An analysis of the differences of the scores obtained by different cultural groups on the Kuder Preference Record

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an analysis of the differences of the scores

OBTAINED BY DIFFERENT CULTURAL GROUPS ON THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD

A T h e s is P r e s e n te d t o th e F a c u lty o f th e S ch o o l o f E d u c a tio n The U n iv e r s it y o f S o u th e rn C a lif o r n i a

I n P a r t i a l F u lf i llm e n t o f th e R eq u irem en ts f o r th e Degree M a ste r o f S cie n ce i n E d u c a tio n

by C l i f f o r d L» A nderson May 1950

UMI Number: EP56113

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This thesis, written under the direction of the Chairman of the candidate’s Guidance Com m itt ee and a p p r o v e d hy all members of the C o m m itt ee , has been presented to and accep ted by the Faculty of the School of Education of the University of Southern California in pa rti a l fulfillment of the requirements f o r the degree of M a s t e r of Science in Education.

Dean Guidance Committee

Chairman

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.

PAGE

THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED

. .

I

The p r o b l e m ..........................

1

S ta te m e n t o f th e p ro b lem • • * • • • • • .

1

The im p o rtan ce o f th e s t u d y ...........................

1

L im ita tio n s o f th e s t u d y ......................

2

D e f i n i t i o n o f term s

*

. . . • • • • • . • • •

8

I n t e r e s t in v e n to ry .................................................. K uder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord

2

/

C u l tu r a l g r o u p s ............................... O rg a n iz a tio n of th e s tu d y I I . REYHW OF THE LITERATURE

3 5

...........................

3

................................

5

. . . . . . .

5

.

D o c trin e o f i n t e r e s t

I n t e r e s t i n th e f i e l d o f g u id a n ce

..................

6

................................

10

K uder P re f e r e n c e R e c o r d ........................................

16

C o u n s e llin g m in o r ity g ro u p s

R e la tio n o f P re f e r e n c e R ecord s c o re s t o g e n e r a l and s p e c i a l a b i l i t i e s

. . . . . .

P re fe re n c e R ecord s c o re s and ach iev em en t . . III.

METHODOLOGT

18 20

...................................................................

Z2

S ource o f d a t a ...............................................................

22

A d m in is tra tio n o f th e K uder P re fe re n c e R ecord

22

iii CHAPTER

PAGE A d m in is tr a tio n o f th e W e ch sler-B elle v u e I n t e l l i g e n c e S c a le . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

J u s t i f i c a t i o n o f use o f W e ch sle r-B e lle v u e I n t e l l i g e n c e S c a le f o r N egro and M exican s u b je c ts «

...............................................................

£4

S e le c tio n o f s u b j e c t s ........................................ . .

£5

♦ . ...............................

M atching o f c a s e s

• . ♦

S t a t i s t i c a l p ro c e d u re s ............................................. I? .

EXTENT OF VARIATION IN THE SCORES

. . . . . .

W e ch sle r-B e lle v u e S c a le o f I n t e l l i g e n c e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord

. . . . . . . . . .

£7 31 31 31

M e ch an ical S o ale • .................................................

31

C o m p u tatio n al S c a l e .............................................

33

S c i e n t i f i c S c a l e ........................................

33

P e r s u a s iv e S c a l e ......................................................

33

A r t i s t i c S c a le .

3S

...............................

M u sic a l S c a le l i t e r a r y S c a le . . . . .

V.

• .

25

........................................

38

....................................

38

S o c ia l S e r v ic e S c a le . . . . . . . . . . .

42

C l e r i c a l S c a le . . . . . . . . .

..................

42

G raphic p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e s u l t s .......................

42

D is c u s s io n

..........................................................

42

SUMMARY AND CONCHJSIONS.............................................

49

i¥ CHAPTER

PAGE S um m ary.............................................................. C o n c lu sio n s

BIBXIOGRAPHT

• .

,

. . . .

.............................

..............................................................................

A PPE N D IX ............................................

.

49 58 55

61

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE I.

PAGE C u l tu r a l C om position o f tlxe P o p u la tio n T a s te d in th e G uidance C e n te r

I I*

......................* . ■ 20

Agreem ent o f Ages and I n t e l l i g e n c e Q u o tie n ts f o r th e M atohed C ases o f Negro and W hite S u b je c ts

III.

..........................................................

28

Agreem ent o f Ages and I n t e l l i g e n c e Q u o tie n ts f o r th e M atched C ases o f N egro and M exican S u b je c ts

IT .

. . .

. . . . . . .

29

Means and S ta n d a rd D e v ia tio n s f o r th e I n t e l ­ lig e n c e Q u o tie n ts O b tain ed on W e c h sle rB e lle v u e F u ll S c a le S c o re s f o r th e N egro, W hite, and M exican C r o u p s ........................................

Y.

S t a t i s t i c a l D ata f o r th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R ecord M ech an ical S c a le

Y I.

..........................................................

.................................................

*

. ..

........................................

36

S t a t i s t i c a l D ata f o r th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R ecord P e r s u a s iv e S c a l e ............................................

IX .

35

S t a t i s t i c a l D ata f o r th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R ecord S c i e n t i f i c S c a le

T ill.

34

S t a t i s t i c a l D ata f o r th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R ecord C o m p u tatio n al S c a le

TO.

32

3?

S t a t i s t i c a l D ata f o r th e Kuder P r e fe re n c e Reoord A r t i s t i c S o ale

...............................................................

39

Vi TABIE X,

PAGES

S t a t i s t i c a l B ata f o r th e Kuder p r e f e r e n c e Record M u sic a l S c a le

X I.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S t a t i s t i c a l B ata f o r th e K uder P re f e r e n c e R ecord l i t e r a c y S c a le . . . . . . . . . . . . .

X II.

. . .

41

S t a t i s t i c a l B a ta f o r th e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord S o c ia l S e rv ic e S c a le

X III.

40

............................................

•

43

S t a t i s t i c a l B a ta f o r th e Kuder P re f e r e n c e R ecord C l e r i c a l S o ale ...................................................... . . .

44

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.

PAGE

C om posite P r o f i l e o f Mean S c o re s f o r K egro, W h ite, and M exican G roups on th e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R eco rd

45

CHAPTER I THE PROBIEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TEBMS USED ■ yooational c o u n s e lin g i s a p p ro a c h in g th e s t a t u s o f a s c ie n c e i n t h a t t o o l s u sed in c o u n s e lin g s i t u a t i o n s a re e x p e c te d t o w ith s ta n d th e s c r u ti n y o f s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is * One in s tru m e n t u sed hy c o u n s e lo rs i s th e K uder P re fe re n c e R eco rd , an i n t e r e s t in v e n to ry f o r w hich th e r e i s c o n s id e r ­ a b le s t a t i s t i c a l e v id e n c e t o show i t s v a lu e and lim ita tio n s * As a d d i t i o n a l d a ta heoome a v a i l a b l e , th e u s e f u ln e s s o f t h i s i n t e r e s t in v e n to ry w i l l p ro b a b ly in c r e a s e . I.

THE PROBLEM

S ta te m e n t o f th e p ro b lem .

The p u rp o se o f t h i s s tu d y

was t o d eterm in e i f th e r e i s a d if f e r e n c e in th e s c o re s o b ta in e d f o r N egro, M exican, and W hite in d iv i d u a ls on th e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R eco rd . The Im portance o f th e s tu d y .

I n t e r e s t s o f M exican,

N egro, and W hite i n d iv i d u a ls have been c o n s id e re d t o he d i f ­ f e r e n t in a number o f f i e l d s .

T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l p ro ­

v id e an o b je c tiv e m easure o f th e l e v e l o f i n t e r e s t s o f each o f th e s e th r e e g ro u p s on th e n in e s c a le s o f th e Kuder P r e f ­ e re n c e R e co rd .

These r e s u l t s w i l l show t o w hat d eg ree d i f ­

f e r e n c e s do e x i s t*

I n th e U n ite d S t a t e s a c o n s id e r a b le

number o f s tu d e n ts In s c h o o ls , v e te r a n s i n g u id an ce c e n t e r s , and in m ates in i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e M exioans and Negroes# These in d iv id u a ls may, in many in s t a n c e s , be c o u n s e le d on th e r e s u l t s o f th e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e B eco rd .

S in ce th e pub­

l i s h e d norms p re p a re d by th e maker o f th e t e s t a r e b ased on s c o re s made by W hite in d i v i d u a l s , and s in c e M exican and N egro in d iv i d u a ls were n o t in c lu d e d in t h i s s ta n d a r d iz a tio n , i t i s im p o rta n t to know w h eth er o r n o t s c o re s o b ta in e d on t h i s in v e n to ry and c o n v e rte d on th e p u b lis h e d norms a r e ap ­ p l i c a b l e to them* L im ita tio n s o f th e s tu d y * T h is s tu d y was b ased on s c o r e s o b ta in e d by in m ates p ro c e s s e d i n th e G uidance C e n te r, S o u th e rn B ranch, lo c a te d a t th e C a l i f o r n i a V o c a tio n a l I n s t i ­ t u t i o n , L a n c a s te r, C a lif o r n ia *

The in m a te s who w ere t e s t e d

a re m ale i n d iv i d u a ls b etw een th e a g e s o f s e v e n te e n and tw en­ ty -tw o .

They have b een com m itted t o th e Youth A u th o r ity o f

th e S ta te o f C a l i f o r n i a by J u v e n ile and S u p e r io r C o u rts w ith in t h i s s t a t e .

Only s u b je c ts w ith i n t e l l i g e n c e quo­

t i e n t s o f s e v e n ty o r above w ere in c lu d e d in t h i s s tu d y b e ­ cause t h i s c u t - o f f p o in t was s e l e c t e d a s th e minimum o f i n t e l l i g e n c e n e c e s s a r y t o o b ta in a v a l i d s c o re on th e Kuder P r e fe re n c e R eco rd .

3* II.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

I n t e r e s t in v e n to r y .

I n t e r e s t in v e n to r i e s a re d e sig n e d

t o d eterm in e th e l i k e s and p r e f e r r e d a c t i v i t i e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s . They a r e b a se d on two t h e o r ie s — f i r s t , t h a t th e i n t e r e s t s o f members o f a g iv e n o c c u p a tio n a l group have a s p e c i a l p a t t e r n w hich d i f f e r s from th e i n t e r e s t s o f th e g e n e r a l p o p u la tio n and t h a t th e i n t e r e s t p a t t e r n o f one group d i f f e r s from th e i n t e r e s t p a t t e r n o f o th e r o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s; seco n d , t h a t in d iv id u a ls have m easu rab le p r e f e r e n c e s f o r ty p e s o f a c t i v ­ i t y w hich a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f g e n e r a l ty p e s o f w ork. K uder P re f e r e n c e R eco rd .

The K uder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord

used i n t h i s s tu d y i s Form BBI f o r m achine s c o rin g p u b lis h e d by th e S c ie n c e R e sea rc h A s s o c ia te s , c o p y r ig h t 1942, b y G. F r e d e r ic K uder. C u l t u r a l g ro u p s .

C u l tu r a l g ro u p s, a s u se d in t h i s

s tu d y , r e f e r t o th o s e p e o p le s who, in th e U n ite d S t a t e s , a r e c a l l e d W hite, M exican, and N eg ro .

At th e tim e each i n d i - .

v id u a l was com m itted to th e T outh A u th o r ity by a c o u r t , he was d e s ig n a te d a s a member o f one o f th e s e th r e e g ro u p s . T h is d e s ig n a tio n was u sed t o d eterm in e th e grorq> I n to w hich ea c h i n d i v i d u a l was p la c e d f o r t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

4* III.

ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

The su rv e y o f th e l i t e r a t u r e r e p o r te d In C h a p te r I I I s co n c ern ed w ith : F i r s t , th e d o c t r in e o f i n t e r e s t and th e c u r r e n t u s ­ age o f th e te rm *i n t e r e s t " i n th e f i e l d o f g u id a n c e . Second, th e l i t e r a t u r e w hich shows t h a t m in o r ity g ro u p s n eed s p e c i a l c o n s id e r a tio n in c o u n s e lin g . T h ird , a rev ie w o f th e p u b lis h e d s t u d i e s i n w hich th e Kuder P re f e r e n c e R ecord was u s e d . The m ethod and p ro c e d u re s u sed in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e d e s c r ib e d i n C h a p ter I I I . In C h a p ter IF th e r e s u l t s o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s .are p r e s e n te d .

T h is in c lu d e s th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o s betw een

th e Negro group and th e W hite and M exioan g ro u p s a s w e ll a s th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o betw een th e M exican and W hite g ro u p s . A summary o f th e stu d y and c o n c lu s io n s drawn t h e r e ­ from a r e g iv e n i n C h a p ter ¥ •

CHAPTER I I REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE D o c trin e o f l a t e r e s t .

I n te r e s t a s a f a c to r neces­

s a r y f o r s u c c e s s i n e d u c a tio n was n o t c o n s id e re d im p o rta n t u n t i l th e m id d le o f th e e i g h te e n th c e n tu r y when P e s t a l o z z i and R ousseau f i r s t u se d th e Id e a w hich was f i n a l l y form u­ l a t e d b y E e r b a r t i n t o th e d o c t r in e o f i n t e r e s t * ^ Dewey2 a s e a r l y a s 1913, and H om e3 two y e a rs l a t e r , e n la rg e d on th e im p o rta n ce o f i n t e r e s t a s a f a c t o r needed f o r s u c c e s s in e d u c a tio n *

S in c e th e o r i g i n a l fo rm u la tio n

o f t h i s d o c t r i n e , i t h a s been d e fin e d by many w r i t e r s i n th e f i e l d o f e d u c a tio n .

Dewey g iv e s u s a number o f ways

^ D a r te r Y* Good, e d i t o r , D ic tio n a r y o f E d u c a tio n (New Y ork: M cG raw -H ill Booh Company, I n c . , 1 9 4 5 ), p . 303. " I n t e r e s t , d o c tr in e o f : a d o c tr in e b a se d on id e a s o f R ousseau and P e s t a l o z z i , fo rm u la te d by H e r b e r t, and e s ­ poused by DeGarmo and Dewey w ith some m o d if ic a tio n s ; h o ld s t h a t th e i n t e r e s t s o f th e l e a r n e r sh o u ld be c o n s id e re d and u t i l i z e d in d e te rm in in g b o th th e c o n te n t and th e m ethods o f i n s t r u c t i o n ; in v o lv e s r e c o g n i tio n o f th e s ta g e s o f d ev e lo p ­ ment th ro u g h w hich th e in d iv i d u a l p a s s e s in th e p r o c e s s o f becom ing m ature and th e d e te r m in a tio n o f m a te r ia l s and m ethods s u i t a b l e f o r th e s e s e v e r a l s t a g e s . " 2 John Dewey, I n t e r e s t and E f f o r t i n E d u c a tio n ( R iv e rs id e E d u c a tio n a l M onographs. B o sto n : Houghton M i f f l i n Company, 1 9 1 3 ), 1GS p p . 3 Herman H a r r e l l H orne, The P h ilo so p h y o f E d u c a tio n (New York: The M acM illan Company, 1 915), £95 p p .

o f looking: a t i n t e r e s t .

H is most in c lu s iv e concept i s :

I n t e r e s t i s n o t some one th in g ; i t i s a name f o r th e f a c t t h a t a c o u rse o f a c t i o n , an o c c u p a tio n , or p u r s u i t a b s o rb s th e pow ers o f an in d iv i d u a l i n a th o ro u g h -g o in g way. B ut a n a c t i v i t y can n o t go on i n a v o id . I t r e q u i r e s m a t e r i a l , s u b je c t- m a tte r , con­ d i t i o n s upon w hich t o o p e r a te . On th e o th e r h and, I t r e q u i r e s c e r t a i n te n d e n c ie s , h a b i t s , pow ers on th e p a r t o f th e s e l f * 4 I n t e r e s t in th e f i e l d o f g u id a n c e .

F o llo w in g th e

developm ent o f th e c o n c e p t o f i n t e r e s t on th e p a r t o f th e p h ilo s o p h e r s , w r i t e r s in th e f i e l d o f r e s e a r c h re c o g n iz e d th e im p o rtan ce o f i n t e r e s t a s an a i d in g u id a n c e .

I n 1925

F ry e r s t a t e d ; Ih e m u c h -ta lk e d -a b o u t f a c t o r , i n t e r e s t , i s v e ry im p o rta n t in th e c h o ic e o f a v o c a tio n . S u cce ss and achievem ent can n o t be e x p e c te d i f th e r e i s n o t i n t e r ­ e s t d r iv in g u s t o e n t h u s i a s t i c i n d u s t r y . 5 P re v io u s to t h i s , an i n t e r e s t in v e n to ry had been p re p a re d by M in er6 i n 1918.

F o llo w in g th e p u b lic a t io n o f

t h i s i n t e r e s t in v e n to r y , o th e r i n t e r e s t in v e n to r ie s were d e v is e d .

4 Dewey, o p . c i t . , p . 65 . 5 D ouglas F r y e r , V o c a tio n a l S e lf-G u id a n c e ( P h ila d e lp h ia : I . B. l i p p i n c o t t Company, 1 9 2 5 ), p . 6 1 . 6 D ouglas F r y e r , Ih e M easurem ent o f I n t e r e s t s (New Y ork: H enry H o lt and Company, l 9 3 l ) , p . £7.

D rak e7 and K ing8 u se d " i n t e r e s t t e s t s * in t h e i r doc­ t o r a l d i s s e r t a t i o n s a t t e a c h e r s C o lle g e , Colum bia U n iv er­ s i t y , i n 1931#

I t i s th u s a p p a re n t t h a t i n t e r e s t t e s t s o r

in v e n to r i e s were soon re c o g n iz e d a s d e v ic e s w o rth y o f con-* s id e r a b le r e s e a r c h . The d o c tr in e o f i n t e r e s t , th e n , h a s n o t o n ly b een p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e b u t e f f o r t s have been made to m easure i n t e r e s t o b j e c t i v e l y i n o rd e r t h a t in d i v i d u a l s may more r e a d i l y d e lim it th e p o s s ib le f i e l d o f ch o ic e and f in d a c t i v ­ i t i e s i n w hich th e y can become g e n u in e ly in te r e s te d * One o f th e e a r l i e s t e f f o r t s to show how i n t e r e s t a f f e c t s p erfo rm an ce was made by Chauncey* s e a rc h he co n clu d ed :

From h i s r e ­

* . . . t h a t th e a t t i t u d e s w hich s tu d e n ts

h o ld to w ard t h e i r c o l l e g i a t e ta s k s have a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n 9 to t h e i r academ ic s u c c e s s .*

7 C h a rle s A rth u r D rake, A S tu d y o f an I n t e r e s t T e st and an A f f e c t i v l t y T e s t i n F o r e c a s tin g Freshman S u cce ss in C o lle g e CTeachers C o lle g e C o n trib u tio n s io E d u c a tio n , No. 504. Few f o r k : T ea ch ers C o lle g e , Columbia U n iv e r s ity , 1 931), 60 p p . s le o H am ilto n K ing, M e n ta l and I n t e r e s t s T e s t s , T h e ir E v a lu a tio n and C om parative E f f e c tiv e n e s s a s F a o to ra o f P ro g n o s is in S econdary E d u c a tio n ( T e a c h e r s C o ll e g e .Con­ t r i b u t i o n s t o E d u c a tio n , F o . 4 4 4 . Few York: T ea ch ers C o lle g e , C olum bia U n iv e r s it y , 1931J, 1 2 4 p p . , 9 M a rlin Hay C hauncey, The E d u c a tio n a l and Occupa­ t i o n a l P r e f e r e n c e s o f C o lle g e S e n io r s , T h e ir S ig n if io a n o e f o r C o lleg e A chievem ent (T e a c h e rs C o lleg e C o n tr ib u tio n s t o E d u c a tio n , Ho. 533. Few Y orki T e a c h e rs C o lle g e , Columbia U n iv e r s ity , 1 9 3 2 ), p . 7 0 .

8* M y e r s B a r l e y , ^ - and Super'*'2 a i l a g re e t h a t th e d is c o v e ry o f th e I n t e r e s t s I s one o f th e f i r s t s te p s i n v o c a tio n a l ach iev em en t and ad ju stm e n t*

B a rle y sums up th e

r e s u l t a n t e f f e c t o f la c k o f i n t e r e s t i n an o c c u p a tio n by

saving: S p e c i f i c a l l y , a d u lt c a s e s whose modal o c c u p a tio n s a r e in c o n f l i c t w ith t h e i r p rim a ry i n t e r e s t ty p e s can do one o r more o f th e fo llo w in g s CU develop s o c i a l l y a c c e p ta b le and co m pensatory h o b b ies* (2) d ev elo p p e r s o n a l i t y c o n f l i c t s a t home o r on th e jo b , b u t s t i l l keep th e job* (3 ) r e - d e f in e th e s p e c i f i c job d u t i e s more in l i n e w ith th e a c t i v i t i e s o f th e p rim a ry i n t e r e s t ty p e , so t h a t w h ile th e jo b l a b e l i s unchanged th e jo b d u t i e s a re d if f e r e n t* (4 ) e s t a b l i s h a s u f f i c i e n t l y p o o r work r e c o r d t o be o n ly m a rg in a lly em ployable (w ith o u t p ro m o tio n ) o r to be s e p a r a te d from th e jo b .* 5

G eorge B* M yers, P r i n c i p l e s and T ech n iq u es o f V o c a tio n a l G uidance (New Y ork: M cGraw -Hill Itook Company, i n c . , 1 9 4 1 ), pp* ^ John G* B a r le y , C l i n i c a l A sp e c ts and I n t e r p r e ­ t a t i o n o f th e S tro n g V o c a tio n a l I n t e r e s t B lank (New York: #he P s y c h o lo g ic a l C o rp o ra tio n , 1 9 4 1 ), 72 p p . ^ D onald B . S u p e r, The Dynamics o f V o c a tio n a l A d ju stm en t (New Y ork: H arp er & B r o th e r s P u b lis h e r s , 1 942), §86 p p . B a r le y , e g . c i t * , p . 5 7 -5 8 .

9* The c u r r e n t th in k in g r e g a r d in g i n t e r e s t s may r e s u l t in a number o f d i f f e r e n t co n cep ts*

These a r e b e s t summa­

r i z e d by S tro n g when he s t a t e s : I n t e r e s t may be view ed a s a s in g l e e x p r e s s io n , such a s **I l i k e a r ith m e tic * o r *1 am p la n n in g t o be an e n g in e e r* * Second, in te r e s t.m a y be c o n s id e re d t o b e a g e n e r a l te n d e n c y to w ard a c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f ite m s , a s when we s t a t e t h a t a man h a s m e c h a n ic a l o r s c i e n t i f i c i n t e r e s t s * T h ir d , i n t e r e s t may be th o u g h t o f a s th e t o t a l s c o re on an i n t e r e s t in v en ­ t o r y , . * * .* t C a r te r p o i n t s o u t t h a t th e r e a r e many p roblem s In g u id a n ce and c a u tio n s u s I n th e use o f an i n t e r e s t in v e n ­ t o r y b y s a y in g : The I n t e r e s t in v e n to ry does n o t s o lv e a l l th e s e p ro b lem s, and i t w ould b e u n re a s o n a b le t o e x p e c t i t t o do so* I t d o es, how ever, summarize some r e l e v a n t f a c ts * *L0

dd Edward K. S tr o n g , J r *, Y o o a tio n a l I n t e r e s t s o f Ken and Women { S ta n fo rd U n iv e r s ity , C a l i f o r n i a : S ta n f o rd U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1 9 4 3 ), p* 19* H a ro ld B. C a r t e r , and Mary C a rv e r J o n e s , ^ Y o o a tio n a l A ttit u d e P a t t e r n s i n H igh S ch o o l S tu d e n ts ,* J o u r n a l o f E d u c a tio n a l P sy c h o lo g y , E9:33S, K ay, 1930* .

C o u n s e llin g m in o r ity g ro u p s *

C um ulative r e c o r d

c a rd s o r p e r s o n a l d a ta b la n k s p r e s e n te d a s exam ples b y a number o f w rite rs* ® in c lu d e r e f e r e n c e s to a n c e s tr y , n a tio n ­ a l i t y , r a c e , o r la n g u ag e spoken in th e home a s e s s e n t i a l in guidance*

In s p i t e o f t h i s f a c t , m ost o f th e s ta n d a r d r e f ­

e re n c e s i n g u id an ce f a i l t o p r e s e n t an y d a ta w hich w ould be h e l p f u l in c o u n s e lin g members o f a m in o r ity group*

In a

summary o f s tu d i e s o f r a c e d if f e r e n c e s K lin e b e rg s t a t e d t h a t ; "The l a r g e s t p r o p o r tio n o f th e in v e s t i g a t i o n s on ( I.Q ,.} h a s been made in A m erica and th e r e s u l t s have shown t h a t r a c i a l and n a t i o n a l g ro u p s d i f f e r m ark ed ly from one a n o th e r* ” *7

*® C l i f f o r d E* E ric k s o n , A P r a c t i c a l Handbook f o r S ch o o l C o u n selo rs {New Y ork; The^Ronald P r e s s Company, 1949) , p . 2d. G e rtru d e F o r r e s t e r , M ethods o f V o c a tio n a l G uidance {B oston: D. C* H eath and Company, 194477 P* 3 l0 . B* W elty l e f e v e r , A rc h ie M* T u r r e l l , and H enry I . W e itz e l, P r i n c i p l e s . and T ech n iq u es o f G uidance {New York: The R onald P r e s s Company, 1 9 4 1 ), p* 509* G uidance Handbook f o r S econdary S ch o o ls (D iv is io n o f R e sea rc h and G uidance, O ffic e o f Xos A n g eles County S u p e rin te n d e n t o f S c h o o ls, Los A n g e le s; C a l i f o r n i a T e st B u re a u , 1 9 4 8 ), p* 5 8 . *7 O tto K lin e b e r g , Race D if f e r e n c e s (New Y ork: H a rp e r and B r o th e r s , 1 9 3 5 ), p . 15IH

ii. Two s t u d i e s , one b y A r l i t t , 18 th e o th e r by Koch and Simmons*19 r e p o r te d t h a t N egroes were i n f e r i o r t o W h ites a s shown by th e s c o r e s made on s ta n d a r d iz e d i n t e l l i g e n c e te s ts .

H ow ever, A r l i t t p r e s e n te d a word o f c a u tio n by

s ta tin g :

"Race norms w hich do n o t ta k e s o c i a l s t a t u s f a c ­

t o r s in t o a c c o u n t a re a p t to be to t h a t e x t e n t i n v a l i d . " 29 T h is p h ilo s o p h y o f th e n eed o f c o n s id e r in g s o c i a l f a c t o r s i s em phasized by B u rg e s s , who i n d is c u s s in g th e b e h a v io r o f a n i n d iv i d u a l s t a t e s : E x p la n a tio n s o f h i s b e h a v io r a r e found in te rm s o f human w ish e s and s o c i a l a t t i t u d e s , m o b ility and u n r e s t , in tim a c y and s t a t u s , s o c i a l c o n ta c t and s o c i a l i n t e r r e a c t i o n c o n f l i c t , accom m odation and a s s im il a ti o n * 21 F u rth e rm o re , t h i s same p o i n t o f view i s e x p re s s e d somewhat d i f f e r e n t l y by P e te r s o n who d e c la r e s :

16 Ada H a rt A r l i t t , "On th e Need f o r C a u tio n in E s ta b lis h i n g R ace N orm s," J o u r n a l o f A p p lie d P sy ch o lo g y , 5 :9 8 -1 9 3 , J u n e , 1981. 19 H elen L o is Koch, and R i e t t a Simmons, "A S tu d y o f th e T e s t P erfo rm an ce o f A m erican, M exican and N egro C h ild r e n ," P s y c h o lo g ic a l Monograph No. 165, A m erican P s y c h o lo g ic a l A s s o c ia tio n , P r in c e to n , New J e r s e y : P sy ch o ­ l o g i c a l Review C o ., 1986, p p . 1 -1 1 6 . 29 A r l i t t , o p . c i t . , p . 183. 21 E . W. B u rg e s s, "The S tudy o f th e D e lin q u en t a s a P e r s o n ," A m erican J o u r n a l o f S o c io lo g y , 8 3 :6 7 9 , May, 1983. . ”

la. l a th e f i r s t p la c e p ro p e r s c i e n t i f i c a n a l y s i s o f in d iv i d u a l a b i l i t i e s r e q u i r e s t h a t a l l f a c t o r s w hich a r e i r r e l e v a n t to th o s e b e in g compared ( b u t w hich may in f lu e n c e them) be c o n t r o ll e d by p r o p e r ly e q u a tin g them in b o th g ro u p in g s o r by e lim in a tin g th e i n f l u ­ ence* Any c o n c lu s io n s drawn from th e r e s u l t s o f e x p e rim e n ts in v o lv in g r a c e must be made w ith ca u tio n *

I f a l l fa c to rs

a re n o t c o n t r o l l e d , th e c o n c lu s io n s reac h ed may n o t J u s t i ­ f i a b l y be a t t r i b u t e d to r a c i a l d i f f e r e n c e s .

D a n ie l r a i s e s

a q u e s tio n o f te rm in o lo g y when he s a y s : T here i s a trem endous d if f e r e n c e betw een th e te rm " r a c i a l d if f e r e n c e " and th e te rm " d if f e r e n c e s betw een th e r a c e s " . T e s ts may r e v e a l a d if f e r e n c e In th e re s p o n s e s o f N egroes and w h ite s b u t th e f in d in g o f t h i s s t a t i s t i c a l d if f e r e n c e can n o t im m ed iately be c o n s id e re d a s an in n a te d if f e r e n c e due to ra c e * 23 The prom inence g iv e n to r e p o r t s o f c o n fe re n c e s h e ld f o r th e p u rp o se o f s tu d y in g problem s o f N egroes i n educa­ t i o n and g u id an ce em ph asizes the im p o rtan ce o f d i f f i c u l t i e s fa c e d by t h i s g ro u p .

Our f e d e r a l governm ent p u b lis h e d a

r e p o r t o f a n a t i o n a l c o n fe re n c e h e ld in 1934 t o s tu d y "The Fundam entals i n th e E d u c a tio n of N e g ro e s ."

A c o n c lu s io n

re a c h e d by th e s e o tio n on " T o o a tio n s" was:

22 Jo se p h P e te r s o n , "B asic C o n s id e ra tio n s o f Method­ o lo g y in Race T e s t in g ," The J o u r n a l o f N egro E d u c a tio n * 3i4Q3* J u ly , 1934. 23 R o b e rt P . D a n ie l, "N egro-W hite D if fe re n c e s in Non* I n t e l l e c t u a l T r a i t s and in S p e c ia l A b i l i t i e s , " The J o u r n a l Neg?o E d u catio n * 3 :4 2 3 , J u l y , 1934*

13 The d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n te re d by N egroes in employ­ ment make v o c a tio n a l g u id a n ce more n e o e s s a ry f o r them th a n f o r w h ite s tu d e n ts b ecau se o f th e e x c e p tio n a l o c c u p a tio n a l d i f f i c u l t i e s th e y f a c e * 24 t h e A tla n ta C o n feren ce h e ld in December, 1935, was c o n s id e re d o f s u f f i c i e n t im p o rtan ce by th e e d i t o r s of O ccu p atio n s t h a t th e com plete is s u e o f M arch, 1936, was d ev o ted t o a r e p o r t o f t h i s c o n fe re n c e . w hich fa c e th e Negro were d is c u s s e d .

Many problem s

A s ta te m e n t w hich

sum m arizes th e p h ilo s o p h y o f t h i s c o n fe re n c e i s a s f o llo w s : One o f th e o ld e s t q u e r ie s in th e f i e l d of v o c a tio n a l e d u c a tio n f o r N eg ro es i s , " S h a ll we t r a i n c o lo re d b oys and g i r l s f o r th e jo b s t h a t a r e a v a ila b le to them , o r , i n th e hope t h a t th e y may be lu c k y , s h a l l we a ls o t r a i n them f o r Jobs t h a t a r e now h e ld o n ly by w h ite s ? " There can be o n ly one answer* T ra in in d iv i d u a ls f o r Jobs w h ich , in th e l i g h t o f t h e i r i n t e r e s t s , a p t i t u d e s , and c a p a c i t i e s , th e y w i l l be l i k e l y t o f i l l a c c e p ta b ly * B u t, a t th e same tim e a s s i s t th e young p e rs o n i n e v e ry p o s s ib le way t o u n d e rsta n d what th e ch an ces o f employ­ ment a r e , and i n s i s t t h a t he a l s o t r a i n f o r some Job t h a t , a s a N egro, he i s l i k e l y to o b ta in * 25 The A m erican Youth Commission h a s sp o n so red a number o f d i f f e r e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s t o p ro v id e h e lp in th e s o lu t io n

24 Ambrose C a l i v e r , e d i t o r , F undam entals in th e E d u c a tio n o f N eg ro es, U n ite d S t a t e s O ffic e o f E d u c a tio n , B u l l e t i n No* 6 , W ashington, D. C .: U n ite d S ta te s Government P r i n t i n g O f f ic e , 1935, p . £6 . 25 F r a n k lin J . K e l l e r , "The A tla n ta C o n fe re n c e ," {The P u rp o se , th e S to ry , and th e S p i r i t ) O c c u p a tio n s* I d : 486, M arch, 1936.

14. o f th e p roblem s fa c e d by N e g ro e s.

In 1938 B e l l , in sum­

m a riz in g th e f in d in g s , s t a t e d : Our d a ta r e v e a l t h a t , w ith s e v e r a l g ro u p s o f y o u th , u n s a t i s f a c t o r y s c h o o l a d ju s tm e n t—b y w hich i s meant a co m b in atio n o f la c k o f i n t e r e s t , d i s c i p l i n a r y d i f f i ­ c u l t i e s , and to o d i f f i c u l t s u b j e c t s — i s a more g e n e r a l r e a s o n f o r le a v in g sc h o o l th a n a la c k o f fa m ily f u n d s .26 F r a z i e r , 27 J o h n s o n ,2® and S u th e rla n d ^ 9 em phasize th e la c k o f t r a i n i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s , th e la c k o f employment oppor­ t u n i t i e s , and th e p ro b lem o f a d ju stm e n t in A m erican s o c i e t y . S u th erlan d , g iv e s an i n t e r e s t i n g y e t p ro v o c a tiv e id e a w hich may w e ll a c c o u n t f o r th e f e e l i n g t h a t N egroes a re la z y and w o r th le s s when he sa y s : W ith o u t in c e n ti v e s and w ith o u t th e example o f o t h e r s , p e o p le do n o t s t r i v e , may n o t even use t o ad v a n tag e w hat th e y do h a v e . T h is r e a c t i o n i s n o t a m a tte r o f ra c e b u t o f c u l t u r a l s a n c tio n s and o f human n a t u r e . 0

26 Howard M. B e l l , Youth T e l l T h e ir S to ry {W ashington, B. 0 . : A m erican C o u n c il on E d u c a tio n , 1 9 3 8 ), p . 67. 27 E . F r a n k lin F r a z i e r , Negro Youth a t th e Crossw ays (W ashington, B. C .: A m erican C o u n c il on Educ a t io n , 1940}, ' 301 p p . 28 C h a rle s S . Jo h n so n , Crowing Up in th e B la c k B e lt (W ashington, B . C .: A m erican C o u n c il on E d u c a tio h , 1941)7 360 p p . R o b e rt 1 . S u th e r la n d , C o lo r, C la s s , and P e r s o n a l i t y (W ashington, B. C .: A m erican C o u n c il on E d u c a tio n , 1942], 13b p p . 30 I b i d . , p . 36 .

15. B a ta c o n c e rn in g th e M exicans i s l im ite d a s compared t o t h a t w hich i s a v a i l a b l e c o n c e rn in g th e N eg ro es.

However,

o f th e s t u d i e s rev iew ed r e l a t i n g to th e M exican, a l l s t r e s s th e need o f c o n s id e r in g th e background and s o c i a l f a c t o r s b e f o r e r e a c h in g a c o n c lu s io n b ased on r e s e a r c h .

B r a k e ,3*

E a s t , 32 and S heldon33 r e p o r te d t h a t th e p erfo rm an ce o f Mex­ ic a n s tu d e n ts was below t h a t o f W hite s tu d e n ts on s ta n d a rd m easu res o f c a p a c ity and ac h iev e m en t.

As opposed t o t h e i r

f in d i n g s , Hogan34 and Knopf35 found no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r ­ e n c e s i n p r o g r e s s i n E n g lis h o r in a c h ie v e m e n t.

F in a lly ,

th e b i - l i n g u a l f a c t o r i n d e a lin g w ith M exicans m ust n o t be o v erlo o k e d b ecau se t h i s may p ro v e a h a n d ic a p in many t e s t ­ in g s i t u a t i o n s . 3* B . H . B rak e, "A C om parative S tu d y o f th e M e n ta lity and A chievem ent o f M exican and W hite C h ild r e n ,* (u n p u b lish e d M aster*® t h e s i s , The U n iv e r s it y o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e le s, 1927) 75 p p . 32 M ary E liz a b e t h E a s t , "A Com parison o f th e R eading A chievem ent o f M exican and A m erican C h ild re n on th e G ates S i l e n t R ead in g T ests,** (u n p u b lis h e d M a ster* s t h e s i s , The U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e le s, 1942) 66 p p . 33 W illia m H. S h eld o n , "The I n t e l l i g e n c e o f M exican C h ild r e n ," S ch o o l and S o c ie ty . 1 9 :1 3 9 -1 4 2 , F e b ru a ry , 1924. 34 M ilo A rth u r VanNorman Hogan, "A S tu d y o f th e S chool P r o g r e s s o f M exican C h ild re n i n im p e r ia l C o u n ty ," (u n p u b lis h e d M a ste r* s t h e s i s , The U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th ern C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e le s, 1934) 94 p p . 33 A r th u r C a rly le K nopf, "Some M exican C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and T h e ir E d u c a tio n a l S i g n i f i c a n c e ," (u n p u b lish e d M aster* a t h e s i s , The U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e le s, 1943) 86 p p .

16 . Kuder P r e f e r e n c e Record:.

The Kuder P re fe re n c e

R ecord a s an a c c e p ta b le i n t e r e s t in v e n to ry b a a come o f age.

B u ro s33 l i s t s s ix ty - tw o s t u d i e s , m ost o f w hich have

b een p u b lis h e d i n o u r im p o rta n t Jo u rn a ls *

'This t o t a l com­

p a r e s f a v o r a b ly w ith th e one h u n d red s e v e n ty - f iv e s t u d i e s r e p o r te d f o r S tro n g * s Y o c a tio n a l B lan k f o r Men, r e v i s e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y when we c o n s id e r t h a t S tro n g f s I n v e n to r y h a s been a v a ila b le f o r some f i f t e e n a d d i t i o n a l y e a r s . These s t u d i e s may be g rouped i n t o th e f o llo w in g c a te g o r ie s : 1.

Mean p r o f i l e s o f o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p s .

B.

R e la tio n o f P r e f e r e n c e R ecord s c o re s t o c h o ic e o f o c c u p a tio n s and c u r r i c u l a .

5.

P r e f e r e n c e R e c o rd -s c o re s and ac h ie v e m e n t.

4.

R e la tio n o f P r e f e r e n c e R ecord s c o r e s t o g e n e r a l and s p e c i a l a b i l i t i e s .

5*

R e la tio n o f p r e f e r e n c e s t o Job s a t i s f a c t i o n .

6.

I n t e r - c o r r e l a t i o n o f th e n in e s c a le s *

V.

C o r r e la tio n w ith com parable s c a le s on o th e r i n t e r s a t in v e n to r ie s .

8.

R e l i a b i l i t y o f th e P r e fe re n c e R e co rd .

33 O scar K rise n Bur o s , e d i t o r , The T h ird M e n tal M easurem ents Y earbook {New B runsw ick: R u tg e rs U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1949j , 104? p p .

17.

Kuder lia s a c c e p te d th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f r e p o r t i n g in b i s M anual3"^ n o t o n ly th e r e s u l t s o f s t u d i e s t h a t bay© been made b u t h as a c c e p te d th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f im proving th e v a lu e o f b i s o c c u p a tio n a l p r o f i l e s th ro u g h th e a d d i tio n o f new d a t a .

The r e v is e d M anual3^ i s d o u b le th e s iz e o f ctg th e 1944 M anual and p ro v id e s tw e n ty a d d i t i o n a l r e f e r e n c e s t o h e lp in th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e p r o f i l e s o b ta in e d f o r an i n d i v i d u a l .

A f te r th e 1943 p r o f i l e s h e e t h ad b een u se d

f o r two y e a r s , Kuder s t a t e d :

"T h ere i s some q u e s tio n a s to

j u s t w hat norms a r e m ost a p p r o p r ia te in i n t e r p r e t i n g P r e f ­ e re n c e R ecord s c o r e s . " 48

T h is q u e s tio n came a b o u t b ecau se

th e p u b lis h e d norms th e n a v a i l a b l e were b a se d on s c o r e s o f b o th boys and g i r l s # 41 In 1944 Kuder p u b lis h e d a new p r o f i l e 4** b a se d on

3 7 Or* F r e d e r ic K uder, R e v ise d M anual f o r th e Kuder P re f e r e n c e R ecord (C hicago: S c ie n c e R e se a rc h A s s o c ia te s , 1946), 31 p p .

38 3 h id . 39 a* F r e d e r ic K uder, I n te r m e d ia te M anual f o r th e K uder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord (C hicago: S c ie n c e R esearch A sso­ c i a t e s , 1 9 4 4 ), 16 p p . 40 I b i d . , p . 12. 41 A copy o f th e s e norms a p p e a rs i n th e a p p e n d ix . 42 A copy o f t h i s p r o f i l e a p p e a rs in th e ap p e n d ix .

**1,858 high, sc h o o l hoys In th e sophom ore, J u n io r , and s e n io r c l a s s e s , and from 2 ,0 0 5 h ig h s c h o o l g i r l s i n th e sophom ore, J u n io r , and s e n io r c l a s s e s . 1*^3 S in c e n o s t u d i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n w hich s c o re s o f r a c i a l g ro u p s w ere compared on th e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord, o n ly th o s e s t u d i e s w hich employed m easu res o f I n t e l l i g e n c e , ac h iev e m en t, o r lan g u ag e f a c i l i t y needed in an u n d e rsta n d ^ lu g o f th e in v e n to r y w i l l he c ite d * R e la tio n o f P r e fe re n c e R ecord s c o re s t o g e n e r a l and s p e c ia l a b i l i t i e s *

Two s t u d i e s i n t h i s c a te g o r y o f f e r d a t a

w hich a r e h ig h ly p e r t i n e n t f o r t h i s study*

The f i r s t o f

th e s e s t u d i e s made by S t e f f l r e ^ 4 i n w hich th e lew eren z Form ula f o r Y o c a b u la ry Grade P lacem en t was a p p lie d t o th e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R eco rd , i n d i c a t e s t h a t a b o u t s e v e n th g rad e re a d in g a b i l i t y i s n eeded t o u n d e rs ta n d th e ite m s i n th e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R e co rd .

The o th e r s tu d y made by

C h ris te n s e n ^ 3 r e p o r te d t h a t many s tu d e n ts i n a n o n -c o lle g e

43 K uder, 1946, op . c i t . , p . 19* 44 B u fo rd S t e f f i r e , **The R eading D i f f i c u l t y o f i n t e r e s t In v e n to rie s,* * O c c u p a tio n s, 2 6 :9 5 -6 , November, 1947. Thomas E . C h r is te n s e n , "Some O b s e rv a tio n s w ith R e sp e c t to th e Kuder p r e f e r e n c e Record,** J o u r n a l o f E d u c a tio n a l R e se a rc h , 4 0 :9 6 -1 0 7 , O cto b e r, 1946.

19. p r e p a r a to r y n in th - g r a d e group d id n o t u n d e rsta n d some o f th e c o n c e p ts u sed in th e Kuder P re fe re n c e Record*

The

s tu d e n ts s t a t e d t h a t when th e y d id n o t u n d e rs ta n d th e mean­ in g o f th e words u se d in th e in v e n to ry , th e y g u essed a t th e p ro p e r re sp o n se s*

He r e p o r te d by u sin g a d ie to d eterm in e

how t o ,mark th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R ecord, h ig h s c o re s c o u ld be o b ta in e d .

I f s tu d e n ts o b ta in e d s im ila r s c o r e s , th e y

c o u ld be i n t e r p r e t e d a s s i g n i f i c a n t . Two a d d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s , one by T r i g g s ,48 th e o th e r by A dkins and K u d er,47 r e p o r te d th e c o r r e l a t i o n o f th e P r e f e r ­ ence R ecord w ith s c o r e s on I n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s *

The c o r r e ­

l a t i o n s were g e n e r a lly low in each s tu d y . In th e s tu d y by T r i g g s ,48 c o r r e l a t i o n s betw een P r e f ­ e re n c e R ecord s c a le s and s c o r e s on th e A m erican C o u n c il on E d u c a tio n P s y c h o lo g ic a l E x am in atio n f o r men w ere *38 betw een th e p r e f e r e n c e R ecord l i t e r a r y S c a le and 1 -S c o re , and *25 betw een th e P re f e r e n c e R ecord C o m p u tatio n al S c a le and Q -S core. In th e e a r l i e r stu d y made b y A dkins and Kuder49 R e s u lts showing c o r r e l a t i o n s o f ab o u t th e same m agnitude were found*

48 F ra n c e s o . T rig g s , "A S tu d y o f th e R e la tio n o f K uder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord S c o re s to Y a rio u s o th e r M easu res , n E d u c a tio n a l and P s y c h o lo g ic a l M easurem ent* 3 :3 4 1 -5 4 , 1943* 47 D orothy G. A d k in s, and a* F re d e r ic K uder, "The R e la tio n o f P rim a ry M en tal A b i l i t i e s t o A c t i v i t y P r e f e r e n c e s ," P sy o h o m e trik a * 5j:241-62, December, 1940* 48 T rig g s , o p . c i t *, pp* 3 5 1 -5 4 . 4 ® A d k in s, o p . c i t *, p p . 241-62.*

20

P r e f e r e n c e R ecord s c o re s and ac h ie v e m e n t.

T r i g g s ,5$

F ra n d s e n ,5^ and Mangold5^ have r e p o r te d c o r r e l a t i o n s betw een Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord s c a le s and achievem ent t e s t s which, were as h ig h a s *42, *50, and *59 r e s p e c tiv e ly *

In th e f i r s t

two s t u d i e s th e h ig h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n s r e p o r te d were betw een th e P r e fe re n c e R ecord S c i e n t i f i c S c a le and m easures o f a c h ie v e ­ ment in th e f i e l d o f sc ie n c e *

In t h e t h i r d s tu d y th e h ig h e s t

c o r r e l a t i o n was found b etw een th e L i t e r a r y S cale and a l i t e r ­ a tu r e s c o r e . I n th e s tu d y by T r i g g s , 53 she u sed P re fe re n c e R ecord s c a le s and s c o r e s on th e Iowa H igh S ch o o l C o n ten t T e s t, th e Iowa E n g lis h T ra in in g T e s t, and th e Iowa S i l e n t R eading T e s t. F ra n d se n 54" u sed th e P re fe re n c e R ecord s c a le s and th e N a tu r a l S c ie n c e s , S o c ia l S tu d ie s , and C o rre c tn e s s and E f f e c tiv e n e s s o f E x p re s sio n p a r t s o f th e C o lle g e L evel T e s ts o f G e n e ra l

50 T r ig g s , o£. c i t . , p p . 35 1 -5 4 . ^ A rden P ra n d se n , ^ I n t e r e s t s and G en e ra l E d u o a tio n a l D evelopm ent,* -Jo u rn a l o f A p p lie d P sy c h o lo g y , 3 1 :5 7 -6 6 , F e b ru a ry , 1946.

52 B e tty -J a n e M angold, *An A n a ly s is o f th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R e o o rd ,* (u n p u b lish e d M a s te r 's t h e s i s , MacMurray C o lle g e , J a c k s o n v il le , I l l i n o i s , 1943), c i t e d by G. F r e d e r ic K uder, R ev ised Manual f o r th e Kuder P r e fe re n c e Record (C h icag o : S c ie n c e R e sea rc h A s s o c ia te s , 1946}, 31 p p . 53 T rig g s , op . c i t . , p p . 3 4 1 -5 4 . 54; F ra n d se n , op. o i t . , p p . 5 7 -6 6 .

ax. E d u c a tio n a l D evelopm ent.

The s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s

r e p o r te d by M angold55 w ere, f i r s t , betw een th e S c i e n t i f i c S c a le and C o o p e ra tiv e F a t u r a l S cie n ce T e s t; seco n d , betw een th e L ite r a r y S c a le and E n g lis h C rad e, C o o p e ra tiv e E n g lis h T e a t, and L i t e r a t u r e S core o f th e C o o p e ra tiv e C ontem porary A f f a i r s T est* Yhm56 and Thompson5^ o b ta in e d low b u t s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s betw een P re f e r e n c e R ecord S c a le s c o re s and g ra d e s made in c o l l e g e .

55 M angold, o£. c i t . 55 K. S . rum , ’‘S tu d e n t P re fe re n c e i n D iv is i o n a l S tu d ie s and T h e ir P r e f e r e n t i a l A c t i v i t i e s , * The J o u r n a l o f P sy c h o lo g y . X3;193-20Q, A p r i l , 1942. 57 C laude Edward Thompson, " P e r s o n a l ity and I n t e r e s t F a c to r s in D e n ta l S ch o o l S u c c e s s ," E d u c a tio n a l and P sycho­ l o g i c a l M easurem ent. 4 :2 9 9 -3 0 6 , 1944.

CHAPTER I I I METHODOLOGY S o u rce o f d a t a *

The d a ta u se d In t h i s r e s e a r c h

were o b ta in e d i n th e G uidance C e n te r, S o u th e rn B ran c h , m a in ta in e d by th e D epartm ent o f C o r r e c tio n s , S ta te o f C a l i f o r n i a , a t th e C a l i f o r n i a V o c a tio n a l I n s t i t u t i o n , L an c aste r* C a l i f o r n i a .

In t h i s G uidance C e n te r in m a te s

a r e s tu d ie d b y a S o c io lo g i s t, P s y c h o lo g is t, and V o c a tio n a l C o u n selo r t o d eterm in e p la c e o f co n fin em en t and p la n o f tr e a tm e n t.

T reatm en t in c lu d e s th e ra p y g iv e n by a P s y c h i­

a t r i s t o r a P s y c h o lo g is t and p r e p a r a t io n f o r employment th ro u g h p la cem en t i n an acad em ic, c r a f t , o r on- j ob - t r a in in g program which I s s e l e c t e d b y each in d iv i d u a l. A d m in is tra tio n o f th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R ecord.

The

i n v e s t i g a t o r , r e a l i z i n g th e la c k o f m o tiv a tio n on th e p a r t o f many o f th e in m a te s In c lu d e d In t h i s s tu d y , spends c o n s id ­ e r a b le tim e a tte m p tin g to m o tiv a te th e s u b j e c t s in g ro u p s o f a p p ro x im a te ly tw e n ty ( th e w eekly in ta k e a t t h i s Guidance C e n te r] so t h a t th e s c o re s w i l l b e v a l i d .

T h is i s done by

draw ing th e p a r a l l e l betw een what a v o c a tio n a l c o u n s e lo r does and what an a t h l e t i c coach d o e s .

In t h i s p r e s e n ta ti o n

th e v o c a tio n a l c o u n s e lo r p o in ts o u t t h a t an a t h l e t i c coach

33. a tte m p ts t o f in d o u t what a man h as **on th e b a l l * so f a r a s h i s a b i l i t y t o make good I n a p a r t i c u l a r f i e l d o f a t h ­ le tic s .

F o o tb a ll and t r a c k o f f e r th e b e s t p o s s i b i l i t i e s

f o r com parison i n t h a t f o r each o f th e s e s p o r t s an i n d i ­ v id u a l who t r i e s o u t f o r one p o s i t i o n on th e team may have a t h l e t i c a b i l i t i e s o r a p t i t u d e s w hich would f i t h im f o r some o th e r p o s i t i o n .

I t i s th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f th e coach

t o f in d th e p la c e i n w hich th e in d iv i d u a l can re a c h h i s f u l l e s t d e g re e o f s u c c e s s .

F o r exam ple, an in d i v i d u a l who

w ish e s to become an end on a f o o t b a l l team who h a s a l l th e ( q u a lif ic a ti o n s needed t o p la y th e p o s i t i o n o f en d , e x c e p t t h a t o f c a tc h in g p a s s e s , m ight w e ll be p la c e d in some o th e r p o s i t i o n on th e team , p e rh a p s a s ru n n in g guard*

In a sim­

i l a r m anner, a man who a s p i r e s t o h e a h u n d red y a rd d a sh man i n a t r a c k team m ight have th e a t h l e t i c a b i l i t y o r a p t i ­ tu d e to su cceed a s a b ro a d jum per w hereas he may n e v e r su cceed as a h u n d red y a rd d a sh man. I t i s p o in te d o u t to th e in m a te s t h a t a v o c a tio n a l c o u n s e lo r i s a v a i l a b l e t o a s s i s t e a ch man i n s e l e c t i n g an o c c u p a tio n i n w hich he i s l i k e l y t o su cceed r a t h e r th a n one i n w hich he h a s l i t t l e chance f o r s u c c e s s . S in o e in d iv i d u a ls work much h a r d e r a t a t a s k in w hich th e y a r e i n t e r e s t e d , i t f o llo w s , t h a t i f th e y f in d an occupa­ t i o n i n w hich th e y a r e i n t e r e s t e d , th e y w i l l be more l i k e l y

g4. t o work hard, and su o o eed .

The Kuder P r e fe re n c e R ecord I s

p r e s e n te d t o th e group a s one method by w hich i n t e r e s t s in o c c u p a tio n a l f i e l d s way he a s c e r ta in e d *

The i n v e s t i g a t o r

b e l ie v e s t h a t t h i s m ethod so m o tiv a te s th e s u b je c ts t h a t v a l i d r e s u l t s a r e o b ta in e d . A d m in is tr a tio n o f th e W eo h sle r-B e llev u e I n t e l l i g e n c e S c a le .

In th e G uidance C e n te r a C l i n i c a l P s y c h o lo g is t adm in-

' i s t e r s r o u t i n e l y t o e a c h inm ate th e W eehslar-B e 1 le v u e i n t e l ­ lig e n c e S c a l e .

T h is , th e n , i s th e so u rc e o f th e i n t e l l i ­

gence q u o tie n ts employed I n t h i s s tu d y . J u s t i f i c a t i o n o f u se o f W echsler-B e l i e vue I n t e l l i ­ gence S c a le f o r Kegro and M exican s u b j e c t s .

When th e pop­

u l a t i o n u se d In s ta n d a r d is in g th e Weohs le r-B e 1 le vue t e s t was s e l e c t e d , N egroes were n o t In c lu d e d .

W eeh sler s t a t e d :

We o m itte d th e c o lo re d p o p u la tio n fro m o u r f i r s t s ta n d a r d i z a t i o n b ecau se we d id n o t f e e l t h a t norms d e r iv e d b y m ix in g th e p o p u la tio n s c o u ld be i n t e r ­ p r e te d w ith o u t s p e c i a l p r o v is o s and r e s e r v a t i o n s . 58 He d id n o t I n d ic a te t h a t M exicans were ex c lu d e d b u t I t may w e ll b e assum ed t h a t th e y w ere n o t in c lu d e d .

However,

s in c e in d iv i d u a ls i n th e s e two g ro u p s m ust compete i n o u r s o c ie ty w hich I s p re d o m in a n tly W h ite, t h e i r p erfo rm an ce on

58 D avid W e eh sler, The M easurem ent o f A d u lt I n t e l l i ­ g ence (B a ltim o re : The W illiam s & W ilk in s Company, 1944}, p . 107.

25. th e W e e h sle r-B e lie v u e m easure o f o a p a c ity may be u sed a s a s a t i s f a c t o r y g u id e in c o u n se lin g # S e le c ti o n o f s u b j e c t s # When th e i n v e s t i g a t o r was re a d y to b e g in t h i s s tu d y , 958 o a s e s w ere a v a ila b le *

T h is

c o n s is te d o f 151 N egroes, 242 M exicans, and 565 W hite su b ­ j e c t s , a s shown in T ab le I .

S in c e th e Negro in d iv id u a ls

c o n s t i t u t e d th e s m a lle s t g ro u p , i t was u se d a s th e b a s e group f o r m atch in g p u rp o ses* ( ^ P i r s t , a l l in d iv i d u a ls who r e c e iv e d a f u l l s c a le i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o tie n t s c o re o f l e s s th a n s e v e n ty w ere r e ­ moved fro m th e g ro u p *} T h is c u t - o f f p o in t was s e le c te d a s th e lo w e st l e v e l w hich c o u ld p ro v id e a v a l i d Kuder P r e f ­ e re n c e R ecord sco re#

S econd, n o n -re a d e rs who had a s s i s t a n c e

when th e y m arked th e Kuder p r e f e r e n c e R ecord w ere n o t in ­ c lu d e d i n th e stu d y r e g a r d l e s s o f th e sc o re o b ta in e d on th e W e c h sle r-B e lle v u e I n t e l l i g e n c e S cale*

A t o t a l o f 104 N egro

s u b je c ts rem ained f o r t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . M atching of c a s e s *

The s u b je c ts in each group were

a rra n g e d a c c o rd in g to th e i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o tie n t.

Each Negro

s u b je c t was m atched w ith a W hite and M exican s u b je c t a c c o rd ­ in g to age and i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o t i e n t .

An agreem ent o f th r e e

p o in ts on th e W e o h sle r-B e llev u e P u ll S c a le I n t e l l i g e n c e s c o re was s e t a s a l i m i t o f v a r i a t i o n .

T h is was p o s s i b le f o r th e

26. TABLE I

CULTURAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION . TESTED IN THE GUIDANCE CENTER

Group

Number

P er cent

N egro

131

1 3 .9

M exican

242

2 5 .9

W hite

565

60*2

936

1 0 0 .0

T o ta l

W hite group b u t f o u r o a s e s in th e M exican p o p u la tio n ex ceed th is lim it.

In lia b le I I th e agreem ent in m atch in g betw een

th e N egro and W hite s u b je c ts shows t h a t t h i r t y - e i g h t c a s e s a g ree p e r f e c t l y , tw en ty -tw o c a s e s v a ry by one I .Q . p o i n t , tw en ty -o n e o a s e s v a ry by two I .Q . p o i n t s , and tw e n ty -th re e c a s e s v a ry by th r e e I.Q # p o i n t s ,

The v a r i a t i o n in age n e c e s ­

s a ry t o o b ta in t h i s ag reem ent in i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o tie n t p r e ­ s e n te d in T ab le I I shows t h a t o n ly s i x c a s e s d i f f e r by more th a n th r e e m onths. F ig u r e s i n T ab le I I I on th e agreem ent i n i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o tie n t s c o re s betw een th e N egro and M exican s u b je c ts show t h a t tw e n ty -fo u r c a s e s a g re e p e r f e c t l y , tw e n ty -n in e c a s e s v a ry b y one I .Q . p o i n t , tw e n ty -se v e n c a s e s v a ry by two I .Q . p o i n t s , tw en ty v a r y by th r e e I .Q . p o i n t s , th r e e c a s e s v a ry b y f o u r I .Q . p o i n t s , and one c a se v a r i e s by f i v e I .Q . p o i n t s .

The

v a r i a t i o n i n age n e c e s s a r y t o o b ta in t h i s agreem ent in i n t e l ­ lig e n c e q u o tie n t p r e s e n te d in T able H I i n d io a te s t h a t o n ly t h i r t e e n c a s e s d i f f e r by more th a n th r e e m onths. S t a t i s t i c a l p ro ce d u re s.

When each Negro s u b je c t was

m atched w itb a W hite and M exioan s u b je o t, a fre q u e n c y d i s ­ t r i b u t i o n o f th e s c o re s o b ta in e d by each s u b je o t i n each group on th e W e c h sle r-B e lle v u e I n t e l l i g e n c e S cale was p l o t t e d . F req u en cy d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r th e th r e e g ro u p s w ere p l o t ­ te d f o r each o f th e n in e s c a le s on th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R ecord.

88

TABES I I AGREEMENT OF AGES AND INTE EUGENCE QUOTIENTS FOR THE MATCHED CASES OF NEGRO.AND 1H3TE SUBJECTS

D if fe re n c e o f age i n months Months

Number

0 1 a a 4 5 oCL

70 16 7 K S 1

7

1 0 0 0 1

JL

8 9 10 11 T o ta l

104

D if f e r e n c e in W e o h sle r-B e llev u e F u l l S c a le I n t e l l i g e n c e Q u o tie n t S c o re s In te llig e n c e Q u o tie n t S c o re s

Number

0

38

as

1

a

ai

3

S3 T o ta l

104

T h is T able sh o u ld be r e a d a s f o llo w s : 7Q c a s e s had no d if f e r e n c e in a g e , and 38 c a s e s had no d if f e r e n c e in i n t e l l i g e n c e Q u o tie n t s c o r e s .

TAB1E I I I AGREEMENT OF AGES AND INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS FOB THE MATCHED CASES OF NEGRO. AND MEXICAN. SUBJECTS

D if fe re n c e o f age i n m onths Number

Months

48 2E 14 7 4 4 £ 0 1 1 0 0 1

0 1 £ • 3 4 5 0 7 8 9 10 11 ia T o ta l

104

D if f e r e n c e i n W e c h sle r-B e lle v u e F u l l S o aie I n t e l l i g e n c e Q u o tie n t S c o re s I n te llig e n c e Q u o tie n t S c o re s

Number

0 1

24 £9 27

a

ao

5 4 8

3 1 T o ta l

104

T h is T a b le sh o u ld be r e a d a s f o llo w s ; 48 c a s e s had no d if f e r e n c e In a g e , and 34 c a s e s had no d if f e r e n c e In I n t e l l i g e n c e q u o tie n t s c o r e s .

Means and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s were c a lc u l a te d f o r th e twentysev en fre q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s .

F i n a l l y , th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o s

betw een th e N egro and th e W hite and M exican g ro u p s, a s w e ll a s betw een th e W hite and M exican g ro u p s w ere c a lc u la te d *

CHAPTER IT EXTENT OF VARIATION IN THE SCORES W e o h sle r-B e llev u e S c a le of I n t e l l i g e n c e *

The mean

i n t e l l i g e n c e q u o tie n ts o b ta in e d f o r th e Negro* White* and M exican groups* shown in T ab le IT* w ere 80*9, 8 7 .8 , and 8 6 .9 r e s p e c tiv e ly *

P e r f e c t ag reem ent was found betw een th e N egro

and M exican groups* and a d if f e r e n c e o f l e s s th a n one p o in t betw een th e W hite and N egro groups*

The s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n s

a l s o g iv e n in T ab le IT in d ic a te d v e ry c lo s e ag ree m en t, th e d if f e r e n c e s b e in g *1 and .3 betw een th e Negro and th e M exican and W hite g ro u p s r e s p e c tiv e ly *

T h is c lo s e agreem ent f o r th e

means and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s was th e r e s u l t o f s a t i s f a c t o r i l y m atch in g th e in d iv i d u a ls in each group on th e W eo h slerB e lle v u e F u l l S c a le s c o r e s . Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R eco rd .

S i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s

betw een th e th r e e g ro u p s stu d ie d * a s shown by th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o s , w ere found f o r th e M e ch an ical, C o m p u tatio n al, P e r ­ s u a s iv e , M u s ic a l, and C l e r i c a l S cales* was found f o r th e S c i e n t i f i c S cale*

The l e a s t v a r i a t i o n

In th e p r e s e n ta ti o n of

th e r e s u l t s , each s c a le was c o n s id e re d in th e o rd e r custom ­ a r i l y u sed in r e p o r tin g s tu d i e s made on t h i s in v e n to ry . M ech an ical S cale*

A s i g n i f i c a n t c r i t i c a l r a t i o was

3E* ta b le

vr

MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS FOR THE INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENTS OBTAINED ON WECESLER-BE LLEVUE FULL SCALE SCORES FOR THE NECRO, WHITE, , AND MEXICAN CROUPS

Mean

S ta n d a rd de v la tic a i

N egro

8 6 .9

9 .8

m ite

8 7 .8

9 .5

M exican

8 6 .9

9 .7

33 found betw een th e N egro group and th e W hite and M exican g ro u p s, a s g iv e n i n T ab le Y.

T h is r e s u l t s i g n i f i e s t h a t

N egro in d iv i d u a ls w i l l o b ta in lo w er s c o re s on th e Mechan­ i c a l S cale th a n th e W hite o r M exican i n d iv i d u a ls .

The

W hite group had th e h ig h e s t mean a s w e ll a s th e g r e a t e s t s ta n d a r d d e v i a ti o n . C o m p u tatio n al S c a l e .

T ab le Y I showed a s i g n i f i c a n t

c r i t i c a l r a t i o b etw een th e Negro g ro u p and th e W hite and M exican g ro u p s .

H e re , how ever, th e l a r g e s t mean was ob­

ta in e d by th e Negro group w hereas th e Mean f o r th e o th e r two gro u p s was i d e n t i c a l .

Thus we can e x p e c t t h a t th e N egro

group w i l l have g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t s in c o m p u ta tio n a l a c t i v i ­ t i e s th a n com parable M exican and W hite g ro u p s. S c ie n tif ic S c a le .

The r e s u l t s r e p o r te d i n T ab le Y II

gave no s i g n i f i c a n t c r i t i c a l r a t i o s .

The c r i t i c a l r a t i o s

o b ta in e d w ere o f ab o u t th e same m a g n itu d e .

I t i s th u s a p p a r­

e n t t h a t th e d eg ree o f i n t e r e s t in th e a c t i v i t i e s m easured by th e S c i e n t i f i c S c a le a r e s im ila r f o r th e g ro u p s s tu d i e d . P e r s u a s iv e S c a l e .

F or t h i s s c a le a c r i t i c a l r a t i o a t

th e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l , g iv e n in T able Y I I I , was found betw een th e N egro and M exican g ro u p s .

The l a r g e s t mean was o b ta in e d

by th e N egro g ro u p whioh shows t h a t th e N egroes a r e more i n t e r e s t e d i n p e r s u a s iv e a c t i v i t i e s th a n e i t h e r th e W hite

TABLE T STATISTICAL, DATA FOR THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD MECHANICAL SCALE

Means and s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n s o f raw s c o r e s N

Mean

S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n

N egro

104

6 3 .0

16*4

W hite

104

?8*3

M exican

104

7 5 .2

_20*6__ 14*8

CRITICAL RATIOS

N egro W hite

W hite

M exican

5*93

6 .1 1 1 .2 5

/

___

35,

m&m j i STATISTICAL DATA FOR THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD COMPUTATIONAL SCALE

Means and s ta n d a r d d e v i a ti o n s o f raw s c o r e s If

Kean

S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n

N egro

104

32*1

6*8

Id ite

104

£ 8 .8

8 .1

M exican

104

2 8 .8

7 .0

CRITICAL RATIOS

Negro W hite

m ite

M exican

3 .2 0

3 .4 5 .0

36. TABIE T il STATISTICAL DATA FOB THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD SCIENTIFIC SCALE

Means and s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n s o f raw s c o re s M

Mean

S ta n d a rd d e v i a ti o n

N egro

104

5 3 .6

11.9

mite

104

5 4 .6

1 3 .8

M exican

104

5 5 .1

11.?

CRITICAL RATIOS

N egro W hite

W hite

M exican

.5 8

.9 8 .89

37 . TABIE V III STATISTICAL BATA FOB THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD PERSUASIVE SCALE

Means and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s o f raw s c o re s N

Mean

S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n

Negro

IDA

6 7 .5

1 3 .6

W hite

104

6 5 .2

12 • 2

M exican

104

6 1 .6

1 2 .0

CRITICAL RATIOS

N egro W hite

W hite

M exican

1 .2 4

3 .3 1 2 .0 6

38.

o r M exioan g ro u p s .

The c r i t i c a l r a t i o betw een th e W hite and

M exican g ro u p s was h ig h b u t was n o t a t tb e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l . A r t 1 s t io S c a le *

I d e n t i c a l means were o b ta in e d f o r tb e

W hite and M exican g ro u p s , a s shown i n T ab le IX .

The c r i t i c a l

r a t i o s c a l c u l a t e d w ere < juite h ig h b u t n o t a t th e s i g n i f i c a n t le v e l.

S in c e M exicans a r e u s u a l l y c o n s id e re d t o be more

a r t i s t i c a l l y i n c l i n e d them W hite i n d iv i d u a ls , i t w as i n t e r ­ e s tin g t o n o te t h a t th e means o b ta in e d f o r th e s e two g ro u p s were i d e n t i c a l . M u sic a l S c a le .

The mean o b ta in e d f o r th e Negro g ro u p ,

g iv e n in T ab le X, was much g r e a t e r th a n th e mean t o r th e o th e r two g ro u p s w hich r e s u l t e d in s i g n i f i c a n t c r i t i c a l r a t i o s b e in g o b ta in e d b etw een th e Negro group and th e W hite and M exican g ro u p s .

T h is g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t m a n ife s te d by th e

N egroes was n o t u n ex p e cte d b ecau se N egroes a re g e n e r a lly b e lie v e d t o have g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t in m u sic, l i t e r a r y S c a le .

The s t a t i s t i c a l d a ta re c o rd e d i n

T ab le X I shows t h a t th e l a r g e s t mean was o b ta in e d b y th e N egro g ro u p .

The c r i t i c a l r a t i o s betw een th e N egro group

and th e W hite and M exican g ro u p s a re la r g e b u t n o t a t th e s ig n ific a n t le v e l.

39. TABLE IX

STATISTICAL DATA FOB THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD ARTISTIC SCALE

Means and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s o f raw s c o re s N

Mean

S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n

104

4 8 .0

1 3 .0

W hite

104

5 2 .5

1 1 .4

M exican

104

5 2 .5

1 2 .6

CRITICAL RATIOS W hite Negro W hite

2 .6 5

Mexioan 8 .2 6 0 .0

40. TABLE X STATISTICAL DATA FOB THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD MUSICAL SCAIE

Means and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s o f raw s c o r e s N

Mean

S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n

Negro

104

B7.L

1 0 .4

W hite

104

19*9

1 0 .1

M exioan

104

a i.?

9 .0

CRITICAL RATIOS

Negro W hite

W hite

M exican

5 .0 ?

4*01 1 .3 0

41 TABLE XI STATISTICAL DATA FOB THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD LITERARY SCALE

Means and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s o f raw s c o re s N

Mean

S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n

N egro

104

46 *5

11.3

W hite

104

4a *5

ia*3

M exioan

104

43*5

11. Z

CRITICAL RATIOS Whit© Negro

W hite

a *44

M exican 1*93

.6 1

42, S o c ia l S e rv ic e S c a le .

The t a b u l a t i o n o f th e r e s u l t s

f o r t h i s s c a l e , g iv e n in f a b l e X II, show t h a t th e H egro g roup o b ta in e d th e l a r g e s t mean# ever* a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .

The c r i t i c a l r a t i o s * how­

The l a r g e s t c r i t i c a l r a t i o was

1*53 w hich was betw een th e H egro and W hite g ro u p s. C le r ic a l S c a le .

The mean f o r th e W hite g ro u p , a s

shown i n f a b l e X I I I , was th e lo w e s t f o r t h i s s c a le *

T h is

r e s u l t e d in a s i g n i f i c a n t c r i t i c a l r a t i o betw een th e H egro and W hite g ro u p s , and a c r i t i c a l r a t i o w hich was h ig h , b u t n o t a t th e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l , f o r th e W hite and M exican g ro u p s. g r a p h ic p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e s u l t s .

A co m p o site g ra p h ic

p r e s e n t a t i o n show ing th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e mean s c o re s o b ta in e d I n t h i s I n v e s t i g a t i o n i s g iv e n i n F ig u re 1*

T h is

c h a r t was b a se d on th e same s t a t i s t i c a l p r i n c i p l e u se d i n th e p u b lis h e d P r o f i l e S h eet w hich ta k e s i n t o a c c o u n t th e te n d en cy f o r s c o r e s to c l u s t e r a b o u t th e mean*

The p e r ­

c e n t i l e s show th e d if f e r e n c e i n th e l e v e l o f i n t e r e s t f o r th e H egro, White* and M exican g ro u p s on th e n in e s c a le s o f th e Xuder P r e f e r e n c e Record* D is c u s s io n .

In t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n th e r e s u l t s ob­

ta in e d showed t h a t th e H egro group had I n t e r e s t s which w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from th e i n t e r e s t s o f th e W hite and

43. TABLE X II STATISTICAL DATA FOR THE KUDSR PREFERENCE RECORD SOCIAL SERVICE SCALE

Means and s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n s o l raw s c o r e s N

Mean

S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n

N egro

104

7 3 .5

1 6 .0

W hite

104

7 0 .0

1 7 .1

M exican

104

7 1 .5

13*6

CRITICAL RATIOS

N egro W hite

W hite

M exican

1*53

*9? .7 0

• TABLE X III STATISTICAL BATA FOB THE KUDER PREFERENCE RECORD CLERICAL SCAIE

Means and s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n s o f raw s c o r e s N

Mean

S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n

Negro

L04

5 4 .0

1 0 .3

W hite

104

4 9 .0

1 0 .7

M exican

104

5 3 .0

1 1 .4

CRITICAL RATIOS

N egro W hite

W hite

M exican

3 .4 5

.67 a .e o

FiQU BE X

C O M P 0 5 I T C P R O F I L E o r M E A N S C O R E S FOR N E G R O * W H I T E . A N D IMEXICAN G R O U P S O N T H t K U D E R P R E F E R E N C E RECORD

pence n n l £3

A/£CiHO \£ :Z //2 Z :£ £ A

M E X IC A N

W H /T Z

penccNrt le 5

N

M t c ^ n 'iiC A , .

C o m p u t a t io n a l

s c ie n t if ic

p e r s u a s iv e

a r t is t ic

l it e r a r y

m u s ic a l .

soc.s

£ * v ic e

c ler ic a l

46. M exican g ro u p s.

The s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s , a s shown by

th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o s , w ere o b ta in e d f o r th e Mechanic aX, Gomp u ta tio n a X i p e r s u a s iv e , M usicaX, and C l e r i c a l S cales#

F or

th e M ech an ical S c a le th e means f o r th e Negro group was th e s m a lle s t#

F o r th e o th e r f o u r s c a l e s , th e mean f o r th e N egro

group was th e l a r g e s t#

The i n t e r e s t s o f th e W hite and Mex­

ic a n g ro u p s w ere q u ite s i m i l a r .

No s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s

w ere fo u n d an d , f u rth e rm o re , th e means f o r th e A r t i s t i c and C o m p u tatio n al S c a le s w ere id e n tic a l# The s i g n i f i c a n t l y low l e v e l o f i n t e r e s t i n th e mechan­ i c a l f i e l d shown by th e N egro group may be th e r e s u l t o f a number o f f a c to r s #

H i s t o r i c a l l y , we know t h a t N egroes had

l i t t l e developm ent i n c r a f t work and th e y have seldom b een employed i n Jo b s r e q u i r i n g m e ch an ical s k i l l .

At th e p r e s e n t

tim e, c u r r e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r employment i n c r a f t w ork f o r t h i s group i s lim ite d #

Many N egroes s t r i v e c o n s ta n tl y t o

r i s e from th e l e v e l o f employment i n w hich th e y a r e w orking t o a h ig h e r le v e l#

I t i s a p p a re n t t h a t N egroes se e k employ­

ment i n f i e l d s o f w ork w hich w i l l g iv e them s t a t u s .

The

Negro group h a s , t h e r e f o r e , ( c o n s c io u s ly o r u n c o n s c io u s ly ) in d ic a te d a p r e f e r e n c e f o r a c t i v i t i e s o th e r th a n m e ch an ical i n n a tu re * The in te n s e i n t e r e s t m a n ife s te d by th e N egro group i n th e a c t i v i t i e s m easured b y th e M u sical S c a le , shown i n

47

F a b le x , was e x p e c te d .

Rhythm h a s been an e s s e n t i a l p a r t

o f th e H egro h e r i t a g e and i t s t i l l f in d s i t s o u t l e t in m u sic.

B ecause m usic h as p la y e d an im p o rta n t p a r t i n th e

l i f e o f th e H egro, th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d f u r n is h e d f u r t h e r e v id e n c e t o s u b s t a n t i a t e th e a ssu m p tio n t h a t n e g ro e s have a h ig h l e v e l o f i n t e r e s t i n m u sic . F o r th e C l e r i c a l , C o m p u tatio n al, and P e r s u a s iv e S c a le s th e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w ere i n f a v o r o f th e Hegro group w hich r e c e iv e d th e l a r g e s t m eans, a s shown in F a b le s X I I I , ¥ 1 , and f i l l , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

H igh i n t e r e s t in

th e s e s c a l e s i s u s u a l l y c o n s id e re d in d i c a t i v e o f i n t e r e s t in b u s in e s s a c t i v i t y , i . e . , p u b lic o o n ta c t, p ro m o tio n a l a c t i v i t y , o f f i c e w ork, in s h o r t , w ith w h ite c o l l a r Jobs w hich p ro v id e p r e s t i g e .

S in c e th e H egro group se e k employ­

ment w hich w i l l g iv e them s t a t u s and s in c e th e s e th r e e s c a le s p o in t tow ard such a o t i v i t y , we may have a b a s i s to a c c o u n t f o r th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d . The means f o r th e W hite group and M exican group were I d e n t i c a l on th e A r t i s t i c and C o m p u tatio n al S c a le s .

These

r e s u l t s a r e u n u s u a l b u t p a r t i c u l a r l y so f o r th e A r t i s t i c S c a le b ecau se many p e o p le have th e f e e l i n g t h a t M exicans a r e more a r t i s t i c a l l y in c lin e d th a n W hite i n d i v i d u a l s .

H ere

we have e v id e n c e w hich shows how im p o rta n t I t i s t o p r o p e r ly I n t e r p r e t th e s c o r e s o f an i n t e r e s t in v e n to ry .

A

48# s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h sc o re shows i n t e r e s t h u t hoes n o t g iv e any g u a ra n te e o f a b i l i t y or a p t i t u d e .

Even though two

groups have th e same i n t e r e s t , a s m easured by an in v e n to ry , one group may have much more t a l e n t th a n th e o th e r g ro u p . No c r i t i c a l r a t i o s a t th e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l w ere found betw een th e W hite group and th e M exican group* two r e s u l t s c o u ld be c o n s id e r e d h ig h . P e r s u a s iv e and C l e r i c a l S c a le s*

Only

They w ere f o r th e

The fo rm er was in f a v o r o f

th e W hite group and th e l a t t e r in f a v o r o f th e M exican g ro u p . The W hite group h ad g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t in p ro m o tio n a l o r b u s in e s s a c t i v i t y th a n d id th e M exican group*

The low

l e v e l o f i n t e r e s t f o r a c t i v i t y in t h i s f i e l d on th e p a r t o f th e M exican group may be due t o th e lim ite d o p p o r tu n ity to f in d employment in jo b s r e q u i r i n g p u b lic c o n ta c t*

As a

r e s u l t , th e members o f t h i s group made o th e r c h o ic e s when th e y marked th e Kuder P re f e r e n c e Record*

CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary.

The p u rp o se o f t h i s s tu d y was t o d eterm in e

i f th e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e betw een th e s c o re s ob­ ta in e d on th e Kuder P re f e r e n c e R ecord b y N egro, W h ite, and M exican in d iv id u a ls #

I n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c o r e s f o r 938

in d iv i d u a ls were o b ta in e d on th e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord and th e W e c h sle r-B e lle v u e S c a le o f I n te ll ig e n c e *

T h is group con­

s i s t e d o f 131 N eg ro es, 243 M ex ican s, and 565 W hite male in d iv id u a ls *

When i n d iv i d u a ls in th e Negro group s c a r in g

below s e v e n ty on th e W e ch sler-B elle v u e s c a le o r who w ere non­ r e a d e r s w ere removed from th e o r i g i n a l sam p le, 104 c a s e s r e ­ m ained f o r s t a t i s t i c a l com parison’* Each in d iv i d u a l c a se rem a in in g in th e N egro group was m atched w ith a W hite and M exican case*

An ag reem en t o f th r e e

p o in ts on th e W e c h sle r-B e lle v u e F u l l S c a le I n t e l l i g e n c e sc o re was s e t a s a l i m i t o f v a r i a t i o n .

T h is was p o s s ib le f o r th e

W hite group b u t f o u r o a s e s in th e M exioan p o p u la tio n exceeded th is lim it.

To o b ta in t h i s agreem ent in i n t e l l i g e n c e quo­

t i e n t when a g e s w ere m atched, i t was n e c e s s a ry to in c lu d e s i x c a s e s in th e W hite group which d i f f e r e d from th e N egro c a s e s b y more th a n th r e e m onths.

However, t h i r t e e n c a s e s in

th e M exican group exceeded th r e e months i n v a r i a t i o n .

Means

and s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s f o r th e W e c h sle r-B e lle v u e S c a le of i n t e l l i g e n c e w ere c a lc u l a te d f o r each g ro u p .

I d e n tic a l

means w ere found f o r th e N egro and M exican g ro u p s and a d if f e r e n c e o f *9 betw een th e W hite and N egro groups* s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n s were in c lo s e ag ree m en t.

The

F o r each o f

th e th r e e g ro u p s , means and s ta n d a r d d e v i a ti o n s w ere c a l ­ c u la te d f o r each o f th e n in e s c a le s on th e K uder P re f e r e n c e R eco rd .

C r i t i c a l r a t i o s were c a lc u l a te d t o d e te rm in e i f

th e r e were any d i f f e r e n c e s a t th e s i g n i f i c a n t le v e l* From th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f th e d a t a , th e in v e s ­ t i g a t o r o b ta in e d c r i t i o a l r a t i o s which in d ic a t e d a s i g n i f i ) c a n t d if f e r e n c e f o r th e M eo h an ical, C o m p u tatio n al, P e rs u a ­ s iv e , M u sic a l, and C l e r i c a l S c a le s .

C r i t i o a l r a t i o s which

a re la r g e b u t do n o t in d io a te s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s were o b ta in e d f o r th e A r t i s t i c and l i t e r a r y S c a le s*

The c r i t i c a l

r a t i o s o b ta in e d f o r th e S c i e n t i f i c and S o c ia l S e rv ic e S c a le s w ere sm all* The I n t e r e s t s o f th e Negro group f o r f iv e s c a l e s d i f ­ f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y from t h e i n t e r e s t s o f th e W hite and M exican g ro u p s .

The Negro group had a s i g n i f i c a n t l y lo w er

l e v e l o f i n t e r e s t in th e a c t i v i t i e s in c lu d e d in th e M eehan- v i c a l S c a le th a n d id th e o th e r two g ro u p s.

The i n t e r e s t s of

th e Negro in th e a c t i v i t i e s m easured by b o th th e Computa­ t i o n a l and M u sic a l S c a le s w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r th a n

51. th e i n t e r e s t o f th e M exican and W hite g ro u p s in th e s e same fie ld s . F o r th e P e r s u a s iv e S c a le th e r e s u l t s showed a s i g n i f ­ i c a n t l y h ig h e r i n t e r e s t f o r th e Negro group th a n f o r th e M exican group b u t th e d if f e r e n c e betw een th e Negro group and th e W hite group was n o t a t th e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l .

T h is

r e s u l t was r e v e r s e d f o r th e C l e r i c a l S c a le in t h a t a s i g n i f ­ i c a n t d if f e r e n c e was found betw een th e N egro group and th e W hite group b u t no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e was found betw een th e N egro and th e M exican groups# In t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i t was found t h a t th e i n t e r e s t s o f th e W hite and M exican g ro u p s w ere q ttite s im ila r*

In no

ca se w as th e d if f e r e n c e a t th e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l and f o r two s c a l e s , th e A r t i s t i c and C o m p u ta tio n a l, th e means were id e n ­ tic a l . F or th e l i t e r a r y S c a le c r i t i o a l r a t i o s w hich were h ig h , b u t n o t a t th e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l , in d ic a te d t h a t th e N egro group had more i n t e r e s t in t h i s a c t i v i t y th a n e i t h e r th e W hite o r th e M exican g ro u p . I d e n t i c a l means w ere o b ta in e d f o r th e W hite and Mex­ ic a n g ro u p s on th e A r t i s t i c S c a le .

The mean f o r th e N egro

group was s u f f i c i e n t l y s m a lle r t o produce c r i t i c a l r a t i o s w hich were h ig h b u t w hich were n o t a t th e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l . The i n t e r e s t s o f a l l th r e e g ro u p s in th e a c t i v i t i e s

m easured by th e S c i e n t i f i c and S o c ia l S e rv ic e S c a le s w ere so n e a r ly in agreem ent t h a t th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o s o b ta in e d were sm all* C o n c lu s io n s .

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s stu d y p ro v id e d th e

fo llo w in g c o n e lu s io n s : 1*

H eg ro es have s i g n i f i c a n t l y low er i n t e r e s t s th a n

do W hite and M exican in d iv id u a ls a s m easured by th e Mechan­ i c a l S c a le « &*

H egroes have s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r i n t e r e s t s th a n

do th e W hite and M exican in d iv id u a ls a s m easured by th e C o m p u tatio n al and M u sic a l S c a le s . 3*

H eg ro es have s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r i n t e r e s t s th a n ,

dp th e W hite in d iv i d u a ls a s m easured by th e C l e r i c a l S c a le . 4.

H egroes have s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r i n t e r e s t s th a n

do th e M exicans a s m easured by th e P e r s u a s iv e S c a le . 3.

The i n t e r e s t s o f th e M exican and W hite in d iv i d u a ls

a re q u ite s i m i l a r a s m easured by th e n in e s c a l e s o f th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R eco rd . From th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i t a p p e a rs t h a t H egroes w i l l o b ta in s c o re s w hich w i l l d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y from th e s c o re s o f th e W hite and M exican in d iv i d u a ls on th e M e c h a n ic a l, P e r s u a s iv e , M u s ic a l, C l e r i c a l , and C o m p u tatio n al S c a le s o f th e K uder P re fe re n c e R eco rd .

When Kuder P re fe re n c e

R ecord s c o re s a re u s e d i n a c o u n s e lin g s i t u a t i o n w ith H eg ro es,

53. c o n s id e r a b le o a re m ust be e x e r c is e d i n in te r p r e t in g , th e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d on tb e s e f iv e s c a l e s .

JL s c o re c o n s id e r ­

a b ly below th e l e v e l s e t a s s i g n i f i c a n t f o r th e M ech an ical S c a le c o u ld p o s s i b ly i n d ic a t e t b a t th e f i e l d o f c r a f t work m ig h t be c o n s id e re d f o r th e Hegro c o u n s e le e .

F o r th e Oom- -

p u t a t i o n a l , P e r s u a s iv e , M u sic a l, and C l e r i c a l S c a le s , th e rev erse is tr u e .

A sc o re a t a l e v e l w hich i s o r d i n a r i l y

c o n s id e re d s i g n i f i c a n t may n o t show s u f f i c i e n t i n t e r e s t in any one o f th e s e f i e l d s t o p e rm it recom m endation f o r employ­ ment in o c c u p a tio n s u s u a lly a s s o c ia te d w ith su ch i n t e r e s t s . The f i n d in g s o f t h i s stu d y in d ic a t e d t h a t n o s i g n i f ­ i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n i n t e r e s t s e x i s t s betw een W hite and Mex­ ic a n g ro u p s.

T h e re fo re , th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R ecord s c o re s

o f M exicans may be c o n v e rte d i n t o p e r c e n t i l e s on th e pub­ l i s h e d norms and th e r e s u l t s u se d f o r c o u n s e lin g p u rp o ses* T h is s tu d y in d ic a te d t h a t s u f f i c i e n t d if f e r e n c e e x ­ i s t e d betw een th e i n t e r e s t s o f n e g ro e s and th e i n t e r e s t s o f W hite and M exican in d iv i d u a ls to w a rra n t a much l a r g e r s tu d y b e in g made t o d e te rm in e i f s e p a r a te norms sh o u ld be u se d f o r F e g ro e s . A p a r a l l e l s tu d y c o u ld be made w ith o th e r g ro u p s t o

d eterm in e i f th e f in d in g s o f t h i s stu d y w i l l be th e same f o r n o n - d e lin q p e n t group s . S in c e th e i n t e r e s t s o f th e M exican and W hite g ro u p s

54

were i d e n t i c a l f a r th e C o m p u tatio n al and A r t i s t i c S c a le s , a stu d y m ig h t be made t o d eterm in e i t th e s e two g ro u p s h a te s i m i l a r a p t i t u d e s o r a b i l i t i e s in th e s e two f i e l d s .

•

BIBUQGMPHT

BIBIIOGMPHT a.

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m

in t e r e s t

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B*

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K uder, G. F r e d e r ic , R e v ise d M anual f o r th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R e co rd . C hicago: S c ie n c e R e sea rc h A sso ciates", 1946. ^T pp7 M angold, B e tty - J a n e , t?An A n a ly s is o f th e Kuder P r e fe re n c e R e c o rd .n U n p u b lish ed M a s te rfs t h e s i s , MacMurray C o lle g e , J a c k s o n v i l l e , I l l i n o i s , 1943, c i t e d by G. F re d e r ic K uder, R e v ise d M anual f o r th e Kuder P r e f e re n c e R ecord. C hicago: S c ie n c e Re s e a rc h As soc i a t e s , 1945. 51 p p . S t e f f i r e , B u fo rd , "The R eading D i f f i c u l t y o f I n t e r e s t Inven­ t o r i e s , ** O c c u p a tio n s, 2 6 :9 5 -6 , November, 1947. Thompson, C laude Edward, ^ P e r s o n a lity and I n t e r e s t F a c to rs i n D e n ta l S ch o o l S u c c e s s ,w E d u e a tio n a l,and P s y c h o lo g ic a l M easurem ent, 4 ; £ 9 9 -3 0 6 , 1944. T rig g s , F ra n c e s O ra lin d , **A S tudy o f th e R e la tio n o f Kuder P r e f e r e n c e R ecord S c o re s to Y a rio u s O ther M easures** E d u c a tio n a l and P s y c h o lo g ic a l M easurem ent, 5 :3 4 1 -5 4 . 1943. Yum, K. S . , " S tu d e n t P r e f e r e n c e s In D iv is i o n a l S tu d ie s and T h e ir P r e f e r e n t i a l A c tiv itie s ,* * The J o u r n a l o f P sy ch o lo g y , ------1 3 :1 9 3 -2 0 0 , A p r i l , 1942. ! “ D.

STANDARD REFERENCES ON GUIDANCE

E ric k s o n , C l i f f o r d B , , A P r a c t i c a l Handbook f o r S ch o o l C o u n s e lo rs. New Y ork: The R onald P r e s s Company, 1949. ■224"p p .----F o r r e s t e r , G e rtru d e , M ethods o f Y o c a tio n a l G u id an ce. B o sto n : D. C. H e a th and Company, 1944 460 p p .

.

G uidance Handbook f o r S eco n d ary S c h o o ls , D iv is io n o f R e sea rc h and G u id an ce, O ffic e o f Los A n g eles County S u p e rin te n d e n t o f S c h o o ls , Los A n g e le s :.C a li f o r n ia T e s t B u reau , 1948. £46 p p . L e fe v e r, D. W elty , A rc h ie M. T u r r e l l , and H enry I . W eitzel* P r i n c i p l e s and T ech n iq u es o f G u id an ce. New York: The R onald P r e s s Company, 1941. 52£ p p . M yers, George E . , P r i n c i p l e s and T ech n iq u es o f Y o e a tio n a l G u id an ce. New Yorks M cG raw -H ill Book Company, I n c . , 1941. 377 p p .

60. E.

MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCES

Bur o s , O scar K r is e a , e d i t o r , ffiie T ftird M en tal M easurem ents t e a r bo ok* New B ru n sw ic k ;. R u tg e rs U n iv e r s ity P r e s s , 1949. 1047 pp . Good, C a r t e r T . , e d i t o r , d i c t i o n a r y o f E d u c a tio n * New t o r k ; M cG raw -H ill Book Company, I n c . , 1945 . 495 p p . W eo&sler, D avid, The M easurem ent o f M u l t I n t e l l i g e n c e . B a ltim o re ; The W illia m s & W ilk in s Company, 1944. £58 p p .

APPENDIX

APFIHDIX P r e lim in a r y P r o f i l e S h e e t f o r th e Kuder P re fe re n c e R ecord, Form BB, 1942. P r o f i l e S h e e t f o r Men and Boys* f o r Form BB o f th e Kuder P r e f e r e n c e Record* 1944.

NAME

.Date of Test_ P re fe re n c e R ec o rd , F o rm BB P r e l i m i n a r y P ro file S h eet

Preliminary

PROFILE SHEET

SCORES

for the K UD ER PREFERENCE RECORD Form BB Directions for Self-Scoring and Constructing a Profile Follow the directions below in order, placing a check in the box at the right of each step when you have completed that step: 1. Look over the answer pad to make sure that you have answered every question. 2 . Take hold of the answer pad at the top toward the left

side and lift upward, detaching the booklet from the binding. 3. T u rn the answer pad over to the last page which is marked with the figure 1 . Count the number of circles in which holes are punched. Start at the arrow and fol­ low the chain of circles over the page. Do not count the cases in which there are three punches in a circle, since these punches represent errors. In the space for score 1 on the cover of the answer pad record the number of holes you have counted. 4. Follow the same procedure for each of the other scores. Note that scores 2 and 3 are obtained from the same page, and that scores 6 and 7 also come from one page. 5. Obtain the count again for each score, recording your answers in the spaces provided on each page. 6. Compare the scores on the cover with those entered on the inside pages. In cases of differences, make the counts over again until you are sure your scores are right. Then cross out the old score and write the correct score be­ side it. 7. Enter the nine scores you have obtained in the spaces provided for them at the top of the chart on this sheet. Check the entries you have just made against the scores on the answer pad toJ?e sure you have copied them correctly. 8. Find the number in column 1 of the chart which corre­ sponds to the score you have entered at the top of the column. Draw a circle around this number. Do this for each of the other columns. If your score is larger than any number in a column, draw your circle in that column at the level of the 1 0 0 percentile mark; if your score is smaller than any number in the column, draw your circle at the level of the 0 percentile mark. 9. Draw a line from the circle in column 1 to the circle in column 2 . Then draw a line from the circle in column 2 to the circle in column 3, and from the circle in col­ umn 3 to the circle in column 4 . Continue this process across the chart to column 9 . The result is your “pro­ file" on this test. Your adviser can tell you how to in­ terpret it. rumL ISM E D

COPYRIGHT, 1942, BY G. FREDERIC KUDER BY I » T 1700

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