American Men of Letters: Their Nature and Nurture 9780231877879

Table of contents :
Preface
Contents
List of Tables
Chapter I. Theories of Nature and Nurture
Chapter II. Method of Investigation
Chapter III. Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Chapter IV. Summary and Conclusions
Appendix A. Literary Families
Appendix Β. Biographical Tables
Appendix C
Appendix D. Alphabetical List of Men of Letters with Date of Birth
Vita

Citation preview

AMERICAN MEN OF LETTERS T h e i r N a t u r e and

Nurture

BY

EDWIN LEA VITT CLARKE

AMS

PRESS

NEW

YORK

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 168

The Series was formerly lenown as Studies in History, Economics and Public

Law.

Reprinted with the permission of Columbia University Press From the edition of 1916, New York First AMS EDITION published 1968 Manufactured in the United States of America

Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 76-76714

AMS PRESS, INC. N E W YORK, N. Y. 10003

« α

MY FATHER AND MOTHER T O WHOM I OWE T H E N A T U R E A N D N U R T V B X W H I C H MADE T H I S STUDY POSSIBLE

PREFACE THE plan of this dissertation was conceived in 1911, as a result of reading the fascinating pages of Professor Lester F. W a r d ' s Applied Sociology. W a r d ' s work was based on an inductive study of the nature and nurture of French men of letters, A l f r e d Odin's Genèse des Grands Hommes. W a r d had been profoundly impressed by Odin's work. In the Applied Sociology he suggested the desirability of making other inductive studies which should be modeled after Odin's, and applied to many nations and fields of activity. W h e n this study was undertaken, the author believed that the opinions advanced in Ward's work were in every way justified by the evidence. Results attained in his own work, however, have convinced him that nurture is not predominant over nature to the extent that W a r d supposed. Nevertheless he still agrees that W a r d ' s plea for the socialization of opportunity is quite warranted. If this study in any w a y strengthens the case f o r the extension of opportunity to any w h o are at present denied their birthright, he will feel that the work has served its purpose. In conclusion, acknowledgments are due; first, to the many authors and relatives of authors w h o courteously answered the questionnaire sent to them ; second, to teachers in Columbia and colleagues in Hamilton College who reviewed the statistical aspects of the work, and finally, to Dr. A l v a n A. Tenney of Columbia University, for his constructive criticism and generous advice. E. L. C. JANUARY,

7]

1916.

7

CONTENTS PACI

PREFACE LIST

7

OF T A B L E S

11 C H A P T E R T H E O R I E S OF

I

N A T U R E AND

NURTURE

The Theory of Galton The Theory of Ward The Theory of the Importance of Both Nature and Nurture . . . C H A P T E R M E T H O D OF

II

INVESTIGATION

General Statement of Method Odin's Definition of Men of Letters Definition of American Men of Letters Odin's Method of Compiling a Roll of Men of Letters Method of Compiling a Roll of Men of Letters for the Present Study Classification of Men of Letters According to Prominence . . . . Collection of Data C H A P T E R

20 21 22 24 27 31 33

III

A N A L Y S I S AND INTERPRETATION

OF

DATA

Method of Analysis Thesis of the Present Study Influence of the Environment . The Rise and Decline of American Letters Social Environment Geographic Environment Local Environment. . Educational Environment Economic Environment Environment as Indicated by Occupation of Parents of Men of Letters . 9]

13 15 17

9

34 35 37 37 40 49 61 66 71 73

IO

CONTENTS

[JO PACK

Environment as Indicated by the Occupation of Men of Letters Themselves . . . Environment as Indicated by Early Religious Training. . . . Environment as Indicated by Birth-rank Criticism of the Theory of Galton Criticism of the Theory of Ward Influence of Heredity C H A P T E R SUMMARY

IV

AND CONCLUSIONS

95

APPENDIX LITERARY

76 80 82 84 go 91

A

FAMILIES

103

APPENDIX

Β

BIOGRAPHICAL TABLES

107

APPENDIX C AMERICAN BY

M E N O F L E T T E R S , C L A S S I F I E D BY C O N J U G A L C O N D I T I O N ,

PERIOD

OF

BIRTH,

AND

BY

MEDIAN

N U M B E R OF

CHILDREN

B O R N TO T H E M

164

APPENDIX ALPHABETICAL OF

BIRTH

LIST

OF A M E R I C A N

D

M E N OF

LETTERS WITH

DATE 165

LIST OF TABLES I . Number of American Literati Born Prior to 1851, Classified by Period of Birth . . . I I . Absolute and Relative Numbers of American Literati of White Race, Born within the Present Territorial Limits of Continental United States Prior to 1851, Classified by Period of Birth I I I . American Literati Classified by S e x and by R a n k , by Period of Birth . . . I V . American Literati Classified by Field of Chief Activity and Period of Birth V . American Literary Women, Classified by Field of Chief Activity and Period of Birth V I . American Literati Classified as of One, T w o , or Three or More Fields of Activity, by Period of Birth. . V I I . American Literati Classified by Field of Chief Activity and Region of Birth V I I I . American Literati Classified by S e x and by R a n k , by State or Province of Birth, Together with the Relative Fecundity in Literati of Each State or Province. I X . American Literati Classified by Rank, by Region of Birth. X . American Literati Classified as of One, Two, or Three or More Fields of Activity, by Region of Birth X I . American Literati Classified by State of Birth and Period of Birth X I I . Relative Literary Productivity of the Several Groups of Sutes X I I I . American Literati Classified by Rank and by Character of Birth-place (State Capital, Chief City of State, County Seat, and Other Places) X I V . Absolut· and Relative Numbers of Literary Persons Born in Important Cities X V . Education Received by American Literati, Classified According to Field of Chief Activity. . . . . X V I . Education Received by American Male Literati, Classified by Period of Birth · 11]

II

PAC·

38

39 42 43 45 46 47

50 53 54 SS 57

60 63 67 69

12

LIST

OF

TABLES

[12 PAG·

X V I I . Education Received by American Women of Letters, Classified by Period of Birth X V I I I . Education Received by American Literati, Classified by Sex and by One or More than One Field of Activity X I X . Early Economic Environment of American Literati . X X . Occupations of the Fathers of American Literati . . . . X X I . Occupational Distribution of American Male Literati . X X I I . Occupational Distribution of American Male Literati, Classified by Period of Birth X X I I I . Occupational Distribution of American Literary Women. X X I V . Early Religious Training of American Literati, Classified by Region of Birth X X V . American Literati Classified According to Size of Family and Birth-rank X X V I . A . Percent Distribution of American Literati Born in the United States, Classified According to the Nationality Strain of Their Origin, as Indicated by Surnames. B. Per cent Distribution of the White Population of the United States (1790), Classified According to the Nationality Strain of Their Origin, as Indicated by Surnames X X V I I . Literary Relatives of American Literati, Classified According to DegTee of Relationship

69 70 72 74 77 78 79 80 82

88

88 93

CHAPTER I T H E O R I E S OF N A T U R E AND N U R T U R E T H I S monograph summarizes a study of the nature and nurture of American men of letters. The task attempted was to isolate for investigation the chief factors in each of these influences, to throw some light on the importance of each in the development of men of letters, and to show the bearing of the facts discovered on some of the chief theories of nature and nurture. Sir Francis Galton makes a very satisfactory statement of the meaning of the terms nature and nurture when he says :

The phrase " nature and nurture " is a convenient jingle of words, for it separates under two distinct heads the innumerable elements of which personality is composed. Nature is all that a man brings with himself into the world ; nurture is every influence from without that affects him after his birth. The distinction is clear: the one produces the infant such as it actually is, including its latent faculties of growth of body and mind; the other affords the environment amidst which the growth takes place, by which natural tendencies may be strengthened or thwarted, or wholly new ones implanted. Neither of these terms implies any theory : natural gifts may or may not be hereditary ; nurture does not especially consist of food, clothing, education or tradition, but it includes all these and similar influences whether known or unknown.1 1 Francis Galton. English Men of Scieiicr: ture (London. 1874), P· I 2 ·

13I

Their

Sature

and

»3

Sur-

AMERICAS'

14

MEN

OF

LETTERS

[14

Throughout this study the terms nature and nurture are used in the sense of Galton's definition. There are three important theories of nature and nurture on which impinge the facts presented in this study. These theories are briefly summarized in the following paragraphs. Galton states clearly the position of those who hold that nature is stronger than nurture. His opinion can be presented fairly by brief quotations from his classic work. Hereditary Genius.1 His first proposition is stated in the opening sentence of the volume, as follows : " I propose to show in this book that a man's natural abilities are derived by inheritance, under exactly the same limitations as are the form and physical features of the whole organic world." In the second place Galton argues for the preponderant influence of nature over nurture, saying: I believe, a n d shall d o m y best to s h o w , that, if the " eminent " m e n o f a n y period had been c h a n g e l i n g s w h e n babies, a v e r y f a i r p r o p o r t i o n of those w h o s u r v i v e d and retained their health u p t o fifty y e a r s o f a g e , w o u l d , n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g their altered c i r c u m s t a n c e s , h a v e equally risen to eminence. 2

Λ little later Galton says : I h a v e e n d e a v o r e d to s h o w in respect to literary and artistic eminence— ι . T h e m e n w h o a r e g i f t e d with high abilities . . . easily rise t h r o u g h all the obstacles caused by i n f e r i o r i t y of

social

rank. 2. C o u n t r i e s

where

there

are

fewer

hindrances

than

in

E n g l a n d , t o a p o o r m a n rising in life, p r o d u c e a m u c h larger proportion

of

persons

of

culture,

but

not

of

eminent men. 1

Francis Galton.

1

Ibid.,

p. 38.

Hereditary

Genius

(London.

i86q).

what

I

call

15]

THEORIES

OF SATURE

AND

NURTURE

'5

3. Men who are largely aided by social advantages, are unable to achieve eminence, unless they are endowed with high natural gifts.' Finally, Galton seeks to show that the great differences in the achievement of nations are due almost solely to differences in the innate ability of their citizens. Nowhere does he express this idea in a single sentence, but it is discussed at length in a chapter on " T h e Comparative Worth of Different R a c e s . " 2 There Galton contrasts whites with negroes and ancient Greeks with modern Englishmen, arguing in each case that superior achievement is due almost entirely to superior natural ability. These brief quotations and statements serve to present the most important part of Galton's theory, namely, that irrespective of environmental conditions, innate ability accounts chiefly f o r the appearance of leaders in nations and for the superiority of one nation over another. In diametrical opposition to this point of view stands the theory championed by Professor Lester F . Ward. He believes that a favorable environment accounts almost entirely f o r the appearance of genius. 1 T o use his own words : . . . So far as the native capacity, the potential quality, the " promise and potency " of a higher life are concerned, those swarming spawning millions, the bottom layer of society, the proletariat, the working classes, the " hewers of wood and drawers of water," nay, even the denizens of the slums . . . all these are by nature the peers of the boasted " aristocracy of brains " that now dominates society and looks 1

Francis Galton, op. cit., pp. 42-43.

• ibid.. ch. XX. * Ltster F. Ward, Applied

Sociology

(Boston, 1906).

l6

AMERICAS

MEN

OF

LETTERS

[x6

down upon than, and the equals in all but privilege of the most enlightened teachers of eugenics. 1 A g a i n W a r d says : The amount of visible genius has never exceeded one-tenth of ι per cent, but it is proved that at least two hundred times as much exists and might be brought out. This would raise it to 20 per cent But when we recognize the many forms that genius takes we cannot escape the conclusion that some measure of genius exists in nearly everyone. All this genius is scattered somewhat uniformly through the whole mass of the population. 3 Finally W a r d remarks : It turns out, then, that after all the discussion of heredity, and the hopes hung upon the idea of utilizing it in the interest of race improvement, it is a fixed quantity which no human power can change, while the environment, which Galton affected to despise, is not only easily modified, but is in reality the only thing that is modified in the process of artificial selection, which is the essential principle of eugenics itself. All the improvement that can be brought about through any of the applications of that art must be the result of nurture, and cannot be due to any change in nature, since nature is incapable of change.* W a r d ' s theory is thus, apparently, in irreconcilable opposition to that of Galton. W a r d seems to hold that improved nurture is the only means of improving the race, which is worthy of consideration, while Galton seems to hold that only improvement of the blood of the nation can permanently advance society. 1 " Eugenic». Euthcnics and Sociology, vol. xviii, p. 754.

• Ibid., p. 744.

Eudemics."

The

American

Journal

* Ibid., pp. 749-750.

of

I7]

THEORIES

OF SATURE

AND NURTURE

iy

In marked contrast to these t w o e x t r e m e v i e w s stands the opinion of m o r e moderate sociologists, w h o hold a third theory that both nature and nurture are important A s Professor Charles H. Cooley says: Nothing is more futile than general discussions of the relative importance of heredity and environment. It is much like the case of matter versus mind ; both are indispensible to every phase of life, and neither can exist apart from the other: they are coordinate in importance and incommensurable in nature. One might as well ask whether the soil or the seed predominates in the formation of a tree, as whether nature does more for us then nurture. 1 1 Charles Horton Cooley, Social Organieation ( N e w Y o r k , 1909), p. 316. Professor Edward L. Thorndike admirably clarifies the whole subject when he says: It is impossible at present to estimate with security the relative shares of original nature, due to sex, race, ancestry and accidental variation, and of the environment, physical and social, in causing the differences found in men. One can only learn the facts, and interpret them with as little bias as possible, and try to secure more facts. . . . Many o f the false inferences about nature versus nurture are due to neglect of the obvious facts : that if the environments are alike with respect to a trait, the differences in respect to it are due entirely to original nature; that if the original natures are alike with respect to a trait, the differences are due entirely to differences in training; and that the problem of relative shares, where both are effective, includes all the separate problems of each kind of environment acting with each kind of nature. Any one estimate for all cases would be absurd.

Many disagreements spring from a confusion of what may be called absolute achievement with what may be called relative achievement. A man may move a long way from zero, and nevertheless be lower down than before in comparison with other men: absolute gain may be relative loss. One thinker may attribute differences in achievement almost wholly to nurture, while another holds nature to be nearly supreme, though both thinkers possess just the same data, if the former is thinking of absolute and the latter of relative achievement. . . . The influences of environment are differential, the product varying not only in accord with the environmental force itself, but in accord with the original nature upon which it operates. Edward L . Thorndike, Educational Psychology, Briefer Course ( N e w Y o r k , 1914), pp. 397-398·

rê

AMERICAN

MEN

OF LETTERS

[ι8

Cooley further presents his position in the form of a simile, as follows : Suppose that one were following a river through a valley, and from time to time measuring its breadth, depth and current with a view to finding out how much water passed through its channel. Suppose he found that while in some places the river flowed with a swift and ample current, in others it dwindled to a mere brook and even disappeared altogether, only to break out in full volume further down. Would he not be led to conclude that where little or no water appeared upon the surface the bulk of it must find its way through underground channels, or percolate invisibly through the sand? Would not this supposition amount almost to certainty if it could be shown that the nature of the rock was such as to make the existence of underground channels extremely probable, and if in some cases they were positively known to exist? I do not see that the inference is any less inevitable in the case before us. We know that a race has once produced a large amount of natural genius in a short time, just as we know that the river has a large volume in some places. We see, also, that the number of eminent men seems to dwindle and disappear ; but we have good reason to think that social conditions can cause genius to remain hidden, just as we have good reason to think that a river may find its way through an underground channel. Must we not conclude, in the one case as in the other, that what is not seen does not cease to be, that genius is present though fame is not? 1 Of the three theories of nature and nurture outlined in the foregoing pages, the last one is generally accepted by contemporary sociologists. Most of them agree with the eugenist that his theory of racial improvement contains 1 Charles H. Cooley, " Genius, Fame, and the Comparison of Races," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, voL ix. pp. 317-358.

jg]

THEORIES

OF NATURE

AND

NURTURE

a valuable element of truth. Likewise they agree with the euthenist when he says that it is possible vastly to improve a people by ameliorating its environment. Selecting elements from the theory of each party, they hold that both nature and nurture are important, that neither alone can adequately explain the appearance of genius. It is this theory which the facts presented in Chapter III of this study seem to support, and which will be maintained in the discussion which is to follow.

C H A P T E R

II

M E T H O D OF I N V E S T I G A T I O N

IN beginning the present investigation, the first step necessary was to frame such a conception of men of letters as to permit somewhat detailed study of the various influences of nature and nurture. B y classifying men of letters in groups, formed according to the nature and importance of their work, it became possible to consider the effect of the various influences upon the members of each of these groups. By this method investigation could be made to discover whether supposedly potent influences had the same effect in all groups, or whether the contrary was the case. T h e supposed effect of the various influences could thus be at least partially verified or disproved. A roll of one thousand men of letters was first obtained by procedure as objective as the nature of the case permitted. Concerning each of these men all reasonably accessible facts were collected which it was believed would throw light on the influence of nature and nurture in their lives. 1 These facts were classified under appropriate heads and then tabulated in such a way as to show the effect of each influence upon the various classes of men. T h e tables are presented in Chapter III. Their significance is there discussed, and the way in which the facts presented impinge on the three theories of nature and nurture is indicated. T h e final chapter presents a summary of the facts thus organized. 1

A l l the d a t a on w h i c h the study w a s based a r e given in A p p e n d i x B. 20

(20

21]

METHOD

OF

INVESTIGATION

21

A t the outset of the study the term men of letters had to be clearly defined. A l l definitions of the term must be more or less arbitrary. It was found, however, that P r o f e s s o r A l f r e d Odin, w h o had made a similar study of French literary people, had f r a m e d a reasonably adequate definition of the expression. 1 T h e fact that his definition seemed to have proved satisfactory f o r the purposes of his investigation w a s also a strong argument f o r employing the same definition in the present study. Moreover, adoption of Odin's definition would make possible a f a i r and accurate comparison of his conclusions with those to be obtained in this study. F o r these reasons, it w a s decided to adopt Odin's definition. It is as follows : By men of letters we mean authors whose writings are of general interest, and all those, relatively few in number, who. without having "written themselves, have none the less contributed directly and in an appreciable degree to the development of literature. 2 Odin classified all literati under twelve heads, as follows : ι. pat. (patrons). This group includes patrons, founders and directors of schools, theatres, societies and literary salons, bibliophiles ; in a word, all those who, without entering one of the three following groups, have helped in the development of literature by other methods than writing. 2. lib. (librarians). Librarians, printers, calligraphers and all those who have aided in similar fashion in the dissemination of literary works. 3. act. (actors). Dramatic artists of all kinds, including 1 A. Odin, Genèse des Grands Hommes, Gens de Lettres Français Modernes (Paris, 1895). The present study is in many ways modeled after that of Odin, and generous acknowledgment must be made of extensive use of his method of procedure.

* Ibid., p. 310.

AMERICAN

22

MEN

OF

LETTERS

[22

those singers w h o have especially distinguished themselves by their acting. 4. or. ( o r a t o r s ) . 5. pub. (publicists). A u t h o r s of polemic or propagandic writings. 6. narr, ( n a r r a t o r s ) . A l l those w h o , without marked polemic, artistic or scientific bias, relate facts or describe objects which they have seen close at h a n d ; that is to say, most memoirists, chroniclers, authors of letters o r descriptions of voyages, as well as m a n y historians, geographers, economists, etc. 7. erud. ( e r u d i t e ) . A u t h o r s of scholarly researches based on literary documents, biographers, most historians and philologists, a part of the theologians, jurisconsults, etc., as well as authors of translations themselves destined especially f o r the erudite. 8. pop. ( p o p u l a r i z e r s ) . A l l authors w h o serve as intermediaries between specialists and the general public, that is to say, in addition to popularizers in the n a r r o w sense, authors of translations, school manuals, and, in general, of any w o r k o f instruction or popular edification. 9. spec, ( s p e c u l a t i v e ) . T h o s e whose writings possess primarily an abstract character ; philosophers in the narrow sense, many moralists, estheticians, educators, sociologists, theologians, jurisconsults, etc. 10. pr. ( p r o s e w r i t e r s ) . A l l those w h o write in prose with the chief purpose o f entertaining the reader, or to obtain certain artistic effects, such as novelists, feuilletonists, letter writers à la Balzac, a large part o f the critics, as well as most of those w h o are called simply writers or literary people. π . p. ( p o e t s ) . 12. dram, ( d r a m a t i s t s ) . 1 T h i s classification developed a general conception of men of letteis.

F o r the p u r p o s e s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y it n e x t 1

A. Odin, op. cit., pp. 356 et seq.

23]

METHOD

OF

INVESTIGATION

23

became necessary to adopt a definition and develop a general conception applicable to American conditions. The complete definition finally adopted was: American men of letters are men of letters, within the meaning of Odin's terms, both men and women, born and brought up within the present borders of continental United States and Canada, in homes and schools where English was spoken, who did their work in the English language.1 This definition was still somewhat arbitrary, but a more liberal one would have been subject to the criticism of admitting to the roll literati who were not born and brought up in an essentially American environment, a fatal defect in a study of American authors.' There have been many thousand American men of letters as defined above. Obviously only a portion of them could be studied. The most important were naturally to be preferred, for data concerning them were found to be much more abundant than in the case of minor literati. The compilation of a roll of their names presented a problem 1

To avoid monotony the terms men of letters, literati, literary persons, authors, and writers, are hereafter used as synonyms. * A litterateur might of course be foreign born and yet be essentially American, because of having lived in an American environment from infancy. Desirable as it would have been to include such literati in the study, there were counter considerations which made the attempt seem inadvisable. It would have been necessary to decide at what age a person must come to this country in order to be brought up in an American environment. No age could have been chosen which would not be arbitrary. On the other hand, it would have been impossible to decide in the case of each foreign-born litterateur whether he was brought up in an essentially American environment. The remedy for the exclusion of the foreign-born would therefore have been worse than the evil to be cured. The number of writers thus excluded is so small as to be negligible. The reader will probably miss only the names of Audubon, Hamilton and Parton. More recent names were automatically excluded by the fact that no authors born after 1850 have been included in this study.

AMERICAN

24

MEN

OF

LETTERS

[24

of considerable difficulty. In the interests of equity all writers of the same degree of importance had to be included in the list, all others had to be rejected. N o ready-made roll satisfied this condition. Authors of biographical dictionaries do not agree in their lists. T h e y appear to include and reject names of minor importance in the most arbitrary manner. Many mediocre writers are included by some compilers and excluded by others, while various men of obvious merit are by some compilers omitted entirely. This failing in ready-made lists was found to be particularly serious, since minor authors w h o are treated in such an arbitrary manner constitute the vast majority of all men of letters. T o avoid this source of weakness, inherent in any ready-made roll, there was but one method of procedure ; the investigator had to make a list for himself, using a method as scientific and as little arbitrary as was possible. 1 In the preparation of a scientific list certain general conditions had to be satisfied. ι. T h e data had to be collected according to an indisputably objective method, quite independent of the personality of the investigator. 2. T h e relative number of facts collected had to be large enough to be representative. 3. T h e absolute number had to be large enough to permit significant statistical work. 4. T h e subject under investigation had to be fairly familiar to the investigator. 5. A s far as possible, the investigation had to be based on well-known men, so that the material used could be verified by any one w h o might desire to do so. 1 1

A. Odin, op. cit., pp. 358 et seq.

* Ibid., pp. 291 et seq.

253

METHOD

OF

INVESTIGATION

25

Only the first of these conditions presented a real problem. In its solution the method used by Odin w a s followed exactly. A statement of this method is therefore necessary at this point. S a y s Odin : The importance of a book necessarily corresponds . . . to the success of the work. Consequently we must include in our list all men of letters whose success with the public is beyond question, and who are assured of not falling into oblivion by this very success. The only question is to know what is the most authentic criterion of success. We possess a criterion for men of letters which is relatively easy to ascertain, and whose value cannot be contested. It is simply the diffusion of their works. 1 T h i s diffusion has t w o aspects, that of time and that of degree. Some authors enjoy very great popularity for a short period, but soon sink into comparative obscurity. Others enjoy a more modest but lasting popularity. Public esteem may be greater or less in degree. In time it may be more or less enduring. W h a t e v e r its extent in either respect, the facts are always readily determinable. Hence the appreciation of the relative importance of men of letters usually presents little difficulty. A s a result of the method employed the slightest good faith on the part of a student suffices f o r the attainment of a high degree of objectivity. A n investigator almost never has to estimate the success of a work. If his sources are at all abundant, as they have to be in a study of this kind, they answer the question themselves. 2 Odin states in detail the exact standards by which he measured the importance of men of letters as follows : 1

1

A . O d i n , op. cit.. p. 362.

.'bid., p. 363.

AMERICAN

26

MEN OF

LETTERS

[26

T h e most significant and at the same time the most explicit a r e ; the number o f editions and r e p r i n t s ; the number and success of translations, allowance being made as f a r as possible f o r the personality of the translator ; finally, the number of imitations, adaptations, plagiarisms, etc. T h e s e are the most certain tests o f the success which a w o r k may h a v e had. 1 O d i n also m e n t i o n s o t h e r less i m p o r t a n t tests.

supplementary

For example:

W o r k s which perhaps do not appear important in themselves, but which have caused keen argument, or w h i c h have become k n o w n abroad, cannot be entirely insignificant. Sometimes the v e r y fecundity of certain authors is a proof of their success. T h i s is the case, f o r instance, w h e n a poor author w r i t e s to gain his livelihood.' In a d d i t i o n t h e r e a r e m a n y v e r y s u b s i d i a r y c r i t e r i a w h i c h O d i n used o n l y r a r e l y , s u c h a s t h e f r e q u e n c y o f m e n t i o n o r q u o t a t i o n , o r the e u l o g i e s o f w e l l - k n o w n critics, s u p p o r t e d b y reasons. E v e n w h e n s u c h o b j e c t i v e c r i t e r i a a r e used, it is o b v i o u s that there must o f t e n be resort to personal j u d g m e n t . example, taken f r o m Odin, of circumstances

An

necessitating

p e r s o n a l j u d g m e n t w i l l s u f f i c i e n t l y i l l u s t r a t e this p o i n t . Reprints, f o r instance, are f a r f r o m a l w a y s s i g n i f y i n g the same thing. T h e y are quite frequently due to f o r t u i t o u s causes, absolutely independent of the merit o f the w o r k and o f the interest which it arouses in the public. N o w it is a descendant of the author w h o re-edits his w o r k s through filial reverence, . . . now w e see some w o r k , disdained by contemporaries and u n k n o w n to posterity, suddenly acquire importance in the eyes of certain specialists, f o r a reason absolutely foreign to its literary value. T h e same is true of the 1

A . Odin, op. cit., p. 364.

' Ibid.,

p. 36s.

27]

METHOD

OF

INVESTIGATION

27

number of editions, which has only very relative significance. A single new edition of a large and costly work may sometimes signify as much as many editions in other cases. Fortunately it is almost always easy to determine the true significance of the different tests, for the simple reason that they serve as checks to each other. 1 O d i n ' s f o r e g o i n g criteria apply only in part t o the f o u r categories of m e n o f letters.

first

W i t h respect to patrons,

librarians, actors a n d o r a t o r s he used other tests. T h e speeches of orators are indeed frequently printed; but it is well known that the reception which the public reserves f o r the printed address does not always correspond to the popularity of the orator. . . . F o r the other three categories even this test is lacking. I have therefore been obliged in all these cases to restrict myself to the tests which were only subsidiary for the other groups. A s f o r orators and actors, I have considered first of all the impression which they have produced on conteiftporaries, as it has been reported by witnesses worthy of trust. Here I hardly risk deceiving myself, f o r it is at least as easy to judge impartially o f the success attained by an orator or actor as to appreciate exactly the popularity which a written w o r k has enjoyed. I have had more difficulty in deciding which of the " patrons " and " librarians " had a right to appear on the list. F o r these two groups information w a s not always as abundant and explicit as could be desired. T h u s it may be that I have erroneously omitted more than one person who was really important. Nevertheless, I have reason to suppose that the number of these omissions cannot be considerable.' F o l l o w i n g O d i n ' s method as closely as possible, the inv e s t i g a t o r began his c o m p i l a t i o n o f a list o f A m e r i c a n m e n o f letters.

F i v e encyclopedias o f b i o g r a p h y and literature

w e r e c a r e f u l l y studied. 1

A . Odin, Op. cit., p. 365.

These were : ' Ibid., p. 366.

28

AMERICAN

MEN OF LETTERS

[28

A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors, S. Austin Allibone (Philadelphia, 1882). Appletons Cyclopaedia of American Biography (New York, 1887). A Supplement to Allibonc's Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors, John Foster Kirk (Philadelphia. 1891). Lamb's Biographical Dictionary of the United States (Boston, 1900). The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (New York, 1898). These five works were selected as constituting the most recent and exhaustive compilations concerning American letters and biography. The volumes of Allibone and Kirk contained practically no biographical notices, but simply the names of authors, titles of books written, and the number of editions and translations of each. These works were especially useful in determining the diffusion of a work in time and space. The other three encyclopedias were typical biographical dictionaries. Their use was essential in determining the importance of literati who did not write, as well as in estimating the popularity of authors who wri te after 1891. when Kirk's volumes appeared. It soon became apparent that the different sources were not equally reliable. The works of Appleton and Lamb seemed satisfactory in every way. Their articles were dignified and nv'derate in tone, and their statements were apparently always justified by the sources on which they were based. On the other hand, the National Encyclopedia often seemed extravagant in its praise of an author, devoting m->re space to writers of doubtful merit than to other men of established reputation. Consequently it was frequently

29]

METHOD

OF INVESTIGATION

2g

deemed necessary to discount its assertions to some extent The volumes by Allibone and Kirk seemed quite reliable as regards statements of the nature and amount of work done by an author. Librarians consider them to be standard works. In all cases of doubt as to whether an author was sufficiently important to be admitted to the list, additional works were consulted. The most important of these were : A Dictionary of American Authors, Oscar Fay Adams (Boston and New York, 1905). An American Anthology, Edmund Clarence Stedman (Boston and New York, 1900). Chamber's Cyclopaedia of English Literature (Philadelphia, 1904). The Cyclopaedia of American Literature, Evert A. and George L. Duyckinck (Philadelphia, 1 8 8 1 ) . Who's Who in America (Chicago, various dates). In spite of the deficiencies of these sources, it is believed that collectively they furnished an adequate criterion of the importance of American men of letters. The name of each litterateur mentioned in the foregoing volumes, who seemed to have any claim to a place on the roll, was put on a numbered card. On the card was also written the name of the class or classes of literary activity in which the author appeared to have made a significant record. When a man of letters had distinguished himself in several fields he was noted as belonging in all of them, though later in the statistical summaries he was counted only in that one in which he had achieved the greatest distinction. On the card was also recorded a list of important books written, including a statement of reprints, new editions, and translations, as well as any other facts which seemed to warrant the inclusion of the author in the ranks of American literati.

3o

AMERICAN

MEN

OF LETTERS

[30

In the consideration of the names of candidates for the roll, the alphabetical order was followed. This method not only expedited the work, but served to prevent the intrusion of any possible bias in favor of a particular time or place. Dates and places of birth were not noted till the final list had been completed. It seemed best to admit to the roll only persons born prior to the year 1851. There were two reasons for this restriction. The biographies of writers born after 1850 were found to be few and incomplete. Moreover, it seemed unfair to pass judgment on an author before it was certain that he had achieved his maximum literary reputation. For most of the younger writers such a decision could not be made. On the other hand, it appeared that few writers who had attained the age of sixty-four 1 would be likely to alter their status in the literary world to any important degree. Hence it seemed quite safe to consider as candidates for the list all authors born before 1851. None of the chief sources used were published after 1900. Inasmuch, however, as no eligible author who was little known before 1900 subsequently sprang into prominence, it seems probable that these sources included the names of all persons who were sufficiently important at the time of the compilation of the roll ( 1 9 1 4 ) to deserve a place on the roll of the thousand foremost American men of letters born prior to 1851. The first preliminary survey gave a total of nearly thirteen hundred names. This entire roll was carefully scrutinized a second time, and the sources again consulted. It was then apparent that some authors had been included 1 T h e list was compiled in 1914. Inasmuch as the latest reference works were consulted, including Who's Who in America f o r 1914-1915, it seems probable that the true rank of each living author was determined with adequate accuracy.

31J

METHOD OF INVESTIGATION

-μ

previously who did not fully measure up to the standard required for admission to the list. The names of authors whose importance seemed doubtful were carefully indicated. A third revision, not less thorough than the others, determined with a considerable degree of certainty what names were to be included in the final roll. Attention naturally centered on names of doubtful importance. To avoid all possibility of bias, however, every name, whether doubtful or not, was carefully considered a fourth time. The final list was found to contain one thousand and six names. The investigator had made no conscious attempt to obtain exactly one thousand names. He had no idea whether he would have nine hundred or eleven hundred names in the final list. Inasmuch, however, as the number obtained was so near one thousand, it seemed desirable to reduce the list to that number to facilitate calculations. The names of five authors of children's stories were finally selected for elimination, because judged to be the least important on the roll. They were found only in Kirk's work, the least important of the sources used. It would have been useless to retain them, for no biographical facts about the authors were available. The other name eliminated was that of a man who never put pen to paper as an author, but who dictated an account of King Philip's war, a narrative valued solely for its historical significance. Since this man was the only person on the list who did that kind of literary work, it seemed reasonable that he should be the sixth person to be dropped from the roll, particularly as there were apparently no other authors who could be considered less important. The facts noted during the compilation of the list of names facilitated division of the literati, during these surveys, into two classes, those of major and those of minor

AMERICAS

32

MEN

OF

LETTERS

[32

importance. This division made it possible to determine whether the more prominent writers were born in circumstances different in kind or in degree from those in which mediocre authors appeared.1 This division was made in accordance with the degree of success which men of letters had achieved, measured, as before, by the diffusion of their works in time and space.* The more prominent authors formed the smaller of the two groups. For convenience its memljers are hereafter designated as men of talent. The minor literati who constituted the other group are called men of merit.* Men of talent were classified as follows: ( 1 ) authors whose works had been translated into foreign languages;* ( 2 ) those writers whose works were very widely read in other English-speaking countries during their lifetime; ( 3 ) writers whose works were read extensively after their 'death : 5 and (4) those literary patrons, librarians, actors, and orators whose reputation endured after their decease. After the final roll had been determined, the desired facts 1

Cf. Odin. o/·, cit.. pp. 374 et seq.

2

Cf. supra, p. ¿5.

3 In making this classification foreign works were consulted, especially Meyers Crosses Conversations-Lexicon (Leipzig and Vienna, 1906), and La Grand Encyclopedic (Paris, no date). This was done in order to discover to what extent the works of the more important American authors were read and esteemed abroad. 4 Exception was made of authors of works of missionary or temperance propaganda, writers of text-books on non-literary subjects, explorers who owed their success as authors chiefly to their subjects, authors of works of special interest to a foreign people because dealing with some phase of their national life or history, and authors whose residence abroad apparently caused the translation of their works. s From this category were omitted those authors whose works were valued chiefly as historical sources, and authors of posthumous works which enjoyed only ordinary success.

33]

METHOD

OF INVESTIGATION

33

bearing upon the nature and nurture of each person on the list were collected. A questionnaire sent to living authors and to the immediate relatives of others met with an unexpectedly cordial reception. One hundred and seventy-five schedules were returned, more than seventy per cent of those sent out. Biographies furnished abundant information in regard to perhaps fifteen per cent of the thousand literati. Facts about the others were gathered from encyclopedias, magazine articles, and various scattered sources. Many facts could not be discovered, but those collected were sufficiently numerous to be representative, and to serve as the basis of significant statistical calculations. 1 When all available facts concerning each author had been collected and recorded on the individual cards, the process of analyzing the data was begun. It was then a simple matter to isolate for consideration any recorded fact, by means of sorting the cards. The results of this analysis and interpretation constitute the subject-matter of the next chapter. ' In the absence of reason f o r believing that the facts collected are biased, there is no statistical error in proceeding to draw inferences from samples chosen by any unprejudiced method. Cf. A . L . Bowley, An Elementary Manual of Statistics (I.ondon, 1910).

C H A P T E R III A N A L Y S I S AND INTERPRETATION

OF D A T A

T H I S study, as has been stated in the preface, was originally undertaken with the intention of making an investigation exactly parallel to that of Odin. The plan was to discover, with respect to American men of letters, whether Odin's contention that nature is much more important than nurture was sustained. It was the belief and hope of the author that the data collected would lend themselves to such interpretation, and thereby be in harmony with Professor Ward's argument for the preponderant influence of environment over heredity, as presented in his interesting work, Applied SociologyAs the work progressed, however, and as the tables on heredity were prepared, it became evident that, in order to reveal the whole truth, methods of manipulating the data which were not used by Odin would have to be employed. Hence it became necessary to scrutinize from as many angles as possible the data which had been collected, instead of simply following the method of analysis which Odin had used.2 Tables were therefore prepared to present the data from many points of view. Sometimes a table was made simply to present facts in a convenient summary. More frequently, however, one was pre1

Lester F. Ward, A ¡¡plied

Sociology

(Boston, 1906).

1

A s a result of this modification of the plan of study, a few tables are introduced in the following pages wnich are quite unlike any presented by Odin. In tne main, however, his method of analysis w a s closely followed. 34

(34

35]

ANALYSIS

AND ¡STERPRETATIOX

OF

DATA

pared in the hope that it would throw some light on the particular phase of the subjcct under investigation. The first table prepared, showing the absolute number of literati born in each decade, is an instance of the first type. This summary was naturally followed by a study of the relative number of men of letters born in each decade. As it was found that the number fluctuated, a search was made for an explanation of the variation. Again, it appeared that certain families and environments had produced unusual numbers of authors. This discovery led to the preparation of many additional tables, which, it was thought, might possibly make clear the reason for the facts observed. Some of these tables were later discarded because they appeared to have no particular significance. The others are presented and discussed in the following pages. Those presented were not originally prepared in the order in which they now stand. They are given in this sequence simply because this seems to be the manner of presentation best adapted to bring out the conclusions which resulted from studying the data in as unbiased a manner as possible. The conclusion to which a consideration of the tables seemed to leid is introduced here in the form of a thesis. It is not an arbitrary dogma to be defended at any cost, nor is it the theory which the investigator expected to find the data sustaining when he began his work. Rather is it a gradually developed conclusion which he felt obliged to accept as the result of his study. The arbitrary form of presentation is therefore used' simply for the sake of definiteness and brevity. This thesis is as follows. In all ranks of American society there have been found men and women of literary ability. Much of this ability has been found in members of the same families, but it has been the monopoly of neither a select group of families nor of a particular nationality strain. This latent ability has

36

AMERICAN

MEN OF LETTERS

[-φ

been brought to light by favorable environmental influences, of which there are two distinct kinds. One kind may be called education, or training, and includes those influences of home and school which are particularly potent during childhood and youth. T h e other kind includes all the remaining elements of environment, especially the ideals and customs of the group in the midst of which one lives. Possession of even the best advantages at home and in school has made possible the development of great authors only when supplemented by this second factor of environment. In short, men of letters have appeared chiefly when the society of their time has appreciated and demanded literature. Without such incentive to write, persons with natural literary ability and adequate training have tended to turn their efforts in other directions. This thesis can be put in the form of a simile, nature being likened to seed and nurture to ground. A combination of either good ground and poor seed or poor ground and good seed will produce a better crop than when poor seed is sown on poor ground. No good crop is ever produced, however, without the use of both good seed and good ground. In like manner gifted children who lack opportunity, and dull children who possess every opportunity, achieve f a r more than dull children who lack favorable conditions of environment. Genius, however, is usually produced only by a favorable combination of innate ability and the two factors of environment mentioned in the preceding paragraph. This thesis is of course only one form of the statement that both nature and nurture are of importance in the development of genius. It is in harmony with the opinions of those sociologists of whom Professor Cooley was quoted as representative in Chapter I. Now that the thesis lias been stated and the method of

37]

ANALYSIS

AND

INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

yj

investigation has been made plain, the data on which the study is based can be presented and discussed. T h e apparent influence of various environmental conditions which seem to have affected the authors studied will first be considered. Reason will next be given for a belief that certain phenomena, explained in this study in terms of nurture, cannot possibly be interpreted chiefly in terms of natural ability, as Galton supposed. T o this extent it will be shown that the results of the study harmonize with the opinions of W a r d . Finally, however, evidence will be submitted for a belief that nurture alone cannot explain the development of American literati, as W a r d believed, and an argument will be made so far in support of Galton's contention as to hold that original nature is at least an important factor in the development of genius. T h u s it will be shown that apparently the theories of both Galton and W a r d are partially right and partially wrong, and that a combination of the two theories, as in the thesis stated above, seems best to accord with the facts as observed. There are nine important environmental conditions which will be considered. T h e y are as follows : ( ι ) social environment, by which is meant the ideals and customs of a group at any given time and place, ( 2 ) geographic environment, ( 3 ) local environment, ( 4 ) education, ( 5 ) economic condition of parents, ( 6 ) occupation of father, ( 7 ) occupation of the literati themselves, ( 8 ) early religious training, and ( 9 ) birth-rank in the family of brothers and sisters. Before these forces of nurture can be considered, however, it is necessary to present a f e w facts about the history of American letters to serve as a background f o r the discussion which is to follow. These facts are presented in Tables I and II. It appears in Table I that the number of literati born increased very rapidly f r o m the time of the American Revo-

AMERICAN

38

MEN

OF

LETTERS

[38

TABLE I DISTRIBUTION

OF

IOOO A M E R I C A N L I T E R A T I B O R N P R I O R T O P E R I O D OF B I R T H

Period .

Number •

Before '!

1701

•1

Ν ! RO

: »Λ *

Ο — ι N PO T>» TV T>» TV R4 ; 3 ; 7 ; 8

1851,

BY

1

O I o1 y ι f

Qi « f\

7

» 0IN 0 I Ox

T*·» T-» T-. TV

8 ¡ i 8 ' 1 4 ^ 4 49!

! ! ¡ ί !

103;

I

122

I

178

!

140'

!

1691

I

137

lution till about 1820. A f t e r that time the absolute number declined, though not at a uniform rate. T h e full significance of the change is brought out in Table II, which shows the relative number of men of letters born in each decade. From Table II it appears that before 1771 there were born on the average in each decade ten literary people per million of white population. This number gradually increased until, during the years 1791-1800, there were produced twenty-three authors per million. This birthrate remained practically constant during the two succeeding decades. Then there was an abrupt change. In the period 1821-30 the relative number of men of letters born was less than sixty per cent of what it had been in the previous decade. This decline continued steadily, till in the last decade recorded the relative number of literati born was less than thirty per cent of the number born in the period of maximum fecundity.' 1 T h e r e are t w o colored literati on the roll. T h e y are included in all studies except those summarized in T a b l e s II, V I I I , and X I V , w h e r e some ratio of white literati to w h i t e population is considered. The f a c t of this exclusion is in each case plainly indicated in discussion of the table. 1 It must be born in mind that, in all probability, the period o f m a x i m u m literary productivity o f an author is normally between f o r t y and sixty years a f t e r his birth. T h u s the literary birth-rate indicates roughly the amount of literary activity a half-century later.

39]

ANALYSIS

AND

INTERPRETATION T A B L E

ABSOLUTE

AND

RELATIVE

R A C E , BORN WITHIN

NUMBERS

OF

Before 1771 1771-80 1781 90 1791-1800 1801-70 1811-20 1821-30 1831-40 1841-50 Total

AMERICAN

LITERATI L I M I T S OF

S T A T E S P R I O R TO 1 8 5 1 , C L A S S I F I E D P E R I O D OF

Period of birth

DATA

II

THE PRESENT TERRITORIAL

NENTAL UNITED

OF

Absolute number

OF

WHITE

CONTIBY

BIRTH1

White population of Number of literati the period in per million of white thousands1 population

68 34 49 ΙΟΙ 118 176 138 163 •33

6.735 s 2,249 3.17° 4.30S 5,801 7,866 10,52z 14,191 '9.375

10 15 •5 23 20 22 13 II 7

980

74.274

«3

1

The eighteen Canadian writers can not be considered in this table, as there was no adequate census of Canada before 1850 on which to base comparisons. The two men of African descent are also omitted. 3 Kor the period since 1790 the figures are taken from the decennial census of the United States. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1909. Table 20. For the period prior to 1790 the figures are based on estimates in or derived from A Century of Population Growth »» the United States. Bureau of Census (Washington, 1909). The very small population figures for mountain and pacific states are omitted to make this table comparable with Table X I I . In estimating the white population for the colonial period it was assumed that, during the entire period prior to the first census, the colored population bore the same relation to the white population in each colony that it did in 1790. This assumption did not entirely accord with the facts, but data on which to base more accurate estimates were not available. As a result of this assumption the period before 1771 was credited with a slightly larger number of literati per million of population than it really deserved. It is extremely unlikely, however, that the error was large enough to change the index figure given for the period even as much as from ten to nine.

• It will be noted that, with the exception of the period before 1771, the number of literati born in each decade was compared with the

AMERICAS

4°

MES

OF

LETTERS

[40

T h e statistics in Tables I and II thus show that the literary activity of the American people has been far f r o m uniform in amount. This fact requires explanation. It is apparently best explained, in accordance with the thesis maintained in this study, in terms of the social environment, the first of the nine environmental conditions which are to be considered. Authors of the first rank disappeared after the Civil W a r because their work seems to have been no longer appreciated. 1 In other words, the social environment had become relatively unfavorable to literary activity. The reason for this change seems to be as follows. During the Reconstruction period the temper of the American people was profoundly altered. It is true that before the W a r the spirit of commercialism was strong, but many people still had leisure which they devoted to serious reading. Later, when all values seemed to be expressed in terms of money, the nation had less time to devote to a seemingly impractical subject like literature. Professor Cooley admirably summarizes the argument for this theory when he says: T h e real cause of literary and artistic w e a k n e s s (in so f a r as it w h i t e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s at t h e e n d o f t h a t d e c a d e . w h i t e p e r s o n in t h e U n i t e d

States was

counted

e a c h d e c a d e at t h e e n d o f w h i c h h e w a s a l i v e . results the same procedure w a s adopted The

population

for

each

decade

was

small

to be

s i g n i f i c a n t , it

seemed

T o obtain and

Since these

best to

T h e number of

combine

the

1771.

number

figures

the

of

comparable

f o r the period p r i o r to

estimated,

l i t e r a t i b o r n in t h e p e r i o d w a s r e c o r d e d . the e n t i r e c o l o n i a l p e r i o d .

Each

in t h e p o p u l a t i o n

of

were

too

estimates

for

literati born in the

period

b e f o r e 1771 w a s o f c o u r s e f o u n d by a d d i n g the n u m b e r s b o r n in e a c h decade

of

decade was period. 1

the

period.

summed,

Only

Likewise

the

estimated

to give a comparable

thus could significant

figures

population

population be

figure

for for

decline

in

literature.

1820, a n d c o n t i n u e d till t h e c l o s e o f t h e p e r i o d

the

obtained.

T h e m a r k e d f a l l in the b i r t h rate o f l i t e r a t i t o o k p l a c e p e r h a p s

years b e f o r e the corresponding

each

studied.

It

began

fifty after

4

!j

ANALYSIS

AND

INTERPRETATION

OF

DATA

exists) I take to be chiefly the spiritual disorganization incident to a time of rather sudden transition. . . . No matter how gifted an individual may be, he is in no way apart from his time, but has to take that and make the best of it he can ; the man of genius is in one point of view only a twig upon which a mature tendency bears its perfect fruit \ n y ripe development of productive power in literary or other art implies not merely capable individuals but the perfection of a social group, whose traditions and spirit the individual absorbs, and which floats him up to a point whence he can reach unique achievement. The unity of this group or type is spiritual, not necessarily local or temporal, and so may be difficult to trace, but its reality is as sure as the principle that man is a social being and cannot think sanely and steadfastly except in some sort of sympathy with his fellows. There must be others whom we can conceive as sharing, corroborating and enhancing our ideals, and to no one is such association more necessary than to the man of genius. . . . no doubt such questions afford ground for infinite debate, but the underlying principle that the thought of every man is one with that of a group, visible or invisible, is sure, I think, to prove sound ; and if so it is indispensable that a great capacity should find access to a group whose ideals and standards are of a sort to make the most of it. 1 A m o n g other significant facts in the history of American letters which seem to be explained in the light of this proposition better than by either the theory of Galton or of W a r d there are seven which are particularly worthy of notice. T h e first appears in Table III. F r o m this table it is evident that f r o m colonial times to the period at which this study ended, there was a fairly steady decline in the proportion of literati of superior achievement, called men of talent. It seems probable that the same influences which 1

Cooley. Social Organization,

pp. 162 et seq.

42

AMERICAN MEN OF LETTERS

caused fewer potential men of letters to devote themselves to authorship had an especially strong effect on men of exceptional ability. It is apparently reasonable to assume that men of genius are more dependent upon their environment than are others, for, as Cooley remarks : " being thinnerskinned, they are more suggestible, more perturbable, and TABLE

III

M e n of m e r i t M e n ol

talent

Total merit Total talent Talent, per

cent

1

00

ON Ν

43

24

.3° 14

6S

22 3

6S

9

I

33

Ν

31

78 32

127 28

I

1

12

I

II

0 Τ Ν

00

9.

97 34

86 22

641

20

3'

26

112

3

7

3

29 8S9

00 26

0 1

3 2

2

44

96

I 10

5

7

12

23

23

«.V 3«

108 29

ι6

22

2.

S

1

SS

3

I

4

3

io

7

10

'3

46 22

2S 9

33

70

89

'39

33

33

39

32

26

27

22

16

33

32

1.7

I I I • 28 1 1 2 2 29 4 « S 21

24

18

Total.

Ì

ftss

W o m e n of m e r i t W o m e n of t a l e n t Total Men Total W o m e n

á

1771

or-ngi

1

oi-iogi

Before Rank

1831-40

American L i t e r a t i C l a s s i f i e d bv Sex and by R a n k , by P e r i o d of B i r t h

218

141

«4·« 7S3 247

24.7

peculiarly in need of the right sort of surroundings to keep their delicate machinery in f r u i t f u l action ".* Presumably the best potential American authors, those endowed with the finest sensibilities, were the persons whose sensitive minds were most ready to give up the pursuit of letters when conditions became unfavorable. Thus the fact that the relative number of literati of talent began to decline 1 F o r method of assignment of an individual to the rank, talent o r merit, see p. 3 1 .

' C o o l e y , op. cit.,

p. 165.

43]

ANALYSIS

AND

INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

43

while the absolute number of authors was still increasing, is probably to be explained on the ground that the men of superior ability were the first to sense the baneful influence of approaching philistinism. T h e second of the seven noteworthy facts which seem best explained as due to changes in the social environment is presented in Table I V . This table shows that the decline T A B L E

AMERICAN

L I T E R A T I C L A S S I F I E D BY

FIELD o r CHIEF ACTIVITY AND

OF

Chief Field of Activity *

IV

Before

2

;

8

0

0

1

ι

r r o 00

' 7 7 »

r

i

Patrons Librarians Actor« Oratore Publiciati.... Narrator*.. · · Erudite Popularizert • Speculative · · Proie writer« Poet» Dramatists... Total .

•••I 5 . 2 ι

3

1

6

3

I

2

9

ι

' 4

3

I

5

5 ι "

' 3

17 8 2

2 I

ι

68

2

9

3 4

j 4 9

1

6

'

5

:

'5

'2

| ' ° 3

6

3 3

10

:

»

* 4

;

5

7 1

5

:

7

7 0

1 5

i

!

26

1 6

3 °

I 38 8 ! 6 I O ! 1 2 ! 10 i t i 1 7 Ì! 21 30

3 »

!

4 0

3 I

1

«

3

10

2 ;

13 I

1 0

I

1

¡

2

Total

t

....

3

ι ι

4 I 6

10

7

ι

3

PKBJOD

BIRTH.1

3» 3 5 I 38

!

« 5 7

4 7

• β

4

- I -

1178 140 169

3

¡ . 3 7

249 5 0

166 '3» ' 5

1000

of American letters was not manifest in all kinds of literature. T h e number of authors diminished in nine of the twelve fields of literary activity under consideration, but the number of actors, dramatists, and prose writers did not 1 In the compilation of this table each author was counted only in that field of activity in which he seemed to have attained the greatest distinction. 1

The exact character of these classes is defined on pages 31-22.

44

AMERICAN

MEN

OF

LETTERS

[44 1

decline during the last few decades studied. The theory advanced above readily explains this apparent exception to the general tendency. Activity increased in the three kinds of work which were in harmony with the spirit of the time. This activity furnished what the people demanded. The environment being favorable, the number of literati in these three fields naturally tended to increase. The third noteworthy fact, discovered from data not here presented, is that in these three fields in which activity was increasing, apparently because of greater popular interest, there was not a growing proportion of literati of talent compared with those of merit. It might seem that, according to the theory that when literature is in popular favor conditions stimulate the production of literary genius, an increase in the number of men of talent in these fields should have been expected. In reality, however, such an increase would not harmonize with that theory, while the decline in the ranks of men of talent observed is quite in accord with it. This paradox is explained as follows. In the first place, it must be remembered that, at the time when the authors born in the latter decades studied were writing, popular taste in fiction and the drama was not at all what it had been several decades previously. Even the attitude of the public toward the players had changed. People did not then have, as formerly, enduring interest in an actor. T h e desire of the public was for the recent. " Popular " books were lauded, and it was not fashionable to read books 1 These facts were further verified by the results of another analysis in which the method of procedure served as a check to the one used in compiling Table IV. In this case each litterateur was counted once for every line of activity in which he had achieved distinction. Results differed so little f r o m those noted in Table I V that it seemed needless duplication to pr'nt even the summaries. It is quite evident that literary activity declined at approximately the same rate as did the number of literati.

45]

ANALYSIS

AND

INTERPRETATION

OF

DATA

45

which had been tested by time. Popular taste was also provincial, rather than catholic It did not care for literature which was universal in its appeal, but preferred that which dealt with matters of local and transient interest. This provincialism may well account for the small number of writers of talent in the later decades of the study. Authors of merit merely produced what the people would read. It was a poor literature which could not command a foreign audience, or even hold the attention of Americans for any length of time. In other words, popular taste had by its very nature made it increasingly difficult for a litterateur to win recognition as a man of talent, though comparatively easy for a man to attain the rank of a man of merit. The fourth significant fact to be noted in connection with the theory under consideration is given in Table V, which contains an analysis of the fields of activity of literary women. The table shows that women did considerable TABLE AMERICAN

V

L I T I K A F Y W O M E N CLASSIFIED BY F I E L D o r C H I E F ACTIVITY AND P E R I O D OF B I R T H

Chief Field of Activity

Before '77'

Λ

i

¿5 ~

I Ö i I CO

Patroni Librarians .. • Actor* Orators Publicists Narrators.... Erudite Popularizers.. Speculative • . Prose writers Poets Dramatists... Total

o O O > j S ι η

Tota]

-

! 00

¡ ι I t 6 10 6 7

'7 9

3 i 5 5 4

26

20 1

i 2 ; 23 : 23 - 38 ¡ 39

i 61 30

M·

AMERICAN

46

MEN

OF

LETTERS

[46

work in popularizing, in poetry and in prose writing. These were the fields of literary activity which the public seemed to consider most appropriate for women. It is noteworthy that, during the last few decades considered, the number of literary women increased only in the fields of acting and prose writing, two of the three fields in which the number of men also increased. The fifth of the series of facts best understood in the light of the theory of the influence of the social environment is given in Table VI. The authors are here classified, by period TABLE VI AMERICAN LITERATI CLASSIFIED AS o r

O N E , T W O , OR T H R E E OR MORE

FIELDS OF A C T I V I T Y , BY PERIOD OK B I R T H . '

Period of birth

i C-3 Oo ; si c

1*

Total

S

S

ν % O

Per cent literati in the μ

3 "0 ». Before 1771 . . . . 1771-80 1781-90 1791-1800 1801-10 1811-20 1821-30 1831-40 1841-50— . . . .

Of two field* Of three or more fields*

U


9 20 20

'S 25 12

II

9 9 6 4 7

of birth, as of one, two, or three or more fields of activity. It appears that in the period 1841-50 there were relatively 1 When the percentage figures in this table are added on horizontal lines the totals will not in every case equal 100 because of cumulative error. T h e inaccuracy, however, is slight.

47]

ANALYSIS

AND

INTERPRETATION

OF

DATA

far fewer literati of two or more fields than at any previous time in American history. This decline may have been either a temporary fluctuation or a real tendency due to the same influence which caused the decline in the number of men of letters in general. If it was the manifestation of a real tendency, it can perhaps be explained by the supposition that the more versatile potential literati found it easy to adapt themselves to unfavorable conditions, and were therefore the first to give up the pursuit of letters. The sixth fact of this series is brought out in Table VII, which shows the field of chief activity of authors born in the various groups of states.1 These figures speak for TABLE AMERICAN

OF

Field of chief activity '

ρ Λ υ

Narrators Popularirers Speculative Poets Dramatists Total

..J.... ... ! 3 ..- ! 6

2< S 6 14 10 Π V 25 »5 30 6Q 61 I

Ι 18 487

2 6 M 3 '7 32 47 80 12 54 40 IO

REGION

BIRTH

,1s i l 1? .ro «üe I n tS.fc I . 4> '^ 5 2 < ιλ r; ; u »- υ W 0

I *cïe

Librarians Orators

VII

L I T E R A T I CLASSIFIED BY F I E L D OF C H I E F ACTIVITY AND

I ... 1 2 1 5 i 7 IO 6 15 11 3 I 21 '7 2

¡16 ; 99 ! 15

O 1 * S ; - s Sol !

S ° « D

10 23 33 24 71 70 157 249 SO 166 132 «S

4 · 6 ]·

s;

II 3 13 8 ι 4

ί !• I

Total

....

1000

53 , i

1 When a man of letters had distinguished himself in several fields he is noted in Appendix Β as belonging in all of them. In these tables, however, he is countcd only in that one in which he h a d achieved the greatest distinction.

- T h e exact character of these classes is defined on pages 21-22.

48

AMERICAN

MEN

OF LETTERS

[48

themselves. Calculations not given in the table show further that in all but one subject New England produced more literati, in proportion to population, than did any other group of states. The lead was particularly marked in the classes of patrons, librarians, publicists, and speculative writers. The Middle Atlantic states produced in absolute numbers more dramatists than all the other groups combined, and relatively more than any other single group. The absolute number of actors and narrators credited to them was also larger than that of any other group, though relatively New England had the lead. T h e South Atlantic states showed their greatest relative strength in the class of orators, where they ranked above the Middle Atlantic states, though still far below New England. 1 These differences are readily explained by the same principle which explained the decline, in the country as a whole, of all but three fields of letters.2 No doubt the mark of approbation or ban of disapproval set by a group upon any particular form of literary activity has tremendous influence in stimulating or retarding activity of this sort. This fact may well explain the predominance of New England in the fields of patrons, librarians, publicists and speculative writers, fields which seem more characteristic of the Puritan than does the drama, in which the Middle Atlantic states held the lead. Finally, in the seventh place, Table III shows a fact not mentioned when the table was previously discussed, namely, that the number of literary women increased fairly steadily from colonial times to the end of the period studied. Ap1 These facts were still further confirmed by a separate analysis in which each litterateur was counted once for each field in which he had achieved distinction. The general results were so similar to those shown in Table VII that it seemed unnecessary to print them. 2

Cf. supra, p. 40.

49j

ANALYSIS

AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

49

parently the chief explanation f o r this increase in the literary activity of women is to be found in the gradual removal of the ban so long placed upon feminine activity of any kind not intimately associated with the home, church or school.

In other words, a changed social

environment

seems to have been the thing essential to the development of literary women.

It is possible, however, that the diver-

sion of masculine effort to non-literary fields also affected the situation to some extent. This series of tables has brought forth three conclusions regarding the influence of the social environment.

It ap-

pears, in the first place, that literati were chiefly developed in groups of states where the kind of literature which they produced was in high popular esteem ( T a b l e V I I ) .

In

the second place, it seems that, in the country as a whole, authors appeared most frequently and showed the greatest skill and versatility when their contemporaries were in sympathy with their work (Tables 1 to V I ) .

Finally, it

seems apparent that a favorable environment was essential to the development o í literary women ( T a b l e I I I ) .

Thus

all these α inclusions seem tu furnish .substantial reasons f o r a belief in the great power of group ideals and customs, the social environment, over the development of American men of letters. This ends the discussion of the subdivision, social environment.

T h e next of the nine topics under the general

subject, environment, is that of the influence of the geographic environment. presented.

Under this topic five tables will be

These show that, in proportion to population,

different sections of the country varied greatly in the number, rank and versatility of their literary sons and daughters.

Reason will be given, however, f o r believing that geo-

graphic environment was not of prime importance in the production of American literati, but was simply correlated with other factors of far greater significance.

AMERICAN

5o

MEN

OF

LETTERS

[SO

TABLE VIII A M E R I C A N L I T E R A T I C L A S S I F I E D BY S E X AND BY

R A N K , BY S T A T E OR PROV-

INCE OF B I R T H , TOGETHER W I T H T H E R E I A T I V E FECUNDITY IN L I T E R A T I OF EACH S T A T E OR PROVINCE

I

Men

Women

Region of birth

e j: ,t¡ υ ~ !3 ι S

1 1 Nova Scotia i 5 New Brunswick 4 ; Quebec 2 ; Ontario ! 3 ! Maine ! 35 New Hampshire...., 33 | Vermont ! 17 Massachusetts 148 Rhode Island | 7 Connecticut ¡ 67 New York ¡141 New Jersey j 16 Pennsylvania ¡ 48 Delaware ; 2 1 Maryland 22 District of Columbia ! 4 Virginia i 20 North Carolina· . . . . | 4 South Carolina \ 7 Georgia i 9 Alabama ¡ 1 Mississippi ; ι Kentucky j 8 Tennessee ¡ I Louisiana ! 1 Arkansas .... Ohio ;' 15 Indiana ! 7 Illinois · 2 Michigan | 5 Wisconsin 3 2 Missouri Unknown ι ! Total

Total

! *

2 8 8 10

I 4

I S 8

6 3 .3 3

4 3 7 7 3 12 8

I

4 S 2 36

I

60

50 1 c/5 55 J X I 2 ; I 2 ; 2

8 I1 ' 9 : 12 ! 11 17

•2

1

3 !

80

c

υ Cu

CÛ

1

m

»




" S

S k o Ü.

Andover, Mass.

judge

A.B.

I

Qulncy, Maes. Washington, D. C. Boston, Maes. Philadelphia, Pa. Ryberry, Pa.

lawyer cooper planter

A.B. H.S. G.S.P. A.B.P.

w I Ρ w

farmer

A.B.

Andover, Maes. Brooklyn, Ν. Y.

e

A

'S «

1 fc.

§ Cong.

7

Prot. Unit.

1 β 7

e β ce

•¿

Cong.

2+

blacksmith

A.B.

Cong.

3

merchant clergyman

A.B. O.S.P.

P.E. Bapt.

9 8

publicist

A.B.

blacksmith

G.S.P. A.B.

Insurance

A.B.

planter farmer army officer

A.B. A.B. O.S. P. G.S.P.

surgeon

A.B.

ship-owner

H.S.F

lawyer

A.B.

5+

London, England.

Havana, Cuba.

Nephew, H. T. Tuckerman, 1813

Cambridge, Mass. Pawtucket, R. I. Hyde Park, Ν. Y. York, Ont. Cambridge, Mass.

Son, W. W. Story, 1819

Greencastle, Ind. UermantoWB, Pa. Bennington, Vt. Salem, Mass. Baltimore, Md. Boston, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Andover, Mass.

Nephew, W. E. Channlng, 1815

planter physician physician Daughter, E. S. Phelps, 1815

Washington, D. C.

farmer lawyer [ surveyor [ planter farmer

Washington, D. C. MarshQeld, Mass. Tarrytown, N. Y.

Nephew, T. Irving, 1800

merchant

Daughter, E. P. Prentiss, 1818

clergyman

Northampton, Masa. Philadelphia, Pa.

A.B. A.B.

I

P.E.

W

P.E.

2

3

+

Ρ Cong.

11

Cong.

10

2

W I W

P.E.

W

P.E.

ι

A.B.

I

Pres.

4

A.B.

I

Prot.

10

9

H.S.

ΛΥ

Pres.

11

11

I

Con«.

A.B. A.B. A.B. P.

A.B.

Hopklnton, Mass. Portland, Me.

ε

Ι

o*

+ + + +

2+ 3+

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

9+

1+ β

Friend Daughter, H. N. W. Baker. 181S Daughter, H. B. Stowe, 1811

Auburn, Ν. X. Washington, D. C. Wilmington, Del. Boston, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. Boston, Mess.

β Ή 2 4

A.B.

Α. Β clergyman post-master-

{

general, business

5_|~

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

13 3+ 11

*+ 2+

3+

12

?+ 1 7 7 4

11

9 β

«+ 5

8

9

APPENDIX

ιι6

Bom 1784 1784 1784 1786 1785

Died 1873 1859 1805 1849 18/2

Xame Savage J . Walsh R. • Worcester J . Ii Appleton D. Cartwright P.

1785

1800

1785 1785

1873 1848

Β

[

Plerpont J.

Occupation banker editor author publisher clergyman clergyman

p. pop.

Litchfield, Conn.

• Spring G. • Wheaton II.

clergyman lawyer

pop. erud.

Newburyport, Mass. ProTldence, It. I.

Literary Fieldê erud. pun. erud. pop. lib. narr.

Place of Birth Boston, Maes. Baltimore, Md. Bedford, Ν. Π. Haverhill, Mass. Amherst Co., Va.

1785

1842

• Woodworth S.

1780

1871

Coggeswell J. (J.

1788

1851

Jarvls 8. F.

1780

1853

Norton A.

1780

1807

Sargent L. M.

1787

1858

Andrews E. A.

1787

18C0

Clark T.

1787

1879

Dana R. Π.

lawyer

pr. p.

Cambridge, Mass.

1787 1787 1787 1787

1853 18007 1806 1858

Edwards J. Gordon Ύ. F. Hale S. Leelie E.

clergyman lawyer clerk of court

pub. pop. erud. pop. pr.

Weathampton, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Alstead, Ν. II. Philadelphia, Pa.

1787

1870

• Willard H.

pop.

Berlin, Conn.

1788

1857

Blake J . L.

1788 . 1879 1788 18G4

Hale S. J. Marsh J.

journalist ί teacher \ librarian clergyman I professor \ scholar temperance worker ( educator I author

educator I clergyman \ author author clergyman

P·

Scltuate, Mass.

lib.

Ipswich, Mass.

erud.

Mlddletown, Conn.

pub. erud.

Illngham, Mass.

pub.

Boston, Mass.

pop.

New Britain, Conn.

pop. erud.

Lancaster, Pa.

pop. erud.

Norchwood, N. 11.

pop. p. pop.

Newport, Ν. Π. Weatlrersfleld, Conn.

178»

1857

Col ton C.

clergyman

pub.

Longmeadow, Mass.

1780

1858

• Comstock .1. I..

physician

pop.

Lyme, Conn.

1789

1851

• Cooper J. F.

author

pr. erud.

Burlington, N. J.

1789 1789 1789

1838 186» 1805

Farmer J . Felt J. B. Oould U. F.

historian historian

erud. erud. P·

Chelmsford, Mass. Salem, Mass. Lancaster, Mass.

1789

1867

Ilawes J .

clergyman

pop.

Medway, Mass.

1789

1841

Illllhouse J . A.

author

New Haven, Conn.

1789

1858

J « j W.

Judge

P· pub.

1789 1789

1807 186G

• Sedgwick C. ÌI. • Sparks 1.

educator clergyman

pr. pop. erud. pop.

Stockbridge, Muss. Wllllngton, Conn.

1790

1847

• Everett A. H.

diplomatist

spec. erud. pr.

Boston, Mass.

1790

1868

• Force P.

historian

erud.

Passaic Falls, N. J.

New York, Ν. Y.

APPENDIX

117]

Place of Death Boston, Mass. Paris, Prance. Cambrldgeport, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. near PleasantPIalns, 111. Medford, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. Dorohester, Maes. New York, Ν. Y. Cambridge, Mass.

Father's Literary Relatives

farmer Grandson, J. P. Morgan, 1835 Nephew, F. C. Woodworth, 1812

West Roxbury, Mass.

Son, C. E. Norton, 1827

Troy, Ν. Y.

te

A.B. A.B. A.B. H.S.P.

V £

£ I

κ o ö í

Ç 11

P

Μ.E.

A.B. A.B.

I w

farmer

H.S.P.

Ρ

clergyman

Λ.Β.

I

A.B.

I

A.B.P. A.B.

Cong.

11

3

4

4

P.E.

3+

3+

Cong.

Youngest

w

Cong.

7

farmer

I

Cong.

3

Son, R. H. Dana Jr., 1815

Sister, A. H. Phelps, 1793

A.B.

6 7

3

14 5

3 1

+

17

16

+

2+

+

5

+

7

G.S. H.S.P.

weaver

A.B.

I

Cong.

12 12

Hartford, Conn.

Macao, China. Washington, D. C.

I

2+

G.S.

«

farmer

A.B.P.

P.E.

farmer

G.S. A.B.

Prot.

8+

11 1

4

7+

—

—

Niece, M. J. Holmes, 1834

Brother, E. Everett, 1794

+ +

Unit. Cong.

Cong.

Roxbury, Mass. Cambridge, Mass.

10

I

I

Son. J. Jay, 1817

β 4

w

U.S. A.B.

Bedford, Ν. Y.

β

A.B.

clergyman

New Hav«n, Conn.

7

+ + + +

A.B.

Philadelphia, Pa. Brooklyn, Ν. Y.

Gllead, Conn.

+ +

lawyer

A.B.

Daughter, S. F. Cooper, 1813

»+

0

farmer

II.S.P.

Brother, W. Oolton, 1797

ν •o 3 β 4

R.C.

farmer

Concord, Ν. II. Salem, Mass. Newburyport, Mass.

+

+ + + + +

5+

farmer

Oooperstown, Ν. Y.

s s

9

Cong.

Orange, N. J.

Savannah, Ga.

o

>a£

R.C.

clergyman merchant

Philadelphia, Pa. Bath Alum Springs, Va. Beverly, Ν. .T. Somervllle, Mass. Gloucester, N. J.

β o 3

A.B.

merchant

New Britain, Conn. Boston, Mass.

ιιγ

A.B.

Mlddletown. Conn. Newport, R. I.

Occupation t judge merchant

Β

A.B.

Ρ

A.B.

I

publicist

A.B.

w

P.E.

5

4

lawyer farmer

H.S.P. A.B.

\v Ρ

Cong.

7

6

clergyman

G.S.

I

Cong.

2+

G.S.

I

+ + +

7

—

+

4

+

2+

ii8

APPENDIX

y α-m e

Occupation

[ιι8

Β

Born

Died

1790

1862

Goodrich Ohas. A.

clergyman

pop.

Rldgefleld, Conn.

1790 1790 1790 1791

1860 18G7 1861 1857

Goodrich Chaun. A. • Hal leck F. G. Turner S. H. • Brown G.

professor bank clerk clergyman teacher

pop. p. erud. pop. erud.

New Haven, Conn. Qullford, Conn. Philadelphia, Pa. Providence, R. I.

1791

1883

* Cooper P.

manufacturer

pat.

New York, N. Y.

1791

1839

Hayne R. Y.

publicist

or.

S t Paul's Parish, S. C.

1791 1791 1791

1859 1865 1875

Olmsted D. * Bigourney L. H. Sprague C.

East Hartford, Conn. Norwich, Conn. Boston, Mase.

1791

1871

• Tlcknor G.

pop. pop. narr. pr. p. Ρerud.

1792

1857

Blrney J. G.

publicist

pub.

Danville, Ey.

1792

1875

Finney C. G.

clergyman

pop. pub.

Warren, Oonn.

1792 1792 1792

1868 1852 1868

Mitchell S. A. * Payne J. H. Smith S.

teacher dramatist journalist

pop. p. dram, pr.

Bristol, Conn. New York, N. Y. Buckfleld, Me.

professor author bank cashier J professor ^ author

Literary Fields

Place of Birth

Boston, Mass.

1792

1844

Stone W. L.

1793

1863

Bailey R. W.

1793 1793

1834 1879

Bedell G. T. • Carey H. C.

1793

1860

• Goodrich S. G.

1793

1S«8

1798 1793

1864 1876

1793

1884

1793

1864

* Schoolcraft H. R.

1794

1878

• Bryant W. C.

1794

1882

Dewey 0.

1794

1865

• Everett E.

1794

1888

Oilman C. H.

1794

1880

Hal lock W. A.

1794

1861

Lewis A.

P·

Lynn, Mass.

1794

1871? Morse S. E.

journalist

pop-

Charlestown, Mass.

1794

1867

editor

pop.

Marlboro, Mass.

erud.

New Peliti, Ν. Y.

pop.

North Yarmouth, Me.

pop. spec. pub.

Staten Island, Ν. Y. Philadelphia, Pa.

author

pop. pr.

Rldgefleld, Conn.

Hall J.

judge

narr. pop. pr.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Hitchcock E. Neal J.

educator lawyer

pop. pr.

Deerfleld, Mass. Portland, Me.

Phelps A. H.

teacher

pop.

Berlin, Conn.

Packard F. A.

Journalist f clergyman \ teacher clergyman eoonomlst

ethnologist j editor \ poet clergyman publicist j head of tract ( society teacher

narr.

Watervllet, Ν. Y.

Ρ·

Cummlngton, Maes.

spec. pop.

Sheffield, Mass.

or.

Dorchester, Mass.

narr. p.

Boston, Mass.

pop.

Plalafleld, Mass.

APPENDIX

119]

Β e

Place of Death Hartford, Conn.

Literary

Father·» Occupation

Relativet

Brother, S. Q. Goodrich, 1793 merchant clergyman teacher brewer hatter

New York, Ν. Y. Nephew, P. II. Hayne, 1830

farmer

New Hav«n, Conn. Hartford, Conn. Beaton, Mass.

educator

Beaton, Mass. ι \ f \

Eagleewood, N. J. Oberlln, O. Philadelphia, Fa. Tunla, Africa. Patchogue, Ν. Y. Saratoga Springs, Ν'. V. HantsTllle, Tex.

New York, Ν. Y.

clergyman

3

u

£

e $

£

A.B. O.S. A.B. A.B.P.

I I Ρ

P.K. P.E. Friend

G.S.P.

I

H.S.

I

A.B. H.S. H.S.P.

I

Cong.

A.B.

w

Cong.

w

P.B.

I

Cong.

A.B.P. A.B.

I

Prot.

H.S.P.

Ρ

Cong.

Ρ I

P.K.

I

Cong.

A.B. business publisher

Baltimore, Md. Philadelphia, Pa.

«

manuf'turer A.B. banker hotel H.S.P. proprietor teacher

Son, W. L. Stone Jr., 1835

Ό

« e

A.B.

New Haven, Conn. Guilford, Conn. New York Ν. Y. Lynn, Mass.

Asbevllle, N. C.

S

Brother, Chas. clergyman A. Goodrich, 1790 Mother, f U. S. S. Hall, 1761 \ marshall farmer

A.B. O.S.

H.S.P.

I

Pres.

A.B.P. O.S.

I

Cong. Friend

farmer

H.S.P.

I

A.B.P.

I

New York, Ν. Y.

f factory \ supt. physician

A.B.P.

I

Pres.

Sueffleld, Mass.

farmer

A.B.

I

Cong.

clergyman

A.B.

I

Cong.

A.B.

Ρ

Cong.

sear Cincinnati, O. Amtierst, Maas. Portland, Me. Baltimore, Md.

Sister, E. Willard, 1787

Waahlngton, D. C.

Boaton, Mass. Waahlngton, D. C.

Brother, A. H. Everett, 1790

New York, Ν. Y.

shipwright clergyman

Lynn, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. Philadelphia, Pa.

P.E. H.S.

Father, J. Morse, 1761

clergyman

A.B.

I

Cong.

clergyman

A.B.

I

Cong.

APPENDIX

I20

Born

1794

Died

1863

• Robinson E.

1794

1849

Tappan W. B.

1794

1843

• Ware H. Jr.

1795 Î 1845 1820

• Drake J. R.

1795

1869

Harper J.

1795 1795 1795 1795 1795 1795 1796

1870 1869 185« 1875 1870 1868 1828

Kennedy J. P. Peabody G. Perclval J. G. Sprague W. B. Stewart C. S. * Thompson D. P. • Bralnard J. G. C.

1796

1867

» Bulflnch T.

1796 1796 1796 1796

1859 1872 1865 1859

Bush G. • Caitlin G. • Hallburton T. C. • Mann II.

1796

1881

• Palfrey J. G.

1859

ι ^ ( \

professor scholar Sunday-school —orker clergyman

• Preecott Y>. H.

1896

1865

• Waylaod F.

1797

1867

Antuon C.

1797

1851

Oolton W. Hodge C.

Literary

[ 120

Fieli»

Place of Birth

erud. narr. pop.

Sou thington, Conn.

p.

Beverly, Mase.

pop.

Hlngham, Mass.

P·

MedforU, Mass.

physician

P·

New York, N. Y.

publisher

lib.

Newtown, N. Y.

pr. pat. P· pop. erud. narr. pr. P·

Baltimore, Md. Danvera, Mass. Berlin, Conn. Anderer, Conn. Flemington, N. J. Charlestown, Maes. New London, Conn.

* Brooke Μ. 0.

1795

1796

Occupation

Name

Β

publicist banker geologist clergyman clergyman lawyer editor j bank clerk 1 business clergyman ant 1st judge educator ι clergyman ( author historian ι clergyman \ educator teacher

pop-

Boston, Mass.

spec. erud. pop. narr. pr. pop. pub.

Norwich, Vt. Wllkesbarre, Pa. Wtneor, N. 8. Franklin, Mass.

erud.

Boston, Mass.

erud.

Salem, Mass.

pop. spec.

New York, N. Y.

pop.

New York, N. Y.

naval chaplain

narr.

Rutland, Vt.

educator

pop. spec.

Philadelphia, Pa.

editor educator author

pop. pat pr.

Burlington, N. J. Auckland, Mass. near Niagara Falls, Ont.

Smith R. C.

teacher

pop.

Franklin, Conn.

1797

1878

1797 1797 1797

1870 Llttell E. 1849 Lyon M. 1863? Richardson J.

1797

18—

1797

18o2

Ware W.

clergyman

pr.

Hlngham, Mass.

1797

1882

Weed T.

journalist

pub.

Cairo, N. Y.

1798

1859

Alcott W. A.

author

pop.

Walcott, Conn.

1798

1863

• Balrd R.

clergyman

erud. pub.

Fayette Co., Pa.

1798

1885

Barber J. W.

historian

erud. pop.

Windsor, Conn.

1798

1870 1842

* Barnes A.

clergyman

pop. erud.

Rome, N. Y.

P·

Bath, Me.

1798

Clarke McD.

APPENDIX

121 ]

Place oí Death

Literary Relative»

Father'e Occupation Γ farmer \ clergyman

New York, Ν. Y.

Β

§ §

I. 0

««>

A.B.

W

Cong.

Ρ

West Needham, Mass. Kramlngham, Mase. Matanzas, Cuba. New York, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y. Newport, H. I. London, England. Hazel Green, Wis. Flushing, Ν. Y. Oooperstown, Ν. Y. ifontpeller, Vt. New London, Conn.

Father, II. Ware, 1764

( clergyman J professor

Grandson, C. DeKay, 1848 Brother, ( carpenter F. Harper, 1806 \ farmer merchant physician farmer farmer Judge

A.B.

1

H.S.P.

I

H.S.

Ρ

O.S.

Μ.E.

A.B. O.S. A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B.

Pres.

Boston, Mass.

A.B.

Rochester, Ν. Y. Jersey City, N. J. Islesworth, England. Yellow Springs, 0 .

A.B. G.S. A.B. A.B.

farmer judge farmer I shlp\ chandler lawyer

Cambridge, Mass. Boston, Mass.

I I

Bapt.

A.B.

I

Cong.

physician

A.B.

I

farmer

A.B.P.

I

Bapt.

A.B.

I

Unit.

G.S.P.

Ρ

A.B.

physician

A.B.

Princeton, N. J .

, Ü. S.

Cambridge, Mass. New York, N. Y. Auburndale, Mass. Tonkers, N. Y. New Haven, Conn. Philadelphia, Pa. New York, N. Y.

Μ.Ε. Prot. Oong.

W

clergyman

Brookllne, Mass. South Hadley, Maas.

W I Ρ

A.B.

Nerw York, Ν. Y.

Brother, C. Colton, 1789 Father, A. A. Hodge, 1823

Prot.

A.B.

i'rovidence, R. I. Philadelphia, Pa.

Unit.

Nephew, R. Smith, 1829 Father, ( clergyman H. Ware, 1764 \ professor carter Cousin, farmer A. B. Alcott, 1709 Son, farmer C. W. Balrd, 1828 tenner

G.S. A.B. A.B.

Ρ

Pres.

122

APPENDIX

[l22

Β

Born

Died

Name

1768

1879

Dix J. A.

army officer publicist

narr.

Boac&wen, Ν. H. Pittsfleld, Ν. H.

Occupation

Literary

Field»

Place of Birth

1798

1875

Drake S. G.

bookseller

erud.

1798

1866

Hawks F. L.

erud. pop.

Newbei-iie, N. C.

1798

1888

nickok L. P.

spec.

Danbury, Conn.

1798

1868

Noyée G. R.

clergyman clergyman educator clergyman

erud.

Newbury port, Mass.

1798

1872

Olney J.

author

pop.

Onion, Conn.

1798 1798 1798 1798 1798

1869 1866 18o4 1879 1877

Parker K. G. • Roe A. S. Spencer I. S. Tuthill L. C. Wilkes C.

teacher merchant clergyman author naval officer

pop. pr. pr. pop. pop. pr. narr.

Boston, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. Rupert, Vt. New Haven, Conn. New York Ν. Y.

1799

1888

Alcott A. B.

teacher

spec.

Walcott, Conn.

1799 1799

1856 1877

• Choate R. French B. F.

lawyer historian

or. erud.

Ipswich, Maas. Richmond, Va.

1799

1836

Lowell J.

merchant

pat.

Boston, Mass.

1799

1873

• Mac Ilvalne C. P.

pop.

Burlington, h'. J.

1799

1879

• Malcom H.

pop. narr.

Philadelphia, Pa.

1799 1799 1799

1841 1847 1870

Hellen G. Peabody W. B. 0 . Placide H.

clergyman clergyman educator lawyer clergyman actor

Ρ· erud. act.

Biddeford, Me. Exeter, Ν. H. Charleston, S. C.

1799

1873

Schmucker S. θ.

1799

1854

Smith R. P.

1799

1872

Upham T. C.

1799

1875

• Walker Α.

1799

1876

Waterbury J. Β.

clergyman Journalist author. professor merchant manufacturer clergyman

pop.

New York, Ν. Y.

1799

1864

• Winslew Η.

clergyman

pop.

Willlston, Vt.

1800

1891

• Bancroft G.

historian

erud.

Worcester, Mase.

1800

1866

Burton W.

pop.

Wilton, N. H.

1800

1872

Colwell S.

philanthropist lawyer merchant educator educator author actor

spec.

Charlestown, Va.

1800

1876

Durbln J. P.

1800

ls59

Frost J.

1800 1800

1871 1856

Ilackett J. II. Heuts C. L.

1800

1880

Lenox J.

1800

1889

Mahan A.

merchant clergyman educator

pop.

Hagerstown, Md.

dram.

Philadelphia, Fa.

spec. erud. pop. p.

Deerfleld, Ν. H.

spec.

North Woodstock, Conn.

narr.

Bourbon Co., Ky.

pop.

Kennebunk, Me.

act. pr. pat.

New York, N. Y. Lancaster, Mass.

pop. spec.

Vernon, N. Y.

New York, N. Y.

APPENDIX

123]

Place of Death New York, Ν. Y. Boston, Mow. New York, Ν. Y.

Father't Relatives Occupation Son, merchant M. Dir, 1827 Son, farmer S. A. Drake, 1833

Literary

Amberai, Mass. Cambridge, Maas. Stratford, Conn. Windsor, Conn. Brooklyn, Ν. Y. Princeton, N. J . Washington, D. C. Concord, Mass. Haltfax, N. S. New York, Ν. Y. Bombay, India. Florence,Italy.

farmer Daughter, E. W. 0 . Kirk, 1842

Uncle, J . Lowell, 1769

Gettysburg, Pa. Palls of Schuylkill, Pa.

Washington, D. C. Salem, Mass.

A.B.

fc. 5

P.E.

9

o

I

8

I

farmer

A.B.

Ρ

Pres.

clergyman

A.B. H.S. A.B.

I

P.E.

I

11

10

β

4

4

1

H.S.P. larmer

G.S.P.

I

P. E.

farmer

A.B. H.S.

I

Pres.

merohant

A.B.P.

w

lawyer

A.B.

I

Son, S. M. Smucker, 1823

lawyer judge gymnast

A.B. A.B.

clergyman

A.B.P.

1

2

I I I

5

Son, W. C. Window, 1840 Father, A. Bancroft, 1755

A.B.

Ρ

+

1

Luth.

A.B. "Blacksmith

Cong.

*+ 3

A.B. 3

A.B. clergyman

A.B.

farmer

A.B.

farmer

A.B.

New York, Ν. Y.

farmer

A.B.

Jamaica, Ν. Y. Marlenna, Fla. New York, Ν. Y. Eastbourne, England

Cong.

GS.

Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa.

I

«e β es 4

Ρ

New York, Ν. Y.

Willis ton, Vt.

i β

=»

A.B.P.

North Brookfield, Mass. Brooklyn, Ν. Y.

Α.Β.P.

o t.

e .2 El "S «

s

A.B.

Philadelphia, Pa. New York, Ν. Y. Springfield, Mass. near Babylon, Ν. Y.

e o ν υ a •sj 6ä

A.B.

farmer Daughter, L. M. Aloott, 1832

123

Β

A.B.

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + ++ + +

s y 2 S o 7 2

8

+

!+

8

4

5 5 2 3

+

5

0 2 2

+

3

+ +

+

Unit.

13

8

+

0

M.E.

5

1

5

I

Pres.

2

w

Pres.

1

+ + + +

I

A.B. A.B.P. -army-offlcer merchant A.B.

«et o Τ à S3

1

—

4

3

+

APPENDIX

124

[124

Β

Born 1800 1800 1800 1801 1801

Died 1865 1873 1885 1843 1888

Name Potter A. • Todd J. Tyng S. H. Clark J. A. Hazard R. G.

Occupation clergyman clergyman clergyman clergyman manufacturer

Literary Fields pop. pop. pop. pop. narr. spec.

Place of Birth La Grange, N. Y. Rutland, Vt. Newburyport, Mass. Pittsfleld, Mass. Peacedale, R. I.

1801

1880

J a u n t y S. M.

clergyman

erud.

Loudon Co., Va.

1801

1864

Kirkland

1801 1801

1865 1882

Lynch W. F. • Mare h G. P.

naval offleer diplomatist

narr. erud. pop.

Norfolk, Va. Woodstock, Vt.

1801

1872

Seward W. 11.

publicist

or.

Florida, N. Y.

1801

1834

Stone J. A.

actor

dram.

Concord, Maas.

1801

188»

Woolsey T. D.

educator

pop.

New York, N. Y.

1802

1859

Burnap G. W.

clergyman

pop.

Merrimack, N. H.

1802

1876

• Buahnell II.

clergyman

«pec. pop.

Litchfield, Conn.

1803 1802 1802 1802

1880 1869 1891 1887

• Child L. U. Cleveland C. D. Conant T. J. Dix D. L.

professor professor philanthropist

1802

1896

Furnees \V. 11.

clergyman

pub. pop. pr. pop. erud. poppop. pub.

Medford, Mass. Salem, Mass. Brandon, Vt. Hampden, Me.

1802

1887

Hopkins M.

educator

1802 1802 1802

1877 1867 1887

Lewis T. • Morris G. P. Read H.

1802

1876

Upham C. W.

1803

1879

• Abbott J.

1803

1854

Bird R. M.

C. M. S.

1803

1876

* Brownson 0. A.

1803 1803

1889 1856

Calvert G. H. • Cusblng L. S.

1803

1882

* Emerson R. W.

1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803

1885 1878 1848 1895 1863 1869 1878

Lunt G. Mac Inioth M. J. Mackenzie A. 8. Morris J. G. Newcomb II. Owen J. J. Rupp I. D.

1803

1877

Sabine L.

autbor

educator journalist clergyman f clergyman \ publicist f clergyman educator physician ι clergyman \ journalist author lawyer < clergyman \ author lawyer author naval officer clergyman clergyman professor teacher ( trader I gov't official

New York, Ν. Y.

Boston, Maes.

pop.

Stockbridge, Mase.

pub. p. pop.

Northumberland, Ν. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Newfane, Vt.

erud.

St. John, Ν. B.

pop. erod. pr.

Hallowell, Me.

pr.

Newcastle, Del.

spec. pub.

Stockbridge, Vt.

p. pr. erud. spec. or. pub. p. pop. pr. P· pr. narr. erad. pop. pop. pop. erud.

Prince Oeorge Co., Md. Lunenburg, Mass. Newburyport, Mase. Sunbury, Ga. New York, N. Y. York, Pa. TheUord, Vt. Oolebrook, Oenn. Cumberland Co., Pa.

erud.

New Lisbon, N. H.

Boston, Mass.

APPENDIX

125]

Β

125 8

Place of Death San Francisco, Cal. Ptttsfleld, Mass. lrvlngton, Ν. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. I'eacedale, R. I.

Literary

Relativet

Loudon Co., Va. New Tork, Ν. Y.

Son, J. Klrkland, 1830

Baltimore, Md. Vallombrosa, Italy.

Father'» Occupation farmer physician

•β Κ! A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B. manuf'turer G.S. ( farmer H.S.P. \ miller

Ρ W

a; Friend Cong. Friend Friend

fc, as g β

6 7

11 9

11

a 5 S)

+ + +

fc> 7 9

+

3

+

2

3_L

publisher lawyer ( merchant \ physician

Auburn, Ν. Y.

o 5

+

2+

+ +

2

11

Cong.

6

A.B.

W

Prot.

6

A.B.

W

Pres.

7

+

I

Cong.

6 C

+ +

±

2+

3

+ +

4

A.B.

5

Philadelphia, Pa. New Heyen, Conn.

Uncle, T. Dwlght, 1752

merchant

A.B.

Baltimore, Md. f larmer \ wool-carder baker clergyman manuf turer

Hartford, Conn. Wayland, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Brooklyn, N. Y. Trenton, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Wllllametown, Mass.

Son, Η. Π. Furness, 1833 Ooueln, S. Hopkins, 1807

I I W I

Bapt.

A.B.

I

Cong.

A.B. O.S. A.B. Judge

Salem, Mass.

Philadelphia. I'a.

H.S.P. A.B. A.B. O.S. A.B.

Schenectady, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Somervllle, N. J.

Farmlngton. Me.

A.B.

Brother, J. S. C. Abbot, 1805

A.B.

r dealer In A.B. lumber lands A.B.P.

3 3

I

+

+

4 Cong.

7

Pres.

3_|-

3-|_

Cong.

0

2

farmer

U.S.

Ρ

Newport. R. I. Boston. Mass.

plajiter lawyer

A.B. A.B.P.

I

Concord, Mass.

clergyman

A.B.

I

Boston. Mass. Morrlstown, N. 3. Tarrytown, N. Y. Lutherrllle. Md. Brooklyn, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa.

merchant lawyer merchant surgeon farmer

A.B. U.S. H.S.P. A.B.

farmer

A.B. O.S.

Uoston. Mass.

clergyman

G.S.

15 S

I

Detroit, Mich.

10

+ +

»+ *

+

2+

W 3+

Ρ

Μ.Γ.

APPENDIX

126

Born

Died

1804

1859

1804 1804

Harne

Occupation

Β

Literary

[ì26

field*

Place of Birth

Alexander J. W.

clergyman

pop.

1864

• Hawthorne N.

author

pr.

Salem, Mass.

1885

Williams W. R.

clergyman

pop-

New York, Ν. Y.

Louisa Co., Va.

1805

1877

• Abbot J. S. C.

clergyman

pop. erud.

Brunswick, Me.

1805 1805 1805 1806

1876 1886 1863 1879

Baker A. R. • Bartlett J. R. Blake W. R. • Garrison W. L.

clergyman publicist actor journalist I publicist \ author conchologlst

pop. pop. erud. act. pub.

Franklin, Mass. Providence, R. I. Halifax, N. S. Newbury port, Mass.

erud.

New Orleans, La.

1805

1895

Gayarreé Ε. Α.

1805

1866

Gould Α. Α.

1805 1805 1805

1890 1879 1889

Hedge F. Η. Martyn 8. T. Sanders C. W.

1805

1844

* Smith J.

1805

1852

• Stephens J. L.

1805

1881

Tappan H. P.

1805 1806 1806 1806

1887 1878 1863 1872

• Walker J. B. Adams N. Embury E. C. • Forrest E.

1806

1877

Harper F.

1806 1806 1806 1806

1884 1878 1S53 1899

Hoffman C. F. Hoyt R. Logan C. A. McLellan I.

1806

1870

• Slmms W. G.

1806

1893

Smith E. 0.

1806

1867

• Willis N. P.

1807

1886

Adams C. F.

1807 1807

1885 1834

Alden J. Chandler E. If.

1807

1890

Cheever G. B.

1807

1898

Fay T. S.

1807 1807

1862 1865

• Felton C. C.

clergyman j diplomatist \ author educator

• HUdreth R.

1807

1887

Hopkins S.

clergyman lawyer ( religious \ leader lawyer t clergyman ^ educator clergyman clergyman actor publisher editor clergyman actor lawyer f editor \ author editor Γ lawyer \ publicist professor author

pop.

New Ipswich, Ν. H.

pop. pr. pop-

Cambridge, Mass. Hopklnton, Ν. H. Newport, Ν. T.

pub.

Sharon, Vt.

narr.

Shrewsbury, N. J.

spec.

Rhlnebeck, Ν. Y.

spec. pop. pub. p.

Philadelphia, Pa. Salem, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. Philadelphia, Pa.

act. lib.

Newtown, Ν. Y.

narr. p. p. dram, p.

New York, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y. Baltimore, Md. Portland, Me.

pr. p.

Cnarleston, S. C.

pr. p.

North Yarmouth, Me.

narr. pr. p.

Portland, Me.

erud.

Boston, Mass.

pop. p.

Cairo, Ν. Y. Centre, Del.

pop.

Hallowell, Me.

pr·

New York, Ν. Y.

pop.

West Newbury, Mas*.

journalist

erud. pub.

Deerfleld, Mass.

clergyman

erud.

Hadley, Mass.

APPENDIX

127]

Plaoe of Death Red Sweet Spring, Va. Plymouth, Ν. H. New York, Ν. Y. Fair Haven, Conn. Dorchester, Mass. Providence, R. I. Boston, Mass. New York, Ν. Y.

Father't Literary Relative» Ocoupatlon Father, A. Alexander, 1772 Son, J. Hawthorne, 1846 Brother, J. Abbott, 1803

Cambridge, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y. Carthage, 111.

clergyman

A.B.

shipmaster

Harrisburg, Pa. New York, Ν. Y. near Wheeling, W. Va. Greenport, Ν. Y.

New York, Ν. Y.

I

Cong.

3

clergyman A.B. dealer In lumber lands A.B. farmer A.B. G.8.

I

Bapt.

physician bank clerk Brother, r farmer J. Harper, 1795 \ carpenter judge

merchant Bister, S. P. W. editor Parton, 1811 Father, J. Q. f lawyer Adams, 1707 \ publicist

§ « 2

I

Cong.

7

I

Cong.

7

Bapt.

5

4 o

G.S.P. A.B.

w

R.C.

A.B.

I

Prot.

8

A.B. H.S.P. G.S.P.

I I Ρ

Unit. Pres. Bapt.

8

G.S.P.

Ρ

Pres.

9

2

2

11

A.B.

Ρ

A.B. A.B.

Ρ

Pres.

G.S.P.

Ρ

Prot.

7

5

G.S.P.

I

M.B.

6

6

A.B.P. H.S. A.B. A.B.

I

G.S.

farmer ( printer \ publisher

Englewood, N. J. Berlin, Germany.

+ + + + + + + + + + + +

Η

2

+ +

Ρ

2

A.B.

I

Cong.

9

2

A.B.

I

Unit.

3_|_

3

I

Friend

3

3

Ρ I

Cong.

+

+ + +

A.B. H.S.

Chester, Pa.

A.B.

Florence,Italy. Cousin, M. Hopkins, 1802

clergyman

A.B. A.B.

14

I

H.S.

O.S.

« o χν S

+ + + + + +

R.C.

A.B.

Tecumseh, Mich.

Northampton, Mass.

i

A.B.

Hollywood, N. C.

Boston, Mass.

» 7

•f farmer

Charleston, S. C. Cornwall, Ν. Y.

Οι

A.B.

Wheaton, 111.

New York, Ν. Y.

3

e S

I

Vevay, Switzerland.

Philadelphia, Pa.

e w

δ Pres.

New York, Ν. Y.

Brooklyn, Ν. Y.

«>

£

ί farmer L teacher professor clergyman blacksmith ¡ farmer < teacher

Boston, Mass.

e o o ο

127

§

shipmaster

New Orleans, La.

Β

3

+

1

+

7

128

Born

APPENDIX

Name

Occupation Journalist

[128

Β

Literary Fields

Place of Birth

1807

Died 1864

1807

1882

• Longfellow H. W.

professor

p. pr.

Portland, Me.

1807 1807 1807 18087 1808 1808 1808

1847 1898 1892 1867 1892 1891 1880

Neal J. C. Sawyer L. A. • Whittler J. G. * Aldridge I. Barrett B. F. Beardsley E. E. Boardman H. A.

journalist clergyman journalist actor clergyman clergyman clergyman

pr. pop. erud. p. pub. act. pop. prud. pop.

Greenland, Ν. H. Pinckney, Ν. Y. Haverhill, Mass. Dresden, Me. Stepney, Conn. Troy, Ν. Y.

1808

1825

Davidton L. 11.

P·

Platteburg, Ν*. Y.

1808 1808 1808 1808 1808 1808 1808 1808 1808

1890 Day H. N. 1894 Gallagher W. D. 1860 Gray A. 1879 H11 lard G. S. 1887 Palmer R. 1850 • Prentiss S. 8. 1854 Reed H. 1880 * Ripley G. 1895 • Smith S. F.

pop. P. pop. narr. pop. P· or. pop. pop. p.

New Preston, Conn. Philadelphia, Pa. Townsend, Vt. Machlas, Me. Little Compton, it. I. Portland, Me. Philadelphia, Pa. Greenfield, Mass. Boston, Mass.

Kendall O. W.

1809

I860

Alezander J. A.

1809 1809

1885 1865

* Arthur T. S. Conant H. 0. C.

1809

1894

Edwards T.

1809

1887

Fowler O. S.

1806

1894

• Holmes 0. W.

1809

I860

* Ingraham J. H.

1809

1880

Irving T.

1809 1809 1809 1809 1809 1809 1809 1809

1865 1894 1891 1849 1877 1859 1852 1894

1810

educator journalist professor lawyer clergyman lawyer professor literary critic clergyman < clergyman ^ professor editor

Darr,

Amherst, Ν. H.

, U. S.

erud. pop.

Philadelphia, Pa.

pop.

near Newburgh, N. Y.

POP-

Denvers, Maas.

clergyman

pop.

Hartford, Conn.

phrenologist

pop.

Cohoeton, N. Y.

p. pr.

Cambridge, Maes.

f physician \ author educator

pr. pop.

Portland, Me.

teaoher

erud.

New York, N. Y.

* Lincoln A. Lord J. Pike A. • Poe Ε. Α. Semmee R. Spooner S. Welbv Λ·. Β. Winthrop Κ. C.

publicist author army officer editor naval officer dentist

or. pop. Ppr. p. narr. erud. p.

publicist

or.

Hardin Co., Ky. Portsmouth, Ν. Π. Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. Charles Co., Md. Brandon, Vt. St. Michael's, Md. Boston, Mass.

1879

Burritt E.

publicist

pop. pub.

New Britain, Conn.

1810 1810

1873 1888

Clark L. G.

editor clergyman

pr. pop.

Otisoo, N. Y.

1810

1858 1889 1881

1810 1810

• Clarke J. F. Conrad R. T. Gilbert J. G. Gouldlng F. R.

lawyer actor clergyman

pop. erud. spec. dram. act. pr.

Hanover, Ν. II. Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Midway, Ga.

APPENDIX

129]

Place ot Death Oak Spring, Tex. Cambridge, Maes. Philadelphia, Pa. Wlilteeboro, Ν. Y. Hampton Falls, Ν. H. Lodez, Poland. New Haven, Conn. Philadelphia, Pa. Plattsburg, Ν. T. New Haven, Conn. Loulavllle, Ky. Brooklyn, Ν. Y. Boaton, Maes. Newark, N. J. near Natchez, Ulsa. Ait sea New York, Ν. Y. Boston, liase. Princeton, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Brooklyn, Ν. Y. Detroit, Mich. near Sharon, Conn. Boaton, Mass. Bolly Springs, Miss. New York, Ν. Y. Washington, D. C. Stamford, Conn. Washington, D. C. Baltimore, Md. Mobile, Ala. Plalnfleld, N. J. Louisville, Ky. Boston, Mass. New Britain, Conn. Plerpont, N. Y. Jamaica Plain, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Boswell, Ga.

Father'» Literary Relattvet Occupation Brother, S. Longfellow, 1819

lawyer clergyman farmer farmer

Sister, M. M. Davidson, 1823

physician

Judge shipmaster lawyer merchant Father, A. Alexander, 1772

clergyman

Β

8 a

Ό « G.S.P.

A.B. H.8.P.

carpenter business •f· merchant mechanic merchant f farmer \ shoemaker physician publisher clergyman

Cong. I

Friend

A.B. A.B. A.B.

W

H.8.P.

I

Prot.

I

Prot.

I I I

Cong. Gong.

I

Prot.

I

Pres.

I

Bapt.

I

Pres.

I

Oong.

Ρ I

Cong.

A.B. H.S.P. A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B. O.S. P.

Uncle, W. Irving, 1783

a -3 S Unit.

A.B.

clergyman

Great-grandfather, J. Edwards, 1703 lawyer Brother, L. N. Fowler, 1811 Father, A. clergyman Holmes, 1763

o S w

A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B. G.S.P. A.B. A.B.P. A.B.P. A.B. A.B.

w

A.B.

w P.E.

H.S.

I

Cong.

O.S. A.B. H.B.*. H.S.P. A.B.

I I I I

Cong. Prot. Pres.

I30

APPENDIX

Born

Died

1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810

1888 1877 1850 1860 1876 1892

Warn* O r · ; A. n a r t J. S. Of oli if. F. • Parker T. Sears F.. II. Sears It. Smith Μ. H.

1870 1872 Spalding M. J. 1864 Tlcknor W. D. 1885 51 Toombs R. 1000 Barnard H. 1800 Bowen F. 1887 Bitot W. G. 1896 Fowler L. N. 1811 1807 Gordon W. R. 1811 1872 • Greeley H. 1811 1883 Greene G. W. 1811 1882 James H. 1811 1877 Jones J. 8. 1811 1893 Kip W. I. 1811 1850 Otgood F. S. 1811 1872 Portón 8. P. IF. 1811 1893 Peabody A. P. 1811 1891 Pendleton J. U. 1811 1884 • Phillips W. 1811 1892 Porter N. 1811 1896 · · Slotrc B. B. 1811 1882 Street A. B. 1811 1874 * Sumner C. 1811 1891 Thomas J. 1812 1894 • Curtis G. T. Dltson G. L. 1812 1810 1810 1810 1811 1811 1811 1811

1812 1812

1880 1906

Frothingham R. Irving J. T.

1812 1899 Mac Keller T. 1812 1895 Mayo W. S. 1812 1893 Murdoch J. E. 1812 1885 • Prime S. I. 1812 1883 Stephens A. H. 1812 1901 Thompson A. C.

Occupation professor professor clergyman clergyman author ( journalist 1 clergyman clergyman publisher publicist educator professor r clergyman 1 educator phrenologist clergyman journalist professor author r actor \ physldan clergyman

clergyman clergyman philanthropist i clergyman \ educator author librarian publicist author lawyer author

Β

[130

Literary Field*

Place of Birth

pop. pop. narr. pr. pub. or. pop. spec. p. pop. pop. pub. pub. erud. pop. lib. or. pub. spec. erud. pop. pop.

Paris, Ν. Y. Stockbridge, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. Lexington, Mass. Sandisfleld, Mass. St. John, Ν. B.

pop. spec. pub. pub. erud. erud. spec. dram. pop. Ρpr. pop. pub. pop. or. pub. pop. epec. pub. pr. P· or. pub. erud. pop. erud. narr.

journalist lawyer

erud. narr.

type-founder author actor editor publicist clergyman

Ρ· pr. act. narr. pop. pub. or. pop.

Portland, Me. Rolling Fork, Ky. Lebanon, Ν. II. Wilkes Co., Ga. Hartford, Conn. Charlestown, Mass. New Bedford, Mass. Cohocton, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y. Amherst, Ν. H. Bast Greenwich, R. I. Albany, Ν. Y. , U. S. New York, Ν. Y. Boston, Mass. Portland, Me. Beverly, Mass. Spottsylvania Co., Va. Boston, Mass. Farmington, Conn. Litchfield, Conn. Poughkeepsle, Ν. Y. Boston, Mass. Cayuga Co., Ν. Y. Watertown, Mass. Westford, Mass. Charlestown, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y. Ogdeneburg, Ν. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Ballston, Ν. Y. near Crawfordsvllle, Ga. Goshen, Conn.

Literary

Relative«

Father Oocupation farmer tanner farmer lawyer farmer farmer

Cambridge, Mane. Philadelphia, Pa. At sea Florence,Italy. Weston, Mass. Toronto, Ont.

o «* β o a Ό Eq H.S.

iτ

A.B. H.S. A.B. A.B. G.S.

Ρ I Ρ I I

Religion

Place of Death

Β

Fortune

APPENDIX

Pres. Unit. Cong. Cong.

Brooklyn, Ν. Y. Baltimore, Md. Philadelphia, Pa. Washington, G a. Hartford, Conn. Boston, Maes.

fanner planter farmer

Pass Christian, Miss. West Orange, N. J.

merchant Brother, O. S. Fowler, 1809

Manhasset, Ν. Y. Pleaaantrille, Ν. Y. Bast Greenwich, R. I. Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. San Francisco, Cal. Hlngham,.Mass.

Son, W. James, 1842 Brother, L. Kip, 1826

A.B.P. G.S. A.B. A.B. A.B. A.B.

I I

R.C. Bapt.

w Ρ

Unit.

A.B. farmer

A.B. G.S. Α.Β.Γ.

Ρ

Cong.

real estate

A.ft.

w

Pres.

H.8. banker

A.B.

w

merchant Brother, N. P. Willis, 1800

editor

n.s.

I

Cong.

Boston, Mass.

teacher

I

Unit.

Boston, Mass.

Judge

A.B. A.B.P. A.B.

w

Cong.

New Heven, Conn.

clergyman

A.B.

I

Cong.

clergyman

A.B.

I

Cong.

lawyer laiwyer engineer

H.S. A.B. A.B. A.B. H.S.

I I I

H.S.P.

I

Brooklyn, Ν. Y.

Hartford, Conn.

Father, Γ,. Beecher, 1775

Albany, N. Y. Washington, D. C. New York, N. Y. Charles town, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. New York, N. Y. Cincinnati, O. Manchester, Vt. Atlanta, Ga.

Uncle, W. Irving, 1783

lawyer

naval officer H.S.P. H.S. bookbinder physician A.B. A.B. farmer A.B.P.

Univ. P.E.

A.B. Ρ

I

w

Pres. Pres.

APPENDIX

132

Bom

1812 1812

Λ'am β Died 1888 Warren W. 1886 Wells W. H.

1812

1850

Woodworth Κ. C.

1813

1900

Bar toi O.A.

1813

1887

• Beecher H. W.

1813 1813

1883 Brooks C. T. 1881 Coles A.

Ocoupation

actor educator 1 printer 1 author clergyman

Freeport, Me.

clergyman physician

PP· narr.

Salem, Mass. Scotch Plains, N. J.

p. pop. erud. or. act. pop. erud. pop.

Alexandria, Va. Utlca, N. Y. Blddeford, Me. Brandon, Vt. Boston, Mass. Charlemont, Mass.

p. pub. pub. pr.

Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Westhampton, Mass. Portland, Me.

erud.

Heek man, N. Y. Gloucester, Mass. Derby, Conn.

Cooper 8. F.

author

Cranell C. Γ. Dana J. D. Deane C. Douglas 8. A. Baton C. H. Olles C.

artist professor merchant publicist actor clergyman

1813

1897

Ileadley J. T.

author

1891

Losging Β. J. Sargent E. • Stephens A. 8.

1813

1871

• Tuckerœan Η. T.

ISIS 1880 1813 1B05 1414 1873 1814 1880 1814 1900 1814 1877

Colchester, Conn. Lltchaeld, Conn.

1894

1880 1886

pop.

Place of Birth

Philadelphia, Pa. Tolland, Conn.

or. pub. pop.

1892 1896 1889 1801 1842 1893

1813

Field*

clergyman

1813 1813 1813 1813 1813 1813

1813 1813

Literary

act. pop.

[132

pop.

1813

1813 1874 Hirst H. B. 1813 1882 Howe J. B. 1813 1H63 JuddS. 1813 1901 Kellogg K.

Β

lawyer clergyman clergyman j engraver \ author author author

Scarsdale, N. Y.

Walton, N. Y.

author

pop. pr. p. dram. pr. narr. pr.

• Very 3. Wlllson M. • Brodhead J. H. Chapín E. II. Oodman J. Darenport E. I,.

author historian clergyman shipmaster actor

p. pop. erud. pop. narr. act.

Salem, Mass. West Stockbridge, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Union Village, N. Y. Dorchester, Mass. Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass.

Boston, Mass.

1814

1894

Ellis O. E.

clergyman

erud.

1814

1888

Gay S. II.

erud.

Hlngham, Mass.

1814

1877

Ilosmer W. H. 0.

1856 1886 1S77 1872

I/ubbell Sí. S.

P. pr. erud. pop. erud. lib. pop.

Avon, N. Y.

1814 1814 1814 1814

journalist J lawyer ( gov't official

Oxford, Conn. Cornwall, Vt. Dorchester, Mass. Brunswick, Me.

1814

1890

Shlllsber B. P.

1814

1882

Smith E. P.

1814

1863

Yancey W. L.

Hudson H. N. • Motley J. L. Putnam Ü. Γ.

author hlstorlsn publisher f editor \ suthor Jurist 1 journalist \ publicist

pr.

Portsmouth, Ν. II.

spec.

New York, N. Y.

or.

Warren Co., Ga.

APPENDIX

133]

Β O

Place of Death Boston, Mam. Chicago, 111. At sea Boston, Mass. Brooklyn, Ν. Y. Newport, R. I. near Monterey, Cal. Cooperstown, Ν. Y. Cambridge, Mass. New Haven, Conn. Cambridge, Maes. Chicago, 111. Pittsburgh, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Newburgh, Ν. Y. rhlladelphla, Pa. Lima, Ind. Augusta, Me. Dover Plains, Ν. Y. Boston, Mass. Newport, Β. I. New York, Ν. Y. Salem, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y. Boston, Mass. Canton, Pa. Boston, Mass. New Brighton, Ν. Y.

Father's Literary Relatives Occupation actor

8 3 •β «β H. S.

«

e w o t. I

e

I

te

as

Uncle, 8. Woodworth, 1785 Father, L. Beech er, 1773 Pather, J. F. Cooper, 1789

Brother, P. C. Headley, 1819

A.B. clergyman

A.B.

Ρ

Pres.

journalist

A.B. H.8.

I w

Unit. Bapt.

I

P.E.

A.B. A.B. H.S. H.S.P.

I I I I

Cong. Unit.

author jurist merchant physician farmer

A.B.P. clergyman merchant clergyman merchant fanner

Uncle, J. Tuckerman, 1778

A.B. I

A.B. A.B. A.B.

I

Cong.

G.S.P.

Ρ

Friend

A.B.P. manuf'turer H.S.

I

A.B.P.

w

A.B. A.B. A.B. clergyman H.S. artist A.B.P. clergyman hotel-keeper II.S. ' merchant A.B. shipowner lawyer A.B.P.

Ρ

shipmaster

Avon, Ν. Y.

lawyer

A.B.

North Stonlngton, Conn. Cambridge, Mass. near Dorchester, Eng. New York, Ν. Y. Chelsea, Mass. Rochester, Ν. Y. near Montgomery, Ala.

physician farmer merchant lawyer

A.B. A.B. G.S. G.S.P. A.B.

lawyer

A.B.P.

I I w Ρ

D.lt. Cong. Cong.

I I

Cong. I

Bapt.

APPENDIX

134

Born

Died

Name

Occupation

Β

Literary Fields pr. pop.

[134

Place of Birth

1815

1893

Baler Η. N. W.

1815

1891

Barrows W.

clergyman

erud.

New Bralntree, Masa.

1815

1882

• Dana R. H. Jr.

lawyer

narr.

Cambridge, Mass.

1815 1815 1815 1815 1815 181ο 1815 1815

1896 1852 1890 1873 1857 1891 1890 1887

* Dorsey A. H. Downing A. J. Flagg HiFoster J. W. * Griswold R. W. Kidder D. P. Lester C. E. • Pettingiii J. II.

author horticulturist journalist geologist author clergyman author clergyman

pr. pop. pr. pop. pop. narr. erud. spec.

Georgetown, D. C. Newburgh, Ν. Y. Wlscasset, Me. Brlmfield, Mass. Benson, Vt. Darlen, Ν. Y. Griswold, Conn. Manchester, Vt.

1815

1853

» Phelps E. 8.

pr.

Andover, Mass.

1815

1877

Smith Η. B.

clergyman

spec. pop.

Portland, Me.

1815

1897

Stevens A.

clergyman

erud.

Philadelphia, Pa.

erud. pop.

Philadelphia, Pa.

1816

1889

• Alllbone S. A.

1816

1850

Cooke P. P.

1816 1816 1816

1876 1899 1878

• Cushman C. S. Daly C. P. Duycklnk E. A.

Anderer, Maes.

business ( lawyer ^ author actress Judge author

p.

Marteneburg, Va.

act. erud. erud.

Boston, Mass. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y.

1816

1889

Dwlght B. W.

educator

erud.

New Haven, Conn.

1816 1816 1816 1816

1861 1881 1904 1841

Eastman C. G. Fields J. T. Godwin P. Hooper L.

editor publisher journalist

p. narr. p. pr. pop. P·

Fryeburg, Me. Portsmouth, N. H. Paterson, N. J. Newburyport, Mass.

historian

erud.

New Haven, Conn.

lib. pr. narr. lib. act. p.

Lebanon, Me. Plalnfleld, N. H. Jullustown, N. J. Marlboro, Mass. Hlghgate, Vt.

pop.

Hyde Park, N. Y.

pr.

Natchez, Miss. New Haven, Conn.

1816

1893

Howe H.

1816 1816 1816 1816 1816

1868 1892 1886 1897 1887

Jewett C. C. • Kimball R. B. IJpplncott J. B. Proctor J. • Saie J. G.

1816

1898

Spencer J. A.

1816 1817

1877 1888

Warfteld C. Α.. Barnes A. S.

publisher

lib.

1817

1891

Blgelow J.

journalist

erud.

Maiden, N. Y.

1817

1895

Douglass F.

philanthropist

pub. narr.

Talbot Co., Md.

1817

1894

Jay J.

lawyer

pub.

New York, N. Y.

1817 1817

1854

Jiuison E. C. Mathews C.

author

prpr. dram.

Eaton, N. Y.

narr. p.

Concord, Mass.

1817

1889 1862

* Thoreau H. D.

librarian lawyer publisher a« tor lawyer ( clergyman \ professor

author author

Port Chester, N. Y.

APPENDIX

135]

Β

135 β o

Place of Death Brooklyn, Ν. Y. Rome, Italy.

Literary Relative* Father, L. Woods, 1774

New York, Ν. Y.

Father, B. H. Dana, 1787

lawyer clergyman nurseryman

Father, M. Stuart, 1780

Lucerne, Switzerland.

Montpeller, Vt. Boston, Mass. New York, N. Y. Brooklyn, N. Y.

Hamilton, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Concord, Mass.

+

β

A.B.

I

Unit.

4

Prot.

+ + + + + +

6

I I

clergyman

H.S. A.B. A.B.

clergyman

A.B. A.B.P. A.B.

5 2

5

Unit.

I

9 7-1-

lawyer

I

merchant carpenter publisher

G.S. O.S. A.B.

Ρ Ρ I

merchant

A.B.

I

clergyman shipmaster merchant r publisher i book-seller clergyman

A.B. H.S. A.B. H.S.P.

Ρ I Ρ I

M.E. Unit. Pres. P.E.

H.S.

Ρ

Cong.

surveyor

A.B.

{ Father, W. Jay, 1789

S o

merchant farmer merchant Judge

P.E.

+ +

3+

+

2+

+

B.C. P.E.

5 2 2

1 1 1

*+ 7

7

3

—

_L

+ + + +

β 2 5

3+

A.B. A.B. H.S.r.

2+ 2 8

+

2+

+ + +

S

H -

I

G.S.P.

I

Pres

2+ 5

A.B.

I

Pres.

5

G.S.P.

Ρ

M.E.

A.B.

w

P.E.

7

H.S.P. A.B.

Ρ

Bapt.

β

5

Ρ

Cong.

4

3

pencil maker A.B.

3+ 0

M.E. Cong.

A.B.P.

Anaoostla, D. C.

S l.

9

A.B.

near Louisville, Ky. Brooklyn, N. Y.

e "g

Cong.

A.B.

Passaic, N. J.

New York, N. Y.

•κ 5 e¡

I

A.B.

Grandfather, T. Dwlght, 1752

Bralntree, Mass. New York, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass. Albany, N. Y.

«Cl

Λ

ì β

Γ merchant i sup't. 1 Brother, J. E. Cooke, 1830

Columbus, 0.

e 'S

o fc.

clergyman

Boston, Mass. Sag Harbor, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Clinton, Ν. Ϋ.

A.B.P.

A.B.

San José, Cal. Clark Co. Va.

clergyman

s -w W

A.B.

Washington, D. C. near Yonkers, Ν. Y. Fairfax Co., Ta. Chicago, 111. New York, Ν. Y. Evanston, 111. Detroit, Mich. New Haven, Conn. Boston, Mass.

Father's Occupation

δ •S

-

+ + + + + + —

10 8 5 β 1

APPENDIX Β

136

Name

Occupation

Literary Field»

Place of Birth

Born

Died

1817

1882

Tomes R.

1818 1818

1882 1907

Bennett D. R. M. Burr E.

1818

1801

Channlng W. E.

author

1818 1818

1896 1869

Coxe A. C. Cozzene F. S.

clergyman merchant

p. pub. pop. pr.

Mendhom, N. J . New York, N. Y.

1818

1891

DeLeon E.

diplomatist

narr.

Columbia, S. C.

professor

pop. pop. erud. pr. spec. narr.

Staten Island, N. Y. Sodus Point, N. Y. New Brunswick, N. J . Boston, Mass.

erud.

Albany, N. Y.

pop. erud. pop.

Watervllle, Me. Aurora, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa.

( physician I author editor clergyman

erud.

New York, N. Y.

pub. pop.

Springfield, N. Y. Green's Farms, Conn. Boston, Maes.

1818 1818 1818 1818

1897 1877 1891 1888

Drisler Η. «Met E. F. Hill T. Jarvea J . J .

1818

1852

Jenkins J . S.

1818 1818 1818

1909 1881 1887

Mathews W. * Morgan L. H. Peterson C. J .

1818

1878

· Prentitë Ε. P.

author

pop.

Portland, Me.

1818 1819 1819 1819 1819 1819

1885 1884 1898 1897 1892 1902

Shaw H. W. Abbot E. Brooke N. C. Dana C. A. Durrle D. 8. English T. D.

author teacher educator journalist librarian journalist

pr. erud. erud. pub. pop. erud. P·

Lanesborough, Mass. Jackson, Me. Cecil Co., Md. Hinsdale, N. H. Albany, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa.

1819

1903

Headley P. C.

author

pop.

Walton, N. Y.

1819

1881

* Holland J . G.

journalist

p.pub.erud.pop.pr.

Belchertown, Mass.

educator I editor ( lawyer author lawyer publisher

1819

1910

• Bo tee J. W.

pub. p.

New York, N. Y.

1819 1819

1904 1895

Huntington F. D. Lanman C.

clergyman librarian

pop. narr. erud.

Hadley, Mass. Monroe, Mich.

1819

1892

* Longfellow S.

clergyman

P·

Portland, Me.

1819

1891

• Lowell J . B.

author

p. pub. pr.

Cambridge, Mass.

181« 1819 1819

1891 1892 1899

• Melville H. Parsons T. W.

author author

pr. narr.

New York, N. Y.

* Bouthicorth E. D. Ο. Ν.

author

P. pr.

Washington, D. C.

1819

1886

* Stevens Η.

bibliographer

erud.

Barnet, Vt.

1819

1895

Story W. W.

artist

p. narr.

1819 1819 1819

1887 1879 1881

Taylor Β. F. Thompson J . P. Wallace W. R.

journalist clergyman lawyer

pr. p.

Salem, Mass. Lowvllle, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Lexington, Ky.

pop. p.

Boston, Mass.

APPENDIX

137]

Β IS 0

Place of Death

Literary Belattvee

FatherΊ Occupation

1 3

S

Brooklyn, Ν. Y.

A.B.

New York, Ν. Y.

G. S. A.B.

Concord, Mass. Clifton Springe, Ν. Y. Brooklyn, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y.

Monterey, Cal. Cambridge, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. near Glen Core, Ν. Y. Madison, Wis.

New York, Ν. Y. Portsmouth, Κ. I. Hadley, Mass. Washington, D. C. Portland, Me. Cambridge, Mass. New York, Ν. Y. Scltnate, Mass. Washington, D. C. South Hampstead, Eng. Valombrosa, italy. Cleveland, O. Berlin, Germany. New York, Ν. Y.

s

physician

A.B.P.

I

Brother, T. C. De Leon, 1839

clergyman merchant

A.B. H.S.

I I

physician

A.B.

physician tanner

A.B. H.S.P. A.B. H.S.

I Ρ

w

Unit.

A.B.

I

P.E.

I miller . farmer

Syracuse, Ν. Y.

Dorset, Vt.

£

c 1

Unete, W. E. Ohannlng, 1780

New York, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y. Waltham, Mass. Terasp, Switzerland.

Rochester, Ν. Y. Philadelphia, Pa.

»

1t

A.B. A.B. A.B.P.

Father, E. Payson, 1783

clergyman

Brother, J. T. Headley, 1813

clergyman

H.S.

Daughter, L. E. Richarde, 1850

wool-carder

H.S.

banker

H.S.

Brother, H. W. '„ Longfellow, 1807 Uncle, J. Lowell, 179»

A.B.P. A.B. A.B. A.B.P. H. S. H. S.

clergyman A.B. goy't-offlcial H.S. lawyer

A.B.

clergyman

A.B.

merchant H.S. teacher

Brother, B. F. j farmer Stevens, 1833 I inn-keeper Father, jurist J. Story, 1779 educator druggist

P.E.

w

Cong.

I Ρ

w I I w I w

Cong. P.B. Unit. Unit. Unit.

H.S.

I

A.B.

I

A.B.

I

Unit.

A.B. A.B. A.B.

I I

Bapt. Pres.

138

APPENDIX

Born

med

Home

1819

1885

* Warner 8. • Whipple E. P.

Occupation author

[l38

Β

Literary

fields

Place of Birth

pr. pop.

New York,

pr.

Gloucester, Mass.

Ν. Y.

librarian author ( Journalist ¿author clergyman

P·

Huntington, Ν. Y.

pop. erud.

Northboro, Mass.

Í

1819

1886

1819

1892

• Whitman W.

1820

1898

Allen J. H.

1820

1895

Ballou M. M.

journalist

pop. narr.

Boston, Mass.

1820 1820 1820 1820 1820

1905 1891 1874 1893 1872

• Bartlett J. Botta A. C. L. Brlsted C. A. Brocke» L. P. Brownell Π. 11.

publisher author author teacher

pop. p. pop. narr, pop. P.

Plymouth, Mass. Bennington, Vt. New York, Ν. Y. Canton, Conn. Providence, Ε. I.

1820

1871

*

author

p. pr.

near Cincinnati, 0.

spec. narr. pop.

Louisa Co., Va.

pub. pop. dram, pub.

Plctou, N. S. Baltimore, Md. New York, Ν. Y. Chester, Vt.

narr. pop.

Providence, R. I.

CaryA.

1820

1898

Dabney K. I,.

1820 1820 1830 1820

1899

Dawson J. W. Deems C. F. Gayler C. Graves I. R.

1892 1896

Hoppln J. M.

1820 1820

1885

Hough F. B.

1820

1903

Hovey A.

1820 1820 1820 1820 1820

1857 1881 1867 1890 1887

Kane E. K. Norton J. N. O'Hara T. Phelps A. Poore B. P.

1820

1897

Preston 11. J.

1820 1820

1869 1895

Raymond H. .1. Root G. F.

1820

1894

* Shedd W. G. T.

1820

1898

• Thayer W. M.

1820 1820

1915 1888

Van Allstyne F.J. Wal lack J. J. L.

1821 1821 1821 1821

1900 1882 1895 1907

Anderson J. J. Chester J. L. Coppeé II. de Peyster J. W.

1821

1890

Dexter H. M.

Warner A. B.

1820

I clergyman (teacher geologist clergyman dramatist clergyman Γ clergyman \ educator physician r clergyman \ educator surgeon clergyman journalist clergyman journalist

erud.

Martinsburg, Ν. Y.

spec. pop.

Greene, Ν. Y.

narr, pop. erud. P. pop. erud.

Philadelphia, Pa. Waterloo, Ν. Y. Danville, Ky. West Brookfleld, Mass. Newburyport, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa.

journalist musician f clergyman \ professor J clergyman \ author author actor author teacher antiquarian educator historian f editor \ clergyman

pub. Ρ·

Lima, Ν. Y. Sheffield, Mass.

spec. erud. pop.

Acton, Mass.

pop.

Franklin, Mass.

Ρ· dram. act.

South East, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y.

pop. pr.

New York, Ν. Y.

pop. erud. poperud.

New lork. Ν. Y. Norwich, Conn. Savannah, Ga. New York, Ν. Y.

erud. pub.

Plympton, Mass.

APPENDIX

139]

Β

139 e o

Place of Death Highland Falls, Ν. V.

Literary Relativeβ Sister, À. B. Warner, 1820

Father's Occupation

9 a •β Κ)

lawyer

Boston, Masa.

q» e a t» o fe.

ν

β 1 «> os

I

i β i,

¿e e β Κ

2+

2

G.S.

I

Cambridge, Mass.

clergyman

A.B.

I

Unit.

clergyman

H.S.

I

Univ.

clergyman

I

P.E.

1

1

physician

H.S.P. H. S. A.B. A.B.P. A.B.

farmer

O.S.P.

Ρ

Univ.

9

4

Victoria, Tex.

planter

A.B.

I

Pres.

β

Montreal, P. Q. New York, Ν. Y. Brooklyn, Ν. Y. Memphis, Tenn.

bookdealer clergyman

A.B. A.B. O.S. A.B.P.

I I

Pres. M.E.

2

Lowvtlle, Ν. Y.

physician

A.B.

I I I I

Pres.

7

B.C. Oong.

A.B.

I

Pres.

8

1

A.B. G.S.P.

I Ρ

Pres. Cong.

6 8

1

I

M.E.

4 4

NJW York, Ν. Y. Washington, D. C. Brooklyn, Ν. Y. Bast Hartford, Coon. New York, Ν. Y.

Sister, P. Cary, 1824

«

o

+

H.S. carpenter Father, Π. Ballou, 1771

e ν κ 2

—

Camden, N. J.

Cairo, Egypt.

! w θ S)

9

1

—

+ + + + +

5

—

+

β

+ -j-

8+ β1^

+

3

A.B.

Philadelphia, Pa. Louisville, Ky. near Ouerryton, Ala. Bar Harbor, Me. Washington, D. C.

fanner

A.B.

lawyer clergymen teacher clergyman

A.B.P. A.B. A.B. A.B. H.S.

educator clergyman farmer tanner

Baltimore, Md. New York, Ν. Y. Bailey Island, Me. New York, Ν. Y.

2+ 1

—

A.B.

Franklin, Moss.

A.B.

Bridgeport, Conn. Stamford, Conn.

farmer Sister, S. Warner, 1819

G.S.

lawyer

1

2+

London, England. South Bethlehem, Pa. New York, Ν. Y.

grocer lawyer

A.B. H.S.P. A.B. A.B.

New Bedford, Mass.

clergyman

A.B.

+ + + +

+ +

+ + +

7 2 7 8

2+ 0 4

—

I w I

1 Cong.

1

+ +

5 4

APPENDIX

140

Born 1821 1821 1821 1821 1821 1821

Died 1804 18Θ8 1894 1871 1888 1802

Name Diaz A. if. Eliot S. Poole W. F. Scrlbner C. • Squler E. G. Taylor W.

1821

1887

Trumbull J . H.

1821

1887

Youmans E. L.

1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822

1887 1884 1805 1895 189« 1888 1881 1807

» Adams W. T. Borrow F. E. Bennett E. Calkins N. A. Ouyler T. L. Dariey F. 0. C. Durant H. F. Field H. M.

1822

1895

Frothingham Ο. Β.

1822 1822

1888 1903

Gardiner F. Gllmore J . R.

1822

1885

Grant U. S.

1822

1909

• Hale Ε. E.

1822

Harkness A.

1822

Hill W. H.

1822

1898

Johnston R. M.

1822 1822 1822

1886 1803

Judson Ε. Z. C. • Mitchell D. G. Olmsted F. L.

1822

1903

Pope W. B.

1822 1822

1872 1894

• Read Τ. B. Strong J .

1822

1885

• White R. G.

1823 1823

1909 1880

Angeli G. T. • Boker G. H.

1823

1886

Coffin C. C.

1823

1838

Davidson M. M.

1823 1823 1823

1884 1899 1896

Duganne A. J . II. Baton D. B. Eddy D. C.

Β

Occupation author educator librarian publisher journalist clergyman

Literary Field! pop. erud. pop. POPlib. narr. narr.

Place of Birth Plymouth, Mass. Boston, Mase. Salem, Mass. New York, N. Y. Bethlehem, N. Y. Kockbridge Co., Va.

librarian

erud.

Stonlngton, Conn. Coeymans, N. Y.

author educator clergyman artist lawyer editor

pop. pr. pr. pr. poppop· lib. pat. narr.

clergyman

pub. pop.

Boston, Mass.

pop. narr.

Gardiner, Me. Boston, Mass.

narr.

Point Pleasant, O.

pr. narr. pop.

Boston, Maes.

J editor \ lecturer teacher

clergyman merchant ( army officer \ publicist clergyman professor f clergyman \ educator f educator \ lawyer author author landscape architect f clergyman \ professor artist professor ( editor \ gov't official editor author j journalist I author

pop.

Blackstone, Maas,

pop.

near Lebanon, Ky.

pr.

Hancock Co., Ga.

pr. pr. narr, narr.

Philadelphia, Pa. Norwich, Conn. Hartford, Conn.

spec. pop.

Horton, N. S.

P.

Chester Co., Pa.

erud. pop. narr. erud. pub. p. dram, narr. pop. P·

author lawyer clergyman

Medway, Mass. Charleston, S. C. Monson, Mass. Gainesville, N. Y. Aurora, N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Hanover, N. H. Stockbridge, Mass.

P· pub. narr.

New York, Ν. Y. New York, Ν. Y. Southbrldge, Mass. Philadelphia, Pa. Boscawen, Ν. H. Platteburg, Ν. Y. Boston, Mass. Hardwlck, Vt. Salem, Mass.

APPENDIX

Place of Death Beverly Farm«, Maes. Evanston, 111. Lacerne, Switzerland. Brooklyn, Ν. Y. Palo Alto, Cal. Hartford, Conn.

Literary

Relative«

Father'» Occupation tanner merchant clergyman fanner

Brother, H. C. Trumbull, 1S30

New York, Ν. Y. Claymont, Del. Wellealey, Mass. Stockbridge, Maas. Boston, Mass. Mlddletown, Conn. Glen Falls, N. Y.

Uncle, A. H. Everett, 1T90

hotel-keeper

A.B. H.S.

farmer farmer lawyer actor lawyer clergyman

H.S.P. H.S. A.B. O.S. A.B. A.B.

clergyman

A.B.

business

A.B. H.S.

( farmer \ tanner

near Saratoga, N. Y. Unele, A. H. Everett, 1790

OS A.B.P. A.B. A.B. A.B. H.S.P. O.S. A.B.

New York, Ν. Y. Boston, M a n . New York, Ν. Y.

Β

A.B.

Journalist

A.B.

farmer

A.B. A.B.

Baltimore, Md.

planter

Stamford, N. Y.

lawyer clergyman merchant

Waver ly, Mass.

A.B. .8.

B. B.P. B.

farmer

Now York, N. Y. Round Lake, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Boston, Masa. Philadelphia, Pa. Brookllne, Mass. Saratoga, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Oak Bluffa, Mass.

merchant clergyman banker farmer Sister, L. M. Davidson, 1808

B. B. B. B. S.P.

physician .8. B. B.P.

APPENDIX

142

Born 1823 1823

Died 1877 1911

Käme Fish H. C. • Hlgglnson T. W.

Occupation clergyman author

1823

1886

Hodge A. A.

1823

1896

Houghton H. 0 .

1823

1904

IAppincott 8. J.

1823

1893

Nelli E. D.

1823 1823

1893 1904

* Parkman F. * Selse J. A.

1823

1863

Smucker S. M.

1824

1899

Adams F. G.

clergyman publisher author clergyman educator historian clergyman lawyer author librarian

1824

1871

• Cary P.

author

1824

1889

Cor S. S.

1824

1892

• Curtis G. W.

1824 1824 1824

1863 1904 1893

King T. S. Kirk J. F. Larcom L.

1824

1903

Lei and C. G.

1824 1824 1824

1880 1899 1892

LeuAt E. A. B. R. iloore C. J. Shea J. D. G.

1824

1906

Whitney Λ. D. T.

1824

1891

Wlnchell A.

1825 1825 1825

1883 1902 1896

Baker W. M. s u t l e r W. A. Child F. J.

1825

lì* 13

Dorr J. 8. C.

1825 1825 1825 1825

1901 1901 1906

Fletcher J. C. Hall F. • Lea H. C. Pike M. H. 0.

1825

1904

Shields C. W.

1825 1825 1825 1826 1826 1826 1826

1908 1903 1878 1878 1890 1891 1906

Spofford A. R. * Stoddard R. It. * Taylor Β. Bowles S. Brace C. L. Crosby H. De Forest J. W.

( I

I \

publicist ι editor I author clergyman author teacher t journalist ^ author author

Β

Literary pop.

Field»

pr. pub. pop. narr, spec. pop. lib. pr. narr,

Place of Birth Halifax, Vt. Cambridge, Mass. Princeton, N. J. Sutton, Vt. Pompey, Ν. Y. Philadelphia, Pa.

erud. erud. narr. pop. spec.

Boston, Mass.

POP-

New Market, Va.

Oraceham, Md.

lib.

Rodman, Ν. Y.

P·

near Cincinnati, 0 .

narr.

Zanesvllle, O.

pub. narr. pr.

Providence, R. I.

or. pop. pr. pop. Ρ p. erud. pr.

New York, Ν. Y. Frederickton, Ν. B. Beverly, Mass.

p. dram, pr.

near Baltimore, Md. Philadelphia, Pa. New York, Ν. Y.

erud. pop. pr.

f educator \ geologist clergyman lawyer professor

[142

Philadelphia, Pa.

Boston, Mass.

pop.

North Bast, Ν. Y.

pr. Ppop. erud.

Washington, D. C. Albany, Ν. Y. Boston, Mass.

narr, erud. erud. pr.

Indianapolis, Ind. Troy, Ν. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Eastport, Me.

spec, lib. P· narr. p. pr. pub. narr, pub. pop. pr.

New Albany, Ind. GUmanton, Ν. H. Hlngbam, Maas. Kennett Square, Pa. Springfield, Mase. Litchfield, Conn. New York, N. Y. Seymour, Conn.

Charleston, S. C. clergyman philologist publisher f clergyman \ editor librarian author Journalist philanthropist clergyman author

APPENDIX

143]

Β

143 u

Place of Death

Literary Relatives

Newark, N. J. Cambridge, Mas·. Princeton, N. J.

Father, C. Hodge, 1797

•2 b «j

Father's Ooeupation clergyman merchant

A.B. A.B.

1 I

as Baprt. Unit.

clergyman

A.B.

I

Pres.

North Andover, Mass.

A.B. Great-grandfather, J. Edward«, 1703

1 δ

2

11

physician

H.S.

St. Paul, Minn.

physician

A.B.

I

Pres.

2

Jamaica Plain, Mass.

clergyman

A.B.

w

Unit.

c

Gettysburg, Pa.

farmer

A.B.P.

Ρ

Morav.

Father, S. S. Schmucker, 1790

I

ft

+ +

12 11

+ 10 +

clergyman

A.B.

I

Luth.

2+

farmer

A.B.

I

Cong.

9

farmer

G.S.P.

Ρ

Unly.

9

Livingston, Ν. V.

banker

H.S.P.

I

Unit.

5

San Francisco, Cal. Philadelphia, Pa. Boston, Mass.

clergyman ship-owner ship-master

H.S.P. H.S. U.S.

Ρ 1 Ρ

Univ. P.E. Cong.

6 9

I

P.E.

2

\v 1 r

R.C.

Philadelphia, Pa. Topeka, Kane. Newport, R. I.

Sister, A. Cary, 1820

New York, Ν. Y.

Florence, I taly.

merchant

A.B.

planter scientist teacher

Α.Β.Γ. U.S. A.B.

Brother, G. F. Train, 1826

ship-owner

clergyman lawyer sail-maker 1' quarryoperator banker lawyer naturalist

1

A.B. A.B. A.B.

1

I I

3

1 I

A.B.

Newport, R. I. llolderness, Ν. H. New York, Ν. Y. Berlin, Germany.

clergyman eblp-mastcr farmer

H.S. G.B. H.S.

I Ρ

Friend

10

Springfield, Mass. St. Moritz, Switzerland.

Journalist

H.S. A.B.

I 1

Unit. Cong.

5 4

New York, Ν. Y.

land-owner

A.B. A.B.P.

w I

+

10

3

2+ 4

—

4+

+ -f

+

Pres.

w A.B. A.B. H.S. H.S.

5

1

+

2

I

8

H.C. Cong.

I I I

Pros. Cong.

I

Prot.

I I

M.E. Unit.

merchant

A.B.

\v

teacher

H.S.

I"

clergyman

A.B.

1

Γγρα

farmer

H.8.P.

I

Judge merchant

A.B. H.S.P. A.B. A.B.P.

I I

M.:;.

I

D.U.

I I

M.E. P.E.

farmer merchant banker

Hartford, Conn. New York, Ν. Y. London, Knglacd.