AgTech: an Introduction 9781760585242
This publication is a practical guide to all things digital in agriculture. Reading this publication will help producers
155 97 18MB
English Pages [117] Year 2021
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Table of contents :
COVER
CONTENTS
PUBLICATION OVERVIEW
Part A: AGTECH UNPACKED
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE?
CHAPTER 3 THE DECISION TO USE AGTECH
CHAPTER 4 MONITORING AND MEASURING
CHAPTER 5 CONNECTING THE DEVICES
CHAPTER 6 THE FARM MAP
CHAPTER 7 DATA
CHAPTER 8 DEVICE DASHBOARDS AND APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 9 CONSIDER YOUR BUDGET
CHAPTER 10 UNDERSTANDING AND CONNECTING IoTDEVICES
CHAPTER 11 COMMON IoT DEVICES
CHAPTER 12 INSTALLATION
CHAPTER 13 CHOOSING A SUPPLIER
CHAPTER 14 AFTER SALES SERVICE, MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLE SHOOTING
CHAPTER 15 TIPS, TRICKS AND PITFALLS
CHAPTER 16 SUMMARY
Part B: CASE STUDIES
INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES
Case study 1 ANGULLONG
Case Study 2 BROLGA
Case Study 3 NEWHAVEN
GLOSSARY AND DIGITAL TERMINOLOGY
APPENDIX 1 SAFETY
APPENDIX 2 MANAGING WORK HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS
Citation preview
AgGuide:AgTech: an introduction
A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK
AgTech: an introduction
9 781760 584818
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A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK
AgTech: an introduction
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ii AgTech: an introduction
© State of NSW through Department of Primary Industries, 2021 This publication is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Commonwealth), no part of the publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owner. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatever without such permission. In particular, the user of this publication agrees: • not to reproduce any major extract or the entire publication without the prior written permission of the Crown in the right of the State of NSW; • to include this copyright notice in any copy made; • to acknowledge the source of any selected passage, table or diagram reproduced; and • not to charge for providing the publication to another person. The products described in this document are used as examples only and the inclusion or exclusion of any product does not represent any endorsement of manufacturers or their products by Department of Primary Industries. Department of Primary Industries accepts no responsibility for any information provided in this material. Any questions that users have about particular products or services regarding the subject of this material should be directed to the relevant commercial organisation. DISCLAIMER This document has been prepared by the authors for Department of Primary Industries for and on behalf of the State of NSW, in good faith on the basis of available information. While the information contained in the document has been formulated with all due care, the users of the document must obtain their own advice and conduct their own investigations and assessments of any proposals they are considering, in the light of their own individual circumstances. The document is made available on the understanding that the State of NSW, the author and the publisher, their respective servants and agents accept no responsibility for any person, acting on, or relying on, or upon any opinion, advice, representation, statement or information whether expressed or implied in the document, and disclaim all liability for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred or arising by reason of any person using or relying on the information contained in the document or by reason of any error, omission, defect or mis-statement (whether such error, omission, defect or mis-statement, is caused by or arises from negligence, lack of care or otherwise). While the information is considered true and correct at the date of publication, changes in circumstances after the time of publication may impact on the accuracy of the information. The information may change without notice and the State of NSW, the author and the publisher and their respective servants and agents are not in any way liable for the accuracy of any information contained in this document. The product trade names in this publication are supplied on the understanding that no preference between equivalent products is intended and that the inclusion of a product name does not imply endorsement by Department of Primary Industries over any equivalent product from another manufacturer. Recognising that some of the information is provided by third parties, the State of NSW, the author and the publisher take no responsibility for the accuracy, currency, reliability and correctness of any information included in the document provided by third parties.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication was produced by Education Delivery, Tocal College. The information in this book supports the following competencies from AHC, The National Agriculture, Horticulture and Conservation and Land Management Training Package: • AHCAGB405 Analyse and interpret production data. The College acknowledges Andrew Coppin, Nick Bradley and Vicki Tuck with special thanks for their interest. Part A written by:
Darren Price, Price Rural Management, Pty Ltd
Part B written by:
Jennifer Laffan, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tocal College, Paterson Scott McKinnon, Program Manager Farms of the Future, Climate Branch, NSW Department of Primary Industries
Editors:
Jennifer Laffan and Scott McKinnon
Technical reviewers: Scott McKinnon, Program Manager Farms of the Future, Climate Branch, NSW Department of Primary Industries Anthony Clark, Leader Climate App and Digital Agriculture, NSW Department of Primary Industries Proofreading:
Prudence Bell
Graphic design:
Dean Morris
Photographs:
Part A, Darren Price, unless otherwise acknowledged Part B, Brendan Cooper, Cooper Films, unless otherwise acknowledged
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Printing:
Progress Printing, Condobolin
All enquiries:
Education Delivery Tocal College PATERSON NSW 2421 AUSTRALIA Phone (02) 49 398862 or 1800 025 520 Email: [email protected] Website: www.tocal.nsw.edu.au
ISBN:
978-1-76058-524-2 (2021)
First Edition:
2021
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iv AgTech: an introduction
CONTENTS PUBLICATION OVERVIEW .....................................................................VI
CHAPTER 7: DATA ................................................................................ 25
RELEVANCE ......................................................................................................................vi A PRACTICAL GUIDE.........................................................................................................vi PUBLICATION STRUCTURE ................................................................................................1 PATHWAY TO DIGITAL........................................................................................................1
IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................25 WHAT IS DATA? ..............................................................................................................25 DASHBOARD OR APP .....................................................................................................26 ADDING HISTORICAL DATA TO THE APP OR DASHBOARD...............................................27 HOW IS DATA STORED?...................................................................................................27 WHO OWNS THE DATA?..................................................................................................28 HOW CAN I PROTECT MY DATA? ....................................................................................28 SHARING DATA ...............................................................................................................28 TAKE HOME MESSAGES .................................................................................................28
PART A: AGTECH UNPACKED............................. 2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 3 IN THIS CHAPTER...............................................................................................................3 ABOUT THE AUTHOR.........................................................................................................3 CHAPTER SEQUENCE.........................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: WHAT IS DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE?......... 5 IN THIS CHAPTER...............................................................................................................5 A RANGE OF USES.............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: THE DECISION TO USE AGTECH........................................... 9 IN THIS CHAPTER...............................................................................................................9 COMING TO A DECISION....................................................................................................9 WORK HARD ON YOUR RESEARCH .................................................................................10 TAKE HOME MESSAGES .................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 4: MONITORING AND MEASURING ...................................... 11 IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................11 PAIN POINTS....................................................................................................................11 MONITORING MADE EASIER ...........................................................................................12 MEASURING MADE EASIER.............................................................................................13 MORE TIME FOR FAMILY OR BUSINESS...........................................................................14
CHAPTER 5: CONNECTING THE DEVICES .............................................. 15 IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................15 THE NEED FOR CONNECTIVITY........................................................................................15 CONNECTIVITY CAN BE CHALLENGING ..........................................................................17 TYPES OF CONNECTIVITY................................................................................................17 LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) .....................................................................17 LARGE AND ON-FARM NETWORKS................................................................................19 TAKE HOME MESSAGES .................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 6: THE FARM MAP................................................................ 21 IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................21 FARM MAPS HAVE MANY USES .....................................................................................21 BUILD YOUR OWN MAP..................................................................................................22 PURCHASING A FARM MAP............................................................................................23 TAKE HOME MESSAGES .................................................................................................23
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CHAPTER 8: DEVICE DASHBOARDS AND APPLICATIONS ..................... 29 IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................29 DEVICE DASHBOARDS AND APPLICATIONS....................................................................29 VIEWING PLATFORMS.....................................................................................................30 FEATURES OF DASHBOARDS AND APPS.........................................................................30 COMBINING BRANDS......................................................................................................31 DATA BACKUP AND FAILSAFE.........................................................................................31 ALERTS ...........................................................................................................................31 ACCESS LEVELS...............................................................................................................31 TRAINING .......................................................................................................................32 TAKE HOME MESSAGES .................................................................................................32
CHAPTER 9: CONSIDER YOUR BUDGET................................................. 33 IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................33 BE REALISTIC ..................................................................................................................33 GRADUAL IMPLEMENTATION .........................................................................................34 UNDERSTAND THE FULL COST ........................................................................................34 CONSIDER THE RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI).............................................................34 CONSIDER AN ADVISOR ..................................................................................................34 INCLUSIONS FOR A SOUND BUDGET ..............................................................................34 TAKE HOME MESSAGES..................................................................................................35
CHAPTER 10: UNDERSTANDING AND CONNECTING IoT DEVICES ........ 37 IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................37 CONSIDERING SELECTION...............................................................................................37 TAKE HOME MESSAGES .................................................................................................39
CHAPTER 11: COMMON IoT DEVICES ................................................... 41 IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................41 LIQUID MONITORS ..........................................................................................................42 WEATHER STATIONS........................................................................................................44 SOIL PROBES ...................................................................................................................45 ASSET TRACKERS.............................................................................................................46 GATE AND DOOR SENSORS.............................................................................................46 ELECTRIC FENCE MONITORS ...........................................................................................47 CAMERAS........................................................................................................................48 LIVESTOCK TAGS AND COLLARS......................................................................................48 7/10/21 11:00 am
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CHAPTER 12: INSTALLATION ............................................................... 51 IN THIS CHAPTER ............................................................................................................51 THE INSTALLER................................................................................................................51 SELF-INSTALLATION........................................................................................................52 TAKE HOME MESSAGES FOR SELF-INSTALLATION.........................................................56 PROFESSIONAL INSTALLER.............................................................................................56 TAKE HOME MESSAGES FOR USING A PROFESSIONAL INSTALLER ...............................57
CHAPTER 13: CHOOSING A SUPPLIER.................................................. 59 IN THIS CHAPTER ............................................................................................................59 CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTION..................................................................................59 USE TRUSTED SOURCES ..................................................................................................60 LANGUAGE AND DIALOGUE............................................................................................60 FINDING SUPPLIERS........................................................................................................61 TAKE HOME MESSAGES .................................................................................................61
CHAPTER 14: AFTER SALES SERVICE, MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLE SHOOTING............................................................................................ 63 IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................63 BE PREPARED ..................................................................................................................63 SUPPLIER, WARRANTY AND YOUR RIGHTS ....................................................................65 ONGOING MAINTENANCE...............................................................................................65 HOME-MADE DEVICES....................................................................................................65 TAKE HOME MESSAGES .................................................................................................66
CHAPTER 15: TIPS, TRICKS AND PITFALLS........................................... 67 IN THIS CHAPTER.............................................................................................................67 BE AWARE OF POSSIBLE PROBLEMS ..............................................................................67 HOUSING.........................................................................................................................68 RUGGED INSTALLATION..................................................................................................68 POSITIONING DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION TOWERS...............................................69 POWER SOURCE..............................................................................................................69 GUARDING.......................................................................................................................71 TAKE AN ACTIVE INTEREST .............................................................................................71 TAKE HOME MESSAGES .................................................................................................72
PART B: CASE STUDIES ................................... 74 INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES....................................................... 75 CASE STUDY 1: ANGULLONG................................................................ 77 CASE STUDY 2: BROLGA....................................................................... 83 CASE STUDY 3: NEWHAVEN................................................................. 89 GLOSSARY AND DIGITAL TERMINOLOGY ............................................. 93 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE...............................................................................................93 COMPUTING AND THE CLOUD.........................................................................................94 COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS.....................................................................................94 DATA................................................................................................................................95 GENERAL TERMINOLOGY................................................................................................95 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TERMINOLOGY ................................................................96 IoT AND SECURITY ..........................................................................................................97 LPWA TECHNOLOGIES.....................................................................................................98 MOBILE NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES................................................................................98 RADIO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES......................................................................98 SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY.................................................................................................99 TRACKING AND IDENTIFICATION.....................................................................................99
APPENDIX 1: SAFETY......................................................................... 101 LEGAL OBLIGATIONS.....................................................................................................101 ENGAGING CONTRACTORS............................................................................................101 WORKING AT HEIGHTS..................................................................................................101 MANUAL HANDLING ....................................................................................................102 PERSONNEL EXPOSURE ................................................................................................102
APPENDIX 2: MANAGING WORK HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS........... 103 A step-by-step process.................................................................................................103 The four steps for managing WHS risks are: ................................................................103 Keeping records ............................................................................................................105 Risk assessment templates...........................................................................................106
CHAPTER 16: SUMMARY...................................................................... 73 TOP 10 TAKE HOME MESSAGES FROM PART A...............................................................73 THE FUTURE ....................................................................................................................73 CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................73
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vi AgTech: an introduction
PUBLICATION OVERVIEW RELEVANCE Digital technology, Digital Tech or AgTech is fast becoming the new key phase in primary industries throughout the country. It is also an area of great uncertainty and misapprehension despite the highly positive outcomes it can provide.
A PRACTICAL GUIDE This publication is a practical guide to all things digital in agriculture. Reading this publication will help producers— large and small—to navigate through the complicated world of technology and connectivity in agriculture and better understand the language, devices, use cases, installation techniques and communications and so much more. It gives practical tips around what suppliers of products can and should provide as well as discussing the build-your-own applications. IoT is an abbreviation of internet of things. You can also think of it as an interconnection of things because it is a system that allows different devices to ‘talk to each other’. For example, a video alarm on your gate could send a message to your phone to alert you about the activity at the gate. This AgGuide is a combination of experience and knowledge from the author of Section 1 Darren Price of Price Rural Management and the NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI) Climate Applications and Digital Ag Group. This Group research and demonstrate AgTech to industry and farmers through three main programs: • Farm Decision Tech • Climate Smart pilots • Farms of the Future. For further information use your internet search engine for NSW DPI Climate Branch or the following website: https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/climate/climate/digital-agriculture
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Publication overview 1
PUBLICATION STRUCTURE This book is in two parts: Part A: AgTech Unpacked is an introduction to terms used and procedures followed when setting up digital technology on farms. Part B: Case studies showcases the information in Part A where it is has been applied and proven successful to three pilot farms. The three farms are in the Farms of the Future webinar series produced by NSW Department of Primary Industries. Further information and videos depicting producers and suppliers can be viewed on the NSW DPI Climate Project Resource page: https://www.dpi.nsw. gov.au/climate/climate/digital-agriculture/farms-of-the-future-resource-page
PATHWAY TO DIGITAL
4. Decide on the best mix for your situation and contact suppliers to arrange purchase of devices. Arrange the installations.
Farm AgTech ecosystem 3. Contact suppliers and discuss your plan. Ask about their business, their solutions and the level of service they provide on-farm.
1. Look at your ways of working and determine where you can save time and money or improve farm safety. Decide on where you need more information.
2. Meet your local advisors or consultants, use the internet and speak to other farmers to understand what is available.
Figure 1: By following the insights and advice in this book we hope you will better understand the technologies available for on-farm AgTech, and be able to follow the steps above to plan your needs and set out your priorities to have digital on your farm
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2 AgTech: an introduction
Part A: Agtech unpacked
Photo: Carl Drougge via Flickr
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Introduction 3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION IN THIS CHAPTER • meet the author • chapter sequence as a pathway
ABOUT THE AUTHOR Darren Price is not only a farmer with experience over many years but he is also the company director and lead consultant at Price Rural Management Pty Ltd (PRM), which provides agribusiness and digital technology consultancy services to producers and the wider agricultural industry. Darren’s 35 years of hands-on experience includes management of large mixed grazing enterprises in New South Wales and the Northern Territory.
Darren Price
His interest in agricultural technology led to teaming up with Meat & Livestock Australia (MLA) to deploy and test a range of connectivity and AgTech technologies to gain deep, practical insight into the benefits these technologies can bring to farming businesses. The author evaluated the available tech for effectiveness, reliable use and return on investment. He continues to work with Rural Research and Development Corporations (RDCs) and Research and Development (R&D) companies and providers of AgTech in Australia, North America, New Zealand and Asia. He has a wide network of experiences and learnings. This has given him a high-level understanding of the needs and development thoughts both locally and internationally.
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4 AgTech: an introduction
Darren was an expert presenter in the NSW Department of Primary Industries Farms of the Future webinar series. His presentation was about choosing AgTech solutions and providers. He has brought his findings together in this book so that farmers, like himself, can appreciate the benefits technology can provide for the business. Based on his own experience, he provides an introduction to how farms of the future will operate and sorts the hype from the facts. The information gathered for this section is the result of the author’s first-hand involvement in sourcing digital devices and seeing them installed into mixed agricultural businesses. He addresses the pitfalls and advantages relating to this and discusses “what is hype and what is happening”. He gives producers the tools to adopt and upskill their businesses and
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enterprises and he uses terminology that is easy to understand. This is complemented by farm case studies and examples from the collaborating farmers in the Farms of the Future pilot farms, run by the NSW DPI as part of the NSW Government Regional Digital Connectivity program. The author believes that digital technology will soon transform agriculture as we know it. In fact, the transformation has already begun!
CHAPTER SEQUENCE The chapters in this section are arranged in a sequence of steps to follow as you introduce digital technology to your enterprise. This book is an informative and practical guide that is easy to understand and removes any hesitation or concern with implementing digital technology solutions in your industry or business.
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What is digital technology for agriculture? 5
CHAPTER 2
WHAT IS DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY FOR AGRICULTURE? IN THIS CHAPTER • a range of uses As a society we are surrounded by technology in all walks of life. Sometimes we know it is there, other times we don’t. We now rely on it and expect it to be present and available at all times. So much so that when we don’t have it, we actually find it to be quite an inconvenience. Just as with the rest of our lives, digital tech or IoT integration within agriculture also offers a real and expanding opportunity to producers and industry. The possible uses are many and varied and can be unique from one to the next. Some represent an excellent value proposition and return on investment—others not so much. So, what digital technology options exist today and how can you integrate them into your business?
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6 AgTech: an introduction
KEY General management Animal management Work Health and Safety Water management Pasture management Sheep tags and collars
Gate and movement sensors
Satellite communication
Cattle tags and collars
Grain silo and fodder monitors
Fuel monitors
Shed and environment sensors
Drones: air and ground
Smoke detectors Communication towers or aerials
Animal handling equipment and scanners
Pump and valve control and monitoring Management programs, Apps and Dashboards
Water flow sensors Tank and trough water level Vehicle and asset tracking and safety Pasture management Electric fence monitors
Security cameras and sensors
Weather stations
Rain gauges
Apiary oversight
Soil probes
Figure 2: Possible locations for digital devices on a farm
Figure 3: The asset tracker (arrowed) on the quad bike sends information about speed, location or any rollover to an off-site monitor
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What is digital technology for agriculture? 7
A RANGE OF USES As Figure 2 shows, there is a great number of options open to us today. For example, see all the possibilities for animal management or for a cropping enterprise. Among the range of potential benefits of digital devices are: • increased efficiency through improved time management • improved water management • remote management of geographically distributed sites and resources • gain farm performance insights through more timely access to data • environmental monitoring of conditions across the farm • asset monitoring (tracking vehicles and machinery) • improved animal handling equipment • animal monitoring: collars or tags on sheep or cattle • farm security. Practical examples and real-life experiences of these benefits are detailed in Part B with the Farms of the Future case studies.
Figure 4: This Goanna Ag LoRaWAN tower at Coonamble transmits data from tank and trough sensors across the property
Figures 5: (above and below) When the gates are opened, sensors send the data to the phone or office computer or to a doorbell
Photo: Scott McKinnon
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8 AgTech: an introduction
The drafting race in Figure 6 is fitted with several sensors: • electronic eye that activates the grabbing mechanism to automatically catch the sheep as it enters, as well as activating an anti-reversing barrier to prevent following sheep from backing away from the machine • auto weighing sensor connected to weigh bars under the machine and a data collecting computer • RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) reader to read and capture ear tag or other RFID enabled identifiers • three-way auto drafting sensor which operates in conjunction with the parameters set in weighing software • connection to an auto drenching gun: dose automatically resets to match weight of animal in the handler.
Figure 6: Animal handling sensors are fitted to this sheep race
The cattle drafting race in Figure 7 has sensors for: • the automated handler • auto opening and shutting gates and three-direction drafting gates • the weighing system • the RFID reader. As we discuss in the coming pages, some devices offer a real and powerful addition to your management systems and oversight. Others are still developing but will, in time, offer a similar positive outcome. The digital tech journey: There are a number of steps along the journey to developing the digital pathway for your enterprise. Begin with having an open mind along with a sensible budget. You need to consider many things for a successful roll out of devices and integration of digital tech on your farm. Whether you have dreams or inspiration to solve a challenge or already know the direction you want to follow in this space, the effort you put in and what you learn will be a great reward.
Figure7: Drafting race for cattle
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The decision to use agtech 9
CHAPTER 3
THE DECISION TO USE AGTECH IN THIS CHAPTER • research is essential before coming to a decision about using this new technology • available levels of research
COMING TO A DECISION Many factors influence us when we are making a decision and they vary depending on individual makeup or personality, past experiences and present circumstances. For example, stress and emotion can dramatically change our thought processes. Similarly, we could be biased toward one decision or another because we are influenced by generalisations, we remember certain information about something while overlooking another point of view or source of information or we may be influenced by hype or marketing presented to us. Some people make decisions based an intuitive or it feels right basis (gut feel). This is often the case with many farmers. We can tend to base our decisions on past experiences, rules of thumb or subconscious thought. We sometimes believe we intuitively know what a good and rational decision is or alternatively what is, perhaps, not so wise. One thing farmers often do is check in with their neighbours, friends and other people they trust and see what these people are doing and what they think of particular ideas and innovations. We can sometimes get a sense of validation by doing this. There is no right or wrong approach to decision making. Farmers are required to make multiple, difficult decisions each day. When it comes to digital tech, we suggest that you use all of your usual ways of coming to a decision about what will be useful for your enterprise.
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10 AgTech: an introduction
WORK HARD ON YOUR RESEARCH Finding the digital technology that may work on your farm or business can be confusing and sometimes difficult. Be prepared to invest time in research. Be aware that like anything for sale in any space, sound marketing can make products look fit for purpose and fully available to purchase, even if they don’t quite suit a particular situation. Rob Tuck from the Narromine case study is quoted in the Farms of the Future video as saying, your first money is the best money, meaning, simply, that it may be better to go for quality and support over quantity at a low price. Read the case study on page 89. Internet search may be obvious but be careful. As we are all now aware, internet searches can be misleading. Multiple searches for technology can turn up new options each time we start a new search session. Beware of hype and marketing bias. Websites like agfinder.com and agtechfinder.com to name two examples, are useful directory search tools. Consultants: Seek out consultants or key industry bodies that can assist with the understanding you need to make a sound decision. Visit smart farm demonstration sites if the opportunity arises. Consider your own ways of decision making and understand how this may influence a decision. Other farmers: Talk to others who have installed digital devices. Find out what worked well for them, what was not so good and any advice they may have.
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Demonstration farms. Take opportunities offered to visit demonstration farms and view possibilities that could apply to your enterprise. If you can’t physically visit a demonstration farm, virtual farm tours provide an alternative to help you with research. You can take a virtual tour of the three Farms of the Future demonstration sites at: https://farmvr.com/virtual-tours/farmsofthefuture/index.htm or by using your internet search engine for farms of the future digital resources.
TAKE HOME MESSAGES • Much digital technology is very new to the market. Greater levels of research may be required to get a true understanding of the applications. • As the uptake and commercialisation of most digital tech is at an early stage, the depth of understanding within your networks may be still developing. • One symptom of early-stage adoption is that many things can fail to deliver to expectation 100 per cent of the time. This can lead to poor reviews which may be unfounded. • There is a great deal of hype and marketing in play: thorough research is worthwhile. • The positive outcomes that follow careful consideration and research are well worth the effort.
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Monitoring and measuring 11
CHAPTER 4
MONITORING AND MEASURING IN THIS CHAPTER • daily work patterns can uncover activities that can be supported by AgTech • there are quick wins in adopting technology now and not waiting until a full farm package is available • simple AgTech solution can make your life more comfortable
PAIN POINTS The term pain points describes issues or problems that continually confront us and quite often they have been endured for a long time as part of normal operations. Farming activities are labour intensive, time consuming and repetitive and contain multiple pain points. It is true that most farmers just get on and deal with the multitude of issues or pain points that they come across each day. However, it is also true that, at times, it can be difficult to identify the main problem areas or pain points of the business and sometimes by the end of the day they feel as if they have barely made any ground. At other times, although the issues are glaringly obvious, you may not be aware of new ways to deal with them. We suggest that you consider the possible automated alternatives that could bring efficiency to your operation and also make life easier for you.
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12 AgTech: an introduction
Figure 8: Monitoring of a remote water trough provides real time data and saves time and labour
Figure 9: The grain silo sensor monitors conditions within the silo and sends the data to the farm office or other receiver
MONITORING MADE EASIER One of the many things that farmers do each day is, put simply, a monitoring activity on some level. Monitoring can enable better, more concise and measured business activities. Some monitoring is important for animal health and welfare, while others have a role in compliance areas of the business. Many monitoring jobs can be improved or made easier with digital technology. However, that can happen only if you realise that they are activities that can be handled in a different, more automated way. Give it a try – next time you groan at the thought of driving for two hours to check that a trough or tank has water in it, even though you confidently know that it did the last 30 times you looked, take time to consider if is there a better way to do this. Or when you are about to spend the next four hours doing pasture assessments, think about the other jobs you could be doing, even though it is a nice day for a walk across your paddocks—perhaps digital technology can help here?
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Carefully reflect and consider where these pain points are in your enterprise. And then start to consider the alternatives to the systems you have in place so that you can be more efficient in much of your daily, weekly or monthly programs. Digital devices do not remove the need for human interaction or inspection in a total way. They do however offer the ability to reduce this significantly. If this you can do this remotely, you can redirect your time, money and labour. Water monitoring: Agriculture cannot survive and operate without water. Countless hours are spent each year checking water points. Often private lives need to be put on hold due to the importance of this monitoring. Remote automatic monitoring of water points is now an available solution in the market-place. It can provide real time data, time and labour savings and peace of mind. James Crossing from the Blayney case study says ‘one benefit of the technology has been in labour saving, especially for monitoring water levels at remote locations.’ See the case study on page 77.
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Figure 10: Measure fuel use and send the data to the farm office records
Figure 11: This weather station sends information about rainfall, temperature, wind direction and velocity to a desktop monitor or app
MEASURING MADE EASIER There are so many things farmers measure within the agricultural business. Some measurements are taken simply out of interest, while others lead to meaningful insights and affect business direction. There are some intelligent solutions available and it is likely that they include applications very useful for your business. The advantages of some of these products may become more apparent after you have experienced interaction with sensors and devices over a period of time. Often, a great place to begin the digital tech journey is with simpler sensors and devices. These can gather data automatically, in locations often remote to the centre of the business and at relatively low cost. Rainfall: Producers everywhere have been manually collecting and recording rainfall data for years. Often the annual rainfall chart is stored away in the cupboard at the end of the year and rarely sees the light of day again. We now recognise the power of using historical data to assist in modelling for seasons ahead.
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A digital rain gauge not only captures the data at each event and stores it but it can also present the data to assist with modelling. Brian Ditchfield from the Coonamble case study says ‘one of the easiest devices to adopt is a rain gauge. Installing multiple rain gauges gives you information of rainfall from storms from all over your property.’ See the case study on page 83. Weather stations: Rather than relying on *BOM weather stations kilometres away from your location, an onsite station is more relevant. This is important if you require local accurate weather information, for instance an apple producer needs accurate chill accumulations in the orchard for harvest scheduling. An automated station on your property can measure multiple data sets in real time. This has many advantages including information to guide safe spraying activities, help with WHS (Work Health and Safety) and animal welfare compliance and, depending on the model and type of weather station, even provide fire rating data. As with rain gauges, data is stored and easily retrieved if required for use at a later date. *Bureau of Meteorology
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14 AgTech: an introduction
Figure 12: Receive information about your enterprise when you are off the site
MORE TIME FOR FAMILY OR BUSINESS It can be difficult to make the time that is essential for rest, relaxing with family and protecting mental health. Technology can help here. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the need for downtime, preferably off-farm if possible. The pressures of drought, fires and variable seasons put intense stress on our bodies, minds and relationships. Unfortunately, we often feel we have so little time available for holidays or personal time, due to the constant requirements and responsibilities of rural life. However, we can usually be very skilled at putting some measures in place to get any valuable time away, no matter how small. Wouldn’t it be good to enhance that level of planning and effort even further? One of the unseen advantages of digital technology is that you can, in many circumstances, maintain oversight to aspects of your business from anywhere that your phone or other devices can connect to the internet. This can mean during a trip to town for the afternoon, or even across the world, you can have real time information.
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The author’s experience: ‘In 2019 I had the privilege to travel to Canada. During this time, I was able to maintain a view of many sensors back in Australia that were of importance to both the business and to me. If any issue arose it was a simple case of emailing staff or a neighbour who had agreed to help out if need be during my absence, to rectify the problem.’ The removal of some of the barriers to leisure and relaxation time, even for short periods, can be very worthwhile. We will not pretend that all potential issues will be covered by digital technology but if some of the key areas are covered and used in combination with your planning skills, time might just be available and the holiday just a little more relaxed. Being able to relax and take a holiday is difficult to value in monetary terms but none the less, it is extremely valuable in terms of mental health and family time.
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CHAPTER 5
CONNECTING THE DEVICES IN THIS CHAPTER • • • •
devices need an internet connection establishing connectivity on-farm has been challenging there are now many types of connectivity options that address these challenges farm layout and location influence the type of connectivity that is useful
THE NEED FOR CONNECTIVITY There is a variety of options for connecting devices and the choice can vary greatly, depending on what you are trying to do and where you are situated. It is becoming more and more obvious that we frequently connect to devices and communications in everyday life. It is so automatic and obscured that we do not even consciously recognise it is happening. Society now has an expectation that this connectivity should be constantly available and perfect. We often need connectivity access from both a personal and social perspective or within a business space. Some of the most common requirements for connectivity include:
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16 AgTech: an introduction
Figure 13: A satellite phone sends a signal up to a satellite which sends it down to the person you are trying to call. If the person you are calling uses a regular mobile device, the signal will be patched into a local network by a station on the ground. These sat phones are suitable for any location and do not need to be near a traditional cell tower
Human communications needs: • telephone services—whether landline, mobile phone or even satellite phone, we need to be able to talk to others. Socially or in an emergency, this is a basic expectation and need • internet and Wi-Fi—access to internet services or mobile devices within homes or offices via Wi-Fi is a must in this age.
Home and entertainment needs: • access to basic television entertainment services. Satellite Free to Air or Pay TV can now be reached by almost everyone • internet streaming of entertainment, an important social activity • internet website browsing. This is useful for research, entertainment and opportunities to sell and buy • garden automated watering systems. These make watering possible while occupants are absent from the property • automated cleaning devices.
Figure 14: Many remote locations can have suitable connectivity
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Business data needs: • internet conferencing via virtual meetings. These have become common place, particularly since the onset of the Covid 19 pandemic, but they also present the opportunity for people who live in a regional or remote area to participate in the issues being discussed • on-site connections to the farm business. Connecting the business to sites such as stock yards, sheds, silos or loading facilities is increasingly important for logging relevant data and tracing any changes • on-site connections to the farm business for complying with legislation and advice relating to movement of stock, chemical use, treatments and tracing • internet and phone functioning. These are increasingly important for marketing of goods and services.
In-field device data needs • workplace communication around the paddock or worksite. This is necessary for management of operations and for sound WHS procedures • connecting in-field IoT sensor devices. These connections make better use of the digital technology available.
CONNECTIVITY CAN BE CHALLENGING Connectivity can sometimes be challenging in our private and business lives, even when operating within the usual defined boundaries. The author’s experience: ‘I have lived quite some distance from towns throughout my career, and we have rarely had access to mobile phones, speedy and reliable internet or even Free to Air TV. This is still a common situation in some farming area across Australia. Technology such as satellite can help in these areas.’ A lack of connectivity and lack of access to mobile and internet telecommunications has been a major impediment to the adoption of digital agriculture systems in Australian Agriculture. Certainly, some countries like the USA and others in Europe have moved down this path reasonably quickly and effectively. But living remotely doesn’t always mean you cannot have connectivity especially for use with IoT. As we will show, there are many options and some may even enhance personal areas of your life. More often than not, reliability and access of connectivity are determined by where you live and who is your provider. In reality connectivity availability and operability can be either: • seamless, most often working consistently and efficiently OR • challenging, frequently dropping out or not working, leaving you wondering how can this be improved?
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As a continent, Australia faces many geographical challenges not faced by other nations, meaning connectivity across rural enterprises is more difficult to achieve. We also lack telecommunication companies that provide true nation-wide coverage. However, initiatives like the NSW Government Regional Digital Connectivity Program are addressing several different aspects of rural community and farm connectivity.
TYPES OF CONNECTIVITY The types of connectivity needed to implement an IoT rollout and the way they operate, can sometimes be quite different to those we use regularly in our everyday lives. Interestingly though, the challenges can be quite similar. There is a great deal of misconception when it comes to understanding if installations of digital devices on a particular property will be able to send or receive a signal. And while one connectivity solution may be perfect on a 100-hectare dairy farm near Bega, it might be unavailable or inadequate for the needs of a large-scale sheep operation in the rangelands near Cobar. There is no one size fits all offering when it comes to connectivity. There are several to consider before you make your selection. The good news is there is always something that will work! And no, you don’t always need three bars on your phone!
LPWAN (LOW POWER WIDE AREA NETWORK) A range of communication types has been developed and tested under Australian conditions to address on-farm connectivity needs in relation to IoT devices. The most popular and wellknown include both licensed and unlicensed LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) and Satellite IoT networks. You can also get on-farm wireless meshed networks to increase Wi-Fi and internet capability around your property. LPWAN covers a range of technologies including LoRaWAN (sometimes abbreviated to LoRa), Sigfox, Cat M1 /LTE-M (Category M1) and NB-IoT (see Glossary page 93). Some of these are licensed and some are unlicensed. This difference determines availability in some areas and the ability to set up DIY networks. It also affects annual ongoing costs of device use. As the name suggests LPWAN was developed to provide for long battery life (up to several years) at low cost and have a longrange signal reach. It is often used in agricultural and industrial applications where low data transfer of small data packets is sent, such as from a rain gauge or soil moisture probe in the ground.
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18 AgTech: an introduction
LPWAN provides coverage across large areas and can extend across an exceptionally long connectivity range. However, range is affected by topography such as natural rising barriers or low areas such as gullies. Signal reach can be anywhere from 5 to 20 km in open regional areas. LPWAN can operate at low cost by using low-cost sensors or services coupled to low-cost base stations (low power users). As they transmit only small packets of data, they are not suitable for high bandwidth uses such as voice, video or images, which need alternative connectivity options like 4/5G or Wi-Fi.
Two unlicensed LPWAN technologies
•
• •
•
There are two unlicensed technologies providing on-farm connectivity for IoT use: LoRaWAN and Sigfox.
•
Unlicensed means that the spectrum can be accessed by anyone without cost from a provider.
•
low powered sensors and a farm or community gateway which is connected to the internet can be set up quickly and almost anywhere. For example, a single LoRaWAN gateway installed on a farmhouse or shed rooftop can supply service to many hectares of farmland in all directions, depending on topography or landscape allows farmers to build their own network without the need to engage a Telco to provide connectivity turn key installations and solutions are provided by many companies offering LoRaWAN enabled devices and systems installation may involve a range of challenges created by topography. This may require additional infrastructure such as repeater towers typically, low cost to run after any upfront costs of installation are dealt with. Annual maintenance costs are generally low multiple farms can share a single public LoRaWAN gateway, which may help to reduce costs.
LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) has the following attributes: • uses the unlicensed radio spectrum for connectivity • enables a large area of wireless communication between
Sigfox is the network spectrum provided by the company, Thinxtra. It has offered connectivity across Australia and New Zealand since 2016.
Figure 15: LoRaWAN gateway in the vineyard at Angullong
Figure 16: This is a Sigfox gateway situated inside a shed. It transmits data collected from sensors in the paddocks to an off-site monitor (not data relating to the shed itself)
Photo: Scott McKinnon
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Information about Sigfox: • the main focus of the Sigfox network deployment has been urban regions with higher populations. The coverage area does not extend to all regional and remote areas • a current network coverage area map is available on-line for farmers to scope potential coverage of their properties • Thinxtra is often able to provide connectivity as a service for farmers in new areas that were not previously covered • options to build your own network are limited • Thinxtra can supply and install a gateway, where required, for a rental fee including Sigfox connectivity and backend access • Sigfox operates by subscription with customers paying for network connection fees depending on the number of devices and the number of device interactions per day • since Thinxtra is a single provider, there may be limited options for customers to switch to another provider if this is needed • LoRaWAN has seen a greater uptake in agricultural situations to date. However, Sigfox is still being used across many agricultural businesses • Sigfox may suit farm operators who want to use a Telco style operation such as Thinxtra offers.
Two licensed LPWAN technologies There are two licensed technologies providing on-farm connectivity for IoT: NB-IoT (Narrow Band IoT) and LTE-M (Cat M1). These are operated by telecommunication companies. Licensed means that a data usage charge will be invoiced by a telecommunications company.
LARGE AND ON-FARM NETWORKS
Large networks
IoT devices are connected to existing networks owned and operated by large Telco operators such as Telstra, Vodafone and Optus. However, not all of these companies offer access to both connectivity types in all areas. More information: • as with Sigfox, Telstra NB-IoT coverage maps are available on-line. This may assist farmers to see if their property falls within a network range • these technologies have a much greater range than normal 4G however some remote locations with no current mobile access are unlikely to be able to use these options • producers and users of these networks need to understand the operating costs per device. The comparison between licensed and unlicensed connectivity types may influence the decision about which one to choose
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• NB-IoT and LTE-M networks connect devices to current mobile networks, hence there is no need for additional on-farm infrastructure such as the gateways and towers as required for Sigfox or LoRaWAN networks • these are licensed networks, hence they may provide greater privacy from other users. The numbers of users may also be limited in this way, increasing bandwidth availability • NBIoT is suited to devices sending smaller packets of data typical of agricultural IoT • these may be an option for producers who are happy to pay data usage fees for a low number of devices and who do not want to spend money upfront on infrastructure • total operating cost per sensor will be a key consideration when deciding between NB-IoT and unlicensed networks such as LoRaWAN. Satellite IoT technology is useful where there is a need and demand for remote IoT connectivity and where no other communication option is available or feasible. Large cattle stations, mining operations and fishing industry are some obvious examples. Some IoT solutions use only satellite to collect data—for example pasture monitoring. More information: • Australia is developing world leading satellite technology to service remote areas • satellite IoT technology is quite different to your homeuse satellite services. Using low earth orbit nanosatellites, connectivity from any location under a flight path is now achievable • there is no need for ground-based infrastructure of any type with a pure satellite solution • not every area is currently being covered by a flight path. However increased numbers of satellites are launched each year increasing potential coverage • in some instances, data packet size can be too large to use direct to satellite services. A combination of LoRaWAN on farm networks with satellite backhaul capability can address this and is being offered by some providers • depending on the use and number of sensors deployed, cost is typically higher than other technologies • these solutions are a viable and promising option for regional and remote areas which have few other choices.
On-farm networks A good on-farm network exploits height in the natural landscape or existing infrastructure, and considers trees and water bodies which provide interference. Sometimes a tower might be installed to gain height and boost network reliability. On-farm connectivity is more reliable if there is line of sight between the receiving stations, relays and devices.
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20 AgTech: an introduction
Figure 17: A group of antennas and gateway hardware installed on a mast at Angullong
Figure 18: The Wi-Fi network at Angullong allows Wi-Fi signal to be linked via a series of repeaters to the pump several km away at the river
Photo: Scott McKinnon
Photo: Scott McKinnon
Data Node, Wireless Mesh or On-farm Wi-Fi can provide connection between sensors and communication gateway towers or even internet coverage across properties for use with Wi-Fi calling and video or still imaging. Internet and mobile coverage across properties can be provided with these types of systems allowing connectivity away from the homestead area. More information: • this connectivity is achieved by piggybacking or meshing wireless or mobile phone signals across a network of repeaters • signals are received from an internet connection on the property and can be extended from a surrounding area with internet connectivity • these networks enable access for producers who experience low or irregular cellular service or who are in a blackspot area • uses include IoT devices, making Wi-Fi phone calls, video or CCTV type surveillance, photo imaging and access to apps on a smart phone or tablet • internet supply companies are now beginning to develop these offerings • there may be opportunities to connect multiple neighbouring properties and share in the access and reduce costs of infrastructure.
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TAKE HOME MESSAGES • Be clear about the issues you want to address. • Carefully consider the type of IoT you need to implement your desired outcome. • Some situations may need a combination of connectivity types. • Be aware of how the signal needs to travel to connect devices on your farm. • Examine the installation requirements and some of the challenges discussed in Chapter 12, page 51. • Consider the potential topography challenges relating to your land. Is it flat or hilly? Where are the trees? Are there other possible problems? • Having line of site between receivers, relays and devices boosts a network’s reliability. • Use the natural topography and existing infrastructure to design a network. • Assess the suitability of your current internet for servicing a larger network on the farm. • Decide on your budget? Consider both upfront (Capex) and on an ongoing cost (Opex). See page 33.
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The farm map 21
CHAPTER 6
THE FARM MAP IN THIS CHAPTER • the need for a farm map • advantages and disadvantages of website mapping programs
FARM MAPS HAVE MANY USES Maps in an agricultural business have many uses. From the most fundamental cases of simply marking infrastructure points, tracking livestock movement or even simply showing someone where to go on your property, a map can be an extremely useful tool to have in your kit. Farm management systems use your farm map as part of the management program. In the past, maps were drawn rough hand and perhaps photocopied or even laminated to ensure long life. These were point in time maps and additions or alterations were time consuming and challenging. Today there are many more options for building a map. There are companies that specialise in map development and can draw up a map for you, usually within a specialist computer program. Modern computerised maps with overlays allow you to plan changes to infrastructure, such as fencing or watering points, or they can measure distance and altitude changes or add topographical features. You can upgrade the information on these maps and easily retrieve it when needed. Of course, you can share these maps and features via email with anyone. These computerised methods are seamless and low-risk: no need to worry about someone losing it. Maps are key to your planning a digital technology pathway. An early stage in applying digital tech involves understanding and explaining the layout of your property, including the terrain. You can quickly, easily and accurately explain to suppliers what you want or need if they can see your map.
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22 AgTech: an introduction
Figure 19: A computer generated farm map
Suppliers often begin to scope out your property at a computer desktop level. For example, on the map on the computer, they pinpoint the positioning of devices and plan where communication towers will be best positioned in terms of topography and line of sight. If you can enhance this scope with GPS coordinates in a farm map file, you can work together in building a suite of digital technology suitable for your property. Suppliers also use the information gained through this process to assist with preliminary quoting. It is worth noting that regardless of the type of map you are drawing or developing or what you are planning to use it for, developing a map is a time consuming and input-driven task. Similar to many things in life, the more you can invest in your maps, the better they will serve their purpose. The trick of course is to find the cheapest, quickest and most flexible version that suits you. See Figure 19. This is an example of a computer-generated farm map for a farm management program. The owner can use it or add changes at any time. The map image is protected for the life of the particular management program, however access could be limited if the owner changes to another provider.
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It may be worthwhile checking with the provider about any ongoing costs. For example, will there be an extra charge if you edit the map to update it? Ask about any additional services available and what flexibility you have to export the map and use it in other management programs. Make sure you have the options you might need.
BUILD YOUR OWN MAP If you choose to build a map yourself and avoid some cost, you can find some particularly good mapping programs available free of charge on the internet. It is quite possible that many readers have at one time or another played with, or actually used, Google Maps. There are also more powerful tools called Google Earth and Google Earth Pro (GEP). These two products are easy to access and free to download. The images are clear and updated reasonably regularly and most importantly, the programs are easy to use. They allow you to export your map when complete and share it with suppliers, or upload it to some online farm tools. There is also a multitude of tools and overlay options you are able to use. As with most software offerings, help is only a mouse click away should you need assistance.
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The farm map 23
For a very brief starter guide to installing Google Earth Pro onto your computer and a brief tutorial on developing a map of your property, type google earth pro into your internet search engine, download the program and follow the tutorials. Once you have installed the program and developed some confidence you may be able to undertake the following tasks: Draw your property boundary: This is obviously your first step. Satellite images presented on Google Earth are often very clear and indicate your fence lines. After some practice with the polygon tool and its various elements that help enhance and define the image, you will have a nicely mapped boundary. Placemark points of significance on your property. Houses and sheds or yards are important to identify. Water points such as dams, tanks and troughs are also easy to mark. Nominate likely IoT device installation locations using the placement tools. This assists with faster installation planning and quoting. Measure connectivity distances between devices using the ruler tool to establish connectivity network coverage. You can extract the information you place on your google earth map by saving the .kml or .kmz file. This can be shared with other google earth users, loaded into other mapping products or used by professional map production services.
PURCHASING A FARM MAP If you are time-poor or feel you lack the necessary skills to develop a map yourself using a free version, you can certainly pay for a map to be developed. Some farm management programs available to you may have a map associated with them or your map may be the item that the whole program revolves around. You may also be able to purchase a map as a stand-alone item. If a third party builds your map you need to provide the information to build the content: only you know your property layout in full detail.
TAKE HOME MESSAGES • A farm map is an ideal place to start when designing a digital network for your property. • Consider what you will require from your map and check that you will get this with your chosen version. • Invest your time in providing clear and detailed information for the map because you know your property better than anyone else. • Maps can provide excellent management uses. • Beware that internet websites for mapping may not have the capability of specialist programs or service providers. • Make sure that you can get the level of flexibility you want.
NOTE: We suggest GEP which may provide you with more flexibility than some other market options. There are many tutorials on the internet for you to watch at your leisure and really refine your personal use.
Why don’t you try this for yourself and see how easy this can be as you get into the swing of it? You may be surprised by how useful this digital map is for the management of your property. Beware of pitfalls: It may be difficult to control the privacy of your information when you use a mapping program from the internet. Also, you may lose your carefully developed information if the site is discontinued. Moreover, it may not integrate easily into management programs should you move in that direction in the future.
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24 AgTech: an introduction
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Data 25
CHAPTER 7
DATA IN THIS CHAPTER • data defined • need for an app or dashboard • importance of data protection Digital technology presents the opportunity to gather large amounts of data, quickly and effortlessly. From there it can be stored safely and be easy to access for long periods of time.
WHAT IS DATA? The simplest definition of data is a collection of statistics or facts for future analysis or reference. More technically, data is composed of groups of qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative (numerical) values. Data is collected, measured and reported. Data assists analysis in virtually every aspect of life’s activities. Reported data can be presented in many ways such as graphs, images or tables. Data created by digital technology devices in its rawest form is indecipherable to almost all of us. See Figure 20 where the data is of low or no value to farmers or in actual fact, to most people. Data is rarely uniform or standardised. It must be deciphered to be useful. Deciphering raw data requires hours of coding to convert it into something we are able to understand or read. Most suppliers recognise the need to provide the end users with data in a form that they can understand and gain insight from.
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26 AgTech: an introduction
Figure 20: Screen shots of created data. Indecipherable until reported in an accessible way Photo: Scott McKinnon
DASHBOARD OR APP A dashboard or an app is used to make data understandable to the end user. It can be accessed on a desktop computer or mobile device, depending on the supplier.
Occasionally a supplier asks the customer to organise their own data platform or organise their own access to the third party. This may be difficult and time consuming for you, maybe not.
To ensure that end users can understand data, suppliers are required to tackle three tasks: • convert data into something that is easy to recognise and understand • present data in a form that is easy to access, such as a dashboard or app • store data long term (and securely) for access at any time.
You can look at examples of data feeds, farm dashboards and different ways of visualising real live farm data in the NSW DPI FarmDecisionTECH project. See the website: https://www.farmdecisiontech.net.au/
Not all suppliers are able to fulfill these requirements themselves and some collaborate with a third party to supply the dashboard or app. Simply put, some businesses recognise their strengths are in building and supplying hardware, not the software component. This can sometimes be a good thing as the dashboard or app becomes much more meaningful and better presented by specialists. Be aware that involvement of a third party can work quite well but is an extra procedure and may present a hidden cost.
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Follow the directions to log on or use your internet search engine for: farmdecisiontech Create a free account and start exploring real live data. The data sets that are able to be displayed, can vary between suppliers. It is important that you be aware of the possible variations so that you get exactly what you need to see. Ask what is available. Have a look at the dashboard offering and even have a test drive to find what suits you. A preference for a display type can vary from person to person, so as part of your research check how it looks. Some people like map-based views; others prefer graphs and tables.
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Data 27
Figure 21: A familiar method of storing data
ADDING HISTORICAL DATA TO THE APP OR DASHBOARD
HOW IS DATA STORED?
Sometimes more progressive suppliers allow for the input of historical, manually collated data.
The image in Figure 21 may seem familiar to many of us. We store information or data for our business or personal life in many ways. It can be in paper files such as a diary or loose leaf in a filing cabinet or in digital files such as on a disc, USB (Universal Serial Bus) or a computer hard drive. An individual farm or agribusiness rarely has a single place to store data. Depending on its form, some aspects of that information can be difficult to find again at short notice. We may know roughly where a certain snippet of information is stored but it can still be a time-consuming process to uncover it.
If adding earlier records or data is of interest to you, this is a feature worth discussing. The more data you can access over a wider period of time, the more meaningful the modelling you can create. A good example of this could be historical rainfall records being added to new data. Unfortunately, not all suppliers are able to ingest (input) historical data easily. However, a small number of companies have options to upload and ingest old data held in more traditional forms. Computer files such as Excel documents, CSV (plain text) files or PDF (portable document format) can be easily ingested and standardised. There are even options to ingest written page documents in a similar style.
The author’s personal example: ‘I can remember putting lamb marking figures in a pocket notebook or diary but finding exactly which one it is within a box of note books can be tricky. And heaven help if me it has gone through the washing machine!’ Today, thanks to the advent of digital technology and computing, information and data can be stored quickly and be readily accessible. Increasingly, farmers are using the new storage options and are becoming far more relaxed in uploading data directly to storage devices. The speed and accuracy available from new methods of retrieving this information is transforming the farming business.
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28 AgTech: an introduction
WHO OWNS THE DATA?
SHARING DATA
Ownership of data is a topical subject. It would seem logical and right that data has value and the farmers own their data, whether it be real time, IoT, machine generated, accumulated records or historical information.
You may ask is it bad to share data? While a natural instinct may be to keep data private, on occasion sharing data can be a positive. Depending on how sensitive the information is, there are often controls available to set levels of access for people or businesses apart from your own. This can apply within your own business too.
Maintaining ownership and privacy is particularly important. You are unlikely to hand your unlocked mobile phone to someone in the street. Your farm or business information is no different. Consider privacy: When you use a supplier to collect data and then turn it into something you can see and read, your data may be exposed. Every link in the data collection and analytics cycle increases this potential exposure. Understanding data privacy and protection is a key conversation to be had with the provider of your digital technology solutions and the dashboard or app you are using to view the results. The privacy statement offered by the supplier explains the company’s level of protection to you as a consumer. We suggest that you read it carefully. Issues related to data ownership, possession and control can create a significant barrier to farmers adopting new technologies and it is important to get a clear picture in your mind of how this relates to your business. Be aware of the issues and be prepared to work them through before you proceed.
HOW CAN I PROTECT MY DATA?
Data you may wish to protect
Personal Data is data or information relating to you or your company. Be sure to read the privacy statements relating to your purchases. Some companies may state that they may collect software and hardware information to improve their service or maintain existing service. Similarly, they may want to use your personal information in order to advertise new products. Of course, selling your personal information to other companies may not sit well with you and is against Privacy Act laws unless consented by the owner. This should also be outlined in privacy statements. If not, you are well within your rights to ask the question to check. Device Data is data collected from your IoT installations. Again, this is private information relating to your business. It is important that it is stored securely and kept private unless you allow its release or sharing. While data is stored in the cloud and is in most ways stored securely, ensure that you know how to access it should there be any need. Many providers offer some form of export or backup options for some, or all, of the data collected by your devices. Backup options to Excel, CSV, PDF or image file formats may be available. Get to know your providers options. You may feel the need to extract data and back it up in some way from time to time.
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Some examples of useful sharing include: • internal sharing on-farm or within the business: depending on your type of business and its size, multiple departments may require access to some or all of the data, to enhance management • sharing with external advisors or key contractors: certain data points can increase the level of service from advisors and contractors. For example, soil moisture data for an agronomist or weather data shared with a spraying contractor can be meaningful • sharing with other providers of technology who can link to your suite and further develop the outcomes of your devices • sharing with grower groups or project involvement: sharing data within a group of like-minded people and benchmarking your business or production can sometimes uncover greater use cases and improve the outcomes at your site.
TAKE HOME MESSAGES • Data is a collection of statistics or facts used for future analysis or reference. • Some of the traditional forms of data storage can be disorganised and it can be difficult to find information quickly. • Raw data is impossible to read or gain any meaning from. An app or dashboard is essential. • Not all providers have an app or dashboard but may rely on a third party to provide this. • Consider how you would like data to be displayed. There may be a number of options. • If adding historical records or data to a new integration is of interest to you, check that your chosen provider can do this. • Consider your data protection. Check with the provider as to what backup options exist and how often you should do this if required. • Sharing data can sometimes provide a positive outcome. • Regardless of a willingness to share, there is no easy way to collaborate and share data.
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Device dashboards and applications 29
CHAPTER 8
DEVICE DASHBOARDS AND APPLICATIONS IN THIS CHAPTER • apps and dashboards and their platforms offer different ways to view data • comparison of apps and dashboards
DEVICE DASHBOARDS AND APPLICATIONS You will need to address how you see or access data from your IoT installation. Once you have installed devices, sensors and communication towers, they are now pushing out data to the supplier’s data storage facility. Of course, you need to have access to the data and see it in a way that you can understand. See Chapter 7 for the discussion about the various aspects of data. Let’s look now at the more specific subject of seeing and using data and its use more specifically for your business.
Do all solution providers have their own dashboards or applications? Most companies have a web-based dashboard or mobile device application (app) as part of the standard package for data to be seen in a useful way. There can be a big difference between providers when it comes to the content and style of presenting data. Some are quite basic showing standard data reports, while others can be quite complicated and busy. Some allow vision of your farm map while others do not. However, as discussed on page 26, not all providers have an app or dashboard that you can use to view your data. For a variety of reasons, they choose not to have these systems in place, especially if you are piecing together a DIY system. Providers that do not supply a dashboard or app will either pass your data to a third party to supply vision or ask you to find a third party to provide the service. This may be a little frustrating and could add to the cost of the whole installation. However, you may really like a particular provider’s devices and be content to follow that path. In this case, there are some excellent third-party providers and systems which can gather data and display it in a way that is developed for you. Ask your supplier for a recommendation to provide the visualisation if it does not come as part of their offering.
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30 AgTech: an introduction
VIEWING PLATFORMS
FEATURES OF DASHBOARDS AND APPS
Apps verses dashboards: Apps and dashboards are very different forms of viewing platforms for communicating data. Apps typically link to mobile devices such as phones or tablets while dashboards are viewed through web browsers on computers.
Here are few features of dashboards and apps for comparison:
A well-developed app can be quite expensive to build and deliver. Some businesses are unable to justify the cost of an app, preferring the less expensive option of a dashboard. Regardless of the type of viewing platform, users need access to connectivity to the web or phone network.
Do we need both? The need for both platforms depends on a variety of things. If you want to check on things in the paddock or on the run, a mobile app works well. If you prefer to look at data in an office environment, then a web-based browser dashboard is probably better. Depending on your sensors installed, work patterns and staff work environments you may need both. For deep dive analysis of data, a web-based dashboard is preferred. The depth of understanding and insight into aspects being monitored, when data is viewed in a granular way, can be very powerful. This is often only achievable via a dashboard integration.
Apps: • update and operate only when in mobile service areas • can be restricted to some devices. Not all suppliers have an app for both Apple and Android devices • can be limited in the amount and type of data they can display • allow access to data to all personnel without needing to use a personal or company computer • are usually free to access, apart from mobile device data costs • allow only limited access to historic records.
Web-based dashboards: • can only be accessed via the internet • can be accessed on a computer or via an internet browser on mobile devices • have quantity and depth of data far greater than for an app • tools attached to some enable calculations relating to various data results • the web-based dashboard viewed on a mobile phone can sometimes be difficult to read as page sizes do not always match well • usually free to access via a web-based account with the provider • often provide analytics of historic data and export capability. However, you might ask yourself: ‘Do I really want five apps or dashboards to look at?’
Figure 22: Screen shots of a commercial digital farm dashboard PairTree, which ingests multiple device providers’ data in one view Photo: Scott McKinnon
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COMBINING BRANDS
DATA BACKUP AND FAILSAFE
Occasionally you might buy devices and sensors from different companies because you are unable to find a full suite of devices from one supplier or you simply prefer to spread the purchases across a number of outlets.
Most providers offer some form of export or backup options for some or all of the data collected by your devices. See Chapter 7.
If you involve different companies, each will have its own app or dashboard for viewing the data. You need to switch between each dashboard to view data, which is not impossible but you might prefer to see all data in the one place. Also, if groups of people need to access the data, it may be more efficient to have just one viewing platform. So, what can be done to pull it all together? Specialist converging: There are companies that specialise in converging or centralising data from multiple providers and displaying it in one place. The provision of these services comes at an extra cost to the device or sensor but could be justified depending on circumstance. Typically, these companies will: • ingest only the significant data sets, as selected by the customer, into their platforms. There will often be data sets from any device or sensor which are insignificant or not of use • display all data in the same way although each provider contributing displays it differently in their generic app or dashboard • allow the customer an influence on preferred visualisation style. This is not available in a generic dashboard or app • allow the addition of other data sources. For example, items such as market price indicators, BOM weather or even social or news media can be a useful addition to the IoT data • provide an extra point for the backing up of data. Integration to your farm management programs: You might like having new data sets and the understanding you are drawing from them included into your current farm management programs. If you have a farm management program that allows integration of IoT data you have the potential for seamless and enhanced decision making for management. This is because you are able to group all relevant data sets to a holistic management system. Alternatively, some suppliers also offer a farm management program as part of their dashboard service. This could be a sound alternative to adjusting your current management program.
We suggest that you ask your provider the following: • what backup options are available • how often is data backed up and who is responsible • if the system goes down or a company unfortunately closes, what are the fail-safes available for you to retrieve your precious information • can I export my data myself?
ALERTS An app or dashboard can allow you to set up alerts for most sensors and devices. When triggered, they report to you, usually by email or text message. For example, you may wish to set a lower or upper limit on a water tank: when the sensor recognises the level of water has reached a predetermined height—high or low, an alert is sent. This way you are able to respond in a proactive way and address the reason for the height issue immediately, not stumble across it on your next inspection. It is worth thinking through parameters of the alert before the provider installs the sensor. You can adjust it later as the need arises.
ACCESS LEVELS A very welcome feature of most apps and dashboards is the ability to set an access level or limit. Giving full data access to everyone in or associated with your business is most likely unwarranted. Areas of sensitive data need to have restricted access while general information can be shared at all levels. Setting access limits allows: • restrictions for who can see what data: allowing access to advisors, business partners or suppliers • junior staff or contractors to be restricted to view just the general information • senior staff, owners or even board members greater levels of access. Restricting access enables users to act on the correct data for their skill or authority level and it reduces distractions. Similarly, setting appropriate administrator rights is worthwhile. Again, only certain people should have the right to alter how your visualisation appears or performs.
If you would like to share your data, and if your supplier can arrange it, ask how they could do it and who could receive it.
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32 AgTech: an introduction
TRAINING It is worth the time and effort to learn how to navigate the app or dashboard efficiently and effectively. Most providers recognise the need to assist you to understand the visualisation tools they have provided. Check that this is part of the installation cost or if an extra cost will be incurred. You may require a number of sessions to gain a full understanding. The number depends on: • the depth of data and insight within the app or dashboard • how the data relates to your business (use case) • how complicated the data is • how you wish to use the application.
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TAKE HOME MESSAGES • Most providers offer some form of data visualisation— some only provide hardware. • In your early discussion with suppliers, check what they offer. • Apps and dashboards offer different ways of viewing your data. • Apps work on mobile devices. • Dashboards are web-based. • Levels of analysis can differ between the types of visualisation platforms. • If there is no visualisation platform available from your supplier, seek a third-party provider who can achieve this for you. • Some farm management programs allow integration of IoT data into their platforms. • Ask questions about data backup and failsafe systems. Ensure your valuable data cannot be lost. • Consider and set alarm parameters for your devices where appropriate. • Setting up access levels can be a great way of sharing data while also protecting sensitive areas of information. • Take time to learn how to get the most from the visualisation platform provided. • Most suppliers will be willing to supply training in this area.
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Consider your budget 33
CHAPTER 9
CONSIDER YOUR BUDGET IN THIS CHAPTER • constraints of budget • types of budget: Capital and Operating Investment in digital technology can be a costly experience so setting a realistic budget is vital to achieving the best outcome. Digital technology involves both capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX). You need to consider both of these in your preparation. Some points to consider include:
BE REALISTIC As with many situations in life, cheapest rarely delivers to expectation. It is no different with digital technology and there can be many costs associated with an installation. Often it is better to go for quality and support over quantity at a low price. Setting a realistic budget is vital to achieving the best outcome. Again, remember the case study quote, ‘your first money is your best money.’ See the case study on page 89.
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34 AgTech: an introduction
GRADUAL IMPLEMENTATION
CONSIDER AN ADVISOR
Be conservative. Don’t overdo the number of initial installations. Start slowly first time out. Do not be tempted to try and digitally connect your whole farm or business unless you have had previous, positive experience with digital technology roll outs. Begin with the most obvious problems or pain points for your business.
The engagement of an advisor or consultant who is experienced with digital technology can always add value to your decisions and ultimately your investment. Advisors can use their access to industry experience relating to capital and operating costs and can offer insight into how suppliers charge. They may be able to direct you to a formulated ROI tool to build an understanding of the best bang for your buck.
There are quite a number of demonstration farms set up to give producers an insight into what is available with digital technology. These sites often display large numbers of devices, all potentially interconnecting to demonstrate the power of integrated data sets. This may make it appear that a large-scale rollout is the standard way to begin. But this is not necessarily so! Begin with low hanging fruit of the identified pain points for your business. As your understanding and confidence grows, scale up your installations in a structured way to create greatest results.
UNDERSTAND THE FULL COST Try to uncover any hidden costs that may not be immediately apparent. Remember it is not just set up cost but you also have ongoing operational costs for data, software and integration, upgrades, repairs and maintenance and guarding of devices from stock and vermin.
CONSIDER THE RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) When a capital cost is planned, a return on the investment is welcomed and often expected. Some types of digital technology offer a greater financial ROI than others. Some offer none at all, however they do provide other benefits in piece of mind, WHS or lifestyle improvements. Certainly, some suppliers have difficulty in explaining the ROI potential of their products to customers.
INCLUSIONS FOR A SOUND BUDGET A sound budget includes • capital purchases: the upfront costs of the installation • operating costs • reality checks through consultation with other farmers or advisors • possibilities for scaling up • funding opportunities or projects.
Capital purchase budget Consider: • cost of devices – how many do you need? • installation of devices—regardless of whether you are selfinstalling or using a supplier, a cost needs to be allocated to your budget. • your communications requirements—do you need a communication tower or dish? • power—what is needed to power the system? Is it solar, 240V or batteries? Is this covered in the device cost? • access to sites—is there work involved in accessing device or communications positions? Are earthworks required? • internet or computer systems—do you need to upgrade your current systems to support the digital installation? • guarding or protection—consider how the devices will be installed and what protective measures are needed.
Put simply, if you address your specific pain points and these represent a cost to your business, the cost may be justified and returned quickly. It should also be noted that ROI does not always need to be financial.
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Operating budget Consider the ongoing cost for devices: • cost of data (communication)—depending on your connectivity type, costs will be ongoing. Consider that annual fees for this may rise year on year • cost of data (supplier)—the supplier will most likely charge per device for access to the data. Be aware of any hosting fees for data storage and different levels of data security • dashboard integration and data storage—there may be a charge associated with this in some instances • software or firmware—upgrades may be required to enhance or improve systems in the future • repairs and maintenance—upkeep of power sources, general checking and cleaning of devices (solar panels or cobwebs) maintain guarding. The labour costs associated with these activities should be included in your budget, and for infrastructure, check your farm insurance cover.
TAKE HOME MESSAGES • If this is your first experience with digital technology, keep initial installations small. • Conduct in-depth research into the costs associated with the installation. • Develop an understanding of the Return on Investment gained from the integration. • Build solid Capital and Operating Expense budgets for your planned system. • Review budgets and apply a reality check. • Consider future scaling up of the system and associated costs. • Seek funding and project opportunities where available. • The involvement of a consultant may be of assistance.
Reality checks Once you have formulated both the capital expenditure and operating expenditure budgets, review them for suitability. Undertaking a reality check at this point can be worthwhile: • if the budget exceeds your expectations or is outside the business financial scope, there may be some changes you can make • consider the scale of rollout—have you gone too big to begin with? • can you realign the number of devices or connectivity type to reduce cost? Perhaps an alternative communication system or different types of devices will reduce costs • reconsider the return-on-investment calculations • look closely at the cost per sensor for insight into the value of each one. Scaling up: At some point in the future, you may wish to increase the number and type of devices: • new devices can be allocated to a capital expense • an increase in device numbers will naturally mean an increase in all related operating expenses • insight from this consideration will generate solid information for future budgets. Funding opportunities or projects may be a good way to begin: • seeking funding through group projects or educational projects can be a good way to get a first taste of digital technology while easing the financial burden • project involvement also presents an opportunity to learn alongside like-minded people and share ideas and experiences.
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36 AgTech: an introduction
Figure 23: Elevated position for communication tower. An ideal location? Photo: Jennifer Laffan
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Understanding and connecting IoT devices 37
CHAPTER 10
UNDERSTANDING AND CONNECTING IoT DEVICES IN THIS CHAPTER • site-specific factors affect selection of beneficial IoT devices • management styles affect selection of useful devices
CONSIDERING SELECTION Having recognised and listed your pain points, which may be either social or work related, now consider the connectivity speed and coverage you will need and the data you will want. There are many questions to answer before you select your on-farm connectivity networks and devices.
Where can you make life easier or more efficient? Make a list of your pain points and include items or areas to begin monitoring. These may be from both a social and work perspective. As you begin looking for specific devices and suppliers, you will become familiar with offerings and how suppliers can assist your desired outcome.
What connectivity will you need? Decide on: • data or records you would like to have (social and business) • speed and coverage of connectivity you will need for each of your IoT device types: data collection, data retrieval, audio and video. Will you need more than one provider for connectivity? Consider your digital literacy and internet search capability and the time you have available to research providers and what they can provide. If this seems daunting, seek assistance from trusted sources such as other farmers or an advisor.
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38 AgTech: an introduction
What are the landscape challenges on your property? As mentioned in Chapter 6, The Farm Map, use your understanding of types of connectivity together with information from your farm map to assess topography challenges relating to your land. Is it flat or hilly? Are there forested areas? In flat country, trees create a signal barrier. In hilly country, towers can be on a high spot which is good for the area that has line of sight, however not good for a gully or paddocks over the hill. Plan how the signal needs to travel from devices on your farm to a point of connectivity, which could be a tower on site or a Telco tower. See Figure 23. This position might appear ideal for placing a communication tower for this property. However, a forested area prevents communication from some paddocks and a higher elevation with a different aspect would be more suitable.
Is there an adequate supply of compatible sensors and devices for your chosen network? Be aware of where the devices come from. For example, some Australian LPWANs such as LoRaWan, may use frequencies than differ in other markets such as the US and Europe. This means that imported sensor devices may not automatically run on your connectivity network frequency. We note that there is no shortage of Australian suppliers so you should not need to obtain items from unknown sources.
Figure 24: This bore pump can be controlled by an app on a mobile phone
What bandwidth do you need?
Is one-way or two-way communication required?
Not all devices need to transmit data with the same regularity or at the same quantity. Bandwidth describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or internet connection. It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time. Suppliers will recognise high or low bandwidth requirements, however your own understanding may assist you in your choice of supplier of device. For example, a rain gauge sending a single piece of data requires a lot less bandwidth than a video surveillance camera on your shed.
Many basic sensors offer a simple one-way communication. An activity happens and it is reported. This may be as much as is needed in many circumstances. However, there are situations where a two-way communication may be a very sound investment with positive ROI. For example, gaining insight as to whether a tank is filling or full is one thing but being able to turn a pump on or off remotely can be a significant save of labour time and operational cost.
How frequently do you need the data? Depending on the device and how critical or important the data is to you, the frequency and speed of data transfer can vary. Will you require real-time or periodic signal transfer? For example, you might only need to see water levels from a trough with low stock numbers around it twice per day, whereas you could need multiple readings from an irrigator over the same period. Similarly, tracking a lambing or calving female may need more real time vision whereas periodic signal transfer may be quite acceptable when looking at fuel use data. Be aware that frequency and speed of data transmission can vary between types of connectivity, varying bandwidths and even device types and suppliers.
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Keep the advantages of two-way communication in mind. If you start with one-way communication, enquire if you can scale up to two-way communication in the future and what the cost would be.
How does the network type cope with the farming operations? Make sure that the network and devices selected are fit for your purposes. For example, there is little point in installing a series of devices into an intensive orcharding system with hundreds of individual plants and rows to monitor, if the bandwidth for transmitting the data is insufficient. Or if the topography is so severe that only satellite communication is an option but you can’t afford it within your budget. There are many examples where otherwise good ideas may not be practical. The simple answer is to do your careful research.
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Understanding and connecting IoT devices 39
What powers the device? Sitting above almost all of the considerations is source of power. This is key—without a power source nothing works. Many small devices simply rely on batteries. Understand the expected battery life for each device. There are now some batteries suggesting usable life for ten years. Solar charging options exist in many circumstances, but this addition can add to cost and maintenance. 240V power is not used extensively with inpaddock devices for obvious reasons but it can be used where a base station can be placed at existing infrastructure points. Occasionally, devices that are mobile (such as ear tags or tracking sensors) are fitted with capacitors. Similar to wrist watches of the past that self-wound, every time the capacitor moves, charging begins and so the power source for the device is created.
TAKE HOME MESSAGES
Figure 25: A Tocal weather station connected to a solar panel. This is a solid-state weather station; it has no moving parts Photo: Jennifer Laffan
• Recognise and list your pain points, which may be either social or work related. • Consider anticipated data requirements and connectivity needs: speed; coverage. • Assess topography challenges relating to your land and how the signal will need to travel to a point of connectivity. • Understand the type of information being transmitted; how often data is sent; if transmission time is critical. • Consider if you require one-way or two-way communication. • Be sure that the installation really fits the purpose.
Figure 26: Inside the weather station transmitter Photo: Jennifer Laffan
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40 AgTech: an introduction
Figure 27: A sensor measures volume in this fuel tank
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Common IoT devices 41
CHAPTER 11
COMMON IoT DEVICES IN THIS CHAPTER • examples of most common IoT technology. This is not designed to be an exhaustive list by any measure however it provides a taste of what is available and the basics pertaining to it The tables in this chapter summarise options for IoT devices commonly used, including: • the application points • sensor types • connectivity. NOTE: The colour coding for the connectivity options in Tables 1 to 12 indicate suitable or unsuitable .This is an indication of availability at the time of publication. Technology changes constantly so double-check with your supplier.
Figure 28: This tank has an old-fashioned float sensor indicating volume but the information cannot be sent off-site. Note the new digital sensor also installed on the tank
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42 AgTech: an introduction
LIQUID MONITORS Volumes: See Table 1. IoT devices can be used to measure liquids such as water, fuels and certain supplements. Most commonly used measurements are for volumes (within vessels), levels in channels or flow and velocity in pipes. Additional information on temperature and salinity can also be obtained in intensive situations. Table 1: Measure volumes Measure volumes Application points
Sensor types
water troughs
ultra-sonic depth sensors
water tanks
submersible pressure transducers
Sigfox
hydrostatic sensor
4G
radar distance measurement
LTE-M (Cat M1)
vats dams turkeys nest storage fuel tanks
NB-IoT
supplement tanks Figure 29: Water sensor to detect river in flood
Connectivity options LoRaWAN
Satellite
ground water such as bores, rivers and creeks, tide monitoring
Wi-Fi
Flow and velocity: IoT devices are used to measure volume, velocity or pressure through pipelines in both directions of flow: entry and exit flow. See Table 2 and the variety of possible application points and types of sensors. Table 2: Measure flow and velocity Measure flow and velocity Application points Sensor types pipeline systems for irrigation water troughs water tanks vats fuel tanks dams
Figure 30: Sensor to detect water level in tank and send data to the office
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pressure transducers
Connectivity options LoRaWAN
radar distance measurement
Sigfox
electromagnetic flow meters (magflows)
4G
mechanical irrigation meters
LTE-M (Cat M1) NB-IoT
turkeys nest storage
Satellite
ground water such as bores
Wi-Fi
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Common IoT devices 43
Figure 31: The information from this digital flow meter is available off-site
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44 AgTech: an introduction
WEATHER STATIONS Automatic weather stations: A range of robust and versatile automatic weather stations is available. The standard of measurement and accuracy of data varies from hobbyist through to BOM standard. The wide range of reporting includes wind speed; air and soil temperature; rainfall; barometric pressure; solar radiation; evapotranspiration; Delta T; fire rating index. See Table 3. Table 3: Automatic weather stations Automatic weather station (AWS) Application points Sensor types complex full systems data node down to basic models small portable or mobile versions are available for special uses such as contracting work or micro climate situations
Connectivity options LoRaWAN Sigfox 4G LTE-M (Cat M1) NB-IoT Satellite Wi-Fi
Figure 32: Weather stations send information about rainfall, humidity, wind direction and velocity to an off-site monitor
Rain gauges: Stand-alone rainfall gauges can offer remote monitoring in a cheaper form than a full weather station. See Table 4 for more details. Table 4: Rain gauges Rain gauges Application points
Sensor types
great for remote or isolated areas for monitoring rainfall
generally, a self-emptying tipping bucket, single or dual cup solid state sensor plate
Connectivity options LoRaWAN Sigfox 4G LTE-M (Cat M1) NB-IoT Satellite Wi-Fi Figure 33: The digital rain gauge in a remote area sends data to an off-site monitor
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Common IoT devices 45
SOIL PROBES Soil probes help you to understand what is happening below the surface of your paddock and this can enhance pasture and crop management. Data measured includes moisture, pH, salinity, evapotranspiration and temperature. Soil probes supply real-time data on the soil condition. They can provide data relating to earlier or current irrigations, the effect of recent rain events, the amount of water your crop or pasture is using and the depth to which your crop is extracting water. The information provided can help with simple decisions such as when you should irrigate.
Figure 34: Digital soil probe ready to install
See Table 5 for more details. It is important that probes are installed with minimal soil disturbance and that the probe type is suited to the soil type. If the soil is disturbed during installation it can take a number of wetting cycles before reliable data is delivered. Soils with high shrink-swell are difficult to monitor with commercial soil probes. Table 5: Soil probes Soil Probes Application points available for a wide variety of crops, soil types and microclimates
Figure 35: Soil probe has been installed Sensor types
probes are available in various lengths to suit soil type and application needs. Sigfox
Probes can measure 4G different soil characteristics to estimate soil water LTE-M (Cat M1) content •
capacitance probes
•
tensiometers.
Choice of probe type will depend on the crop, soil and measurement needs
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Connectivity options LoRaWAN
NB-IoT Satellite Wi-Fi
DO I NEED TO CALIBRATE A SENSOR? If an actual precise value of the data is important to a decision or purpose, then the sensor needs to be meaningfully calibrated. A good example is automated weighing of lambs where you are gauging how close to market weight individuals are during drafting, to an accuracy of +/-100g. Many commercial grade systems have factory-ready calibrations that give you the information you need. However, some sensors come with a partial calibration or they may not be suitable to your farm. A good example is with soil moisture probes where the factory calibration is for potting soil. If you are interested only in the relative value, for example a general change in soil moisture from last reading, a less precise calibration may be good enough.
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46 AgTech: an introduction
ASSET TRACKERS
GATE AND DOOR SENSORS
Asset tracking can refer to anything on the move. An understanding of a vehicle’s current position or speed and a log of past movement can provide great insight into how your machinery is used. Some of these trackers can also enhance a WHS system allowing notification of rollover.
It can be important or useful to know if points of entry or exit are being accessed. On occasion you may need greater oversight of certain doors or gates. Gates or doors in areas such as chemical storage or loading areas generally need to be kept in a fixed position when not in use. Knowing the status as being closed or open and when activity has occurred can be helpful.
On-farm tracking: See Figure 3 on page 6. See Table 6 for more details. Farm and external tracking: See Table 7 for details.
Gate and door sensors can come with counting applications so that you know how many times and when the gates and doors were accessed. See Table 8 for details.
Table 6: Asset tracking on farm
Table 8: Gate and door sensors
On-farm tracking Application points vehicles of any type
Sensor types
Connectivity options IoT enabled sensors gather LoRaWAN and send data only within Sigfox the connected area 4G LTE-M (Cat M1) NB-IoT
Gate and door sensors Application points Sensor types doors of significance such as chemical storage areas loading docks livestock loading areas gates in remote areas or out-of-view location
magnetic
Connectivity options LoRaWAN
break beam
Sigfox
weight operated
4G LTE-M (Cat M1) NB-IoT
Satellite
Satellite
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi
Table 7: Farm and external tracking Farm and external tracking Application points Sensor types vehicles of any type shipments
Connectivity options LoRaWAN
GPS enabled sensors provide coverage anywhere that a GPS signal Sigfox can be gained and are most likely more accurate 4G overall LTE-M (Cat M1) can include vehicle performance data through NB-IoT an on-board computer Satellite Wi-Fi
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Figure 36: The door sensor inside the shed sends data about door movement to an off-site monitor
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Common IoT devices 47
ELECTRIC FENCE MONITORS It can be important to know if your electric fence is operating properly. See Table 9 for details. Table 9: Electric fence monitors Electric fence monitors Application points Sensor types any electric stock fencing that has a high voltage and low amperage electric component
break contact node
Connectivity options LoRaWAN Sigfox 4G LTE-M (Cat M1) NB-IoT Satellite Wi-Fi
Figure 37: Solar powered gate sensor
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Figure 38: The electric fence monitor sends information about the fence operation to an off-site screen or alarm
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48 AgTech: an introduction
CAMERAS
LIVESTOCK TAGS AND COLLARS
Cameras can be used in a variety of ways within agricultural businesses. Night time viewing is also possible. See Table 10 for details.
Tracking technology can be applied to both tags and collars. Tracking livestock and gaining information about their movement or health or activity can provide not only a productivity and management outcome but also a great deal of peace of mind. Uses can vary from farm to farm. See Tables 11 and 12 for details.
Table 10: Cameras Camera Application points
infrastructure around access points, for security livestock for monitoring movement
Sensor types
activated by movement sensors
Connectivity options LoRaWAN Sigfox
still cameras take individual 4G images fixed video capture live video from a fixed point
infrastructure near pan, tilt, zoom camera water or supplements can be remotely moved or to estimate supply programmed or livestock and feral animal activity
LTE-M (Cat M1) NB-IoT Satellite
Table 11: Livestock ear tags Livestock ear tags Application points
Sensor types
whole of mob
GPS
Connectivity options LoRaWAN
high value stock such as sires or stud animals
RFID
Sigfox 4G
sentinel animals
LTE-M (Cat M1)
mating and birthing livestock
NB-IoT Satellite
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi Table 12: Collars for livestock Collars for livestock Application points
Sensor types
whole of mob
GPS
Connectivity options LoRaWAN
high value stock such as sires or stud animals
RFID
Sigfox
sentinel animals mating and birthing livestock
Temperature
4G LTE-M (Cat M1) NB-IoT Satellite Wi-Fi.
Figure 39: Remote cameras such as this can be used to send information about activity to an off-site monitor
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Common IoT devices 49
Figure 40: Samples of tags for livestock
Figure 42: Tracking collar for sheep
Figure 41: The collar on this cow in the Tocal dairy transmits data about her performance, health and oestrus status to the dashboard in the office (see over page) Photo: Jennifer Laffan
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50 AgTech: an introduction
Figure 43: An example of what a dashboard for a dairy can look like Photo: Jennifer Laffan
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Installation 51
CHAPTER 12
INSTALLATION IN THIS CHAPTER • practical aspects of installation • self-installation • professional installation
THE INSTALLER This chapter is about the more practical aspects of your digital technology journey— the installation. The rollout can be complicated and it costs money. Therefore, you want to have the installation completed in a timely and efficient way and have all the components (such as devices and communication towers) constructed, mounted and protected in a way that minimises any potential damage, starting from when they first come out of the box and lasting all through their working life. You may be surprised to learn that most digital devices are actually complicated and fragile, requiring attention to detail to install and connect for long term service. They can be easily damaged and rendered useless if not handled appropriately and installed correctly. Some suppliers expect you to do the installation yourself. Some offerings are simple plug and play systems. Manufacturers have developed devices that are simple to construct and put into position and it is likely that they have thought through potential difficulties you may encounter. They can also offer solutions at a lower price than having a technician visit the site to do the installation. Of course, the use of professional installers can sometimes be warranted depending on the situation and complexity of device and installation required. Some suppliers prefer to come to site themselves. They may see the overall installation as being complex and better dealt with by them. The level of complexity can certainly increase depending on the number of devices within the chosen suite or package, the challenges associated with topography or the connectivity needs as well as the technical complexity of the initial sync up process. At the end of the day, most companies want the customer to have a seamless installation and a sound introduction even with complex systems—a positive experience!
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52 AgTech: an introduction
SELF-INSTALLATION You may say to yourself, I have been a farmer for many years and can fix most things myself . You may well ask, why can’t I do this myself, OR is installation the best use of my time? The answer is that in many cases, YES you most certainly can do this without assistance. Devices that have been thoroughly thought through at an engineering level with practical self-installation in mind and clear concise instructions, can be quite easy to install yourself. As a livestock producer who, over the years, has witnessed the installation of a huge number of devices installed into working commercial farming operations, the author has most certainly thought—how hard could this be? More recently, the author has self-installed a number of devices for suppliers and on his own farm and he can relate that in many cases it is simple. Even if the self-installation becomes troublesome, with perseverance the installation can be completed, albeit with more time spent than budgeted and potentially some skin off a knuckle! If you are considering the self-installation route as opposed to having an installer or technician to come to the site, the following observations and considerations may be of assistance.
Figure 45: This offers poor attachment for a device which will fail to stay in place, risking damage when the attachment breaks
Figure 44: Successful major modification to a dam water level sensor to install on a much larger irrigation reservoir Photo: Scott McKinnon
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Figure 47: A proximal (prox) sensor in the Tocal dairy. These are used to sense the proximity or relative appearance of something. They can also be used for counting, or confirming an object, such as a gate, being open or closed. This one in the Tocal dairy tells the computer in the office that the milk line is either connected or disconnected Photo: Jennifer Laffan
Figure 48: Maintenance required. Weeds interfere with operation of the water sensor
Figure 46: Too much slack. This gate sensor is poorly installed and will soon lose connection and fail to operate
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Figure 49: How efficient do you think this solar panel would be with this bird damage? Consider bird spikes
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How much time do I have to do this? It can sometimes take a considerable amount of time to do an installation, at least longer than you expect and often longer than predicted on the box provided by the supplier. Make sure you can allocate time to install the system. There is nothing worse than spending money on a device and it is still in the box after six months because you haven’t had time to install it yet.
What capability level do I have? On some occasions, brackets or fittings may need to be manufactured or altered to enable installation. Similarly, devices may need to be fitted in challenging positions. In these cases, you need to be flexible and able to adapt to the situation. It never ceases to amaze—that no two water troughs are ever quite the same! Ensure all cables are protected by conduit and secured well to prevent damage.
Figure 51: Safety harness necessary when working at height
Figure 50: The author’s tool kit
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Figure 52: Example of a network design for the Farms of the Future on the Narromine pilot farm which includes soil moisture probes in different production zones Image: Scott McKinnon
Are installation instructions clear? Often installation instructions can lack a few obvious but important facts. If it appears to be very brief in explanation then perhaps all is not apparent. Similarly, a long-winded instruction sheet can be hard to digest, particularly when you are keen to get this device fitted and working. However, a thorough read through before starting is absolutely worthwhile. There is nothing worse than having to pull out a sensor, after struggling to get it fitted up, to connect the blue wire you missed because you did not read the instructions properly!
Do I have all of the right tools? Sometimes specific tools will be required for a particular part of the process. Generally, a well-stocked workshop has what will be needed. Don’t under estimate the need for cable ties, clamps, conduit and quality tape to secure installations.
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Do I have all of the safety equipment and risk assessment documentation in place? Installation and maintenance (and handling stock) are the major challenges to safety in the process. See Appendix 1 on page 101. In particular, be aware of the following: • beware of legal obligations. See page 101 • document the job in a Risk Assessment Statement. See page 105 • if you are working at heights, be aware of risks • lift heavy items safely. Use two people to lift items over 25 kg in weight. Safe lifting procedure includes keeping a straight back and bending knees • be aware of personnel exposure to power sources • ensure that PPE is available and worn where needed.
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Where should I install sensors on my farm?
TAKE HOME MESSAGES FOR SELF-INSTALLATION
It is important to think carefully about what you are trying to measure and monitor when deciding on the location and number of sensors.
Self-installation can be a rewarding experience and is often an option, and sometimes a requirement.
For example, if you want to install an automatic weather station to provide an average view of the weather over the whole farm, it’s no use locating it in a frost hollow on one corner of the property. Automatic weather stations should be installed: • on mid to high slope • in an area that is free from interference (10 to 20 m away from trees and infrastructure) • 1.5 to 2.0 m above the ground. If, at a later date, you want to create a paddock-by-paddock digital view of the farm, you need to install sensors in each zone and replicate some sensors to provide a reliable measure and be aware of the cost. For example, three to five soil probes may be needed in each production zone to account for variability in soil type.
Am I clear on communication, connectivity and power requirements? Am I qualified? Certain challenges may arise depending on the type of communications or connectivity required by the device. The construction of towers or the placement of aerials can present huge time requirements and installation issues. For example, the installation of a 15-metre tower on the highest and probably rockiest hill, may be something a little too daunting. Are you happy to or even qualified to connect power sources? If not, engage a qualified tradesperson.
How do I sync up my device and ensure it is working? The level of complication in syncing the device depends on the device and the supplier. Some devices have helpful beeps and lights that alert you to their successful functioning. Other devices remain dormant and non-responsive for the entire time they are deployed. You may need to contact the supplier well ahead of time to ensure there is someone available to confirm initial sync up or to assist with trouble shooting if required.
An achievement
Before you undertake the job, make sure that you have: • available time • capability or required level of skill • clear instructions • all tools required within reach • stock and vermin proofing for the installation • all safety measures in place • clear understanding of communication requirements • clear understanding of power source requirements • a well thought out design tailored to what you intend to measure and record • the knowledge to bring your sensor or device to life.
PROFESSIONAL INSTALLER The professional installer may be worth the cost. A professional installation may well achieve a quicker and more seamless installation for you. As part of the service offered, the professional installer has: • all the tools • the time allocated to do the installation • installation experience • qualifications required to connect power sources • qualifications required to build power and communication structures • ability to sync all devices • access to back of house teams to trouble shoot issues with connectivity quickly • obligation to replace it if they drop it! Site Induction: Regardless of the experience proclaimed by the individual on site, it is well worth covering off the potential dangers and Risk Assessment required. Alert others to areas of risk and point out the potential dangers around your site such as: • powerlines • vehicle movements • your WHS requirements.
In spite of all of the potential challenges listed above, if instructions are followed, you can generally expect that all devices that you install will start sending and receiving data.
Communication with you: Set the ground rules about the level of communication you require and the access to the site that you are comfortable to allow.
Of course, the more of each type of sensor you install, the quicker the process will become.There is a real sense of accomplishment at the end of the exercise, thanks to overcoming the challenges. Just be sure that self-installation is truly the best use of your time.
Self-sufficient: The installer needs to be self-sufficient but may not have considered any lack of services. Remind them to bring everything they need to complete the job.
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Figure 53: The backup generator and power board at Tocal Dairy have some telematic capacity. They are connected by IoT to the phone network and can be remotely started and stopped Image: J Laffan
What suppliers may not realise In spite of a supplier’s assurance, you may find yourself asking: • Why is that gate open? • I thought you said you knew all about farming? Some suppliers may never have been to a farm before. Hence, they don’t know about: • weather: wind speeds and velocity, storms • dangerous animals (snakes) • farm animals (bulls) • gate etiquette: make sure they know how to leave the gate (open or closed) • fire danger • that there is no power point to plug into. Ask your supplier details about the quality of the device housing or structure as well as the brackets and attaching methods.
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Be alert to: • cable ties. These are not ideal forms of attachment even if UV protected • exposed cables. These should be housed in conduit • sharp protrusions. Potential danger area to humans or livestock • water proofing required. Device components do not work well when exposed to moisture • guarding against damage. What guarding is provided to protect devices from farm or feral animals?
TAKE HOME MESSAGES FOR USING A PROFESSIONAL INSTALLER • Professional installers are sometimes required by a supplier. • Professional installers offer experience and knowledge around the product, its installation and operation. • Set ground rules when the installers come to site and ensure all WHS requirements are understood. • Be aware that the installers may be unfamiliar with the situation in which you live and work and may need some guidance.
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Figure 54: Does your chosen supplier offer after-sales service and repairs? Broken water sensor
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CHAPTER 13
CHOOSING A SUPPLIER IN THIS CHAPTER • factors to consider when choosing a supplier • there are websites to help find a supplier
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTION Once you have decided about the type of digital technology you wish to buy and integrate, the selection of a supplier begins. Through the entire process from purchase to integration it will be important to have a sound relationship with the supplier of your technology. Australia is blessed with some outstanding developers and suppliers at all levels of experience and maturity. In the event that a particular technology is not available here, there are some excellent overseas supply options, that may suit as an alternative. It is possible that you might start to think, ‘after hours of searching digital tech on the internet, I still cannot work out which company I really need to talk to and what I really need to know.’ To assist you to choose a supplier, consider the following topics.
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Location
Connectivity required
Where are businesses situated?
What connectivity do you need?
Location is important for after sales service and support.
As highlighted throughout this publication, there are many and varied connectivity types. In fact, there is a connectivity option to suit any situation. Study the various types offered by suppliers and understand how they work. Be sure that the connectivity offered by a supplier will be suitable to your situation. Nothing spoils a digital technology integration more than poor communications. Does the supplier have flexibility of connectivity types with their sensors?
Understanding where a company is situated and where it operates from is very worthwhile. From start to finish you will want: • to be able to communicate with the supplier • to have an installation completed • to receive the training required to use your sensors and devices • quick delivery of devices for fast and seamless installation. Is this more likely with a local supplier? • after sales service and maintenance: everything stops working from time to time and access to support can be crucial. Obviously if an international supplier does not have an Australian representative, all of this may be more complex to achieve or maintain.
Scale up possibilities Can you scale up with other devices in the future? Try to consider future installations you may wish to have. The ability to add further devices onto an existing platform into the future may be attractive. One supplier with a wide suite may be preferrable to using multiple suppliers with single offerings.
Experience
Of course, no one company can possibly offer every single option for sensors or devices, so you may need to use a number of suppliers as you move forward.
How long have they been doing this and how many units have they sold or installed?
USE TRUSTED SOURCES What is the opinion of your personal network?
Ask suppliers these pertinent questions to ensure that you are making a sound purchase. It is acceptable to ask questions around company history and sales. A strong market presence and record of sales indicates the experience of the supplier. However, be aware that many start-up businesses also operate well and are competitive in this market and can provide really good outcomes.
Producers can rely heavily on their personal network for validation in this area. Speak to trusted sources about their experiences, issues and recommendations to help with your decisions.
LANGUAGE AND DIALOGUE
What the supplier will do
Are you familiar with the language and dialogue, acronyms and descriptors applied to digital technology?
Not all suppliers offer the same service. Carefully check what a supplier will do for you. Is this an end-to-end solution? For example, some suppliers offer a full supply and installation service but others sell the device and leave the rest up to the purchaser.
The language and terms used for digital technology can be confusing and difficult to understand. Invest in time to understand them because they help when you are making decisions and later when you need to interpret data,
Take care to ensure that you will receive everything you believe you have purchased.
The Glossary on page 93 should help with understanding the terminology associated with digital technology and assist during discussions with suppliers. Do not be afraid to ask a supplier to define or explain any words they use if you do not understand them.
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FINDING SUPPLIERS What is the most efficient way to find a supplier? There is a variety of ways of finding suppliers. As you search, always beware of hype and marketing bias. An internet search may seem like an obvious start but as we are all now aware, internet searches can also be misleading. Just as multiple searches for technology can turn up new options each time we start a new search session, generic searches, such as IoT supplier, can take some serious research time and are unlikely to expose every option. Happily, there are websites that highlight digital technology options and suppliers. The more intuitive and informed websites allow the user to set search parameters, making your research quicker and easier. Websites like agfinder.com and agtechfinder.com are two examples of useful directory search tools.
TAKE HOME MESSAGES • Location of your supplier can affect after sales service and support. • Experience of your supplier may indicate long-term reliability. • Experience may not be everything—some start-up companies deliver excellent product and service. • Understand the connectivity solution your supplier offers. • Find out if the chosen supplier offers scale-up options for the future. • Seek validation of your choice from your personal network or experienced advisors or consultants. • Learn terms and language relating to digital technology to enhance your discussion with suppliers. • Internet searching for suppliers can be frustrating at times but there are specific websites available to assist with your research.
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Figure 55: The water sensor on page 58 has been repaired
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CHAPTER 14
AFTER SALES SERVICE, MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLE SHOOTING IN THIS CHAPTER • • • •
contacting the supplier when there is a problem importance of being familiar with the sales agreement and warranty importance of the product manual the option of DIY sensors and devices
BE PREPARED Be informed about what to do if things go wrong. Ask: • is help in Australia or is it limited to an overseas contact? • is there a warranty? • can you pay to guarantee ongoing maintenance? • what is in the sales agreement? • are user manuals available? • is ongoing maintenance easy for you to do? Would you need to contact the supplier? Or can you attend to basic maintenance yourself • is there a service kit or off-the-shelf solution from a local store for batteries or other common items?
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Figure 56: Communications box in good condition
Figure 57: Communications box invaded by ants. Maintenance required to avoid malfunction Photo: Jennifer Laffan
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SUPPLIER, WARRANTY AND YOUR RIGHTS
Figure 58: Bird deterrents may be necessary to complete your installation!
Be aware of the following: • careful selection of a supplier can have a bearing on access to after sales service or technical help with trouble shooting • sometimes contacting an overseas supplier can be hampered by time zones or even a language barrier. Of course, the common and modern-day use of email can help to streamline this • always read the sales agreement. Know your rights as a consumer and the leverage you may have to push for outcomes if things become difficult • understand the warranty that comes with devices and what you should do if there is a need to return the product • carefully read the user manuals. The answer to problems may be found there. Some basic trouble shooting procedures can be suggested and you can also be fully informed for a solid conversation with the supplier • sometimes the first indication of an issue is signalled by the sensor or device going off-line. Perhaps basic maintenance needs to be attended to as a first step?
ONGOING MAINTENANCE Ongoing maintenance is usually the responsibility of the buyer. Some providers may offer a follow up visit after an initial installation. The sales agreement or a discussion before buying would give you an understanding of what to expect. The complexity of the ongoing maintenance depends on what has been installed and its size. See page 35 where time and money allocation is mentioned as part of budgeting. Most simple devices are easy to maintain. Typically, such maintenance involves cleaning spiders’ webs away from sensor panels, cleaning solar panels and inspecting the soundness of guarding. Some suppliers offer a service or maintenance kit. In some cases, you can buy batteries off the shelf in a shop. Ask your supplier about your options in the event of an emergency.
HOME-MADE DEVICES Can you make your own sensors and devices? Yes, you can! There are many examples of devices developed and deployed as a result of an idea that just came up. Of course, there may be a purpose-built solution for that application too! Sometimes it simply comes down to imagination. Check out some of the available technology at the IoT Store (www.iot-store.com. au), what could apply to your farm?
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If you make your own device, you will find that components are easily purchased and casing or shrouding relatively easy to make. Some of the current Australian device companies have been developed by farmers who had a need and solved it themselves, then realised other farmers wanted the same technology. If writing code is of interest, then perhaps this is an area you would like to try? However, it is not always easy: • like many things in life, it can be a fair bit harder than it looks! Many companies invest an incredible number of hours researching and developing solutions. The amount of money required to bring these through to a minimal viable product, let alone a commercial offering, can be mind-blowing • sometimes we just want to watch the footy—not put the dish on the roof!
TAKE HOME MESSAGES • Consider the location of your suppliers and how this may affect your ongoing relationship with them. • Understand the sales agreement and warranty terms. • Read any manuals carefully to assist with trouble shooting. • Ongoing maintenance will be required. Understand who is responsible for this and what the maintenance involves. • You can make your own sensors and devices if you are this way inclined.
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CHAPTER 15
TIPS, TRICKS AND PITFALLS IN THIS CHAPTER • devices and sensors must be robust and suited to the placement position • devices and sensors must be securely fitted and guarded • power sources must fit the task
BE AWARE OF POSSIBLE PROBLEMS Digital technology in agriculture and other industries continues to improve and mature. Irrespective of who puts your devices in place there are a number of tips, tricks and pitfalls important to a successful, long term deployment and performance. In this chapter we revisit some and introduce new ones.
Figure 59: Water has leaked into this communication box which will fail if not dried out
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HOUSING Devices are very fragile pieces of equipment. Robustly designed and well-sealed casings around sensors are essential to protect them from the elements of nature and it is important to understand this before you buy them. The effects of our harsh climate cannot be underestimated. Water penetration or heat and cold can severely reduce sensor life or cause outages.
RUGGED INSTALLATION Rugged installation technique for brackets and attachments is required. Find out about brackets and attaching methods from your supplier. The way that the sensor or device is stabilised to its support structure can have a large bearing on communication performance and length of life. Livestock, birds and other wildlife can destroy an installation in a short time. Exposed cable ties (even UV protected) and soft wire are not ideal: solid brackets, screws and bolts and stainless-steel hose clamps are preferred options. Exposed cables and fittings are also at risk and ideally, should be housed in conduit or in unexposed areas. Ensure sharp edges or protrusions are removed. Figure 60: A solid bracket installed ready for a device attachment
Figure 61: Exposed cables, poorly installed and with no protection
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POSITIONING DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION TOWERS Think carefully about sites for devices and communication towers. Sometimes sites for these, particularly communication towers, are chosen for convenience. For example, a single communication tower might be placed in a poor position because the installation of a second unit requires increased effort, cost or complexity. The reality is that near enough is nowhere near good enough. Shortcutting can lead to poor connectivity due to disruption of service. Insufficient power charging by solar panels that need good exposure to sunlight is a big problem. Take time to fully scope the needs of your rollout and your available budget for best results.
POWER SOURCE ‘Sorry mate: there is no power point in the middle of this paddock—you should have brought a solar panel with you.’ You may laugh at the statement above. A discussion about power source is important well before installers come to your site. The author has seen an attempt to run a power cord across 500 metres of paddock to power up a communications tower! While 240V supply is certainly an option for installations around homes or other buildings, most installations will be where there is no main power supply, such as in a paddock, where it is impractical or cost prohibitive to supply mains power. In these situations, you need an alternative source. Many small devices will simply rely on batteries. Understand what the expected battery life could be. There are many batteries that suggest an active life of up to ten years. Batteries can be affected by both hot and cold temperatures and have little tolerance to water exposure. The importance of robust sensor or device design is paramount here. Also consider that the replacement of batteries in a device or sensor may not be as simple as it would appear, so discuss this process before you buy it. Solar energy is an option in certain circumstances. Providing the panels are placed in appropriate positions they can be an excellent addition to the installation however they add cost to the project. Be aware of the maintenance requirements. Nothing spoils the solar gain like a dirty panel or a tree branch growing overhead!
Figure 62: This is an unsatisfactory site for installation of a communications tower. Vegetation interferes with lines of communication and solar gain
For power-heavy solar installations make sure you have the correct sized battery (Ah rating) and also choose the most suitable battery type for the situation. Common AGM lead acid type batteries are being replaced by LiFePO4 (Lithium iron) batteries as prices become more comparable.
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Figures 63: Guards around these sensors were not adequate to prevent damage by the bulls in the paddock. Left above, before. Right above, after
Figures 64: Two examples of well-fenced communication towers
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GUARDING Once you begin the installation process, protection of your valuable devices is very important. Do not forget or underestimate the need for guarding for all of your digital technology installations. Even though a supplier has worked hard to exclude the elements of the environment, further protection is required.
Figure 65: Don’t leave decisions to others. The device should not have been installed on this trough
The power and destruction capabilities of weather, livestock and vermin can quickly destroy your expensive equipment. Unfortunately, some suppliers are oblivious to this reality. They may not supply robustly designed and sealed casings around sensors to protect them from the elements or they simply believe livestock or vermin will not lick, chew or rub against them if left without a fence or barrier. Livestock can and most likely will, take great joy in using your installation as a rubbing point, something to eat or even just as a play thing. Have a good discussion with your suppliers around this. If they do not supply guarding you will need to factor this into your budget to install it separately. Allocating the appropriate funds upfront and a little time spent now may prevent the need to replace broken gear down the track.
TAKE AN ACTIVE INTEREST ‘There is no point installing on this trough. We haven’t used it since 1968.’ Take an active interest and be involved in decisions. Don’t leave it to others. It is always worthwhile to take an active interest in all areas of your onsite installation. Be on hand to ensure that installers know where they need to go so that you avoid finding devices installed in the wrong place or installed in a way that will be unsatisfactory and lead to issues down the track. If installers can’t follow the map or contact you, they may end up placing it where they presume is the right position. It is worth remembering that while you know intuitively where things are meant to go, the installer may not be familiar with the farm environment. We also advise you to give clear instruction on gate etiquette and speed limits and alert the installer to dangers around your farm.
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TAKE HOME MESSAGES • Make sure the devices and sensors you buy are robust and will withstand the environment where you plan to put them. • Rugged and robust attachments and techniques provide secure placement and fitting. • Be sure that devices are placed away from factors that could affect optimum performance. • Power sources are an important selection at the early stage of planning. • The need for guarding cannot be overstated. Livestock, birds and other wildlife can and will adversely impact if installations are not protected. • Take an active interest in the installation when a technician comes to site. This ensures that you are satisfied with the positioning of devices and the quality of installation.
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CHAPTER 16
SUMMARY TOP 10 TAKE HOME MESSAGES FROM PART A 1. Tech is the tool. Pain point is the need which builds the Use Case: Carefully consider what you need to measure or monitor and why. Do not install technology for technology’s sake. 2. Work really hard on research. Use your networks, advisors and personal discovery to best effect. 3. Do not be afraid to ask the really hard questions at each step of the journey—both of yourself and suppliers. A solid review of the supplier choice could help to avoid a poor result. 4. There really is a connectivity solution available for every situation, even if you do not have mobile phone reception. Work through the options available and choose the most appropriate for your situation and most suitable for the devices you are looking to install. 5. Understand your abilities and limitations: is this really a self-installation for you or would it be better to pay someone else to do it? 6. Start off small and build into it. Avoid trying to install large numbers of sensors or devices first time out. Expand the range after you have experienced an initial installation and have gained confidence. Be aware that better, cheaper solutions will come onto the market and be prepared to evolve your solution over time. 7. Budgeting is very important. Understanding the cost of both the capital and operating expenses can be complicated but is a must. 8. Device, dashboards and app choices are many and varied. Take time to work through the offering available and consider the merits of each before purchase. 9. Be involved in the installation process. This will ensure devices are placed in the correct positions, installed to satisfaction and wellguarded for protection. 10. REMEMBER everything stops working sometimes! Be patient when systems stop working. There may be many reasons for this rather than simply a poor product. Good after sales service and support will assist to keep things working long term.
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THE FUTURE The future for digital technology and innovation, particularly in agriculture, is extremely positive. The level to which integration is utilised and the way this occurs, really is limited only by imagination and creativity. Connectivity improvements established by today’s industry both at a terrestrial and orbital level continue to evolve. Certainly, the advent of low orbit satellites in large numbers will open a whole new understanding and availability in the connectivity space. Regardless of how technology develops and where it can take us in the future, the key fundamentals of understanding and constructing your digital pathways will not change.
CONCLUSION Throughout this section we have discussed strategies and processes to help you make an informed decision and build knowledge and understanding to proceed with your pathway. We have also included a description of the practical aspects of selection and installation for a satisfactory installation. By way of conclusion, the author leaves you with:
Give Digital Technology a try. It truly is worth your effort.
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Part B: Case studies
Photo: Carl Drougge via Flickr
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INTRODUCTION TO CASE STUDIES
These case studies are drawn from farms that collaborated with the NSW DPI in the NSW Government Farms of the Future pilot program. The Farms of the Future pilot program showcased the benefits and opportunities agricultural technology (AgTech) can deliver for drought resilience, improved productivity and enhanced water security. Led by the NSW DPI, the Farms of the Future pilot program installed a range of commercially available connectivity solutions and field sensor technology on three properties to test and demonstrate the benefits that can be delivered to farming via AgTech. The pilot program showcased and educated farmers on the benefits and opportunities offered through AgTech, to see where the NSW Government can help farming communities to adopt new technologies to improve resource management, including water efficiency and drought preparedness. The three pilot farms cover diverse topography and a range of farming practices commonly used across regional NSW, including dryland cropping, irrigation, livestock farming and viticulture. For more information see the website: https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/climate/climate/digital-agriculture/farms-of-the-future
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Figure 66: Angullong vineyard is near Blayney in NSW
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Case study 1
ANGULLONG The Crossing family property, Angullong, on the Belubula river near Blayney has a wine grape vineyard and also a cattle grazing enterprise. Parts of the property are quite elevated and there is a steep, unsealed 4 km drive to the river where they have an irrigation pump.
Figure 67: James Crossing
Figure 68: Tower installed for Wi-Fi and LoRaWAN network to send data throughout the very hilly terrain
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Figure 69: Remote monitoring means less driving down this steep descent to the river pump, especially when the road is muddy and slippery
Figure 70: Sensors in the in-paddock weighing station send data to a monitor. The cattle enter the station for a lick block placed inside
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Figure 71: In-crop sensors in the vineyard send data about leaf moisture, temperature and humidity
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Wi-Fi connectivity across the property allows the reliable transfer of data and extended connectivity. Towers are installed to give coverage across the important points of the property and include a series of repeaters all the way to the river pump. This is quite an achievement in the hilly terrain with a variation of 200 m elevation. This network has also improved the usefulness of mobile phones throughout the property.
Figure 72: Weather station in the vineyard sends data which also becomes part of a historical record
In-crop sensors in the vineyard send data about leaf wetness, temperature and humidity. There are also soil moisture probes and instruments to measure the growth rate of the vines during the season. The series of weather stations in the vineyard display current conditions and aid in predicting the risk of a disease outbreak. James appreciates receiving data specific to his property from this technology which is important in accurately planning spray programs, managing the operations on the ground and improving returns through better disease control and chemical savings. Water sensors measure tank levels, important for the grazing operation. This data also monitors flow levels running to troughs in the stock paddocks.
Figure 73: Sensors on water tanks send data about the levels to a monitor
Figure 74: Cable should be protected to avoid damage from hares and wallabies or other animals
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Figure 75: A multi sensor array in the vineyard like this can measure multiple agronomic conditions through a single node (data connection) to the network
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Figure 76: The single point dashboard converges data from different suppliers for easy access and comparison
River flow is critical for the enterprises, particularly in dry times when the river flow may be a bit too low to keep up with the pumps. It is essential to monitor them and in the past, staff had to negotiate the steep drive each time. The terrain is particularly relevant in wet weather when the road is muddy and slippery and difficult to travel even in a four-wheel drive vehicle. Being able to monitor these sites remotely provides great safety benefits, especially at night when previously workers were on their own driving down to physically check the pumps.
cattle are calving. Problems can be readily seen so that action can be taken. The main camera can be rotated to provide a 360-degree view and can work at night. The cameras send video to the computer dashboard and are a back-up to the data from the sensors.
James says that the biggest labour-saving devices have been for checking water infrastructure. At a glance they can check the tank and trough levels without actually having to go out in the field. The vineyard is irrigated from dam storage filled from the river pump and this can also be monitored remotely. He says that, to date, the water monitoring systems have given favourable return on investment (ROI) mainly due to the labour saving. He says that in the future, when he has more in-crop records, he expects to see good returns on other systems too.
The single point dashboard on the office computer allowed them to customise the screen so that it converges data from different platforms for easy access and comparison and it also allows ease of producing reports. For example, rain gauge reports appear on the same page although the different suppliers have their own platforms for display. It also allows them to customise playlists of data so that groups of data can displayed on rotation.
They have installed cameras to monitor the river level and a water trough in the cattle yard. The cameras are also useful for security and surveillance of vehicles on the farm and when the
Sensors were usually installed by suppliers, but James installed some of the towers and, in some cases modified existing structures already in place for the new antennas.
James finds that, in addition to all the other advantages, the technology also provides peace of mind because you know that stock have adequate water and that your pumps are working properly. He says you then have time to concentrate on other important aspects of the business. NOTE: To view a video of James Crossing speaking about this technology on the farm, search Blayney Pilot Farm on YouTube.
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Figure 77: Weather station, soil moisture probes and pasture sensors on LoRaWAN at Brolga
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Case Study 2
BROLGA Brian and Donna Ditchfield run a mixed farming enterprise with sheep, cattle and fodder cropping southeast of Coonamble, towards the Warrumbungle Mountains. The business extends over two properties which are 50 km apart.
Figure 78: Brian Ditchfield
Brian decided where he wanted sensors based on what he wanted to measure or monitor. He installed a second-hand communication tower on the main property for the WiFi network, but on the second property had a new one installed by the supplier for the LoRaWAN network. He says that now the systems have been in operation he can see an advantage in having more towers to boost connectivity across a wider area of the farm. The towers and WiFi communication on his main property allow video surveillance across the property.
Figure 79: A remote camera at the sheep yards allows Brian to monitor stock on the office computer
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Figure 80: Water level sensor on tank: 4G network
Figure 82: Tank water level sensor and rain gauge on a concrete water tank
Figure 81: Trough water level sensor on LoraWAN
Figure 83: Wi-Fi gateway and PTZ (pan, tilt, zoom) remote control camera
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Figure 84: LoraWAN network gateway (large) and weather station (small)
Figure 86: Windmill converted to communication tower
Figure 85: An inquisitive beast used its tongue to pull this antenna out of the guard
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Figure 87: If necessary, data from a tank sensor can alert the operator to arrive there with tools to fix a problem. Better than discovering the problem on-site and having to return to fix it
Brian has set up a variety of sensors to monitor water levels in tanks, troughs and bores and send the data to the dashboard of the computer in the farm office. Although he continues to visit the sites to ensure the data is correct, he does so less frequently now and has consequently reduced fuel consumption and wear and tear on vehicles. He has also improved safety conditions because there is less time travelling and of course, he now has more time for other farm activities. These are all big advantages.
Figure 88: Cattle enter this weigh machine for the lick block placed inside. As they enter, their weights are sent from sensors to the dashboard. This machine has adjustable sides so that even if they are small, only one beast can enter at a time
He has GPS ear tag sensors to track cattle and also in-paddock portable step-on scales to weigh stock in the paddock. This helps him keep aware of the mob condition and if they are approaching market weight. Also, in dry times, the in-paddock weighing detects any loss in condition before it is obvious to an observer. A sensor on the scale unit automatically recognises the individual NLIS identification tag on each beast.
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Figure 89: This soil moisture probe sends data from a depth of 1.8 m to a dashboard on the office computer
Figure 90: Data from the weather station determines a suitable time to spray the crop
Brian installed rain gauges in several locations and can now easily see any variation in rainfall between them. For example, he was surprised by the variation in rainfall across the property in a recent storm event. These specific observations help monitor pasture growth in different paddocks.
Brian worked with the dashboard supplier to customise the layout and data presentation so that he could see the data he wanted in a way that is easy to understand. His dashboard converges data from different suppliers so that it can all appear in the one place and be easily compared.
Soil moisture probes in the pasture paddocks report on moisture to a depth of up to 1.8 metres. Brian says that soil moisture, temperature, wind direction and rainfall data will become part of a historic record to help predict conditions in the future and the ability of the soil to store moisture after rainfall. These measurements will also be used to advise on conditions for spraying the crops during winter.
Brian says he would recommend that farmers investigate sensor technology and invest in the connectivity required to use it and improve general communications around the farm. NOTE: To view a video of Brian Ditchfield speaking about this technology on the farm, search Coonamble Pilot Farm on YouTube.
Brian found that some suppliers expected him to install their devices or assist with installation whereas others just needed him to tell them where to put them. He advises checking with suppliers about what they will do and what they expect you to do to help with installation.
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Figure 91: Communication tower on one of the Tuck properties
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Case Study 3
NEWHAVEN Rob and Susannah Tuck operate ten farms in the Macquarie Valley in a 40 km radius near Narromine. They have a diversified mix of 5000 ha of dryland rotational cropping and between 1200 to 2000 ha cotton under irrigation, and a livestock enterprise.
Figure 92: Rob Tuck
They are familiar with the advantages of technology and have been early adopters. They have been using GPS tracking in the controlled traffic management of vehicles in cropping areas, yield mapping as part of precision agronomy applications, monitor sensors and internet connectivity for some time. Until recently, a major problem for the business was the difficulty of communication between the farms and from the farms to the office. Distance was one problem and the other was the number of mobile phone dead zones. This problem has now been largely overcome with the installation of new towers and reliable Wi-Fi connectivity which provides real-time data.
Figure 93: Newhaven is near Narromine
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Figure 94: Data from the soil probe indicated when the soil moisture content was suitable to sow this canola crop. The result is a successful crop because moisture is the limiting factor in this area. (Inset) Moisture probe in the paddock
They find that asset tracking is useful for tractors and machinery used for cropping because it provides a record of the time machinery is in use, speed, fuel used and location. However, to date, although it would be a safety measure for vehicles travelling between properties and on properties, it has not been successful because of the previously-noted dead zones caused by issues such as tree cover and lack of mobile signal. Managing irrigation involves constant checking of pumps and for livestock, monitoring tanks and trough water levels is essential. The sensors installed for this monitoring have provided great advantages and with the improved connectivity this has been especially important because of the distances involved in travelling for on-site checks. Some of the irrigation pump stations are remote. They all need to be regularly monitored and in previous times, this meant that someone needed to drive to check them during the night, as well as first thing in the morning, to ensure they were operating correctly. With connectivity and
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monitoring systems it is now much more convenient to read the data at a distance and travel only if there seems to be a problem, such as a pump shutting down. This is a major improvement in safety and in picking up errors more quickly and also saves on fuel and wear on vehicles. However, although the pumps are constantly monitored, they are not controlled remotely with the current technology installed. The sensors allow staff to be aware of readings from distance, such as the farm office or smart device, and although this reduces the frequency of the physical checks, someone visits each pump regularly to verify the data from the sensors. The sensors are also set up to send an alert signal to a monitor, such as a mobile phone, in the case of malfunction. The alert system can be adjusted according to level so that serious malfunction requiring immediate attention is alerted, whereas less serious events that can be attended to at a convenient time appear on the monitor but are not connected to an alarm or alert.
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Figure 95: Cameras and sensors allow staff to ensure that runoff from irrigation is contained in the reservoir
The irrigation set up is fully closed with a tail-return system designed to capture the water and prevent it from running off-farm. The sensors installed monitor the effectiveness of the system with data transmitted to the dashboard showing if the water level in the reservoir is backing up or dropping. The operator can then adjust the pumps to control the amount of water moving in the system and at particular locations. In addition to the sensors, Rob has installed cameras and he is pleased with the overviews he can now get of pumps, drains, channel heights and sheds. The Tucks have a mix of connectivity with both Wi-Fi and 4G. Cameras do not replace the data from the sensors but they give a quick overview of the situation and they also provide a backup to the data coming from the sensors. Rob says cameras can also be used at night and this provides additional peace of mind while systems are running. The Tucks have converted from a large flood-irrigated area (manual with siphons) to an overhead pressurised system. This change came with two big advantages: a consistent saving in the volume of water used and telemetry connections for data about the performance of the machines as they irrigate so that
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Figure 96: Cameras provide a quick overview of drains and channel heights
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Figure 97: Cameras provide vision of activity in sheds and other places on the farms
Figure 98: Cameras used to monitor pumps the operator can quickly attend to any problem. In addition, the telemetry allows better records about the volume of water applied during the growing season. All data including that from weather stations and rain gauges is sent to a dashboard on the office computer where the platform converges it so that data from different providers can appear on the same screen and hence be easily compared.
The Tucks’ experience is that the advantages of this technology include: • monitoring remote devices from the phone, office or the kitchen table • more quality time with family • measuring resource use for economic advantages to the business • more information for business decisions. NOTE: To view a video of Rob Tuck speaking about this technology on the farm, search Narromine Pilot Farm on YouTube.
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GLOSSARY AND DIGITAL TERMINOLOGY Prepared by Darren Price
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition and decision-making. AI also enables machines to learn from experience.
Computer vision Computer vision is a part of computer science working to enable computers to see, identify and process images in a manner similar to human vision.
Deep learning Deep learning is a machine learning technique that teaches computers to learn by example.
Haptics Haptics is the science of applying tactile sensation and control to interaction with computer applications.
Machine learning Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates construction of analytical models, based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention.
Neural networks A neural network is a computer system modelled on the human brain and nervous system. It is designed to help machines reason more like humans.
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COMPUTING AND THE CLOUD
API
Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of routine definitions, protocols, and tools for building software and applications. An API allows one software system to easily and automatically share data to another software system with a set of permissions allowed by the user. An API connects your business processes, services, content, and data to channel partners, internal teams, and independent developers in an easy and secure way.
APN Access Point Name (APN) is a gateway that translates communications between telecommunications and computer networks, most commonly the internet.
Cloud Computing Cloud computing is internet-based computing that allows for data access from distinct computers or devices. It is typically referred to as though the cloud itself is storing the data, but data is stored on physical computers that allow access to the data system any time via the internet.
Edge Computing
JAVA/JSON JAVA OR JSON (pronounced JASON) is a general-purpose computer programming language designed to produce programs that will run on any computer system.
Open source Open software describes software for which the original source code is freely available and can be redistributed or modified.
Peer to Peer Peer-to-peer computing or networking is used to separates tasks or workloads between peers.
SOAP API Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) is a communication protocol for the exchange of information between various operating systems using Extensible Markup Language (XML).
COMMUNICATIONS PROTOCOLS
CAN Bus
CAN bus is a protocol used in vehicles, cars, tractors and trucks for sensors and on-board computer control modules to communicate.
Edge computing is a model in which computation is largely or completely performed on device nodes known as smart devices or edge devices. These are often distributed around an area and saves the need of it taking place in a centralised cloud environment.
Lightweight M2M
Firmware/FOTA
Modbus is a serial communications protocol for use with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) that is used to connect industrial electronic devices.
Firmware is a specific class of computer software that provides the low-level control for a device’s specific hardware. FOTA refers to the capability of upgrading Firmware Over-The-Air.
Flow-based programming Flow-based programming is a type of dataflow programming in which programme steps communicate with each other by transmitting data through some kind of channel. The channels are managed by the larger system, leaving the connected components free to focus on processing input and producing output.
Fog Computing Fog computing is also known as edge computing or fogging. Fog computing is a term created by Cisco that refers to extending cloud computing to the edge of an enterprise’s network.
Lightweight M2M is a device management protocol designed for sensor networks and the demands of a machine-to-machine (M2M) environment.
Modbus
MQTT Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a protocol designed to connect the physical devices and networks with applications and middleware, making it an ideal connectivity protocol for IoT and M2M.
MTC Machine Type Communications (MTC) is a descriptive term for fully automatic data generation, exchange, processing and actuation among intelligent machines, with low or no intervention by humans.
Hybrid Cloud A hybrid cloud computing environment can use a variety of onpremises, private cloud and third-party, public cloud services linked between the two platforms.
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DATA
GENERAL TERMINOLOGY
Big Data
Access point
Big Data are amounts of data that are so large that traditional technologies cannot handle their transfer or analysis. Certain IoT technologies are able to handle and transfer big data.
An access point is a wireless network device that acts as a portal for devices to connect to a local area network.
Blockchain
An actuator is a component that is responsible for moving and controlling a mechanism or system, such as opening a valve.
A blockchain is a growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked using cryptography. For use as a distributed ledger, a blockchain is typically managed by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocol.
Data Filtering Data filtering describes a wide range of strategies for refining data sets so they provide what a user, or set of users, needs without including other data that can be repetitive, irrelevant or even sensitive.
Actuator
Augmented Reality (AR) Augmented reality (AR) is an enhanced version of the real physical world that is achieved through the use of digital visual elements, sound or sight. This can be delivered via goggles or a digital device like a phone or tablet.
Backhaul
A data packet is a unit of data made into a single package to travel along a given network path.
Backhaul generally refers to the side of the network that communicates with the global internet, paid for at wholesale commercial access rates to or at an Ethernet Exchange or other core network access location. All IoT devices need backhaul, whether directly built into the device or through a network.
DDDM
Bandwidth
Data Driven Decision Making (DDDM) is an approach to business governance that requires decisions that can be backed up with verifiable data.
Bandwidth describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or internet connection. It measures how much data can be sent over a specific connection in a given amount of time. For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second (bps) or bytes per second. For example, a gigabit ethernet connection has a bandwidth of 1,000 Mega-bps.
Data Packet
HADOOP HADOOP is an open source distributed processing framework. It manages data processing and storage for big-data applications running in group-systems pervasive-computing, also called ubiquitous computing. The embedding of computational capability into everyday objects to make them effectively communicate and perform useful tasks in a way that minimises the end user’s need to interact with computers.
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a computer system for gathering, analysing and controlling realtime data.
TCP or IP The Internet Protocol (IP) suite is the computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks.
Beacons Beacons are small transmitters that connect to Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)-enabled devices such as smartphones or tracked packages.
Code A code, sometimes known as source code, is a term used to describe text that is written using the protocol of a particular language by a computer programmer.
Contactless Describes technologies that allow a smart card, mobile phone or other device to connect wirelessly – without contact – to an electronic reader.
Cyber-physical systems Cyber physical systems are integrations of computation, networking and physical processes with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa.
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Data
Virtual Reality (VR)
Data is a collection of statistics or facts for future analysis or reference use.
Device
Virtual Reality (VR) is a computer-generated simulation in which a person can interact within an artificial threedimensional environment using electronic devices. These can include special goggles or gloves fitted with sensors.
A device is a unit of physical hardware or equipment that provides one or more computing functions within a system.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TERMINOLOGY
Gateway
Digital Twins
A gateway is a “hub that translates” communication between two digital sources or devices that allows these to share each other´s data transfer and communication.
Digital twins are digital replicas of physical assets, processes, people, places, systems and devices that can be used for various purposes such as modelling systems and integrating historical machine data into a digital model.
GSM
eSIM
The global system for mobile communications (GSM).
Hub
The embedded SIM (eSIM or eUICC) is a secure element designed to remotely manage multiple mobile network operator subscriptions and be compliant with GSMA specifications.
A hub is hardware device that connects other data-transmitting devices to a central station.
GIS
IoT Internet of Things (IoT) is the concept of connecting any device to the internet and to other connected devices.
Node
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, manipulate, analyse, manage and present spatial or geographic data.
GPS
A node is any active, physical, electronic device attached to a network.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a technology created by the US Government that allows for location services. It is now commonly used worldwide.
Precision Agriculture
HAV
Precision Agriculture is the management of production at a highly granular level such as individual trees in an orchard, or zones with a paddock. It can be enhanced by the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to improve operations via use of smart devices to monitor crops, livestock, and weather.
Hardware-Assisted Virtualisation (HAV) is the use of a computer’s physical components to support the software that creates and manages virtual machines (VMs).
Pressure Transducer A pressure transducer measures the quantity and percentage of fluid in a vessel based on applied pressure of the material being measured.
Ultrasonic Sensor An ultrasonic sensor emits sound waves which reflect back off the material being measured. Level is determined based on time taken for sound waves to return to the sensor.
Variable Rate Technology (VRT) Variable Rate Technology (VRT) allows variable application rates of inputs across a farming system to better match requirements across an area in a Precision Agriculture system
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ICCID Integrated Circuit Card Identifier (ICCID) is the unique serial number embedded on a SIM card.
IoT module An Internet of Things (IoT) module is a small electronic device embedded in objects, machines and things that connects to wireless networks which send and receive data.
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a unique number, usually fifteen digits, associated with identifying a GSM-connected device.
IMU Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is a device that measures and reports a body – such as a drone’s – specific force, angular rate, and sometimes the magnetic field surrounding the body.
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IP ADDRESS
SIM
An Internet Protocol Address (IP Address) is a unique designating number assigned to a computer or another device that is connected to a network, most notably the internet.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is a smart card that stores data including identity, location, phone number, network authorisation data and security keys. It is installed into a wireless device.
Latency Latency is the delay in transfer of data or signal.
LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) is a remote sensing technology which uses the pulse from a laser to collect measurements which can then be used to create 3D models and maps of objects and environments.
Mechatronics Mechatronics is engineering of both electrical and mechanical systems which includes a combination of robotics, electronics, computing, communications systems, control and product engineering.
Modem A modem is a hardware device that allows a computer to send and receive data over a telephone line or a cable or satellite connection.
NDVI Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) is used as an indicator of plant health by highlighting changes in plant growth using a comparison between infrared and visible light transfer.
OBC An on-board computer (OBC) is a small computer that is installed inside the cab of a truck. Key features of the on-board computer include: trip and hour registration, trip planning, track and trace, truck navigation, messaging traffic, fuel consumption, registration and the possibility to measure the driver’s driving style.
Radar Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.
Router A router is a hardware device designed to receive, analyse and move incoming IP packets to another network.
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SOC System on chip (SOC) or a single-board computer, is a microchip with all the necessary electronic circuits and parts for a given system. Good examples include a smartphone or wearable computer, on a single integrated circuit.
Telematics Telematics is a method of monitoring an asset by using GPS and onboard diagnostics to record movements on a computerised map.
Wireless modem A wireless modem bypasses the telephone system and connects directly to a wireless network. Via this it can directly access the internet connectivity.
IoT AND SECURITY
Botnet
Botnet is a network of private computers infected with malicious software and controlled as a group without the owners’ knowledge.
GDPR General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into force in May 2018 and imposes rules on controlling and processing personally identifiable information.
IAM Identity and Access Management (IAM) is a framework for business processes that facilitates the management of electronic or digital identities.
ICS Industrial Control Systems (ICS) is a collective term used to describe different types of control systems and associated instrumentation. This can include the devices, systems, networks, and controls used to operate or automate industrial processes.
IPSec IPSec is a secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts the packets of data sent over an internet protocol network. IPSec uses cryptographic security services to protect communications over IP networks.
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PKI Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a set of policies and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption.
TLS
MOBILE NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
3G
The third generation of cellular technology (3G) which delivered faster data-transmission speeds, enabling video calling and mobile internet.
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is an encryption protocol used to protect data in transit between computers enabling two computers to agree to encrypt the information in a way they both understand.
4G
LPWA TECHNOLOGIES
5G
EC-GSM
Extended coverage (EC) GSM IoT is a Low Power Wide Area technology. It is designed as a high capacity, long range, low energy and low complexity cellular system for IoT communications.
LoRa The Long Range (LoRa) low power wireless standard is intended for providing a cellular-style low data rate communications network. Aimed at the Machine to Machine (M2M) and IoT market, LoRa is suitable for intermittent low data rate connectivity over significant distances.
The fourth generation (4G) of cellular technology, released in 2008, which brought further increases in speed so HD mobile TV, video conferencing and other apps were enabled.
The current generation of cellular technology is 5G (fifth generation) with deployment commencing in 2019 offers even greater speeds of up to 100 Gbps, lower latency and greater device density per cell.
LTE Long term evolution (LTE) is a standard for 4G wireless broadband technology that offers increased network capacity and speed to mobile device users.
Mobile or Cellular
LPWAN
A mobile or cellular network is a radio network distributed over land through cells where each includes a fixed location transceiver known as base station.
Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is a WAN that caters to smart devices using low power.
Roaming
LTE-M (Cat-M1)
Roaming enables a travelling wireless device to keep connected by visiting another network when it leaves its home location.
Long term evolution for machines (LTE-M) also known as CatM1, refer to the LTE-MTC (LTE-Machine Type Communication) standard defined by the GSMA (Global System for Mobile communications). It is Low Power Wide Area technology which allows extended coverage over 4G/5G.
NB-IoT
RADIO COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is one of the world’s most common communications technologies. It allows for data transmission by radio waves over a short distance.
A narrowband radio technology (NB) specially designed for the Internet of Things (IoT), hence its name. Special use is on indoor coverage, low cost, long battery life, and large number of devices. This technology can be deployed in GSM and LTE spectrum on 4G/5G.
LAN
Sigfox
Mesh Network
Sigfox is a cellular style system that enables remote devices to connect using ultra-narrow band, to provide low power, low data rate, and low-cost communications for remote connected devices.
A Mesh network is a local network in which infrastructure connects directly to as many other nodes as possible and cooperates with one another to direct data to and from clients.
UHF
Wider Area Network (WAN) is a network that extends over a large geographical area.
Ultra-high frequency (UHF) is a commonly used radio frequency range between 300 MHz and 3 GHz (3000 MHz).
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Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that interconnects devices within a limited area with locally managed network equipment. Most commonly seen as a connection between two devices by way of an ethernet cable.
WAN
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Wi-Fi Wi-Fi is a technology that allows for wireless device communication over specific radio bands and is the most common technology used for wireless internet connection.
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) functions the same way as a LAN does, except that a device can connect to the network wirelessly.
WSN Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is made up of autonomous devices using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions.
Z-Wave Z-Wave is a communications technology typically used in security automation and smart homes because of its low energy radio waves which enable it to communicate from appliance to appliance.
SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY
TRACKING AND IDENTIFICATION
IMEI
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a unique identification or serial number that all mobile phones and smartphones have.
International Article Number International Article Number is a barcode identification symbology and numbering system used in global trade to identify a specific retail product type. This may be from a specific manufacturer in a specific packaging configuration.
MEID Mobile Equipment IDentifier (MEID) is a globally unique number identifying a physical piece of CDMA2000 mobile equipment.
QR Code The quick response, or QR Code is a two-dimensional version of a barcode able to convey a wide variety of information almost instantly by scanning with a mobile device.
CubeSat
RFID
A CubeSat is a miniature satellite that is generally cheap to build and launch.
Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) are used for data transmission and capture by way of radio waves. Usually applicable to short distance transmission.
GEO Stationary Orbit Satellites that sit above the equator and orbit at the same rate of movement as the earth are in a geostationary (GEO) orbit. Because they are positioned a great distance from the earth they allow for wide areas of view.
Smart Label
GNSS
UID
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a constellation of satellites providing signals from space that transmit positioning and timing data to GNSS receivers.
Unique Identifier (UID) is a number given to any device within any system to allow the ability to interact with it.
Low Earth Orbit
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters that unambiguously identifies a particular resource.
Some satellites have a low earth orbit which means that they obit the earth at very low altitudes, enabling them to circle the earth quickly. They have limited view of the earth surface due to low altitude positioning.
Smart label is an enhanced version of a bar code. Smart labels take the shape of RFID tags, Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) tags, or the most commonly seen, QR codes.
URI
Nano Satellite Nano satellites are small satellites weighing up to 10 kg.
Polar Orbit The polar orbit refers to the orbit in which satellites orbit the earth from pole to pole rather than along traditional east-west direction.
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Safety 101
APPENDIX 1
SAFETY LEGAL OBLIGATIONS All producers should be aware of their responsibilities under Workplace Health and Safety Legislation. You and your employees must know the safe way to perform a job and this should be documented in a Risk Assessment Statement. A Risk Assessment Statement is a document that describes how work is to be carried out safely. These statements are sometimes called Safe Operating Work Statement (SWMS), Safe Operating Procedures (SOP) or Job Safety Analysis forms. See Appendix 2 Managing Work Health and Safety Risks and for more information contact your relevant state authority.
ENGAGING CONTRACTORS A contractor is a person you source to undertake work for you. The contractor has the required equipment and you only pay for the services as you need them. Each time a contractor is engaged, risk assessment of the work to be performed must be done. This is the responsibility of the contractor, but experience in the NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI) has shown that many contractors require guidance with this. Some contractors will have a risk assessment for their activities. For those who do not, a Risk Assessment Statement is required. Contractors must hold current insurances and should be asked to provide a copy of these as evidence of their currency.
WORKING AT HEIGHTS If you need to work at heights, be aware of risks. For example, you may need to climb onto structures to fit devices. If a lifting device is available it should be used by an experienced operator. Use of harnesses is another option. Operators should ensure that a firm grip is maintained at all times during climbing activities. Some states in Australia require the operator to have a Working at Heights permit. Be aware of your responsibility.
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MANUAL HANDLING For safety, we recommend that two people are used to lift items over 25 kg in weight. Safe lifting procedure including keeping a straight back and bending knees is recommended.
PERSONNEL EXPOSURE Many devices use solar power. Solar panels generate high levels of electricity, silently. Take care when working around these systems. A qualified electrician should be engaged to carry out any electrical work. The use of power tools such as drills and grinders can create sparks, and small shards of sharp metals. Use hearing and eye protection when using these types of tools. Sensible clothing and wearing of gloves will assist in protecting exposed skin. Avoid starting a fire.
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Figure 99: Wear the correct personal protective equipment
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APPENDIX 2
MANAGING WORK HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS Employers, managers and people who control premises and all workers have responsibilities under WHS law to ensure: • the health safety and welfare of all employees and anyone else present in the workplace • that the premises are safe and without risks to health • that plant, equipment or substances provided for the use of or operation by people at work is safe and without risk.
A STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS A safe and healthy workplace does not happen by chance. You have to think about what could go wrong at your workplace and the potential consequences. Then you must do whatever you can (in other words, whatever is ‘reasonably practical’) to eliminate or minimise health and safety risks arising from your business. This process is known as risk management and involves four steps.
THE FOUR STEPS FOR MANAGING WHS RISKS ARE:
Step 1 – Identify hazards
Every workplace has hazards. A ‘hazard’ is anything that has the potential to cause harm to a person. The best way to manage a hazard is to remove it. If you can’t remove the hazard, then you need to manage the risk workers are exposed to.
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Most effective
Elimination
Physically remove the hazard
Substitution
Replace the hazard
Engineering controls
Isolate people from the hazard
Administrative Change the way people work controls Least effective
PPE
Protect the worker with Personal Protective Equipment
Figure 100: Safe Work Australia, Code of Practice 2018, How to manage work health and safety risks
Step 2 – Assess risks If necessary – understand the nature of the harm that could be caused by the hazard, how serious the harm could be and the likelihood of it happening. A risk assessment should be done when: • there is uncertainty about how a hazard may result in injury or illness • the work activity involves a number of different hazards and there is a lack of understanding about how the hazards may interact with each other to produce new or greater risks, or • changes at the workplace occur that may impact on the effectiveness of control measures. A risk assessment is mandatory under WHS law for certain activities that are high risk such as, but not limited to, entry into confined spaces, diving work and live electrical work. A risk assessment is not required when WHS law requires a hazard or risk to be controlled in a specific way—these requirements must be complied with. A detailed risk assessment may not be required in the following situations: • A code of practice or other guidance sets out a way of controlling a hazard or risk that is applicable to your situation. • There are well-known and effective controls that are in use in the particular industry that are suited to the circumstances in your workplace. In these situations, you may be able to simply implement these control measures.
Step 3 – Control risks The best solution to manage risk is to eliminate the hazard. If this is not possible then risk must be reduced using the hierarchy of control measures in Figure 100. Under WHS law it is mandatory to use this hierarchy for risk control.
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Step 4 – Review and revise risk controls You must review your risk control measures: • when the control measure is not working (e.g. when someone is injured or experiences a ‘near miss’) • before workplace layout or practices are changed • when new equipment, materials or work processes are introduced • if a new problem is found • if consultation shows a review is necessary • if a health and safety representative requests it. Consulting with others Consultation with workers and their health and safety representatives is required at each step of the risk management process. By drawing on the experience, knowledge and ideas of your workers you are more likely to identify all hazards and choose effective control measures.
KEEPING RECORDS Keep records of the risk management process, in particular risk assessments; demonstrate what you have done to comply with WHS laws. It also helps when planning other risk management activities, including your control measures. Benefits of keeping records of the risk management process include. They: • allow you to demonstrate how decisions about controlling risks were made • provide a basis for preparing safe work procedures • assist in identifying training needs for key hazards • assist in determining the level of supervision required for a task/activity based on risk
Recording a risk assessment There are many names for a WHS risk assessment, such as: • job hazard analysis (JHA) • job safety analysis (JSA) • safe work method statement (SWMS) • safe systems of work (SSOW). Regardless of the name, a risk assessment should include: • a description of the work to be undertaken • the step by step sequence for the job • the potential hazards associated with each step of the work • the control measures to be used to eliminate or reduce the risk • names of those who will supervise the work and inspect and approve the work area, work methods, protective measures, plant, equipment and power tools • a description of the training to be given to people who do the work • identification of plant and equipment needed on site to do the job–machines, personal protective equipment etc. • details of the inspection and maintenance checks that will be, or have been carried out on the equipment used.
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SAMPLE RISK ASSESSMENT JOB TASK DEPARTMENT/PROGRAM LOCATION DATE ASSESSORS
Place communication tower Continuing Education Paterson 02-08-2021 Matt Notley, Justine Baird
Activity
Hazards
Risk control measures
Sprains and strains Crush Injury in moving part of equipment and pinch points, if positioned under raised load Rollover, Run-over, Run away
Use safe manual handling for lifting parts up to 25 kg, or mechanical lift if greater than 25 kg Ensure loads lifted mechanically are within safe lifting limits
(list the tasks required to perform the activity in the sequence they are carried out) Prepare and place tower or placement
Burns Overhead powerlines Working at heights
Personal protective equipment required Equipment required Relevant legislation & Codes of Practice
Wear seatbelt (if fitted), drive at speed suitable for terrain, avoid turning uphill on steep slopes, use park brake when loading Wear gloves when handling hot metal Close inspection of surrounding area to identify If required to fit off tower at height ensure use of approved lifting device and body harness
Hat, sunscreen, enclosed non slip boots with ankle support Attached equipment, tools, Manufacturers Operators Manuals, first aid kit In accordance with WHS Act 2011, WHS Regulation 2017, COP Safe design and operation of tractors
Maintenance checks, inspections required As per Manufacturers Operators Manuals Training required to complete the task You must be trained and competent as per Manufactures Operator’s Handbook. You must be licensed if driving on public roads Level of supervision & name of supervisor Working alone procedures to apply Supervisor – Fred Smith Suggested improvements (prioritise)
Assessors
Re-assessment Approved by
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Name J Beerd J Lowan
Signature
Date
Fred Smith
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RISK ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE JOB TASK DEPARTMENT/PROGRAM LOCATION DATE ASSESSORS Activity
Hazards
Risk control measures
Name:
Signature:
(list the tasks required to perform the activity in the sequence they are carried out)
Personal protective equipment required Equipment required Relevant legislation & Codes of Practice Maintenance checks, inspections required Training required to complete the task Level of supervision & name of supervisor Suggested improvements (prioritise)
Assessors
Date:
Re-assessment Approved by
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RISK ASSESSMENT TEMPLATE JOB TASK DEPARTMENT/PROGRAM LOCATION DATE ASSESSORS Activity
Hazards
Risk control measures
Name:
Signature:
(list the tasks required to perform the activity in the sequence they are carried out)
Personal protective equipment required Equipment required Relevant legislation & Codes of Practice Maintenance checks, inspections required Training required to complete the task Level of supervision & name of supervisor Suggested improvements (prioritise)
Assessors
Date:
Re-assessment Approved by
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