An Anthology of Old Spanish 0813231515, 9780813231518

Table of contents :
Contents
Introduction
Abbreviations
Linguistic Terminology
Selected Bibliography
Oldest Documents
I. Glosas Emilianenses
II. Glosas Silenses
III. Fuero de las dehesas de Madriz ...
IV. Embargo y atropello padecidos por la casa de Santa Maria de Bezdemarban
V. Mozarabic Poetry
XIIth Century
VI. Auto de los Reyes Magos
VII. Cantar de Mio Cid
XIIIth Century
VIII. Roncesvalles
IX. Razon leita d'amor
X. Gonzalo de Berceo :
Milagros de Nuestra Senora
El Duelo que fizo la Virgen Maria ...
La Vida de Santa Oria
XI. Libro de Alexandre
XII. Poema de Fermin Goncalez
XIII. La Primera epistola de San Pablo a los Corintios
XIV. Alfonso el Sabio :
Primera cronica general de Espanna
La General estoria
Libro de las partidas
XV. Calila y Dimna
XIVth Century
XVI. Poema de Alfonso Onceno
XVII. El Libro del Cavallero Zifar
XVIII. Santob de Carrion:
Proverbios Morales
XIX. Juan Manuel:
El Libro del cauallero et del escudero
El Libro de Patronio
XX. Libro de los enganos ...
XXI. Juan Ruiz :
Libro de buen amor
XXII. Pero Lopez de Ayala:
Rimado de palacio
XXIII. La Estoria del Rrey Anemur e de Iosaphat e de Barlaam
XVth Century
XXIV. Danca general
XXV. El Libro de los gatos
XXVI. Climente Sanchez:
El Libro de los exemplos por A. B. C.
XXVII. Alfonso Martinez de Toledo:
El Corbacho
XXVIII. Fernan Perez de Guzman:
Generaciones y semblanzas
XXIX. Fernando del Pulgar :
Claros Varones de Castilla
XXX. Romances
Texts for the Study of Vulgar Latin
XXXI. Appendix Probi
XXXII. Silviae vel potius Aetheriae peregrinatio ad loca sancta
Etymological Vocabulary
Note
Abbreviations
Proper names

Citation preview

..Jln ..Jlnthology of Old Spanish

Jln Jlnthology of Old Spanish by TATIANA FOTITCH PH. ,

D.

THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS WASHINGTON

,

D.C.

Copyright © 2018 The Catholic University of America Press All rights reserved The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standards for Information Science—Permanence of paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.

∞ Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-8132-3151-8 (pbk)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

5

Abbreviations

20

Linguistic Terminology

21

Selected Bibliography OLDEST DOCUMENTS

I. Glosas Emilianenses II. Glosas Silenses III. Fuero de las dehesas de Madriz ... IV. Embargo y atropello padecidos por la casa de Santa Maria de Bezdemarbdn V. Mozarabic Poetry

27 29 31 33 35

XIIth CENTURY

VI. Auto de los Reyes Magos VII. Cantar de Mio 9id XIIIth CENTURY

VIII. Roncesvalles IX. Razon leita d' amor X. Gonzalo de Berceo :

Milagros de Nuestra Senora El Duelo que fizo la Virgen Maria ... La Vida de Santa aria XI. Libro de Alexandre XII. Poema de Fermin Gon;dlez XIII. La Primera epistola de San Pablo a los Corintios v

72

79 81

87

92

CONTENTS

VI

XIV. Alfonso el Sabio : Primera cronica general de Espanna

101

La General estoria

lIO

Libro de las partidas

lIZ

XV. Calila y Dimna

XIVth

CENTURY

XVI. Poema de Alfonso On;eno XVII. El Libro del Cavallero Zifar

119 1Z3

XVIII. Santob de Carrion: Proverbios Morales

XIX. Juan Manuel: El Libro del cauallero et del escudero

128

El Libro de Patronio

130

XX. Libro de los enganos ...

135

XXI. Juan Ruiz : Libro de buen amor

XXII. Pero Lopez de Ayala: Rimado de palacio

ISS

XXIII. La Estoria del Rrey Anemur e de Iosaphat e de Barlaam

XVth

16z

CENTURY

XXIV. Da1lfa general XXV. El Libro de los gatos XXVI. Climente Sanchez: El Libro de los exemplos por A. B. C. XXVII. Alfonso Martinez de Toledo: El Corbacho

175 177

XXVIII. Fernan Perez de Guzman: Generaciones y semblanzas

179

XXIX. Fernando del Pulgar : Claros Varones de Castilla

XXX. Romances

181 183

CONTENTS

vii

TEXTS FOR THE STUDY OF VULGAR LATIN

XXXI. Appendix Probi XXXII. Silviae vel potius Aetheriae peregrinatio ad loca sancta ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY

194-

197

Note

199

Abbreviations

200

Proper names

25 2

An Anthology of Old Spanish

PREFACE

This anthology is intended to introduce the student to the development of the Spanish language from its beginnings to the end of the fifteenth century. It presents carefully chosen texts which illustrate the important stages in the history of Spanish. It will be of primary importance to students interested in linguistic problems, but it may be of equal usefulness to those who wish to become acquainted with the earlier period of Spanish literature. The Introduction deals succinctly with the external history of Spanish, and contains sufficient bibliographical references to allow the beginner to expand his knowledge. To facilitate first attempts at understanding medieval texts it discusses the elementary phonological and morphological changes which occurred in the formative periods of Spanish. The selections are based on the best critical editions available to the editor of the anthology; because these selections were faithfully reproduced, it was not possible to adopt homogeneous spellings and accent marks. The only departure from the critical editions is the omission of certain paleographic signs to prevent confusing the student with problems which do not strictly belong to linguistics or literature. Every text is followed by a note giving available and significant data about authorship and date and place of its composition. For reasons of space it has been thought best to omit complicated (and often unsettled) problems concerning the various manuscripts found for every work. Necessary information will be provided in the numbered notes at the end of each passage. These notes, which are intended primarily to aid the understanding of the text, are kept at a minimum in view of the elementary purpose of this manual. The anthology contains a vocabulary with etymologies and with references to the page and line where each word occurs when necessary for purposes of clarification.

2 Since not all students of Spanish linguistics are sufficiently acquainted with the difference between Classical Latin as they have studied it in school and its later outgrowth-a Latin unrestrained by grammatical rules, written as it was spoken-two typical texts, which illustrate this transformation, have been included as a supplement. In view of the fact that most anthologies compiled on the basis of literary rather than linguistic criteria are out of priht, out-dated, or not easily accessible, especially to the English-speaking student, it is hoped that this book will fill a need for adequate teaching materials in old Spanish linguistics and literature. It gives me pleasure to acknowledge gratefully my indebtedness to my colleagues at Catholic University: to Professor Alessandro S. Crisafulli, Head of the Department of Modern Languages, who first suggested that I compile this anthology, for his unfailing interest and encouragement; to Professor Helmut Hatzfeld for his meticulous reading and criticism of the manuscript; to Professor Margherita Morreale and to Dr. Richard M. Frank for their helpful suggestions. I wish to thank my former student Dr. Henry Mendeloff for his painstaking revisions of the texts and notes and his valuable assistance in compiling the vocabulary. I am also indebted to Professor John E. Keller of the University of North Carolina for his generous and competent advice in the choice and procurement of editions. I am grateful to the staff of the Photo-Duplication Services of Catholic University and of the Library of Congress for their excellent cooperation and to Mrs. Janet Nigon for the faithful and efficient typing of the manuscript. Finally, I am grateful to Mr. John McAleer, former Associate Editor of Catholic University Press, for his expert guidance in the preparation of the manuscript for the press. This book was revised in 1969 in the light of reviews and comments made by specialists in the field. Of these, Dr. Josep M. Sola-Sole, of The Catholic University of America, and Dr. Henry Mendeloff, of the University of Maryland, have been especially helpful.

The Catholic University of America Washington, D. C.

TATIANA FOTITCH, Ph.D.

T.

Introduction

INTRODUCTIONl

Spanish is the Romance language spoken in the central part of the Iberian peninsula. It is surrounded on the northwest by Galician, once a literary language, on the west by Portuguese, on the northeast by Basque, a language whose origins are still debated, and on the east by Catalan, which is closely related to Proven~al. Through colonial expansion, Spanish became the official language of Mexico, Central and South America (with the exception of Brazil and the Guianas); it is spoken in the Philippine Islands, in sections of the African coast, and, sporadically, in the Balkans and in Turkey, where it was imported by the Jews who had been expelled from Spain in 1492. The Spanish of Spain may be divided into three main dialects: Leonese-Asturian, Navarro-Aragonese, and Castilian. Andalusian does not differ sufficiently from Castilian, nor does it possess the required homogeneity, to be considered a separate dialect. Only Castilian has gained literary importance and is generally recognized as Standard Spanish. Like all Romance languages, Spanish had its beginnings in spoken Latin. It was after the defeat of the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War (218-206 B. C.) that this kind of Latin was introduced into Spain and spread by Roman soldiers, administrators, and businessmen among a population comprised of mainly Iberians and Iberianized Celts.

Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin is a term conveniently employed for the common idiom of the Roman empire which was extended to people of different 1 A section on linguistic terminology appears at the end of these introductory pages.

s

6 races, civilizations, and language habits. Thus, the Latin spoken in the Roman provinces was by no means homogeneous, but was marked by chronological, dialectal, and even social differences. In late Republican and early Imperial times, literary Latin, the language of the schoolroom, became more and more restricted in morphology, syntax, and vocabulary, and the accepted modes of speech were not assimilated by people at large. Everyday speech became progressively farther removed from the somewhat archaic standards of elegant expression which were maintained only by the upper classes. There are no Vulgar Latin texts, but symptoms of Vulgar Latin may be discovered in varying degrees in the works of certain writers, e.g., in Cicero's letters, in the Cena Trimalchionis, in the Mulomedicina Chironis, and in the Peregrinatio ad loca sancta by the nun Aetheria. By far the most important document for the study of the spoken language in the late Empire is the Appendix Probi (cf. 189). CHANGES FROM CLASSICAL TO VULGAR LATIN

I. Accent. Latin accent was from the beginning characterized by stress or intensity. In the middle of the 2nd century B.C., the highly educated, under the influence of Greek teachers, acquired the habit of speaking with pitch accent i. e., in a higher or lower musical tone. But this habit, which was never general, disappeared around 300 A.D. Accentuation in Classical Latin was based on quantity. The language distinguished between long and short vowels, and long and short syllables. A long vowel was given more time in the pronunciation than a short one. Vowels were short or long by nature. A syllable was long if it contained either a long vowel, or a diphthong, or any vowel followed by a consonant. The accent fell on the penult if that syllable was long; otherwise, on the antepenult: bonitdtem, bonitas. Even after the distinctions of quantity were lost in Vulgar Latin (see below), the place of the accent remained unchanged. The few instances where the Classical Latin accent was shifted are as follows: (I) if, in a proparoxytone the stress fell on i or e in hiatus with another vowel, the stress was shifted to this other vowel: mulierem >

7 muliere(m) j filiolum > fili6lu(m) j capreolum > capre6lu(m) j (2) if, in proparoxytones, the vowel of the third syllable before the end (antepenult) was followed by a mute plus a liquid sound, the stress was shifted from the antepenult to the second syllable before the end (penult): tenebras > tenebrasj cathedram > cathedra(m).

II. Sounds. Quantity and quality of vowels. Due to more emphatic stress, long and short vowels became indistinct j the difference in duration or quantity was replaced by a difference in color or quality. Long vowels became closed, and short vowels became open. Short d and long ii were fused into one a-sound, short i became closed ~, and short ii became closed 9. The following table shows the differences between the Classical (CL) and the Vulgar Latin (VL) vowel system: CL VL

aa

ae

e e oe i

0

o ii

\/

\I

"'-./

I

\/

a

ev

If

Q

9

ii

au

t.l

au

Consonants. Classical Latin had the following consonantal phonemes : non nasals voiceless stops voiced stops fricatives liquids nasals

labial p

apical t

velar k

b f

d s

g

labio-velar kw

glottal

gW h

r m

n

h was already very weak in CL j it disappeared completely in VL. kw (qu) and gW (gu) before 0 and u became k and g, but were

retained before a. k and g before e and i were palatalized: k)kj)tj)tS)ts j g)gj)dj)dz)dz. k,g and t,d, when followed by iCe) in hiatus(yod) were palatalized in the same way as ke, ki and ge, gi, and merged with them: kj(kf}»kj)tj)tS)ts j gj(gf}»gj) dj)dz) dz .

8 Double consonants were simplified: e.g., pp)p, cuppa)cupa. On Spanish soil (in contradistinction to Sardinia, Dacia, and Southern Italy), all consonants, when standing between two vowels or a vowel and a sonant (l,r), were weakened; unvoiced stops became voiced and voiced stops became spirants: p )b, t)d, k)g, b)v, g)j: *sapere)sabere; vita)vida; pacat)pagat; probare) provare; regem) reje. Final m was lost except in monosyllables, where it changed to n: vinum )vino; quem )quien. The groups rs, ps, Pt, nt, ns > ss(>s), ss, tt, fJ, s:sursum>suso; ipse>isse: septem>sette; infimum>iffimo; mensem>mese; u before a vowel. as in Latin uerum [werum], became the voiced frica·· tive [v], which, in Spain, retained bilabial pronunication. The vowel i, before another vowel, as in Latin iugum, became the voiced fricative [j], also referred to as i in hiatus or "yod." As a result of these changes, VL had the following consonantal phonemes: non-nasal voiceless stops voiced stops voiceless fricatives voiced fricatives laterals and trills nasal

labial p b f v

dental t d s

velar k g J

,\

r m

palatal [ts] [dz]

n

fi

III. Forms. Nouns and adjectives. CL had five declensions: rosa, rosae; murus, muri; finis, finis (leo, leonis); spiritus, spiritus; dies, diei. These five declensions were gradually reduced to three: nouns of the fourth declension went into the second (spiritus, spiritus) spiritus, spiriti,) and those of the fifth into the first (dies )dia). The neuter gender disappeared; neuter singulars became masculines (vinum)vinus) and neuter plurals became feminines (folia). All cases disappeared except the nominative and an oblique case which was a fusion of the accusative and the ablative. Some impari-

9 syllabic nouns of the third declension which shifted their accent in the oblique cases (virtus, virtutis) formed a new nominative by adding one syllable: N. virtutis, A. virtutem. The declension of adjectives changed in the same manner as that of nouns. There was a general tendency to bring adjectives of the third declension, which had only two genders, masculine and feminine, with identical endings, into the pattern of the first and second: tristis m. f. ) tristus, trista. Pronouns. They retained the Nominative, Dative, Accusative and, in some instances, the Genitive (cuius )cuyo," illoru (m) )lur [dialectal)). Verbs. The four conjugations of Latin survived, but many verbs shifted from one conjugation into another: petere)petire (Spanish pedir). The first and the fourth conjugations were the least affected. Spanish (and Portuguese) eventually discarded the third conj ugation, and most verbs of this conjugation went into the second: cap ere > cabere > caber. The Future Indicative was replaced by periphrastic constructions (in Spanish by the Present of habere plus the Infinitive). Similarly there appeared a new tense (or mode), the Imperfect of habere with the Infinitive, which later developed into the Conditional. The Imperfect and Perfect Subjunctive disappeared. A new Perfect Indicative and Subjunctive were formed with the Present Indicative and Subjunctive of habere plus the Past Participle (habeo and habeam cantatum). In the same way, a new Pluperfect Indicative and Subjunctive were formed with the Imperfect Indicative and the Pluperfect Subjunctive of habere plus Participle (habebam and habuissem cantatum), whereas cantavissem replaced cantarem. The synthetic Passive Voice (amor, amaris etc.) was lost. Some forms of the Imperative were replaced by the Subjunctive. IV. Syntax. Inflection sometimes was replaced by periphrasis and by the use of prepositions; ad plus Accusative replaced the Dative; de plus Ablative, the Genitive. Word order, which was very free in Classical

10 Latin, and was a matter of style rather than of syntax (pater amat jilium, jilium amat pater, amat pater jilium) , became more rigid. The Comparative and Superlative of adjectives were formed with magis (plus); it became customary to use personal pronouns with verbs (tu amas) , and demonstratives with nouns (ille homo). The Accusative with Infinitive construction was replaced by clauses introduced with quod, quia, quoniam, etc. V. Vocabulary.

A large body of Classical Latin words was retained, some others were lost or changed their meaning. New words were introduced from Greek, Celtic or German. Since words were reduced through phonological attrition, they had to be reinforced with prefixes or suffixes ( edere )comedere; spes )sperantia) .

CHANGES FROM VULGAR LATIN TO SPANISH

I. Sounds. Vowels. The vowels of Vulgar Latin developed according to their stress or lack of stress and their position in the word. We therefore have to consider stressed and unstressed vowels; initial, medial, and final vowels. Preceding and following sounds also were influential in determining the fate of vowels. Accented vowels. a (CL ii a»a,' matre(m)madre; annu(m)ano. a followed by i (yod) in the same or in the next syllable )e " laicum) lego; sapiat)sepa; -ariu)-ero. Stages of development were: a) ai)ei)e, as can be proved by dialectal Spanish and Portuguese. a followed by a palatal consonant) e "factu (m) )hecho ; fraxinu (m) fresno. a followed by 1f in the same, or in the next syllable) 0 " auru (m) oro; habui)ove. ~ (CL e ae) ) ie,' septe(m)siete; terra(m)tierra; caelu(m)cielo.

11 Cfollowed by i (yod) or a palatal consonant is closed to {!: sedea(m) *VL seya)sea; profectu(m)provecho. {! (CL e, t,oe) ) e: habere)haber; fede)fe; poena)pena. {! followed by i (yod) in the next syllable ) i: cereu (m) )cirio ; tinea ( m) )tiiia; there are exceptions to this rule : corrigia )correa ; vitiu(m)vezo; -itia(m)-eza (here the yod has disappeared); tectu (m) )techo; strictu (m) )estrecho (here the yod has been absorbed in the palatalization of [kt]). {!)i if the next syllable contains final -i : veni)vine ; feci)hice; tibi)ti. {! in hiatus) i: vta)via; mea)m{!a)mia; -e(b)a (Imperfect ending) -ia. i (CL i)i: vita(m)vida. i followed by i (yod) in the next syllable) i : filiu(m)hijo. 9 (CL o)uo)ue: bonu(m)bueno; probat)prueba. 9 followed by i or palatal consonant is closed to (): hodie)hoy; biscoctu (m) )bizcocho. () (CL ii, u){) : vocem)voz; lutu(m)lodo. '! when followed by i (yod) or palatal consonant) u: cogito )cuido ; rubeu(m)rubio; lucta)lucha. There are exceptions to this rule: genuculu (m) )hinojo; cuscoliu (m) )coscojo ; puteu (m) )pozo. 1f (CL it) ) u: uva(m)uva; unu(m)uno. Unaccented vowels. I) Initial. They remain: aprile(m)abril; securu(m)seguro; seminare )sembrar ; imagine (m) )imagen ; bonitate (m) bondad; durare) durar. Before i or palatal consonant the same changes occur as with accented vowels: a)e; c){! ; {!)i ; g)q ; mansione (m) ) meson ; scniore (m) )s{!iior; r{!nione (m) )riiion; gctavo )()chavo; cultellu (m) )cuchillo. Exceptional developments: verrere)barrer (dissimilation under infl uence of r); novacula (m ) )navaja (assimilation).

2) Medial. (a) Pretonic: They disappear: operdre)obrar; nomindre)nombrar; compardre)comprar ,. fabuldre)hablar. (b) Post-tonic: They also disappear: amdricu (m) )amargo ; p6situ (m) )puesto; nebula (m) )niebla. This syncope is already evident in Vulgar Latin.

12 (c) If there are two pretonic or post-tonic vowels, the one closer to the tonic vowel is lost: humilitate(m)humildad; comunicare) comulgar; anima (m) )alma; camite (m) )conde; triticu (m) )trigo. 3) Final.

a remains: casa (m) )casa. g ~ i)e : patTe (m) )padre; venit)viene. e after t d n Irs c is lost: civitate ( m) )ciudad ; pane ( m) )pan ; sale (m) )sal; habere )haber; mense (m) )mes; voce (m) )voz. g 9) 0: tempu(m)tiempo; fructu(m)fruto. The following table shows the difference between the Vulgar Latin and Old Spanish (Castilian) vowel phonemes: stressed:

unstressed:

VL

a

~

~

OS

a

Ie

e

VL

a

OS

a

~ ~

I

ue 9

0

Q

\I

\/

e

o

u \l

u

Consonants. I.

Initial consonants. They are usually preserved:

b)b : bonu (m) )bueno. c (plus a, 0, u) ) c: casa(m)casa; cognatu(m)cunado. c (plus e, z) ) ts (written f) : caelu(m)cielo (in Modern Castilian this sound became an interdental sibilant). d)d : dormire )dormir. m)m .. mutare)mudar. n)n: nigru(m)negro. p)P : parare)parar. qua)cua: quattuor)cuatro. qu + e, i > qu [k] .... r)r: rosa(m)rosa. t)t: totu(m)todo. v (CL u»'o : uirgine(m)virgen (with bilabial pronunciation).

13 Exceptions: f)h (aspirated) ) h (mute) : fabulare)hablar; fel)hiel. f was preserved before ue and r : foru (m) )fuero ; forte (m) )fuerte ; frigidu (m) )fr£o. g is preserved before a, 0, u : gallicu (m) )galgo; gaudiu (m) )gozo ; gutta (m) )gota. g)y[j] before accented e and i : generu (m) )yerno ; gemma (m) )yema; gypsu (m) )yeso. g)- before unaccented e i : germanu (m) )ermano ; gingiva (m) )encia. s)[s])[x] under Arabic influence: sapone(m) jabon)[sabon)xabon]; sucu (m) )jugo. s)ch[ts1 : sibilare)chillar. Initial yod (i in hiatus) had three different developments: iUl)j[z]: iocu(m)juego; jurare)jurar. i[j])yU] : iam)ya; iugu(m)yugo. iUl)- : iungere)uncir. 2.

Medial. Classical Latin p, t, k, on Spanish soil, had already weakened to b d g in the Vulgar Latin period. Therefore capu (m) )cabo ; recipere )recibir; capra (m) )cabra; catena (m) )cadena; semita (m) senda; urtica (m) ortiga; locale (m) )Iugar.

3. Final. m is already lost in the Classical Latin period except for mono-

syllables, in which it becomes -n: quem)quien; tam)tan. Of all other final consonants, only -s and -I remain: magis)mas; mel)miel; (r becomes medial through metathesis: semper) siempre). 4. Consonantal groups. Initial groups. All groups consisting of consonant plus r remain : breve (m) )breve ; dracone (m) )drag6n; fragile (m) )fragil; gratu (m) )grado; traditione (m) )tradici6n. A surd followed by I is palatalized: clamare)llamar; flamma(m) llama; plana (m)llana.

14 A sonant plus 1)1: blastimare)lastimar; glirone(m)liron. The group s plus surd develops a preceding e or i (prosthetic vowel) : speculu (m) )espejo; schola (m) )escuela. Double consonants are simplified: sabbatu (m) )sdbado; bucca (m) boca; adducere)aducir; summa(m)suma; cuppa(m)copa; grossu(m)grueso. Note that in Old Spanish, the intervocalic s was sounded [z]. Interior groups.

I, r plus consonant are usually preserved: herba (m) )hierba; corda (m) )cuerda; largu (m) ) largo ; silva (m) )selva. n, m or s plus surd also remain: inferiore(m)inferior; testu(m) ties to ; musca (m) )mosca. But mb )mm)m : plumbu (m) )/omo; palumba (m) )paloma. ng, gn)nn)fi: tingere)teiiir; signa)seiia; annu(m)aiio. ct)ch : nocte (m) )noche. rs)s: ursu(m)oso. sc)c (z) : crescere)crecer; pesce)pez (final position). pt)t : septe (m) )siete; captare)catar. 5. Consonants plus i (yod). Note that CL vi-de-o becomes VL vidjo.

-dj and -gj)y: podium)poyo; ensagium)ensayo. If preceded by a consonant dj- )f: verecundia)verguenfa. -tj and -cj (cf})z: tristitia)tristeza; corticea)corteza. If preceded by a consonant tj- and cj ( Cft) - )f: captiare )cafar; lancea )Ianfa. In as f was pronounced [ts] and z [dz]; later the two sounds were confused and became MS [th]. nj-, nft-)ii : seniore (m) )seiior; aranea (m) )araiia. li)j[i] : cilia(m)ceja,' folia)hoja. 6. Vocalization of consonants. P, b, I brought before an unvoiced stop through syncope becomes u: capitale (m) )cabdal (caudal); civitate (m) )cibdad (ciudad) " debita )debda (deuda); sa lice (m) )sauce; altariu (m) )otero.

15 7. Romance clusters. Through syncope and the skipping of vowels, new groups of consonants were formed, which were further reduced as follows: c'l, g'/)j[z] : ovicula (m) )oveja; pellicula (m) )pelleja; oculu (m) ojo; tegula (m) )teja; after a consonant c'/)ch [ts1 : trunculu (m) troncho; cingulu (m) )cincho; and g'/)ii: singulariu (m) )seiiero ; ungula (m) )uiia. t' n )nd; t' 1)ld.. d' l)ld; b'l)lv (metathesis): catenatu (m) )candado ; capitulu (m) )cabildo ; spatula (m) )espalda; sibilo )silvo (M.S. silbo). m'n, m'r)mbr (they develop a glide, i.e., a transitional sound) : femina )hembra ; homine (m) )hombre; memorare )membrar. The same happens with m'/)mbl: similante(m)semblante. n'r)rn: teneru(m)tierno.

II. Forms. Nouns and adjectives. The five declensions of CL had already been reduced to three in VL, the fourth and fifth having been absorbed by the others. Feminine nouns in -a of the first declension, together with some nouns of the fifth, and neuter plurals become Spanish feminine nouns in -a : rosa, madera, hoja .. exception: dia, m. The masculine nouns of the Latin second declension, together with masculine, feminine and neuter nouns of the fourth, and some nouns of the third become Spanish masculine nouns in -0: amigo, higo, cabo, pajaro .. exception : mano, f. The masculine and feminine nouns of the Latin third and fifth declensions become Spanish masculine and feminine nouns ending in -e or in a consonant: noche, fe, lugar. Survival of some Latin case endings: Dios (Nom.), Marcos (Nom.), Carlos (Nom.), juez (Nom.), sierpe (Nom.), martes, jueves, viernes (Genitives), (Fuero) Juzgo (Gen. Plural). Disappearance of the Neuter. Latin neuters in -um, -i, and in -us, -oris become masculines in -0 : muro, pecho. Latin neuters in -en sometimes become Spanish feminines in -e (already in Latin they

16

formed an Acc. -in -inem) : lumen)lumbre; Latin neuters in -r become Spanish masculines -r,' cadaver. Adjectives of three endings in Latin maintain their masculine and feminine forms : bueno, buena. Those of two endings retain the masculine-feminine ending -e,' grande. The comparative is replaced by a periphrasis with magis, but some Latin comparatives have survived: mejor, peor, menor, mayor. Some admit of a feminine in -a,' senor, senora. The superlative in -issimus is lost in popular formation; in MS -isimo means "extremely" instead of "the most." Numerals. Of direct Latin origin are the numbers 1-15, the "tens" and some "hundreds": dozientos (Modern doscientos), trezientos (Modern trescientos), quinientos, seiscientos. Pronouns. a) Demonstratives. Of the Latin hic, haec, hoc only hoc remained in the combinations hoc anno)hogano and hac hora)agora, ahora. iste, ista, istud, istos, istas)este, esta, esto, estos, estas. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, ipsos, ipsas) ese, esa, eso, esos, esas. ille, illa, illud, illos, illas are reinforced with ecce, Spanish accu, and become aquel, aquella, aquello, aquellos, aquellas. b) Personal. I) Accented.

First person : ego )eo )eio )yo; mihi)mi; nos )nos ; cum plus me plus cum>conmigo; nos plus alteros>nosotros. Second person: tu) tu; tibi)ti (by analogy with mihi)mi); vos>vos; contigo and vosotros are formed in the same way as conmigo, nosotros. Third person: ille, ilia, ilium, illos, illas>el, ella, ello, ellos, elias.

2) Unaccented. First person: me>me; nos)nos. Second person: te)te; vos) (v) os. Third person: illum>lo; ella>la; ilIi)le " illos>los; ellas)las; illis>les. The Dative illi plus ilia, ilIo, illos, illas)llielo, lliela, llielos, llielas, later gelo, gela, gelos, gelas. In Modern Spanish gc- is replaced by se-, when it becomes its phonetic equivalent. c) Article. The definite article is an innovation in Late Latin and Romance: ille)el (ell before vowels in Old Spanish); illa(m) ella (m »la; illum>lo; illos>los; illas) las.

17 Possessives. First person: m~u)mieu)mio (mi6); m~a)m~a (dissimilation of the two open vowels) )mia)mie; the plurals are mios (mi6s) and mias, mies. Nostru)nuestro. The adjectival forms in as were mio, mios (mi6, mi6s) for the masc. and mia)mie)mi and mias)mies)mis for the feminine. Mi and mis finally replaced mio, mios and were used for both genders. Second person: tyum)tfJu)to; tyam)tf.ta (before the open vowel y is closed to !l) )tue)tu; tuos)tos; tuas)tus. Vostru)vuestro. The adjectival forms were in as to, tos for the masculine and tua)tue)tu and tuas)tues)tus for the feminine. Again, the feminine prevailed for both genders. Third person so, su, sos, sus developed like the second person. Adjectives in as: masc. so, sos and fem. su, sus; later su, sus were used for both genders. The forms tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas, suyo, suya, suyos, suyas are patterned on the relative cuyo. Reflexives. se)se ,. sibi)si. Relatives. quem)quien; plural quienes; quid)que; qualem)cual; quales)cuales. Verbs. Of the four Latin conjugations only three remain in Spanish: the first, -are)-ar; the second -ere)-er; and the fourth -ire)-ir. Verbs in -ar : all Latin verbs in -are, German verbs in -an and -on (windan)guindar, roubOn)robar). Many Spanish verbs in -ar are later derivations from nouns, adjectives, and adverbs: plantar, cepillar, alquilar, tamizar, mejorar, acercar. Verbs in -er : all Latin verbs in -ere and -ere and all Latin verbs in -escere containing the original inchoative infix -esc- which lost semantic implications: deber, leer, hacer, amanecer. Verbs in -ir: all Latin verbs in -ire, some in -ere, and in -ere, and the Germanic verbs in -jan: abrir, dormir, lucir, pedir, guarnir (warnjan).

18 The accent was usually preserved; there are some exceptions: the Perfect legi)lei by analogy to audivii)audii)audi; the Perfect dedit)di6 by analogy to the weak Perfects of the first conjugation, amavit)amaut)am6. Interference with phonological developments. I) If the stem vowel is stressed ~ (e) or f} (0), it diphthongizes : siento " sentir; cuelgo,' colgar ; f ( e i) and {) (() 11), which normally remain the same, sometimes follow this trend: pienso,' pensar; muestro,' mostrar. 2) Verbs which have f ( e i) and {) (() 11) in their stem vowel with j (yod) following in the next syllable change f and {) to i and u " metio)mido; fugio >huyo. This i is adopted in the second and third persons singular and in the third person of the plural: (mides, mide, miden). Note that verbs in -er do not follow this trend: timeo)temo.

3) Verbs which have ~ ( e) and f} (0) as their stem vowels with a yod following in the next syllable do not diphthongize, but change ~ and f} to i and u " servio )sirvo; compleo )cumplo. Endings. The Latin endings follow normal developments: -s)-s; -mus) -mos; -tis)-des (later -ades, -edes, -ides become -ais, -eis, -is); -nt)-n. The imperfect endings of the first conjugation are preserved: amaba, amabas, etc., but -ebam, -ibam)-ia, Old Spanish -ie, on the pattern of habebam, where the second b is dissimilated: habebam)avea)avia (Old Spanish avie). The Preterite endings of verbs in -ar developed the contracted form of the Latin Preterite in avi)ai; amai)ame; those of the verbs in -er and -ir, the contracted forms of the Latin Preterites in -ivi)ii; partii)parti. A number of irregular "strong" Latin Preterites have survived; they change the ending -i of the first person to -e, adopt -0 in the third person and follow the paradigm of partir in all other persons. III. Changes in the function of Latin tenses.

The tenses and modes which have subsisted without any change of meaning are: the Infinitive; the Imperative; the Past Participle;

19 the Gerund; the Indicative Present, Imperfect and Preterite; and the Subjunctive Present and Future (a confusion of the Latin Second Future and Perfect Subjunctive). The Pluperfect Indicative and Subjunctive become Imperfect Subjunctives: amara, amase. The Spanish Pluperfect Indicative and Subjunctive are compound tenses: habia amado; hubiera, hubiese amado. The Latin Future is replaced by the Infinitive plus Present of habere (cf. p. 9) amare habeo)amare, upon which a conditional tense is patterned: Infinitive plus Imperfect of habere: amare habebam) amaria. The Latin Imperfect Subjunctive was replaGed by the Pluperfect Indicative and Subjunctive: amara, amase; the Latin Perfect Subjunctive, by a compound tense: haya amado. Tenses new in form, but not in meaning, are formed with habere plus participle: he, hube, habre, habria, hubiere amado. Other syntactic developments cannot be treated in a textbook which is meant to serve as an introduction. By comparing the syntactic patterns of Old Spanish with Latin and Modern Spanish usage the student may learn much by himself.

IV. Vocabulary. The glossary will provide sufficient information on the origin of words and thereby will give an idea of the composition of the Old Spanish vocabulary.

ABBREVIATIONS CL L LL MS ms OS VL

-

Classical Latin Latin Low Latin Modern Spanish manuscript Old Spanish Vulgar Latin

Italicized words or letters in the texts are emendations made by the editor. In the texts, parentheses indicate material to be omitted; brackets indicate any kind of addendum.

20

LINGUISTIC TERMINOLOGY

Affricate: A sound articulated as a plosive (stop) with a fricative release. Aljamiado: Spanish (Romance) transcribed in Hebrew or Arabic characters. Alveolar: A consonant pronounced with the tongue held between the ridge behind the upper teeth and the front part of the hard palate. Analogy: The process of creating words and forms on existing patterns. Antepenult: The third syllable from the end of a word. Aspirate: A sound characterized by the expulsion of breath through the mouth. Aspirated consonant: A consonant followed by a puff of breath. Assimilation: A phonetical process in which two phonemes next or very near to each other become identical or acquire common features. If the phoneme which produces assimilation precedes the assimilated one the assimilation is said to be progressive; if it follows the assimilated phoneme it is said to be regressive. Back vowel: A vowel articulated in the rear part of the mouth. Bilabial: A consonant produced by a combined movement of both lips. Cacuminal: A consonant produced with the tip of the tongue turned back toward the hard palate. Closed vowel: A vowel pronounced with the mouth opened less and the tongue raised higher than in the articulation of an open vowel. Diachronic linguistics: The study of language from the point of view of its historical evolution. Dissimilation: A process in which one of two identical or similar phonemes changes or disappears. Duration (also called quantity): The relative length of time in which the vocal organs keep the position required for the articulation of a sound. Enclitic: Refers to a word which does not have an accent of its own but forms a phonetic unit with an accented word preceding it. Epenthesis: Insertion of a sound within a word. Shifting of a semi-vowel from a syllable in which it occurs to a preceding syllable. Expiratory stress: A stress which is produced by the expulsion of air. Fricative: A consonant whose articulation is produced by the narrowing 21

22 of the passages through which air is expelled, producing an audible friction. (Also named spirant)

Front vowel: A vowel which is articulated in the front of the mouth. Gemination: The doubling of consonants. Glide: A transitional sound produced in the shifting from one articulation to another. Hiatus: The pause between two successive vowels which do not form a diphthong. Inceptive (inchoative) verb: A verb expressing an action being started. Interdental: A sound produced with the tip of the tongue between the teeth. Inverse (reverse) spelling: An un-etymological spelling of a word III imitation of another word where this spelling would be justified. Liquids: The consonants r and I. Metathesis: The transposition of sounds within a word. Morpheme: A distinct linguistic form not divisible into smaller forms; a minimal meaningful unit of language. Morphology: The study of the formation and forms of words in a given language. Nasal: A sound produced by the lowering of the uvula allowing the air to escape through the nasal cavity. Oblique case: Any cases other than the nominative and the vocative. Palatal: A consonant produced with the surface of the tongue held against the hard palate. Palatalization: The change of a non-palatal sound into a palatal sound. Paradigm: A complete set of all the various forms of a word in a sequential framework. Paragoge: The addition of a sound or a syllable to the end of a word. Penult: The syllable next to the last in a word. Phoneme: A minimum unit of distinctive sound-feature (Bloomfield). Phonetics: The analysis and classification of sounds; the study of their production, transmission and perception. Phonology: The science of speech sounds including especially the history and theory of sound changes in a given language. Plosive: A consonant whose articulation is accompanied by a complete

23 closing of the nasal or oral air-passages (implosion) resulting in the retention of air followed by a sudden opening of the closure (explosion). Also referred to as explosive, mute, occlusive and stop. Proc1itic: A word which has no accent of its own but is pronounced as if forming a phonetic unit with the word which follows. Proparoxytone: A word bearing the stress on the antepenult. Prosthetic vowel: A vowel prefixed to a word to ease the pronunciation. Quality: Character of a Vulgar Latin vowel as determined by the degree to which the mouth is opened when pronouncing it. Quantity: See duration. Reduplication: The complete or partial repetition of one or several elements in a word; it is sometimes used as a grammatical device (tense-formation). Secondary stress: A weaker stress than the tonic accent, falling on a different syllable in the same word. Semi-vowel: A sound intermediate between a vowel and a consonant, also referred to as a hiatus-vowel, [y] and [w]. Sibilant: A groove fricative having a hissing quality [s]. [z], rz], [s]. Surd : See unvoiced. Syllable: A sound or a group of sounds representing a unit of wordformation. A syllable ending in a vowel is said to be unchecked, one that ends in a consonant is said to be checked. Ultra-correction: A reconstructed form of a word wrongly assumed to be more correct than the form it replaces. Umlaut: An internal vowel-change caused by a vowel in the following syllable. Unvoiced (surd): A consonant which is pronounced without vibration of the vocal cords. Velar: A consonant produced with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (velum). Voiced: Describes a consonant which is pronounced with a vibration of the vocal cords.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR THE INTRODUCTION LINGUISTIC Alarcos Llorach, Emilio. F onolog£a espanola. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 4th ed., 1965. Boggs, R. S.; Kasten, Lloyd; Keniston, Hayward; and Richardson, H. B. Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish, 2 vols. Chapet Hill, North Carolina, 1946. Diaz-Plaja, Guillermo. Historia del espanol. Barcelona: Ediciones La Espiga, 1941. Entwistle, William J. The Spanish Language Together with Portuguese; Catalan and Basque. 2nd ed. London: Faber and Faber and New York: Barnes and Noble, 1962. Garcia de Diego, Vicente. Gramatica hist6rica espanola. Madrid: Edi~ torial Gredos, 2nd ed., 1961. - - . Manual de dialectologia espanola. Madrid: Instituto de cultura hispanica, 1946. Grandgent, C. H. An Introduction to Vulgar Latin. Boston: D. C. Heath & Co., 1907. Hanssen, Friedrich. Gramatica hist6rica de la lengua castellana. Buenos Aires: EI Ateneo, 1945. Lapesa, Rafael. Historia de la lengua espanola, 4th ed. Madrid: Escelicer, 1959. Menendez Pidal, Ramon. Manual de gramatica hist6rica espanola, 11 th ed. Madrid: Victoriano Suarez, 1962. - - . Or£genes del espanol. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1950. Oliver Asin, Jaime. Historia de la lengua espanola, 4th ed. Madrid: Diana, Artes gnificas, 1940. Spaulding, Robert K. H ow Spanish Grew. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1943. Trend, John B. The Language and History of Spain. London: Hutchinson House, 1953. Woodbridge, Henley c., and Olson, Paul R. A Tentative Bibliography of Hispanic Linguistics (based on the studies of Yakov Malkiel). Urbana: Dept. of Spanish and Italian, University of Illinois, 1952. LITERARY AND PALEOGRAPHIC Millares Carlo. Augustin. Paleografia espanola. Madrid: Hernando, 1932. - - . Literatura espanola hasta fines del siglo XV. Mexico: Robredo, 1950. (contains bibliography) 24

II.

Oldest Documents

Middle of the Xth century.

I GLOSAS EMILIANENSES Ms of the Monastery of San Millan de la Cogolla, published by Ramon Menendez Pidal in Origenes del espanal (Madrid, 1950),8-9.

ITEM SERMO COTIDIANI

Rogo uos fratres carissimi nemo dicat jn corde suo quial peccata carnis non curat Deus, Sed audite ['kate uos)2 apostolum dicentem ... siquis [' qual~ his uemne]3 ... Dicit etiam [Esajas]4 testimonium [ficatore]5 omnis caro fenum et omnis claritas6 ejus ut flos [' flore] feni [' jerba] ... Sed ad tempus moritur ' non resurgit [' non se uiuificaratJ7 cum crimine ['peccato]. , Ayt enim apostolus [' zerte dicet don Paulo apostolo] quia corpora uestra templum est Spiritus Sancti; ... ' tu ipse es ['tueleisco 8 jes]9 templum Dei ... jin domo tua manes ['tu siedes] ... uide ' quid agas [' ke faras]lO, uide ' ne offendas [' tunon jerras] templi hauitatorem, , ne deseras te [' tunon laisces]ll et jn ruinam uertaris ['tornaras].12 Nescitis, jinquid [' dicet] quia corpora uestra templum est Spiritus Sancti quem habetis a Deo et non estis uestri [,reputativaJ13 emti enim estis pretio magno.

NOTES

The text, fragments of a sermon by St. Augustine, belongs to the end of the IXth or the beginning of the Xth century, the glosses to the middle of the Xth century. The glosses represent a type of Latin strongly influenced by common speech. I quia = that. 2 kate uos(capte(t)uos or captate uos, behold. 3 qualbis uemne, any man. 4 Esajas = Isaias, XL, 6. 5 testimonium

27

28 [ficatore(m»). who established testimony. 6 claritas. splendor. 7 U1Ulficara(t). Future. 8 tueleisco