An Analysis of the Mechanical Friction Losses in Reciprocating Refrigeration Machinery

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ProQuest N um ber: 27591557

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The q u a lity of this re p ro d u c tio n is d e p e n d e n t u p o n the q u a lity of the co p y su b m itte d . In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u th o r did not send a c o m p le te m a n u scrip t and there are missing p a g e s, these will be n o te d . Also, if m a te ria l had to be re m o v e d , a n o te will in d ic a te the d e le tio n .

uest P roQ uest 27591557 Published by ProQuest LLO (2019). C o p y rig h t of the Dissertation is held by the A uthor. All rights reserved. This work is p ro te cte d a g a in s t u n a u th o rize d co p yin g under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346

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elty* Se yeeeleed the degyee of laoheloa of Seohmmloel Saglaeerlmg fyom the Polyteohalo la iti tmte of Irooîdya la .#w# 1944# pmeeeatl# hie %oh#W*# th##l# oa **®bto Çfil«a# %a#tMWtloa# ead te«t of » Socket XaMae^« 4fl«p dl#(hayge froa the ïhdted States Saey ta lhae 1048# he «ai e%loyed hy the Mr (kiadltloala» Bepwtmmt of the Oeaerel Sleetrlo &#aay# # e r e he fir s t heoame latereet#, #d la the problem# asiooleted elth refrtgeratloa mchlaery. la iopteWber of 194? he aoo^ted a poeltloa as laetmotor la Se#aM oal Sa#|a##ria# at the Solyteehalo la e tlta te o f %ooMya$ a posltioa he bold# today, «he larestieiatioa» sad aaalytoi ro^ptred for thi* thoM# hare beta oarriod oa for a period of three years# etar$iag la %)%«## 194? md ooatiaalnf a a tll the pressât,

«h# la»

vistigatloa# eatalled th# u#« of many llhreriee# particular» ly the mgimseMog ioM ettes Mhrary sad the «eWwology seo# tio a 'Of the #e# fork Pahllo Mhrnry#

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#f th# #h«siitry #ad. of th# w le m W # tr# tw # of labrioatiag oils# md for Me laralm hle ##M#» t#m# ih th# pr#pm#tt#h of th# «wmwrlpt# fh# amthor #1«# Meh## t# nm^mm Me thmk# $# Srofmeeor »r»et I*# Ri%#tt# for imtroduolag hi# to I m& ÊMSkmim hie iatereet 1» th# ##i#a## of lohriootioa#

t h e p w p o s e ù i t M s th e # !# i s

to a m ly s # th e m s c h a a lo s l

friotioa io is ii In- tmiptnmt%ing rsfrigeratioa maiMaery* %» aaalysi» herela prsssated i# of eofflolm t soop# to #mbl# the cai» oolatioà of the t f in%inn lotsos that mi#it be esqpeoted in # re» olprooaliag refrlgeretloa oompressor from # kaowledge of the oom» pressor dimmsioa## # # gewrel ©oaditioa wd«»? # io h the oom» pressor M il operete# md the #mrooteri#tios of the h&hrioetiog o il that M il he wed# A dieooseloh of homdsry layer lohrioetloh Is to he fooad la the thesis* th# gesersi oomolosloa helm# that hydrod#eml# Ih# hriostloa may he oonsidered e# eMstlag m* lorn# *s the film l i groeter thm s fee moleoales thi#* sad s# long ## th# rlsooslty meed Im th# hydmdysmio eomtiome is th# «ffeotir# MsooMly rather thm the WLk rlsooslty of # # I# rie # # t.

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the die ©every of the Wheel ha# eft beta celled oae of the meet ha el# factor» la the advaacemmt dT clvlllm tlea#

Ciirilleatioa a# ve Jw« i t

today, howeverp woaM he l%o#$lhle wlthoat the variety of lahrlem t# that » emng other thiage » allow the wheel to keep taralag. «he f i r at a»# of Ithrloaate to reduce the frlotlom hetweea two mvlag eorfaoee 1# ankaowat I t ie eve» imkaowa me to whether or aot I t pr#-4at«e the die» covery of the wheel. Recorded history has #aay meatloas of th# as# of varioae fate sad oil# to ease the task of pashlag etoae hiooke to make a pyrwld# or to make I t easls# for the horses to i^eed a chariot om I ts way, hWhricatioa is one of the many arts headed dowm from am tl#lty. As a soieaoei Ichrloatlo» dates from the experimeats of Beamchnap fowers (1)0 1» &%la»d la 18$5, #shom$ heamolds (s), la the followlag year, ihowsd that the laws of hydrodyaamlcs coald he # p lled to the la» hrlcatloa of hearlags. Worklag ladepeadeatly la Bossia, at about the same time, I . y#troff (3) cam# to atout the same concluMoas as iower# md leyaolds* la the ymrs followiag

mea have made coatrlhutloas to the

sol erne# of l#rloatioa* aotahly %e%mll (4) la iaglaad* domerfeld (5) la ieraaay, aad Magehury (#) # heresy (?) «ad Bom r# (8) la # e î<ed States* Ihllowlag the work of these mea many lavemtlgatioa# # both

actual

tests aad %y mthematlcel aaalysee » have hem coaducted to solve prohlmss la luhricatloa of latorest to the ladlvldml iavestigstore,

•Ifamher# Im par#th«sl# refer to the hlhliography.

9*-

%# # # # # of

thesis Is to malyeo th# mobmMoal ftloMoa

lost## ta raclproeatlag W rtgem ttoa ms^remsor##

3*

have shorn that the frlc tlo a hetwe#» two dry «ateriiâi 1# mot depW mt as mm# oa eWao# fimleh ae * l # t ordloartly he empwW# raté of heating me found mot to he solely # fumotlom of eorfaeo flmlih# Woo# {#) me the f ir e t to preeeat m reaeomhl# e%l#mtlom of #1# offoot. He found » a# me well hnown » that no matter how smooth the fin i eh, the ewrfeo# ooneieted e»»eat|ally of M ile and mlleye# He #à#o found* however# that every M il on the enrfaee eat up an eleotrloal field eimllar in natnr# to faraday*• line# of foroo# and that I t was the inter# f erenot hot ween these field s » as one surface moved over the other # that oansed the degradation of energy into heat* «h# purposes of a luhrioant then are two#foldi f ir s t to prevent me# ohanloal oontaot%ver the others and seoondly# to separate the mrfaoes suffiohntly to prevent interferenoe hetwem their eleotrioal fields. I t i s m il known that many fluids » o il and water are two » will ad» here to a metal plate# # i l e other fluid» » msronry for e m # l# » will not. the meohamim of adhesion m s investigated hy Hardy (10) and he fotmd that adhesion is due to eleotrioal forces on the fluid and an the metal. He al» so fomd that these foroes prodnoe am orientation in the moleoMes of the fluid# and to eome entent in those of the metal, th is orientation is # e asymmetrical fields of ■fores snrrounding the wle'emle# of the fluid, the field s of these mleoMes are attmoted hy opposite fields# and i f the

oÇ "VVie/ surfaces QS one/ moves

4*

metal plate he# m field of opposite poW lty, the w lem lee of the fW d will adhere to It# lid eal (U ) etated that reeemt i»ve#tl#tloné hear out iHar#'*# theory# (IB) hae Msown that mey moleouie# are themeelvee ##mmetrl.Wl# and Alexander (13) pointed out that the orientatim in organio ooepounAe, and w e t luhrtoantc are or#nio oospotxDdi, depend# on the aeyimotfy of the moleoule# In general, the field of a pleoe of metal i# dependent on the material and on it# eurfaoe fin i ah# fhia in a aenae explain# why wme materlala make hotter hearing# » are more eaally Inhrloated » than othmre# I f the polarity of the field of foree of the o il mleonle i t oppoaite in elgn to that of the hearing material a, the molecnles of the o il will move to hath the journal and the hearing, orient their field# to that o f \ limited am# teat » reel et my tendency to pull them apart# Since the bonding of the material# I# loose, the orientation I# les# the further the luhrioant I# from the journWl and bearing. Mnally the orientation disappear# and the wlecttlee adhere to each other by residual force## lanmmir found that the adsorbed film fomed a boundary layer between the metal and the lubricant# fhls layer i# about one molecule tMck, i* a static layer #mi»pla#tic in nature, and i s formed by the chemieal W on of the metal and the oil# fhe layer# of lubricant that form above thi# long» m ir layer af# formed due to the attraction between the fields of the metal and the component# of the o il poeeesing the aeymetrical moleculee k

"Hie journal Qnd hcor%ng and 4ken — to

3.

of the w fé o l polarlly* fMo group of layer# of the lubrlomi or# ly

W le d the #uIomb '" f a r i #

la y # r«

( l 4 ) r e o o g M # ^ t h a t a good l u b r i o m t e h o u ld have tw o p ro p e r»

II## ofpoiit. to ###& other# f l t s l , th# moleoule# #ould Mr# th t obliily to adhere to other molecule# 1» layer# oloee to th# motel, mrfao#»; ###md»

ly , the moieoole# mhould have e low degree of e###lon hetween layer# not oloee to th# metal #rfao#e. th is iMioated that luhrioani# are ooi^lex mimlmree, one oo#omnt po##e##lng th# aaymelrloal moleWaa of the oorreot polarity to form the Im gm ir md Uouloat- layer# adhering to th# metal ma» fmoé# Of the hearing, a»d the other oo#omate forming the free httUc heWe# th# metal wrfao##. feat# on th# ologglnc of metal ompillariea oonèioled a t the #a##aohm» eeite Inatitut# of #eohm.logy by hileo# aWBarnard t l i ) #ow#d that the moleouW atiraotloa of li# i^ # W alee# I# m # ' lee# than that of MtMdi to hraee or eteel. • «hie W MplMm %#y gkmm mhe# a poor hearing elthou# I t ha# a very emooth iorfaoe.*

^

#»oe liquid# of low êwinm teoMone or# m m likely to wet aurfaoo# than thoe# of h i # eorfao# tmeloa#, there W et# two faotor# t#ad|«i to pmm «egrofation In the luhrioant* fh# oo#om#t# ha#n# the low me€nm teaolon# and the ##mmetrio#l mleoul## of th# # rr# o t polar! % M il he at* lra#t#d to the. metal emrfaoee* #11# the ether ee#omemt# will he le f t to

fom the morimiod hulk helweem the ewfao##* th i g led .#mrl# to the ffl» loMmg # n # a l oooologlo»##

té fh# lubricity 1» # funolion of # » #urf### $#&@ion «nd th# wl#» otiiar ##»m#try. a* #tW io»nt# ar# oomposed both of tm# iubriomto » Mvimg low mm# tmMom» md

fm %

nsm m M m l

molooul## of tb# corroot polarity* md #

mtrim or oarMor material#. 3# Mudgoi* wax## and other impuritl## that f i l l # oaMtio# im th# metal mrfao## are mmd##ir#b|#. Better Imbrioatiom I# obtalmod Mthmt them. 4* fh# ideal lubricamt ha# a ma#wm moffioiomt of adh#Mom of th# true lubrioamt and a mimimm internal ooeffioient of frictio n of th#' matrix material. A

fluid may b# dofi&ed a# # material that Oamot support a shear #re#e

while a t re st, fewtom stated that the Aeariag #tr### between adjacent lay» #r# of fluid of infinitésimal thiokmese is proportional to the rate of shear in the Mreotiom pespendioular to the direotion of motion oansing the shear. Assume a weightlee# plate A ( f i # r e I) asperated

fm m

mother plate

B by an i»m%re#sab|e fluid of thioknes# h. the ^ u id i* under no pr##» sure, #xo#t for it# om hydro#tatio head # io h may be ooneidered a# negli^ glblef and the flu id my be oonsidered a# adhering to each of the plate# » as the theory developed by to d y and substantiated by blleon and Bansard indieat##.

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-.......... ,

A

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F iG U R g

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# fnrm applied te the plate À eaueing i t te mm Mth m

veleeity H# *he fluid adhering te B remain# at rest wMie the fluid ad# heriag to A move# at a velocity

V*

I f the fluid is conMdered a# beimg

oompoaed of layer# of infinitesimal tblekme##, ea«h layer will be md>jeot» ed to a sheming stres# 8* m i oh from lewtom*# lav# of vieoou# flow is pro* portional to du/dy, Whm

vhere^A'a the proportionality faotor# oalled the vieooMty.

and in the o»g*s. systemyW = dyae-#eo/««^. # i e w i t i s oalled the poise. In the Ifesgllih system

lb»##o/sP and this unit is oalled the r e # . I t

i s to be noted that the vieoosity unite for the English system are In th# powd#foroe sy ttw . %# differential equation for preemre distribution la a fluid ievM* oped by Reynolds, i s the basi# for the %drodynamio Inbrioation themf* Consider figure 9. Plate 4 is moving o v # plate 1 Mth a velooity f . fake the origin of a ooordiaate system x, y*. s on plate 4# with x ImreaMw

d*

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farm aXmc my lia# la th# s aireatim* th# t Mmeastoa will a#t m t # Im# t# th# malyala* U TT,

F

ig u r e

2

law maalao the fora## acti»^ oa #a, olemeat of fluid dy#. d%, df mitm# ted h#tw##a the platos, where the dietaao# hetweea the plate# le h* fh# preesur© withia the film, p# I t etteatlelly iadepeadeat c€ th# depth la th# film tiao t th# fluid mm he ooaeldered me laoompreeelhl#. $he for## oa th# le ft fat# of the elemat 1# pdy aotlag Im th#

direotloa. I f the pr###m#

iaoreai# ih the # direotioa 1# takea a« dp/d%, the laoreeae # 0# th# le ft face to the right fee# will he (dp/da) d* aad the force oa the right fao# will he

[ p 1 (dp/clx)dxjcly

actlag la th#-»* direottoa# I f th#

ehearlag forcee are a##m#d poeltlwe la the direotioa each that oomt#* clockwl## rot#tloa he produced, the for## oa the top face will h# # # la the #* dir#ot|oa« fh# #warimg etreee will he m im ctloa of hath y md *, add therefor# the eheariag force oa the hotte» of the elemmt will he [s + (

« « “« la *h« * d if W W .

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