Agrometeorology of Grass and Grasslands for Middle Latitudes

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Agrometeorology of Grass and Grasslands for Middle Latitudes

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World Meteorological Organization

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CONTENTS Page

Page FOREWORD SUMMARY

....................................

V

(English, French, Russian, Spanish) . . . . . . . . .

vii

....................

1

CHAPTER 2. GRASSLAND ECOLOGY ............. 2.1 General principles .............................. .................... 2.1.1 Ecological succession 2.1.2 Human influence ........................ 2.1.3 Environmental influence .................. ............................ 2.1.4 Productivity 2.1.5 Species ................................ ................................... 2.2 Geography 2.3 Natural grasslands .............................. ...................... 2.3.1 Russian Federation 2.3.2 China ................................. 2.3.3 New Zealand ........................... 2.3.4 Western Europe ......................... 2.3.5 North America .......................... ........................... 2.4 Developed grasslands

2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 9

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 3. CLIMATE IMPACT ON .............. GRASSLAND OUTPUT - A REVIEW 3.1 Radiation ..................................... .............................. 3.1.1 Variation 3.1.2 Growth ................................ 3.1.3 Spectral composition effects ............... 3.2 Temperature ................................... 3.2.1 Temperature and the earth’s energy balance 3.2.2 Energy balance of grassland ................ 3.2.3 Temperature variation .................... 3.2.4 Growth ................................ 3.2.5 Growing season .........................

...

10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 13

............................. 3.2.6 Flowering 3.2.7 Low-temperature effects .................. ........................ 3.2.8 In desert regions 3.3 Rainfall ...................................... .......................... 3.3.1 Water balance 3.3.2 Soil effects ............................. .......................... 3.3.3 Variablewater ....................... 3.3.4 Water and growth ...................... 3.3.5 In desert conditions ........................ 3.4 Soil fertility relationships 3.5 Wind shelter ...................................

13 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 17 17

CHAPTER 4. QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES ....................... TO AGROMETEOROLOGY 4.1 Phenological forecasting ......................... 4.2. Statistical correlation ............................ 4.3 Computer modelling ............................

18 18 19 21

CHAPTER 5. SYNTHESIS OF AGROMETEOROLOGY ................ OF GRASSLAND - AN EXAMPLE 5.1 The plant ..................................... .......... 5.1.1 Grass growth - the broad pattern 5.1.2 Growth responses ........................ 5.1.3 Problems - accuracy of estimates and geographical extrapolation ................. 5.1.4 Climate data ............................ 5.1.5 Annual production estimates ............... 5.1.6 Seasonal production patterns ............... 5.1.7 Evaluation of results ...................... ................................... 5.2 Theanimal ..................... 5.2.1 Animal reproduction 5.2.2 Example of model ....................... REFERENCES

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