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AN ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECH ACTIVITIES OF THE ABORIGINAL MAORI OF NEW ZEALAND

A D issertatio n P resen ted to the F acu lty

o f th e G raduate School

The U n i v e r s i t y

of S outhern C a lif o r n ia

In P a r tia l

F u lfillm en t

o f t h e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e Degree D octor o f P h ilo so p h y

by C h r i s t i n a B. A n d r e i n i A p r i l 1950

UMI Number: DP31969

AN rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

Dissertation Publishing

UMI DP31969 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code

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This dissertation, written by .................... CHRISTIM.B,...ANDRBINI.......................... u n d e r the g u i d a n c e o f h.Qr . . . F a c u l t y C o m m i t t e e on S tu d ie s , a n d a p p r o v e d by a l l its m e m b e r s , has been p r e s e n t e d to a n d a c c e p t e d by the C o u n c i l on G r a d u a t e S t u d y a n d R e s e a r c h , in p a r t i a l f u l ­ f i l lm e n t o f r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the d e g r e e of DOCTOR

OF P H IL O S O P H Y

Dean

Date.

JUNE 1950

Committee on Studies

Chairman

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER

PAGE

PART ONE I

INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................

.

1

The p r o b l e m .............................................................................

1

Method o f p r e s e n t a t i o n

3

C h aracterizatio n and t h e i r

...................................................

of t h e M aori p e o p le

c u ltu re

...................................................

The s p e e c h a c t i v i t i e s E v a lu a tio n of m a t e r i a l s

o f t h e M aori

4

. . . .

4

and s o u r c e s of d a t a

5

E valuation of m a te ria ls

..........................................

5

S o u r c e s o f d a t a ..............................................................

7

P erio d icals

of le a rn e d s o c i e t i e s

O ther p u b l i c a t i o n s

. . . .

7

of learned s o c ie tie s

7

B o o k s .................................................................................. D e f i n i t i o n of term s

........................................................

8 8

PART TWO II

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE

MAORI PEOPLE

AND THEIR C U L T U R E

.

P h y s i c a l and m e n t a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s P hysical a t t r i b u t e s

. . . .

....................................................

M e n ta l and e m o t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

. . .

10 10 10 11

H i s t o r y ..............................................................................................14 E d u c a t i o n .........................................................................................1$

CHAPTER

PAGE

L a n g u a g e ................................................................................

20

M a o r i a l p h a b e t .........................................................................20 G u i d e t o p r o n u n c i a t i o n .................................................... 21 M u s i c .................................................................................................. 23 S ocial

o rg an izatio n ,

d iv isio n

co n tro l,

and

o f l a b o r ...............................................................26

S ocial o rg an izatio n S ocial c o n tro l

......................................................

26

......................................................................

2$

D i v i s i o n o f l a b o r ...............................................................29 III

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAORI PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE ( C o n t i n u e d )

..................................

31

R e l i g i o n ............................................................................................. 31 D iv isio n s

o f r e l i g i o n ...........................• .

. .

.

31

The t o h u n g a ..............................................................................35 War and c a n n i b a l i s m ..............................................

3$

W a r f a r e ........................................................................................ 3 $ C a n n i b a l i s m ..............................................................................41 M aterial c u ltu re

......................................................................

D e c o r a t i v e and p r a c t i c a l

a rts

. . . . . .

43 43



F o od a n d f o o d p r o d u c t s .................................................... 46 T ran sp o rta tio n

......................................................................

4$

S u m m a r y ........................................... ' ................................................ 49

CHAPTER

PAGE

PART THREE IV

CEREMONIES AND RITUALS

. .

C erem onies m a rk in g t h e B irth

.

.......................................... 52

crises

of l i f e

. . .

52

c e r e m o n i e s ......................................................53

H aircu ttin g T atto o in g

cerem ony

ceremony

...................................................

55

.........................................................

55

B e t r o t h a l and m a r r i a g e c e r e m o n i e s D ivorce r i t u a l

56

. . . .

...................................................................

D eath c e re m o n ie s

.

57

..........................................................57

C erem o n ies p e r t a i n i n g t o war and p e a c e

. . .

60

C e r e m o n i e s p e r t a i n i n g t o w a r ....................... 60 P eace-m aking cerem o n ies

..........................................

C erem onies u se d i n p r o d u c t i v e a c t i v i t i e s House d e d i c a t o r y

cerem ony

Canoe b u i l d i n g c e r e m o n y

6l

. .

62

....................................

62

.........................................

63

C erem onies c o n c e rn in g food p r o d u c ts

. . .

64

O t h e r c e r e m o n i e s ...........................................................65 In ter-trib a l

feasts

a nd c e r e m o n i e s

. . . .

65

Ngau p a e p a e r i t e ......................................................66 S u m m a r y ............................................................................... 67 V

PUBLIC DISCUSSION AND ADDRESS P ublic d is c u s s io n

....................................

.........................................................

P laces of d isc u ssio n

6$

.

6$

....................................................

6$

G e n e r a l d e c o r u m o f an a s s e m b l y .................. 70

V

CHAPTER

PAGE

Purposes o f p u b lic d is c u s s io n

.............................

12

D e c i s i o n s o f an a s s e m b l y ............................................... 73 P u b l i c a d d r e s s ..................................................................... C om position o f sp e e c h e s

............................................

75 76

Form o f an o r a t i o n ...............................................................77 L e n g t h o f s p e e c h e s ...............................................................7$

R e a s o n i n g ................................................................................... 79 V o i c e q u a l i t y .........................................................................$0 D eliv ery o f speeches D ress of th e

....................................................

o r a t o r ........................................

A udience r e a c t i o n

$3

.........................................................

$5

...............................................

$6

H eckling o f speakers Types o f s p e e c h e s

$1

.........................................................

Speeches of g r e e t i n g

$7

....................................... $7

Speech fo rm u la i n m a r r ia g e and t h e r e c e p t i o n o f g i f t s ............................... ..... S p e e c h e s o f w a r a n d o f p e a c e ............................... Speeches of fa re w e ll

......................................................

D e a t h s p e e c h e s and o r a l w i l l s Funeral o ra to ry

. . . . . .

.................................................................

91 93 95

O th e r t y p e s o f s p e e c h e s ............................................... 97 S u m m a r y ...................................................................................... 99

vi CHAPTER VI

PAGE S O N G S ....................................................................... G eneral c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

101

..............................................

101

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .........................................................................10 1 O c c a s i o n s f o r s o n g ...............................................................102 Deliver}?- o f s o n g s ...............................................................103 Types o f accom panim ent t o

s o n g ................................ 105

T r a n s l a t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n o f s o n g s

. . .

106

T y p e s o f s o n g s ..............................................................................1 1 0 L u l l a b i e s ................................................................................... 1 10 S o n g s f o r t a t t o o i n g ......................................................... 112 Canoe s o n g s ...................................

112

Work s o n g s o f a g r i c u l t u r e .......................................... 116 S e n t i n e l Ts s o n g s

...............................................................117

S o n g s o f p r o p h e c y ...............................................................11 $ L a m e n t s ........................................................................................ 120 C ursing

s o n g s ........................................

123

O t h e r s o n g s ..............................................................................125 S u m m a r y ............................................................................................. 129 V II

INCANTATIONS AND C H A R M S ..........................................................13 1 G eneral c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

...............................................

131

T im e a n d u s e s .........................................................................13 1 P a rtic ip a n ts

........................................................................

132

D e l i v e r y ................................................................................. 133

vii CHAPTER

PAGE P u r p o s e o f c h a r m s ...............................................................1 3 6 D ifficu ltie s M iscellan eo u s

encountered tra its

.

14 0

....................................................

141

K arakia r e l a t e d to h e a lth T reatm ent f o r m y ste rio u s T reatm ent f o r t a n g i b l e

in t r a n s la ti o n

.........................................

14 5

illn e ss

14 5

.....................

afflictio n s

. . . .

Charms t o p r o d u c e o t h e r d e s i r e d e f f e c t s

14$ .

151

.

154

I n c a n t a t i o n s u se d b y h u n t e r s and f is h e r m e n

154

In can tatio n s

159

K arakia r e l a t i n g to

fo o d and fo o d p r o d u c t s

a p p lie d to

food

crops

. . . .

K a r a k i a c o n c e r n e d w i t h w a r ............................................... 1 6 2 O ther I n c a n ta tio n s

a n d s p e l l s ..................................... 165

S u m m a r y ............................................................................................. 1 6 6 V III

MAORI L E G E N D S ................................................................................... 1 6 8 S t o r y t e l l i n g .............................................................................. l6& Time a n d s e t t i n g ..............................................

16$

P a rtic ip a n ts

169

........................................................................

M a n n e r o f d e l i v e r y ...............................................................1 6 9 A udience r e a c t i o n C h a rac te ristic s

.........................................................

170

o f m a t e r i a l s ...............................1 7 1

E s o t e r i c t a l e s ............................................ -.................................1 7 4 E x o t e r i c t a l e s ............................................. M i g r a ti o n m yths

..............................................................

175 177

v iii CHAPTER

PAGE The h e r o - c y c l e ......................................................................... 1 7 $ O t h e r h e r o t a l e s ....................................................................1 $0 T ales to S to ries

e x p l a i n n a t u r a l phenomena

. . . .

183

o f l o v e ....................................................................1$ 4

F a i r y t a l e s .............................................................................. 1$5 O g r e s ............................................................................................. 1$ 6 S ea-m onster t a l e s

.........................................................

1$ $

M ythological b ir d s

.........................................................

1$ 9

E nchanted t r e e

and l o g t a l e s ..................................... 1$ 9

R esu rrectio n ta le s

.........................................................

Dream t e l l i n g

........................................

191 191

F a b l e s ............................................................................................. 192 S u m m a r y ............................................................................................. 193 IX

MINOR FORMS OF S P E E C H ...............................................................195 Proverbs,

say in g s,

and m o tt o e s

..........................

.

195

P r o v e r b s ........................................................................................ 195 M o t t o e s ........................................................................................ 20 1 C o n v e r s a t i o n and g o s s i p

...............................................

202

C onversation

........................................................................

202

G ossip

.............................................................................. 207

E m otional e x p r e s s io n s . . . . .

................................

20 9

O r a l a p p l a u s e ......................................................................... 20 9 S h o u t i n g i n f u r y ....................................................................20 9

ix CHAPTER

PAGE

C u r s e s ..............................................................................................210 V erbal i n s u l t s

......................................................................

21 4

T h r e a t s .........................................................................................2 1 4 C r i e s c o n c e r n i n g w a r ..........................................................215 S y m b o lic a l com m unication

.................................................

217

M i s c e l l a n e o u s u s e s o f s p e e c h .......................................... 2 2 0 Games a n d a m u s e m e n t s i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e u s e o f s p e e c h ..........................................................22 0 T er m s o f p e r s o n a l a d d r e s s .......................................... 223 N i c k n a m e s ...................................................................... P u b lic announcem ents F arew ells

.

.......................................................

225 226

. '......................................................................... 2 2 7

S u m m a r y ..............................................................................................2 2 7 PART FOUR XSUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S ..................................................................2 29 B I B L I O G R A P H Y ............................................................................................... APPENDIX A

235

A MAP OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MAORI TRIBES ABOUT THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ..............................................

273

APPENDIX B

CEREMONIES AND RITUALS ...........................................

274

APPENDIX C

PUBLIC DISCUSSIONS AND ADDRESSES. . . .

292

APPENDIX D

S O N G S ..........................................................................................3 2 7

APPENDIX E

INCANTATIONS AND CHARMS

.

.

...........................3 4 3

X

CHAPTER

PAGE

APPENDIX F

L E G E N D S ..................................................................................... 3 6 0

APPENDIX G

MINOR FORMS OF S P E E C H ................................................ 3 7 8

APPENDIX H

GLOSSARY ...............................................................................

384

AN ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECH ACTIVITIES OF THE ABORIGINAL MAORI OF NEW ZEALAND

PART ONE

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION Among some o f t h e of th e

o u tsta n d in g a b o r ig in a l p eo p les

P a c i f i c w ere t h e M ao ri.

p ast six cen tu ries,

T h e ir hom eland,

was c o n f i n e d t o

the

Islan d

fo r th e o f New

Z ealan d .

They- w e r e P o l y n e s i a n s , a n d a s P o l y n e s i a n s w e r e

seafarin g

peo p les,

Southern P a c if i c .

fin d in g t h e i r f i n a l resid en ce in th e O u tsid e o f e a r ly e x p lo r e r s ,

th eir

w e l l d ev elo p ed c u l t u r e rem ain ed c o m p a ra tiv e ly u n a l t e r e d u n t i l the

in flu x

of s e t tl e r s

about 1$40.

Because o f th e

f a c t t h a t th e y rem ain ed u n in f lu e n c e d by European c u l t u r e to

such a l a t e d a t e ,

w ritten

l a n g u a g e and c o m m u n ic a tio n was p r i m a r i l y o r a l ,

th ey a ff o r d th e tu n ity

and b e ca u se th e y d id not p o s s e s s a

s t u d e n t o f s p e e c h an e x c e l l e n t

f o r an a n a l y s i s

of th e

oppor­

scope and u s a g e s o f speech

THE PROBLEM The p u r p o s e o f t h i s ch aracterize,

in so f a r as i s

form s of speech u t i l i z e d e x ta n t in fo rm atio n i s , facto r

to p re s e n t and to

p o ssib le,

by t h e

a t tim es,

such a s d e l i v e r y ,

resu ltin g

study i s

the

v ario u s

a b o rig in a l M aori. d e ficien t

au d ien ce r e a c t i o n ,

in th e im p o sitio n of lim ita tio n s

in

T he

some

or a c tu a tio n on t h e

2

d iscu ssio n of c e rta in p o rtio n s . A nother d i f f i c u l t y in clu d e

sev eral verbal

has been t h a t v a rio u s a u th o rs

fo rm s u n d e r h e a d i n g s t h a t w ould

se em n o n - a p p l i c a b l e t o much o f t h e m a t e r i a l For exam ple,

Donne,in

one o f h i s

in clud ed .

ch ap ters e n title d

"The M aori a s an O r a t o r , " h a s i n c l u d e d , b e s i d e s w h a t i s g e n e ra lly accepted as o r a t o r i c a l , lu lla b ie s, in

tru th ,

p u b lic

songs, and fa re w e ll songs.

v ita lly

c o n tr ib u te d tow ard th e

a d d re s s and w e re * e s s e n tia l to th e

p eo p le. is

lov e

such th in g s as p ro v e rb s ,

As a r e s u l t ,

how ever,

im p o ssib le to d i f f e r e n t i a t e

a ctiv ity

it

is

effectiv en ess cu ltu re

oxu i t e

cle arly

A ll of th e s e , of

of th e s e

c le ar th a t it

one f o r m o f s p e e c h

from a n o t h e r so t h a t d i v i s i o n s m u st be drawn

arb itrarily . Thus, v ario u s

in th is

p a p e r, t h e r e have been in c lu d e d th e

form s o f s p e e c h , w h e th e r c h a n te d or d e l i v e r e d i n

a speaking v o ice;

fo r b o th c o n s t it u t e th e

oral discourse

o f t h e New Z e a l a n d e r s . No c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n a l y s i s o f an a b o r i g i n a l of Speech,

of th e speech a c t i v i t i e s

g r o u p h a s b e e n made b y t h o s e i n t h e

n o r have th o s e in th e f i e l d

field

o f A nthropology

^ Thomas E d w a r d D o n n e , The M a o r i Pa s t a n d P r e s e n t ( L o n d o n : S e e l e y S e r v i c e a n d Com pany, 1927 T*

3 a t t e m p t e d t o make t h a t i n t e r e s t i n g The p u r p o s e o f t h i s the

paper,

and in fo rm a tiv e s tu d y .

th erefo re,

s t u d e n t s o f S peech and t o

the

is

to p resen t to

s tu d e n ts of A nthropology

a s c o m p r e h e n s iv e a p i c t u r e a s is, p o s s i b l e e x p ressio n of t h i s

abo rig in al

of the

oral

group.

METHOD OF PRESENTATION There a re c o lo re d the

s e v e r a l c o m p l i c a t i n g f a c t o r s w hich have

o r g a n iz a tio n of t h i s

b e e n no p r e v i o u s a c tiv itie s

stu d y .

com prehensive s t u d i e s

(1) T h ere have of th e t o t a l speech

o f a b o rig in a l groups e i t h e r in th e f i e l d

Speech or in th e

field

of

o f A n t h r o p o l o g y by w h ich r e s e a r c h

along t h i s

lin e

a c tiv itie s

o f t h e M aori were o f t e n acco m p an ied by form s

of speech, but the

Of e n d e a v o r c o u l d b e g u i d e d .

it

is

speech a c t i v i t y

exam ple:

freq u en tly d if f ic u lt from i t s

to

(2)

The

segregate

concom itant f u n c tio n ,

for

n o f o r m a l s p e e c h o r o r a t i o n was c o m p l e t e w i t h o u t

t h e u s e o f so n g s and r e f e r e n c e s t o m y th o lo g y ;, few c e r e ­ m onies were e f f e c t u a l ) w ith o u t t h e p u b lic

addresses.

o f su b ject m a tte r. are

(3)

i n an a r b i t r a r y

it

d iv isio n

S i n c e . t h e M aori and t h e i r

c o m p a r a t i v e l y u n k n o w n t o m any o f t h e

Speech, tio n

T his r e s u l t s

use o f i n c a n t a t i o n s and

is necessary to

c u ltu re

stu d en ts of

include a b r i e f c h a ra c te riz a ­

o f t h i s m a t e r i a l a s a means o f o r i e n t a t i o n .

The m e t h o d o f p r e s e n t a t i o n i s th ere fo re ,

an o r i g i n a l

fo u n d upon th e arranged, 1. c u ltu re .

sy n th esis

su b ject.

as fo llo w s,

S ectio n s

of a n ecessity ,

of th e of th e

d iv erse m ateria l study a re

in a lo o se ly to p ic a l order;

C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e M aori p e o p le and t h e i r T h is s e c t i o n i s d e v o t e d t o a more f u l l a n d

com preh en siv e u n d e r s ta n d in g o f a rem ote and a lm o st e x t i n c t c u ltu re.

It

is

in te n d e d t o produce a p i c t u r e

M aori p e o p le and a s e l e c t e d p i c t u r e th eir

cu ltu re th a t

c o n trib u te to

o f th e

of th e asp ects of

a b e t t e r com prehension

of t h e i r processes of speech. 2.

The s p e e c h a c t i v i t i e s

d iv id ed in to

six sectio n s:

d i s c u s s i o n and a d d r e s s ,

of th e M ao ri.

c e r e m o n ie s and r i t u a l s ,

songs,

in ca n ta tio n s

l e g e n d s , and m inor form s o f s p e e c h . superim poses i t s no f i n e

T his i s p u b lic

and c h a rm s,

Each o f t h e s e s e c t i o n s

s u b j e c t m a t t e r on o t h e r s e c t i o n s ,

l i n e o f d e m a rc a tio n betw een t h e

sectio n s

so th a t

can be

draw n. . A lthough t h e m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t e d i s draw n f r e e l y from t h e r e c o r d i n g s

of m issio n aries,

stu d en ts

o f t h e M aori

from a l l

in th a t

field

of Speech.

it

is

ad v en tu rers,

c u l t u r e and l a n g u a g e , presen ted

it

and

d iffers

in the p ro v in ce of th e

The s e c o n d p a r t i s

selected

from

5 eth n o lo g ical m a te ria l, does of the

as is th e

speech a c t i v i t i e s

th ird ,

co n sistin g as i t

of t h e M aori.

EVALUATION OF MATERIALS AND SOURCES OF DATA E v a l u a t i on o f m a t e r i a l s * d iv id ed th e an th ro p o lo g ic al th ree

E a rn e st B eaglehole has

s t u d i e s o f New Z e a l a n d i n t o

p e r i o d s o f which h e , h i m s e l f ,

c la ssific a tio n .

falls

in to

th e t h i r d

Of t h e f i r s t p e r i o d h e s a y s :

. . . T h e a u t h o r s t h a t come t o m in d h e r e a r e C r u i s e , E a r le , N ic h o la s, P o lack , Savage, W ak efield, Y ate, D ie ffe n b a c k , and M arsden. Taken a s a w h o le , t h e b u lk o f t h i s m a t e r i a l i s what i t p r o f e s s e s t o be: a c c o u n t s o f t r a v e l s , t h e new c o u n t r y , a n i m a l s a n d p l a n t s , t o g e t h e r w ith im p re s s io n s and d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e custom s o f t h e p e o p le . . . . The s e c o n d p e r i o d i n New Z e a l a n d a n t h r o p o l o g y can w e ll be c a l le d th e p e rio d of th e e n th u s ia s t i c am ateur. I t c o n t a i n s t h e names o f su c h s t a l w a r t s a s S h o r t l a n d , S ta c k , T a y l o r , M aning, G rey, W h ite , Gudgeon, P ercy S m ith , H a m ilto n , T r e g e a r , B e s t , Downes, a n d M a c m i ll a n B row n. The w r i t e r s o f t h i s se c o n d p e r i o d , a s I ju d g e th e m , a r e m ore s e l f ­ c o n s c i o u s l y s t u d e n t s o f t h e M a o ri— o f h i s l i f e and custom s and c u l t u r e - - t h a n th o s e o f t h e e a r l y perio d . . . . The way i s now c l e a r f o r a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f o u r t h i r d p h a s e o f a n t h r o p o l o g y i n New Z e a l a n d a n d t h i s , n e c e s s a r i l y , i s a c o n te m p o ra ry p h a se where g e n e r a l ­ i z a t i o n s t e n d t o b e more h a z a r d o u s a n d t o r e f l e c t m o r e c l e a r l y w h a t some may t a k e t o b e t h e l i m i t a ­ t i o n s o f t h e w r i t e r . . . .2

^ E a r n e s t B e a g l e h o l e , " A n t h r o p o l o g y i n New Z e a l a n d , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y . XLVII ( D e c e m b e r , 193d), 152, 154, 156.

6 Of t h e s e p e r i o d s ,

the

second has f u r n i s h e d t h e m a jo r ity

o f i n f o r m a t i o n from w hich t h i s s t u d y h a s b een b u i l t . U n l i k e many s t u d i e s , from w hich t h e m a j o r i t y h a s been draw n.

t h e r e i s no s i n g l e

of th e m a te ria l

o f speech a c t i v i t i e s .

T r a d i t i o n s and S u p e r s t i t i o n s title d

for th is

study

The r e a s o n f o r t h i s b e i n g t h a t t h e r e

h a s been no w ork, n o r even a c h a p t e r , to p ic

source

d evo ted to th e

A lthough S h o r tla n d ^

in

o f t h e New Z e a l a n d e r s e n ­

o n e c h a p t e r MO r a t o r y a n d P r o v e r b s , H o n l y o n e a n d

o n e - h a lf pages a re concerned w ith a g e n e ra l d is c u s s io n of oratory; to

th e

rem ain d er of th e

c h a p te r b e in g devoted

exam ples o f p r o v e r b s . Upon t h e m u s i c o f t h e M a o r i ,

t h e most e x t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h ;

A ndersen h a s done

many a u t h o r s h a v e p r e s e r v e d

so ngs t h a t w ere r e l a t e d t o t h e i r t o p i c s Of k a r a k i a o r i n c a n t a t i o n s , B est abound.

These,

of d isc u ssio n .

t h e w orks o f E lsd o n

how ever, a r e n o t w r i t t e n

o f a s an

end i n t h e m s e l v e s , b u t r a t h e r i n c o n n e c t i o n w ith a g r e a t number o f o t h e r s u b j e c t s . A w ealth p re s e rv e d both

of th e

le g e n d s o f th e M aori have been

in t h e i r o r i g i n a l and t r a n s l a t e d

form s,

Edward S h o r t l a n d , T r a d i t i o n s a n d S u p e r s t i t i o n s o f t h e New Ze a l a n d e r s (London: Longman, Brown, G r e e n , Longmans and R o b e r t s , 1 8 5 6 )*

7 f o r m any men b e n t t h e i r e n e r g i e s t o t h i s

end.

M inor form s o f sp e ec h have a l s o b e e n c o m p ile d from t h e b r i e f and v a r i e d n o t a t i o n s

of a v a rie ty

of

w riters. Thus,

f r a g m e n ts from in n u m e r a b le w orks h av e b een

com bined and o r g a n iz e d t o th is

compose t h e

s u b je c t m a tte r of

paper. Sources o f d a ta . 1.

th e

P erio d icals

of learn ed

so c ietie s.

Of t h e s e

Jo u rn a l of th e P olynesian S o ciety c o n s titu te s th e

m ost e x te n s i v e form ed t o

source o f in fo rm a tio n .

T h i s s o c i e t y was

c o l l e c t a n d r e c o r d a s m u ch P o l y n e s i a n l o r e a s

was p o s s i b l e .

A few o f t h e m ost p r o l i f i c

c o n t r i b u t o r s w ere: P e t e r Buck,

E lsdon B e s t,

and h e l p f u l

S . Percy S m ith , D r.

a l s o known a s Te R a n g i H i r o a ,

Rev. C o le n so ,

and L t . C o l. Gudgeon. M ajor p e r i o d i c a l s

also under th is

c la ssifica tio n

a r e t h e T r a n s a c t i o n s a n d P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e New Z e a l a n d In stitu te

and t h e

J o u r n a l o f t h e An t h r o p o l o g i c a l

In stitu te

o f G r e a t B r i t a i n and I r e l a n d * 2* m ajo rity

O ther p u b l ic a t i o n s

of learn ed so c i e t i e s .

of th e s e t h a t w ere o f g r e a t v a lu e w ere:

the

M e m o i r s o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y . D o m i n i o n Museum

The

8 M o n o g r a p h s . D o m i n i o n Museum B u l l e t i n s , a n d v a r i o u s pam phlets. 3* books i s

Books.

A lthough t h e m a t e r i a l

r e le g a te d to

th e i r c o n trib u tio n s been g r e a t .

th ird

to t h i s

su b ject,

im portance o f

t h e i r v alu e has

The a u t h o r s o f g r e a t e s t u s e f u l n e s s a r e ,

in a lp h a b e tic a l order: F irth s,

place in th e

s e c u r e d from

E lsdon B e s t,

S i r G eorge G rey, L t .

J a m e s Cown, t h e t w o

C o l. Gudgeon, M a k e r e ti,

F . E . M a n i n g , who u s e d P a k a h a M a o r i a s a p s e u d o n y m , J o e l S. P o lack , W. S t a c k ,

John Savage,

R ichard T a y lo r,

men w e r e m i s s i o n a r i e s , m ilita ry

p erso n n el,

Edward S h o r t l a n d ,

and Edward T r e g e a r .

adv en tu rers,

James These

governm ent em p lo y ees,

and s t u d e n t s of t h e M aori c u l t u r e . DEFINITION OF TERMS

The i s l a n d s o f New Z e a l a n d may b e c o n f u s i n g i n th at,

over a period

in v a rio u s m anners. th is

group.

n ated as:

of tim e , th e y have been d i f f e r e n t i a t e d A ctu ally th e re a re th re e is la n d s in

I n p a s t tim e s th e y w ere o c c a s i o n a l l y d e s i g ­

th e N orth I s l a n d ,

South I s l a n d . references,

In t h i s

t h e M iddle I s l a n d ,

paper, as in th e m ajo rity

t h e tw o l a r g e r a n d m o s t n o r t h e r n

c a l l e d t h e N orth I s l a n d and t h e South I s l a n d . southernm ost i s l a n d , S tew art’s Isla n d .

and t h e

w hich i s

a lso th e

of

isla n d s are The

sm allest,

is

9 I t has been found n e c e ssa ry to u t i l i z e o f M aori w ords i n t h e t e x t ; th e s e have been q u a l i f i e d

a number

how ever, w h erev er p o s s i b l e

by t h e n e a r e s t E n g l i s h synonym.

F o r an a d d i t i o n a l b u t l i m i t e d Maori v o c a b u l a r y , a s e l e c t e d group o f w ords a r e in c lu d e d w ith t h e i r t r a n s l a t i o n s the g lo ssa ry .

in

PART TWO

CHAPTER I I

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAORI PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CHARACTERISTICS P hysical a t t r i b u t e s . m agn ificen t p h y sic a l w ell-sh ap ed ,

The M a o r i w e r e , a n d s t i l l

specim ens.

are

They w e re w e l l - b u i l t ,

and e r e c t in c a r r i a g e .

B ro a d c h e s t and mas­

s i v e ly rounded lim b s d is p la y e d g r e a t m u sc u la r developm ent. K e r r y - N i c h o l ls f u r t h e r d e s c r i b e s them : The M a o r i s a s a r u l e , h a v e l o n g b o d i e s a n d l o n g a rm s, w ith s h o r t l e g s , and t h e fram e th ro u g h o u t i s m a s s i v e l y s e t ; . . .The f e a t u r e s a r e r e g u l a r i n form , t h e fa c e i s b ro ad w ith h ig h c h e e k -b o n e s, s l i g h t l y p r o m in e n t, and t h e f o r e h e a d i s h ig h and m assiv e; th e nose i s d e p re ssed a t th e b r id g e , th e n o s t r i l s a r e w i d e , and t h e m outh i s l a r g e and f i r m , t h e jaw s q u a r e and m a s s i v e , t h e l i p s a r e w e l l c u t and s l i g h t l y f u l l ; . . .2 The c u s t o m o f t a t t o o i n g made t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e M aori q u i t e s p e c t a c u l a r . tatto o in g .

The men h a d a c o m p l e t e f a c i a l

O ccasio n ally o th e r p a rts

o f t h e body w ere

1 J . H. K e r r y - N i c h o l l s , "T he O r i g i n , P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , and M a n n e rs a n d C u sto m s o f t h e M aori R ace, from D ata D e riv e d D u rin g a R ecen t E x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e K i n g C o u n t r y , New Z e a l a n d , ” T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e o f G r e a t B r i t a i n and I r e l a n d , XV ( 1 8 8 5 ) , 1 9 3 2

Ib id . ,

!% •

11 enhanced in t h i s

m anner.

th e ir upper lip s

and c h i n s .

th is

Women w e r e t a t t o o e d

o n l y upon

I t m ust b e rem em bered t h a t

custom o n ly a p p l i e d t o th o s e o f g e n t l e ,

or rath er

n o b le, b i r t h . M e n ta l and e m o t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . p o s i t i o n o f t h e M aori was h i g h l y e m o t i o n a l .

The d i s ­ They w e re

alw ays rea d y f o r e i t h e r l a u g h t e r o r t e a r s and t h e i r em otions ten d e d tow ard extrem es: in te rm itte n t, th ey a lte rn a te w ild ly uproarious

e la tio n

. . h i s moods a r e

in o p p o site ex trem es of

a n d m o r b i d d e p r e s s i o n . ”-^

S i l e n t g r i e f w a s u nk n ow n b y t h e m .

The p a r t i n g

was u n a t t e n d e d by any e m o t i o n a l d i s p l a y ; m e e tin g o f lo v e d o nes was an o c c a s io n f o r w h i n i n g , and t e a r s . ^ experience hands,

of frien d s

how ever, th e jo y o u s m oaning,

B ro w n e ,^ even t h o u g h he h ad t h e

o f b e i n g f a t t e n e d up f o r s l a u g h t e r a t t h e i r

says t h a t th e y had th e h e a r ts As t o t h e a b i l i t y

in a b s tra c t th o u g h t,

of l i t t l e

ch ild ren .

o f t h e New Z e a l a n d e r s t o

th ere is a d iv e rs ity

in d u lg e

o f o p in io n .

3 M a b e l H o l m e s , T,.The S o c i a l P o s i t i o n o f t h e M a o r i s , ” C o n t e m p o r a r y R e v i e w . XCVI ( N o v e m b e r , 1 9 0 9 ) , 6 1 5 . ^ A r t h u r S a u n d e r s T h o m s o n , The S t o r y o f New Z ealand: P a s t and P r e s e n t — Savage and C i v i l i z e d (London: J . M urray7T 595T 7 I , 2 0 0 . 5 C h a r l e s R o b e rt Browne, M aori W itchery; J . M. D e n t a n d S o n s , L t d . , 1 9 2 9 ) , p r e f a c e v i i •

(London:

12 S hortland^ s ta te s t h a t a l l

th eir

id e a s took a c o n c re te

form ; b u t B e st? says t h a t

S h o rtla n d had f a i l e d t o n o te

t h a t th e ev o lv in g o f l i f e

p r i n c i p l e s and o t h e r su ch

a c tiv itie s

i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y were a p p r o a c h i n g a b s t r a c t

th o u g h t• O ther c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s n o te d a re : s u p e rio r m in d ,— o f t h e i r th e reg u lar,

fin e

and sy m m etrica l;

a f t e r the b e a u t if u l ;

.

E vidence of th e

.

,! • • . T h e i r

p e rc e p tio n of the b e a u t if u l , of t h e i r d e s i r e and la b o u r

. ”^

c o u rte o u sn e ss o f th e s e p eo ple

is

g i v e n b y Downes: The M a o r i p e o p l e w e r e i n t h e i r own-w ay e x c e e d i n g l y c o u r t e o u s , and t h i s i s a t r a i t t h a t c h a r a c t e r i z e s them t o t h e p r e s e n t d a y . A M aori w i l l r a r e l y c o n t r a ­ d i c t , ev en i f he knows he i s i n t h e r i g h t , and t h e w r i t e r h a d n e v e r known h i m t o f o r c e h i s own k n o w l e d g e o r i d e a s a g a i n s t t h o s e o f t h e man t o whom h e m i g h t b e speak in g . C h i e f s a n d women o f r a n k w e r e a l w a y s s p o k e n t o i n a r e s p e c t f u l m a n n e r ? an d i t was c o n s i d e r e d v e ry poor b re e d in g to be rude m e i t h e r speech or b e a r in g .

^ Edward S h o r t l a n d , M a o ri R e l i g i o n and M y th o lo g y ( L o n d o n : L o n g m a n s , G r e e n a n d C o m p an y , 1 3 3 2 ) , 4 - 5 • ? E l s d o n B e s t , !rSome A s p e c t s o f M a o r i Myth a n d R e l i g i o n , ” D o m i n i o n Museum M o n o g r a p h , No. 1 (W ellington: T h e D o m i n i o n M useu m , 1922") , 8 . W. C o l e n s o , " C o n t r i b u t i o n s T o w a r d a B e t t e r K now ledge o f t h e M a o ri R a c e . P a r t I I : On t h e I d e a l i t y o f t h e A n c ie n t N e w -Z e a la n d e r; P r o v e r b s and P r o v e r b i a l S a y i n g s , ” T r a n s a c t i o n s o f t h e New Z e a l a n d I n s t i t u t e , X II (1379), 8 0 .“ “

13 E ven s l a v e s w e r e , a s a r u l e , s p o k e n t o c o u r t e o u s l y by t h e i r s u p e r i o r s , f o r a c h i e f w ould, a t h i s c u l t i v a t i o n s o r o t h e r work, s t a n d s i d e by s i d e w i t h h i s s l a v e s , a n d w a s i n d e e d s u p p o s e d t o show h i m s e l f s u p e r i o r b o t h i n s k i l l and i n d u s t r y . . . .9 The a b s e n c e o f w r i t t e n l i t e r a t u r e

d ev elo p ed an

e x t e n s i v e a n d r e t e n t i v e mem ory among t h e M a o r i *

I t was

t h e o n ly m ethod by w h ich t h e t r a d i t i o n a l l o r e o f t h e i r p e o p le could be p r e s e r v e d . tio n reta in e d the

lettere d

The v a s t a m o u n t o f i n f o r m a ­

i n t h e m inds o f t h e M aori i s c u ltu r e s of th e

of th e ir relian ce

d iffic u lt

for

w orld t o u n d e r s ta n d b e c a u se

on t h e w r i t t e n w o r d .

Two e x a m p l e s o f t h e M a o r i c a p a c i t y

f o r m em oriza­

t i o n a r e given by B est: . . .D u r i n g t h e w i n t e r o f 1$96 I o b t a i n e d f r o m an o ld n a t i v e o f t h e T u atah u n a d i s t r i c t t h e w ords of n o l e s s t h a n 4 0 6 s o n g s , t o g e t h e r w i t h much i n f o r m a ­ t i o n o f an e x p l a n a t o r y n a t u r e p e r t a i n i n g t o th em . A l l t h e s e s o n g s w e r e g i v e n fro m memory— n o t one was in w r itte n form . A g a i n , when T a m a r a u W a i a r i a p p e a r e d b e f o r e t h e Land C om m ission a t R u a t o k i i n o r d e r t o e x p l a i n t h e c l a i m o f h i s c l a n t o c e r t a i n l a n d s , he t r a c e d th e d e s c e n t o f h i s p eo ple from an a n c e s t o r who f l o u r i s h e d t h i r t y - f o u r g e n e r a t i o n s a g o . The r e s u l t was a lo n g t a b l e of in n u m e r a b le b r a n c h l i n e s , of a m u ltitu d e of a f f i n i t i v e ra m ific a tio n s . T his m arv ello u s r e c i t a l occupied th e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e C om m ission f o r t h r e e d a y s . The o l d man g a v e much ev id en ce a s to o c c u p a tio n , e x t r a - t r i b a l m a rria g e

o f the

9 T . W. D o w n e s , !fM a o r i E t i q u e t t e , n The J o u r n a l P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y » XXXVIII ( J u n e , 1 9 2 9 ) , 149*

14 & c. , and t h e g e n e a l o g i c a l t a b l e c o n t a i n e d w e l l o v e r f o u r t e e n h u n d r e d names o f p e r s o n s .1 0 U n w ritten l i t e r a t u r e

a f f e c te d b o th the l i f e

and

c h a r a c t e r o f th e M aori, f o r . . .The l o r e o f t h e M a o ri was e x a c t l y a p p r o p r i a t e t o h i s mode o f l i f e a n d h i s s u r r o u n d i n g s . I t afforded him j u s t t h e m e n t a l e x e r c i s e t h a t h e r e q u i r e d . H is s o n g s c h e e r e d many an h o u r o f p r i v a t i o n a n d w e a r y t o i l ; h i s p o t e n t charm s i n s p i r e d him w i t h h o p e and c o u r a g e ; h i s w i s e and p i t h y p r o v e r b s u r g e d him t o d i l i g e n c e ; and t h u s h i s m e n t a l and m o ra l f a c u l t i e s w ere s t r e n g t h e n e d . i l HISTORY T h a t t h e r e w e r e i n h a b i t a n t s i n New Z e a l a n d b e f o r e t h e M aori m ig r a tio n s th a t th ese

i s b e l i e v e d by som e.

B est-^ th in k s

o r i g i n a l p e o p l e w e re c o n q u e r e d and t h e i r

d e sc e n d a n ts ab so rb ed by th e M aori. The h o m e l a n d s o f t h e M a o r i u p u n t i l t h e i r a r r i v a l i n New Z e a l a n d h a s b e e n c o n j e c t u r e d f r o m t h e i r T h e s e s t a t e t h a t t h e y came f i r s t Irih ia ,

trav e le d

leg en d s.

f r o m a h o t c o u n t r y nam ed

in an e a s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n ,

sojourned in

E l s d o n B e s t , ”The M a o r i S c h o o l o f L e a r n i n g , ” D o m i n i o n Museum M o n o g r a p h , N o . 6 ( W e l l i n g t o n : The D o m i n i o n Museum, 1 9 2 3 ) , 5* l l

R . C o u p l a n d H a r d i n g , ?TU n w r i t t e n L i t e r a t u r e , ” T r a n s a c t i o n s a n d P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e New Z e a l a n d I n s t i t u t e , XXV ( 1 8 9 2 ) , 4 4 7 . ■^-2 E l s d o n B e s t , " T e W h a n g a - N u i - a - T a r a , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , X (S e p te m b e r. 1901) . 114-115-

15 two l a n d s ,

and s a i l e d

One o f t h e s e

ag ain to the

isla n d s o f P o ly n esia.

i s l a n d s was sp o k e n o f a s H a w a ik i, w h ic h

B e s t b e l i e v e s w a s T a h i t i . 3-3 A ccording to the

se ttlin g

h is th e o rie s,

Te R a n g i H i r o a d i v i d e s

o f New Z e a l a n d i n t o t h r e e p e r i o d s : .

(1)

T he p r e - T o i s e t t l e m e n t , o c c u r r i n g a f a i r l y l o n g t i m e b e f o r e 1 1 5 0 A .D .

(2)

The T o i E x p e d i t i o n o f 1 1 5 0 , w i t h t h e a c c e s s i o n o f a n u m b e r o f l e s s w e l l known c a n o e s p r e c e d i n g th e F le e t.

(3)

The H a w a i k i m i g r a t i o n o f 1 3 5 0 , c o m p o s e d o f t h e F l e e t o f f i v e v e s s e l s w i t h w e l l known c a n o e s o f t h e sa m e p e r i o d , . • . 1 4 Of t h e

T o i e x p e d i t i o n and s e t t l e m e n t ,

t h e T akitum u t r a d i t i o n , of T a h iti.

He s e t f o r t h

n o m a d s o f whom h i s New Z e a l a n d ,

i t was s a i d t h a t T o i was a n a t i v e in search

o f a g roup o f ocean

g r a n d s o n w a s o n e . 3-5

Upon r e a c h i n g

he s e t t l e d t h e r e .

The f i v e o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o F leet th a t

according to

vessels

of th e G reat

l e f t H a w a i k i c l o s e t o g e t h e r w e r e nam ed:

3-3 E l s d o n B e s t , P o l y n e s i a n V o y a g e r s , TT D o m i n i o n Museum M o n o g r a p h . No. 5 ( W e l l i n g t o n : The D o m i n i o n Museum, 1 9 2 3 ) , 6 - 7 * 14 P e t e r H e n r y B u c k , TTThe Com ing o f t h e M a o r i , ” C aw thron L e c t u r e » I I (N elson: C aw thron I n s t i t u t e of S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h , 1 9 2 5 ) , 3$* 3-5 E l s d o n B e s t , The M a o r i a s He_ Was The D o m i n i o n Museum, 1 9 2 4 ) , 25 •

(W ellin gton :

16 T a i n u i , Te A r a w a , M a t a - a t u a ,

K u rah au p o , and Tokomaru.

T h e r e w e r e a l s o a n u m b e r o f l e s s w e l l known c a n o e s t h a t le ft

a t v a r i o u s t i m e s f o r New Z e a l a n d Ts s h o r e s . ^

th ese v ario u s

canoes,

the a r is to c r a c y

could t r a c e t h e i r a n c e s t r y Canoes t r a v e l e d a s the ty p e

o f New Z e a l a n d

The d i s t a n c e t h a t t h e s e

seems i m p o s s i b l e i f

on e t h i n k s

could

o f them

of can o e s u se d b y t h e N o rth A m erican I n d i a n s .

The M a o r i c a n o e s o f t h e G r e a t M i g r a t i o n , d ifferen t

To

in ch arac ter.

They w e re l a r g e ,

how ever, w ere d o u b le , and

c a r r y tw o h u n d re d p e o p l e o r m o r e . ^ The r e a s o n f o r t h i s

G reat M ig ratio n ,

was a c a s e o f b e i n g p u s h e d from b e h i n d .

Hiroa^-^ s a y s ,

The p u sh a p p e a r e d

t o b e c a u s e d from o v e r - p o p u l a t i o n w hich i n t u r n in a s c a rc ity

o f food s u p p l i e s ,

th eft,

resu lte d

and m u r d e r .

I t w a s many g e n e r a t i o n s a f t e r t h e M a o r i h a d s e t t l e d i n New Z e a l a n d t h a t t h e F irth ,

from th e p o in t

co u n ts b r i e f l y th e

Buck,

(London:

0£ .

E u r o p e a n s fo u n d them t h e r e .

o f v iew o f th e B r i t i s h E m pire,

i n f l u x o f E uropeans and th e

c i t .,

25*

F r a n c e s D e l M a r , A Y e a r Among t h e M a o r i s E . Benn L i m i t e d , 1 9 2 A ) , 7 -^ *

Buck,

0£ .

c i t ..

22-23*

re­

re su lts.

Thom as M o r l a n d H o c k e n , The E a r l y H i s t o r y New Z e a l a n d ( W e l l i n g t o n : J . M a c k a y , 1 9 1 4 ) , 27& • ^

J.

of

C.

17 T h e n cam e t h e w h i t e man* The w h a l e r s , and o t h e r w a i f s a n d s t r a y s , whom t i m e a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s b r o u g h t t o t h e s e s h o r e s , were a h a rd y b r e e d . B rav e and w e l l arm ed, th e y b r o u g h t th e p r e s t i g e o f t h e i r r a c e w ith them . They w e re im bued w i t h t h o s e o l d f a s h i o n e d i d e a s o f N a t i o n M a k i n g t h a t E n g l i s h p l u c k and E n g l i s h v a lo u r w ere a m atch a g a i n s t a lm o st an y o d d s. These la w le s s o ld r o v e r s r u le d th e M aories a s a f t e r a f a s h i o n , and i n th o s e d a y s t h e M a o rie s w ere h e r o w o rsh ip p ers. • • • A f t e r a t i m e came t h e M i s s i o n a r i e s . W ith t h e i r l i v e s i n t h e i r h a n d s , t h e s e g o o d men w e n t a m o n g s t th e M a o ries, p re a c h in g and te a c h in g th e Gospel to every c r e a t u r e . C u rio s ity , i f n o th in g d e ep er, s e c u r e d t h e new t e a c h e r s a h e a r i n g . . . • M eanw hile E n g la n d had fo u n d i t n e c e s s a r y t o a c q u i r e t h e s o v e r e i g n t y o f New Z e a l a n d . She was a n x io u s t o keep out th e F re n c h . She s i n c e r e l y w i s h e d t o c h r i s ­ t i a n i z e and c i v i l i z e t h e n a t i v e s . She h a d n o o b j e c t i o n to s e c u re an o u tp o s t f o r th e E m pire. L a s t , and w h a t she s o u g h t f o r l e a s t o f a l l , sh e o b t a i n e d a f i e l d fo r c o lo n izatio n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e w h a l e r s , t h e M i s s i o n a r i e s and t h e Governm ent b e g an t o be j e a l o u s of e ac h o t h e r . The G o v e r n m e n t d e a l t h a r s h l y w i t h t h e e a r l y s e t t l e r s . The M i s s i o n a r i e s s a i d t h e e a r l y s e t t l e r s w e r e b a d m en , a n d c o v e t e d t h e l a n d . The w h a l e r s r e t a l i a t e d by s a y in g t h a t th e M i s s i o n a r i e s w anted t h e l a n d , t h a t t h e Government w a n ted t h e l a n d , and t h a t b y - a n d - b y t h e Governm ent w ould b r i n g s o l d i e r s and t a k e t h e l a n d . L a s t o f a l l came f l o u r a n d s u g a r . The m o r e we f e l t o u r w e a k n e s s , t h e m o r e we t a l k e d t o th e m a b o u t t h e l a w , a n d t h e m o r e f l o u r a n d s u g a r we g a v e t h e m . I n d u e t i m e t h e B r i t i s h arm c a m e , a n d we m a d e , on c o n q u e s t l i n e s , a f u r t h e r move i n N a t i o n M a k i n g . . . . u

20 J o s i a h C l i f t o n F i r t h , N a t i o n M aking L o n g m a n s , G r e e n , a n d Com pany, 1 $ 9 0 ) , 7 4 - 7 $ .

(London:

Id EDUCATION The e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m o f t h e M a o r i w a s c o m p o s e d o f tw o t y p e s

of schools or c o lle g e s .

schools t h a t

ta u g h t such s u b je c ts a s a g r i c u l t u r e ,

omy, h u n t i n g ,

fish in g ,

There w ere t h e astro n ­

and o t h e r p r a c t i c a l t h i n g s .

The o t h e r s c h o o l o f l e a r n i n g w a s c o n d u c t e d i n t h e w h a r e wananga o r t h e ho u se o f k now ledge. was a t t e n d e d b y t h e

T his i n s t i t u t i o n

s o n s o f t h e men o f p r e s t i g e

a c q u i r e t a p u know ledge t h a t was e s o t e r i c The p u r p o s e o f t h i s

to

in c h a ra c te r.

sch o o l i s w e ll e x p ressed by B est:

The o b j e c t o f t h e S c h o o l o f L e a r n i n g w a s t o p r e s e r v e a l l d e s i r a b l e know ledge and t o hand i t down t h e c e n t u r i e s f r e e o f a n y a l t e r a t i o n , o m issio n , i n t e r p o l a t i o n , or d e t e r i o r a t i o n . The i d e a l was a h i g h l y - p i t c h e d one; i t c a l l e d f o r c e a s e l e s s c a r e and v i g i l a n c e on t h e p a r t o f t h e k e e p e r s o f t h e u n w r i t te n r a c i a l and t r i b a l l o r e . Any f o r m o f c h a n g e , a n y d e p a r t u r e f r o m o l d t e a c h ­ i n g s , was s t r o n g l y d i s a p p r o v e d o f , and a n y q u e s ­ t i o n i n g o f a n c i e n t t e a c h i n g s was h e l d t o be a g r i e v o u s a f f r o n t t o T an e, t h e o r i g i n and p a t r o n o f a l l h i g h - c l a s s k n o w l e d g e . . . .2 2 T here w ere t h r e e d i v i s i o n s w h ich Tane o b t a i n e d

of e so te ric learn in g

from Io i n t h e h i g h e s t o f h i s t w e l v e

21 E a r n e s t B e a g l e h o l e , " T h e P o l y n e s i a n M a o r i , " T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l v n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XLIX ( M a r c h , 19407, 52. op. c i t . ,

E lsdon B e s t, 7.

"The M a o ri S c h o o l o f L e a r n i n g , "

19 heavens.

These t h r e e d i v i s i o n s w ere p l a c e d

in th r e e

b a s k e t s a n d w e r e known a s k e t e o t e w a n a n g a o r t h e b a s k e ts of know ledge.

These w ere as f o llo w s :

(1 .) The k e t e a r o n u i : T h i s r e p r e s e n t s a l l k n o w le d g e p e r t a i n i n g t o good— a l l t h i n g s humane, b e n e f i c e n t , d e s i r a b l e , p e a c e , p e a c e f u l a r t s , good w i l l , w e l f a r e , human s y m p a th y . (2 .) The k e t e t u a t e a : T h i s i s t h e b a s k e t o r r e p o s i t o r y o f e v i l — t h e know ledge o f a l l p e r n i c i o u s th in g s ; o f th e a r t of w ar, o f b la c k m agic, of a l l e v il a r t s , q u a litie s , a c t i v i t i e s , as p e rta in in g to man, t o n a t u r a l p h e n o m e n a, t o a l l k in g d o m s o f n a tu re . (3*) The k e t e t a u a u r i : T h i s i s t h e b a s k e t o f r i t u a l — t h e know ledge o f a l l r i t u a l a c t s and fo rm u la e; of a l l ta p u c erem o n ial a s co n n ected w ith a l l t h i n g s on e a r t h a n d i n t h e t w e l v e h e a v e n s ; l i k e w i s e t h e m an a o f a l l t h i n g s p e r f o r m e d o r d e s i r e d b y m a n . 23 T h ere w ere v a r i o u s m ethods u s e d t o in the

s t u d e n t s 1 m inds t h e l e s s o n s t a u g h t .

k a r a k i a - p o u , an i n c a n t a t i o n by w hich i t t h e s t u d e n t w ould l e a r n t h e O ther p r a c t i c e s se rv e d to edge,

is

fix

in d elib ly

One a i d w a s said ,

th at

s u b j e c t i n one l e s s o n . ^4

a ssu re th e

rete n tio n

o f know l­

such a s:

. . . I f from any c a u se t h e son o f a to h u n g a had not been f u l l y e d u c a te d , o r , p o s s i b l y , i n c a s e s where t h e f a t h e r ’ s k n o w l e d g e h a d n o t - b e e n c o m p l e t e l y com­ m u n ic a te d u n t i l j u s t b e f o r e h i s d e a t h , i t was t h e

Ib id ..,

11.

J o h a n n e s C. A n d e r s e n , The M a o r i T o h u n g a a n d H is S p i r i t W orld (New P l y m o u t h : Thomas' A v e r y a n d S o n s , T9ZTS")Y"2V*

20 custom f o r t h e t a u i r a , a f t e r b e in g t a u g h t a l l t h e f a t h e r or t e a c h e r had t o com m unicate, t o b i t e t h e t e a c h e r ’s g r e a t t o e . I n o t h e r c a s e s he w o u ld b e d ir e c te d to b i te o f f th e t i p of th e t e a c h e r ’s e a r. I n b o t h c a s e s t h e t e a c h i n g was t h e r e b y su p p o s e d t o become f i x e d f o r e v e r i n t h e p u p i l ’ s m i n d . 2 5 LANGUAGE M aori l a n g u a g e i s

of th e

P o ly n esian language group,

w hich i n t u r n b e lo n g s t o t h e A u s tr o n e s ia n l a n g u a g e s . la tte r

i s k no w n a s t h e

heard in i t s

A u stric fa m ily of speech,

v a r io u s form s from t h e

th r o u g h I n d o n e s ia and f a r out

in to

T h is

w hich i s

H im alaya M o u n ta in s the P a c if ic ,

in clu d in g

A u stra lia . The d e v e l o p e d M a o ri

a l p h a b e t

.27

A ccording t o

a u t h o r i t i e s , , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f A u b e r t who e l i m i n a t e d t h e u n v o i c e d s o u n d o f ,Twh” , t h e r e a r e letters

used to

fifte en

r e c o r d t h e M aori l a n g u a g e .

E n g lish

These r e p r e ­

s e n t t w e n t y - t w o p h o n e m e s , a s m an y o f t h e v o w e l s h a v e a lo n g and a sh o rt

25 I b i d . ,

sound.

An e r r o r i n p r o n u n c i a t i o n may

29.

B u c k , 0£ .

c i t . » 44*

27 M a r i e J o s e p h A u b e r t , New a n d C o m p l e t e M a n u a l ° I ’ M aori C o n v e r s a t i o n ( W e l l i n g t o n : L yon a n d B l a i r , " " T3&5) , 7 • S e e a l s o : B e s t , T h e M a o r i a s He W as, op * c i t .« 1 0 ; T ho m a s E d w a r d D o n n e , The M a o r i P a s t a n d Pr e s e n t ( L o n d o n : S e e l e y S e r v i c e a n d Company','" 1527)", 2*7^.

21 a l t e r t h e m eaning o f a s e n t e n c e .

The l e t t e r s

and t h e i r

sounds a r e a s fo llo w s : a

as

in cab,

fath e r,t a l l .

e

as

in n e t,

fete ,

h

as

in house.

X

as

in sh ip ,

k

as

in keen,

m,

n

a s i n man, name,

o

as in n o te,

£

as

in p o t.

r

as

in reg ard ,

t

as

in th in ,

u

as

i n c^Kpl,

w

as* i n w i n t e r .

sheep,

n o t.

and a s o f t

wh

as

in w h ile.

ng

as

in th e n a sal

inrin g .

G u i d e t o •p r o n u n c i a t i o n . tin c tiv e

c h aracteristics

sound, resem b lin g 1

There a re s e v e r a l d i s ­

o f t h e M aori t o n g u e .

W ith t h e ^

e x c e p t i o n o f ^ n g a n d wh', w h i c h a r e s i n g l e

s o u n d s , no twof,

consonants are p lac ed to g e th e r*

s e p a r a t e d by

a vow el.

Every s y l l a b l e

e n d s w i t hr a* v o w e l , , a s d o e s e a c h

w o rd .2^

p$

Donne,

Each i s

lo c . cit *

22 The g e n e r a l lab le.

If

p rac tic e

a.w o rd i s

secondary a c c e n t. a re unaccented.

is

to

compound, i t

accent th e f i r s t also

possesses a

B oth v e r b a l p a r t i c l e s In th e

and p r e p o s i t i o n s

p r o n u n c i a t i o n o f M aori d i p h th o n g s ,

e a c h v o w e l i s h e a r d a l t h o u g h more o r l e s s It

is

sy l­

i n te r e s ti n g to note t h a t

b eliev es

P o l a c k 3 0

t h a t more q u a r r e l s h a v e b e e n g e n e r a t e d t i o n t h a n f ro m a n y o t h e r one c a u s e .

c o a l e s c i n g .^9

from m i s - p r o n u n c i a -

He t e l l s

of a s a ilo r

who t h r e a t e n e d a c h i e f w i t h a " p o k e ” o r p u n c h i n t h e The c h i e f i n t e r p r e t e d

it

t o mean a t h r e a t t o h i s h e a d o r

p o k o . which t h e M a o ri h e l d s a c r e d . tio n

in stan tly

th e s a ilo r

took i t s

jaw .

The c h i e f ’ s h u m i l i a ­

revenge in th e

of every a r t i c l e

of clo th in g

form o f r o b b i n g t o t h e accom pani­

ment o f a sound b e a t i n g . Donne g i v e s a n o t h e r e x a m p l e o f e r r o n e o u s s t r u c t i o n t h a t m ig h t end i n d i s a s t e r . to

i n v i t e a M aori g e n tle m a n to

T his i s

con­ an i n t e n t i o n

dinner:

. . . ’W i l l y o u e a t w i t h m e ? ’ T h i s c o m p l i m e n t a r y q u e s tio n can by a s l i g h t and in a d v e r te n t change i n c o n s t r u c t i o n b e r e n d e r e d , ’W i l l y o u e a t m e ? ’ a s o m e w h a t d a n g e r o u s r e q u e s t t o make i n t h e o l d c a n n i b a l i s t ic daysi31

29 A u b e r t ,

op. c i t . ,

3 0 J o e l S . P o l a c k , M a n n e r s an d C u s t o m s o f t h e New Z ealan d ers. I I ( L o n d o n : J . M a d d en a n d C om pany, lWi+0) 149-150. ^

Donne,

o£. c i t .,

279*

23 MUSIC The a b o r i g i n a l m u s i c tan ce in th e

o f New Z e a l a n d

is

o f im por­

stu d y of speech a c t i v i t i e s because i t

c o a le s c e d w ith

frs i m p l e

speech u t te r e d

was

in a sin g in g

v o ice. Europeans have o f t e n not a p p r e c ia te d t h i s

type

o f m u sic b e c a u s e i t was n o t b a s e d upon t h e d i a t o n i c s c a l e t o w h i c h t h e E u r o p e a n s w e r e a c c u s t o m e d .33 The w o rd s u s e d i n

song w ere o f prim e im p o r ta n c e .

The m e l o d y t h a t a c c o m p a n i e d t h e w o r d s w a s s e c o n d a r y , for it

d id not

ex ist apart

from t h e w o rd s .

e v a lu a tio n of th e songs of b ir d s , those th a t

th e M aori p r e f e r r e d

s o u n d e d a s t h o u g h t h e y w e r e made u p o f w o r d s . 3 ^

The M a o r i d i d n o t sense as

Even i n t h e

i s known t o

seem t o p o s s e s s t h e

th e Europeans.

same w o r d -

An e x p r e s s i o n

a p p e a l e d t o him more a s a n e x p r e s s i o n r a t h e r t h a n a s a w ord.

Thus,

a s i n g e r was a t e a s e in d raw ing h i s b r e a t h

32 J o h a n n e s C. A n d e r s e n , " M a o r i M u s i c , ” T r a n s a c t i o n s o f t h e New Ze a l a n d I n s t i t u t e . LV ( A u g u s t , 1 9 2 4 ) > 4 2 4 33 J o h a n n e s C . A n d e r s e n , ” An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o ‘M a o r i M u s i c * ” T r a n s a c t i o n s o f t h e New Z e a l a n d I n s t i t u t e , LIV (1 9 2 3 ), 74334 I b i d . .

743,

756.

24 in the

m id d le

of a w o rd .* ^

Andersen^ f u r th e r

o b s e r v e s t h a t among t h e M a o r i

m e t e r a n d m elody w ere n o t the dances, d ious.

the

The s y n c o p a t i o n

song w ith th e th e la s t

W ith

son g s u se d w ere r h y th m ic a l b u t n o t m elo­

In such c h o ra l a c t i o n th e

tin c tiv e *

to

of equal im portance*

is

rhythm i s v e ry d i s ­

c a rrie d throughout th e

ex cep tio n of th e f i n a l l i n e .

lin e ,

t h e rhythm i s

doubled.

In th e next T h u s , t h e more

a so n g t e n d s t o w a r d r h y t h m , t h e more t h e m elo d y t e n d s t o b e co m e s u b o r d i n a t e . These d a n c e s,

accom panied by so n g , w ere c a l l e d t h e

haka or p o s tu r e d a n c e s. p a rticip a te d p recisio n of th e

G re a t num bers o f p e o p le o f te n

i n them w i th a re m a rk a b le

d eg ree o f uniform

o f movement p e r f o r m e d and g u i d e d b y t h e rh y th m

songs.

effectiv e,

Of t h e s e A ndersen s a y s ,

nt h e y a r e

t h e many s t r a n g e a c t i o n s a n d g e s t u r e s ,

ex trem ely adding

a p i c t u r e s q u e w i l d n e s s . ff3 7 The m o s t m e l o d i o u s o f M a o r i s o n g s w e r e t h e l a m e n t s and lo v e

so n g s i n w hich t h e r e was a ty p e

35 I b i d . .

762 .

Ib id .,

761.

37 L o c . c i t .

o f r h y t h m b u t no

25 m eter p re s e n t. one n o t e ,

h is,

In th e s e th e or h e r,

s in g e r dw elled c h i e f ly

voice r i s i n g

or f a l l i n g

o r below t h e

n o te , b u t alw ays r e t u r n i n g to

clo se

song a h i a n g i , s l u r r i n g

of th e

in te rv al

o f an o c t a v e

in d ic a te t h a t the th at

it

was t h e

it.

ju st

on above

At t h e

drop th r o u g h - th e

or l e s s , was u s e d .

T his d id not

s i n g e r was o u t o f b r e a t h b u t r a t h e r

end o f a s e n t e n c e . 3 3

S ix in s tr u m e n ts t h a t m ight be c l a s s e d a s m u s ic a l in s tr u m e n ts w ere p o s s e s s e d by th e a b o r i g i n a l M ao ri. N e a r l y a l l w ere d e s i g n e d t o b e blow n b y t h e m outh o r nose.

The m a t e r i a l

wood, b o n e , (1 )

the

f r o m w h i c h t h e y w e r e made w a s e i t h e r

sto n e,

o r s h e l l . 39

p u tara--a

c ia te d because i t

l o n g wooden t r u m p e t , was u s e d t o

e n e m y ; (2 ) koauau- - a

carry

flu te -lik e

bone and p o s s e s s in g a l i m i t e d th e

These in s tr u m e n ts w ere:

p u to rin o . or to rin o ,

p a rticu larly

appre­

i n s u l t i n g w ords t o th e

c r e a t i o n made o f wood o r

number o f i n t e r v a l s ; ^

or pu— a f lu te - lik e

in stru m en t,

l o n g e r and l a r g e r t h a n k o a u a u b u t h a v in g no g r a d u a t e d

33 I b i d . , 762 39 C o le n s o , ^

Loc . c i t .

^ op. c it.,

A ndersen, 743.

op.

c i t .,

(3 )

73.

TTAn I n t r o d u c t i o n t o M a o r i M u s i c , "

26 s e r i e s o f n o t e s ( 4)

nguru— f l u t e - l i k e

wood o r s t o n e t h a t w a s u s e d m o r e f o r m u s i c ( 5)

pumoana- - a

instrum ent

of

s ig n a lin g th an in

sh ell tru m p e t;^

and

(6)

a form

o f gong u s e d m a i n l y f o r w a rn in g p u r p o s e s f o r t h e t r u e drum was unknow n. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, CONTROL, AND DIV ISION OF LABOR S o cial o rg a n iz a tio n . t h e M aori i s th at

o rg an izatio n

said

to have been d iv id e d

trib e ,

iw i; th e su b -trib e ,

h a p u ; and t h e

The t r i b e

was composed o f t h e

su b -trib es,

of the

whanau.

The s o c i a l

in to

of

th re e groups: fam ily ,

hapu.

w h i c h i n t u r n w e r e made u p f r o m a n u m b e r o f f a m i l y g r o u p s . The l i f e

of the

E uropeans,

fam ily ,

h o w ev er, was n o t a s t h a t o f t h e

f o r r e l a t i v e s su c h as a u n t s and u n c l e s ,

and g r a n d p a r e n ts w ere v i t a l p a r t s Each s m a ll g ro u p h ad a t lan d s fo r f is h in g ,

h u n tin g ,

accu m u latio n r e s u lte d

Ib id .,

its

in th e

o f the

co u sin s,

fam ily g roup.

d isp o sa l th e use of c e r ta in and a g r i c u l t u r e ,

so t h a t

an

t r i b a l grounds b ein g w e ll

754-

Loc. c i t . 44 I b i d . .

755-

4 ^ E lsd o n B e s t, Pol y n e s i a n S o c i e t y . V E th n o lo g ical R esearch,

,fThe M a o r i , Tf I I , M e m o i r s o f t h e (W e llin g to n : Board o f M aori 1924), 166.

27 d e f i n e d . 46

As t o t h e th re e ranks; fo lk ,

and (3)

th e tohunga, tia l

sta tu s

of th e in d iv id u a l,

( 1 ) t h e c h i e f and n o b i l i t y , the

slav es. ^

or p rie s tly

t h e r e w ere

( 2 ) the

T his c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

common elim in ated

e x p e r t , who w a s e x t r e m e l y e s s e n ­

t o t h e M a o r i mode o f l i v i n g . A c h i e f who h a d a l s o a t t a i n e d t h e

ran k o f a tohunga

was a p a r t i c u l a r l y p o w e r f u l p e r s o n w i t h h i s ita ry

p restig e ,

h is m i l i t a r y prow ess,

com bined h e r e d ­

and h i s

o c c u l t know l­

edge . B efore th e the

ex isten ce

th e a b i l i t i e s

in flu x

of each t r i b e of i t s

i n 1&40,

was p r i m a r i l y d e p e n d e n t upon

l e a d i n g c h i e f s who e i t h e r g a i n e d

t h e i r p r e s tig e through Of t h i s

of European s e t t l e r s

h ered ity

o r th ro u g h m i l i t a r y pow er.

Gudgeon s t a t e s :

. . . I f t h e s e men w e r e w a n t i n g i n t a c t , p o l i t i c a l a b i l i t y , or courage o f th e h ig h e s t o r d e r , th en the t r i b e s t o o d b u t a p o o r c h an c e o f com ing c r e d i t a b l y t h r o u g h t h e h u n d r e d a n d one d a n g e r s t h a t m e n a c e d th e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e M aori i n t h o s e d a y s o f b lo o d and f i r e . Hence i t was t h a t t h e w a r r i o r s o f g r e a t r e p u t a t i o n kn o w n a s t o a s , a n d w h o s e d e e d s a r e r e c o r d e d i n t h e memory o f t h e M a o r i p e o p l e , p l a y e d

^

B est,

The M a o r i as Hjb W a s , o p . c i t . ,

47 I b i d . , 87-

£>9*

23 a very lea d in g p a r t . So much s o , t h a t a t o n e p e r i o d , t h e i r i n f l u e n c e was w e l l n ig h e q u a l t o t h a t o f t h e s a c r e d h e r e d i t a r y c h i e f , t h e f i r s t b o r n o f m any g e n e r a tio n s o f e l d e r s o n s .43 S o cial c o n tr o l.

S o c i a l c o n t r o l o f t h e M aori was

a c tu a te d l a r g e ly by e s ta b lis h e d u sa g e s .

W hether th e

t o h u n g a c o n t r o l l e d by means o f h i s a r t s ,

i n w hich t h e

p e o p le had f a i t h , th e m in o rity

or by th e

fo llo w ed th e m a jo r ity .

of th e absence of w ritte n cussed in

c h i e f , whom t h e y r e s p e c t e d ,

language,

However, b e c a u s e a f f a i r s w ere d i s ­

c o n v e rs a tio n or in group d i s c u s s i o n s .

I f th e

m ajo rity of

such a grou p d e c id e d a g a i n s t th e p r o p o s a l s

of a c h ie f,

he c o u l d n o t p r o g r e s s w i t h h i s

s u b o r d i n a t i o n was s c a r c e l y k n ow n. ^ had th e

q u a litie s

p lan s,

for

H e, q u i t e f r e q u e n t l y ,

of l e a d e r s h i p and t h e p e r s p i c a c i t y

p e rsu ad e th e m a jo rity to

h is poin t

to

o f view .

T h e r e w a s no c i v i l l a w i n t h e M a o r i c o m m u n i t y . In i t s common.

p l a c e was t a p u , f o r b i d d e n ,

and n o a ,

free

or

T h is i n s t i t u t i o n was r e n d e r e d e f f e c t i v e by an

u n q u estio n ed b e l i e f in th e i n g them b y t h e v i o l a t i o n

gods.

I t was t h r o u g h o f f e n d ­

of a tap u th a t

s w i f t and c e r t a i n

^ W. E . G u d g e o n , " T h e Toa T a u a o r W a r r i o r , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , X I I I (D ecem b er. i m

r ,

'23 3 . -------------------------

P olack,

op. c i t . ,

L

63.

29 punishm ent o b t a i n e d . form o f a d e a t h

50

T h is p u n is h m e n t was o f t e n i n t h e

sen tence:

The M a o r i v i c t i m p u n i s h e d b y t h e g o d s t h r o u g h h im s e lf fo r th e v io la tio n o f ta p u u s u a lly died w i t h i n t h r e e d a y s , i t m ig h t b e l e s s , and n o t o n l y d id he d i e , b u t t h e r e was an a c t u a l f e v e r i s h p h y s i c a l c h a n g e d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f d y i n g . . . .51 D iv isio n of l a b o r . been p a r t i a l l y garden,

comm unal.

sto rag e p it

L a b o r may b e s a i d t o

have

Each f a m i ly group had i t s

or a s e c t i o n

of a la rg e

one.

own

Prep­

a r a t i o n o f t h e g ro u n d f o r p l a n t i n g was u s u a l l y c a r r i e d o u t by a num ber o f p e o p l e . b u ild in g ,

tree

fe llin g ,

ta s k s a c c o rd in g to

Such a c t i v i t i e s

as house

a n d c a n o e b u i l d i n g w e r e c o m m u n al

th e m ag n itu d e and o b j e c t i v e

of th e

in d iv id u a l t a s k . ^ The d a y * s r o u t i n e o f l a b o r a n d i t s tio n s

is

v ary in g occupa­

to ld by B est:

. • .E ach s e a s o n o f t h e y e a r and d i v i s i o n o f t h e d a y h e l d i t s own s p e c i a l t a s k f o r t h e a n c i e n t M aori. The women p e r f o r m e d t h e h o u s e h o l d d u t i e s ,

0£ .

50 B e s t , c i t . , 7-3•

"Some A s p e c t s o f M a o r i Myth a n d R e l i g i o n / 1

51 J o h a n n e s C. A n d e r s e n , " M a o r i R e l i g i o n , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XLIX ( D e c e m b e r , 1 9 4 0 ) , 515* 52 ttjvfaori E c o n o m i c s , " i n " N o t e s a n d Q u e r i e s , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XXXV ( D e c e m b e r . T ? Z 6 ")7"y62 . -----------------1----------------------L>

30 such a s c o o k in g , k e e p in g t h e h o u s e s i n o r d e r , and t h e m ak in g o f s l e e p i n g m a t s and o t h e r s o f f i n e r t e x t u r e used as g arm en ts. They a l s o a c c o m p a n ie d t h e men t o t h e c u l t i v a t i o n s , w h e r e t h e y c o o k e d t h e f i r s t m e a l o f t h e d a y , a t a b o u t 10 o * c l o c k . H ere a l s o th e y did t h e i r s h a re o f l a b o u r i n th e f i e l d , and t h e w hole p a r t y r e t u r n e d t o t h e k a i n g a a b o u t 3 i n t h e a f t e r n o o n , when p r e p a r a t i o n s w o u l d b e made f o r t h e s e c o n d a n d c o n c l u d i n g m e a l o f t h e day. The men h a d m an y l a b o u r s t o p e r f o r m , c u l t i ­ v a t i n g t h e i r f o o d p r o d u c t s and g a t h e r i n g t h e c r o p s , b u i l d i n g d w e l l i n g and s t o r e - h o u s e s , m aking c a n o e s , f i s h i n g , h u n t i n g , and many o t h e r i t e m s . O ther e n d l e s s o c c u p a t i o n s w ere t h e m aking o f n e t s and c o r d a g e , c a r v i n g , g r i n d i n g by f r i c t i o n to form w e a p o n s a n d i m p l e m e n t s o f s t o n e . . . .5 3

^

B est,

TTTe W h a n g a - N u i - a - T a r a , rT

o jd

.

c i t .,

122-123

CHAPTER I I I

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAORI PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURE ( C o n t i n u e d ) RELIGION I t may b e s a i d t h a t t h e M a o r i v / e r e a v e r y r e l i g i o u s p e o p le,

fo r relig io n

every a c t i v i t y

in i t s

v a rio u s a s p e c ts perm eated

and a s p e c t of t h e i r l i f e .

D iv isio n s of r e l i g i o n . New Z e a l a n d :

th e

eso teric

T h e r e w e r e two r e l i g i o n s

and t h e

e x o te ric .

in

The e s o t e r i c

a s p e c t was w i t h h e l d fro m t h e b u l k o f t h e p e o p le and c a r e ­ fu lly

guarded by th e s e l e c t few .

was b a s e d upon t h e b e l i e f o f I o , is

said th a t

of a ll

are

t h e Supreme B e i n g . e t e r n a l , and t h e

things;^" how ever, a c c o rd in g t o th e

in stig a ted o ld ,

Io was p a r e n t l e s s ,

T his s u p e r io r r e l i g i o n

creatio n .

Best t e l l s

creato r

legends,

o f th e statem en t

l e a r n e d M aori c o n c e r n i n g t h e b e l i e f i n I o , one, b u t th e p eo p le m ust n ot be t o l d

so.

It

he o n l y o f an

TTa l l g o d s

A ll gods a re

o n e , b u t h e h a s m any n a m e s .

^ T i a k i H ikaw era M i t i r a , T a k itim u A. H. a n d A. W. R e e d , 1 9 4 4 ) , 35*

(W ellin g to n :

^ E l s d o n B e s t , "Some A s p e c t s o f M a o r i M y th a n d R e l i g i o n , " D o m i n i o n Museum M o n o g r a p h , N o . 1 (W ellin g to n : The D o m i n i o n M useum , 1 9 2 2 ) , 2 1 .

32 B ecause know ledge o f t h i s from t h e p e o p le , form .

it

was r e t a i n e d

eso teric

r e l i g i o n was k e p t

in a p u r e r o r more a b s t r a c t

I o n e v e r d e g e n e r a t e d i n t o a t r i b a l w a r god a s he

m ight h a v e ,

i f he had b e e n s h a r e d w i t h t h e l e s s

learn ed .

. . . T o f o r c e m o n o t h e s i m on a b a r b a r i c p e o p l e m u s t n e c e s s a r i l y r e s u l t i n a form o f d e g e n e r a t i o n o f a s u p e rio r co n cep t. I f t h e l o w e r m in d s o f a com m unity a re n o t allow ed to d e a l w ith lo w -c la s s g o d s, th e n t h e y w i l l p r o c e e d t o d r a g down t h e h i g h - c l a s s b e i n g t o t h e i r own l e v e l . 3 It

has been su g g e sted t h a t

I o was a C h r i s t i a n d e v e lo p m e n t.

T h e e x o t e r i c r e l i g i o n w a s b a s e d on v a r i o u s c l a s s e s of gods.

The h i g h e s t t y p e m i g h t b e c a l l e d d e p a r t m e n t a l

g o d s , who w e r e t h e

p erso n ificatio n

o f n a t u r a l phenomena.

T here w ere t h e o f f s p r i n g

o f R angi, t h e sky f a t h e r ,

Papa, th e e a rth m o th er.

To t h e m w a s a t t r i b u t e d

" o rig in s of a l l

life ,

w hether t h a t

th e elem en ts, th e f o r e s t ,

life

and

th e

em anated from

th e sea or th e

so il."^*

The m o s t

i m p o r t a n t o f t h e s e w e re T a n e , Tu, Rongo, T a n g a r o a , W hiro, a n d T a w h i r i - m a t e a , who w e r e t h e c r e a t o r g o d s . A nother d e p a rtm e n t

o f g o d s known t o t h e p e o p l e

w ere t h o s e o f s e r v i c e and p r o t e c t i o n ^

and w ere o f te n

3 E l s d o n B e s t , T h e M a o r i a s He Was D o m i n i o n Mus eum, 1 9 2 4 ) , 65* ^ M itira ,

op. c i t . ,

5 Loc. c i t .

35 *

(W ellin g to n :

33 p erso n ified bow,

form s o f n a t u r a l phenomena such a s t h e

com ets, m e te o rs ,

ty p e s of gods a re

a n d many o t h e r t h i n g s .

occasio n ally

rain ­

T h e s e two

c l a s s e d u n d e r one h e ad -

mg* & D i s t r i c t g o d s w e r e t h o s e who o f t e n but lo c a lly . ev il s p ir its

They w e r e a t u a , and t h e

d e ified

or gods, sp irits

w e r e kno wn

th a t in cluded

of an cesto rs.

These m ig h t b e e i t h e r f r i e n d l y or u n f r i e n d l y but w ere c o n s u l t e d a s o r a c l e s an d p l a c a t e d t o b r i n g good l u c k . The s p i r i t s to possess e v il

of still-b o rn

in te n t.

c h i l d r e n w ere b e li e v e d

For t h i s

r e a s o n th e y w ere o fte n

p a c i f i e d and u s e d a s t r i b a l war g o d s . d istric t

gods a re

im portant

s a i d by M i t i r a ? t o

T hese and th e be e s p e c i a l l y

not only fo r purp o ses of war but a ls o

These d i e t i e s i n d i r e c t m eans.

o f t h e p e o p l e w e re i n f l u e n c e d by

S ince th e

rela tio n

o f th e peo p le to

t h e g o d s w a s n o t b a s e d on w o r s h i p , p r a y e r , en treaty ,

b u t r a t h e r on s y m b o l i s m ,

t h e t i c m agic, th e a ctio n ,

a verbal

or d i r e c t

an alo g ies,

and sympa­

gods w ere c o n t r o l l e d by c e re m o n ia l fo rm u la,

o r a m a t e r i a l medium.

i n d i r e c t m eans o f a p p r o a c h in g d i e t i e s

6 B est,

f o r m agic.

co u ld ,

in very

The M a o r i a s He W as, op* c i t . , 6 3 .

7 M itira,

op., c i t .« 35*

These

34 m in o r c a s e s , be e x e r c i s e d by th e p e o p le th e m s e lv e s , but a t th e m a jo rity of tim es th e g r e a t e r s k i l l or p rie stly

e x p e rt w ere n e c e s s a r y .^

The a c t i o n b e l i e f of the a so u l;

o f t h e tohunga

o f t h e g o d s o r a t u a was b a s e d upon t h e

soul or

sp irit.

E v e r y human b e i n g p o s s e s s e d

how ever, d i f f e r e n t ty p e s o f t h i s

su p ern atu ral

phenomenon w e re known: . . .The s o u l (w a i r u a ) l e a v e s t h e b o d y a t d e a t h , a n d t h e s o u l i s v i s i b l e t o t h o s e endowed w i t h . s e c o n d s i g h t , t h e m a t a k i t e o f t h e M a o r i . The w a i r u a may a l s o l e a v e t h e body d u r i n g s l e e p and w a n d e r a b o u t , th e rem em brance o f t h a t w a n d e rin g c o n s t i t u t i n g a dream . A f t e r t h e d e a t h o f t h e b o d y , t h e w a i r u a may w a n d e r f o r a t i m e , a n d may b e s e e n , a s o u r ffg h o s t ” ; b u t i t d i e s a se c o n d d e a t h , s h e d d in g from i t w hat o f th e e a r th ly s t i l l rem ain s. A fte r t h a t shedding i t can no l o n g e r b e s e e n even b y t h e m a t a k i t e ; i t i s now t h e a w e , w h i c h , w h i l s t i t c a n n o t b e s e e n , may b e f e l t . The awe i s t h e " s p i r i t . Tt9 T e m p o r a r y a b o d e s o f t h e w a i r u a o f an a t u a w e r e o f t e n s m a l l c a r v e d w o o d e n i m a g e s known a s t i k i A lthough t h i s

r e l i g i o n em braced a b e l i e f i n a

s p i r i t w o r l d , t h e r e was no f e a r o f d e a th

f o r t h e r e was

^ E ls d o n B e s t , "M aori R e l i g i o n and M y th o lo g y ," D o m i n i o n Mu s e u m B u l l e t i n , N o . 1 0 ( W e l l i n g t o n : D om inion Museum, 1 9 2 4 ) , 1 9 1 . 9 J o h a n n e s C. A n d e r s e n , " M a o r i R e l i g i o n , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XLIX ( D e c e m b e r , 1 9 4 0 ), 545• io

E lsd o n B e s t , " S p i r i t u a l and M e n tal C o ncepts o f t h e M a o r i , " D o m i n i o n Museum M o n o g r a p h , N o . 2 ( We1 l i n g t o n : Do m in i on Mus e u m , 1 9 2 2 ) , 1 4 .

35 no p u n ish m e n t of t h e

human s o u l i n t h e h e r e a f t e r - H

r e t r i b u t i o n was e n a c te d d u r i n g t h e l i f e The i n s t i t u t i o n s o p p o site,

noa,

of t a p u . sa c re d

free

offend a god.

o f an i n d i v i d u a l .

or fo rb id d e n ,

o r common, w e r e d e s i g n e d t o

a person in h is a c t i v i t i e s

A ll

and i t s confine

i n a m anner t h a t w ould n o t

The g o d s a l w a y s p u n i s h e d e v e r y v i o l a t i o n

of a ta p u . The t o h u n g a . e n tiate th e

It

is

necessary,

here,

betw een an a r i k i and a t o h u n g a .

head o f a c la n e i t h e r by b i r t h

from t h e

high b o m .

m unicated t o u c h e d ,

to d if f e r ­

The a r i k i w a s

or by h is

se lec tio n

H i s mana w a s s o g r e a t t h a t h e com­

"h is p erso n al sacredness to

e v e ry th in g he

"12 m a k i n g h i m t h e m o s t t a p u m e m b e r o f h i s g r o u p .

H is mana was p r i m a r i l y h e r e d i t a r y ; q u i r e d mana from h i s

know ledge o f r i t u a l

n o lo g ical

sk ills.

w hich a l l

o t h e r m an a w a s s u p p o r t e d .

tran sla te d

how ever, he a ls o

ac­

and from t e c h ­

The h e r e d i t a r y mana w a s t h e b a s e u p o n

as p r ie s t,

ex p ert,

A tohunga has been

or p r i e s tl y

e x p e r t . 11

A l­

t h o u g h h e p o s s e s s e d h e r e d i t a r y m a n a , o f t e n m u ch o f h i s

^

B e s t , The M a o r i a s He W a s, o p . c i t . , 6 2 .

1 ^ W. E . G u d g e o n , " T h e T o h u n g a M a o r i , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XVI ( J u n e , 1 9 0 7 ) , 11 A n d e r s e n ,

"M aori R e l i g i o n ," p p .

c it.,

552*

63-

36 p r e s t i g e was a c q u i r e d

i n t h e form o f r i t u a l

n o l o g i c a l - o r g a n i z a t i o n a l knoxvledge.

and t e c h ­

T h e r e w e r e many

to h u r ig a : a to h u n g a - k a r a k i a was an e x p e r t i n r e l i g i o n a n d was t h e

sp ecial

i n t e r m e d i a r y b e t w e e n men a n d t h e i r

g o d s ; a t o h u n g a - moko w a s a n e x p e r t o f t a t t o o i n g ;

an

e x p e r t i n c a r v i n g was a t o h u n g a - w h a k a i r o ; a n d so o n . A ll th e s e

s p e c i a l i s t s u s e d k a r a k i a . charm s o r i n v o c a t i o n s ,

ex clu siv ely a p p licab le

to t h e i r v o c a tio n s.

Because of th e v a rio u s a s p e c ts t h e r e w ere d i f f e r e n t w ere d e v o te d to

g r a d e s o f t o h u n g a - k a r a k i a : t h o s e who

th e c u lt

o f t h e Supreme B e i n g , t h o s e c o n ­

cerned w ith th e d e p artm e n tal gods, in m agic.

o f t h e M aori r e l i g i o n ,

a n d t h o s e who i n d u l g e d

These s p e c i a li z e d d i v is io n s

d id not overlap

e a c h o t h e r f o r a to h u n g a o f one ty p e was n o t th e

lo re

edu cated in

o f a n o t h e r . ^5

The e d u c a t i o n

o f a t o h u n g a was a c h i e v e d i n t h e

w h a re - wananga o r h o u se o f l e a r n i n g . o f h i s course of stu d y ,

certain

At t h e

co m pletion

s k i l l s w ere t e s t e d

in

v a r i o u s m anners d e p en d in g upon t h e custo m s o f d i f f e r e n t groups.

M itira g iv es a l i s t

^

o f some s u c h ' t e s t s :

L°c . c i t . B est,

The M a o r i a s He W a s , o p . c i t . , 6 3 .

37 1. 2. 3. 4. 5* 6.

He m u s t h u r l a s t o n e a t a s h r i n e . I f the s t o n e b r o k e he w as u n f i t and m u s t r e m a i n f o r a f u r t h e r term o f l e a r n in g . By i n c a n t a t i o n s t o b e a b l e t o b r e a k a s t o n e in to frag m en ts. He m u s t u t t e r a p r a y e r s o p o t e n t t h a t b y h is w illin g a fly in g b ird is k ille d . By i n c a n t a t i o n s t o b e a b l e t o r e n d e r h i m s e l f in v isib le . To b e a b l e t o c o n t r o l t h e t e m p e s t a t s e a a n d t h e s t o r m s on l a n d . To b e a b l e t o command t h e t a n i w h a o r w h a l e , and a l s o d e m o n s, t o do h i s wi 1 1 .1 6

The d u t i e s

o f a to h u n g a were v a r i e d and e x t e n s i v e :

On o c c a s i o n s w h e r e c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n g o d s a n d men w a s n e c e s s a r y , a s i t w a s when d e c i s i o n s o n p u b l i c e v e n t s w ere d e s i r e d , t h e p r i e s t s w ere n a t u r a l l y t h e m edium s. I n w a r , more p a r t i c u l a r l y , t h e i r s e r v i c e s w e r e i n c o n s t a n t dem and t o d e c l a r e t h e w i l l o f t h e g o d s , o r t h e n a t u r e o f t h e omens a n d p r e d i c t i o n s d e r i v e d fro m t h e u t t e r a n c e s of. t h e g o d s . The b e l i e f w a s t h a t on s u c h o c c a s i o n s t h e go d e n t e r e d , f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g , t h e b o d y o f t h e p r i e s t , and t h r o u g h h i m u t t e r e d w ords i n te n d e d f o r t h e g u id a n c e o f t h e p e o p l e . . . .17 M a tte r s c o n c e rn in g h e a lth w ere a ls o

in flu e n c e d by th e

t o h u n g a , w h e t h e r an i l l n e s s w a s f r o m n a t u r a l

causes or

f r o m some f o r m o f m a g i c c r e a t e d b y a n o t h e r t o h u n g a . h e was o f i n v a l u a b l e

serv ice

to

his

com m unity.

P r e s t i g e was a c c o r d e d t h e s e p r i e s t l y ever,

t h e go d s were t h e

-*-6 M i t i r a ,

Thus,

ex p erts;

how­

ju d g e s o f h is pow er, not t h e p e o p le :

o £ . c i t ♦. 51*

■^7 J o h a n n e s C . A n d e r s e n , T h e M a o r i T o h u n g a a n d H i s S p i r i t W o rl d (New P l y m o u t h : Thom as A v e r y a n d S o n s . I 5 5 8 T 7 3 W T - -------

3$ As a r u l e a t o h u n g a w a s t r e a t e d w i t h g r e a t c o n ­ s i d e r a t i o n , n o t so much f r o m l o v e o f h i m s e l f o r o f f i c e , a s from a v e ry n a t u r a l d r e a d o f h i s pow er and s u p e r n a t u r a l c o n n e c t i o n s ; . . .B u t i f b y a n y s i n o f o m i s s i o n o r c o m m is s io n he l o s t h i s m a n a » h i s own g o d s w o u l d b e am ong t h e f i r s t t o d e s t r o y h im .l$ The m ed ium t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e t o h u n g a o p e r a t e d w ere k a r a k i a « i n c a n t a t i o n s th ese

or in v o c a tio n s .

Through

he c o m m u n icated w i t h t h e g o d s .

The k a r a k i a s w e r e m o r e o v e r t h e p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y o f t h e t o h u n g a a n d h i s d i s c i p l e s , a n d i n m any c a s e s w e r e kno wn o n l y t o t h e m , t h e r e f o r e , t h e s e r v i c e s o f th e to h u n g a had a r e a l m arket v a lu e in th e ey es o f t h e t r i b e , so lo n g a s t h e r e was no d o u b t a s t o t h e e f f i c a c y o f h i s k a r a k i a , w h i c h same d e p e n d e d v e r y much on t h e p e r s o n a l m a n a o f t h e t o h u n g a . 1 9 WAR AND CANNIBALISM W arfare.

War a p p e a r s t o

h a v e b e e n an e s s e n t i a l

and o f t e n v i t a l p a r t of t h e M aori c u l t u r e . and b e l i e f s

connected w ith i t

d i f f e r from t h o s e o f t h e

o c c i d e n t a l w orld but a p p e a r to be t h e r e s u l t and of th e

o f ex pediency

e x p e r i e n c e w i t h w h ic h e a c h i n d i v i d u a l was

f a m i l i a r from e a r l i e s t

IS

The c u s t o m s

Gudgeon,

in fan cy .

20

o £ . c i t *, 6 6 .

19 I b i d . . 6 4 .

of the

W. E . G u d g e o n , "T he M a o r i P e o p l e , " The J o u r n a l P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , X I I I ( S e p te m b e r , 1 9 0 4 ) , 1^7*

39 There a p p e a re d t o less

devoted to

w ar.

be a s e a s o n w h ic h was m ore o r

T h i s w a s d u r i n g t h e New Z e a l a n d

su m m e r a f t e r t h e

kum ara ( s w e e t p o t a t o )

dug.

h a r v e s t was e a r l i e r

S ince t h i s

in th e th e

so u th ,

in the n o rth

th an

th e n o r t h e r n t r i b e s had an a d v a n ta g e

so u th ern ones.

For a f t e r th e

s t o w e d away f o r t h e south and r a i d fied

c ro p s had been

coming y e a r ,

crops

over

had been sa fe ly -

t h e w a r r i o r s w o u l d go

crops w h ile b e sie g in g th e

ow ners1 f o r t i ­

v i l l a g e . 21 E lsd o n B est

22

g i v e s e l e v e n c a u s e s o f w a r among

t h e M aori: (1)

Women.

(2 )

Kanga o r c u r s i n g .

(3)

Kohuru o r s l a y i n g .

(4)

The p l a c i n g o f u n d e r - c o o k e d f o o d b e f o r e a w a rrio r.

(5)

T heft.

(6 )

Kai p i r a u

o r t h e exhum ing a n d e a t i n g

of

a bu ried person.

21

W. E . G u d g e o n , f,M a o r i W a r s , ” The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y . XVI ( M a r c h , 1 9 0 7 ) , 2 9 * 22

E l s d o n B e s t , " N o t e s on t h e A r t o f W ar, a s C o n d u c t e d b y t h e M a o r i o f New Z e a l a n d , ” The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y . XI ( M a r c h , 1 9 0 2 ) , 1 3 - 1 7 *

40 (7)

M akutu o r w i t c h c r a f t .

($)

Human s a c r i f i c e .

(9)

M ororo k o k o t i war p a r t y ,

i h u waka o r t h e s e n d i n g o f a

who p r o b a b l y

o b ta in blood

slew anybody,

to

revenge.

(10)

The n e g l e c t t o p r e p a r e f o o d f o r g u e s t s .

(11)

The f a s h i o n i n g o f f i s h h o o k s , or o th er a r t i f a c t s

spear heads,

from t h e b o n e s o f t h e

dead. Samuel M arsden t e l l s

of th e a ttitu d e

of th e s e

peo p le

tow ard th e d e a th

o f on e o f t h e i r k i n a n d t h e i r

d esire

f o r u t u o r p a y m e n t f o r t h e wrong c o m m itte d :

. . .When t h e y h a v e l o s t a n e a r r e l a t i o n i n b a t t l e t h e i r m inds c o n t i n u a l l y d w e l l upon t h e d e a t h of t h e i r f r i e n d , h a v in g n o th in g e l s e t o occupy them . I f th ey a re a b le to revenge th e d eath of t h e i r f r i e n d , th e y w i l l a tte m p t i t a s soon a s p o s s i b l e ; i f n o t, th ey w ill th in k o f t h e i r lo s s f o r y e a rs , and mourn o v e r i t , and i f , a t a n y f u t u r e p e r i o d , th e y can o b t a i n s a t i s f a c t i o n d u r in g t h e i r l i f e , th e y w i l l n e v e r l o s e an o p p o r t u n i t y . T h e i r wounded f e e l i n g s n e v e r a p p e a r t o b e h e a l e d , and t h e y f e e l i t a s a c r e d d u t y w h i c h t h e y owe t o t h e i r d e p a r t e d r e l a t i v e s t o p u n is h t h o s e by whose h an d s th e y h a v e f a l l e n , t h o u g h t h e y w e r e c u t o f f b y t h e common c h a n c e o f w a r . . . .2 3

23 S a m u e l M a r s d e n , T h e L e t t e r s a n d J o u r n a l s o f S a m u e l M a r s d e n , J o h n R a w so n E l d e r , e d i t o r (D unedin: C o u l l s S o m e r v i l l e W i l k i e . L t d . a n d A. H. R e e d , 1 9 3 2 ) ,

337 .

41 C an n ib alism * of w arfare,

and,

was t h e p r a c t i c e flu en ce i t

in d eed ,

a p a r t o f such in th e

of can n ib alism .

a c tiv itie s e a rly days,

Through E uropean i n ­

d e c r e a s e d and d i s a p p e a r e d

i n t e r v a l when i t It

C lo se ly co n n ected w ith th e

except fo r a b r ie f

was r e v i v e d d u r i n g t h e

Hauhau W ar.

h a s been surm ised t h a t

c a n n i b a l i s m am o ng t h e

M aori d e v e lo p e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r

c r a v in g f o r meat i n a

l a n d t h a t p o s s e s s e d n o o t h e r mammals t h a n t h e r a t .

T h is,

how ever, i s

of

erroneous.

hu m an f l e s h ,

That th ey d id en jo y a f e a s t

cannot be d e n ie d .

The p r a c t i c e

of cannibalism

d id b e a r a c lo s e c o n n ec tio n w ith t h e i r b e l i e f s — e s p e c i a l l y th o se r e l a te d to m ana.

Of t h i s

S hortland

says:

. . . T o e a t an e nem y w a s t h e g r e a t e s t d e g r a d a t i o n t o w h ic h he c o u l d b e s u b j e c t e d , a n d so i t m u st h a v e b een re g a rd e d a s a k in t o blasphem y t o e a t a n y th in g c o n t a i n i n g a p a r t i c l e o f d i v i n e e s s e n c e . 24 In th e

c o n s u m p t i o n o f a n enemy t h e M a o ri d i d n o t

b e l i e v e t h a t t h e e a t e r would r e t a i n o r m an a o f t h e p e r s o n c o n s u m e d .

any o f th e v ir tu e s

The r e a s o n s f o r t h e

p r a c t i c e may b e c l a s s e d a s t h r e e :

^ Edward S h o r t l a n d , M a o ri R e l i g i o n a n d M y th o lo g y ( L o n d o n : L o n g m a n s , G r e e n a n d C o m p an y , 18$2') , 2 6 .

42 . . *1* B e c a u s e h e w a s r e m a r k a b l y f o n d o f human fle sh as a food. 2. B ecause th e e a t in g o f an enem y d e g r a d e d t h e v i c t i m a n d h i s d e s c e n d a n t s , th u s ap p easin g th e re v e n g e fu l f e e lin g s o f th e eater. I t was a s o u r c e o f p u r e , u n a d u l t e r a t e d jo y t o t h e o ld tim e M a o ri, t o be a b l e t o say t o a n e n e m y , TII a t e y o u r f a t h e r " o r " y o u r a n c e s t o r , " a l t h o u g h t h e o c c u r e n c e may h a v e o c c u r r e d t e n g e n e r a t i o n s b e f o r e h i s t i m e , y e t h e would p r o b a b l y s p e a k i n t h e f i r s t p e r s o n s i n g u l a r . 25 In su lt

a c tu a te d by th e

eatin g

o f a c o o k e d human b e i n g

w a s , a t Te T a p i r i , s u p p l e m e n t e d b y t h e raw e y e b a l l s ,

a s was done t o t h o s e

The t h i r d was t h a t

it

sw allow ing o f

of Rev. V o l c k n e r .^

reason fo r th e p ra c tic e

was an e x c e l l e n t t i t l e

to

o f cannibalism

la n d — "or a t i t l e

b y d i g e s t i o n . "27 To t h i s d a y , i n t h e N a t i v e L and C o u r t s e s t a b ­ l i s h e d by Act o f P a r l i a m e n t t o a s c e r t a i n th e ow ner­ sh ip o f M aori la n d s , i f a N a tiv e can p rove t h a t h i s a n c e s to r k i l l e d and a t e th e form er ow ners, h i s t i t l e to th e lan d i s reg a rd ed a s in d is p u ta b le . Indeed, a c a s e n o t l o n g a g o o c c u r r e d i n a N a t i v e Lan d C o u r t , i n w h ic h a N a t i v e c l a i m a n t was b e i n g c r o s s - e x a m i n e d , by a c o u n te r c la im a n t to th e lan d in d i s p u t e , TW h e r e , T a s k e d h e , ’w a s my f a t h e r a f t e r t h e b a t t l e fo u g h t b etw een your t r i b e and m in e ? T

(June,

^5 B e s t , " N o t e s o n t h e 1 9 0 2 ) , 71* ^

Jk id .,

27 F i r t h ,

(Septem ber,

A rt o f W ar," o p . p i t . ,

1902),

1 59 *

N a t i on M a k i n g . o p . c i t . , 3 9 7 *

43 f I d o n Tt k n o w , T t h e o t h e r p r o m p t l y r e p l i e d , Tw h e r e t h e w h o l e o f h i m w a s , b u t a g o o d p a r t o f him was h e r e , T s i g n i f i c a n t l y t a p p i n g h i s s t o m a c h . The o p p o s i n g c l a i m a n t a t o n c e c o l l a p s e d . H is c a s e was c l o s e d , h i s c a u s e l o s t , and t h e la n d b e c a m e v e s t e d i n t h e man who h a d e a t e n t h e f o r m e r p r o p r i e t o r . 2$ MATERIAL CULTURE D eco ra tiv e and p r a c t i c a l w ere s k i l l e d tio n

in the

T hat t h e M aori

a r t s may b e n o t e d f r o m t h e

of t h e i r v ario u s

a rtistry

a rts.

a c tiv itie s.

Buck s a y s t h a t t h e i r

was c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y d e f i n i t e

d e sig n s expressed in th e se

observa­

p a t t e r n s and

form s:

(1 .) T a t t o o i n g o n t h e human f i g u r e ( m o k o ) . (2 .) C a r v i n g on w o o d , b o n e , an d s t o n e ( w h a k a i r o ) . (3 .) P a i n t i n g on r a f t e r s o f h o u s e s ( t u h i ) . (4*) W eaving o f c o l o u r e d t h r e a d s i n t h e b o r d e r s o f d re s s clo ak s (t a n i k o ) • (5*) P l a i t i n g of c o lo u re d elem ents in to f l o o r m at s and b a s k e t s ( r a r a n g a ) . ( 6 .) L attic e-w o rk in h o u se-p an els (a ra p a k i , t u i t u i . o r t u k u t u k u ) .29 Houses w ere c o n s t r u c t e d f o r v a r i o u s p u r p o s e s : m eetin g s, w eaving,

to

avenge a w rong, f o r t h e m a n u fa c tu re

sleep in g ,

2g I b i d . ,

and o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s .

for

of to o ls ,

The d i f f e r e n c e s

397-398.

29 P e t e r H e n r y B u c k , " M a o r i D e c o r a t i v e A r t , " T r a n s a c t i o n s a n d P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e New Z e a l a n d I n s t i t u t e , L I I I ( 1 9 2 1 ) , 452*

44 i n h o u s e s o r w h are and t h e

process

of co n stru ctio n are

w e l l d e s c r i b e d by R ev . W i l l i a m s , . . .The a p p e a r a n c e o f a w h a re was t o l e r a b l y uniform in a l l d i s t r i c t s , b u t th e d i f f e r e n t tr ib e s e x ce lled in d if f e r e n t p o in ts of d e ta il: t h e N g a - P u h i , f o r i n s t a n c e was a n a r t i s t i n r a u p o work and t h a t c h i n g , w h i l e t h e N g a t i - P o r o u w as ren o w n ed f o r c a r v e d work and p a i n t i n g . . . . A w hare c o n s i s t e d o f a fram ew ork o f t i m b e r , c a r e f u l l y n o tc h e d , and la s h e d t o g e t h e r w ith f l a x , t h e w a l l s p a c e s b e i n g f i l l e d i n w i t h s c r e e n s made c h ie f ly of kakaho, th e re e d s o f th e to e to e p la n t . . .t h e w hole b e in g c o v e re d w ith b u n d le s o f r a u p o . . . b o u n d on w i t h s t r i p s o f f l a x * . . . . .The t i m b e r s w e re s h a p e d r o u g h l y b y m eans of f i r e , and f i n a l l y f in is h e d w ith th e sto n e adze, . . . I f t h e w h a re was an i m p o r t a n t o n e , a n d o r n a m e n te d w i t h c a r v i n g and p a i n t i n g , a l l t h i s , w hich m ust have been a v e ry l a b o r i o u s u n d e r t a k in g , was c o m p l e t e d b e f o r e t h e v a r i o u s p a r t s w ere p u t t o g e t h e r .30 T he c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a h o u s e w a s p e r f o r m e d b y many h a n d s . The n u m b e r o f a r t i s a n s

engaged in th e b u ild in g

depended upon th e

or the

size

The b u i l d i n g work o f m any. w hole

of canoes,

purpose of th e house. lik e

houses,

I f th e canoe w ere a l a r g e

com m unity w ould t o i l

over i t s

in v o lv ed th e

war c a n o e ,

co n stru ctio n .

r a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s w ere a l s o

in v o lv ed

e sp e c ia lly th e

on t h e p r o w .

carved p ie c e

of it

in i t s

a Deco­

co n stru ctio n ,

H . W. W i l l i a m s , TTT h e M a o r i W h a r e : N o t e s on t h e C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a M a o r i H o u s e , !r The J o u r n a l o f th e P o ly n e sia n S o c i e t y , V (S eptem ber, 1 $ 9 6 ) , 145-146.

45 The w e a v i n g o f m a t s , an i m p o r ta n t

in d u stry

b ask ets,

o f t h e women.

k n o w n among t h e M a o r i b u t t h i s p la itin g w eaving.

or ty in g p r o c e s s ^ T h is t o t a l

and c l o t h i n g was The l o o m w a s u n ­

a c tiv ity

was a t y p e

c a lle d by B e ag leh o le ,

of fin g er-

process is d escrib ed b r ie f ly ,

. . .The f l a x l e a v e s w e re c u t , d r i e d , and s c r a p e d , and th e f i b r e s soaked in w a te r . The f i b r e s w e r e pounded u n t i l s o f t and th e n r o l l e d i n t o t h r e a d s . C l o a k s w e r e made b y t h e p r o c e s s o f f i n g e r - w e a v i n g . The w a r p - t h r e a d s w e r e a t t a c h e d t o a c o r d s t r e t c h e d betw een u p r i g h t s t i c k s , t h e w e f t - t h r e a d s w ere c a r r i e d a c r o s s from l e f t t o r i g h t and g iv e n a h a l f ­ t u r n a t each w a r p - th r e a d . . . .32 In a d d itio n

to wooden, tw o -h and ed sw o rd s,

the

g r e e n s t o n e m ere o r c l u b s , and v a r i o u s o t h e r weapons of w a rrio rs,

t h e r e w ere im plem ents,

w oodw orking, in

used in a g r i c u l t u r e ,

and o th e r o c c u p a tio n s .

The im p l e m e n ts u se d

t h e p r o c e s s e s o f c u l t i v a t i o n w e re wooden s p a d e s ,

s h o v e l s , a r u d e form o f h o e , and l i g h t i m p l e m e n t s .33 c h isels,

O ther to o ls

gouges,

3^ B e s t,

c u ltiv a tin g

c o n s is te d of stone ad zes,

and a s im p le d r i l l .

The w e d g e ,

lev er,

T he M a o r i a s He W as, £ £ . c i t . , 1 1 7 -

32 E a r n e s t B e a g l e h o l e , "The P o l y n e s i a n M a o r i , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y . XLIX ( M a r c h , T 5 4 o J 7 ’6 r . ----------------------------- --------------------------------

33 ^ E l s d o n B e s t , " M a o r i A g r i c u l t u r e , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XXXIX ( D e c e m b e r , 1 9 3 0 ) , 3 54-

46 in clin ed

plan e,

and s k i d ,

in a d d itio n to

S p a n is h w i n d l a s s w ere u se d by t h e Food and fo o d p r o d u c t s . P o l y n e s i a n s , w ere e s s e n t i a l l y

a r u d e form o f

a n c i e n t Ma ori . 3 ^

The M a o r i ,

lik e th e

an a g r i c u l t u r a l

o th er

peo p le#

T h e o r i g i n a l m i g r a t i o n s b r o u g h t w i t h t h e m some s e e d s t h a t i n t r o d u c e d new p r o d u c t s t o vegetable

p r o d u c t s upon w hich th e y

kum ara o r sw eet p o t a t o , or gourd. to

New Z e a l a n d *

th e ta ro ,

The d o m e s t i c a t e d

depended w ere t h e t h e yam, a n d t h e

W il d f e r n r o o t s w e r e a l s o a s t a p l e

th e veg etab le

d iet*

A lthough i t

ad d itio n

was n o t p o s s i b l e t o

grow t h e s e p r o d u c t s i n t h e m o st s o u t h e r l y p a r t s Z ealan d ,

th e p eo p le t h e r e

o t h e r fo o d s w ith th e taro ,

exchanged m u tton b i r d s

p eo p le

from t h e n o r t h

o f New and

fo r kum ara.

and h u e . Because th e

of c u ltiv ated p rom inent

sw e e t p o t a t o was t h e m ost i m p o r t a n t

food p ro d u c ts to

fig u re

in th e

th e M aori,

it

became a

c e r e m o n ie s and had a g r e a t number

o f m y th s d e v e l o p e d a r o u n d i t .35

119,

hue

^ B e s t ,- T he M a o r i a s He Was , op * c i t *, 1 1 7 , 120.

35 B e s t , 3 53-359-

T!M a o r i A g r i c u l t u r e / ' o p .

c it.,

47 F ish in g in d u strie s

and h u n tin g w ere a c t i v e and n e c e s s a r y

i n New Z e a l a n d .

B oth a c t i v i t i e s w ere c a r r i e d

on c h i e f l y by t h e u se o f s n a r e s , a d d itio n to

trap s,

f i s h a s f o o d among t h e

o f in la n d w aterw ays,

and n e t s .

c o a s t p eo p le

In

and t h o s e

e e l s and c r a y f i s h w ere c o n s i d e r e d

h ig h ly d e s ir a b le . The o n l y two mammals t h a t d ays o f th e M aori,

the

ex isted

dog and t h e

rat,

in th e

a re th o u g h t by

Buck36 t 0 have been i n t r o d u c e d b y th e m . a b le ,

he b e l i e v e s ,

th e passenger l i s t away.

However,

w hether th e

It

is

q u estio n ­

r a t was o f f i c i a l l y

of a g r e a t canoe

on

o r came a s a s t o w ­

i t was a h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e

The do g was n o t u s e d a s

early

form o f m e a t .

food.

The i n d i g e n o u s b i r d s o f New Z e a l a n d b e s i d e s t h e m u t t o n b i r d w e r e t h e New Z e a l a n d p i g e o n , p arso n -b ird , b e ll-b ird .

p aro q u et,

the p a r r o t ,

grey duck, t h e k iw i,

These w ere a l l

and t h e

c o n sid e re d d e le c ta b le m eats.

The v e s s e l s u s e d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n

o f foods

w ere l i m i t e d b e c a u se th e M aori d id n o t p o s s e s s th e a r t of p o tte ry .

U ten sils

v/ere c r e a t e d

gourds,

bark,

of th is

lim ita tio n tru e b o ilin g

out

o f wood, s t o n e ,

s u p p le m e n te d by p l a i t e d b a s k e t s .

Because ‘

o f f o o d was i m p o s s i b l e ,

3° P e t e r H e n r y B u c k , "T he C o m in g o f t h e M a o r i , " C aw thron L e c t u r e » I I (N elso n : C aw thron I n s t i t u t e o f B e l e n t ! f i c Re s e a r c h , 1 9 2 5 ) , 3 0 .

43

but

a p artial

of hot

form o f b o i l i n g was a c h i e v e d by t h e u s e

s t o n e s . 37 Most a l l

fo o d s w ere cooked in t h e M aori oven,

c a l l e d by them umu.

A d e s c rip tio n of t h i s

process is

g iv en by B e ag leh o le: . . .The f i r e w o o d w as s e t a l i g h t a n d when t h e s to n e s w ere h o t , t h e y w ere s p r e a d o u t. I n New Z e a l a n d w a t e r was p l a c e d i n t h e p i t a nd t h e w h o le c o v e r e d up w i t h l e a v e s a n d e a r t h . E lse ­ w here i n P o l y n e s i a th e p r o c e s s in v o lv e d b a k in g r a t h e r t h a n s t e a m i n g . . . .33 T ran sp o rta tio n .

The o n l y tw o m e t h o d s o f t r a n s ­

p o r t a t i o n w ere th e

leg s

o f c a n o e s by s e a .

Hence,

of th ese

not only th e

p e o p le was i m p o r t a n t f o r

p o r ta tio n , but also m u nity e n t e r p r i s e s fish in g

o f a M aori by l a n d , and t h e u se

sick

B est,

and t r a v e l .

w ere u s e d f o r th e or wounded.

O ccasio n ally

purpose of

OQ

7

The M a o r i a s He W as, ojd. c i t . , 9 6 .

3^ B e a g le h o le , op . c i t . , 5 9 * ^

The com­

o f can o e b u i l d i n g was e s s e n t i a l to

ru d e form s o f l i t t e r s

37 B e s t ,

c o n d itio n

e f f i c i e n t lan d t r a n s ­

a k n o w l e d g e o f wood l o r e .

e x p ed itio n s, w arfare,

tra n s p o rtin g th e

physical

"The P o l y n e s i a n M a o r i , "

The M a o r i a s He W as,

ojd.

c i t .,

120.

49 SUMMARY The M aori p e o p l e w e re e x c e l l e n t p h y s i c a l w ith s h o rt,

sturdy

l e g s and w e l l d e v e lo p e d m u s c u l a t u r e .

T h e i r a p p e a ra n c e was e n h a n c e d , by t a t t o o i n g .

in the

case of th e

ex te n siv e l i t e r a t u r e

because of th e

fact

th e s e p eo p le

came t o

Z e a l a n d f r o m a l a n d known a s T,H a w a i k i tT i n h u g e , The c o n j e c t u r e

New Z e a l a n d a b o u t 1 3 5 0 . to

th eir

custom s u n t i l

is

t h a t the

In t h is the

in o ccu lt lo r e ,

and c r a f t s .

I t was t h r o u g h

lan d th e y

a r r iv a l of the

schools

th at a ll tra d itio n s

tra d itio n , the

New

double

G reat F le e t reached

E d u c a t i o n was p r o v i d e d b y v a r i o u s sp e c ia liz e d

th at

was u n w r i t t e n , w ere p h e n o m e n a l.

A ccording to m y th o lo g y ,

canoes.

n o b ility ,

They p o s s e s s e d d i s p o s i t i o n s t h a t w e re h i g h l y

e m o tio n a l and t h e i r m em o ries, th e ir

specim ens

liv e d according E uropeans.

s c h o o ls w hich

and p r a c t i c a l a r t s

in stru ctio n

in th e s e

and u n w r itte n l i t e r a t u r e

was p r e s e r v e d . The M a o r i s p o k e of the ten

P o ly n esian s.

co n so n an ts.

a language c lo s e ly r e l a t e d

It

is

to th a t

composed o f f i v e v o w e ls a n d

Through an e r r o r

in p ro n u n c ia tio n , th e

e n t i r e m eaning o f a s e n t e n c e m ig h t b e a l t e r e d . In

so n g , w ords w ere o f prim e

w as s e c o n d a r y and d i d

im portance;

n o t e x i s t a p a r t from th e

S o n g s w e r e c h a n t e d on a s c a l e

d ifferen t

th e tune w ords.

from t h a t

of th e

50 O c cid en tal d ia to n ic th e m a jo rity lik e

I n s t r u m e n t s w ere few , and

o f them w e re w ind i n s t r u m e n t s of a f l u t e ­

v a rie ty ; The t r i b e s

trib e s; ranks th e

scale.

the

of th e M aori w ere d i v id e d i n t o

s u b -trib e s in to

larg e

e x i s t e d among t h e p e o p l e ;

common f o l k ,

and t h e

g r e a t mana, t h e d e c i s i o n s The s y s t e m

c h i e f and n o b i l i t y ,

A lthough th e c h i e f had

served a s c i v i l

law .

Labor

comm unal.

The e s o t e r i c

relig io n ,

g o d , was c o n f i n e d t o t h e p o ly th e istic

T hree

o f t h e m a j o r i t y were f o l l o w e d .

o f t a p u and noa

was p a r t i a l l y

fam ily gro u p s.

the

slav es.

sub-

b a s e d on a b e l i e f i n o n e

p riesth o o d ;

f o r m , was t h e b e l i e f

gods w ere in f lu e n c e d by th e

th e

e x o te ric ,

of th e p eo p le.

a The

i n d i r e c t means o f c e r e m o n ia l

a c t i o n and i n c a n t a t i o n o f w hich t h e t o h u n g a , p r i e s t s , w ere t h e a u t h o r i t i e s . War a p p e a r e d t o M aori.

It

occurred

be a f r e q u e n t

in th e

was c a u se d by a v a r i e t y to be t r i v i a l .

o ccu p atio n of th e

s e a s o n .f o llo w in g h a r v e s t and

o f r e a s o n s , m any o f w h i c h a p p e a r

C o n n e c te d w i t h w a r f a r e was t h e c u s t o m ^

o f c a n n i b a l i s m w h ic h was p r a c t i c e d

e i t h e r because the

M a o r i w e r e f o n d o f human f l e s h , t h a t t h e p e r s o n was a d e a d l y i n s u l t t o and to

h is

re la tiv e s,

means by w hich t o

b o th th e

or because i t

g ain t i t l e

to

eatin g

of a

p e r s o n consumed

was an e x c e l l e n t

lan d .

51 D e c o r a ti v e and p r a c t i c a l a r t s in the

found

c o n s t r u c t i o n o f h o u s e s and c a n o e s ,

w e a v in g , and th e

carving

o f wood,

sto n e,

ex p ressio n tatto o in g ,

and b o n e .

A g r i c u l t u r e was an i n d u s t r y t h a t w as e s s e n t i a l to

th e M aori.

They g rew s w e e t p o t a t o e s ,

and g o u r d s .

W ild

th e ir d iet.

The p r o t e i n f o o d s c o n s u m e d w e r e

and r a t s . but

fern

yams, t a r o ,

ro o ts added a n o th e r s t a p l e t o

No o t h e r a n i m a l s w e r e f o u n d

fish ,

b ird s,

i n New Z e a l a n d

th e s e m i-d o m e s tic a te d dogs t h a t w ere n o t

eaten .

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n was d e p e n d e n t upon c a n o e s f o r t h e w aterw ays and w a lk in g f o r la n d t r a v e l .

PART THREE

CHAPTER IV

CEREMONIES AND RITUALS The M a o r i i n d u l g e d i n c o u n t l e s s c e r e m o n i e s a n d ritu a ls,

a ll

n ific an c e. to

th e

itie s,

o f w h i c h p o s s e s s e d some r e l i g i o u s Those d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s

crises

of lif e ,

sig ­

ch ap ter are re la te d

w ar and p e a c e ,

pro d u ctiv e a c tiv ­

and s e v e r a l o t h e r o c c a s i o n s . R e l i g i o u s c e re m o n ie s w ere u s u a l l y c o n d u c te d a b o u t

dawn o r e a r l y d u s k u n l e s s a n o th e r tim e .

Dawn w a s t h e f a v o r i t e t i m e f o r t h e

was c o n s i d e r e d l u c k y , t o b e m ore v i r i l e No o n e i n t h e a fire

su c h an o c c a s i o n a s w a r demanded

and i t

forenoon

was b e l i e v e d t h e p e rf o r m a n c e s

wh en c a r r i e d

out on an em pty sto m a c h .

com m unity was a l l o w e d . t o

u n t i l r i t u a l s w e re concluded.^*

e a t o r even k in d le T hen f e a s t i n g was

in o rd er. CEREMONIES MARKING THE CRISES OF L I F E The c r i s e s

of life

a s m an ifested in th e

t h e M a o r i may b e s e g r e g a t e d cerem onies, m arriag e,

h a irc u ttin g

d iv o rce,

in to

six p a rts :

cerem ony, t a t t o o i n g ,

and d e a th c e re m o n ie s.

the

c u ltu re of b irth

b e t r o t h a l and

These vary in

1 E ls d o n B e s t , "M aori R e l i g i o n and M y th o l o g y ," D o m i n i o n Museum B u l l e t i n . N o . 10 ( W e l l i n g t o n : W. A. G. S k i n n e r , 1 9 2 4 ) , 1 9 S'. "

53 c o m p l e x i t y and i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e the

p eo p le

in v o lv ed .

to

a n o th er. B irth

b irth

They a l s o v a r y

cerem onies.

so cial p restig e from one d i s t r i c t

The c e r e m o n i e s p e r t a i n i n g

a re confused b o th as to th e m u l t i p l i c i t y

m in o lo g y and a s t o

to

o f ter^-

p u rp o se and t im in g by E lsd o n B e s t ,

who c o n f i n e d t h e m a j o r i t y d istric t,

of

of h is

t h a t o f Tuhoe l a n d .

observations to

For th is

o ne

reaso n the

use

o f M aori n o m e n c l a t u r e w i l l b e l i m i t e d and t h e p u r p o s e s o f e a c h cerem ony w i l l b e e m p h a s iz e d . T here w ere s e v e r a l r i t e s p erfo rm ed o v er a v e ry young c h ild . w ere th e

sons,

The c h i l d r e n who r e c e i v e d t h e s e a t t e n t i o n s e s p e c ia lly the

o f m en o f r a n k . 2 O c c a s i o n a l l y th e y w ere p e rfo rm e d o v e r a g i r l b a b y . The

M aori p e o p le t h u s At t h e w ere o b se rv e d : life ;

the

q u a litie s

tim e

first-b o rn ,

recognized th e

rig h t

of c u ttin g th e navel

o ne e n d o w e d t h e

o t h e r w ith hau i n

c h ild

of p reih o g en itu re• strin g

w ith

two r i t e s

the v i g o r o f

i t s m e n t a l and p h y s i c a l

com bined w ith p r e s t i g e and p o w e r .3

p

E l s d o n B e s t , r,The W h a r e K o h a n g a a n d I t s L o r e , " D o m i n i o n Museum B u l l e t i n , N o . 13 ( W e l l i n g t o n : W. A. G. S k i n n e r , 1929) 9 4 3 * 3 See A pp en d ix B.

54 These r i t e s

u su ally

come u n d e r t h e g e n e r i c t e r m o f

to h i The c e r e m o n y o f t u a w a s p e r f o r m e d a t t h e w h a r e kohanga or n e st-h o u se the th is the

age from s i x to was a t y p e

c h i l d and m o th e r , and,

god o f w a r , T u .^

w ere n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g lest

c h i l d when i t

eig h t days o ld .

of b ap tism

ch aracteristics, th e

over the

as i t

endowed t h e

was o f

The p u r p o s e o f

rem oved t h e baby w ith

t a p u from certain

a t tim es, d ed icated th e D uring t h i s

c e r e m o n y , t h o s e who

rem ain ed w ith in t h e i r

th e y be a f f e c t e d by th e

c h ild to

houses

in c a n ta tio n s w ith d i s a s ­

tro u s p h y sical r e s u lts .^ The t h i r d was t h a t sio n ^

of p u re .

re tu rn to

cerem ony i n t h e l i f e

of th e in d iv id u a l

T h i s was a w e lc o m in g o f t h e p r o c e s ­ the v i l l a g e

from th e n e s t - h o u s e .

It

was f o llo w e d by a f e a s t . ^

4 E l s d o n B e s t , " L o r e o f t h e W h a r e - k o h a n g a , TT The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XV ( S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 0 6 ) , 1575 E l s d o n B e s t , " N o t e s o n t h e A r t o f W a r , a s C on­ d u c t e d b y t h e M a o r i o f New Z e a l a n d , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XI ( M a r c h , 1 9 0 2 ) , 2 0 - 2 1 . D B est, 147-143.

"L ore of th e W h are-k o h an g a," o £ . c i t . ,

7 E lsdon B e s t, "C erem onial P e rfo rm a n ce s P e r t a i n ­ i n g t o B i r t h , " J o u r n a l o f t h e Roy a l An t h r o p o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y o f G r e a t ' B r i t a i n a n d I r e l a n d , XLlv ( 1 ^ 1 4 ) . 1 4 0 >

55

"N otes

on t h e

A rt

o£.

o f W ar,

c it.,

. . . "

XIV

150 In a d d itio n left

foot

a charm . food,

to

th is

trea tm e n t,

on t h e b o d y o f t h e T h is,

aid ed

because th e

i n m aking t h e

th e

to h u n g a p la c e d h is

s u f f e r e r w h ile le ft

cham

rep eatin g

f o o t was. t h e

sacred

e ffe c tiv e .^

Charms f o r b u r n s w e re a t t i m e s c o n s i d e r e d becau se th ey

had been

h a d g r e a t p o w e r . ^*3 sta te d th a t

p o s s e s s e d b y a n a n c e s t o r who h a d

H ow ever, an

so m e b u r n s

effectiv e

in fo rm an t

o f C o l. Gudgeon

may b e c o n s i d e r e d a s h o p e l e s s :

T h a t w h e n a man h a s b e e n b u r n t h e may b e h e a l e d b y t h e k a r a k i a c a l l e d W h a i , u n l e s s i n d e e d he h a s b e e n q u i t e consum ed i n w h ic h c a s e n o t h i n g can b e d o n e , b e c a u s e h e h a s b e e n e a t e n up b y t h e f i r e o f M ah u ik a. . . .44 An e x a m p l e o f a c h a r m u s e d i n t h e is th e

g iv en by S h o rtla n d

in T rad itio n s

cu rin g

o f a burn

and S u p e r s t i t i o n s

New Z e a l a n d e r s : What c a u s e d t h e b u m ? F ire caused th e bum F i r e k i n d l e d b y whom? F ir e k in d le d by M ah u -ik a. Come a n d f e t c h some ( f i r e ) , s p r e a d i t o u t , To b e a s l a v e t o d r e s s f o o d f o r b o t h o f u s . S m all b u rn , l a r g e b u r n ,

42 I b i d . ,

X III

(June,

1904),

76-77-

43 B e s t , " M a o r i M e d i c a l L o r e , " (M arch, 1 9 0 5 ), 9-

of th e

o£.

c i t ..

XIV

4 4 yj. e . G u d g e o n , " M a o r i R e l i g i o n , " T h e J o u r n a l P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y » XIV ( S e p t e m b e r , 1905*1, 1 2 9 *

of

151

Burn be c r u s t e d

I w i l l make i t I

w ill

make i t

over w ith

sk in .

sacred, e ff e c tiv e .

45

A c h o k i n g p e r s o n may b e r e l i e v e d b y t h e of a k a ra k ia w ith th e

accom panim ento f s l a p s

An i n c a n t a t i o n t h a t

is

said to

re p e titio n

on t h e

have cu red

b ack .

46

at o o t h ­

ach e was:

An e e l , a s p i n y b a c k , True i n d e e d , in d e e d : tru e You m u s t e a t t h e h e a d o f s a i d s p i n y b a c k . 47 A m o th er i s

said

to

have sa id

TTGod b l e s s y o u " w h e n h e r c h i l d any e v i l

t h a t m ig h t

in

have th e

so o th ,

in

so o th .

charm s a s a s o r t

sneezed.

T h is was t o

ten d en cy to

happen a f t e r

of avert such

an o c c u r r a n c e .4$ Charms t o

produce o th e r d e s ir e d

of d iffic u lt

b irth s,

c a lle d tuku,

alth o u g h th e y

n a t u r e s . 49

great

faith

4*7 S h o r t l a n d ,

op.

In case

in th e

charm s

d if f e r e d w id ely in t h e i r m ight be

c i t . » 134*

46 B e s t , "M aori M e d ic a l (M arch, 1 9 0 5 ), 6 .

Journal

was p l a c e d

The woman who w a s h a v i n g t r o u b l e

45 S h o r t l a n d , o p .

^

e ffe cts.

c i t .,

L o re,"

op.

c it .,

XIV

131.

l°c . c it.

49 E ls d o n B e s t , " L o re o f t h e W h a r e - k o h a n g a , " The o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XV ( M a r c h , 1 9 0 o ) ,~~2CT.

15 2 c arried

to

th e

sacred p lace of the

p r i e s t w ould r e c i t e

v illa g e

and t h e r e

th e

over her:

"Come 0 m a i d , i n t h e t i m e o f f u l l n e s s ; b e a r t h y s e l f b ra v e ly b e fo re th e w o rld , even as your a n c e s to r s , H i n e - t i t a m a , when t r o d d e n w e r e t h e ways o f e a r t h and h e a v e n s, even th e a s c e n t to T i r i t i r i - o - M a t a n g i . S tren u o u sly pursue your co u rse, th e fu n c tio n s of your a n c e s to rs , H in e-ah u -on e, to l i e w ith in H u i-te-ran g io ra. B ring t h y s e l f , 0 m aid, to t h e w o r l d o f l i f e *"50 From t h e t i m e t h e u m b ilical th at

iho

o r m id d le

p o rtio n

o f a b a b y Ts

c o r d w as s e v e r e d a n d t h r o u g h t h e many c e r e m o n i e s

fo llo w ed ,

charm s w ere s a i d

to

actu ate

d esirab le

a ttrib u te s * I f a woman d e s i r e d cu lty

in

so

co n ceiv in g

to

it,

have a c h ild

she went to

and fo u n d d i f f i ­

th e v i l l a g e

toh u n g a

who b y d e v i o u s m e t h o d s a n d k a r a k i a w a s a b l e t o m ake h e r

fe rtile .^ A nother r i t e in

a n e w m o t h e r . 52

Z ealand t h e r e

w ith

charm s was t h a t

of p ro d u cin g m ilk

T h i s was o f i m p o r t a n c e a s

c o u ld b e no s u b s t i t u t i o n

s i n c e t h e r e w e r e n o mammals t h e r e

i n New

for th is

o th e r th an

product

rats

and

50 E l s d o n B e s t , " C e r e m o n i a l P e r f o r m a n c e s P e r t a i n ­ i n g t o B i r t h , " T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e Ro y a l A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y o f G r e a t Br i t a i n a n d I r e l a n d » XLIV ( 1 9 1 4 ) , 13 5 - 1 3 6 • ^

See A pp en d ix E.

5^ See A p p e n d i x E.

153

undernourished dogs. A k arak ia

said, by a m o th er o v er h e r c h i l d

to

s t i m u l a t e t h e e r u p t i o n o f a t o o t h was t h i s : G row ing k e r n e l , g row , Grow, t h a t t h o u m a y e s t a r r i v e To s e e t h e moon now f u l l . Come, t h o u k e r n e l , L e t t h e t o o t h o f man Be g i v e n t o t h e r a t , And t h e r a t Ts t o o t h To the* m a n . 53 There were in v o c a ti o n s t o cau se l i f e

to be r e ­

t a i n e d by a d y i n g p e r s o n a n d r e s t o r e him t o h e a l t h . T h e s e w e r e s o m e t i m e s known a s t i t i k u r a .

Of t h e s e , B e s t

h a s o n l y g i v e n u n t r a n s l a t e d v e r s i o n s . 54

H ow ever, an

ex a m p le o f a k a r a k i a w i t h i t s

d ir e c tio n s f o r use a re

g i v e n i n c a s e one w i s h e d t o r e s t o r e an o p p o n e n t who was a r e l a t i v e one h a d s t r u c k down i n w a r , . . .he w i l l s t o o p o v e r t h e body a n d , w e t t i n g h i s f i n g e r s w ith h i s s p i t t l e . . . . w i l l rub them on t h e f a c e and b o d y o f t h e s t r i c k e n o n e , a t t h e same t i m e r e p e a t i n g t h i s s p e l l : — R etu rn th e e to t h i s w orld; R i s e up t o l i f e , To t h e w o r l d o f b e i n g an d o f l i g h t , To t h e l i f e a c q u i r e d .

53 w h i t e , 54

XIV

ojo.

c i t . » 125.

B e s t , "M aori M e d ic a l L o r e ," (M arch, 1 9 0 5 ), 4-

ojs. c i t . ,

154

T h is p r o c e s s i s t o r e s t o r e t h e wounded o p p o n e n t t o t h e l i f e and b e in g * The e y e s b l i n k and he i s r e s t o r e d -55 Many t h i n g s p o ssib le

th at,

can be a t t r i b u t e d

thro u g h

many M a o ri w e r e c u r e d T h is

faith

did

how ever,

in

of th e ir

i t s e l f to

a lik e

a ttrib u te d

faith .

It

is

such r e lig io u s p r a c tic e s ,

or r e lie v e d

not ex ten d

m itte d th em selv es to M ao ri,

faith

to

d isco m fo rt.

se ttle rs

treatm en t

who s u b ­

of d isease-

such f a i l u r e s t o

The

a want

of

f a i t h .56 KARAKIA RELATING TO FOOD AND FOOD PRODUCTS In can tatio n s charm s and r i t e s so s i m i l a r ,

and

used

hunt e r s and

fisherm en -

The

p e rf o r m e d by h u n t e r s and f i s h e r m e n in

some c a s e s

id e n tic a l,

th at

it

are

is

e x p e d ie n t t h a t th ey be c la s s e d t o g e t h e r . S in ce th e

prim ary

th e M aori c o n s i s t e d u n d e rstan d a b le

of

f le s h p ro d u cts

rats,

b ird s,

t h a t many k a r a k i a

in g and t r a p p i n g

in th e

and f i s h ,

p e rta in e d

d iet it

to

th e

.

. ff

is c atch ­

of such a n im a ls .

55 B e s t , ?TN o t e s on t h e op - c i t . , (M arch, 1 9 0 3 ) , 3 5 •

A rt

o f W ar,

.

of

cA J A r t h u r S a u n d e r s T h o m s o n , The S t o r y o f New Z ea la n d : P a s t and P r e s e n t - - S a v a g e an d C i v i l i z e d , I ( L o n d o n : J . M u r r y , 1$5"9) , 220 .

155 T h ere was a form o f t u a w i t h i t s k a ra k ia , th e r i t e was a l s o

used a t

from t h e

fo re st-

of th e

perform ed over a f i r s t certain

crop o f fe rn

ro o ts

to

lie

and to

tap u

pro d u cts

The t a p u h a d b e e n purpose

custom o f f o w le r s

of p ro tec tin g

omens,

some o b j e c t

p o st w h ile

d esires

rep eatin g

and c o v e to u s ­

ye h e a p e d h e r e and k e ep o f f i l l - l u c k ; T h is was t o

f o re s ta ll th e

aid

the

a new

or fish erm en

They c a r r i e d

base o f th e

rTYe l u c k l e s s

m e n t o a c q u i r e . ” 58 flu en ces,

rem ove t h e

grow .

c a s t a t th e

fo rm u la:

ness,

w ith th e

a tu ap o or lu ck p o s t .

w hich t h e y

th at

d u r in g m a tin g s e a s o n and a llo w in g

T here was th e v isitin g

bora,

T h i s w a s d o n e so t h a t t h e

p rev io u sly p laced th e re

th e

seasons to

woods m ig h t b e u t i l i z e d . 5?

b ir d s and r a t s

accom panying

p ro v id ers

e lim in a te

covetous th o u g h ts

cause

harm ful in ­ of o th e rs,

in th e a c q u is itio n

o f game

or fish . T here w ere se ttin g

h is

charm s s a i d

t r a p s . 59

a s a r a t - t r a p p e r was

T h is was t o

in su re

th e

57 B e s t , " L o r e o f t h e W h a r e - k o h a n g a , " (S ep tem b er, 1 9 0 6 ),' 149•

5^ B e s t , 17$

ojd.

c i t .,

" F o r e s t L o r e o f t h e M a o r i , " ojq. c i t . ,



59 I b i d . ,

e ffectiv e

447*

156 w orking

of th e

c o n triv an c es.

p e o p le w ere

se ttin g

th e

ro d en ts

fo r a cerem onial

for

such an e x p e d i t i o n

charm r e c i t a t i o n o rd er to re c ita l in g ,

out

and

to

cap tu re a g re a t

of th e tu o ta

fea st,

the

group o f num ber o f

p rep aratio n

o c c a s i o n a l l y t o o k tw o d a y s

o th er

b r i n g game t o

When a l a r g e

cerem onial a c t i v i t i e s

th e

snare

to b rin g

w h a n g i . w a s made t o

th e

or t r a p s .

game, a p l a c a t o r y

fish

p o ts

over h is

and t r a p s

offer-

g o d s .60

a n d b y t h o s e who f i s h e d .

own k a r a k i a

in

A fte r th e

T h e sa m e p r o c e d u r e w a s e n a c t e d b y t h e b ird s

of

Each p e r s o n

h u n ters rec ite d

s n a r in g t r e e s , 6 l and o v er h i s for

e

e

l

s

,

and o v e r h is

of h is

cray­

fish in g

e q u i p m e n t . 63 I n Tuhoe m ost

cerem onies

co n n ected w ith

f o r e s t w ere p e rfo rm ed o v e r a s a c re d f i r e . r e p e a t e d by th e

to h u n g a to

a ttra c t b ird s

lands

or

An i n c a n t a t i o n to

th e

trib a l

f o r e s t was t h i s :

60 I b i d . ,

363.

61 I b i d . ,

299-

62 B e s t ,

f?M a o r i R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y , ” o p . c i t . ,

243 • 63 P o e . c i t .

157 0 E arth stand Cxive t h e That i t To h o l d

th a t re c lin e s th ere I 0 Heavens t h a t abovet m an-eating b lo o d , may b e b o u n d , b e t i e d , th e m a u ri. o f whom? The m a u r i o f T a n e - Tane k n e e l i n g . Tane s p r i n g i n g . C ease ( g i v i n g ) t o P a i a ; he (T an e ) p r o p p e d up th e heavens, But T u - m a t a - u e n g a b o u n d t h e f o o d . 04 Of t h e

charm s u se d f o r

”The e a r n e s t a p p e a l s t o tain ed

in th e s e

statem en t , i t d ir e c te d to

fish in g ,

f is h to

c om e a n d b e c a u g h t c o n ­

ch arm s a r e t o u c h i n g . ”^5

a p p e a r s t h a t many o f t h e

th e

E lsdon B e st s a y s ,

fish ,

th em selv es,

Because k arak ia

of th is

w ere

r a th e r th a n to

a h ig h er

pow er. It sp irits

was t h e

p lacate

in stan c e, k ill

it

o ffe r to

of defunct a n ce sto rs th e

o r game c a u g h t . to

custom to

in

the

T h is

o fferin g ,

first

unknown w i t h a s h a r i n g

a n d down w h i l e

le ft

hand,

rep eatin g

gods or th e

specim en o f f i s h

g i v e n w i t h k a r a k i a , was

a t o h u n g a w ould t a k e t h e h is

th e

face th e a charm .

u

of th e

catch .

first

rat

e ast,

and wave i t

For

cau g h t,

The o f f e r i n g

up

of the

64 E l s d o n B e s t , rTS p i r i t u a l C o n c e p t s o f t h e M a o r i , TT The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , X (M a rc h , 1 9 0 1 ) , 6 . E l s d o n B e s t , TTF i s h i n g M e t h o d s a n d D e v i c e s o f t h e M a o r i , ” D o m i n i o n M useum B u l l e t i n , N o . 12 (W ellin g to n : D o m i n i o n Mus e u m , ~ET92"9T1 1 0 9 .

66 B e s t , 449 •

”F o r e s t L o r e o f t h e M a o r i , ” o p . c i t . ,

153

first

fish

caught

is

d escrib ed th u s:

. . .On r e t u r n i n g t o s h o r e h e t o o k t h e f i r s t f i s h - c a u g h t w i t h h i s new l i n e , and t h e b r a c k e n o r o t h e r h e rb a g e t h a t he had u s e d a s a s e a t i n t h e c a n o e , to th e ta p u p la c e of th e v i l l a g e . He g e n e r a t e d f i r e b y t h e h i k a p r o c e s s and b u r n e d t h e b r a c k e n . At t h i s f i r e h e r o a s t e d a p o r t i o n o f t h e g i l l s o f t h e f i s h , - t a k e n f r o m i t s r i g h t s i d e , w h ic h he t h e n h e ld up i n h i s . hand a n d waved t o and f r o , a t t h e sa m e t i m e c a l l i n g t o h i s d e a d m a l e f o r b e a r s t h a t h e re was food f o r them . T h is was a w h a n g ai o r o fferin g . The o t h e r p o r t i o n o f t h e g i l l s o f t h e f i s h was s e r v e d i n a s i m i l a r m a n n e r and o f f e r e d to th e s p i r i t s o f h i s d e fu n c t fem ale r e l a t i v e s . T h e f i s h he t h e n h u n g u p a t t h e t u a h u a s a n o f f e r ­ in g to th e g o d s . T hese o p e r a t i o n s w ere accom panied by c h a n te d fo rm u la e t h a t have not been c o l l e c t e d . . W hile b i r d s w e re b e i n g c o o k e d , o v e r them T h is

ord er to

was o f s p e c i a l

was t h e bashes said

in

secure a la rg e

fu tu re

su p p ly of m elted

im p o rtan ce b ecau se th e

for th is

use

co u ld be a c h ie v e d .

purpose w h ile th e

fire

fat

f a t . 63

of b ird s in

cala­

One s u c h p r a y e r

was c o o k in g w as:

When ( i t ) i s l i g h t e d , when ( i t ) i s l i g h t e d t h e s a c r e d f i r e , oh T i k i I when i t b u r n s on t h e s a c r e d m orning: oh g i v e , oh g i v e , oh T i k i , t h e f a t : it burns fo r th e e , th e f a t of th e p ig eo n ; fo r th e e , t h e f a t of th e ow l; f o r t h e e , t h e f a t o f t h e p a r r o t ; fo r t h e e , the f a t of th e f l y c a tc h e r ; f o r t h e e , th e

°7 B e st, 243

"M aori R e li g i o n 'a n d M y th o lo g y ,"

op. e f t .,



\g

320.

° B est,

.67

k a r a k ia w ere r e c i t e d

o n l y m edium by w h ic h t h e i r p r e s e r v a t i o n for

.

" F o r e s t Lore o f th e M a o r i,"

op. c i t . ,

----

159 f a t o f th e th r u s h ; a w a te r of e e ls : w here i s i t s sp rin g ? th e sp rin g is in heaven: s p r in k le , g ive I b e i t p o u r e d o u t . 69 ta u m a h a charm was s a i d w ere

eaten .

fu n ctio n to Its it

B est

g race, but th a t th e rem ove t h e

or fre e to

In can tatio n s p ro te c t b o u n d aries, in g grounds,

v iril

rite s

p lan tin g s,

f o o d so t h a t

food c r o p s .

In o rd e r to

as w e ll as b ir d

w ere p e rfo rm e d

tap u .

T here

69 D i e f f e n b a c k , 7^ B e s t ,

”F o r e s t

and f i s h ­ s e t up a s

as p ro te c tiv e m easures.

p ro d u ctiv en ess o f th e

o f th e

from t h e

s t o n e s ? ! o r p o s t s , 72 r a h u i « w e r e

t h e w hakaoho t h a t was u s e d th e

tap u

to

in

in t h e i r p ro te c tiv e n e ss

v io la te d th e

im p o rt was d i f f e r e n t .

b e consumed.70

ap p lie d

b o t h b o u n d a ry m arks and th ese,

th ey

sa y s t h a t t h e M aori com pared t h i s

p u rp o s e was t o was s a f e

over b ird s b efo re

is

order to and t o

also

Over

keep th e

rahui

d e s t r o y t h o s e who

one k a r a k i a

o v er such a p o st to

c a lle d refresh

l a n d . 73

op. c i t . « 51* L o r e o f t h e M a o r i , ” ojo. c i t . , 1 $ 4

7 1 E l s d o n B e s t , ”M a o r i A g r i c u l t u r e , ” T h e J o u r n a l P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y » XXXIX ( D e c e m b e r , 1 9 3 0 ) , 3&3*

72

1 E l s d o n B e s t , ”N o t e s on t h e C ustom o f R a h u i , ” The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , X I I I ( J u n e , 1 9 0 4 ) , 73 S e e A p p e n d i x E .

160 The c e r e m o n i e s

conducted d u rin g th e

process of

p lan tin g

a n d ' h a r v e s t i n g w e r e m an y a n d v a r i e d :

choruses

of

seed in g

was i n p r o g r e s s ,

w h ile th e th e

song w h i l e d i g g in g a f i e l d ,

c r o p s w e r e g a t h e r e d . 74

same and

som etim es d i f f e r e d ,

p ro d u c ts b ein g p la n te d In

one o f t h e

B est

charm s f o r

k arak ia

says t h a t th e

and t h e rec ite d

phases

c h an tin g w h ile

rain ,

and

fo rm u lae

T hese w ere som etim es d e p e n d in g upon th e

custom s o f t h e to

t h e r e w ere

secure a fin e

reg io n . crop,

o f t h e m oon i n w h i c h t h e

seeds

o f g o u rd s w ere p l a n t e d w ere m e n tio n e d a lo n g w ith a r e ­ quest th a t

th e

fru it

upon th e ru n n e rs be

U n d e r some c i r c u m s t a n c e s se lec te d

to

re c ite

the

p lan tin g

sp ecific

p l e n t i f u l .

75

p e o p le w ere

k arak ia:

S h o u ld a n y m em bers o f t h e com m unity h a v e d i e d sin c e th e l a s t p la n tin g season, th en a g ra n d fa th e r o r g r a n d m o t h e r ( i f l i v i n g ) o f e a c h p e r s o n who h a s so d i e d a c t s a s r e c i t e r o f t h e c h a rm s r e p e a t e d d u rin g th e p ro c e ss of p la n tin g . These e l d e r s s e a t t h e m s e l v e s i n a l i n e on t h e e a s t e r n s i d e o f t h e . f i e l d and, as th e p la n tin g i s b ein g d o n e , r e p e a t over and over a g a in th e fo llo w in g k a ra k ia : — . . . [ o f w h ic h no t r a n s l a t i o n i s g i v e n ] .76

74 E ls d o n B e s t , "M a o ri A g r i c u l t u r e , " D om inion M useu m B u l l e t i n , N o . 9 ( W e l l i n g t o n : D o m in io n Museum, 1 9 2 5 ) , 1 0 2 -1 0 3 '.

of th e

75 E l s d o n B e s t , " M a o r i A g r i c u l t u r e , " T h e J o u r n a l P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XL ( M a r c h , 1 9 3 1 ) , 9* 76

(

B e s t , "M aori A g r i c u l t u r e , " B u lle tin , o p . c i t ., 110.

D o m i n i o n Museum

l6 l A f t e r e a c h d a y Ts p l a n t i n g , rec ite d

o v er th e w ork ers to

them w h ile

in d u lg in g

A m ethod c ro p was th e from t h e i r have to

in th is

in a v e rtin g

u tiliz a tio n

re stin g

ex p erts

The f i r s t

le ft

an a p p r o p r i a ti o n

th e

case of th e

or taro to

to

th e

th e

dead

of course,

re c itin g o ld est

or m ana. k arak ia.

s k u l l an

food c u l t i v a t e d

wo rid. "7$

as th e f i r s t

ga me c a u g h t ,

gods o r to

A ti-A w a t r i b e .

h is

of a poor

of in flu en ce

around th e s e

in th is

dug w as t a k e n t o

p erp etu ate

The b o n e s w o u ld ,

TTE a t t h o u o f t h e

fru its,

for

th e p o s s ib ility

e x te n d tow ard th e

u nco o ked kum ara s a y i n g , b y y o u r many f o l k

ta p u p la c e d upon

a c t i v i t y . 77

of a person

g ath ered

Then a t o h u n g a would

th e

w ere k a r a k i a

o f exhumed b o n e s o f t h e

p lace.

have been th o se

P rie stly

lift

th ere

a taniw ha as in

T here th e

first

cave o f P a ra-H ia ,

good w i l l tow ard t h e

c alle d

kum ara the

T aniw ha,

crops.79

77 B e s t , " M a o ri A g r i c u l t u r e , " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XXXIX, o p . c i t .« 3 7 4 *

7'

B e s t, "M aori A g r i c u l t u r e , " B u l l e t i n « o p . c i t . , 104*

79 s e e A p p e n d i x E.

D o m i n i o n Museum

162 KARAKIA CONCERNED WITH WAR T here w ere

innum erable

r e la tio n to w arfare, had to

be h ig h ly

in v o catio n s

so many i n f a c t ,

sk ille d

rec ite d

th at

a to h u n g a

in h is tra d e .

O v e r t h e w a r r i o r s who w e re t o p a r t i c i p a t e b a ttle ,

the

an o th er to h i

rem oved t h e

t a p u from them .

T h is was n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e t h e y w ere u n d e r t h e gods of w ar,

e sp ecially

p u rp o se s o f war u n t i l th e

Tu,

and s a c r e d

fam ilie s

e v il or prev io u s

fac t, fore

p rep a rato ry to

in th e

of th e b a ttle

op * c i t . ,

retu rn

w a r.^

th e ir

th e

One w a s t o

gods,

and t o

d iv in ito ry

preserve

a scertain

rite s.

g l I b i d . . 6S.

69.

a b so lu tio n

p u rp o se was to

S e e A p p e n d ix E .

th e

Q

B e s t , TTN o t e s o n t h e A r t o f W a r , X II (Ju n e , 1 9 0 3 ), 6 5 .

Ib id .,

to

w ipe in

A n o th e r charm was u se d b e ­

Its

fig h te rs

thro u g h

o f wai t a u a .

o ffe n se s to

approaching a f o r t .

and b r a v e r y

A fter th e

and l a b o r s .^ ^

T h e r e w e re tw o fo rm s out

sw a y o f

only f o r th e

t a p u was re m o v e d .

t a p u had been rem oved, t h e y w ere f r e e t o re sp ec tiv e

in

t o h i was p e r f o r m e d t o p l a c e th em u n d e r t a p u .

A fter b a ttle

the

in

.

.

. ?T

life

outcom e

163 T here a re

d ifferen t

t h a t m ake a w a r r i o r t u - m atap o n g ia^

in v isib le

and h u n a . ^

g iv e n to

Cowan i n t h e

found

of

it

names a p p l i e d t o

serv ice

to

th e

enemy,

o rig in a l,

of a s p e ll

b y a n o l d w a r r i o r who

in bush fig h tin g ,

was p o s s i b l e t o

such as

The t r a n s l a t i o n

S p i d e r s , h i d e my f a c e ; A n t s , o b s c u r e me f r o m t h e f o e ; 0 TM o k o , Come f o r t h f r o m o u t t h y p i t , And l e t me e n t e r i t • S earch a l l a ro u n d , G a ze up and dow n, See n o t h i n g b u t t h e em pty l a n d It

in ca n ta tio n s

cause th e

is

th is:

. .

5

enemy t o

become

p o w e r l e s s a n d n e r v e l e s s when a t t a c k e d t h r o u g h t h e o f a charm , sleep

to

and a l s o ,

overcom e a p e r s o n

In o rd er to raised

op.

th ere

was a s p e l l ,

or d e p riv e

confuse th e

t o d elu d e th e

foe,

enemy i n t o

$3 B e s t , TTN o t e s o n t h e A r t c i t . , XI ( J u n e , 1 9 0 2 ) , 53*

church:

ro tu , to

cause

him o f p o w e r .

w i n d s and

th in k in g

o f W ar,

th at

.

.

sto rm s w ere no one w o u ld

. Tr

^ J a m e s C o w a n , T h e M a o r i s o f New Z e a l a n d W hit combe and Tom bs, L t d . , 1 9 1 0 ) , 227* Loc • c i t .

^6 B e s t , TTN o t e s o n t h e A r t o f W a r , o p . c i t . , X II (J u n e , 1 9 0 3 ), 72.

87 I b i d . . 7 4 .

saying

.

.

. TT

(C h rist­

164 a ttac k

d u rin g

such w e a th e r.

Thus, t h i s

tau m ata

charm

t h r e w t h e m o f f t h e i r g u a r d . 00 If to

it

b a ttle ,

w ere

the

p ro d u c tiv ity , The k a r a k i a

ex pedient

h a u •or

t o h a n d i c a p a n enemy p r e v i o u s

essence of h is

land,

alo n g w ith

its

c o u ld b e d e s t r o y e d by a c a p a b l e t o h u n g a .

s a i d w as known a s T e - T i p i - a - H o u m e a .

One s u c h

w as: B l a s t th e hau o f t h e l a n d - The h au o f t h e f o o d . W ith t h e v a l l e y - b l a s t i n g h a u — Land b l a s t i n g h a u , fo o d b l a s t i n g h a u , L o s t i s man, l o s t i s t h e f o o d , G o n e t h r o u g h W i w i , g o n e t h r o u g h Wawa, Gone f o r e v e r : g o n e I $9 A w a r r i o r m ig h t r e p e a t a charm o v e r t h e p o i n t o f h is

weapon t o

make i t

e f f e c t i v e , 90 o r he m ig h t

m aro w h e n .e n g a g e d i n p u t t i n g If

an a t t a c k

t o h u n g a was a b l e lin e

of th e

on h i s w a r g i r d l e . ^

e nem y w a s a n t i c i p a t e d ,

to t h w a r t them by means

a c r o s s a p ath

say a

o f draw ing a

a n d r e p e a t i n g a k a r a k i a . 9^

See A ppendix E. ^ 9 B e s t , TTS p i r i t u a l C o n c e p t s o f t h e M a o r i , " o p . c i t . , IX ( S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 0 0 ) , 1 9 7 90 S ee A p p e n d ix E . 91 B e s t , " N o t e s on t h e A r t o p . c i t .» XI ( J u n e , 1 9 0 2 ) , 6 9 . 92 S e e A p p e n d i x E .

o f W ar,

a

165 OTHER INCANTATIONS AND SPELLS S in ce th e

num ber o f k a r a k i a and t h e

w h ic h t h e y w e r e u s e d w as so in th is

stu d y ,

to

ex ten siv e,

exhaust th e

su b ject.

it

purposes is

not

ex p ed ien t,

T herefore,

p u r p o s e s f o r w hich k a r a k i a w e re u se d w i l l

for

o th er

be but b r i e f l y

m en tio n ed . I n c a n t a t i o n s w ere u se d as:

w eaving,

tree

fe llin g ,

th e

b u ild in g

of a canoe.

N a tu r a l phenomena °1* a

and r a i n

in cre ase

and to

fog

to

and

rep eatin g

co u ld be d i s p e l l e d , w inds

have been used a d v a n ta g e o u sly

a p e r s o n Ts e n d u r a n c e ,

to

len g th en

o n e Ts s t r i d e ,

speed a jo u rn e y . S o r c e r y was o f t e n

w ere

e re c tio n of a house,

such

c a u s e d . 93

Charm s w e re s a i d to

th e

wasc o n t r o l l e d b y t h e

k a r a k i a . F r o s t and

raised ,

in v ario u s a c t i v i t i e s

used to

from th e

p ro tect

ill-in te n t

th e

a person o f th e

o b ject from

sp irit

o f k a r a k i a . They

b e w i t c h m e n t

94 a n d

of a s till-b o rn

c h i l d .

95

93 S e e A p p e n d i x E . 9 4 S . P e r c y S m i t h , ,r f W a k a n g u n g u T o r A n t i - w i t c h e r a f t R i t u a l am o n g t h e M a o r i o f New Z e a l a n d . T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XXVII ( J u n e , 1 9 1 $ ) , 8 1 . (M arch,

95 B e s t , " L o r e 1906), 13 .

of th e

W h a r e - k o h a n g a , rT o p .

c it., ------

166 S p e lls w ere u se d t o a n o t h e r . 9^

stim u la te lo v e

The p r o p e r i n c a n t a t i o n

o f one p e r s o n

for

c o u l d maim a p e r s o n * ^

o r k i l l h i m . 9^ Sim ple k a r a k i a

sim ila r to

j i n g l e s w ere r e c i t e d

in games such as l e a f or d a r t th r o w in g , m issile

to

its

to

guide th e

o b j e c t i v e . ^9 SUMMARY

The t e r m k a r a k i a i n c l u d e s a l l in v o ca tio n s, th e

charm s,

f o r m u la e by means

They p e r t a i n e d to

sp e lls,

to

and

prayers,

jin g le s.

ch an ts,

These w ere

o f w hich a n e s u i t was e f f e c t e d .

alm o st e v ery a c t i v i t y

it

was p o s s i b l e

perform . The h i g h e r t y p e

in to n e d by th e

p rie sts;

o f k a r a k ia w ere p ronounced or how ever,

e v e ry p e rs o n had

9 6 h . P . T u - n u i - a - r a n g i , ?TThe TI r i , T K a r a k i a , TT The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XIV ( J u n e ,

19 U5), 100-101. 97

B e attie ,

op.

c i t .,

132.

9^ T r e g e a r ,

op.

c i t .,

100.

99 E l s d o n B e s t , nT h e D i v e r s i o n s o f t h e W h a r e T a p e r e , " T r a n s a c t i o n s a n d P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e New Z e a l a n d I n s t i t u t e , XXXIV ( 1 9 0 l T . 5 9 - 6 0 .

167

num erous charm s to

u s e when t h e n e e d a r o s e .

The e f f i c a c y was due to

th e

stre n g th

T h ere w ere of h e alth ; w arfare;

tho se

those

of k a r a k i a . a c c o rd in g to th e M aori,

to

onefs b e li e f

in t h e i r

pow er.

charm s t h a t d e a l t w i t h t h e m a in te n a n c e to a ssu re

food

su p p lies and success

co n tro l n a tu ra l

e n o n a n d h u m an b e i n g s ; o th er purposes.

of

in

and u n n a t u r a l phenom­

and t h o s e t o

ach iev e

a m y riad o f

CHAPTER V I I I

MAORI LEGENDS STORY TELLING One o f t h e

m ost fa v o re d p a s tim e s

a s among m o s t u n l e t t e r e d te llin g p ated

p eo p le,

i n w hich b o th t h e

as r e c ite r s

d uring

was t h a t

young and t h e

old

w here i t

w hale or o f th e

shark

flo o r

in clem ent w e a th e r,

a w hole v i l l a g e

w a s warm a n d c o m f o r t a b l e . o il

lam ps w ere

scattered

a n d t h e women w e r e s e a t e d

th e

r o o m a n d t h e men o n t h e

o th er.^

th e

c h ie f ro le

tim e;

in b e g u ilin g

poems w ere c h a n t e d , form ed,

the

or

so cial

A row o f

down t h e m i d d l e on one

sid e

S to ry t e l l i n g

how ever,

haka or p o s tu re

of h eld

in a d d itio n ,

dance w ere p e r ­

and v a r i o u s gam es w e r e p l a y e d . Upon p l e a s a n t

to

p artici­

D uring lo n g w i n t e r e v e n in g s ,

m ig h t assem b le i n t h e w h a re p u n i, s le e p in g house,

of sto ry ­

and a s a u d ie n c e .

Tim e a n d s e t t i n g . esp ecially

o f th e M aori,

a group

(London:

in

evenings

the v illa g e

sto ries

p laza

or to

m ig h t be r e l a t e d the

g a th erin g

F r a n c e s D e l M a r , A Y e a r Among t h e M a o r i s E . B e n n L i m i t e d , 1 9 2 4 ) , 1 4 3 ”- 1 4 9 •

of

169 a f e w who s q u a t t e d

n e a r th e

P a rtic ip a n ts. ex o te ric fo r th e

tale s,

c ited

A ll lis te n e d to

b u t th e

few and r e c i t e d

had t h e i r

sim ple

fo lk

o nly in

sto ries

w ere alw ay s p r e p a r e d to

of sto ry

eso teric

to

and h i s t o r i c a l

o r o m issio n s.

Thus,

tellers

th ere

th e

use

the

o rd in ary

secrecy. the

tra d itio n s; and

The c h i l d r e n

young a d u l t s and th e

correct

any m istak es

e x i s t e d no p r o f e s s i o n a l c l a s s

i n New Z e a l a n d . ^ The t a l e s ,

th em selv es,

e n h a n c e d b y num erous e x p r e s s i v e

are

re­

e ld e rs

adm irably adept a t

a ll

are

g estu res,

o f w h ic h w ould b e te r m e d i m p e r s o n a t i o n .

M aori p e o p le

or

w ere c a r e f u l l y g u ard ed

te ll;

check

M anner o f d e l i v e r y . such a s a r e

d o o r o f so m e o l d m a n ’ s h o u s e .

form s

The

o f m im icry ,

’’a n d c a n , ” s a y s P o l a c k ,

•#

. . . w i t h m u ch t r u t h a n d f e e l i n g , d e p i c t t h e p a s s i o n s w h i c h o f t e n a g i t a t e t h e m i n r e a l i t y , a n d w i t h some l i t t l e i m p r o v e m e n t , w o u l d r e n d e r t h e m n o m ean p r o ­ f i c i e n t s in th e dram a. In r e l a ti n g any t a l e , th ey g iv e i m i t a t i o n s o f th e b e in g s , an im ate and in a n im a te , t h a t com prise th e d ra m a tis p e rs o n a e . I f an e n c h a n te r is in tro d u ced , h is p e c u la r itie s in d iv in a tio n are rep re se n te d . I f a dog o r a p i g i s a d d e d , t h e p e c u l i a r wags o f t h e t a i l , p e c u l i a r t o each a n im a l, w ith t h e

^ E l s d o n B e s t , ’’Games a n d P a s t i m e s o f t h e M a o r i , ” D o m i n i o n Museum B u l l e t i n , N o . 8 ( W e l l i n g t o n : W h i t com b e and Tombs, L t d . , p r i n t e r , 1 9 2 5 ) , 0 6 .

170 q u i c k b a r k o f t h e one , and t h e s o n o r o u s g r u n t o f h i s r u m in a ti v e com panion, a r e g iv e n w ith s i n g u l a r f i d e l i t y .3 T h is te llin g

of

c h arac teristic sto ries

c lo s e r to

any o th e r a c tiv ity o f dram a,

as

of th e ir s .

t h o s e who a r e n o t

about

If th at, w ould

seem t h a t

liste n e rs

The M a o r i p o s s e s s n o f o r m

em otional

t h e i r t a l e s w ould

d isreg ard in g

jo cu larity

o f dram a t h a n

C o l. Gudgeon^ s a y s t h a t

M aori w ould a p p e a r t o

c ru e lty ,

realm

f a m i li a r w ith th e

of th e M aori,

and th e

th e

such.

A udience r e a c t i o n .

istic s

of im p erso n atio n b rin g s th e

d eath ,

ch aracter­

in sp ire

be c a llo u s

to

horror,

about b arb aric

and h a v in g a r a t h e r grim

ex trem e t e r r o r s . w h ic h Gudgeon s a y s , th e

as o th e rs,

is

tru e,

n a t i v e a u d ie n c e s w ere n o t

th en

it

as av id

such a s P o la c k b e l i e v e s :

. . .no tim e i s r e c k o n e d t o o p r e c i o u s t o g r e e d i l y d e v o u r th e a d v e n tu r e s o f s p i r i t s , g o b l i n s , and i n c a n t a t i o n s , and t h e co m p an y . . . l i s t e n w i t h b r e a th le s s a n x ie ty to a l l the h o rro rs th a t th e i n v e n t i o n of t h e r e c i t e r can c o n ju r e t o h i s m ind.

th e

3 J o e l Sam uel P o l a c k , M anners and C ustom s o f New Z e a l a n d e r s , I I (L o n d o n : J . Madden a n d Com pany,

th e

^ W. E . G u d g e o n , " M a o r i W a r s , " T h e J o u r n a l o f P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XVI ( M a r c h , 1 9 0 7 ) , 27*

T&oTTiW: — :-----

.-

171

T h i s f e e l i n g b e c o m e s so i n t e n s e , e v e n d u r i n g a s u p e r s titio u s f e a r th a t im p e rc e p tib ly creeps o v e r t h e w hole a u d i t o r y , t h a t t h e f a l l o f a r o t t e n b ra n c h o f a t r e e i n an a d j o i n i n g f o r e s t , w o u l d s c a r e t h e m o s t f e a r l e s s o f t h e w a r r i o r s •$ S ince th e sessio n s is

te llin g

so l o n g ,

o f s t o r i e s was so f r e q u e n t ,

and t h e

h ig h ly p ro b ab le th a t

s u b je c t m a tte r so v a r ie d ,

th e

a u d ien ces w ere,

th e it

in t h e i r way,

sp ellb o u n d * C h a rac te ristic s th e m a te ria ls seem t o

th e

w ere t r u e .

v a lid ity

As f a n t a s t i c

f r o m w h i c h t h e M a o r i w ov e t h e i r

o c c i d e n t a l m ind,

to

th e

n a tiv e,

A f te r h av in g h e a rd a f a n t a s t i c

fab u lo u s m o n ster, th e

of m a te ria ls .

of

Downes q u e s t i o n e d t h e

some

as

sto ries

a ll p arts tale

te lle r

of a as to

facts:

” Now, f r i e n d , t e l l me w h a t p r o o f y o u h a v e t h a t t h i s ta n iw h a M a n g a -p u e ra was k i l l e d b y y o u r a n c e s t o r T a r a - w h i t i s e v e n t e e n g e n e r a t i o n s a g o ? TT "B ecause, i f you lo o k , you w i l l f in d h is cave u n t e n a n t e d ; Te R e i o f P a r i - k i n o w i l l show i t t o y o u , and a l s o b e c a u s e you can see th e l a n d s l i p n e a r t h e l a n d now o c c u p i e d b y o n e o f y o u r p a k e h a f r i e n d s , M r. C obbe. The s k e l e t o n o f t h e t a n i w h a w i l l a l s o be t h e r e , b u t b u r i e d so deep by s e v e r a l o t h e r s u c c e s s i v e l a n d s l i p s t h a t i t w ould b e u s e ­ l e s s t o s e a r c h f o r h i s r e m a i n s n o w . Tf

5 P o la c k ,

op.

c i t . , 172.

172 "T rue, f r i e n d . t a n i w h a was t w e l v e

Now t e l l me how y o u k no w t h i s f e e t long?"

" B e c a u s e , w h en s t r e t c h e d o u t , h i s h e a d w a s a t y o n d e r r o c k w h i l e h i s t a i l r e a c h e d t o t h i s mamaku; i f you m easure th a t,, d i s t a n c e you w i l l f in d i t j u s t about tw elv e f e e t . " ° Thus i t rio t th e

is

shown t h a t ,

in th e

sto ries,

ex p lan atio n It

is

in

a d d itio n a l

of th e

said ,

a d d itio n to

im a g in a tio n ru n n in g

in g en u ity

is

u tiliz e d

in

u n b e liev a b le.

th at

to

E u ro p e a n s, M aori n a r r a t o r s i

are

h ig h ly

ex asp eratin g

i n many o f t h e i r conceded to

due t o t h e

lack

of e x p lan atio n

s t o r i e s . ■These o m itte d d e t a i l s

be s u p p l i e d by t h e m inds o f t h e B est$

elem en t t h a t

it

was m ost

s u g g e s t i v e and s t a r t l i n g

h ear in

a sto ry

th a t th e

b o d ies

brought

from H aw aiki,

M aketu of th e The

one type

th e

in d ire c t

of sla in

of th e

tim e to

enem ies w ere

p r e v i o u s home o f t h e M a o r i ,

N orth I s l a n d

elim in a tio n

are

o f one e x a g g e r a t i o n

n a tiv e

l i s t e n e r s .7

to

says

are

to be consum ed.

o f d e t a i l s and e x p l a n a t i o n s

of

c o n tra st

in

to

th e

o th er ty p e,

^ T . W. D o w n e s , O l d W h a n g a n u i ( H a w e r a : W. A. P a r k i n s o n and Company, L t d . ” 1 9 1 5 ) , 2 7 - 2 $ . 7 E lsdo n B e s t, " N g a t o r i - i - r a n g i and M a n a ia ," T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XXXV ( S e p t e m b e r , I926T , 2 1 1 . 8 Ib id .,

212.

173 w hich u s e i s

made o f t h e m o st m i n u t e d e t a i l s .

sto ries

by r e t u r n e d t r a v e l e r s ,

is

to ld

o m itted .

Rev.

found in th e been

sla in

C olenso t e l l s

In th e

no s m a ll e x p e r i e n c e

of th e

d e ta ile d

stom ach o f a f e a r f u l m o n s te r a f t e r

and

c o n ten ts it

had

c u t open:

- . . ." th e r e lay th e b o d ie s of th e v ic tim s — t h e i r g re e n sto n e c lu b s . . . t h e i r sh o rt-k n o b b e d clu b s o f h a r d wood. . . t h e i r w eapons o f w h a l e s 1 r i b s (b o th lo n g and s h o r t ) . . . t h e i r t r a v e l l i n g s t a v e s of ra n k . . . t h e i r h a lb e r t shaped w eapons. . . t h e i r s t a f f s . . .an d s p e a r s . . ." 9 B ecause

of th e

some s t o r i e s w e r e n a r r a t e . 1^ a m in u te

in clu sio n

of g re a t

O th ers,

o r two i n t h e

th e

few ;

o f th e and

of th e m u ltitu d e s. fo ld

aspect

and to o k days t o w ould o n ly r e q u i r e

te llin g .

eso teric,

(2 ) th e

len g th

such a s f a b l e s ,

A ll such m a t e r i a ls (1 ) th o se

o f so many s m a l l d e t a i l s ,

may b e d i v i d e d

in to

two c l a s s e s :

w hich w ere t h e p o s s e s s i o n s

e x o t e r i c , w hich w ere t h e B oth w e re

in

sym pathy w ith

of

p o ssessio n th e

tw o­

of th e M aori r e l i g i o n .

9 W. C o l e n s o , " C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o a B e t t e r K n o w l e d g e o f th e M aori R ace. P art I: L e g e n d s ; M yths a n d F a b l e s ; T h e I d e a l i t y o f t h e A n c i e n t N e w - Z e a l a n d e r , fT T r a n s a c t i o n s a n d P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e New Z e a l a n d I n s t i t u t e , X I ( 1 8 7 8 ) , 9T7 : — — — — ’

Z ealan d : (London:

A r t h u r S a u n d e r s T h o m s o n , T h e St o r y o f New P a s t a n d P r e s e n t — S a v a g e a n d Ci v i l i z e d , I J . M u r r a y , 1 $ 5 9 ) , 167*

174

ESOTERIC TALES These w ere t h e

ones t h a t r e la te d

o f t h e w orld and of m ankind. w a s k e p t away f r o m t h e a few c h o se n

common f o l k

cerem o n ial.

to h u n g a s w ere e v e n h e s i t a n t

o rig in

The k n o w l e d g e o f t h e s e and known o n l y t o

s p e c i a l i s t s who p a s s e d t h r o u g h

o f l e a r n i n g and i t s

to

to th e

th e

Hence, th e

school

in fo rm ed

i n r e v e a l i n g t h e i r m yths

f o r e i g n e r s .^ 1 In th e

and re v e re d m a te ria ls, p h y sical of th is

cerem onial r e c i t a l s ,

g e n e a l o g i e s w hich can b e se e n

ab strac tio n reason,

com prise t h e

e so teric

" h id d e n m eaning w i t h i n m e ta ­

and r e c o n d i te

B e st^

s a c r e d o t a l m y th s,

b e liev e s

and a n th r o p o g e n ic m yths c o u ld

c o n c e p t s . "12

th at

Because

su c h cosm ogonic

only have been

co n ceiv ed

b y p e o p l e s o f a n a d v a n c e d c u l t u r e who h a d a t t a i n e d

in tro ­

s p e c t i v e and m e ta p h y s ic a l t h o u g h t. In th e th e

eso teric

su p rem e God, I o ,

resp o n sib le

fo r th e

is

v ersio n s

creatio n

a rem ote c h a r a c t e r .

in cep tio n

11 Jam es B u l l e r , (London: 1 3 7 S ), 1 $ 3 •

of th e

of th e

He w a s

u n iv e r s e and c re a te d

F o rty Y ears i n

12 E l s d o n B e s t , T h e M a o r i a s D o m in io n Museum, 1 9 2 4 ) , 4 6 .

m y th s,

New Z e a l a n d

He Was

(W ellin g to n :

13 E l s d o n B e s t , " S o m e A s p e c t s o f M a o r i M y t h a n d R e l i g i o n , " D o m i n i o n M us eu m M o n o g r a p h , I (W ellin g to n : The D o m in io n Museum, 1 9 2 2 ) , 2 8 - 2 9 *

175 R an g i, tw o

the

sky f a t h e r ,

and P ap a, t h e

e a r t h m o ther*

These

i n d i v i d u a l s p r o d u c e d many s o n s who w e r e t h e t r u e

c r e a to r gods.

T hrough them a l l

in to b ein g except f o r th e

o t h e r t h i n g s w ere b ro u g h t

th ree b ask ets

w hich w ere s e c u r e d from I o f o r t h e

o f know ledge

b e n efit

o f m ankind.

EXOTERIC TALES A ll th e under th e sto ries

o rd in ary

g en eric

term ,

a ll

m erely lo c a l

th e t r i b e s sto ries

p e o p le a s found

Some o f t h e s e

of P o ly n esia,

o f New Z e a l a n d ,

g iv es,

so m e a r e

a n d some a r e

k n ow n o n l y i n a l i m i t e d

The R ev. C o le n s o m ost h ig h ly

o f t h e M a o r i come

korero p urakau.

a r e k no w n t h r o u g h o u t a l l

known t o

of th e

fo lk ta le s

area.

in co nd en sed form ,

c h arac teristic

tra its

so m e

o f t h e M aori

in t h e i r n a rra tio n s :

. . . Shame— a t d e t e c t i o n o f a f a u l t , n o t u n f r e q u e n tly ending in s u i c i d e : R evenge, — d eep , long m ed itated , o b tain ed , or a cu rse, never fo rg o tte n or fo rg iv en ! C unning s c h e m e s ,— l a i d and o f t e n w e l l and f u l l y c a r r i e d o u t: Vengeance,— fo r b l o o d s h e d , w h ic h ( a s w i t h t h e a n c i e n t Hebrew s) was g e n e r a l l y u n d e r t a k e n b y th e n e x t o f k i n , and t e r r i b l e in i t s e f f e c t s ! S tro n g b e l i e f , — in th e e f f i c a c y o f s p e l l s and c h a r m s , and i n t h e m ere

^

B est,

The M a o r i a s He W a s, o £ .

c i t . , 50.

176 r e c i t a l o f w ords e x c e e d in g ly sim p le in th e m s e lv e s , a n d r a r e l y e v e r p o s s e s s i n g t h e m e r e s t germ o f a p r a y e r t o , o r i n v o c a t i o n o f , an y h i g h e r pow er; an d , a l s o , th e h i g h ly p e c u l i a r custom o f p e r s o n i f i c a ­ t i o n , — o r th e p e r s o n i f y i n g o f t h i n g s , a n im ate and i n a n i m a t e , — t o g e t h e r w i th t h e i r p r o p e r names t o every s i n g l e t h i n g th e y p o s s e s s e d or m an u fa ctu red ; w hich names w e r e , so m e tim e s , w e l l c h o se n and e x p r e s s i v e , and so m e tim es h i g h l y r i d i c u l o u s ; y e t , a t t h e same t i m e , w e r e n o t s e l d o m t h e c a u s e o r s o u r c e o f f u t u r e t r o u b l e t o t h e m . 15 For th e sion

of th e

a rb itrary

purpose

sto ries

d iv isio n s

h ero -cy cle,

b ird s, rec tio n

made:

are

o f one ty p e

to th a t

(4 ) t a l e s

to

(2 ) th e e x p la in tales,

(9 ) m y th o lo g ical

and

arb itrary

may i n c l u d e

(11) re s u r­

(13) fa b le s .

for

it

is

o ften

c h arac teristics

of an o th er ty p e .

I t may a p p e a r t h a t t h e

d iv isio n s

(1 0 ) s h o u ld allch.e. c l a s s e d u n d e r t h e "fairy

be t h i r t e e n

(6 ) fairy

and l o g t a l e s ,

( 1 2 ) dream t e l l i n g ,

These d i v is io n s

b elo n g in g

tales,

( 5 ) lo v e s t o r i e s ,

(1 0 ) en ch an ted t r e e

th a t a sto ry

fu rth e r d iscu s­

(1 ) m ig r a tio n m y th s,

(8 ) sea-m o n ster t a l e s ,

ta le s,

in th e

of th e M aori, t h e r e w i l l

(3 ) o t h e r hero

n a t u r a l phenomena, (7 ) ogres,

of c la r ity

t a l e s ” ; how ever,

it

of

(6 ) th ro u g h

sin g le

may b e n o t e d t h a t

■**5 VJ. C o l e n s o , " H i s t o r i c a l o f t h e O lden T im e s ," T r a n s a c t i o n s I n s t i t u t e . X I I I ( 1 8 $ 0 T ^ 3*5-

h eading

of

"fairy

I n c i d e n ts and T r a d itio n s o f t h e New Z e a l a n d ~

177

tales" w ith

are

about

fairies

o th e r fab u lo u s

of the

t h e M aori p e o p l e .

error

in

th e

T h is ty p e

and d e t a i l e d

fo r co u n tless

rela tin g

re c ita ls

o f m yth i s

g en eratio n s.

a g ro u n d w ork f o r

t h e tim e

m ig ra tio n s

of th e M aori p e o p le

c alle d

H aw aiki t o

New Z e a l a n d .

th e

trib a l

crew s of th e

d iv isio n s v ario u s

esp ecially fo rm u la e.

t a k e many

or p rev io u s to

of th e

Any

relig io u s

o f m i g r a t i o n m yths o f t e n

of

acco u n ts

o f them was u n f o r g i v a b l e

h o u rs f o r th ey b eg in a t

p rin cip al

a

g e n e a lo g ie s and a n c ie n t h i s t o r y

when t h e y w e r e u s e d a s The

1/

The a c c u r a t e

have been p re s e rv e d

concern th e m se lv e s

creatio n s.

M ig ra tio n m y th s. p reserv a tio n

and do n o t

the

tim e

from a p l a c e th e y

I t may b e o b s e r v e d t h e

found to

e x ist

canoes th a t

o rig in a te d

lan d ed t h e r e .

in The

two m o st ren o w n ed c a n o e s w e re named T a i n u i a n d A ra w a . Of t h e s e to

tales,

whose a n c e s t o r s

upon f a c t ,

such

Shortland^-? refer,

says th a t

th e M aori,

view them a s t a l e s

e v e n when g a r n i s h e d w i t h

founded

in c id e n ts o f th e

m arv elo u s.

See A ppendix F .

^

Edward S h o r t l a n d , T r a d i t i o n s and S u p e r s t i t i o n s °£ t h e N e w - Z e a l a n d e r s (L ondon: L o n g n a n , Brown, G r e e n , ITongmans a n d R o b e r t s , I S 5 6 ) , 2 .

17$ An o b v i o u s m yths i s

th e

c red en ce to

c h aracteristic

p ro fu sio n a re c ita l

concerned a re

o f nam es. u n le ss th e

rela te d ,

even t o

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•^*9 J a m e s M o n t g o m e r y , R e l i g i o n s o f t h e P a s t a n d ( B o s t o n : J . B. L i p p i n c o t t Company, 1 9 1 $ ) ,

171*

377

FABLE V THE RAT AND THE GREEN PARROT1 ^ "L et us clim b t h i s t r e e , " s a id t h e g re e n p a r r o t to the r a t . "Wha t s h a l l we d o t h e r e ? " a s k e d t h e rat. "E at F r u i t , " answ ered th e p a r r o t . "My f r i e n d , " s a id t h e r a t , "b o th our t r i b e s a r e d im in is h in g by t h e a r t s o f m an: he t w i s t s y o u r n e c k a n d s n a r e s me . " T h i s f a b l e i n c u l c a t e s m a n Ts p o w e r o v e r t h e low er a n im a ls.

Loc . c i t .

APPENDIX

G

MINOR FORMS OF SPEECH

37$ PROVERBS He t o o n g a k e t a t e t a n , g a t a , a , h e t o o n g a k e t a te k au ri. . . . . TThe m o u l d i n g o f t h e p a r e n t i s t h e f i r s t s t a g e , t h e t a t t o o i n g w hich i s t h e f i n a l i s l e f t to th e e x p ert.) Said of th e e d u c a tio n o r a d o rn in g of a p e rs o n . ^ a , h a e re ake n e i ? T W h a t? Going p a s t , in?)*2 -

Hoki m ai n e i , a p e k a mai n e i ? r e t u r n i n g , a n d now c a l l i n g

Food g iv e n by a n o t h e r p e r s o n i s o n ly a t h r o a t t i c k l e r : b u t food g a in e d by th e l a b o u r o f o n e ’ s own h a n d i s t h e f o o d w h i c h s a t i s f i e s . The p a s s i n g c l o u d s can b e th o u g h ts cannot be se e n .

seen:

b u t p assing

0 s l a v e o f two g r o w t h s , s h o o t i n g u p , s i n k i n g down. M o r a l . — A c h i l d grow s up t o be a man, a n d a f t e r ­ w ards d e s c e n d s t o a second c h ild h o o d in old a g e . is

He who g o e s b e f o r e g a t h e r s t r e a s u r e s . He who l e f t t o f o l l o w b e h in d l o o k s f o r them i n v a i n . 3

(.

. .

By f e a t h e r s d o e s t h e b i r d f l y , By c l o u d s a r e t h e h e a v e n s c o v e r e d , By s k i d s d o e s t h e c a n o e s l i d e a l o n g . The m o d e r n m e a n i n g o f w h i c h i s , "Money i s t h e sinew s o f w a r ." ) 4

^ T ia k i H ikaw era M i t i r a [ J . ( W e l l i n g t o n : A. H. a n d A. W. R e e d , 2 Ib id .,

H. M i t c h e l l ] , 1 9 4 4 ) , 2 43•■

T ak itim u

244*

3 Edward S h o r t l a n d , T r a d i t i o n s and S u p e r s t i t i o n s o f th e N ew -Z ealanders (London: Longman, Brow n, G r e e n , Longmans a n d R o b e r t s , 1 $ 5 6 ) , 1 9 7 , 199^ T . W. D o w n e s , " H i s t o r y o f N g a t i - K a h u - N g u n u . " The J o u r n a l o f t h e P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y , XXV ( M a r c h , I 9 1 6 ) , 7*

379 A DESCRIPTION OF A .PAKEHA* S PARTICIPATION IN A SEANCE5 . . .a t th e re q u e st of se v e ra l o f h is n e a re s t f r i e n d s , t h e t o h u n g a h a d p r o m i s e d on a c e r t a i n n i g h t t o c a l l up h i s s p i r i t t o s p e a k t o th e m , and answ er c e r t a i n q u e s tio n s t h e y w ished t o p u t . . . T h i s y o u n g man h a d b e e n a g r e a t f r i e n d o f m i n e ; ... . . I t i s n e c e s s a r y t o r e m a r k t h a t t h i s y o u n g c h i e f w a s a man i n a d v a n c e o f h i s t i m e a n d p e o p l e i n m any r e s p e c t s . He w a s t h e f i r s t o f h i s t r i b e who c o u l d r e a d a n d w r i t e ; a n d , a m o n g s t o t h e r u n ­ u s u a l t h i n g s f o r a n a t i v e t o d o , he k e p t a r e g i s t e r o f d e a t h s and b i r t h s , and a j o u r n a l o f an y r e m a r k ­ a b l e e v e n t s w hich happ en ed in th e t r i b e . . . . An i d e a now s t r u c k me t h a t I c o u l d e x p o s e t h e i m p o s t u r e w i t h o u t show ing p a l p a b l e d i s b e l i e f . "bTe c a n n o t f i n d y o u r b o o k ," s a i d I , "w here have you concealed i t ? " The a n s w e r i n s t a n t l y cam e, " I c o n ­ c e a l e d i t b e t w e e n t h e t a h u h u o f my h o u s e a n d . t h e t h a t c h , s t r a i g h t o v e r y o u a s y o u go i n a t t h e d o o r . " H e r e t h e b r o t h e r r u s h e d o u t ; a l l was s i l e n c e t i l l h is re tu rn . I n f i v e m i n u t e s h e came b a c k w i t h t h e b o o k i n h i s h a n d I I w a s b e a t e n , b u t made a n o t h e r e f f o r t . — "What h a v e y o u w r i t t e n i n t h a t b o o k ? " s a i d I. "A g r e a t many t h i n g s . " " T e l l me some o f ' t h e m . " "You a r e s e e k i n g f o r some i n f o r m a t i o n , w h a t do y o u w a n t t o know? I w ill t e l l y o u ." T hen s u d d e n l y — " F a r e w e l l , " a g a i n c r i e d th e s p i r i t , from deep b en eath th e g ro u n d t " F a r e w e l l , " a g a i n from h i g h in a ir I " F a r e w e l l , - " a g a i n came m o a n i n g t h r o u g h th e d is ta n t d ark n ess of th e n ig h t. " F a r e w e l l . T" I w a s f o r a moment s t u n n e d . The d e c e p t i o n was • p erfect. T h e r e was a d e ad s i l e n c e - - a t l a s t . "A v e n t r i l o q u i s t , " said I - - " o r — o r— perhaps th e d e v il."

^ [ F . E . M a n i n g ] A P a k e h a M a o r i , Old New Z e a l a n d ( L o n d o n : S m i t h , E l d e r a n d C o m p a n y , 1 $ 63 ) , 1 4 3 - 1 4 4 , 14$'•

380 GOSSIP6 " H e r e come t h e m a r r i e d s w e e t h e a r t s 5TT s c r e a m e d Amohaere when s h e saw u s . "W h e r e a r e t h e b a b i e s w i t h t h e w a r - p a i n t on? They a r e a l o n g t i m e coming to see u si Ananal b u t you have a good h u s b a n d , 0 I t u , " s h e s a i d t o my w i f e ; " v e r y d i f f e r e n t t o m i n e , who w a n d e r s r o u n d l o o k i n g f o r o t h e r women ev ery d a y ." "Aei and h e f i n d s th e m t o o l " c r i e d a c o m e ly w idow c a l l e d R a u k u r a , w h o s e h u s b a n d h a d d i e d a b o u t a m onth b e f o r e . "One d o e s n o t n e e d t o l o o k f a r t o f i n d y o u , " s a i d K o n ge p l a c i d l y . At t h i s t h e r e w a s a s h o u t o f l a u g h t e r , w h i c h m a d e t h e wid ow w i s h s h e h a d k e p t s i l e n t . " N e v e r m i n d , R a u k u r a , " s a i d Te A i t u i n h e r d e e p , c le a r v o ice. "You w i l l s o o n g e t a n o t h e r h u s b a n d , and t h e n Konge w i l l h a v e t o k e e p h i s m o u th s h u t . " " Y e s , " g i g g l e d A o r e r e , " t h e w i d o w c a n alw a^rs g e t H okim ai f o r a h u s b a n d . " T h i s c a u s e d m ore m i r t h , amid w h i c h R a u k u r a w a l k e d out, sn o rtin g in d ig n a n tly . " I h a v e h e a r d , 0 P a r a , " s a i d N g a t a e , " t h a t some o f y o u r p e o p l e do n o t l i k e t h e t a l k w h i c h M a o r i s in d u lg e in . They say t h a t a lm o st th e w hole o f our c o n v e r s a t i o n i s a b o u t women a n d t h e i r l o v e r s . But i f we t a l k n o t o f t h e s e t h i n g s , w h a t e l s e a r e we to c h a t te r abo u t? One d a y i s l i k e a n o t h e r w i t h u s . S o m e t i m e s we go p i g - h u n t i n g , a t o t h e r t i m e s we c a n o e down t h e r i v e r o r s h o o t a n d s n a r e b i r d s . But n e a r l y a l w a y s we a r e h e r e m a k i n g f u n o f o n e a n o t h e r . And w h a t i s t h e r e m o r e l i k e l y t o c a u s e l a u g h t e r t h a n l o v e - m a k i n g on t h e s l y ? " "You a r e q u i t e r i g h t , 0 N g a t a e , " I a n s w e r e d ; " a n d m ost of t h e w h ite p e o p le t h i n k t h e .sam e, o n ly t h e y do n o t c h a f f o p e n ly a s t h e M a o ris d o ; t h e y sp e ak e v il o f o th e rs b eh in d t h e i r b a c k s ."

f-\

C h a r le s R o b e rt Browne, M aori W itc h e r y J . M* D e n t a n d S o n s , L t d . , 1 9 2 9 ) , 1 4 1 - 1 4 2 .

(London:

3S i A RESPONSE BY GESTURE TO A THREAT OF WAR7 One l a z y s u m m e r ’ s d a y t w o m e s s e n g e r s f r o m a m o u n ta in C h i e f a r r i v e d a t P a i - o - tu w a r u w i t h an announcement of an in te n d e d a t t a c k . The o l d ta tto o e d w a rrio r C hief of th e v i lla g e , l a z i l y r e c lin in g in th e su n sh in e a g a in s t a p r o s t r a t e t r e e , and q u i e t l y k i l l i n g t h e i n s e c t s w hich u s u a l l y to rm en t th e M aori, r e c e iv e d th e h e r a l d s . They d e l i v e r e d t h e i r w a r l i k e m e s s a g e , and g r a v e l y w a i t e d f o r t h e C h i e f Ts r e p l y . A c c o rd in g t o M aori c u s to m , he m a n i f e s t e d no f e a r , no even s u r p r i s e , beyond q u i e t l y r a i s i n g h is eyebrow s. T h e n , when he had s u f f i c i e n t l y d i s p l a y e d h i s i n d i f f e r e n c e , w i t h o u t s a y i n g a s i n g l e w o r d , he q u i e t l y c a u g h t one o f t h e i n s e c t s , and w i t h a t u r n o f h i s th u m b , k i l l e d i t on t h e l o g . T hat was a l l . The h e r a l d s h a d s e e n h i s a c t i o n , and u n d e r s t o o d t h e r e p l y i t c o n v e y e d . A f t e r an i n t e r v a l , due t o t h e p o w er o f t h e C h i e f and t o t h e im p o rtan ce of t h e i r m essage, th e y d e p a r te d . T his p i e c e o f g r im humour was more e f f e c t i v e t h a n a n y f i e r c e c h a lle n g e , f o r i t m eant TL e t y o u r m a s t e r l e a d o n h i s w a r r i o r s , and I w i l l c ru s h him , a s e a s i l y a s I have c ru s h e d th e in se c t. T

7 (London;

J o s i a h C l i f t o n F i r t h , N a t i o n M aking L ongm ans, G r e e n , and Company, 1 8 9 0 ) ,

37-3$«

3^2 A SPEECH GIVEN BY A TUI • . .T h e f o l l o w i n g e f f u s i o n i s a s p e e c h t h a t t h e s e b i r d s w ere t a u g h t t o r e p e a t upon t h e a rriv a l of v is ito r s at th e v illa g e : K iki t a i pa w h a k a ta k a ta k a h o ro h o ro ana k i t u a 0 W aiheke. T ak e h o , t a k e h o , ko t e r a n g i r o a r i a r i k o e , ko t e r a k a u h u ru m a i , e k a r a n g a t i a , H aere m ail H aere m a i, e t e m a n u h i r i t u a r a n g i ; k a o r e he k a i o t e w henua n e i , k a i t a w h i t i t e k a i ; m oi, m oi, t o - t o , t o - t o ka a it u l Ko Tu k o e , k o R on g o k o e , k o Ha k o e , w h a k a m a t a r a tu ki te korero. T a h i a t e w a n a n g a , kom a t i t i kura, ko m a t i t i a r o , ko t e r e h i , ko t e w h a re pa tau a. E h u i t e r a n g i o ra , k a r a n g a t i a , H aere m aiI H aere m aiI

E l s d o n B e s t , 7TF o r e s t L o r e o f t h e M a o r i , ” P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y M e m o i r . N o . I B , a n d D o m i n i o n Museum B u l l e t i n , N o . 1 4 ( W e l l i n g t o n : T he P o l y n e s i a n S o c i e t y i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h D o m i n i o n Museum, 1 9 4 2 ) , 3 ^ 4 *

DOGGERAL REPEATED IN A CHILD'S GAME9 K a t a h i t i k a r u a t i ka h a r a mai t a p a t i t a p a t o r e k a r a u ua k a r a u ua k a noko t e k i w i ka pohe wa t a u t a u t o p i t o p a ka h u i a mai k a t o k o t e r a n g i k a i ana t e w e tu k a i a n a t e marama o t e T iu e r e r e r a ru n g a o te p e r a peka o hua k au e re t u r a k i n a t e a r e r o wiwi wawa ke ke ke t e manu ki ta u p iri.

q '

(London:

E r n e s t D i e f f e n b a c k , T r a v e l s i n New Ze a l a n d , John M u r r y , 1$ 4 3 ) > 3 2 .

APPENDIX GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY a h i t a i t a i - - a s a c r e d f i r e w h ic h i s t h e s c e n e o f r i t e s p e r t a i n i n g t o l a n d s , hom es, b i r d s , an d e t c * a i t u a — an e v i l omen, a s u p e r n a t u r a l i n f l u e n c e , a g o d , a demon. a p a k u r a - - a so n g of l a m e n t , d i r g e ,

or m oaning.

a p i t i - - a medium t y p e o f c u r s e i n v o l v i n g a l i t e r a l compari s o n . a r i k i — a c h i e f who i s a l s o a t o h u n g a . a t a h u — charm s u s e d t o c a u s e e m o t i o n s i n d i s t a n t p e r s o n s a t u a — gods o r s u p e r n a t u r a l b e i n g s . a tu a k a h u - - f o u r th c l a s s a t u a , th e s p i r i t s of s t i l l - b o r n ch ild ren . awe— t h e s p i r i t . haka—p o stu re dance. hahunga— a f e a s t in honor of th e dead exhum ed.

w hose

b o n es were

h a k a r i - - a b a n q u e t g i v e n b y one n a t i o n f o r a n o t h e r . h a n t u waka- - a ca n o e so n g w i t h a f u g l e m a n . hapu- - s u b - t r i b e • h a r a — a sin t h a t i s o fte n caused by th e v i o l a t i o n of a hau— th e essen c e o f a p e rso n or o b j e c t . h a u h a u - - a mid N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u r y s e c r e t r e l i g i o n . h a u - o r a - - a r i t e p e r f o r m e d o v e r a n e w ly b o r n c h i l d t o i n s t i l l hau i n i t . h a u - o - p u a n u i — a m a gic r i t e t o r a i s e a w ing t o f a c i l i t a t t r a v e l i n g or th e r e tu r n o f a t r u a n t w if e .

3$5

heka—m ig ra tio n . h ie.--a cry t o h ik a--th e

chase b ir d s

cerem ony in th e

from c u l t i v a t i o n s . g en eratin g

of f i r e .

h i r i h i r i — a charm to c a u s e l i f e , v i g o r , and b r a v e r y t o endow a w a r r i o r ; a d i v i n i t o r y r i t e to d eterm in e t h e c a u s e o f i l l n e s s ; o r a m a g i c r i t e u s e d w hen one b e l i e v e s someone was d i r e c t i n g o r w o u ld d i r e c t m agic a g a i n s t him . h irih iri

hoa--a

t a u a — a c e r e m o n y o f d i v i n a t i o n t o d e t e r m i n e who w i l l f a l l in b a t t l e or to cu re t u - m atarehurehu.

charm u s e d

tiongi— th e

to k ill

custom

a d istan t

of nose p r e s s i n g

hono— a charm u se d t o

person. as a s a lu ta tio n .

h eal.

h o r o h o r o — a r i t e t o rem ove t h e t a p u from a p e r s o n r e c o v e r ­ in g from an i l l n e s s ; o r a r i t e t o rem ove t h e t a p u from a p e r s o n r e s t o r e d from t h e d e a d . huahua— a kind hue— a gourd,

of b ird s. calabash,

h u i--th e g ath erin g in te re st.

of th e

ih o — th e m iddle p o r t i o n Io — th e

suprem e b e in g

i r i --th e

rite

to

iw i— th e

trib e .

o r cucum ber. trib e

of th e

of th e

k ai— a rid d le .

kai kotore— a marriage feast.

u m b ilical

eso teric

c a u se em otions

kaea— fuglem an.

f o r a n y p u r p o s e o f common

in

cord.

relig io n .

d ista n t persons.

336 k a i - o r a o r a — an i n t e n s e l y b i t t e r c u r s in g song sung by a wom an, e x p r e s s i n g t h e j o y o f e a t i n g t h e b r a i n s a n d f l e s h o f an e n e m y . kai

t a m a h i n e — t h e c u s t o m o f y o u n g men i n v i s i t i n g a v i l l a g e to d i s p l a y t h e i r a b i l i t i e s b e fo re e l i g i b l e y o u n g women#

k a i u r e - - a charm t o w a r d o f f m a g i c , c u r e i l l s c a u s e d b y w i t c h c r a f t , o r t o c a u s e such m agic t o r e c o i l upon t h e a u t h o r o f i t . k a m a h u n u - - a r i t e t o i m p l a n t sh am e a n d u n e a s i n e s s i n a person a d d ic te d to e v il p r a c tic e s ; or to de­ p r i v e e n e m i e s o f c o u r a g e and a s s i g n them t o hades• kanga— th e su p e rla tiv e be e a te n *

curse

or a w ish t h a t

k a r a k i a — charm s and i n c a n t a t o r y k a r a k i a - h o a — an i n c a n t a t i o n t o

a person

fo rm u lae# k ill

a d istan t

person#

k a r e t a o — ;j u m p i n g j a c k s # k arohenga-~ th e s p i r i t kauwaka- - a

w o rld .

t o h u n g a who w a s t h e m ed iu m o f an a t u a .

kaw a— an i n v o c a t i o n o f t h e t o h i r i t e t o p r o t e c t s a c r e d l i f e p r i n c i p l e s o f a c h i l d and t o endow i t w i t h d e s ira b le a t t r i b u t e s , or to c re a te peace. k a w a mo t e

r i r i - - a charm r e c i t e d o v e r w a r r i o r s b e f o r e t h e y w e re t a p u ; a l s o , a charm t o h o l d and m a i n t a i n t h e s t r e n g t h o f w a r r i o r s in t h e wai t a u a cerem ony.

kawa o r a — k a w a . k a w a t a u a — k a w a mo t e

r ir i.

kawa w h a r e - - a n i n v o c a t i o n t o open and l i f t f r o m a new h o u s e . keka--a

song o f lam en t

or a d irg e .

th e tap u

3$7 k ite --an

o ra c u la r song or u tte r a n c e .

k iw i— a b ird p riz e d ko --to

for

its

sin g as th e b ird s

koko— to

c h a n t a w atch

feath ers.

in th e

e a r ly m o rn in g .

song.

ko k u m a ra - - c e r e m o n i a l so n g u s e d a t t h e korero— a ta lk ,

d iscu ssio n ,

k o re ro purakau— th e

gen eric

or

tim e

of p la n tin g .

a co u n cil.

term used f o r

fo lk -ta le .

k o r e r o - w hakatu— th e b o a s te d deeds of w a r r i o r s . kum ara— sw eet p o t a t o . k u r a - - a h e a d d r e s s m ade o f r e d

feath ers.

k u ra aw atea- - s o la r h a lo . m aioha— a fo rm al g r e e t i n g

in r e c i t a l

form .

m a k a —-a. r i d d l e . m akutu— to b e w itc h ; mana— p o w e r,

to

p re stig e ,

c a s t m alignant in flu en ce,

sp e lls

over p eo p le.

or a u th o rity .

m arae— th e p la z a o f a p a . m arie- - a

g o o d om en .

m a r o - k a r a k i a — a c h a r m r e p e a t e d b y a w a r r i o r when e n g a g e d i n p u t t i n g on h i s w a r g i r d l e . m a ta — a c h a n t em bodying a p r o p h e c y o r u s e d a s a w a r - c r y t o accompany a w a r - d a n c e . m ataara p a--w atch

songs.

m ata- i k a — t h e f i r s t

fish

or the

first

enemy k i l l e d

in w ar.

m a t a k a i - - t h e m agic r i t e t o b e w i t c h a p e r s o n w h i l e he i s i n t h e a c t o f e a t i n g , so t h a t t h e f o o d a n d t h e p o w e r o f t h e s p e l l may p a s s t o g e t h e r i n t o h i s stom ach.

m a t a k i t e— an o r a c u l a r s o n g . m a t a o r a — a s e n t i n e l Ts s o n g . m ata- ra k a u — a s p e ll m atatu h i--a m auri- - t h e

u se d a g a i n s t an

p rie stly sp irit

enemy.

seer.

of l i f e .

m o a r i — sw ing s . moko— t a t t o o i n g . n g a ra ra — a tan iw ha o r r e p t i l i a n m o n ster. ngau p a e p a e — a r i t e t o c u re a p e rs o n s u f f e r i n g t r a n s g r e s s of a t a p u . n g eri--a noa- - f r e e

haka type

song o f f i e r c e

d e risio n .

from t a p u ; u n r e s t r a i n e d ;

o haki--d y in g

from

u n re stric te d .

in ju n c tio n s.

ohaoha--a n in v o c a tio n a t m arriage to p re se rv e p h y s ic a l and s p i r i t u a l w e l f a r e and c a u s e f r u i t f u l n e s s . p r io r i— a lu lla b y p a--a f o r tif ie d

or

song sung t o

in fan ts.

v illa g e.

p ahunu- - a n a f f l i c t i o n t h a t a f f e c t s t h e n e rv o u s system and c a u s e s i n d e c i s i o n . p a k e h a — a w h i t e man, a s t r a n g e r . p a k e h a - M a o r i - - a w h i t e man who i s

liv in g

w i t h t h e M aori

p a k u r a — n am e o f a b i r d . panga- - a Papa— th e

rid d le . E arth-m other.

p a p a — som ething a n im a te or in a n im a te t h a t m u st, by t h e command o f t h e a t u a , b e s l a i n , s e e n , o r c a p t u r e d

339 p a p a - h a r o - - a ceremony/- t o d e s t r o y t h e hau o f l a n d and t h e food i t p r o d u c e s . p a p a k i — a magic r i t e t o d e s t r o y o r r e n d e r dem ented a woman who w i l l n o t c o n s e n t t o m a rr y a man who d esires her. patu-p aiareh e— f a i r i e s . paw era— dread of th e u n c e r t a i n . p e r u p e r u — a n g e r i t y p e song sung w i t h t h e h a k a . p i h e - - a song sung o v e r b o d i e s o f t h e s l a i n . p i o i — a song o f e x u l t a t i o n sung by w a r r i o r s . ponga- - a r i d d l e . p u h a — a song o f d e f i a n c e sung w i t h t h e h a k a . pukana- - t o grim ace. The word a p p l i e s t o t h e woman who c o n t o r t s h e r f a c e and body i n t a u n t i n g t h e men when t h e y a r e p e r f o r m i n g a h a k a . p u n g a — a magic r i t e t o l e s s e n t h e s p e e d o f a p e r s o n one i s pursuing. p u r u - r a n g i — a m a g ic s p e l l t o b r i n g f i n e w e a t h e r . ra h u i--lu ck p o st. R angi— t h e S k y - f a t h e r . r a n g i — a song w i t h t h e a c c o m p a n im e n t o f t o p s ,

flu te s, etc.

r a k a u t i p u a — demon t r e e . r a n g i w aka— canoe h a u l i n g s o n g . r a u r a u - - a r i t e f o r d i v i n a t i o n perfo rm ed b e f o r e m arching in to b a t t l e . Rongo— Son o f R a n g i and P a p a ; god o f a g r i c u l t u r e and peace. r o n g o - t a k e t a k e — a cerem ony f o r p e r m a n e n t p e a c e m a k in g .

390

r o n g o - w h a t i w h a t i — a cerem o ny f o r t e m p o r a r y p e a c e m a k in g . ro tu --a

s p e l l t o c a u s e s l e e p t o come t o an enemy.

r o t u moana— a charm t o calm t h e o c e a n . r u a - i t i — a m agic s p e l l t o d e s t r o y l i f e t h r o u g h medium o f t h e human h a u .

the

ru a- to rin o — rua- i t i . r u r i — s o n g s a c c o m p a n ie d b y g e s t u r e s . t a k a i - w hetu- - k a r a k i a to d i s p e l f r o s t . t a k i — an o r a t i o n . t a k u t a k u - k a r a k i a — a charm t o d r i v e o u t t h e a t u a c a u s i n g an i l l n e s s . T a n e — t h e son o f R a n g i and P a p a ; t h e god o f f o r e s t s and th e sun. T a n g a r o a — son o f Rangi and P a p a ; t h e god o f t h e s e a . t a n g i — a song o f l a m e n t ; a l a m e n t sung when p a r t e d f r i e n d s m eet. t a n g i t a w h i t i — a m agic r i t e o r s p e l l i n d i r g e form used t o sla y a c lo se or d i s t a n t p e rs o n . ta n iw h a — a fa b u lo u s m o n ster of th e lan d or s e a . t a p a t a p a — a l e s s e r c u r s e b y w hich a n a n i m a l or t h i n g i s c a l l e d o r named a f t e r a p e r s o n . t a p a t a p a k u m a ra - - a c e r e m o n i a l so n g u s e d a t t h e t i m e of p la n tin g . ta p u --u n d er re lig io u s r e s t r i c t i o n ; a condition a ffe c tin g p e r s o n s , p l a c e s , and t h i n g s and a r i s i n g from i n ­ num erable c a u s e s . t a p u w a e - - a charm t o r e n d e r a p e r s o n f l e e t o f f o o t . t a t a u - p o r e n a m u — a cerem ony f o r p e r m a n e n t p e a c e m a k i n g . t a u - - c e r e m o n i a l s o n g s ; a c h a n t sung d u r i n g t h e h a u l i n g of a canoe.

391 ta u a --w ar;

m eeting;

b a ttle ;

excursion*

t a u m a h a — a charm s a i d t o rem o v e t h e t a p u fro m c o o k e d b ird s b efo re th ey are eaten . t a u m a t a — an i n v o c a t i o n t o

throw th e

t a u m arae t a u a — a song c h a n te d to on t h e t r a i l . tau m ata- k o rero — th e p la c e

a war p a rty

song u se d a t t h e

tim e

tree.

t i k i — a fig u re tira

start

o f co u n cil.

te w h a — work so n g ; a c e r e m o n i a l of p la n tin g . ti--c ab b a g e

e n em y o f f g u a r d .

o f c a r v e d wood o r s t o n e .

o r a — a r i t e t o w ipe o u t e v i l th e wai t a u a cerem ony.

from t h e w a r r i o r s i n

t i t i k u r a — a ch arm f o r h e a l i n g w o u n d s a n d r e s t o r i n g person to h e a lth .

a

t i w h a — a song t o e n l i s t a i d i n w a r; a h i n t t h a t i s m a t e r i a l or i n song i n d i c a t i n g t h e p u rp o s e of a req u est. t o — h a u lin g songs. to a — a w arrio r. t o h i — a cerem ony p e rfo rm e d o v e r a c h i l d t o rem ove e x c e s s i v e t a p u .

o r m an ; a r i t e

to h i o ra — a r i t e to p re s e rv e sa cre d l i f e p r in c ip le s when a p e r s o n c o n f r o n t s d a n g e r . t o h i t a m a r i k i — a r i t e perform ed over a c h ild n a v e l s t r i n g i s rem oved.

when t h e

t o h i t a u a — a r i t e t o en d o w a man w i t h c o u r a g e a n d e n e r g y in b a t t l e . tohunga— a p r i e s tl y

ex p ert.

to h u n g a- k a ra k ia --a n

expert

in r e lig io n .

392

t o h u n g a - moko- - a n e x p e r t i n t a t t o o i n g . t o h u n g a - w h a k a i r o — an e x p e r t i n c a r v i n g . to u retu a— s tic k s . t o w aka— canoe h a u l i n g s o n g . Tu— t h e son o f Rangi and P a p a ; t h e god o f w a r . t u a — a r i t e t o remove t a p u from a nyone o r a n y t h i n g ; o c c a s io n a lly used as a d e d ic a tio n to revenge. tu ah u — the sacred place of th e v i l l a g e . t u a o T u --an i n v o c a t i o n d e d i c a t i n g a c h i l d to th e s e r v ic e s o f Tu. tuahu- - a l t a r . t u a i m u — a k a r a k i a t o weaken t h e enemy. tu a p a — a lu ck p o s t. t u a t o n g a — a r i t e t o remove t h e t a p u from a young c h i l d . t u i — a talk in g b ird ;

a b i r d song.

t u k e k a — a d i r g e o r song o f l a m e n t . t u k i w ak a— a canoe song w i t h a f u g l e m a n . t u k u — a charm t o f a c i l i t a t e a d i f f i c u l t b i r t h . t u - m a t a p o n g i a — a m agic r i t e t o c a u s e a p e r s o n t o become in v isib le . t u - m a t a - r e h u r e h u — an a f f l i c t i o n r e s u l t i n g i n d im n e s s of v is i o n . t u m o t o — a more v i r u l e n t song o f d e r i s i o n sung by a number o f p e r s o n s t o a v e n g e d e f e a t . t u - o r a - - a r i t e p e r f o r m e d o v e r a n e w ly b o m c h i l d t o endow i t w i t h v i g o r , e t c . t u o t a - - a k a r a k i a t o b r i n g game t o t h e s n a r e s .

393 t u r a k a n g a — a cerem ony o f s t r e n g t h e n i n g a c h i l d a f t e r c o n cep tio n .

sh o rtly

tu ra n g a - a - to h u — a war dance fo r d i v in a t io n . tu r e h u - - s im ila r to f a i r i e s ue— to

or p a tu - p a ia re h e .

s t e e r w i t h an o a r .

urnere— a s h o r t haka t y p e song o r good f o r t u n e .

show ing s a t i s f a c t i o n

umu— o v e n . umu a t a h u — a s p e l l t o umu h i k i - - a

rite

to

c a u s e a woman t o

l o v e a man.

cause u n d e s ir a b le p eo p le to

umu- p u r u r a n g i — a m a g i c r i t e

m ig rate.

or i n c a n ta t io n t o d e s tr o y l i f e .

umu t a m o e — a c e r e m o n y a n d i n c a n t a t i o n t o w e a k e n t h e uruuruw henua— a r i t u a l r e c i t e d by a t r a v e l e r to th e lo ca l atu a of tre e s or ro ck s. u tu — the

enemy.

p lacate

cu sto m o f e x a c t i n g paym ent f o r a wrong d o n e .

w ahi- ta p u — a s a c re d p l a c e . w aiata--th e

gen eric

name f o r a l l

songs.

W a i r o a — t h e p r o p e r name o f a r i v e r w airu a— so u l;

i n New Z e a l a n d . .

sp irit.

wai t a u a — a cerem ony p e rfo rm e d i n p r e p a r a t i o n waka a t u a - - a . te m p o r a r y a b i d i n g p l a c e m aterial o b jec t. w ani- - a

short k arak ia

said

for b a ttle .

o f a god i n a

over spears before a b a ttle .

w ero n g e r e n g e r e — a m agic r i t e t o c a u s e a p e r s o n t o b e a t t a c k e d by l e p r o s y . w h a i — t h e g e n e r i c name o f c h a r m s t o or choking.

cure b u rn s,

wounds,

394 whai w e r a — a charm t o

cure b u rn s.

w h a i w h a i a - - a charm t o c a u s e a p e r s o n s f i n g e r s t o o f f o r some o t h e r d i s f i g u r e m e n t .

fall

w h a k a a ra a ra p a — w atch so n g s . w hakam ania- - a m agic r i t e i n w hich d i s p a r a g i n g r e m a r k s a r e said d i r e c t l y to a p e rso n . These a re e v il when u t t e r e d b y a p e r s o n o f i m p o r t a n c e . w h ak am atiti- - a s p e ll sa id by a tohunga to p u n ish a t h i e f w ithout k i l l i n g h i m . T h i s c a u s e s h im to be­ come m e n t a l l y d e r a n g e d a n d c o n t r a c t s h i s fin g ers so t h a t t h e y a r e u s e l e s s . whakangungu— i n c a n t a t i o n s whakanoa— th e a c t

to

ward o f f t h e d a n g e r o f s o r c e r y .

or cerem ony o f rem oving t a p u .

w hakanoho manawa— an i n v o c a t i o n t o r e s t o r e b r e a t h t o a dying p e rso n or to r e s t o r e th e dead. whakaoho— a k a r a k i a u sed o v e r a l u c k - p o s t t o th e p ro d u c tiv e n e ss of th e la n d .

refresh

w h akaoriori p o tak a- - a

song sung w h ile t o p s a r e b e in g sp u n .

w hakatau— a speech to

" se ttle ” v isito rs.

w hakatauki— p ro v erb s o r sa y in g s. t w h a k a t e a — a s o n g o f d e r i s i o n s u n g b y women t o u p b r a i d retu rn in g , unsuccessful w a rrio rs. w h a k a to p a to p a kum ara— a c e r e m o n ia l song u se d a t t h e tim e o f p l a n t i n g . w hakato t a m a r i k i — a r i t e w hakaw ai- - t a t t o o i n g ;

to

cause c o n c e p tio n .

song.

w hakaw hare— a song sung t o whanau- - t h e

fam ily group.

w hangai--a n

o fferin g

p u t t h e enem y o f f g u a r d .

o f a food p r o d u c t to t h e g o d s.

395 w hangai hau- - t h e r i t e o f o f f e r i n g th e gods.

a sla in

enem y t o

w h an g i- i - 1 e - h au— th e cerem ony o f o f f e r i n g t h e b u rn e d h e a r t o f an e n e m y k i l l e d i n w a r t o t h e god o f w a r . w hare--h o u s e . w hare kohanga— n e s t h o u s e . w hare m ata— a house f o r th e m a n u fa c tu rin g and th e o f h u n tin g and f i s h i n g e q u ip m e n t.

sto rin g

w hare ngakau- - a ho u se e r e c t e d f o r a m eetin g t o a r r a n g e fo r t h e a v en g in g of a w rong. w hare p u n i— h o t h o use;

sle ep in g house;

w hare ru n a n g a — c o u n c il h o u se; w h e aw h eau — a charm t o

so cial h a ll.

work h o u s e .

c a u s e t h e enemy t o becom e l i s t l e s s .