o f a l l 5 s lo p e s .

N e e d le a n d th r e a d (S tip a c o m a ta ) is a ls o a d o m in a n t on th e

p lo ts o f th e tw o s lo p e s o f G r a n it e C a n y o n b u t is n o t fo u n d as a d o m in a n t on a n y o f th e q u a d r a ts o f th e o th e r a r e a .

B e a r d e d B lu e b u n c h W h e a t-

g r a s s (A g r d p y r o n s p ic a tu m ) lik e w is e is fo u n d as a d o m in a n t on a l l t h r e e s lo p e s o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n b u t is n o t r e p r e s e n t e d on e it h e r s lo p e o f G r a n it e C a n y o n a s a n im p o r t a n t s p e c ie s . I t is a ls o e v id e n t f r o m th e d a ta o f T a b le V I I I th a t th e n o r t h s lo p e o f G r a n it e C a n y o n h a s a s p e c ie s l i s t o f 5 d o m in a n t g r a s s e s as c o m p a r e d to o n ly tw o d o m in a n t g r a s s s p e c ie s o f th e o p p o s ite s lo p e o f th e s a m e lo c a lity .

N e e d le a n d th r e a d a n d R ic e g r a s s a r e d o m in a n t s p e c ie s th a t

a r e c o m m o n to b o th o f th e s lo p e s in G r a n it e C a n y o n . I t is s ig n if ic a n t th a t t h r e e g r a s s s p e c ie s , B lu e G r a m a (B o U te lO u a g r a c i l i s ) , S id e o a ts G r a m a (B o u te lo u a c u r tip e n d u la ), a n d L e t t e r m a n 's N e e d le a n d th r e a d (S tip a l e t t e r m a n i ) , a l l a p p e a r as d o m in a n ts on th e

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49

T able VIII.

F r e q u e n c y and d e n s it y of the dom inant g r a s s s p e c i e s on fiv e s l o p e s . B a s e d on 10, l x l m e t e r p lo ts.

G r a s s S p e c ie s

O r y z o p s is h y m e n o id e s

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1. 0 30

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8 . 3 90

7. 8

40

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50

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2. 9

A g r o p y r o n s m it h !

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40

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1 0 .2

9 .1

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

12. 6

50

n o r t h s lo p e o f G r a n it e C a n y o n b u t do n o t o c c u r as s u c h on th e o p p o s ite s lo p e .

A s i m i l a r c o m p a r is o n e x is ts in th e T e le p h o n e C a n y o n a r e a ,

w h e r e B lu e s t e m W h e a tg r a s s (A g r o p y r o n s m it h i) an d Id a h o F e s c u e ( F e s t u c a id a h o e n s is ) a r e a m o n g th o s e s p e c ie s d o m in a n t on th e n o r t h ­ e a s t s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n b u t a r e n o t to be fo u n d in th is c a te g o r y on e it h e r o f th e o th e r tw o s lo p e s .

T h is is a ls o t r u e o f N e e d le a n d th r e a d

a n d C h e a tg r a s s (B r o m u s t e c t o r u m ) , w h ic h a r e fo u n d on th e s o u th s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n . S u b d o m in a n t g r a s s e s . s lo p e s a r e l is t e d in T a b le I X .

T h e 13 s u b d o m in a n t g r a s s e s o f th e 5 In c o m p a r in g th e s ite s o f b o th c a n y o n s ,

i t is e v id e n t f r o m th e l i s t th a t th e G r a n it e C a n y o n a r e a , w h e r e a t o t a l o f 9 s p e c ie s a r e fo u n d on th e p lo ts , h as th e g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f g r a s s e s c la s s if ie d as s u b d o m in a n ts .

O ne o f th e g r a s s e s , P r a i r i e J u n e g ra s s

( K o e l e r ia c r is t a t a ) is c o m m o n to s lo p e s o f b o th l o c a l i t i e s .

A g a in ,

r e f e r r i n g to th e g r a s s e s o f G r a n it e C a n y o n , w e fin d th a t o f th e n in e g r a s s e s l i s t e d , o n ly tw o s p e c ie s a r e c o m m o n to b o th o f th e s lo p e s o f th is a r e a ; th e s e s p e c ie s a r e F e n d l e r T h r e e a w n ( A r i s t i d a fe n d le r ia n a ) a n d B e a r d e d B lu e b u n c h W h e a tg r a s s . T h e m a j o r i t y o f th e s u b d o m in a n t g r a s s e s h a d fr e q u e n c y v a lu e s o f 1 0 % a n d d e n s ity v a lu e s o f 1. 0 o r le s s f o r th e te n l x l on th e s lo p e w h e re th e y w e r e fo u n d .

m e t e r p lo ts

In T e le p h o n e C a n y o n , P r a i r i e

J u n e g ra s s ( K o e l e r ia c r is t a t a ) h a d a fr e q u e n c y o f 3 0 % an d a d e n s it y o f . 7 f o r th e 5 p lo ts o f th e s o u th w e s t s lo p e , w h ile in th e o th e r lo c a tio n ,

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51

T able IX.

F r e q u e n c y and d e n s it y of the subdom inant g r a s s s p e c i e s on fiv e s l o p e s . B a s e d on 10, l x l m e t e r p lo ts.

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. 1

52

B e a r d e d B lu e b u n c h W h e a tg r a s s lik e w is e h a d a fr e q u e n c y o f 3 0 % an d a s lig h t ly lo w e r d e n s ity (. 6) f o r th e te n l x l D o m in a n t fo r b s .

m e t e r p lo ts h e r e .

T h e l i s t o f th e d o m in a n t fo r b s fo u n d on th e 5

s lo p e s w it h t h e i r d e n s itie s a n d fr e q u e n c ie s is fo u n d in T a b le X , pag e 5 3 . F o r b s w e r e l i s t e d a s d o m in a n t i f t h e i r f r e q u e n c y v a lu e w a s 4 0 % o r b e t t e r a n d t h e i r d e n s ity v a lu e w a s n o t le s s th a n 1. 0 . d o m in a n t s p e c ie s l i s t e d ,

O f th e 27

o n ly one f o r b , S l im l e a f G o o s e fo o t (C h e n o p o d iu m

le p t o p h y llu m ) , w as fo u n d to be c o m m o n to a l l 5 o f th e s lo p e s .

T h re e

o th e r fo r b s a r e fo u n d in b o th lo c a l i t i e s b u t w e r e n o t c o m m o n to a l l o f th e s lo p e s s a m p le d . (L e s q u e r e lla a rg e n te a ),

T h e s e s p e c ie s a r e :

S i lv e r B la d d e r p o d

F r i n g e S age ( A r t e m i s i a f r i g i d a ) , a n d P in n a te

T a n s y M u s t a r d ( D e s c u r a in ia p in n a ta ). A s id e f r o m S l im l e a f G o o s e fo o t, w h ic h is fo u n d on a l l s lo p e s , w e fin d th a t in T e le p h o n e C a n y o n , C e r a s t iu m ( C e r a s t iu m o r e o p h ilu m ) is one o f th e d o m in a n t fo r b s on b o th th e n o r th e a s t a n d s o u th w e s t s lo p e s o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n .

T w o o th e r f o r b s , N e e d le le a f S edg e ( C a r e x

e le o c h a r is ) a n d O n io n ( A l l i u m S p p .) , a r e a ls o fo u n d on th e s e tw o s lo p e s . I n G r a n it e C a n y o n , th e o n ly f o r b b e s id e s S lim l e a f G o o s e fo o t c o m m o n to b o th s lo p e s in th e d o m in a n t c la s s is a m e m b e r o f th e U m b e l li f e r a e ( H a r b o u r ia t r a c h y p le u r a ) . R e f e r r in g a g in to T a b le X , pag e 5 3 , i t is s ig n if ic a n t to n o te th a t one o f th e s u c c u le n ts (S e d u m s te n o p e ta lu m ) h a d th e h ig h e s t d e n s ity (2 1 . 7) o f a l l o f th e d o m in a n t fo r b s s a m p le s on th e te n l x l m e t e r p lo ts

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53

T a b le X.

F r e q u e n c y and d e n s ity of the dom inant fo r b s p e c i e s on fiv e s l o p e s . B a s e d on 10, l x l m e t e r p lo ts.

S e d u m s te n o p e ta lu m C a r e x e le o c h a r is C h r y s o th a m n u s p u m ilis B e r b e r i s a q u ifo liu m A c h i l le a m i l l e f o l i u m C e r a s t iu m o r e o p h ilu m S y m p h o r ic a r p o s ra c e m o s u s C h e n o p o d iu m le p to p h y llu m A l l i u m spp. A n t e n n a r ia s c a r io s a A r te m is ia fr ig id a H e d e o m a d ru m m o n d i L e s q u e r e l la a r g e n t e a S e n e c io spp. D e s c u r a in ia p in n a ta G r in d e lia s q u a rro s a L a p p u la r e d o w s k ia P h a c e lia le u c o p h y lla H a r b o u r ia t r a c h y p le u r a C o llo m ia l i n e a r i s H e lia n th u s spp. E r y s i m u m spp. A c tin e a a c a u lis O x y tr o p is spp. D e lp h in iu m n e ls o n i P o t e n t i l la spp. T a r a x a c u m o ff ic in a le T o t a l D e n s it y

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61.7

54

o f th e n o r th e a s t s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n .

I t w a s a ls o fo u n d on th e

s o u th w e s t s lo p e o f th is s a m e a r e a , b u t b e c a u s e o f it s lo w fr e q u e n c y a n d d e n s ity v a lu e s , i t is l i s t e d as a s u b d o m in a n t. S u b d o m in a n t fo r b s .

T h e fr e q u e n c ie s a n d d e n s itie s o f th e s u b ­

d o m in a n t f o r b s a p p e a r in T a b le X I , p a g e 5 5 .

O f th e 39 s p e c ie s l is t e d

in th is c a t e g o r y , 2 2 a r e c o m m o n to t h r e e s lo p e s o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n . T h e n o r th e a s t s lo p e o f th e l o c a l i t y h a s th e l a r g e s t n u m b e r o f s p e c ie s fo u n d on th e p lo ts w h ile th e s u b d o m in a n t fo r b s o f th e o th e r tw o s lo p e s o f t h is a r e a a r e m o r e e v e n ly d is t r ib u t e d . s p e c ie s fo u n d ,

In G r a n it e C a n y o n , o f th e 17

11 a r e c o m m o n o n ly to th e n o r t h s lo p e .

I t s e e m s im p o s s ib le to d r a w a n y c o m p a r is o n s b e tw e e n th e d o m in a n t a n d s u b d o m in a n t fo r b s o f th e 5 s lo p e s . S e e d lin g r e p r o d u c t io n .

T a b le X I I o f f e r s d e n s ity a n d fr e q u e n c y

v a lu e s f o r th e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s e e d lin g s .

I t is e v id e n t th a t s e e d ­

lin g r e p r o d u c t io n w a s s c a r c e o r p r a c t i c a l l y n o n - e x is t e n t on t h r e e o f th e fiv e s lo p e s j a n d th u s do es n o t o f f e r s e r io u s c o m p e titio n to th e g r a s s o r fo r b l a y e r s .

T h e s te e p g r a d e o f th e s lo p e s e e m e d to be th e g r e a t e s t

d r a w b a c k to s e e d lin g e s t a b lis h m e n t .

I t m a y b e s e e n f r o m th e d a ta th a t

m o r e s e e d lin g s w e r e fo u n d on th e l x l

m e t e r p lo ts o f th e tw o n o r th

s lo p e s o f e it h e r G r a n it e o r T e le p h o n e C a n y o n s .

O n th e s e s lo p e s ,

th e s o il c o n d itio n s a r e m o r e s ta b le , a n d th e g r a d e is n o t a s s te e p as i t is on th e o th e r t h r e e s lo p e s w h e r e m o r e r u n - o f f an d e r o s io n is e v id e n t.

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

55

T a b le XI.

F r e q u e n c y and d e n s it y of the subd om inan t fo r b s p e c i e s on f iv e s l o p e s . B a s e d on 10, l x l m e t e r p lo ts . G r a n it e C a n y o n T e le p h o n e C a n y o n N o r t h S o u th w e s t S o u th S o u th w e s t N o r t h e a s t

M a c h a e ra n th e r a p u lv e r u le n ta D e lp h in iu m n e Is o n i G a liu m b o r e a le E r i g e r o n p o lio s p e r m u m S e n e c io spp. P e n s te m o n spp. P h lo x m u l t i f l o r a H e u c h e ra p a r v ifo lia E r io g o n u m u m b e lla t u m O x y tr o p is spp. G r in d e lia s q u a rro s a G i l i a spp. S y n th y r is spp. M e r t e n s ia la n c e o la t a D e s c u r a in ia p in n a ta L in u m l e w i s i H a r b o u r i a t r a c h y p le u r a O ro b a n c h e lu d o v ic ia n a L a p p u la spp. C a r e x e le o c h a r is H e d e o m a d ru m m o n d i H e lia n th u s p u m ilis C o m m a n d r a p a llid a O p u n tia p o ly a c a n th a A l l i u m spp. P o ly g o n u m d o u g la s i G u tie r r e z ia s a ro th ra e S id e r a n th u s spp. E r io g o n u m a la t u m I r i s m is s o u r ie n s is

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3 30 3 30 5 20 7 20 8 20 8 20 6 20 . 3 20 1 . 4 10 . 6 10 . 2 10 . 1 10 . 1 10 . 1 10

56

T a b le X I I .

F r e q u e n c y an d d e n s ity o f th e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s e e d lin g s fo u n d on th e fiv e s lo p e s . B a s e d on te n l x l m e t e r p lo ts .

L o c a lity

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T h e r e s u lt s o f th e s o il a n a ly s is a r e show n in T a b le X I I I .

I t is e v id e n t f r o m th e r e s u lt s o f th e p H t e s t s , th a t f o r a l l 5 s lo p e s , th e r e a c t io n is s lig h t ly b a s ic , a n d th e r a n g e in p H d if f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n th e 5 s lo p e s is n o t m o r e th a n . 9.

T h e tw o s lo p e s in G r a n it e C a n y o n

h a v e a lm o s t id e n t ic a l v a lu e s in p H , w h ile th o s e s lo p e s o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n v a r y f r o m 7. 2 to 8 . 1 in p H v a lu e s .

T h e r e is n o t a n a p p r e c ia b le

d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e p H v a lu e s o f th e 0 to 6 in c h l a y e r s a n d th e 6 to 12 in c h l a y e r s o f th e in d iv id u a l s lo p e s ; th e n o r t h s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n o f f e r s p e r h a p s th e g r e a t e s t d if f e r e n c e w it h a p H v a lu e o f 7 . 2 f o r th e to p s ix in c h e s a n d a p H o f 8 . 0 f o r th e b o tto m 6 in c h e s . T h e p e r c e n t l i m e c o n te n t w a s f a i r l y c o n s ta n t f o r b o th th e to p a n d b o tto m s o il l a y e r s o f th e s o u th s lo p e a n d s o u th w e s t s lo p e s o f T e le p h o n e

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

S o il a n a ly s e s o f c o m p o s ite s o il s a m p le s ta k e n f r o m th e 0 to 6 in c h l a y e r a n d 6 to 12 in c h l a y e r on th e 5 s lo p e s .

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T a b le X I I I .

*4

58

C a n y o n a n d a ls o f o r th e n o r t h s lo p e o f G r a n it e C a n y o n w h e r e th e li m e c o n te n t h a d a ra n g e o f 4 to 5 % .

T h e n o r th e a s t s lo p e o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n

e x h ib ite d th e g r e a t e s t v a r i a t i o n o f a l l 5 s lo p e s b e c a u s e o f its lo w lim e c o n te n t, w h ic h r a n g e d b e tw e e n l / 8 a n d l / 4 o f 1% . T h e r e is no d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n th e p e r c e n t s lo p e an d s o il p H o r li m e c o n te n t o f th e s o il.

T h e s o il on th e tw o n o r t h s lo p e s

o f th e tw o a r e a s w e r e fo u n d to be th e m o s t m a t u r e a n d s h o w th e g r e a t e s t v a r i e t y in v e g e ta tio n w h e n s a m p le d .

H o w e v e r , t h e r e is a g r e a t d i f f e r ­

e n ce in th e p e r c e n t s lo p e b e tw e e n th e tw o n o r t h e r n e x p o s u re s o f b o th l o c a l i t i e s ; one is 34% s lo p e ( G r a n it e C a n y o n ) and th e o th e r h a s a 4 5 % s lo p e (T e le p h o n e C a n y o n ) - - a d if f e r e n c e o f 1 1 % .

T h e y sh o w g r e a t e r

m a t u r i t y in s o il d e v e lo p m e n t a n d s t a b il i t y o f th e A h o r iz o n th a n th e o th e r t h r e e s lo p e s .

S o u th -fa c in g s lo p e s a r e u s u a lly x e r o p h y tic (4 1 )

a n d a r e e x p o s e d to g r e a t e r lig h t in t e n s it y th e y e a r ro u n d , w h ile n o r t h s lo p e s h a v e le s s e v a p o r a tio n a n d te n d to a c c u m u la te s n o w f r o m w in t e r a n d h o ld i t u n t i l s p r in g .

T h is m a y a c c o u n t f o r th e g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f

p la n t s p e c ie s fo u n d h e r e .

A l l s o il s a m p le s r a n g in g f r o m fin e b ro w n

lo a m s to g r a y g r a v e l ly a n d lig h t c la y lo a m s f r o m b o th l a y e r s o f th e s lo p e s w e r e c la s s if ie d as lo a m s .

S o m e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f G e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s S e e d g e r m in a t io n .

T h e r e s u lt s o f s e e d g e r m in a t io n te s ts o f

S e t A a p p e a r in T a b le X I V .

A lth o u g h th e r e s u lt s ( T a b le X I V ) o f th e s e

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59

p r e l i m i n a r y te s ts a r e n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s ig n if ic a n t b e c a u s e o f th e s m a ll n u m b e r o f s e e d s u s e d an d th e s h o r t le n g th o f t im e l e f t in th e g e r m in a t o r , th e y do s h o w th a t p r e c h i l l i n g (to b r e a k th e d o r m a n c y ) a n d s c a r if ic a t io n w e r e im p o r t a n t in h a s te n in g g e r m in a t io n .

R e m o v a l o f th e s e e d t a i l s

h a d l i t t l e i f a n y e ffe c t on g e r m in a t io n , a n d u s in g K N O 3 in p la c e o f w a t e r f o r a m o is te n in g a g e n t d id n o t g iv e n o tic e a b ly d i f f e r e n t r e s u lt s . O n th e b a s is o f th is e x p e r ie n c e , th e s e c o n d s e t o f s ee d s w a s te s te d .

T a b le X I V .

No.

R e s u lt s o f s e e d g e r m in a t io n te s ts o f S e t A . S e e d s f r o m T e le p h o n e a n d G r a n it e C a n y o n a r e n o t s e p a r a te d .

o f S eeds

S c a r ifie d o r N o n - s c a r if ie d

M o is te n in g A gent

P e rc e n t G e r m in a t e d

P r e C h ille d no no (ta ils re m o v e d ) yes yes

25 25 25 25 25

w a te r KNO3 w a te r w a te r KNO3

4 12 12 44 44

N o n - p r e c h ille d 25 25

yes no

w a te r w a te r

28 4

T h e r e s u lt s o f s e e d g e r m in a t io n te s ts o f S e t B a p p e a r in T a b le \

XV,

page 6 0 .

R e f e r r i n g to th e s e r e s u lt s , i t is r e a d i l y a p p a r e n t th a t

th e s c a r i f i e d see d s o f G r a n it e C a n y o n g e r m in a te d in m u c h g r e a t e r n u m b e r s th a n a n y o f th e o th e r s e e d s , in c lu d in g th e s c a r i f i e d s e e d s o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n .

T h e s e r e s u lt s m a y be a t t r ib u t e d to a m o r e m a t u r e

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60

T a b le X V .

R e s u lts o f s e e d g e r m in a t io n te s ts o f S e t B .

N o . o f S ee d s 1 0 0

S o u rc e o f S ee d G r a n it e C a n y o n It

1 0 0

1 0 0

ft

T e le p h o n e C a n y o n 11

1 0 0

M

s e t o f s e e d s f r o m G r a n it e C a n y o n .

S c a r ifie d o r N o n - s c a r if ie d

P e rc e n t G e r m in a t io n

yes no

6 0

30 41 29

yes no

B u t c o m p a r in g th e tw o g ro u p s o f

n o n - s c a r i f i e d s e e d s ( w it h t h e i r s i m i l a r p e r c e n ta g e v a lu e s in g e r m in a ­ tio n ) w o u ld n o t s e e m to b e a r ou t th is th e o r y .

T h e tw o a r e a s a r e

s e p a r a te d b y a d is ta n c e o f s o m e 2 3 m i l e s a n d a d if f e r e n c e in a lt itu d e o f r o u g h ly 7 00 f e e t .

T h e p r i n c ip a l d if f e r e n c e b e tw e e n th e tw o a r e a s

is th e g r e a t e r d e p th o f T e le p h o n e C a n y o n , w h ic h w o u ld re d u c e

the

t o t a l a m o u n t o f in s o la tio n f o r b o th th e n o r t h e a s t an d s o u th w e s t s lo p e s o f th is l o c a l i t y ( 5 1 ) .

In a l l p r o b a b ilit y , th is fa c t o r w o u ld te n d to m a k e

a s h o r t e r g r o w in g s e a s o n w it h l a t e r f r o s t s in th e s p r in g a n d e a r l i e r fr o s t s in th e f a l l .

A c o r r e la t i o n m a y be fo u n d in w o r k done in O r e g o n ,

a s r e p o r t e d b y W e a v e r a n d C le m e n ts ( 5 1 ) , w h e r e th e s e e d s o f fo r a g e p la n ts w e r e te s te d f o r g e r m in a t io n .

T h e i r r e s u lt s in d ic a te d th a t b o th

a lt itu d e a n d s lo p e a ffe c te d th e v ig o r o f th e p la n t, w h ic h in t u r n a ffe c te d ge r m in a t io n . G ra p h in g th e r e s u lt s o f th e g e r m in a t iv e p e r c e n ta g e s b r in g s o u t i Z

s h a r p c o n tr a s ts in v i a b i l i t y o f th e tw o s e ts o f s e e d s .

16

W h e n th e

See A p p e n d ix H .

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61

n u m b e r o f s e e d s g e r m in a te d a r e p lo tte d a g a in s t th e n u m b e r o f d a ys ta k e n f o r th e s ee d s to g e r m in a t e , th e r e s u lt s b r in g o u t d if f e r e n t v ia b ility c u rv e s .

S eed s f r o m b o th a r e a s s t a r t e d to g e r m in a t e on th e

te n th d a y a f t e r p la n tin g ; h o w e v e r , th e r a t e o f g e r m in a tio n d if f e r s w h e n c o m p a r in g th e tw o a r e a s .

T h e g ra p h , p a g e 8 4 , o f th e n o n - s c a r i f i e d

s e e d s g e r m in a t e d in T e le p h o n e C a n y o n m a k e s a g r a d u a l c lim b f r o m a p p r o x im a t e ly tw o s eed s g e r m in a t e d on th e te n th d a y up to a t o t a l g e r m in a t in g p e r c e n t o f 2 7 .

C o n t r a s tin g th is to th e n o n - s c a r i f i e d s ee d s

o f G r a n it e C a n y o n show s th a t 2 7 p e r c e n t h a d g e r m in a te d b y th e s i x ­ te e n th d a y . T h e s c a r i f i e d s e e d s g e r m in a t e d f r o m th e T e le p h o n e C a n y o n a r e a in c r e a s e in n u m b e r f r o m fiv e p e r c e n t g e r m in a te d on th e e le v e n th d a y to 38 p e r c e n t on th e n in e te e n th d a y a n d a g r a d u a l in c r e a s e to a t o t a l o f 41 p e r c e n t g e r m in a t e d .

T h is is in c o n tr a s t to G r a n it e C a n y o n ,

w h e r e s ee d s g e r m in a t e d fo u r p e r c e n t on th e e le v e n th d a y to 5 7 on th e t h ir t y - f if t h day. C o n s id e r in g th e r e s u lt s o f s c a r i f i c a t i o n , i t w o u ld s e e m p la u s ib le to e x p e c t a s lig h t ly h ig h e r r a t e o f g e r m in a t io n o f u n s c a r if ie d s e e d in G r a n it e C a n y o n to c o r r e l a t e w ith th e h ig h r a t e o f g e r m in a t io n o f s c a r i ­ f ie d see d s o f th is s e t.

H o w e v e r , one th in g n o tic e a b le is th a t th e n o n -

s c a r i f i e d a n d s c a r i f i e d s e e d s in th e G r a n it e C a n y o n a r e a g e r m in a t e d a t m u c h th e s a m e r a t e f o r th e f i r s t s e v e n d a y s .

M o s t o f th e g e r m in a t io n

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62

o c c u r r e d w it h in s e v e n d a y s a f t e r s t a r t in g and s h o w e d a g e r m in a t io n v a lu e o f t w e n t y - s e v e n p e r c e n t. A g e d e t e r m in a t io n ( r i n g c o u n ts ).

T h e a v e r a g e a g e s o f s h ru b s

3 - 1 / 2 f e e t in h e ig h t a n d th e l a r g e s t s h ru b s f o r e a c h s lo p e a r e fo u n d in T a b le X V I .

T h e r e is no d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n th e h e ig h t o f

th e s h ru b s , a n d age o r d ia m e t e r b e c a u s e o f th e d iffe r e n c e s in s ite c o n d itio n s f o r d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f e a c h s lo p e .

B u t th e r e s u lt s do show

th e r e l a t i v e a g e s o f th e s h ru b s fo u n d on s o m e o f th e s lo p e s in th e lo c a l a r e a .

A m o r e d e t a ile d s tu d y in v o lv in g a r in g co u n t o f a l a r g e r

n u m b e r o f s h ru b s w o u ld be m o r e v a lu a b le , b u t th a t is n o t th e p r i m a r y p u rp o s e o f th is p a p e r .

T a b le X V I .

A v e r a g e , a g e s o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b s 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h a n d th e t a l l e s t s h ru b s o f e a c h o f th e 5 s lo p e s . A v e r a g e s f o r e a c h s h ru b c la s s . B a s e d on te n tw ig s c u t a t g ro u n d l e v e l.

L o c a lity

S h ru b s 3 - 1/ 2 f t . h ig h D ia m e te r Age (m m . )

T e le phone C a n y On S o u th s lo p e S o u th w e s t s lo p e N o r t h e a s t s lo p e

18. 6 15. 4 18. 2

G r a n it e C a n y o n N o r t h s lo p e S o u th w e s t S lope A v e ra g e s

12. 3

S h ru b s , la r g e D ia m e te r Age (m m .)

9. 9 11. 4

30. 4 25. 8 32. 4

25. 3 19.9 23. 5

17. 4 14.4

12. 3 10. 9

31. 2 35. 3

27. 5 2 4. 7

16. 8

1 1 . 4 (m m . )

3 1. 0

2 4 . 0 (m m .

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63

R in g counts o f th e l a r g e s t s h ru b s (in d ic a t in g r e l a t i v e a g e ) m a y be m is le a d in g b e c a u s e s o m e o f th e tw ig s w h o s e d ia m e t e r s a r e s m a l l e r m a y h a v e m a n y m o r e g r o w th r in g s .

A s a n e x a m p le ,

som e

o f th e s m a l l e r tw ig s th a t h a d d ia m e t e r s o f 11 m m . v a r ie d in ag e f r o m s ix te e n to t w e n t y - s e v e n y e a r s .

T h e o ld e s t s te m fo u n d on th e s lo p e s

w a s f i f t y - s i x y e a r s o ld a n d h a d a d ia m e t e r o f 28 m m .

C o n c o m ita n tly ,

th e l a r g e s t s te m fo u n d on a n y o f th e s lo p e s w a s a p p r o x im a t e ly 4 0 m m . in d ia m e t e r a n d h a d a tta in e d a n a g e o f f o r t y y e a r s .

Root S y s te m .

T h e r o o t s y s te m o f T r u e M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y is

a t y p i c a l ta p r o o t w it h a fe w l a t e r a l ro o ts b r a n c h in g f r o m i t .

No

e v id e n c e w a s fo u n d to in d ic a te th a t la y e r in g w a s one o f th e m e a n s o f p r o p a g a tio n .

E s p e c i a l l y a f t e r f i r e (2 ) in th e f a l l o f th e y e a r , i t is

a p r o l i f i c s p r o u te r f r o m th e r o o t c ro w n a n d n e w shoots w e r e fo u n d to be g r o w in g f r o m th e b a s e o f s h ru b s a f t e r le a v e s h a d f a l l e n f r o m th e s te m s o f th e b u s h e s .

A t th e b a s e o f th e b u s h e s , m u c h p r o te c tio n is

a ffo r d e d n e w g r o w th b y o th e r b ra n c h e s a n d th e l i t t e r th a t a c c u m u la te s th e re . A h a s ty e x a m in a t io n o f one o f th e s e b u s h e s m a y le a d s o m e to b e lie v e th a t one la r g e ta p r o o t s y s te m w o u ld be fo u n d upon e x c a v a tin g th e b u s h .

H o w e v e r , a f t e r d ig g in g o u t a n u m b e r o f th e s e b u s h e s , i t

w a s fo u n d th a t e a c h s h ru b c o n s is te d o f f r o m one to e ig h t s e p a r a te p la n ts g r o w in g f r o m th e s a m e b a s e .

T h e fo llo w in g ta b u la tio n s show

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64

th e n u m b e r o f in d iv id u a l p la n ts fo u n d g r o w in g to g e th e r f o r m in g one b u s h f o r e a c h one o f th e f if t e e n s h ru b s e x c a v a te d :

No.

S e p a r a te p la n ts

1........................ 2 ........................ 3 ........................ 4 ........................ 5........................

No.

S e p a r a te p la n ts

8..................6 ........................ 6 8 7 ........................ 5 8..................8 ........................ 5 6 9 ........................ 4 6 1 0 ........................ 4

No.

S e p a ra te p la n ts

1 1 .................4 1 2 ................. 3 1 3 ..................1 14, . . . . 1 1 5 . . . ; . 1

T h e a b o v e e v id e n c e show s th a t a s m a n y as e ig h t s e p a r a te r o o t s y s te m s w e r e fo u n d w h e n one e n t ir e c lu m p w a s dug o u t.

I t is n o t

u n r e a s o n a b le to a s s u m e th a t a g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f p la n ts w o u ld be fo u n d g ro w in g to g e th e r . In m a n y c a s e s , th e ro o ts a r e e n tw in e d to g e th e r a n d c o u ld be e a s ily s e p a r a te d .

O c c a s io n a lly , tw o ta p r o o ts m a y be fo u n d g r a fte d

to g e th e r .

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

C H A PT E R IX

IN T E G R A T IO N A N D S U M M A R Y

T h e f o o t h ill v e g e ta tio n o f th e L a r a m i e H i l l s e a s t o f L a r a m i e , W y o m in g , is d o m in a te d b y th e s h ru b M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y ( C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s ).

A s tu d y w a s m a d e o f th is s h ru b c o m m u n ity b e c a u s e t h e r e

is a la c k o f in f o r m a t io n in th e l i t e r a t u r e d e a lin g s p e c if i c a l l y w it h th e e c o lo g ic a l a n d b r o w s in g a s p e c ts o f th is ty p e o f v e g e ta tio n .

T w o b ru s h

c o v e r e d s lo p e s o f one l o c a l i t y w e r e c o m p a r e d to t h r e e s i m i l a r s lo p e s o f a n o th e r a r e a .

U s in g th e r a n d o m s a m p lin g te c h n iq u e , th e v e g e ta tio n

on e a c h s lo p e o f th e tw o a r e a s w a s a n a ly z e d .

T e n 2 x 4 m e t e r p lo ts

on e a c h s lo p e w e r e u s e d to s a m p le th e s h ru b l a y e r ; a 1 x 1 m e t e r p lo t w a s s u p e r im p o s e d on one c o r n e r o f e a c h o f th e l a r g e r q u a d ra ts to s a m p le g r a s s a n d fo r b l a y e r s . W h e r e th e s e s h ru b s g r o w in p u r e s ta n d s , th e c o m p o s itio n o f th e s h ru b v e g e ta tio n w a s fo u n d to be u n i f o r m on a l l f iv e s lo p e s .

R e s u lts

s h o w th e m a j o r i t y o f s h ru b s to be u n d e r 3 - 1 / 2 fe e t h ig h , a n d on th e a v e r a g e o n ly one o u t o f e v e r y fiv e s h ru b s o f th e s e s lo p e s is o v e r th is m e a s u r e m e n t in h e ig h t.

T h e t a l l e s t s h ru b s w e r e fo u n d to be n e a r e r

th e to p a n d b o tto m o f th e s lo p e s w h e re th e g ra d e is n o t to o s te e p a n d g r o w in g c o n d itio n s a r e b e t t e r .

A g e d e t e r m in a tio n s ( r i n g c o u n ts ) s h o w

th e a v e r a g e a g e f o r M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b s 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h to be

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66

s e v e n te e n y e a r s , a n d th e d ia m e t e r a t g ro u n d l e v e l as 11 m m . , w h ile a v e r a g e ag e a n d d ia m e t e r s f o r th e t a l l e s t s h ru b s on th e fiv e s lo p e s is t h i r t y - o n e y e a r s a n d 2 4 m m . in d ia m e t e r .

T h e r e s e e m e d to be no

d i r e c t c o r r e la t i o n b e tw e e n th e a g e s a n d d ia m e t e r s o f th e s h ru b s b e c a u s e o f good o r p o o r s ite c o n d itio n s on d i f f e r e n t p a r ts o f e a c h s lo p e .

I t s e e m s e v id e n t th a t th e m a j o r i t y o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b s

g r o w to a h e ig h t o f 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t , an d o n ly th o s e s h ru b s on b e t t e r s ite s g r o w a n y h ig h e r . G ro u n d c o v e r b e n e a th th e s h ru b l a y e r is d o m in a te d b y s o m e o f th e m o r e p a la ta b le r a n g e g r a s s e s , w h ile f o r b s h a v e th e lo w e r e s t im a t e d c o v e r v a lu e o f v e g e ta tio n .

M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s e e d lin g r e p r o d u c t io n

is s p a r s e on a l l fiv e s lo p e s .

T h e f a c t o r in h ib itin g s e e d lin g e s t a b lis h ­

m e n t s e e m s to be th e s te e p g ra d e o f th e s lo p e .

S e e d lin g s th a t do

s t a r t to g r o w m a y be w a s h e d a w a y b y r u n - o f f a n d e r o s io n ; th e y a r e a ls o in d i r e c t c o m p e titio n w it h g r a s s e s a n d f o r b s . M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b s .s e e m w e l l a d a p te d to s ite c o n d itio n s e v e n on th e s te e p e r s lo p e s b e c a u s e o f t h e i r lo n g ta p r o o t s y s te m s w h ic h s e c u r e ly a n c h o r th e p la n ts to th e s id e o f th e h i l l .

D e e p ly p e n e t r a t in g

r o o ts s u p p ly n e c e s s a r y a m o u n ts o f w a t e r to tid e th e s h ru b s o v e r th e c r i t i c a l d r y s u m m e r p e r io d s . T h e e x c a v a tio n o f r o o t s y s te m s o f s e v e r a l M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s h ru b s s h o w th a t one s h ru b m a y c o n s is t o f f r o m one to e ig h t o r m o r e s e p a r a te p la n ts g r o w in g f r o m th e s a m e b a s e .

E a c h p la n t h as a

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67

s e p a r a te t a p r o o t th a t m a y be e n tw in e d ju s t b e lo w g ro u n d l e v e l w it h o th e r r o o t s y s te m s .

A p o s s ib le r e a s o n f o r th is g r o w th h a b it is th e te n d e n c y

o f s ee d s o f t h is s h ru b to c lu s t e r in to s m a ll p o c k e ts o r h o llo w s on th e g ro u n d as a

r e s u lt o f w in d o r w a t e r a c tio n .

S h o u ld s e v e r a l o f th e

s e e d s o f one c lu s t e r g e r m in a t e a n d ta k e r o o t, th e e s t a b lis h m e n t o f one la r g e b u s h w o u ld e v e n tu a lly r e s u lt .

H o w e v e r , n o e v id e n c e w as

fo u n d to s u p p o rt th is th e o r y . S e e d g e r m in a t io n te s ts show th a t s c a r if y in g th e th ic k s e e d c o a t o f M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s e e d s h e lp s s e e d g e r m in a t io n , a n d a g e r m in a t io n p e r c e n t o f s ix t y c o u ld be o b ta in e d . ra n g e o f v a lu e s r e p o r t e d b y G r is w o ld (1 2 ).

T h is is w it h in th e

T e s t s a ls o s h o w th a t th e

s m a ll d if f e r e n c e s in c li m a t i c c o n d itio n s b e tw e e n th e tw o d if f e r e n t lo c a l i t i e s a f fe c te d s e e d g e r m in a t io n .

S ee d s c o lle c te d f r o m tw o s lo p e s

o f th e a r e a th a t is lo w e r in e le v a t io n h a d h ig h e r g e r m in a t io n p e r c e n ts as c o m p a r e d to s e e d f r o m th e o th e r l o c a lit y . M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y c o m p a r e s f a v o r a b ly w ith o th e r im p o r t a n t b r o w s e s p e c ie s s u c h as B ig S a g e b ru s h , C u r r a n t a n d S n o w b e r r y in p a la t a b ilit y .

T h e m a j o r i t y o f s h ru b s fo u n d on a l l fiv e s lo p e s h a v e

been o v e rb ro w s e d by d e e r and sheep.

M a n y p la n ts h a v e b e e n o v e r ­

u t i l i z e d to th e e x te n t th a t t h e i r v ig o r is r e d u c e d , as e v id e n c e d b y th e ir hedged a p p e a ra n c e .

L o c a l l y , M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y b r u s h la n d

d o e s n o t m a k e u p a l a r g e p e r c e n t o f s h e e p o r liv e s t o c k ra n g e b u t r a t h e r fo r m s n a r r o w v e g e ta tiv e b e lts on th e s lo p e s a d ja c e n t to g r a s s la n d

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w h ic h is u s e d as s u m m e r ra n g e .

In p a r t s o f th e in t e r m o u n t a in r e g io n

w h e r e th e m a jo r p o r tio n o f th e ra n g e c o n s is ts o f th e b r u s h la n d ty p e , b e s t m a n a g e m e n t te c h n iq u e s d ic ta te th a t s p r i n g - f a l l u se be m a d e o f th is ra n g e la n d .

B y u s in g t h is p la n , th e s h ru b s c a n r e c o v e r s u f f ic ie n t ly

in v i t a l i t y d u r in g th e s u m m e r m o n th s to in s u r e g r o w th f o r th e fo llo w in g y e a r.

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B IB L I O G R A P H Y

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1.

A b ra m s , L e ro y . U n iv e r s ity , 454. 1944.

2.

B a i le y , Y . L . , a n d B a i le y , H . E . " W o o d y p la n ts o f th e w e s t e r n n a tio n a l p a r k s . " T h e A m e r i c a n M id la n d N a t u r a l i s t . M o n o g . 4 :1 3 7 .

I l l u s t r a t e d f l o r a o f th e P a c i f i c S ta te s . S ta n fo r d C a lif o r n i a , S ta n fo r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . 2 : 4 5 1 -

1 94 9 .

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C o o p e r , W . D . " T h e b r o a d - s c l e r o p h y ll v e g e ta tio n o f C a l if o r n i a . " W a s h in g to n , D . C . , C a r n e g ie In s t . Of W a s h . P u b . 3 1 9 : 5 89. 1922.

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D a r t o n , N . H . , B la c k w e ld e r , E . , a n d S ie b e n th a l, E . E . " L a r a m ie S h e r m a n f o lio . " W y o . U . S. G . S. F o l i o 1 9 7 :6 . 1 91 0 .

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2 :2 1 7 .

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N ew Y o rk

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A P P E N D IX

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A P P E N D IX A .

F r e q u e n c y j d e n s ity and d istr ib u tio n of th e g r a s s and forb s p e c ie s on th e N o r th e a st s lo p e o f T elep h o n e C anyon. B a s e d on te n l x l m e te r p lo ts .

G ra s s e s F e s t u c a id a h o e n s is A g r o p y r o n s p ic a tu m A g r o p y r o n s m it h ii O r y z o p s is h y m e n o id e s F e s t u c a k in g i S tip a c o m a ta M u h le n b e r g ia f i l i c u l m i s T o t a l d e n s ity F o rb s S e d u m s te n o p e ta lu m C a r e x e le o c h a r is C h r y s o th a m n u s p u m ilis B e r b e r is a q u ifo liu m A c h i l le a m i l l e f o l i u m C e r a s t iu m o r e o p h ilu m S y m p h o r ic a r p o s ra c e m o s u s C h e n o p o d iu m le p to p h y llu m A l l i u m spp. A n t e n n a r ia s c a r io s a M a c h a e r a n th e r a p u lv e r u le n ta D e lp h in iu m n e ls o n i G a liu m b o r e a le E r i g e r o n p o lio s p e r m u m S e n e c io spp. P e n s te m o n spp. P h lo x m u l t i f l o r a H e u c h e ra p a r v ifo lia E r io g o n u m u m b e lla tu m O x y tr o p is spp. G r in d e lia s q u a rro s a A g o s e r is spp. G i l i a spp. S y n th y r is spp. T o t a l d e n s ity

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76

A P P E N D IX B .

F r e q u e n c y , d e n s ity and d istr ib u tio n o f th e g r a s s and fo rb s p e c ie s on th e S o u th w est s lo p e o f T elep h o n e C anyon. B a s e d on te n l x l m e te r p lo ts.

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A P P E N D IX C.

F r e q u e n c y , d e n s ity and d istr ib u tio n of th e g r a s s and forb s p e c ie s on th e South s lo p e of T elep h o n e C anyon. B a s e d on te n l x l m e te r p lo ts .

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5 0

6 1

3 4

3. 9 2. 5 .3 1. 3 . 9 .2 . 2

80 60 20 20 20 20 20 10

3 3 0 1 2 0 0 1

3

6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0

11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 8 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 12 7 0 1 0

.1

9 1 0 0 1 1 0

22. 5

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78

A P P E N D IX D.

F r e q u e n c y , d e n s ity and d istr ib u tio n o f the g r a s s and fo rb s p e c ie s on th e S o u th w est s lo p e o f G ra n ite C anyon. B a s e d on te n l x l m e te r p lo ts .

G ra s s e s S tip a c o m a ta O r y z o p s is h y m e n o id e s S tip a o c c id e n ta lis A g r o p y r o n s p ic a tu m M u h le n b e r g ia m o n ta n a B o u te lo u a g r a c i l i s B o u te lo u a c u r tip e n d u la A r i s t i d a f e n d le r ia n a B ro m u s te c to ru m T o t a l d e n s ity

d 2 .9

1. 0 .6 . 7 .6 . 4 .8 . 3

.1

f 80 50 30 20 20 20 10 10 10

1 0 2 0 0

2 0

3 1

0 0

0

0

0

0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

0

0 3 0 2 0 0 0

Q u a d r a ts 4 5 6 2 5 3 4 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0

7 3 1 1 0 0 0 0

8

9 4 1

10 3 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

8 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 4 0

9 2 5 0 5 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 8 0 0 3 0 5 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 12 5 0 3 0 0 3 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 7 5 0 0 0 2 4 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

0

0 3

0

7. 4

F o rb s C h e n o p o d iu m le p to p h y llu m 8. 7 L e s q u e r e l la a r g e n te a 7. 0 D e s c u r a in ia p in n a ta 3. 1 G r in d e lia s q u a rro s a 2. 3 L a p p u la r e d o w s k ia 1. 6 P h a c e lia le u c o p h y lla 2. 3 A r t e m is ia fr ig id a 1. 8 H a r b o u r ia t r a c h y p le u r a 1. 3 C o llo m ia l i n e a r i s 7. 7 H e lia n th u s p u m ilis .9 C o m m a n d r a p a llid a . 8 O p u n tia p o ly a c a n th a . 3 G a liu m b o r e a le 1. 0 A l l i u m spp. . 5 O x y tr o p is spp. . 3 P o ly g o n u m d p u g la s i 1. 1 .1 C a r e x e le o c h a r is P e n s te m o n s e c u n d iflo r u s . 1 G u tie r r e z ia s a ro th ra e .1 M a c h a e ra n th e ra p u lv e r u le n ta .1 S id e r a n th u s spp. .1 S e n e c io spp. .1 O ro b a n c h e lu d o v ic ia n a .1 T o t a l d e n s ity 41. 3

100 7 100 9 60 0 1 60 60 0 50 10 1 50 50 0 40 6 4 40 0 30 3 0 30 20 0 20 0 20 0 10 11 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 10 10 10

0 0 0 0

3 5 0 10 2 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

1

3 4 4 5 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

0

1

0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0

8 7 3 1 2 1 5 0 3 0 0 1

0 0 0 0

15 5 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

11 7 5 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0

9 0

1

1 0

7 6

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1 0 0

1

79

A P P E N D IX E ,

F r e q u e n c y , d e n s ity , and d is tr ib u tio n of th e g r a s s and forb s p e c ie s on th e N o r th s lo p e o f G ra n ite C anyon. B a s e d on te n l x l m e te r p lo ts .

G ra s s e s S tip a l e t t e r m a n i O r y z o p s is h y m e n o id e s S tip a c o m a ta B o u te lo u a c u r tip e n d u la B o u te lo u a g r a c i l i s A g r o p y r o n s p ic a tu m K o e le r ia c r is ta ta A g r o p y r o n t r a c h y c a u lu m A r i s t i d a f e n d le r ia n a T o t a l d e n s ity F o rb s A l l i u m spp. H a r b o u r ia t r a c h y p le u r a H e lia n th u s p u m ilis C h e n o p o d iu m 1e p t o p h y H u m E r y s i m u m spp. A c t in e a a c a u lis O x y tr o p is spp. D e lp h in iu m n e ls o n i D e s c u r a in ia p in n a ta P o t e n t i l la spp. T a r a x a c u m o f f ic in a le C a r e x e le o c h a r is E r io g o n u m a la t u m I r i s m is s o u r ie n s is C h r y s o th a m n u s p u m ilis G a liu m b o r e a le O p u n tia p o ly a c a n th a P e n s te m o n spp. A r te m is ia fr ig id a G r in d e lia s q u a rro s a P h r o n y c h ia d e p r e s s a G u tie r r e z ia s a ro th ra e A c h i l le a m i l l e f o l i u m C ir s iu m a rv e n s e

Q u a d r a ts 5 6 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0

f 70 50 50 40 30 20 10 10 10

1 0 0 3 0 0 13 0 0 0

2 10 2 0 0 10 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 0

4 5 0 1 7 0 0 5 0 0

4. 3 1. 5 1. 8

80 80 60

4 1 0

0 1 3

0 1 1

5 1 0

6 2 1

5. 2 3 .7 2. 3 1. 0

50 50 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 10

5 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

18 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 8 1 1 10 3 1 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

d 3. 1 1. 7 1. 0 2. 5 1. 4 1 .9 . 5 . 3 . 2 12. 6

. 9 3. 6 1. 4 1. 3 .4 1. 0 . 8 . 8 . 8 .3 . 1 . 1 .4 .4 . 3 .2 .2

7

8 6 5 1 0 0 0 0 0

10 4 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 2

9 0 0 0 0 0

o

9 5 4 0 6 3 0 0 0 0

6 0 6

5 6 3

6 0 0

6 2 0

0 0 1 21 5 0 0 0 0 2 10 15 6 3 1 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 7 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

7 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

7 2 7 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 1 4

7 0 0

(c o n tin u e d )

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80

A pp en dix E ( c o n t .)

F o rb s A r e n a r ia la t e r iflo r a S y m p h o r ic a r p o s ra c e m o s u s T o w n s e n d ia g r a n d if lo r a P h lo x m u l t i f l o r a T o t a l d e n s ity

d

Q u a d r a ts 5 6

f

1

2

3

4

. 2

10

0

0

0

0

0

. . .

10 10 10

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

1 1 1

7

8

9

10

0

0

0

2

0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

33. 7

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81

APPENDIX F*«— -Root system of Cercocarpus montanus* Showing vertical distributions* Roots are arbitrarily drawn as if growing in one plane*

.

(jH O U H O

L lV C

i M iriR

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A P P E N D IX G.

R in g co u n ts o f tw ig s c o lle c te d on f i v e s lo p e s s h o w in g th e ra n g e o f v a r i a t i o n in age a n d d ia m e t e r i n e a c h tw ig c la s s . B a s e d on tw ig s c o lle c te d f r o m s m a l l s h ru b s 3 - 1 / 2 f e e t h ig h a n d tw ig s f r o m th e l a r g e s t s h ru b s o f e a c h s lo p e . T w ig s c u t a t g ro u n d le v e l. D i a m e t e r m e a s u r e d in m i l l i m e t e r s .

T e le p h o n e C a n y o n

T w ig s iz e B a rg e

S o u th S m a ll B a rg e N o r th e a s t S m a ll B a rg e S o u th w e s t S m a ll

G r a n it e C a n y o n

Age D ia m . Age D ia m . Age D ia m . Age D ia m . Age D ia m . Age D ia m ,

29 24 13 11 41 26 17 14 30 24 10 11

31 27 11 13 23 22 16 11 56 28 13 10

39 31 18 12 21 23 19 12 41 25 13 10

28 26 18 11 31 24 21 11 42 25 18 12

32 26

32 26

19 11 30 21

19 15 28 21 16 11 35 23 16 11

19 11 29 26 13 10

23 22 23 12 36 25 24 15 30 26 15 10

27 26 23 16 36 27 18 12 32 23 18 11

32 23 15 11 42 27 14

21 22 27 11 36

9 28 26 13 10

9 30 21 15 12

19 18

T w ig s iz e B a rg e

S o u th w e s t S m a ll B a rg e N o rth S m a ll

Age D ia m . Age D ia m . Age D ia m . Age D ia m .

31 26 22 14 38 18 15 9

32 20 16 9 28 21 19 13

31 20 23 12 32 19 14 9

32 22 15 11 29 20 17 11

27 19 21 13 20 18 15 9

36 22 11 10 19 17 16 11

30 22 18 17 25 23 17

32 20 18 11 24 18 16

21 25 11 11

9

9

9

19 17 11

40 29 19 15 24 20 14 10

A v e ra g e s 30. 4 25. 3 18. 6 12. 3 32. 4 23. 5 18. 2 11. 4 35. 3 24. 7 14. 4 10. 9

A v e ra g e s 31. 2 2 7 .5 1 7 .4 12. 3 25. 8 19. 1 15. 4 9 .9

oo

K>

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84

A P P E N D IX H.

C o m p a r is o n o f s e e d g e r m in a t io n r e s u lt s b e tw e e n s c a r i f i e d a n d n o n - s c a r i f i e d M o u n ta in m a h o g a n y s eed s c o lle c te d f r o m

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A P P E N D IX I.

S p e c ie s L i s t .

F o rb s L ila c e a e A lliu m c e rn u u m A lliu m b r e v is ty lu m C a lo c h o r tu s g u n n is o n i Y u c c a g la u c a Ir id a c e a e I r i s m is s o u r ie n s is S a n ta la c e a e C o m m a n d r a SPP* P o ly g o n a c e a e E r io g o n iu m a la tu m E io g o n u m u m b e lla t u m P o ly g o n u m d o u g la s i C h e n o p o d ia c e a e C h e n o p o d iu m le p to p h y llu m C a r y o p h y lla c e a e C e r a s t iu m o r e o p h ilu m G ir s iu m a rv e n s e P a ro n y c h y a d e p re s s a B e r b e r id a c ea e B e r b e r i s a q u ifo liu m C r u c ife r a e D e s c u r a n ia p in n a ta E r y s i m u m spp. L e s q u e r e l la a r g e n te a S is y m b r iu m a lt i s s i m a S a x ifr a g a c e a e H e u c h e ra p a r v ifo lia G r os s u la r ia c e a e R ib e s c e r e u m

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A p p en d ix I.

(con t. ) Rosaceae C e r c o c a r p u s m o n ta n u s P o t e n t i lla e ffu s a P o t e n t i l la fis s a P o t e n t i l la g la n d u lo s a Pom aceae A m e la n c h ie r a ln if o li a L e g u m in o s a e A s t r a g a lu s lo t if lo r u s M e d ic a g o s a t iv a O x y tr o p is spp. L in a c e a e L in u m le w i s i A c e ra c e a e A c e r g la b r u m C a c ta c e a e O p u n tia p o ly a c a n th a O n a g ra c e a e O e n o th e r a c a e s p ito s a U m b e l lif e r a e H a r b o u r ia t r a c h y p le u r a P o le m o n ia c e a e C o llo m ia l i n e a r i s P h lo x m u l t i f l o r a H y d r o p h y lla c e a e P h a c e lia d e n tic u la ta P h a c e lia le u c o p h y lla B o r a g in a c e a e L a p p u la s p e c ie s C y n o g lo s s u m o f f ic in a le L a p p u la r e d o w s k ia M e r t e n s ia la n c e o la t a

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A pp en dix I.

( c o n t .) L a b ia t a e H e d e o m a d r u m m o n d ii S c r o p h u la r ia c e a e C a s t i l l e j a f la v a P e n s te m o n s e c u n d iflo r u s P e n s te m o n s t r ic t u s O ro b a n c h a c e a e O ro b a n c h e lu c o v ic ia n a R u b ia c e a e G a liu m b o r e a le C a p r if o lia c e a e S y m p h o r ic a r p o s ra c e m o s u s C r a s s u la c e a e S e d u m s te n o p e ta lu m C o m p o s ita e A c h i l le a m i l l e f o l i u m A c tin e a a c a u lis v a r . la n c e o la t a A g o s e r is t r o x im o n A r te m is ia fr ig id a G h r y s o p s is p u m ila C h r y s o th a m n u s p u m ilu s C r e p is e le g a n s E r i g e r o n p o lio s p e r m u s E r i g e r o n p u m ilu s G r in d e lia s q u a rro s a G u tie r r e z ia s a ro th ra e H e lia n th u s p u m ilis M a c h a e r a n th e r a p u lv e r u le n ta S e n e c io u in ta h e n s is S id e ra n th u s spp. S o lid a g o c o r y m b o s a T a r a x a c u m o f f ic in a le T e tr a d y m ia in e r m is T ra g o p o g o n p r a te n s is T o w n s e n d ia g r a n d if lo r a

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A p p en d ix I.

(con t. ) G ra s s e s A g r o s tid e a e M u h le n b e r g ia m o n ta n a M u h le n b e r g ia f i l i c u l m i s A r i s t i d a f e n d le r ia n a O r y z o p s is h y m e n o id e s S tip a c o m a ta S tip a l e t t e r m a n i S tip a o c c id e n ta lis C h lo r id e a e B o u te lo u a g r a c i l i s B o u te lo u a c u r tip e n d u la F e s tu c e a e F e s t u c a id a h o e n s is F e s t u c a k in g i K o e le r ia c r is ta ta B ro m u s te c to ru m H o rd e a e A g r o p y r o n d a s y s ta c h y u m A g r o p y r o n t r a c h y c a u lu m A g r o p y r o n s p ic a tu m A g r o p y r o n s m it h i S ita n io n h y s t r ix

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