Akhenaten's Sed-festival at Karnak 0710303807, 9780710303806

Table of contents :
Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
List of Plates
1. Matched Scenes :
I -XIX: The Palanquin Procession
XX: The tnt3t- dais
XXI: The tnt3t-dais; a Possible Baldachin
XXII: The tnt3t-dais ; a Foundation Rite ; The Heb-Sed band
XXIII: The Heb-Sed Band
XXIV-XXVII: The Palace
XXVIII-XXXIX: The Offering - Kiosk Series
XL-XLI: The Re ' - Harakhte Altars
XLII: Miscellaneous Figures of the King
XLIII-XLV: The Lion and Sphinx Palanquin
XLVI: Procession Scenes ; Inscriptions
XLVII: Narrative Inscriptions
XLVIII-XLIX: Homage Scenes
L: The ' Kheruef ’ Dancers
LI: Dancers and Musicians
LII: Cattle
LIII-LVI: The offering-with-Libation Ceremony
LVII: The Window of Appearance ; Men Carrying Meat
LVIII: Miscellaneous Priests
LIX: The Window of Appearance
LX: The Window of Appearance ; Male Dancers ; The Atef - Crown ; Priests
LXI: Ladies-in - Waiting
LXII: Ladies-in-Waiting ; Soldiers
LXIII: Miscellaneous Officials
LXIV-LXVI: Miscellaneous Officials with Titles.
2. Individual Blocks:
LXVII-LXXVII: Palanquin Procession Scenes
LXXVIII-LXXXV: The Offering-Kiosk Series
LXXXVI: Miscellaneous Small Scale Figures of the King
LXXXVII: Lision-Furniture : The tnt3t-Dais
LXXXVIII: Scenes Paralleled in Other Sed - Festival Reliefs
LXXXIX: Depictions of Re '- Harakhte; The Re '- Harakhte Altars
XC-XCI: Miscellaneous Figures of the King and Queen
XCII: The Sinuous wall ; The King and Queen in the Window of Appearance
XCIII: The Atef-Crown ; Possible Foundation Rites ; The Hb-Sd Motif Band
XCIV: The lion and Sphinx Palanquin
XCV-XCVIII: The Offering-with-Libation Ceremony
XCVIII-C: Cattle
CI: Ladies - in - Waiting ; Miscellaneous Officials
CII-CIII : Priests
CIV: Miscellaneous Official with Titles
CV: Miscellaneous Officials , Some with Titles
CVI: Miscellaneous Figures ; Sample Sun - Disks
CVII: Dancers
CVIII: Parts of Structures ; Inscriptions
CIX: Examples of imy hbw - sd
CX: Examples of gmt p3 ' Itn and wsht.
Abbreviations
Part I: The Sed - Festival
1. Definition of the Sed - Festival
2. Date of the Sed - Festival
3. Location of the Sed - Festival
4. Evidence of Sed - Festivals
5. The Rites of the Sed - Festival
Part II: Sed - Festival Scenes of Amenhotep IV on the Karnak talatat
1. The Akhenaten Temple Project
2. The Number of Sed - Festivals Celebrated by Amenhotep IV
3. The Location of the Celebration of Amenhotep IV ’s Sed - Festival
4. Wall area Covered by Sed - Festival Scenes
5. Size of Figures in Sed-Festival Scenes
6. The Identification of Sed - Festival Scenes
Part III: Catalogue of Matched Scenes and Individual Talatat
1. Matched Scenes
2. Individual Blocks
Part IV: Conclusion
Appendix: Register of Matched Scenes and Individual Blocks
Footnotes
Bibliography
Index

Citation preview

Akhenaten’s Sed-festival at Karnak

Studies in Egyptology Edited by Alan B. Lloyd

Professor of Classics and Ancient History, University College of Swansea

Editorial Advisor: A. F. Shore

Professor of Egyptology, University of Liverpool The Egyptian Temple, Patricia Spencer The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom, Nigel Strudwick Corpus of Reliefs of the New Kingdom from the Memphite Necropolis and Lower Egypt Volumel, Geoffrey Thorndike Martin Problems and Priorities in Egyptian Archaeology, Edited by Jan Assmann,

Gunter Burkard and Vivian Davies

Lost Tombs, Lise Manniche Decoration in Egyptian Tombs of the Old Kingdom, Yvonne Harpur Untersuchungen zu den Totenbuchpapyri der 18. Dynastiem Irmtraut Munro The Monuments of Senenmut, Peter F. Dorman The Fort Cemetery at Hierakonpolis, Barbara Adams The Duties of the Vizier, G.P.F. van den Boom A Glossary of Ancient Egyptian Nautical Titles and Terms, Dilwyn Jones Land Tenure in the Ramesside Period, Sally L.D. Katary Valley of the Kings, C.N. Reeves The Cobra Goddess of Ancient Egypt, Sally B. Johnson A Bibliography of the Amarna Period and its Aftermath, Geoffrey Thorndike Martin The Private Chapel in Ancient Egypt, Ann H. Bomann

Forthcoming:

After Tutankhamun, Edited by C.N. Reeves Gods, Priests and Men, Aylward M. Blackman, compiled and edited by Alan B. Lloyd The City of Meroe, Lazio Torok

Akhenaten' s Sed-festival at Karnak Jocelyn Gohary

First published 1992 by Kegan Paul International Ltd Published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© Jocelyn Gohary 1992 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Gohary, Jocelyn, /944Akhenaten's Sed - festival at Karnak. - (Studies in Egyptology). 1. Egypt. Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Egypt, fl. I 379-1362 B.C. I. Title II. Series 932'.014'0924 ISBN 0-7103-0380-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gohary, Jocelyn (Jocelyn Olive), 1944Akhenaten's Sed- festival at Karnak/ Jocelyn Gohary. p. cm. - (Studies in Egyptology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7103-0380-7 1. Akhenaten, King of Egypt. 2. Sed festival. 3. Karnak (Egypt) Antiquities. I. Series. DT87.4.G64 1991 90-46308 932'.014'0924 dc20

CIP

ISBN 13: 978-0-7103-0380-6 (hbk)

Table

of

Contents

P r e fa c e L is t o f P la te s A b b r e v ia tio n s

v vii ix

P art I: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

th e S e d -F e s tiv a l D e f in itio n of the S e d - f e s tiv a l Date of th e S e d - f e s t i v a l Location of the S e d - f e s tiv a l Evidence of S e d - f e s t i v a l s The R i t e s o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l

P art I I :

S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e n e s o f Amenhotep IV on th e Karaak t a l a t a t The A k h e n a t e n Temple P r o j e c t The number o f S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e l e b r a t e d by Amenhotep IV The l o c a t i o n o f t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f Amenhotep I V ’ s S e d - f e s t i v a l W a l l a r e a c o v e r e d by S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e n e s Size of f ig u r e s in S e d - f e s t i v a l scenes The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e n e s

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1 3 5 6 9

26 29 34 36 36 37

P a r t I I I : C a ta lo g u e o f m atched s c e n e s and in d iv id u a l t a l a t a t 1. M a tc h ed s c e n e s 2. In d iv id u a l blocks

40 120

P a r t IV:

167

C o n c lu s io n

A ppendix: R e g i s t e r o f M atched S c e n e s and I n d iv id u a l B lo c k s

170

F o o tn o te s B ib lio g r a p h y In d ex

205 230 236

iii

Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http://taylora ndfra ncis.com

Preface

and Acknowl e dgment s

The r e i g n o f t h e p h a r a o h Amenhotep I V - A k h e n a t e n i s a p e r i o d o f a n c i e n t E g y p t i a n h i s t o r y on w h i c h t h e r e i s much i n f o r m a t i o n , though most of i t i s o f a c o n t r o v e r s i a l n a t u r e . The S e d - f e s t i v a l i s an a n c i e n t r e l i g i o u s f e s t i v a l f o r w h i c h much e v i d e n c e e x i s t s but because of the incom pleteness of th a t evidence, several d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of th e f e s t i v a l have a r i s e n . Amenhotep IV a p p a r e n t l y c e l e b r a t e d a S e d - f e s t i v a l e a r l y i n h i s r e i g n a n d r e c o r d e d t h e e v e n t i n h i s new t e m p l e c o m p l e x d e d ic a te d to th e Aten a t Karnak. Blocks from th e tem ple b u i l d i n g s w h i c h w e r e r e - u s e d a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f Amenhotep IV, we re e x am i ne d a nd p h o t o g r a p h e d by t h e A k h e n a t e n Temple P r o j e c t b e t w e e n 1966 a n d 197 7 i n a n a t t e m p t t o a n a l y s e , w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e c o m p u t e r , s c e n e s c a r v e d on t h e b l o c k s known a s t h e A k h e n a t e n 'ta la ta t* . The p r e s e n t wor k c o v e r s a s e l e c t i o n o f t h e s e b l o c k s , those d e p ic tin g p a r ts of the S e d - f e s t i v a l . W h ils t w orking f o r t h e P r o j e c t f rom 1968 t o 1973, I was e n t r u s t e d w i t h t h e t a s k o f s tu d y in g th e S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e n e s , w hich e v e n t u a l l y formed th e b a s i s o f my Ph. D. t h e s i s p r e s e n t e d i n 1977. T h i s r e s e a r c h was o r i g i n a l l y t o h a v e b e e n one o f a s e r i e s o f p u b l i c a t i o n s on t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e A k h e n a t e n T e mp l e P r o j e c t , b u t d ue t o p r o b l e m s w h i c h a r o s e o v e r t h e p u b l i s h i n g o f s u b s e q u e n t v o l u m e s a f t e r Volume 1 a p p e a r e d i n 1 9 7 6 , t h i s w o r k on t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l t a l a t a t h a s r e m a i n e d u n p u b l i s h e d u n t i l now. W ith a s u b j e c t as p o p u l a r as th e r e i g n of Amenhotep I V - A k h e n a t e n , new boo ks and a r t i c l e s a r e c o n s t a n t l y a p p e a r i n g and fre sh ideas being suggested. S i n c e 1975 P r o f e s s o r D o n a l d B. R e d f o r d o f T o r o n t o U n i v e r s i t y , h a s b e e n c o n d u c t i n g e x c a v a t i o n s on t h e s i t e o f t h e A t e n Te mp l e a t t h e e a s t e n d o f K a r n a k . In a d d i t i o n , t h e C e n t r e F r a n c o - E g y p t i e n a t Ka rn a k i s c o n t i n u i n g t o s t u d y , w i t h t h e a i d o f mo r e a d v a n c e d c o m p u t e r t e c h n i q u e s t h a n t h o s e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e A k h e n a t e n Temple P r o j e c t two d e c a d e s a go, t a l a t a t e x t r a c t e d by them f rom t h e w e s t w in g o f t h e N i n t h P y l o n . I t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o k e e p a b r e a s t o f a l l t h e s e mo r e r e c e n t p i e c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n , w h i l s t a t t h e same t i m e t r y i n g t o f i n a l i z e a w o r k s u c h a s t h i s b o o k , w h e r e my m a i n c o n c e r n i s t o make a v a ila b le to a l l i n t e r e s t e d persons the h i t h e r t o unpublished r e c o r d o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l o f Amenhotep IV f r om K a r n a k . I hope t h a t any s h o r t c o m i n g s i n t h a t r e s p e c t w i l l be o u t w e i g h e d by t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f w h a t c a n s t i l l o n l y be r e g a r d e d a s a f i r s t r e p o r t and a n a l y s i s o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e n e s , w h i c h w i l l no d o u b t be a dd e d t o a nd r e i n t e r p r e t e d a s f r e s h e v i d e n c e and new f i n d s come t o lig h t. T h i s s t u d y may n o t c l a r i f y many p o i n t s a b o u t t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l i n g e n e r a l , b u t i t i s h o p e d t h a t i t w i l l a dd some more i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c u l t o f t h e A t e n and t h e e f f e c t o f t h i s c u l t on t h e e n a c t m e n t o f a r e l i g i o u s f e s t i v a l w h i c h c a n be t r a c e d b a c k t o t h e A r c h a i c P e r i o d .

v

My e s p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e due t h e l a t e Mr. Ray W i n f i e l d S mi t h ( D i r e c t o r o f t h e A k h e n a t e n Temple P r o j e c t f r om 1965 t o 1972) a n d P r o f e s s o r D o n a l d B. R e d f o r d ( D i r e c t o r o f t h e A k h e n a t e n T e m p l e P r o j e c t f rom 1972 o n wa rd s) f o r a l l o w i n g me t o u s e m a t e r i a l f r om t h e P r o j e c t f o r my s t u d y o f Amenhotep I V ’ s S e d - f e s t i v a l a t K a r n a k . I a l s o wish to thank P r o f e s s o r Redford f o r p e r m i s s i o n t o p u b l i s h t h e P r o j e c t ’ s p h o t o g r a p h s and o t h e r d a t a on t h e t a l a t a t . There a r e s e v e r a l o t h e r p e r s o n s t o whom I e x t e n d my g r a t i t u d e f o r t h e i r h e l p a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t ; t h e l a t e P r o f e s s o r H. W. F a i r m a n a n d P r o f e s s o r A. F. Sh or e o f t h e S c h o o l o f A r c h a e o l o g y a n d O r i e n t a l S tudies, L iverpool U n iv e rsity , f o r t h e i r g u i d a n c e d u r i n g my o r i g i n a l r e s e a r c h ; Dr . C. F. Nims, e x - D i r e c t o r o f C h i c a g o Hous e , L u x o r , f o r c o p i e s o f t h e d r a w i n g s o f s c e n e s f r o m t h e t omb o f K h e r u e f b e f o r e i t s p u b l i c a t i o n ; D r. G. Haeny, e x - D i r e c t o r o f t h e Swiss A r c h a e o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e i n C a i r o , f o r a c c e s s t o u n p u b l i s h e d p h o t o g r a p h s o f b l o c k s fr om t h e m o r t u a r y t e m p l e o f Amenhot ep I I I ; p a s t s t a f f members o f t h e A k h e n a t e n Temple P r o j e c t , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e l a t e Mr. L e s l i e G r e e n e r f o r t h e l i n e - d r a w i n g o f S ce ne 1; M i s s S. Cr owgey f o r h e r t r a n s l a t i o n o f M. M a t h i e u ’ s a r t i c l e on t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l ; Mr. Y. A. A b d e l - G h a f f a r f o r h i s p a i n s t a k i n g wor k i n p r e p a r i n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t a nd my h u s b a n d , S a i d , f o r h i s c o n s t a n t s u p p o r t and p r a c t i c a l a s s i s t a n c e . F i n a l l y , I e x p r e s s my t h a n k s t o t h e p r e s e n t p u b l i s h e r s f o r e n a b l i n g t h i s work t o become a v a i l a b l e t o a w i d e r p u b l i c a t l o n g last.

J o c e l y n Gohar y

vi

List

1.

Pl ates

Ma tc he d S c e n e s :

I -XI X: XX: XXI: XXII: X X III: XXIV-XXVII: XXVI11-XXXIX : XL-XLI: XLII : X L III-X L V : XLVI : X LV II: XLVIII-XLIX: L: LI: L II: L III-L V I: LVII : L V III : LIX: LX:

LXI : LXII : LXIII: LXIV-LXVI:

2.

o£

the palanquin procession the t n t 3 t -d ais the t n t 3 t - d a is; a p o ssib le baldachin the t n t 3 t - d a is ; a fo u n d atio n r i t e ; the heb-sed band t h e h e b - s e d b a nd the palace the o ffe rin g -k io s k s e r ie s the Re'-H arakhte a l t a r s m iscellaneous fig u re s of the king t h e l i o n a nd s p h i n x p a l a n q u i n procession scenes; in sc rip tio n s narrative inscriptions homage s c e n e s the 'K heruef’ dancers d a n c e r s and m u s i c i a n s cattle t h e o f f e r i n g - w i t h - l i b a t i o n c er emony t h e Window o f A p p e a r a n c e ; men c a r r y i n g m e a t m iscellaneous p r i e s t s t h e Window o f A p p e a r a n c e t h e Wi nd ow o f A p p e a r a n c e ; m a l e d a n c e r s ; t h e atef-crown; p r i e s t s ladies-in-w aiting ladies-in-w aiting; soldiers m iscellaneous o f f i c i a l s m iscellaneous o f f i c i a l s w ith t i t l e s .

Individual blocks:

L X V I I -L X X V I I : L X X V III-L X X X V : LX X X V I: L X X X V II: L X X X V III: LX X X IX : X C -X C I: X C II : XCIII:

palanquin p ro c e ssio n scenes the o ffe rin g -k io s k s e r ie s m iscellan eo u s small s c a le f ig u r e s of the king l i o n - f u r n i t u r e ; the tn t3 t- d a is scenes p a r a l l e l e d in o th e r S e d - f e s tiv a l r e l i e f s d e p ic tio n s of R e' -H a r a k h te ; the R e '-H a ra k h te altars m i s c e l l a n e o u s f i g u r e s o f t h e k i n g and q u e e n t h e s i n u o u s w a l l ; t h e k i n g and q u e e n i n t h e Window of Appearance the atef-cro w n ; p o s s ib le foun d atio n r i t e s ; the h b - s d m o tif band vii

XCIV : XCV-XCVIII: XCVI II -C: CI: CII-CIII: CIV : CV: CVI: CVII: C VI II : CIX: CX:

t h e l i o n a nd s p h i n x p a l a n q u i n t h e o f f e r i n g - w i t h - l i b a t i o n c er emo ny cattle la d ie s -in -w a itin g ; m iscellaneous o f f i c i a l s priests miscellaneous o f f i c i a l s w ith t i t l e s m i s c e l l a n e o u s o f f i c i a l s , some w i t h t i t l e s m i s c e l l a n e o u s f i g u r e s ; s amp l e s u n - d i s k s dancers p a r ts of s t r u c t u r e s ; i n s c r i p t i o n s e xa mp le s o f i m y h b w - s d e xa mp le s o f gmt p3 ' I t n and w s h t .

viii

Abbreviat ions

AJSL Aldred, Brooklyn, ASAE ATP I BABA BIFAO B o n n e t , RARG CAH Cami nos, LEM COA FI FAQ G a r d i n e r , AEO Hor nung, AH JAPS JARCE JEA JEOL JNES KRI LD MAS MDIK Petrie,

RT

PM

S e t h e , Urk IV

A me r i c a n J o u r n a l o f S e m i t i c L a n g u a g e s , A ldred, C ., A k h e n a t en and N e f e r t i t i , (London, 1 9 7 3 ) , c a t a l o g u e o f t h e B ro o k ly n Museum j u b i l e e e x h i b i t i o n . A n n a l e s du S e r v i c e d e s A n t i q u i t é s de 1 ’E g y p t e . Sm ith, R. W. a n d R e d f o r d , D. B . , The A k h e n a t en Temple P r o j e c t . , Volume I : I n i t i a l D i s c o v e r i e s , (Warminster, 1976). B e i t r a g e z u r Ä g y p t i s c h e n B a u f o r s c h u n g und Altertum skunde. B u lle tin de 1 * I n s t i t u t fra n ç a is d ’a r c h e o l o g i e o r i e n t a l e . B onnet, H., R e a lle x ik o n d e r Ä g y p tis c h e n R e l i g i o n s g e s c h i c h t e , ( B e rlin , 1952). Cambr idge A n c i e n t H i s t o r y . Caminos, R ., L a t e E g y p t i a n M i s c e l l a n i e s , (Oxford, 1956). C ity of A k h e n a te n , (Egypt E x p lo r a tio n S o c ie ty Memoirs). F o u i l l e s d e s I n s t i t u t F r a n ç a i s d ’A r c h e o l o g i e O rientale. G a rd in e r, A . , A n c ie n t E g y p tia n Onomastica, V o l s . I a nd I I , ( O x f o r d , 1 9 4 7 ) . Hor nung, E . , A e g y p t i a c a H e l v e t i c a I , ( B a s e l , 1974). J o u r n a l o f t h e A me r i c a n O r i e n t a l S o c i e t y . J o u r n a l of th e American Research C e n te r in Egypt. Jou rn a l of Egyptian Archaeology. J a a r b e r i c h t e ex O r i e n t e Lux J o u r n a l o f Ne ar E a s t e r n S t u d i e s . K i t c h e n , K. A . , Rame s s i d e I n s c r i p t i o n s , V o l s . I - V I , ( O x f o r d , 1968 f f ) . L e p s i u s , R ., D enkm äler aus Ä g y p ten und Ä th io p ie n , 6 p a r t s , (B erlin, 1849-59). Münchner Ä g y p t o l o g i s c h e S t u d i e n . M i t t e i l u n g e n des D eutschen A r c h a e o l o g i s c h e n I n s t i t u t s Abteilung K airo . P e t r i e , W . M . F . , R o y a l Tombs o f t h e F i r s t D y n a s t y , P a r t s I and I I , ( London, 1 9 0 0 - 1 ) . P o r t e r , B. a n d M o s s , R. , T o p o g r a p h i c a l B ib lio g rap h y o f An c i e n t E g y p t i a n H ieroglyphic T e x t s , R e l i e f s and P a i n t i n g s , V o l s . I - V I I , (Oxford, 1931-74). S e t h e , K. a n d H e l c k , W. , U r k u n d e n d e r 1 8 . D y n a s t i e , H e ft 1 -2 2 , ( L e i p z i g and B e r l i n , 1906-58) . ix

TSBA Wb ZÄS

T ra n s a c tio n s of the S o c ie ty of B i b l i c a l Archaeology. E r ma n , A. a n d G ra po w , H . , W ö r t e r b u c h d e r ägyptischen Sprache, Z e i t s c h r i f t fffr Ä g y p t i s c h e S p r a c h e und Altertumskunde.

x

Part

X

The S ed -fes tival

1.

D e fin itio n of the S e d - f e s t i v a l :

B e f o r e e m b a r k i n g on a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l o f Amenhotep I V - A k h e n a t e n a s d e p i c t e d on t h e Ka rn a k t a l a t a t , [1] i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o s a y s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l i n g e n e r a l . [2] A l t h o u g h t h e r e i s a m a s s o f f r a g m e n t a r y m a t e r i a l on t h i s E g y p t i a n f e s t i v a l , i t does n o t combine to g i v e a s u f f i c i e n t l y com prehensive p i c t u r e of th e n a tu r e or c e l e b r a t i o n of th e festival. However, f r om t h e f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h i t i s d e p i c t e d , i t i s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l was r e g a r d e d a s one o f t h e most i m p o r t a n t e v e n t s o f a k i n g ’ s r e i g n . T h e re a r e many s c r a p s o f i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e f or m o f r e l i e f s a nd i n s c r i p t i o n s i n tombs and temples, o b e lis k s , o s tra c a , s t a t u e s , in d iv id u a l blocks of stone from r u i n e d s t r u c t u r e s and so o n . [ 3 ] H owever, no c o m p l e t e r e p r e s e n ta tio n of the S e d - f e s t i v a l has survived, lik e t h a t of the f e s t i v a l o f S o k a r a t M e d i n e t H a b u , [4] f o r e x a m p l e , and many p i e c e s o f e v i d e n c e a r e on b l o c k s f r om w a l l s w h i c h h a v e e i t h e r c o l l a p s e d o r b e e n d e l i b e r a t e l y d i s m a n t l e d and t h e i r o r i g i n a l p o s i t i o n i s n o t always c e r t a i n . The r e i g n o f R a m e s s e s I I , w h i c h i s w e l l d o c u m e n te d i n o t h e r r e s p e c t s , h a s so f a r f a i l e d t o p r o v i d e a c o m p lete p i c t o r i a l r e c o r d of t h i s f e s t i v a l , even though in scrip tio n s state th at th is king c e le b r a te d fourteen S e d - f e s t i v a l s .[5] The p u r p o s e f o r w h i c h t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l was e n a c t e d a p p e a r s t o have b e e n t h e sy m b o lic re n e w in g o f t h e power o f t h e k i n g s h i p . T h i s c o n c e p t i o n i s b a s e d on t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r i t e s i n v o l v e d , [6] such as t h e b l e s s i n g o f t h e gods and t h e r e - e n a c t m e n t o f t h e c o r o n a t i o n , [7] a n d a l s o on t h e s e a r c h f o r t h e o r i g i n o f t h e festival. Wi t h r e g a r d t o t h e l a t t e r , i t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l was a more humane o r c i v i l i s e d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e a n c i e n t t r a d i t i o n o f r i t u a l l y m u r d e r i n g t h e t r i b a l c h i e f b e f o r e he b e g a n t o g r o w o l d a n d l o s e h i s p r i m e . [8] C e r t a i n p r e s e n t day N i l o t i c t r i b e s o f t h e Sudan a p p e a r t o show t r a c e s i n t h e i r c u l t u r e o f A n c i e n t E g y p t i a n c u s t o m s a nd b e l i e f s [9] and one s u c h t r i b e , the S h illu k , u n t i l r e c e n tly c a r r i e d out the r i t u a l k i l l i n g of t h e i r k i n g i f he be ga n t o s u f f e r from i l l - h e a l t h o r t o grow s e n i l e . [10] The r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s b e c a u s e , l i k e t h e A n c i e n t E g y p t i a n s , t h e y b e l i e v e t h a t t h e w e l f a r e o f t h e t r i b e d e p e n d s on the w e ll-b e in g of the king. However, c o n c l u s i v e e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s c u s t o m i n p r e h i s t o r i c E gy p t and i t s s u r v i v a l i n t h e r i t u a l s o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l h a s n o t as y e t b e e n f o u n d . There a re i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t a 'mock* b u r i a l and r e s u r r e c t i o n u s i n g a s t a t u e o f t h e k i n g , may h a v e b e e n one o f t h e r i t e s o f t h e f e s t i v a l b u t t h i s i s s t i l l u n c e r t a i n . [11] 1

I t was a l s o t h o u g h t t h a t t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l was c o n n e c t e d w i t h th e O s i r i s c u l t , [12] w hic h m ig h t have added s u b s t a n c e t o t h e t h e o r y o f r i t u a l m u r d e r , b u t t h e r e a r e v a r i o u s r e a s o n s why t h i s idea is u n a c c e p ta b le , th e p r i n c i p l e one b e in g t h a t th e S e d - f e s t i v a l i s known b e f o r e O s i r i s became a god o f t h e E g y p t i a n p a n t h e o n . [13] The e x a c t m e a n i ng o f t h e wor d s e d a s a p p l i e d t o t h i s f e s t i v a l has n e v e r been co m p le te ly e x p l a i n e d . The e a r l i e s t w r i t i n g o f t h e word o c c u r s i n t h e F i r s t D y n a s t y tombs a t Abydos w h e re i t a l r e a d y h a s t h e d e t e r m i n a t i v e s howi ng t h e d o u b l e p a v i l i o n . [14] A number of s u g g e s tio n s have been p u t forw ard t o e x p l a i n t h i s te rm: t h a t i t was a w o r d c o n n e c t e d w i t h s d t ' a t a i l ’ , [ 1 5 ] b u t t h i s i d e a was refu ted on t h e grounds of m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the d e t e r m i n a t i v e ; [ 1 6 ] t h a t i t was c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e l a n d and r e f e r r e d t o t h e r i t u a l d a n c e [17] w h i c h a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n one o f t h e r i t e s o f t h e f e s t i v a l ; and a l s o t h a t i t was t h e name o f an ancient jack al-g o d , w h o ma y h a v e b e e n a f o r e r u n n e r o f Wepwawet. [ 1 8 ] A n o t h e r t h e o r y s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e wor d was d e r i v e d from th e v e r b sd, ' t o c l o t h e ’ , and r e f e r r e d to th e k i n g ’ s a s s u m p t i o n o f t h e s p e c i a l S e d - f e s t i v a l r o b e . [19] In s e v e ra l c a s e s , h o w e v e r , w h e r e a w i s h i s e x p r e s s e d t h a t t h e k i n g may c e l e b r a t e many S e d - f e s t i v a 1 s , ( a l s o o f t e n t r a n s l a t e d as ' j u b i l e e s ’ ) , i t a p p e a r s t o h a v e some c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t i m e , l e n g t h o f r e i g n , l i f e t i m e a nd so o n. For example, ' I have g r a n t e d t h r e e m i l l i o n s o f S e d - f e a s t s a nd h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s ’ ; [20] ' I h av e g i v e n you many j u b i l e e s , I h a v e g i v e n you t h e l i f e t i m e o f R e c and t h e y e a r s o f Atum’ . [ 2 2 ] I t w o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , seem l i k e l y t h a t t h e word s d i n some way r e f e r r e d t o a p e r i o d o f t i m e s u c h as a g e n e r a t i o n o r a m a n’ s e x p e c t e d l i f e - s p a n . Q uestions such as t h e s e i n d i c a t e t h a t over th e c e n t u r i e s the m e a n i n g o f t h e p h r a s e h e b - s e d s e e ms t o h a v e b e e n m o d i f i e d o r au gme nt ed a n d a c q u i r e d some c o n n e c t i o n w i t h v a g u e d i v i s i o n s o f time or ' d i v i s i o n s of e t e r n i t y ’ .[2 3 ] Probably because of the l a r g e r volume o f i n s c r i p t i o n a l e v i d e n c e , t h e n u a n c e s o f m e a n i ng c a n b e m o r e c l e a r l y d e t e c t e d i n t h e New K i n g d o m . In the c o r o n a t i o n i n s c r i p t i o n of H a tsh e p su t a t D e ir e l B a h ri[2 4 ] i t i s s a i d o f T u t h m o s i s I , 'He h a s r e c o g n i z e d t h e a u s p i c i o u s n e s s o f t h e c o r o n a t i o n on New Y e a r ’ s Day a s t h e b e g i n n i n g o f p e a c e f u l y e a r s and o f t h e s p e n d i n g o f m y r i a d s ( o f y e a r s ) o f v e r y many j u b i l e e s ’ . At t h e c o r o n a t i o n o f H a r em h e b i t i s p r o c l a i m e d , ' G i v e h i m t h e j u b i l e e s o f R e ( and t h e y e a r s o f Horus a s k i n g ’ . [ 2 5 ] I n t h e t e m p l e o f S e t i I a t Abydos, i n t h e i n s c r i p t i o n o f a s p e e c h o f t h e g o d d e s s S e s h a t , [26] t h e wo rd s h e b - s e d a r e w r i t t e n out a lp h a b e tic a l ly thus the sign O being the usu al d e t e r m i n a t i v e f o r a word d e n o t i n g a d i v i s i o n o f t i m e . [27] By t h e t i m e o f Ramesses I I , t h e t e r m c o u l d a p p a r e n t l y mean v i r t u a l l y a g e n e r a t i o n , a p e r i o d o f t h i r t y y e a r s , a s c a n be s e e n i n t h e B l e s s i n g o f P t a h a t Abu S i m b e l . [ 2 8 ] I n l i n e 18 t h e god s a y s , ' I g i v e you y e a r s by t h i r t i e s ’ , ( r d i n . k r n p w t m h b w - s d ) . At M e d i n e t Habu, t h e r e o c c u r s i n a s c e n e s ho wi ng T h o th p r e s e n t i n g j u b i l e e s t o 2

Ramesses I I I , ' I w r i t e f o r th e e S e d -f e s t i v a l s in hundreds of thousands of y e a r s l i k e the sand of the s e a s h o r e ’ .[29] This idea o f a s p a n o f y e a r s i s a l s o e v i d e n t a t B u b a s t i s wh e re t h e a c t u a l l e n g t h o f t i m e i s s p e c i f i e d a s vS e d - f e s t i v a l s o f t w e l v e y e a r s each* and ' o f f i f t e e n y e a r s e a c h * . [ 3 0 ] The s a me c o n c e p t o f a t i m e e l e m e n t c o n n e c t e d S e d - f e s t i v a l co n tin u e d in the P tolem aic p e rio d , i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e d e m o t i c i n s c r i p t i o n on t h e R o s e t t a T h e re P t o l e m y E p i p h a n e s i s g i v e n t h e t i t l e ' t h e l o r d o f of the S e d - f e s t i v a l l i k e P t a h ’ .[32]

w ith the w hich is S t o n e . [31] the years

From t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d a l s o , t h e r e a r e e x a m p l e s o f t h e wor d s d a s a v e r b i n t h e p h r a s e s d h b - s d , p r e s u m a b l y m e a n i n g ' t o c e l e b r a t e t h e Sed- f e s t i v a l ’ [33] V a rio u s d e i t i e s were d e p i c t e d in th e a c t of p r e s e n t i n g S e d - f e s t i v a l s t o t h e k i n g [ 3 4 ] and c e r t a i n gods w ere a p p a r e n t l y b e l i e v e d t o h a v e c e l e b r a t e d S e d - f e s t i v a l s o f t h e i r o w n . [35] From t h e R a me s s i d e p e r i o d onwar ds t h e god P t a h - T a t e n e n was p a r t i c u l a r l y a s s o c ia te d w ith t h i s f e s t i v a l .[36]

2.

D at e o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l ;

A p a r t f rom t h e r e a s o n s why t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l was c e l e b r a t e d , t h e r e i s a l s o some d o u b t a b o u t when i t t o o k p l a c e . The Gr ee k t e x t on t h e R o s e t t a S t o n e t r a n s l a t e s t h e r o y a l t i t l e w r i t t e n i n t h e h i e r o g l y p h i c v e r s i o n n b h b w - s d t by t h e w o r d s , ' l o r d o f t h i r t y - y e a r f e s t i v a l s ’ , [ 3 7 ] b u t no e x p l a n a t i o n i s g i v e n a s t o w h at t h i r t y y e a r p e r i o d was i n v o l v e d - w h e t h e r i t r e f e r r e d t o t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f the f e s t i v a l in the t h i r t i e t h year of a k i n g ’ s re ig n , or to a p e r i o d i c c e l e b r a t i o n every t h i r t y y e a r s , r e g a r d l e s s of which k ing was on t h e t h r o n e o r how l o n g h e h a d r e i g n e d . The n u m b e r t h i r t y d o e s n o t s ee m t o h a v e h a d a n y m a g i c a l c o n n o t a t i o n [ 3 8 ] a n d a l t h o u g h some k i n g s d i d i n d e e d c e l e b r a t e a S e d - f e s t i v a l i n t h e t h i r t i e t h y e a r o f t h e i r r e i g n s , [39] s e v e r a l c e l e b r a t e d one b e f o r e t h e i r r e g n a l y e a r 3 0 . [ 4 0 ] I n a d d i t i o n , some k i n g s who d i d n o t e v e n r e i g n f o r t h i r t y y e a r s , n e v e r t h e l e s s c e le b ra te d a S e d - f e s t i v a l .[41] A number o f e x p l a n a t i o n s h a ve b e e n proposed, such as t h a t t h i r t y y e a r s r e p r e s e n t e d a g e n e r a t i o n to t h e E g y p t i a n s , [42] t h a t a k i n g b e g a n t o number h i s r e g n a l y e a r s f rom when h e became c o - r e g e n t w i t h h i s f a t h e r , [43] and a l s o t h a t i t was a d i v i s i o n o f t h e S o t h i c c y c l e . [ 4 4 ] However, a l t h o u g h t h e s e t h e o r i e s do o c c a s i o n a l l y seem t o t i e up w i t h some o f t h e known d a t e s o f S e d - f e s t i v a l s , t h e y do n o t p r o v i d e any f e a s i b l e ex p la n a tio n fo r the e x c e p tio n s .[45] Hayes a r g u e d f o r t h e p e r i o d i c c e l e b r a t i o n o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l e v e r y t h i r t y y e a r s d u r i n g t h e M i d d l e Kingdom[46] b u t Simpson h a s o p p o s e d t h i s t h e o r y and h a s p u t f o r w a r d a c o n v i n c i n g c a s e f o r t h e c e l e b r a t i o n of the f e s t i v a l in the t h i r t i e t h year of a k i n g ’ s 3

r e i g n , [47] a l t h o u g h h e r e a g a i n th e m a t e r i a l i s i n c o m p l e t e . F r e q u e n t i r r e g u l a r i t i e s i n t h i s p r a c t i c e o c c u r i n t h e New K i n g d o m , [48] p e r h a p s due t o e x c e p t i o n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s , as t h e e a r l i e r t r a d i t i o n cannot have been e n t i r e l y f o r g o t t e n s in c e T u thm osis I I I [ 4 9 ] and Amenhotep I I I [ 5 0 ] b o t h c e l e b r a t e d t h e i r f i r s t S e d - f e s t i v a l in t h e i r t h i r t i e t h r e g n a l y e a r , as a l s o did Ramesses I I . [51] I n c a s e s wh e re a S e d - f e s t i v a l was h e l d b e f o r e a k i n g ’ s r e g n a l y e a r 30, i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e k i n g ’ s a d v a n c e d age was t h e r e a s o n , [ 5 2 ] o r w i t h a y o u n g e r man h i s p o o r s t a t e o f h e a l t h . [53] W he t he r t h e f e s t i v a l was c e l e b r a t e d i n t h e t h i r t i e t h r e g n a l y e a r o f t h e k i n g s i n t h e O l d K i n g do m i s l e s s c e r t a i n , m a i n l y because of th e la c k of s p e c i f i c y e a r d a te s f o r th e S e d - f e s t i v a l s known. The o n l y d a t e r e c o r d e d i s f o r a S e d - f e s t i v a l o f P e p i I i n approxim ately year 36.[54] H o w e v e r , t h e r e se em t o b e s e v e r a l e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s t h e o r y amo ng s t t h e k i n g s o f t h e Old Kingdom, as a number o f them a p p a r e n t l y c e l e b r a t e d S e d - f e s t i v a l s a l t h o u g h t h e y r e i g n e d f o r l e s s t h a n t h i r t y y e a r s . [55] An i n t e r e s t i n g p a r a l l e l may p e r h a p s be s e e n i n A s s y r i a w h e r e a t h i r t y - y e a r p e r i o d wa s re c o g n iz e d as th e l e n g t h of a k i n g ’ s r e i g n , a lth o u g h th e o r i g i n of t h i s p r i n c i p l e i s u n c e r t a i n . [56] Some d a t a l a i d down a s e v i d e n c e o f a S e d - f e s t i v a l may n o t be c o n c l u s i v e a n d c o u l d s i m p l y be a p i o u s h o p e t h a t s u c h m i g h t h a p p e n , b u t do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y r e c o r d a n a c t u a l e v e n t . The v a r i o u s w i s h e s t h a t a k i n g may c e l e b r a t e 'm i l l i o n s of S e d - f e s t i v a l s ’ come i n t h i s c a t e g o r y , [57] as do s t a t u e s a p p a r e n t l y d e p i c t i n g t h e k i n g i n t h e s p e c i a l . S e d - f e s t i v a l r o b e . [58] In th e c a s e s w h ere a k i n g c e l e b r a t e d more t h a n S e d - f e s t i v a l , t h e s u b s e q u e n t c e l e b r a t i o n s w e r e a t mo r e o r r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s o f t h r e e y e a r s . [59] No r e a s o n i s g i v e n f o r i n c o n t e m p o r a r y r e c o r d s b u t i f t h e f e s t i v a l was i n t e n d e d t o th e k i n g ’ s power, i t m ight p e rh a p s have been c o n s id e r e d n e c e s s a r y a s t h e k i n g was n e a r i n g o l d a g e . [60]

one less this r enew mo r e

Wi th r e g a r d t o t h e s p e c i f i c p o i n t i n t h e c i v i l c a l e n d a r a t w h i c h t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l t o o k p l a c e , t h e d a t e 1 p r t , d a y 1, was c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e i d e a l d a t e f o r t h e c e l e b r a t i o n . [61] Parker h a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h i s may i n f a c t h a v e b e e n t h e day when t h e f e s t i v a l was p r o c l a i m e d , b u t t h e a c t u a l c e l e b r a t i o n b e g a n on t h e a n n iv ersary of the k i n g ’s a c c e s s io n .[62] There i s s u b s t a n t i a l evidence to in d ic a te t h a t the forthcom ing c e l e b r a t i o n of the S e d - f e s t i v a l was p r o c l a i m e d ( s r h b - s d ) by a h i g h o f f i c i a l i n v a rio u s m ajor c e n tr e s th r o u g h o u t E gypt s e v e r a l m onths b e fo re h a n d .[63] T his w ould g iv e tim e f o r th e n e c e s s a r y p r e p a r a t i o n s w h i c h h a d t o be c a r r i e d o u t b e f o r e t h e a p p o i n t e d day such as th e a c c u m u la tio n of g i f t s and t h e a s s e m b l i n g of th e s t a t u e s o f t h e g o d s a t t h e p l a c e w h e r e t h e f e s t i v a l w as t o be h e l d . [64] I f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l s o f A m e n h o te p I I I c a n be t a k e n a s re lia b le exam ples,[65] the d u ra tio n of the c e le b r a tio n covered 4

s e v e r a l weeks. A scheme s e t o u t by Van S i c l e n p u t s t h e f e s t i v a l b e t w e e n t h e d a t e s V I I I , 26 a n d X I , 2 , i . e . a p p r o x i m a t e l y two mont hs a nd s e v e n d a y s . [66]

3.

Location of the S e d - f e s t i v a l :

T he r e a r e a number o f c o n f l i c t i n g t h e o r i e s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e p l a c e w h er e t h e f e s t i v a l was c e l e b r a t e d . [ 6 7 ] G ardiner has s t a t e d t h a t i t was ' n o r m a l l y c e l e b r a t e d a t Memphi s ’ , [68] c h i e f l y on t h e b a s i s t h a t c e r t a i n ' j u b i l e e m a n s i o n s ’ , ( hwt h b - s d ), were a p p a r e n t l y s i t u a t e d t h e r e . [ 6 9 ] T h i s may h a v e b e e n t h e c a s e d u r i n g t h e Old Kingdom when t h e c a p i t a l o f E g y p t was Memphis, t h e c i t y f o u n d e d wh e n t h e two k i n g d o m s o f U p p e r a n d L ow er E g y p t w e r e united. I n t h e M i d d l e Kingdom, h o w e v e r , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e T w elfth D ynasty k in g s c e l e b r a t e d t h e i r S ed- f e s t i v a 1 s at I t h e t - t o w y , or perhaps even i n th e temple of Re' a t H e l i o p o l i s . Re h a d b e e n a p r o m i n e n t god o f t h e Old Kingdom and h i s p r o m i n e n c e c o n t i n u e d i n t h e M i d d l e Kingdom, a l t h o u g h t h e god Amun was g r o wi n g i n i m p o r t a n c e i n t h e Theban a r e a . S e n w o s r e t I e r e c t e d two g r e a t g r a n i t e o b e l i s k s in f r o n t of th e temple of Re' a t H e l i o p o l i s f o r h i s S e d - f e s t i v a l [ 7 0 ] and he a l s o b u i l t a s m a l l p e r i p t e r a l c h a p e l a t Ka rn ak f o r t h e o c c a s i o n o f h i s f i r s t S e d - f e s t i v a l . [ 7 1 ] A s c e n e s howi ng t h e k i n g s e a t e d i n t h e d o u b l e p a v i l i o n o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l o c c u r s on b l o c k s f r om a d o o r o f S e n w o s r e t I I I f r om t h e t e m p l e o f Mont a t Med a mu d, [ 7 2 ] a l t h o u g h t h i s d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p r o v e t h a t t h i s k i n g a c t u a l l y c e l e b r a t e d h i s S e d - f e s t i v a l t h e r e a nd t h e same c a n be s a i d o f t h e l i n t e l f r om T e l l B a s t a w i t h a s i m i l a r s c e n e o f Amenemhet I I I . [ 7 3 ] The e v i d e n c e f r o m t h e New K i n g d o m a p p e a r s t o b e m o r e conclusive. Both Amenhotep I [ 7 4 ] and Amenhotep I I [ 7 5 ] b u i l t h e b - s e d c h a p e l s a t Ka rn a k a nd when Thutmose I I I b u i l t h i s F e s t i v a l H a l l i n t h e same t e m p l e p r e c i n c t , he d e p i c t e d s c e n e s f r om one o f h i s S e d - f e s t i v a l s i n two o f t h e c o r r i d o r s . [ 7 6 ] These monuments a t K a r n a k do n o t p r o v e d e f i n i t e l y t h a t t h e r u l e r s i n q u e s t i o n c e l e b r a t e d t h e i r S e d - f e s t i v a l s t h e r e , b u t a s Thebes was t h e n t h e p r i n c i p a l c i t y a n d A m o n -R e ' was t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t d e i t y , t h e assumption deserves c o n s i d e r a t i o n . J a r l a b e l s f o u n d on t h e s i t e o f Amenhotep I l l ’ s g r e a t p a l a c e comple x a t M a lg a ta i n W e s te r n T h eb es[7 7 ] i n d i c a t e t h a t he p r o b a b ly c e l e b r a t e d h i s t h r e e S e d - f e s t i v a l s i n t h e t e m p l e a d j o i n i n g t h e p a l a c e , o r a t any r a t e i n T h e b e s , and f o r h i s s e c o n d S e d - f e s t i v a l h e a p p a r e n t l y b u i l t a F e s t i v a l H a l l on t h e same p a l a c e s i t e . [78] Ramesses I I a p p e a r s t o h a v e h e l d a t l e a s t two S e d - f e s t i v a l s a t h i s D e l t a r e s i d e n c e o f P e r - R a m e s s e [79] and Ramesses I I I may a l s o h a v e c e l e b r a t e d o n e i n t h e same c i t y . [ 8 0 ] I n t h e T w e n t y - s e c o n d D y n a s t y , one c o u l d t a k e t h e g a t e a t B u b a s t i s w i t h s c e n e s f ro m t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l o f O s or k on I I a s e v i d e n c e t h a t t h i s king c e l e b r a t e d the f e s t i v a l th e r e in the tem ple of B a st, e s p e c i a l l y as B u b a s t i s was h i s n a t i v e t o w n . [81] 5

I n t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d , t h e e v i d e n c e seems t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e k i n g s o f t h i s d y n a s t y h e l d t h e i r f e s t i v a l s a t M e m p h i s . [82] I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t A le x a n d r ia might a l s o have been s e l e c t e d f o r t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f a S e d - f e s t i v a l by one o f t h e s e k i n g s , b u t no e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s t h e o r y h a s so f a r come t o l i g h t . F o r s e v e r a l k i n g s monuments sho wi ng S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e n e s e x i s t i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f E g y p t ; f o r e x a m p l e , S e n w o s r e t I [ 8 3 ] , Thutmose I [ 8 4 ] , Thutm ose I I I [ 8 5 ] , A m enhotep I I I [ 8 6 ] , A m enhotep I V - A k h e n a t e n [ 8 7 ] , and Ramesses I I [ 8 8 ] . Presumably th e f e s t i v a l was a c t u a l l y c e l e b r a t e d i n one p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e , b u t s h r i n e s o r o b e l i s k s we re e r e c t e d i n v a r i o u s t e m p l e s t o r e c o r d t h e e v e n t up a nd down E g y p t , wh e r e t h e p r e s i d i n g d e i t y was an i m p o r t a n t one o r a sp e c ia l fa v o u rite of the r u lin g dynasty. S ed-festival re lie fs i n m o r t u a r y t e m p l e s and p y r a m i d o r tomb c o m p l e x e s w e r e p r o b a b l y intended to ensure th a t the king could c e le b ra te d the f e s t i v a l in h is a f t e r - l i f e .[89] The e a r l i e s t e xa mp l e o f t h i s c o n c e p t i s t h e S t e p P y r a mi d c ompl e x o f Z o s e r a t S a q q a r a w h i c h p r o v i d e d a l l t h e p h y s ic a l r e q u ir e m e n ts .[90]

4.

Evidence of S e d - f e s t i v a l s :

I n o r d e r t o r e c o n s t r u c t a n y k i n d o f s c he me o f t h e r i t e s p erfo rm ed in th e S e d - f e s t i v a l , i t i s n e c e s s a r y to examine th e e x i s t i n g e v id e n c e , p a r t i c u l a r l y sc e n e s, or p a r t s of scenes which appear to i l l u s t r a t e d i f f e r e n t phases of the f e s t i v a l . E vidence of th e S e d - f e s t i v a l from th e A rc h a ic P e r io d , ( D y n a s t i e s I and I I ) , c o n s i s t s a l m o s t e n t i r e l y o f t h e name o f t h e f e s t i v a l on d o c k e t s and j a r s f rom H i e r a c o n p o l i s a nd S a q q a r a . [91] The s i t u a t i o n w i t h r e g a r d t o K a - a , t h e l a s t k i n g o f t h e F i r s t D y n a s t y seems t o be a l i t t l e more p r e c i s e , a s an i n s c r i p t i o n f o u n d on a s c h i s t bowl b e s i d e t h e S t e p P y r a m i d [ 9 2 ] r e f e r s t o t h e vs e c o n d occasion of the h e b - s e d ’ , a p p a re n tly of t h i s k ing. E v i d e n c e f o r t h e Second D y n a s t y p o s s i b l e m a t e r i a l b e i n g two s t a t u e s i s shown w e a r i n g w h a t a p p e a r s t o be r o b e , a l t h o u g h n e i t h e r s t a t u e h a s an c l a r i f i e d t h e m a t t e r . [93]

i s e ve n more m e a g r e , t h e o n l y o f Khasekhem, w h e r e t h e k i n g the t r a d i t i o n a l S e d - f e s tiv a l i n s c r i p t i o n which m ig h t have

The f i r s t m a j o r p i e c e o f e v i d e n c e i s f o u n d i n t h e T h i r d D ynasty. T his is th e S tep Pyram id com plex of Z o ser a t S a q q a r a , [ 9 4 ] w h i c h s e ems t o i n c l u d e c e r t a i n e l e m e n t s , s h r i n e s , c o u r t s a n d so f o r t h , w h i c h w e r e u s e d d u r i n g t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l , p r e s u m a b l y w i t h t h e i d e a t h a t Z o s e r w o ul d t h u s be a b l e t o c o n t i n u e to c e le b ra te the f e s t i v a l in e t e r n i t y . On t h e e a s t o f t h e comp le x i s t h e H e b - s e d C o u r t w i t h i t s two rows o f s h r i n e s , one f o r t h e d e i t i e s o f Upper E g y pt and t h e o t h e r f o r t h o s e o f Lower E g y p t . [95] I n t h e same c o u r t i s a s m a l l p l a t f o r m , o r d a i s , [96] w i t h s t e p s a t two a d j a c e n t c o r n e r s , w h i c h r e s e m b l e s t h e one on w h i c h t h e d o u b l e 6

p a v i l i o n , ( o f t e n shown i n S e d - f e s t i v a l d e p i c t i o n s ) , s t a n d s . In t h e same a r e a a r e a number o f u n f i n i s h e d s t a t u e s o f Z o s e r , who seems t o be shown w e a r i n g t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l r o b e . [97] Stone p a n e ls o f r e l i e f - c a r v i n g i n t h e S t e p P y r a m i d a nd t h e S o u t h Tomb show t h e k i n g p e r f o r m i n g t h e r i t u a l d a n c e , o r r u n n i n g o f t h e c o u r s e , [98] w h ic h a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n an i m p o r t a n t c e re m o n y o f t h e Sed-festival. In th e l a r g e open c o u r t in f r o n t of th e Step Py r am i d a r e t h e r e m a i n s o f two B - s h a p e d s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h p r o b a b l y mar ked t h e e x t r e m e s o f t h e c o u r s e . [99] In the e n tran ce colonnade, a l i o n - h e a d e d b a s e , o r t h r o n e , was f o u n d [100] w h i c h r e s e m b l e s s u c h a th ro n e d ep icted in s e v e r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of th e S e d - f e s t i v a l .[101] W ithout f u r t h e r c o r r o b o r a t i v e e v id e n c e , i t i s d i f f i c u l t to say w hether th e l a y - o u t of the v a r i o u s S e d - f e s t i v a l e l e m e n t s i n Z o s e r ’ s c ompl e x i s t y p i c a l o f S e d - f e s t i v a l s o f o t h e r p e r i o d s , a l t h o u g h i t i s c l e a r f ro m p i c t o r i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t h a t s h r i n e s o f Upper and Lower E g yp t and a r i t u a l c o u r s e , a s w e l l as a l i o n - t h r o n e , were used d u r in g th e f e s t i v a l .[102] E vidence from th e r e i g n o f S n e f e r u , th e f i r s t k in g of th e F o u r t h D y n a s t y , c o n s i s t s o f some f r a g m e n t s o f r e l i e f f r o m t h e V a l l e y Temple a nd t h e Bent P y r a m i d c omp l ex a t D a s h u r . [ 1 0 3 ] From t h e r e i g n o f h i s s u c c e s s o r , C h e op s, t h e r e a r e some b l o c k s f rom t h e k i n g ’ s f u n e r a r y t e m p l e a t G i z a , a number o f w h i c h w e r e r e - u s e d i n t h e T w e l f t h D y n a s t y i n t h e p y r a m i d o f Amenemhet I . [104] The o n l y o t h e r p o s s i b l e p i e c e of e v id e n c e from th e F o u r th D ynasty i s a f r a g m e n t f r om a s t a t u e o f C h e p h r e n , w h i c h shows him w e a r i n g t h e r e d crown and t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l r o b e . [105] From t h e F i f t h D y n a s t y , th e r e i s evidence of S e d - f e s t i v a l s d u r in g th e r e i g n s of Sahure, N e u s e r r e , Menkauhor and D j e d k a r e . B l o c k s fr om t h e f u n e r a r y t e m p l e o f S a h u r e a t A b u s i r i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e was p r o b a b l y a d e p i c t i o n o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l i n t h a t s t r u c t u r e , b u t t h e s c e n e s fr om t h e sun t e m p l e o f N e u s e r r e a t n e a r b y Abu Gurob a r e t h e e a r l i e s t d e t a i l e d d e p i c t i o n s known a nd t h e f u l l e s t r e c o r d o f an O ld Kingdom S e d - f e s t i v a l . [107] D e f i n i t i v e e v id e n c e , in th e form of i n s c r i p t i o n s , i n d i c a t e s t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f S e d - f e s t i v a l s by P e p i I and P e p i I I i n t h e S i x t h D y n a s t y and f r a g m e n t s o f r e l i e f s h a v e a l s o b e e n f o u n d f r om t h e f u n e r a r y t e m p l e o f t h e l a t t e r k i n g a t S a q q a r a . [108] No e v i d e n c e h a s so f a r come t o l i g h t f o r S e d - f e s t i v a l s d u r i n g t h e F i r s t I n t e r m e d i a t e P e r i o d , ( D y n a s t i e s V I I t o IX) . Reference to th e S e d - f e s t i v a l in an i n s c r i p t i o n from th e tim e o f M e r i k a r e [109] o f t h e T e n t h D y n a s t y i s a m b i g u o u s , a s i s m a t e r i a l f rom t h e r e i g n o f A n t e f I I [110] o f t h e f o l l o w i n g d y n a s t y . Proof f o r t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f a S e d - f e s t i v a l by M e n t u h o t e p I I o f t h e E le v e n th Dynasty c o n s i s t s of th e s t a t u e s of th e k in g in the S e d - f e s t i v a l robe which were found in h i s f u n e r a r y temple a t D e ir el B a h r i, [111] to g e th e r w ith an i n s c r i p t i o n in the S h a t t - e r - R i g a l .[112] An i n s c r i p t i o n i n t h e Wady Hammamat r e c o r d s a S e d - f e s t i v a l i n Ye ar 2 o f t h e r e i g n o f M e n t u h o t e p I V . [113] S e d - f e s t i v a l d e p i c t i o n s f r om t h e M i d d l e Kingdom a r e m e a g r e , a l t h o u g h o c c u r r e n c e s o f t h e f e s t i v a l a r e a t t e s t e d by i n s c r i p t i o n s 7

f o r m o s t o f t h e k i n g s o f t h e T w e l f t h D y n a s t y . [ 114 ] The S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e n e s w h i c h p r e s u m a b l y once e x i s t e d , h a v e p r o b a b l y d i s a p p e a r e d b e c a u s e o f t h e r e - u s e o f t h e b l o c k s on w h i c h t h e y w er e c a r v e d by New Kingdom r u l e r s , a s h a p p e n e d w i t h many M i d d l e Kingdom s t r u c t u r e s .[115] The r i t e s d e s c r i b e d on t h e s o - c a l l e d Ramesses D r a m a t i c P a p y r u s , (BM 1 0 6 1 0 ) , [ 1 1 6 ] a p p a r e n t l y go b a c k t o a n c i e n t a n t i q u i t y , a l t h o u g h t h e e x i s t i n g d ocument d a t e s f rom t h e r e i g n o f Senwosret I . S e t h e c o n s i d e r e d t h e s u b j e c t t o be a c o r o n a t i o n r i t u a l , [117] b u t l a t e r A l t e n m u l l e r [118] , w o rk in g w ith a r e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e t e x t by H e l c k , [119] co mp a re d i t w i t h s i m i l a r s c e n e s i n t h e tomb o f K h e r u e f , ( Th e be s n o . 192) and i n t e r p r e t e d i t a s some k i n d o f p r e l i m i n a r y c er emony p e r f o r m e d on t h e e ve o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l . [120] Some e v i d e n c e o f S e d - f e s t i v a l s c a n b e f o u n d f r o m D y n a s t y X I I I ; f o r S e b e k h o t e p I I , a d o o r l i n t e l f r om Me da mud, [121] and f o r S e b e k h o t e p VI , s t a t u e s o f t h e k i n g i n t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l r o b e . [122] P r o o f o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l i n t h e Second I n t e r m e d i a t e P e r i o d i s n o t forthcom ing as y e t , b u t s in c e t h i s p a r t of E g y p tia n h i s t o r y i s c h a r a c t e r i s e d by a g r e a t n u m b e r o f k i n g s who r e i g n e d o n l y b r i e f l y , [123] i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e f e s t i v a l d i d n o t o c c u r so f r e q u e n t l y , o r p e r h a p s was n o t c e l e b r a t e d a t a l l . The o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l i s r e a s o n a b l y w e l l - d o c u m e n t e d i n t h e New K i n g d o m . [ 1 2 4 ] However, p i c t o r i a l r e p r e s e n ta tio n s are again not a t t e s t e d fo r a l l the kings of the E ig h te e n th Dynasty. T h e re a r e t h e r e m a i n s o f some s c e n e s o f a S e d - f e s t i v a l o f Thutmose I I I i n h i s F e s t i v a l H a l l a t K a r n a k , [125] b u t t h e f u l l e s t d e p i c t i o n s o c c u r i n t h e r e i g n o f Amenhotep I I I . These a r e t o be f o u n d i n h i s t e m p l e a t S o l e b i n N u b i a , [126] a few s c e n e s i n Lu x o r T e m p l e , [127] b l o c k s f ro m h i s f u n e r a r y t e m p l e i n W e s t e r n T h e b e s [ 1 2 8 ] a nd s c e n e s i n t h e tomb o f K h e r e u f . [ 1 2 9 ] From t h e b l o c k s f o u n d a t Ka rn a k a nd e l s e w h e r e i n t h e Theban a r e a , i t i s c l e a r t h a t A m e n h o t e p I V - A k h e n a t e n *s f i r s t S e d - f e s t i v a l w a s e x t e n s i v e l y d e p i c t e d i n t h e A t e n Temple a t K a r n a k . [130] Once a g a i n , e v i d e n c e f ro m t h e N i n e t e e n t h D y n a s t y i s l a r g e l y o f an i n s c r i p t i o n a l n a t u r e a nd S e d - f e s t i v a l s a r e a t t e s t e d f o r mos t o f t h e k i n g s . [131] From t h e T w e n t i e t h D y n a s t y , t h e r e i s p o s i t i v e e v i d e n c e f o r t h e c e l e b r a t i o n o f a f e s t i v a l by Rames s es I I I . [132] D uring th e L ate P e r io d , S e d - f e s t i v a l s a re a t t e s t e d fo r Shoshenq I , O sorkon I I and S hoshenq V of t h e T w e n ty - s e c o n d Dynasty, f o r Taharqa of th e T w e n ty - s ix th D y n a sty .[133] The m o s t c o m p l e t e s e r i e s o f s c e n e s f ro m t h i s g r o u p i s t h a t o f Os o r k on I I a t B u b a s tis .[134] No s p e c i f i c ev id en ce of the a c tu a l c e l e b r a t i o n of S e d - f e s t i v a l s h a s s u r v i v e d f ro m t h e P t o l e m a i c p e r i o d , a l t h o u g h t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s f e s t i v a l was s t i l l r e c o g n i s e d a s c a n be s e e n f rom r e l i e f s and i n s c r i p t i o n s a t t h e t e m p l e s o f E d f u , [ 135] Korn 0mbo[136] and P h i l a e . [ 1 3 7 ] The e p i t h e t n b h b w - s d , ' l o r d o f S e d - f e s t i v a l s , * was i n c l u d e d i n t h e t i t u l a r y o f s e v e r a l P t o l e m a i c 8

r u l e r s . [138] From t h e Roman p e r i o d , t h e r e i s a h i e r o g l y p h i c i n s c r i p t i o n i n th e tem p le o f P h i l a e from t h e tim e o f C a e s a r A u g u s t u s , w h i c h e n d s w i t h t h e w o r d s , 'May h e ( i . e . C a e s a r ) be r e w a r d e d w i t h m i l l i o n s o f S e d - f e s t i v a l s and w i t h h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s on t h e t h r o n e o f H o r u s , t h e f i r s t o f t h e l i v i n g , e t e r n a l l y ’ , ( i s w . f m hh n h b w - s d h f n w n r n p wt h r s t Hr t p y I t n m p r > I t n . The t i t l e s and c a r t o u c h e s of the k in g a re i n s c r i b e d b e s id e th o se of the Aten, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e k i n g h i m s e l f mu s t be u n d e r t h e s u n - d i s k . T he r e i s no d e f i n i t e p r o o f t h a t t h i s s c e n e d e p i c t s p a r t o f th e S e d - f e s t i v a l , b u t because of the s i m i l a r i t y of c o n t e n t between t h i s s c e n e and S c . 52 and b e c a u s e o f t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e name gm p3 yI t n f i t h a s b e e n i n c l u d e d .

Scene 54, P l a t e XXV: T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 2 registers. Only v e r y l i t t l e o f t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r i s s howi ng a t t h e t o p o f t h e b l o c k s and a p p e a r s t o c o n s i s t o f t h e f e e t , p r o b a b l y o f m u s i c i a n s , who f a c e t o w a r d s t h e l e f t , f o l l o w e d a t t h e r i g h t by the legs of s ta n d s . The l o w e r r e g i s t e r d e p i c t s mo r e m a l e a n d f e m a l e m u s i c i a n s , t h o s e a t t h e l e f t f a c i n g t o w a r d s t h e l e f t and th o se a t th e r i g h t towards th e r i g h t . The m u s i c i a n s a t t h e r i g h t f a c e t o w a r d s a h e a p o f f o o d w h i c h i s p r e s u m a b l y on a t a b l e , as i s d e p i c t e d i n o t h e r s c e n e s , ( c f . S c . 52, PI.XXIV; S c . 55, PI . XXVI ) . S i n c e t h e m u s i c i a n s on t h e l e f t f a c e i n t h e o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e y we re f a c i n g t o w a r d s a n o t h e r t a b l e , ( c f . t h e empty c h a i r s and t a b l e s a t t h e b o t t o m o f S c . 52, PI . XXI V) .

67

Scene 55, P l a t e XXVI; This scene co v ers 5 c o u rs e s of t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s 3 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s r i g h t . This i s a n o t h e r scene of the palace, s i m i l a r t o S c . 52, (PI.XXIV). In the top r e g i s t e r , N e f e r t i t i i s shown s e a t e d b e f o r e a t a b l e o f f o o d . Her name i n i t s l a t e r form i s i n s c r i b e d i n f r o n t o f h e r , hmt n sw t w r t [ m r t . f ] N f r - n f r w - >I t n N f r t - i t i Iwnw Sm'w, " t h e G r e a t e s t o f S e e r s o f R e ^ H a r a k h t e i n t h e House o f A t e n i n S o u t h e r n H e l i o p o l i s ’ , ( h e r e a f t e r r e f e r r e d t o as G S ) [ 2 2 ] , and t h e h r y - h b t h r y - t p , " t h e c h i e f l e c t o r p r i e s t ’ , ( L P ) , and f o l l o w e d by a p r i e s t who b e a r s t h e t i t l e , i m y - h n t hm n t r t p y n N f r - h p r w - R c w' - n - R I t n . The u p p e r s u n - d i s k on b l . 3 i s l a r g e r t h a n t h e one on b l . 6 ; 87

s u n - r a y s a nd t h e l o w e r p a r t s o f t h e c a r t o u c h e s o f t h e A t e n a t t h e l e f t o f b l . 3 , i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e was a n o t h e r s u n - d i s k h i g h e r u p, w h i c h was p r o b a b l y l a r g e r s t i l l . Un d e r t h e m i d d l e s u n - d i s k , t h e b ac k o f t h e k i n g ’ s h e a d c a n be s e e n f a c i n g t o w a r d s t h e l e f t and w earing the n m s-h e a d d re ss, ( b l . 5 ) . The k i n g ’ s t i t l e s a n d c a r t o u c h e s a r e v i s i b l e b e n e a t h t h o s e o f t h e A t e n i n f r o n t o f hi m, (bl.3). T h e re i s a s e c o n d p a i r o f t h e k i n g ’ s c a r t o u c h e s t o t h e l e f t of th e low er s u n - d is k , b u t th e y fa c e in th e o p p o s ite d i r e c t i o n t o t h o s e on b l . 3 , ( i . e . r i g h t t o l e f t ) . However, i t i s c l e a r fr om o t h e r s c e n e s t h a t t h e f a c i n g o f t h e k i n g ’ s c a r t o u c h e s i s n ot a r e l i a b l e i n d i c a t i o n o f th e d i r e c t i o n i n which th e k in g h i m s e l f i s f a c i n g . [34] N o n e t h e l e s s , t h e s e c a r t o u c h e s do show t h a t t h e k i n g m u s t h a v e b e e n d e p i c t e d u n d e r t h e l o w e r s u n - d i s k a nd i t a p p e a r s t h a t he was p r o b a b l y h o l d i n g up a t r a y o f o f f e r i n g s , a s a p i l e o f f o o d i t e m s c a n be s e e n b e h i n d t h e k i n g on b l . 5 , on a l e v e l with h is shoulder.

Scene 100, P l a t e X L I : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . At t h e l e f t o f t h i s s c e n e i s a k n e e l i n g f i g u r e o f t h e k i n g w i t h h i s arms i n t h e h n w - p o s i t i o n . He i s w e a r i n g t h e n m s - h e a d d r e s s , a c o l l a r r o u n d h i s n e c k a n d probably a s k i r t , although t h i s is not c l e a r . Hi s f i g u r e h a s b e e n defaced. S u n - r a y s can be s e e n b e h i n d t h e k i n g , a l l o f them h o l d i n g ‘n h - s i g n s . T hr e e o t h e r k n e e l i n g f i g u r e s a r e shown b e h i n d the k in g , a l s o f a c i n g l e f t and w i t h t h e i r arms in th e hnw-p o s i t i o n , b u t j a c k a l - h e a d e d . They may, t h e r e f o r e , r e p r e s e n t t h e S o u l s o f N e k h e n , ( s e e p a g e 86 , n . 3 2 ) . Behind th e t h i r d jackal-headed figure, (bl.3), t h e r e i s a col umn o f h i e r o g l y p h s w h i c h r e a d s , s3 R* ' I m n - h t p n t r hk 3 W 3 s t , "Son o f R e c , Amenhot ep, d iv in e r u l e r of Thebes". B e h i n d t h e i n s c r i p t i o n a r e two s t a n d i n g b a b o o n s w i t h t h e i r paws u p r a i s e d i n a d o r a t i o n . At t h e t o p r ig h th a n d c o r n e r of b l . 3 , t h e r e i s a s lo p i n g l i n e which i s a lm ost c e r t a i n l y t h e sarnie a s t h o s e shown i n t h e l a s t f o u r s c e n e s , ( P i s . X L and X LI ) . T h i s g r o u p o f f i g u r e s , t h e r e f o r e , may be d e p i c t e d a t t h e b o t t o m o f t h e ramp o f t h e s e R e ^ H a r a k h t e a l t a r s , i m m e d i a t e l y above t h e row o f r h y t - b i r d s , ( c f . S c . 98, P I . X L ) . I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o be c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t h e s e s c e n e s d e s c r i b e d a bove d e p i c t a p a r t o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l . I f the s t r u c t u r e s in q u e s t i o n a r e a l t a r s o f R e I t n [ ---------- ] ( 2 ) i m y h r . k n s w N f r - h p r w - R * n bw [ -------] - w t . f wi i t hk3w i w s s w nb n h b - s d [-----------] (3) d s . f mi s s w . f ' h (w [ ---------- 7 m3 I t n h n t y n t r w [---------- ] , ' (1) [ -----------] Á t e n e v e r y day who i s i n t h y s i g h t e v e r y d a y , who i s i n t h y s i g h t , o u r f a t h e r , A t e n , ( 2 ) w ho i s i n t h y s i g h t , k i n g o f U p p e r E g y p t , N e f e r k h e p e r u - R e ' w a - e n - R e ' , l o r d s [ ----------] h i s [ ----------- ] one who t a k e s m a g i c . All t h e w r i t i n g s o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l a r e [ ----------] ( 3 ) h i m s e l f l i k e h i s w r i t i n g s , l i f e t i m e s [ ---------- ] t r u t h , who u n c o v e r s him t o be f orms i n it. Hail to the S e d - f e s tiv a l, [ ---------- ] ( 4 ) i n S e d - f e s t i v a l s l i k e A t e n , f o r e m o s t o f t h e g o d s , [ -----------] ’ . To t h e l e f t o f t h i s i n s c r i p t i o n , ( b l . 3 ) , a r e t h r e e s u n - r a y s , which s u g g e s t t h a t the king is probably de p ic te d to the l e f t of t h i s scene. B e c au s e o f t h e i n c o m p l e t e n e s s o f t h e t e x t , i t i s n o t c l e a r w ha t p a r t o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l was b e i n g d e p i c t e d h e r e , b u t t h e wo r ds may be t h o s e o f some f or m o f hymn r e c i t e d by t h e f i g u r e s a t t h e r i g h t o f t h e scene. 95

Scene 117, P l a t e XLVII: T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t a nd d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 2 registers. In the upper r e g i s t e r , only a v e r t i c a l l i n e is v i s i b l e a t t h e e x t r e m e r i g h t , w h i c h g i v e s no i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t depicted. At p r e s e n t , t h e l o w e r r e g i s t e r c o n t a i n s p a r t s o f t h r e e columns o f h i e r o g l y p h s , w h ic h r e a d , ( l ) p r t i n h m . f i b . f 3w ( 2 ) i w . f [ -----------] . f r [ ----------- ] ( 3 ) m s 3 . f , ' ( 1 ) H i s M a j e s t y comes fo r th , h is h e a rt being j o y f u l. ( 2 ) H e i s [ ----------- ] h i s t o [ ---------- ] ( 3 ) f o l l o w i n g a f t e r h i m ’ . This i s a n o th e r i n s c r i p t i o n w h i c h c a n n o t d e f i n i t e l y be a s c r i b e d t o t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e n e s , b u t i t m i g h t w e l l d e s c r i b e t h e coming f o r t h o f t h e k i n g a t t h e beginning of the palanquin p ro c e ssio n .

Scene 118, P l a t e X L V I I I : T his scen e c o v e rs 3 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s 3 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s r i g h t . A ll three r e g is te r s in th is s c e n e show g r o u p s o f men e i t h e r d o i n g o b e i s a n c e , o r h o l d i n g up t h e i r h a n d s i n a d o r a t i o n , p r e s u m a b l y t o w a r d s t h e k i n g who i s d e p i c t e d somewhere o f f t o t h e r i g h t . At t h e r i g h t o f t h e t o p r e g i s t e r , t h e r e i s a s i n g l e k n e e l i n g man, w e a r i n g a t u n i c a n d s k i r t w i t h a p l e a t e d f r o n t , who h a s h i s h a n d s o u t s t r e t c h e d i n f r o n t o f hi m and a s t a f f l e a n i n g on h i s l e f t s h o u l d e r . B e h i n d him a r e f o u r g r o u p s o f men k n e e l i n g i n t h e same p o s i t i o n b u t w i t h o u t s t a f f s and b e h i n d them, t h e r e i s a n o t h e r s i n g l e man, i d e n t i c a l t o the f i r s t one. The r e g i s t e r s d i v i d e a t t h i s p o i n t a n d t h e l e f t - h a n d s i d e o f t h e s c e n e h a s o n l y t wo r e g i s t e r s , w h i l e t h e r ig h t-h a n d side has t h r e e . The m i d d l e and l o w e r r e g i s t e r s on t h e r i g h t - h a n d s i d e a p p e a r t o be i d e n t i c a l , a l t h o u g h l i t t l e o f t h e bottom r e g i s t e r i s v i s i b l e a t p r e s e n t . At t h e r i g h t i n e a c h r e g i s t e r i s a s i n g l e man who i s k n e e l i n g w i t h h i s f a c e t o t h e g r o u n d and h a s a s p e a r l y i n g on t h e g r o u n d b e s i d e h i m. T h i s man i s w e a r i n g a t u n i c and s k i r t . B e h i n d hi m a r e t h r e e g r o u p s o f men a l s o k n e e l i n g w i t h t h e i r f a c e s t o t h e g r o u n d and t h e r e i s a n o t h e r s i n g l e man b e h i n d t h e m i n t h e same p o s t u r e . In the bottom r e g i s t e r , o n l y t h e f i r s t s i n g l e man a n d p a r t o f t h e g r o u p im m e d ia te ly b e h i n d him a r e v i s i b l e a t t h e p r e s e n t s t a g e o f reconstruction. In the top r e g i s t e r a t the l e f t , approxim ately f o u r p a i r s o f k n e e l i n g men c a n be s e e n , e a c h h o l d i n g a s t a f f w i t h a p e n n a n t i n one h a n d and r a i s i n g t h e o t h e r i n a d o r a t i o n . B e h in d them t h e r e a r e a t l e a s t s i x men who a r e k n e e l i n g w i t h t h e i r f a c e s t o t h e g r o u n d and a r e h o l d i n g s t a f f s , o r p o s s i b l y s p e a r s , w i t h pennants, over t h e i r shoulders. I n t h e b o t t o m r e g i s t e r , a row o f v a r i o u s f o r e i g n e r s i s shown a l s o k n e e l i n g and w i t h t h e i r h a n d s outstretched. R e a d i n g fr om t h e r i g h t , ( b l . 9 ) , t h e y a r e a N u bi a n , f o l l o w e d by an A m o r i t e and a S y r i a n . A f t e r t h e s e t h e r e i s a gap wh e re t h e h e a d s o f t h e f i g u r e s a r e n o t v i s i b l e , t h e n on b l . 8 , one c an s e e t h e h e a d s o f a n o t h e r N u b i a n , two A m o r i t e s a nd a S y r i a n . 96

The w h o l e s c e n e i s c l e a r l y o n e s h o w i n g v a r i o u s p e o p l e , p r o b a b l y s o l d i e r s i n t h i s c a s e , and f o r e i g n e nv o y s p a y i n g homage t o t h e k i n g and f o r t h a t r e a s o n i t i s i n c l u d e d as a p o s s i b l e S e d - f e s t i v a l s c e n e , s i n c e homage s c e n e s a p p e a r e d i n b o t h t h e Abu Gurob a nd t h e B u b a s t i s r e l i e f s . [41] On t h e e v i d e n c e o f t h e P i l l e t photographs, ( s e e p a g e 1 7 0 ) , s e v e r a l b l o c k s f r om S c . l , (P I.I), came f r o m t h e same l o c a l i t y a s a n u m b e r o f t h e b l o c k s i n t h i s s c e n e , p o s s i b l y f r om t h e N i n t h P y l o n , w h i c h s u g g e s t s t h a t t h i s s c e n e may h a v e b e e n on t h e same w a l l a s S c . l , b u t p r o b a b l y f u r t h e r to the r i g h t . See a l s o S c . 121, P l .X LI X.

Scene 119, P l a t e X L V I I I : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t a nd d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 3 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s r i g h t . In th e to p r e g i s t e r , only the knee of a k n e e lin g f i g u r e i s v i s i b l e a t th e top of b l . l . The m i d d l e r e g i s t e r shows a row o f men k n e e l i n g w i t h t h e i r f a c e s t o t h e g r o u n d , t h e row e x t e n d i n g t o t h e m i d d l e o f b l . 5 . In the b o t t o m r e g i s t e r , a t t h e l e f t , t h e r e i s a row o f r o u n d e d o b j e c t s w h o s e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i s u n c e r t a i n a t p r e s e n t b u t w h i c h may be s h i e l d s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e s o l d i e r s d e p i c t e d i n f r o n t o f them. P a r t s o f a t l e a s t s i x s o l d i e r s c a n be s e e n , a p p a r e n t l y k n e e l i n g , w i t h one h a n d o u t s t r e t c h e d and t h e o t h e r h o l d i n g a s p e a r and an a xe o v e r one s h o u l d e r . At t h e e x t r e m e r i g h t o f t h e s c e n e i s t h e body o f a n o t h e r f i g u r e k n e e l i n g w i t h h i s f a c e t o t h e g r o u n d . It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s s c e n e may b e l o n g w i t h S c . 118, ( P I . X L V I I I ) , a s b o t h s c e n e s f a c e i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n a n d h a v e t h e same subject m atter. However, i t i s e q u a l l y p o s s i b l e t h a t i t may come f rom a n o t h e r s c e n e d e p i c t i n g a s i m i l a r e v e n t . A fra g m e n t from a t a l a t a t , now i n t h e M i l t o n L o w e n t h a l C o l l e c t i o n , New York, p r o b a b l y b e l o n g s w i t h t h i s s c e n e , p e r h a p s f rom t h e b r o k e n e nd o f b l . 4 , ( A l d r e d , B r o o k l y n , No. 45, p a g e 1 2 4 ) .

Scene 120, P l a t e X L V I I I : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t a nd d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . P arts of a t l e a s t three g r o u p s o f men c a n be s e e n k n e e l i n g w i t h t h e i r f a c e s t o t h e g r o u n d . The f i r s t g r o u p a t t h e l e f t a r e w e a r i n g t h e s h o r t w i g , t h e s e c o n d g r o u p h a v e c r o p p e d h a i r and a r e w e a r i n g e a r r i n g s , w h i c h means t h a t they a r e p ro b a b ly Nubians. Only t h e f a c e s o f two f i g u r e s i n t h e t h i r d group a re v i s i b l e a t p r e s e n t , which i s i n s u f f i c i e n t to identify th e ir n atio n ality . In f r o n t of the f i r s t group, th e r e is t h e l o w e r p a r t o f a column o f h i e r o g l y p h s sh o wi ng t h e wor d mhw, vyL o w e r E g y p t * , a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y p a r t o f t h e g r o u p w r i t i n g Sm*w Mhw, ' U p p e r a nd Lower E g y p t ’ , p e r h a p s r e f e r r i n g t o t h e wrw 97

Sm^w Mhwy ' t h e G r e a t Ones o f U p p e r a n d L owe r E g y p t ’ , who a r e d e p i c t e d i n o t h e r S e d - f e s t i v a l r e l i e f s p a y i n g ho ma ge t o t h e k i n g . [42]

Scene 121, P l a t e XLIX; T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 5 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t a nd d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 4 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s r i g h t . In the top r e g i s t e r , p a r t of w h i c h c a n be s e e n on b l . l , o n l y some f e e t a r e v i s i b l e a t p r e s e n t , a lth o u g h th e f i g u r e s t h e r e d e p i c t e d were p ro b a b ly s i m i l a r t o th o se in the o th e r th re e r e g i s t e r s . Th es e show rows o f s o l d i e r s and f o r e i g n e r s s t a n d i n g w i t h t h e i r h a n d s u p r a i s e d i n a d o r a t i o n , some also holding stan d ard s. I n th e second r e g i s t e r from th e t o p , t h e r e a r e E g y p t i a n and N ub i a n s o l d i e r s h o l d i n g s m a l l s t a n d a r d s , o r f l a g s , w h i c h we r e p r o b a b l y d e c o r a t e d w i t h t h e c a r t o u c h e s o f t h e A t e n . [43] At t h e r i g h t o f t h e t h i r d r e g i s t e r i s a row o f S y r i a n s , r e c o g n i s a b l e by t h e i r l o n g h a i r a n d b e a r d s , a s w e l l a s t h e i r dress. They do n o t h o l d s t a n d a r d s b u t h a v e t h e i r h a n d s u p r a i s e d . B e hi nd them i s a n o t h e r row o f E g y p t i a n s o l d i e r s h o l d i n g e i t h e r f a n , o r b o a t , s t a n d a r d s i n t h e i r l e f t h a n d s a nd w i t h t h e i r r i g h t hands u p r a i s e d . The b o t t o m r e g i s t e r i s s i m i l a r t o t h e t h i r d , showi ng a row o f A m o r i t e s a t t h e r i g h t a nd a t t h e l e f t , p a r t o f a row o f s o l d i e r s w i t h e i t h e r f a n , o r b o a t , s t a n d a r d s . The t h r e e t y p e s o f m i l i t a r y s t a n d a r d d e p i c t e d i n t h i s s c e n e c a n a l l be s e e n i n t h e Amarna r o c k t o m b s . T h i s s c e n e may w e l l b e l o n g w i t h Sc. 118, ( P l . X L V I I I ) , a s b o t h a r e t y p e s o f homage s c e n e s ho wi ng f o r e i g n e r s as w e l l as E g y p t i a n s and b o t h s c e n e s f a c e to w a r d s t h e r i g h t , p ro b ab ly towards a f i g u r e of th e k in g , which has n o t y e t been r e c o v e r e d , o r p o s s i b l y n o t y e t r e c o g n i s e d a s b e i n g f rom t h e same d e p i c t i o n as t h e s e two s c e n e s . A t a l a t a t i n t h e B r o o k l y n Museum, ( 6 7 . 1 7 5 . 1 ) , s h o w i n g t h e h e a d o f a s o l d i e r and two s t a n d a r d s , one a f a n a nd t h e o t h e r a b o a t, almost c e r t a i n l y belongs i n t h i s scene in e i t h e r th e f i r s t , o r t h e t h i r d c o u r s e , ( s e e A l d r e d , B r o o k l y n , No. 37, p a g e 1 2 0 ) .

Scene 122 a nd Scene 123, P l a t e L : T h e se two s c e n e s a r e b e i n g d i s c u s s e d t o g e t h e r , a s t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s show t h a t t h e y a r e , i n f a c t , f ro m t h e same w a l l . The i n s c r i p t i o n a t t h e t o p o f b i s . 1 - 5 i n S c . 123 i s t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e i n s c r i p t i o n a t t h e t o p o f b l . l i n Sc. 122, a l l o w i n g f o r a gap o f o n e , o r p o s s i b l y , two h e a d e r s . This d e p i c t i o n of female d a n c e rs , w ith th e t e x t s of th e songs th e y a re s i n g i n g , is p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g because i t i s a p a r a l l e l of a scene of d a n c e r s i n t h e tomb o f K h e r u e f . [ 4 5 ] The d a n c e r s a r e shown b e n d i n g and k n e e l i n g and movi ng t h e i r arms i n v a r i o u s s e q u e n c e s w h i c h a r e s i m i l a r l y r e p r e s e n t e d i n b o t h d e p i c t i o n s and t h e t e x t s o f th e 98

s o n g s a r e a l m o s t e x a c t l y t h e same, e x c e p t f o r a few m in o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e w r i t i n g o f some wo r ds and t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n o f Amenhotep I V ’ s name f o r t h a t o f h i s f a t h e r . The a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e f i g u r e s and t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s a r e a l s o s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t . In t h e tomb o f K h e r u e f t h e d a n c e r s a r e d e p i c t e d i n two r e g i s t e r s , t h e song o f t h o s e i n t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r b e i n g i n s c r i b e d a bove them i n one h o r i z o n t a l l i n e , w h i l e t h e s ong o f t h o s e i n t h e l o w e r r e g i s t e r i s c o n t a i n e d i n b e t w e e n one a nd t h r e e h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s , a r r a n g e d in th e spaces between the d a n c e r s . I n t h e s c e n e on t h e t a l a t a t , h o w e v e r , t h e d a n c e r s a r e d e p i c t e d i n o n l y one r e g i s t e r and b o t h s o n g s a r e i n s c r i b e d abo ve t h e f i g u r e s i n b e t w e e n one a nd t h r e e lin es, th e f i r s t song b e in g in th e to p l i n e which c o n tin u e s f u r t h e r to th e l e f t th a n th e l i n e s of th e second song. In the K h e r u e f s c e n e , a t t h e r i g h t o f t h e t o p r e g i s t e r , a c a l f , a duck a nd a monkey a r e shown a t t h e h e a d o f t h e d a n c e r s , i n f r o n t o f a s m a l l s h r i n e . [46] The t h r e e c r e a t u r e s a r e n o t v i s i b l e a t p r e s e n t i n t h e t a l a t a t s c e n e b u t t h e t o p o f t h e s h r i n e c a n be s e e n a t t h e r i g h t , in f r o n t of the f i r s t dancer, ( b l.6 , S c .122). I n t h e tomb o f K h e r u e f a col umn o f h i e r o g l y p h s w h i c h r u n s down t h e s i d e o f b o t h r e g i s t e r s o f d a n c e r s , s t a t e s t h a t t h e women a r e p e r f o r m i n g i n f r o n t o f t h e t n t 3 t - d a i s ; s t 3 h i m t m b3h n s w r i r t i r r w n h b w - s d h f t - h r t n t 3 t , ' a d m i t t i n g t h e women i n t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e k i n g to perform the r i t e s of the S e d - f e s t i v a 1s in f r o n t of the t n t 3 t - d a i s .*[47] No s i m i l a r i n s c r i p t i o n h a s y e t b e e n f o u n d on t h e t a l a t a t b u t s i n c e t h e d a n c e r s and t h e i r s on g s a r e a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e i n t h e tomb, i t i s v e r y l i k e l y t h a t t h e d a n c e r s on t h e t a l a t a t were a l s o p e rfo rm in g in f r o n t of th e t n t 3 t - d a i s , ( f o r p o s s i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h i s d a i s , s e e S c . 44, PI.XX; S c . 45, P I . X X I ; c f . a l s o S c . 46, P I . X X I ) . Below t h e r e g i s t e r o f d a n c e r s on t h e t a l a t a t , t h e r e s e em s t o b e a row o f men h o l d i n g f a n s , o r f a n - s h a p e d s t a n d a r d s , who a l s o f a c e t o w a r d s t h e r i g h t , ( b i s . 11 and 12, S c . 1 2 3 ) . The s u r v i v i n g i n s c r i p t i o n i s a s f o l l o w s :

99

T he re i s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t b l . 9 on P l . C V I I a nd b l . 1 0 on t h e same p l a t e , may b e l o n g w i t h t h e s e s c e n e s . The f i g u r e d e p i c t e d on b l . 9 i s v e r y s i m i l a r t o a f i g u r e shown a t t h e l e f t e n d o f t h e s e c o n d r e g i s t e r i n t h e tomb o f K h e r u e f , b e h i n d t h e d a n c e r s . The f i g u r e on b l . 1 0 a p p e a r s t o be w e a r i n g t h e same t y p e o f g a r m e n t as th e Kheruef d a n c e r s . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e r e may h av e b e e n a s e c o n d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e s e d a n c e r s on t h e t a l a t a t , a l t h o u g h t h e f i g u r e s a r e i n a s m a l l e r s c a l e , ( s e e b i s . 13 and 14, Pl.C V II).

Scene 124, P l a t e L I ; This scene c o v e rs 5 c o u r s e s of t a l a t a t a n d ' d e p i c t s 2 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s r i g h t . Femal e d a n c e r s a nd m u s i c i a n s a r e t h e s u b j e c t o f t h i s s c e n e , w h i c h may p o s s i b l y b e l o n g on t h e same w a l l a s t h o s e o f t h e d a n c e r s i n S c s . 1 2 2 and 12 3 , ( P l . L ) . At t h e l e f t o f t h e s c e n e , ( b l s . l a nd 2 ) , one g i r l c a n be s e e n w i t h a s o u n d i n g - b o a r d and i n t h e l o w e r r e g i s t e r , ( b l . 8 ) , a n o t h e r g i r l i s b e a tin g a tambourine. The g i r l s on b l . 4 may be h o l d i n g f l o w e r s . Some o f t h e g i r l s a r e w e a r i n g s h o r t w i g s a nd o t h e r s l o n g w i g s ; t h e g i r l on b l . l i s w e a r i n g a l o n g w i g and h a s a p e r f u m e c on e on h e r head. The o t h e r p a r t o f t h i s b r o k e n b l o c k i s now i n t h e B r o o k l y n Museum, ( 6 4 . 1 9 9 . 1 ) , a nd shows a n o t h e r g i r l , a l s o w i t h a p e r f u m e 100

c o n e , and t h e arm o f a t h i r d B r o o k l y n , N o . 36, p a g e 1 1 9 ) .

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Aldred,

This scene has been i n c lu d e d as a p o s s i b l e S e d - f e s t i v a l scene b e c a u s e o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t i t may b e l o n g w i t h S c s . 1 2 2 and 123, ( P l . L ) , as p a r t o f a l a r g e homage s c e n e b e f o r e t h e k i n g on the £n£.3t-dais.

Scene 125, P l a t e L I : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s r i g h t . The l e g s o f f o u r d a n c e r s c a n be s e e n , t h e f i g u r e a t t h e l e f t h o l d i n g a p l a n t o f some k i n d . I n f r o n t o f t h e s e f i g u r e s , a t t h e r i g h t , i s a s m a l l f i g u r e who f a c e s t o w a r d s them and i s a l s o h o l d i n g a f l o w e r . These two b l o c k s may b e l o n g on t h e same w a l l a s t h e p r e v i o u s s c e n e , as t h e f i g u r e s i n t h e two s c e n e s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same s i z e .

Scene 126, P l a t e L I : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s r i g h t . S e v e r a l m a le m u s i c i a n s a r e shown p a s s i n g t h r o u g h a g a t e w a y ; t h e s e c o n d man f rom t h e r i g h t c an be s e e n b e a t i n g a t a m b o u r i n e . Above t h e h e a d s o f t h e f i g u r e s a r e t r a c e s o f an i n s c r i p t i o n w h i c h may h a v e r e a d , hnwy " m u s i c i a n s ” , ( c f . S c . 20, P l . X ) .

Scene 127, P l a t e L I I : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t a nd d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . Men a r e shown l e a d i n g c a t t l e towards th e l e f t , p o s s i b l y towards a gateway, as the v e r t i c a l l i n e a t t h e e x t r e m e l e f t o f b l . l , may be t h e s i d e o f t h e g a t e w a y t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e rump o f a s t e e r c a n be s e e n p a s s i n g , ( c f . S c . 83, PI.XXXVI). I n f r o n t o f e a c h man t h e r e i s a column o f h i e r o g l y p h s w h i c h s t a t e s who h a s s e n t t h e c a t t l e t o t h e t e m p l e . The m a t c h i n g of b l . 2 w ith b l.3 is not e n t i r e l y c e r t a i n , since th e re normally a p p e a r t o be a t l e a s t two c ol umns o f t e x t and h e r e t h e r e i s o n l y one. The f i r s t i n s c r i p t i o n r e a d s ; [ ----------] p r n i [ t n ------- ]i w3 , ' t h e House o f [ At e n] l o n g - h o r n e d c a t t l e ’ . The s e c o n d i n s c r i p t i o n , a t th e r i g h t of th e scene, ( b l . 4 ) , r e a d s ; ( l) p 3 h 3 t y - < n S3wty h r [-------- ] ( 2 ) iw3 2 wndw [---------] , ' (1) t h e mayor o f S i u t t o [ -----------] (2) 2 l o n g - h o m e d c a t t l e , s h o r t - h o r n e d c a t t l e ’ , ( c f . S c s . 1 2 8 and 129, P I.L II; Pl.C, b i s . 1-10). 101

I t is not d e f i n i t e l y c e r t a i n t h a t t h i s group of scenes d e p ic ts p a r t of th e S e d - f e s t i v a l , but they have been in c lu d e d b e c a u s e t h e t a l a t a t come f ro m t h e same s t o r e h o u s e s a s t h e m a j o r i t y of the S e d - f e s t i v a l t a l a t a t . I n a d d i t i o n , i t i s known t h a t g i f t s of v a r i o u s k in d s were s e n t to th e k in g f o r h i s S e d - f e s t i v a l c e l e b r a t i o n s and t h e s e c a t t l e may w e l l h av e b e e n p r e s e n t e d t o t h e House o f A t e n f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . [48]

Scene 128, P l a t e L I I : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t o f 2 registers. The t o p r e g i s t e r d e p i c t s men l e a d i n g c a t t l e t o w a r d s t h e l e f t , t h e l a r g e s t g r o up c o v e r i n g b i s . 2, 3 a nd 4 and t h e h i n d le g of a n o th e r s t e e r v i s i b l e a t th e l e f t of b l . l . The r e s t o f b l . l i s t a k e n up by t h r e e col umns o f h i e r o g l y p h s , o n l y t h e l o w e r p a r t s o f t h e col umns b e i n g v i s i b l e a t p r e s e n t ; (1) [---------- ]i-w3 1 ( 2 ) [ ----------- ] ' w t 2 wndw (3 ) [ ------------ ] dmd 1 0 , ' ( 1 ) [ ------------ ] o n e long-horned s te e r , [ -----( 2 ) ------] 2 g o a t s , short-horned c a ttle ( 3 ) [ ---------- ] t o t a l , 1 0 * . In the lower r e g i s t e r , th e top of a s u n - d i s k c a n be s e e n on b l . 2 a n d p a r t s o f t h e c a r t o u c h e s a n d e p i t h e t s o f t h e A t e n on e a c h s i d e o f i t . On b l . 4 , t h e r e a r e t h e t i t l e s nb t 3 w y and nb h cw, w h i c h p r e c e d e t h e c a r t o u c h e s o f t h e king.

Scene 129, P l a t e L I I : This scene c o v e rs 3 c o u r s e s of t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s 2 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . Bot h r e g i s t e r s i n t h i s s c e n e show men l e a d i n g c a t t l e ; p a r t s o f two g r o u p s a r e v i s i b l e i n e a c h r e g i s t e r and t h e i n s c r i p t i o n i s i n f r o n t o f t h e s e c o n d g r o u p i n each case. The i n s c r i p t i o n i n t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r i s i n two c ol u m n s ; ( l ) p 3 t e t y - ' n hwt [---------- ] (2)dw3 wndw 2 , ' ( l ) t h e mayor o f H w t - [ -------- ] Dua 2 s h o r t - h o r n e d c a t t l e ’ . The m e a n i n g o f Dua i n a c a r t o u c h e i s so f a r u n e x p l a i n e d . The i n s c r i p t i o n i n t h e l o w e r r e g i s t e r i s a l s o i n two c o l u m n s , b u t t h e u p p e r p a r t s o f them on b l . 4 , h av e b e e n h a c k e d o u t . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e r e i s some d o u b t a b o u t t h e m a t c h i n g o f b l . 5 w i t h b l . 4 , as t h e i n s c r i p t i o n on b l . 5 has n o t been o b l i t e r a t e d . As i t s t a n d s t h e i n s c r i p t i o n r e a d s ; ( 1 ) [ ---------- ] h r p r [----------- ] ( 2 ) wndw 5 , v ( l ) [ -----] t o t h e Ho u s e [ ----------] (2) 5 s h o r t - h o r n e d c a t t l e ’ . The b r o a d h o r i z o n t a l b a n d v i s i b l e a t the bottom of b l . 5 , below th e low er r e g i s t e r , is p r o b a b l y p a r t o f a p t - s i g n , ( c f . S c . 128, P I . L I I , w i t h w h i c h t h i s s c e n e may b e l o n g ) .

102

Scene 130, P i a t e L U I ; T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 7 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 4 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s r i g h t . Of t h e t o p r e g i s t e r , o n l y s e v e r a l g r o u p s o f f e e t a r e v i s i b l e on b l s . l t o 4 . The m a i n r e g i s t e r in t h i s scene, which c o v ers fo u r c o u rse s of t a l a t a t , shows t h e k i n g w e a r i n g t h e A p r s - c r o w n and a l o n g s k i r t w i t h b u l l ’ s t a i l , o f f e r i n g b e f o r e two o f f e r i n g - s t a n d s , o u t s i d e a r o o f e d k i o s k w h i c h c o n t a i n s two more s t a n d s and a row o f j a r s , a l s o on s t a n d s . The k i n g i s h o l d i n g up a h r p - s c e p t r e o v e r t h e o f f e r i n g s , w h i c h a p p e a r t o c o n s i s t m a i n l y o f p i e c e s o f m e a t ; [49] i n t h e r e g i s t e r b e l o w, b u t c h e r s a r e c u t t i n g up t h e c a r c a s e o f a s t e e r , p r e s u m a b l y t o p r o v i d e t h e meat f o r t h e o f f e r i n g s . The s u n - d i s k i s p o s i t i o n e d o v e r t h e o f f e r i n g s , i t s r a y s r e a c h i n g down t o w a r d s t h e m . The k i n g ’ s fa c e has been hacked o u t . Behind the k in g a re f o u r groups o f men i n two r ows ; o n l y t h e f e e t o f t h e f i r s t g r o u p i n t h e u p p e r row a r e v i s i b l e , b u t t h e y a p p e a r t o be h o l d i n g f a n s , o r s t a f f s , as t h e e nd s o f two p o l e s c a n be s e e n j u s t i n f r o n t o f t h e m. B e hi nd t h e s e men s t a n d s N e f e r t i t i , t h e l o n g f or m o f h e r name w r i t t e n i n fro n t of h er. She i s w e a r i n g t h e crown w i t h d o u b l e p l u m e s , h o l d s a f l y - w h i s k i n h e r l e f t h a n d and an cn h - s i g n down by h e r s i d e i n h e r r i g h t hand. B e hi n d t h e q u e e n a r e two rows o f f i g u r e s , a g r o up o f l a d i e s - i n - w a i t i n g a t t h e f r o n t o f e a c h row, f o l l o w e d by s e v e r a l b e n d i n g men. At t h e r i g h t o f t h e r e g i s t e r b e l o w , two b u t c h e r s a r e c u t t i n g up t h e c a r c a s e o f a s t e e r and p a r t o f a s e c o n d c a r c a s e c a n be s e e n a t t h e l e f t o f b l . 2 3 . The p o s i t i o n i n g o f b l . 2 2 i s o n l y t e n t a t i v e a n d i t s i n c l u s i o n i n t h i s s c e n e r e s t s s o l e l y on t h e lev el of the r e g i s t e r l in e . In the opinion of the w r i t e r , the l i n e i s t o o n a r r o w and t o o low and t h e b l o c k , t h e r e f o r e , d oe s n o t belong w ith t h i s scene. B e n e a t h t h e r e g i s t e r l i n e on b i s . 24 and 26, t h e r e a r e t r a c e s o f i n s c r i p t i o n s i n a n o t h e r r e g i s t e r b e l o w and b e s i d e t hem w h a t a p p e a r s t o be p a r t o f a s p r a y o f f l o w e r s . I t is p o s s i b l e , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h i s l o w e r r e g i s t e r s h o w e d a row o f o f f i c i a l s c a r r y in g sprays of flo w e rs, the t i t l e of each i n s c r i b e d above hi m, ( c f . S c s . 1 6 4 and 165, P l . L X V I ) . The r o o f e d k i o s k b e f o r e w h i c h t h e k i n g i s o f f e r i n g i n t h i s scene has a p a n e l u n d e r n e a th th e c o r n ic e w i t h the c a r to u c h e s of t h e A t e n a nd t h e k i n g i n s c r i b e d i n s i d e i t . Kiosks of t h i s type a r e d e p i c t e d i n a number o f s c e n e s w h i c h show rows o f men o f f e r i n g and p o u r i n g l i b a t i o n b e f o r e an o f f e r i n g - t a b l e , w h i l e two b u t c h e r s c u t up t h e c a r c a s e o f a s t e e r , ( c f . S c s . 1 3 4 , 135 a nd 136, P l . L V ; S c s . 1 3 7 , 138, 139, 140 and 141, P l . L V I ; Pl s. XCV, XCVI, XCVII and XCVIII). I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s scene of th e k in g i n t r o d u c e s a s e r i e s of the o f f e r i n g w i t h l i b a t i o n sc e n e s, p a r t i c u l a r l y as p a r t o f a b e n d i n g man, who a p p e a r s t o be i n a s i m i l a r p o s t u r e t o t h a t o f t h e men i n t h i s t y p e o f s c e n e , c a n be s e e n a t t h e r i g h t o f b l.6 . At p r e s e n t , i t i s n o t c e r t a i n t h a t t h i s t y p e o f s c e n e d e p ic ts p a r t of the S e d - f e s t i v a l . However, a s w e l l a s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b l o c k s i n t h e s e s c e n e s a r e t o b e f o u n d i n t h e same s t o r e h o u s e s as t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l t a l a t a t , there are p o ssib le i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e o f f e r i n g w i t h l i b a t i o n s c e n e s and t h e r e f o r e , 103

proba bly t h i s scene a l s o , a r e l i n k e d w ith S e d - f e s t i v a l r i t e s , commentary on S c . 84, pa ge 81 and Pl.XCV, b l . 6 ) .

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Scene 131, P l a t e L I V : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t a nd d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . These two b l o c k s show p a r t of a scene of the o f f e r i n g w i t h l i b a t i o n ty p e . At t h e t o p one c a n s e e p a r t o f t h e o f f e r i n g - t a b l e a n d t h e l o w e r p a r t o f t h e man standing before i t . At t h e b o t t o m , t h e r e a r e two men c u t t i n g up a c a r c a s e a nd b e h i n d them a r e two o f f e r i n g - s t a n d s w i t h p i e c e s o f me at on t h em. At t h e r i g h t , i s t h e s i d e o f t h e r o o f e d k i o s k , ( c f . o t h e r s c e n e s on P I . L I V and t h o s e on P l s . L V a nd L V I ) .

Scene 132, P l a t e L IV : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . At t h e l e f t i s t h e r o o f e d kiosk, w ith the panel under the c o rn ice c o n ta in in g the cartouches o f t h e A t e n and t h e k i n g , ( c f . S c . 130, P l . L I I I , b l . 6 ) . P a r t of a row o f j a r s on s t a n d s i n s i d e t h e k i o s k c a n be s e e n on b l . 3 . O u t s i d e t h e k i o s k , a t t h e r i g h t , a man i s shown m a k in g o f f e r i n g and p o u r i n g a l i b a t i o n b e f o r e an o f f e r i n g - t a b l e , w h i c h h a s j a r s and an o f f e r i n g - s t a n d on t o p o f i t . The man w e a r s a s h o r t w i g and a t u n i c and s k i r t w i t h p l e a t e d f r o n t . I n h i s r i g h t h a n d he h o l d s a c y l i n d r i c a l v e s s e l from w h ic h he p o u r s a l i b a t i o n i n t o a b u c k e t - s h a p e d c o n t a i n e r a t h i s f e e t , w h i l e i n h i s l e f t h a n d he h o l d s up a s t a n d w i t h a f l a m i n g o f f e r i n g on i t . Below t h i s man one c a n s e e one o f t h e two b u t c h e r s who a r e u s u a l l y d e p i c t e d c u t t i n g up a c a r c a s e . At t h e r i g h t o f b l . 2 , t h e f l a m i n g i n c e n s e b o w l s on t o p o f t h e two s t a n d s o u t s i d e t h e n e x t k i o s k , are visible. On t h e b a s i s o f t h e ' c u t - o f f * p o i n t o f t h e f i g u r e s and the k io sk w a l l s , i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s scene belongs w ith S c . 136, ( P l . L V ) .

Scene 133, P l a t e L I V : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 2 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . I n t h e l o w e r r e g i s t e r an o f f e r i n g w i t h l i b a t i o n s c e n e i s shown, p a r t o f a r o o f e d k i o s k and i t s c o n t e n t s b e i n g v i s i b l e a t t h e r i g h t and i n t h e c e n t r e , t h e man o f f e r i n g a nd p o u r i n g a l i b a t i o n b e f o r e an o f f e r i n g - t a b l e . To t h e l e f t of th e of f e r i n g - t a b l e , ( b l . l ) , t h e r e i s a gateway w i t h the l e f t - h a n d d o o r - l e a f s t a n d i n g o p e n, ( c f . S c . 1 3 7 , P I . L V I , b i s . 2 and 7). P a r t o f t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r c a n be s e e n a t t h e t o p o f b l . l , 104

t h e o n ly i t e m v i s i b l e b e i n g t h e h o o f of a s t e e r , ( c f . S c . 134, P l . L V , w h e r e t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r shows a man l e a d i n g a s t e e r ) .

Scene 134, P l a t e LV: T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 2 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . The l o w e r r e g i s t e r i n t h i s s c e n e shows p a r t o f a n o f f e r i n g w i t h l i b a t i o n c er e mo n y, t h e t o p o f t h e k i o s k b e i n g v i s i b l e a t t h e b o t t o m o f b l . l , w h i l e b l . 2 shows t h e man a n d t h e h e a d o f one o f t h e b u t c h e r s . In the upper r e g i s t e r , a man c a n be s e e n l e a d i n g a s t e e r w i t h a p i e c e o f r o pe w h i c h he seems t o be h a n d i n g o v e r t o a g r o u p o f t h r e e o r f o u r men who a r e f a c i n g t o w a r d s hi m. The m o s t l i k e l y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s t h a t t h e man i s h a n d i n g t h e s t e e r o v e r t o t h e men i n t h e s l a u g h t e r - y a r d and t h e l e g o f a n o t h e r man a t t h e e x t r e m e l e f t o f b l . l , seems t o be i n t h e p o s i t i o n f o r e i t h e r t h r o w i n g a s t e e r , o r c u t t i n g up t h e c a r c a s e , ( c f . S c . 81, PI.XXXVI).

Scene 135, P l a t e LV: T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t a nd d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . Thes e two b l o c k s show p a r t o f a r o o f e d k i o s k fr om the o f f e r in g w ith l i b a t i o n s e r i e s . The t o p s o f a row o f j a r s c an be s e e n a t t h e r i g h t i n s i d e t h e k i o s k and t h e f l a m e s f ro m some i n c e n s e b o wl s a t t h e l e f t . Outside the kiosk, a t the l e f t , are some o f t h e p i e c e s o f m e a t a n d t wo i n c e n s e b o w l s w h i c h a r e n o r m a l l y shown o u t s i d e t h e s e k i o s k s , ( c f . S c . 84, PI.XXXVI; Pl.XCV, b i s . 10 a nd 12; Pl . XCVI , b l . 4 ; P l . X C V I I , b i s . 7 a nd 14; P l . X C V I I I , b l s . l a nd 3 ) .

Scene 136, P l a t e LV: T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t a nd d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . The s u b j e c t o f t h i s s c e n e i s t h e o f f e r i n g w i t h l i b a t i o n c e r e mo n y. At t h e l e f t i s t h e t o p o f t h e r o o f e d k i o s k , t h e p a n e l w i t h t h e c a r t o u c h e s o f t h e A t e n and the king under the c o rn ic e . To t h e r i g h t o f t h e k i o s k , a man i n t u n i c a nd s k i r t , w e a r i n g a w i g , i s h o l d i n g up an o f f e r i n g - s t a n d i n h i s r i g h t h a n d and p o u r i n g a l i b a t i o n w i t h h i s l e f t . The s i d e o f a n o t h e r k i o s k and t h e f l a m e s f ro m t h e i n c e n s e bowl s on t h e s t a n d s o u t s i d e i t , c a n be s e e n a t t h e e x t r e m e r i g h t o f b l . 2 . Above t h e man i n a h o r i z o n t a l l i n e and b e h i n d him i n t h r e e col umns i s an i n s c r i p t i o n ; s s p >I t n * nh[---------- ] wnn h r cwy s 3 . k m r . k nb t 3 w y N f r - h p r w - R ‘ w ( - n - R ( d i . k sw r n h h m n s w t 3 w y d t i r t h r w . k , ' R e c e i v e , 0 l i v i n g A t e n , [ o f f e r i n g s ] w h i c h come f ro m t h e h a n d s o f 105

t h y b e l o v e d s o n , L o r d o f t h e Two L a n d s , N e f e r - k h e p e r u - R e ' wa-en-Re". Ma ye st t h o u a l w a ys c a u s e him t o be k i n g o f t h e Two Lands f o r e v e r , d o i n g w ha t p l e a s e s t h e e . 1 F o r o t h e r v e r s i o n s o f t h i s t e x t and o t h e r p r a y e r s i n s c r i b e d i n t h e same t y p e o f s c e n e , s e e P l .X CV , b l s . l , 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 , 9, 1 3 , 1 4, 1 5 ; P l . X C V I , b l s . l , 2, 3. On t h e b a s i s o f t h e " c u t - o f f * p o i n t o f t h e f i g u r e and t h e s i d e s o f th e k i o s k , t h i s sc e n e p r o b a b l y b e l o n g s w i t h S c . 132, ( P l . L I V ) .

Scene 137, P l a t e L V I : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t a nd d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 2 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . The l o w e r r e g i s t e r , w h i c h i s t h e more c o m p l e t e o f t h e two a t p r e s e n t , shows t h e o f f e r i n g w i t h l i b a t i o n c e r e m o n y , w i t h a r o w o f men o f f e r i n g a n d p o u r i n g l i b a t i o n s b e s i d e a row o f r o o f e d k i o s k , ( c f . s c e n e s on P l s . L I V and L V) . B u t c h e r s c u t t i n g up t h e c a r c a s e s o f s t e e r s c an a l s o be s e e n beside the k io s k s . An i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e on b i s . 2 and 7 i s t h e g a t e w a y , w h i c h i s shown w i t h t h e l e f t - h a n d d o o r - l e a f c l o s e d and a man p u l l i n g t h e r i g h t - h a n d l e a f o p e n , ( c f . S c . 133, P l . L I V ) . In t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r , o n l y t h e l e g s o f s e v e r a l rows o f men a r e v i s i b l e a t p r e s e n t , b u t b e c a u s e o f t h e i r s t a n c e and s p a c i n g , t h e r e i s a s t r o n g p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e s e men a r e p a l a n q u i n b e a r e r s and officials. The l e g s a t t h e l e f t , ( b l s . l and 2 ) , a r e , t h e r e f o r e , those of standing b e a re rs , w hile those a t the r i g h t , ( b i s . 3 and 4), are those of k n e e lin g b e a r e r s . J u d g i n g by t h e s i z e o f t h e f i g u r e s , t h e b e a r e r s a r e p r o b a b l y t h o s e o f t h e q u e e n ’ s and t h e Royal C h i l d r e n ’ s p a l a n q u i n s , (cf. S c.l, P I.I; Pl.LXXXVI, b i s . 1-12). I t i s u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t so f a r no b l o c k s h a v e b e e n f ou n d t o m a t c h a bove t h e s e and t h e r e f o r e , p r o v e t h i s t h e o r y , as s u c h p r o o f wo u l d d e f i n i t e l y l i n k t h e o f f e r i n g w i t h l i b a t i o n s e r i e s t o o t h e r s c e n e s o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l , ( c f . a l s o S c . 139, P I . L V I ) . A t a l a t a t f o u n d d u r i n g r e c e n t e x c a v a t i o n s on t h e A t e n Temple s i t e may now p r o v i d e t h e e v i d e n c e , s e e R e d f o r d , A k h e n a t e n , p a g e 122.

Scene 138, P l a t e L V I; T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . This scene i s alm ost i d e n t i c a l t o t h e l o w e r r e g i s t e r o f S c . 137, sh o wi ng two e p i s o d e s o f the o f fe rin g with l i b a t i o n s e r i e s . There i s a s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h a t t h e man a t t h e r i g h t i s n o t p o u r i n g a l i b a t i o n b u t i s h o l d i n g up h i s h a n d t o w a r d s t h e o f f e r i n g - s t a n d s , w h i l e t h e b u c k e t-sh a p e d v e s s e l i n t o which th e l i b a t i o n i s u s u a l l y poured, is d e p i c t e d on t h e f a r s i d e o f t h e o f f e r i n g - t a b l e .

106

Scene 139, P l a t e LVI: T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 2 registers. Only t h e t o p o f a k i o s k , w i t h t h e r o o f o f a ' p o r c h ’ a t t h e r i g h t o f i t , c a n be s e e n i n t h e l o w e r r e g i s t e r a t p r e s e n t . To t h e r i g h t o f t h i s s t r u c t u r e i s t h e e n d o f a l i n e o f h i e r o g l y p h s ; [ ----------] hk3 n f r d i . k n . f hh r n p t , ' [ -----------] t h e good R u l e r , m a y e s t t h o u g i v e t o hi m m i l l i o n s o f y e a r s * . To t h e l e f t o f the s tr u c tu r e th e re is the beginning of another i n s c r i p t i o n ; ssp bw n f r , 're c e iv e a l l g o o d n ess’ . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e i n s c r i p t i o n s , i t i s as s umed t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e i s a k i o s k o f t h e type d e p ic te d in th e o f f e r i n g w ith l i b a t i o n s c e n e s, (cf. r e f e r e n c e s g i v e n u n d e r S c . 136, p a g e 1 0 6 ) . In the upper r e g i s t e r , t h e r e a r e t h e b o d i e s and l e g s o f e i g h t p a i r s o f k n e e l i n g f i g u r e s , who f a c e t o w a r d s t h e r i g h t . From t h e i r p o s i t i o n s and t h e i r d r e s s , t h e y a p p e a r t o be p a l a n q u i n b e a r e r s , p e r h a p s t h o s e o f t h e q u e e n ’ s o r t h e R o y a l C h i l d r e n ’ s p a l a n q u i n s , ( c f . S c . 137, P I . L V I ) .

Scene 140, P l a t e L VI : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 2 registers. I n t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r , p a r t o f a man c a n be s e e n f a c i n g t o w a r d s t h e l e f t , h o l d i n g up an o f f e r i n g on a s t a n d and pouring a l i b a t i o n , s im ila r to the fig u re s in the o f f e r in g with l i b a t i o n s e r i e s , ( c f . s c e n e s on P l s . L I V , LV a nd L VI ) . The mo s t i n t e r e s t i n g f e a t u r e i n t h i s s c e n e , however, i s t h a t t h e s u n - d i s k i s p o s i t i o n e d a bove t h e o f f e r i n g - t a b l e w i t h i t s r a y s r e a c h i n g down towards th e o f f e r i n g s , whereas in th e r e g u l a r scenes of t h i s ty p e , no s u n - d i s k i s d e p i c t e d . P a r t o f t h e e p i t h e t s o f t h e A t e n c a n be s e e n on e a c h s i d e o f t h e s u n - r a y s , a l t h o u g h u n f o r t u n a t e l y , no b u i l d i n g name i s v i s i b l e a t p r e s e n t . The l o w e r r e g i s t e r shows p a r t s o f two s t o o l s , t h e l e f t - h a n d one h a v i n g an a n i m a l - s k i n s e a t . These two p i e c e s o f f u r n i t u r e s u g g e s t t h a t p a r t o f t h e p a l a c e i s shown, b u t t h e s c e n e i s t o o s m a l l a t t h e p r e s e n t s t a g e t o a l l o w f o r any d e f i n i t e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

Scene 141, P l a t e L VI : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t o f one r e g i s t e r . The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . These two b l o c k s show p a r t o f a n e p i s o d e f r o m t h e o f f e r i n g w i t h l i b a t i o n s e r i e s , t h e man b e f o r e t h e o f f e r i n g - t a b l e a t t h e t o p and t h e two b u t c h e r s c u t t i n g up t h e s t e e r ’ s c a r c a s e u n d e r n e a t h . The s i d e o f a k i o s k c a n be s e e n a t t h e l e f t w i t h t h e o u t l i n e o f a man a c r o s s i t . I t appears t h a t a man wa s o r i g i n a l l y shown o p e n i n g a d o o r , ( c f . S c . 1 3 7 , P I . L V I ) , b u t t h e d e s i g n was l a t e r a l t e r e d and he was o b l i t e r a t e d .

107

Scene 142, P l a t e LVI I; T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s one c o u r s e o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 2 registers. I n t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r , a t t h e l e f t , two f i g u r e s a r e shown s e a t e d b e t w e e n f o u r c o l u m n s . In f r o n t of each f ig u r e i s a t a l l j a r , o r p o t , w h i c h i s p r o b a b l y f i l l e d w i t h f o o d and bey o n d t h e col umns i s a s e t o f s t e p s w h i c h a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y l e a d s up t o t h e Window o f A p p e a r a n c e , ( c f . S c . 150, P I . L X ) . The b a s e s o f s i x more col umns c a n be s e e n t o t h e r i g h t o f t h e s t e p s . The l o w e r r e g i s t e r was p r o b a b l y a l m o s t a r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e u p p e r o n e . At t h e l e f t , ( b l s . l a nd 2 ) , t h e r e a r e t h e c a p i t a l s o f f o u r c o l um n s , t h e n a p t - s i g n o v e r a s u n - d i s k w h i c h was p r o b a b l y p o s i t i o n e d o v e r a f i g u r e o f t h e k i n g , ( c f . S c . 150, P I . L X ) . To t h e r i g h t o f t h e s u n - d i s k i s a s e c o n d , s m a l l e r o n e , w i t h a p a i r o f s m a l l col umns on e a c h s i d e o f i t , s u c h a s a r e u s u a l l y shown a t t h e s i d e s o f t h e Window o f A p p e a r a n c e . [ 5 0 ] To t h e r i g h t o f t h e s e c o n d s e t o f s m a l l c o l u mn s , t h e r e i s a n o t h e r s u n - d i s k , ( b l . 3 ) , a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same s i z e a s t h e f i r s t one and t o t h e r i g h t o f t h i s a r e t h e c a p i t a l s o f f o u r more c o l u m n s . The p o s i t i o n i n g o f t h e s e s u n - d i s k s s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e l o w e r r e g i s t e r shows t h e k i n g , p r o b a b l y a c c o m p a n i e d by t h e q u e e n , a p p r o a c h i n g t h e Window o f A p p e a r a n c e f rom t h e l e f t , s t a n d i n g i n t h e Window, ( u n d e r t h e s m a l l s u n - d i s k ) , a n d t h e n d e s c e n d i n g and p r o c e e d i n g t o w a r d s t h e r i g h t . At t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , t h e r e i s no p o s i t i v e p r o o f t h a t t h i s s c e n e , o r t h e o t h e r s l i k e i t , show a p a r t o f t h e S e d - f e s t i v a l , e x c e p t t h a t t h e b l o c k s come fr om t h e u s u a l s t o r e h o u s e s and t h e b u i l d i n g name a p p e a r s t o be gm p3 >Itn.

Scene 143, P l a t e L V I I : T h i s s c e n e c o v e r s 2 c o u r s e s o f t a l a t a t and d e p i c t s p a r t s o f 2 registers. The s c e n e f a c e s l e f t . The u p p e r r e g i s t e r e x t e n d s o v e r b i s 1, 2 and h a l f o f 3. At t h e l e f t t h e r e a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n two col umns o f h i e r o g l y p h s b u t t h e s e h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e l y h a c k e d o u t . B e hi n d t h e col umns a r e t h e l e g s o f two men i n s h o r t s k i r t s , a f t e r w h i c h t h e r e i s a gap o f one h e a d e r and t h e n b l . 2 , w h i c h shows two o r t h r e e f i g u r e s s i t t i n g on t h e g r o u n d . J u d g i n g by t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e i r arms and t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e f i g u r e s i n t h e lo w e r r e g i s t e r a t t h i s p o i n t , t h e s e s e a t e d f i g u r e s may b e p l a y i n g m u s i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s ; t h e s t r i n g s o f a h a r p c a n f a i n t l y be s e e n a t t h e l e f t of b l . 2 b e h i n d th e arms o f t h e f i r s t f i g u r e and th e f i g u r e on t h e r i g h t a p p e a r s t o be h o l d i n g a l u t e . B l . 3 shows a n o t h e r s e a t e d f i g u r e a t t h e e nd o f t h e u p p e r r e g i s t e r , a s t h e r i g h t - h a n d end o f t h i s s c e n e c o n s i s t s o f one r e g i s t e r w h i c h c o v e r s both courses of t a l a t a t . At t h e l e f t o f t h e l o w e r r e g i s t e r , t h e r e i s a d o o r , f l a n k e d by two col umns and t o t h e r i g h t o f t h i s two col umns o f h i e r o g l y p h s , a g a i n v e r y s e v e r e l y d e f a c e d . I t w i l l be n e c e s s a ry to re-examine the a c t u a l block in o rd e r to c o l l a t e the i n s c r i p t i o n p r o p e r l y , b u t f rom t h e p h o t o g r a p h i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e c i p h e r some wo r ds i n t h e s e c o n d col umn; [ ---------- ] n >I t n w b n . f m 108

p r >I t n I t n , ' [ ---------- ] o f A t e n when he s h i n e s i n t h e House o f A t e n , t h e g r e a t and f i r s t p l a c e o f A t e n ’ . This appears t o be a v a r i a t i o n o f t h e b u i l d i n g name h ( y m 3 h t n ' I t n m p r . f m >Iwnw Sm 'w ( 3 t t p t n ' I t n , ' R e j o i c i n g - i n - t h e - H o r i z o n - o f - A t e n i n h i s House i n S o u t h e r n H e l i o p o l i s , t h e g r e a t and f i r s t p l a c e o f A t e n * , [ 5 1 ] ( c f . S c . 58, P I . X X V I I I , b l . l l ; P l . C V I I I , b l . 5 ) . To t h e r i g h t o f t h e i n s c r i p t i o n , t h e r e a r e n i n e men, a r r a n g e d i n t h r e e g r o u p s o f t h r e e men i n e a c h , who s ee m t o b e c a r r y i n g s o m e t h i n g on t h e i r s h o u l d e r s w h i c h t h e y a r e h o l d i n g w i t h t h e i r rig h t hands. I t is n o t c l e a r a t p r e s e n t what i t is they are carrying. B e h i n d t h e s e men i s shown a man b e a t i n g a drum, h i s h a nds h a v i n g be e n d e f a c e d and b e h i n d him a r e t h r e e g r o u p s o f f i g u r e s s i t t i n g on t h e g r o u n d a nd c l a p p i n g t h e i r h a n d s . Above th ese f ig u r e s is a l i n e of h ie ro g ly p h s , ( b l . 2 ) , perhaps g iv in g the w or ds o f t h e i r s o n g . T h i s i n s c r i p t i o n i s a l s o somewhat m u t i l a t e d , b u t t h e w o r ds dw3 R