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NUNC COGNOSCO EX PARTE

TRENT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/algebraicnumbertOOOOunse

Algebraic Number Theory

Algebraic Number Theory /? PROCEEDINGS OF AN INSTRUCTIONAL CONFERENCE ORGANIZED BY THE LONDON MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY (A NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE) WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICAL UNION

Edited by J. W. S. CASSELS Trinity College, University of Cambridge, U.K. and

A. FROHLICH King's College, University of London, U.K.

1967

THOMPSON BOOK COMPANY INC. Washington, D.C.

\^U7 ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House Berkeley Square London, W.l.

United States Edition published by THOMPSON BOOK COMPANY, INC. National Press Building Washington, D.C.20004

Copyright © 1967 by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD

All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 67-21945

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THE WHITEFRIARS PRESS LTD. LONDON AND TONBRIDGE

CONTRIBUTORS J. V. Armitage, Department of Mathematics, University of Durham, U.K. M. F. Atiyah, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, U.K. B. J. Birch, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, U.K. D. A. Burgess, Department of Mathematics, University of Nottingham,

U.K.

J. W. S. Cassels, Trinity College, University of Cambridge, U.K. A. Frohlich, Department of Mathematics, King's College, University of London, U.K.

K. Gruenberg, Department of Mathematics, Queen Mary College, University of London, U.K. H. Halberstam, Department of Mathematics, University of Nottingham,

U.K. H. Hasse, Mathematisches Seminar der Universitat, Hamburg, Germany H. A.

Heilbronn,

Department of Mathematics,

University of Toronto,

Canada

K.

Hoechsmann,

Mathematisches

lnstitut

der

Universitat,

Tubingen,

Germany M. Kneser, Mathematisches lnstitut der Universitat, Gottingen, Germany R.

R. Laxton,

Department of Mathematics, University of Nottingham,

U.K.

A. Lue, Department of Mathematics, King's College, University of London, U.K. I. G. Macdonald, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, U.K.

J. Neggers, Department of Mathematics,

University

of Puerto Rico,

Puerto Rico, U.S.A.

P. Roquette, Mathematisches lnstitut der Universitat, Tubingen, Germany J-P. Serre, Chaire d'Algebre et Geometrie, College de France, Paris, France H. P. F. Swinnerton-Dyer, Trinity College, University of Cambridge, U.K.

J. T. Tate, Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. C. T. C. Wall, Department of Mathematics, University of Liverpool, U.K.

V

127080

X

PREFACE This volume is the fruit of an instructional conference on algebraic number theory, held from September 1st to September 17th, 1965, in the University of Sussex, Brighton. It was organized by the London Mathematical Society under the auspices and with the generous financial aid of the International Mathematical Union and of the Advanced Study Programme of NATO. The organizers of the conference owe a great deal to the constant support which they received from the authorities of the host University. All the lectures held during the conference are recorded here with the exception of a few informal seminars. The drafts for publication were either supplied by the speakers themselves, or were prepared by members of the conference in collaboration with the lecturers. We wish to express our deep gratitude to the lecturers both for ensuring the success of the meeting itself, as well as for enabhng us subsequently to publish this volume. We are no less grateful to the “note-takers” for their co-operation. Both they and the lecturers also assisted in the proof correction. The editors must emphasize, however, that neither the lecturers nor the note-takers have any responsibility for any inaccuracies which may remain: they are an act of God. Apart from accounts of the lectures this volume also contains exercises compiled by Tate with Serre’s help, and above all Tate’s doctoral thesis, which is for the first time published here after it had over many years had a deep influence on the subject as a piece of clandestine literature. Finally we wish to express our appreciation for the co-operation which we received from our publishers. January 1967

J. W. S. Cassels A. Frohlich



CONTENTS Contributors Preface Introduction

chapter i

Local Fields A. Frohlich 1. Discrete Valuation Rings .. 2. Dedekind Domains .. .. 3. Modules and Bilinear Forms 4. Extensions .. .. .. 5. Ramification .. .. .. 6. Totally Ramified Extensions.. 7. Non-ramified Extensions .. 8. Tamely Ramified Extensions 9. The Ramification Groups .. 10. Decomposition .. .. Bibliography .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

1 6 9 13 18 22 25 29 33 39 41

CHAPTER II

Global Fields J. W. S. Cassels 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Valuations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 Types of Valuation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 Examples of Valuations .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 Topology .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 Completeness .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 Independence .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 Finite Residue Field Case .. .. .. .. .. .. 49 Normed Spaces .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 Tensor Product .. .. .. • • • • • • • • 53 Extension of Valuations .56 Extensions of Normalized Valuations .58

12.

Global Fields ..

..

..

.. IX

..

••

••

••

60

CONTENTS

X

13.

Restricted Topological Product

14. 15.

Adele Ring.63 Strong Approximation Theorem.67

.62

16. 17. 18. 19.

Idele Group.68 Ideals and Divisors.70 Units .. .. .. •• •• •• •• •• •• 71 Inclusion and Norm Maps for Adeles, Ideles and Ideals.. .. 73

APPENDIX A

Norms and Traces

..

..

..

••

••

••

• •

76

..

..

..

..

••

• •

■ •

••

80

Hensel’s Lemma

..

..

..

■ •

••

••

• •

83

APPENDIX B

Separability APPENDIX C

CHAPTER III

Cyclotomic Fields and Kummer Extensions B. J. Birch

1. 2.

Cyclotomic Fields Kummer Extensions

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

.. ..

85 89

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

92

APPENDIX

Rummer’s Theorem

CHAPTER IV

Cohomology of Groups M. F. Atiyah and C. T. C. Wall (Prepared by I. G. Macdonald on the basis of a manuscript of Atiyah) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Definition of Cohomology .. .. .. .. .. .. 94 The Standard Complex .. .. .. .. .. .. 96 Homology .97 Change of Groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98 The Restriction—Inflation Sequence .. .. .. .. 100 The Tate Groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 Cup-products .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 105 Cyclic Groups: Herbrand Quotient .. .. .. .. 108 Cohomological Triviality .. .. .. .. .. .. Ill Tate’s Theorem .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 113

CONTENTS

XI

CHAPTER V

Profinite Groups K. Gruenberg

1.

The Groups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..116 1.1. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. H6 1.2. Inverse Systems .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116 1.3. Inverse Limits.117 1.4. 1.5. 1.6.

2.

Topological Characterization of Profinite Groups .. Construction of Profinite Groups from Abstract Groups Profinite Groups in Field Theory .. .. ..

.. .. ..

117 119 119

The Cohomology Theory .. .. .. .. .. .. 121 2.1. Introduction .121 2.2. Direct Systems and Direct Limits .121 2.3. Discrete Modules .. .. .. .. .. 122 2.4. Cohomology of Profinite Groups .. .. .. .. 122 2.5. An Example: Generators of pro-p-Groups .. .. .. 123 2.6. Galois Cohomology I: Additive Theory .. .. .. 123 2.7. Galois Cohomology II: “Hilbert 90” .. .. .. .. 124 2.8. Galois Cohomology III: Brauer Groups .. .. .. 125

References

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

127

CHAPTER VI

Local Class Field Theory J-P. Serre (Prepared by J. Y. Armitage and J. Neggers) Introduction 1.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

The Brauer Group of a Local Field .. .. .. 1.1. Statements of Theorems .. .. .. .. 1.2. Computation of H2(Knr/K) .. .. .. .. 1.3. Some Diagrams .. .. .. .. .. 1.4. Construction of a Subgroup with Trivial Cohomology 1.5. An Ugly Lemma.. .. .. .. .. .. 1.6. End of Proofs .. .. .. .. .• •• 1.7. An Auxiliary Result .. .. .. .. ..

..129 .. 129 .. 129 .. 131 ..133 .. 134 ..135 ..136 ..136

APPENDIX

Division Algebras Over a Local Field 2.

..

..

..

137

Abelian Extensions of Local Fields .. .. .. .. .. 139 2.1. Cohomological Properties .. .. .. .. ..139 2.2. The Reciprocity Map.139

CONTENTS

Xll

Characterization of (a, L/K) by Characters Variations with the Fields Involved Unramified Extensions Norm Subgroups . Statement of the Existence Theorem. Some Characterizations of (a, L/K). The Archimedean Case ..

.. .. .. .. .. .. ..

140 141 141 142 143 144 145

Formal Multiplication in Local Fields . 3.1. The Case K = Qp Formal Groups 3.2. 3.3. Lubin-Tate Formal Group Laws 3.4. Statements 3.5. Construction of Ff and [a\f 3.6. First Properties of the Extension Kn of K 3.7. The Reciprocity Map 3.8. The Existence Theorem

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

146 146 147 147 148 149 151 152 154

Ramification Subgroups and Conductors. 4.1. Ramification Groups 4.2. Abelian Conductors. 4.3. Artin’s Conductors . 4.4. Global Conductors 4.5. Artin’s Representation ..

.. .. .. .. .. ..

155 155 157 158 159 160

2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9.

CHAPTER VII

Global Class Field Theory J. T. Tate (Prepared by B. J. Birch and R. R. Laxton) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. List

Action of the Galois Group on Primes and Completions .. 163 Frobenius Automorphisms.164 Artin’s Reciprocity Law .. .. .. .. .. 165 Chevalley’s Interpretation by Ideles .. .. .. .. 169 Statement of the Main Theorems on Abelian Extensions .. 172 Relation between Global and Local Artin Maps .. .. .. 174 Cohomology of Ideles .. .. .. .. .. 176 Cohomology of Idele Classes (I): The First Inequality .. .. 177 Cohomology of Idele Classes (II): The Second Inequality .. 180 Proof of the Reciprocity Law .. .. .. .. .. 187 Cohomology of Idele Classes (III): The Fundamental Class .. 193 Proof of the Existence Theorem .. .. .. .. .. 201 of Symbols .203

CONTENTS

Xiii

CHAPTER VIII

Zeta-Functions and L-Functions H. Heilbronn (Prepared by D. A. Burgess and H. Halberstam) 1. 2.

Characters .. .. .. .. .. .. ,, 204 Dirichlet L-series and Density Theorems.209

3. L-functions for Non-abelian Extensions.218 References .. .. .. .. .. ,. .. ., 230 CHAPTER IX

On Class Field Towers Peter Roquette 1. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..231 2. Proof of Theorem 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 234 3. Proof of Theorem 5 for Galois Extensions .. .. .. 241 References.248 CHAPTER X

Semi-Simple Algebraic Groups M. Kneser (Prepared by I. G. Macdonald) Introduction

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

250

1.

Algebraic Theory .. .. .. .. .. .. 1. Algebraic Groups over an Algebraically Closed Field 2. Semi-Simple Groups over an Algebraically Closed Field 3. Semi-Simple Groups over Perfect Fields .. ..

.. .. .. ..

250 250 252 253

2.

Galois Cohomology .. .. .. 1. Non-Commutative Cohomology 2. if-forms .. .. .. .. 3. Fields of Dimension



INTRODUCTION The chapters of this book, with the exception of the final one, are edited texts of lectures and lecture courses, delivered at the Brighton Conference. The topics and the general course programme were chosen with the principal purpose of the Conference in mind. This was to give the non-specialist mathematician (i.e. the mathematician who specializes in some other field) an introduction to algebraic number theory, starting from the more elemen¬ tary aspects and going on to class field theory, and to acquaint him with some of the recent developments in the subject. The individual contributions thus fit into an overall plan. The first three chapters provide a broad introduction into algebraic number fields, containing in particular all the more elementary theory needed later on. The subject matters of Chapters I and II are closely inter¬ woven and the respective chapter headings were chosen to indicate—none too accurately—the demarcation line. An alternative choice of titles would have been “Algebraic Theory of Dedekind Domains” for Chapter I and “Topological Arithmetic” for Chapter II. Chapters IV and V are frankly utilitarian, preparing the tools that are needed for class field theory. The backbone of the book consists of the two chapters by Serre and by Tate on local and global class field theory, of which the second depends on the first. A feature of special interest in Serre’s contribution is that it in¬ cludes for the first time as an integral part of local class field theory the des¬ cription of the maximal Abelian extension in terms of formal groups, due to Lubin-Tate. This yields a new approach to the existence theorem and to the refinements of the local reciprocity law dealing with the filtrations of the Galois group and the group of units. While the first seven chapters were designed as a coherent whole, the rest are more loosely articulated and deal with various aspects and applications of the theory. They presuppose a knowledge of some of the material in the first seven chapters but are substantially independent of one another. The exercises at the end of the book, which were compiled by Serre and Tate after the Conference, are intended to indicate lines of thought for which there was no time at the Conference. The final chapter does not represent a lecture at the Conference itself. It is the unchanged text of Tate’s thesis (1950). There is therefore a certain amount of overlap with the material in earlier chapters. It was impossible (even if it had been desirable) to impose a completely xvii

XV111

INTRODUCTION

uniform system of notation on all the contributors. But, in addition to usages which have become too classical for mention, the following more recent conventions are adopted as standard (except in Tate’s thesis): Q, Z, R, C are the rational numbers, the rational integers, the reals and the complex numbers respectively, and F, unless otherwise defined, is a finite field. The special arrow i—> denotes the effect of a map on a typical element of a set. Thus the map R -> R consisting of squaring can be described by: r i—>• r2(r e R). In general, bibliographies are at the ends of chapters and are referred to by the author’s name and the date of publication, with a further italic letter to differentiate works by the same author in the same year [e.g. Artin (1927), Hilbert (1900 Z>)]. Titles of periodicals are usually abbreviated as in “The World List of Scientific Periodicals” (Butterworth).

Chapter I

Local Fieldst A. Frohlich 1.

Discrete Valuation Rings.1

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Dedekind Domains.6 Modules and Bilinear Forms.9 Extensions .13 Ramification.18 Totally Ramified Extensions.22 7. Non-ramified Extensions.25 8. Tamely Ramified Extensions.29 9. The Ramification Groups.33 10. Decomposition.39 Bibliography.41

1. Discrete Valuation Rings Preliminaries on Fractional Ideals: Let R be an integral domain (i.e. a commu¬ tative ring with 1 + 0 and no zero divisors) and K its quotient field. For R-submodules Iu I2 of K we define in the usual way the operations 11 T 72

(sum of submodules)

7X n I2 Ix 12

(submodule generated by products).

In addition we have, for an R-submodule / of K to consider the R-submodules r' = [xe K\xl a R] R(7) = [x e K\xl (0) = oo; (iii) r(x+y) > inf v(x), v(y) (usual conventions for the symbol oo). We now give the translation into the language of “multiplicative” valua¬ tions (see Chap. II): If r is a discrete valuation of K and p is real 0 < p < 1, then |x|D = pv(x) is a discrete (non-Archimedean) valuation as defined in the other place. Every discrete (multiplicative) valuation is of this form, and equivalent valuations will correspond to the same v with varying p. The results proved in Chap. II can now be translated back. In particular: (a) If v(x) v(y), then v{x+y) = inf v(x), v(y). (b) The set Rv = [x e AJt>(x) > 0] is an integral domain with quotient field K, the valuation ring of v, and the set py = [xe A|e(x) > 0] is a maximal ideal of Rv, the valuation ideal. See the other course for valuation-topology and completion.

3

LOCAL FIELDS

Proposition 1. A discrete valuation v of a field K can uniquely be extended

to a discrete valuation on the completion K of K with respect to the valuation topology. Proof. See Chap. II, §10: A discrete valuation, in the multiplicative sense, extends uniquely to the completion, and with the same set of values. Example. Let F be a field and let K be the field of formal series 00

£ an I",

with a„e F for all n e Z

n > — co

(i.e. 3meZ with an = 0 for all n : v(I) then x

nv(I)y, with y e Rv. Thus I c nv(I)Rv = nv(b>Rv,

hence I = (nRv)v{I\ In particular P„ = nR0

and so The last equation shows that Rv has one and only one non-zero prime

A. FROHLICH

4

ideal, namely p„, and the preceding one that Rv is a principal ideal domain. We now make the following definition: A discrete valuation ring (d.v. ring) R is a principal ideal domain with one and only one non-zero prime ideal. We have then proved one half of Proposition

2. The valuation ring Rv of a discrete valuation v is a d.v.

ring. Conversely a d.v. ring R is the valuation ring Rvfor a unique discrete valua¬ tion v of its quotient field K. Proof of converse. Let p = nR be the non-zero prime ideal of R. R is a unique factorization domain and hence each non-zero element x of R has a unique representation x = nnu,

u a unit,

n > 0.

Allowing n to vary over Z we get the corresponding statement for xe K*. But then t>(x) = n defines a discrete valuation of K with R = Rv. Uniqueness is obvious. 3. An integral domain R is a d.v. ring if and only if it is Noetherian, integrally closed and possesses one and only one non-zero prime ideal. (An element x of an extension ring of R is integral over R, if it is the root of a monic polynomial with coefficients in R, i.e. if the ring i?[x] is a finitely generated i?-module. R is integrally closed if every element of the quotient field of R, which is integral over R, will already lie in R.) Proof. (Sufficiency of the conditions.) Let / be a fractional ideal. R(l) is a ring (see the definition preceding Lemma 1). Hence for all x e R(J), 7?[x] is a submodule of R(I). By Lemmas 2 and 3, R(I) is a finitely generated i?-module, hence so is i?[x]. Therefore x is integral over R, i.e. xe R. Thus Proposition

(1)

R{I) = R.

Let p be the non-zero prime ideal of R. We next show that

(2)

P-1^P.

There are non-zero ideals I of R with 7-1 =£ R, e.g. all principal ideals aR with a e p, a ^ 0. Let then J be a non-zero ideal, maximal with respect to this property. We have to show that J is prime. Let x, y e R, x £ J, xy e J, z pR = p. But pp-1 = p would imply p_1 c i?(p), which contradicts (1) and (2).

5

LOCAL FIELDS

Hence

(3)

R = pp-1.

Clearly p-1 c R(fl p"). By (1), (2)

(4)

n P" = 0.

Hence we can choose an element ae p, with aR 4: p2. Then ap~l 0, u a unit of R. Thus R is a d.v. ring. We shall finally give a description of some groups associated with a given discrete valuation v of a field K, in terms of the residue class field k = R/p, where R is the valuation ring of v and p the valuation ideal. The additive group of K is the union of open (and hence closed) sub¬ groups p" (n eZ), whose intersection is zero. The quotient groups p"/p"+1 have the structure of ^-modules and we have Lemma 4. There is an isomorphism

fc^p7pn+1 of k-modules. Proof. If p = Rn, then multiplication by nn induces such an isomorphism Turning to the multiplicative group K* of non-zero elements of K, we first note that the valuation gives rise to an exact sequence

(5)

0-+U-+K*^Z^0,

where U is the group of units of R. For each n > 1 the set (6)

Un = l + p"

is an open subgroup of U, and f] Un = 1.

The associated

subgroup

n

topology of U coincides with that induced on the subset U of AT by the valuation. The quotient groups can again be described in terms of the residue class field. Proposition

4.

(i) The residue class map R

->

k gives rise to an iso¬

morphism U/Ui = k*

(multiplicative group).

(ii) For each n > 1 the map «hh-1 gives rise to an isomorphism

UJU^+1 ^ p7pn+1.

A. FROHLICH

6

Proof Straightforward. Observe that for u1, u2 e Un («! u2 -1) -(wx -1) - (u2 -1) = (wi -1) (u2 -1) e p2n. Corollary.

For n ^

1

UjUn+1 = k Proposition 5.

(i)

(additive group).

Ifk is of prime characteristic p, then for n >

1

Upn c Un+1. (ii) If K is complete and if the natural number m is not a multiple of the residue class field characteristic, then for each n ^ 1, the map u i—> um is an automorphism of Un. Proof (i) follows from the preceding Corollary. For (ii) we first note that by the same Corollary the endomorphism of UJUq+ induced by the endomorphism f\u\-*um of U„, is bijective for each q > n. Hence in the first place / is injective. In the second place we can find for each element u of Un elements v0eUn, wleUn+l so that u PqVpx. Again we can find elements i\eUn+l, w2eUn+2 so that w1 = v™w2, i.e. u = (v0v1)mw2. And so on. The sequence wu w2,... will tend to 1, and as Un is now complete the infinite product v^v^... will converge to an element v of Un. But then u = vm e U™. We have thus shown that /is surjective, hence bijective.

1,



2. Dedekind Domains Throughout R is an integral domain, K its quotient field. ideal of R, we define the local ring of fractions by

If p is a prime

Rp = [xy-1 eK\x,y eR,y £ p]. pRp is the only maximal ideal of Rp. Clearly p c pRp n R. If x e R, x then x~x e Rp, and so x ^ pRp. Thus: Lemma 1. p = pRp n R. Next we show Lemma 2. If J is an ideal of Rp then

p

J = (JnR)Rp. Proof Let x,yeR, y£p and xy~1eJ. Then xeJr\R, whence xy~1 e (J r\ R)Rp. Thus (/ o R)Rp /. The opposite relation is even more trivial. Proposition 1.

Each of the following conditions on an integral domain R

implies the others: (i) R is Noetherian, integrally closed and its non-zero prime ideals are maximal.

LOCAL HELDS

7

(ii) R is Noetherian and, for every non-zero prime ideal p, Rp is a d.v. ring. (iii) All fractional ideals of R are invertible. (A fractional ideal I is invertible if//-1 = R.) A domain R satisfying the conditions of the Proposition is a Dedekind domain. E.g. a principal ideal domain is a Dedekind domain. Proof, (a) (i) implies (ii). We shall use 1. Proposition 3. By Lemma 2 every ideal of Rp is of form IRP, where / is an ideal of R. A finite generating set of / over R is also a finite generating set of IRp over Rp. Thus Rp is Noetherian. If .x is integral over Rp, i.e. if xn+b~1a„.lx"~l + ... +b~ia0 = 0, with b, ate R, b 4v then bx is integral over R. Hence if x lies in the quotient field K of R then bx e R, whence x e Rp. Let J be a non-zero prime ideal of Rp. J n R is certainly a prime ideal of R, and is non-zero by Lemma 2. But J cz pRp, this being the only maximal ideal of Rp, whence Jo R cz p, by Lemma 1. Hence /n R = p and so, by Lemma 2, J — pRp. (b) (ii) implies (iii). Let / be a fractional ideal of R with generators a1,...,a„. Then for some i, say i = 1, vp(aj) = inf vp(x), vp being the valuation with valuation xel

ring Rp. But then IRP = ax Rp. Hence

Let y = yip.

n

a;lai =

xlyr1, with xh

e R, yt ’ai ~ l°i6 R> hence yat ~1 e /'1 and so yell'1. But i Thus II-1 cp p. This is true for all maximal ideals p of R. Hence

ir1 = r. (c) (iii) implies (i). Let / be a fractional ideal of R.

Then 3 alt..., a„ e I, bu..., b„e I 1

with £ atbi = 1. If x e / then x = X bix e R- Hence au..., an generate /. Thus R is Noetherian. Let x e K be integral over R. By 1. Lemma 3, S = I?[x] is a fractional ideal. It is also a ring, i.e. S2 = S. Hence S = SR = SSS-1 = SS~l = R. Thus R is integrally closed. Let / be a non-zero prime ideal, p a maximal ideal containing it. Then /p-1 is an ideal of R and (/p_1)p = /• Hence either /p-1 c / or p c /, i.e. p = /. The first relation however would imply that p-1 cz /-1/p-1 c Z-1/ = R, i.e. p-1 = R and so p = R, which is nonsense.

A. FROHLICH

8

If p is a non-zero prime ideal of a Dedekind domain R we shall denote by vp the valuation of its quotient field K with valuation ring Rp. Corollary 1. Let |x| be a non-trivial multiplicative valuation of K, with |U| < 1. Then |x| = p0p(x) for some p, 0 < p < 1, and some non-zero prime ideal p of R. Proof The inequality \x\ < 1 defines a non-zero prime ideal p of R. Hence Rp is characterized in K by the inequality |x| < 1. This yields the re suit. If I is a non-empty subset of K, define vfl) = inf up(x) xel

(possibly vp{I) = — co). Proposition 2. The fractional ideals of a Dedekind domain R form an Abelian group J(R) under multiplication. This group is free on the non-zero prime ideals p. The representation of a fractional ideal I in terms of these generators is given by

I = n pUp(I)

p Also then irp = (p Rpy*{1). Proof The first assertion follows from 1. Lemma 1 and from Proposition 1. To show that the prime ideals p generate J(R) it suffices to show that every integral ideal I (i.e. I c R), different from R, is product of prime ideals. Such an ideal I is contained in a maximal ideal p. Hence / = p(/p- *) with I c Ip"1 a R. The ascending chain condition now yields the required result. By 1. Lemma 1, (IRp)(JRp) = (IJ)Rp. We thus obtain a surjective homomorphism (1)

fp:J(R)^J(Rp)

which acts injectively on the subgroup generated by p. If Pi # p, then Pii?p = Rp. For if a e pj, a $ p then already aRp = Rp. Thus the px other than p lie in KerAs a first consequence we see that the non-zero prime ideals form a free generating set of S(R). Secondly we see that if

‘=n p" then IRp = (p Rpy*. Hence rv~ vp(IRp) = vp(I) + vp(Rp) = I>„(/).

LOCAL FIELDS Corollary 1.

If a e K* then vp(a) —

0 for

9 almost all

p.

Corollary 2.

rp(f 1 ^2) =

1)

+ vp(I2),

vp(i~1) = -vv(I),

vpVi + *2) = inf vff), vp(I2), vpVi n h) = sup vp(Ix\vp(I2). Corollary 3.

The maps fp induce an isomorphism J{R) s]J./(/g. V

(The symbol Jj stands for the restricted direct product (direct sum) of groups.) Let Rp be the valuation ring of the completion of K at vp. By 1. Proposition 1, S(RP)^S(RP)

( = Z!).

Hence: Corollary 4.

*(R) =U^(KP)V

3. Modules and Bilinear Forms In this section we introduce some concepts, which will subsequently be used in the discussion of ideal norms, of differents and of discriminants for extensions of Dedekind domains. Throughout this chapter R is a Dedekind domain, K its quotient field, U a finite dimensional vector space over K of dimension n > 0. The symbol T always stands for i?-submodules of U and the symbols L, M, N for finitely generated i?-submodules which span U, i.e. contain a basis of U. If p is a non-zero prime ideal of R, then Tp = TRP is the i?p-module generated by T. Lemma 1. n Tp = T. p

Proof. This is true for any integral domain R, not necessarily Dedekind, provided only that p runs through a set of prime ideals containing the maximal ideals. Clearly T c f) Tp.

For the converse we consider an element u of f| Tp,

p

p

and show that the ideal Ju = [x e R\xu e T] is the whole of R, i.e. is not contained in any given maximal ideal p. In fact u = x~1w with w e T, x e R, but x £ p. As xeJu we now see that Ju £ p.

10

A. FROHLICH Lemma 2.

Given M and N, there is a non-zero element a of K with

a M c N. Proof. Let {w,} be a basis of U, contained in N. For a given finite generating set {w,} of M, choose the element a as a “common denominator” of the coefficients of the Wj with respect to the basis {wf}. Lemma 3. For almost all p, Mp = Np. Proof. By the previous Lemma we can find non-zero elements a, b of K with aM N then [M: N] is just the ordinary group index, viewed as a Z-ideal. Proposition

1.

(i) [M:IV][N:L] = [M : L] [M: M] = R. (ii) Suppose that M N. Then [M: A] is an integral ideal, and [M :N] = R implies M = N. Proof Locally (i.e. for the Rp) this is obvious. For the global form one applies Lemma 1, and 2. Proposition 2. Proposition 2.

If t is a non-singular linear transformation of U, then [Mt: Nt] = [M : IV].

Proof. Localize and apply definition (1). One can also show that M ^ N, if and only if [M: N] is a principal fractional ideal.

LOCAL FIELDS

11

Now let B(u, v) be a non-degenerate, symmetric, X-bilinear form on U. If is a basis of U, its dual basis {vj} is defined by B(Ui, Vj) = 5U

(Kronecker symbol).

The dual module of T is D(T) = Dr(T) = [ue U\B(u, T)

(3)

c: f?].

Lemma 4. If M is the free R-module on {uj, then D{M) is the free R-module on the dual basis {vj}, and

D(D(M)) = M. Proof. Obvious. In what follows the symbol D stands for duals with respect to R and in place of DRp we shall write Dp. Proposition 3.

(i) D(M) is a finitely generated R-module, spanning U, (ii) D(M)p = Dp(Mp), (hi) D(M) = n DfMp), P

(iv) D(D(M)) = M, (v) [Z)(M): D(jV)] = [N:Af}. Proof (i) M contains a free i?-module N, and by Lemma 2 is contained in a free i?-module L = bN, both L and N spanning U. Hence D(N) 3 D(M) = D{L). By Lemma 4, D{L) and D(N) are free and span U. This gives (i). (ii) Let (vvj be a finite generating set of M. Suppose v e DV{MV). Then for all /, B{v, wt) = b~1al, with at,be R,b$ p. Thus v e D(M)b~1 c: D(M)p. We have shown that

W c dr(m)p. To get the opposite inclusion, observe that B(Dr(Mp), Mp) c B(Dr(M), M)Rp cz Rp. (iii) follows from (ii) and Lemma 1, (iv) from (ii) and Lemma 4. The proof of (v) reduces by (ii) to the case when M and N are free. We then only have to recall that if {»,} and (pJ are dual bases and {«/} and {vf*} are dual bases then det(0det(O = IWe define the discriminant of M by (4)

b(M) = HM/R) = [.Dr(M): M]R.

A. FROHLICH

12 Proposition 4.

(i) b(N) = b(M)[M : IV]2. (ii) b(Mp/i?p) = b(M/R)Rp. (iii) If M is the free R-module on (wj then b(M) is the fractional ideal generated by det B{uh tq). Proof For(i): [D(1V) : IV] = [D(1V) : D(M)] [D(M): M] [M : IV] = [D(M): M] [M : N]2

(Prop. l(i)) (Prop. 3(v)).

(ii) follows from Proposition 3(ii). For (iii) let {pj be the dual basis of (i/J and let tq = vf. By Lemma

4,

[D(M):M] = RdetOOOn the other hand det B(uu v/) = det ('f) det B(uh vj) = det (/). Corollary 1.

Suppose M

=>

N. Then b(M) divides b(N), andb(M) = b(/V)

implies M = N. The last proposition shows that when R = Z, our discriminant is the same as the classical discriminant over Z (to within a sign). Let now U = U-^ + Uj (direct sum of vector spaces). Suppose that M{ and Nt span Ut and write M = Ml + M2, N = Nl+N2. For (ii) and (iii) in the following proposition also assume that B(UU U2) = 0, so that B gives rise to non-degenerate bilinear forms on and U2. Proposition 5.

(i) [M:N] = [Mt:Nd[M2:N2l (ii) D(M) = D(M1) + D(M2). (iii) b(M) = b(M1)b(M2). Proof Obvious. To make life easy, we shall for the next and final proposition consider only free i?-modules M and N, although it would remain true generally. Let R be a Dedekind domain containing R, with quotient field K. We shall view U as embedded in the vector space U = U ®K K over K. The bilinear form B can uniquely be extended to a K-bilinear form B, which is again symmetric and non-degenerate. The R-module MR generated by M is free and spans U.

LOCAL FIELDS

13

Proposition 6.

(i) [MR : NR]r = [M : N]rR, (ii) Dr(MR) = Dr(M)R,

(iii) b(MRlR) = b{MlR)R. Proof Obvious.

4. Extensions Throughout R is a Dedekind domain, K is its quotient field and L is a finite separable algebraic extension field of K. The condition of separability is not needed for part of Proposition 1, and for Proposition 2 (see Z.S., Ch. V, Th. 19 and Serre, Ch. II, Prop. 3).f But we shall not here consider the inseparable case. The elements of L which are integral over R form a domain S, the integral closure of R in L and S is integrally closed (in L) (see Z.S., Ch. V, § 1). Lemma 1. If p is a prime ideal of R then SRp is the integral closure of Rp in L. Proof The elements of SRp are obviously integral over Rp. Conversely, if x is integral over Rp, i.e. x" + (h-1an_1)xn-1+ ... +b~1a0 = 0 with ate R, b e R, b £ p, then bx e S, hence x e SRp. A prime ideal ^ of S is said to he over the prime ideal p of R if n R = p. We then write ^B|p. Proposition 1.

S is a finitely generated R-module which spans L over K and is a Dedekind domain. Every non-zero prime ideal of S lies over a non-zero prime ideal of R, and there is a prime ideal of S lying over every non-zero prime ideal p of R. Proof. Applying Lemma 1 to p = (0) we see that S spans L over K. The trace tLtK: L -* K defines a non-degenerate, symmetric K-bilinear form B(u,v) = tL/K(uv) on L. As SK = L, S contains a free jR-module N spanning L. But then, in the notation of § 3, D(N) is free and spans L. Also D(N) 3 D(S). The traces of integral elements lie in R, and hence D(S) => S, t For the references “Z.S.” and “Serre” see the literature list at the end of Chapter I.

14

A. FROHLICH

i.e. D(N) 3 S. Thus S is a finitely generated i?-module. It follows that S is Noetherian, and we have already noted that S is integrally closed. Let ip be a non-zero prime ideal of S and let bnciibn * -f-... -b #o = 0 be the minimal equation of the non-zero element b of ip. Then at e R, for all i, hence a0 e p = ip n R. Thus p is non-zero. Moreover ip => pS, i.e. ip/pS is a prime ideal of the commutative algebra S/pS over the field R/p. As 5 is finitely generated over R, S/pS is a finite dimensional algebra, and the same is then true for (S/pS)/(ty/pS) = S/ip. Thus S/ip is a field, i.e. ip is a maximal ideal. We have now shown that S' is a Dedekind domain. Let p be a non-zero prime ideal of R. pS = S would imply p-1S = p-1(pS) = S, i.e. p-1 cz S n K = R, which is false. If now the prime ideal ip of S is a factor of pS then ip n R => p, i.e. ip n R = p. Corollary 1. (Used in Chap. II.) Every discrete (multiplicative) valuation of a field K can be extended to a finite, separable extension field L. Proof. Take R as the valuation ring in K. A suitably normalized valuation of L of form pvv(*) will do. Corollary 2. The map I\—* IS is an injective homomorphism y(R) ->

Proof By the proposition, together with the observation that if f and I2 are integral ideals of R with f + I2 — R then also S+/2S = S. Combining Proposition 1 with the theorems proved in Chap. II (see § 10) on the uniqueness and the completeness, for extensions of valuations with complete base fields, we have Proposition 2.

If R is a d.v. ring and K is complete, then S is a d.v. ring

and L is complete. In the remainder of the present section and the early part of the next one we shall study a number of concepts, associated with the embedding of R in *S”. In each instance our aim is to obtain a reduction to the complete local case. A fractional ideal / of S is finitely generated over S, hence over R. Also if 0 # a eJ then J zs aS, hence J spans L over K. We can thus define the ideal norm by

w

j= [S: J]».

The connection to element norms is given by

LOCAL FIELDS Proposition

15

3. IfaeL* then NL/iti0S) = NL/K(a)R.

Proof. NL/K(a) is the determinant of the linear transformation a

ax ofL!

Note that when R = Z, and when J is an ideal of S' then NL/K(J) is just the number of residue classes of S mod J, viewed as a Z-ideal. This follows from our remark (cf. § 3) on the interpretation of the module index as a group index in the case R = Z. The ideal norm commutes—in a sense to be made precise—with the isomorphism exhibited in 2. Proposition 2, Corollary 4. We first recall a theorem, proved in Chap. II (see § 10). Let R be a d.v. ring, p its maximal ideal, K the completion of K at vp. Let ^3, run through the non-zero prime ideals of S and denote by L, the corresponding completions. Then we can identify (as algebras and topological vector spaces over K) (2)

L ®kK = YjLi

(direct sum of fields).

View L, Lf and K as embedded in this algebra. Denote by R the valuation ring of K and by St that of L{. Then we have Lemma 2. RS = £3,. Proof. £ St is the integral closure of R in the algebra £ L(. Hence RS c £ S,-. RS is complete, hence closed. It will thus suffice to show that S is dense in £ As we have not stated or proved the general approxi¬ mation theorem which would yield this result, we shall give an ad hoc proof. From Chap. II we know that L is dense in £ Lh and so £ St is the closure of (£ St) n L. We shall show that the latter module is contained in S. The minimal polynomial of an element x of (Jj S() n L over K has coefficients in R. But it coincides with the minimal polynomial over K, i.e. its coefficients lie in K n R = R. Thus xe S. Now return to the case of an arbitrary Dedekind domain R. If p is a non-zero prime ideal of R write Kp for the associated completion of K and Rp for its valuation ring. For a non-zero prime ideal ^3 of S denote the corresponding objects by Ly and Sv. Proposition 4.

If J is a fractional ideal of S then

nlk(j)r,=n V/p

Proof. In view of the definition of the module index and by Lemma 1 we may assume that R - Rp is a d.v. ring. But then the Proposition follows from Lemma 2 and from 3. Propositions 5 and 6. Corollary 1. NL/K is a homomorphism ^{S) -*■ J?(R) of groups. Proof. By 2, Proposition 2, Corollary 4 and by the above Proposition 4 A.N.T.

2

A. FROHLICH

16

the proof reduces to the case when R is a d.v. ring and K is complete. But then every fractional ideal of S is principal, and the Corollary follows from Proposition 3 and the multiplicativity of element norms. By similar reasoning we get Corollary 2. ForIeJ{R) nlik(is) = r, where n = (L: K) is the degree. Corollary 3. IfL

F

K then

Nl/k(J) — NF/k(Nl/f(J))-

We can now return to the bilinear form defined by the trace. The dual Dr(S) of S is clearly an S'-module. By Proposition 1 and by 3, Proposition 3 it is finitely generated over R, hence over S. As DR(S) d S we have (3)

DR(S) = X>-1

where £> = Q(S/R) is an integral ideal of S, the different. We write b = b(S/R) for the discriminant defined in 3(4). of R. Moreover

(4)

As DR(S) => S’, b is an integral ideal

6 =

In fact b = [Os(S): S] = [S : Ds(S)]-‘

= JV(D Proposition 5.

In the notation of Proposition

4:

(i) S(S/R)SV = T>(SylRp). (fi) b(SlR)Rp = n KSvI&p)VI?

Proof. By Lemma 2 and 3, Proposition 4-6. The next proposition establishes a connection between the discriminant b(SjR) and the discriminants of an integral generator of L. This proposition is usually established via the theory of the “Noether conductor” of a ring, but the concept of a module index will enable us to do without this. Let x be an element of S' so thatL = K[x\, and let g(X) be the minimal polynomial of x over K. The ring R[x] then spans L and is the free Rmodule on 1, x,..., x”-1. In the next Proposition g'{X) is the derivative of g(X).

17

LOCAL FIELDS Proposition 6.

(i) D(R[x]) =

RDT

(ii) b(R[x]) = (,NL,Kg'(x))R. (iii) R[x~] = S if and only ifT>(S/R) = g'(x)S. Proof.- By Euler’s formulae,

'l/kO'VO)) e R,

for i = 0,..., n -1.

Hence

(5)

D(R[x]) =d

i?[x].

By 3, Proposition 4 b(R[x]) = dettL/K(xi+->)R, but (any old-fashioned textbook on algebra) det tL/K(xi+J) = ±NLIK(g'(x)), and so R[x] : R[x]

[B(R[x]) : *[x]] = NLIK(g'(x))R y oo whence, by (5), in fact

DiRM) = gbf*1

We have now established (i) and (ii), and the necessity of the condition in (iii) is a trivial consequence. Suppose that T>(S/R) — g'(x)S, then

D(R[x]) = D(S) = ~ S =>

RM = D(R!>])•

Now take duals again, and apply 3, Proposition 3, to get S = i?[x]. Finally we prove the tower formula: Proposition 7.

If L

=>

F

^

K and ifT is the integral closure of R in F then

(i) 25(S/K) = H(S/r)K(T/R), (ii) b(S/R) = b(TIRnNF/Kb(S/T)), where m = (L : F). Proof. We shall show that £(SIR)_1 = D(S/ T)~1T>(TjR)~1. then (ii) will follow from (4) and the Corollaries to Proposition 4.

A. FROHLICH

18

By the transivity of the trace we have

Hence, writing £>0 = X>(T/R), tL/K.(Sx)

R 0) c ToxT>0 c £>(S/T)_1 oxeT>o ^(S/T)-1.

5. Ramification We first consider a pair of Dedekind domains Rx and R2, with quotient fields Kt and K2, and with Rx c= R2. Let p2 be a non-zero prime ideal of R2 and suppose that the prime ideal Pl = p2 n Rx is also non-zero. Then the residue class field A: = Rt/Vi is embedded naturally in the residue class field k2 = R2/p2. The degree (1)

(fe2 : ki) =/(Pi/Pi)

is the residue class degree (possibly/ = oo). The ramification index e(P2/Pi) is defined by the equation

(2)

0p2(Pi^2) = e(p2/pi),

i.e. by (3)

Restriction of pp2 to X* = e(p2/Pi)ppi.

In the obvious notation we have Proposition

1. /(P3/P2)/(P2/Pi) =/(P3/Pi)» c(Pa/P2)e(p2/Pi) = e(P3/Pi)-

Proof. Obvious. Proposition 2. Let p he the valuation ideal in the completion of K = Xj with respect to the valuation vp = vpi. Then

/(p/p) = 1 = e(p/p). Proof Let Rp be the valuation ring of rp in X. By 2, Proposition 2, e(pXp/p) = 1 and by 1, Proposition 1, e(p/pR„) = 1. By Proposition 1,

e(pl P)

= 1. Every element of Rp/pRp is of form xy~l with x, y e R/p. Hence the two fields coincide, i.e. /(pRp/p) = 1. Also Rp is dense in the valuation ring Rp of the completion. Hence the image of Rp/pRp is dense in the discrete group Rp/p, i.e./(p/pRp) = 1. Thus/(p/p) = 1. Corollary.

/(P2/P i) =/(p2/p1) e(P2/Pi) = e(P2/Pi)*

19

LOCAL HELDS

The results of § 4, together with the last Corollary, show that differents, discriminants, residue class degrees, ramification indices and ideal norms, for extensions L/K, can be described locally in terms of the completions. From now on, and up to § 10, we shall always assume R to be a d.v. ring, and K to be complete in the valuation topology. This situation is inherited by finite separable extensions (4, Proposition 2). The reformulation of our results in global terms will mostly be left to the reader. We shall now make some changes in the notation, which was introduced in § 4, and shall use for “relative” objects the symbols T>(L/K), t(L/K), f(L/K), e(L/K). vL is the valuation of L, kL the residue class field. For kK we also write k. p is the maximal ideal of R, the maximal ideal of the integral closure S of R in L. Except for § 9, all our results will be established without assuming a priori that the residue class field extensions are separable. Proposition 3.

e(LIK)f(LIK) = (L : X). Proof. The vector-space S/pS over k has the sequence of quotient spaces s/?,w2.rx/r

(r = psx

and by 1, Lemma 4 these are isomorphic. The dimension of S/ty over k is f = f(L/K), hence the dimension of S/pS is ef. On the other hand, as S is a free X-module of rank (L: K), the dimension of S/pS is (L: K). Let UK and UL be the groups of units of R, and of S respectively. We already know that the embedding j: K*-+L* yields a commutative diagram (with exact rows) (cf. 1(5)) VK

0—>Uk—>K*—>Z—>0 1

v, 1*

Now we get in addition Corollary.

The element norm yields a commutative diagram 0-+U,—*L*-^Z—> 0

1

1

V

0 —. UK —* K* —* Z —* 0 i.e. fvL(x) = vk(Nl/kx) and NlikCP)

= v'.

Proof. NL!K(UL) c Uk and NL/K °j = (i: K).

A. FROHLICH

20

Interlude on traces: Let A be a finite dimensional commutative algebra over a field k with the following properties: (i) If N is its radical then A/N = B is a field, (ii) Ne = 0, Ne~1 A 0 and for i < e, B ~ Nl/N,+ 1 (isomorphism of .5-modules). Denote by a the image in B of an element a of A. Then we have 1. tA/k(a) = etB/k(d). Sketch of proof: tA/k(a) is the trace of the linear transformation x i—■» xa of the L-space A. Let B = B0 = A/N,..Bt = Nl/Nl+1,... be the suc¬ cessive quotient modules of the 5-module A and let at be the linear trans¬ formation of 5; induced by a. Then Lemma

k4/d» = £ trace/?/ i

But the 5; are isomorphic 5-modules and hence trace (a,) - trace (o0) = tB/k(ja). Therefore the Lemma. Now write a Lemma

> a for the residue class map S -> S/^s.

2. tLjK(a) = ctkL/k(U).

Proof. By Lemma 1, with A = S/pS, N = ty/pS. Remark: Analogously one can show that (4) Proposition

NL/K(a) = NkLlk(ay. 4. vL(X>) > e—1.

Proof. Write again A = S/pS, N = ty/pS and denote by x the image in A of an element x of S. Choose a &-basis (a/ of A, so that for 1 < i < (e—1)/ the at form a /c-basis of N. We can lift {a;} back to an i?-basis {*,} of S, so that xt = at. For 1 < i < (e-l)/and for ally, x,.jcwill lie in N, i.e. xtXj = 0, whence by Lemma 2 hlK(.XtXj) ) = j.%(b) ^ e -1.

LOCAL HELDS

21

L is said to be non-ramified over K, if (i) e(L/K) = 1. (ii) kL is separable over k. 1. Lis non-ramified over K if and only ifb(L/K) = R. Proof. By Proposition 4, b = R, i.e. = 5 implies e = 1. Now suppose that e = 1. Let {x,} be a free generating set of S' over R and let Theorem

d = det tL/jfXiXj). By 3, Proposition 4, b = R if and only if the residue class d is non-zero, But by Lemma 2, d = datk^k(xi.xJ) is the discriminant of the basis {x,} of kL over k, and this does not vanish if and only if kL is separable over k. Let in the sequel % be the characteristic of k. ramified over K if

L is said to be tamely

(i) xMLlK). (ii) kL is separable over k. Thus if y — 0, L is always tamely ramified. Theorem 2.

The following conditions are equivalent:

(i) L is tamely ramified over K. (ii) tL/K(S) = R. (iii) ®L(X>) = e-1. Note: tL/K(S) is always a non-zero ideal of R. Proof The equivalence of (i) and (ii) is immediate from Lemma 2. For the equivalence of (ii) and (iii) first note that when a e K, then ^z./xCS'u) = tL/K(S)a. Hence

— ® 1 n K,

Il/k(S)

or writing v = vL(X>), r = vK(tL/K(S)) v

r < - < r+l. e

Thus if v = e-1 then r = 0. If r = 0, then v < e, and so by Proposition 4. v = e—1. Remark: If L is normal over K one can deduce from condition (ii) in the last theorem a further criterion. For this purpose denote by R(T) the group ring over R of the Galois group T. One then has the

A. FROHLICH

22

Normal basis theorem: The R{T)-module S is isomorphic with R{T) if and only if L is tamely ramified over K. f The proof is left as an exercise. Hints: Interpret the existence of an element of trace 1 in terms of endomorphism rings to deduce that when L is tamely ramified over K then S is projective. Then use Swan’s theorem.* Global Application We shall explicitly restate Theorem 1 in terms of arbitrary Dedekind domains. Let then just for the moment R be a Dedekind domain, not necessarily a d.v. ring, K its quotient field, and S the integral closure of R in a finite separable extension field L of K. A non-zero prime ideal ^ of S is non-ramified (over K) if its ramification index over $nk has value 1 and if S/ty is separable over R/ty n R. A non-zero prime ideal p of R is non-ramified (in L) if all prime ideals in S, above p, are non-ramified over K. Corollary 1 to Theorem 1.

p

is non-ramified in L if and only if p does

not divide the discriminant b of S/R. Proof. On the one hand we know (cf. Proposition 2) that both the ramification index and the actual residue class field extension remain unchanged on transition to the completions. Thus p is non-ramified in L if and only if the completions L degree g(X) > degree G(X) = (kL : k) = (L : K). Thus in fact G(X) = g(X), i.e. g(X) is irreducible, and L = K[x]. The equation S = A[x] can now be deduced either from 6, Proposition 1, as applied to L, or from 4, Proposition 6. (ii) We have (L\K) = degree g(X) = (/c[x] : k) < (kL : k) < (L : K). Hence in the first place (L: K) = /(A/A'), i.e. e(L/K) = 1 and in the second place kL = k[x], i.e. kL is separable over k. Consider now a class of algebraic extension fields E,EU... of a given field F. A homomorphism o\E-*E^ over A is a homomorphism of fields, leaving F elementwise fixed. Example: The identity map E -> E. If a: £ -> A\ and t : E1 ->■ E2 are homomorphisms over F then so is a o r : E -► E2. In other words, we have a “category” (for those familiar with the language). We denote by Horn1 (A, A^) the set of homomorphisms

A. FROHLICH

26

E-* Ei over F. If E is normal over F then HomF (E, E) is just the Galois group. Let Es be the separable closure of F in E, i.e. the maximal subfield of E which is separable over F. We then obtain maps (1)

HomF (E, Et) -» HomF (.Es, E\)

which preserve the compositions a ° x and also the identity maps of the fields E, i.e. we have a functor. The maps (1) are moreover injective and if E = Es also bijective. Now we apply this formalism to the class of finite, separable, algebraic extensions L of K. As L will vary, we shall now use the symbol RL for its valuation ring and pL for its valuation ideal. Proposition 2.

Let a: L

L' be a homomorphism over K.

Then, for all

xeL vL'(xa) = e(L/La)vL(x). Proof. The function coni defined by e(L I L&)v(x) = vv{xa) is a discrete valuation of L, which on K coincides with vL. By uniqueness (see Chap. II) v = vL. Corollary 1. Application to normal extensions L of K and their Galois groups. Corollary 2. A homomorphism a:L L' over K induces, by restriction to the valuation rings and reduction modulo the valuation ideals, a homomor¬ phism 5 : kL -* kL, over k. The resulting maps -*■

HomR (L, L') ->■ Hom'c (kL, kL) preserve the identity maps of fields and map composition. Thus the residue class fields kL define a functor, and so do the separable closures ksL of k in kL. Our next theorem asserts, in the language of category theory, that the functor ksL has an adjoint. This will then in particular yield an isomorphism between the category of separable extensions of k and the category of non-ramified extensions of K. 1. Let k be a finite, separable, algebraic extension of k. Then there exists a finite, separable, algebraic extension L = L(k) of K, such that Theorem

(i) k ^ kL {over k), (ii) L is non-ramified over K, (iii) the maps HomK (L, L) -> Horn* (kL, kL) are bijective for all L'. Properties (i), (ii) or (i), (iii) determine L uniquely, to within isomorphism over K.

LOCAL FIELDS

27

Note: In (iii) one may of course replace kL and kv by ksL and k*v. For the proof we need the Lemma 1. Let g(X) be a monic polynomial in such that g(X) is separable, and suppose that the element a of k is a root of g(X). Then there is one and only one element of R, such that g{x) = 0

and

x — cc.

Proof See Chap. II, Appendix C. Proof of Theorem 1. We know that k = k[a], where the minimal poly¬ nomial G(X) of a over k is separable. Choose any monic polynomial g(X) in 7?[A] with g(X) = G(X) and let L = if[x], where a: is a root of g(X). By Proposition 1, L has properties (i) and (ii). To show that L has property (iii) consider a homomorphism w: kL -+ kL> over k. By the Lemma, L' will contain a unique element y, so that g(y) = 0 and y = xw. But then there exists a unique homomorphism cr:L -* L' over K with xa = y. Clearly a = w. If also t = w then xx = y and so r = o. Now suppose that L' is non-ramified over K and that vv is an isomorphism kL ^ kv over k. Then (L’: K) = (L: K) and therefore the lifted homo¬ morphism a: L -» L' over K must be an isomorphism. We have thus seen that properties (i) and (ii) determine L uniquely, to within isomorphism over K. The corresponding uniqueness result in terms of (i) and (iii) is standard. Corollary. L(k) is normal over K if and only if k is normal over k, and if so then the Galois groups are isomorphic. In the sequel a “subfield” of a finite separable, algebraic extension L of K is always one which contains K. L has a subfield L0, such that the subfields L' of L which are non-ramified over K are precisely the subfields of L0. Also kLo = ksL. If L is normal over K with Galois group T then L0 is normal over K and is Theorem 2.

the fixed field of T0 = [y e r|t>L(xy — x) > 0 for all x e KL] T0 is called the inertia group of L over K. Proof. The existence of a subfield L0 which is non-ramified over K, with kLo = k*L, follows from Theorem 1. All subfields of L0 are then also non-ramified over K. In fact, from the definition of the term “non-ramified” we see that, for any tower E F ■=> K of fields, E/K is non-ramified if and only if E/F and F/K are non-ramified. Conversely, let L' be a subfield of L, non-ramified over K. Then kv c= ksL = kLo. By Theorem 1, as applied to /c = kL. we obtain a homo¬ morphism o-.L' -> L0 over K so that d is the inclusion map. Now let

A. FROHLICH

28

kL, = k[x], with x e L'.

Then x and xcr are elements of L with the same residue class and so, by Lemma 1, x = xcr. But, by Proposition 1, L' = A[x], and so L' ^(tO + I for all x e KL]. If vL(IT) = 1, then the map ■y i—»■ ITy/IT

A. FROHLICH

30

defines a homomorphism 0O ofT0 into k$0, which is independent of the choice of n and whose kernel is Ty. To/Ti is a cyclic group. Tfy = p¥=0 then is the (iunique) p-Sylow group ofT0. Note: If x = 0 then L is tamely ramified anyway. In this case, the theorem just asserts the existence of the homomorphism 0O and the resulting fact that r0 is cyclic. Proof We first consider the normal case, and begin by establishing the properties of the homomorphism 0O. rx is clearly a subgroup of T0 and a normal subgroup of T. If yer0 and if u is a unit of RL then uy/u = 1 (mod pL).

Hence the

residue class 0o(y) = ny/n in k* is independent of the particular choice of n (within the condition rL(n) = 1). As r0 acts trivially on kE one sees that 00(7172) = ^0(71)^0(72)* As r0 is a finite group, the 0o(y) are roots of um'ty, and so lie in (ksL)* = k*0. Moreover, it follows that r0/Ker 0O £ Im 0O is cyclic, and that its order is not divisible by y.

Finally, as uy/u = 1 for

all units u, we have, for a e L*, the equation ay I a = 0O( y)VL{a). Hence in fact Ty = Ker 0O. Let now Ly be the fixed field of T^ We have seen that if X = p A 0 then the degree (Ly: L0) is prime to p. As kL =) 13 kLo and as (kL '■ ^L0) is a power of p it follows that f(Ly/L0) = 1. Also e(Ly/L0) is prime to p. Thus Ly is tamely ramified over Lo¬ in the sequel we shall use repeatedly the fact that, for any tower E => F => K of fields, EIK is tamely ramified if and only if EjF and F/K are tamely ramified. This follows from the definition of tame ramification. As a first consequence we conclude the Lx and its subfields are tamely ramified over K. Let L' be a subfield of L, tamely ramified over K. We shall now show that L' c Ly. Let L’L0 = E, L' n L0 = F. Then L'/F is tamely ramified and hence, by 5, Theorem 2, there exists an element a e Rv with tL:/F(a) = 1. As T0 is normal, we then also have tE/Lo(a) = 1, and so, again by 5, Theorem 2, E is tamely ramified over L0, i.e. over K. Hence kE c= ksL, i.e. kE = kLo and so E is also totally ramified over L0. Let vE{c) = 1 and let g{X) be the minimal polynomial of c over L0. By 6, Theorem 1 and 4, Proposition 6, we have £(L/L0) = RE9'(c), and hence by 5, Theorem 2, vE(g '(c)) = e-l,

e = e(E/L0),

i.e. (!)

vL(g'(c)) = (e-l)vL(c).

Now let E be the fixed field of the subgroup A of T0.

Choose in each

LOCAL FIELDS

31

right coset of r0 mod A, other than A itself, an element y. Then 9'(c) = n (C-O0v

For each of the e— 1 factors of the product we have vL(c-cy) > vL(c), and so by (1) vL(c-cy) = vL(c). Hence so L' cz Lt.

This however implies that A 3

i.e. that E a Lu and

Now suppose that x = P ^ 0 and that L" is a proper extension of Lx in L. Then L" is not tamely ramified over Lu i.e. either p\e(L"/Lt) or p\f(La/L1) and so certainly p\(L": Lf). It follows that rt coincides with its /7-Sylow group. The results for non-normal L now follow by embedding L in a normal extension of K. The details are left to the reader. Corollary 1. The inertia group r0 is always soluble. More precisely, if X = 0» then T0 is cyclic, and if x = p # 0, then T0 is the extension of a p-group by a cyclic group. If k is finite then the Galois group of a normal extension is soluble. Corollary 2. The composite field of tamely ramified extensions L and L' in a separable closure of K is again tamely ramified. The maximal tamely ramified extension Ktr of K is the union of all tamely ramified extensions in a separable closure of K. Corollary 3. All finite extensions of K in Ktr are tamely ramified. Ktr contains Knr. If X = 0 then T(KJKnr) £ Z, if x = P # 0 then

nKJKJ

~ n z,. q*p

Remark: The group Tj has an interesting module theoretic characteriza¬ tion. Rl has the structure of a module over the group ring R(T). For a subgroup A of the Galois group T one can show that RL will be relative projective with respect R(A) if and only if A 3 rt. From Theorem 1, one sees that in order to “catch” the tamely ramified extensions one has to proceed in two steps. First construct a non-ramified extension (dealt with in § 7) and then a totally and tamely ramified normal extension. This last step can also be described explicitly. We first recall a bit of Kummer theory (see Chap. III). Suppose that K contains the primitive e-th roots of unity and that the element c of K* has true order e modulo K*e. Then the field AT(n), Tle = c, is normal over K of degree e and the equations

\j/c(y)

= ny/n

32

A. FROHLICH

define an injective homomorphism ij/c of the Galois group into K*. We shall then write

(r,e) = 1.

But as seen in the proof of Theorem 1, (3)

r = vL(c1/e) = %(c).

Thus (vK(c), e) = 1. We may now replace c by csae with (s, e) = 1 and a e K*, and we can thus ensure that vK(c) = 1, and then by (2) (3) \]/c = 90. If now also L = K(blle) then, by Kummer theory, b = crae with a e K*, (r, e) = 1 and 0 < r < e. If vK(b) = 1 then we must have r = 1, and so the element a is a unit. The final form of our criterion will now follow from 1, Proposition 5. (ii) follows from Kummer theory and by 6, Theorem 1. Corollary 1. Let vK(c) = 1. Then Ktr is the union of fields Knr(c1/e), for all e not divisible by y.

We finally turn again to unit norms. Using the notation of 7, Proposi¬ tion 3, we have Proposition 2. IfL is tamely ramified over K then NL/K(UL>1) — UKl. Proof. By 5(4) we know that always NL/K(UL l) cz UKA. In view of 7, Proposition 3 and the transitivity of the norm, we may also assume that

LOCAL FIELDS

L is totally ramified over K, say of degree e. position 5,

33

But then we have by 1, Pro¬

Uka = Uk,i c NL/k(Ul, i)-

9. The Ramification Groups Throughout this chapter L is normal over K with Galois group T = T(L/K). The series of subgroups beginning with T0, Tt (cf. § 7, 8) can be continued. Apart from a brief indication of the general case, we shall from now on always assume that kL is separable over k, i.e. that kL = kLo. This is certainly the case whenever k is a finite field. Under this hypothesis we have (irrespective of whether L is normal or not) Proposition 1.

Rh

=

R[a].

Proof. In the notation of 7, Theorem 2, and by 7, Proposition 1, there exists an element b of L0, so that kL = k[b] and so that the residue class polynomial cj(X) of the minimal polynomial g(X) of b over K is separable. Thus g'fb) ^ 0. Let now a = b + h, with vL(h) = 1. Then we get from the Taylor expansion of g{X) the equation

g(a) = hg'(b)+0(h2). Hence

UM«)) = 1Now we apply 6, Proposition 1 to L. As kL = k[a] we can choose an 5R consisting of “polynomials” in a with coefficients in R. If n = me + r, e = e(L/K), 0 < r < e, meZ we, take n„ = g(a)rcm, where c e K, vK(c) = 1. Re-arranging the series expansion for an element of RL one sees that Rl = R[a]. With a as in the proposition we now define a function i = iL/K :T->Zu oo by (1)

kmiy) = Ky) = vL(ay - a).

We furthermore define (for i > — 1) (2)

T; = [y 6 T|t;L(xy —x) > i + l,for all x e Rj.

Thus T_! = T. For i = 0 this was precisely the definition of the inertia group in § 7. For j = 1 we shall subsequently see that this definition agrees with that in § 8. The following proposition connects the r; with the function iL!K, and shows incidentally that this function is independent of the choice of the generator a.

34

A. FROHLICH

Proposition 2. (i) yeTii(y)> i +1. (ii) i(yL(iiy/n-i) = uL(ny-n)-i ^ i, i.e. riy/IT e [/j. Write 9i(y) =ny/nmod Ul+l. By (3) we see firstly that O^y) is independent of the choice of IT, and secondly that if x e L* then $.(yyi.(x) — xy[xmod Ui+l. Hence in the first place xy/x 6 Uh and in the second place—applying what we have proved already— 9i(y) =

1 if and only if y e ri+1.

Finally for y, 5 e Tj we have ny 1). Corollary 1 to Proposition 2 and Proposition 3 remain valid for each of the two sequences, and so does the Corollary to Theorem 1. In other words, for i > 1 the quotients r^/ri+1+ and r*/r* + 1 are elementary Abelian /^-groups. The two sequences are interwoven, i.e. for i > 0, id rf+1 id r(+1*. If kL is separable over k then, by Theorem 1, r* + 1 = ri + 1*. On the other hand if e{L\L^) — 1 then riHt = rf + 1 (for i > 1). From now on kL is again assumed to be separable over k. The ramification groups yield an explicit determination of the different, which generalizes the

A. FROHLICH

36

formula (cf. 5, Theorem 2) holding in the tamely ramified case.

We shall

write (4)

gt = order r;.

Note that L/L0 is now totally ramified, i.e. do = e(LIL0) = e(L/K). Proposition 4. CO

vL(P) Proof

= y^l E Ky) = i=0 £ (^i—!)-

Let RL = L[a] and let g(X) be the minimal polynomial of a

over K. By 4, Proposition 6, D = g'{a)RL, and hence »l(®) = vL(g'(a)) = vL ^ n (a-ayfj OO

= E Ki) = E Kidi-1 !) y& 1

i= 0

i))

00

= E^i-1)i=0

Corollary. Let A be a subgroup of T, L /tv fixed field. Then

e(LIF)vf(T>(FIK)) = E C/x(>’). y^A

Proof. By the tower formula (cf. 4, Proposition 7) we have e(LI F)vf(T>(FI Kf) = vL(T>(LIK))-vLmLlF)). Now apply the last proposition to evaluate the right-hand side, noting that for 8 e A, iL/K(d) = iLjF{d) (by Proposition 3). From now on we shall be concerned with the following situation: A is a normal subgroup of T with fixed field F. F is then normal over K with Galois group T/A. Our first aim is to determine the function iF/K. Proposition 5.

For co eTJA e(LIF)iF,K(oj) = E iL/jc(v). y~* (0

Proof. For co = 1 both sides are infinite. Assume now that co A 1. Let Rl = L[a] and let g(X) be the minimal polynomial of a over F. Acting with co on g{X) coefficientwise, we obtain a polynomial (gco)(X). Then piF/K(«>) _ p«’(L/F)tf-/K(tu)

37

LOCAL FIELDS

divides the coefficients of (gco)(X)-g{X), and so divides

(gw)(a)-g(a) =

== fl ()• y-*«>

In other words

(5)

e(LlF)iF/K((o) ^ £ ix/K(y). y->co

Now evaluate e(L/ F)vf(T>(F / K)) first via Proposition 4 (with F in place of L) and then via the corollary to that proposition. Comparing the results we obtain the equation

I e(L/F)iFIK(co) = X Z Wv)1

(0^1 y-*co

But this implies that we must have equality in (5). We now turn to the ramification groups of T/A. Our results in § 7 and §8 imply that (T/A),- = TjA/A for i = 0, 1. But the same is no longer generally true for z > 1. To obtain an analogue to Proposition 3 for quotient groups one has, following Herbrand, to introduce a new enumeration of the ramification groups. In the sequel x is a real variable > — 1. We write (6)

T,. = Tj, where i is the least integer > x.

We then define a function 0 = (pL/K by 'x, if — 1 < x < 0, (7)

i +.. • +gm+(x- ™)gm+1] 9o if x > 0 and m is the integral part of x

(i.e. m the integer with m < x < m +1). 4>(x) is a continuous, strictly increasing function and thus possesses a continuous, strictly increasing inverse function i]/(y) (—1 < j). The new, “upper” enumeration of the ramification groups is then given by

(8)

Ty = T, if x =

i.e. y = — 1, then 0(x) is linear in the closed interval [m, m + 1 ] and has derivative 0'(x) = order Tje{LIK) in the open interval (rn, m + 1). Proof Obvious.

A. FROHLICH

38

Lemma 2. If fix) is integral, then so is x. Proof For xe [-1, 0] this is obvious.

If xe [m, m+1] (m ^ 0) and

y — f(x), then x =-[g0y + m9m+i-(9i + • • • +0m)l-

9m+ 1

The lemma now follows by observing that gm+l divides g0,..gm. Lemma 3. f(x) +1 = —

Y inf(i(y),x + l).

9 oyer

Proof

We shall give the proof for x > 0 only.

Let m be the integer

with m < x < m +1. Then x + 1 = inf (i(y), x +1) o y e Tm+1. Therefore 1_ Y inf(i(y),x + l) = ~~( Y *(y) + 0m+iO + l)) 9o\ytrm + i / 9 o yier m+1 \ = T( Z (&-1 -0;)*' + 9m+l(x + 1) ) 9 oV -if ^Zo^“^«+i(m+1)+^»+i(;c+1) 00

= — 1 (T/A)y = TyA/A. Proof For co eT/A define (9)

j(o>) = sup iL/K(y). y—* co

Our first step is to prove that (10)

iF jK((o) — 1 = (f)Lif( j(cn) — 1).

Choose y0 e r so that y0 -> co and that iL/K(y0) = j(co). Then the equation in Proposition 5 can be written in the form

(11)

e(LlF)ifiK((D) = Y

*L/K(yo'l/f(x) = order (Tx n A)/c(L/F). Hence by (14), (15) and by Lemma 1 (for L/K)

6(x)

=

and so finally ^l/kM = ^f/k^z/fC*))-

But this equation, in conjunction with (13) now implies that TZA/A = (T/A)z (z =

For one need

y = P+(y-P)-

2. Types of Valuation We define two important properties of a valuation, both of which apply to whole equivalence classes of valuation. Definition.

The valuation | | is discrete if there is a 5 > 0 such that 1 — 5 < |a| < 1 + 5

implies |a| = 1. This is the same as saying that the set of log |a|, a e k, a / 0 form a discrete subgroup of the reals under addition. Such a group is necessarily free on one generator, i.e. there is a c < 1 such that \y.\, a ^ 0 runs through precisely the set of cm, me L. If |a| = cm we call m — m(jx) the order of a. Axiom 2 implies ord (a/?) = ord a + ord /?. Definition. The valuation | | is non-archimedean if one can take C = 1 in Axiom 3, i.e. if

\P+y\ < max{|/l|, |y|}.

(2.1)

If it is not non-archimedean, then it is archimedean. We note at once the consequence

|/s+r| = |0i if M 1. Then \a\ > 1 for every a > 1 in Z and (3.1) gives i i |c|'ogc = ]a|i°ga.

Hence | | is equivalent to the ordinary absolute value. Second Case. \c\ < 1 for all c e Z so by a previous lemma | | is non-arch. Since | | is non-trivial the set a of a e Z with |a| < 1 is non-empty and is clearly a Z-ideal. Since \bc\ = |6| |c| the ideal a is prime, say belonging to p > 0 and then clearly | | is equivalent to | |p. Now let k0 be any field and let k = k0(t), where t is transcendental. Ifp = p(t) is an irreducible polynomial in the ring k0[t ] we define a valuation by \(p(t))au(t)lv(t)\p = c a

(3.2)

where c < 1 is fixed, aeZ and u(t), v(t) e k0[t], p(t) JC u(t), p(t))( v(t). In addition there is the non-arch, valuation | defined by

»(0

= ^degy-degu

v(t) 00

(3.3)

Note the analogy between k0(t) and Q, which is however not perfect. If s = t~l, so k0(t) = k0(s), the valuation | !«, is seen to be of the type (3.2) belonging to the irreducible polynomial p(s) = s. The reader will easily prove the Lemma. The only non-trivial valuations on k0(t) which are trivial on k0 are equivalent to the valuation (3.2) or (3.3). If F is a finite field the only non-trivial valuations on F(r) are equivalent to (3.2) or (3.3). Corollary.

4. Topology A valuation | | on a field k induces a topology in which a basis for the neighbourhoods of a are the “open spheres” U«) = {£|

|£ —a| 0. Equivalent valuations induce the same topology. A valuation satisfying the triangle inequality gives a metric for the topology on defining the distance from a to /? to be |a-/?|.

GLOBAL FIELDS

47

A field with the topology induced by a valuation is a topological field, i.e. the operations sum, product, reciprocal are continuous. Proof. For example (product) the triangle inequality implies that Lemma.

|(a +0)05 + 40 —a/?| ^ |0|M + |«|M + |/?||0| is small when |0|, \f\ are small (a, /? fixed). Lemma. If two valuations | |l5 | |2 on the same field induce the same topology then they are equivalent in the sense defined above.

Proof. |a|i < 1 if and only if a" -> 0 (n -► + oo) in the topology and so Hi < 1 if and only if |a|2 < 1. On taking reciprocals we see that [a^ > 1 if and only if |a|2 > 1 so finally [a^ = 1 if and only if |a|2 = 1. Let now (1, y e k and not 0. On applying the foregoing to a = pmyn

(m, n e Z)

we see that m log^li

+77

log |y|t gO

according as m log|£|2 + nlog|y|2g0 and so logjAli ^ log Mi log |y5j2 log |y|2*

5. Completeness A field k is complete with respect to a valuation [ | if it is complete as a metric space with respect to the metric |a—fi\ (a, P e k) i.e. if given any sequence an (n = 1,2,...) with |ccm — ccn| —7 0

(m, n -* oo, oo)

(a fundamental sequence), there is an a* e k such that oc„-mx*

w.r.t. ||

(i.e. |a„ — a* | ->• 0). Theorem. Every field k with valuation \ \ can be embedded in a complete field k with a valuation | | extending the original one in such a way that k is the closure of k with respect to | |. Further, k is unique {up to isomorphism). Proof (sketch). We define k as a metric space to be the completion of k as a metric space with respect to | |. Since the field operations +, x and inverse are continuous on k they are well-defined on k. Q.E.D. Corollary 1. | | is non-arch, on k if and only if it is so on k. If that is so, the set of values taken by | | on k and k are the same. Proof Use second lemma of § 2. Alternatively, if k is non-arch., the functional inequality \P + y\ < max A.N.T.

|y|) 3

48

J. W. S. CASSELS

holds also in k by continuity. If now

e k, /? ^ 0 there is a y e k such that

\P~y\ < \P\ an m (1 < n < N- 1) with N- 1 || X! Cn, mQn + fljv||

0

(?)J—>CO);

N- 1

(C, m-> oo, oo).

11 I (£./-£n.mK||-*0 n = 1

The lemma being trivial for N — 1, we may suppose by induction that it is true for the (TV— l)-dimensional space spanned by a1,...,aJV_1 and hence |£n/-£n,m|

0

(/, m

00, 00)

for 1 < n < N— 1. Since k is complete there are |fn. m-^*|->0

e k with

(m -> oo).

Then

+

^ || I^.a. + a.l +

-0

(w -> oo)

in contradiction to (1). 9. Tensor Product We need only a special case. Let A, B be commutative rings containing a field k and suppose that B is of finite dimension N over k, say with basis 1 = o1, a>2,..., ioN.

Then B is determined up to isomorphism by the multiplication table C0/c9/n = ]C Cimn(°n

Cimn 6

We can define a new ring C containing k whose elements are expressions of t When k is not merely complete with respect to | | but locally compact, which will be the case of primary interest, one can argue more simply as follows. By what has been shown already, the function ||a|| is continuous in the || ||0-topology, and so attains its lower bound 3 on ||a||0 = I. Then 3 > 0 by condition (i), and then ||a||0 < awk and j •

y ^m^m

y

y

^■m^m

of A and B respectively into C. It is clear that C is defined up to isomor¬ phism by A and B and is independent of the particular choice of basis com. We write C = A®kB since it is, in fact, a special case of the ring tensor-product. [The reader will have no difficulty in checking that the defining Universal Mapping Property.]

C

together with the maps

i, j

possesses

Let us now suppose, further, that A is a topological ring, i.e. has a topology with respect to which addition and multiplication are continuous. The map

y

Umti7m —* (flj,. . ., Ujv)

is a 1 — 1 correspondence between C and N copies of A (considered as sets). We give C the product topology. It is readily verified (i) that this topology is independent of the choice of basis

®

Kj.

(9.1)

i Kj over A respectively. Then F(X)=

[I

Gj(X).

(9.2)

i n is a basis for B/k. That T{X) = YlGj{X) follows similarly by using a base of A ®k B = © Kj composed of bases of the individual Kj/A. Corollary. For a e B we have NormB/ka =

]~[ NormX Ma i 8 > 0 for some constants A, 8. Hence by homogeneity A > J-fp > 8 > 0. Ho

(all a ^ 0).

Suppose, now, that |a| < 1. Then ||a||0 < K be a finite normal extension of k. Then by the above there is a unique extension of | | to L which we shall denote also by || Jj. If o is an automorphism of LJK then

aIU = II™

GLOBAL FIELDS

57

is also an extension of j | to L, so || ||ff = [| ||, i.e. || era || = | a ||

(alia e L).

But now NormK/ka = oqao^a• • • for a e K, where oq,..., aN are automorphisms of L/k. Hence | NormA7ik a | = |Norm*/ka||

=