Agios Petros: A Neolithic site in the Northern Sporades: Aegean Relationships during the Neolithic of the 5th Millennium 9780860543114, 9781407339962

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Front Matter in Greek
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. NORTHERN SPORADES
3. EXCAVATION
4. FINDS
5. THE AGIOS PETROS CULTURE
6. THE GREEK NEOLITHIC OF THE LATE 6th and 5th MILLENNIA
7. WESTERN ANATOLIA IN THE LATE 6th and 5th MILLENNIA
8. THE AEGEAN NEOLITHIC DURING THE LATE 6th and 5th MILLENNIA
9. CONCLUSIONS
APPENDICES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PLANS AND FIGURES
ILLUSTRATIONS

Citation preview

Agios Petros A Neolithic site in the Northern Sporades Aegean Relationships during the Neolithic of the 5th Millennium

Nikos Efstratiou

BAR International Series 241

1985

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0ES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands� B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S241, 1985: 'Agios Petros: A Neolithic site in the Northern Sporades 1•

©

Nikos Efstratiou, 1985.

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9780860543114 paperback ISBN 9781407339962 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860543114 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

• • •

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V T IOLWM. Aat ag

C ONTENTS P age

1

1 .

I NTRODUCTION

2 .

N ORTHERN S PORADES 2 .1.

T he a rchipelago o f

2 .2.

G eology

t he n orthern S porades - G eneral

3

4 2 .2.1. 2 .3.

T erra r ossa

5

N atural p osition

6

2 .3.1.

8

T oponymic q uestions

AGIOS P ETROS 2 .4.

3 .

8

2 .4.1.

9

T he f auna - A nimals - E veryday l ife

E XCAVATION 3 .1.

T he d evelopment

3 .2.

T heochares's

3 .3.

T he s tratigraphy o f A gios P etros

1 6

3 .3.1.

E xcavation o f

1 9

3 .3.2.

R e-examination o f

3 .4.

4 .

T he n atural s etting

o f

t he e xcavation

e xcavation

1 1 1 2

1 981 t he s tratigraphy

2 1

C omparison b etween t he o ld a nd n ew d ata - D iscussion

2 3

P ottery - F abric

2 6

F INDS 4 .1.

4 .1.1.

D ecorative

t echniques

2 7

4 .1.2.

S hapes

2 8

4 .1.3.

D ecoration

3 2

4 .2.

4 .3.

5 .

6 .

7 .

F igurines

3 7

4 .2.1.

4 3

C onstruction m ethods

S mall

T HE A GIOS

f inds

4 4

P ETROS

C ULTURE

5 .1.

T he A gios P etros

C ulture

5 .2.

C ultural

5 .3.

E nvironment

5 .4.

N ature

5 .5.

C ultural A ffinities

5 1

a ssemblage

o f

a nd

t he

5 1

l ite

5 2

S ite

5 6

5 .5.1.

S ettlement

5 9

5 .5.2.

P ottery

6 1

5 .5.3.

F igurines

6 8

5 .6.

O bsidian and T rade

5 .7.

T he

p lace

o f

t he A gios P etros

T HE GREEK N EOLITHIC o f

7 4

O F T HE LATE

6 th a nd

6 .1.

S tate

6 .2.

P resentation a nd d iscussion o f T he

6 .2.2.

The m iddle

8 7

e arly n eolithic

6 .3.

P ottery g roups

6 .4.

T echnology

6 .5.

S ocial

7 7

5 th M ILLENNIA

r esearch

6 .2.1.

t he

m aterial

p eriod

a nd

i nterregional

8 8 8 9

n eolithic p eriod r elationships

9 5 9 8 1 02

a nd Economic

W ESTERN A NATOLIA I N T HE 7 .1.

G eomorphological

7 .2.

S tate

7 .3.

C hronological

o f

c ulture

o rganization

LATE 6 th and

c onsiderations

r esearch f ramework

1 04

5 th M ILLENNIA 1 09 1 10 1 12

7 .4.

T he

e arly c halcolithic c ultures

7 .5.

T he

l ate c halColithic c ultures

7 .6.

o f A natolia

C ultural a reas o f n orth-western A natolia a nd p ottery

1 14 1 15 1 16

g roups

7 .7.

7 .6.1.

N orth-western A natolia

1 17

7 .6.2.

E astern A egean i slands

1 19

I nterregional r elationships

1 20

8 .

T HE A EGEAN N EOLITHIC D URING T HE L ATE 6 th a nd 5 th M ILLENNIA

1 25

9 .

C ONCLUSIONS

1 35

A PPENDIXES

1 37

B IBLIOGRAPHY

1 73

P LANS

1 91

F IGURES

2 14

I LLUSTRATIONS

3 23

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Among t he p eople Who i nfluenced m y w ork i n v arious ways, P rofessor D emetrios T heochares h olds a s pecial p osition . H is l ectures

i n

t he

University

o f

T hessaloniki

and

h is

l ove

p rehistory w ere f or m e a c ontinual s ource o f e nthusiasm .

t he l ate i nspired o f

G reek

I r ecall with

g ratitude t he c are with which h e f ollowed t he f irst s teps o f m y s tudies i n E ngland

a nd

t he

e ncouragement

h e g ave

m e

a t

d ifferent

s tages

o f

my

w ork. T o

h is

wife

Maria T heochares

I e xpress

my

d eepest

t hanks

f or

t he

c onfidence s he showed i n me b y a llowing me t o s tudy and p ublish t he m aterial

f rom Agios P etros.

I wish

t o

Professor

t hank

J .D.

e ncouragement

my

Evans

t hroughout

s upervisor for

his

t he

a t

t he

I nstitute o f Archaeology

constant

support,

c omposition o f m y

patience

and

t hesis.

I am p articularly grateful t o my joint s upervisor Dr. J . N andris f or t he d iscussions I had with h im o n s pecific p roblems o f t he G reek n eolithic p eriod.

I wish a lso t o

t hank

h im

f or

a ll

h is

a dvice a nd

f riendship. T he

h elp

was

immense .

o ut

t he

o f

t he

E phor

I must

t rial

o f

t he Museum o f V olos D r G .

t hank h im

excavation

e specially

o n

Agios

f or

P etros

h is

i n

C hourmouziades

p ermission

s ummer

1 981

t o

c arry

and

h is

h ospitality d uring my s tay i n V olos. A n umber o f I f eel

grateful

q uestions P etros;

o ther p eople h elped me f or

t he

c oncerning

g enerous

t he

g eological

i n d ifferent p hases o f my w ork .

h elp

o f

D r

C laudio

a spects

o f

t he

V ita-Finzi

s ettlement

on

o f A gios

I must t hank h im e specially f or making a vailable t o me t he

f acilities o f

t he Geographical D epartment o f University C ollege f or T he c ontribution o f D r N . F lemming t o my s tudy o f

various analyses. t he n ature o f my d eepest

t he A gios P etros

t hanks

f or

h is

s ettlement

h elp

a nd

was v ital .

I w ish t o e xpress

c ollaboration d uring

my

d ig

o n

t he

s ite. I want

a lso

t o

t hank

D r

D .

F rench,

I nstitute a t Ankara f or a llowing me, s tudy t he material

D irector

o f

d uring my v isit

t he

B ritish

t o T urkey,

t o

f rom t he v arious s urveys i n Anatolia a nd f or h is

h ospitality. I must a lso t hank Mr J . Mellaart f or h is willingness t o r ead a nd c omment

u pon A natolian c hapter o f m y

t hesis.

I am i ndebted t o my f riends i n t he Museum o f Volos G . P apadaKiMichou,

Z .

Malakasioti

d ifficult m oments T o

my

and

Th .

Makri

f or

t heir

i nvaluable

h elp

i n

o f m y w ork.

f riends

L ucy

G oodison

a nd

C arol

D 'Albiac

my

b iggest

t hanks

f or h elping m e w ith m y E nglish. To

t he

encouragement

m other V asso I o we

a nd

h elp o f

my f ather P loutarchos a nd my

e verything I h ave a chieved

s o f ar.

1 .

I NTRODUCTION: D espite

t he

t he

p ost-war

p rogress

p eriod

o f

a rchaeological

r esearch

c ertain g eographical

r egions

i n

G reece

r emained

u nexplored a s f ar a s t he p rehistoric s equence i s t he c ase f or most o f t he A egean i slands,

i s c oncerned . which a re o f

i mportance

w ith

b ecause

t hey

l ink

where a lso t he n eolithic r ecent

i nvestigations

Torrence, 1 982: t rial

i n

i s

E uboea

o nly

( Sampson,

i n

o ther

A egean

1 981),

i slands

s uch

T hat s till p articular

w estern A sia

f ragmentarily

k nown .

C yclades

2 4) a nd R hodes ( Sampson, 1 979: 4 3)

e xcavations

1 959B:

m ainland G reece

p eriod

d uring

l argely

M inor ,

A lthough

( Cherry

a nd

t ogether with o ld

a s

S kyros

( Theochares,

2 79) and C hios ( Hood, 1 981) o ffer a f air amount o f i nformation

a bout

t he n eolithic o ccupation i n t his p art o f Greece,

h eavily

d ependent

N othing

o n

s urface

s urveys,

u nstratified

s imilar t o t he S esklo c ulture o f

p ainted

p ottery

a nd

c omprehensive

t he i mpressive c ultures

r ange

a nd

we a re s till

mixed

m aterial .

t he mainland with i ts f ine

o f

n eolithic

o f A natolia - H acilar,

material,

o r

t o

C atal H üyük - h ad s o f ar

b een f ound. G eological r easons a nd environmental c onditions have p layed a n important r ole i n o ur p resent s tate o f k nowledge a bout t he Aegean i slands. T he r ise o f t he s ea l evel, d espite t he c ontroversy a bout i t i s

r ecognized a s

early

a nd

weathering e rosion t he

i t, o f

o f

t he t he

s eismogenic

g eological t he

main r eason f or t he s ubmersion o f

n eolithic

c onditions,

r educed

p reservation o f

t he

middle

f ew

s ites

n ature

t he g roup

o f

o f

t he

r esulted

f illed

i slands

j ust

o ff

o n

and

o r

l ess

t he

n orth p art

o f

a lteration

t he A egean h as

n orthern

c oast,

o f

b ecause

t oday. o f

t he

T he

d egree

d ramatic

t he i slands

T hessalian

t he

c onsiderable t he

I n a ddition ,

i n p rogress

e xploration o f

t he

t he

e specially

s till

many o f

s ettlements.

a ffected

e xist .

i n a more

t he

s ea

a nd

A egean,

s ettlements b y

i sland

t he

s till

a p rocess w hich i s

b een p artially

and

d eposits

which

o f

T he l ack o f n eolithic n ow

e ffect

material

c hanges

l andscape,

t he

c oastal

a nd

S porades,

e specially

b y

t he excavations o f Theochares ( 1969-71) ( 1970: 2 71) a nd myself ( 1981) o n t he i slet o f A gios P etros i n t he b ay o f t he i sland o f K yra-Panagia , t he

ancient

d istinctive p ainted

Halonnesos.

n eolithic

p ottery

t radition

a rchitectural r emains . t o

c orrespond

w ith

G reece - S esklo t o

t he

l ate

a nd

During

c ulture

w ere

- r ed

these

o n

c ream

I t

- r ich

e arly

a nd

m iddle

e arly

f igurine

o ther

c halcolithic

t he

o f a

f eatures

a

a nd

s ettlement s eem

c ultural o f

b y

material

p eriod

p eriod

material shows a c oncentration o f c ultural

r e mains

c haracterized

n eolithic

c entral G reece - while a nd

the

i s

T he main c ultural p hases o f

t he

n eolithic

years

r evealed .

o f

mainland

t raits

p oint

A natolia .

T he

f rom d ifferent

g eographical r egions, s omething which i s r emarkable c onsidering t he a pparently i solated p osition o f t he i sland i n t he A egean s ea . T his i s a n

a spect

o f

t he

" Agios

a ttention i n t he c ourse T he l ife

o f

f inds t he

f rom

t he

P etros o f

c ulture"

which

w ill

a ttract

o ur s pecial

t he m aterial s ynthesis.

s ite

s ettlement.

o f

A gios P etros

A d etailed

c over many a spects

d escription

o f

t he

o f

s ite,

t he t he

d evelopment o f t he e xcavation a nd t he s tratification e vidence w ill b e g iven i n s ections 2 a nd 3 , while t he a rchaeological f inds will b e d ealt with

i n

t he

f ourth

s ection .

T he

s ynthesis

will c onstitute t he f ifth s ection .

1

o f

t he

material

S ections 6 and

7 will

a s

a whole

i nclude a

d iscussion

o f

t he

" Agios

P etros

c ulture"

i n

r elation

t o

t he

g eographical a nd c hronological c ontext within which i t o perated,

b road n amely

t he G reek n eolithic ( section 6 ) a nd t he w estern A natolian s equence o f t he l ate 5 th and 5 th millennia ( section 7 ). The e ighth s ection d eals with t he p revailing p icture o f t he A egean n eolithic during t he s ame p eriod . A n a nalysis o f t he a nimal b ones a nd t he marine s hell r emains will

b e

i ndustry,

i ncluded

i n t he A ppendixes

t he r adiocarbon s amples,

a nd a n umber o f

o ther s tudies .

t he

t ogether with t he

T he p lates,

t he e nd.

2

c hipped s tone

geomorphological f igures a nd

observations

p lans f ollow a t

2 .

N ORTHERN S PORADES:

2 .1.

T he a rchipelago o f

t he n orthern S porades - G eneral

T he g roup o f n orthern o r T hessalian S porades Agios

P etros

b elongs

i s

s ituated

i n

t o which t he i slet o f

the

north

A egean

and

g eomorphologically must b e c onsidered a s a n e xtension o f t he M agnesian mass t o t he e ast a nd n orth e ast ( Plan I ) . I t c onsists o f t wo g roups o f i slands ( Plan I I). The f irst group i ncludes Skiathos, Halonnesos and Kyra Panagia, i n o ne o f whose b ays A gios s ituated.

The

d istances

o f

t hese

i slands

u ltimately f rom t he mainland a re n ot g reat: a nd

T hessaly

i ncludes a re

t o

6 km

S kyros;

f rom

i slands

G ioura

t o

a nd

s ome

o ne

X ero,

o ther

a nother

a nd

f rom 4 km b etween S kiathos

P sathoura.

s uch a s G ioura,

mostly u ninhabited;

f rom

S kopelos, P etros i s

The

s econd

P sathoura,

small

r ock

g roup

P iperi

i slets .

which

T he

d epth

o f t he s ea b etween t he i slands varies c onsiderably r anging f rom 3 0 m which i s t he H alonnesos

d epth

b etween

a nd K yra P anagia .

o nly f rom

t he T hessalian

S kyros a nd S kantzoura . i s

e asy

t he

b ecause

o f

mainland

A ll

c oast

a nd

S kiathos

t o

1 50

t he i slands a re e asily a ccessible n ot

b ut

a lso

f rom

t he

s outh

t hrough E uboea ,

C ommunication a mong t he u nits o f

t he

short

m b etween

s tretches

o f

s ea

t he main g roup

which

s eparate

t he

i slands, t he number o f r ocky i slets s cattered b etween t hem, t he s afe b ays which exist and t he whole f ormation and p osition o f t he i slands which a fford b oats

a c onstant

c over f rom t he p revailing l ocal n ortherly

w inds. The

c limate

a lthough

t he

o f

t he

winters

C ycladic i slands a nd b y

t he

a nd

p revailing

b y

t he

E uboea,

n orthern

s imilar

a nd

t han

t o

t hat

t hose

l ess d ry ,

o f

i n

t he

w inds

winter .

v egetation

c ommon

i n

A leppo

o f

t he

p ines

t he h ighlands

S porades

a griculture

i s

n ot

f ishing are

i slands .

d uring

I n

( Pinus

i s

s outherly t he

while

i n t he

S ome

s o w idespread,

p laying a more o ther

p erhaps w ith

and

t o

t he

t he i sland i ncludes

c ultivated a reas a nd A t

r ole

a l ong

a

a nd e vergreen o aks t he

t he p resent moment

b ecause o ther a ctivities

important

o ccupations

s ummer

c ontrast

r ich

h alepensis)

l ower f ertile valleys o live t rees a re grown . a s

c entral G reece more

f or t he i slands a re a ffected

n orth-eastern

winds

o f

t he

l ike t he n eighbouring mainland o f T hessaly a nd

t he

v ariety o f s pecies . a re v ery

i s

c ooler

s ummers

s outh-easterly

C yclades, a nd o f

a rea

a re

s uch

i n t he e conomy o f

t radition

l ike

t he

t he

s hip-

b uilding f or which t he i slanders h ad a good r eputation a re s teadily d eclining

i n t he

r ecent y ears

w ooden v essels a nd N evertheless, a ges

f or

i t

t heir

s hipyards e astward

o r i s

l ack o f

s eems

t hat

maritime

f or

n aval

u nchanged

t he

t heir

t he

S porades

importance s trategic

r oute .

t he

b ecause o f

A n

k eeping

a spect

o f

t he drop i n t he d emand f or

r aw material d ue were

e ither

a s

t o h eavy d eforestation . w ell

k nown

p roviding

t hrough

t imber

f or

t he t he

p osition c ommanding t he n orthward a nd o f

a nimals,

e conomic

l ife

which

h as

r emained

e specially c attle a nd g oats

p resence h as a lways b een f avoured b y t he g reen h ills a nd

t he

l ime

whose s tone

h eights. I n t he

S kiathos

t own

w estern

o f

s ide

S kopelos, i mportance

t he

p art

S kiathos h ave

on

o live

o f

t he

t he

t rees,

i sland

e astern

v ineyards

t he l argest o f t he main group, f or

a griculture:

t he

v alleys

3

which

s ide, a nd

i s

c ultivated

while f ruits .

t he I n

i s

h ills t he

a round o f

i sland

t he o f

two a reas a re o f p articular a round

t he

t own

o f

S kopelos

a nd

t he

h illy

a rea

i n

t he

v ariety o f v egetation i s t rees

a re

g rown

h illsides

and

H alonnesos

t he

a nd

water i s

i n

many

p ine

n orth

i s

a re

t he

s outh

d itterent .

s carce while t he l andscape

t he

i sland.

T he

p ears a nd

t ypical o f

T he

i s

o f

p lums,

V ines

c over

q uite

p art

v egetables,

p laces.

f orests

p icture

western

s triking :

o f

t he

i sland

d ominated

t he

l ower

i sland. h as

b y

c herry

n o

On

v alleys

i solated

h ills

a nd s mall r avines. B ecause o f t his, a nimal h erding a nd f ishing a re t he main o ccupations o f t he i nhabitants. F inally, S kyros, d espite i ts s ize,

i s

t he

i slands;

l east

s outh-eastern p ines,

p roductive

p art

e vergreen

o f

t he

i sland

o aks

a nd

s crub .

while f ishing p lays m inerals

l ike

t he

p rincipal

n orthern

S porades

while

t he

n orthern p art

P astoral

a ctivities

i s

a re

c overed b y

a lso

a s mall p art i n t he i sland's e conomy.

l ignite

m arble a re e xported 2 .2.

o f

f ruits, v ines and grain a re grown i n a l imited a rea i n t he

a s

w ell

a s

g ypsum,

o chre

a nd

most

l imited

H owever,

i mportantly,

i n c onsiderable q uantities.

G eology: T he g eomorphological

i s q uite well

k nown ;

c omposition

o f

i ndeed s ome o f

t he

t he

n orthern

i slands

S porades i slands

- S kiathos,

S kopelos,

Halonnesos - have b een t he s ubject o f t horough and s ystematic s tudy c oncerning 3 23;

t heir

g eology ,

K elepertzis,

g eneral

s tudies

( Philippson, l andscape

2 25;

written

1 959:

c hange

m ineralogy

1 974: 4 0)

about

a nd

the

t he

a lpine

a r econstruction

o f

t he

g eological

b e

According

S kiathos, b elong

S kopelos

t o

t he

Macedonian

a nd

s o

M ts .,

c alled

T hessaly,

1 977).

The

c entral

S porades

v arious

northern

Greece

o f

t he

h istory

n ature

a nd

P elagonian

r idge

most o f

t he

e xtended s ubmarine r idge which s tarts

t he

t o

o f

1 963),

a rea

c an

i slands

o f

t he mainland

i ncludes

t he C yclades a nd i t

The r est o f

t herefore

o f t he

c lose

which

d ynamics

( Aubouin ,

r econstruction

t he

W .

i s n oted

t he S porades - Halonnesos, t o

b elong

M acedonia a nd T hrace ( V . a re

o f

s tudies

1 973:

F rom

p hases

t his

A ttica ,

( Ferentinos,

2 98).

p ost-alpine

S kantzoura - a re c onsidered

which i ncludes

1 973:

which a re s ituated

t or b eing very s eismogenic . K yra P anagia ,

a nd

t o

S kyros

p etrology

geology

e specially

i n

a ttempted.

a nd

Melentis,

t ops

t o

t he V ardar r idge

J acobshagen - W . o f

t he

S kala,

mountains o f a n

f rom T hessaly a nd

c ontinues

i n a

n orth-easterly d irection t o t he n orth A egean b asin . S ome o ld s tudies o f t he s eismic b ehaviour o f t he n orthern A egean ( Ktenas, 1 927: 3 5) h ave s hown

t hat a v olcanic z one extends

E rythrea

i n A sia

Minor ,

o pposite

Thessalian Thebes ( Ktenas, O inoussae

a re

t he

t he i slands o f K tenas s uggests

t wo

t he

1 925:

e xtreme

f rom Thessalian Thebes i sland

o f

L esbos .

T he

t o north

v olcano

o f

5 7) and t he o ther n ear t he i sland o f

p oints

o f

a n

a ctive

z one

which

i ncludes

P sathoura a nd P sathouropoula n orth o f Kyra P anagia. t hat t he c reation o f t hese i slands h as a p ost-pliocene

date a nd d escribes

t he d eposits a s " andesite a ndesitique a ugirite a

o livine"; o ther n orth A egean v olcanoes i n L esbos, L emnos, Agios Efstratios, P sara, Antipsara, Emborio-Chios have t he same c haracteristic

l ava ,

t rue

g eological

t hat

t he

r ich

i n magnesium d evelopment

a nd o f

p otassium .

t he

S porades

H owever , i slands

i s

i t

i s

more

c omplicated b ecause i t i s c losely r elated w ith t he more g eneral h istory o t

t he

" Aegaeis"

a nd

t he

e arth

m ovements

a nd mainly p leistocene e ra r esulted ( Marinos, r egion o f b asin

which

i n

t he

i n t he s ubmersion o f

u pper

p leiocene

t he A egean s ea

S akellariou - Mane, S otiriadis, S apounzis 1 970). W hether t he t he S porades was s ubmerged a t t he s ame t ime a s t he Macedonian

d uring

t he

p leistocene

e ra

w ell

4

b efore

t he

a rea

o f

t he

s outhern

A egean

i s

o pen

t o

q uestion

( Fougares,

1 969).

H owever,

d espite

d ifferent p roposed t heories a s t o t he c haracter and extent o f c hanges t hat

( Cvijie,

during

s uffered

t hese

t he

1 911:

2 33;

J aranoff,

p ost-alpine

f rom s evere,

p eriod

1 937:

t he

2 03),

a rea

o f

t he

t he

e ither w idespread o r l ocal,

f act

t he

t hese

r emains

c entral

Aegean

t ectonic m ovements.

A nother f actor which h as a ffected t he g eological d evelopment o f i slands was t he v olcanic a ctivity o f t he a rea which r esulted i n

t he a ppearance i n ancient t imes - u pper Triassic - o f c ertain m ineralogical d eposits s uch a s p orphyry a nd a ndesites ( PapastamatiouMarinos,

1 938:

e ffects

o n

4 5);

t he

while nowadays

whole

pattern

o f

i t

l ife

h as more o bvious

o f

t he

l ertility a nd p rosperity o r d estruction a nd 8 7).

S till

vivid

in

the

me mory

o f

i slands.

e vacuation

the

a nd

I t

( Bintliff,

local

people

c atastrophic r esults o f t he r ecent s evere e arthquakes o f capital

o f

Halonnesos

a lterations o ccurred: small

i slands

c reating s mall

was

destroyed

d irect

c an b ring

c ompletely

1 977:

a re

the

1 966.

a nd

T he

g eological

v ertical r idges marked t he l andscape o f many

and a whole s ide o f a mountain c ollapsed i nto t he s ea r ocky i slets

I n g eneral

t he

b asis

i n t he n orth o f H alonnesos. o f

t he n orthern

S porades

c onstruction i s

metamorphic r ock which i n S kopelos i s o f p remesozoic date, H alonnesos a nd Kyra Panagia t his i s y ounger.

while i n

O n t his b asis t here a re

s ediment s equences o f Mesozoic a ge which a re s lightly metamorphic, h eavily

f olded

T able 1 ).

a nd

p artly

o f

s chist

( Jacobshagen a nd

d eposits o f marbles with c hert - H ornstein , marble

a nd

s chist,

d ark

p hyllites,

q uartzes

1 977:

2 37,

a lternating l ayers o f

a nd

l entiles

which a re marginally c hanged i nto g reen s chist; p articularly observed c oast.

S kala,

T he i sland o f Kyra Panagia i s c haracterized e specially b y

H owever,

i n t he

t he

l ayers

o f

2 .2.1.

T erra r ossa:

b ay b eneath t he Monastery

l argest

p art

o f

t he

i sland

l imestone d eposited a bove t hese s eries

D eposits

o f

t erra r ossa

o f

h ave

b een

f ound

o phiolite

s uch d eposits were i s

a t

t he

f ormed

( Kelepertzis,

i n

many

o f

e ast

b y h uge 1 974).

t he

S porades .

I n s ome p laces t hey a re a ssociated with a rchaeological r emains f rom d ifferent

p eriods

H alonnesos ( 1970:

( Plan

d eposits

2 76)

o f

t ogether

I II) .

A long

t erra r ossa with

t he

t he e astern c oast were

f ossilised

" prehistoric" t ools o f white f lint. M useum

o f V olos,

a re o f

i s o f

b y

b ones

S ome o f

M ousterian t ype

1 981) a nd t he r aw material

l ocated

o f

t he i sland o f

T heochares

o f

b ig

i n

mammals

1 969 a nd

t hese t ools, now i n t he

( Moundrea,

l ocal o rigin ;

o ral i t

c ommunication ,

i s very p robable

t hat i t c omes f rom a s ite c alled S partines o n t he e astern s ide o f t he i sland

from

( Theochares, f ound

o n

which 1 970) .

t he

h owever,

i slet

t he

other

o f

t erra

A gios

( position

I I

A ccording

i n P lan I II) j ust

t o h ave

t he

o f

- are

r eported

M ousterian t ype

c ampaign

o f

1 969

w ere

where,

b een e roded b ecause o f

t he

a small

s loping i sland

t he e astern c oast

o f Halonnesos,

g eological

i n g ood

layers

o rder.

h is r eport t he d eeper s ediments w ere f ollowed b y l imestone

d eposits a nd a t hick l ayer o f D espite

d uring

o ff

cores

t ools o f

F rom Kokkinokastro,

r eported a s equence

t o

- mainly

P etros

r ossa s eemed

w eathering c onditions. T heochares

finds

S imilar p alaeolithic

t erra r ossa,

2 - 2 .50 i n t hick.

t he f act t hat t he p roblem o f t he r ole a nd t he o rigin o f

5

t .e Older F ill

i n t he

Mediterranean a rea i s s till u nsettled,

t f eory o f V ita F inzi i s a ccepted ( 1969), b etween

t he

existence

crystalline p alaeolithic

o f

l imestone a rtifacts

t he

t here

l imestone

- the

t erra

( Bintliff,

d eposits

r ossa

1 977:

4 6) .

- e specially

and

I n

the

t hat

a nd

p leistocene

t he r emains

f irst

t ime

d eposit

c ontaining

o f a l ocal i ndustry i s

t hat

t he

A egean

b asin

c onfirm a human p resence a t S apiens

d id

s hallow

s tretches

many

ways

f ossilized

o ccupy

i slands

o f

r esembles

t hat

h as

( Cherry ,

o f

y ielded

w ere

o f

p alaeolithic

s eparated

1 979:

2 8) .

K okkinopilos

T his

o f

s eems

2 71) o f a n mammals I t

i s

f inds

e vidence f rom

i t

b ig

s ome s ignificance .

such a n early date,

which

water

o f

1 970:

b ones

t he

presence

r espect

t o me t hat the d iscovery i n Halonnesos ( Theochares, u pper

i f t he

may b e s ome r elation

t he

which

t hat

Homo

t he

m ainland

b y

s tone

i ndustry

i n

( Higgs - H ey,

1 964 :

1 99)

a nd

i t s eems c ertain t hat we have h ere a n exposure o f a c amp s ite o f t he middle p alaeolithic.

P erhaps more i nteresting i s

t he e xistence o f

Mousterian p ieces o n t he i slet o f A gios P etros and K yra P anagia a nd implications

o f

t hat

f or

s eafaring i n t he a rea . s ea

r each

dry

2 0,000

Appendix

which

a go,

makes

makes a s imple

t he

i sland

r ecent

u s

more

p ossibility o f a f looded p ossibility .

e ustatic

r e-examination

s trait

2 71)

f rom H alonnesos

c autious

a bout

t he

c hanges a nd p rimitive

A lthough T heochares ( 1970 :

s eparates

y ears

1 )

t he p roblem o t

o f

s tated

t he

t his

b efore Kyra P anagia

t hat

t he

s hould h ave

b een

e vidence

( see

c ontention . was

f irst

T he

o ccupied

f orm o f s eafaring p racticed b y p rimitive p eople a s trong I n

a ddition

t o

t hat

i t

i s

j ustifiable

t o

s peculate

t hat

t he r ock c aves which were o bserved 3 5 t o 4 0 m d eep i nto t he s ea s outh west

o f

t he

i slet

p alaeolithic

o f

t imes;

Agios

P etros

i n o ther words

c ontinuous o ccupation o f

c ould

o ne

c ould

have

b een

s uggest

t he a rea f rom p alaeolithic

o ccupied

t hat

t imes

i n

t here was a o nwards,

a nd

a s t he s ea l evel r ose s teadily, i n s ome p eriods a larmingly f ast, t he o ccupation was moving p rogressively o nto h igher g round s urviving

t oday

d ates

c ome

b ack t o t hese

2 .3.

N atural

Theochares

i t

o f

t he

n eolithic

s o

t hat

p eriod .

B ut

t he w e

s ite s hall

( see s ection 8 ).

f irst

o bserved

( 1970)

s omething

b ay a round A gios P etros

i s

which

was

l ater

a v ery s ecure n atural h arbour ;

shelter f or f ishing b oats and

I t

e very y ear,

l ater

t he

t he b ay o f Kyra P anagia and e specially t he n orth-east

p rovides

w eathers .

p roblems

t o

p osition:

r eaffirmed: c orner

b ack o nly

o ther

small

s hips

i n a ll

i s u nsafe o nly when t he s outh-wind b lows f or a f ew months

mainly i n A pril a nd

May .

I t

i s

p articularly

s afe

f rom

t he

n orth w est - maistros - a nd n orth e ast - t ramoundana - winds which b low a ll y ear a round a nd a lso t he meltemi wind i n t he s ummer . A ccording t o l ocal

f ishermen i t

i s

o ne o f

t he

t wo s afest

t he o ther b eing t he b ay o f P eristera,

h arbours i n t he w hole a rea ,

s outh o f

t he i sland

o f X ero.

The c urrent a round t he i slands o f t he S porades a s a round a ll t he A egean i slands i s s trong and unpredictable. I t c ombines t he l ocal c urrents

b etween

t he

i slands

with

t he

s urface

c urrent

which

r uns

t hrough t he B osphorus, t he s ea o f Marmara and t he Dardanelles i n a s outh-westerly d irection i nto t he A egean . F rom March t o N ovember t he northern winds L emnos

i n

b low with c onsiderable

a s outh-westerly

d irection

v elocity

while

a re l ess s trong d uring a utumn a nd w inter .

t he

S o i t

f rom

t he

i sland

s outh-running

o f

c urrents

s eems v ery l ikely t hat

t he bay o f Kyra P anagia a nd e specially i ts north-eastern c orner h as

6

a lways

b een a n important s helter f or b oats c rossing t he A egean i n a

n orth-bound o r west-bound d irection ( Mediterranean I n

g eneral

t he

r oute

( Izmir).

t o

S porades

a re

northern

s ituated

Greece

and

o n

n orth-east

c lose

S kopelou .

t o

O n t heir way t o

s outh-east

T he

s ea

o f

L ocal

t hirty y ears a go;

twenty

o r

t or

t he

i s

not

f ishermen ,

c hange .

f ishing

t rawlers o f

o r

o f

Anatolia

west

t he c oast

t he K aloyeri

h owever,

o f

S kyros

o f A sia M inor, r ocks which a re

r eported.

t he

d eep

i nvolving The

i nsist

t hat

i t

o nly

A lthough

S kopelos a nd H alonnesos were o f

t unny f ish,

was n ot

l ike

t hey b lame h eavy f ishing and s ea

D espite

a ctivity

Halonnesos.

movement

t o

p ass e ither e ast o f

waters

t he

u se

a round o f

c ollective

i t

i s

p robable

t he

l arge

e ffort

d uring October and N ovember when t unny f ish a ppear n orth

2 80).

m iddle

a round Kyra Panagia d oes not a ppear t o b e v ery r ich i n

t hat

o rganized

1 955:

t he

S kyros .

f ish n owadays . p ollution

i n

r oute

P sathoura ,

t he b oats u sually p ass s outh o f A ndros a nd s ituated

t he

t he b oats

o f P iperi a nd n orth o f

t hrough D iavlos

P ilot,

a c rossroads

O n t heir way t o n orthern G reece

S kyros, a nd

t he

i slands,

b oats

c an

b e

a nd s een

i n t he d eep s ea

t hat

t he

s traits

o f

t he p assageway f or t he s easonal s outhbound

n o actual evidence exists

t o

c onfirm

t his.

F ishermen d o n ot u sually t ravel l ong d istances t o o btain t heir d aily c atch . o f

U sing

a s

Halonnesos

a round t he

b ases

t he

i slands

4 h ours;

t he

small

s mall

f ishing

k arkia

( 5-6

p orts

a long

t he

e astern

m l ong) g o mainly

c oast

t o t he north

o f K yra P anagia a nd G ioura i nvolving a j ourney o f 3 -

s lightly

b igger

o f P sathoura where

b oats

g o

f ishing

f urther n orth

t he waters a re d eeper ( Plan V ) .

t o

t he

i sland

I n n either c ase

does t he expedition l ast more t han 2 -3 days d epending on t he weather a nd

t he

c atch .

c onstitutes

I t

t he

s hould

main

b e

a dded

f ishing

t hat

t his

g round

o f

n orthern g roup

t he

whole

o f

i slands

S porades

r egion .

Numbers o f b oats f rom a s f ar a s Volos, T rikkeri and S kyros h ead up t o t he

n orth e specially

d uring

t he

one the i sland o f Halonnesos. u nable

t o

d ocument

s outh o r north . c oming

f rom

a ny

o ther

s ummer

months

making

movements

o f

f ishermen o r

Undoubtedly t here a re s ome i solated

t he

s outh f or e xample

a ctivities

which ,

I t hink ,

i nterpreted ( Bintliff, t hink,

t o

u se

modern

i n a rchaeological

1 977:

1 2 0.

f ishing

b oats

b ase

I t

r outes

i n

i s

f rom

c ases o f

f rom E uboea a nd A ndros,

i ndicative o f a t raditional movement o f f ishermen , o f

a t emporary

D uring my survey i n t he S porades I was t he

b oats

b ut n othing

a n o rganized p attern

t erms

h as

b een wrongly

methodologically wrong,

I

o rder t o e stablish t he p ossible

movement o f f ishermen 7 ,000 y ears a go . Although t he r outes o f s ome m igratory f ish h ave n ot c hanged f rom p rehistoric t imes, t he c ultural implications

o f

t he

movement

o f

f ishermen

must

n ot

b e

o veremphasized .

F or s omeone who k nows

t he modern h istory o f t he a rea i t i s e vident t hat

t he A egean e xperienced

p eriods o f massive e xploitation o f

w ithout

t his

i slands .

O n

f act t he

h aving

c ontrary,

i nfluenced more

t he

d emographic

f undamental

s ea r esources

c haracter

t echnological

a nd

o f

t he

e conomic

i nnovations s uch a s t he i ntroduction o f c ertain t ypes o f s ailing b oats and t rading, d id a ffect t he p attern o f l ife i n t he Aegean i slands d uring

t he

E ven

l ast i f

f ew c enturies.

we

a ssume

f ishermen

i n

t he

d ifficult

t o

a ccept

f oundation o f f actors

which

t hat

Aegean t hat

i sland a rgue

i n

t here

were

p ursuit

o f

w ell

s uch a ctivities

s ites

a gainst

( Gamble, t hat

were

1 979:

a ssumption .

7

e stablished

subsistence 1 25). I f

m ovements

r esources

r esponsible There p eople

i t

f or

o f i s t he

a re

s everal

h ad

a cquired

t he

t echnological

s kill

f or

t ravelling

e xceptionally r ough s ea t o n avigate, f ishing.

t he A egean,

would

n ot

which i s

h ave

b een o nly

a n f or

A b roader motivation s uch a s t rade a nd c ommunication must

h ave i nitiated o f

i n

t his

t his k ind

o f

movement .

A lthough

t he

e vidence

i t - f or early o ccupation i n Melos d oes i ndicate,

R enfrew's

i nterpretation

( 1982:

2 22),

t hat

f ishing

- o r

l ack

i f o ne a ccepts t rips

a nd

e ven

r esource c ollection ( i.e. o bsidian) were n ot enough i n t hemselves t o l ead t o c olonization , s ort

o f

e conomic

s ettlements . f ood

i t i s d ifficult

i ncentive

was

F ishing f rom i ts

s ource

and

i t

was

t o a void

b ehind

n ature

r ather

main

i t

s eems

p reoccupation

c annot

s emi-permanent i s

h ighly i mprobable o f

a nd

i sland

s easonal

t he unavoidable

b e

a nd

t he

t he r esults

c oastal

c haracter

c onsequence o f

c onsidered o f

s ome

o f i sland

a s

a s table

e very d ay d iet. a re

not

a lways

t hat f ishing a ctivities w ere c ommunities .

o f

t he

i sland

Moreover ,

t he t he

s ettlements which

t he habitation p attern o f

f ishermen i s n ow d isputed b y t he e vidence 2 .3.1.

e stablishment

a s upplement

S ince t ime i s e ssential f or f ishing and r ewarding,

t he a ssumption t hat

t he

moving

f rom A gios P etros.

T oponymic q uestions:

There i s a great d eal o f c ontroversy a bout t he a ncient n ames o f t he

S porades .

p lace n ames

I t t o

whose a ncient s canty which

a nd s ome

H alonnesos

i s

v ery d ifficult

a ny o f n ame

t he

o f

P eparithos

m isleading . o f

t he

o n

s ome

i slands

E qually

i slands maps

b ear

t o

a ttribute

w e

k now ,

c onfusing

t he i s

two n ames .

a ppears

t he

w ith c ertainty .

a s

s urviving

E xcept

i nformation

t he

F or

p resent

i nstance

L iadromia o r

a ncient

f or S kopelos w e

h ave

s ituation t he

i sland

C helidromia .

i s i n o f

R emains

o f t he c lassical t own o f I kos have b een f ound o n t he i sland a nd s ome s cholars a re i nclined t o t hink t hat t his was t he a ncient n ame o f t he whole i sland .

S ome o ther s cholars

p resent

Kyra P anagia

m aps o f

t he l ast

On

1 6th

( Fick,

i dentify a ncient H alonnesos w ith t he

1 905).

I f

we

c entury

maps

t he

i sland

P elagnisi a nd t he p resent H alonnesos a s i n a F rench map o f 1 745 t he n ames h ave and

P elerisse.

H alonnesos

a nd

On

K yra

G reek

P anagia

I rresia;

a 1 828

P elagonisi

i dentifications a ncient

l ook a t

t he v arious

f ew c enturies w e r ealize t he extent

have

h istory

map

t he

= K yra

- P elagonisi

Kyra

maritime

t he p roblem.

Panagia

a ppears

a s

D romo ( map o f 1 575 A D) . L ater c hanged s lightly t o C helidromi

p resent

P anagia .

b een a ttempted a nd

o f

o f

I n

mainly

l iterature :

names

= H alonnesos;

t o

with names

L iadromia

P sathoura = E uthyra o r E udymia;

a ppear:

a ddition

G ioura

D romi

=

t hat,

o ther

k nown

f rom

- H alonnesos

= G erontia ;

= I kos; P iperi

=

S kantzoura = S kandyli.

2 .4. A gios P etros - T he n atural s etting: A gios P etros

i s a t iny i sland

1 50 m l ong a nd 7 0 m w ide w hose main

axis extends f rom north-east t o s outh-west ( Plan I V, P late 1 ).

I t i s

s ituated i nside t he b ay o f Kyra Panagia while a nother l arger i sland, c alled P elerissa o r P hagrou ,

l ies 7 00 m t o t he

o f A gios P etros i s 1 2 m above t he s ea l evel;

west .

T he h ighest

p oint

i ts n orthern s ide r ises

a lmost v ertically f rom t he s ea while t he s outh-west e nd f alls away v ery g ently ;

t he

s lope

i s

more

p ronounced

o n

t he

s outh-west

s ide

where

i t

f alls away a t a r ate o f a lmost 1 i n 6 . T he whole i sland i s v ery r ocky . P art o f i t h as a l ayer o f r ed e arth, 1 m t hick, b ut most o f i t i s c overed with s crub except t he a rea where t he excavation was c arried

8

o ut.

The earth d eposits a re small a s t he i sland i s e xposed t o s trong

n ortherly a nd

t he

w inds .

D espite

l ack o f

f resh

t he

s mall

water,

s ize

o f

t he

i sland,

wild r abbits manage

i ts

a lso a l imited number o f goats join t hem f or a short months

i n

t he

s ummer

a s

t hey a re

b eing p repared

i solation

t o s urvive o n i t;

f or

p eriod

o f

two

t ransportation

t o

o ther i slands. The l arger i sland o f Kyra P anagia c overs 2 8 s q. km a nd i s a lmost o val

i n s hape,

5 -8

km l ong and 4 -5 km wide.

Morphologically

c haracterized b y two main d eep a nd s afe b ays. t hat

which

c ontains

northern o ne, entrance.

t he

i slet

T he

east

a nd

s ides

i nto

t he

i slets.

e ast

c oast,

N ear

t he

b yzantine monastery b uilt

s tate

o f

t he

4 km

f rom

( Plate

i sland

2 )

a nd

i t

a re

t he

i naccessible

a nd a n umber o f

Agios

P etros,

l ies

i s a " metohi" o t

r ocky

a n

o ld

t he M onastery

T he whole i sland o f Kyra P anagia was b ought

t hat d ate a nd s ince

o f

P etros

s ea w ith d eep waters

i n 9 00 A D ;

o f M egisti L avra o f A thos . b y Megisti Lavra a t

Agios

i s

i s a l ong d eep b ay with a v ery n arrow

west

f alling v ertically

r eligious

o f

c alled P lanetes,

i t

The s outh-west o ne i s

A thos.

Traces

t hen i t

o f

l ate

h as

b elonged t o t he

r oman

and

b yzantine

o ccupation c an b e s een a ll o ver t he i sland:

c ist graves o f unknown

date

monastery,

and

t he

r emains

o f

t he

f irst

b yzantine

s acked

a nd

d estroyed b y p irates, a re w itness t o t he t roubled h istory o f t he a rea . E ven t hese d ays t he l ocal p eople a re a ccustomed t o s earching f or h idden t reasures b ecause n orthern v ery

i slands

a ctive

h istorians a llegedly

G ioura,

p irates o f

t he

b uilt

t he i sland

i t i s well k nown t hat K yra P anagia a nd e specially t he o f

b y

area

t o enable

p arts :

t he

t alk

i n K yra

t hem

a nd o f

P iperi t he

a bout

t hey w ere

s helter

c entury.

a wooden

P anagia

t rapped

p rovided

1 9th

t rack

c onnecting

t o t ransport t heir

t he

i sland

mountainous

b oats

which

t he

t wo

f rom

f or

Amateur

one

was

b ays

o f

bay

t o

t here.

o f

K yra

r ocky a rea

P anagia which

a long t he n orth-west and s outh-west

ridges

n arrow s tretches s ide o f o live

end

T he f auna - a nimals - e veryday l ife:

Morphologically two

t he

even

p irates

a nother a nd e scape w hen 2 .4.1.

P sathoura

until

o f

l ow-land

t he i sland ( Plate

t rees ( Appendix V I) .

which

3 ).

b e

c oast, t o

t he

s eparated o f

two

a nd two

s ix

i nto

p arallel

t he

two l ong

b ays

o n e ither

B oth a re c ultivated a nd c overed with

A ccording t o t he monk a nd a c ouple

p eople who l ive p ermanently o n t here a re a pproximately

r un d own

c an

c onsists

t he i sland

h undred

o live

t aking t rees

s ometimes r eaches t hree t housand k ilos.

c are o f a nd

t he

o f

o ther

t he l ivestock , o il

p roduction

T he r est o f t he i sland with

i ts r ocky g round - t he h ighest mountain r eaches 4 00 m - i s a n i deal p lace

f or t he

t wo

t housand g oats w hich a re i ts m ain o ccupants.

Their g reat number and t he i naccessibility o f many a reas o f t he i sland t hem, t he n o

h ave

c aused

s ome

p roblems

i n maintaining e ffective c ontrol o ver

e nsuring b alanced e xploitation o f

e conomic

p rosperity o f

r estrictions

f ew y ears a go f encing

o ff

t he

o n t he movement

i t was d ecided l arge

activities o f

a reas.

t he animals

t he f auna a nd

i nhabitants . o f

U ntil

t he a nimals a round

( c)

t he

t here

i sland

were b ut

a

t o s eparate t he whole i sland i nto p arts b y The

s o a s

a im

was

( a)

t o

c ontrol

t he

t o e conomize on p asture,

which i s e ssential when d ealing with s uch a n umber ; water r esources;

t hus s afeguarding

r ecently

( b)

t o

h erding

s omething a djust

t he

t o k eep t he l oss o f a nimals d own b ecause many

g oats u sed t o t urn wild which meant i t was impossible f or t hem t o b e c aught b e

a nd

a ble

was

s old ;

( d)

t o g ather

d ue.

I n

e nclosed p ractice

might t he

y ielded

b y

s ubmerged a nimals

o ther

p asture

a ccount

t o

b e

i s

a nd

The

s elling

c onstitutes H ow

imagine

i f

- goats,

t he

e conomic d airy

o ne

t ransporting

H alonnesos a nd S kopelos e specially d uring d eal o f

t he d airy a nd o il p roduce i s

N evertheless

t he p attern o f

t he

p roductivity

t o t he i sland . s u ficient

B ut

t o

t he

e lsewhere .

S o

t he

t he

t he

a rea

g rowing

g oats

i nto was t he

exploitation o f

t he

p roducts

o r

t he

g oats

t hey s ell t he

H owever, a g reat

b oat - k aiki b een l ike

- t o A thos . t his .

I n t he

t o a ccommodate more f amilies and b y

i ntroducing

b ecause t he

i ncreased n umber

was

t akes - which o f

s ummer .

t aken b y

s cheme f ailed

s ustain a n

h erbivores - n o g rass

o f

o f

t his

t o t he n earby i slands o f

l ife h as n ot a lways

early ' 70s t here were a ttempts i ncrease

t hem

a nd

t he

s ubsequently

o f

t o

b ack

s ection

t hemselves when t heir n umber i ncreases c onsiderably; a nimals i n b atches o f 3 0-50,

( e)

a k ind

f ar

s heep

u nderwater

t he

a reas ;

t he p regnancy p eriod

s cale.

t o

b ones

s ettlement. o f

c ultivated

i sland

e asy

p its

c onsists

f rom

a l arge

a nimal

e xcavated

n owadays

whole

o n

i t

o f

away

m ilking s eason o r

t he

g oats

t raced

n eolithic

t hem t he

words

f or

abundance t he

k eep

t hem when

s heep

h ad

r esumed

t o

c attle

l ocal p asture w as n ot

l ivestock ,

f ood

a nd

t o

e specially b e

t heir

b rought

d ominance

b ig f rom

o f

t he

i sland. I n f act,

a ccording t o t he monk and t he h istorical c atalogues o f

t he

monastery o f

f or

h undreds

s tock i s

o f

A thos,

g oats

y ears;

w ere

t he

o nly

i nhabitants

t his monk emphatically a sserts

i dentical with t hat o f

much earlier t imes

o f

t he

t hat

b ecause a great

number o f wild g oats e xisted o n t he i sland c ontinuously. w orthwhile n oting h ere

t hat a s pecial k ind o f

w ild

g oat

c onsiderable n umbers o n t he n earby i sland o f G ioura ; a r eddish s kin a nd

b ig h orns s imilar t o

A lthough p ollen a nalyses r econstruct

t he

environment ( Bintliff, valleys

o f

v egetation

r egional

was

p robably

1 977). t he d ue

h ave n ot

l andscape,

I t t he

was

l ower

s ea

f resh water ( see A ppendix 1 ). c overing

t he

whole

i sland

a ctivities t aking p lace.

o r

l evel

l ives

i n

i t i s a g oat with

b een c arried o ut t he

c limate

d rastically

greater

I t i s a lso

s till

t he C retan k ri-kri. t o e nable u s

a nd

t he

d ifferent

i s h owever c ertain t hat

i sland

t o

n ot

i sland

t he a nimal

f rom

t he extent o f

a nd

c orrespondingly

a nd

t he

g reater

t o

p hysical t oday

t he

two

r icher

i n

a vailability

o f

B ut we s hould n ot e xpect t hick f orests widespread

a gricultural

and

I n t he f irst p lace t he q uality o f

h erding t he s oil

c annot ever have a fforded a g reat p otential f or f arming and s econdly t he

n atural d ryness

o t

a ll

t he A egean i slands,

e specially

t he C yclades,

i s c haracteristic o f Kyra P anagia a s well, t hough t o a l esser extent. H owever, i t s hould b e s tressed t hat o ther i slands o f t he s ame g roup a nd s imilar

g eological

v egetation

e .g.

f ree-range g oat P anagia 1 981:

a s

i s

c haracteristics

S kiathos, must

t he

b e

c ase

S kopelos, b lamed

f or

a re

P iperi .

r icher T his

i n i s

t he p resent day

woodlands

n o

d oubt

p icture

t hat o f

and t he Kyra

i n many o ther Mediterranean a rea ( Thirgood,

6 8).

1 0

3 .

E XCAVATION:

3 .1.

T he d evelopment o f

t he e xcavation:

T he f irst a rchaeological v isit b ack t o A ugust t he

n orthern

1 969 a nd was

S porades.

p art

T he

t o

t he i sland o f A gios P etros d ates

o f a n e xtensive s urvey o f

i sland

was

v ery

r ich

i n

t his p art o f

s urface

f inds

a nd

b ecause o f t hat a t rial excavation was c onducted b y T heochares. s urface

material

i ncluded

s tone

o bjects

( axes,

t ools),

p ieces

o f

The white

f lint o f p alaeolithic character ( Mousterian), a g reat many obsidian f lakes ( including many b lades with r etouch) and s ome f igurines.

The

c eramic

b ases

a nd

s urvey c overed a ll

t he

r emains

s ome

p ainted

main

p art

i ncluded

p ieces

o f

t he

Minyan

f rom

s herds

c arinated

small

i sland

f rom v ases

s hapes.

apart

T he

f rom

t he

w ith

a rea

r ing with

t he

t hick

v egetation. T heochares o pened C utting T i,

6 m l ong a nd 4 m w ide,

western s ide o f t he i sland and a l ong c utting, a long

t he

w est

( Plan VI).

s ide

o f

Moreover,

t he t he

whole

T i

a rea

existence

o f

f or

o n t he s outh-

t he s o called TRENCH,

s tratigraphical

a c ircular

p urposes

s tructure

with a

c urved f oundation h ad b een noticed f rom v ery early o n, just s outh o f t hese

c uttings

( Plate 4 b).

During t he s econd p eriod o f e xcavations i n 1 970 s ix n ew s quares w ere o pened b y T heochares ; and

t he

o pen up a s where

t hree o f

t hem were d ug n orth

r est t o t he e ast o f t hese:

t he

l arge a n a rea a s d eposits

s eemed

1 -VI, ( Plate 4 a).

possible,

t o

b e

mainly

d eepest,

i n

t o

t he

o f

C utting T i

The a im was t o

t he

h ope

north and t hat

t he

e ast

o verall

p icture o f t he s ite with r egard t o t he a rchitectural r emains and t he s equence o f

t he

p ottery w ould

b ecome

c lear.

The o pening o f a l ong c utting, 1 0 m l ong a nd 2 .50 m wide, c alled was t he f ocus o f t he t hird y ear o f e xcavations on Agios Petros

MT,

c arried

o ut

d one

i n a ll

i nto

t he

m iddle

b y T heochares t he

a lready

h elladic

i n

1 971.

p reviously d ug e xisting p it

was

I n

s quares

p icture

o f

d iscovered

p arallel

s ome

i n o rder

t he

f urther

t o f it

s ite .

work

was

t he n ew e vidence

D uring

t his

c ampaign a

i n t he n orth-west

c orner o f

C utting

MT which r evealed many middle h elladic sherds a nd

numerous

animal

b ones. I n t he

s ummer o f

1 981 with t he p ermission o f t he E phoreia o f V olos

a small s cale excavation was carried o ut b y myself o rder

t o

p roblems t eam t he

r e-examine o f

h eaded

t he

t he

s tratigraphy

o f

t he

c ultural a nd p ottery s equence .

on t he

s ite

and

i sland i n

t he

r elated

Moreover, a n u nderwater

b y D r N F leming t ried t o a nswer c ertain p roblems c oncerning

g eomorphological

p osition

o f

t he

s ite

a nd

t o

e stablish

whether

o r

not t he s ubmerged p art o f t his e arly n eolithic s ettlement was s till r ecognizable . C harles

T he

S chwartz,

e xcavation who

had

t eam

i ncluded

a b one

a lready

examined

t he

s pecialist,

material

f rom

Mr t he

c ampaigns o f t he e arly ' 70s a nd n ow was a ttempting a more c areful s tudy o f

t he

o f

t he

s tratigraphic i sland

o f

o ccurrence

Kyra

P anagia

o f

t he n ew

was

done

f inds. i n

M eanwhile

o rder

t o

a s urvey

l ocate

more

prehistoric s ites i f any such existed. This proved to b e a d isappointing exercise s ince n o p rehistoric o ccupation was o bserved o n t he i sland.

1 1

My

f irst

i ntention

a rchaeological p art T o

o f

t he

s ite

b y

i sland

t he n orth

o f

where

1 971

I n

a nd

f ragments

t he

c oarse

T he d ig e nded

cm

t he

f rom

s urface

o f

t he

exact

s oundings

e arth s eemed

t here

was

n o

s ize

a long

t he

o f

t he

n orthern

p romisingly d eep .

c hance

4 m l ong a nd 3 m w ide,

t opsoil

l evels t he

Nothing

p ottery,

s herds .

o ut

more

d eposit

b ecause o f

p ottery .

o f

f ind

o f

making a ny

s evere e rosion a nd t he e xposed b edrock ( only a vailable b etween t he n atural r ock) . A c utting

t he s ettlement

obsidian

t o s ome

s ection

h owever o pened,

( Plan V I).

o utside

t he

T heochares 's

f inds b ecause o f t he p ockets o f e arth w ere c alled X was

was

making

i t

was

l ack o f

was

j ust n orth o f MT o f

o bvious

t hat

a ny k ind o f

f ound

a part

b roken a nimal

f rom

b ones

and

t he e xtent

o f

t he c utting .

were

v ery

small

a f ew Minyan

w ith t he a ppearance o f t he n atural

o ver

we

f inds s uch a s

b edrock,

A fter

t hat

0 .55

i t was

r easonable t o a ssume t hat t he s ettlement e nded a pproximately 1 0 m n orth o f

c utting MT ,

m .

while

t he d istance

f rom i ts s outhern c orner m easured 5 0

A s we s hall s ee l ater o n i n t he d iscussion o f t he actual s ize o f

the

s ettlement

observation, s ite

i n

t he

l ight

o f

t he

e vidence

f rom

t he

u nderwater

t hat d istance r epresents t he whole e astern e dge o f t he

( see s ection 5 .4). F rom

a ll

t his

e vidence

i t

b ecame

e vident

t hat

we

n eeded

t o

r estrict our e fforts t o t he a rea which was dug b y Theochares t o h ave any hope o f f inding an undisturbed s tratigraphical s equence, d eposit f rom

o f

t he

u nmixed

material

o riginal

e asy

t o

excavations.

r elate

F or

t o,

t his

( Plan V I) a long t he e astern f ace o f S q.

I I,

a nd

c ompare

a d eep

w ith ,

d ata

I chose t he a rea c alled Z 4 m l ong and 2 .50 m wide.

I ts a dvantages were t hat ( a) the d eposit l ooked q uite p romising, ( b) S q. I had a lready p roved undisturbed and r ich i n f inds, and ( c) i t was e asy

t o

make

p recise

s tratigraphical

o bservations

o f

t he

a rea p rior

d igging t he a ctual c utting b y s imply c learing i ts e xternal w hich f aced 3 .2

t he s ea a nd w as a lready c ut

T heochares' H ere w ill

r ocks o f

t he c oast.

e xcavation:

b e g iven a n a ccount o f

b ased o n t he r eports p rovided Theochares o pening o f

b y t he

t o

western f ace

t he f irst

e xcavations a t t he s ite

b y T heochares d uring t he d ig o f

1 969-71.

r ealized f rom t he o utset t he p roblems r aised b y t he

t he f irst

c uttings

o n t he s ite :

t he

d eposits

were

small

o r

non-existent, t he e rosion, e specially i n t he n orth-eastern p art, s evere. S ubsequently t he digging had t o b e v ery c areful i n o rder t o k eep a c lear s tratigraphical s equence. f irst o pened C utting T i

d ig o f

t he

f ormer

b ased

f ormation and

a rtificial

l evels

i nto

o n

c olour ( 15-20

S o h e d ecided t o d ivide t he

two p arts - T i

t he o f cm

s uccession t he

earth)

s pits) .

I n

o f

n orth a nd T i t he

while

n atural t he

a ddition

t o

s outh - a nd l evels,

l atter t his

was f or

t o

( change dug

i n

p urposes

o f b etter o bservation h e u sed t he l ong T RENCH , which was c ut a long t he western s ide o f t he T i a rea, d own t o t he b edrock . H e f ollowed t he s ame d igging

a rrangement

a ll o ver o f

t he

t he s ite,

the

s pits

0 .10

i dea o f

- 0 .15

m t hick

- more

f rom C utting T i

succession

s tratigraphy),

o f

the

b y r eference

t o

o r

l ess

t he s tratigraphical s uccession

l ayers h ad b een e stablished a lready f rom t he f irst

S tarting on

- t aking

a lthough s ome

c uttings.

a s equence o f s trata was f ormulated b ased natural

layers

t heir c omponents

1 2

o f

the

earth

( soil

a nd o ther f eatures

s uch

a s

t he

c olour.

r eported:

T hree

b asic

l ayers

i n a ddition t o

l ayer A w ith a l ight c olour ,

t he

t opsoil

l ayer B with d arker

were

c olour

a nd

C t he r ed e arth ( Plan V II). This o rder was r e—confirmed b y t he l ong TRENCH where t he t hree layers h ad t he same g eneral c haracteristics t hough

d iffering

s lightly

b ecause

o f

t he

r emains

o f

a shes

a nd

c arbonized m aterial .

T he s ame b asic t ripartite a rrangement o ccurred i n

a ll

w ith m inor v ariations

t he a reas o pened ,

s uch f eatures a s i solated X VI,

t hin l ayers o f p ebbles

h abitation a ctivities

X VII,

c onstant

X VIII,

a ttempt

X IXa).

t o

o r d isturbances d ue t o b urials ( Plan X V,

N evertheless

a chieve

c aused b y t he o ccurrence o f

which were a ssociated with

a p arallel

i t

s eems

t hat

i dentification

t here

was

b etween

a

n atural

l ayers a nd s pits i n o rder t o d efine c ultural phases and t he p ottery s equence

a s

w e

s hall

s ee

l ater

o n

( section 3 .3).

C utting T i i s r eported a s q uite r ich i n evidence c oncerning t he s tratigraphy a nd o f

t he p ottery s equence o f

t he s ite .

T he s loping s urface

t he a rea imposed s ome d ifficulties i n d etermining

l evel

b ut

i t

d id

n ot

s eem

t o h ave

t he s ituation a s a whole .

t he

a ffected d rastically

d epth o f t he

e ach

c larity o f

T he n atural b edrock was r eached a fter 0 .80 m

o f s oft e arth r ich i n p ottery and o ther t races o f h abitation s uch a s f ire

p laces

e xistence a ll over

and h ousehold

o f

a h ardened

s omething

t he excavated a rea b ut

architectural s light

implements.

c rust

f eatures

i ndications

o f

o f

t he

not

t he

s ize

I t

a lways

c utting a nd

i s

l ike a re

c haracter

worth mentioning

t he

a h ardpan which a ppeared a t

t he

p oor o f

s ame

a nd

t he

d epth .

The

t hey g ive

o nly

s tructures

( Plate

6 a). A c hild c utting;

b urial was

f ound i n t he t opsoil ( layer A ) l evels o f t he

i t had s tones o n i ts c hest and a lthough t he skeleton was i n

b ad c ondition ,

a f ew b ones were

a nd t he h ands ( Plate 1 0a). Theochares

c onsiders

i t

s till p reserved,

mainly f rom t he s kull

Although i t was f ound i n t opsoil l evels, a s

a n eolithic

b urial

( 1973:

c ontracted p osition i s c ertainly a n eolithic f eature. n eolithic

p ottery

was

r eported

t o

h ave

b een

f ound

3 42).

I ts

However,

with i t.

n o

S tone

h ousehold implements s uch a s g rinders and p estles were a lways f ound t ogether with a nimal b ones a nd p ieces o f o bsidian . l evels

a re

r eported

two

g rinders

( the

f irst

n ear

F rom t he t opsoil

t he

c hild

b urial

a nd

t he o ther c lose t o t he s outh f ace o f t he t rench), o ne p estle and many p ieces

o f

o bsidian ( two

p robably t he I n i n

s ome

small

c ores

a nd

a n umber

r emains o f a l ocal w orkshop a ccording

l ayer p laces

B ,

a f ew

without

s tones

a nd

i solated

r ocks

o f

u nworked

p ieces),

t o Theochares. w ere

f ound

a ny a rrangement o r p attern d espite

s cattered

t he p resence

o f t races o f b aked c lay which c ould h ave c ome f rom f allen mudbricks a nd o ther s tructures a ssociated with t he i nterior o f h ouses s uch a s t ire p laces,

o vens a nd p its

Layer

B ,

which i s

f ull o f a shes. r eported a s

c haracterized b y t wo c ircular f ire and b ), o vens a nd a shes ( c and d ). d ep C I-1 0 .10 m , V III).

t he

d iameter

I n t he l ower part

o f

c ontinuing under

t he h ardpan,

i s

p laces w ith t races o f b aked c lay ( a The d iameter o f a = 0 .56 m and t he

b = 0 .27

i n and

t he

d epth

0 .8

i n ( Plan

more f ire p laces and a shes were r eported;

the f ormer r ested on natural p ockets o n t he b edrock, characterized t he p eak p eriod o f t he s ettlement. c ircular p latform c onsisted o f s mall v ertically s et

1 3

which probably

I n o ne c ase t he s tones s urrounded

b y b eaten e arth . l evels 8 t o

Another,

1 0 s eemed

r esting o n l evel 1 1 b ut e xtending t hrough

t o h ave h ad a l ong

l ife.

A s econd b urial was f ound i n l ayer B .

I t was a c hristian b urial

w ith a n i ron d agger a nd m edallion , o bviously a l ater d isturbance ( Plate 1 0b). t he

T he

d isturbed

c utting More

a rea

was

l imited

a nd

i n t he n orth-western p art o f

( Plan X ). b y T heochares f rom

t he

e xcavation o f t he s o called TRENCH a long t he western s ide o f T i.

s igns

I n

t he s outh p art

o f h abitation were r eported

o f

t he

c utting a nd c lose

t o t he s canty r emains o f a wall

two h abitation f loors were f ound i n d ifferent p laces b ut i n t he same l ayer ( 8).

They were c alled t he " floor o f t he s nails" a nd t he " floor

o f t he p ainted sherds" b ecause o f t he abundance o f l and s nails o n t he f irst

a nd

p ainted

s herds

c arbonized material . mentioned

wall

o n

t he

s econd,

f ound

t ogether

w ith t races

h as

b een

e stablished .

r epresent an o pen c ourt.

T he

I t

s eems

s tratigraphic

more

l ikely

t hat

c orrespondence

t hey

a nd

t he

c ommon f eatures b etween T i and t he TRENCH cannot b e o verlooked: b oth

c uttings

t he

h abitation l evel .

s econd

T he

l ayer

r ole o f

must

b e

c onsidered

o f

s eparating

t wo

a s

t he h ardpan which a ppeared

o f t he s econd l ayer, i s d ifficult t o define; i mpression

o f

N o r elation b etween t he f loors a nd t he p reviously

t he

i n

main

i n t he m iddle

i t s ometimes g ives t he

h abitation p eriods

w ithin

t he

s ame

l ayer

( B). T he

c ircular

j ust mentioned, t he

arch

t o

c haracter , I t

i s

w ith

t he

d ate

wall

a nd

u nderstood d isturbed

p lan

s tructure

s howed

wall,

while

,

i ts

t hat

a nd a

e specially i n

( Plan

I Xa ,

P late 4 b)

s outh o f

t he

c uttings

with i ts impressive f orm a nd c onstruction - 4 .20 m f rom r aises

r elation

i t

a ppeared

m ixed

material

s tructure

t he

e astern

c ertain

t o

p roblems

o ther

o f

d ifferent

western g iving

t he

I ts

b ends

i mpression

i ts

f eatures.

e arth s urface

p eriods .

wall

t he

c oncerning

a rchitectural

i mmediately u nder

whose c orner

t he

g eneral

c onsiderably o f

a r etaining

t here were n o t races o f wall i n t he s outh-eastern p art.

T he s urface l evels

w ere r eported

t o

a l arge e xtent

t o

b e

d isturbed

a nd

t he only s igns o f h abitation were a g rinder f ound i nside t he wall i n t he western s ide o f t he s tructure and a l ot o f s hell r emains. N evertheless d igging was c arried o ut n ot o nly i nside t he s tructure b ut a lso

outside

excavated

i t

d own

i n t o

t he t he

u sual

way

b edrock

on

s tructure was f ound t o b e r esting .

u sing

s pits.

which

t he

F ive

b ase

I n l evel 4 ,

o f

l evels t he

h owever,

were

c ircular

two r ows o f

s tones which s eemed t o b e t he f oundations o f two smaller s tructures were

found

p robability h ave

b een

( Plan t hat

p arts

I Xb).

t he o f

I f

w est,

t his

n orth ,

a r etaining

i s

t he

c ase

t here

a nd s outh s ide o f wall

( Plate

7 a).

i s

a

s trong

t he b uilding m ight T here

was

a lso

an

a ttempt t o s earch t he a rea a round t he s tructure b y e xcavating 2 m t o t he e ast and 0 .50 m t o t he n orth . t o

t he

s tructure

a s

b elonging

C uriously enough T heochares r efers t o

h abitation p hase o f t he s ettlement, i t

i s a ccepted

o f

S q .

t hat

t he

i t w as f ounded o n t he

A massive wall r unning f rom e ast I b elongs

t o

t he

s quare

b earing

l ayer

( 8),

t he

main

b edrock.

t o west c overing t he whole width

t he f irst l ayer ( A ) a nd i s

k ind o f f oundation ( Plate 6 b) .

p arts o f

s econd

s omething which i s v ery u nlikely i f

l ikely t o

r epresent

s ome

C ircular o vens a ppeared i n d ifferent

t races

1 4

o f

b urnt

material

o ften a ssociated

with

s pecial

f eatures

s uch

a s

small

s lab-lined

massive wall a ppeared t he u pper s urface o f b elong

t o

t he

a rchitectural

o f b aked c lay, l evels,

l ayer ( C),

s ide o f

p hase

o f

p robably r emains o f

a reas.

U nder

l ayer

( B),

r elated a lso

mudbricks a nd

a shes .

I n

t o

t races

t he

l owest

t he natural b edrock a ppeared a ll o ver t he e astern

t he c utting.

A c ircular

h earth

( diam.

0 .62m)

c onsisting o f

b uilt c onstruction r ested d irectly o n t he a t hick

c arbonized

d eposit

( Plan

r ock ,

XlIb).

while

The

a sh without

a ny

o n

l ay

t op

l evels

i ncluded

a g reat

p ercentage

o f

well

p reserved

i ndications o f v arious h abitation a ctivities I n S q .

I I t he a rchitectural

c overing

t he

( B)

and

i t

was

western

s herds

f airly

a nd

p art

o f

t he

s ubstantial,

n orth s ide

c ourses d epending o n t he l evel o f

a rea

b etween S q. According

d eep . s ome

o f

t he

i s

b y t he p resence o f g rinders,

A c hristian b urial

was

a lso

r eported

f rom

t he

I a nd V I. t o

t he excavator,

a rchitectural

f rom

I t

I II a lthough

( Plate 8 b).

S q.

I II was d ug b y s pits,

T he d ig p rovided more c onclusive e vidence a bout

a ppeared

t he

The wall s urvived up t o t hree

t he g round

O ther h uman a ctivities w ere i ndicated t ools .

o f

b eing 0 .45 - 0 .50 m wide.

o nly a f ew t races o f i t s urvive t here.

b ones a nd

O ne

t he o ne

i t s eemed t o b elong t o t he s econd l ayer

a lso p robable t hat t he wall c ontinued i nto t he n ext S q.

a nimal

b e a nd

f eatures w ere much more s triking .

s ide

P lan X I);

t o

9 a,b).

o f t he b est p reserved walls o f t he whole excavated a rea was s quare ( Plate 7 b,

i t

t he d eposit

p ainted

( Plate 8 a,

o f

s eemed

u ndisturbed a ll t he way d own t o t he n atural b edrock and

f ound

t he

s tones which l ater p roved t o

t he

f irst

r emains layer

s uch a s

( A)

t he

( Plate

massive

5b).

I t

1 5-20 cm

t he c haracter o f s tructure

c onsisted

which

o f

two

l ines o f s tones which t ouched each o ther i n o ne c orner and s eparated t he

whole

square

into

I mmediately b elow t hat f ollowed

the

same

c oncentration o f b elow

i t

( Plate

two

parts

s tructure,

direction

s ling 5 a) .

s tones

T he

which,

a nd

d eeper

running

from

i n l ayer ( B),

north

to

south.

a wall was f ound which

when

removed,

revealed

a n e llipsoid f ireplace ( diam .

l evels,

l ayer

( C),

y ielded

a

0 .65 m )

o nly

t races

o f p arts o f earlier walls t ogether with s tone implements ( Plate 9a). S quare

I II w as v ery r ich i n p ottery a nd a rtifact r emains.

When

t he

C utting

was a n i mmediate n eed s ection while

w as

a ffected

MT b y

t he s outhern p art

s quares,

t he

was

o pened

t o d ivide i t

northern

d isturbances o f

t he

t wo p arts

o f

a l ater

o ther

p art

was

marked

b y

l ater i t

c uttings

b ecause

d ate

MT g ave t he s ame p icture a s

m iddle h elladic c oarse p ottery ; b ed a rea was

n orth o f

i nto

( bronze t he

a q uantity o f

b ecame c lear

i ts

t here

n orthern a ge) .

r est

o f

S o t he

Minyan a nd

t hat t he d istur-

l imited t o t he n orth-western p art o f t he c utting .

The

o nly a rchitectural f eature o f C utting MT c onsisted o f a n open s pace p aved with s labs, p erhaps a c ourt, f ound n ear a wall i n t he s outh e nd o f i t ( Plate 1 1b,

P lan X IIa).

The d epth o f t he c ourt was 0 .74-0.78 m

f rom t he s urface j ust under t he h ardpan; e arly p hase o f t op o f

i t.

t he s ettlement,

i t s eemed t o b elong t o t he

l ayer ( C) a nd h ad

t races o f

T he wall was i n v ery good c ondition .

mudbricks o n

Two c ourses o f t he

wall survived on t he e astern s ide a nd o ne course on t he western s ide ( the

f irst

c ourse

o f

s tones s its o n t he

1 5

r ock w ith a t hickness

o f

0 .45m)

( Plan X III).

I t

was

n ot

c lear whether t he masses o f

s tones,

which

a ppeared f rom t he surface l evels, was p art o f a s tructure o r not; c onsisted o f M ost

p robably

i t

B ecause

o f

r epresents t he

f allen r ubble

a ngle

o f

r esulting s evere erosion, existent.

p art o f

o f

s lope

r emains

S q.

v ery

t he

( Plan X IV). f rom

e ast

I V

b adly

a re

( spits

v ery

2 ,

p reserved

s canty .

3 )

f oundations:

while smaller r ocks were l ocated n earby. o ccupied t he middle a rea o f was

f oundations

a nd

t he

The a rea i n t he a n

f our

f ound

i n

r ocks

t he s outh-east c orner

I n S q. V ,

two l arge b locks

t he n orth a nd s outh s ides o f

was

i rregular

l arge

t he s quare a nd

t he n orth-east c orner .

S imilar

t he p icture i n S q . V I where, h owever , a more r ecognizable s tructure

- a r ow w as

o f

west

c ontained

f ormed an L -shaped a rrangement p ointing i nto

a t riangle

t o

s tratigraphy i n s quares I V, V , V I i s n on-

A rchitectural

s outh-east s cattering

i t

s tones o f ' varying d imensions w ith much e arth b etween t hem.

o f

f ound

v ertically

p laced

s labs

t ogether w ith a m ass o f

The g eneral

p icture

o f

0 .22 - 0 .29 m h igh a nd 0 .6 m t hick -

p ebbles

t he

( Plate

1 1a).

a rea excavated b y T heochares which

c overed 1 76 s q. meters d oes n ot p resent u s with any c oherent s et o f architectural r emains. I t i s t herefore n ot p ossible t o s ay a nything about what c an b e gleaned f rom s ome c onstructional d etails f rom t he small

s urviving

p arts

o f

a rchitectural r emains c an h uman a ctivity a s 3 .,.

walls.

p rovide

N evertheless u seful

t hese

i nformation

f ragmentary

c oncerning

t he

t he s ite when c ombined w ith t he r est o f t he e vidence .

T he s tratigraphy o f A gios P etros: I n t he f ollowing s ections t he s tratigraphy o f t he s ite b ased o n

t he r eports o f T heochares will l ight o f

t he n ew e vidence .

c haracteristics

a nd

t he

b e d iscussed a nd

r epresentative

f inds

s trata t ogether w ith t he m aterial f rom t he

was

t hen r e-examined i n t he

I n a ddition a n a ccount w ill b e g iven o f which

1 981

d efine

e ach

o f

t he t he

e xcavations.

F rom a ll the evidence available f rom Theochares' excavations i t possible to r each some f irm c onclusions concerning the

s tratigraphic d ivisions P etros . o f the

d istribution ware,

a nd

c ultural

p hases

T hese d ivisions w ere b ased mainly c uttings opened in conj unction o f

c ertain

c eramic

f eatures

s pecific p ottery s hapes and

o f

t he

s ettlement

o f A gios

u pon t he s oil s tratigraphy with the s tratigraphic

l ike

t he

r ed o n c ream p ainted

t he a rchitectural and h abitation

f eatures a s t hey were e xemplified i n C utting T i, T RENCH, S q. I , I I, I II a nd C utting MT . I t was n ot p ossible, h owever , t o i nclude S q . I V, V a nd VI i n c onstructing d eposits. f rom

c utting

s loping

t o

b road f ramework b ecause o f

o f

s poradically

and

the i n

t heir d isturbed

T heir t hickness varies

c utting o r even within t he s ame o ne b ecause o f

surface

sections

t hat

Three s trata were d istinguished. t he

d ifferent

excavated

t he

middle

o f

area.

degree

o f

Other

a s tratum

e rosion

features

i n s ome

a reas,

i n

t he

d ifferent

which

appear

s uch a s

l ayers

o f p ebbles, o r more o ften t he s o c alled h ardpan, d o n ot s eem t o mark any s ignificant division within t he s tratum i tself. The number o f l evels w hich c orrespond

t o e ach s tratum c an b e

1 6

s een i n P lan X XII.

S tratum I .

( Theochares'

l ayer C ).

This r epresents t he l owest l evel r evealed b y t he e xcavation a nd r ests

o n

t he

t hickness

o f

natural t he

b edrock .

d eposit

a nd

I ts

t he

l imits a re n ot e asily d efined . which

i n

s trong o f

s ome

p laces

d epth

s lope

o f

I n g eneral,

a ppears

b lackened

o vens

o r t he b urning o f

f inds e specially i n a reas r ock where h owever, c rust .

T he

phase

c eramic

which

f ire

a nd

while

I h as

t he s oil i s d ue

f ireplaces

a nd

c olour

t here t o

i n

t he

u pper

a r ed

I t

h ollows

t o

i ts

a shes;

t he wooden r oots o f h uts.

a round

i s

a

t he a ction i s

r ich i n

t he

n atural

t he p ottery a ppears t o h ave a s urface c overed b y f inds

must

a ccording

b edrock

S tratum

b y

p ossibility t hat t he r ed c olour o f

varies

t he

a re

a bundant

r epresent

s ettlement, a t erminus

t he

a dquem.

a nd

v ery

f irst

c haracteristic

o ccupation

o f

p eriod

t he

o f

Early neolithic monochrome,

t he

b lack-

t opped and p ainted wares were f ound i n t he l ower p art o f t he s tratum while

i n

t he

u pper

s ection

middle

n eolithic

p ainted

p ottery

a ppeared

( Fig 1 -2).

A t hin l evel o f

s and l ying immediately u pon t he

b edrock

r epresents

t he

surface.

a rea

C utting

MT,

o ld

g round

t races

o f

habitation

A part f loors

f rom

a re

t he

paved

l acking

a lthough

i n t he

s poradic o ccurrence o f t he h ardpan s ome t imes g ives s uch a n impression ; h ere I r efer

t o t he s econd l ayer o f h ardpan which o ccurs w ell b elow t he

main one b elonging t o t he s econd s tratum. n atural

h ollows

i n

t he

b edrock

w ere

I t

i s a lso a pparent

e xtensively u sed

d uring

t hat

t he

f irst

phase o f t he s ettlement f or a number o f activities ( fire and c ooking p laces, l ater

b urial s pots) . o n

t ogether

s ettlement

a nd

S tratum I I. T his

T he n ature o f

with

t he

t he n ature o f

( Theochares'

i s

a p ure

t hese p ractices will b e

p roblem

o f

t he

c haracter

o f

d iscussed t he

f irst

t he s ite a s a whole.

l ayer B ).

h abitation

l evel a ll

o ver

t he

e xcavated

a rea .

T he

c olour o f t he s oil i s l ight b rown t o a shy a nd a l ot o f well p reserved sherds were f ound i n i t. most

o f

t he

t hough n ot

The p resence o f t he h ardpan i s o bserved i n

c uttings where i t

o ver

t he

o ccurs i n t he middle

whole s urface,

d ividing i t

i nto

o f

t he

s tratum,

t wo p arts,

HA a nd

I IB which, h owever, d o not show any s ignificant d ifference f rom o ne a nother . b elow

T here

p ottery

s tyle .

c onstitute g eneral,

a nd t he

s uccessive f ireplaces,

M iddle

n eolithic

S tratum I I a ppeared

f eatures

e qual

p ainted

t he c eramic r epertoire o f

e xcavated a rea , b asic

i s a lmost a c ontinuation o f

t he h ardpan :

f ire

d istribution

abundance

o f

i n

c lay

f eatures a bove a nd

p ottery a nd

t he s tratum

monochrome

( Fig 3 -8,

a nd

a ll

a nd t he T RENCH .

c ooking p laces s eem t o

t he

c uttings

f igurines

a nd

o pened .

animal

wares

1 0).

b etter d efined i n t he s outhern p art

e specially i n C utting T i s uch a s

t he s ame

o vens a nd b asically t he s ame I n

o f

H owever,

t he s ome

h ave widespread

C haracteristic

b ones

which

i s

i s not

surprising c onsidering t hat S tratum I I r epresents t he main c ultural p hase o f

t he s ettlement .

T he a shy c olour o f

an extensive u se o f f ire, s ay. t he

inhabitants

f or

open

s paces,

r eflects t o

p erhaps

B oth f loors,

i n

t he

e veryday

where

p ainted

s herds"

c ooking

s erved

c ombined with t races o f a shes,

impression o f o pen s paces where c ourt

c ourts,

i t i s p ossible t hat s ome o f t he f loors

t he " floor o f s nails" and " floor o f

s ame p urpose. open

p robably

C ertainly t here a re i ndications o f a p reference on t he p art o f

activities were c arried o ut; l ike

t he s oil

whether d eliberate o r not i s d ifficult

t he c ooking was

l ife

1 7

o f

d one .

T he

r ole

t he n eolithic v illage

t he

g ive t he o f

h as

t he b een

r ecently r estated ( Theochares, 1 980: 1 2). Most o f t he a ctivities ( cooking, weaving, p ottery making) were c arried o ut i n t he c ourt o f each h ouse e specially d uring t he s ummer t ime. o utside

t he

h ouse

while

o nly

s mall

f urnaces

The o ven was a lways

a nd

f ireplaces

were

f ound

i nside.

T he s ame a rrangement c an b e s een t oday i n c ontemporary h uts

o utside

Larisa

activities

o f

where t he

t he

open

c ourts

i nhabitants.

S o,

a re

t he

f ocus

a d istinction

o f

t he

main

b e

made

s hould

b etween t he f ireplaces which were u sed mainly f or h eating purposes inside

t he

h ouses

and

t he

s tructures

which

c ontained

material ( cooking p laces) and were s ituated o utside. A gios P etros The s canty .

c arbonized

I n t he c ase o f

t he c ooking p laces a re e xtremely r ich i n m aterial r emains.

a rchitectural A ccording

t o

f eatures

t he

o f

t he

s tratum

e xcavation r eports

t he

c oncerned c ircular

a re

v ery

s tructure

i s

the only b uilding which has a c lear c ut p lan b ut t his i s u nlikely t o b elong

t o t he s econd s tratum a s we h ave a lready a rgued .

s tructures, areas, west,

p ossibly

walls

o f

h ouses,

h ave

b een

P arts o f o ther

r eported

f rom

o ther

s uch a s t he l ine o f s tones f ound i n S q. I running f rom east t o whose c learance r evealed p lenty o f

p ainted s herds and animal

b ones ( Plate 6 b), a nd t he well d efined s tructure which a ppeared i n t he west s ide o f S q. I I p ossibly c ontinuing i nto t he next s quare ( Plate 7 b). S tratum I II.

( Theochares'

l ayer A ).

This i s b est d efined i n T i and t he TRENCH where i t extends f rom 0 .20 m above t he hardpan t o t he t opsoil l evels. c olour,

I t h as a l ight b rown

t he s oil i s s ott a nd v ery r ich i n p ottery and f igurines.

T he

middle neolithic p ainted p ottery and monochrome wares c ontinued occur

well i nside t he s tratum.

neolithic p ieces

s tarted

H owever,

t o a ppear ( Fig. 9 ,

9 a,

1 1,

1 2).

I n g eneral

t he o verall a rchitectural p icture o f S tratum I II i s p oor. p arts and

o f

walls

p roviding

a ppeared

s cattered

l ittle e vidence

w ithout a ny

f or

t heir

t o

i n i ts upper s ection l ate

c onnection

f unction .

I solated

b etween

I n T i

t hem

a mass

o f

s tones and a l arge grinder were found n ear t he north-eastern c orner while a well-constructed c ircular s tructure ( diam: 0 .28 m ) appeared n ear s et

i ts

s outh

s tones

f ace ;

p laced

t he

r ound

l atter

b eaten

material were f ound a ll o ver t he with b urnt b ones, t hat

i n

o ne

i s

c haracterized

e arth . n orth

s pot,

n ear

a shes

s ection

o f

t he

t he

b urial ;

t he

t rench a s mall a rea

t he

s keleton

l ay

was

c lose

t o

t he

which e xisted

c an b e

r unning

f rom

west

p ossibly

t he

most

s een i n t he

t o

e ast;

c ommonly

t ogether

c orner,

f ive

C lose t o t he n orth

b ecause

s eparation

o f

l ine

t he

c hristian

b etween T i

a nd

T races o f t he k ind o f s tructure

t hree s mall walls

p is

c arbonized

c utting

s outh-eastern

d isturbed

S q. I and i t was b ased on S tratum I I.

v ertically

a nd

i t i s worth mentioning

f igurines were f ound t ogether ( see s ection 4 .2). f ace o f

small

o f

s ea s hells a nd f igurines;

p articular

b y

T races

6o r

mudbricks

u sed

material .

wood was u sed f or c onstructional

p urposes ;

I t

f ound i n t he TRENCH without

a lso

s eems

c haracteristic

s traw

was

l ikely

t hat

i s

a shy

t he

colour e specially i n t he l ower s tratum o f t he s ite a nd t he p ostholes which

were

p articularly

observable

i n

S tratum

I ,

a ccording

t o

t he

e xcavator . T his i s n ot s urprising i n v iew o f t he f act t hat t he a rea o f t he northern S porades was and s till i s, r ich i n woodlands. Another interesting a spect i s t he existence o f many f ireplaces and o vens a t s ome

d istance

f rom

walls

and

o ther

1 8

a rchitectural

f eatures.

I t

i s

p ossible t hat t hey d efine o pen a reas a nd c ourts, which a s

t he

c entre

o n a bove a nd

h as

a s

There

S esklo.

widespread

o f

c ommunal

b een o bserved a re

n o

r ebuilding

a ctivities

t he s ignificance o f

a lready

b een

c ommented

i n o ther n eolithic T hessalian s ites

s igns o f

h as

o f

the

d estruction

o r

s ettlement.

f ire

o r

H owever,

t he

t here

a re

i ndications o f a rchitectural a lterations w ithin t he s ame s tratum, t he c ase with S tratum

I i n T i;

b ut

s uch

o f

a gain t heir e xtent a re n ot

a s

i s

c lear .

The n orth-western s ection o f MT b ecause o f i ts extended middle h elladic d isturbance was examined s eparately and l ater d efined a s a r ubbish p it . c orner o f

I t c overed a s pace

MT a nd

1 .60 m l ong f rom

r eached a d epth o f

t he north-western

1 .15 m f rom t he s urface .

c onsisted mainly o f a nimal b ones a nd p ottery s herds, w hich w ere o f m iddle h elladic d ate

T he f inds

a g reat d eal o f

( Minyan a nd c oarse w are).

T he t opsoil l evels a ll o ver t he s ite were r epresented b y a d eposit o f

0 .20

a lmost

m a nd

t hey

l acking

p attern .

w ere

a part

A ccording t o

a h abitation o bsidian

l evel

f lakes

i n

mostly

f rom

d isturbed .

s cattered

t he e xcavator

a t

a ll

which

i t was n ot

d espite

s ome o f

A rchitectural

s tones t he

p ossible

p resence

t he c uttings ( Ti

r emains

a ppeared o f

were

without

a ny

t o d istinguish

b one

t ools

n orth s ection).

a nd

I n g eneral

t he t opsoil was p articularly r ich i n a nimal b ones a nd o bsidian d espite t he f act t hat i t was e xposed t o c onsiderable e rosion a nd s uffered f rom t he

e ffects

o f

t he

w ind

a nd

t he

s ea .

T he

p ottery

r emains

were

mixed :

l ate neolithic p ieces were t ound t ogether with e arly b ronze s herds. ( Fig.

1 1:

2 ).

Little c an b e s aid a bout t he c onstructional methods employed i n Agios P etros mainly b ecause o f t he c ondition o f t he surviving s tructures.

S ince

i ntentionally

l aid

i t

i s

n ot

t here

a lways

were

c lear t hat a r ow o f

d ifficulties

i n

s tones was

d istinguishing

a

s tructure f rom s urviving o f t he

a mass o f f allen s tones. The walls a lso v aries d ue t o t he b ad

number o f c ourses p reservation o r t he

s loping

a s

s tructure

s urface,

n umber o f c ourses o f

i s

t he

c ase

in t he western f ace o f S q. with an a verage width o f s urviving

walls

w ith

s tones i ncreases

s ometimes

t he

c ircular

where

t o t he west ( Plan I Xb) .

t he

T he wall

I I s urvives t o a h eight o f t hree c ourses 0 .45 i n ( Plate 8b). The h eight o f t he r eaches 0 .40 m a s

i n t he c ase o f S q.

I II

( Plate 5 ). 3 .3.1.

E xcavation o f

1 981:

The main p urpose o f t he e xcavation i n t he s ummer o f 1 981 on t he i sland t he

o f

s ite

A gios

P etros

r eported

b y

was

t o

r eexamine

Theochares,

t o

t he

s tratigraphic

o bserve

more

s equence

c arefully

o ccurrence a nd d istribution o f c ertain c eramic f eatures a nd a t t ime

t o u ncover

s ome more a rchaeological e vidence .

c learing v ertically

t he

e xternal

exposing t he s uccession o f

w estern

f ace

o f

T hus

o f t he

t he s ame

w e s tarted b y

C utting

Z ,

4 i n l ong,

t he l ayers and e stablishing a c lear s oil

s tratigraphy ( Plan X IXa). The

d ig

was

c arried

out

b y

t aking

o ff

t he

s pits e ach f rom t he s urface d own t o t he b edrock ; depth o f 1 .20 cm a bove t he s urface.

s oil

i n

2 0

t he d eposit

cm t hick r eached a

S even l evels were d efined which

p roved t o b elong t o f our d ifferent s oil s trata i ncluding t he t opsoil

1 9

( Plate

1 2,

P lan X IXb).

mixed d eposits. external

f ace

T here

were

n o

s igns

o f

d isturbed a reas

and

The s tudy o f t he material f rom t he c learance o f t he o f

C utting

Z ,

a lthough

n ot

v ery

l arge

i n

q uantity

( predictably i n v iew o f t he small s ize o f t he e xcavated a rea) s howed t he

s ame

t hat

v ertical

r eported

c oarse

b y

p ieces

d istribution o f Theochares.

w ere

f ound

I n

c haracteristic c eramic f eatures a s

t he

t ogether

t opsoil

with M inyan

c eramics p robably o f l ate n eolithic d ate. b eginning o f

l evel 4 ,

( levels s herds

1 ,

a nd

2 ,

3 )

s ome

v ery

i ncised

B y t he end o f l evel 3 and

t he f irst c arinated s hapes a ppeared ;

t hey d o n ot

b ear any f orm o f d ecoration and t he c arination i s s ituated a lmost i n t he

middle

o f

A gios P etros r ing

b ases

t he s ide o f

t he vase,

c arination a nd

o f

i s

s mall v ases a re

s lightly e verted r ims .

most

which d iffers

l ikely o f

f ound

f rom t he

a l ater

d ate .

t ypical

P ieces

t ogether with s herds o f

b owls

o f

w ith

T he s traight s ided v ases a re n ow c ommon a nd t he

h igh n ecked j ars a re m ore f requent. Levels

5 ,

6 and

7 are

r emains s uch a s l adles, there

i s

a s teady

d ecrease

mentioning

t hat

t he

above

r ock

were

t he

r icher

i n

i n

n atural

t he

p ockets

extremely

S ince t otal

we

d epth

quickly; t he

h ad

C utting

i n

r ich

t he i n

a lready e stablished

Z i tself .

o f

t he

S ome

d eposit

b edrock

p ainted

l evel t he

e ight

was

and

a nd animal

o ther

a nd

I t i s worth

t he

l evel

s herds.

S igns

j ust o f

s oil

s tratigraphy w e s tarted

were

cm.

The

u ncovered t opsoil

while

was

t he

c leared

i t p roduced o nly c oarse p ieces a nd f ew i ncised p ieces.

f ollowing

i nteresting:

l evels

5 and 6 t he

a

( Plan X IXb).

l evels

1 .30

material

b ones a lthough

amount o f o bsidian .

p ossible wall w ere f ound i n t he d eepest

d igging

c eramics

s tone implements

a rchitectural

a c urved wall was r evealed ( ki0),

f eatures

0 .45 m wide

I n

were v ery a nd

2 .20

m

l ong, p robably p art o f a c ircular s tructure t he r est o f which h as not s urvived ( Plate 1 3a, P lan XXb, r eddish i n c olour ,

c ).

The a rea e ast o f t he c urved wall,

was p oor i n material r emains a nd p robably r epresents

the virgin s oil s urrounding t he external p erimeter o f s tructure .

I n

c ontrast

t he

d eposit

o f

i ts

w estern

t he

p art,

c ircular

p robably

t he

i nner s ection o f t he b uilding, c ontained a l ot o f s herds, a nimal b ones and s eashells. The p ottery c onsisted o f r ed monochrome wares with s trong b owls

t races o f while

c reamy s lip,

p ainted

motifs o n a c reamy n ext

l evel

7 e ast

p ieces

d ecoration makes

b ackground . o f

A n

t he wall k :

f rom i ts

c ollared j ars f irst

i nteresting a l ot

a nd

a ppearance f eature

c arinated

w ith

a ppeared

o f f allen s tones

l inear i n

t he

t ogether w ith

a nimal b ones, s eashells, and g rinders s tratum". ( Plan XXc, P late 1 3b). I ts

c reating a r ich " compacted p ottery h ad t ypical middle

n eolithic

c ollared

a ppearance

with

h igh

c arinated v ases a nd a n umber o f

n ecked

c lay l adles .

t he " compacted s tratum" were a small a xe

jars,

O ther f inds

d eep

b owls,

r evealed f rom

made f rom a d eep b rown s tone,

f our g rinders, b lades o f o bsidian and p ieces o f worked f lint.

I n t he

same area a human jaw was f ound n ear a r ock ( Plate 1 5b, marked b y an a rrow). R egarding s tructure o f

t he

r elation o f

l evel 6 ,

i t

i s

t he

p ossible

" compacted t hat

s tratum"

t he f ormer i s

t o

t he

c ircular

t he d estruction

l evel which p receded t he c onstruction o f t he wall k within t he s ame cultural

period

p ersistence

o f

since

p ainted

there

s herds

i s

with

a nd s hapes.

20

hardly t he

any

change

t ypical A gios

of

pottery:

P etros d ecoration

The deepest p ainted

l evel,

sherds;

c ombination o f p laced n ear

8 ,

l inear:

t he

1 .20 m u nder t he s urface was v ery r ich i n

d ecoration

their

a nd wavy

r im o f

jars,

c overed

l ines,

n et

a

variety

p attern d esigns.

i ncluded a v ery f ew obsidian p ieces,

o f

motifs:

s olid h anging t riangles a nd The

o ther

two c ores o f f lint,

f igurine and s ome c lay l adles ( Plate 1 4a).

f inds

o ne a nimal

Two i nteresting f eatures

were r evealed i n t he n orthern s ection o t t he c utting : a h earth , 0 .45 m w ide, r esting i n a n atural p ocket o n t he b edrock a nd a h abitation f loor a t t he s ame d epth n ear i t f ull o f p ottery s herds, a nimal b ones, axes, g rinders, most o f t hem i n s itu ( Plan XXIa, P late 1 4b, c ). t o

t he s outh o f

b edrock ;

i t

t he f ireplace a n eolithic

was a c hild b urial i n a c ontracted p osition .

t he a nthropologist months

S ome 0 .30 m

b urial was f ound b ased o n t he

o ld.

T hus

( Plate 1 5a);

A ccording t o

t he r emains were t hose o f a b aby n ot more t han a f ew t he

p reservation o f

t he s kull was missing,

g ain a f air p icture o f

t he

b ones

was

not

v ery

good

t he r ibs were i ntact a nd we c an

t he way t he c hild was b uried .

The h earth was e ither d ug d eep i nto t he b edrock o r more l ikely a h ollow o f t he n atural r ock was u sed f or t hat p urpose . i n

c arbonized

material,

a nimal

b ones,

p ainted) s ome b lackened b y t he f ire ; mixed

within

t he

b urnt

d eposit

p ottery

I t

s herds

s ome h uman b ones

b elonging

t o

a nother

was v ery r ich

( monochrome were

a lso

i ndividual .

a nd

f ound T here

a re no s igns o f c remation a nd t he o ccurrence o f t he b ones i nside t he f ireplace

s hould

b e

t he e xistence o f t he

r elation

c onsidered

a ccidental .

t he a bove t hree f eatures

b etween

t hem .

I n

H owever,

more

i mportant

i s

t ogether i n t he s ame a rea a nd

p articular

t he h abitation a rea which i s

c ertainly a ssociated with t he f ireplace and

t he b urial,

p rovides

a

g eneral s et o f characteristics f or t he f irst o ccupation phase o f t he s ettlement 3 .3.2.

( see s ection 3 .3).

R e-examination o f

O ne o f e stablish t he n ew

t he

main a ims

a s ecure

e vidence

p revious

d igs .

t he s tratigraphy: o f

w ith t he I n

t he

e xcavation

s tratigraphic t hat

s equence

c onclusions

r espect

w e

o f

o f

t he

t he

r eached

h ad

s ummer

s ites

b y

1 981

a nd

t o

T heochares

a c onsiderable

was

a bout

s uccess

t o

c ompare t he

b ecause

we managed t o i solate and r ecord a n u ndisturbed a nd r elatively d eep d eposit

r ich i n a rchaeological material a nd

c ultural s equence o f

f ully

r epresentative o f t he

t he s ite.

C utting Z p rovided a lso s ome o ther i nteresting f eatures such a s h abitation f loors with a variety o f o bjects i n s itu, f ireplaces with r ich

c arbonized

t o e xamine

t he

material d eepest

a nd

b urials.

s tratum

W e

i n o rder

w ere p articularly i nterested

t o e stablish

h ow

f ar

b ack

t he

f irst p hase o f s ettlement c ould b e p ut i n r elation t o t he Thessalian n eolithic P etros which

s equence,

material h ad

p roblem

b een was

i s l eft

t he

which

more o pen

i s

obviously

c losely a fter

r elative

t he

r elated . t he

f irst

d uration

o f

t he

c haracter

o f

t he

t hird

t o

was

which t he

e xcavation . t his

a ssociation with t he succeeding s tratum. c larify

one

T hat

s tratum

early

t he

main

A nother p eriod

Agios

q uestion r elated and

There was a lso a n eed

i ts t o

t o e stablish whether a l ate

n eolithic s tage i s r epresented a t Agios P etros. A ll t hese q uestions c ould o nly b e r esolved b y c lose s tudy o f t he s tratigraphy o f C utting Z a nd

t he c areful

c lassification o f

t he

2 1

f inds .

The d eepest s tratum c onsisted o f r ed e arth, 0 .20 m a bove t he b edrock w ith many small s tones a nd t races o f b roken s eashells. T he n orthern s ection o f t he c utting h ad a shes a nd c arbonized material s pread a ll o ver b ecause o f

t he

l arge

h earth .

T hus

S tratum

I i s a p ure

h abitation l evel without a ny s ign o f d isturbance o r i ntrusion o f a l ater d ate . A lthough t he monochrome wares r epresent t he b ulk o f t he p ottery r emains, p ainted p ieces w ere f ound a ll o ver t he l ayer e specially i n t he c revices i n t he b edrock . T he s herds b elong t o a v ariety o f s hapes, s mall a nd l arge, which a re t ypical o f al ate p hase o f t he e arly n eolithic i n T hessaly : d eep h emispherical b owls, h igh n ecked j ars with r ounded b odies, b owls with r ing b ases. I mportant, h owever, i s t he f act t hat t he c arinated s hape i s well r epresented i n t his e arly p hase o f t he s ettlement; t he p ainted d ecorations, r ed p aint o n t hick c reamy s lip, f ollows t he r epertoire o f t he l inear a nd wavy motifs k nown f rom t he o ld material. T he u se o f a s lip i s r egular o n t he p ainted s herds while m ost o f t he m onochrome p ieces a re m echanically b urnished. O ur a ttempt t o i solate s tratigraphically t he e arliest material o f t he s ite was u nsuccessful i n t he s ense t hat t he f inds i n t he

e arlier

s tratum,

a part

f rom

t he b lack

t opped

a nd P roto-Sesklo

p ieces, c an b e a ttributed t o e ither a l ate e arly o r e arly middle n eolithic c ontext. A n i ncised p iece which w as f ound n ear t he b edrock may

i ndicate

t hat

t he

P re-Sesklo

p hase

i s

n ot

a ctually

a bsent.

H owever, i t must b e s tressed t hat t he d epth o f t he d eposit d oes n ot p ermit a ny d etailed c lassification o f t he m aterial .

a nd

S tratum I I which l ay i mmediately a bove , h ad a l ight b rown c olour a t hickness o f 0 .30 m . I t was a r ich l ayer a nd p articularly

i mportant f or e stablishing t he c haracteristics o f t he p eak p eriod o f t he s ettlement. T he main f eature o f t he l ayer was t he " compacted s tratum" which c overed t he whole w estern p art o f t he c utting .

T his w as

c haracterized b y a h ard s oil o f a r ather r eddish c olour, t races o f c arbon a nd a g reat d eal o f p ottery s herds a nd a nimal b ones. Al ot o f s tones were f ound e ither s cattered o r f orming a k ind o f wall ( ?) r esting o n o f

t he

" compacted

s tratum" .

( Plan X XIB) .

I n

t he c utting n ear a mass o f s tones a h uman j aw

t he

was

s outhern p art f ound,

b ut n o

o ther t races o f b ones which w ould h ave s uggested a b urial . T here w as n o c hange i n t he q uality o f t he f abric o r t he r epertoire o f s hapes. O ther f inds i ncluded a p iece o f a n u ndiagnostic c lay f igurine ( Fig. 7 4:4) a nd a c lay " ear-plug" l ike t hose r eported b y T heochares f rom o ther T hessalian s ites ( 1967: 8 3, F ig. 4 3); t he l atter i s v ery important f or c hronological r easons s ince i t i s a s ign o f a n e arly d ate . I t i s p ossible a s s uggested a bove, t hat t he " compacted s tratum" r epresents a l evel o f d estruction a nd t he s cattered s tones may well h ave c ome f rom f allen s tructures which p receded t he c onstruction o f t he c urved wall o f t he t hird s tratum . T his o f a t hin l evel o f a shes c onsisting o f

w as r einforced b y t he p resence s mall p ieces o f c harcoal l ying

a t t he t op o f t he s tratum. T heochares s uggests a g ap b etween t he s econd a nd t hird s tratum ( 1970: 2 71), b ut t he e vidence f rom C utting Z d oes n ot p rovide a ny c onclusive s upport f or t his. S tratum I II which h ad a t hickness o f 0 .30 m was g enerally o f a d ark b rown c olour, t hough i n s ome p laces i t t ook a l ighter t one . I t i s n ot c ertain whether t he c olour i s d ue t o t races o f mudbrick u sed f or t he s uperstructure o f t he h ouses, a lthough s uch a h ypothesis i s v ery l ikely i n v iew o f t he a rchitectural r emains o f t he s tratum. T he m ain

2 2

f eature o f

t he

t o

t o

b elong

t hird l ayer i s

t he

c urved wall ,

o f

f rom

t hat

o f

t he

" circular s tructure" f ound

b y T heochares i n t he s outhern end o f

h is

e xcavated

wall

a rea .

I ts

T he

p lan

c urved

i s

b uilt

quite o f

o n

t he

which s eems mass

s tratum.

s tructure

0 .45 m w ide, s olid

p revious

a c ircular

d ifferent

o ur

c utting

d efinitely

p art o f t he s tone f oundations o f a h ouse o r h ut.

t he

r epresents

T he a rea i nside t he

s tructure r evealed many s herds, most o f t hem r ed monochrome w ith t races o f

white

s lip,

i ncluded

and

o bsidian

a lso

s ome

p ainted

b lades,

c lay

l adles,

s tone a xes a nd g rinders . a lso

f ound

p ieces. p ieces

T he

f rom

o ther

r ather

A f ragment o f a c lay f igurine

material

l arge

p ots,

b earing a white

s lip

was

( Plate 3 7d).

3 .4.

C omparison b etween t he o ld a nd n ew d ata - D iscussion: From t he s tudy o f t he n ew material and i ts d istribution t hrough

t he d ifferent c ultural amount o f p ossible

s trata f irm

s equence o f

i nformation f rom methodological

p roblems we had t o These

were

i nto

I h ave

a ccount

during

with

c larification o f

f loors,

we were a ble

( a)

t he

the

t he d istribution o f

t he

n ature

o f

s uch

c ourse

pattern

r elation t o t he number o f

b y T heochares ( b)

t he

t o a void

a lready g iven a n i dea o f

which c an b e c onsidered c hronologically o r t he

b e drawn c oncerning

f irst e xcavation ,

c oncerned

s tratigraphy and i ts r eported

t he

c an

With t he a dvantage o f having a f air

m istakes.

t ake

mainly

c onclusions

t he s ite.

t he

o f of

t he the

t he dig.

soil

a rbitrary

s pits

c ertain c eramic f eatures

c ulturally

f eatures

a s

d iagnostic

f ireplaces,

( c)

o vens,

a ll o f which w ere o nly s ummarily d escribed b y T heochares.

O ther s uch a s

matters

d ealt

d etermining

d eposits,

making

t he

with s ize

t hrough o f

t he

t he

n ew

work w ere

s ettlement,

g eomorphological

l ooking

o bservations

o f

r ecovering a s tratified s equence o f a nimal r emains .

more f or

t he

I n t his

g eneral,

s ubmerged a rea,

a nd

s ection w e

will d eal b asically w ith t hese a rchaeological d ata which e ither c onfirm t he p revious c onclusions a s s et o ut i n s ection 3 .3 o r modify t hem t o s ome e xtent. I t

i s n ow

c lear t hat

T heochares f rom Apart

f rom

such a s

t ripartite

s oil

s tratigraphy s uggested b y

a pplies

a ll

b urials

t he deposit i s o f

and 1 ,

t he

rubbish

t he l ack o f

p its,

t here

a re

t hick d eposits.

1 0 m a lthough i n s ome

t hickness

s loping p arts o f

o f

t he s ite.

t he The

no

T he

p laces

s igns i t

( humus)

o ccupation b etween t hese. b y

the

c haracteristics T he

s ite.

mixing

o f

d ifferent

l ayers

H owever,

c an r each

1 ,

3 0 m

i n

t he

f ollow each o ther

i t must b e a dmitted t here were gaps i n

N evertheless i ndirect c onclusions c an b e

examination

which f it

o f

e specially

t hat i t i s d ifficult t o e stablish whether o r n ot

s equence .

t he

t otal a ctual d epth o f

t opsoil

without any gap o r d estruction l evel.

reached

over

t he t opsoil and o ther d isturbed a reas c aused b y f eatures

material d espite b ecause

t he

t he earlier excavations

i nto

t hree d ifferent

o f

t he

the

consistency

a lready

s trata

h ave

o f

pottery

e stablished G reek n eolithic p roduced

a v ariety o f

f inds

a s d escribed b elow ( see s ection 4 ), which s how no s udden c hange f rom s tratum

t o

d eposit

with more

s tratum . o r

T he l ess

r ed t he

monochrome s ame

wares

s hapes .

b e s een e specially i n the upper l evels,

p ersist

O pen a nd

while t he

b owl c hiefly c haracterizes t he middle s tratum. s tarts

a ppearing

f rom

t he

m iddle

o f

2 3

S tratum

I II

t hroughout

c losed

f orms

t he c an

t ypical c arinated

The p ainted p ottery d ownwards

b ut

r eally

b ecomes i s

c ommon i n S tratum

f ound .

I I where a r ich v ariety o f d ecorative motifs

O ther f inds s uch a s

c lay l adles,

f igurines,

a nimal b ones a nd

t ools a re e qually d istributed t hroughout t he t hree s trata.

T he o nly

material

d own

which

d ecreases

gradually

f rom

t he

t op

l evels

i s

o bsidian. C omparing s tudy

o f

t he

There

a re

t he

n ew

o lder

n o

e vidence

f inds,

we

i ndications

w ith t he c onclusions s ee

t hat

t hat more

r epresented i n A gios P etros .

T hat

t here

i s

r eached a fter

a b road

t he

a greement.

t han o ne main c ultural p hase

i s n ot

t o s ay t hat

i s

s ome f inds d o n ot

p oint t o t he p ossible existence o f o ther p hases, b ut t hese, c annot b e substantiated s tratigraphically . o ccur i n t he u pper p art o f

Late n eolithic pottery s herds d o

S tratum I II a nd i n t he m ixed material o f t he

t opsoil

t ogether w ith middle b ronze a ge f inds ;

i n t he s ame way P roto-

S esklo

material

a rea

Moreover, middle

c an

b e

p eriod

s ince

t here

c orresponds

t o

T hessalian s equence . whether i t i s o verlooked. s eparate

i n

t he

o f

t he

b edrock.

c ertain pottery f orms c an b elong e qually t o t he early and

T hessalian r epertoire . P etros

r ecognized i s

n o

t he

l ate

e arly

H owever,

i n p ottery,

n eolithic o f

b etween

t hem

i n

t he

a nd

e arly

m iddle n eolithic o f character

o f

t he

t he

s ite

f igurine material o r b one t ools c annot b e

s ub-group

r egional entity .

d ifference

t he d istinctive

I n t hat r espect,

c ultural

marked

T hus t he main p eriod o f o ccupation o f Agios

Agios P etros c an b e s een n ot o nly a s a

b ut

a lso a s

p robably

p art

o f

a d istinctive

I n o ther words, I t hink t hat t he s ite i s p art o f a

t he n orthern S porades,

c ultures w ith t heir o wn d istinct

which c ould a nd c learly d id

f eatures

s ustain

( see s ection 8 ).

There i s t herefore n o r eal d iscrepancy b etween t he c onclusions which

r esult

material.

f rom

t he

c omparative

s tudy

o f

t he

new

a nd

t he

o ld

The o lder c onclusions a re c larified a nd i n s ome r espect

amplified b y t he new evidence r ather t han modified i n any e ssential r espect. U ntil

S ome

r eadjustment

t he r eexamination o f

i s,

h owever n ecessary o n c ertain p oints .

t he s tratigraphy i t

was

t hought

t hat

a l ate

n eolithic p eriod c ould b e i solated and d efined within t he n eolithic d eposit

o f

t he

r epresenting

s ite.

a l ate

However,

p eriod

t o

characterize

would not

b e a ccurate.

c eramic r emains f rom the new excavations a re middle neolithic d ate. earliest

material

Theochares was p hase .

o f

S omewhat s imilar i s t he

T here i s n o d oubt

c onsequently

s ite

which

t he

I II

The b ulk o f

a s t he

i ndicative o f a c lear t he q uestion a bout t he

a ccording

s imilar t o t he f inds o f

S tratum

t o

t he

r eports

b y

t he Thessalian P roto-Sesklo

t hat s uch e arly c eramic f eatures d o e xist a nd

f oundation o f

t he

s ettlement

may go

b ack

t o

t hat

p eriod.

H owever i t i s a lso apparent t hat t hese f inds d o not d efine a

s eparate

l evel

b ut

t hey were

f ound

c lear t hat a t A gios P etros t his

t ogether w ith p ainted

c oexistence

o f

s herds .

I t

i s

P roto-Sesklo elements

and p ainted p ottery with a dvanced d ecorative motifs i s p roof o f o ne cultural p eriod ( Chourmouziades 1 971 B : 1 65). t hat

t he s ite was o ccupied f or t he f irst

s imultaneously i n u se . S esklo p eriod d oes n ot

T he g ap

b etween

It hink i t i s p robable

t ime when b oth wares were

t he P roto-Sesklo

a nd

t he

e arly

s eem t o e xist a t A gios P etros.

R egarding t he a rchitectural f eatures, t he i ndications a re f ar f rom c onclusive . A lthough t he r ecent f inds were more i ndicative o f t he s ort o f r emains o ne might expect f rom a s ite o f t his nature,

t heir nature

a nd

was

f unction

i s

s till

o bscure .

P articularly

24

i nteresting

t he

c ase

o f

t he c ircular

s tructure which marked t he t hird s tratum .

T his f orm o f

b uilding i s c haracteristic o f a l ater p eriod b ut h ere i ts middle n eolithic d ate i s well e stablished . I ndications o f t he material u sed f or t he s uperstructure a re l acking a lthough b een f ound i n o ther p arts

o f

t he

s ite.

25

t races

o f

mudbricks

h ave

4 .

F INDS: T he f inds f rom A gios P etros i nclude a g reat v ariety o f o bjects.

T hey will b e d iscussed u nder s eparate c ategories s uch a s p ottery a nd f igurines w hile p articular a ttention w ill b e p aid t o s mall o bjects s uch a s worked b one a nd s tone i mplements which f rom t heir c haracter a nd p osition w ithin t he material c ontext o f t he s ite p resent a s pecial i nterest . I ndividual o bjects o f s ome s ignificance l ike r epresentative p ainted s herds a nd f igurines w ill b e d escribed i n d etail a nd c atalogued s eparately . T he q uality o f p reservation o f most o f t he f inds i s s urprisingly g ood c onsidering t he l ack o f p rotection t he t hin d eposit p rovides a nd t he u nfavourable e nvironmental c onditions.

T his g ood

p reservation i s p articularly n oticeable i n t he f igurine m aterial w here , d espite t he a ccidental d amage which s ome o f t hem h ave s uffered, t he s urface i s s mooth a nd o ccasionally b ears a t hin l ight-coloured s lip ; i n t he c ase o f t he p ainted p ottery t he s herds h ave r etained t heir d ecorative m otifs d espite t he w idespread p resence o f i ncrustation. 4 .1.

P ottery - F abric:

T his c onstitutes t he b ulk o f t he m aterial r emains . P ottery s herds w ere a bundant i n a ll e xcavated a reas, e specially i n t he l ower s trata t o which t he main c ultural p hases o f t he s ite a re a ttributed. T he p reservation o f t hese s herds i s i n g eneral g ood a lthough o ften a l ightc oloured h ard c rust c overs t he s urface o f t he s herds o n b oth s ides; i ncrustation i s p articularly n oticeable o n t he c oarse a nd monochrome p ieces where i t g ives t he i mpression o f a v ery t hick s lip ( Plate 1 8a) . T he c rust d oes not c ome o ff e asily a nd f rom e xamination i t i s c lear t hat t his i s a n e ffect o f t he s ea o n t he c lay. Whole p ots h ave n ot s urvived e xcept o ne o r t wo miniature v ases ( Plate

2 3c,

d );

s ome

o ther p ots

h ave

b een r estored

( Plate 2 4a ,

b ) .

I n

s ome c ases i t was f ound p ossible t o match t hree o r f our p ieces o f p otsherd t ogether, a s i n t he c ase o f t he f luted v ase i mported f rom T hessaly ( Fig. 9 :1), b ut t hese w ere i solated e xamples . T he m ajority o f t he s herds i n g ood c ondition a re t hick b ody s herds, l ugs a nd h andles while f rom t he c arinated b owls t he p art which most f requently s urvives i s t he s ection where t he r ounded b ottom i s l inked w ith t he s ide ( Fig . 6 :3), a p articularly s trong p art o f t he v ase. T he e xact q uantity o f p ottery f rom t he e xcavations o f 1 969-71 was u nfortunately n ot r ecorded . T hus t he p ercentage o f p ainted a nd f eature s herds i n r elation t o t he t otal p ottery f ound c annot b e m easured. The material u sed f or t he p ottery o f A gios P etros h as a s trong l ocal c haracter . I t i s r elatively p ure c lay with a small amount o f m ica a nd s and . T he d ifference f rom t he t ypical T hessalian f abrics i s s o a pparent t hat t he o nly i mported p iece o f c lay, m entioned a bout, was i mmediately d etected . T he p ottery f rom t he m ainland i s m ade o f p urer c lay a nd i s b etter f ired . a nalysis o f e arly s tage . t he

n ature

H owever ,

s tudies c oncerned w ith t he c hemical

t he c lay f rom d ifferent T hessalian s ites a re a t a v ery T he c haracteristic f eatures o f A gios P etros p ottery a re

o f

t he

o riginal

p aste

a nd

t he

s ometimes

p rocedures which r esult i n ad istinctive ware.

i ncomplete

f iring

T he r ather c rude a nd

d ark a ppearance o f t he c eramics i s d ue p artly t o t he q uality o f t he c lay a nd p artly t o t he c onditions o f p reservation.

2 6

There i s n o d irect r elation b etween t he quality o f t he c lay a nd t he

d ecoration :

b oth

t hin

s urface

t he

walled

t ypical

vases

A gios

a nd

o n

t reatment i s c oncerned,

P etros

c oarse

d ecorative

p ots

a s

t he d ominant

motifs

well.

A s

f eature i s

which c haracterizes t he p ainted wares. I t h as a ppearance, a l ight c ream c olour and c onsiderable

o ccur

f ar

t he

o n

a s

white

t he s lip

u sually a matt t hickness. T he

p ercentage o f b urnished s herds i s h igh a nd o ccurs mainly o n t he f ine r ed monochrome wares b ut i s a lso a pparent on t he c oarser p ieces. immediate

e ffect

s urface.

o f

t he

h eavy

b urnishing i s

I n t he c ase o f s ome p ainted p ieces

dull i t s eems

An

t he d ark c olour o f where

t he p atterns

t he a re

t hat t he b urnishing was d one a fter t he d ecoration was

a pplied.

T he s urface o f t he c lay i s smooth o n t he i nside o f t he vase

while

c olour

t he

v aries

c onsiderably

d ecoration i s v ery r are a nd i s 4 .1.1.

D ecorative

The

f rom

l imited

d ecoration o f

t he A gios t he

P etros

a spects

o f

t echniques:

p ainted,

i ncised a nd a pplied .

c ulture

f ound

s tratigraphically s tylistic

a nd

( Plate

d evelopment.

The

i t

i mportance

o f

t he

o ne

former

c onclusions

r ichness

s hapes

i s

c omprises

The

c an

and

s ite a s s uch ( Fig .

mainly c onfined t o s pecific t he

i nside

o f

t he most

a variety

o f

T he r ed-on-cream d ecoration

t ogether with t he d istinctive c haracter o f t he

a shy-gray ;

o nly o ne p iece o f

1 9h).

c ertain

p ottery

and

i s very c haracteristic a nd c ommon; was

t o

t echniques:

i nteresting

decoration

b lack

t o j ust b elow t he r im.

white-on-red

can

b e

b e

d rawn

variety

o f

studied

a s

t he

t o

i ts

p atterns

t he d ecoration c ontribute

4 5-49) .

s ome o f

t o

P ainted d ecoration i s

which a re

h ighly

t ypical

o f

s ite. I n

1 8b) .

c ontrast

T he

t he

r epertoire

( Fig. 2 5).

number o f

o f

i ncised

p atterns

s herds

i ncludes

i s

l inear

v ery small ( Plate

a nd

p ointille

motifs

They a re r ather small p ieces o f c rude s urface a ppearance.

T he a pplied d ecoration i s r estricted

t o

t he f ine monochrome wares .

T he

c oarse p ottery i s c haracterized b y a t hick s ection with i ncomplete f iring a nd t he s urface h as n o s igns o f d ecoration. A number

o f

s hapes

c an b e

r econstructed

These i nclude c losed and o pen f orms d ifficult

t o

d etermine

t he

e xact

with g reat

i n a variety o f

p roportion

b etween

t he

t wo

vase f orms b ecause o f t he l ack o f any s tatistical work . r ough

e stimate

i ndicates

a p reference

f or

t he

p reservation o f r ims a nd o ther d iagnostic p arts o f f or r econstructing t he o f

t he

h ighly

l ower

s ection

c haracteristic

t hroughout

t he

r epertoire o f

f orms .

o f

b owls

c arinated

s hape

d ifferent

( Fig .

s trata

7 ).

i s

o pen

s hapes.

t he v ases i s

i ndicates r ather

t he

t hat

p ersistence

i ndicative

I t was k inds

o f

o f

However,

I n p articular

T he

c ertainty.

shapes.

o f

h elpful s urvival

t his s ome

t he

a

The

was

a

s hapes

u niformity

o f t he s ite 's p ottery r epertoire a nd i ts c loseness t o t he Thessalian t radition t han o f a s ense o f c onservatism. with s lightly e verted r im ( Fig. 3 : ( Fig.

3 :

3 )

c an b e c onsidered

The o pen b owl or p hiale

1 ,2,4) and t he s traight s ided b owl

c ommon c eramic

t ypes.

O ther p ottery c haracteristics w ith a more l imited d istribution a re t he

d ifferent

T he

t hree

k inds

o f

h andles

a nd

s trata o ffered material

l ugs,

r ound

b ottoms

i n d ifferent d egrees

a nd o f

r ing

b ases.

p reservation .

T he p ottery r emains o f S tratum I II which was a lmost d irectly e xposed

2 7

t o

e rosion a nd b ad weathering c onditions were t he worst a ffected. s urface

o f

t he

s herds

h ad

l ost

many o f t hem was s evere.

i ts

s moothness

a nd

t he

The

i ncrustation

o n

I n c ontrast t he q uality o f t he f inds i n t he

two main s trata was s uperior n ot o nly f rom t he

t echnical

p oint o f v iew

( adequate f iring, e legant s ize, d elicate d ecoration ) b ut a lso a s f ar a s p reservation i s c oncerned. A d etailed d escription o f t he d ifferent c eramic f eatures i n r elation t o t he t hree s trata will f ollow with a s hort

l ist o f

4 .1.2.

t ypical e xamples.

S hapes:

There d oes n ot s eem t o b e a ny s udden a ppearance o f n ew f orms i n t he Agios

P etros

material .

T he

r epertoire

o f

s hapes

was

d ominated

b y

t he p resence o f t he o pen b owl o r b road p hiale which o ccurred i n many v ariations ( Fig . a t a ll,

1 8) .

I t a ppeared with a r ing b ase o r w ithout

with c arination,

a ny

b ase

s traight s ides o r f laring and e verted r ims.

T here was a s teady i ncrease i n t he n umber o f s uch v ases

f rom

S tratum

I

t o I I although s light v ariations o f i ts b asic f orm d id o ccur s uch a s s maller v ase b ody

a nd

w ith a h igh

s traight

s ides

r aised

i n

t he

b ase

( Fig .

f orm o f

5 :3) a nd a p hiale

a b asin ( Fig .

w ith d eep

1 4:6) .

T he c losed

s hapes a re r epresented i n S tratum I I i n t he f orm o f j ars which s urvived only i n small f ragments f rom t he u pper p art o f t he b ody ( Fig. 5 :5, 6 ). T he

great

majority

c ategory o f l acking in

o f

h ousehold

a part

S tratum

d istinguished

f rom

t he

c oarse

p ottery ;

v essels

r emains

s eemed

o f b ig

a f ew e xceptionally c oarse

I II.

I n

general

b y i ts e legance,

the

Agios

t o

b elong

t o

t he

s torage p ots a re a lmost s herds

which

Petros

e specially a s f ar a s

were

pottery

t he

f ound

can

wares a re c oncerned and i ts p reference f or o pen f orms ( Fig. 7 ). l ast c haracteristic t ogether w ith t he s traight f eature o f

t he t ine m onochrome w ares

( Fig.

b e

t ypical p ainted

s ides r emained

This

t he b asic

1 8).

O pen f orms B owls o r p hiale C arinated b owls

( Plates

T his i s t he most t he

1 6b,17i,j,k,l,

F ig.

5 :1,2/6,7/28-33)

c haracteristic s hape o f

t ypical A gios P etros

t he s ite

b ecause i t

b ears

p ainted d ecoration a nd i t i s c ommon e specially

i n S trata I a nd I I .

I ts

o f

mainly p ieces s howing c arination i n t he l ower p art

s urviving s herds,

r econstruction was

e asy

b ecause

o f

t he

n umber

o f t he p ot, and t heir good p reservation which i n many c ases i ncluded p arts s ides,

o f

t he

r im

s ometimes

a nd w ith

t he

s ides.

s lightly

f rom a f ew c ases where a l ow c arination which i s a lways T he t hickness o f

t he

T ypical f eatures a re

e verted

r ims,

r ing b ase i s

smooth a nd

s ides v aried

t he

r ound

s uspected

marks

t he

( Fig .

f rom a f ew millimetres

I and i t

b ecame

d ifferent

d ifficult

t o

c ommon i n S tratum I I. c hronological

d etect

a s

f ar

a nd

v ariation which c an b e n oticed

i s

n o

c an

was

c hronological

s ignificance

r ather a v ariation a nd n ot

s hould

b e

s tressed

i s

t he

t he

f orm

s tages i s

a ttached

a n e volutionary

s mall

t o 0 .5cm.

T he

S tratum t hat

The

a re o nly

c arination where

5 :2,

s tage .

t he

b ase .

o f d evelopment

t he

( Fig .

a nd e legant s ize o f

28

t he

p art o f

c oncerned.

t he s harpness o f b e

o f

a part

a nd

D espite t he l ong u se o f

s tylistic

a s

s traight

6 :1),

b eginning

c arinated b owl o ccurred f or t he f irst t ime i n t he u pper s hape,

t he

b ottom,

7 :1,

8 :2);

S omething

i t

which

t he c arinated b owl

o r p hiale

which

i s

o nly 8 t o 1 2 cm h igh,

t hroughout S trata I a nd I I

( Fig.

D eep r ounded b owls

1 7a,b,h,

( Plates

7 :2,

a characteristic r ecorded

3 ).

F ig.

1 :5,

1 5:2)

T hey a ppear i n a v ariety o f f orms a nd s izes t hroughout t he t hree s trata. I t i s a s hape v ery c ommon i n Greek n eolithic f rom t he early s tages o nwards a nd i t i s 1 967:

1 10).

o ften c alled

a h emispherical

b owl

( Theochares

The g reat majority o f t he t ypical r ounded b owls i n A gios

P etros o ccurred i n S tratum I I in b oth d ecorated and f ine monochrome wares

( Fig .

2 1).

I ts d ecoration i ncludes

motifs ( Plate 1 9a,b,c).

b lack-topped a nd r ed-on-cream

A b ig painted s herd i s c haracteristic o f h ow

b eautiful t his t ype o f b owl c an b e ( Fig. 4 :1); r ound

b ody ,

1 6a).

a p ossible

l ow

r ing

a nd

i t c onsists o f a d eep

s lightly

e verted

r ims

( Plate

A r ather smaller t ype i s o ne with a s hallow b ody a nd c arinated

s ides with a r ound b ase a nd t hat

b ase

b oth

v ariations

c ontinued

w ithout

o f

a ny

t hin walls ( Fig .

t he

b owl

o ccurred

s ignificant

c hange

were s ucceeded b y more o pen s hapes.

1 :5,

f rom

P late t he

u ntil

1 7a) .

d eepest

S tratum

I t

s eems

l evels

I II

a nd

when

t hey

A s a s pecial example s hould b e

c onsidered t he shape o f t he imported f luted v ase with i ts d eep b ody which

g ives

t he

impression o f

e verted r ims a nd v ery l ow b ase S traight

s ided b owls

( Fig.

2 :2,

a c up,

i ts vertical

( Fig.

9 :1).

3 :3,

2 2:1)

s ides,

s lightly

l atest

l evels o f

I t i s t he c ommonest f orm o f b owl o ccurring i n t he A gios P etros .

T he s urviving p ieces,

h owever ,

most o f

which a re r ims

n ot a llow t he s afe r econstruction o f

t he s hape e specially a s f ar a s

l ow p art o f

D espite

t he p ot i s

a ssume t hat most o f 8 :1).

A d ifferent

c oncerned.

t he s traight

t ype

o f

t he

s ided

s ame

b owls

c ategory

t hat

i t

i s

h ad a l ow o f

b owl

r easonable r ing

i s

b ase

i t was v ery c ommon i n S tratum

neolithic A lthough

p eriod

t he

c haracteristics a ppear .

( Proto-Sesklo

a bove

S ome

f orm o f r im,

t wo

a re

o f

f orms

a nd i t

i s

- Theochares

a re

well

c oncerned,

t hese

I ,

d efined

d ifferent

1 967:100, f ar

a s

F ig.

6 4).

t heir g eneral

c ombinations

d istinguished

1 7:1,

t he e arly

o f

t hese

d o

a d ifferent

u sually a l ater ( Stratum I II) f eature ( Fig.

1 1:1,2) a nd

S hallow b odied b owls

a re

t ypical o f

b y

t he m ore o pen f orm o f

c ombinations

a s

t o

( Fig .

t he o ne with a

s omewhat more c losed f orm a nd u sually marked b y a t hick r im ( Fig . 1 8 :1);

d o t he

t he b ody w ith f lat o r ( Fig.

2 :7,

3 :5,6,

2 2:2,

l ow r ing

b ase

( Fig.

1 2).

2 3:10,13)

( Plate 2 0a,b) I t i s a c haracteristic a nd a t t he s ame t ime r are s hape i n Agios P etros . i t was

I t

c ould

t hought

b e

e asily c haracterized a s

b etter

t o b e c atalogued

a s traight

s ided

s ize which s ometimes r eaches a diameter o f 0 .40 m ( Fig. 3 :6). shape

t ypical

m issing a f lat There

i s

o f

t he

l ower

l evels

b owl

b ut

s eparately mainly b ecause o f i ts

a nd

a lthough

the

l ower

I t i s a p art

i s

b ase i s v ery p robable. a number o f

s pecific s hape ( Fig. 2 :6).

r ims

which c annot b e a ssociated with a ny

There a re two p ossibilities:

e ither t hey

b elong t o a v ariation o f t he d eep r ounded b owl o r, more l ikely, t hey c onstitute t he c ollar o f a s traight s ided n ecked j ar ,

29

a s hape c ommon i n

Agios

Petros

( Fig.

5 :6).

However,

t his a ttribution i s

c ertain b ecause t he s ection which l inks t he v ase i s m issing. '

b y n o

means

t he c ollar w ith t he s houlder o f

T he monochrome f ine wares a re d ominated mostly b y o pen s hapes w ith vertical

t hin s ides and r ims

T he l ower p art o f

t he v ase i s

s lightly t ilted o utwards ( Fig. l acking b ut a f lat

b ase

1 8,19).

i s v ery l ikely.

C losed f orms J ars

( Fig.

2 :5,

Almost very

5 :5,6,

a ll

p opular

o f

9 :2,

t he

f rom

9 A,

c losed

t he

3 2-34) s hapes

d eepest

b elong t o j ars which a ppear t o

l evels

o f

t he

s ite.

The

b e

d ifferent

v arieties i nclude s traight s ided n eck o r c ylindrical n eck jars ( Fig. 5 :6,

2 2:7) o f a c onsiderable s ize,

funnel

neck

jars

( Fig.

3 2:1,

7 ,

h ole mouth jars ( Fig.

8 ).

I t

s eems

t o

b e

5 :5,

3 4) a nd

an i ncrease

o f

t heir n umbers f rom S tratum I t o I II a lthough t he p ecentage o f e ach t ype i s

u nknown .

T he

h eight

o f

t he

c ollar

v aries

a ccording

t o

s ize o f t he vase s ometimes b eing a s l ittle a s 3 .2 cm.

t he

o verall

The r ound and

d eep b ody i s a c ommon f eature t o a ll t ypes o f jars d espite t he f act t hat

t he l ower part and most o f

r econstruction

i s

t he o ne

t he

s uggested

b ases

i n F ig .

a re

missing.

9 A :1

where

A p ossible

a c ollared

n eck

i s c ombined w ith a r ing b ase. A c onsiderable n umber o f

r ims

f rom c ollared j ars o ccurred i n S q .

i ncluding a s mall c ollar 2 - 3 cm h igh, e verted o utwards .

T here and

0 .6 cm - 1 c m t hin a nd

i s n ot a ny d ifference b etween t he j ars t he

f ine

p lain examples

a lthough

I

s lightly b earing

d ecorative

motifs

t he

o utnumbers

t he p ainted p ieces e specially i n t he l ower s tratum ( Fig.

l atter

9 A:3). S mall c losed vases A l imited

( Fig.

n umber

1 :1,2,3)

o f

b ody

c haracter o f which i s n ot t ypically

s mall

( Fig .

s herds

c lear .

1 :2).

b elong

t o

c losed

T hey o ccur

i n

S tratum

O ther d iagnostic

f eatures

f orms s uch a s

r ims a nd

A part

f rom

t he

s hapes

mostly m iniature,

p otlids

and

c lay

l egs

t hey a ll

t here

s ome o ther o bjects

( stands)

which

5 5-60).

p lay a n i mportant

r ole

must

i s

f ound c ompletely i ntact

a n umber

i n t he

a lso

b e

f orm

o f

o f

t hem

s mall

l adles,

mentioned

A lthough s ome o f

( see

a re very

i n t he c eramic r epertoire o f A gios

P etros mainly b ecause t hey a re v ery well p reserved ; w ere

f rom

f orm o f a c lose p hiale.

d iscussed a bove

a nd

s ection 4 .3) ( Fig. 3 6:2,3,4, r are

H owever ,

f rom o ther T hessalian s ites i t i s r easonable

t o a ssume a r ounded b ody i n t he

v ases,

e xact

t hey a re

b ases a re l acking s o a ny r econstruction i s h ypothetical . s imilar n eolithic e xamples

t he

I a nd

i n s ome c ases

t hey

( Plate 2 4c).

A s ignificant number o f l adles was f ound i n a ll three s trata in d ifferent s izes with a f lat s hort handle a nd a s hallow h ollow.

They

are characterized b y a noticeable uniformity a s f ar a s t heir g eneral f eatures a re c oncerned l ike

h andles,

30

s hape a nd q uality o f

c lay.

T he

u se o f

p roblematic ; ( Fig. l ow

3 6:5,

b ase

s mall m iniature v ases,

u sually w ith f our s hort l egs,

whether t hey w ere s erving a s l amps o r s tands i s n ot P late 2 3e);

a re

o f

i s

c lear

Two e xamples o f c onical v ases with s igns o f

u ncertain

c haracter ;

t hey a re 8 .5

c m

a nd

1 1.6

c m

l ong

a nd 2 .3 cm a nd 1 .8 cm h igh r espectively a nd t hey s hould b e c onsidered e ither a s B ases

s mall

( Plates

s tands o r p otlids

2 2b,

2 3a,

F ig.

( Fig.

3 6:2,3).

3 5-38)

A t ypical f eature o f t he p ottery o f A gios P etros i s t he p resence o f a great number o f l ow r ing b ases i n r elation t o t he f lat o r r ound b ottoms;

i t

i s

r epertoire o f i ts

e arly d ate

e ach

s tratum

a b asic

t he

s ite

( see

c haracteristic

b ut

c hapter

c annot

b e

n ot

a lso a d istinctive 5 .6) .

T he

e stimated

o nly

t rait

f requency

e xactly

o f

o f

o f

t he

t he

t heir

a lthough

c eramic

c ulture

a nd

o ccurrence

i t

l ooks

c ertain c ategories o f b owls employ a s pecific f orm o f b ase.

a s

i n i f

T hus i t

c an b e s aid t hat t he t ypical c arinated and most o f t he h emispherical b owls have r ounded b ottoms ( Fig. 1 :5, 6 :2,3) while a small p roportion h as a l ow r ing b ase ( Fig. 6 :1) o r p ossibly a p edestal ( Fig. 3 7:3). j ars

o n t he o ther h and a re c haracterized b y f lat

b y l ow r ing b ase

( Fig.

b ases

The

a nd o ccasionally

9 A :1).

R ing b ases b ecome more c ommon i n S tratum I I a nd I II among t he o pen b owls

( Fig .

l evels

3 5:1)

( Fig.

a lthough

3 6:4).

t hey d o

Most o f

s ome i solated e xamples

o ccur

s poradically

f rom

t he

d eepest

t he b ases a re g enerally l ow e xcept

which a re more l ike

s tands ( Fig .

3 7:3) .

f or

A r ound

h igh b ase o f an o val v essel was f ound i n S tratum I I ( Fig. 3 5:2). v ery h igh a nd c oarse b ase o f a b ig v ase,

p robably a p ithos

S q.

b ases

I ,

S tratum

I I

( Fig.

3 7:2).

t radition o f T hessaly ( Fig. H andles

S ome

a re

was

t ypical

One

f ound i n

o f

t he

A l

3 8).

( Plates 2 1c,f,g-p,

2 2a,

F ig.

3 9-44)

There i s a r ich variety o f h andles o ccurring i n a ll t hree s trata with one

c ommon c haracteristic;

mostly v ertical.

n amely t he

e specially i n t he l ower s trata w ith a small ( Fig. 3 9:1,2); t hey h ave a s tandard f orm, s addle a s

( 1.5

cm)

t ubular

t he u pper

l ugs

o r

t he j ars

( Fig.

a nd

a s tring-hole .

i n c ontrast

a ll o f

t o

t he

d ecorated s hapes o f

which i s

t o

T hey

t he

s tring-hole i n t he m iddle a c ombination o f a wide

a re

p referably

s tring-hole

h andles

c haracterized

which

d ominate

l evels.

Almost wares

p erforation,

T ubular l ug h andles o ccur i n c onsiderable numbers

t he h andles b elong e ither t o t he monochrome t ine

c oarse

p ottery .

which b ear s igns

4 4).

The

The

c arinated

l ike p hiale a nd o pen b owls t ypical

o f

l edge-lugs

h andles

o f

t he

b owls

and

o n b ig

t he

s houlder

c oarse

o f

t he

s herds

o val l ugs a re l ess c ommon a nd

o f

3 9:4,6).

a re p erforated

( Fig.

b ody

a re

t ubular l ugs with a wide s addle ; t he c ases

o ther

l ack h andles e xcept p erhaps t he

i n most

T he h andle i tself, whether i t i s i n t he s hape o f a t ubular l ug o r a s tring-hole, i s s imple w ith n o o ther d ecorative c haracteristics s uch a s

h orns

o f

h andle

o r knobs .

p erforated

i n

A gios

handle

N oticeable P etros. i n

t he

i s

The f orm

t he

a bsence

o f

a ny

s pecialized

o nly variation which e xists o f

3 1

b utton

( Fig.

3 9:5);

i t

i s

f orm

i s

t he

quite

c ommon

i n

r ow) .

t he

T here

s ite

i s

a nd

a lso

t ypical

a g reat

f or i ts

v ariety

s mall

o f

s ize .

( Plate 2 2a ,

p erforated

h andles

m iddle

( Fig .

4 0:1-

8 ). I n s ome c ases e lements o f t he p lastic d ecoration, u sually small p ellets, p lay t he r ole o f h andles ( Plate 2 1e).

There i s a lso a small

number

b elong

o f

b ig

l ugs

with

a wide

s addle

which

t o

b ig

c oarse

v essels o f middle h elladic a ge a nd t hey were f ound i n t he d isturbed n orth-western a rea o f MT a nd t he r ubbish p it . A s pecial t ype o f h andle i s

r elated

t he

whole

t o

t he

Minyan s temmed g oblet

e xcavated

h andles o f t he l adles a re c oncerned t heir s ize v aries ( Fig. 5 7). N oticeable

i s

f ound

i n

t ue

t opsoil

a rea a nd o n t he s urface ( Plate 4 0b) .

t he

c ontinuity

t hey h ave

a u niform

o f s ome s imple f orms

l evels

A s

f ar a s

s hape

o f t he

a lthough

o f h andles

l ike

the s tring-hole l ugs t hrough t he d ifferent s trata without a ny b asic c hange ( Fig. 4 3). T he u se o f p erforation i s u niversal e xcept o f s ome i solated examples. There i s only one example o f a s olid h andle d ecorated w ith i ncisions, 4 .1.3.

0 .035 m l ong,

f rom t he

t opsoil o f

S q.

I .

D ecoration:

P ainted

( Plates

The

1 6,17,20,

a ppearance

b een d escribed

a nd

F ig.

t he

i n g eneral

4 5-53)

s urface

t reatment

o f

t he v ases

t erms ( see s ection 4 .1) .

h as a lready

H owever ,

b ecause

o f

t he e rosion and b ad weathering c onditions t he a ppearance o f t he c lay and

t he

painted

d esigns

varies

c onsiderably .

s urface f inds a nd c eramic r emains o f e ither

has

b een

i ncrustation p rovided

s herds

m uch e asier T he p art

t o

c overed

with

meaning

most

p ainted

o f

t he

l ess

i t.

motifs

t races

o f

d eeper

l evels,

T he

whose

c ase

c haracter

o f

t he

t he d ecoration p aint

a nd

o r

t he

h owever,

e xecution

a re

t o d efine.

l ower p art

o f

p ainted

r educed

h as

I n

t he t opsoil l evels,

S tratum

o f

S tratum I II,

I experienced

p ottery,

t he

s pecific n umbers not a vailable.

p eak

t he w hole S tratum I I a nd t he u pper

a f luctuation

p eriod

b eing

S tratum

i n I I .

t he

amount

o f

t he

U nfortunately more

o f t he p ainted s herds o ccurring i n e ach s tratum a re R egarding t he main c haracteristics o f t he p ainted

p ottery i n r elation t o t he s tratigraphic s equence, t here c an b e s een a p ersistance o f s ome f eatures . T hey i nclude: ( a) t he t hick c reamy s lip which c overs ( Plate

t hickness

s urface

T here

t hroughout

o ccasionally l ower

t he

1 7a,b).

b ut

i t

s ection o f

s urface

( early

b asically r ed

a lthough p ainted

i n

t he

t he

v ases

a ny

a nd

h as

n oticeable

l evels; I where ( b)

s ome

are

t o

t he

t heir

whitish c olour

c olour d oes

o r

o ccur

T here a re o nly a f ew e xamples

i n t he

p aint

o n

t he

c olour

a very

b urnished

c ases l ose

b e

a pplication

i ts

t he

c an v ary f rom c herise-red s eems

a u niversal

v ariation o f

a s lightly

i s v ery r are .

p ainted).

surfaces d esigns

o f n ot

S tratum

b ut

Burnishing s lipped

i s

o pposite

a pplied o f

t he

t he

p aint

p rocedure. r ed

c an h appen; and

d irectly

t he

which

i s

t o r eddish-brown.

c ommon

b efore

outline

i s

b ecome

p aint i n dull.

Most was t his l t

o f

t he

a pplied c ase i s

t he a lso

p ossible t o h ave t he s ame e ffect b y i ncomplete f iring a lthough i n t his c ase t he c olours o f b oth t he d ecoration a nd t he s urface o f t he c lay a re

3 2

a ltered.

B urnishing o ccasionally c an b e v ery h eavy

T here i s a w ide v ariety d ecorative

e lements,

s imple

o f

p atterns

a nd

o r

c omplex

( Fig .

a nd

r elated i n

f ragmentary .

e ach

s tratum

e stimate .

4 5,48).

o ccurrence

b earing

d esigns

r eaches

i ts

4 6).

T his

c ombinations

a s pecific

f orm

o f

a re

s urviving p ieces are

c ertain b ut

d ifferent

d esigns

m otifs

t he

i s

d irectly

p ercentage o f v ases

d ecoration

i s

d ifficult

t o

i n

S tratum

S tratum

c omplexity

o f

l inear ,

I o nwards

I I

( Fig.

r egards

w eavy ,

b oth

s olid

( Fig.

4 8)

and

t he

2 ), t he

r ange

l ines a nd

s omething l ower

o f

which

p art

o f

p atterns

I II

s uch a s

t riangles a nd a lso

t heir

A ll t hese a ppear t o b e e lements with c lear s tylistic a nd

c hronological The

f rom

p eak

execution .

c ircles

o f

l ayers

o f

T he

I n general t here i s a g radual employment o f more c omplex

p ainted ( Fig .

T he

t o d ifferent s tratigraphical

1 7b).

c ombinations

well d efined and mostly c omplete a lthough t he s mall

( Plate

s ignificance.

early a nd

p ainted

s olid

s herds

t riangles

o f

b ear s imple d ecoration c onsisting o f r ed

p aint

o n

a l ight

b ackground ;

t hey

a re very f ew i n number and a ppear just above t he s terile l ayer o f t he d eposit

( Plate

1 7a,g ,

F ig .

1 :1,2,3,5) .

T he

d ecorative

motifs

i n

t hese

e arly p ieces a re c oncentrated under t he r im o r o n t he b ase a s a b road b and 3 o r 4 cm v ariation

t hick with c areless

s hows

a d ark

b lack b and

execution

o n

t he

r im

z ag l ines o f r ed p aint on a white s lip a s b ody t he

( Fig . end

1 :5).

o f

H owever,

S tratum

( Fig.

a nd

2 :4,8).

a lmost

f ar

a s

t heir

z ig-

t he main d ecoration o f

t hese s imple d ecorative e lements

I a s

Another

v ertical

variety

and

t he

i mproved b y

t echnique

were

c oncerned. L inear

motifs

c ross

h atching,

wavy

l ines

a re

while

and

more

a bundant

c urvilinear

c oncentric

a nd

t hey

d ecoration

a rcs

( Fig.

i nclude

i s

s traight

i ntroduced

4 5).

A t

t he

b y

s ame

l ines,

b ands t ime

o f t he

d ecorative t echnique i n s ome o f t he p ieces i s s till " archaic" with many characteristics o f the early painted sherds: lack o f motif s tandardization d ecorative

a nd

d esign

p oor

a ppears

e xecution f or

t he

( Fig.

f irst

3 ).

A h ighly

t ime .

I t

w oven o r

b asketry p rototype with a c ombination o f

p atterns

i n

6 :1,

a v ery

4 8).

f ine

Under

h orizontal

a nd

t he

p arallel

a nd d elicate r im

t here

l ines

i n

t he

impression o f a f rame o r p anel. t riangles l ike

h anging

c anvas,

p oint

t here

a re

e xecution

a re

i ndividual

r eminiscent

l inear

( Plate

u sually

f orm o f

i s

a nd

1 6b ,

t hree

F ig .

o r

t hin b ands

o f

a

g eometric 5 :1-4,

f our

t hin

which g ive

t he

The b asic motif c onsists o f a row o f

d ownwards

while

p arallel

f illed

o ver

a p attern

b ands;

t he

o f

t hin

l ines

a lternation

o f

l inear a nd g eometric d esigns c reates many v ariations ( Fig. 5 :1, 6 :1). I t

i s

d ifficult

t o

k now

t he

p ractical

d etails

b ehind

t he v ery f ine l ines which were u sed a s b ackground. t o s uppose

t hat a k ind o f b rush was

u sed

a nd

t heir

an o rder r equires a v ery experienced p otter. d iscussed i n t he

Museum o f V olos

methods

might

which

p ossibility o f a t hin

h ave h air

a pplied o n t he s urface o f

b eing

u sed

f or

p lunged

i nto

e xecution

o f

a rrangement

i n

s uch

D ifferent o ptions were

i n o ur a ttempt

b een

t he

They a re t oo t hin

t o e xperiment

t his t he

w ith t he

d ecoration.

p aint

f irst

T he

a nd

t hen

t he p ot was d iscounted b ecause t he d esigns

a re i n s uch position and s ometimes i n such awkward p laces t hat t his method

m ight

h ave

b een

v ery

which was d iscussed was p attern s tamp

i n r elief

t he

d ifficult

t o

b e

p ossibility o f

employed . t he u se o f

A nother s ome

o ption

s ort

o f

p ressed o n t he c reamy s urface o f t he p ot i n t he

3 3

s ame

way s imilar s tamps a re u sed

H owever, o ne .

t o d ecorate

t his s olution was r ejected t or t he s ame

I b elieve,

t hat

t he

s olution

l ies

s imply

t extiles

i n Thessaly .

r eason a s

t he p revious

i n

t he

t echnical

s kills

which were acquired a fter many h undreds o f y ears o f experience i n a process

o f

knowledge

u nderestimated . t his

experi mentation

p eculiar d ecoration l ater I t i s d ifficult

s hapes r ange t he

and

B ut we s hall c ome b ack t o t he

b ecause o f

s hapes

s hould

o f

t he

H owever ,

n ot

b e

t he o rigin o f

( see s ection 5 .5.2.).

t o a ttribute c ertain d ecorative motifs

m ost

f orms .

which

p roblem o f

p ainted t here

d ecoration

i s

a s light

was

t o s pecific

employed

i n

a w ide

d ifferentiation

a s

f ar

a s

which u se a c ertain a rrangement o f d ecoration a re c oncerned .

The n ecked jars, f or i nstance, u sually h ave a p anel d ecoration o n t he c ollar with a s trict a rangement o f t he d ecorative d esigns ( Fig. 4 6). I n general s trictly

a great

d eal

o rganized

o f

the

Agios

d esigns c overing t he main b ody o f p arallel and h orizontal

The

p ottery

f orm

s imple

4 7).

t he

p art s ame

o f

p arallel,

c ircles

4 9).

( Fig.

o f

has

a

l inear b road

s herds

a t hick d eep r ed d esign o n a c reamy s lip,

S tratum

I I

d ecoration:

v ertical and

t he

S ome o ther p ainted

s imilar p ottery f rom A natolia

u pper

b asically

p ainted

i n

t he v ase o r a s a c ombination o f

l ines ( Fig.

b ear a weavy l ike pattern, which r ecall

P etros

d ecoration e ither

( Fig.

and

3 :5,6).

t he

l inear

b eginning

p atterns

o r c urvilinear d esigns

with

o f

I II

b road

with half

h ad

l ines,

c oncentric

A p roblem o f d efinition a rises i n t he c ategory o f b lack-topped p ottery t he

which

r im.

b ears

t he

A lthough

c haracteristic

normally

t his

b road

d ark

d ecoration

c oloured

i s

n ot

b and

u nder

c onsidered

a s

p ainted ( the b lack e ffect i s b ecause o f d ifferent t iring p rocedures) , a v ariation f ound i n A gios P etros c ombined t he d ark b lack b and o n t he r im and

t he v ertical

( Fig.

1 :4, I t

i s

z ig-zag

l ines

P late

1 9a,b,c,e).

a lso

noticeable

o f

t hat

r ed p aint

s ome

b road

o n t he b ody o f

l inear

t he vase

a nd g eometrical

motifs o f r ed p aint on c reamy s lip c over a l arge part o f t he s urface a nd g ive

t he

i mpression o f a l ight-on-dark d ecoration

A pplied d ecoration ( Plate 2 1a,b,d,e, T his i ncludes t o small p ellets;

e llipsoid

7 :2).

5 4)

t he p lastic d ecorative t echnique which i s c onfined t heir s ize and a rrangement i n g roups vary greatly

among d itferent s hapes o f v ases. f ine wares a nd e specially c losed s mall,

F ig.

( Fig.

T hey u sually d ecorate t he m onochrome s hapes s uch a s j ars . T he p ellets a re

i n f orm a nd d ecorate

t he p art o f

t he v ase n ear t he r im

t hough s ometimes t hey a re s ituated o n t he s houlder and a re b igger i n size.

They

h orizontally, c ases,

have

in

groups

( Plate 2 1d,

T he e xamples

a re not d iagnostic a s F ig.

o f

i n v ertical a rrangement

d iscs a nd o vals a re a pplied o n t he

s urviving sherds p laced

survived

o r t hree

two, ( Plate

b ody o f

usually 2 1a,b) .

p laced I n

o ther

t he v ase a lthough t he

t o where

t he d ecoration

was

5 4:5).

p lastic d ecoration i s where t he t hree p ellets

incised l ines ( Fig. 5 4:6).

i n g eneral s imple e xcept o f s ome i n a v ertical r ow a re c ombined w ith

I t i s a lso p ossible t hat t he h orizontally

3 4

a rranged p ellets p lay t he r ole o f h andles a lthough t hey must b e s een more o f a s ymbolic c haracter .

I n t he s ame way s ome

p ierced b utton-like a nd l ess f unctional.

c an e asily b e c onsidered m ore d ecorative

h andles

o f

t he h orizontally

Although t he p lastic d ecorative t echnique i s q uite p opular a nd o ccurs

i n a ll

d eepest

t hree

l evels.

s trata

A part

i t

f rom

s eems f our

c ompletely u nknown i n A gios P etros I ncised d ecoration ( Plate

1 8b,

t hat

p ieces

( Plate

F ig.

i t

i s

more

c ommon i n

impressed

t he

d ecoration

i s

1 8b).

1 1:24,25,26:1,3,9)

T here i s n ot a v ery c ommon t echnique i n A gios P etros a nd i t o ccurs o nly i n t he u pper l ayers a nd t he t opsoil . T he s hapes e mployed a re o pen b owls with f lat b ases a nd s lightly i nwards c urved s ides . main

c ategories o f

i ncised d ecoration :

T here a re

t wo

t he l inear p atterns ( Plate

1 8b ,

u pper r ight, F ig. 1 1:4) and t he c ombination o f i ncised and p ointi ng d esigns

( Fig.

h orizontal

2 5).

p arallel

T he

p ieces

l ines,

with

t hree

o r

l inear

f our,

d ecoration

u nder

t he

r im

c onsist

while

o f

o blique

l ines f ollow b elow ( Fig . 2 5:10,12) . T here a re n o s igns o f a ny m aterial u sed t o f ill t he i ncisions a s i t i s u sually t he c ase. A p iece o f an o pen p hiale s urface

i s

The

w ith

r homboid

h ighly s herds

i ncisions

b urnished with

a nd

t he

i s v ery c haracteristic ;

t he

i ncisions

c ombination

d eep

o f

( Fig .

i ncised

a nd

d ecoration a lthough n ot v ery c ommon a re v ery i nteresting . o f

b ands f illed with d ots

c urvilinear T he

a nd

s urviving

l inear

i t

p ointi ng

T hey c onsist

i n a variety o f p atterns s uch a s z ig-zag,

w ithout

a ny

white

f illing

p aste

p ieces a re v ery s mall a nd n o s hapes c an

N evertheless

t he b rown

1 1:4) .

i s very p robable

t hat

( Fig .

b e

t he p ointi ng

2 5:1-9).

r econstructed .

d ecoration was

employed i n a wide variety o f o pen b owls ( Fig. 2 6:1,8,9); i t was n ot c onfined t o any s pecific p art o f t he v ase a nd t here are s igns t hat i t w as

u sed

t o d ecorate

s mall

c lay

o bjects a s w ell ( Fig .

5 5:1,

5 7:4).

A v ariation o f t he i ncised d ecoration with c lear chronological s ignificance c oncerns a s pecial k ind o f b owl with t hick r ounded l ip ( Fig .

1 1:2,

which a re

2 6:3) .

T he

motifs

i nclude

c onfined o n t he l ips

o f

i ndeed a nd o ccur i n t he u pper p art o f M onochrome w ares Monochrome t he a nd o f

( Plate wares

1 8a, a re

h ulk o f

t he

s hapes,

f rom e legant

t he

F ig.

v ery

i ncomplete .

q uite

t hick

i n A gios

s ize

P etros

f iring methods . i t

g lazed i s

c onstitute

b owls

t o

b ig c oarse

v essels .

Most

o f

t he

s urface

s imilar

t o

t he

o ne

i s

w idespread.

b ear a whitish s lip,

u sed

f or

t he

p ainted

O ther monochrome s herds mainly f rom t he d eepest l evels

h ave d ifferent t he

a nd

c haracterized b y s trong f iring t hough

A h igh b urnishing

s ometimes,

l ines

a re v ery r are

T hey i nclude a w ide r ange o f f abrics

A c onsiderable p ercentage o f monochrome s herds d ecoration .

c rosshatched

S tratum I II.

c ommon

m onochrome f ine p ieces a re

s ometimes

a nd

T hese p ieces

2 3,24)

c eramic material . s mall

c rude X 's

t he v ase .

s hades,

l ight

G lazed

a ppearance

o r d ark ,

which a re

s urfaces d o o ccur

o f

t he

a r esult o f a wash .

p ottery h as a c olour c lose

s urface H owever,

t o

i s

b ut

c ommon

i n

e arly

t he majority o f

t he c olour o f

3 5

t he r esult o f d ifferent

t hey a re n ot v ery c ommon ; n eolithic

a nd

t he monochrome

t he f abric which i s u sually

b rown-black f rom

o r

l ight-brown .

T he

q uality o f

t he s econd s tratum o nwards a nd

T he

t ypical

r ed

s light r ed wash ;

monochrome

s urface

d eteriorates

s herds

a re

o f

t ine

a nd

t he

h ave

a

i nterior

A l imited n umber o f s herds o f a t ine f abric a nd

c ompletely d ifferent a ppearance a re which

i n S tratum

q uality

a small n umber h as a g reyish s hade while

i s s ometimes b lack. S omething

t heir

t hey b ecome v ery c oarse

a ffected

most

o f

c onsidered

t he

a s

imports

monochrome

p ieces

( Fig.

i s

t he

9 :1). s evere

i ncrustation p articularly noticeable i n t he u pper l evels.

T here i s

a lso

" rainbow"

a l imited

n umber

o f

s herds

which

a re

c haracterized

a s

and b ear d ifferent k inds o f shades u sually y ellowish and r ed . fabric

i s

f ine

i ntentional.

a nd I n

t here

t hat

i s

n o

r espect

d oubt i t

t hat

s eems

Their

t he d ecorative r esult

r easonable

t o

c onsider

i s t he

r ainbow c ategory a s d ecorative w are. M inyan ( Plate 4 0b) T here t he

i s

a c onsiderable

s urface a nd

t he

m iddle

n umber

o f

h elladic

a ppearance o f Minyan ware .

s herds mainly f rom

p it

which

a s oapy

smooth h igh

t he

t he

t opsoil,

c haracteristic

Most o f t he p ieces a re p arts o f r ims a nd

b elong t o h igh s temmed g oblets with h andle. h ave

h ave

b urnished

They a re wheelmade and

s urface

a nd

a p ale g rey c olour.

H owever, i t s hould b e s tressed t hat t he g eneral l ook o f t he s herds i s quite d ifferent f rom t hat o f t he t ypical Minyan p ottery o f s outhern G reece .

T he p ieces

f rom A gios

P etros

h ave

a p roduct p robably o f a l ocal middle T hessalian i nfluences

a more

p ale

a nd

s oapy

l ook ,

h elladic workshop with s trong

( see A ppendix I V).

S election o f c haracteristic p ainted p ottery: 1 . T he

Two p ieces o f a p ainted vase;

b rown c lay with f ew grits.

i nterior i s g lossy a nd b lack while t he o utside b ears a c reamy s lip .

T he b lack t opped r im i s f ollowed b y a d ecorative n et motif p aint ( Fig.

o f b rown-red

6 :3).

2 . Two s herds o f a s imilar c arinated b owl. B rown c lay, c reamy s lip a nd r ed p aint . M echanical b urnishing, g lossy b lack i nterior,

matt

c lay s lightly d irty ( Fig.

6 :2).

3 . P art o f a p ainted p hiale c onsisting o f s even p ieces; r edb rown c lay, c reamy t hick s lip, p aint d eep r ed t o c erise . L inear d ecoration

i n

p rototypes; ( Fig.

a rrangement

imitating

woven

o r

b asketry

maximum d iameter 1 7.5 cm

6 :1). 4 .

s lip a nd t he

g eometric

s ix p arallel b ands s urvived,

A h igh n eck c erise p aint .

i nterior

d ecoration a nd 5 .

o f

t he

r ow o f

o f

a c ollared j ar .

A p ainted v ase

n ear

s trip t he

s olid p ainted

T he p ainted u pper p art

b rown

c lay

w ith

Matt

surface

c ombination o f

whitish and

s olid

a delicate

c olour

r im;

t hick d ecorates

( Fig.

s lip

decorative

a nd

motif ( Fig.

o f

l inear

5 :6).

a h ole mouthed j ar; C reamy

t riangles a nd w avy l ines

3 6

1 c m

a c ombination

t riangles o f

p articles .

D eep b rown c lay w ith whitish o f

f ine

d ecorated

ware, i nside .

c onsisting

5 :5).

o f

a

6 .

A s herd

c m d iameter i s

d ecorated

a p ale

b elonging

t o a n o pen b owl

o n

b oth s ides:

i nside w ith r ed-on-cream a nd o utside

r ed-on-yellow c olour .

a l inear a rrangement ( Fig. 4 .2.

w ith s traight s ides w ith 4 0

b rown c lay with t hick whitish s lip i nside a nd o utside .

F igurines

( Plates

T he

3 6.

d esign

P late

2 5-37,

F ig.

c onsists

o f

v ertical

I t w ith

b ands

i n

2 0a).

6 4-74)

The f igurine material i s o ne o f t he most i nteresting a spects o f t he

A gios

e xcept

P etros

f or

o ne

f inds .

s tone

I t

i ncludes

f igurine ;

f ifty

t hey

p ieces

r epresent

b ody and b elong t o v arious t ypes and f orms. s ecure

n eolithic d eposits .

mostly

made

d ifferent

o f

p arts

c lay

o f

t he

Most o f t hem c ome f rom

E xceptionally b eautiful

i s

t he

s election o f

h eads which are v ery important i n v iew o f t heir c ross c ultural l inks with d ifferent

g eographical

r egions .

s ite i n f igurine material i s a rea,

t he

u nfavourable

t hat

t he

main

p art

were

p articularly

c onditions

o f

t he

r ich

i n

T he

r ichness

o f

t he A gios

s urprising c onsidering t he f or p reservation

s ettlement f igurine

i s

a nd

s ubmerged .

f inds

a s

we

u sually

without

t he

skilled

f igurines. a nd

t he

o ther

execution T he

h air

a ny

f acial

a re

v ery

o f d eep o r s hallow

o f

t he

o r

d etails

f eatures

a nd

l ines

d ecoration

t he

i s

T he

l acking

d oes

u sual

I II

f abric,

p articles) h inder

t ypes

o f

t echnique

t he e yes,

a nd

n ot

d ifferent

c haracteristics

t o r epresent

c overs s ome f igurine f ragments.

I I T he

small

d ecoration

o f

o ther

f inely e xecuted .

i ncised

p lastic a nd p ainted

f inishing

p ossibility

s een .

a lthough o f c rude a ppearance ( dirty l ocal c lay f ull o f a nd

t he

S trata

h ave

P etros

small e xcavated

t he

i s

o f

h ead

t he

u se

mouth a nd h air ;

a lthough a t hick c reamy

s lip

S ometimes, h owever, t he d ecorative

i ncisions a re f illed w ith white c halky m aterial. There

a re

t hree

t ypes

o f

material:

d ifferent

p arts o f t he b ody o f f at female f igurines and r epresentations. The f acial c ommon

O nly o ne s tone f igurine w as

r epertoire

f eatures

o f

h eads

a nd o ther

c haracteristics

s maller t ypes a s w e s hall

i s

varied

d etails i n

o f

t he

a l imited

t ypes

o f

h eads,

small p arts

o f

animal

f ound.

i n

s tyle,

t he

execution

s kin .

T he

a ppearance

number

c an

s eparate

o f

o f

s ome

t hem

t o

s ee.

A h ead o f a c lay f igurine f ound i n t he t op o f S tratum I II near a mass o f s tones i s v ery i nteresting ( Plate l ong f ace, t he e yes a re r epresented b y d eep i n t he

s hape o f

g rains

o f

wheat,

while

t he

3 1a, F ig. 6 4:2). s lightly o blique n ose

i s

s haped

I t h as a i ncisions

p lastically .

On t he u pper p art o f t he h ead t here i s ar epresentation o f a c oiffure o r h at, v ery

c onical

d eep

i n s hape a nd

i ncision

f rom

t he

f lat

i n t he t op ,

f ace .

T he

o f a z ig-zag l ine o n b oth s ides o f s eparation b etween

t he h ead

t he f ace a nd u pper p art o f

we have a r epresentation o f

which i s

u nusual

s ome k ind o f

t hing

s eparated i s

t he

which s eems t he h ead.

with a

e xistence

t o mark t he

Whether o r n ot

hair d ressing o r h at

i t

i s

d ifficult t o s ay b ecause t here a re n o o ther d etails i n t he execution . The h ead i s 0 .037 i n h igh and i t s urvives with p art o f t he n eck . The a ppearance o f t he f igurine i s v ery c rude a nd i t gives t he impression t hat

i t

f iring wash);

i s

r eady

t o c rumble away .

i ncomplete t he

c areless

c lay

making.

a nd i s

t here

f ull

o f

H owever,

a re

T he q uality o f n o

s mall

t races white

d espite

3 7

o f

t he c lay i s p oor,

o ther

p articles,

i ts

r ough

f inishing

i ndications

appearance

t he

( slip o f

o r t he

which,

I

b elieve,

i s

mainly d ue

t o

b ad p reservation ,

t he h ead h as a s trong s ense

o f modelling with i ts r ound s urfaces and smooth c urving o f t he f ace. I ts

most

unusual

i ncisions

f eatures

a re

o n b oth s ides o f

t he

c ompletely u nknown e lsewhere

t he

u pper

f ace;

e nd

b oth

o f

t he

should

h ead

b e

a nd

t he

c onsidered

a s

i n G reek n eolithic.

A nother f igurine with t he s ame c haracteristic i ncision o n b oth o f

sides

I t

i s

t he

f ace

a small

p lastically i ncisions

made

e xecuted : f or

p ortion o f

i s a h ead which was

h ead t he

t he

a b ig

eyes;

h ead

o f

c lay

h eavy

t he

f ound i n S tratum I II, with

n ose

l ips

t he

f eatures

s lightly

a re

b ig

and

t he f orehead b ears

above

b roken

C utting MT .

o f

t he

a nd

p lastic.

The

a h orizontal

which ends o n b oth t emples i n t he f amiliar z ig-zag l ine. f ace g ives

t he

impression o f a mask.

E xamples o f

t otally unknown i n Thessaly ( see s ection 5 .5.3.). c lay a nd

t he

a ppearance

o f

t he

f abric

a re

f ace

t hick d eep upper

i ncision The whole

k ind a re n ot

this

T he quality o f t he

t he s ame a s

t he p revious

f igurine: d irty c lay f ull o f small white s tones, c ertainly o f l ocal o rigin a nd i ncompletely f ired ( Plate 2 6a,b, F ig. 6 4:3). Moreover two deep i ncisions which d o not s eem t o b e i ntentional mark t he l eft a nd r ight

c heeks. T he

t hird

f igurine,

a lthough i t

t han t he previous two ( the

f ace

w as

f ound i n much worse c ondition

i s damaged a ll o ver) does,

h owever,

c ertainly b elong t o t he s ame c ategory: i t b ears t he c haracteristic i ncisions and t he s ort o f h air d ressing o r h at mentioned a bove. H owever ,

j udging

f rom

t his

e xample

( the i ncision c ontinues a t

t he b ack

o f t he head) i t i s more l ikely t hat t his i s a c overing o f t he h ead and not a c oiffure.

F rom t his f igurine t here a lso s urvived a p art o f t he

c ylindrical n eck,

while

f igurine w as f ound i n T i, A f igurine t opsoil with

l evel 6 ,

with t he s ame

l evels o f

i ncised

t he e ars are p lastically r epresented. S tratum I II

a nd

6 5:4).

t ypical f acial f eatures

t he c ircular s tructure .

eyes

( Fig.

a h ole

f or

t he

I t

was

f ound

i n

i s a b adly p reserved

mouth ;

t he

d isproportionate t o t he s ize o f t he f ace. A ll d eliberate i ntention i n t he manner o f e xpression .

The

nose

i s

t he h ead

b ig

a nd

t he d etails s how a A part f rom t he o val

face t here a lso s urvive p arts o f t he n eck and t he b ust. h orizontal i ncision o n t op o f t he f orehead which c ontinues

A d eep o n b oth

s ides o f t he t emples marks t he s upposed h at . Where i t f inishes a t t he b ack o f t he h ead, however, i t l ooks more l ike h air ( Plate 2 6c,d, F ig. 6 4:1). A c lay h ead with s imilar characteristics was f ound o n s urface during t he 1 981 e xcavations. I t i s important t o note

t he t he

d ominant f eatures o f t he u pper p art o f t he h ead and t he t emples ( Fig. 6 5:2). Two o f c ategory

t he

m ost b eautiful

( Plates

3 1b ,

2 5) .

T he

f igurines f ace

i s

o f t he s ite b elong t o t he s ame e longated

a nd

o val

a nd

e nds

i n

a p ointed c hin; p art o f t he c ylindrical n eck s urvives a s well. The eyes a re r epresented b y deep h orizontal i ncisions while t he nose i n b oth c ases t he h ead i s

i s d amaged .

I n t he f irst

o f

t he f igurines

t he u pper p art

s eparated b y a d eep i ncision which i s h orizontal o n t he

o f t op

o f t he f orehead and t he b ack o f t he h ead while i t t akes t he f orm o f z ig-zag i n t he two s ides; t here i s n o o ther mark o n t he h ead. The r epresentation 7 5b)

i s

q uite

o f

t he

t op

d ifferent .

s ection o f

t he o ther

S tripes

i ncised

o f

3 8

f igurine

l ines

( Plate 2 5,

d ecorate

t he

F ig .

h at

o r

h old

t he

c oiffure

t he

r ounded

T he

e xpression

o n t op o f b etter

d epending

s urfaces o f

t he

a nd

o n

t he

t he

i nterpretation .

g entle

c urving

I n

t he

b oth

c lay

i s

f igurines

n oticeable.

f ace i s d istinctive a nd t he p osition o f t he h ead

t he

l ong r ounded n eck i s

q uality

o f

t han

t he

p revious

p owerful.

The

c lay

i s

o nes a lthough t here a re

h eavy i ncrustation o n t he s urface .

T races

o f

t he

white

s omewhat t races

material

o f

which

f illed t he i ncisions o f t he s econd f igurine c an s till b e s een. The f irst o f t he f igurines was f ound i n S tratum I I and t he s econd i n S tratum I II; I n

t hey w ere s tratified

C utting

s ignificant

MT ,

f or

S tratum

t he

l ight

i n w ell d efined n eolithic c ontexts.

I II,

i t

was

c asts

f ound

o n

t he

a f igurine

c ultural

which

i s

r elations

c ontacts o f t he s ettlement o f Agios P etros ( Plate 2 8).

I ts

a nd

maximum

h eight i s 0 .062 m a nd i ts t hickness i n t he b ase o f t he n eck i s 0 .03 m . I t c onsists o f a h ead and a l ong n eck i ndicated o n a l ong c lay r od b y t he u se o f a variety o f i ncisions;

t he f igurine b elongs t o t he t ype

k nown a s r od-head f igurine which i s q uite c ommon i n t he B alkan a rea b ut occurs l ess f requently i n G reece ( see s ection 5 .5.3). f eatures

( eyes,

e yebrows,

h air)

a re

r epresented

f rom t he n ose which h as a b ird l ike l ook . t he e xecution o f

t he

A ll t he f acial

i ncised

l ines

a part

The mouth i s a bsent while

t he eyes a re shown b y an i ncomplete s quare. f eature i nvolves

b y

The most c haracteristic

l ong h air a t

t he b ack o f

t he

h ead

a nd o n t he f lat t op o f i t: v ertically d rawn z ig-zag l ines i ncised b ut i n c ontrast with t he r epresentation o f t he e yes n ot v ery d eep a nd p robably h as

f illed

w ith white

a d ifferent

material .

a rrangement:

O n

t here

i s

p arting o f t he h air b y i ncised l ines.

t he

t op

o f

a c areful

t he

h ead

t he

h air

r epresentation o f

t he

A t op knot which i s s tuck o nto

t he f lat h ead a nd s ometimes a ccompanies t his t ype o f f igurines ( Nea N ikomedeia) i s

l acking h ere ;

t here i s n o s ign

o f

a c avity

which

would

s uggest t hat s uch a t op knot existed. The c lay s eems t o b e o f l ocal o rigin with a l ot o f small white g rits b ut the a ppearance o f t he f igurine

i s

quite g ood

s uggesting

a b etter

d egree o f p reservation.

T races o f t he t ool u sed t o s hape t he f igurine c an b e s een o n t he n eck a nd u nder t he n ose

( burnish)

( Plate 2 8,

l eft

p hotograph).

One o f t he b est p reserved f igurines o f t he s ite i s t hat f ound i n C utting

MT ,

S tratum I I .

u pper p art o f

t he

( Plate

The

3 0).

I t

c onsists o f

b ody ( shoulders, h eight

i s

t he h ead,

0 .065

m

a nd

e yes

a re

i mpression o f a c onical h at .

T he

b road i ncisions which s tart

f rom

d irection

e xtension o f

o f

t he

c onical

i n s hape a nd

t he

h at;

t he l ine which s hapes

t he

u pper

p art

r epresented

b y

g ives

t wo

d eep

t he a nd

t he b ack o f t he h ead a nd r each t he

e dge o f t he n ose i n a v ery s chematic way . t he

o val

o ne a rm) o f a p robably male f igurine

T he n ose i s t he

ears

t he j aws .

T he

l ong a nd

a re

f ollows

r epresented

mouth

i s

d epicted

a t ypically T hessalian way b y a s imple h ole above t he c hin .

a s i n

What i s

more i nteresting i s t he u pper p art o f t he b ody which s urvives i n t he f orm o f o ne a rm b ending o n t he c hest p erhaps i ndicating s ome f orm o f g esture, r ounded n eck .

while

t he

s houlders T he

e specially

o ther

which

e xecution o f n oticeable

h alf

a re t he

i n

t he

i s

b roken ;

t he

c ontinuation

o f

f acial

i ts

c haracteristics

p rofile

( Fig .

i mpression o f a b ird l ike a ppearance . v iew,

t he

f igurine

smoothly f rom h eavy

i s

c arefully

t he t op o f

i ncrustation

c an

b e

F rom

s haped

t he h ead

t o

t he

d etected

i n

s ome

3 9

a rms t he

6 6:1); t he

s tart

s hort

f rom

t he

c ylindrical

i s

s chematic ,

i t

a lmost

a s

g ives

i s t he

c onstructional p oint o f

with

t he

chin . p arts

s urfaces

However, o f

t he

r unning

t races

s houlders

o f a nd

t he

b ust. A nother

f igurine

r elated

i n many ways

t o

t he p revious e xamples

t hat which was f ound a gain i n MT b ut i n S tratum I ( Plate 2 9c,d, 6 4:4).

T he

f ace

d eep i ncisions n eck s urvives h at

i s

l ong

w ith a d isproportionately

f or t he e yes a nd a r ounded c hin . while

o r c oiffure o f

t he

t op p art

o f

t he h ead

which o nly a s mall p art

b ig

a nd

A s mall

i s

s uch

f ragmented

a s

way .

t he

ears

B ecause

and

o f

i ts

mouth s oft

c haracterized b y a h igh

s urvives .

was d amaged d uring

t he c leaning p rocess ;

f ace

h eight

s urface .

r elate

t his

I ts

f igurine

i s

0 .035

a re

c lay

m .

T he

r emains

s urface

s cratches a nd

o f

c an

i n t he

n ext

a

b e

a

v ery

f igurine

s een o n

c haracteristics

t he

o f

O ther f acial

r epresented

t he

S pecific

t o t he p revious o ne

h eavy n ose,

s ection o f t he

h eavy c ream s lip c an b e s een o n many p arts o f t he f ace. f eatures

i s

F ig.

o ne ,

a s

t he

which

w e

s hall

s ee, a re t he f orm o f t he f ace ( elongated a nd smooth), t he method u sed t o r epresent t he n ose a nd a nd

t he g eneral l ook o f

t he

e yes,

t he

e xistence

A n a lmost i dentical f igurine was f ound i n t he o f

t he

n ear

s econd

t he

( it

i s

d uring t he d ig; a ll

o ver

n ot

s outh-western i ts

c lear

which)

c orner

i ts h eight

s urface .

o f a h at

o r

c oiffure

t he f ace s tanding o n a r ounded l ong n eck.

T he

o f

t he

o f

t hird s tratum o r e nd

C utting T i,

p it .

I ts

a bove

l eft

c heek

t he was

h ardpan d amaged

i s 5 .5 cm a nd t races o f s lip c an b e s een

r ounded

f ace

s its

o n

t he

s trong n eck

i n t he

s ame way a s we s aw i n t he above two f igurines. T he n ose i s b ig while t he eyes are two d eep i ncisions a lmost l ike h oles ( Plate 2 7, 2 9a,b, F ig.

6 6:2).

The f orehead i s l ong and e nds i n a s hort c ircular h at o r

c oiffure which a t t he b ack g ets b igger; I t hink, h ere t he evidence s upports t he v iew o f a c oiffure more t han a nything e lse b ecause o f t he f ormation a round

t he

h ead

which u sually

i s

a n

i ndication

o f

h air

h eld

t he h ead o f a c lay f igurine.

I ts

t ogether. S tratum

I i n T i

s ize i s small,

p it

r evealed

t he nose i s missing while t he eyes a re r epresented b y

two h orizontal i ncisions;

t he e ars a re i ndicated p lastically .

T he

c hin i s b roken and t he mouth i s a s imple h ole. G enerally, i t i s a f igurine c learly b elonging t o t he Thessalian m iddle n eolithic ( Plate 3 1c,d). An i nteresting male b ust I t

i s

an

a lmost

miniature

o f c lay was f ound i n S q.

f lat

r epresented b y incisions ( eyes, The g eneral impression i s t hat c onstruction . o r d ue

I t

d eep d ark c olour T he u pper a lso

f ound .

f acial f ound

I t

n ot

o f

e asy

( Plate 3 6b,

p art h as

t o

o f

a c rude

r ecovered

f rom

t he e yes a re

I ,

S tratum I .

f acial

f eatures

whether

t he

T he c lay i s

r esult h ard,

i s

i ntentional

s olid a nd h as a

f igurine a nd

w ith

b ird-like

a ppearance

a lmost p hallic s hape

I ,

S q .

r epresented

T he m outh i s a s imple h ole a nd

S q.

I V and

i t i s

A d amaged h ead I ;

5 .2 cm h igh ( Fig. o f

a c lay

t he u pper p art o f

b y

t wo

h orizontal

t he

t he n eck i s r ound a nd l ong

40

i t was 7 0:4,

f igurine h ead i s

i ncisions

was

w ithout a ny

o f a c rude r epresentation o f a b ig n ose ;

s ection).

S tratum

t he

6 9:3).

a c ylindrical

f eatures e xcept b ottom

s ay

F ig.

with

mouth) o r p lastically ( nose, e ars). o f a g rotesque f igure o f c areless

improvisation .

i n a mixed d eposit o f

P late 3 6a, while

i s

t o a s pirit

f igurine

( Fig .

( Plate

was

b roken 6 5:1). 3 5a).

o f

I n t he s econd c ategory o f t he material a part f rom t he

f igurines

a re h eadless p ieces,

q uality o f

t he

c lay

a ppearance o f and

t he

f igurine f inds w e h ave l isted t he r est a nimal r epresentations . Most o f t hese

t he

i s

p arts

e verywhere

f abric v aries

f iring.

A ll

o f

o f

t he

f at s ame

f emales a nd a croliths.

T he

o f

t he

l ocal

o rigin ,

d epending o n t he d egree o f

t hem

b elong

t o

t ypes

v ery

while

p reservation

c ommon

i n

t he

T hessalian e arly a nd m iddle n eolithic r epertoire . T hus t his material s hould b e c onsidered a s t he one which h as t he c losest r elations with t he G reek m ainland. A f ragmentary u pper

p art

o f

a f igurine w ithout

i n T i, S tratum I I ( Plate 3 7e, F ig. 6 7:5).

t he h ead

was

f ound

I t b elongs t o t he c ruciform

t ype with a h eight o f 0 .033 m a nd width 0 .038 m .

I t h as a l ong n eck

while

t he

t he

h orizontal

b ar

i s v ery b adly s haped; f igurine

s urvives.

which

r epresents

p robably

e xtended

h ands

only a small s ection o f t he l ower p art o f t he

A s imilar

f igurine

l evels ( Plates 3 7h, F ig. 6 7:1);

c omes

f rom

S q.

VI,

i ts h eight i s a lmost 4 cm.

t opsoil Two more

c ruciform t ype f igurines were found ( Fig. 6 7:2, 6 7:4) i n S tratum a nd

I I

r espectively

T he f emale a re

T hey a re

c haracterized s urfaces .

b y

t he

O ne

o f

r evealed a n umber o f f ragments o f f at

e ither

r ich t he

I II

3 7a) .

s ite o f A gios P etros h as

f igurines .

c urved

( Plate 3 7h ,

l egs,

b ellies

a ppearance

most

o f

o r

t he

s houlders

f lesh

c haracteristic

a nd

e xamples

a nd

t he i s

t hey

r ounded t he

c lay

l eg o f a f at f emale f igurine with p art o f t he l ower p art o f t he b ody ( Plate v ery

3 4a ,

F ig .

6 8:6) .

d etailed:

T he

t oes

o f

e xecution o f

t he

f oot,

b etween t he t high and t he l eg. on many p arts o f t he l eg. f ound i n t he C utting MT, The v ery

b ack o f

Another w ell-moulded marks

6 9:2,

i s

t he

p lastic

s ole,

b ut

a lso

d istinction

Traces o f a c reamy s lip s till survive

S tratum I I.

i s

t he

t o c ome f rom a f emale i dol;

r epresentation

o f

t he

b ack

b y

t he

d eep

P late 3 3b).

f igurine f emale

f lesh o f

The h eight i s 0 .058 m and t he f igurine was

a f igurine which s eems

c haracteristic

i ncision ( Fig.

t he

c urve

f ragment

b elly

c onsists

( Plate

3 7g,

o f

F ig .

t he middle s ection o f a

6 7:3);

a c avity a t

t he

t op

t he p lace where t he u pper p art o f t he b ody was i nserted.

The

f igurine c onsists o f t hree p ieces p ut t ogether i n a r ather c areless manner . s hape

T he most well executed i s t he b elly which h as a p illow-like

with a b utton

i n

t he

middle.

T he

c lay

i s

d irty

and

h as

the

f amiliar l ocal a ppearance while t races o f a c reamy s lip c an b e s een h ere and t here. S tratum o f

t he

I I . f lesh

ways g ives F ig.

T he t he

b elly o f

a f emale

a round

a p regnant f emale

o f

t he

p robably

f abric

b ecause

I ,

i dol w ith t he d ifferent l ayers

v ery n aturalistically

q uality

smooth,

o f

i s

t he

( Plate

n avel ; 3 6a,

noticeably

i n

s ome

t op s ection ,

b etter:

t he

t he u se o f a s lip while

t he

t he c lay h as a r eddish s hade. l eg

c ircular

p artially i ncisions

t he

i mpression o f

The

i s

c olour o f

i s

moulded

t he

6 9:5).

s urface

A s imilar f ragment o f a f igurine was f ound i n S q.

I t

o f

b ent a t

a f at

c lay

s tructure t he

a nd

i t

e nd

o f

f emale

( Plate s eems t he

l eg

f igurine was

3 4b, t hat

F ig. t he

r epresent

c reamy s lip c over t he u pper p art o f

4 1

f ound

6 8:7). f igure t he

t he l eg .

i n

I ts was

t oes .

t he d eposit o f l ower

s eated; T races

A f ragment o f

p art

i s

a f ew

o f

a t hick

t he

b ody o f

a f emale f igure w ith i ncised a t riangular t he

f orm

was

a lso

l ines d efining

r eported

( Fig .

t he a rea u nder t he b elly i n

7 0:1) ;

o nly

t he

o ne

h alf

o f

b ody s urvives. A more o r l ess s imilar s eated f igurine was f ound i n S q. I , S tratum I t i s t he v ery small l ower s ection o f a f emale f igure which

I I.

i ncludes

t he

t orso

a nd

o ne

o f

t he

l egs .

D espite

i ts

s ize t he m oulding

o f t he s urfaces i s surprising ( Plate 3 6d, t op s ection, t hird

s eated

s tructure,

c lay

S tratum I I

H owever, T i,

S tratum

c rouching

f igurine,

f ragmentary was

( Plate 3 2a,

F ig.

h er

I t

i s o f

l egs .

t he

O nly

F ig. 6 9:4) . i n t he

A

c ircular

6 8:5).

t ype k nown a s " squatting" :

t he

l ower

p art o f i ts r ight l eg i s missing . t he l ength o f

f ound

a more c omplete f emale f igurine w as r eported f rom C utting I II .

o n

v ery

h alf o f

a f igure

t he b ody s urvives

while

I ts maximum h eight i s 0 .046 m a nd

t he b ase 0 .02 m ( Plate 3 7f,

F ig.

6 9:1).

F ive more f ragmentary l egs were f ound i n d ifferent p arts o f t he s ite .

A ll

o f

t hem

a re

c haracterized

b y

t heir

r ound

s urfaces

a nd

a lso

t he good quality o f t he f abric ( Plates 3 4c,d, 3 7d, F ig. 6 8:4, 6 9:3, 7 0:2, 7 1:1,2). A f ragment o f t he b ended a rm o f af emale f igurine was f ound i n S q.

V ;

i t

i s 4 .5 cm high and 4 .2 cm

wide

( Fig.

7 0:3,

P late

3 6e). An e legant

c lay f oot

b elonging t o a f igurine o r p robably a n a ctual

vase i n t he shape o f a h uman f oot, was f ound i n MT,

S tratum I II.

I ts

h eight

i s 0 .065 m a nd t he l ength o f t he s ole 0 .048 m ( Plate 3 2b,

F ig.

7 1:3).

I ts u pper p art i s h ollow and p artially damaged a t

T he

a nkle

g ood a nd

i s

well

smooth p erhaps d ue

i s n o d oubt a bout u sual

small

c hild's

r epresented

white

t he

while

t he a ppearance o f

t o t he u se o f

l ocal o rigin o f

p articles .

t oy t han a v ase o f

s ome

was

c onsists u pper c lay

o f

p art o r

r eported i s

I n g eneral

f rom T i,

d amaged, b ody

T here

t he c lay which i s f illed w ith t he t he

o bject

l ooks

more

l ike

a

s ome o ther s ignificance.

a g rey g ranite

wooden

i s v ery

s ort o f r ed s lip .

The o nly s tone f igurine f ound in Agios P etros which

t he f ront.

t he v ase

t he

S tratum

s tone

with

a t

i s

3 3c,

an

" acrolith" 6 6:3).

I t

A lthough

i ts

l ower s ection which e ntered

t he

a s mooth

c ylindrical

s urvived

I I ( Plate

F ig.

s urface .

c onsiderable

l ength .

The

maximum

h eight o f t he " acrolith" i s 0 .05 m . The

t hird

c ategory

o f

f igurine material

i ncludes

c lay o bjects

which c annot b e i dentified e ither a s a nimal r epresentations o r a s p arts o f

o ther

o bjects.

A lthough

many

o f

t he

p ieces

c ould

e asily

b elong

t o

o ther c lay o bjects l ike h andles o r l adles, t hey a re c atalogued h ere mainly b ecause t heir g eneral c haracteristics ( the c urving o f t he s urfaces,

t he existence o f h ollow p arts) p oint t o a ccepting

f igurine f ragments 1 .

L eg o f

a c lay f igurine o f

F rom T i, 2 .

( Plate 3 5d,m,

S tratum I I

( Fig.

L eg o f a c lay f igurine t he

F ig.

6 8:1-3).

t ypical 7 2:5,

( ?);

f orm ;

l ength 5 c m.

P late 3 6f).

l ength 0 .043 m .

t opsoil o f T i.

42

F rom

t hem a s

3 .

L eg o f

4 .

L eg o f a c lay T his

a c lay f igurine; t igUrine;

l ength 0 .043 m .

F rom t he

t opsoil o f T i.

h eight 0 .022 m .

F rom T i,

S tratum I I.

i s a c ylindrical p iece o f

c lay,

p robably f rom a s tanding f igure 5 .

L ower p art

o f

t he

l eg o f

0 .022

m .

F rom

t he

c lay,

b oth e nds,

7 2:3).

a c lay f igurine;

t here i s a n a ttached p iece o f h eight

d amaged a t

( Fig.

o n o ne s ide o f

p robably t he e nd o f

t opsoil

o f

S q.

I II

i t

t he arm ;

( Plate

3 5k,

F ig.

7 3:2). 6 .

P art o f

a c lay f igurine,

p robably s ection o f I II

L eg o f a c lay f igurine,

c ylindrical i n s hape w ith i ts b oth e nds

damaged;

m and

7 .

h eight

0 .02

( Fig.

t he a rm ( ?);

f rom t he t opsoil o f S q.

7 2:2).

t hickness

0 .01

m .

F rom

S q.

I II,

S tratum I I. 8 .

L eg o f a s tanding m ale S tratum I I

9 .

L eg o f ( Fig.

1 0.

( Fig.

( ?)

f igurine,

f rom t he c ircular s tructure,

7 2:7).

a c lay f igurine,

v ery f ragmentary,

f rom S q.

I ,

S tratum I I

7 2:1).

T wo c ylindrical c lay o bjects whether

parts

o f

f rom S q.

f igurines

o r

I ,

c lay

S tratum I I a nd

vases

i s

n ot

I II;

c lear

( Fig.

7 3:6,7). 1 1.

A n a rm o f

a c lay f igurine

S tratum I I 1 2.

1 3.

( Fig.

7 2:8,

A nimal f igurine

( ?),

f ound i n S q.

S tratum I I.

U pper p art p robably

I ,

( ?)

A n a rm o f

i ts o ne e nd;

m issing t he f ront

o f a s mall

small

f rom S q.

I ,

7 1:7,

s ide,

b lack i n c olour;

c lay f igurine w ith b ird-like a ppearance;

c ylindrical

i s w hitish ( Fig. 1 4.

b ent a t

P late 3 5c).

n eck

e nding

i n

a l ong

n ose .

T he

c lay

P late 3 5f).

a c lay f igurine

f ound

i n S q.

I ,

S tratum I I

( Fig.

7 2:9,

P late 3 51). 4 .2.1.

C onstruction m ethods:

I t

i s

q uality

o bvious

o f

manufacture

t he o f

f rom

c lay

t he

u sed

p ottery :

a ppearance

was

l ocal

t he c lay

o f

same f rom

t he

a s

f igurines

t hat

which

employed

t here

h as

n ot

t hat

t he

f or

t he

b een a ny

a ttempt t o c lear o ther p articles s uch a s small s tones and grit. t reatment o f t he s urface o f many o f t he f igurines, h owever, d ifferent . t races s eems

o f

wash o r

c ertain t hat

P etros t ar

I n s ome c ases r ed

a s

I ndeed,

d id n ot t he

impression

t he

r equire

o f

o f

s lip

( Plates

manufacture

o f

a d ifferent

material

s ome

t he f abric i s g ood

c reamy

t he

and

o ther

i dols

p rocess

i n

were

s urvived

v ery

b ecause

43

3 3a) . t he

f rom

t echnical

f igurines

having

w ith a s mooth s urface

3 2a ,

t hat o f

d etails b adly

o f

N evertheless,

s ettlement

a n

a nd i t

o f A gios

t he p ottery a s

were

b aked

The

i s q uite

c oncerned.

and

a ccidental

g ive

t he

f iring.

D epending o n

t he

t ype o f

f igurine d ifferent methods o f manufacture h ave

b een e mployed. The

usual

way

o f

b uilding

a

h ead,

i n

the

case

o f

the

a nthropomorphic r epresentations, was t o p repare a c lay r od a nd t hen t o a dd a p iece o f c lay which will f inally t ake t he f orm o f t he f ace with a ll

t he

f acial f eatures .

T his

i s

t he c ommonest

P etros f or most o f t he f igurine h eads c alled r od-head f igurine ( Plate 2 8).

t echnique u sed i n A gios

w ith o nly o ne e xception , t he s o I n t his c ase only o ne p iece o f

c lay was u sed f or b oth n eck a nd f ace o n which a ll t he f acial f eatures were

indicated.

a nthropomorphic

Apart

from

r epresentations

the

were

f igurine p robably

heads,

made

the

f rom

o ne

o ther

p iece

o f

unbaked c lay which was s haped i nto i ts f inal f orm ( I am r eferring t o t he s chematic o ne-piece f igurines I n t he

c ase o f

t he

( Fig.

6 7:1,2,4,5).

r epresentations

o f

arms,

t hese

were

s haped

s eparately a nd t hen c onnected t o t he main b ody b y t he u se o f s uccessive t hin l ayers o f c lay . However, t here a re c ases where a d ifferent t echnique

was

o bserved .

T hese

a re

t he

e xamples

o f

t he

l egs

o f

t he f at

f emale f igurines where i t was o bserved t hat a p iece o f c lay was u sed a s a nucleus t o which were a dded t hick l ayers o f c lay r epresenting t he f emale f lesh . A ll t he a bove t echniques a re well k nown i n n eolithic Thessaly

a nd

t hey

( Chourmouziades A s

i t

were

i n

u se

f rom

s aid,

t he

t he

early

n eolithic

p eriod

1 974).

h as

a lready

b een

d istribution

o f

t he

f igurine

f inds c overs t he whole s pan o f t he t hree c ultural p eriods o f t he s ettlement; s tylistically , h owever, t he m ajority o f t hem h ave a r ather early l ook : f eature f ound

l ate early o r early middle n eolithic i n N one

Sequence.

o f

t he

f igurines

o r h abitation l evel.

i s

a ssociated

F ive

o f

t hem,

w ith

t he Thessalian

a ny

however,

a rchitectural were

r eported

t ogether without a ny r eference g iven t o t he c ircumstances o f

t heir d iscovery. 4 .3.

S mall f inds: A g reat v ariety o f

s mall

f inds were r ecovered i n t he s ettlement o f

A gios P etros . T hey i nclude mainly s tone a xes, q uerns a nd p estles, c lay l adles a nd l egs, worked b one . O ther f inds s uch a s worked s hell, b eads a nd o rnaments,

s pindle whorls a nd d iscs o f c lay a nd s tone o ccur i n much

l ess q uantities. S tone t ools

( Plates 4 8a,

A t otal A gios i s

n umber

o f

2 2

M ost

o f

t hem

P etros .

d ifficult

4 9;

t o

c lassify

c hange c an b e d etected

s tone

t en axes

a nd

6 3F,G,H) t ools

a re

t hese

w ere

r ecovered

a xes ( 16) a nd t ools

t he

f rom

r est

t ypologically

t he

s ite

c hisels ( 6).

a nd

n o

o f I t

s ignificant

b etween t hose f rom S trata

S ix s tone a xes a nd f our while

F ig.

two

c hisels were a scribed

c hisels

c ome

f rom

t he

t o t he t hird s tratum

middle and t he

l ower

s tratum. The material u sed f or o rigin

a nd

p robably

c omes

t he a xes a nd most o f f rom

t he

44

i sland

o f

t he c hisels i s o f l ocal

P sathoura ,

n orth

o f

Kyra

P anagia .

I t

o ccur

t he

o n

i s

a r ed v olcanic s tone,

T hessalian

c ommon i n T hessaly c hisels s tone

m ade

t ools

o f

s oft

material

A gios P etros a re

f rom Thessaly d imensions a nd

v ery h ard t o work ,

a t

a ll .

G reen

which d oes n ot

s tone

which

( serpentine) .

s mall i n s ize,

t ime

Morphologically

( axes t ype A o f T sountas) ( 1908:309). t he f act t hat t hey w ere f inished a ll o ver,

s ome

b een u sed

o f

t hese

s tone

f or w ood c arving

Another

t ools

( Nandris

interesting

manufactured.

s o t he

m uch s maller t han t hose Their small may i ndicate

t hat t hey were n ot u sed f or r ough work s uch a s t ree-cutting; s ame

i s

i s C ompletely a bsent i n A gios P etros e xcept f or s ome

s uch

o f

mainland

e specially

t he

c hisels

a t t he

c ould

h ave

1 977:53).

point

concerns

S ome o f t hem s how s igns

o f

the

way

chisels

r e-use while

were

o thers

were

c learly m ade b y c utting a n a lready u sed a xe i nto t wo p ieces. W orked b one

( Plates 4 3a,

4 4,

4 5,

F ig.

6 3A,B)

A considerable number o f b one t ools were r ecovered f rom a ll t he t hree s trata o f Agios P etros.

They

c over

a v ariety

o f

t ypes

which

a ccording t o t heir u sage c an b e c haracterized a s p oints a nd c hisels. T he

c ommonest

( Plate 4 4, ( Plate

44,

Fig.

c haracterized a s n eedles

f orm

i s

t he p oint which c omes f rom

sheep metatarsal

F ig. 6 3A middle a nd b ottom r ow) o r a metatarsal c ut i n two b y

6 3B

t heir

top

right).

p ointed

e nd

These

a nd

t ools

i nclude

are

basically

a v ariety o f

f orms

s uch

( Plate 4 3 b ottom s ection).

There i s a n u ninterrupted u se o f metatarsals i n A gios P etros a s c an b e s een f rom t he animal b one material where t his k ind o f b one i s c ompletely m issing . l eather

p iercing,

P oints o f weaving,

d ifferent p ottery

t ypes c ould h ave

( decoration)

o r

b een u sed f or

t hey

might

a ssociated w ith a s pecial workmanship s uch a s r epairing f ish-nets.

b e T he

s ize o f p oints vary f rom 0 .04 m t o 7 .5 cm and t hey a ppear i n a ll t hree s trata. I t

i s

S tratum

i nteresting t o n ote,

I and

S imilarly,

I I,

f rom

t he

3 0

t he 3 2 b one

h owever,

a re

t hat

p oints

t ools o f

f rom t he

a nd

o nly

S tratum I II,

3 8

o ne

b one i s

t ools o f

a

c hisel.

t he 2 7 a re p oints a nd

o nly o ne i s a c hisel. C hisels

w ere m ade a lways f rom a whole

t ools

( Fig.

o ther

r ounded

h anging

b y

c onsidered

6 3B

t op

a nd

m eans a s

l eft;

P late

p erforated

o f a s tring

c hisels

which

4 2f).

b one

( Plate

t ibia a nd

There

t ools

with

4 5a,c,d,e) .

c hanged

s hape

d ue

t hey w ere c utting

was

a lso a number

i ncisions S ome

t o

o f

t heir

mainly

t hem

o f f or

might

c ontinuous

b e u se

( Plate 4 5c). T ools made o f h orn a re v ery b ovines s uch a s s patulae a ttributed

t o

t he a bsence o f

t he

l ack o f n eed

a re

l ong

S ome t hey

h ave

o ther a nd

a re

f or t hese t ypes

n arrow

b een

f unction s till

o f

t ools

c alled

r are ( Plate 4 2e) while t ools made f rom

c ompletely a bsent . c ertain k inds o f

t ypes worked

o f

" narrowed

a re

a s harp

t ools"

r emains o bscure.

45

a nimals

p henomena

c an

b e

( wild g oat) o r

t o

t ools.

b one

without

B oth

d ifficult e nd

t o

( Plate

( Evans-Renfrew

c lassify . 4 2g); 1 968)

T hey

e lsewhere b ut

t heir

Q uerns,

p estles,

p olishers,

g rinders

A n umber o f s tone q uerns o f

w ere

( Plate 4 7b,

4 8b)

f ound s tratified i n t he u pper s trata

t he s ite o f A gios P etros while many more were c ollected f rom t he

s urface.

L imestones and l arge p ieces o f s chistoliths were u sed f or

t heir manufacture; most o f t hem c onsist o f a s imple r ough s tone without any o ther f inishing . The t ypical g rinder was made o f a r ectangular s lab with a v ery s light d epression i n t he upper s urface. S ome o ther s tone implements f ound t ogether o r n ear with q uerns h ave b een u sed a s p estles.

They were made o f narrow p ieces o f h ard s tone

w ith s igns o f w ear a t

t he e dge.

Much more p lentiful were t he p olishers o r a t l east o bjects with s imilar a re

f unction

n atural

o f u se;

which

h ave

b een

f ound

t hroughout

t he

water-rolled s tones a nd p ebbles s ometimes

d eposit .

T hey

w ithout a ny s ign

p robably t hey were u sed f or p olishing and b urnishing ( Plate

4 8b, F ig. 6 3:4). O rdinary mortars h ave n ot b een f ound. There i s n o d oubt t hat t he i nhabitants o f A gios P etros w ere u sing a ll t hese s tone implements

f or g rinding

f ood a s w ell

p urposes

p robably n ot

o nly f or g rain b ut o ther

l ike a nimal b ones a nd s ea-food.

B eads a nd p endants

( Plates 4 5b,

4 6a,b,

F ig.

6 3:1-3)

A very small number o f p ersonal objects

was

r evealed

i n Agios

P etros. They i nclude a variety o f materials a nd f orms: s pherical b eads o f b one, p erforated f ishbone and s hells. P ierced l impets c an a lso

b e

c onsidered

a s

o rnaments

a lthough

i t

i s

d ifficult

t o

k now

whether t he p erforation was i ntentional o r not, b ecause t hey u sed t o b reak e xtremely e asily The f inds, p hase

i n

h owever,

t he

m iddle

( Plate 4 6f,g) .

were d esperately f ew t o a llow any p hase b y

c omparison. A small c lay b ead, unperforated, i s r eported f rom S q. I , S tratum

I ;

a s tone b ead was a lso f ound i n t he s ame a rea a nd s tratum .

I I,

S tratum I I t wo o bjects w ere r ecovered:

a b one o rnament,

F rom S q . 3 c m l ong,

p erforated, with parallel smooth i ncisions probably a p endant ( Fig. 4 5d) a nd a p art o f a s imilar b one o rnament w ith p arallel i ncisions, 2 cm

l ong.

F rom

antenna,

0 .032

r eported

( Plate

t he

same

m l ong, 4 5b) .

a rea

b ut

Another

I II

a p art

c ertainly

a f ine

i nteresting

t opsoil o f t he c ircular s tructure. t ool

S tratum

p erforated,

neolithic s ite o f Knossos h as R enfrew

1 968:222

F ig .

5 8:32) .

was

a l obster was

f ound

t he

i n

I t i s a b one o bject s haped l ike a

with a d eep i ncision o n t he upper p art

d escribed a s a k ind o f p endant.

f ind

o f

o rnament

( Plate

4 5e).

I t

c an b e

A n a lmost i dentical o bject f rom t he b een c lassified

A nother k ind

o f

t he

s ame

p endant

i s

way ( Evansa l ong c urved

b one 0 .075 m h igh a nd 0 .035 m wide w ith t wo h oles i n t he o ne e nd ( Plate 4 6a, F ig. 4 3:1). A s imilar object was r eported f rom S q. I , S tratum I I ( Fig. 63:2). A s urface f ind which i s p robably a p endant c onsists o f a c lay d isc with c urved s urface b earing two h oles and a d eep i ncision a long

i ts p erimeter;

W orked

s hell

Only

a

i ts d iameter i s 0 .031 m ( Plate 4 6b,

( Plate 4 6f,g; small

F ig.

p ercentage

F ig.

6 3:3).

6 2:1,2) o f

46

t he

s eashells

c onsumed

b y

t he

i nhabitants l impet o ther

o f

A gios P etros

s hells

with t he

e xamples,

was

worked .

c entral

h owever,

i t

p art

i s

T hey

a re

r emoved

d oubtful

b asically

( Fig.

whether

t he

p erforated

6 2:1) .

F or

s ome

p erforations

a re

n atural o r a rtificial . Two l impet s hells with a n i rregular h ole i n t he middle a re r eported f rom S q. I , S tratum I I ( Fig. 6 2:1) while a nother c omes

f rom T i,

S tratum I I

W eaving e quipment V ery

f ew

( Fig.

6 2:2).

( Plate 4 6c-e;

o bjects

c an b e

F ig.

6 2:3-6)

c atalogued

u nder

t his

c ategory .

mostly s pindle whorls o f c lay a nd v ery f ew l oom weights. i s s imple : c ircular o r c onical w ith a h ole i n t he m iddle . i s

n ot

v ery g ood

a nd

t he

s urface

q uite

r ough .

Most o f

T hey

a re

T heir s hape T he f iring t he objects

o ccur i n t he u pper s tratum a nd t he t opsoil. S ling s hots

( Plate 4 7a,

A c onsiderable

F ig.

n umber

6 3:5-7) o f

s ling

s hots

f rom

s tone

was

f ound

i n

t he

s ite o f Agios P etros. T hey were f ound t ogether i n g roups o f 5 o r 1 0 n ear f ireplaces, h abitation f loors o r o n t he h ardpan ( Plate 8 a). I t i s noticeable t hat a ll o f t hem are f rom s tone;

i n f act

t hey a re

r ound

p ebbles o f i rregular s ize c arefully s elected f or t hat p urpose . I f were f ound i solated i n d ifferent p arts o f t he p its i t would h ave difficult t o c onsider t hem a s s ling shots. r evealed d uring S tratum

t he d ig o f

I I a nd a nother

C lay l egs

( Plates

3 9,

1 971.

4 0a,

F ig.

A c onsiderable number i n

s hape

Thirty s ling s tones were

Twenty o f

t hem c ome f rom S q.

I II,

t en f rom S tratum I o f MT . 5 5,

o f

excavations in Agios P etros. c ylindrical

t hey b een

5 6)

l egs

o f

c lay was

r evealed d uring t he

They b elong b asically i nto two t ypes:

w ith a n arrowed d own p art ( sometimes

p ointed)

a nd

t riangular with f lat b ase . T he f abric i n most c ases i s v ery g ood with a c omplete f iring a nd a c areful t reatment o f t he s urface. S ome l egs have a p olished s urface with s igns o f t he u se o f r ed wash . H owever, t he majority o f t hem b ear t he t ypical c haracteristics o f t he l ocal c lay while s ome e xamples have t races o f t he t hick c reamy s lip which i s s o c ommon i n t he

p ottery making.

The t riangular t ype o f l eg i s l ess f requent and o ccurs a lways d ecorated w ith i ncised motifs f illed w ith white material . H owever, t he s ame

i ncised

employs f rom

t he

t echnique d ecorates

o blique

i ncised

l ines

i n o ne o ccasion a c ylindrical

i n

a v ertical

t op a nd c ontinues d own t o

s ame way a s

t he d ecoration o f

t he b ase

t he r od h ead

a rrangement ( Plate 3 9b ,

l eg;

which

F ig .

i t

s tarts

5 5:1),

t he

f igurine.

P ointed d ecoration a lthough v ery r are i s not c ompletely a bsent ( Plate 3 9a, F ig. 5 5:4);

i t f ollows t he t ypical t echnique u sed i n t he

c eramics n amely t he b ands o r l ines o f r ed p aint o n a c reamy s lip. i s

not

J udging ,

c ertain h owever ,

t he

k ind

f rom

3 6 :5) a nd a lso f rom what l egs

i n

t he

o f

vase

a m iniature i s

wider n eolithic

a lready c ontext,

t he

c lay

v essel k nown i t

l egs

which f or

t he

were

s urvived

i ntact

f unction o f

c an b e s aid t hat

I t

s upporting. t he

( Fig . c lay

t hey were t he

l egs o f t hree or f our l egged shallow vases o r s tands, t he f unction o f which i s n ot easy t o d etermine.

I t i s p robable t hat t he c ylindrical

4 7

l egs b elong t o f our l egged v ases while t he t riangular t o a vase with t hree

l egs. A s

t hat

f ar a s

t heir s tratigraphic d istribution i s

t hey w ere c ommon i n S trata I I a nd F rom

( Plate

S q.

3 9b,

b eautiful w hile

I ,

S tratum

F ig.

5 5:1).

p ainted

c lay

I II

l eg

t he p ointed e nd o f

C lay l adles T he very

o bjects

which

o f

a c lay

same

l eg

s quare,

c ylindrical

w ith

3 8,

a re

4 0a,

F ig.

s hape .

I ,

T he

p resented

d esign

( Plate 3 9a,

a

i s

l inear

F ig.

5 5:4).

5 7-60)

c haracterized

i n A gios P etros

a ppears

i ncised d ecoration

S tratum

t he l eg i s p ainted r ed

( Plates 2 4c,

c ommon

c omes

T he

c oncerned i t

I II.

a s

c lay

l adles

o r

t hroughout t he d eposit.

s poons

a re

They a re v ery

s imple i n f orm c onsisting o f a b owl which v aries i n s ize a nd e nds

i n a

r od o f c lay, t he h andle. The d ifferent t ypes owe t heir variation t o t he d ifferent t hickness o f t he h andle a nd t he s hape o f t he b owl which c an

b e

o val a nd

h andle i s

n o

h ad

d eep

a f orked

s pecial

o r

l ong a nd s hallow .

f orm

a s

t reatment o f

s ome

f inds

I t

may

t he s urface ;

i s n ot

s uggest

c lear whether t he ( Fig .

t he f abric ,

5 7:3) .

h owever,

T here

i s n ever

c oarse s omething which i s o bviously r elated t o t he u se o f t he l adle. Apart f rom t he c ase o f a f inely d ecorated c lay l adle ( Plate 4 0a, F ig. 6 0), t he r est o f t he material i s p lain . No f irm s tratigraphical o bservations

c an b e made r egarding

t heir d istribution .

H owever,

c oncentration o f a n umber o f t hem i n t he d eeper s tratum c an b e T ogether i n

t he

t hey

f orm

a re

w ith

o f

t he

l ong

n ot

l adles

t hin

b roken

h andles

r epresent s omething e lse . f ound

i n

a tion

b eing Ten

o ther

l adles i s

s ection

t he

o f

n et

a re

I t

o f

c atalogued a s eries o f

( Plate small

3 9g-h) .

l adles

i s n oticeable

s ites

without,

( Evans-Refrew r eported

I t o r

i s

t he

above

h andle

p attern

mentioned

a nd

t he

e xemplified

o ther

h owever,

e xcellent

a nd

t he

a p lausible

I and

p ainted i s

s ix

example

d ecorated,

f rom

T he e xecution o f I t

w as

f ound

A nother h andle b ears a n i ncised d ecoration ( Fig. M iniature p ots A n umber

b ut b een

e xplan-

t he n ext

Extremely

( Plate

i nside

t riangular motifs.

f ind u nique .

t hat

v essels

t hat s uch o bjects h ave

S tratum

walls i n

o bjects

p ossible

1 968:70) .

f rom

b rown a nd c omes o ft v ery e asily . i s

b een

o ne o f t hem i s a lmost c omplete ( Plate 2 4c).

b eautiful w ith

n eolithic

s uggested

S tratum I I;

h ave

c ylinders

a

s een.

T he

a nd

4 0a).

A

o utside,

p aint

i s

r ed-

t he d ecorative motif

i n T RENCH ,

S tratum

I I .

5 7:4).

( Plate 2 3c-f) o f

miniature

v ases w ere f ound i n t he u pper l evels

o f

t he

n eolithic d eposit o f Agios P etros. T hey are t iny objects with no a pparent u sefulness b ecause o f t heir s ize a nd t he l ack o f any h ollow p art which c ould h old s omething. and

t hey

were

s olid b ase a nd

made

o f

h ard

c lay.

They h ave a r ough s olid a ppearance They a re u sually o val with r ound

t hey are a lways undecorated.

The

miniature

p ots

o f

Agios P etros g ive t he impression o f c hild's t oys o r o f o bjects which were n ot c onnected i n a ny way w ith t he p ractical e veryday l ife o f t he i nhabitants.

48

A n

o bject

o f

a s omewhat

b asin w ith f our p ointed l egs c m

d iameter ;

( Fig.

t he

c lay

h as

d ifferent

c haracter

f ound i n S q . a b rown-red

V ,

A miniature v ase was i s 0 .03 m .

f ound i n MT , The

f ound i n T i,

c olour

a nd

i t

S tratum I I .

s hallow

i s

h eight

S tratum I ; i s

0 .039

a s ection o f

m ( Fig.

S tratum I ;

f ragment

m iniature

o f

a nother

t he c ircular s tructure

r ound w ith 4

r ather

c oarse

Under

t his

v ase

a lmost h alf

o f

a n est-like

was

f ound

i n

was

t he

was

2 3d).

A

t hird

s tratum

o f

worked

p ieces

o f

b one a nd c lay:

s ection will

b e

d escribed

a ll

the

c lear.

Small c lay o bject i n t he f orm o f a s pool, S tratum I II.

p robably

t he

i t,

vase

l ength i s 0 .04 m ( Plate

c lay a nd b one whose p urpose i s n ot

I I,

o f

r ounded b ase a nd r im s urvive .

Part

i ts

b ase a nd o ne o f

t he width o f

( Plate 2 3e).

V arious o bjects o f s tone,

s tone,

i ts

6 2:9).

T he

s urvive;

P art o f a nother m iniature v ase,

r ecovered f rom T i,

1 .

t he

3 6:5).

t he f our p erforated ( ?) v ertical handles b ase

i s

p robably a n a ltar ,

I t d oes n ot

a ssociated

with

4 .8 cm h igh,

f rom S q.

l ook a s p art o f a v ase a nd i t was

s pinning

a ctivities

( Plate

2 3f,

F ig.

6 1:7). 2 .

S tone object with a n o val s hape a nd p ointed end, p robably a t ool o f u nknown u se; i t w as f ound i n S q. I , S tratum I I ( Fig. 6 1:5).

3 .

B one

s mall

p laque

b earing

a s mall

r ound h ole

i s a d epression t ogether with a s mall b ump . b roken

i n i ts u pper p art.

f unction i s n ot c lear; 4 .

P robably i t was

i t w as

t here

f ound i n S q.

a t ool a lthough i ts

I ,

S tratum I I.

A r ound small s tone with two t iny h oles was r eported f rom S q. I , S tratum I I . u sed

a s

1 964: 5 .

while u nder i t

T he o bject i s c learly

I ts u se i s n ot c lear b ut s tone o vals a nd d iscs may b e

b urnishers,

2 37)

A c lay

( Fig.

b utton

swelling although f ound t he i s

i s

t he c ase a t

shaped

object.

l ike a s olid h andle

I I ( Fig. 6 1:1). without

a s

i n

a ny

t his

c ase

t he

o f u se .

P etros

i mpression a g ood

I t

a nd

h as

i t

a smooth

c omes

f rom

b ut

t he

n oticeable

t opsoil

o f

S q .

I ts g eneral a ppearance r ecalls t he " pintaderas"

s ign

i n A gios

o ther n eolithic s ites ( Evans

6 3:3).

o f

r eason

w ith a n

worn t o

b ottom

s urface

i s

c ompletely

S ome o ther s imilar f lat o val

s urfaces .

s uppose

t hat

s hape T heir t hey

a nd u se

smooth i s

were

f lat

c lay d iscs e dges

u nclear

w ere

g iving

b ut

t here

" burnishers"

( Fig.

6 1:2,4). 6 .

C ircular

" plate"

with f lat

t op a nd c oncave u nderside .

o f hard baked c lay o f r ather r ough a ppearance .

l id o r a f lat s tand f or p ots i t i s n ot e asy t o s ay. o f and

t he b ase i s 0 .05 m , t he

3 6:2) .

h eight

0 .014

t he d iameter o f m .

I t

was

f ound

A s omewhat s imilar o bject was

h owever,

I t

c onsists

Whether i t was a The d iameter

t he u pper s urface 0 .11 i n

MT,

S tratum

f ound i n s ummer

I I

1 981

m

( Fig. which ,

i s o f marble a nd l ooks more l ike a s mall q uern o r p alette

f or m ixing

c olours

( traces o f r ed p aint w ere

49

f ound i nside).

7 .

A worked h uman b one f ound i n S tratum I I o f m l ong and i t

s oftly p ainted.

i t

i s d ifficult

p urpose a nd f unction o f 8 .

C utting Z ;

h ad i ncisions o n t he t op while

i t was 0 .15

t he o ther end was

t o s uggest a nything a bout

i t a s a n o bject

t he

( Plate 4 5a).

A c lay " ear p lug" was f ound i n C utting Z ,

S tratum I I ( Fig. 6 9:6,

P late 3 7b). A number o f f inds which b elong t o a much l ater d ate t han t hat o f t he

n eolithic

s ettlement

a nd

mostly c ome

f rom

d isturbed

a reas,

mainly

a round t he C hristian b urial a re l isted b elow. 1 .

A s mall b all o f i ron f rom S q.

2 .

A l ump o f y ellow o chre w as

3 .

P art o f a b yzantine p late f rom c lay with i ts i nterior d ecorated

b urial i n T i. 4 .

I t c omes

S tratum I I.

f ound i n S q.

with g reen a nd y ellow p aint. h eight 0 .095 m .

I ,

f rom

S tratum I I.

Maximum l ength o f b ase 0 .10 m a nd t he d isturbed a rea o f

A s imilar p late was

A nother o bject found n ear

I ,

r eported

t he s ame b urial

t he b yzantine

f rom t he s ame a rea . i s a n i ron p laque o f

octagonal shape b earing on i ts one side two d ifferent r epresentations: i n t he u pper p art f our h uman f igures a nd b elow t he

f acade

o f

a b uilding .

b elt ( a n umber o f

b eads

P robably

d escribed

t he

b elow)

p laque o f

t he

was

t he e nd o f

monk

b urial

t he

f ound

i n T i. 5 .

A number o f 3 8 b eads o f b lack material c ome f rom t he b yzantine b urial. S ome o f t he b eads a re smaller t han t he o thers a nd o ften t races o f

6 .

t he

r ope a nd t he

A n i ron dagger was f ound n ear t he l eft l eg o f 0 .25 i n l ong while

7 .

c loth s urvive.

S ix

p ieces

o f

t he w idth o f

mudbricks

f rom

f rom t he s outh p art o f M T,

t he

b lade

a h ouse

t he b urial;

s uperstructure

n ear t he p aved a rea o f

50

i t i s

i s 0 .017 m . a re

r eported

S tratum I .

5 .

T HE A GIOS P ETROS C ULTURE:

5 .1 T he A gios P etros c ulture: The ' culture c oncept' was d efined s ome r ecurrent

a ssemblage

c onfusion

r egarding

F or

i t

o f

t ypes '

i ts

u se

i s g enerally not

i n

c lear

H owever,

t here

i s

s ome

a rchaeological p ractice ( Hodson 1 980) . when

e mpirical t erm f or a c ollection o f p urpose,

t ime a go b y C hilde a s ' a

( 1956). t he

t ypes,

word

c ulture

i s

u sed

a s

an

w ith a l imited c lassificatory

a nd w hen i t m eans a s ocial u nit.

I n t he c ase o f t he s ettlement o f A gios P etros t he t erm ' culture' h as

b een u sed

s tone

a nd

s imply

b one

t o

t ools

a llow

e tc .)

t he

a ssemblages

t o b e c onsidered

o f

a s ingle

t ogether,

s ite

( pots,

a nd d iscussed a nd

i nterpreted a s a w hole. Whether o r n ot Agios Petros i s o ne o f an umber o f o ther s ites i n t he a rea w ith s imilar a ssemblages which c an b e g rouped t ogether, n ot i n a p osition t o know.

we a re

We a re f aced with t he l ack o f o ther s ites

i n t he a rea, s ince Agios P etros i s t he only one o f t his k ind f ound s o f ar

i n

a nd

s etting

t he

S porades . o f

s ubmergence o f o f o thers .

T his

t he

i s

n ot

p rehistoric

c oastlines),

B ut what i s

s urprising s ite

s ummary o f

c onsidering

t he

o bvious

t he

p osition

r easons

( e.g.

which m ight h ave p revented t he p reservation

t he

u niqueness

o n what i s t hat u niqueness b ased? b rief

and o f

t he

s ite

o f

A gios

P etros

a nd

B efore a nswering t hat q uestion a

t he A gios P etros f inds w ill

b e n ecessary.

5 .2 C ultural a ssemblage: T he a rchitectural

r emains

a re v ery s canty .

S tone f oundations

b een f ound which a re a pproximately r ectangular i n p lan , s tructures

h ave

a lso

b een

s tructure

u sed

a re

l imited;

u ncovered .

H earths,

o bserved.

o vens

I ndications

o nly

a nd

a f ew

h abitation

o f

t he

p ieces

f loors

o f

a re

h ave

a lthough c urved k ind

o f

s uper-

mudbrick f requent .

were A part

f rom t he o ccupation d ebris, neolithic b urials were d iscovered: c hild

b urials

n atural f ound i n

were

b edrock a nd

s cattered

h earths

f ound t he

i n

a c ontracted

o ther

i n d ifferent

t ogether with

p roportion

o f

f ine

a nd

wares

I t i s

p ainted c oarse

t he

p arts

t hose

t he p ottery v aries f rom g ood c haracter i s c lear .

i n o f

o f

p osition ,

t opsoil . t he

O ther

d eposit

a nimals .

b ases . t he

T he

small

t ypical

p ieces

T he while

a nd d istinctive b owl,

v ery

c ommon .

The

f ormer t he

s uch a s P erhaps

t he

c ondition

o f i ts

i s

i ncludes

b urnished

c haracterized

b y

r ed

There i s a variety o f s hapes t he

s hape

o f

s uch a s o pen b owls

a nd with r ound o r r ing

A gios

P etros,

h owever,

i s

C ollared jars with a h igh o r low neck a re

handles

l ugs a re l ess t he most

t he were

e ither n ear walls o r

c ategory

l atter

i nclude

a v ariety o f

h andles with vertical p erforation a re well t ypes

b ones

with a r ound o r l ow r ing b ase a nd a s light

c arination near i ts base. a lso

two

o n

b asically r ed monochrome with a c onsiderable

s herds .

s ides and o ften e verted r ims,

e legant

h uman

A lthough

majority o f t hem b eing b owls o f d ifferent t ypes, s traight

r esting

t o v ery b ad d ue t o h eavy i ncrustation ,

p aint on a t hick c reamy b ackground. with

o ne

f orms:

s trap

r epresented while o ther

f requent.

i nteresting a spect o f

t he decoration o f t he p ainted wares.

5 1

t he A gios P etros p ottery i s

L inear motifs a re p redominant

a lthough

wavy

c ommon .

C haracteristic i s t he execution o f

l ines,

net d esigns and

which r ecall weaving p rototypes . o n

t he

c haracteristic

t echnique:

c urvilinear p atterns a re a lso s ome d ecorative motifs

T he p ainted d ecoration mostly a ppears

c arinated

b owls

a nd

i t

a lways

b rownish o r r ed p aint o n a c reamy o r

A v ery f ew

s herds

employs

t he

s ame

b uff c ream b ackground .

b ear a d ifferent d ecoration , n amely ,

i ncised l ines

i n

h orizontal a nd o blique a rrangements, o r b ands f illed with p ointi ng dots.

P lastic d ecoration i s a lso v ery r are;

t he f orm o f f our .

a pplied p lastic p ellets,

i t c an o nly b e s een i n

a rranged i n g roups o f t hree o r

S ome p ieces b earing a d ecoration i n t he f orm o f a l ow r elief

l ine a re

c onsidered

t he o nly e xamples o f

The r est o f t he material f igurines

s how

a

c haracteristics. t radition

o f

G reek

h ave a s trong l ocal

r emains a re n o l ess i nteresting.

c onsiderable S ome o f

t he

i mported p ottery.

variety

o f

f orms

a nd

t hem a re c losely r elated

mainland,

f lavour,

i n

t o t he f igurine

p articular T hessaly,

b earing,

a t

t he s ame

The

i ndividual

t ime,

while

o thers

f eatures

which

c an b e t raced i n t he o ther d irection t o t he Anatolian c oast ( eastern A egean i slands, A sia M inor) . Moreover, o ne f igurine s hows c onnections w ith t he a rea o f The t he

b one

s outhern B alkans.

t ools a re a lso o f a d istinctive

Thessalian

mainland.

metatarsals

was

l ikely

t hese

t hat

r ecovered w ere

s uch a s w eaving o r n et T he

A l arge

c hipped

t hroughout

a ssociated

t ype n ot a t a ll c ommon o n o f

awls

made

f rom

t he n eolithic d eposit;

with

r epairing.

s tone

number s ome

s ort

o f

sheep

i t i s v ery

s pecialized

work

B one p oints a re a lso v ery f requent.

i ndustry

c entres

p redominantly

o n obsidian

although a v ariety o f f lints and quartz p ieces h ave b een u sed f or t he manufacture

o f

t ools.

The

obsidian

t echnology

shows

nothing

d istinctive a nd most o f t he a rtifacts b ear a s imple r etouch o n b oth s ides;

h owever,

a g reat m any b lades a re w ithout

S tone t ools a re a lso c ommon .

s econdary w orking.

Most o f t he a xes, a lthough small,

a re v ery well worked a nd may i ndicate wood c arving . G round i mplements are p lentiful and i ndicative o f t he e veryday a ctivities o f t he i nhabitants c lay,

s uch a s g rinding a nd f ood p reparation .

O ther f inds made o f

b one and s hell s uch a s s pindle whorls, p endants, o rnaments and

l adles a re

l ess

c ommon,

while t he absence o f

s uch f eatures a s

f ish

h ooks a nd wasted weights which might h ave b een e xpected i n as ite o f t he n ature o f A gios P etros 5 .3.

i s p articularly s triking.

E nvironment a nd l ife: There a re f ew i ndications o f what t he n ature o f t he environment

might

h ave

b een o n t he i sland o f Kyra P anagia s even t housand

y ears

a go .

C onclusions d rawn f rom a l imited s tudy o f p hytoliths ( Appendix I I, P art I II) must n ot b e o ver-emphasized a nd t he r esults o f t he f lotation which was

c arried

o ut

i n

s pecific

p arts

o f

t he d eposit,

mainly

t he

h earths,

i n t he s ummer o f 1 981, were d isappointing . A lthough i t i s s urprising t hat n othing was r ecovered we must b ear i n m ind t he s easonal c hange o t t he s uch

c limate

f rom

r emains .

d ry

T hus

t o

wet

a lmost

which d oes a ll

t he

n ot

f avour

a vailable

t he

e vidence

p reservation i s

i ndirect

o f a nd

i s d rawn f rom what i s known generally a bout t he r egion o f G reece a t t hat

t ime

( UNESCO-FAO

1 963:

1 4,

B intliff

5 2

1 977).

C hange i n t he s ea l evel d oes n ot t he

l andscape

o f

t he

i sland

a ctivities a re c oncerned .

a s

s eem t o h ave d ramatically a ltered

f ar

a s

T he e stimated

t he

f arming

and

p astoral

1 0 m l owering o f t he s ea l evel

( Appendix I ) c ertainly would h ave i ncreased t he f arming c apabilities o f t he

i sland

b y

e nlarging

t he s ize o f

t he e xisting

t wo v alleys ( Plan I I);

h owever, b ecause o f t he p redominantly r ocky character o f t he r est o f t he

i sland i t

h ave

b een

i s

c ertain t hat a ny a lteration o f t he l andscape would

l imited .

T here

i s

n o

i ndication

would h ave b een s ubstantially d ifferent

t hat

f rom

t he

g razing

t oday 's.

a ctivities

T he t wo e xisting

v alleys well s upplied w ith f resh water were i deal f or g rowing wheat a nd b arley,

a nd

s prings

w ere d etected i n t he a rea n ear

f or g razing c attle .

I n t he s ummer o f t he

1 981

s ettlement

l ong v alley i n t he s outh eastern p art o f

t he

b ay.

many u nderwater a nd

c lose

t o

t he

A lthough c aretul

measurements were n ot c arried out, t here s eemed t o b e a q uantity o f f resh water despite the dryness o f the season. Although the c ultivation o f i ndirect

c ereals

e vidence,

i t

l ike

wheat

i s a r eal

and

b arley

i s

I n many n eolithic s ites elsewhere i n Greece emmer

wheat

R enfrew,

a nd

1 966:

t wo-row 2 1).

b arley

T he

suggested

o nly

by

p ossibility .

- c onstitute

S porades,

t he

h owever,

c rops

- b asically

p rincipal

have

not

c ereals

( J.

f avoured

t he

g rowth o f s uch p roducts f or h undreds o f y ears. The main r eason f or t his must l ie i n t he l ack o f e xtensive l owlands a nd t he p reoccupation o f

t he

i nhabitants

with maritime

b uilding a nd with p asturage ; t heir l imestone s tructure a re

a ctivities

t hey h ave s uffered f rom e xtensive

d enundation .

which

s oil

a re

o ften

c onsidered

s uch a s

f ishing,

s hip

moreover t he h ighland a reas b ecause o f b y t heir n ature p oor i n f ertile s oil a nd

i deal

f or

T erra

c rop

r ossa d eposits

p roduction C l .

R enfrew,

1 973B :149) d o e xist i n t he two n arrow v alleys o f Kyra P anagia a nd a lso i n H alonnesos b ut t hey a re l imited i n s ize . A l arge n umber o f q uerns, a nd rubbers which might have b een used t o grind g rain were f ound a t A gios P etros, s ickle b lades o f o bsidian a nd f lint were a lso r ecovered, t hough not many . I f t hese o bjects a re t o b e a ssociated with t he p rocess o f h arvesting a nd u tilising c rops, t he e xistence o f s uch c rops a t t he n eolithic s ite o f A gios P etros b ecomes a s trong p ossibility. Although p ossible

t hat

p estles

were

t he t he

p ractice a bove

u sed

f or

b reaking a nimal b ones

o f

f arming

i s

implements

o r

p reparing

o ther

t o e xtract

a t

n ot

d isputed,

l east

t he

s orts

o f

s tone

i t

i s

a lso

g rinders

f ood,

f or

t he marrow o r p roducing f ood

a nd

example f rom

s ea

s hells. I t

i s

a lso

c ertain

t hat

o ther

v egetable

f oods

o f t he n eolithic i nhabitants o f Agios P etros, f rom

l ack

o f

p rotein .

elsewhere

in

G reece

almonds,

which

are

R enfrew,

s till

s upplemented

t he d aily d iet .

l andscape

a ll

o f

t he

1 936:

o n

o live 5 8)

a wild

i t

o f

i n

t he

i s

h ard

f orm,

e ven

t he

present

a s

e scape early

wild

in

Kyra

O live t rees a re

S porades

n eolithic t o

1 966)

i slands

p eriod

h as

n ot

n ot

d iet

b een

f igs

must

f eatures

a lthough y et

s urvive

l ike

Panagia,

t he a ssumption t hat b ack

d o

f ruits

p ermanent

a nd

t he

who p robably s uffered

A lthough a ctual examples

( J.

c ompleted

t he

p roved

t he

b eginning

o f

t he

Thessalian

o f

have o f

t he

c ultivation

t hey w ere

a s

a s and

( Vickery, t here ,

t he

i n

middle

n eolithic p eriod. Although

t he

p lant

r emains

53

mainland

a re

s ubstantial m iddle a re

a nd

well d ocumented - d espite t he l ack o f s amples f rom

n eolithic

d eposits

c onsidered

c areful

i n

p art

o f

e xtrapolating

i nhabitants

of

( J .

t he

R enfrew, s ame

f rom

1 973B :

1 62)

g eographical

t he

mainland

a s ettle ment

c an

b e

- a nd

r egion

e vidence .

t he

we

T he

dictated

not

S porades

h ave

t o

d iet

o f

only

b e t he

by

t he

a vailability o f v arious species o f p lants and ani mals i n the s urrounding r egion b ut a lso b y t he impact which t heir e xploitation m ight

h ave o n t he

o verall e conomic

l ife o f

t he s ite .

F or i nstance

t hey

c ould h ave p lanted wheat a nd b arley o r p ractised f ishing a nd g razing a nimals, b ut i t i s h ard t o t ell what t he r elative i mportance o f t hese a ctivities might h ave b een i n a n i solated a nd n umerically small c ommunity . Moreover i f t his were a s easonal s ettlement t he whole p roblem c hanges c onsiderably s ince i t must b e a sked which o f t he n ecessary p rovisions were B ut w e s hall The b reeding t o

r eturn

t o

abundant

r emains

e conomy .

D uring

s tratigraphical

d istribution a ttempt

t ransported a nd

t hese q uestions

which

was

r ecovery .

made

o f

t he

a nimal 1 981

b ones

f ound

i ndicates

t ill

the

t hen ;

b reakage

a t

d uring

i n t he s ite a re,

a mixed

a s

t he s ame

t he

might

( Appendix I I).

m ajority

t hat

r espect

Agios

( Appendix I I, s pecies .

I n

P etros

T able 3 ).

mainland r atios

h igher .

t he

O nly

d eer

make

( Dan ia

make

a grees

S esklo

with o ther a re

t he

a nd A chilleion

b one

o nly

dama),

t he

3 %

s pecimens o f

l ess

t he

t han

1 %,

b een

most

wild s pecies

t he

b ones;

w ere

T hese a nd

i s

i n

s ites

s imilar

t o

a bout

t wice

w ere o nly s lightly

i dentified

i bex

b e e xpected,

c ommon d omestic

p igs

r emains .

wild

o f

r emains

s econd

s amples,

h ave

a nimal

t ime a n

Greek neolithic

b ut a t A gios P etros p ig r emains

t hree u p

u p

T he p ercentage o f c attle

while p ig r emains

a s c ommon a s c attle, s pecies

g oats

bone

a rchaeological

p roportion o f

a nd

p aid

animal

b asically d omesticated a nimals with a s mall S heep

s tock

a ttention was

concerning

b een o verlooked

t o a void s econdary

The animals

( see s ection 5 .4).

c ampaign s pecial

considerations

h ad

which were a vailable l ocally .

l ater o n

a s

d og .

i nclude

g oat

W ild f allow

( Capra

i bex

-

C apra a egagrus) 1 .30% a nd a v ery f ew b ones o f b irds ( Shag-Phalacrocorax a ristotelis) a nd o ther unidentifiable s pecies l ess t han 1 % . P erhaps t he

most

i nteresting

s pecimens

a re

t hose

o f

e ither

i bex

o r

wild

g oat .

A lthough t hey a re l imited i n n umber ( twelve b ones) t heir p resence i s i mportant t he

a s g ood e vidence

i slands o f Prasso,

w ild g oat

r emains a t

f or h unting i n t he a rea o f Kyra P anagia , a nd

G ioura, P iperi.

t he

s ite,

I t i s n ot s urprising t o f ind

c onsidering

t heir

c ontinued

p resence

o n

t he n earby i sland o f G ioura. A lthough A gios P etros was a maritime c ommunity t he l ack o f o bjects a ssociated

i n a ny way with f ishing a ctivities

f ish

o r

a s

h ooks

n et

r ole .

t ypical

s inkers,

h ave

o f

s tones

n umber u sed

t he

r ound

b een

l ocal i n

p ractices

t he

l ike

f ound ;

f ishermen

f or

c hipped

s tone

t he

i s

a lso

mainly

v ertebrae .

i t

S aliagos

r emarkable

b elong

t o

N evertheless

b ig i t

c omes

which

i s

a s

a s urprise .

m ight

p ossible,

h ave

s ame

p urpose.

i ndustry

c an

h owever,

f ish

f ish

a nd

b ones h ave

w ould a ppear t o

5 4

A t

b e

t hat

a

a re

a s

1 968: s o

b een

t reatment a re

t he

r elated

o bsidian p oints

( Evans-Renfrew,

t hat

N o

b een u sed

b ig p ebbles p layed a s imilar

w ithout a ny o ther s pecial t he

s uggested u se o f

t he n eolithic s ite o f I t

w eights,

i n t he f orm o f

E ven t oday s imple s tones b y

n othing

They

w aisted

s ame t o

t ime,

f ishing

l eister-heads a t

7 9).

f ew

i n A gios P etros.

i dentified

a s

b e h ighly i mprobable

t unny t hat

a

c ommunity s o c lose t o t he s ea c ould h ave i gnored t he c apabilities o f t he s ea a s b ones

s ource o f

must

e vidence

n ot

o f

q uantities

b e

f ood .

exploitation

t hroughout

p layed a n important P etros.

A t

I n s ome

t he s ame t ime t he p resence o f t unny f ish

o veremphasized t he

o f

n eolithic

r ole a s

c ases

( Appendix

molluscs

a f ood

I I).

which

d eposit.

s ource

I t

f or

There

were i s

t he

i s

a lso

f ound

i n

c ertain

t hat

i nhabitants

t hey were f ound smashed,

a f act

i ndicate d ifferent methods o f u sing t hem a s f ood.

t he

g reat

o f

t hey A gios

which might

The main s pecies

i nclude l impets a nd s ea s hells which c an e asily b e o btained f rom t he r ocky c oastal a reas a round t he s ettlement with t he h elp o f a s imple p ointed

t ool o r e ven a s tone.

G enerally

s peaking

i t

s eems

p robable

t hat

f ishing

a round

t he

i sland o f K yra P anagia was n ever s olely r elated t o a ny s pecific s pecies whether

i t

was

p reference r epertoire

o f o f

migratory

o r

any

s pecies

f inds.

E ven

s easonal

c an

b e

t oday

t he o nly

f ollowed i n t he a rea o f t he S porades, c atching

p rocedures

i slands a nd

b ecause

t hese

i n v ery d eep w aters

There

i s

e vidence

o f

a nd

no

d etected

e vidence

i n

t he

f ish whose

t he t unny,

movements

s uggesting

a rchaeological movements

c an

b e

r equires e laborate

o ccur

q uite

f ar

f rom

t he

( Plan V ).

s pecialization

i n

A gios

P etros.

The

c haracteristic b one p oint with a s omewhat s tandardized f orm i s v ery l ikely n et

h ave

b een u sed

f or

r epairing

t o

a lthough

o ther

s upporting s pindle were o f

e vidence

whorls

n or

p lentiful

t he

i n

wool a nd

s ome o f

f or

f inds

t hese

waisted a ll

s pecialized

t he s kin o f

c ould

s uch a s w eaving o r have

b een

u sed

a ctivities a re n ot p lentiful:

weights

s trata

a ctivities

which

a nd

t he

a re

t hey

s heep ,

c ommon . a re

B one

p robably

t hough

i t

t hem were r elated t o f ishing a ctivities,

t ools,

r elated

i s

a lso

a s

n either h owever ,

t o

t he

p ossible

u se t hat

a nd w ere f or r epairing

f ishing n ets . T his h ypothesis, h owever , d epends o n t he a vailability o f c ertain materials f or t he c onstruction o f n ets; whether t hey were made o f l inen o r o f v egetable f ibres

t hey would h ave r equired a c onsiderable

d egree

e xperience

o f

s pecialization a nd

m aintenance .

U nlike

S aliagos,

t he

s ite

f or

o f

t heir

A gios

manufacture and

P etros

i s

s urrounded

b y d eep s ea with s trong c urrents a nd e ither t he n ets were u sed o n a l imited s cale within t he p roximity o f t he b ay, o r i n d eep water, i n which c ase a n e xperienced a nd l ong e stablished t radition o f f ishing a nd u se o f b oats must b e a ssumed . T he l ast would p robably i mply t hat t he i nhabitants

were h eavily d ependant o n t he s ea f or f ood s upplies f or

w hich t here i s F or wares s ome

l ittle e vidence.

w eaving,

may

o ffer

h owever, s ome

t he

s upporting

d ecorative

p atterns

e vidence .

T he

o n

c arinated v ases c ould s uggest woven p rototypes k ilims

( Fig.

5 :1) .

c ertain c eramic

p ainted

On a b ackground

o n

t extiles

a nd

s core o f

wavy l ines were d esigned i n t he s ame way a s t he s uccessive

l ines o f t hread p roduce t he t extile;

o f

d ecoration

i n t he f orm o f net

p atterns

a

i t h as b een suggested t hat t he

net-like" f abrics were p roduced b y matting r ather t han t rue w eaving t echniques ( Burnham, 1 965: 1 71). H owever, t he p ossibility o f t hese c omplex

d ecorative

b e d iscounted. C atal

Hüyük

( Coleman,

i n

1 977:

motifs

b eing

b ased

o n

b asketry

p rototypes

I t i s n oticeable t hat t he earliest Anatolia 1 17)

( Mellaart,

1 967:

2 18)

must

and

Keos

i n

Greece

a re p lain s ince t hey w ere e asier t o m echanize.

55

n ot

t extiles f ound i n

T he

e xcellent

t echnical

q uality

o f

many

o f

t he

p ainted

s herds

i n

c onjunction w ith t he c areful e xecution o f c omplicated d ecorative motifs s hows t he

t hat

t he

p roduction o f

i nhabitants

l ocally

o f

f rom

p ottery was

t he s ettlement .

t he

r ich

c layey

h igh among

t he

T here i s n o d oubt

s oil

o f

t he

r ed

p riorities

t hat

i t

o f

was

made

Mediterranean

t ype

( Bridges, 1 970 : 5 8), a part f rom a v ery f ew p ieces which were c ertainly imported. Most o f t he s herds h ad a s trong mechanical b urnishing p robably d one b y s tone o r c lay b urnishers ( Fig. 4 8b). T he e xcellent d ecoration c an b e e xplained e ither a s t he r esult o f a l ong e stablished t echnical

t radition

t he s ite o r b y u nknown

t o

u s

whose

A gios P etros . i s

e lsewhere

c haracteristic

B oth h ypotheses

t o substantiate. course

e volved

a nd

b rought

b y

t he existence o f a l ocal c entre o f

Pottery k ilns

not

too

p ottery

a re v ery have

s urprising

r eached

t empting n ot

s ince

b e

t he

o ccupants

t he

s ettlement

o f

t hough v ery d ifficult

d iscovered

i t

t o

p roduction a s y et

i s

b ut

obvious

t his

that

o f the

a rchaeological material c omes f rom t he e dge o f t he s ettlement; nucleus o f t he s ite i s s ubmerged. e xceptional

s kill

a nd e xperienced

p otters ;

t hey managed t o p aint t he c anvas-like t hese t hin s traight l ines ( Fig. 6 :1). a h air

o f

any

s ort

which was

a pplied o n t he c reamy s lip. o f

a s tamp

s urface .

s atisfactory

e xplaining t he A ll t he

i s

s till

n ot

c lear

h ow

f irst

p ut

i nto t he r ed p aint a nd t hen

N either i s t here any e vidence o f t he u se

a nswer

c an

t his d ecorative e ffect o n t he

b e

p ut

f orward

a t

t his

s tage

f or

t echnique u sed.

t hese p roblems,

w ider

i t

b ackground o f t he v ases with a ll I t was c ertainly n ot a b rush or

which c ould h ave p roduced

N o

t he

The d ecoration, h owever, r equires

i ssue

o f

I t hink ,

t he n ature

a re d irectly o r i ndirectly r elated

o f

t he

s ettlement

o f

A gios

P etros .

t o Was

i t a p ermanently o ccupied s ite w ith a n e stablished a nd v iable p attern o f s ocial, e conomic and c ultural activities o r was i t t he s easonal maritime c amp o f a g roup whose e conomy was b ased o n a mobile way o f l ife? 5 .4.

N ature o f

t he

s ite:

The s ite o f Agios P etros was b uilt o n t he s hores o f a s outhward facing

bay

o bservations

on

the

have

i sland s hown

n eolithic p eriod was

o f

Kyra

t hat

t he

Panagia.

l evel

p robably 1 0 m l ower

o f

Geomorphological

t he

s ea

i n

t han t oday a nd

t he

t he

e arly

s ettlement

o ccupied t he main p art o f a small h arbour. Moreover t here a re i ndications which show t hat t he houses were b uilt more o r l ess i n a s emicircle o n t he s lope, o rientated t owards t he s ea w ith t he d iameter o n t he waterline p robably t o mark f ull u se o f t he a nchorage ( Appendix I ,

F ig.

2 ).

T he

h arbour i tself

was p robably n ot d eep.

N o s igns o f

harbour works s urvive, and i t i s unlikely t hat t here would h ave b een any .

P robably i t

i s more r easonable t o a ssume t hat t he l ight b oats

were b eached s o t hat n o s pecial c onstruction was needed. T he bay i s extremely s afe f or a ll s orts o f weather a nd t he e stablishment o f t he s ettlement must h ave b een i nfluenced T he

p eople

l iving

t here

would

h ave

t he s ite i n t he northern S porades, c onsiderable

k nowledge

and

f or s ea t ravel i n n eolithic u sed a t

t hat

t ime

i s

n oticed

t heir

e xperience

t imes

i s u nknown ;

b y t hat f actor.

n ot

t he

c hoice

u nique p osition o f

o f

s ite

o f s eafaring . a vailable .

r eflecting

D irect e vidence

T he

t ype

o f

b oats

a nd we w ill p robably n ever k now whether

56

i t

was

c raft

l ong made

b oats

a s

i n

p ossibly o f

t he n arrow s ea

l anes

t he

b ronze a ge ( Renfrew,

r eeds

( Sordinas,

1 970 :

b etween t he S porades .

1 972 :

3 1)

T he

3 57) o r

which

were

p resence

s maller c rossing

o n t he s ite o f

b ones f rom r elatively l arge animals - s heep and e specially c attle r aises

t he q uestion a s t o h ow t hese a nimals were t ransported t o t he

i sland,

s ince

i t

i s

f rom e lsewhere.

c ertain

t hat

t hey

were

i ntroduced

t o K yra

P anagia

T he s ea l ane b etween Halonnesos a nd Kyra Panagia i s

over 1 50 i n d eep and i t was n ot dry l and e ven i n p alaeolithic t imes i f we

a re

t o a ccept

1 981:

4 1).

b oats

l arge

t he r atio o f

e nough

t o

c arry

i s a lways t he p ossibility d istance, i s n ot,

s ea

l evel c hange f or t hat

S even t housand y ears a go l ivestock t hat

p eriod ( Cherry ,

t hey would c ertainly have u sed a cross

t he

s ea .

A lthough

t here

t he a nimals were f orced t o swim

s omething which t hey a re

t heoretically c apable a t

Ib elieve, v ery l ikely f or p ractical r easons.

t he

d oing,

t his

The c urrent i n

t he s ea l ane b etween Halonnesos and Kyra P anagia i s very s trong, d istance

c onsiderable

a nd

t he

t ransfer

o f

a nimals

c ould

n ot

t he

have

b een

a n e asy m atter. The e xistence o f e ssential

importance

i sland

K yra

o f

r easonably e ffective b oats would h ave b een o f

n ot

P anagia

o nly

b ut

t o

a lso

s ustain t o

c ommunal

e xplain

t he

l ife

s igns

o n

o f

c ontacts which t he a rchaeological material b etrays. f oundation o f t he

t he

w ide

r emote

c ultural

Even more t he

t he s ettlement i tself must b e c onsidered a s t he r esult o f

p revalence

o f

c ertain e conomic

c onditions

s uch a s

t rade

p otentialities h ad b een a lready a ppreciated a nd e stablished .

whose

I t may b e

t hat s eafaring i n t he f orm o f t he u se o f a s imple c raft g oes b ack t o p alaeolithic

t imes

i n

t he

a rea

o f

t he

northern

S porades.

S ince

e stimates o f t he s ea l evel 2 0,000 y ears a go a re c ontinuously f alling ( Shackleton

- V an A ndel,

1 980 :

3 57),

i t

b ecomes

i ncreasingly

p robable

t hat t he d epth b etween Halonnesos and Kyra P anagia was c onsiderable ( 60-90 m ) e ven a t t hat t ime.

I ndeed i f t he p roposed new s ea l evel o f

a bout 9 0 m i s a dopted i nstead o f t he

1 36 m ( Flemming, 1 973:

1 ) which

was a ccepted until n ow, t hen t he existence o f ad eep s ea l ane e ven i n t hat early s tage b etween t he N evertheless p roblems

s hort d istances,

f or

mobile

h unting g rounds p erhaps

t his

s eafaring . o ccupation

a s

c hallenge

o f

t he

l ooking

which

A egean

a nd

1 981:

f or

i slands

r egional

a nd

t he

r easons

t he

t o

h ave

p ossibility.

s helters

o ccupied

t hat

impetus

t he

a nd

g eneralizations

which

r emote

f or

p roblem

c onclusions

a re

p rimitive

o f

b ased

b etter i t was

t he

e arly

o n

u nqualified

o ften

misleading

t o minimize l ocal p eculiarities . e xplain

n eolithic s ite i n t he s ame a rea a re n o d oubt may

a s trong

w ould h ave p osed n o s erious

t emporary

c reated

a pproaches

4 1) b ecause t hey s eem

However,

b ecomes

t he p alaeolithic f inds o n K yra P anagia s how;

S tatistical

c hronological ( Cherry,

g roups

i slands

h owever d eep,

i sland

t he

e stablishment

much more c omplex .

e ither

b ecause

o f

a

P eople

t here

was

a

movement o f population i n t he wider r egion o f T hessaly i n t he e arly n eolithic p eriod f rom t he mainland t owards t he c oastal a reas d ue t o e conomic

r easons

( Chourmouzades,

1 971B :

1 65)

o r

b ecause

t he

r egion

o f

t he n orthern S porades was a lready o ccupied f rom p revious p eriods b y c ommunities which w ere a lready e xploiting t he e cological p otentialities o f

t he

o f

t he A egean i slands i s a b ig o ne ( Evans,

b een

a rea .

T he

i nevitably

p roblem

r elated

o f

t he

c olonization a nd

w ith wider

c ultural

1 973,

t he

o ccupation

s ince

p rocesses s uch a s

i solation a nd i ndependent d evelopment ( see s ection 8 ) .

5 7

e arly

1 977) A s

i t

h as

c ultural

f ar a s A gios

P etros

i s

c oncerned

K yra P anagia

a nd

o f a p ermanent

i t

i s

p ossible

p robably o thers n ature;

f rom

t he

s ite

which

A egean

was

i slands

f ounded

a s

w ell

o n

w ere

e xploiting a n ewly e stablished e conomic a nd

c ultural o rder i n t he A egean , b enefiting

t hat

o n o ther

emerging

a dapting t hemselves

e conomic

a nd

t o n ew c onditions a nd

s ocial

s ituations.

Another

p ossibility i s t hat t hey were s easonal c amps i ndicative o f a k ind o f mobility d istant

o f

s ome

s ections

o f

t he

p opulation

i nherited

f rom

t he n ot

s o

p ast.

E ither lack o f

p ossibilities

i s

a dequate data .

d ifficult

I ndividual

p rovide s ome e vidence,

which,

t o

s ubstantiate

s ites

such

a s

b ecause

Agios

o f

t he

P etros

may

h owever, c annot b e u sed a s a b asis f or

g eneralizations . T he b ody o f i nformation which d oes e xist a nd r efers t o t he s ocio-economic c onditions o f t he a rea must b e a lways u sed i n r elation t o t he a vailable d ata f rom e ach i ndividual s ite. Was

A gios

P etros

a s easonal

o r a p ermanent

s ite?

D espite

r ecent

s uggestions a bout c riteria f or d eciding t he s easonality o f a s ettlement ( Bökönyi,

1 972 :

1 21),

p roblem a re f ar f rom d istribution b ias

a nd

o f

s uch c riteria f or a c omprehensive a pproach t o o bjective .

a nimal

b ones

o ften misrepresent

interpretation

o f

t he

d epending o n whether t he i s

v ery

post

d ifficult

and

e xchange

t o

s upply a re

a nd t he

s ea t rue

r emains

o f

c entre

s hells

a re

p icture

o f

a s ite

c an

a s emi-permanent

unless

a ctivities

o ccasional

e vents

o n

t he

s ubjected b e

t he

p resence

a s ite .

a nd

t o

r ecovery

T he

c ultural

s harply

f actors

s ite

s uch

a nd

F or t he o ccupation o f a s emi-permanent p urely s ubsistence

b ased

d ifferent

f irst o r t he s econd a ssumption i s a dopted .

i magine

c onsidered

C onclusions

s erving a s a s

t ravelling

u norganized

s ite

t ends

I t

t rading

t o

a nd

i nitiatives .

b e

f ocused

o n

w ith l ess a ttention p aid t o a ctivities which

r equire a l ong t erm o rganization. I b elieve t hat t he e vidence f rom Agios P etros s trongly s uggests a pattern o f p ermanent o ccupation ; a nd i t may well b e t he c ase t hat Agios P etros i slands.

a bundance o f have

i s

the

F or

e xistence

i s

- 9 m ,

t hat o f

p oint

P etros

a t

P anagia

p ermanent

o f

t he

t he

s ite

e vidence

two

p lains,

t he

P articularly

u nder t he s ea n ear

f resh water

h as

n ot

b een

f low e ven i n m id-summer i ncreases

f or

f or

f ertile

o ccupation .

f resh water s prings

r einforces

t wo v alleys

i ts

l andscape f or g oats c ould d efinitely

t he s prings

the

which

s ettlement among t he A egean

with

A lthough t he q uantity o f

suitability

A gios

Kyra

a r easonable

t he

t he f act

i nteresting

o f

f resh water a nd i deal

s ettlement .

e stimated ,

t he only p ermanent

i sland

s ustained

i nteresting t he

i s n ot

T he

a major

t he

t he

settlement.

a rgument

c onsiderable

f or

t he

c hange

o f Kyra P anagia must

h ave

Another

p ermanency o f o f

s ea

l evel .

p rovided

much

m ore a rable l and t han i s e vident n owadays. A s

r egards

t he s uitability o f

t he i sland f or a s elf-sufficient

economy a c ase s tudy i s p ut f orward ( Appendix VI). f rom

t his

involved r emained

c ase and

s tudy, t he

which i s

c ontinuity

u nchanged

t hrough

o f

a nimals

f ood

s upply o n

( mainly g oats),

o f

many

A f ew y ears a go a number o f b asing t heir

i deal

i n

t erms

b asic y ears,

o f

S ome c onclusions

s ize o f

s ubsistence c ould

I t hink

f amilies were l iving o n

t he c ultivation o f o live f ishing

points emerge a s s ignificant:

a nd

small

t he c ommunity

e lements p rove t he

t rees,

which

i mportant . i sland

and

t he g razing

s cale g ardening .

C ertain

( a) t heir e xistence was d ependent o n

58

c ontacts w ith t he n earby i slands,

e specially f or t ransporting d airy

p roducts i n e xchange f or o ther f oodstuffs such a s maize and l entils. ( b) f ishing d id t he

n ot

e xperimental

p lay a n e ssential r ole i n t heir a ctivities.

i ntroduction

b ecause

h ad t o b e

i mported f rom o ther p laces. t he

was

a nimals

a bandoned

Thus

g rass

o f

c ommunity,

n ot

s uch a s

l ocally

t hough

s heep

a vailable

s ettled

i n

a nd

a nd

h uge

( c)

c attle

was

q uantities

a p ermanent

way

with

a dequate means o f s ubsistence a t hand, was i n c onstant c ontact with o ther

c ommunities

which

w ere

n o

more

t han

o ne

d ays

r eturn

t rip

away .

P ermanent o ccupation i n l ocations which might

l ook r emote d oes not

a lways

c ommunication .

p resuppose

c ultural

i solation

o r

l ack

o f

T here

i s c ertainly a d elicate balance b etween what t he environment c an p rovide a nd what t he p revailing t echnology c an o ffer. What h as b een o verlooked

i s

t he

s ense

o f

f amiliarity

h ad with t he e nvironment, must

have

b een

s ettlements e xploration

t he

f irst

which

l eads

a rea,

I t

s omething

which

must

h ave

t o

f or

p eople

moving

t o

e stablish

s uch

c ommunities

b eing

s et

u p ,

b ut

u nderlines o f

t he

r ather

s imilar t o p laces where

The p resence o f p alaeolithic f inds

i ndications

a lready

i s n ot a n u rge f or experimentation a nd

i s a s trong e vidence i n f avour o f

a lthough t he

s ettlers

b eing i n a f amiliar e nvironment,

o thers have succeeded. P etros

c ondition

i n t he a rea .

t he f eeling o f

t he

i ts c apacities a nd i ts l imitations, which

i n Agios

a c ontinuous o ccupation o f

n otion

a m esolithic

o f

f amiliarity .

s tage

t he

M oreover

i n A gios P etros a re n ot

s trong — a part f rom o ne t rapezoidal m icrolith o f o bsidian — i t might p ossible

t hat

r easons .

T he

i slands

mesolithic l ack ,

d espite

h owever,

t he

A t

t o

e xploit

s ituations,

a s

s uitable i f

t he

a dventure,

t o

r ate,

t heir

t erm

o f

c laims

s triking .

a nd

a ny

d eposits

were

l ost

mesolithic

f or

t he

c ommunities

t o

e vidence

c ontrary

a t

d ue

a ll

f rom

( Honea,

l evels

o f

b e

environmental o ther

1 975:

A egean 2 77)

d evelopment

i s

t end

e conomic a nd e nvironmental which t hey r ecognize

t echnological

-c olonization"

experimentation a nd

s kills;

e ven

i n

c ultural

t hey i ts

d o

n ot

weakest

i solation ,

i t

i nitiate

t hem

s ense

s uggests

s hould,

I t hink ,

b e a bandoned . I t i s t rue t hat t he e vidence f rom A gios P etros d oes n ot i ndicate c ultural i solation a t a ll : t he c hipped s tone i ndustry and t he r epertoire o f

t ools o f

s tone o r b one b etray c lose c ontacts with t he

t echnological d evelopments o f t he T hessalian I t may a lso well b e n ecessarily t he main h as

b een

s tressed,

t here

i s

n o e vidence f rom t he

would s upport such an i nterpretation . c ontext

t hat

f ishbones

s hortage

o f

a re

v ery

f ishbones

s ite s uch a s Myrtos i n C rete 5 .5.

( Appendix V II).

f ew

a t

s ite i tself

which

And i t i s s ignificant i n t his i n

a dmittedly t he a rea s ieved i n t his c ase was s imilar

mainland

t he c ase t hat f ishing s hould n ot b e c onsidered o ccupation o f t he i nhabitants a nd c ertainly, a s

A gios

P etros.

l imited,

A lthough

o ne c ould c ite

t he

a c omprehensively e xcavated c oastal

( Warren,

1 972).

C ultural A ffinities:

5 .5.1.

S ettlement:

Although t he a ctual a rchitectural r emains o f

t he s ite o f Agios

P etros a re s canty, v arious i ndications h elp u s t o r econstruct t he s hape and t he s ize o f t he s ettlement. All t he e vidence s uggests t hat t he f inds o n A gios P etros c ome f rom t he n orth—eastern p erimeter o f whose

l arger,

western

p art

i s

59

s ubmerged.

S ince

t he

t he s ite

s uccessful

completion

of

observations

the

underwater

a round

t he

i slet

survey

o f

and

Agios

t he

P etros

g eomorphological t ogether

with

t he

s oundings on l and, i t C an b e s uggested t hat t he n eolithic s ettlement c overed

a space

r elatively a ffected

t he

t he

e xtent

r eal

o f

3 0

a ccurate

x 5 0

d espite

s q. t he

d istribution o f o f

t he

m .;

t his

e rosion

t he

f inds

o ccupation

e stimation

a nd a nd

i s

c onsidered

t he wave a ction w hich h ave c onsequently o ur p icture

( Appendix

I ,

F ig .

o f

2 ).

I sland a nd c oastal s ettlements i n t he A egean d ating f rom t he e arly s tages

o f

t he

F rancthi C ave . r egard

t o

n eolithic

p eriod

A gios P etros

i ts

n atural

p osition

i nformation i t p rovides. which

h as

b een

d ocumented

f ound

b ecause

l evel ( Theochares,

v ery

f ew:

S kyros,

N .

Makri,

a nd

t he

amount

o f

w ith

a rchaeological

The only o ther e arly n eolithic i sland s ite

s o f ar ,

i t

a re

i s r epresentative o f s uch s ettlements

t oo

o n t he

h as

o nly

1 959B: 2 79).

i sland o f

S kyros,

p artially

i s n ot v ery w ell

s urvived

t he

r ise

o f

s ea

However, i t i s t hought t hat i t was a

small v illage s ettlement n ear t he c oast s et a t t he f oot o f h igher ground. The s ite o f N . Makri h as a s imilar s etting a lthough i ts s ize s eems

t o b e

c onsiderably l arge ( Theochares,

t he F rancthi o n t he s ea . should

n ot

1 956:

1 ) .

T he r emains

f rom

C ave s uggest t hat t he i nhabitants were h eavily d ependent I t i s t rue, however, t hat t he s etting o f t his l ast s ite b e

c onsidered

( Jacobsen, 1 973: 2 53) occupation until the

a s

t ypical

o f

t he

e arly n eolithic p eriod

s ince c aves were n ot u sed f or p ermanent late neolithic p eriod. In fact, r ecent

explorations i n t he v icinity o f t he F rancthi C ave suggest t hat t he a ctual n eolithic s ettlement was s ituated n ear t he c oast, p robably s ubmerged n ow, Andel,

1 980:

t he K itsos

a nd

t hat

t he c ave was a s easonal

3 57, Jacobsen,

1 981:

3 03).

The o nly

( Lambert,

s ettlement

1 981:

which r epresents

r egarding t he

a t

l east

o f

s ea

l evel

m isleading

f actors i nvolved

i n

s ome

( Bintliff,

( Flemming,

M editerranean 1 977)

1 973:

b ecause 1 ) .

r egarding

t he

and

s ettlement;

s etting

( Evans-Renfrew,

t he 1 968 :

o f

t he

T his

r egion o f

t he

within

a ttributed

9 8)

a nd

t ype o f

r easons,

t he

a f actor

s ettlement ( Renfrew,

a d ifferent t o

l ike

1 972).

t he e xact

h ave

b een

c omplexity f rom

o f

t he

S aliagos

i t

o nly

s tates

t hat

p robably

S aliagos

f ull

i s

t hat

t he

c ontext.

e xploitation

which

emerges a t

a l ittle

o f

more

s ea

Their

r esources

c learly

C halandriani

Manika i n E uboea) p osition has

i n

with

t he

a nd

t o

t he

e arly

f or a l ong

e xercised

o n

a much

b een

d efensive

a cropolisb ronze

I n a ddition a p opulation movement t owards t he

was

h ill

p romontory s ettlement o ccurs i n t he e arly

c ultural

Kastri

was

a ge s ea

t ime b een s uspected a nd

p artially substantiated i n many p arts o f Greece ( Sackett, s eafaring

r atio p roved

i f a r eduction i n s ea l evel o f 5o r 6m i s

d uring t he e arly h elladic p eriod h as Moreover

s ea

t he s ea l evel a nd c onsequently

b ronze p eriod ( Pyrgos i n P aros, A gia I rini i n K ea, b ut

t he

l and a nd t he s ea was q uite d ifferent f rom t oday

a t t he e nd o f a p romontory, t o b e a ccepted .

i s

t o A gios

b y t he c hange o f

T he r eport

t o r each c onclusions

s ize

r esemblances

G eneralizations a bout

t he

r eluctant

d istribution o f

t he

s ome g eneral c onclusions c an b e drawn

t heir n atural s etting .

r ise

o f

a p ure i sland c ulture

Although t hey h ave b oth b een a ffected

l evel s ince neolithic t imes,

p icture

6 9).

l ate n eolithic s ite o f S aliagos which b ears

o f

( Shackleton - V on

Cave i n A ttica o ffers o nly a f ragmentary

e arly o ccupation

P etros.

c amp

T he only o ther s imilar s ite,

l arger

s cale

1 966: 8 6).

a nd

p robably

p iracy had s tarted p l aying a n important r ole in A egean l ife f rom t he

60

e arly C ycladic p eriod o nwards H owever, d o n ot

i n n eolithic

t hink,

( Doumas,

t imes

a nd

t hat g eneralizations

1 973:

5 59).

p articularly c an b e made

i n

i ts

f irst

c oncerning

s tages,

t he s etting

a nd t ype o f s ettlement widely u sed mainly b ecause t he s ites f ound s o f ar

a re

f ew

t errains.

a nd

s pread

o ver

a wide

a rea a nd

i n

d ifferent

g eographical

An appropriate c omparative survey must b e l imited t o o ne

a rea where t he s patial d istribution o f e arly n eolithic s ites b ased o n n ature a nd l ocation c an b e o bserved b etter . B ecause o f t he l ack o f c onclusive e vidence, h owever, s uch a s a dequate e xcavated s ites, e ven i n a reas a s small a s T hessaly i t would b e wrong t o a pproach t he p roblem o f t he n ature b e

o f

s ettlements

i n a s tatistical way .

t reated s eparately o r we h ave

d aLa ( environmental,

t o a ccept

E ither e ach s ite must

t hat

t here

a re

n o

a vailable

g eological) which c an b e extrapolated t o a llow

e asy conclusions i n t he e arly neolithic p eriod ( Halstead, 1 981: 1 94). Thus i t i s n ot justifiable t o a ssume t hat t here existed i n t he early n eolithic

a unified

l ocation

which

pattern

c ould

have

o f

s ettlements

p revailed

o ver

i n

t erms

t he

o f

s ize

d iversity

o f

a nd

l ocal

c onditions, the a vailability o f r esources and t he b est method e xploiting t he e nvironment e conomically ( Halstead, 1 977: 2 3).

o f

The p ossibility t hat t he Aegean i slands were o ccupied i n t he n eolithic p eriod b y e ither a n on-permanent p opulation o r b y p eople who experienced s upported o f

t he

w ith

l ong

p eriods

o f

i solation

( Cherry,

b y t he e vidence f rom A gios P etros .

s ite

a nd

maritime

i ts

c arefully

a ctivities .

c hosen

T his

a daptation which h as b een u sed

l ocation

c onfirms

1 981:

4 4)

i s

not

T he g eographical p osition

t he

p resupposes n otion

o f

f amiliarity

e nvironmental

t o e xplain t he p resence o f n eolithic man

i n the i slands ( Cherry, 1 981: 6 0). The e vidence a vailable s uggests a more c omplex c ause f or t he p rehistoric o ccupation o f i slands s uch a s A gios P etros. t he r esult o f o f

s ea

worthy

( Bintliff,

t hat

T he e stablishment o f t he s ettlement c an b e s een more a s c ertain t echnological a dvances, s uch a s t he c onstruction b oats,

t han o f

t he p ursuance

o f

s ubsistence

o ptions

1 977).

I t i s p robably within a f ramework o f n ew c onditions i n t he A egean t he e xistence o f i sland s ites must b e c onsidered . T his would b e

t rue n ot o nly f or g eneral p ractices s uch a s s tock-breeding b ut a lso f or r esponses t o s pecifically A egean d evelopments l ike e xtensive t rade a nd s ea

c ommunication .

n ew

c onditions

G reek

mainland

c oast.

I t

T he

i n

t he

b ut

also

a lso

b y

suggests

c reating a n eolithic c ombination

e vidence

o f

f rom A gios P etros s uggests

A egean may n ot

h ave

b een

d evelopments

t hat

t he

o n

A egean

i nfluenced t he

t hat

o nly

t hese b y

t he

o pposite Anatolian

i slands

were

c apable

c ulture with i ts own d istinctive c haracter,

e lements

d rawn

f rom

t he

two

s ides

o f

t he

o f a

Greek

a rchipelago. 5 .5.2.

T he P ottery:

The

p ottery

i nteresting.

a ssemblage

C ertain

s hapes

o f

t he

Agios

P etros

and d ecorative

material

motifs

a re

i s

v ery

s trikingly

d ifferent f rom what i s c ommon a t t his t ime i n n eighbouring Thessaly a nd mainland

Greece.

characteristic d esigns

a re

o n a c reamy

The t he

two

important

c arinated

s lipped

b owls

b ackground .

6 1

features a nd

t he

T aking

which

p ainted

i nto

are

very

d ecorative

a ccount

t he

e arly

d ate

o f

i ts

a ppearance

o ccurrence o f

t he

- l ate

f ormer

a nywhere i n G reece .

e arly

n eolithic

t he

r epertoire

i n

T he s hape

- t his o f

may

T hessaly ( Tsangli) ( Wace-Thompson , phiale

( 1908:

which

1 83).

T sountas

t he

f irst

p ottery

i s q uite d ifferent f rom t he t ypical w ide

d ish with a f lat b ottom a nd v ertical s ides o f A 3b ware o f d eep

b e

n eolithic

1 912 :

c ites

a s

9 3,

t he

F ig .

s outh-eastern

4 5) a nd a lso f rom

b asic

A 3b

s hape

o f

t he

S esklo

T he c arinated b owl, o r phiale a s i t i s s ometimes c alled

( Theochares, 1 970: 2 76, F ig. 5 ) i s n ot f ound until t he l ate n eolithic e ither i n Thessaly ( Dimini 1 - Milojcic, 1 959A: 4 3, F ig. 1 3) o r i n Macedonia ( Heurtley, 1 939: 1 48, N o. 8 4; p rofiles o f c arinated b owls r eported

f rom

T his

t he

F rancthi

c arinated

c haracteristic

i n

f orm

material

i s,

( Vitelli,

h owever ,

C atal H üyük

W est

Anatolia

( Mellaart,

( Hacilar

1 971:

I - C atal

1 19),

v ery

1 974:

c ommon

1 63,

F ig .

Two

8 7a,b).

i n Anatolia,

a nd H acilar V I-I .

c hronological r elationship d oes e xist o f

R odden, 1 964, P late 5A).

s imilar t o t hose f rom Agios P etros a re

a lmost

A lthough a b road

b etween t he e arly c halcolithic I I

H üyük

West)

t he i ndications o f

and

t he

S esklo

c ulture

s uch a p arallelism h ave n ever

b een s o a pparent and d irect a s i n t he material f rom t he s ite o f Agios P etros. T he b road

d ecoration

p arallel

a nd

h ere

a ppears

h orizontal

t o

b e

l ines

o f b ands - or wavy l ines ( Fig. 4 7); p rominent . e arly

I t

i s a r esult

c halcolithic

I I

more

o f

d isciplined

g iving

t he

w ith

i mpression

t he p resence o f t he r ed p aint i s

which r ecalls

ware

s trictly

- s ometimes

C atal

A natolian

H üyük

W est

p ottery s uch a s

( Mellaart,

1 965:

t he 1 52).

I t i s moreover s ignificant t hat t here a re a lso p ainted s herds whose patterns

a re

( Mellaart, What

s imilar

1 961: t he

1 77,

t o

t he

F ig.

meander

i nsistance o n p ure

i ndicative o f,

p ottery

s tyle

f rom

Hacilar

I

1 2). l inear p atterns

i t i s not easy t o s ay .

i n A gios P etros may b e

I t i s c ertain t hat

t hese well

d efined d ecorative motifs, which a re s trictly g eometrical, g iving a l ight-on-dark e ffect

( A3a),

d o

n ot

o ccur

f requently

i n

T hessaly .

T hey

a re r are a t S esklo ( Tsountas, 1 908: 1 87, F ig. 9 7) b ut more c ommon a t T sangli which has a t radition o f l inear d ecoration ( Wace-Thompson, 1 912 : 1 07, F ig . 5 7). What i s c ertain i s t he s outh-westerly o rientation o f t he A gios P etros c ulture, a f actor which i s e vident v ery e arly f rom t he

d eeper

l inear

T hessalian 3 5,

l evels

d esigns,

note

ware,

1 ).

d i ferent

s imilar

T his

f rom

with t he

p arallel

t he

c haracteristic l inear d ecoration - s imple

l ines, t o

c hevron

C haeronea

s trong l inear

a nd

n et

t radition o f

western T hessalian

p atterns

a nd O rchomenos l inear

- o f

( Kunze

t he

I I,

c entral Greece,

d ecoration a s

A 3b

1 931: quite

i t h as

b een

exemplified i n t he s ite o f T sani, a ppears t o a c ertain extent t o have a ffected

t he s outhern s ite o f

s imilarities.

Z erelia t o

w hich A gios P etros b ears c lose

Whether o r not t he Agios P etros p ainted p ottery i s an

o ffshoot o f t his s outhern c ultural t radition i s n ot easy t o s ay.

I t

must b e p ointed o ut t hat t he r ed-on-white a nd r ed-on-buff wares a re v ery c ommon t hroughout G reece f rom Macedonia t o t he P eloponnese ( Nemea, G onia) d uring t he 5 th millennium o r e ven e arlier f or t he r ed-on-white p ainted ware f rom C haeronea

a s W einberg ( 1962: 1 58) .

s uggests S ome o f

t he d esigns f rom s ites s uch a s Gonia with s imple c hevrons a nd l inear motifs

a re

v ery

s imilar

t o

t hat

o f

1 3).

62

A gios

P etros

( Biegen ,

1 930,

F ig .

3 ,

However, c haracter

o f

the p ainted p ottery o f A gios Petros h as a d istinctive i ts

own .

Though

i t

r esembles

t he

l inear

decorative

t radition o f c entral G reece, i t a lso b ears c lose s imilarities t o t he t ypical

S esklo

s tyle .

T he

S esklo

f eatures

a ppear

i n

t he

d eeper

l evels

with r ather " archaic" c haracteristics r eminiscent o f e arly p ainted p ieces: s imple l inear d esigns o n c reamy s lip and u sually a g lossy b lack

i nterior

( Fig .

T hessalian s ites

2 :

3 ,4)

( Theochares,

f eatures

1 959A :

4 1,

which

F ig .

9 ,

a re

f ound

1 5) .

T he

a t

o ther

e xecution

o f

t he p ainted p atterns b ecomes more a dvanced l ater o n b ut t he p redominant d esign r emains t he l inear motif with t he c haracteristic b road H owever t he t ypical S esklo d ecoration which o riginated i n t he w est

o r

s outh

c ontinued Agios

u nder

t he

i nfluence

with a g reat

P etros

v ariety

o f

T sani

- C haeronea

l ines. s outh-

t raditions

o f l inear a nd s olid d esigns,

quite a d ifferent

appearance;

i ndeed

t he

a nd

h as a t

d ecorative

motits c ould b e r elated m ore t o t he material f rom C haeronea ( French , 1 972, S oteriades, 1 968) a nd L ianokladi ( Wace-Thompson, 1 912: 1 71) a nd l ess

t o

t he e astern T hessalian s tyle.

The r elation b etween t he G reek a nd A natolian p ainted t raditions i s c lear.

n ot

The r ed-on-white p ainted

t radition i n A sia M inor c haracterizes t he

n eolithic and c halcolithic c ultures o f t he Anatolian p lateau with a l imited t he

d istribution

end

o f

t he

o f

e arly

p ainted

wares

c halcolithic

t owards p eriod

t he

t he

w estern r egion . r ed-on-white

B y

wares

d isappear c ompletely and t he whole r egion i s d ominated b y t he l ate c halcolithic burnished wares.

T he absence o f p ainted s herds

a long

w estern A natolia a nd t he e astern A egean i slands ( Furness, 1 956: 1 73) i s not c ompletely d ue t o t he l ack o f s ystematic exploration ; s urveyed a reas

i n

a lmost 9 9). n ot

n orth-western

n o I t

t races i s

o f

i ndeed

a nd

w estern

p ainted

A natolia, a dmittedly

p ottery ( Mellaart,

p ossible

t hat

t he

1 955:

manufacture

o f

f ew,

8 0,

p ainted

r each t he c oastal a reas o f western A natolia a t a ll

r evealed

F rench ,

1 961:

wares

( Mellaart,

d id

1 970)

( see F ig. 8 0) except f or a f ew sherds f rom t he l ower Maeander valley ( see s ection 6 ). The i ndependent nature o f

t he Greek p ainted t radition has b een

f orcefully argued ( Theochares, 1 973) a nd d iscussed ( Chourmouziades, 1 971B: 1 65). T he e vidence f rom Agios P etros h owever, p rovided s ome i nteresting h ints r egarding G reek p ainted t raditions. " Early t opped

p ainted"

p ieces,

although

a

t he

r est

o f

r elationship

b etween

s herds a ppear i n A gios P etros

b oth

i ndications

Proto-Sesklo

s tratigraphically . a t

t he

C ertainly

o f

s o

phase

t he

c alled

cannot

p eriod

i s

t he A natolian a nd

t ogether w ith b lackP roto-Sesklo be

p eriod

distinguis hed

r epresented

n ot

a s

well

a s

t he k nown Thessalian s ites s uch a s O tzaki ( Milojcic,

1 954:

1 ), A rgissa, S ouphli, Gentiki a nd N essonis

7 5).

I n c ontrast a t S esklo t he d epth o f t he l evel which c arries t he

" early

painted"

( Theocares,

1 962:

p ieces 6 3).

I n

n umber o f p ainted s herds 7 1),

G imbutas,

s eparate

phase

p ainted"

sherds

1 971: c an

i s

relatively

o ther

s ites

2 77)

only

b e

b elong

t o

and

t hus

63

c losed

P yrasos

and

p re ence I n Agios phiale

1 959A:

reaches

1 m

a nd A chilleion

( Theochares,

t he

s uspected. t he

greater

l ike

i s v ery l imited

( Theochares,

1 959A : o f

t he

1 962:

a s upposedly

P etros s hape

2 9,

t he

while

" early t heir

d ecoration 3 ).

c onsists

o f

r ed p atterns o n a l ighter

The d ecorative motif i s

b and,

3 -4

cm t hick ,

t riangles .

c oncentrated

b ackground ( Fig .

u nder

with c areless e xecution o r i n

T he main b ody o f

t he v ase

s ometimes

t he

r im

a s

t he f orm o f

1 :

1 -

a b road i nverted

b ears u nfilled c ircles .

T his p rimitiveness o f d ecoration i s t ypical o f t he f irst p ainted p ieces a nd d istinguishes t hem f rom t he " classical" p ainted p ottery o f middle n eolithic

( Theochares,

1 967).

Although t he number o f well

r epresented

b y

with

a t hick white

t he

b lack-topped p ieces i s l imited t hey a re

o pen

s lip .

b owl

u sually

A ccording

with

t o M ilojcic

l ow

b ase

( 1955:

r ing

1 77)

c overed

t he

b lack-

t opped s herds w ith whitish s lip must b e c onsidered t o b e a v ariation o f the white ware, which o ccurs a t S esklo a t t he end o f t he monochrome phase;

b oth

( Zervos I ,

wares

1 962:

employ

1 51).

e laborate d ecoration , n eolithic h ere,

a s

pieces

s ites h as

can

1 967:

b een suggested thought

s hapes

and

1 971B:

1 74)

There

a lso

c lose

t riangles a s

1 44).

f or

t o

( Chourmouziades a re

same

s uch a s h anging

( Theochares,

be

e xamples o f

the

t he

same

b ase

r ing

The p ieces f rom A gios P etros do n ot b ear a ny M oreover

s ome

s ites,

p recede

t he

s imilarities

t he c ase a t o ther

t here

t hat

i s n o e vidence

t he

" early

f or t echnological

S itagroi a nd Agios P etros

i s

b lack-topped

painted"

sherds

r easons.

b etween

( Renfrew,

t he

1 970 :

b lack-topped

2 96) a lthough t he

r elationship b etween t he s outhern B alkan a nd G reek d ark wares i s n ot very c lear ( Chapman, 1 981); t here s eems t o b e a r ough chronological e quation b etween S itagroi I a nd I n A natolia ,

t he m ain p hase o f A gios P etros.

b lack-topped p ottery has

a nd e xtensively d escribed b y G arstang H owever ,

a f ragment

o f

a n

b een

r eported

f rom

Mersin

( 1953).

o pen

b owl

w ith s lightly

c arinated

f orm

( Fig. 1 :5), a d ark b lack b and on t he r im a nd v ertical z ig-zag l ines o f b rown-red p aint o n white s lip a s d ecoration may t ell u s

s omething a bout

the r elationship

f or t he b lack-

t opped e ffect

i s

b etween t he

two d ifferent s tyles;

i ntentional a nd t he

l inear p ainted p attern r ecalls

" early p ainted" painted p ieces o f S esklo ( Theochares, 7 8:2).

T he

s hape

o f

t he

d eep

b owl,

a lmost

l ike

1 967:

t he

1 35, F ig.

a b asin,

h as

many

s imilarities w ith t he e xample c ited b y T sountas ( 1908: 1 78, F ig . 7 :1) . S o i t i s l ikely t hat p otters involved i n t he manufacture o f p ainted p ottery

w ere

a lso

making

b lack-topped

have any c ultural s ignificance . p ainted" s herds were d own

t o

m iddle

p ieces;

t he

l atter

c an

h ardly

A t Agia A nna i n Thessaly, t he " early

f ound a ll o ver t he e arly d eposit a nd c ontinued

n eolithic :

P roto-Sesklo

p ieces

a ppeared

t ogether

with

B untpolierte B arbotine a nd C ardium s herds . A t Magoulitsa a nd P yrasos p ainted wares a nd monochrome p ottery o ccur t ogether a nd p robably we a re dealing

with

only

one

cultural

period

( Prodromos-Ag.

Anna-N.

N ikomedeia). I ndeed,

within t he wide f ramework o f t he early n eolithic a s a n

e conomic a nd t echnological s tage o f a b roader e volutionary p rocess, t he d istinction o f e ach o f t he p eriods p roposed b y M ilojcic a nd T heochares a nd

b ased o n t he p resence o f s pecific wares i s n ot

s atisfactory ;

i t i s

t oo h eavy a b urden f or t he ware t o c arry . I t i F o bvious, I t hink, t hat t his misleading u se o f t he ware, e ven a s p art o f a c ombination o f v arious

material c haracteristics,

s tarts

64

f rom t he moment

i t

i s u sed a s

a s trict c hronological e lement a t radition . A v ery f ound

i n

f ew

p ieces

a ssociation

1 :2,3).

The

r ow

t ypical A 3 s tyle b ecause o f

t he

which c an

w ith

o f

f or s ubdividing o ne p eriod o r l ocalizing

t he

f illed

o f T sani

b e

r est

c haracterized

o f

t he

t riangles

" early

i s

q uite

i s d ifficult

s olid

s tyle

w ere

p ieces

( Fig .

d ifferent

Magoula ( Wace-Thompson ,

s tratigraphy i t

a s

p ainted" 1 912,

t o s ay i f

F ig .

f rom

t he

8 6a,b)

a nd

t he f irst p ainted

A 3 a ppears j ust a fter t he monochrome l evels a s i s t he c ase a t T sani, T sangli

( Milojcic,

1 955)

S ouphli,

G endiki a nd o ther Thessalian s ites.

T he e arly monochrome p ottery i s n ot e asy t o r elate d irectly t o t he F rühkeramikum wares a s T hessalian e arliest

s ites,

f or

monochrome

d ate .

H owever ,

i n S q.

I ( level 9 ,

t hey h ave b een d efined b y Milojcic a t o ther

e xample

t o

c eramics

t he

o f

O tzaki

A gios

s ome h andles o r l ugs

material

P etros

a re

( 1959A ,

p robably

7 ) ;

o f

t he

a l ater

f ound i n t he d eeper l evels,

mainly

1 0) b ear s ome t ypical Thessalian e arly n eolithic I

c haracteristics such a s t he f orm o f t he p erforated h andles ( Fig. 3 1). T he s ame f eatures o ccur a t S kyros ( Theochares, N . Makri ( 1956: an

early

1 16);

1 959B :

n eolithic

d ate.

N evertheless

t he

c riteria t o e stablish t he e xistence o f a p hase b ecause s imple

s uch

c riteria c an p rove

s olution

suspension

o f

c omparative

o f

a t echnical

a p ot. s olely

t ubular

were

( Mellaart, 1 958: d irect was

Even

s tudies

g eographically l ugs,

F ig .

3 6) a nd

more

n amely

d ifficult

c ultural

i n

T he

t he n eolithic

t he

i s

a reas

s uch e lements .

f ound

o f

s uch

s ometimes

i solated misleading

t o r epresent n othing more

p roblem,

b etween o n

u se i s

s ecure

t he

a ttempt

which

s ame

a re

t ype

l evels

t han t he

h olding

o f

o f

t o

f ar

o r

b ase a part

h andles,

Hacilar

t he

I X-VI

1 27), a f act which Mellaart c onsidered a s a s ign o f

r elations

e xpressed

3 18,

b oth s ites a re r eported a s b elonging f irmly t o

b etween

b y

F rench

t he

two

who

a reas

i ndicated

( 1965: t hat

1 16) .

T he

o pposite

v iew

s uch f eatures a re a bsent

i n

t he c oastal a rea o f A sia Minor and t herefore a westward movement o f A natolian c haracteristics

i s h ypothetical

A s h as a lready b een mentioned, o f

A gios

P etros

i s

m iddle

n eolithic .

i n

c eramic

t he

b eginning

o f

c ompletely C arination

p roducts

t he

l ate

a s

o f

t he

u nknown

e legant i n

p eriod

1 5). c arinated

mainland G reece

a f eature

t he end o f

n eolithic

( 1965:

a ppears

f or

b owl

t ypical

i n e arly

t he

f irst

a nd t ime

t he middle n eolithic and t he

i n

T hessaly

a nd

c entral

G reece.

The r esult, h owever, i s q uite d ifferent f rom t he Agios P etros s hape. The c arination i s u sually p ositioned h igh i n t he b ody o f t he vase marking

t he b eginning o f

Milojcic, l ower a t

1 969, t he

a ccompanied b elong

t o

b y t he

t he v ertical a nd s lightly e verted r im ( Arapi -

P late 1 6:1,

b eginning o f a h igh l ate

1 1:6). t he

h andle

( 1969,

n eolithic

I n o ther examples i t i s

r ound

o r f lat b ase and i s

P late

r epertoire

1 7:3,4,5) .

A ll

o f

t hey a re

wares,

c lassified a s g rey-black p ottery a nd r ecall t he and Thompson ( 1912: a bove c ases,

1 7).

s ituated

f requently

I t i s n oticeable,

t hese

s hapes mainly

rla c ategories o f

h owever,

t he c arinated b owl was n ever f ound b earing

Wace

t hat i n a ll t he t he t ypical r ed

on white middle n eolithic d ecoration a s i s t he c ase o f Agios P etros. P erhaps t he c losest p arallel t o t hat c alled

g rey-black

b urnished

wares

i s

t he s hape

d escribed

i n

t ypical o f

d etail

t he s o

b y Kunze

a t

O rchomenos ( 1931: 9 , F ig. 4 ) and f ound a t many o ther s ites i n c entral and s outhern Greece s uch a s N . Makri ( Theochares, ( Weinberg,

1 937:

5 11).

I t

1 956:

1 8),

i s a d eep b owl with high s ides

65

C orinth

which a re

s eparated f rom

t he l ower

r ound

i t

b ottom ;

i s

b ody b y a s harp c arination a nd p robably with a

b est

r epresented

i n

" Bothros

p hase"

a nd

i n T rench

3 o f E latea ( Weinberg,'1962: 1 86, F ig. 1 0 :11). A l ate m iddle n eolithic d ate f or t he " Bothros phase" i n t he c entral G reek s equence has b een s uggested

b y F rench ( 1972).

Moreover t he l ate c halcolithic c arinated b owl with c oncave r im f rom Anatolia which i s

t ypical o f p eriod 4 o f

d ifferent i n f orm ( Lloyd-Mellaart, T hus

t he p resence o f t he

motifs must

1 962:

c arinated

9 6,

B eycesultan

F ig.

b owl

i s

quite

P .10:1-6).

d ecorated

w ith

t he

l inear

b e c onsidered u nusual i n t he Greek mainland during t he

m iddle n eolithic. A s

far

a s

t he

r est

o f

r epertoire a re c oncerned, G reece . f lat o r

p ottery

( Holmberg, o r

a ceramic

1 964).

b asketry

I t

i s

c ertainly

p rototypes

c ultures.

T he

many

T hessalian

s ites

w ith

d ifficulty

i n

g radual

a nd

i ts

l imited

( Theochares,

A gios P etros.

i n n umber , which

p rocess

o f

i n

i n

t he

Agios

P etros over

which e volved

may

t he

go

s hape

b ack

c an

t reatment o f c ommon

t he

s een

i n

a n e volution

which i s

t raced

n oticeable,

h owever ,

i s

i s

t he

T he f ine P roto-Sesklo p ieces, t he e xamples

a ppearance t raced

i n

c eramics,

and

t he

o f

m iddle n eolithic

must

u se

a m eans

t he c lay s urface

s hape

f rom

t o

b e

b e

s een

i n t he manufacture o f p ottery i n g eneral.

middle n eolithic

A nother

b y

a s hape o f

1 967), What

s ucceeded

rougher

d eterioration may b e

t he

i mcomplete

w ere

were

d eterioration s lip

o f

o rigin

e volution

c hange i n t he quality o f t he f abric . b owls

f orms

T he d eep b owl w ith s traight o r s lightly e verted s ides a nd w ith b ase r ing b ottom i s v ery p opular f rom t he early neolithic

o nwards wooden

t he

t hey a re c ommon i n Thessaly and a ll

o f

t he

p erhaps

a s

a

A s imilar

t hick

o f

c reamy

c overing

a n

i tself.

i n A gios P etros

i s

t he

r ound

b odied j ar with

h igh neck and h igh b ase ( Fig. 9a) which o ccurs t hroughout t he middle neolithic

p eriod

1 973 :

P late I II,

2 81,

v ariations 1 75,

1 957:

1 42).

1 6,

F ig .

i n s ites

1 2) .

i n t he h eight o f

i n many s ites o f 1 912:

i n Thessaly

I ts

s uch a s T sangli ( Theochares,

b asic f orm i s

t he s ame

t he n eck a nd t he s hape o f

c entral Greece such a s L ianokladi

1 19),

C haeronea

( Soteriades,

1 912 :

b ut r egional

t he b ody d o o ccur ( Wace-Thompson,

2 53),

L erna

( Caskey,

The variations o f t his s hape i n t he e arly n eolithic c ultures o f s outh east

Europe a re

Karanovo t he b ase,

q uite d istinctive .

I n

t he

Bulgarian s ite

r ound b odied jar a ppears with a h igh,

a lmost p edestal,

c onical i n s hape and with a h igh c ollar ( Georgiev,

1 961:

s imilar a re

t he s hapes f rom o ther B alkan s ites ( Tringham,

F ig .

f rom

1 2)

1 981,

a nd

Z ervos, I n

t he

1 962:

Anatolia

c ontemporary t o

A egean

3 62,

and t he

s ite

o f

P aradimi

t ypical

Greek

s hape

4 5); 8 0,

( Bakalakis-Sakellariou ,

e specially

i n

S esklo p eriod,

Hacilar

( Mellaart,

I ,

t he r ound

1 970:

which

h owever,

1 38,

s hapes a nd a f lat

b ase.

66

i s

c onsidered

b odied jars with

F ig.

h igh

d ifferent f rom t he 1 14:

t he Hacilar f orm h as a v ery h igh v ertical c ollar,

a v ariety o f

1 971:

P late 5 10).

c ollar o r f unnel n eck a re f requent b ut, i ndeed

o f

2 ,

9 ,

3 1,

3 4);

a d eep b ody o f

The

f lat and r ing vase b ases o f A gios P etros a re t ypical o f t he

e arly a nd

m iddle G reek n eolithic .

T he

e volution

o f

t he

l ow

r ing

b ase

i n t he early p eriod o f t he Thessalian n eolithic a s a n a lternative t o t he s uspension o f t he v ases h as l ong b een a ttested ( Theochares, 1 967: 1 06) a nd e xamples o f f lat b ases with a n i mpressed h ollow which c reates a p rimitive N essonis

r ing

I a nd

a re

r eported

A chilleion

f rom

( 1967 :

t he

1 07,

early

F ig .

5 8).

n eolithic M oreover

s ites

t he

l ow

o f

r ing

b ase i s particularly c ommon i n t he t ypical S esklo b owl o r skyphos o f t he e arly p hases w ith t he i nverted r ims. R ing r elations t he

b ases h ave o ften b een u sed a s e vidence o f i ndirect c ultural w ith t he A natolian c oast a nd K onya p lain ( French , 1 965: 1 5);

i ndications

p roper

d ifficult r ing

f rom A sia Minor ,

a rchaeological t o

b ases

p roceed are

t o

n ot

h owever,

s urveys

a re

c omparative

a t

a ll

a re n ot

c arried

c ommon

i n

R ing

r ing

t hat

t he

a nd

a nd

u ntil

a rea,

G enerally

Anatolia

t hey

i t

i s

s peaking

a re

r ather

b ases a re c ommon i n t he

b lack-on-red l ate n eolithic w are o f D ikili T as I t i s i ndeed n oticeable

i n

o bservations.

c onsidered a s a western ( Balkan) f eature .

w ithout

c onclusive

o ut

( Deshayes,

1 972:

2 03).

t he c arinated b owl o f A gios P etros

i s

b ase a nd s imilar t o i ts A natolian c ounterparts.

T here i s a variety o f h andles which b etray s imilarities mainly w ith t he Thessalian mainland .

L edge l ugs,

w ere f ound i n many e arly n eolithic s ites and Argissa and O ther

t ypes

i t s eems

o f

h andles

t o b e

s uch

which a re a lways p erforated,

i n T hessaly s uch a s A chilleion

t he s implest

a s

t ubular

and

way o f making a h andle. s tring

holes

r elatively b ig v ases a nd t hey a re s imple i n f orm. which c an b e a ssociated w ith t he e astern A egean r egion s uch a s

b elong

t o

F orms o f handles

i slands

a nd

t he

B alkan

t he p illar a nd h orn h andles a re c ompletely a bsent a t

A gios P etros. The

two

main

c ategories

o f

d ecoration

r epresenting

n eolithic p eriod a re ( a) l inear i ncisions ( Fig. c ombination o f a s

t he

f irst

i ncised

a nd p ointille

c ategory

d ealing

w ith

p hase) .

T he d ecoration o f

o n a p hiale s imilar t he

o f

material

o f

material

s ome o f

c lay,

f rom

t echnique

c oncerned

i ncised

b rown

s herds

p ointille a nd

e arly

i s

N .

i s

a lso

A gios

1 0,

1 2) and

t echniques ( Fig .

2 5 :

1 -9).

i t

i s

v ery

P etros

n ot

( Tsangli

c lear

p hase)

t hese p ieces

t hin s lip a nd Makri

t he

2 5:

A s

whether

o r

l ate

f ar

we

are

( Rakhmani

with r homboid i ncisions

b urnished a ppearance,

( Theochares,

1 956,

i nteresting .

I t

s eems

many

t o

l ate ( b) a

h ave

P late

i s

r are

r ecalls

4 ).

i n

The

T hessaly

s imilarities

with

t he i ncised p ottery o f t he C ave o f P an a t Marathon ( Soteriades, 1 958: 1 5);

i ndeed s ome p ieces show s trong r esemblances ( Zervos I I,

5 00,

F ig.

8 38).

S oteriades

s uggests

t hat

the

material

o f

b elongs t o t he middle n eolithic phase o f c entral G reece, C haeronea a nd Orchomenos, p hase

t o

l ate

n eolithic

1 962:

t he

s ite

s imilar t o

which i n f act r epresents t he t ransitional

( Dimini)

i n

t he

T hessalian

s equence

( 1958:

1 9).

This p robably means t hat t he i ncised p ottery o f Agios P etros must b e c onsidered

c loser

s piral motifs

t o

t he T sangli phase

t han t o Rakhmani,

where

t he

a re p redominant .

The p ointi ng t echnique, h owever, i s n ot c ommon i n Thessaly. f ew

p ieces

D imini

o ccur

( Tsountas,

a t

T sangli

1 908:

2 02,

( Wace-Thompson, F ig .

1 13-115)

6 7

1 912,

a nd

i t

F ig . i s

5 6),

e ven

S esklo

more

r are

A a nd i n

Macedonia ( Servia - H eurtley, t here

a re

V ld),

s igns

A ttica

R enfrew,

o f

t his

( Theochares,

1 968 :

4 3,

1 939:

t echnique

F ig .

a t

1 956:

X XVa ,b) .

1 46, N o. 6 2). O rchomenos

2 3,

F ig.

H owever,

I n s outhern Greece

( Kunze

4 2)

a nd

I I,

1 931,

S aliagos

t he p ointille

P late

( Evans-

t echnique

must

b e c onsidered a s c haracteristic o f t he i slands o f t he e astern A egean ( Hood, 1 981, F urness, 1 956, P late X X 2 3). A lthough i t i s d ifficult t o u se t his t echnique a s a c riterion f or d irect c ultural c onnections b etween d ifferent g eographical r egions w e s hould n ot o verlook t he f act t hat

a t

p oints

Agios

P etros,

t he

p ointille

l ate

n eolithic

f eature

i s

a nother

s ign

T ogether

with

t he

s herds

a s mall

n umber

w ith e arly b ronze a ge c haracteristics h ave b een f ound ( Fig . i s

n ot

a t

a ll

n eolithic b ear

e asy

t o

m aterial .

i ncised

l ines

which

t owards A natolia.

a re

d istinguish t hem

T he

b owls

d ecoration

v ery

i n

i nteresting .

f orm

T his

o f

s tyle

l ip

p ieces 2 ) .

s tratigraphically f rom

w ith a t hick r ounded

t he

o f

1 1:

I t

t he

which

l ate

u sually

c rude X 's a nd c rosshatching o f

d ecoration

i s

p articularly

e vident i n A natolia a nd t he i slands o f t he e astern A egean, a s t he f inds f rom P oliochni a nd Kum T epe s how ( Sperling, 1 976, F ig. 1 4). T he c orrespondence o f t he d ifferent p hases o f many o f t he n orth-western Anatolian s ites i s s till u nder d iscussion ( Hood, 1 981). H owever, i t s eems t o

t hat

t he

s ub-periods

1 A ,

t he l ate c halcolithic 2 ,

1 B,

1 C a t K um T epe a re r oughly

3 a nd 4 a t B eycesultan while

t he F irst S ettlement a t P oliochni

b ears

p arallel

t he p ottery o f

s ome s imilarities w ith t he K um

T epe m aterial. 5 .5.3.

F igurines:

T he f igurine material o f A gios P etros i s v ery important f or t he c ultural are

a ffinities

t ypologically

manufacture

w ith

i t

b etrays

c lose

t he

t o

f at

w ith t he

f emale

a nimal a nd a crolith e xamples . whose

s pecific

o ther

r egions .

T hessalian

n aturalistic,

H owever,

characteristics,

Most

o f

t radition

o f

c ross-shaped

t he

f inds

f igurine s chematic,

t here a re a n umber o f f igurines

executional

d etails

and

g eneral

a ppearance d iffer n ot o nly f rom what i s c onsidered a t ypical T hessalian b ut a lso f rom a ll t he m aterial which i s r egarded a s r epresentative o f t he

Greek

r epertoire.

figurines

which

These

b elong

t o

a re our

t he

p owerful

second

h eads

category

and

o f

t he

owe

c lay their

d istinctiveness t o t he u se o f n ew r epresentational t echniques which u ndoubtedly c reate a n ew impression ; whether t he r esult i s a matter o f s tyle o r b etrays s omething f urther which c an b e r elated t o o ther a spects

o f

t he

l ife

o f

t he

s ettlement,

will

b e

t he

s ubject

o f

d iscussion. W e a nd

h ave,

t he

e lsewhere,

c onstructional

d ealt w ith t he d escription o f methods

u sed

i n

t heir

t hese f igurines

manufacture.

Our

c onclusion r egarding t he f orm o f t he upper p art o f t he h ead i nclines more t o t he i nterpretation t hat we have h ere t he r epresentation o f a hairstyle

r ather

t han a h at

( Fig.

2 5).

While

t he motif o f c oiffure

o ccurs among T hessalian e xamples - a dmittedly i n a l imited n umber a s t he f igurine f rom Achilleion s hows ( Chourmouziades, 1 974, P late 9 7 b ottom) - c ertain e xecutional d etails v ery c ommon i n A gios P etros p oint t o

t he

A natolian

A egean i slands material o f

t radition

( Hood,

a s

1 981:

e xemplified

6 3,

F ig. 4 3,

b y

t he

f inds

t ypical s ites s uch a s Hacilar ( Mellaart

68

o f

t he

N o. 3 10 a nd No. 3 09) 1 970,

e astern a nd

I I:

t he

2 23).

T he

most

o bvious

f eature

i s

t he

i ncised

z ig-zag

l ines

o n b oth

which mark t he s eparation b etween t he h air-style a nd

t he f ace .

a t eature

which

i s

f igurine

b ut

i s

t he

which

V I-I

while

o n

o ther

t he a rea o f

S imilarities well

c ompletely

u nknown

h and

v ery

t he B alkans

a lthough

i t

i s

t he G reek i n

t he

material

h as n othing s imilar

b etween t he A gios

e stablished

i n

c ommon

P etros

c lear

g roup

t hat

a nd

many

t emples T his i s

t radition o f

H acilar

t o o ffer .

t he

A natolian a re

d ifferences

e xist

a s

w ell ( Fig . 7 5a) . T he u pper p art o f t he A gios P etros f igurines i s more impressive a nd d istinctive t han t heir A natolian c ounterparts a nd t he g eneral which

m odelling

c losely

o f

t he

f ace

p arallels

t he

i s

q uite

most

d istinctive .

t ypical

o f

t he

T he

o nly

f igurines

e xample

( Plate

i s t hat f ound i n t he Lower C ave o f Agio Gala a t C hios ( Furness, 1 95,

F ig.

1 3:

f igurines, r ecall m ade

1 ) with i ts s trong and r ounded f ace.

h owever, a lthough b earing

t ypical

T hessalian

f inds

t he

3 1b) 1 956:

The Agios P etros

characteristic

z ig-zag

( Plate 2 6a,b) i n t he g eneral

l ine

i mpression

b y t he h ead. The b asic f actor i n e stablishing s uch a n a rtistic i nter-action

which o f t he

c ourse

i s

a c onsequence

c hronological

o f

w ider

c ontemporaneity

o f

c ross

t he

c ultural

f inds

c ontacts,

under

i s

c omparison .

W ithin t he b road c orrespondence o f t he A natolian l ate n eolithic - e arly chalcolithic p eriod and t he Greek n eolithic, c ertain c omparative s tudies A gios

h ave

b een

P etros

s ettlement

i nitiated

a re

( Mellaart,

r eported

a s

which c hronologically

millennium

and

r oughly

1 975).

d ating

f rom

c overs

c orresponds

t o

A ll

o f

t he

main

t he

t he

f irst

f igurines phase

h alf

o f

t he Hacilar VI-I

i n

o f

t he

the

5 th

material.

P arallels b etween t he H acilar f igurine material a nd t he T hessalian h ave b een d rawn b efore ( Ucko, 1 968); t hey c over g eneral p oints such a s s imilarities among f at f emale i dols, s eated f igurines a nd t he modelling o f

t he

f lesh .

A part

f rom

a Thessalian f igurine

h ead whose eyes

t heir r epresentation b ear s ome s imilarities w ith e xamples ( Chourmouziades,

1 974:

P late

6 ),

i t

i s

t he

material

f rom A gios

P etros

which f or t he f irst t ime o ffers s pecific a nd u ndisputed e vidence c lose r elation b etween t he f igurine t raditions o f t he t wo a reas. Thus

i t

s eems

t hat

t he

f igurines

s tylistic a nd c ultural e lements a way which There

i s

p roduces

a n eed,

b orrowing o f t han

t he

e lements

t o

f eatures a ffect

r esult

i tself

w ith a g reat

s tress t he

which

r esult t hat

i nitial

i n

d egree

Agios

P etros

o f

a

c ombine

f rom more t han o ne g eographical a rea i n

a d istinctive

h ere,

f rom

i n

f rom H acilar

i ts

o f

with

t he

i ts

own

c onception o f

f inal

f orm

i ndependence .

c haracter.

s imilarities t he

i ncorporates I t

i s

a nd

work

v ery

the

r ather

d ifferent

l ikely

t hat

w e a re d ealing w ith e xamples r epresenting a f igurine t radition which i s a n i sland d evelopment. e xtent c lose

and t o

nature

t he

o f

G reek

We have n o more t han i ndications

t his

t radition and i ts o rientation :

mainland

and

i nfluenced

e stablished Thessalian r epertoire, o ther

c oast

e xploration

o f o n

i slands make f eatures

i t

t he A egean . t he

western

impossible

which were

A gios P etros . westwards

The c oast o f

l ack

o f

o f

r ich

s ystematic

o f A sia M inor t he

a nd

t o

t he

p attern o f

t he A natolian s ites

I t i s e ven more d ifficult

movement

t he

t o

t he

a lthough and

l ong-

i t i ncorporates e lements f rom t he

t o e stablish

t ypical

b y

a s

d ecide

a rchaeological e astern A egean d istribution

o f

a nd a lso p resent a t whether

t hese characteristics with a ll

t here

was

a

t he c ultural

implications t his might have o r whether t his i s an i ndication o f t he

6 9

a ccessibility o f t he A egean a rea f rom d ifferent g eographical a reas. S trong e vidence f or s uch a ccessibility d eriving f rom a nd r elated t o t he f igurine

material,

A gios P etros The

c omes

( Plate

n orthern

d istribution e stablished

f rom

t he s o c alled r od h ead f igurine f ound a t

2 8). o rigin

t hrough

o f

t he

( Nandris,

t he

r od

s outhern

1 970:

2 04,

h ead

t ype

B alkan

F ig.

2 ).

( Fig .

7 6).

T he f igurines

f igurine

a nd

and

Greece

i s

i ts well

I n Greece t hey h ave b een

f ound i n C orinth, C haeronea, E latea, Z erelia, N ikomedeia

o f

a rea

T sangli,

O tzaki a nd N .

f rom T sangli a lthough u nstratified

w ere f ound a ssociated w ith p ainted wares while t he s ame s eems t o b e t he c ase f or t he examples f rom Chaeronea and C orinth .

The f igurine f rom

A gios P etros s hould p robably b e c onsidered among t he e arliest s ince o f

i t

was

f ound

i n a n e arly

m iddle n eolithic c ontext.

t he 6 th o r b eginning o f t he 5 th m illennia would

f or t he f irst The

r od h ead

o ccurrence

c ontext

o f

a

o f

s mall

u ndoubtedly o f g reat t he

r od

h ead

c ommon

d etails o f a nd

o f

such

r epresenting

t he b ody . t he

i n I t

v arious

characteListics

p erhaps

a d istinctive

importance . i n

B ut

t he i s

i t

t he

o f

a s tyle

o r

t he

t he t he

t he

r ange

d etails,

n eolithic A egean

a ppearance

s ometning

p resenting

more

b etraying

i s o f

t han a s imilar

c odified anatomical

method o f

e xecution o f

t he

d etails

which a re

i mportant

t he

f act

t he p resence o f t he f igurine i tself? ( diffusion)

i n o f

t hat

s uggests

e xecutional

f eatures

t rait

middle

c ertain

s ites

o r even

i s

s econdary

t he e nd

a l ikely

f igurine f ound i n G reece.

s ettlement

f igurine

method

d ecorative

t ype o f

s eem

i n G reece

T hus

o r

o f

A re we d ealing with t he s pread

t ransportation o f

a ctual

o bjects?

I f

i t

i s t he f irst t hen t he whole i ssue must b e c onfronted a s a s tylistic matter

where

d etected

o riginal

among

o ccurrence o f

t he

t he

f eatures

f igurines

a nd o f

e lements

t op-knot o n s ome o f

b oth a pproaches

f ace

t he

s ame

evolution

r egions

t he e xamples .

t he problem b ecomes more c omplicated. t hat

o f

d ifferent

t rait

o f

a s

c ross

t he

c oncerned,

c ultural

s pecific t hey

a re

c ontacts .

f eatures

p roblem,

w ell

N evertheless

o f

d efined

t he a nd

u se o f i ncisions i n many e xamples, r ather o f

t han d ecorative .

c haracteristics

f or

t he

f irst

t ime

f requently .

A nd

t he

t o

B alkans

f rom

namely

i t

i s

r od

i t

h ead

i s

t ype

t o

d istinctive

f igurine

t he Greek

a pparent o f

t he

t hat

f igurine

a nd d espite

t he

c lear

e xplain

c ulture o r a s a

t he

a s a re

f ree

t heir r ole r emains a lways f unctional

T he d istribution o f t owards

b e t he

I n t he s econd c ase

t he

a rea

c an a s

H owever, i t must b e s tressed

c ultural s ignificance o f t he f igurine e ither within o ne f ar

s uch

where

t his

r egions

t hat

where

t ype s hows a d iffusion t he

a d istribution

r egion

t hrough t he

o f

was

manufactured

s ame

t ype

t hese

o ccurs

t raits

f rom

Macedo-Bulgarian a rea

d uring t he F irst T emperate N eolithic c an b e e stablished. I f

i t i s

t rue

t hat

t he r od h ead f igurine e volved i n t he a rea o f

t he F irst T emperate N eolithic where t he o riginal t ime i nvented,

t ype was

f or t he

f irst

t hen i t i s r easonable t o a ccept t he d iffusion o f t his

t ype t o o ther a reas and t o t race t he d irection o f t hat p rocess.

The

existence o f s uch a f igurine a t Agios P etros may well b e s een i n t he c ontext o f a lways a nd

i n

t he c ultural c onjunction

t he G reek a rea

1 970:

2 06).

implications o f

w ith o ther

s uch a s

t raits

c eramic

G eographical

and

t his d iffusion p attern a nd

s hared

f eatures

b y t he

a nd

environmental

f acilitated t he e stablishment o f c ultural

7 0

s outhern B alkans

c lay o bjects f actors

c ontacts

and

( Nandris,

would

have

c ommunication

r outes

i ncreasing

t he

i nteraction b etween t he t wo r egions.

I t s eems t o

me t hat i f t he c riteria u sed f or t he e stablishment o f t hese c ontacts w ere l ess g eneral a nd t he t heories d erived f rom t hese l ess r igid t hen i t would b e p ossible t o a void o ver s implifications s uch a s t he c oncept o f B alkanization. F or e xample

i t

i s v ery d ifficult

t o f ind g enetic r elations b etween

t he p ainted and i ncised p ottery o f Thessaly a nd t he southern B alkans s ince

a dequate

r adiocarbon d ates a re s till u nobtainable

a nd t he s tratigraphic e vidence f rom many o f f ragile o bjects

( Theochares a re,

1 973).

I b elieve,

T hus

more

s pecific

r eliable

t o

r od

b ecomes

h ead

more

f eatures

t he d egree

a nd f requency c an b e s ecurely d etermined. P etros

N ikomedeia)

s ites

and

i s v ery

i ndividual

t heir d istribution

I n t hat r espect t he Agios

f igurine

e stablishes

a s trong

i nteresting

c onsidering

t he

B alkan

c onnection

g eographical

s ite and i ts r elations with o ther r egions; f act

( N .

t he e xcavated

p osition

which o f

t he

t he implications o f t his

a re d iscussed f urther b elow ( see s ection 8 ).

D espite t he f oreign e lements d escribed a bove, t he f igurine materi al o f A gios P etros i s f or t he most p art T hessalian . T he s eries o f t at f emale a nd c ross s haped examples

r ecall

s imilar f inds

P rodromos a nd o ther Thessalian s ites ( Theochares, 1 974) .

A ll

t hem

f emale

t he b ody a lthough ,

h as survived ( Fig. f igurines

6 8:

u nfortunately,

4 -7).

F rom

t he

S esklo,

o nly t he l ower p art

7 3 such naturalistic

f ound i n Thessaly o nly 5 h eads

s urvived which a re

characterized b y a c ylindrical n eck a nd a l ong f ace. b elieves

f rom

C hourmouziades,

t he n aturalistic f igurines f rom A gios P etros s how a s imilar

r epresentation o f o f

1 973,

t hat

t he

s pecific

f eature

o f

t his

Chourmouziades

t ype o f

f igurine i s

t he

existence o f b reasts and t he h ands which were put a bove o r b elow t he b reasts ( 1974;

P late 4 4).

a tions

f ound

t he

h ave

b een

g eneral

moulding

c ategory .

A lthough i n Agios P etros n o s uch i ndic-

I would

o f

t he

a gree

w ith

f igurines

t o

t his

o f

t he f emale b ody ( Theochares,

t his

l eave

S uch n aturalistic o r

e ven

H owever, t he

t his

l ying

o r

e specially moulding

f orm o f

o f

b elong

r epresentations

1 973, P late 3 6) a re not by any means f inds

a re

1 964) and Anatolia ( Mellaart,

f igures

a nd

t hese

b ecause

t hey

r eported

f rom

1 965, F ig. 1 03).

f emale r epresentation must b e d istinguished f rom

s eated

S esklo

t hat

r ealistic

l imited t o t he T hessalian r egion s ince s imilar N . N ikomedeia ( Rodden,

i nterpretation

n o d oubt

which a re

P rodromos

e xamples

a nd

a lso

c ommon

( Chourmouziades, t he

p osition o f

i n Thessaly

1 974,

t he

F ig .

l egs

n iscent o f Anatolian examples f rom Hacilar ( Mellaart,

i s

1 7) . v ery

a nd T he

r emi-

1 970, I I:

1 86)

and t here i s n o d oubt t hat a c lose r elationship b etween t he f igurine material o f t he two a reas i s p ossible. A gios P etros ( Fig.

6 1:1)

The new s eated f igures

c an b e s een a s a variation o f

f rom

t his category

a nd q uite c lose t o t he well k nown s quatting t ype . The s chematic c ruciform and " acrolith" examples ( Fig. 6 7, a re

u sually

s equence a nd p ainted 2 5).

c onsidered i ndeed a s

e xamples

f rom

o f

l ate

neolithic

b elonging t o i ts

R akhmani

i ndicate

date

i n

t he

6 6:3)

Thessalian

l atest p hase a s t he t ypical

( Wace-Thompson,

1 912:

4 9,

F ig .

I n Agios P etros, h owever, t hey a re r eported f rom a c lear middle

n eolithic c ontext. A gios P etros ( Fig. T sani Magoula ;

A variation o f t he c ruciform f igurine, 6 7:

f ound i n

4 ) shows s ome p arallels with an example f rom

t hey b oth s how t he s ame method o f r epresenting t he a rms

which a ppear n ear

t he

b eginning

o f

7 1

t he

n eck ( Wace-Thompson ,

1 912,

F ig .

9 1).

T he s ame i dea o t

s een

i n

a n

earliest

r epresenting t he a rms o n t he s houlders c an b e

e arly n eo1ithic

f ound

f igurine

K nossos,

t hat

6 4).

o rigin o f

i t

o f

much

was

t he

" acrolith"

d iscussion

p ointless

r epresentation was

( Ucko,

t o

i nvented

t he c onstruction i s q uite a w ide a rea

6 2:4).

t he

d ate a re

The

F ig.

I X,

s ite many more t ypical c ruciform f igurines o f e arly n eolithic

s ubject

1 964,

S tratum

t he s ame

( Fig.

t he'site ( Evans,

f rom

F rom

r eported

o n

( Balkans,

a lso

a s

1 968 :

l ook

f or

t he

f or t he f irst

s imple a nd

H acilar,

a f igurine

3 87).

U cko

p lace

f orm

r ightly

where

t ime s ince

was

t his

t he

t he

c oncluded f orm

o f

i dea

o f

whole

t he p laces where i t a ppeared c over

C atal H i lyük,

C rete,

T hessaly).

I ndividual c haracteristics f ound i n t he f igurine material o f A gios P etros o ccur i n t he T hessalian t radition a s w ell: A .

The

r epresentation

o f

a h at

T hessalian e xamples

which ,

p retation .

c haracteristic

A very

h owever,

o r

t end

h air

t o

c oiffure,

f rom t he t ypical Agios P etros f inds,

s tyle

s upport

i s

t he

k nown

l atter

f rom i nter-

a lthough q uite d ifferent

c an b e s een i n a f igurine f rom

Achilleion ( Chourmouziades, 1 974, P late 9 7 b ottom r ight, T heochares, 1 973, F ig. 2 24). I t s hows a lmost t he s ame method o f h olding t he h air t ogether

a s

t he

d ifference b eing t he o n

t emples . t op

o f

another

f igurine

A nother

t he

way

f rom

Agios

t he s hape o f t he

h ead o f

e xample

f rom

a c onical h at

r epresenting

P etros

( Plate

t he

n eolithic

( Wace-Thompson,

t he

h ead

c over

s ite

B . t he

T he

f ragments

f emale

which

f igurines

t he

c lose

6 9:

r ound

c haracteristic o f many c ases

e xample P late

t he

e arly

The p illow

m iddle

n eolithic

f ind

l ike

s hape o f f rom

only

D oundtza

F ig .

a pparent

14)

i n h as

while

i n a small

( 1912,

F ig.

7 2).

s ection - b ellies

s imilarities

examples ( Fig . b utton i s

5 ).

r epresent

have

t he

i ncisions

a t

1 912,

i s

f igurine f rom t he m iddle n eolithic d eposit o f T sangli

o f

2 5),

c oiffure a nd t he l ack o f

with

t he t he

-

T hessalian

b elly with i ts

mainland,

a s

f rom P rodromos ( Chourmouziades,

f or

1 974,

1 1). C .

mouth

O ther

a nd

d etails

e ars,

i n

a lthough

p articular

f ollowing

f acial

t he

f eatures

T hessalian

s uch a s

t radition ,

eyes,

a re

n ot

s olely c haracteristic o f o ne r egion . These a re, I b elieve, g eneral methods o f r epresentation a nd n ot s pecific c haracteristics a ssociated with a c ultural a rea . C ultural r egions m ay w ell h ave b een l inked w ith a h ighly i ndividual way o f r epresenting f eatures l ike t he e yes a s i s t he c ase w ith t he H acilar f igurine material s imple

i ncision,

s traight

o r

o blique,

b e p ut i n t he s ame c ategory. t he

Greek

examples

must

o f

b ut I d o n ot t hink t hat t he

t he

T hessalian

t radition

c an

The c offee b ean o r wheat s eed s hapes o f

b e

s een

more

a s

g eneral

t han

s pecific

c haracteristics. D .

The " bird l ike" f igurines o f A gios P etros ( Fig. 6 6:1) r ecall

s imilar e xamples

f rom T hessaly .

l ike"

o f

and

a ppearance

f igurines

A lthough t he g eneral

f rom

s ome

wrongly i nterpreted ( Gimbutas,

s ites

1 972:

7 1,

h as

i dea o f

t he " bird

b een o veremphasized

1 982),

i t

i s

t rue

t hat

s ome o f t hese f igurines t end t o c reate t he i mpression o f a f ixed t ypef orm. Theochares b elieves t hat t he b ird l ike a ppearance o f t he f igurines

i s

a r esult

o f

t he

narrowing

7 2

o f

t he

h ead

i n

t he

middle

n eolithic

( 1967:

n aturalistic

t o

1 49)

a n e xaggerated v iew. c ase

o f

i n

s chematic

swelling

t o

t he

g eneral

H owever,

movement

I b elieve,

f rom

t his

i s

' Overemphasis o f s ome s pecific f eatures a s t he

l ips,

r epresented mouths,

a ccordance

r epresentation .

d isproportionate

i s

noses

and

p lastically

s ometimes a matter o f p ure c onstruction and

i mprovisation. P arallels

b etween A natolia a nd

t he G reek mainland h ave b een d rawn

l ong ago and b efore t he new e vidence f rom Agios P etros c ame t o l ight ( Weinberg, b etween

1 951:

t he

f ormulated, f igurines i ndicates

5 5,

l ying

M ellaart,

f emale

1 958 :

f igurines

1 54).

T hese

e specially

a s

a c haracteristic

( Chourmouziades,

f igurine

f rom

e xamples

Thessaly

f rom H acilar

b een a ttempted

T hessalian

i nclude

t he

way

c omparisons t he

l egs

a re

t he moulding o f t he b ody a nd t he g eneral p osture o f t he early

1 974,

n eolithic

P late 2 9).

s ites

( 1974,

P late

( Mellaart,

b etween

s uch

a s

6 )

P late

s eated

P yrasos

f rom

r ecall 2 25) .

eyes

t ypical A nother

male f igurines

( Theochares,

1 959A :

Otzaki

t he o ccurrence o f

t he a lmond l ike

which

1 970,

t he

f ind

R arer i s

o ther i ndividual c haracteristics such a s

h as

i n

o f

a

A natolian c omparison

f rom various

2 9)

a nd

t he

male

marble f igure f rom Catal Hüyük VI in Anatolia ( Mellaart, 1 963, P late XXII A-B);

p arallels have

r esting

t he

o n

l egs

and

b een d rawn i n

t he

i ncorporated with t he chair .

way

i n

t he

t he

p osition o f

b ack

o f

D espite t he t act

t he

t he

hands

f igurine

i s

t hat t hese c ases a re

i solated t here i s no d oubt t hat t he material o f t he two a reas show a c lose r esemblance .

I n t hat r espect

t he f inds f rom A gios P etros c ome

t o

s upport much more f orcefully t he i dea o f a n i ndirect c ross c ultural l ink. The Agios P etros examples a re more i ndicative b ecause, I think, t hey a re more s pecific f actor i s,

b asically,

a nd

l ess

e asy

t hat s ome o f

n ot f ound i n t he G reek mainland a nd f irst

t ime

c an

b e

c onsidered

a s

t o

o versimplify .

t he A gios P etros

c ultural

r egion .

E ven

t he

5 0 f igurines many

which a re not t ypical o f t he n eighbouring mainland t radition i s

i tself

v ery

f igurine

important

f inds

a re

and

o nly

c an o ne

s uggesting t hat A egean i slands i ndependent

neolithic

t he

f igurine

b e

material

i s

i nterpreted

a spect

o f

w itnessed

c ultural

d ifferent g eographical r egions . a s

s ignificant

t hey o ccur i n a n a rea which f or t he

a s eparate

f act t hat a small e xcavated a rea p roduced a n umber o f o f

T he

c haracteristics a re

t he

i nto

b ut

h ad

t he

s omething

p resent

s tate

u nderstand

t he

c ultural

new o f

with

c apacity

i ts

k nowledge

r ole

o f

t he

own

t o

Aegean

c ontact

i nfluence

o ver

t he c ultural e volution o f

t hat

t raits f rom

l east

f ound o n a n i solated i sland i n t he middle o f must

o ne

l east a s

and

f ar

f unction

t he d ifferent

c haracter. i t t he

i s

not

extent

t he G reek mainland .

t hree d ifferent

l east t he d irection which o ur a ttempts

a t

b etween A natolia

i slands

i slands

h owever,

t hat a t

t ransform

t he

The

e vidence

t he A egean d id n ot

d istinctive

a bout

o f

ways. o f

w hich c ombined t raits f rom

I t i s s ignificant c oncerned

many

r ange

emergence

t radition

s imply a s a n i ntermediary o r a s a z one o f G reece

i n

a wide

With

o ur

e asy

t o

o f

t heir

T he

f act,

c ultural a reas have t he A egean ,

a nd

t raits

b een

e stablishes a t

f ollow .

As f ar a s t he d ating o f t he f igurines i s c oncerned, most o f t hem s eem t o b elong t o a n early date i f o ne goes b y t heir r elation t o w ell e stablished Thessalian r epertoire .

I t

i s d ifficult

f or s ome

t o b e a ssigned s tylistically t o one c ultural phase b ecause

73

t he

t ypes

t hey are

c ommon t hroughout

t he n eolithic p eriod a s i n t he c ase o f t he f at f emale

r epresentations .

I t

o f

i s

t rue

t hat

c ertain

t he m iddle n eolithic r epertoire

t he P roto-Sesklo p eriod whole

f igurine-making

( Theochares, p rocess

c riterion f or d efining c ultural The

small

p articularly t hose

f ound

i n

N ikomedeia. b etween

c lay

b e

4 6,

f ound

6 9:

S esklo,

i n

6 ).

t he

I t

i s

A rgissa

T hessalian e xamples

which h ave

t ype o f

" ear-plug"

" studs" which a re made i nterpretations ( Nandris, this

1 8) a nd t he

a s

s ummer o f

a nd

t he

a d efinite

o f

s ame

f urther

a f lat

and h ave a p ointed l ower p art ( 1967: 8 3).

t hat

1 6,

1 981

i s

s hape

a s

n orth

i n

N .

T heochares suggests a p ossible t ypological d istinction

t he

t his

F ig.

c onsidered

p lugs" which c ome f rom o ther s ites s uch a s N . t hat

c haracteristics

p hases.

( Fig.

S ouphli,

1 973:

c annot

" ear-plug"

i nteresting

t ypological

i n Thessaly h ave b een t raced b ack t o

object

i s

i s

q uite

b ase a nd t hose " ear-

N ikomedeia a nd H acilar V I

I t s hould a lso b e s tressed

d ifferent

f rom

what

a re k nown a s

o f s tone a nd h ave b een s ubject t o v arious 1 970 : 1 98) . T he important t hing i s, h owever,

a lways

f ound

e ither

i n

p receramic

o r

e arly

n eolithic l evels. 5 .6.

O bsidian a nd t rade: A c onsiderable

a mount

o f

o bsidian was

A gios P etros d uring t he e xcavations,

r ecovered

f rom

t he

s ite

o f

while many worked p ieces a nd waste

material w ere f ound s cattered o n t he s urface; f our b lades w ere a lso b rought o ut f rom t he s ubmerged p art o f t he s ettlement . C onsidering t he small p art o f

t he s ite which was e xcavated a nd t he l ack o f a dequate

r ecording, i t i s d ifficult t o o btain a r epresentative p icture o f t he a ctivities r elated t o obsidian working ( see A ppendix VII). A lthough t he r esults o f t he a nalysis o f t he o bsidian f rom A gios P etros a re n ot y et k nown,

a M elian p rovenance i s v ery l ikely ( Dr W arren p .c.).

I t s eems p robable t hat t he p osition o f Agios P etros might have f avoured a f low o f obsidian f rom Melos, a lthough i t i s d ifficult t o d etermine t he n ature o f t his

movement

which undoubtedly experienced

f luctuations d uring d ifferent p eriods, n ot o nly i n q uantity b ut a lso i n t erms o f c ultural s ignificance. T he p resence o f s uch a n amount o f obsidian on t he s ite, s ized

s ettlement,

t o Agios P etros f orward

n ot

t o o ther

i ntermediary a s trong

p erhaps

j ust

f or

p laces;

s o

p ost .

I ndeed ,

i ndicator

t hat

existed,

t he

obsidian

f ar exceeding t he r equirements o f a modestly-

i ndicates

t hat

l ocal t he

t he

s ite

may have

t he g eographical

i f

a n

s ite

o rganized must

a nd

h ave

h owever,

i s n ot

was

c lear .

w ell

t ransported

a lso t o

b een

b e s ent

s erving

p osition o f

p layed

f acilitating t raffic i n many d irections. t rade o bject,

material

c onsumption b ut

t he

an

i s o f

important

r ole

t he f orm o f

" workshop"

r eported

b y

T heochares

f rom

t he

t opsoil

s imply t he spot where o ne c ore o f obsidian h ad b een waste

material,

b lades

a nd

i n t he

Waste material o f a s pecific t ype

which will i ndicate t he working o f c ores h as not b een f ound. c alled

a n

t rade

e stablished

What was

a s

i sland

f inished

t ools

were

p roved

worked

f ound

The s o

i n

t o

b e

a nd

i ts

s itu.

I n

a ddition, c ores o f obsidian, which might h ave b een t he f orm i n which t he

material

t herefore , worked p roducts

was

t ransported ( Torrence,

p ossible

e lsewhere t o

a reas

t hat and

s uch

o bsidian

t hat a s

was

Agios

T hessaly .

7 4

1 982 :

1 93),

imported

P etros I f

was

A gios

t o

a re

l acking .

t he

i sland

d istributing P etros

was

I t

i s

a lready

f inished

d istributing

o bsidian a lso

o ver

a w ide

mainland

s ites

a rea

must

o f

t he

h ave

t he c ase , t here i s a n eed t o t erms f or s ea o r l and r outes. A s

t he

c ultural

t raits

n orthern A egean n ot

b een a t

t he

r econsider

o f

o nly

r eceiving e nd .

t he

m eans

o f

i slands I f

b ut

t his

was

c ommunication

n orthern o rigin f ound

i n

i n t he s ettlement

s how, i t i s p ossible t hat i n many i nstances c ommunication b y s ea might h ave b een p referred e specially i t i t i s a ccepted t hat l and r outes imposed

c onsiderable

mountainous

a rea

physical

p roblems

b etween Thessaly

and

a s

i s

t he

c ase

Macedonia .

c onsiderable amount o f t rade i s c arried o ut

I f,

with

t he

h owever,

a

b y s ea t hen i ts s ocial-

e conomic a nd c ultural s ignificance must b e d ifferentiated f rom t he c orresponding l and i nvolved .

t rade

T he s eaborne

e conomic s ystem

s ince

t rade

b asically d ifferent

mechanisms

a re

r equires a more c omplex t echnological a nd

i n t erms o f o rganization a nd

i ncentives while

t he

l and

t rade c omes a s a n atural c onsequence o f more t raditional f orms o f c ommunication and r eciprocal exchange o f g oods; l and t rade i s a s omewhat s imple e nlargement o f i nternal t rade models w ithin t he v illage while i n t he c ase o f i nsular c ultures

t he u se o f

t he

t erm

" internal" i s

p roblematic. Nevertheless i t i s c ertain t hat t rade a s a n e conomic f actor d id not d etermine t he a ctual existence o f c ommunities i n t he s ense t hat e verything d epended o n t he o utcome o f p ermanent 1 981: t he

f arming c ommunities

3 07),

which e nsured

wherewithal

p roduction A part

t he

from

t o

p lan

a bsence

t he

t hese a ctivities.

p robably p ractising

t heir s ubsistence ; l ong j ourneys

o f

o bvious

a n umber

a nd

o f

a t

a lso

p eople

t echnological

They were

g ardening

( Halstead,

t he s ame t ime t hey h ad t o

f or

b alance

i n

t erms

a c onsiderable

a dvances

r equired,

o f

t ime.

f or

t he

s eaborne t rade r aises f ar more a cutely q uestions a bout t he k ind o f i tems which c ould h ave b een t raded a nd t heir s ocial a nd e conomic v alue. I t

i s

h ere

t hat p arameters s uch a s d istance a nd q uantity c ome u nder

c onsideration i n a m uch m ore c omplex w ay. A s l ine

R enfrew

exchange

h as and

p ointed o ut, p restige

t he e xternal

c hain

( 1972:

t rade models o f d own t he

4 71)

may

have

a d ifferent

a pplication when s ea t ravel i s i nvolved . I t i s p ossible, i ndeed, t hat t he c ontact z one i s not r elated o nly t o t he d istance f rom t he s ource t owards which

t he

n earest

depends

c ommunication

c oastal

on

a reas

occupation

which

i n

t he

b ut

f ollows

densities

c ase

o f

i slands

r easonable t o a ssume t hat

i f a chain o f

s ettled

Melos

o n

S aliagos,

t he

r oute

f rom

s ites

c oastal

s ites may h ave p layed a r ole

t rade

must

have

r ecently s uggested Moreover n eolithic t rade

and

o f

r educed

b ut

t heir

a more

( Renfrew,

s ince

p eriod,

d ocumentation

i nland

b een

c omplicated . c ommunities

s ame

t he

t ime

( Sahlins,

1 972)

i s

c onsiderably . c ontribution

f rom was

a

O f

c ourse

mainland

and

i n

t erms

l ocal

o f

s cale

e xternal t han

t he

8 5).

l acking

i n

actual

t o

b e

o f

t he

a rchaeological

o ur d escription o f p rocesses

cultural exchange are bound

7 5

i s

were

f inds t here

t he e conomic a nd s ociopolitical c ontext

i n general,

o f

I t

i n d istributing c ertain i tems s uch

l imited

1 977:

t he

p attern

net works

t he s ignificance o f t he mainland

c oastal

a s o bsidian f urther

b een

b e

t o t he S porades ( as

p reference f or s ea t ransportation, h ave

c an

f lexible

local

maritime

K ea a nd E uboea i ndicate) a nd i f a t must

a more

and

f ormulated

s uch a s

i n a r ather

g eneralised things

way .

a s

i t

T he

t erm

r efers

to

( Shackleton-Rentrew, u sed o f

t o e xplain t he

E urope

not

The

r equirements

o f

t or

1 970);

h owever ,

1 972),

t he means o f

t echnological e ach

s uch a s

i mplies

t wo

Spondylus

d ifterent

distribution

s hells

d istinguishing

characteristics

s ettlement

s ea

n ot

t o

and a lthough exchange models h ave b een

a nd

a re s ome o f t he e lements which s et and d etermine i ts s ocial v alue; d evelopment,

i nstance

or

c haracter o f n on u tility o bjects i n d ifferent p arts

( Renfrew,

c lear.

" trade"

obsidian

must

t he

b etween t hem i s

o f

obsidian,

a vailability

o f

t he

t he

material

t he f oundations o f i ts d istribution t he t rade o f n on u tility objects,

h ave

f ollowed

a d ifferent

p attern

s erving a t rade o r c ommunication s ubsystem b ut

b earing a n i deological a nd s ymbolic

c onnotation .

o t

r ather

N evertheless,

b oth

f unctions a re c haracterized b y b asic e conomic c onsiderations i n t he f irst

i nstance ;

s ignificance , t he i f

s carcity

while

i deological i ndeed

a nd

t heir

d imension .

t his was

s pecialization d etermine

s ocial T he

u se

e stablishes

emergence o f

t heir f unction ,

t he

i tems

t heir v alue

a nd

t echnological

o f

s ocial

o r

p restige,

must h ave f ollowed a l ong p rocess o f

' cultural i dentification ' which f inally d eprived

t hese

objects

o f

a ny

p rofound e conomic s ignificance. I t

s eems

a s eaborn A s

t he

l ikely

t rade

i n

c ultural

t hat

t he

A gios P etros

n orthern

t raits

f rom

c ommanded a l eading p osition i n

A egean

n orth,

t hroughout

west

a nd

t he

e ast

5 th

m illennium .

s how,

p osition o n c ommunication a nd n avigation r outes f acilitated

t he

s ite 's

t he t rading

not only o f i tems s uch a s obsidian b ut a lso o f p erishable materials l ike t extiles, a t whose u se t he d ecoration o f t he A gios P etros p ottery may h int . I n t he c ase o f o bsidian d istribution which p robably was n ot t he main t rading o bject

i t

i s

u nfortunate

t hat

t he e astern

i slands

a nd

t he w estern A natolian c oast h ave n ot p roduced e nough e vidence t o p rove t he d irection o f t he f low o f t he material . I solated o bsidian p ieces o f Anatolian

o rigin

( Ciftlik)

h ave

N ikomedeia ( Shelford, Hodson, Table

1 5.6) and p ieces o f

C ann-Dixon,

1 965:

2 25) .

I t

b een

f ound

C osgrove,

i n

Melian o rigin o ccur s eems,

G reek

Warren,

h owever ,

s ites

R enfrew,

l ike

1 982:

N .

1 91,

i n A natolia ( Renfrew-

p robable

t hat

a n

e astwards

d istribution o f o bsidian f rom Melos must h ave b een more c ommon a t l east f or t he c oastal a reas o f Anatolia, f rom

s ources

c ontacts s ource

i n

i s

d eep n ot

s ome

i nland .

r ealistic and p laces

t han a westwards f low o f material

N evertheless, t he

c ertainly

a s trictly

l ack

c annot

o f b e

o ne

obsidian

way

p attern o f

f rom

a c ertain

t ranslated

i nto g eneral

c onclusions a bout t rade c ontacts s ince t he l aw o f s upply a nd demand d iffers f rom i tem t o i tem . I b elieve t hat t he d istribution o f s pecific o bjects l ike obsidian and t extiles was b ased on a n a lready existing n etwork o f l ocal e xchange p atterns which w ere v ital f or t he e conomic s ubsistence

o f

a lthough n ot

t aking

t he s ocial a nd

small

c ommunities,

p lace

o n

a n

whether

e veryday

s easonal

b asis,

s uch

o r

p ermanent;

c ontacts

t echnological b ackground a gainst which e xternal

c reated t rade a s

a s eparate e conomic p ractice w as e stablished a nd d eveloped. The s ite o f Agios P etros,

surrounded b y o ther h abitable i slands

a nd a t t he s ame t ime l ocated i n a " cross-roads - p osition s eems t o h ave b een p art o f b oth i nternal a nd e xternal t rade ; i nternal, w ith p laces with whom c ommunications were c onstant,

p robably n ot more t han a c ouple

o f days r eturn t rip away and external, c rossing t he A egean s ea t o t he north-west ( Chalkidice), east ( Lesbos) o r s outh ( Euboea, A ttica).

I t

i s d ifficult t o s ay whether o r n ot d ifferent i tems were i nvolved i n

76

e ach

k ind

o f

t rade

o r which o f

d istances e specially i n

t hem

w ere

r elation t o

l ikely

t he

t o h ave

p erishable

t ravelled l ong

i tems f or which

l ittle e vidence e xists. F actors s uch a s p reservation a nd d istance may h ave a ffected t he t ransportability o f c ertain g oods

s uch a s

d airy

p roducts

and

a nimals

f rom p lace t o p lace d efining t hem b asically a s objects o f i nternal t rade; l imitations a ffecting l ong-distance t ransportation o n t he o ther h and

must

s ense, has

h ave

b een

t he

f ragility a nd

s ize o f

c ertain i tems.

I b elieve t hat A gios P etros n ot o nly c orresponds

d escribed

( 1977:

8 5)

a s

a c entral

p lace

I n a

t o what R enfrew

- a g eographical

t erm

a pplied t o a rchaeology - a s upply c entre d istributing p roducts o f external t rade t o s maller l ocalities, b ut a t t he s ame t ime was a n important u nit

i n a n etwork o f

t hat

o ther

z one

w ith A natolia

i n t his

l inks

i n

r espect,

t his a re

o f

missing .

s ites I t

h owever,

t he

S kyros

and

o ccupation

which

would

t o know more a bout

early neolithic s ite o f e astern c oast o f E uboea. I f,

t ransaegean c ontacts .

c hain

I t

h ave

b een

F rom o f

t he

Agios

t he

c ontact

i nteresting, t he

t he

t he

o f

h abitation

the

majority

pattern

o f

t he

o f

s ites

i s

t hen t he whole q uestion o f

c ommunication a nd t rade i s p ut o n q uite a d ifferent T he P lace o f

v ery

t he c ultural a ssemblage o f

s easonal a nd p ermanent s ettlements a re f ew,

5 .7.

i s u nfortunate

c onstituted

b asis.

t he A gios P etros C ulture:

a rchaeological

P etros

b elongs

n eolithic p eriod .

e vidence

mainly

i t

t o

i s

t he

c lear

e arly

t hat

t he

phases

o f

s ettlement t he

G reek

T he p ottery s hapes with t he d eep h emispherical b owls

a nd t he c ollared j ars a re

t ypical o f

t he

e arly t radition which e xtended

f rom Macedonia t o P eloponnesos ( Schachermeyr, c overed the end o f

t he 6 th and

1 976) a nd c hronologically

t he b eginning o f t he 5 th m illennium.

T he f orm o f t he v ases i n Agios P etros,

h owever,

c annot s ubstantiate

f urther subdivisions within t he e arly p eriod b ecause t hey a re t ypes which c ontinue without

a ny s ignificant c hange well i nto t he middle

n eolithic p eriod ( Theochares, f eatures

s uch

a s

t he

l ow

r ing

1 967). b ases,

N evertheless

i ndicate s imilarities with t he e arly s tages o f - P roto-Sesklo)

and

A chilleion p hase . G ala a nd

( Hood,

n eolithic

I )

with

I t i s n oticeable

1 981:

c ertainly

e specially

7 8) .

i t

T he

c annot

phase

o f

e arly b e

t he

c ertain c eramic

employed u sually i n g lobular j ars

t hat

t he

p hase

r ing b ases a re

m onochrome

a scribed

t he e arly n eolithic ( ENI s econd

t o

p ottery

t he

k nown

a bsent

i s

n ot

d iagnostic

F rühkeramikum

Thessalian s equence

d espite

a s

f rom A g .

s ome

( early h andle

s imilarities. I t s eems t he

s tarting

t ar

f rom

t hat i t

p oint

t he

we a ccept t he s o c alled P roto-Sesklo p eriod a s

f or

t ruth .

t he

o ccupation o f

p ainted" s herds a lthough v ery f ew, o f

a n

( at

l east

s tylistically)

b ut a lso i n o ther s ites N ikomedeia ( Rodden, T he t he

e arly

P etros

which

d o e xist .

well

d efined

we

would

n ot

n ot

b e

while " early

B oth f eatures a re p hase

s uch a s E latea ( Weinberg,

1 962:

n eolithic

c ontroversy

A gios

B lack-topped p ieces a re a bundant

o nly 1 962:

t ypical

i n T hessaly 1 58)

a nd N .

2 67). p eriod

i n T hessaly

s urrounds

7 7

i s

w ell d ocumented d espite

c ertain a spects

o f

i ts

d efinition

( Nandris,

1 970:

1 92).

The t hin d eposit o f Agios P etros d oes n ot s eem

t o t hrow a ny n ew l ight o n t he d ebate .

S ince

t he

s ucceeding

early

e ither what o r

n eolithic

t hat

i s

i t

i t

r epresents

k nown

i s

d eposit

i n

where

s herds which a re c lose s tages f rom

o f

t he

t he

T sani

t he

a nd

S ouphli

t ypical

t o

n o

b reak

o ne

i t

i s

t he

f irst

n eolithic

was

f ound

s tages

o f

t radition

I II

m ixed

b etween

p ossible

t he S esklo p ainted

early

s tyle

- ( Theochares,

l atest e arly n eolithic phase

S esklo

a nd

t he

p ottery

i s

p hase

w ith

o f

p ainted

t o t he A 3b ware o f m iddle n eolithic - f ormative

s olid

p eriod i s n ot v ery well o f

t o

monochrome

t here

p hase

s equence a s

s imilar

t he

t he

a t ransitional

t he mainland

s omething

A chilleion

a nd

1 967) .

T he

t ransition

t o t he next middle n eolithic

r epresented i n T hessaly while i n t he m ain s ites

a g ap

p ainted

e xists

wares

b etween

t he

" early

p ainted"

p ieces

p eriod ,

t he A 3

which p revail i n t he n ext

s olid s tyle. A t E latea,

t he o nly s ite i n c entral Greece where early p ainted

material has

b een a ttested s tratigraphically ( Weinberg,

t ransitional

p hase

i s

s till

unclear

a nd

i t

i s

e ven

1 962),

t hought

t he

t o

b e

c ontemporary with t he r ed-on-white ware o f C haeronea b ecause o f i ts a dvanced d ecoration .

I n N .

N ikomedeia t he early p ainted wares a re

f ollowed b y impressed p ottery ( Rodden,

1 965:

8 3) a s i s t he c ase with

t he n orth-eastern and western Thessalian s ites o f O tzaki ( Milojcic, 1 971) N .

a nd

M akri

Magoulitsa ( Papadopoulou, t he

t ransitional

p eriod

1 958 :

3 9) .

I n

r epresented b y t he s econd p hase o f t he s ettlement, A l w ares a nd p ainted s herds o ccur t ogether H owever, s eem

i n A gios

t o p ersist

P etros

r ed-on-cream

a re

s imilar

t o

t he

F ig.

( Faraklas,

t he

e arly

c haracteristic t radition,

c onclusively f rom s ites 9 7); 1 968:

1 931)

s hould

b e

e xisting

i nfluences

t he

1 ).

p ottery

f rom

more

c omplex

a lso

f orms

Moreover

d esigns

which

a re

a lthough

a nd

more

a nd Z erelia ( Wace-Thompson ,

1 912:

t he

l inear

S esklo

p ainted

motifs

o f

t hey p resent c ertain p eculiarities

i f

t he c riterion o f d ecoration i s u sed f or t hen t he

c onsidered u ncommon

l inear d esigns ( Fig. a lready

o f

1 956:

3 10).

G enerally s peaking, 5 :1)

f eatures

k nown p artially f rom

d rawing p arallels with o ther s ites ( Fig .

o f

s outh-eastern T hessalian a nd G reek

s uch a s T sani

s imilar

( Kunze,

s ite

where r ed monochrome

( Theochares,

p ottery g radually employs

l inear d ecorative 1 54,

c oastal

f or a l ong t ime w ell i nto t he s econd s tratum.

t he

O rchomenos

t he

b etween e arly a nd m iddle n eolithic i s

t ypical

7 :2) a lthough t hey c an b e

m otifs s ites

i n

s uch

T hessaly, a s

g ive

H acilar

motifs

i n G reece .

a nd

t he

o f

t he

I n a ddition ,

s ite s ome

s een a s variations o f i mpression o f

C atal

H üyük

A natolian

W est

( Mellaart,

1 965: 1 35). T he c arinated b owl which i s a ssociated with s uch d ecoration i s f urther e vidence p ointing t owards A natolia where i t marks t he

e arly

e arly a nd k ind o f

c halcolithic m iddle

I I

ware

n eolithic

o f

s ites

C atal H üyük

i n

t he

G reek

W est

s ince

mainland

t here

a re n o

e mploying

t his

s hape.

The

e vidence

d ecoration and h elpful. m ainland,

f rom

t he

While

t he

o ther

g eographical

p ottery f orms

t ypical

i n

r egions Agios

c oncerning P etros,

s ite has s trong and e stablished l inks

a re

t he not

with t he

a ffinities with t he r egions o f e astern A egean a re v ery s canty

( Hood,

1 981).

early

d eposit

Only one p iece o f p ainted p ottery i s r eported f rom t he o f

t he

L ower

C ave

7 8

o f

Agio

Gala

i n

C hios

which

may

c orrespond

t o t he e arly c halcolithic p hase o f A natolia ( Mellaart,

1 26, F rench, 1 969: 5 8, H ood, p ainted

s herd

s imilar '

t o

1 981,

F ig. 7 :

t he Hacilar

4 9);

i t

I p ainted

1 971:

i s a r ed-on-cream

ware

with a l inear

p attern, which i s a ssociated with t he c haracteristic f igurine whose r elation with

t he A gios

material f rom 1 972) and i t

P etros

c orresponds

Gala,

h as

b een d iscussed a bove . l ater date

T he

( Renfrew,

t o t he l ate c halcolithic phases o f western

A natolia ( Mellaart, 1 971: l evels

material

t he o ther eastern i slands i s o f 1 19).

I t s eems, however, t hat t he d eepest

o f Emborio ( X-IX) a re r elated t o

t he e arlier r emains o f A gio

t he e arly phases o f Agios P etros a nd c onsequently t o t he l ate

n eolithic o f H acilar ( Hood, R ecent

e xcavations

i n

1 981). t he

c ave

s ite o f

A rchangelos

p rovided t he e vidence o f q uite e arly material ; o f c ave d eposits

i n R hodes

i s a h azardous e xercise a nd g reat

c are h as

i f one i s t o obtain a n a ccurate s tratigraphic p icture, s eems

t o

s uggest

t hat

t he

e arliest

material

h ave

a lthough t he e xcavation

d ates

t o

t o b e

t aken

t he excavator

t he

f irst

s tages

o f t he l ate chalcolithic ( late c halcolithic I phase o f B eycesultan) w ith

white-on-red

p ainted

b urnished p ieces R hodes t he

material

d ate

o f

p osition o f I t P etros

i s i s

i t

the

c halcolithic

o f

s herds,

( Sampson, i s

d ifficult

s ite.

b lack b urnished a nd v ery f ew p attern

1 979:

2 4).

Without

t o j udge

However,

i t

s eems

t he A natolian s equence

t he

i sland o f R hodes

c ertain,

however,

much e arlier

f rom

i s

t he

t han a nything

t hat

s een a ll

a d ate

v ery p robable

( French,

t hat

having

t he

t he f ew p ublished s herds

1 969:

i n

t he

l ate

i n v iew o f

t he

7 6).

main c ultural phase o f A gios

e lse

f ound

s o

f ar

i n

t he

e astern

A egean ( Renfrew, 1 972) s ince t he r est o f t he material and e specially t he important p atterned b urnished p ottery f rom T igani i n S amos s uggests a l ate c halcolithic d ate w ith u ndefined u pper a nd l ower l imits ( LloydM ellaart, 1 962). T he l ack o f s ites i n t he i slands with e arly o ccupation and p ainted material s imilar t o t hat f ound i n t he Konya p lain, i s due not o nly t o i nadequate exploration, b ut a lso t o t he p robabilistic

method

o f

s urveying .

T he

s ame

a ppears

t o b e t he p icture

i n the c oastal areas o f western A natolia where ( French, 1 967B, 1 969) t he p ainted wares s o characteristic o f t he s outh western r egions o f A sia Minor a re extremely r are. R ed-on-white p ainted wares a re c ompletely a bsent i n t he n orth . While monochrome p ottery o f H acilar s tyle

i s

p resent

c onsidered

l uxury

t he Konya

p lain.

i n

western

p roducts T his

Anatolia,

s eem

l ack

o f

t o

h ave

painted

wares

which

d istribution

t o

t he

s uggested a s a p ossible e xplanation f or t he a bsence o f

north

h as

c ertain

t hat

t he

c orrectness

o f

t he

b een

p ainted wares i n

n orth-western Anatolia ( Mellaart, 1 970: 1 46, s ee s ection 6 .7). a lso

a re

a l imited d istribution a round

H acilar-Beycesultan

I t i s

s equence

i s o f v ital importance i n t hat r espect ( Eslick , 1 980 : 5 ) . I t must a lso b e s tressed t hat t he c omparative s tudy o f t he material o f t he i slands a nd

t hus

s tylistic

t he

chronological

g rounds

s ince

t he s ite o f E mborio

t he

( Hood,

r elations

o nly

s ecure

e stablished,

a re

s tratification

i s

b ased

on

p rovided

b y

1 981).

I f we t urn n ow t o t he B alkan a rea and i ts r elations t o t he G reek 5 th

m illennium

c ontroversial

c ultures, i n

i ts

t he

a rchaeological

i nterpretation ,

i s

e vidence,

b etter

a lthough n o

d ocumented .

h ave p layed a n important r ole i n c larifying b asic p roblems sequences

and

chronological

equations.

7 9

The

K ey

l ess s ites

l ike p ottery

excavations

o f

N .

N ikomedeia i n t he V erria p lain a nd o f S itagroi i n e astern Macedonia s ucceeded i n e stablishing c ultural a ffinities a rea

a nd

b eyond

t hat

w ith t he

with t he Macedo-Bulgarian

w ider F irst T emperate N eolithic c ultural

c ontext . Moreover , s pecific t raits h ave b een u sed t o d raw c omparisons with a reas a s f ar away a s Anatolia a nd t he Near East ( Rodden, 1 964: 5 64).

A s

f ar

c oncerned, o f

a s

i ts

t he

e arly

r adiocarbon d ates:

7 4 b .c .-

p hase

o f

N .

N ikomedeia

i s

N .

N ikomedeia ,

E NI

5 607

+ 91

b .c . a nd E NLI

5 331

+

S esklo ENI ( Frühkeramikum 5 661 + 8 3 b .c. a nd 5 477 + 7 8 b .c .-

( Theochares, t here

neolithic

r elations w ith T hessaly a re well e stablished i n a s eries

i s

1 973:

1 19) - Achilleion I B(EN)

a s eries

o f

C 14

dates

5 418 + 5 2 b .c .

a vailable

f rom

N .

A lthough

N ikomedeia

a nd

T hessaly ( Fig. 86) b ased on a 5 568 " half t ime" s ome o f t hese y ears a re unacceptable. very

high

The 6 240 + 1 50 b .c . date f rom N . N ikomedeia i s t hought

s ince

t he

o ther

t hree

a vailable

dates

f rom

t he

early

n eolithic p eriod ( ENI-II) are a ll well i nside t he 6 th millennium. d ate f or middle

t he

o f

f oundation o f t he N . N ikomedeia s ettlement j ust

t he

6 th

f rom S esklo s eem a lthough

t he

millennium

i s

v ery p robable .

t o c over most o f

h ighest

d ate

T he

t he f irst h alf o f

( 5805 + 9 7

b .c .)

l ooks

p re-pottery d ates t he 6 th m illennium

more

p robable .

a s t he e arly neolithic dates f rom S esklo a re c oncerned c over

t he

s econd

s eparation based

half o n

o f

t he

t he

6 th

a vailable

millennium.

C 14 d ates

A

b efore t he

A

A s

f ar

t hey s eem t o c hronological

b etween

the

d ifferent

phases o f t he early n eolithic i n Thessaly i s very d ifficult ( Wijnen, 1 981:

4 8) .

S ince

t he

e arly n eolithic

l evels

o f

A chilleion

( IA ,

I B ,

I C ,

I I) c orrespond t o t he e arly n eolithic s equence o f S esklo ( ENI-II) a s f ar a s t he material i s c oncerned, t he s ame must b e expected f or t he r adiocarbon dates. I ndeed a ll C 14 dates f rom Achilleion s how a c onsiderable

c onsistency a round t he s econd h alf o f

S imilarly

t he s tylistic c riteria s uch a s p ottery and f igurines

p oint t o a c hronology c loser t he

m iddle

o f

t he 6 th m illennium.

t o

t he P roto-Sesklo p eriod,

t he 6 th millennium

s omewhat a fter

a d ate n ot f ar f rom t he f oundation o f

A gios P etros. The d ifference, h owever, b etween t he two s ites i s t hat N . N ikomedeia materially c ombines i nfluences f rom t he north a nd s outh while Agios e astwards;

P etros b ut

g eographical early date .

i t

i s

i s

o rientated

t rue

p osition,

westwards

i n b oth s ites

and

t o a l esser e xtent

u ndoubtedly d ue

t o

t heir

t hese a ffinities a re manifested f rom a v ery

N evertheless,

f rom A gios P etros d oes

t hat

t he unique f ind o f

t he r od

h ead f igurine

l ink t he s ite w ith t he F irst T emperate N eolithic

c ultural r egion a nd i ts A egean r epresentative, N ea N ikomedeia ; a nd I h ave a rgued a bove ( section 5 .5.3) t he s ignificance o f t he d istribution o f s imilar t raits,

which c ombined w ith f irm s tratigraphic o bservations

c an b e v ery u seful.

d ates

The s tudy o f t he c eramic f eatures and t he a vailable r adiocarbon s hows a c onsiderable c hronological c onsistency which a llows t he

d rawing o f

a f ramework w ithin which t he l ifespan o f

b e p laced . F rom t he s amples s ent o nly t wo p rovided a dequate d ates . f rom S tratum f rom

t he

I I,

t opsoil

gave a date 4 .450 + 8 0 l evels,

gave

a d ate

b .c.

t he

c ultural

s equence

o f

t he

8 0

s ite

( BM 2 020);

3 .560

u nfortunately a v ery h igh s tandard o f e rror . w ith

t he s ettlement c an

t o t he B ritish Museum l aboratories T he f irst, a c harcoal s ample, t aken + 3 90

b .c.

t he

s econd,

( BM

2 021)

B oth d ates a re

e stablished

b y

t he

-

c onsistent t ypological

f eatures.

Thus

t he

b eginning

o f

t he

s ite

c annot

b e

f ar

f rom

t he

c losing c enturies o f t he 6 th millennium p robably a round 5 .200-5.100 B .C. Then t he o ccupation c ontinued uninterrupted t hrough t he p eak p eriod o f t he p ainted t radition i n G reece d own t o t he b eginning o f t he 4 th millennium, a p eriod c ontemporary with t he p re-Dimini p hases, a round 3 .800 B .C . T he s ite was t hen r eoccupied a fter a gap o f a f ew c enturies

a t

t he

b eginning

o f Kum Tepe

f oundation o f T roy I ( Mellaart,

1 971:

a ge and a s t he r ubbish p it s hows, i nto

t he n ext

p eriod .

l b a round

1 19) .

3 .500

F ollowing

t he

B .0

a nd

e arly

t he

b ronze

t he s ite c ontinued t o b e i nhabited

U nfortunately

t he

material

f rom

t his

p eriod

unstratified and t hus more e vidence o f o ccupation i s uncertain . s ettlement must h ave c eased t o exist

p robably a t

a pproximately

i s T he

2 .000

B. C. I f G reek

we t ry n ow t o p lace t he b eginning o f A gios P etros i n a wider

n eolithic

d ating

s equence

o btained

b oth

( although

s tylistically

t his

s eems

t o

a nd

u sing

b e a l ittle

t he

r adiocarbon

l ow) we must

p lace

i t s ecurely i n t he l ast s tages o f t he e arly n eolithic a nd t he s tart o f t he middle n eolithic . H owever, a lthough t he c ulture i s f irmly r ecognizable a s middle neolithic,

i t

d oes

not c losely r esemble any

o ther i n t he a rea . A nd t he d ifferences a re n ot o nly s light v ariations i n t he e xecution o f l inear motifs c ommon i n s outh-eastern a nd c entral G reek

s ites

e xpected, f irst

s uch

a s

Z erelia,

t ime

i n Greece and whose

n ecessary, v ery c lose

I b elieve, c onnection

we

understand

are

t o

v arious

T sangli,

i ts

t ypological

a re u navoidable

s tylistic

( Theochares,

t he

which

middle

i s

p rovenance

f eatures.

The u pper l imit o f

i s

a ssociated

f ound

i n

c ould

o f

A t

l ong

1 973:

t he

n eolithic

b e

s ame

P etros

a nd

f lat

S esklo

9 :1) .

must

d uring

I II

H owever,

bases,

t ime,

c ulture,

s ecure,

p erhaps

with T heochares 's

s ides

t he

I t i s

explain

t he

h owever,

t he

s equence

1 19).

Agios

p eriod,

t he

a nd

e stablished Thessalian

s tratigraphically

A gios P etros ( Fig .

s traight

e asy t o d etect.

p eculiarities

A n i mported p iece f rom s outh-eastern T hessaly, i s

which

t o d issociate t he A gios P etros c ulture f rom a ny w ith what we u sually c all t he S esklo s equence i f

c hronological r eferences t o t he

material

O rchomenos,

b ut a lso t he p resence o f f eatures which a re a ppearing f or

f ound

judging

b e

t he

p laced

f rom

a t

p re-Dimini

t he

t he

e nd

p hases .

s imilar t o a s hape which

( the

d estruction

l evel)

was

a n umber o f o pen b owls with

a bove

t he

S esklo

c up

r ecall

examples f rom t he Arapi phase ( Milojcic-Hauptmann, 1 969, P late 1 :1) a lthough t he ware i n t his c ase i s not b lack b urnished ( Fig. 1 1:1). I t i s

i ndeed d ifficult

t he

s ettlement

S aliagos

was

t o e stablish e xactly t he

b ut

I t hink

f ounded,

i n

i t

t he

c an

t ime o f

r oughly

middle

o f

t he

b e

t he a bandonment o f

p laced

s econd

a t

h alf

t he o f

t ime

t he

5 th

m illennium. A s t he

T heochares

A egean

h as

n eolithic

r ightly c an

b e

s uggested, e stablished

a r ough

c ultural

( 1973:

l imited a rchaeological e vidence a vailable,

1 09).

s equence D espite

o f t he

t he e arliest s ite i n t he

A egean f ound o n t he i sland o f S kyros ( middle o f t he 6 th millennium) ( Theochares, 1 959B), must b e f ollowed b y A gios P etros which must h ave b een s ucceeded 3 .700 t he

B .C).

I n

i n t urn b y what r ecent

y ears

i sland o f Kythnos

nature

and

date h as

h as

b een

i s k nown a s

t he

e xistence

b een suggested

t he S aliagos o f

( Honea,

d isputed ( Cherry,

8 1

c ulture

a m esolithic 1 979:

( 4 .300-

c ampsite b ut

o n

1 975:

2 77)

i ts

2 8).

I n a ddition,

m ore

l ate

n eolithic

t he C yclades, g roup

s ites

most o f

w ere

r eported

a fter

a n

i ntensive

( Cherry-Torrence,

1 982:

2 4).

I t

e xtrapolate p atterns o f p rehistoric

i s,

h owever,

o ccupation and

a lways

t o

N othing

s imilar

e ither

i ndustry

i n

s hows

t o

t he

p ottery

c lose

S aliagos f orms

r elations

1 982).

I t

i s

a s imple

a re c onsidered

material

o r

f lint

h as

what

i s

1 967,

a nd

o bsidian

f ound

The

c hipped

i n A gios s tone

k nown

f rom

Moundrea-Agraphioti,

i ndustry

a f ew g eometric m icroliths

t o

o n t he b asis

f ragmentarily

P late X ,

t hem

b een

d ecoration .

with

t he n eolithic T hessaly ( Theochares, d istinctive r etouch ;

i n

r isky t o

a ssign

s pecific c ultures w ith p recise c hronological c onnotations, o nly o f i solated t ypological c riteria.

P etros

s urvey

t hem b elonging t o t he l ate n eolithic S aliagos

without

a ny

w ere a lso f ound which

i n Thessaly a s PPN f eatures ( Theochares,

1 967:

1 20).

T he material d id n ot p roduce a ny i ndividual c haracteristics

which c ould

b e

r etouch a re

u sed

q uite

a s

a b asis

c ommon

1 962).

i n

f or d iscussion s ince

t he

e arly

p eriod

b lades

w ith s imple

i n T hessaly ( Milojcic-Boessneck-Hopf,

I t i s noticeable, h owever, t hat t he c hipped s tone i ndustry i n

g eneral d oes not indicate a ny t echnological i solation o f t he i sland. A t

t he

r aw

s ame

t ime

i t

materials.

e xtensively u sed A ppendix p resence

f or

V II).

c hocolate

s hows

The

only

which

a t A gios

t ypes

o f

f lint

t he manufacture o f

The

f lint

a c onsiderable d egree o f

two

imported

i s

P etros

v ery

o f

t ools

s ickle

I t

b lades

s ufficiency i n l ocally

a re

mainly s ickle b lades ( see

material

r are.

s elf

available

i s

f rom

Thessaly

i nteresting

made

o f

f lint

i s

t he

t o n ote

which

t he

s eem

t o

b e l acking f rom S aliagos a nd t he A natolian s ites ( Evans-Renfrew, 1 968: 8 5) . I n g eneral, t he Agios P etros material i s s imilar t o t he T hessalian c hipped-stone i ndustry a nd i t

d oes n ot

t he d istinctive C ycladic l ate n eolithic

s eem

S aliagos

t o

b e r elated t o

a ssemblage

with

i ts

c haracteristic o vate p oints. C ertain

material

f ound

b e d escribed a s e arly r olled

r ims

a nd

r ecall K um T epe

i ncised l b

i n

u pper

This a nd

r aise

t he

t he

o f r im

whole

t hird s tratum c an

b urnished

b owls

( Fig.

1 ,2)

which

t he

n orth-

1 1:

p roblem

o f

with

f inds a re

a dmittedly very f ew b ut e ven t heir p resence on t he i sland

c an b e o f

s ignificance

t he m ainland a nd T here d eeper 1 972) . o f

t he

l evels T he

t he

s ite 's

g eographical

p osition

b etween

t o b e a b road a greement r egarding a t l east t he g eneral

b etween o f

t he K um

E mborio

t hree

A egean

o f

t he w estern A natolian c oast.

s eems

c orrespondence

b ecause

o nce a gain.

t he

o pen

T he A gios P etros

s ome

s equence

p art

i ncludes

d ecoration o n

e xamples

western A natolian

t he

b ronze .

p hases

a nd

l ater

S perling r ecently ,

a nd

T epe

o f Kum t han

p hases,

P oliochni T epe

l ate

t he

T roy

( Mellaart,

a re

p laced

c halcolithic

i n

s equence

1 971: t he

4 o f

1 19,

f inal

t he

n eolithic

A natolia ,

b asing h imself o n s tylistic c omparisons,

a nd

R enfrew, a lthough

d ates

t hem

q uite e arly a nd p laces t hem c ontemporary w ith l ate c halcolithic 2 a nd 3 a s well ( Sperling, 1 976: 3 05); h owever, h e u sed o nly vaguely r elated p ottery f eatures

f or h is e quation .

T he p ieces

f rom A gios P etros a re o f

l ocal c lay and c an b e dated s tylistically t o t he Kum T epe l b p eriod, r oughly a round 3 .500 B .C . U nfortunately , t he d eposit where t he s herds were

f ound

c annot

b e

o ccupation a re l acking. i ndirect

e vidence

indication

t hat

f or

t he

i solated T hus t he

s ite

and

o ther

s igns

o f

c ontemporary

t hese s herds c an b e c onsidered o nly a s

l ifespan was

o f

t he

i nhabited

8 2

s ettlement,

a t

t he

e nd

o f

a p ossible t he

f inal

n eolithic .

I ndeed

t he

t opsoil

i n

A gios

P etros

g ave

a d ate

3 .560

+ 3 90

B. C. Even more o bscure i s t he p resence o f t he Minyan s herds f rom t he r ubbish p it a nd t he t opsoil . c lay s ince

I t i s l ikely t hat t hey a re not o f l ocal

t he s oapy f abric r equires a t ine

i n t he a rea . imported

A t t he b eginning I t hought

f rom

n orth-western Anatolia

c lay which i s n ot a vailable

t hat t he Minyan s herds were b ecause

t heir

s oapy a nd

p ale

c olour r esembles e xamples f rom t hat a rea more c losely t han t he g rey p ieces

o f

P etros 1 974:

s outhern Greece.

s herds

a nd

t he

s o

A visual

c alled

5 1) i s v ery c onvincing b ut a t

O ptical

e mission

was u sed

s pectroscopy

g rey

( Schweizer,

t hat

o f

t he

l ocal

Kyra

P anagia

h owever ,

H owever ,

c lays

o f

t he A gios

A natolia

( French :

1 974:

1 12,

J ones,

1 980 :

4 9)

f rom Agios P etros ( Appendix I V). Mycenean p ottery

an eastern Thessalian o rigin i s p ossible, G eologically,

ware

t he s ame t ime c an b e misleading.

t o a nalyze e leven s amples

T heir c omposition r esembles

c omparison b etween

I negöl

a l ocal

o rigin

a T hessalian s ource

f rom V olos .

T hus

b ut a s we h ave n o d ata t or i s

c annot

b e

r uled

o ut.

p referred.

t he whole p roblem o f t he i ntroduction o f Minyan ware i nto

t he G reek r egion, i ts g enetic o r o ther r elationship with t he n orthwestern c oast and t he e xistence o r not o f l ocal g roups, i s v ery much o pen t o d ebate

( French,

1 974:

5 1).

T he duration o f t he o ccupation o f Agios P etros c an b e e stimated o nly

f rom

d eposit .

t he

T he

c ultural

l atter

s equence

makes

i t

g aps o r e ven p eriods d uring o f

B arbotin and

c ultural

g ap .

C ardium

H owever ,

which

wares

i t

i s

p rovided

e xtremely t he

b y

t he

d ifficult

s ite

i n A gios

impossible

was

i dentify

a bandoned .

P etros t o

r elatively

t o may

T he

a bsence

i ndicate

s ubstantiate

t hin

c ultural

s uch

s uch a a c laim

s tratigraphically a nd I t hink i t i s more l ikely t hat t he a bsence o f Pre- S esklo

characteristics

d ifferentiation a s where

impressed

gap.

I n any

f eatures a s t hese T he

wares

c ase,

i s

rather

h ave

a re

m issing

a part n ot

c onvincing

a

f rom

a nd

n ot

a n

b een

d efined

i ndication o f

C utting Z where a s tratum t he

i mpression o f

regional

f ull

a l ayer

o f

t he

t he

r eal

c ultural

r esult

o f

t erms .

which d oes

c ame d uring t he d ig o f t he

d estruction .

i n t he p ottery r epertoire c an was

a c ultural

a lteration ,

b roken p ottery and

l ikely

l ayer

i n

a rchitectural o f

o f

c ertain s tylistic

t he E N p eriod i nto s ubphases

a dequately

d ifterences t hat

o f

i ndication

t he r ecognition o f

n ot n ecessarily m ean c ultural d iscontinuity, g ives

matter

t he c ase w ith t he whole o f s outh-eastern T hessaly

c riteria f or t he s eparation o f

p hases

o nly

i s

b e

f allen

H owever,

n o

e stablished

s tones

e ssential and

i t

i s

a l evelling p rocess during

a rchitectural r econstruction . O n with

p urely

o ther

s tylistic

r egions

o f

c riteria t he

t he

Greek

b road

c omparison

mainland

h as

o f

b een

A gios P etros

b ased

o n

t he

e xistence o f t he p ainted wares; f rom t heir f irst a ppearance i n v arious s ites i n t he e arly n eolithic t o t heir d istinct r egional d ifferentiation i n

t he

middle

n eolithic .

Moreover

c orrespondence

b etween

t he

Greek

c oncerned,

t he

p ainted

p ottery

r eference;

and i n t hat r espect

a s

and

f ar

t he

c ontinues i t

i s

a s

t he

c hronological

Anatolian t o

b e

r egrettable

n eolithic

a b asic t hat

s o

p oint

i s o f

l ittle i s

k nown about t he d istribution o f p ainted wares i n t he a rea o f western A natolia .

A lthough t he a ppearance o f p ainted d eocration i n G reece

83

must

b e

s een

i n

r elation

t o

A natolia ,

i t i s n ot a t a ll c ertain t hat

e specially

i ts

s outh-western

t he movement u nder way

i n

t he

only an east t o west direction ( French, 1 965: n evertheless, w idely a ccepted t hat t he p ainted material i s

i n

a b road

s ense

c ontemporary

with

t he

1 5). I t i s, o f H acilar V -I

Proto-Sesklo

p eriod

Thessaly and t he c losing s tages o f t he e arly N . Nikomedeia, a round t he middle o f s ame

p eriod

Mersin

i s

XXIV-XX

in

many ways

a nd

t he

b y

C ilicia

c halcolithic p eriod . i n

t he 6 th millennium.

r epresented

C atal

where

H üyük t he

o n

p ainted

t he

c ulture,

K onya

wares

p lain

a nd

i ntroduced

t he

e quation

o f

r einforces

b etween t he l ate e arly G reek n eolithic

t he e arly c halcolithic I -II o f Anatolia and

c hronological

i n

p robably

E lsewhere i n Anatolia t he W est

T he c eramic r epertoire o f A gios P etros

c orrespondence

r egion,

A egean h ad

H acilar

I a nd

t he

makes

p ossible

b eginning

o f

t he

S esklo

s omewhere a round 5 ,000 B .C.

T he

r adiocarbon

d ates

a vailable

f rom G reece,

a lthough

i nadequate,

c an a lso p rovide a u seful f ramework o f r eference i f t hey a re c ombined with c onventional methods o f dating b ased o n t ypological c riteria ( Wijnen ,

1 981:

a vailable

1 31,

f rom

T able

T hessaly

2 8) .

T he

e arly n eolithic

c alculated

w ith L ibby

u ncalibrated

h alf

l ife

o f

d ates

5 568 y ears

s how a p ersistence a round t he middle o f t he 6 th millennium a s t he r adiocarbon chronologies f rom Argissa ( 5.500 + 9 0 b .c.) and S esklo F rühkeramikum n umber 1 B:

o f

( 5477

d ates

5 418

+ 5 2

+ 7 8,

f or

a ll

b .c.,

b .c .)

t he

I C:

i ndicate ,

while

A chilleion

e arly n eolithic p hases

5 346

+ 5 0

b .c.,

I IAl:

( IA :

5 323

p roduced

a

5 510 + 7 5 b .c .,

+ 7 6

b .c.,

I IA2:

5 296 + 5 3 b .c. ( Gimbutas, 1 974: 2 77). A nother d ate f rom t he e arly d eposit o f Argissa i s quite l ow and must b e d iscounted ( 4420 + 8 0 b .c.). A lthough a ll dates a re uncalibrated, t he h igh c hronologies s uggested b y s ome s hould b e t reated with c aution ( Milisauskas 1 978: 4 8, F ig. 4 :3). O utside Thessaly t he s tart o f t he A gios P etros s hould b e c onsidered E latea phase

e arlier

( 5090

t han

+ 1 30

( 5240 + 1 00

b .c.)

phase i s a ccepted; wares

i s

which

c ome

+ 8 6

t oo

b .c.,

h igh

f rom

t he

b .c .)

f irst

a nd i f

t he

5 754 + 8 1

b .c .)

s tarts

a t

o f

t he

C 14

( Theochares,

b .c.) ( Radiocarbon 1 971: t he

s ame

t he

p ainted

w ith

p ottery

i ts

i n

monochrome

a vailable

f or

t his

f or t he b eginning o f t he p ainted

e arly n eolithic s tratum o f

t he f ramework s uggested a bove, Knossos

o f

c ontemporary

l ower

t he o ther d ate

( 6290 + 1 10

t he

a ppearance

p erhaps

1 973:

1 19) .

Two

d ates

C ave

( 5328

c onsistent

with

t he F rancthi

3 64)

i s

while t he e arly n eolithic p eriod o f

t ime

( Stratum

I X

- 5 620

+

1 50

b .c.).

C onsidering 5 ,000 B .C. a s a middle p oint f or t he f oundation o f Agios P etros, t he s ite must b e c ontemporary i n t he Macedo-Bulgarian a rea with Anza I B which i s a ccording t o G imbutas c ontemporary t o S esklo ( 1976: 3 0); a lthough t here are c ertain s tratigraphic ambiguities s ix C 14 dates ( Fig .

a re 8 5) .

p rovided I n

t erms

f or o f

t he

I B

phase,

s outh-eastern

a ll

B alkan

o f

t hem

a round

s equence,

5 ,000

A gios

r oughly c ontemporary with P orodin ( EN - 5 170 + 1 70 b .c.), ( 4915 + 1 50 b .c. and Karanovo I I ( IB) ( 4857 + 1 00 b .c.). A natolian c hronology t he b eginning o f A gios P etros must

P etros

B .C. i s

Vrsnik I II

I n t erms o f b e c onsidered

c ontemporary with H acilar I ( 5037 + 1 19 b .c.) ( Fig. 8 5). The

main

p hase

o f

Agios

Petros

a s

t he

r adiocarbon d ate

should b e p ut a round t he middle o f t he 5 th millennium.

s hows

Judging f rom

t he c eramic f eatures o f t he s ite, t his d ate i s c ertainly r ather l ower t han would b e expected i f t he p ainted p hase h as t o b e a ssigned t o t he middle

neolithic

p eriod

o f

t he

Thessalian s equence .

8 4

T he r adiocarbon

d ates

a vailable

f rom

S esklo p oint

t o a c hronology a round

t he f irst

q uarter o f t he 5 th millennium ( end o f middle n eolithic I I 4 791 + 1 03 b .c. - l ate middle n eolithic 4 554 + 8 5 b .c. ( Theochares, while 5 2

A chilleion

b .c.,

b .c .) .

I IIa2:

T he d ates

p rovides

a s lightly

5 157

+ 8 6

b .c.,

f rom

F rancthi

I IIb:

C ave

h igher

c hronology

5 136 + 8 5

i ndicate

b .c.,

a middle

1 973:

( IIIal: I nc:

1 19) 4 972

+

5 014 + 8 7

n eolithic

p eriod

a round t he middle o f t he 5 th millennium ( Fig. 8 5) a lthough d ate N o.50 s eems t o b e v ery e arly f or t he b eginning o f middle n eolithic ( 4675 + 1 70

b .c .).

I n

t he

n orthern G reece

A gios

P etros

c orresponds

t o

S itagroi

I( Veselinovo phase 4 475 + 1 00 b .c.) a nd D ikili Tas ( end o f MN, 4 426 + 1 70 b .c., 4 300 + 1 60 b .c.). F urther n orth t he middle o f t he 5 th m illennium and

Obre

i s I I

r epresented ( Fig.

8 5).

i n A nzabegovo In

Anatolia

b y

p hase

the

I II,

f irst

i n

half

K aranovo o f

the

I II 5 th

millennium i s c overed b y t he C an Hasan 2 B radiocarbon s equence ( Fig. 8 5).

85

6 .

T HE GREEK N EOLITHIC O F T HE LATE 6 th a nd

6 .1.

S tate o f O ur

5 th M ILLENNIA :

r esearch:

p resent

k nowledge

o f

t he

n eolithic

p eriod

l argely o n e xcavations carried o ut t he l ast p arts o f a fter

t he c ountry .

a d etailed

e stablished s imply s urface t he

o f

f inds

2 2), N .

o f

o f

a ll

1 962B: 2 5,

D imini

s ite

t he

main

1 901:

( Rodden ,

( Weinberg,

d iscovery;

s uch I t

geographical

t hat a rea,

a s

s ites

1 937:

3 7,

1 962 :

4 87,

2 67),

E latea 1 42,

1 973a:

a f ramework o f

a nd

w e c onsider 1 5,

1 908,

1 972:

8 ,

C hourmouziades,

( Weinberg,

4 5,

t herefore,

b ecause

d eposit

1 971:

1 908,

had

c ases

l ike S esklo ( Tsountas,

T sountas,

3 43,

b est

t hat

Walker-Kosmopoulos,

1 969:

b ased

region

o f

c ontext

and F rancthi

( Jacobsen,

i s

i n v arious

i n most

a t

d epth

( Caskey, 1 954: 3 , 1 955: 2 5, 1 956: 1 47, 1 957: T here i s,

o r

s ize,

i s i n t his

b ut

1 963: 4 0, 1 965: 5 , 1 968: 2 4,

( Stais,

N ikomedeia

C orinth

a ccidental

t he

G reece

t he e xcavated s ites were n ot c hosen

a c ertain

l ooked p romising .

excavations

1 979),

t heir

f eatures

T heochares, 1 973:

o f

t hem a s r epresentative o f

b ecause

external

H owever,

survey

i n

t hirty y ears

1 962 :

1 948)

1 58),

a nd Lerna

1 958:

1 25,

1 959:

2 02)

1 973b:

2 53,

1 976:

7 6).

i nformation about

t he material

r emains o n which a t heoretical f ramework o f t he Greek n eolithic h as b een erected, e ffect

o f

b ut which s uffers

t his

h idden

b ias

i nterpretation a nd i n t he p eriod . .

I t

i s

n ot

t hat

t aken i nto a ccount, r epresentative

o f

b ut

f rom methodological

i s

i ndeed

h eavy

i n

b ias;

t erms

and

o f

t he

c ultural

b uilding u p o f a c omprehensive p icture o f t he g eographical

t he f act,

a whole

a nd

t hat

r egion

a nd

r egional

d ifferences

a re

n ot

c ertain s ites a re e stablished a s h ave

s ignificance i n t he l ight o f t he g eneral

a cquired

a d isproportionate

s tate o f knowledge f or t he

a rea ; t his i s n ot t o q uery t he v alidity a nd methodological u sefulness o f t he c eramic a nd c ultural s equence which t he f irst e xcavated s ite o f a r egion

p rovides,

b ut

r ather

t he

s hadow which i t

l ater d iscoveries a nd t heoretical t o i magine t hat S esklo w ill e ver

a djustments . b e t reated a s

e ven i f

i t was

f uture s urveys p rove

number o f

s ites s cattered

l ikely c onsidering l imited

t hat

t hat

o nly

c an t hen c ast o n

I t i s d ifficult i ndeed a n o rdinary s ettlement

o ne

l ink

i n s outh-east Thessaly .

i n a c hain

o f

a

And t his i s v ery

t he s earch f or p rehistoric s ites

i n t he a rea i s

t o t he p lain where t he morpnology o f t he g round f avours t he

f ormation

o f

v isible

" magoulas",

while

i n

t he

h illy

a reas

a d ifferent

p rocess o f t ransformation must h ave r esulted i n a d ifferent t ype o f s ite .

An extensive

e arly

b ronze

a ge

s ite

with

p ossible

n eolithic

d eposits f ound a ccidentally a t t he f oot o f a h ill o utside V olos n ear S esklo

and

Dimini

( Chourmouziades

i s

p .c.

c ompletely c overed a ll R egional

s urveys

very

s ummer

characteristic 1 981);

t he

in

e rosion

that

o f

respect

t he

h ill

h ad

t races o f o ccupation. a nd

s ystematic

e xcavations

f rom

t he

b eginning o f

t he 1 960 's o nwards w ere a imed t o s olve s pecific p roblems c oncerning t he c ultural s equence within a r egion and t o a nswer q uestions a bout t he n ature

o f

c ross

c ultural

r elations .

S ites

l ike

N .

N ikomedeia

( Rodden ,

1 965: 9 5) and S itagroi ( Renfrew, 1 970: 2 98, 1 971: 2 75) i n t he n orth, Achilleion ( Theochares, 1 962: 7 1, G imbutas, 1 971: 2 77) i n Thessaly, F rancthi

i n t he P eloponnese

( Evans,

1 9b4:

i slands

were

i ncluding

1 32) and c hosen

t o

e nvironmental

( Jacobsen,

1 969:

3 43,

S aliagos ( Evans-Renfrew, p rovide a nd

i nformation

s ubsistence

8 7

o f

s tudies

1 976:

1 968)

a more a nd

7 6), Knossos

i n t he

A egean

i nclusive n ature

a lso

t o

i nform

u s

a bout

r egions

c ross

c ultural

which

might

c ontacts .

h ave

p layed a k ey r ole i n t he p rocess

S urveys

o n

t he

o ther

h and

h ave

improved

o f

v ery

much i n methodology a nd e ffectiveness e specially when d ealing with s pecific geographical units ( McDonald - R app, 1 972: 2 66, J acobsen, 1 969:

3 43,

J ameson,

1 969:

3 11,

B intliff,

1 977,

C herry - T orrence,

1 982:

2 4) . I n p arallel, t he t raditional m ethod o f s urveying a nd c lassifying material c ontinued, e nriching c onventional t ypologies a nd r eexaminating l ong e stablished s tylistic a nd c hronological F rench 1 967A , 1 972, S yriopoulos, 1 981, E fstratiou, 1 979).

1 968,

e quations

G rammenos,

( Phelps,

1 975:

1 93,

1 975,

S ampson,

All t he above d ata b oth f rom s ystematic excavations a nd s urveys h ave n ot,

h owever,

l ed

t o a b alanced a nd c omprehensive s ynthesis

material which a voids

o f

s tatistical a pproach o r t he o veremphasis g iven t o c ertain f eatures r egional d ifferentiations and p ottery t ypes. i n

a multi-dimensional

c ultural s equence o f

t he

n eolithic

p eriod

t ypological o bservations while t he a n e mpirical n ature 6 .2.

( Bintliff,

way

s till

1 978),

d efined

i nterpretation i s

1 977:

o f European

( Millisauskas, i s

l ike

A lthough s tudies o f a

wider s cope have d ealt with t he Greek n eolithic a s p art p rehistory

t he

t he o ver-generalized c onclusions o f a p urely

i n

t he

t erms

o f

b ased o n m odels o f

1 17).

P resentation a nd d iscussion o f t he l ate 6 th a nd 5 th m illennia material: I n

t his

material

c hapter

f rom

each

o f

my

o f

t he

t hesis

I w ill t ry t o g ive a n a ccount o f

main

geographical

r egions

o f

t he

t he

Greek

mainland d uring t he l ate 6 th a nd 5 th millennia with r eference t o t he i ntensity

o f

r esearch

c arried

s equence e stablished f or i t. c riteria

which

t echnology a nd t he n ext

i n

t he

r egion

and

t he

c ultural

i nterregional

s ynchronism.

T he

p revailing

s ocial a nd e conomic o rganization w ill b e e xamined i n

s ection.

T he

whole

p hases : o f

p rovide

t he

o ut

S pecial a ttention will b e g iven t o t he

n eolithic

e arly ,

d ivision

middle

have

p eriod

a nd

a lso

o f

l ate

b een

G reece

h as

( Weinberg ,

s uggested

b een

1 942 :

d ivided

1 2 0 .

i nto

O ther

t hree

s ystems

b ased o n t ypical s ites-cultures

( Renfrew, 1 972) o r groups o f p ottery ( French, 1 967A), which, a lthough t hey c an b e u seful methodologically f or s ynthesizing w ork o n a r egional s cale,

have

a reas.

I t

a l imited

s eems

must b e a ttributed l ocal

t he

b een

o f

t hese

a n eed

t o

f act

h as

c ombine e ach o f

when

l ife

o f

t hey a re

W einberg 's

t hat i t

e xist .

p hases

t o

c ultural e lements,

l ong

t o t ne

d ifferentiations

c haracter h as

a pplication

t hat

i s

H owever,

a lways

b een

d ifferent

which h as

extended

f lexible t he

e nough

d efinition

a d ifficult

c hronological,

i ts

o f

t ask ,

a cceptance M ilojcic,

o f

f urther

1 971);

e stablished

a nd

t he

i n a reas

own l imitations .

s ubdivisions m ethod,

t heir

o f k ey i nterest, ( Theochares,

h owever ,

a bility

t o

wider

d ivision t o

a llow

t he

e xact

f or

t here

g eographical T he

o f a more d etailed a pproach i n s ome r egions l ike Thessaly, with r ecent excavations

t o

t ripartite

t ogether

h ave

imposed

6 9,

M ilojcic

1 967:

b y which t hese s ubdivisions

s tand

a s

i ndependent

a nd

r esults

c ultural

t he a nd were

s tages

a re s till o pen t o many q uestions ( Chourmouziades, 1 971B: 1 65) mainly b ecause

t hey

r ely

o n

c eramic

f eatures

s tratigraphical p rovenance.

88

o f

o ccasionally

i nsecure

The

e arly

n eolithic

p eriod

f arming p ractices a nd a n ew a ppearance o nwards,

o f

c ertain

k inds

was

marked

b y

t he

i ntroduction

t echnological and e conomic o rder.

o f

o bjects

s uch a s c eramics,

a fter

i s n o l onger c onsidered a s t he main c riterion f or

( Milisauskas,

1 978:

5 1);

i n

s ome

c ontemporaneity o f p ottery a nd ( Jacobsen,

1 976: 7 6).

t he

s ites

s uch a s

d omestication o f

p lants

m illennium I t

with

( Quitta,

e ra

e ven

i s

t he

d isputed

A lthough t he d ate o f t he i ntroduction o f t hese

f undamental c hanges c annot b e d etermined e xactly, experimented

t he P PN

t he n ew

F rancthi

o f The

i n

G reece

1 967:

i s d ifficult

g radually

f rom

t hey a ppear t o b e

t he

e nd

o f

t he

7 th

2 63).

t o i solate a nd e xamine t he d ifferent s tages o f

s uch a n evolutionary p rocess s ince t he d eposits o f t he P PN p eriod i n Thessaly, t hin .

where t hat p eriod h as b een mainly a ttested, a re g enerally

I n A rgissa ,

l evel

S esklo

a nd

S ouphli,

t he

t hickness

o f

t he

p receramic

i s n ot more t han 0 .80 - 1 m while i n A chilleion a nd G endiki i t i s

e ven l ess,

0 .30 m ( Theochares,

N obody

s eems

t o

d oubt

1 967: t he

7 1).

a ctual

c ultural phase i n G reece ( Weinberg,

e xistence

1 965:

9 );

o f

a p re-ceramic

h owever,

t he

l ack o f

r eliable s tratigraphy a nd t he l imited a rchaeological material c reate p roblems a bout t he exact character o f t he p eriod and i ts p osition within

t he c ontext o f

t he n eolithic s equence ( Nandris,

1 970:

1 92) .

T he

e ffort t o i solate c riteria f or d efining a rchaeologically a c ultural p eriod a nd

t he

o veremphasis

u sually

a ttached

t o

t hem

h as

l ed

t o

a o ne

di mensional approach a t the expense o f a more comprehensive i nterpretation o f e vents which f rom t heir n ature a re c omplex; t his s tarts

a s

a methodological

weakness

b ut

a t

t he

s ame

t ime

a ffects

t he

t heoretical f ramework b ecause i t s eems t o i gnore wider i ssues which have p layed a p rofound r ole i n the v iability o f each n ew c ultural s tage. 6 .2.1.

T he e arly n eolithic p eriod:

The e arly n eolithic p eriod s aw t he emergence o f many s ites a ll o ver Greece ( Theochares, 1 973: 5 7). Most o f t hem were f ounded i n t he f irst h alf o f t he 6 th m illennium, i ncluding t he s ite o f N . N ikomedeia f rom where new r adiocarbon dates a re now a vailable b .c., t he

E N

5 331

e arly

+ 7 4

b .c.)

neolithic

( Fig.

8 5);

s tratum

( ENI

5 830 + 2 70

a s imilar early d ate c omes

( IX)

o f

K nossos

( 5620

+

1 50

f rom b .c.).

U nfortunately v ery f ew

r adiocarbon d ates

o f

t he p eriod a re a vailable s o

f ar

1 19) ;

i s

t he

( Theochares,

s equence mainland areas:

f rom i s N .

1 973 :

S esklo .

p rovided

n oticeable

A g eneral b y

N ikomedeia

f our i n

s ites

t he

s ites

c an

b e

a dded

S esklo

p osition

S aliagos .

T he

which a ppear o f

t he

which e ither

o rientation :

d ifferent

f rom

s ites,

millennium;

a nd

t his

will a nd

s igns

o f c ommunication , e lement

o f

p eriod,

d espite

b asic

N .

c ultural

more

o r t he

b elong

f eatures,

o f

g eographical

Thessaly,

t he

t he

E latea

i n

c oastal z one o r a re

i mportance F rancthi

c eramic

o r

t hroughout

c ommon

d ifferentiation .

89

C 14

t he G reek

b ecause o f

C ave,

S kyros,

t echnological,

t he g eographical d iversification

p ersist

p resence

t o

s pecial

M akri,

d ue t o l ess

i n

t raits

t he g eographical l ocation o f

c ultural

a r eliable

T o t his g eneral o utline a f ew

s ituated o n t he A egean i slands a nd a re o f t heir

o f

r epresenting d ifferent

n orth,

c entral G reece a nd Lerna i n t he s outh . more

l ack

s tratigraphic f ramework f or

H owever ,

t he

whole

a nd

o ccasional

e ach s ite t he

5 th

r emains

r elationship

b etween a g eographical

a rea

a nd

i ts

e cological p arameters a nd

r egional

c ultural d iversity i s n ot a t a ll c lear s ince t he d egree and n ature o f t his

i nteraction

h as '

o nly

( Halstead, 1 981: 3 07).

r ecently

d ensity c an e xpress o ne a spect o f

s ubsistence

c ultural d ue

s trategies

d evelopment

b een

t he

f ocus

o f

a ttention

C ertainly o ccupation p atterns and s ettlement o f

s uch a r elationship,

( Renfrew,

which

t o p hysical b oundaries

c an

b e

1 972:

2 65) .

a ttributed

b etween r egions

t o

u sually

i n t erms

H owever,

i ndependent

t he

o f

l ack

i s d ifficult

c ontacts

t o e xplain .

I t

i s p ossible, f or i nstance a s p opulation g roups p ractising t ranshumance i n c entral Greece have shown, t hat mountains d o not c onstitute a n o bstacle

t o c ommunications;

o n t he c ontrary t hey c an p rovide a n etwork

o f v ital h ighland r outes. In

Thessaly

detailed

d istinguishing many p hases f eatures e arly

( Milojcic

neolithic

( Weinberg,

a nd

M ilojcic,

p eriod,

1 965:

investigations

within t he e arly 1 971) .

d istinguis

T he

,e d

have

p eriod main

b y

succeeded

with

c lear

t hree

Milojcic

p hases

and

in

r egional o f

t he

T heochares

1 9) in most o f t he s ites, a re d ifficult t o s eparate

s tratigraphically ( Chourmouziades,

1 971B :

1 65) ;

e ven more a gonizing i s

t he a ttempt t o e stablish t hem a s c ultural p eriods with a n i nclusive c haracter

( Fig.

h omogeneous l imited

7 7a).

s ince

The

most

s cale ;

t he

b een e xcavated

o nly

o f

mounds

s tratigraphic t he

o f

manner

i s n ot v ery c lear .

T he d epth o f b e

t o

small

h ave

Magoulitsa ,

i n a t rial

o ccurs,

s eems

s ites

sequence

G endiki,

a nd

t he

t he e arly monochrome l evel,

( 0.30

- 0 .50

m )

a l ayer

A chilleion,

o f

o n

e xcept

i n

1 962A :

from a v ery

I -II

h ave

t he l evels where

t he

6 3).

t his

c ase

o f

Tne early

t he early n eolithic I I p hase e ither a ppear a t t he

b eginning o f t he s equence a s f ollow

far

N essonis

s uccession o f

N essonis I where i t i s a lmost 1 m ( Theochares, p ainted p ieces o f

i s

b een e xcavated

monochrome

i n S ouphli and Pyrasos o r, p ottery a s

G entiki a nd N essonis

more o ften,

i n t he c ase o f O tzaki,

I ( Theochares,

1 967:

S esklo,

1 28).

There d oes n ot s eem t o e xist a ny r egional p eculiarity which c an explain t his d ifference. f or

t he

f ollowing

c haracteristics

Exactly t he o pposite, h owever, c an b e s aid

P re-Sesklo i s

b ased

on

p hase just

where such

t he

d istribution o f

a g eographical

t he

main

f actor.

The

a ppearance o f t he i mpressed c eramic t radition which i s e xemplified b y t he B arbotine a nd C ardium wares i s a f eature o f t he n orthern T hessalian s ites l ike O tzaki a nd N essonis I a nd t o a s maller e xtent o f t he w estern r egion where t hey have b een f ound i n Magoulitsa a nd P rodromos ( Chourmouziades,

1 971A:

impressed p ottery i s

1 74).

I n

s outhern

A rgissa a nd A chilleion

( Theochares,

1 967:

1 56,

A lthough t he e xistence o f impressed wares i nevitably

p oints

t o

a c orrelation

n orth a nd e specially o f

t he

a d ifference

b etween

i n

a nd

eastern

Thessaly,

c ompletely u nknown a part f rom o ne s herd e ach f rom

d ate

w ith

t he

F ig.

8 6).

i n t he T hessalian r egion

i mpressed t radition o f

western Y ugoslavian a rea , t he

two

a ssemblages

T ringham ( 1971:

t he

s uggests 1 03);

a

d ifferent c hronology f or t he two t raditions may well b e i ndicated a lthough i t s eems more l ikely t hat t he n orthern T hessalian i mpressed wares c onstitute o ne o f

t he e lements

o f

t he

Macedo-Bulgarian early

n eolithic p hase. I n

a lmost

a ll

o f

t he

s ites,

t he

a l evel o f l ight c oloured p ottery,

90

e arly S esklo p hase

t he B untpolierte

i s p receded

b y

Keramik and t he

c haracteristic

b lack

t opped

p ieces ( Milojcic,

i s a s eparate l evel marking t he and

P re-Sesklo

r eaches e arly

a nd

i t

i s g enerally

1 m ( Theochares,

n eolithic

r epresented .

1 958:

p hase

t o

t he

main

I n

t ransitional

t he

t hin e xcept a t

7 8).

T he

m iddle

s ites

o f

1 959A :1);

u sually t his

p hase b etween P roto-Sesklo S ouphli where

t ransition f rom

n eolithic S esklo

p eriod

a nd

i s

S ouphli

t he

n ot

i t

l atest

v ery

w ell

a s tratigraphic

g ap e xists b etween t he " early p ainted" wares a nd t he t ypical p ainted t radition which p revails i n t he n ext p eriod, t he A 3 s olid s tyle. s ame a ppears o f

" early

t o b e t he s ituation i n O tzaki,

p ainted"

p ottery

i s

i nterrupted

B arbotine a nd C ardium wares ( Milojcic, i s

t he

c an b e

c ase

o f

f ound

The

A chilleion where

(ace-Thompson,

gap

i n

t he

e arly

1 912:

p ainted

b y a f ull

1 959B : F ig.

t radition,

r ange

2 25) .

s tages

1 37,

T he

where t he t hick 3 m d eposit

o f

o f

impressed

T he o nly e xception

t he

T sani

s olid

s tyle

8 3-85).

i f

i t

d oes

exist,

c annot

b e

e xplained b y t he p resence o f i mpressed wares, which i s a ssociated w ith i nvasion t heories. F or t his l atter i s a p henomenon c ommon a lso i n s ites which d id n ot experience s uch an i nterruption . m entioned t he p ossibility o f a l ocal

impressed

Theochares h as

t radition i n s ites

l ike

N essonis I , K ephalovryso , A chilleion ( 1967: 1 56) which e xisted b efore t he a lleged " invasion" o f t he northern impressed wares. The t rial e xcavation o f t he s ite o f A gia Anna ( Megali Vrisi - C hourmouziades, 1 969B: 1 70) in n orth-western Thessaly, a lthough l imited i n s cale, p rovided t hree metres o f d eposit a ssigned t o t he Pre-Sesklo p eriod i ncluding

p ainted

i nvestigations

s herds

c an

o f

p rove

a n e arly

t he

t echnique ;

c ontinuity

o f

h owever,

t he

p ainted

P roto-Sesklo t hrough P re-Sesklo t o middle n eolithic ,

o nly

f urther

t radition

f rom

a c ontinuity which

i s, I think, very l ikely. I n n orthern G reece, t he s ite o f N . N ikomedeia a nd o ccupation o f t he s ettlement o f S ervia ( Ridley-Romiopoulou ,

t he early 1 972: 2 7)

r epresent t he earliest n eolithic c ommunities o f t he a rea;

n o o ther

e arly material h as b een f ound i n G reek Macedonia a nd T hrace,

e xcept

f or

t he v ery r ecent d iscovery o f t he s ite o f T oumba i n t he p lain o f S erres w hich h as e arly K aranovo I p ottery ( Grammenos-Fotiades, 1 980: 1 5). The excavator o f N . N ikomedeia r eports a n e arly n eolithic l ayer which r epresents o ne c ultural p hase a nd i s f ollowed b y a l ate n eolithic s tratum

( Rodden,

1 965:

2 67);

t he

t hickness

o f

t he

d eposit

i n

b oth

C uttings A and B i s 1 .50 m .

P lain and d ecorated wares c onstitute t he

c eramic

e arly

( pink , t he

r epertoire o f

l ight

c oloured

main f eature o f

b rown

b urnished

o utside

t he

p ierced

l ugs

T he O tzaki a re

p ieces

o ccur

p ieces 1 962:

a nd Magoulitsa , b y

a s

i s

t o

A s lip o f d ifferent shades t he

well.

widely

The u sed

l ater

u se

o f

o f

while

o pen b owls

f rom

N ikomedeia t he

t he v essels

w ith

s lip

i nside

t he

t ypical

l ow

r ing

s hows

s imilarities

n orth-western a nd

i s and

early

b ases

a nd

w estern

w ith

t he

s ites

o f

s ince i n b oth a reas t he e arly r ed-on-cream wares

impressed

p ottery ,

B arbotine

p ainted variation which i s p articularly c ulture o ccurs i n e arly N ikomedeia a s well, much

s urface

t he p lain wares while d ark a nd

2 86).

p ottery f rom N .

material k nown

f ollowed

phase.

a pplied

i nclude c losed a nd

( Rodden,

e arly

T hessalian

r ed)

t he majority o f

p ainted

n eolithic s hapes

t he

o r

( A3a - middle n eolithic) .

9 1

I t

a nd

C ardium .

T he

white

c ommon i n t he Karanovo I while i n S esklo i t a ppears

s eems

c ertain

t hat

S ervia

a nd

N .

N ikomedeia,

c onsidered

a s

p erhaps

t he

an e xtension

f ormer o f

t he

more

t han

Thessalian

t he

l atter,

culture

c an

north

b e

o f

t he

O lympos- O ssa-Kissavos mountains i nto t he p lains o f Macedonia . t hese c ontacts c an b e explained i n c ultural t erms i s d ifficult t o

H ow s ay .

H owever, i t i s, I think, c ertain t hat t he a doption o f s chemes s uch a s t he

" Thessalo-Macedonian

i solated f eatures

a s

P rehistoric

k oine"

t ends

c ultural s igns

E latea

n eolithic d eposit i n excavations i n t he

p rovides

c entral r egion

a ttempted and

1 968).

t he

a ims

u s

with

careful

F rench,

c lassification

methodological

Elatea,

o verestimate

t he

b asing

m ;

t he

v alidity

o f

4 7).

o nly

s ecure

o f

t he

s tratigraphic

h imself

material

( 1972).

I n

t he

a ctual

o n

w ith

t hree

which c overed a c onsiderable a rea,

r eached 3 - 3 .50

t he

1 973:

e arly

G reece ( Weinberg , 1 962: 1 58) s ince o lder a t s ites l ike Chaeronea, Ag. Marina,

0r ch o m enos , Li anokl ad i lack ( Syriopoulos,

t o

( Theochares,

i ndications

p ottery

c lear

g roups,

c hronological

t renches

o pened

a t

t he d epth o f t he d eposit

e arly n eolithic

l ayer

i s

1 m d eep .

I t

i s important t o n ote t hat Elatea i s t he o nly s ite i n Greece where t he e arly monochrome l evel h as b een a ttested s tratigraphically a nd p ainted s herds

a re

a bsent .

F rom

t he

v ery

o f s hades o n t he surface o f t ones,

which a ppear

t echniques, T he

o f

with

t he

a nd

a s

C orinth,

L erna

t o

s eem

l ikely

o f

t he

c ommon

A sea

a re a nd

i n t he

f rom

E latea

c oncentrated t he

s ince

i t

i s

a re

p ieces

w hich

c an

c an

t he

( a)

t he

h ardly b e

c onfined mainly t o c oarse

4 87) .

a lways

o f

f iring

a round

d ecoration:

s outhern G reece

1 937:

a v ariety

t he l ighter

1 68).

which i n many c ases

( Weinberg,

a f ew

p ottery

t hroughout

c lay d ifferences t hat

t he

s hapes

c riterion

b e

a nd

b ased l argely o n d oes

t o i mprovements

r egions,

t he f abric,

a u seful

s eems

o ther

f abric,

s pongy a ppearance o f c onsidered

t he u pper l evels,

c haracteristics

c ontacts

appearance

wares

W einberg n otes

s omething w hich s eems v ery l ikely ( 1962:

s pecial

i ndicate

i n

b eginning,

t he v ases a nd h e a ttributes

i n s ites

A lthough

d ifficult

p olychrome

l ike

d istinctions

t o e stablish

p ottery

i t

with a l ight

c oloured s urface and s ometimes c overed with white s lip ( Theochares, 1 973: 5 7), a re imported f rom C orinth . I ndeed, i n t he c ase o f r eal P eloponnesian b etween

t he

i mports,

t wo

a s

r egions

I t hink

i s

s hapes a nd c eramic f eatures t o

s how a t ypological

c hronological

t erms

t hese

p ossible .

a round

which

t he

a c hronological

p resence o f

l ike b owls a nd

s imilarity

t o

a re,

T he

l ugs c an

middle

i n b e

o f

S ome n eolithic

o ther

s ites

material

b ut

t herefore v ery d ifficult s ame

p eriod .

1 912)

A t

H alae

a nd O rchomenos

f rom

c entral

Greece

t he

two

t he

6 th

( Goldman ,

( Kunze,

1 940 :

1 931),

3 81),

p rovide

t ends r ough

millennium.

u s

with 7 71) .

l ater p hases

C haeronea

n o d istinction

t he monochrome a nd t he e arly p ainted p hase;

i n

f ew.

w ithout s tratigraphical o rder ( Fig . t o s eparate e arlier o r

a reas

t ranslated

U nfortunately t he a vailable r adiocarbon d ates a re

r elation

c ertain t ypes o f

c an

early I t

i s

w ithin t he

( Wace-Thompson , b e

made

b etween

a r eexamination o f t he

s tratigraphy i s n ecessary. T he

a ppearance

b y t he e xcavator a s phase

t rom

s uggests o f

t he

o f

" early

t he ' most

f irst'

p ainted"

p ieces

s ignificant

( Weinberg,

1 962:

1 75).

f or t hem s omething c loser t o a middle

t heir more d eveloped d ecoration ( 1967:

92

i n

E latea

i s

f eature s eparating

1 42).

c onsidered t he

Theochares

n eolithic I ndeed,

d ate,

s econd

r ightly b ecause

t heir r elation

t o t he e arly p ainted sherds o f P eloponnesos ( red-on-buff, l ate e arly n eolithic) a nd

t he r ed-on-white ware

o f

C haeronea ,

which

i s

c onsidered

a s b elonging t o t he t ransitional p hase b etween early a nd middle, s till u nclear . s econd

I f

p hase ,

t he

e arly

i n v iew o f

t he f act

w ith r ed-on-white p ainted c hronological

p ainted

s herds

t hat

ware,

f rom

s ome

t hen

E latea

b elong

t o

i s t he

p ieces w ere f ound t ogether

t he

s upposed

s ynchronism w ith t he P eloponnese

i s

e arly n eolithic

s haken.

The n eolithic c ultural s equence i n the P eloponnese, a lthough i t h as

r ecently

b een c larified

o n o ld e xcavations

b y

t he

w ork o f

P helps

c oncentrated a round a f ew

( 1975),

s ites

s till

r elies

i n t he n orth-eastern

r egion. Lerna n eolithic 1 958:

i n

t he

A rgolid

s tratigraphy

1 25).

i s

The monochrome

p ainted s herds o f t he f irst l ayer

with f ine

p rehistoric ( Weinberg,

which

s uccessive

ware,

l ayers,

r ainbow,

g lazed

p ieces,

p rovides

a n e arly

2 i n t hick ( Caskey,

variegated and v ery f ew

l ayer a re f ollowed

r ed-slipped,

p ainted s herds.

a s ettlement

w ith many

b y a well s eparated n ext

n eolithic U rfirnis a nd

many

The s ite a t C orinth a lso r evealed l arge d eposits o f

material,

1 937:

3 87,

mainly

o f

e arly

and

Walker - K osmopoulos,

middle

1 948) .

n eolithic

D espite

t he

d ate

c areful

e xamination o f t he s tratigraphic s equence i n t he f our t renches, e arlier n eolithic

l ayers

T rench 3 where, h owever, n eolithic

p ottery ,

c ould

ware .

b e

s eparated

except

r ed-slipped

a nd

T he a ccumulation o f

c ontinued i n t he l evel a bove

p ainted

was

t he

p erhaps

t he d eposit was o nly one metre d eep.

v ariegated,

w ith T hessalian A l

n ot

i n

Early

f ound

mixed

m ixed n eolithic d eposits

where p lain n eolithic U rfirnis

s herds

w ere

f ound t ogether with l ate n eolithic varieties.

H owever, d espite t he

l ack o f

c lassification o f

t hick d eposits

p ottery,

a s t ar a s

f or

t he

e arly

p eriod,

t he

i ts g eneral c haracteristics a re

c oncerned,

t he

i s e asy.

The e arly material o f t he F rancthi C ave i s t ypical o f t he f irst n eolithic p eriod i n t he P eloponnese ( Jacobsen, 1 969: 3 62). T he material i s not p lentiful s ince t he p it F /F-1, 3 x 6 .50 i n i s t he o nly o ne where t he e arly n eolithic r epresents t he e arly p eriod

was a ttested . i s v ery t hin

s ucceeding s tages, t he p ottery r emains c ommonest ware i s t he b urnished monochrome f rom

b uff

t o

b lack .

B y

t he

e nd

o f

t he

A lthough t he l evel which i n c omparison with t he

a re c haracteristic. The where t he s urface may v ary p hase

a s mall

q uantity

o f

p ainted s herds a ppear with the p aint a pplied o n t he surface without s lip. H owever, J acobsen n otes t hat t he character o f t his p ainted v ariation i s not c lear a nd t hus t he t ransitional p hases d ifferent

c ultural

b etween t he

l evels a re n ot v ery w ell e stablished.

T hanks t o t he s ecure s tratigraphic s equence o f Lerna we have a fair

amount

o f

c haracteristics c eramic a t

f eatures

Corinth

evidence

o f

f or

e arliest

f rom L erna

and

i solated,

T here

a re

the

character

p hase

i n

r eappear

i n

F rancthi.

s tratigraphically r epertoire .

t he

t he

Monochrome

c onstitutes

c onflicting

and

t he

s outhern G reece .

t he

o pinions

t wo

o ther

a s

t o

s ites

although

w are t he

t ypical

mentioned

pottery, b asic

general

T he

o f

t he

e xact

not

c eramic

c haracter

o f t he m onochrome ware . W einberg makes a s light d istinction b etween r ed monochrome a nd v ariegated wares i n C orinth ( 1937) while C askey i n L erna

mentions

a

monochrome

ware

v ariegated c lass o f p ottery ( Blegen,

9 3

a nd

a d istinctive

1 932: 6 61, Kunze,

r ainbow

1 931:

1 1,

o r 2 6).

I t

i s

o n

l ikely,

t he

v ariegated t hat

a s T heochares h as s uggested ( 1973:

s urface r esult

many o f

c riteria

i ndicates

t o

must

b e

improved

c onsidered

t he d ifferent

t erminologies a rise f rom

d escribe

s ame

t he

s ubstantiated i n

ware,

e vidence most

f rom

o f

t he

s cale o f

s tratigraphically.

t he

P eloponnese o ther

s ites

a re

a f actor

s tylistic

t o

t he

t one

while

u se i s

I t

t he

s eems

o f v arying

r elevant

t o

t reatment c an b e

h omogeneous,

t he n orth-east

f rom

( Weinberg,

g rounds,

t he

which

t he s urface

b e

f rom

k nown o nly

i nvestigations

O n

a part

t he r ed

N evertheless t he early n eolithic

s eems

a reas,

t hat

t echniques

a s a l ater d evelopment .

whether o r n ot t hese s light d ifferences o f p eriod

6 7),

f iring

s urface

1 965,

p eriod

f inds

a lthough

r egion ,

o r

i s

f rom

t he p oor ;

a l imited

m ap 1 ).

c an

b e

d ivided

i nto

t wo

p hases:

an early one with p redominantly monochrome p ottery a nd a l ater o ne which o f

i s

marked

b y

t he

a ppearance

o f

t he v ariegated

a nd

C orinth with a l imited n umber o f p ainted p ieces .

t hese

p ainted

s herds

a lthough i t

s eems

jars,

t hey

t hat

c hronolgy

o f

should

t he

t he F rancthi

with

t he

more l ikely , p eriod

C ave:

b e i s

C haeronea

t he

wares

T hessalian

A 3b

wares

j udging f rom t he o pen b owls a nd g lobular

a scribed b ased

5 754 + 8 1

a nd

r ainbow

W einberg c ompares

t o

a t ransitional

o n a s eries o f

b .c.

f or

t he

phase.

The

r adiocarbon d ates

b eginning

and

f rom

5 244 + 1 12

b .c. f or t he end o f t he e arly n eolithic p eriod ( Fig. 8 5). The early neolithic p eriod i s r epresented i n t he Aegean i slands and

t he

S kyros,

c oastal A gios

a rea

P etros

o f

mainland G reece

a nd N .

Makri .

b asically

M ore n eolithic

b y

t he s ites

s ites

were

o f

r eported

r ecently f rom t he C yclades a lthough t heir c haracter i s n ot well e stablished ( Cherry - T orrence, 1 982: 2 4). C oastal e arly n eolithic s ites

w ere

n ot

f ound

g eomorphology o f 3 3,

S ampson,

i n E uboea which

i s

n ot

s urprising

i n v iew

o f

t he i sland e specially i ts e astern s ide ( Sackett,

1 974:

5 ,

t he

1 966:

1 981).

T he n eolithic d eposit

i n t he s ite P apa t o C homa i n S kyros,

i s 0 .50

- 8 0 m t hick and c overs, a ccording t o Theochares, o ne c ultural phase without a ny i nterruption ( 1959B : 2 79) . A lthough t he t rial e xcavation g ave n o more i s p robable . variety

o f

t han a f ew h undred s herds, T he p rimitive a ppearance shades

h emispherical

and

b owls

p ainted s herd was a pplied

d irectly

u sually

a nd

o pen

t he e arly d ate o f t he m aterial o f t he monochrome ware w ith a

p olished,

p hiale

t ogether

p oint i n

f ound i n t he u pper l evels

t o

t he

s urface .

I t

i s

a n

with

s hapes

t hat d irection ;

o f

o nly o ne

with l inear d ecoration

i mportant

s ite

a nd

f urther

e xcavations a re n ecessary. The

c oastal

T heochares

i n

t hick ( 1956: monochrome i ncised

s ite

1 954, 1 ).

T he

p ottery

p ottery

o f

N .

Makri

n ear

t wo e arly l ayers

u sually and

t he

p olished, s econd

b y

t he

ware .

r einforced

t he a rchitectural r emains .

b y

t hat

t he

monochrome

v ariegated

p ieces

s eparate.

T he

Thessalian

A 2

( Theochares,

Moreover ,

a nd

t hus

i ncised and

1 954:

f or

i s

a f oreign

i ts

i n N .

o f

b y

c annot

b e

t he

r ed b een

h as

Makri,

i t

r ainbow c onsidered

t ype

b y a nd

h as

t he p ottery, with

a d ifferent i nfluence

wares

t wo p hases

r egards

p hase

a ppearance

9 4

t he

t ogether

o f

t he f irst,

v ariegated

i ntroduction

A s

o ccur

a m onochrome

p ottery

a lthough 1 14)

o r

t he p resence o f

wares

e xcavated

i n s ome c ases 3 m

a re c haracterized, r ainbow

monochrome A l c lear

Marathon,

r evealed d eep n eolithic d eposits,

f rom

i s a nd a s t he

b een s uggested a l ocal

o rigin

f or t he s tyle i s more p robable. The i ncised t echnique was a lready k nown i n s ites l ike N emea a nd K nossos a nd t he employment o f t he l inear motifs

will

l ater

( Chaeronea).

b ecome

a p redominant

P articularly i mportant

b etween e arly

a nd

i s

m iddle n eolithic .

f eature

i n

t he c haracter

c entral Greece

o f

T he a ppearance o f

t he

t ransition

t he A l

ware a nd

p ainted sherds in N . Makri i s s imilar t o t he b eginning o f t he middle n eolithic A 3 w ares 6 .2.2.

p eriod

i n T hessaly

( Wace-Thompson,

w ith

1 912:

i ts

f ine

r ed

p ottery a nd

t he A 3b a nd

1 4).

T he m iddle n eolithic p eriod:

The

t ransition f rom e arly t o m iddle n eolithic was g radual a ll o ver

G reece.

The

r elative

d istinctions

i n

t he

uniformity,

e arly

p eriod

Thessalian

p lain

o r

rather

p ersisted

s ites

i n t he

1 977:

2 3) while a n a lleged i ncrease

t he

i nto

c ontinued

t o

l ack

t he

b e

o f

n ext.

c lear-cut

M ost

i nhabited

i n p opulation h as n ot

o f

t he

( Halstead,

b een a ttested

a rchaeologically ( Theochares, 1 973 : 6 5) . W e c an s ee a s a n ew e lement t he widespread u se o f p ainted p ottery which emerged f rom l ocal c eramic s tyles such a s t he s olid and l inear wares o f Thessaly . S ome o f t hese s tylistic d ifferentiations h ave b een c redited with a c hronological s ignificance a lthough t he s uch d istinctions I n

p oor

s tratigraphy

i n most

o f

t he

s ites

i nsufficiently d ocumented ( Wace-Thompson ,

Thessaly,

a lthough

t he

material

a ttributed

l eave

1 912).

t o

t he

middle

n eolithic i s a bundant o ur a ctual k nowledge o f

t he p eriod i s r egrettably

t o a l arge extent

i n S esklo,

s ite o f

p oor;

i n T hessaly,

t he

i t

t he

o nly

and

t he

a cropolis

i s

t ypical

p hase

which

s ettlement

t hat i s

well

i s

phase

t he d ominant

d ocumented I II

i n

which

t he

a rea

marks

t he

d estruction l evel o f t he s ite . A lthough t he o ld material o f S esklo h as b een d iscussed i n d etail b y T sountas ( 1908), t he r esults o f t he r ecent e xcavations 1 969,

i n

1 971,

c ulture

t he

s ite h ave

1 972,

i n

1 973,

r elation

t o

t he

c onsistently exaggerated. s ettlement b ut o f

a lso

a nd

b ecause

Thessaly

a lways

t he

b een

n umber

t he

n ever

t o

i solate

a nd

Z erelia

t radition T he e arly

r egional

The

n eolithic

i ts

i nhabitants

b een

b etween

t horoughly

( Theochares,

r ole

p eriod

s ome t ry

h ave

s ites

particular

o f i s,

f rom

a spect

t he

1 968, S esklo

I b elieve,

t he s ize o f

b een

examined.

d ifferent The

o f

t he

o verestimated p arts

a ttempt t he

h as

c ulture,

t o e stablish d istribution p atterns

c larified

t he

o rigin a nd

their r elation t o

( Wace-Thompson,

n eolithic,

middle

p ublished

1 976).

b ased

And i n t hat r espect t he excavations a t T sani,

h ave

l ocal s tyles and

b een

This i s n ot o nly b ecause o f

p referably t he p ottery a nd

s ome

y et 1 975,

i nterrelations

h ave

o n s tylistic g rounds. T sangli

n ot

1 974,

t he

t he

t ypical

r ole

o f

S esklo

a t

l east

p ainted

1 912).

d ifferences p ersist

i n

t he

well

c eramic

i nto

t he

t radition which a ppear n ext

p eriod,

t his

i n

t ime

especially in s outhern Thessaly and c entral Greece. P revious d ifferences b ased o n d istinctive p ottery s uch a s t he i mpressed wares will

g ive

way

t o

p ainted t radition , 1 912:

t he

p revailing

a nd mainly t he A 3b r ed-on-cream ware ( Wace-Thompson,

1 4). The A l

t he

t he l ocal s tyles a nd variations o f

monochrome r ed ware i s v ery c ommon a t S esklo a nd most o f

Thessalian

G endiki

s ites

( Theochares,

such a s 1 973,

T sangli,

F ig.

95

5 0)

T sani,

while

t he

S ouphli, t ypical

Z erelia A3b

and

painted

p ottery

i s

b y

t ar

t he

c ommonest

ware

e lsewhere.

Unfortunately

s tratigraphic o bservations i n most o f t he s ites which were e xcavated a t t he

b eginning

l sangli and r oughly

o f

t he

t he

C entury

t hree

s imilar

t o

a re

n ot

s ecure:

l evels o f T sani,

t hat

o f

S esklo,

d o

t he

e ight

s trata

o f

a lthough p roviding

material

n ot

c ultural

p ermit

p recise

c omparisons e ither w ith e astern T hessaly o r c entral G reece. I n

c entral

Greece

t he

middle

n eolithic

p eriod

i s

r epresented

mainly b y t he r ecently r eexcavated s ite o f E latea ( Weinberg, while

C haeronea

a nd L ianokladi

b oth r ich i n p ottery r emains, T he p ottery

r eliable

c eramic

t radition

( Wace-Thompson ,

1 97,

1 962 :

1 71),

1 58)

t hough

l ack g ood s tratigraphy.

s equence

b etween

1 912:

t he

o f

E latea

e arly

s hows

and

a c ontinuity i n t he

middle

phases

with

t he

monochrome wares s till p redominant a nd t he e arliest p ainted p ieces ( red-on-brown or b uff surface) marking t he t ransition t o t he s econd p hase .

T he

s econd

" Bothros

p hase"

i s

c haracterized

b y

U rfirnis

s herds

k nown f rom s outhern G reece which a ppear a fter t he end o f t he t ypical C haeronea ware, a lthough a ccording t o Weinberg t he Peloponnesian e xamples

b elong

t o

t he b eginning o f

t he m iddle

p eriod

while

i n c entral

G reece t hey mark t he e nd o f i t ( 1962: 1 58). F rench, h owever, p ostulates many o f t he " Bothros p hase" c haracteristics such a s t he i ncurved ( 1972:

r im

b owl

i n

t he

r epertoire

o f

t he

s ucceeding D rachmani

p hase

8 ).

The importance o f t he s ites o f C haeronea a nd L ianokladi l ies i n t heir d istinctive p ottery. only 0 .80 i n t hick, material t he

w ith

t he

h as

t ypical

c haracteristic

T he l ower p art o f t he Chaeronea d eposit,

p rovided mixed n eolithic a nd early h elladic

f ine

r ed-on-white

p olished

A 3b

b lack

wares

ware

A 5

f ound

t ogether

( Wace-Thompson,

with 1 912) ;

t he excavators b elieve t hat t he C haeronea variety o f t he A 3b p ainted c ategory must i n

t he

b e a ttributed t o l ocal p ottery w orkshops which f lourished

wider v icinity o f

t he

s outh-eastern

T hessalian

c ultural

r egion .

The c ase o f L ianokladi, i n t he S pherheios v alley, i s a lmost t he s ame. T he

t ypical

o f

t he

p ainted

d eepest

L ianokladi

s tratum

A 3S ware

where

i t

i s

t he

o ccurs

c haracteristic

with

t he

S esklo

p ottery A 3b

a nd

b oth

t he

C haeronea w ares. I t

i s

important

t o

emphasize

t he

l ocal

character

o f

C haeronea and L ianokladi wares which are c onsidered a s i ndependent d evelopments o f t he r ed p atterned c eramic t radition which i s c ommon a ll o ver Greece ( French, 1 972: 7 ). r epresenting t he d evelopment o f

S ince any s tratigraphic s equence t he p ainted wares i s d ifficult t o

e stablish i n c entral G reece o nly t heir d istribution o ffers c hronological r eference

( Wace-Thompson,

s ome k ind o f

1 912).

3 81),

T he e vidence f rom O rchomenos ( Kunze, 1 931), H alae ( Goldman , 1 940 : Ag. Marina ( Soteriades, 1 911: 2 05), Pyrgos ( Bulle, 1 907), t he

C ave

o f

P an

i n

Marathon

( Papademetriou,

1 958 :

1 5),

a nd

t he

K itsos

C ave

i n A ttica ( Lambert, 1 981: 1 01) i s l ess r eliable ; i t i s n oteworthy t hat only eighteen vases a re r eported f rom t he n eolithic d eposit o f Halae u nder t he h istorical r emains o f

t he a ncient

p ainted p ieces

with

t he

monochrome

o f

O nly

t he

C ave

t he

s ites .

d eposit

r evealed

material

o f

a cropolis.

p ottery a re

P an w ith i ts

c losely

96

r elated

t he

T he

main

t ypical A 3b

f inds

i n

most

t hree metres o f n eolithic t o

t he

r epertoire

f rom

C haeronea a nd O rchomenos. A t L erna s tratigraphic

i n P elopönnesos, C askey a ppears t o b e c ertain o f d istinction b etween e arly a nd m iddle n eolithic :

metre d eposit

w ith e ight

( 1959 :

a c lear a t wo

b uilding l evels c onstitutes t he s econd s tratum

2 02) where r ed s lipped,

g lazed wares a nd s ome p ainted p ieces a re

c ommon.

m ixed

The o ld e xcavations i n C orinth ( Weinberg, 1 937) with i ts t hree d eposits o f n eolithic material o ffer a d oubtful s tratigraphical

o rder .

H owever, a f ew p oints must b e emphasized:

t he t renches i t was d ifficult

( a) in a ll f our o f

f or a p ure middle n eolithic d eposit

t o b e

i solated s tratigraphically, except p erhaps i n t he c ase o f t he f ourth t rench ,

mainly

b ecause

o f

t he

p resence

o f

e arlier

material,

( b)

c lear

s tratigraphic d istinction b etween t he e arly a nd middle p hase i s n ot j ustifiable i n C orinth s ince t here i s ag radual e volution o f p ottery s hapes a nd wares : t he r ed

a n i ncreased v ariety o f

b owls, a nd b etter f iring

f or

s lipped p ottery w hich r esulted i n a h omogeneous s urface c olour.

F rancthi C ave i n t he Argolid p lain g ave a g reat d eal o f middle n eolithic p ottery a nd a s ecure s tratigraphic s equence,

d espite

t he f act

t hat t he b ulk o f t he material c omes f rom o ne p it ( Jacobsen , 1 969: 3 43) . T he e arly s pongy m onochrome wares c ontinue t o b e r eproduced a s i n t he c ase o f C orinth while t here i s n o c hange i n t he r epertoire o f shapes e xcept o f t he t ypical Urfirnis ' fruitstand ' h igh

c onical

s tand

( 1969,

F ig.

6 :2).

The

with t he characteristic p atterned

ware

g radually

s ucceeds t he e arly n eolithic s pongy p attern ware while b y t he middle o f t he p eriod U rfirnis p ottery i s a bundant; U rfirnis,

t he v ariation o f b urnished

a c ombination o f b urnishing t echnique a nd U rfirnis p aint mark

t he e nd o f

t he p eriod

( Vitelli,

1 974).

The e vidence f rom t he o ther P eloponnesian s ites, a s f ar a s t he c haracter o f t he m iddle n eolithic i s c oncerned, i s s canty . Most o f t he excavations a re q uite o ld a nd with n o s ecure s tratigraphic s equence. I n a ddition t o t hat, t he e xcavators a dopt t heir own t erminology f or t he pottery,

s o mething

u nderstanding o f

which

greatly

hindered

the

comprehensive

t he P eloponnesian m aterial.

I n P rosymna, o nly a small a nd i solated n eolithic d eposit ( 0.20 1 .10 m t hick) i s r eported b y B legen ( 1937). A s f ar a s t he p ottery i s c oncerned, B legen 's e arlier a nd l ater s tyle c orrespond t o t he middle a nd

l ate n eolithic p eriods

p ottery

o f

t he

s lipped

t o

r ed t he

A l

p atterned o n-red O f

t he

e arly

s tyle

wares

f ound

Thessalian

ware

d o

n ot

s outhern Greece;

i n

i ts

t o

b e

t he r ed monochrome

c haracteristic g laze i s

C orinth a nd

c eramics. s eem

F rancthi

Moreover, d ifferent

t he

f rom

t he

a nd

i t

r elated i s

varieties T hessalian

t o

s imilar o f

t he

white-

p ottery A 3a. t he

t wenty-two

p its

n eolithic material ( 0.50 f rom t he p atterned ware c oarse

o f

with

p ottery a ppeared.

o pened i n G onia o nly f our p rovided u s w ith

- 2 .50 m thick) ( Blegen, 1 931: 5 5). Apart ( red-on-white o r b uff g round), an i ncised The

i ncised

t echnique

i s

not

unknown

i n

Peloponnesos, e specially i n t he western p art, where t his p articular p ottery i s v ery d istinctive ( Malthi - A driatic ware) while i ts p resence i n t he e astern r egions i s

l ess

c ommon ( Gonia,

9 7

N emea,

P rosymna,

A sea).

I n A giorgitika ( Biegen, 1 928: 5 33), N emea ( Biegen, 1 925: 1 75), A sea ( Holmberg, 1 944) a nd Malthi ( Valmin, 1 938) t he c eramic s equence includes r ed monochrome A la, there i s,

h owever,

r ed s lipped A lb a nd p ainted wares A 3b;

a g reat d eal o f

c onfusion about

t he

t erminology

u sed. N evertheless

c ertain

p oints

c an

b e

m ade

r egarding

t he

p icture o f t he middle n eolithic p eriod i n P eloponnesos:

p revailing ( a) c eramic

r emains a ppear i n much g reater q uantity t han i n t he p revious p eriod. A part

f rom t he

p onnesos,

s tratified

d eposits

o f

t he

s ites

o f

n orth-eastern P elo-

t he c ontribution o f t he r est o f t he material i s l imited t o

s tylistic e vidence ;

t hat

t ors were

t o d istinguish c hronological

c ultural

r eluctant

p eriods

t echnique

s eems

e volved o ut o f a s

h as

b een

t o

h ave

r eason why

A sea ,

a w ide

i n

N emea ,

s ome

e xcava-

( b)

t he

U rfirnis

1 958:

t hat

a ny o utside

2 25) .

T he

i t

e lement

c haracter-

i n u se o n t he s pongy ware o f t he p revious p eriod ;

t he o pen b owl a nd

t ypical U rfirnis

t he h igh c onical

f ruitstand

i s

n ot

s tand,

which

c ompletely n ew

the b owl c ontinues a l ong t radition o f o pen s hapes. i stics a re c ommon has b een r ightly

t he

u se a nd a ll t he i ndications a re

( Perkins - Weinberg,

was

c ombination o f

c ases

s tages a nd d efine

G onia),

t he e arly c eramic t radition w ithout

s uggested

c onstitute t he

t he

( Agiorgitika ,

i stic g laze p aint the

i s

s ince

B oth c haracter-

i n T hessaly f rom q uite e arly ( Theochares, 1 967) . A s s uggested b y Theochares ( 1973: 7 7) U rfirnis i s a

t echnique which c annot

b e

t ranslated

i nto

c hronological

t erms

a nd

d oes

n ot b ear a ny c ultural i mplications . H owever , t he d ifferent t ime o f i ts a ppearance i n n orth-eastern P eloponnesos and c entral Greece p oints t owards a r elation b etween t he p lace o f o rigin a nd t he a rea o f d iffu sion . E latea

I f such a r elation exists, t he p resence o f Urfirnis p ieces i n ( Weinberg,

1 962)

c annot

b e

a ccepted

a s

c hronological c omparison b etween t heir m iddle two

a reas

( except

i n

t he

c ase

o f

t he

r eliable

e vidence

n eolithic

p eriods

imported

p ieces),

f or o f

( c)

a

t he t he

apparent l ack o f uniform p attern o f d evelopments b etween t he n ortheastern a nd s outh-western p arts o f P eloponnesos i s o pen t o q uestion. I t

s eems

there

a re

t hat n o

t he

e astern

o bvious

r egion

was

e nvironmental

more

t hickly

r easons

f or

p opulated t hat,

a lthough

( d) a g eneral

c onservatism i n t he d evelopment o f t he p ottery a nd a p ersistence o f o ld 6 .3.

c eramic

t he

t radition i s n oticeable a ll o ver P eloponnesos .

P ottery g roups a nd i nterregional r elationships: P ottery groups b ased mainly o n e xcavation o f k ey s ites a nd t o a

l esser e xtent o n s urvey material, c hronological c omparison b etween

p rovide a f ramework o f s tylistic a nd d ifferent a reas . I t i s p ossible, a s

F rench has s uggested ( 1970:

1 2) t hat

o nly

b ut

g eographical

p arameters

a lso

p ottery d istributions have not i nvolve

e conomic

a nd

e cological

wares w ere t he e arliest f ound i n G reece;

t hey w ere

f actors. I .

T he monochrome

c ommon

d uring

t he

e arly

n eolithic

p hase

a ll

o ver

t he

G reek

mainland,

e stablishing a s tylistic uniformity a nd c ertainly b etraying a r ough c ontemporaneity . phase

a s

N evertheless

r epresenting

convincing

not

only

s tratigraphically monochrome

p ottery

t he

a c ultural b ecause

( Fig. has

7 7a)

i nterpretation o f p eriod

such b ut

98

a phase

a lso

experienced

i n

cannot

b ecause

many

t he

a bsolute

l ocal

monochrome

t erms be

i s

n ot

i solated

s tylistically variations

t he

whose

c hronological

o rder

i s n oticeable t hat s hade a nd

i n

a nd t ime ;

t hat

i s

d ifficult

t o

e stablish ( Fig .

7 7b).

M oreover ,

t he t erm mochrome d oes n ot s pecify t he c olour o f r espect

t he

t erm c an h ave a w ide a pplication i n s tyle

i ndeed m onochrome wares o f d ifferent s hades h ave

t hroughout

t he

n eolithic

i t t he

p eriod,

i n

b een i n u se

p arallel with d ecorated p ottery .

Thus t he t erm ' monochrome k oine' i n t he G reek n eolithic ( Theochares, 1 967) would mean n othing more t han a s et o f c eramic c haracteristics w ith a w idespread d istribution. A group

o f

c onsiderable s ome

monochrome

u niformity,

Thessalian

n eolithic

s ites,

l evel ;

t hey

wares

s tylistic where

which

a nd

t hey

c onstitute

i s

u sually

t he

characterized

c hronological, o nly

c an

f ollow

c eramic

t he

b e

by

f ound

a i n

p re-pottery

f eature

o f

t he

s o-

c alled F rühkeramikum p hase ( Milo giC , 1 959A , 7 ) which was i solated i n s ites l ike A rgissa ( Miloj nd ' - B oessneck - Hopf, 1 962) a nd S ouphli ( Theochares,

1 958 :

7 8) while i n S esklo

f ound o nly i n s ome p laces i n t he small

s pherical

v ase

w ithout

t his e arly n eolithic I p hase was

s ettlement .

a b ase

a nd

i s very characteristic ( Theochares,

T he

u sually

1 967:

p rimitiveness w ith

1 06,

o f

s uspension

t he

h oles

F ig. 5 6) a nd h as

b een

s een a s a r esult o f t he imitation o f wooden a nd b asketry p rototypes. S ubdivisions within t he e arly monochrome r epertoire ( Achilleion p hase) base

based

on

stylistic

changes

rather

than

s tratigraphical

o bservations a nd a s s uch t hey a re o ften m isleading. S ince t he c eramic f eatures which d efine t he e arly monochrome p ottery d o n ot c hange d rastically o r d isappear i n t he s ucceeding wares, the s tratigraphical f actor b ecomes a n e ssential c riterion . r espect

a purely monochrome

s tratum

i s

d ifficult

t o

I n t hat

f ind

i n

s ites

o utside Thessaly b ecause i t l ooks c ertain t hat t he characteristic p ottery o f t he e arliest l evels i n c entral G reek a nd P eloponnesian s ites i s

q uite

d ifferent

( Fig .

7 7);

a lthough monochrome

p ieces

d o

o ccur,

b y

f ar t he m ost r epresentative p ottery o f L erna ( Lerna I ) i s t he r ainbow ware ( Caskey, 1 958: 1 25), i n E latea t he P lain b urnished ( Weinberg, 1 962:

1 58) while i n N . N ikomedeia t he impressed wares ( Rodden,

1 964:

5 64). I t

s eems

s ubstantiated r egional

t hat

i f

a p ersistence

i n T hessaly,

u se

o f

n umber

which o f

i s

e arly

o f

v ery

monochrome

l ikely ,

p ottery

i t

wares

would

c an

mean

characteristics

b e

more

l ike

a

t he

h emispherical b owl a nd p ierced l ugs which h ad a widespread d istribution a ll

o ver

G reece,

t han

a

d istinctive

c eramic

g roup.

C ertainly

monochrome wares d o b etray a t echnological s tage i n p ottery manufacture which,

h owever,

i s

n ot

l imited

t o

o r

d efined

b y

o nly

t he

s urface

t reatment. I I.

Another

n eolithic

d istinctive

p eriod

i s

t he

p ottery

s o-called

group b lack

o f

t he

t opped

e arly

ware .

s tages

o f

t he

A lthough

i t

was

f irst n oticed i n Thessaly ( Otzaki 1 955: 1 77) and was a ttributed t o t he P roto-Sesklo p hase, r ecent e xcavations i n o ther p arts o f

Greece

i ndicate

a wider d istribution a nd

t he e xistence o f

l ocal

variations ( e.g. S itagroi) with c lear chronological r eferences ( Fig. 7 8).

T here

G reece

t he

Weinberg,

a re

a lso

same 1 962:

p ottery ( 1972:

t erminological

ware

h as

b een

p roblems. c alled

I n

c entral

variegated

a nd

( e.g.

s outhern E latea

-

1 67) while F rench p refers t o c all i t c reamy c oloured 5 );

t he d ifference a lso b etween t he r ainbow ware o f

99

P eloponnesos a nd P roto-Sesklo b lack t opped p ieces i s n ot v ery c lear. H owever ,

what

v ariations t echnique d oes

h as

w ithin

n ot

b een

s ecurely

( Chourmouiiades, t he T hessalian

c onstitute

a ny

o r t he f abric

t reatment

t hat

was

T hessaly

f rom

t he

s tage

c haracteristic

e stablished,

1 971B:

o f

t he

minute

t he

s equence :

f rom

f rom where

experimentation

ware

i s

b ased

o n

w ell

s tylistic

p osition

i t

i s

t his

and

I t

accidental

c ontrolled

o xidation

f iring

t radition e xtended i ts

c eramic 1 964:

f eatures

3 0).

t ypical

H owever,

( Mersin X XV-XXVI, T he

o f

a n orthern a nd

c loser

H acilar V II)

d ifference

b etween

i s,

I t hink,

e astern

p art

o f

a D ark

B urnished

s eems

T hessalian a part

t radition

b lack

f rom

t o

b e

a v ariety

s outhern o f

i ts

B alkan

a rea

o f

millennium

i s

i n

( French ,

i n Anatolian

t opped

t radition

t he

s pecific

a nd

1 981:

c eramic

t he V in n examples a re

i ncludes

b lack

b urnished

a nd

t he G reek b lack t opped d ecoration

a r ather

l ight

c oloured

t radition

o ften

However, t he emergence o f t he ware i n t he

( Garaganin ,

d istribution

which

1 971) while

r elated t o p ainted wares.

wares

b e e stablished.

c haracteristics s uch a s shapes and h andles; p olished wares ( Tringham,

i nfluence

t o t he e arly V in n c ulture ( Chapman,

n oticeable,

a I t

with t he u se o f

r epertoire

with s imilar

c annot

t he

t he s imilar wares a ttributed 1 18),

l inks

t o

t echniques.

c entral Greece

immediate r egions o f

i t

i s a lso t rue

f ar

t he

t his

t hat

c eramic p roduct d eveloped

s eems t hat t he T hessalian b lack t opped b eyond

o f

c lear

w ell k nown s hape r epertoire

t he e arly n eolithic p eriod .

t he c entre

o f

p ottery

d eparture

d espite

1 65),

1 963:

c entral

c omplicated

1 )

a nd

a nd

e specially

e astern

( Grammenos,

t he

Macedonia

1 975:

2 19).

c haracter

i n

t he

What

5 th

b ecomes

n ecessary i s t he n eed f or t he distinction o f l ocal groups with c lear c hronological i n

c entral

There

r eferences,

Macedonia

s eems

I t

t opped

v ariegated

a nd

P eloponnesos 1 972: I II .

b lack t opped p ottery c ontinues

a c onsiderable

t ime

( Rodden,

t o b e a lso a methodological p roblem

d istinction . b lack

s ince

f or

n ot

c lear

whether

p ottery

i s

f rom

t he

B untpolierte

a s

i ts

wares

c ounterpart,

i t

i s

b ulk a nd

t he

f rom

n amely

t o

i solate

s imilarly

what

t he

5 64).

i nvolved i n s uch a

j ustifiable

o f

t o o ccur

1 964:

i s

c onsidered

r ainbow

t he

d ecorated

c ategory

i n

t he

( French ,

5 ). T he whole 5 th m illenium

o f

t he

c haracteristic

o f

motifs

e specially

i s

p ainted

d efined

wares

i n T hessaly

b y many i n t erms o f

which

a nd

a ppeared

i n

c entral G reece

t he v olume

a g reat

v ariety

( Theochares,

1 973 :

6 0). Local s tyles b ased o n d ifferent d ecorative p atterns were d istinguished a t av ery early s tage ( Wace-Thompson, 1 912) and r ecent s tudies have

b rought u p t o d ate

t hese p ottery g roups ( French,

t he

d efinition a nd

1 972).

d istribution

b ackground with dark p aint o r a dark o ne with l ight d esigns b asically

two

c ategories

r espectively

r ed-on-cream

k inds

wares

o f

a re

p ottery

( Tsountas,

wares,

t he

1 908) .

p redominant

o f

T he i dea o f d ecorating a l ight s o-called

H owever ,

s preading

t o

e astern T hessaly and c entral G reece d espite

i t

a w ide

t he

A 3b

s eems

c reated a nd

A 3a

t hat

t he

a rea o f

existence

o f

s outhl ocal

s tylistic v ariations l ike t he C haeronea ( A3b3) and L ianokladi ( A36). F rench h as s uggested t hat t he wide d istribution o f t he r ed-on-cream p ottery

a ll

o ver

G reece

may

a nticipate

t he

e xistence

o f

many

r egional

groups ( 1972, note 9 ) s uch a s t he p ainted wares f ound i n P eloponnesos ( Fig. 7 9). A lthough t here a re no r ecent e xcavations which c ould have t hrown n ew l ight a s

t o t he c haracter a nd

f rom t he s ite o f A gios P etros,

s urveys

1 00

e xtent

o f

which w ere

t hese

g roups,

c arried o ut

a part

i n a reas

s uch

a s e astern Macedonia ( Grammenos,

1 975:

1 93,

1 980: 1 5), Thrace ( Efstratiou, 1 979) and i ndicate t he a bsence o f r ed p ainted p ottery.

R egarding t he n orth-eastern p art o f G reece, p resence o f s tylistic

s uch p ottery w ould

i nfluence

( French ,

b e u nlikely

1 970 :

5 )

G rammenos - F otiades,

Euboea

( Sampson,

I would t hink t hat

b ecause o f

a nd

1 981)

s ince

t he

t he s trong B alkan

e ven

t he

b lack-on-red

v ariation i s c onsidered a s i mport f rom t he n orth ; t he o nly s ign o f a s outhwards o rientation o f A egean Macedonia, a lways s peaking i n s tylistic t erms,

i s

t he b lack t opped p ottery a s i t h as b een e xemplified

f rom t he e xcavations o f S itagroi ( Phase I I - R enfrew, o nly s ite w ith p ainted d ecoration s o f ar k nown i n t he

1 970 : 2 96) . T he r egion was f ound

i n t he p lain o f S erres where p ottery with white-on-red p atterns b etrays r elations with K aranovo I a nd S urprising was

t he F TN ( Grammenos - F otiades,

a lso t he e vidence f rom E uboea where a part

1 980 :

2 0).

t he

s ite

f rom

o f Varka mentioned b y Theochares ( 1959: 2 86), ( Sampson, 1 975: 6 7) n o o ther p ainted p ottery o f m iddle n eolithic d ate h as b een f ound i n o ther p arts

o f

w estern

t he i sland . s ide

Thus

T his

( Sampson ,

t he

p ainted

i s e specially s urprising o n i ts n orthern a nd

1 981) . p ottery

o f

A gios P etros

e vidence which e xtends t he v arieties wares

i n G reece.

i nvolved

t o b e

s omething more t han a n o ffshoot o f

- Z erelia

i ndividual

s eems

t he o nly n ew

d istribution o f

t he

I ts d istinctive d ecorative motifs a nd

suggest

C haeronea

and

t radition

e lements

o f

s outh-east

i dentified a s

S esklo

t he l inear A3b

T hessaly .

o rientated

p ainted

t he s hapes

S ince,

f eatures

h owever, d o

e xist,

t he p osition o f t he Agios P etros p ainted wares must b e c onsidered a s b roadly w ithin t he T hessalian g roup.

t he

S tylistically s peaking, i t i s a pparent t hat t he p ainted wares f rom a reas o f s outh-east T hessaly, Phtiotis and s outh Locris s hare

c ertain s imilarities v ariety o f

r egarding

o pen b owls,

t heir s hapes

a nd d ecoration ;

g lobular j ars a nd s imple p ainted

t here

m otifs,

i s

a

l inear

o r s olid, p ersisting f rom e arlier s tages. A lthough s trong l ocal l inear t raditions b ased o n s pecific d ecorative d esigns c an b e i solated i n S perheios

v alley a nd s outh L ocris ( Lianokladi - O rchomenos - C haeronea)

which p robably e xtended t heir i nfluence motifs

which

c an

b e

d escribed

( Servia i n Macedonia , o f

e ach

s ite

s pecific h as o n

t o

i s

t o t he n orth a s f ar a s

l inear

h ave

b ut

s uch a s

o nly h ave

c riteria

wider

Z erelia,

d istribution

A nd s ince t he d ecoration

n ever i dentical w ith o ther s ites a s t he

u se

o f

s lip

a re

r ely o n more g eneral c haracteristics .

s tylistic

much

N emea i n P eloponnesos) .

s imilar

f eatures,

a s

which

l ack

p recise

c oncerned

I n a ny c ase,

s tratigraphical

a ny

f ar a s

g rouping

g roups b ased c ontexts

c an

l imited c hronological s ignificance.

Generally s peaking, d ark-on-light p ainted p ottery s eems t o b e a Greek

d evelopment

c oncerned . t he

s ame

l east

a s

f ar

a s

t he

r ed-on-cream

I ts d istribtion e xtends a s f ar n orth a s N . i dea

o f

( black-on-red)

d ecorating

i s

( StarClevo-Körös 1 970: 2 1,

a t

a pparent

c ulture)

a l ight

i n

o ther

b ackground s ites

and A egean Thrace

S itagroi - R enfrew,

1 970: 2 96).

o f

ware

N ikomedeia while

with a dark

t he

i s

s outhern

d esign Balkans

( Dikili Tas - D eshayes,

However, i t

i s n oticeable

t hat c ertain motifs o f r ed-on-cream d ecoration ( solid s tyle) a re c onsidered t o b e t raits o f t he c ontact z one b etween t he F TN a nd G reece, t he

s o-called

Macedo-Bulgarian a rea ( Nandris,

10 1

1 970 :

1 92).

M oreover

r ed

p ainted

wares

e ither

f ound

i n

t he

n orthern

s ite

( Rodden, 1 964: 5 64) o r a s f ar s outh a s N emea, r ich t radition o f A natolia. 6 .4.

o i

N .

N iKomedeia

a re o rientated

t o

t he

T echnology: The

5 th

millennium

t echnological

i n

t raditions

G reece

which had

s aw

t he

b een

d evelopment

i nitiated

i n

o f

t he

many

p revious

p eriod a nd n ow r eached t heir p eak. A ll t he d irect a nd i ndirect evidence f rom this p eriod s hows t hat t he 5 th millennium e xperienced g radual T his

a nd

u ninterrupted

p rocess

t echniques

i n n o

s ocial,

way h ampered

e ither

within

e conomic

t he

a nd

s pread

o f

t echnological f urther

t he G reek mainland

and

p rogress .

i nnovations

among

a nd

i ts v arious

r egions o r f rom a djacent c ultural a reas o f t he north or t he e ast; t he

c ontrary

w e

c an

s ee

t he

s uccessful

a n a lready e stablished f ramework o f

i ncorporation o f

p ractices.

b etween e arly a nd m iddle n eolithic ( Holmberg ,

The

1 964,

n ew i deas

suggested W einberg ,

o n i nto

c hange

1 965) c an

o nly b e explained i n t erms o f a n overemphasis p ut upon i solated f eatures w hich a re e xamined a long a s trictly t ypological l ine. P ottery o bjects f rom o f

c lay

manufacture,

f igurine

t he e veryday l ife o f

f or a wide

shapes which h ave characterized

b y

r ange

o f

material,

t his

s pindle-whorls

a nd

o ther

p eriod i ndicate a n e xtensive u se

a ctivities.

The

c eramic

wares

employ

b asically e volved f rom e arlier f orms b ut a re n ow f ine

fabric

and

quality .

The

b lossoming

o f

t he

p ainted wares i s d irectly r elated t o t he c onditions o f e conomic a nd s ocial

f lourish

a nd

e xperimental a ttempts t o r each a d egree o f s tandardization . important r esult o f t his s tandardization i s t he e xistence o f l ocal

s tability ,

which

A n a nd

r egional

s tyles .

p ainted

d ecorative

r epresent

I n

a llowed

r eal

t echnological

motifs

a d ramatic

p articular

and

c hange.

t echniques

t erms,

t o

h owever ,

t he

variability

The

h andmade

i n

t he

d ifferent

shapes

p ottery,

d o

not

p ainted

o r

monochrome, was f ired i n o vens a t a well-controlled t emperature a nd t hen t here f ollowed t he f inal t reatment o f t he s urface; a lthough t he r ed

monochrome

p ottery

( Al)

i s

c ertainly

a t echnological

improvement,

t he t emperature r equired i s n ot h igh and t ne d ecoration i s i n n o way r elated t o f iring p rocedures a s i s t he c ase with o ther wares s uch a s t he

' graphite'

i n s outh B ulgaria

( Denell,

1 978:

8 ).

S tone t ools a re abundant and t hey b egin t o a cquire a f ixed f orm a lthough t he f unction o f s ome t ools i s n ot c lear ( Higgs-Jarman , 1 972) ; t he

small

P etros,

p olished

' chisels ',

f or

i nstance ,

which a re

p resent

i n

A gios

a re u sually c onsidered a s i ndirect e vidence f or woodcarving

( Nandris,

1 977: 5 3) i n south-east E urope s ince wooden artifacts have

b een f ound i n Anatolia ( Mellaart, 1 967: 2 15) and many s hapes o f v ases r ecall p rototypes

f rom

t hat

material .

implements such a s querns, s eems

t o f ollow a c learly f unctional I t

t he

i s

f ocus

i nclusive t hat

i s

r egrettable o f

t hat

k nown

a bout

c omes

a re n ot

t he

a ttention ,

c hronological o r

millennium h owever ,

g reater

t ypology o f

l ine o f

t he

t he b igger s tone

c hipped f or

n o

i nterpretation.

s tone

i ndustries

d etailed

s tudy

t ypological c lassification .

t he

f rom

T he

mortars and g rinders i s n ot c lear b ut i t

obsidian

a nd

p ublication

c onsidered a s

f lint o f

h ave

r emains t he

n ot

p roduced

b een a ny

T hus e verything

individual

r epresentative o f

1 02

h as

o f

t he

s ites

p eriod

a s

5 th

which, a whole

( Evans - R enfrew, One

v ery

1 968).

s ignificant

f actor

i s

t he

q uantity o f o bsidian i n many n eolithic s ites neolithic s pecific

o nwards

t ogether

with

t ypes o f a rtifacts l ike

i ndividual

t ypes

a re

t he

t he

explained

gradual f rom

p rogressive

p arallel

i n

i ncrease

t he

s ided

f unctional

e nd

o f

i n

t he

t he

e arly

e stablishment b lades ;

t erms

o f

s ometimes

a s

t hese

a re

d ictated b y f actors s uch a s e nvironment a nd e conomy ( Belmont - R enfrew, 1 964: 3 95). I n l ine with t his t he p resence o f s ickle-blades i n Agios P etros c ould b e t aken a s s trong e vidence f or t he p ractice o f f arming. The u se o f b one i s c ommon f or t he manufacture o f t ools a nd t o a l esser e xtent o f

o ther o bjects

l ike amulets,

o rnaments a nd b eads .

B one

p oints which a re s ometimes c alled awls, n eedles a nd p ins outnumber o ther t ypes such a s t ubular " chisels" a nd s patulae which s eem t o b e quite r are d uring t he middle n eolithic p eriod ( Thessaly-Crete). G reek objects

a re n ot

material ( Nandris, f inds

i n t he

a nimal b ones

with

t he

variety o f

the

The

F TN

b one

5 3) and t he q uality o f t he middle n eolithic 1 971:

1 05) although

t he

p resence

o f

i n b oth r egions d oes n ot d iffer n oticeably.

a re

c ertain e ither

t echnology a nd s uggest

1 977:

B alkan ( Tringham,

However, s patulae

c omparable

characteristic

missing

f unction

a g eneral

o r

t hings

v ery a re

b one

r are

n ot

u se i n c lothing,

t ools

l ike

i n G reece .

c lear .

A s

Most

o f

spoons

r egards t he

a nd t heir

b one

t ools

s kin s craping o r p ottery making

( burnishers). I ndividual t ypes which s tand out b ecause o f t heir quantity o r f orm, may b e r elated t o s pecialized a ctivities ( Evans, 1 964:

2 36 - Agios P etros,

s ee

s ection 4 .3.) .

T he

l ack o f

s tudies

o n o r

about t he p recise u se o f each o f t hese t ools r aises questions o f t erminology a s well . What, f or i nstance, t he t erm ' bone c hisel ' means i s n ot c lear,

s ince i t

i s d oubtful

t hat s uch a t ool

u sed a s a c hisel i n i ts c onventional d efinition . f act

i s

t hat

b asic

t ypes

o f

b one

i mplements

would

h ave

b een

N evertheless,

r emained u nchanged

t he

b efore

and during t he 5 th millennium a s t he material o f t he s ites i ndicates ( Sesklo - T heochares,

1 973).

B asic b uilding c onstruction m ethods

c ontinued

t he

t radition o f t he

6 th millennium . S tone f oundations, u sually i n a r ectangular p lan , a mudbrick s uperstructure c onstitute t he f ramework o f t he h ouses:

a nd t he

use

the

of

wood

either

c onstruction o f c lay h ouse

models

t he

in

the

r oof

i s

f rom

form

o f

columns

( Sesklo)

or

in

p articularly n oticeable i n t he s urviving

M irini,

K rannon

a nd

e lsewhere

( Chourmouziades,

1 969: 3 6) . H owever , r ecently t he r emarkable s tate o f p reservation w ooden p arts o f h ouses f rom t he s ite o f P rodromos made i t p ossible e valuate

t he

a dvances

a chieved

i n

( Chourmouziades, 1 971A : 1 64). T sangli, i nfluence a lthough

g round

1 965:

t echnologically

w orking a nd u se o f

have

b een s een a s

3 3) - C an Hasan

t hey

t his material

I n o ther s ites l ike O tzaki, S esklo a nd

p lan variations

( Weinberg,

t he

o f t o

do

n ot

s igns o f

28 - ( French,

b etray

a ny

f oreign

1 963:

i nnovation ;

2 9) s uch

v ariations c an b e explained p erfectly well i n p ractical t erms. An u pper s torey i s v ery l ikely and f eatures l ike i nternal b utresses a nd w ooden b eams m ust

b e s een i n t hat c ontext.

The 5 th m illennium g enerally s aw t he c onsolidation a nd p ersistence o f o ld

t echniques n ot a s

a r esult

o f

1 03

c onservatism

b ut

a s

a c onsequence

o f e conomic a nd s ocial s tability . T echnological i deas d eveloped t o t he d egree t hat i nternal c ommunal s tructural f actors a llowed a nd r equired, w ithout a ny s udden i ntroduction o f e lements f rom a broad. 6 .5 S ocial a nd E conomic o rganization: The

main

e vidence

f or

t he

s ocial

a nd e conomic o rganization o f

p rehistoric c ommunities o f t he 5 th millennium c omes f rom

t he f ew

t he

s ites

which have b een a dequately e xcavated a nd p ublished. And a lthough a f air amount o f i nformation i s a vailable f rom a reas l ike T hessaly a nd n orthern G reece o wing t o d etailed i nvestigations a nd g eomorphological

a nd

e nvironmental

s tudies

t he p ublication o f

( Bintliff,

1 976:

2 41),

t he

a ctual p ublished material i s e xtremely p oor , e ither c onsisting o nly o f p reliminary r eports ( Sitagroi, N . N ikomedeia, S ervia) ( Hubbard, 1 979: 2 26)

o r

c overing

disadvantage

only

i s

o ld

that

material

without

i ntercommunity r elationships a s

( Sesklo,

properly

cannot

i nterregional b e

c omparisons

substantiated.

T he

main

settlements,

r epresented b y t he s patial d istribution

o f a rtefacts a nd a rchitectural c orrelations Moreover

C haeronea). studied

S o

a nd

a re

d ifficult

p ossible

i nevitably

t o

e stablish .

l ocal d ifferentiations

e very

a ttempt

ends

i n

g eneralizations a nd b iased j udgments which may b e t rue u p t o a p oint, b ut l ack t he s upport o f s pecific a rchaeological d ata ( Milisauskas, 1 978). The s ize o f t he s ettlement a nd t he i ndirect e vidence f rom which t he p opulation c an b e c alculated a re of

social

organization.

exploitation

patterns

They

i n

t he

a d irect

a ssociated

with

f eatures

l ike

dwellings .

S ince t he s ize o f

main

b oth way

t he

p arameters

r elate while

s ize

a nd

t o

i ndirectly

t he

t he s ettlements o f

f or a ny

s tudy

subsistence

p lan o f

t he

and

t hey

a re

i ndividual

5 th millennium

i s

e mpirically e stimated ( Renfrew, 1 972: 2 37, T able 1 4V) a nd t he o verall l ay-outs o nly a ssumed, i t i s natural t hat s ites l ike S esklo have f ocused

a great

e valuation material

o f

d eal

t he

h as

n ot

o f

a ttention .

s ite-size b een

t reated

c ompletely a bsent ( Chapman , e lements

which

i nstance,

t hat

have

1 981:

n ot

t he

n ucleus

Moreover, o n

t he

s eriously t aken

i nto

a rrangement

o f

i t

s eems

d ensity s ince

o f

t he

s ettlement

d ensity f rom

r eports

The o f

i ts

t he

s urface a re

T here a re a lso

a ccount.

a nd

t hat

t he

s uch

4 3) f rom G reek s ites .

b een

a rchitectural

d ifterentiate

b ased

i dea,

f or

dwellings

more

may

p eripheral

a reas s eems r easonable b ut e xtensive e xcavations h ave b een a pplied o nly t o a l imited n umber o f s ites and t hus t he c onclusions a re n ot r epresentative . s ettlements, density

are

s ettlements e xploitation p ointed

Moreover ,

g eneral not

s ince

a ll

o f

e nvironmental

r eally

h elpful.

t he

k nown G reek

s ites

a re

f actors

d etermining

t heir

s ize

r estricted

s ize

o f

The

i ndicates h igh o ccupation d ensities a nd a s table, p attern o f

o ut ( 1981:

4 4),

t he

s urrounding

a rea .

u nenclosed s ettlements,

H owever,

a s

which m ight

t ell a nd

t ell

l ong t erm

C hapman b e

h as

t he c ase

f or many undetected s ites i n t he hilly a reas o f t he G reek mainland, p resuppose no a rtificial r estrictions r egarding t he extent o f t heir o ccupation and d ensity . u nenclosed s ettlement" f rom

t hat

o f

N evertheless,

h as a q uite

s outh-east

E urope,

i t i s p ossible t hat t he

t erm

d ifferent m eaning i n t he G reek a rea

f ollowing

t he

modest

s ize

o f

t he

t ell

s ites. More

s pecifically,

S esklo

h olds

1 04

a p rominent

p osition

i n

t he

c ultural way

b e

s equence

o f

c onsidered

t he

a s

5 th millennium.

an o rdinary

A lthough

s ettlement

t his

o f

t he

s ite c an i n n o

p eriod,

surely

p articular a spects o f i t s uch a s i ts s ize, number o f i nhabitants a nd d efensive a rrangements h ave b een o veremphasized ( Theochares, 1 973: 6 5) . H owever, i t s till p rovides t he b ulk o f o ur i nformation i n r egard t o t he s ocial

a nd e conomic

o rganization

r eports ( Theochares,

1 968:

o f

2 4)

t he

i t

i s

p eriod .

F rom

s uggested

t hat

t he a t

p reliminary l east

i n t he

a rea o f t he a cropolis t he a rchitectural a rrangement o f t he b uilding f ollowed a p re-conceived a nd p recise l ay-out p lan with s traight a nd p arallel

s treets a round a c entral

b uilding .

O utside t he

a cropolis

a lso

t he h ouse p lans were well d efined with o pen c ourts while Thechares s uggested t hat t he whole s ettlement c onsisted o f smaller u nits o f f our o r f ive h ouses; i t i s n ot c lear whether t hese groups o f h ouses, i f t hey r eally c onstitute a g roup , i ndicate s omething more t han a s imple a rchitectural a rrangement . S pecialized a ctivities i n a ny o f t he h ouses h ave not b een d etected, a part f rom the s o-called p ottery workshop ( Tsountas,

1 908).

F undamental q uestions,

h owever ,

a re s till u nanswered

mainly b ecause o f t he l ack o f p ublished material. b etween

t he

( Sections

a cropolis

B and

C )

( Section

i s

obscure

A )

and

s ince

The r elationship

t he

r est

o f

i s

very

p robable

i t

t he

s ettlement t hat

t he

a cropolis was n ot f ortified ; t he f unction o f t he e nclosures h ave b een r ecently r einterpreted i n q uite d ifferent t erms ( Chourmouziades, 1 979) a nd

c ertain

t ools

( Efstratiou, What

7 9).

not

c lear

i s

occupied

n ot

i s

p roblems

( Theochares,

neolithic

s ite.

n ecessarily

whether

s imultaneously

s tratigraphical unsolved

a re

1 982:

in i n

Moreover,

o r n ot

the

5 th

s ome

1 976);

house

t o

h ouse

d ifferentiations

which,

( Kotsakis,

t he

t he

8 7) .

warfare

s ettlement

was

b ecause

s ite

extent

the

a ppear

t o

o f

early

t he

b e

d istribution o f a rtefacts a nd

p roduced

h owever,

1 981:

whole

o f

was

s patial

e specially o f t he p ainted p ottery h as f rom

t he

with

millennium,

a reas

o r what

t he

a ssociated

noticeable v ariations

d oes

I t

i s

not

b etray

a lso

f unctional

r egrettable

t hat

t he

c emetery o f t he s ite o f S esklo h as n ot b een l ocated b ecause a lthough t he

i ntramural

n eolithic

b urial

p eriod ,

o f

a dults

children

must

h ave

c ontinued

b een

b uried

during

most

e lsewhere

o f

( Evans,

t he 1 971:

1 16). G enerally

s peaking ,

t here

a nd s ize o f t he s ettlement o f p eriod.

A lthough

a ttributed

t o

t he

( Chourmouziades, a nd s ubsistence Apart

o nly a s

o f

small

a r esult

s trategies

f rom

t o

b e

s peculations

movement 1 979)

s eems

c an

t he 1 978:

which

b e

p opulation

o f

( Renfrew,

c onclusions

a d ecline

i n t he p opulation

S esklo b y t he e nd o f t he middle n eolithic made u nits

f ailure

o f

this

h as

t owards s pecific

o f

S esklo

i s

o f

t he

s ocial

d erive

d ifficult

t o

s tructure

e ven

substantiate

s ea

e conomic

3 02). f rom

t he

p osition o f

c ommunity within t he wider e volutionary s cheme ( Sahlins, r econstruction

b een

t he

i n

s ettlements

t he

1 972) t he

o t

a rchaeologically .

t he s ize T his

i s

b asically d ue

t o o ur l ack o f s ystematic r ecords c oncerning b oth t he

q uantitive

q ualitive d ifferences

o r

a nd

r egional

e ven more

d ifficult

e xcavations t he

b asis

( culture) a nd

o f

t he a

t o

which o ccur

l evel ( Chapman, d etect

when

i nterregional

l imited

n umber

t he

1 981:

o nly e vidence

r elationships o f

1 05

i n a d omestic

5 3).

c riteria,

h ave

( house)

S uch a p rocess c omes t o

b e

mainly

f rom

i s

t rial

e xamined o n t he

c eramic

t raditions. T he o f

t he

e xistence

G reek

p ainted which

p ottery)

were

o f

C learly

mainland may

f avoured

T hessalian

during

t he

s upport

b y

a ssemblages

5 th

t he

o ver

m illennium

a w ide

( figurine

i dea o f c ulturally d ominant r egions

e nvironmental

a nd

s ubsistence

f actors .

I ndeed,

t he d ensity o f o ccupation i n t he Thessalian p lain ( Theochares, Map 4 ) f avours t he a cceptance o f

a rea

t ypes,

s ome k ind o f s ettlement

mechanism o f which i s d ifficult t o d etect.

o f e xploitation may b e

1 69, F ig. 1 9).

e qually p ossible t hat we have t o a ccept

t he

The s uggested s atellite

a rrangement o f s ites a round a c entre f or r easons one e xplanation ( Chourmouziades, 1 979:

1 973,

h ierarchy ,

H owever, i t i s

t he p resence o f a number o f

c entres,

t he s imilarities among which c an b e explained i n t erms o f

c ontacts

and

t raits

and

t rade .

I n

exchange

e stablished

t his

i tems

mechanisms

o f

r espect

t he

( Renfrew, c ontact

d istribution

1 972:

o f

4 65)

e ither

o f

s pecific

documents

economic

o r

well

s ymbolic

c haracter. The 5 th millennium g roups

a dapted

t echnological p assed

t he

i n Greece s aw t he e stablishment o f f arming

successfully advances

s tage

o f

a nd

t o

l ocal

r elying

e xperimentation

e nvironments

o n

s ocial

s ince

t he

u sing

c onditions

c ertain

which

a rchaeological

h ad

e vidence

f rom Thessaly i ndicates t he p ractice o f well p lanned a griculture ( J. R enfrew,

1 973A :

a ctivities p atterns

o f

a re

2 8) .

F arming a nd

p rehistoric c learly

t he g razing o f a nimals

were t he

main

c ommunities whose e conomic a nd s ubsistence

s upplemented

gardening, h unting a nd f ishing.

b y o ther

f ood

r esources

s uch

a s

The l and u se and i ts r elation t o t he

s ettlement l ocation and s ize have b een e xtensively d iscussed b y t he m ethod

o f

l ocational

i s c ertain t hat

t heir c atchment s olely

in

r esources

a reas.

t erms a s

a nalysis

o f

s ome

T o e xplain,

t he

F inzi,

e conomic

h ave

mechanisms

p rehistoric c ommunity .

h owever,

a vailability

g eographers

o versimplify e conomic a c learly

( Higgs - V .

1 972:

2 7)

i ndividual s ites p roduce i regularities o f

a nd

l ike

t ypes

t he

t o

L east

a nd

( Chisholm,

t echnological

I t i s v ery d ifficult

c haracter

i t

t he l ocation o f a s ite

s oil

s uggested

a lthough

i n t he e xtent o f d esirable

1 968)

f actors

s eems

w ithin

t o t he

i ntroduce p rinciples

E ffort

p rinciple

o f

without

h aving e stablished o r e ven c ommented u pon t he p ossible s ocial d imension o f

a gricultural

n eolithic l ocational

p lanning,

f arming s tudies

m isleading r esults T here G reek h ave 1 981:

i s

n o

mainland o ccurred 1 94) .

o r

t he

t he

qualitive

d ivision

concentrate

( Bintliff,

d oubt

d uring

t hat t he

d epending However,

on

o f

t he

quantitive

empirical

t hus,

s cheme

o f

i nevitably

observations

with

1 977). w ithin

t he

m ixed

5 th m illennium,

o n

a nd

l abour;

t he

r egional

p otential

d ensity

o f

f arming e conomies

l evel

o f

o ccupation

o f

v ariabilities l and-use i n

t he

t he must

( Halstead, p lains

o f

Thessaly, Argolid, Macedonia a nd t he h illy c ountry o f c entral Greece which o ffer p lenty o f a rable l and c limatic

c hanges

i n

t he

whole

t ogether w ith t he l ack o f s ignificant

B alkan

r egion

( Chapman ,

u niform dry s teppe vegetation ( Jacobsen,

1 974:

i ndicate

e conomy .

g enerally

a h omogeneous

n eolithic

a vailable e vidence i s o nly c ircumstantial

s ince

4 5,

t he

1 981:

8 9)

B ottema,

a nd

N evertheless, s oil

maps

a

1 974), t he

r elating

t o s ite d istribution a re modern while t he r epertoire o f f inds i s n ot r ich 3 9).

e nough

t o

Q uantitive

i ndicate

s ubsistence

o ccurrence

o f

t ools

1 06

v ariations a ssociated

( Chourmouziades, w ith

f arming

1 981:

( querns,

mortars,

p estles)

s imilar

e vidence

s urely f or

i ndicates

animal

p reference

h erding

a nd

f or

s uch

hunting

a ctivities

a re

l ess

b ut

obvious.

L ocal e nvironmental p eculiarities i n s ettlements l ike N . N ikomedeia ( Bintliff,

1 976:

2 41)

a re

n ot

t ranslated

i nto

t echnological

e conomic t erms i n t he material r emains o f t he s ite ( Halstead, Note

2 ).

The

same

environments i dentified I n

A gios

b one

with

t he

P etros,

r emains

happens

( island

s uspected

f or

with

s ites)

t he

economies

t he

s ubsistence

i nstance,

o utnumber

the

where t he

f ish

f inds

a nd

specialized

c annot

p attern

a gricultural

b ones

o f

t hey

d irectly

o perate

i mplements

f ishing

and

1 981:

t ools .

a nd

I t

b e

w ithin . a nimal

may

well

b e t he c ase t hat i nadequate r ecovery t echniques a re r esponsible f or t his p henomenon, ( Higgs-Jarman,

b ut i t 1 972:

u ncertain t o u s;

i s a lso

9 )

t he

t he s tudy o f

p ossible

c haracter

t hat o f

a s H iggs

n eolithic

h as

p ointed

t ools

i s

o ut

s till

t heir c ontextual p osition c an c ontribute

much i n t his a rea ( Evans - R enfrew,

1 968:

7 9).

E conomic f actors c an have a multiple e ffect o n t he c haracter o f t he c ommunity. R enfrew, 1 966:

The c ultivation o f c ertain c rops i n Thessaly ( J. 2 1) c an b e c onsidered a s d irect evidence f or t he

p erennial o ccupation o f many s ites. s upplemented p rehistoric

b y wild p lants, man g radually

Their y ear l ong s upply o f f ood

whose c ontribution t o

r educed

f rom

t he

t he d iet o f

t he

e arly n eolithic p eriod

o nwards ( Milisauskas, 1 978 : 5 9) h as b een s een a s a n e conomic s ecurity which was p rovided a s trong r eason f or e stablishing p ermanent v illages ( J.

R enfrew,

1 973A :

2 8).

T he e vidence f or d omesticated a nimals i s a lso a bundant mainly f rom e arly n eolithic t he

s ites,

a rchaeological

a lthough

r emains

may

c ertain h ave

p roblems

o f

i nterpretation

a c onsiderable e ffect

and subsistence t erms f or t he s ettlement ( Halstead, d ifference t rying s ome

b etween

t o e stimate

s ignificance

s imply t he i n

e conomic a rrangements r equired

e xtensive

f or e cological

o r

c ounting

n umber

t he

o f

t o

o f a s ite .

o ther

l and

r easons

b ones

i ndividual

a ttempt

p asture

t he

o f

1 981:

a c ertain

a nimals

c onceptualize

3 07). must

i f

t his

( density o f

was

n ot

s ites

i n

a nd

b e

s ubsistence

A l arge n umber o f a nimals a nd

The

s pecies

s urely

t he

o f

i n e conomic

would

a vailable

o f a nd

h ave

l ocally

T hessalian

p lain ,

overlap o f s ite c atchment a reas), i t might h ave g iven r ise t o o ther a ctivities l ike small s cale movements or even short distance t ranshumance

( Barker,

A lthough

1 975:

t ranshumance

8 5). i s

d ifficult

t o d etect

t here a re n o upland s ites f ound i n G reece, T hessaly

a re

c oncerned

such a p ractice

a rchaeologically

would

mean a l ong

movement o f population s ince t he n earest h igh grounds a re S o ,

i t

must b e a ssumed e ither

t hat

t he n umber o f

a nd t hey c ould g raze l ocally o r t hat n ot p ermanent, i sland

o f

Kyra

t ranshumance

P anagia

( Appendix

i s a c omplicated o ne .

V I) I t

that

restricted

l arge

were p robably

The e vidence p rovided b y t he i ndicates

t hat

t he

i ssue

o f

s hows t hat d istance a nd a ltitude

a re n ot a lways f actors which d irectly r elate and

d istance f ar away.

a nimals was n ot

t he T hessalian s ites

which i s v ery unlikely.

a nd

a s f ar a s s ome r egions o f

environments

such

t o

t ranshumance a ctivities

as

i slands

c an

p rovide

c onsiderable e cological v ariability. Although

seasonality

i s

o ften

t erritorial r esources a re i nsufficient

1 07

suspected

for

t o s ustain o n a ll

s ites

whose

t he y ear r ound

o ccupation , a lways i s

l ike

r iver

d ifficult

e vidence

t o

t or

b ank

p rove

t he

s ites,

c aves

s easonality

p resence

i n

o r

i sland

s ettlements,

a rchaeologically .

s tratified

c ontexts

U nless o f

i t

i s

t here

s easonally

o ccurring f ood r emains s uch a s molluscs, v ertebra o r f ish b ones a nd animals ( Bökönyi, 1 972: d ifficult

t o e stablish .

agricultural c riterion o f

t ools

a re

p ermanency

1 21),

t he s hort t erm o ccupation o f a s ite i s

O ther i ndications s uch a s s tone s tructures o ften i s n ot

misleading a lways

while

t he

r eliable .

I n

t he

P etros, h owever, t opography i s a s trong a rgument per manent occupation ( Appendix i ). Moreover, e nvironments f eatures

s uch

s uch

i ndicative

o f

a s

a s

c oastal

t he

s ites

p resence

o r

o f

i slands,

f resh

t he e xisting p otentialities

c ase

o f

s prings

a re

o ther o ften

f or p erennial o ccupation .

f act t his i s o ne o f t he c riteria which p oints

a

A gios

i n f avour o f a in r estricted

a c ombination o f

water

a nd

t opography a s

I n

t o a p ermanent o ccupation

in t he c ase o f Agios Petros i n c ontrast t o t he s easonal c haracter o f S aliagos

( Evans - R enfrew,

1 968).

The e vidence f or t he s ocial a nd e conomic o rganization o f Greek s ettlements during t he 5 th millennium i s f ar f rom s atisfactory. Excavations attempt

t o

on

g eneralizations a nd

a l imited

maximize

s cale

the

e specially

a nd

data

t rial

i nvestigations,

available,

inevitably

when d ealing w ith e nvironmental,

s ocial s trategies.

1 08

i n

t heir

l ead

t o

p roductive

7 .

W ESTERN ANATOLIA I N T HE L ATE 6 th a nd 5 th M ILLENNIA:

7 .1.

G eomorphological C onsiderations: A natolia

t o

t he

i s

a v ast

western

Mesopotamia,

r egion

f rontiers

t oday

e xtending

o f

r epresented

l ying

t he

b etween

t he

t hem,

s uch a s

enclosed

b asins

a re

l akes

t he

( Konya,

m ountainous c haracter o f a rea o f

t he

M editerranean t he

modern

which,

d ominant

( e.g.

t he

f rom

B lack

s tate

f eatures

Gölü)

d o

t o

T urkey.

chains o f

with t he h igh p lateau

G reat S alt Lake),

B urdur

c oast

S ea

o f

b y two massive p arallel

T aurus a nd t he P ontic,

f eatures

T he

and

b y

G eomorphologically i t i s d efined mountains,

f rom

P ersia

o f

t he

a rea .

Minor

h ighland valleys

n ot

a lter

t he

a nd

b asically

t he g reater p art o f A natolia.

western c oast,

h owever,

p resents

a nother

p icture .

R ivers a nd p lains mark t he l andscape c lose t o t he s ea a nd extend f ar i nland.

H eavy s edimentation,

f actors p lains 3 85) .

l ike

t he

s ea

l evel

i n c onjunction with o ther geological

c hange,

r esulted

i n

t he

c reation o f

f luvial

which a re t he d ominant environmental f eatures ( Evans, N arrow

r iver v alleys

l ike

t he

Maeander

a nd H ermos

1 971:

l ink t he

h igh

p lateau a nd t he west c oast f acilitating c ommunications a nd t raffic f rom p rehistoric t imes ( Mellaart,

1 964:

4 ).

N ear t he c oast d eltaic a reas

f orm extensive l owlands e specially i n t he a rea o f A khisar , H ermos

r iver

western

( Eisma ,

Anatolia

western A natolia

1 978:

i s

7 0,

F ig .

d ifferent

i tself

i s

n ot

2 ).

f rom

E nvironmentally

t he

G reek

h omogeneous .

( French,

1 967B:

5 0).

The

t he

r egion

mainland.

o f

However,

R egional v ariations

b etween t he c oastal a reas a nd t he p lateau a nd in vegetation

n orth o f t he

e xist

t hese p roduce d ifferences

c limatological

c onditions

p revailing s eem t o have b een a ffected d irectly b y t he g eographical p osition o f e ach a rea i n r elation t o i ts d istance f rom t he western ( Aegean) and northern ( Black S ea) c oasts and b y i ts p roximity t o i nland p lateau ( Mellaart, Local g eographical o r A khisar-Manisa , more c omplex .

d iversity among

h owever,

t he

1 76). a reas

s uch a s

make t he p icture o f

t he T road,

I znik

t he w estern c oast

much

The v alleys o f t he Troadic c oast h ave q uite d ifferent

environmental p lains A egean

1 954:

c haracteristics

o f B alikesir a nd ( Mellaart, 1 964 :

t o

t he

t ree-covered

h illy

a reas

and

Manisa a lthough b oth a re n ot v ery f ar f rom t he 3 ) . I t h as a lso b een s uggested t hat t he s trip

o f Mediterranean v egetation b ecame narrower while t he Palaeoboreal f orests expanded i n t he north and t he s teppes r etreated t owards t he s outh-east

( Erinq,

a rchaeological o ccupation a s

well,

m aterial

a s

b ut

1 978:

r ecord, o f

t he

S uch

p reservation

wooden s tructures

i n t he p lains

Further i nland Maeander

8 7) .

v alley ,

t he

d o

( Mellaart,

i n

c onsiderations

not o nly i n t erms o f

t he

a nd

n ot

1 964:

t ypical

B eycesultan

r ecovery

f orm

o bviously

t he a ctual c hances

mounds,

o f

u nlike

a ffect

t he

p rehistoric t he r emains t he

mudbrick

5 ).

Anatolian

r egion ,

o r

i n

p lateaux t he

l arge

o f

t he Upper

K onya

p lain ,

g eographical c limatological a nd e cological f actors c reate a d ifferent p icture. H igh a lluvial p lains c lose t o r ivers ( Cilicia) o r l akes a re e nclosed o f

b y

change

f eatures

mountains . i n

s uch

t hese a s

t he

T he

a reas a ctual

c limate d uring s ize

h as t he

o f

t he

c ertainly l ast

u ndergone

1 0,000

l akes

y ears,

a p rocess a ffecting

( Van-Iznik-Burdur),

t he

h ydrological b alance o f t he t errain ( expansion o f i nterior b asins a t

1 09

t he e xpense o f

i mpoverished r ivers) and r esulting i n c hanges i n t he

v egetation f rom y ears

a go

t o

t he

r elatively c ooler a nd moister c onditions

t he s emi-desert

i nterconnection

b etween

c haracter o f

t he

h igh

t oday ( Erin ,

p lains

1 978:

( Bey9ehir)

i s

5 ,000

9 0).

T he

o ften

v ery

l imited a nd t heir a ccess t o t he s ea a nd t he c oastal a reas r estricted ( Elmali). The c ommunications, A natolian t he

p lateau

h igh

c entral

w ere a reas

M editerranean s ea . s ome

o f

t hese

h owever,

a lways w ith

b etween t he A egean c oast

t hrough

t he

w ell

Marmara

e stablished

r egion o r

t he

were

i n

u se

a nd

i ndeed

o f

t hat a t

p rovide

t he

l inking

l owlands

A rchaeological i nvestigations c onfirm

r outes

a nd

r outes

t he

l east

e vidence

o f

habitation f rom t he neolithic p eriod o nwards ( Todd, 1 980). I n t he n orth t he I znik a rea p rovides a g ateway f rom t he K ütahya a nd E skise4ir p lains t hrough t he I negöl-Yen 4ehir l akes

t o

t he

( French,

Marmara

1 967B:

b etween

4 9).

S ea

a nd

r egions

f rom

The p lain o f

t he i nland mountains a nd

t here

and t o

t he

Manyas-Apolyont

t he

s outhern

t he c oastal T road a lso, t he s ea,

s eems

B alkans s ituated

t o give a ccess,

l east p artially, t o t he areas o f B alikesir a nd Manisa,

a t

a lthough b oth

a re c onsidered a s s eparate g eographical a nd a rchaeological entities ( French, 1 961: 9 9, 1 965: 1 5). The Akhisar-Manisa r egions, i nclude b asically t he L ower H ermos v alley a nd t he s urrounding a nd

mountains,

P lains

o f

a re

t he

c ommunication

w ith

( 9ivril-Elmali) a s 7 .2.

r ich

K aikos

S tate o f

i n

a nd

t he f ar

p rehistoric

Maeander

main

o ccupation ,

r ivers

v alleys

o f

s eemed t he

while

t o

h ave

western

t he

c oastal

p rovided

A natolian

i nland a s B eycesultan ( French,

which p lains

1 969:

s ome

p lateau

4 1).

r esearch :

The a reas which h ave p roduced most o f t he e vidence f or p rehistoric o ccupation i n Anatolia during t he l ate 6 th and 5 th millennia a re c oncentrated o f

mainly

B eycesultan

c ultures

o f

r eferring

i n

a nd

t he

Anatolia t he

h igh K onya p lain .

a t

t ime

t hat o f

T he h ave

metals

t he

s outh-western

c riteria

f or

p rogressed

b eyond

t he

s imply - t o 1 975:

t he c ontinuity o f

t he

- e arly

r egion

d efining

c halcolithic

Moreover,

existence

p lain ,

a ssigning a p redominant r ole t o t he P ainted P ottery (Mellaart, 9 ).

t o

t he

C ilician

c ultural

s equence

o f

t he

a rea

e specially o f t he 5 th millennium a s s hown i n t he s tratigraphy o f t he main s ites o f H acilar ( Mellaart, 1 970) a nd B eycesultan ( Lloyd-Mellaart, 1 962) h as n ot b een p roved. C ertain p roblems a re s till open t o question, ( Eslick,

s uch

1 980:

a s

t he

existence

o f

a m iddle

c halcolithic

p eriod

5 ).

R ecent explorations i n S .W. Anatolia s eem t o h ave p rovided more evidence f or t he cultural s equence o f t he a rea a lthough v ery l ittle material 2 24,

h as

1 981:

H asan ,

b een s o f ar p ublished ( Mellink,

1 95).

M ersin - a re

a d irect

1 977:

2 90, Duru,

1 980:

A t t he s ame t ime t he C ilician p lain cultures - C an r atner

i nfluence

o f

t he

r esult

developments

o f i n

a l ocalized e volution t he

Syrian

or

Konya

t han o f p lain

r egions. The

western

coast

and

the

eastern

Aegean

i slands,

which

geographically a re c onsidered a s p art o f Anatolia, h ave p roduced a d isappointing a rchaeological p icture with v ery f ew e xcavations c arried o ut

a nd

a n

e ven

more

o bscure

c ultural

1 10

s equence .

T he

r egional

s urveys

o f

t he e arly 6 0 's o n t he western c oast ( Mellaart,

1 961:

9 9,

1 965:

1 5,

1 967B:

4 9,

1 969:

4 1) were not

1 955:

8 0,

F rench,

f ollowed u p b y any

f urther s ystematic exploration, e ither i n t he s ame a reas i n o rder t o p roduce new f inds with a n on p robabilistic s urvey,

o r t o c over a reas

which until n ow were t otally i gnored s uch a s t he s trip o f t he A egean c oast f rom T roy t o H alicarnassus . f rom

t he

o ld

l imited

s oundings

Moreover,

( Levi,

u nstratified material ( Furness, p ublication o f t he e xcavations a t a n

i ncomplete

e xcavations ( Sampson ,

a nd

a t

1 979:

The

s ystematic

h ave

f or o ur

and

cultural

was

A spripetra i n Kos,

l ack o f

c arried

i solated

b ut

a ny

E ven

r eliable

t he

n ew

l atest

e vidence

knowledge

o f

I t

o ut

i n

c ome

i s t he

f rom

o f

t he

a f act

i slands

t hat

not

e astern A egean

c ave

s ites

( Ag .

a re b oth a s ingle

i slands G ala

while

i n C hios,

A rchangelos i n Rhodes) where t he d ifficulties o f

s tratigraphy a re well-known . o n

s equence.

p roduced

methodological.

s urvey

s tructure

a part

with i nteresting

1 956: 1 73) a nd d espite t he r ecent Emborio ( Hood, 1 981), s till p roduce

n ot

m ost o f t he t rial e xcavations

t he

2 35)

4 3) .

r easons

t heoretical

d isputed

R hodes

t he e astern i slands,

1 929 :

t he

T hese m ethodological d isadvantages a ffect

c ultural

t ypological

a nd

a ny o bjective c riterion .

s equence

s tylistic

which

i nevitably

f eatures

without

t ends t he

t o

r ely

s upport

o f

Thus, we h ave r eached a p osition where t he

p ossibility o f a l ocal c ultural d evelopment c annot b e d iscussed a nd t he i nterpretation o f t he b ulk o f t he material d epends o n i ts external s imilarities

w ith

r egions

a s

f ar

a part

a s

s outh-western

A natolia

a nd

t he Cyclades ( Renfrew, 1 972: 7 2).

I n a ddition, t he g eographical s pan

o f

n orth-west A natolia

t he e astern A egean i slands

f rom

t o

t he

s outhern

A natolian c oast, i s b ound t o p roduce r egional c ultural v ariations which a lso depend on t he c loseness o f t he i sland t o d evelopments o f t he Anatolian mainland. ( Lloyd-Mellaart,

This, h owever, has b een o nly l oosely d iscussed

1 962:

1 06).

I t i s t empting a lso t o s ee t he i slands merely a s a c ontact z one b etween Anatolia and G reece, a p ossible r oute o f exchange, t rade and c ommunications o r even a n i ntermediary f or c ultural t raits t o b e t ransmitted

westwards

d isproportionate d ifferent s carce

p eriods .

while

and

v ice

amount o f

t he

Material c losing

versa .

T here

a lso

s eems

a ssigned s tages

t o

o f

t he

t he

6 th

a nd

5 th

n eolithic

A natolia

t hat where

( Sperling ,

t he

1 977:

B eycesultan 1 96 ,:

t his

f ollows

mounds

3 05)

s equence

o f

p rovide i n

t he

c losely t he

t he

T roadic

a dditional

s outh

i s

p attern

p lain

( Kum

s tratified

w ell

o f

T epe,

i s t he

I t must b e B e p catepe) while

t he

1 7). T he l ack o f

was

a nd

( Lloyd-Mellaart,

western A natolian material a nd t he c omplete g ap i n o ur

i nformation a bout c oastal p rehistoric o ccupation l eaves t he

a

t he

n orth-western

material

e stablished

b e

f or

millennia

phases

b eginning o f t he b ronze age a re much b etter r epresented. s tressed

t o

e vidence i n t he e astern i slands

n ature

o f

within

e astern

t he

A egean

c ultural

h abitation

i nfluence

f unctioned a s an e xtension o f i t, whether

t he

i slands

c an

b e

u nanswered .

o f

t he

t he q uestion o f

Whether

Anatolian

t he

a rea

mainland

a nd

with t he s ame characteristics,

c onsidered

a s

a n

a utonomous

c ultural

o r

u nit,

with cultural differentiations based g eomorphological f actors, i s d ifficult t o

on environmental and s ay . I t i s r easonable,

h owever ,

s omething

t o

c onsider

t he

e astern

i slands

1 11

a s

d ifferent

f rom

t he

r est

a nd

o f

t he

A egean a rchipelago

g eographical

i n

t heir g eneral g eomorphological

f eatures.

Another p roblem which a rises f rom t he s tudy o f t he p rehistoric m aterial o f

t he e astern i slands

f ramework . d ating

o f

b econ .es

B ecause a ny

i s

e xtremely

s equence

i s

t he

r elative

unobtainable . a t

t he m ost

I n

Emborio

r eliable

Thus t his

and

i s

i nevitably

r espect

r ecently

( Hood,

c hronological

h azardous, t he

a bsolute

s tratigraphy s tratigraphic

published

s hould

b e

1 981).

C hronological f ramework: T o i solate c ultural p eriods

d ating i n

l ack o f a r eliable

c hronology

important.

e stablished

c onsidered a s 7 .3.

k ind

i f

o r

a ny

r elative

c ase,

s implifying

a n

c hronology a rtificial

c ultural

r elying e ither o n a bsolute - C 14 -

- t ypological, o peration;

p rocesses,

o r

o f

s tylistic

i t

i s

i n

c riteria

d anger

o veremphasizing

- i s,

o f

t he

o ver-

r ole

o f

c ertain f eatures . M ore i mportant i t m ay l ose t he o verall d evelopmental p icture o f t he s uccessive p hases. S pecific c eramic c haracteristics o ften

p revail

a t

t he

e xpense

o f

t he

i mportance o f

t he

c onditions

which

c reate t hem while environmental, ecological and t echnological r eferences a re t reated a s s eparate s tudies without t he a bility t o c ontribute

t o o ur o verall k nowledge o f

g eographical i solate

a nd

d imension, define

c hronological

t he p eriod .

E ven

t he u se o f

a s eemingly o bjective c riterion,

s patially

f ramework

c ultural

c an b e

f eatures

d ifficult,

within

t o

t he

t ry t o

a c ertain

mainly b ecause

t he s ame

c eramic t raditions a re i dentified i n d ifferent a reas a nd i n various c ontexts

( Mellaart,

T hus r eal

a p roblem

c ultural

r easons,

1 975: o f

t erms

h owever,

1 2).

d efinition i n

o f

Anatolia

c ertain

t erms

t he l ate 6 th a nd 5 th millennia i n

d oes

l ike

e xist.

F or

' chalcolithic '

methodological

a re

a lready i n u se

a lthough i t s eems t hat t he p resence o f metals h as nothing t o d o with t his d efinition ( Mellaart, 1 970: 9 9). T he c ultural s equence o f t he s econd h alf o f t he 6 th millennium i n t he A natolian p lateau a nd s outhwestern A natolia i s v ariations

s uggest

chalcolithic

p eriods

h owever ,

t here

material

a nd

1 965:

well u nderstood a nd u ninterrupted a lthough r egional a p ossible

o verlap

( Todd,

1 980:

i s a n oticeable

t he

a vailable

b etween

1 10).

c ultural

l ate

D uring

n eolithic

a nd

d iscontinuity j udging

r adiocarbon

d ates

e arly

t he 5 th millennium,

( Mellaart,

1 970,

f rom

t he

M ellink ,

1 33). S uch d ifferences a re b asically r epresented b y t he material r emains

o f

t he

K ey-sites

o f

H acilar

a nd

B eycesultan

i n

s outh-western Anatolia

and are r elated t o t he cultural s equence from early t o l ate c halcolithic a p eriod which r oughly c overs t he 5 th millennium. The E arly

P ainted

s ucceeding main

t he

Wares

c haracteristics

C ilician p lain . b een

o f

t he

p redominantly o f

e arly

c halcolithic

monochrome

t he

p eriod

f or

The l ate c halcolithic,

e xemplified

b y

t he

B eycesultan

s omething q uite d ifferent f rom

what

l evels t he

H acilar i s

Anatolian

o ne

a lready

i s

i n

t he

p lateau

a nd

many

k nown a nd

( V-I) o f

o n t he o ther h and,

s equence,

was

i n

( IX-VI),

i t

a s i t

h as

r espects h as

f rom

t he b eginning b een s een a s a n i ntrusive t radition ( Lloyd - Mellaart, 1 962:

2 73).

p ottery

I ndeed a ll t he external f eatures o f

s hapes,

d ecoration,

a rchitecture

1 12

a nd

b asic

t he c ulture s uch a s t echnology i ndicate

a b reak f rom

t he Hacilar

a round 5 ,000 B .C. However,

t radition,

( Mellaart,

t he

1 978:

which c eased t o e xist s ometime

8 4).

main question r emains

whether o r n ot

t here

i s

a n

o verlap b etween t he two cultures o r a well-defined gap e ither i n t he s tratigraphic t ypical

s equence

f eatures

o f

i ndividual

o ver t he a rea o f

The material o f

s ites o r i n t he d istribution o f

t he A natolian p lateau.

t he s ite o f H acilar

s hows no s igns o f

a ny l ate

c halcolithic p ottery and Hacilar I i s n ot f ollowed b y a nything r esembling B eycesultan ( level X I) d espite t he p resence o f s imilar f inds i n t he v icinity ( Mellaart, H acilar-Beycesultan s equence i s

n o

o f

t he

t race

n eolithic

o f

o verlap

p lace t he o f

o f

t o

t he

1 10).

a re

a nd

o r

s outh-western Anatolia i ntroduced

1 966:

c ultures

t hat

p eriods

I ndeed

t he

l ate

a rea f ully d eveloped,

a ll

o f

n ewcomers

i s

a s t o

f rom

c ulture

was

a nd a lthough t he s uggested n ot

1 965).

d irectly r elated i s

t o t he o rigin a nd n ature

t he existence and extent o f

c halcolithic .

a nd t han

i ndications

s ubstantiated,

I ts

t he Konya p lain - C an Hasan - where, l ocal d evelopment c halcolithic p eriod

f ull t here

t he a ppearance

A nother p roblem which i s m iddle

t he

a rea ,

b een

o f t he l ate c halcolithic c ulture a s

t he

o f

t he

a p lausible e xplanation f or

t he n ew t radition ( Mellaart,

k nown

i n

c halcolithic

o rigin - n orth-western A natolia - h as

a rrival

p eriod

r epresentative

c halcolithic

c ontinuity . a re

Thus a t l east i nsofar a s t he

c onsidered

p resence

h owever,

h as

b een

t he

t raced

i n

i t i s c onsidered a s a

a p hase c loser t o t he p receding e arly t he f ollowing l ate c halcolithic ( Mellaart,

1 966: 1 08). I n s outh-western Anatolia r ecent e xplorations i n t he E lmali p lain , h ave s uggested a p ossible middle c halcolithic p hase w ith p re-late

c halcolithfc

p ottery

c haracteristics

( Eslick,

1 980:

8 ).

H owever, t he e vidence f rom t he p ottery g roups o f K izilbel a nd L ower B aeba9i

a re

i nconclusive

s ince

s tratigraphy .

The

i dea

o f

a rchitectural

r emains

o r

o ther

p lain ,

t he c haracter o f

t hey

a re

s ites

o f

f inds

n ot

s upported

e phemeral

i s

b y

f irmly

c haracter

v ery u nusual .

I n

b ased

without

t he

C ilician

t he middle c halcolithic i s b etter d efined

s ince

i t i s s tratigraphically r epresented b y t he s ite o f Mersin ( XIX-XVII) ( Garstang, 1 953: 1 01). I t i s i nteresting t o note t hat, u nlike t he K onya p lain, t his p hase f unctions a s a p relude t o t he f ull a ppearance o f t he n ew l ate c halcolithic c ulture ( level XVI) which s eems t o o riginate

i n t he A natolian p lateau ( Mellaart,

T he e xtent o f

I f i ndeed t he

p hase

f rom E lmali p lain i s d oubtful. s equence where

t he

l ike

t hen

o ne

l ate c halcolithic s eems

(Mellaart, t he whole

s ometimes

b e

t he

I n t he c ase,

1 975:

1 5),

c halcolithic i ncreases c onsiderably . a s h as

i s

l ate chalcolithic

1

f ollows H acilar I w ith a g ap o f o nly s ome d ecades t hen t he

e xistence o f a n i ntermediary

t o a ttribute

i t

w ith t he c ommencement a nd t he d uration o f t he l ate

c halcolithic p eriod i n Anatolia .

millennium

1 01).

t he middle c halcolithic p hase i s n ot c lear a nd

o bviously a ssociated p hase a lmost

1 966:

the

s uggested h owever,

t o

l ife

N onetheless

b y

t he

f inds

o f t he Mersin

b e n earer

t o t he

t he

4 th

s pan

o f

middle

i t i s

c ertainly w rong

l ate c halcolithic s equence t o t he 4 th m illennium

b een s uggested ( Menlink,

1 977:

2 92),

s ince

t here

will

a b ig gap i n t he f ifth millennium e specially i n c ulturally

a ctive a reas

l ike

s outh-west A natolia.

113

I t i s more l ikely t hat i f a n a ctual g ap i s f ound t o e xist i n t he Anatolian s equence s omewhere around 4 ,500 B .C . i t would n ot b e b ig enough t o a ccommodate a s eparate p hase l ike t he o ne s uggested b y t he middle c halcolithic p eriod. This i s t rue i n C an H asan where t he western A natolian l ate c halcolithic t radition ( Can H asan I ) a ppeared n ot very l ong a fter t he a bandonment o f t he 2A5 b uilding l evel .

Even

more s ignificant a re t he r esults o f r ecent e xcavations a t Kurucay H üyük i n t he Burdur a rea where t he l ate c halcolithic f ollows t he early c halcolithic w ithout 7 .4.

a b reak ( Duru 1 980:

2 24,

1 981:

9 5).

The e arly c halcolithic c ultures o f A natolia: S outh-western A natolia

a nd

t he K onya p lain a re t he g eographical

r egions where t he s o-called e arly c halcolithic c ultures f lourished, within t he

b road n eolithic f ramework .

I n m any ways t hey a re c onsidered

a c ontinuation o f t he l ong-established n eolithic t radition which i s b ased o n s ettled l ife i n v illages with mixed e conomy a nd p ottery manufacturing . T he d istribution o f t hese a gricultural c ommunities h as b een

e xplained

b y

e nvironmental

r easons,

e ither

o f

v egetation

1 964: 5 43) or o f t he d egree o f r ainfall ( Raikes, 1 967: 1 19).

( Butzer , H owever,

t here i s n o r eal c ultural c hange b etween t he l ate n eolithic p eriod a nd t he s ucceeding early c halcolithic i n a ll o f t he s ites where a n u ninterrupted s equence d oes e xist. I n H acilar e arly

t he

l ate n eolithic

chalcolithic

( V-I)

l evels

o ccupation

( IX-VI) were

without

f ollowed

t races

o f

b y

t he

e xternal

i nfluences. T he p eriod was c learly t he r esult o f a c ontinuous d evelopment f rom l evel I X o nwards, a f act which j ustifies t he a lmost a rbitrary d ivision 1 970) .

b etween

F or,

( Bialor,

a part

1 962:

l ate

n eolithic

f rom

t he e conomy ( Helbaek ,

6 7)

which

d id

a ppearance o f

a n ew f eature,

s udden

most

s ince

c ontinue

t o

o f

t he

a nd

n ot

e arly

c hange

c halcolithic 1 970 :

s ignificantly,

t he E arly P ainted p ottery ,

s hapes

o f

t he

( Mellaart,

1 89) a nd t echnology e ven

was n ot

t he

a t

a ll

p receding monochrome wares

b e e mployed.

The d evelopments i n t he Konya p lain a re s imilar, i n t he two r epresentative s ites o f ç atal H üyük W est ( Mellaart, 1 965: 1 35) a nd C an Hasan

( French,

a lthough

t he

i nadequate. c ommon a nd o f

1 962:

2 7,

1 963:

i nformation

2 9,

1 964:

a vailable

I n b oth c ases

t he

1 25,

f rom

p ainted

a lthough minor d ifferences

s trong

e vidence o f a c hronological C halcolithic

Hasan

2B,

a date

I I

1 965:

c ultures

l imited,

s ince

t here

i s

1 54).

n o

I ts

g eographical

to

C ilicia,

o f

s omewhere

( Mellaart, i s

Ware

e xist s uch a s

r eport

o n

f rom

t he

t he

e conomy

h owever ,

naturally

Explorations i n t he Göksu valley, h ave n ot

t he

1 65), t o

o n have

b e

t he

u se

o r a bsence

p ottery i s c onsidered a s

W est t urn

i s

t wo

c ontemporary

o f

t he

6 th

s ites: t o

important p racticed

t he

r oute

s ite b y

f rom

a ttracted

o f

t he

C an

t he

H asan ,

i nhabitants.

t he K onya

early

C an

millennium

I nformation c oncerning o ther a spects o f

e specially

p osition ,

would

1 967B: s eems

r elation b etween t he

9 ata1 H üyük a round

8 7,

l atter

r ed-on-white wares a re v ery

c ertain s hapes a nd d ecorative p atterns,

E arly

1 965:

t he

p lain

s ettlers.

t he o nly r oad t hrough t he Taurus,

p rovided d efinite n eolithic o r c halcolithic material a ccording

t o F rench ( 1965: 1 77) a lthough n eolithic d ark b urnished wares a nd a f ew p ainted p ieces a re r eported b y M ellaart ( 1954: 1 86) . I mports, h owever, f rom Mersin ( XXI-XX) t o C an Hasan 2B ( Mellaart,

114

1 963) i ndicate

s ome

s ort

o f

c ommunication

c hronology f or I ndeed

b etween

t he

t he c orresponding

t he

e arly

t wo

a reas

a nd

e stablish

a r elative

l evels.

c halcolithic

o t

Mersin

( XXIV-XX) s hows

c lose

r esemblances t o d evelopments i n t he Anatolian p lateau, a s imilarity which i s a lready e vident

i n

t he p revious p eriod a nd which w ill c ontinue

i nto t he l ate chalcolithic .

Whether o r n ot t his e arly c halcolithic

p hase

i n

M ersin

i s

i nfluenced

H alaf

a s

f ar

t he

p ainted

Halaf

a s

imports

( Mellaart,

1 981:

o rientation o f 1 975,

d o

b y

t he

p ottery

s outhern

i s

n ot

s tart

t ill

1 48).

I t

s eems,

c ultures

c oncerned,

l evel

XIX

i s

and

h owever,

o f

n ot

H assuna a nd

c lear .

s top

i n

p robable

E arly

l evel

t hat

XVI

s uch

a n

M ersin d uring e arly c halcolithic was u nlikely ( Mellaart,

1 26).

7 .5 T he l ate c halcolithic c ultures: Whether

o r

n ot

i n s ome r egions

t he s o-called

was a t ransition p eriod b etween t he o ld e arly l ate c halcolithic c ultures

( Mellaart,

1 966),

' middle

c halcolithic '

c halcolithic

i t d oes n ot

a nd

t he

n ew

a lter t he f act

t hat a noticeable c hange t ook p lace i n Anatolia i n t he f irst half o f t he 5 th millennium .

G eographically ,

t his n ew

t radition i s n ot

t o o ne r egion .

I t h as b een f ound o n t he A natolian p lateau ,

l imited

i n

while

s cale,

i slands ( Lemnos, The

C ilicia

i n t he a reas o f

s ite

o f

i nformation

( Mersin XVI)

t he

C hios,

A natolia I b)

( Beycesultan),

a nd

t he

B eycesultan

i s,

h owever,

t he

s ource

o f

was

f rom

t he

e xternal

e stablished

t he e arlier c ulture .

e astern

most

c oncerning t he n ew c ulture ( Lloyd - M ellaart,

j udging

c ulture

S .W .

( Kum T epe

S amos) c omparable c ultures h ave b een f ound.

A fter t he neolithic s equence l east

a nd

north-west

c onfined

t hough i n a

i n

t he

o f

A natolia

i t

c haracteristics,

a rea ,

which

s eems t hat

d iffered

o f

t he

1 962). c ertain,

a n ew

c onsiderably

N ew c eramic wares w ere i ntroduced,

a t

material f rom

which d iffered

i n t heir a ppearance - d ark s lipped s urfaces - and i n t heir method o f manufacture p ractices

- s traw-tempered

( Garstang,

( Mellaart,

1 978:

d ifferent

8 6).

material

c ulture.

F or,

1 953: I t

c haracteristics

i s

i t

h owever,

e qually

r eal

c ommunal

( Mellaart,

l ife

1 975);

t he

a lthough p oor had n ot Whether t he

c hange,

i nnovations What

i s

must

h ave

l ost

o r

n ot

o r

a n ew

which

c ertain, b een

and

t he

c hipped i ts

f oreign

p roduced

t hat h ad

i ndustry

e lements

o verlap

t he e arly l ate

o f

no

t he s et

new o f

fundamental b een

c ommon

( obsidian,

l ong

c hert)

t he u se o f m etal.

w ere

r esponsible

r esulted

t raditions,

s omewhere

o f n ew

A mixed e conomy was t he

Anatolia

c eramic

t hat

a c hronological

What i s s triking,

i n

c hanged

s trikingly

nature

t rue

metals

s tone

p opulation

n ew i s

o f

t hese

a whole

p opularity b ecause

t radition

h owever ,

e arly c halcolithic a nd

u se

b uilding

a lso

t hat

e conomic o r t echnological c hange o ccurred. b asis o f

existing

c ustoms t hat

t he

o bvious

i s

t he

b urial

overshadow

i t

a ppeared,

- while

and

s eems,

r emains

a lthough

c lay

1 31)

i s

n ot

i n n orther

b etween

t he

i n

e asy t o s ay .

A natolia

l ast

f or

t echnical

s tages

t here o f

t he

c halcolithic p eriod.

o n t he o ther h and,

i s t he " inferiority" o f t he

p revailing p ottery r epertoire c ompared t o t he d isappearing e arly chalcolitnic painted wares, and the wide d istribution o f t he c haracteristics which a re c onsidered

1 15

a s

l ate

c halcolithic

o ver

g reat

p arts o f A natolia ( Todd, 1 980 : 3 9) . M oreover, t he c onsiderable l ength o f t he p eriod - a t l east twenty b uilding l evels a t B eycesultan - and i ts

s ubdivisions

c ertainly d o n ot

p erhaps d uring t he t o

t he

b etray a ny t ransitional n ature e xcept

l atest p hases,

which

c an

I n g eneral t erms t he c haracter o f r emains

o bscure

( Mellaart,

a s

1 978:

c haracteristic

t ar

8 4).

a s

i ts

f eatures

o ver

most

l ate

s een a s

a n

i ntroduction

i s

s een

i n

t he

c halcolithic

p eriod

t he

i t s eems

c ontext

o f

l ate

a nd

c halcolithic p eriod

e xtent

wide

a re

c oncerned

d istribution

o f

i ts

o f A natolia e specially t owards

e arlier material i n t hese a reas

f eatures

t he

o rigin

N evertheless

A egean c oast i s v ery i mportant; o f

b e

i mpressive b ut d iverse e arly b ronze c ultures.

t o c ompensate

( Hood,

1 981).

a c ontinuous

may well

f or t he

I f

t he

p aucity

t his s pread o f

c ultural

p rocess ,

t he

b e s een t o i nitiate a p attern o f

c ontacts b etween d ifferent r egions o n a s cale which was u nknown b efore ; s uch i s

t he e vidence p rovided

f rom

b oth c oasts o f

t he A egean d uring t he

f inal Greek n eolithic and t he Anatolian l ate c halcolithic ( Renfrew, 1 972: 7 .6.

7 6). C ultural a reas o f n orth-western A natolia a nd P ottery g roups: B ecause o f

t he

v ery

l imited

n umber

o f

e xcavations

outside t he a rea o f t he Anatolian p lateau, p hases i s o nly s hown

b y t he d istribution o f

t ypes of p ottery a nd o ther a rtefacts. s urface c ollections

and

h istory o f

H owever ,

t he a rea .

c an g ive

must

b e

s tressed

m isinterpretation

t hat

b ecause

s ites,

i ndividual f eatures

s uch a s

o nly a v ague

i dea o f

t he

c ultural

t hey d o p rovide a g eneral f ramework w ith

t he o f

e arly

Most o f t hese f inds c ome f rom

c hronological r eferences b ased o n t ypological I t

o f

t he e xistence o f c ultural

d ata

t he

and

a vailable

l ack

o f

s tylistic

i s

c riteria.

f requently o pen

a dequate

s tratigraphy a nd

t o t he

oversimplifications which a rise f rom t he u njustified c omparison o f i ndividual

f eatures

such

a s

s hapes

and

d ecoration

f rom

d ifferent

t he 5 th m illennia i n w estern A natolia,

e specially

g eographical r egions. T he

l ate 6 th a nd

t he c oastal a reas, b een

c arried

a re v ery f ragmentarily

o ut

c onsiderations

i n

a nd

many

p laces,

c oncentrating

i n

r epresented .

b ased

p rimarily

a reas

which

w ere

t hen

c lassified

a ccording

s equence

e lsewhere,

p eriod o f

t he s ites .

d istribution Hacilar

t radition

n eolithic 1 9678) .

a nd

I f,

n orth-west i nstead

p attern

a t

a ll,

l east

r epresented 1 980:

o f i s

i n

b y

a lready

t he

c haracteristic

t he

main

a s

h as

e stablished i dea

f or

l ike

t he i s

t he

t ypological o ccupation

c oncerned p ottery

p ostulating

o f a

t he t he l ate

t he

i t

l ooks

e arly

t hose

t o t he n orth a nd

( Mellaart,

t radition continued,

p ainted wares

o f

d id n ot s pread

b een s uggested

A natolia

l inked

p eriod i n western A natolia ( French ,

i s u ndermined ;

c entral

h ave

r ed-on-cream

c riterion

h ave

g eographical

T he s urface f inds

t he e arly c halcolithic

t he p ainted wares

monochrome

H acilar t ype p ottery t hat a t

A s f ar a s

t he

o nly a r ough

p re l ate c halcolithic

h owever ,

t he

t o

p roducing

o n

must

r egion o f s outh-western A natolia with t he c oast.

S urveys

t hen

c ertain ,

1 970:

t he

i n t his

c halcolithic

1 46)

value

o f

b ut the

r espect,

p eriod

i s

n ot

f ound i n t he K onya p lain ( Todd,

4 5). I ndeed

d evelopment

t he i n

p ossibility

o f

a l ocal

western A natolia must

1 16

a nd

q uite

i ndependent

c ultural

b e t aken s eriously i n v iew

o f

t he

f act

t hat

t he

l ate

c halcolithic

p eriod

p roduced

material

which

d ifferentiated f rom t he t raditional s outh-western Anatolian ( French,

1 971:

I n p eriod I t f or

i s

a re

much

defining

K um

r egional

p laced

o r

i ts 1 962:

r eal

l ate

c alled

t he l ate c halcolithic

A natolia

( French ,

s ubphases,

i f

7 1),

p ottery .

c ultural

e xcavations

B e9ikatepe)

e arly

b ronze

h ave

a ge

i s

t he

t erms

o f

t he

1 969:

7 5),

C onsiderable

t ypical

c arinated

o f

b owl,

p ottery,

on

the

t he

a nd

p ainted t echnique. t he

o f

u seful

a nd t he

C eramic may

t he

material

o ften

s econdly

o n

t he

d ecoration ,

b e

p lain

o f

r eference

t heir

a pparent

which

c orresponds

t herefore,

A natolian

i s

g roups

T roadic

p oints

d espite

importance,

s outh-western

h as

o nly b een

which h ave b een

s equence, s uch

a s

s uch t he

a s

white

O ther c riteria, s uch a s t he s urface t reatment o f

a re m ore d ifficult

I nvestigations same

9 9) .

a d ivision

t heir value

m ounds

p rovided

p eriods

s uch

f irst o f a ll o n t he o ccurrence o f c ertain s hapes a s

1 961:

c halcolithic p hases e stablished a t B eycesultan i s

r epresented.

a ccepted t he

i n t he

i s

t hat o nce a gain t he o nly material a vailable

l imitations ( French ,

t o t he f our p oorly

b ut

T epe,

p re

what

western

p eriod

A lthough

t he

o f i n

- M ellaart,

important

( Troy ,

e vidence p lentiful

h owever ,

t he

( Lloyd

l imited . f or

t he

more

r egrettable,

p ossible

b e

6 6).

c ontrast, i s

c an

t ypology

i n

t he

t o d efine.

e astern

methodological

A egean

l ines.

i slands B ecause

h ave

b een

t here

c onducted

i s

s o

much

u nstratified material most o f t he c omparative o bservations a re b ased o n s tylistic s pecific o f

c riteria

c haracter

h andles).

T he

e xcavations s equence o f

b y

( Furness,

t han

t hose

r ecent

1 81),

( 1981)

t he

i slands

t ried b ut

t o

a lso

t hough t hese a re o f a more

i n

p ublication

H ood

b etween

1 956:

employed

western A natolia

o f

t he

c larify

Emborio n ot

only

t heir r elations

( e .g .

t ypes

a nd

A g.

t he

c ultural

G ala

w ith b oth c oasts

t he A egean.

7 .6.1.

N orth-western A natolia:

I n g eneral t erms, t he a rea o f n orth-western Anatolia, i ncluding t he e astern i slands, c ould b e c onsidered b etween t he g eographical r egions o f G reece,

a s t he p lace o f c ontact t he s outh B alkans a nd t he

c ultures o f t he A natolian p lateau . T he a reas which h ave s o t ar b een i nvestigated i n n orth-western A natolia a re t he Marmara r egion a round t he l ake I znik ( Mellaart, o f

1 955: 8 0, F rench,

B alikesir a nd A khisar-Manisa

( French,

The Marmara r egion i s o ne o f g reat

1 967B: 4 9) and t he r egion

1 969:

4 1).

s ignificance

b ecause

position b et ween t he s ea and t he p lateau, s erving c ommunication r oute f rom Anatolia t o s outh-east E urope t hroughout

much

o f

t he

p rehistoric

p eriod

( Mellaart,

o f

i ts

a lso a s a a nd Thrace 1 971:

1 19).

E vidence, h owever , o f e arly h abitation i s v ery r are a nd, a part f rom o ne p iece o f p otLery w ith i mpressed f inger n ail d ecoration f rom I licapinar , which h as

b een c ompared

t o s imilar T hessalian f inds ( French ,

F ig . 1 3:12), n o p ainted s herds a re r eported f rom t he I negöl r egion . M ellaart r eports a p ainted s herd ( matt l i kurhisar,

p robably o f a n e arly c halcolithic d ate

H owever , F rench a s

t here a re

b elonging t o

s ome e arly wares

1 967B :

4 9,

I znik-Yeni9ehirr ed-on-red) f rom

( 1955:

7 5).

which h ave b een i dentified

b y

t he 6 th millennium b ecause o f t heir s imilarities

1 17

t o l he Hacilar 1 X-VII p ottery. t ar

f rom c ertain ;

( 1964:

1 7)

a nd

m illennium

d ate

a s

Pale-dark

l imited

T odd i s

i s

v ery

B urnished

o f

t he

( 1980:

p robable . a nd

T hey

F ikirtepe

a round

P ale-dark

t hese wares i s, h owever,

c onsiders

s ceptical

d istribution

c omparison

T he d ate o f

a lthough M ellaart

t he

a s

i t

e arly n eolithic

s eems

t hat

h ave

b een

d escribed

t ypes

a nd

t hey s eem

l ake

B urnished

t hem

1 27)

o f

w are

I znik w ith

( Fig .

t he

a 6 th

b y

F rench

t o

h ave a

8 1).

H acilar

T he

material

h as b een b ased o n t he s hape o f t he h ole mouth j ar ( French, 1 967B, F ig. 1 1:17-36)

while

t he

F ikirtepe p ottery a ppears

t o h ave l ess d irect

with any o f t he early f inds o f t he Anatolian p lateau ( 1967B, 3 9).

I n f act,

j udge

f rom

a n

i t

s eems

t hat

e xamination

i ts d istinctiveness,

o f

t he

B ritish I nstitute a t Ankara, p ottery .

Many

a spects

o f

f ew

s amples

i n

a s

t he

l inks

F ig. 3 8,

t ar a s

I c ould

c ollection o f

t he

n ature

o f

t he

F ikirtepe

p ottery,

i ncluding i ts d istribution a round t he a rea o f I zmit ( Mellaart, 5 6)

a re s till A s

o bscure

f ar a s

i t

f alls

( Bittel,

i n t he I znik a rea ,

w ell within t he

l ate

1 955:

1 969-1970).

t he B lack B urnished p ottery ( French,

b y s urface f inds

t he

i s d ue t o t he s urface t reatment o f t he

i s

c oncerned

1 967B :

t here

5 7),

d e 'ined

i s n o d oubt

c halcolithic p hases o f A natolia .

t hat

I t

i s

a

h andmade ware a nd t he c olour o f t he s urface varies f rom r ed t o ! qack with

n o

t races

o f

s lip.

c arinated b owls ( 1967B , B eycesultan

the

I ts

F ig .

main

f eature

i s

t he

1 2:16-19) which a re a lso

r epertoire

( Lloyd - Mellaart,

u se

o f

o per

a nd

c haracteristfc

1 962:

1 00,

F ig.

o f

n 12).

T he variety o f t ne b owls employed i n t he B lack B urnished wa e - k owls with f lat r ims a nd c urving s ides - may i ndicate t hat a ll f our p hases o f l ate c halcolithic a re r epresented, a lthough t he absence o f white p ainted p ottery, which b ecomes c ommon i n B eycesultan f rom X XXIV l evel o nwards,

i s n oticeable.

T he

s urface

material

f rom

t he

Marmara

a rea,

t hough

i t

g ives

s ome

h ints o f p ossible c ontacts with o ther r egions, i s f ar f rom p roviding r eliable

i nformation .

E specially

a s

f ar

a s

t he

e arly p eriods

c oncerned t he p ottery i s very f ragmentary and c omes n umber o f i s

s ites .

k nown o nly

T he

f rom

m aterial o f

s urface

B alikesir ,

c ollections

a re

f rom a l imited

A khisar a nd Manisa r egions

( French ,

1 969:

4 1) .

H e

r eports

only o ne v ery small r ed-on-cream p ainted p iece o f a b owl o f c ertain e arly date f rom t he s ite o f Morali I ( 1965: 2 0, F ig. 5 :4) ( Fig. 8 0); t he date o f s ome more p ainted s herds, r eported b y o thers ( Biernoff, 1 967: 9 6, F ig. 1 1) i s not c ertain . H ood c onsiders a f ragment o f p ainted

r ed-on-white

s herd

f ound

i n

t he L ower

c ave

o f

A gio G ala ( 1981:

2 1, F ig. 7 :49) t o b e an import e ither f rom S esklo o r Anatolia; f rom

t he d ifferent o pinions e xpressed a s

1 26,

F rench ,

1 969 :

a s a n i mport . 1 o f

5 8)

i t

i s

important

S tratigraphically i t

t he L ower c ave

i s n ot

t o

t hat

c annot

h omogeneous

i t

i s

b e d efined s ince t he

( Hood,

1 981:

with

f ine

o f

a n early d ate ( French,

b urnished

d ifferent c olours.

s urface

c overed

1 965: with

1 8).

h orizon

7 8).

i t

a t hick

A lthough t he b owls a nd jars

1 971:

u nanimously a ccepted

A r ather d ifficult t o d efine P lain B urnished ware, c onsidered

a part

i ts o rigin ( Mellaart,

h owever,

i ncludes wash

o r

i s

s herds s lip

i ndicate a p re

o f

l ate

c halcolithic date t he material i s t oo f ar f rom b eing h omogeneous t o p ermit

c omparisons

with

o ther

r egions;

f or

e xample

t he

s mall

r aised

b ase c annot b e c onvincingly c ompared t o s imilar f eatures a t H acilar.

1 18

Another

e arly

f ound

a t

f ive

1 969,

F ig. 2 ).

ware,

s ites

k nown

( mounds)

a s P lain B urnished p ottery h as

a long

t he

L ate c halcolithic B eycesultan

b een f ound i n t he s ame a rea a lthough i t

i s

t ype

o f

p ottery h as a lso

c ourse l ess

p lentiful

t han i n t he r egion o f s outh-western Anatolia ( French, 1 961: 1 ) .

T he

t ypical

s hape

i s

t he

s hallow

b een

l ower G ediz valley ( French,

b owl

w ith

f laring

1 01, F ig.

c oncave

s ides

o ften d ecorated w ith w hite p aint. The

B lack

B urnished

wares

i ndicate a w ide d istribution o f B eycesultan A natolia .

r egion

t he

l owlands

I t a ppears t hat

d etailed

t ypological

s equence

b oth a reas,

t hese

a nd

f inds

c oastal a re

c lassification

e stablished

c hronological 1 03)

t o

f rom

l ate c halcolithic

s equence

for

f or

o f

d ifferent

a reas

s ufficient and

I t

h owever,

b e

s tressed,

f or

o f

s tylistic

i solated

a n e xcavated

t hat

s ite,

c riteria

u ntil

b e

p ermit t o

a more

provide

( French ,

a

1 961:

t he p re T roy p hases.

a s ound

c onclusions

must

t o

thus

l ate c halcolithic u ntil

must

n orth-western

p ottery g roups

f rom t he b eginning o f

e stablished

t he

o f

t he material a ccording t o t he

Beycesultan

t he

which a re s imilar,

t ype p ottery f rom

b ased

s tratigraphy

o n

t he

i s

c omparison

t reated w ith c aution e specially

where w e a re c oncerned w ith a r egional s equence. 7 .6.2.

E astern A egean I slands:

F rom f rom

t he

o ld

i slands

o f

e xcavations,

Kalymnos,

K os).

i mportant,

T he

b ecause

t he e astern A egean w e h ave a vailable m aterial

which f ew

t hey

a re

mostly

p ublished

p rovide

without

s tratification

e xcavations

t he

a re

s tratigraphical

( Samos,

t herefore very

a nd

c hronological

b asis f or t he s tudy o f t he p rehistorical material s cattered o ver t he i slands . Thermi

While

t he e xcavations a t P oliochni i n L emnos ( Brea ,

i n L esbos

i nformation

f or

( Lamb, t he

important material r ecently

b een p ut

e vidence

o f

t he

1 936)

b ronze f rom

i n

i ts

a ge

p roper i s

S ome

o f A g.

and

i ts

G ala

p erspective

v ery

r estriction i n o ur i nformation , p icture o f

s equence

t he s ites

p ottery

1 964) a nd

l ong a go p rovided a c ertain amount o f

( Hood,

l imited,

p re-phases,

t he

a nd Emborio h as o nly 1 98 0 .

t here

which must a ffect

i s

o ur

B ecause

t he

a q ualitative

o verall

c ultural

t heir

r egional

t he a rea. c eramic

f eatures,

h owever,

b ecause

o f

d istribution, may, with c areful c lassification, b e a ble t o p rovide a c hronological d ecoration

d imension

a nd

t he

f or

b owl

t he with

a rea .

T hese

r ims

r egrettably b e t he o nly b asis f or s equence f or t he e astern A egean

a re

c urving

t he

p atterned-burnish

inwards.

T his

will

t he a ttempt t o c onstruct a c ultural i slands, and f or a ssessing t heir

p osition w ithin a w ider c ontext. E ven b efore s ites

i t

was

t he

c lear

f inal

f rom

p ublication o f

p reliminary

r eports

t he

A g.

( Hood,

G ala 1 965)

a nd Emborio t hat

most

o f

t heir material was o f a n e arly d ate , n ot o nly i n r elation t o t he o ther e astern i slands b ut a lso i n t he wider A egean c ontext ( Renfrew, 1 972, Table

5 :1).

Anatolian

A l ot l ate

o f A egean

c halcolithic

l ate

n eolithic e lements

f eatures

have

b een

t ogether with

i dentified

i n

material f rom t he i slands o f S amos, Kos a nd Kalymnos ( Furness, L loyd-Mellaart, R hodes

( Sampson,

1 962)

while

1 979).

I n

r ecently t he

w ider

1 19

s imilar c ontext

f inds o f

were

r eported

t he

1 956, f rom

t he A egean n eolithic ,

t he

c ultural

p osition

o f

t he

e astern

i slands

i s

n ot

c lear a s

w e

s hall

s ee f urther b elow. A s

f ar

a s

t he

r elation

E mborio i s c oncerned, which s uggests

t hat

U pper c ave o f A .

b etween

t here s eems

t he

t o

b e

t he L ower c ave a nd

G ala ( horizon

material

a c lear

f rom Ag.

G ala a nd

c hronological

s equence

t he l ower g roup o f l evels i n t he

1 -2) was

c ontemporary o r o verlapped

w ith

Emborio X-IX and t hat t he u pper l evels o f t he Upper c ave ( horizon 3 ) a lso o verlapped

w ith Emborio,

V II-VI

( fine

b lack

white p ainted d ecoration) ( Hood, 1 981: 7 7). A g .

G ala

m aterial

Emborio V III

( horizon

1 -2)

i s

j ustifiably

s ince n either p attern

b urnished

s herds

c onsidered

e arlier

b owls w ith s hort

t han

b urnish p ottery ( Emborio VIII -

B e9ikatepe) n or v ases with i nward c uring r ims ( Emborio V II-VI, I b) were f ound ;

w ith

I n o ther words t he e arly

K um T epe

c arinated r ims ( Emborio V -IV,

T roy I )

a re a lso a bsent. I t

i s

wiser,

c riteria f or s ites t ype

o f

C hios

( Hood,

I b elieve ,

t o a void

t he a ttempt

t o e stablish s pecific

t racing even c loser a ffinities e ither o r

w ith o ther

1 981:

3 1,

F ig.

r egions .

S ix

1 6:54-55)

r eject a c ultural c ontemporaneity .

are

b owl n ot

b etween

r ims

o f

t he

two

a d istinctive

a dequate

t o

d efine

o r

E ven t he t ypical h orned h andles

with such a wide a nd meaningful d istribution i n t he e astern Aegean c annot

b e

l imited s eems

c onsidered

i n

t o

n umber

b e

t echniques,

a s

d isagreement s uch a s

t he

( Emborio - B e9ikatepe) 7 .7.

I nterregional S ince

a s ecure

( Emborio

t he

V I

a s

c riterion

- A g .

t o

when

G ala :

t heir o ccurrence i s

h orizon

3 ) .

Moreover

s o

t here

t he c omparability o f c ertain d ecorative

p attern

b urnish

( Renfrew,

1 972:

ware,

b etween

d ifferent

s een

t he

s ites

7 5).

r elationships:

e arly

p ainted

p ottery

h as

b een

a s

h allmark o f

t he main c ulture o f t he Anatolian p lateau during t he 6 th a nd part o f t he 5 th millennium, i t i s n atural t o s ee i n i ts d istribution c onsiderable s ignificance f or t he c ultural c ontacts b etween t he d ifferent

r egions .

P ainted

p ottery

o f

H acilar

I V-II

o r

I ,

E .Ch .

I a nd

I I wares f rom 9 atal Hüyük West a nd C an Hasan have b een f ound i n many s ites

o ver

s outh-west

A natolia ,

i n

a s trong

p ainted H acilar

1 970 :

r egional

wares

o f

t he

4 37) .

I t

c haracter

Konya

p lain

t ype p ottery w as f ound

i s

i nteresting,

a pplies and

s herds

t o

t he

were

While,

t he s ucceeding H acilar I ware h ad a w ider d istribution i n

r egion ( Mellaart,

p ainted

q uantities .

i n D ereköy I , t hat

a nd K uru ay

v arying

H acilar

t he

I V-II

t hough

f or i nstance,

h owever ,

s pread

s outh-western

i n 9 atal H üyük W est

f ound

o f

o nly

t o

n ote

a ll

t he

Anatolia;

n o

o r v ice v ersa.

The s triking Hacilar I c eramics, a part f rom whether o r not t hey evolved f rom t he p revious t radition ( V-I) a ppear t o b e c oncentrated a round and

t he s ingle

C an

H asan

t ype-site .

2 B

wares,

d ifficult t o e stablish ; a ctual

e vidence

o f

T he

f or

s ame

which

a pplies

t o

t he

a d istribution

9 atal H üyük

W est

p attern

v ery

i s

even b etween t he main c ultural c entres t he

c ontacts

i s

v ery

r are

( Mellaart,

1 965:

1 54) .

T here

i s l imited p ainted material f ound i n t he w estern a nd c oastal r egions A natolia s ince g eneral T he

t erms l ack

t he r ed-on-white p ieces r esemble o f

o f

r eported f rom t here o nly i n v ery

t he d istinctive H acilar I w are.

p ainted

p ottery

c an

1 20

c ertainly

b e

mainly a ttributed

t o

i nadequate e xploration i n t he a rea .

H owever,

v ery s canty i n t he Anatolian p lateau a s work h as

p ainted p ottery was manufactured B urdur ,

s imilar material i s

where a l ot

o f s urvey

i f i s b ound t o b e s uggested t hat t he impressive

b een d one,

a l imited a rea ;

s ince

well,

i n a f ew

c entres

a nd

d istributed

o nly r ecent e xcavations a t Kuru ay H üyük ,

o ver

n ear t he l ake

h ave y ielded e arly c halcolithic p ainted p ottery o f H acilar V -II

and I t ype,

b elow t he l ate chalcolithic l evels ( Duru 1 981:

1 95).

T he

c oncentration o f p ainted wares i n s ome s ites might b e r elated t o t he e xceptional

n ature

o f

t hese

monumental f eatures .

s ites,

a nd

e specially H acilar

I ,

w ith

i ts

I t d oes n ot n ecessarily mean t hat p ainted p ottery

had a d istinctive f unction i n t he c ommunity o r a s pecial p urpose f or i ts e xistence . r epresent

S ince t he H acilar V I

t he

b ulk

o f

t he

c eramic

t ype monochrome wares c ontinued t o

material - i n H acilar V I

p ottery was o nly 1 0% - i t may well b e t he c ase c onsidered e ither

a l uxury

w ithin

d istribution

t he o f

p roduct

a nd

t hat

o r

among

c ommunity

t he

p ainted

p ottery

i t

h ad

t he

a r estricted

v illages .

i tself

t he p ainted

t hat p ainted p ottery was

makes

c irculation ,

T hus

i t

t he

l imited

i mpossible

t o u se

i t a s an indication o f i nterregional c ontacts within Anatolia .

The

l ack o f e xcavations which c ould p resent a c onclusive p icture o f t he d ifferent

cultures

r egrettably

s cattered

s ubstituted

b y

i n

t he

t he

u se

western

o f

c riteria

p art which

o f

Anatolia

i s

a re

s tretched

t o

a ccommodate c omplex c ultural f unctions . T he

a cknowledgment

u sually

p layed

f ramework;

d own

t he

o f

i n

t he

t he

l imited v alue o f

d esire

implications

s erious

i naccuracy .

T here

s imply

e stablishing

t he

i s,

o f

f or

s uch

h owever ,

p resence

s ome

o f

t he s urface p ottery i s s ort

a p rocess

o f

a j ustifiable

t he

p ainted

c hronological

s ometimes

wares

i n

i n

t he

which must h ave p layed a n important r ole a s f ar a s c ontacts and t he B alkans a re c oncerned.

l ead

i nterest

t o

e ven

r egions,

w ith G reece

F or i f t here was a westwards o r v ice

v ersa movement o f c ultural t raits

i n t he A egean ,

t he p aucity o f p ainted

p ottery i n t he i slands and t he western c oast o f Anatolia p resents a c onsiderable c hallenge ( French, existence o f G reece

a nd

l ack o f o ut

a " contact

1 965).

I n p roper c ultural t erms t he

z one" b etween t he p ainted t radition o f b oth

t he A natolian

p lateau

i n

s imilar c haracteristics,

t he

5 th millennium,

would b e u nusual .

T he

with

i n t he n orth-western Anatolian r egion ( Mellaart,

1 969),

t he E lmali

Rhodes

( Sampson,

p lain 1 979)

i n

t he

s outh and

and

t he

i nvestigations

c omplete

s urveys c arried 1 955,

French,

t he r ecent excavations i n i n Karpathos

( Melas

p .c.), h ave c overed a ll t he p ossible c ommunication r outes b etween Greece and Anatolia . A ll e fforts, h owever, f ailed t o r eveal p ainted p ottery. g reat

S o,

e xtent

a ssuming

t he a bsence o f w e s hall

t hat

r epresentative

o ur

o f

p resent

t he

r eal

s tate o f k nowledge

c ultural

h istory

o f

i s

t he

t o a a rea ,

p ainted wares may i nitiate d ifferent i nterpretations,

s ee i n

a s

s ection 8 .

The late chalcolithic wares s ee m t o have a more easily r ecognizable p attern o f d istribution o ver t he n orth-western A natolian and

c oastal

c ollections b etween

l ate

a n

Anatolian

u nlike

s ubdivisions

A lthough most

t hey g ive

t he

Moreover, the

r egions.

b ased

t he o n

o f

p lateau

t he

t he f inds

p revailing

t he

p ainted

B eycesultan

p ottery,

o f

t he

a nd

p receding

c halcolithic

s ignificance.

i dea

western wares

s equence

which

have

c ome

f rom s urface

cultural r egions

a number

c an

b e

c lear

c ontacts ( Fig.

o f

8 2).

p recise

e stablished

f or

chronological

C riteria s uch a s t he d ecoration ( white p aint) and t he

1 21

s hapes

( carinated

c onsidered t he

s ite

b owls)

s tronger o f

a re

e qually

e vidence

B eycesultän

( Lloyd

i tself

i mportant

a lthough

- M ellaart,

a n umber o f

1 962: o ther

t he

7 7) .

l atter A part

mounds

i n

s outh-

western Anatolia and t he Konya p lain h ave p roduced e vidence o f c halcolithic

c ulture .

R egrettably

i n

f rom t he c aves i s not i nformative. g eographically important u seful

( Mellaart,

1 954:

T he b ulk o f f inds

o f

( strap,

t ype-site

a s trict

c ertain

w ith a nd

o f

n ot

a s

B eycesultan.

decoration

A natolia , d irectly

I n

i slands

a ny c omparative

c hronological

c ommon

1 98)

Thessaly

i n

o ccur

S amos,

i n

a nd

a t

t he t he

i n

1 908:

c ultural

c ase

( Heurtley,

2 57,

F ig.

a nd A g.

a s

The

h orned

( Furness,

F ig.

a s

white

t hey d o n ot

G ala

1 59,

well

t o t he

which

( pointillg,

1 939:

1 80)

o f

i nclude h andles

d efinition .

( X-IX)

h owever,

r elated

f eatures

r eference

t echniques

Emborio

Macedonia

( Tsountas,

l ate

material

p lain a re v ery

p attern b urnished) and p ottery s hapes ( bowls);

h andles, 1 956:

t he E lmali

e astern A egean

f ramework t or

h orned),

p ainted, b ear

t he

s uch a s

t he material a vailable o utside S .W.

t he

t he

1 75).

u nstratified material o f t he c onstitute

d istrict

I n a ddition o ld explorations

r egions

c an o nly b e c onsidered c omparative t he

P amphylia

i s

f rom

i n

3 0)

and

mainland

A natolia.

s eem t he

I n

t he

t o

b e

s ame way b oth white p ainted d ecoration a nd c ommon

a ppearance

(Mellaart, s uch

a s

o f

1 971:

t he

f eatures

a ll

t he D ark

B urnished

1 37).

d ifferent

o ver

t he A egean wares

( Mellaart,

t hat

1 966:

H owever ,

l ate

o f

c arinated

t oo

c loser r elations

b owls

( incurved t hrough

i s

r im)

t hese

a nd

t he

s pecific

b etween r egions h ave b een s uggested

s ince many c haracteristics h ave a m ulti-directional e ast-

c losely

c loser

with

5 th m illennium

1 44).

T here i s e vidence h ad

t he

I t

west d istribution i t would b e wrong t o l ink t he c oast

i n

a ssociated

Minor s tylistic v ariations i nevitably exist f orms

b urnished d ecoration ( pattern b urnished) . p eculiarities

c arinated b owls

r egion

w ith c ultural t hat

c ontacts

t he

w ith

d evelopments

i slands a nd t he

o n

western

t he A natolian

p lateau .

s outhern i slands o f K alymnos, Kos a nd R hodes

s outh-western A natolia

t han t he n orthern o nes

( Sampson , 1 979) d espite t he l ack o f material f rom t he c oastal a reas o f C ilicia where no p rehistoric o ccupation h as b een d etected ( Mellaart, 1 954:

1 86) .

Moreover

i f

c halcolithic c ulture i s

a n orth-western A natolian o rigin t o b e a ccepted

f or

t he

noticeable d ifference i n t he p ottery f eatures o f t he p lateau; i ndications

h ave

b een g iven b y

t he e arly b urnished wares

w estern A natolia p roposed b y F rench I t

b ecomes

c lear

t hat

d uring

( 1967B, t he

a s

f ar

a s

b asic

p ottery

5 th

millennium

c haracteristics,

B urnished wares, a re c oncerned.

b e a s uch

o f n orth-

1 969).

c limate o f u niformity p revailing o ver b oth c oasts o f l east

l ate

t hen t here c ertainly s hould

t here

was

t he A egean

s uch

a s

t he

a a t

Dark

The d ecline o f t he p ainted p ottery,

more d ramatic i n A natolia , g ave way t o t he a ppearance o f t he b urnishing t echniques w ith a v ariety o f d ecoration ; d istribution o f s imilar wares e xtended

a s

h owever ,

r egrettable t hat a more c onclusive b asis

t ransition more

f ar f rom

evidence

e lements

which

a s

t he

e arly i s

s outhern t o

l ate

a vailable,

c ould

a ccount

B alkans

( Tringham,

c halcolithic

c annot

I t

i s,

f or u nderstanding

1 971:

t he

b e

i ncluding a k nowledge f or

a n e conomic

1 22

a nd

1 06) .

s uggested . o f

t he

U ntil

c ultural

t echnological

c hange

f rom t he p receding t radition i n A natolia,

o ur k nowledge o f t he l ate

c halcolithic p eriod m ust r emain u nsatisfactory. G enerally

s peaking,

t he

p attern

o f

i nterrelationships

b etween

t he

various s ites and g eographical r egions must b e t reated with r eserve u ntil m ore d ata i s

a vailable.

1 23

8 .

T HE A EGEAN N EOLITHIC D URING T HE L ATE 6 th a nd 5 th M ILLENNIA I n

t his

p revailing 6 th

a nd

chapter

5 th i n

d efinition

t o

t he

a rchipelago,

o f

and

t he

d evelopments, c ombined

o r

a ll

s ections,

r egion , a nd

b y

made

t he

i s

t here

a lso

e xamining

r econstruct d uring

t o

i ts

i n

f or

a n

l ate

p resented

a nd

a c ultural

p osition

w ithin

W as

p articular, i t

t he

t he

g ive

d evelopments .

S porades

e vidence

t o

i slands e vidence

a nd

A natolian

northern

b e

A egean

t he Greek mainland a nd d id

t he

t he

A egean

within

t he

s imply f ollow i ts

i ndependent

e volution

with

i nfluences f rom b oth G reece a nd A natolia?

B ut

f irst

o f

a ll

l et

t he n eolithic d eveloped t o t hat

t he

c ombining

G reek

s phere o f

will

a rea o f

p revious

t he A egean

f ramework

c ultural

a ttempt

t he

millennia,

d iscussed b road

t he

s ituation i n

u s

c onsider

t he

f undamental

q uestion

o f

h ow

i n G reece a s a whole a nd what a re i ts r elations

o f A natolia, a n a rea which p layed a l eading r ole

i n t he p rocess

o f n eolithic c hange . S ince t he i nvasionist a nd m igrationist models e xplaining c ultural c hange h ave b een a bandoned a s t oo s implistic, e stablishment

o f

t he f irst f arming c ommunities i n s outh-east E urope a nd

e specially i n Greece c annot E astern

s ettlers

b e s een any

m oving i nto

more

a s

t he

t he A egean ( Weinberg,

a n

A chilleion a nd

independent

i ntroductory

F rancthi

p rocess

s tages

o f

o f

the

c ave

d o

n ot

r esult

o f N ear

1 5).

H owever,

1 965:

t he e vidence f rom t he e arliest n eolithic s ettlements N ikomedeia,

f or t he

i n G reece

l ike N ea

u nequivocally

c ultural

c hange .

n eolithic

p eriod

A lthough i n Greece,

p oint

f rom

t o t he

t he P PN

o r

a ceramic p hase, t here i s evidence o f a well e stablished s ubsistence s trategy with a wide r ange o f d omesticated p lants, most

o f

1 973B:

t hem

i s

1 47).

a nd g oat ,

n ot n ative

T he

a nimal

i n

t he

a rea

h usbandry

which a lthough t hey were

t oo

t heir

1 968:

2 41),

have

not

wild s tate ( Payne,

which

marked

G reek

n eolithic

t he

s hown

t o

h igh

w ith

b een

1 968:

p oint i ts

But

1 975:

t he

E urope

s pecies

( Renfrew,

s uch

a s

s heep

1 20) a nd C rete ( Jarman and t o

b e

native

t o G reece

P ottery manufacture, p ainted

a chievements

wares

( Theochares,

h as,

i n

h owever, o f

h owever,

t he b een

1 967).

e ven i f i t i s a ccepted t hat t he Greek n eolithic e volved a nd

d eveloped

i ndependently

i nfluences,

i t

o f

B alkan ,

i s u nreasonable

A natolian ,

t o e xpect

a nd N ear E astern g enetic

t hat c ultural

b etween t hese a reas d id not t ake p lace a t a ll. o f c ultural change a nd t he p rocess, i n i ts b road s ense, 1 956). I f n otions a bandoned i t s eems P ottery

t he wild f orm o f

i n v ery e arly p rehistoric

t echnological

i mpressive

b e a l ocal d evelopment

i ncluded

p roved

3 68).

o f

s outh-east

i dentified

c ontexts i n mainland Greece ( Rayne, J arman,

o f

f orms,

s uch t hat

f igurine

d iffusionist model c annot b e d iscounted

a s a n e xplanatory a ltogether ( Childe,

a s ' higher c ulture' a nd ' invention ' a re d iffusion i s a valid c ultural f unction.

t ypes,

t ool

c ommunication a nd t rade w ithout a t

t he s ame t ime r epresenting I deas and t echniques c an

way

t oo

t he

i ndependent

without

t o

i nvolving

o ther

a reas

t he

c ontacts,

s ame

s pread

which c onstitute

c ultural d ependence and dominant r egions. t he

c an

a ll o f

a ssemblage

i n

a r egion

t ypes,

c ultural

t ravel

o f

i nteraction

D iffusion a s a f actor

massive

t hrough

movement

o f

p opulation. Thus i nevitably

e xclude

o f

t echniques .

c ertain

i ndirect What

n ature

o f

A natolian i t

s hows,

125

t he

Greek

i nfluences w ith

t he

n eolithic a nd h elp

t he o f

d oes

n ot

i ntroduction t he

a vailable

r adiocarbon

d ates

f undamentally s ettled

l ife,

( Mellaart,

d efine a nd

t he

1 975:

2 83),

n eolithic

f arming

may n ot

i s

t hat

p eriod

h ave

b een

b asic

s uch

p ractices

a s

which

domestication,

i ntroduced

t o G reece

f rom

Anatolia s ince t hey a ppeared a lmost s imultaneously i n b oth r egions. These p ractices were e xperimented u pon a nd e stablished g radually i n G reece

a nd

c onstituted

characteristics g eneral

u niformity

millennium c oncerned

t he

which i n

E urope

o f

a s

1 973:

s pecifically , o f

f ar

a s

3 3)

and

b io-social

p revalence

A natolia

c ultural

f rom

e conomic

a ssemblages

t he

o f

s ystems t o

a

s eventh a re

e merge

a nd

t ypes

c nd

t o d istinguish.

f rom

f rom

f igurine

t he G reek mainland b egin t o s how i ncreasing

r esemblances t o A natolian material 1 12,

a nd

The

f ramework p ottery c haracteristics,

a rchitectural f eatures 1 967:

t echnological

n eolithic.

p articularly

s imilarities

r egional d ifferentiations W ithin t his

t he

s outh-east

o nwards

a llowed

e conomic,

d efine

( Weinberg,

1 965:

t he e arly n eolithic

s imilarities

h ave

b een

s een

i n

5 88,

Theochares,

p eriod o nwards.

t he

t echnique

More

a nd

s hapes

t he F rühkeramikum p ottery f rom s ome T hessalian s ites s uch a s A rgissa

( simple

b owls)

( Milojel ,

1 962:

P late

2 1)

t o

t he

d ark

b urnished

o f 9 . atal Hüyük V III-II and e arly H acilar monochrome ware.

wares

T he n ext

p hase o f t he e arly n eolithic s hows e ven c loser r esemblances b etween t he two a reas ( ENII-Proto-Sesklo) with i ts c haracteristic b lack t opped ware a nd B untpolierte b een f ound H owever, w ell

Keramik.

P ottery employing t he s ame t echnique h as

i n Mersin XXV-XXVI ( Garstang,

t his c eramic f eature i s

( Tringham, The

1 971:

p henomenon

f ound

1 953:

3 5) a nd Hacilar V II.

i n t he s outhern B alkan r egion a s

7 8). o f

t he

a ppearance

A egean i s n ot u nconnected w ith s imilar

o f

p ainted d ecoration i n

d evelopments

i n Anatolia

The e arly r ed-on-white p ainted wares f rom P roto-Sesklo N ikomedeia a re c ontemporary with t he f irst p ainted p ottery o f I X-VI a nd

M ersin XXVI-XXV ( Mellaart,

o n-white

p ainted

n eolithic

p eriod

wares

a ll

c oincides

1 975:

2 60) .

o ver G reece

w ith

t he

i n

a nd N . H acilar

T he d ominance o f

t he

c ourse

f lourishing

o f

t he

o f

t he

t he t oo.

r ed-

middle

e xcellent

e arly

c halcolithic p ottery o f t he Anatolian p lateau ( see s ection 7 .4). The white-oh-red ware s eems t o h ave a widespread d istribution, a nd t his ware was b ased o n a s imilar p rinciple t o t hat o f

t he r ed-on-white ware,

namely t hat o f a chieving a l ight-dark c olour c ontrast.

I t o ccurs i n

Thessaly ( early S esklo), N . N ikomedeia, K aranovo I , Hacilar V I a nd I , and

i n

s outhern

a ppearance o f a nd

l ate

Anatolia

( Mellaart,

t he l ate c halcolithic

n eolithic

G reece

which

1 975:

d ark

u sed

2 61),

b urnished

t he

w hite

well wares

p aint

a s

b efore

t he

i n A natolia d ecoration a s

w ell. T he

a ppearance

o f

t he middle n eolithic i nfluence p aint

i s

glazed

( Perkins n ot

n ew

wares

o f

s ection 6 .2.1). p erhaps

s hows

e xistence o f

t he

p eriod

U rfirnis h as

- Weinberg, i n

t he

1 958 :

- p lain

2 25) .

Peloponnesos,

o r d ecorated - d uring

H owever,

where

i t

s trong A natolian t he

c an

b e

u se

o f

s een

g lossy i n

t he

t he e arly a nd middle n eolithic p eriod o f L erna ( see The varied e ffect

a s tage

t wo

ware

b een s een a s a s ign o f

o f

d ifferent

o f

t he g laze p aint

e xperimentation,

o n t he s urface

which t ogether w ith t he

c hronological s tages

o f d ecoration a t L erna ,

d oes n ot s upport t he i dea o f a d irect i ntroduction f rom a broad . I t i s n ow b elieved t hat t he U rfirnis ware was c reated a nd d eveloped s omewhere i n t he north-east P eloponnesos f rom where i t was d istributed t o t he

1 26

n orth

( Boeotia,

( French,

1 972:

A ttica,

E uboea,

S .

L ocris)

a t

a much

l ater

d ate

1 1).

Possible Anatolian i nfluence h as b een s een i n t he a ppearance o f t he b lack b urnished wares s econd

h alf o f

p ointed

o ut

o riginating o f

i n G reece a nd

t he 5 th millennium.

that f rom

i t

t he

i s

n ot

b lack

t he s outhern B alkans d uring

r easonable

b urnished

t o

s ee

p ottery

o f

t hat

( 1973:

9 0).

t his

was

part

I ndeed,

i t

a ppeared

i n Greece f or

( French,

1 972).

T hey

o f

i s

a g radual

h ave

b een

p hase" where t hey w ere f ound

A rchitectural T he

P lan V III), o f

t he

f eatures

u se

o f

megaron-type p eriod,

p lan

b lack

b e

i n Greece

b urnished

wares

a t

E latea

i n

t he

" Bothros

h ave

a t

two

a t

( burnished U rfirnis).

i nternal

a re

c an n ow

c hange

i n middle n eolithic d eposits

a ttested

a lso

b een a ssociated w ith A natolian

b uttresses

T sangli ( Wace - T hompson,

n eolithic

t hat

o f

d irectly

c halcolithic

t ogether w ith t he b lack-on-red p ottery,

C orinth ( grey ware) a nd F rancthi

i nfluences .

t ime

a s

l ate

b ecause i t

p rocess

s ignificant

t he f irst

t his

t he

western A natolia o r s imilar B alkan p henomena,

s hown

t he

H owever, Theochares h as r ightly

a t

O tzaki

( MilojCi ,

1 912) a nd L erna,

S esklo

a nd

O tzaki,

c haracteristic

a nd

t he

during

c ases.

t he

The

1 971,

p resence middle

f unction

o f

i nternal b uttresses i s d ifficult t o e stablish a nd t heir n umber v aries . H ouse R a t T sangli h as f ive b uttresses i nstead o f t he s ix which would h ave b een n ecessary i f r oof .

S ome

o ther

t heir r ole

i nteresting

was

p oints

t o

a re

s upport

t he

t he

walls

l ack o f e ntrances

and

t he

i n s ome

o f t he s tructures a nd t he e xistence o f r aised p latforms b etween t he b uttresses b uttresses

( Theochares, c annot

p eculiarities 1 963 : o f

2 9) .

t he

b e

may

T here

S inos

h ave

t hrown s ome more s tructure r oom . r esult

o f

t he

A natolia

f unction

t hese

( Can

S esklo

a nd

t o

2 B)

( French ,

( Schlette,

c overed

h ave

o f

b uilding c an

s pace. o n

1 979:

t hat

1 06) . a o ne

T he r oom

t he a lready e xisting f irst

t he megaron-type

more

which

t he

s udden a ppearance

l ater D imini

i n D imini was

c hamber was a dded

f or

o f

c onstructional

H asan

i n t he a lleged

b elieves t hat Anatolian i nfluences b ased u nfounded ( 1973: 3 21, n ote 6 5, 8 6). S imilarities

t he

t hat

o n t he p roblem ( Chourmouziades,

main

n eed

b e

r ecent i nvestigations i n Thessaly have

megaron b uilding

t he a ppearance o f t he

S ince

may

i n

i n O tzaki,

However,

l ight

the

a nd

S o,

i t

o riginated

p lan

1 968) .

c haracter o f

6 6).

i s a s imilar p roblem

megaron-type

1 958,

1 973:

e stablished ,

b e s een a s

Theochares

a rchitectural

b een s een i n t he f igurine

t oo

a

f irmly

f eatures

material

a re

o f

Greece and Anatolia a re b ased o n general d escriptions r ather t han on i ndividual d etails .

T he m odelling o f

i n T hessaly ( Chourmouziades, ( Mellaart, b odies, t his t he

4 86,

F ig .

i s v ery s imilar .

b road o rigin

1 951:

1 970:

5 5).

r esemblance o f

s pecific

1 973 :

2 10),

b etween

N evertheless,

F ig .

1 6 - t ype I II) a nd H acilar

e specially i n t he u pper p arts

T he a ttempt,

t ypes,

t he n aturalistic f emale f igurines

1 05,

G reek

h as

l ed

h owever, a nd t o

A natolian wrong

o f

t heir

t o d efine more c losely e xamples,

a ssumptions

t racing

( Weinberg,

t here i s n o d oubt t hat one s pecific t ype o f

f igurine f rom Thessaly s hows r emarkable s imilarities with e xamples f rom H acilar, a f act which c an o nly b e e xplained b y t he e xistence o f c lose c ontacts b etween t he two areas.

This i s t he way i n which t he l egs o f

t he

f igurines a re r epresented i n e xamples

s eated

n aturalistic

f emale

f rom S esklo and P rodromos H acilar

( Mellaart,

1 970:

( Chourmouziades,

2 16,

P late C LVIII).

127

1 973:

1 20,

F ig.

1 7)

a nd

The

wide

r anging

b ut

s ometimes

o bscure

s imilarities

c ultural a ssemblages o f A natolia a nd G reece d uring millennia ( Rodden,

1 965:

8 2) must

b e

s een a s

t he

t he

r esult

c ontacts t hrough t rade a nd c ommunication r ather t han a s d irect i nfluence o f o ne a rea o n a nother ( Fig. 8 3). O bsidian h as b een s een a s a n i ndicator o f Aegean

a lthough

i t

h as

n ecessarily t he p rime

r ightly

o bject

b een

i n

o f c ultural

t he r esult

t rade a nd c ontact

p ointed

o f t rade ( Renfrew,

o ut

t he

l ate 6 th a nd 5 th

t hat

D ixon ,

i t

C ann,

o f a

i n t he

was

n ot

1 966:

5 0) .

T he o bsidian f rom Melos e specially, ( Cann , R enfrew, 1 964: 1 11) with i ts widespread d istribution i n most o f t he e xcavated s ites i n T hessaly, Macedonia,

P eloponnesos

n etwork

c ommunication

p eriod

o f

( Renfrew ,

C ann ,

a nd

t he

o n

i slands,

l and

D ixon ,

a nd

1 965:

i ndicates

b y

s ea

2 38) .

f rom

a w ell t he

e stablished

e arly

E ven i n r egions

n eolithic

where s o f ar

o bsidian h as b een l acking s uch a s T hrace ( French, 1 961), r ecent s urface f inds f rom t he S ostis t oumba i n t he a rea o f Komotini show t hat what a ppears More

t o

b e

M elian

i mportant

c oncerned , western

i s

a s

o bsidian

f ar

t he

a s

t he

p resence

Anatolia

and

p robably

o f

most

r eached

e ast-west o bsidian o f

t he

A egean

c ontacts f rom

M elos

eastern

a nalyzed s amples a re e ither u nstratified

T hrace

a cross a nd

f rom

i slands.

( Morali

i n

a s

well .

t he A egean a re N isyros

A lthough

i n t he

western Anatolia

F ig. 8 0, N o.8) o r c ome f rom mixed d eposits ( Aspripetra c ave i n K os, T igani i n S amos), t o j udge f rom t he c eramic e vidence o f t he s ites t hey must

b e

l ate n eolithic i n d ate.

obsidian

f rom

Aegean

s ources

Whether o r n ot t he d istribution o f extended

f urther

i nland

i n

western

Anatolia i s n ot y et k nown . I t i s a f act, h owever, t hat t here i s n o s ource o f workable obsidian b etween t he A egean ( Melos, N isyros), a nd C appadocia 1 976:

( 9iftlik ,

1 37) .

g roup

2 b

a nd A gicöl,

g roup

l e-f)

( Renfrew,

D ixon ,

Obsidian o f Anatolian o rigin h as n ot b een f ound i n t he

Aegean a part f rom a s ingle p iece a t S itagroi i n Macedonia ( Shelford, H odson,

C osgrove,

I ndirect

W arren a nd

C olin R enfrew ,

e vidence f or c ontacts

a lready b een s uggested,

a re

1 981:

2 29

a nd

P late

1 5.6) .

b etween G reece a nd Anatolia,

p lentiful.

T here

a re

b road

a s

h as

s imilarities

b etween t he monochrome p ottery o f t he l ate n eolithic H acilar t ype which r eached t he Aegean c oast and t he i sland o f C hios ( Hood,

1 981) and t he

early n eolithic monochrome wares o f Thessaly a nd t he i slands o f t he c entral

A egean .

d istribution b etween t he n eolithic t he

gaps

I t

i s

p attern

o f

two c oasts

a nd i n

s imilarities

t he

t he

r egrettable t he

p ainted

t he

o f t he A egean d uring t he

Anatolian

e arly

d istribution

r eappear

t hat

i n

t he

i n

d ark

u sefulness

o f

t he

p ottery a s a p roof o f c ontacts e arly a nd

m iddle

G reek

chalcolithic i s l imited b ecause o f western

Anatolia .

b urnished

w ares

o f

Nevertheless,

w estern Anatolia ,

t he e astern i slands and mainland G reece i n t he c losing s tages o f t he 5 th m illennium. The

p osition

A natolia d uring not

only

the

o f

t he lack

t he

A egean

n eolithic of

i slands

p eriod

excavated

i s

i n

n ot

s ites

r elation

a dequately on

the

t o

i slands

r esponsible f or t he l imited a rchaeological d ata a vailable b ut were

a lso

t he

f act

o ccupied

f or

t hat t he

f undamental

q uestions

f irst

o r

s ustain a re s till u nanswered S ince

t ime

( Evans,

t he p alaeolithic f inds

what

1 973:

s uch a s k ind

5 17,

i n t he a rea o f

1 28

o f

1 977:

Greece

d efined .

and

I t

i s

which

i s

f rom

t he a rea

when

t he

l ife

t hey

i slands c ould

1 2).

t he A egean i slands a re

i ew

( Cherry,

d isputed

1 981:

( Honea,

P re-neolithic c onsidered . p rovided i tself

a nd

t he

2 77,

p resence

Cherry,

o f

mesolithic

1 979:

2 8),

t he

T he

i slands

o f

v aluable

n orthern

S porades,

i nformation

f inds o n Kyra P anagia

( Plan I II),

h owever ,

( Theochares,

and

o n

t he

h ave

1 970:

s ite

o f

a

o f

( see

r ecently

2 71).

A gios

i ndicate w ith c onsiderable c ertainty t hat

was o ccupied i n t he middle p alaeolithic p eriod I n a ddition ,

s ettlements

h ypothesis

o ccupation i n t he i slands h as not b een v ery s eriously

more

p alaeolithic

4 1)

1 975:

The

P etros

t he i sland

s ection 2 .2.1.).

t he s ite o f A gios P etros h as y ielded s ome more i nteresting

i ndirect e vidence which might s uggest a c ontinuous o ccupation f rom p alaeolithic t imes . T he p resence o f Mousterian t ools o n t he s urface a nd s ometimes i n t he mixed u pper l evels

o f

s ite

b etray

a lthough d ifficult

I ndeed

a s

t he

u nderwater

t o

e xplain may

g eomorphological

o bservations

i ndicate

t he n eolithic d eposit

s urvey i t

i s

s ome

o f

t he

p ossible

s ort b ay

t hat

only

a n

r easonable

u nderwater

t o

s uggest

excavation

t hat,

a s

t he

c ould

s ea

l evel

o f

t he

c ontinuity .

t ogether t he

were d etected 4 0 m deep into t he s ea, i n f ront o f s ettlement, were o ccupied f rom t he p alaeolithic t imes . a nd

o f

c aves,

with which

the n eolithic I f t his i s s o -

p rove

i t

b ecame

h igher,

- t hen

i t

i s

s ometimes

r apidly ( Appendix I II) , t he h abitation s ite was t ransferred t o h igher g rounds, t owards t he p resent s horeline . T hus we a re c onfronted w ith t he s ituation where more o r l ess t he s ame e nvironment s ustained b oth hunter-gatherer a nd f armer g roups ( Evans, 1 977: 1 4). O n s trictly e cological grounds i t i s d ifficult t o explain t he p reference o f palaeolithic man for e xamination , h owever, o f v egetation i ndicates

a nd

t he

t nat

a restricted i sland e nvironment. C loser t he a rea o f n orthern S porades with t heir r ich

p resence

p alaeolithic groups, which c rossing t he s hallow s ea l ane t herefore

o f

wild

b ecomes

a pparent

f actor

must

b e

( Halstead,

I f

i t

w ere

1 981:

h ave moved

s tarted

t hat

s implistic

t o

l ife.

( 1) t hat

s ome

I f

o f

t he

t hat

s ome

b ased

o f

e arly

i slands

a nd

( 2)

where

l evels o f F rancthi c ave,

e xplanations

o f

t he h istory

would

t hat

s mall

c onditions b een

have

two

important

f amiliarity w ith t he h unting

were

f ound

g roups

s uitable

i n

t o

t he u pper

s ea must

h ad

a lready

t heir

way o f

p alaeolithic

a s i t h as b een r eported ( Perles,

1 979),

b ecomes v ery t hen t he

s tages o f a daptation c annot b e s harply d istinguished ( Cherry,

1 981:

I n o ther words, i t i s difficult t o a ccept t hat p rehistoric man

s tarted

t o

" colonize"

t he

o ffshore

d uring t he n eolithic p eriod, h imself

t o

h ave b een e xplored p rocess

P ossibilities

o f f or

i slands

o f

t he s ame

t hat means o f

G reek

mainland

o nly

t ime.

s ustaining l ife

b efore a ny s ettlement

b ecoming

t he

e stablishing s ettlements a nd a dapting

t he n ew c onditions a t

There i s n o d oubt This

t he

A nd i t i s t rue t hat i f t he whole p rocess o f b ecoming

f amiliar with a n ew environment was a s low and a l ong o ne

m ust

o f I t

o n generalized e cological

p ossibility t hat p alaeolithic man was v isiting t he i slands

4 1).

f or

t he A egean i slands e xperienced a

this

p rehistoric man 's

Melian obsidian h as

s trong i ndeed.

i slands,

g round

s ince r egional v ariation i s a v ery i mportant

" colonization"

v ery

s ome

a hunting

1 94).

a ccepted

pre-neolithic i mplications:

a voided

o n

p rovided

were willing t o c ross, o r c apable b etween K yra P anagia a nd Halonnesos .

o f s ettlements i n t he A egean i slands a rguments

goats

t he r egion c ould h ave

f amiliar

s ubsistence

with

a n ew

o ptions a nd i ts

1 29

o n t he i slands

was a ctually e stablished . environment,

i ts

r equirements must h ave

p receded

a ny

d ifficult

t o i magine t hat c ertain

d ecision

t o

e stablish

p ermanent

t echnological

s ettlement. a dvances

I t

s uch a s

i s t he

c onstruction o f b oats; f ishing a nd n avigation d id not p ass t hrough a l ong p eriod o f experimentation . T here must have b een a p eriod when i nhabitants o f c oastal s ites were b ecoming i ncreasingly a ware o f t he p otentialities o f t he s ea a s a f ood r esource, r outes o f c ommunication and

f ields

o f

c ommercial

a ctivity.

T he

Melian

obsidian

i n

t he

n eolithic d eposits o f t he F rancthi c ave i ndicates t hat s ome s ort n avigation was p racticed i n t he A egean a t m illennium ( Aspinall, F eather a nd R enfrew, e arlier,

i f

P erles

r eport

i s

c orrect .

l east 1 972:

o f

a s f ar b ack a s t he 7 th 3 33) a nd p robably much

C oastal s ettlements,

h owever ,

o f

mesolithic o r e arly n eolithic d ate a re v ery r are . M oreover n one o f t he e xisting c oastal s ites h ave b een s ufficiently e xcavated t o p rovide e vidence f or a n e conomy a nd t echnology which were t ransformed g radually t o a ccommodate n ew p ractices a nd

t o a djust

t o n ew e xperiences.

The l ack o f c oastal s ettlements h as b een a scribed t o c hanges i n s ea

l evel

( Shackleton - V an A del,

c ertainly o f

r esponsible

c oastal

s ites

s imply

a ssumed .

i nformation R app,

a bout

1 977:

t he

s uch a s N .

i n A ttica ( Sampson, b e

f or

1 976:

3 57) .

a nd

H owever,

s tudies

p roblem

o n

o f

C hanges

i n s ea l evel a re

d isappearance

Makri ( Theochares,

1 70) .

R egional t he

1 980 :

e rosion

1 956:

o f

l arge

p arts

1 ) a nd A gia Marina

g eological f actors

s hould

n ot

e ustatic c hanges c an g ive s ome

a l ocal

s cale

( Kraft,

A schenbrenner,

9 41).

A geomorphological e xamination o f t he c oast o f T hessaly a nd northern Euboea i n r elation t o s ea l evel c hange i s p resented b elow. K raft 's

c urve

P eloponnesos c oastline n eolithic a rea

h ad

s howing ( 1977,

i n

t he

i t

r elative 1 3),

i s

Pagasaian

p eriod .

A ssuming

n o

i n 5 ,000

B .C .

b ecomes

P agasaian Gulf

i s

t oday .

c lear

would

l evel

t he

i n

t he

c alculate

t he

a nd

n orthern

E uboea

a ctivity

r elevant

o r

s ea

i s

unlikely

p resented

o f

s outhern

p osition

must

c urve

t hat

o f

t he

d uring

d eposition

l evel

w e a pply t he s ame

i t

a reas

t o

t ectonic

I f

t hat

have

s ea

u sed

Gulf

o ccurred,

1 7 m l ower t han i t d ata

t he

F ig .

t he

i n

h ave

t he b een

o n T hessalian

t he

c oast

a v ery d ifferent

o f

p icture

t he f rom

t oday . T he c onsiderable d epth o f t he s ea n ear t he c oast ( 40-60 m ), i f we do not t ake e arth movements i nto a ccount, i ndicates t hat c oastal p lains t han

s uch a s

t hey

a re

t hose i n t he V olos a nd A lmiros a rea w ere n ot much l arger t oday .

S o

t he

c hances

t hat

s ites

with

p rehistoric

o ccupation h ave b een l ost i n t he a rea b ecause o f a r ise i n s ea l evel, a re v ery small . T he s ame a ppears t o b e t he c ase a t t he e ntrance o f t he g ulf a nd Maliakos K olpos, a nd o n t he n orthern E uboean c oast, where t he existence o f s ubmerged c oastal s ettlements i s v ery unlikely . T he a pplication o f t he s ame r elative s ea l evel c hange i n t he a rea o f t he northern S porades ( Fig. c oastal

p laces

8 4) c an g ive a n i dea o f

which might

h ave

b een s uitable

o r m ight h ave b een u sed a s a rable l and

t he

a vailability

o f

f or n eolithic o ccupation ,

f or s ettlements

s ituated f urther

i nland. To c ome b ack t o t he q uestion o f t he " colonization" o f t he A egean i slands i t i s i nteresting t o n ote t he e arly n eolithic date o f a ll t he known t he

n eolithic

f act

t hat

c hronologically o ccupation

c oastal

t he

f irst

s ites

c ontemporary

l evels

o f

( Theochares,

i sland

S kyros

1 973).

s ettlements

with

a nd

b e

M ore i mportant i s e stablished

t he c oastal s ites .

Agios

1 30

t o

P etros

s hould

a re

B oth t he e arly b e

c onsidered

r oughly c ontemporary with t he f oundation o f N . m iddle o f t hat

i t

t he i s

s econd h alf o f

v ery

d itticult

c hronological g ap o r n ot i sland

s ites

I f o ver

i t

b e

b etween

i s u ntrue t hat

b e

t o

more

t he

I t

p recise

l ong

f oundation o f

t he A egean i slands were

p eriod

c onsidered

t hen

t he

c ultural

g enetically

a s

a n

i s

i n a round t he t rue,

whether t he

s ince w e a re d ealing w ith a p eriod o f

a v ery

c annot

Makri,

t he 6 th millennium .

h owever,

t here

c oastal

was

a nd

a

t he

s everal c enturies. -c olonized"

e volution o f

o ffshoot

o f

g radually

t he

t he

r egion

mainland

t radition , which b ecame d ifferentiated a s t ime went o n f rom t he r est o f t he Greek n eolithic. I f t his i s so, a p arallel development o f t he mainland a nd t he i slands must b e a ccepted . This will i nclude two r egions, which a lthough environmentally and e cologically d ifferent, s hare

and

t he s ame

b asic e conomic a nd t echnological c haracteristics.

I would l ike t o suggest t hat t here was i n t he a rea o f t he Aegean particularly i n n orthern S porades d uring t he l ate 6 th a nd 5 th

millennia a n e cological a nd cultural i sland c ultures

f lourished .

f ramework was n ot

f ramework

I t may well b e

within

t rue

which c ertain

t hat e cologically

s table o r u nchanged o ver s uch a l ong p eriod o f

t his

t ime.

I t i s c ertain t hat t he s ettlement p attern o f t he Aegean i slands during t he l ate 6 th and 5 th millennia was influenced b y a number o f f actors

s uch a s e nvironment,

T he g eographical

c haracter

s ubsistence a nd p roximity t o

o f

a lly d ifferent f rom t oday .

t he

i slands

was

p robably

t he mainland .

n ot

f undament-

A lthough t he s ea l evel was much l ower ( 5-10

m ), t he r atio o f i ts c hange c annot b e c onsidered t he s ame i n a ll p arts o f t he A egean ( Flemming, 1 973). The c ase o f A gios P etros h as s hown t hat

each a rea

must

b e

t reated

s eparately,

s ince

l ocal

g eological

f actors s uch a s e arthquakes may h ave d ramatically a ltered t he c hange i n s ea

l evel

t urn c an

( Appendix I ). i ncrease

T his

c an

r esult

i n l andscape

o r d ecrease s ubsistence

E nvironmentally , e ntity f rom mainland

c hanges

which

i n

p otentialities .

most o f t he A egean i slands c onstitute a s eparate G reece a nd western A natolia . H owever , t hey l ack

h omogeneity e ven among t hemselves .

A part f rom

t he

l arger

i slands

s uch

a s C rete which, a s might b e expected, o ffer an a rea s uitable f or t ree g rowth a nd

f ertile

d ifferences T he d ryness

l owlands

b etween t he a nd

s oil

( Bintliff,

1 977:

7 3),

t here

a re

n oticeable

i slands o f t he c entral and northern Aegean.

p overty o f

most

o f

t he

C yclades

a re

n ot

f eatures

which c haracterize t he S porades; t he l atter s hould r ather c onsidered e cologically a s a n e xtension o f t he T hessalian m ainland. There among

i s

t he

e vidence

i slands

t o

s uggest

( Halstead,

b e

t hat e cological d iversifications

1 981:

1 94)

a re

r eflected

b y

t heir

h abitation h istory ( Cherry, 1 981: 5 4, T able 1 ) . A lthough o ur k nowledge o f n eolithic s ites i n t he i slands i s f ar t oo l imited t o a llow g eneral c onclusions,

i t

i s

n ot

p erhaps

c oincidence

i n t he A egean c omes e ither f rom t he which a re n ot

t hat

t he

e arliest

b ig i sland o f C rete o r f rom

b arren a nd d ry s uch a s Kyra P anagia a nd S kyros .

material i slands H owever,

t o explain t he e stablishment o f n eolithic s ettlements i n t he Aegean i slands s hall

merely o n s ubsistence grounds

s eems

t o b e

i nadequate a s we

s ee f urther b elow . O ther

f actors,

s uch

a s

t he g eographic

1 31

p osition o f

t he

i slands

a nd

t neir p roximity t o t he Greek mainland, must a lso h ave s ignificantly i nfluenced d evelopment o f t he c ultural f ramework o f t he r egion . C atastrophes with environmental c auses s uch a s s ea l evel c hange a nd c rop

f ailure,

( Halstead

a nd

t he

l imited

a nd O 'Shea,

1 982 :

H owever,

t he

d ecisive

S porades

was

c oncerned,

n umber

9 2)

o f

m ight

i nfluence,

a lternative

a lso h ave a s

I b elieve,

f ar was

a s

a vailable

i mportant

t he

e xerted

s ituation i n t he wider r egion o f t he A egean,

o ptions

b een

a rea b y

o f

t he

f actors . n orthern

p revailing

a n a rea which i ncluded

b oth t he G reek a nd t he A natolian mainland . I f we a ccept t hat c ultural c ontacts existed b etween Greece and Anatolia - and t hese a re p roved f rom

t he

material

i slands.

r emains

R egional

- t hen

s urveys

e astern M acedonia ( Grammenos, f or t he u se o f a n o verland f rom b oth a reas 1 970:

t hey must

h ave

i n Aegean T hrace 1 975 :

1 94)

r oute ;

a nd l ater f inds

b een made

h ave n ot

1 979)

a nd

p roduced a ny e vidence

e arly n eolithic

s how

t hrough t he

( Efstratiou, material

i s

l acking

s trong B alkan c onnection ( Renfrew,

2 95). B ut e ven i f t he s ea i s a ccepted a s t he o nly r oute o f c ontact, c an

i t

be

suggested

facilitating

that

the

i slands

navigation

s ignificance? c haracteristic

and

were

t rade

only

but

s tepping

without

s tones,

any

cultural

The material remains o f Agios Petros f igurine t ypes and p ainted wares c an

with the h ardly b e

c onsidered a s p roduct o f a n o rdinary t rading o r n avigation p ost .

S ince

a ll t he o bjects a re l ocally made a nd n ot imported i t i s d ifficult t o b elieve t hat t he s ettlement was l acking o f a d istinctive c ultural i dentity . E ven i f Agios P etros was n ot i tself t he main s ite o f t he c ulture t here i s a s trong p robability t hat t he c entre o f t his i sland c ulture w as s ituated i n o ne o f The e nriched

evidence b y

t he

a vailable

f inds

f rom

f rom S kyros i ndicated t hat o f

t he A egean

i n

t he

f or

t hat

t he o ther h and,

f rom

A gios t he

t he

A egean

P etros .

i slands

While

s imilarities

t he

was

greatly

l imited

material

e stablished

o n b oth

e arly monochrome p ottery a re f ound i n t he

o f c entral A egean a s well, s equence

t he n earby i slands.

e arly

i t f ailed

p eriod .

T he

c oasts i slands

t o p roduce a d efinite c ultural

s tudy

o f

t he

S aliagos

r eestablished t he c eramic p arallelism

c ulture,

b etween

e ast

o n a nd

west i n t he l ate n eolithic p eriod with i ts dark-faced wares ( Evans R enfrew,

1 968:

8 9).

The Agios P etros c ulture, h owever, p rovided a r eliable c ultural s equence f or t he whole n eolithic p eriod a nd , most i mportant, i t s howed a l ink w ith A natolia . I t e xtended o ur k nowledge o f t he d istribution o f t he p ainted wares o f t he G reek mainland t o t he e ast c onsiderably , a nd i ndicated t hat a c eramic l ink b etween t he Anatolian p lateau a nd t he e astern i slands f eatures

s how

i s

p ossible .

r elations

s outhern Anatolia a nd

with

S pecific p ottery t he

e arly

s hapes

a nd

c halcolithic

t he s ite o f Ag. G ala in C hios.

f igurine

c ultures

Moreover,

o f t he

p ermanent nature o f t he s ite and o f i ts e xternal r elations g ive s ome i dea o f t he activities o f an i sland c ulture during t he f irst half o f t he 5 th millennium. t hat

t he

c ontacts

i slands o r

I t i s s hown t hat t here i s a s trong p ossibility

were

s erving

n ot

t rade

s imply

s tepping

movements

s tones,

i n t he A egean ,

f acilitating

c ross

i nhabited b y p eople

w ithout t heir own c ultural i dentity . O n t he c ontrary , t here i s s trong e vidence t hat t he A egean i slands w ere a c ulturally a ctive a rea i n t heir own

r ight

which

h ad

t he

capacity

1 32

t hrough

p ermanent

o ccupation

t o

c ombine a nd

i ncorporate e lements

f rom G reece a nd A natolia.

1 33

9 .

C ONCLUSIONS: T he

c ontribution o f

t he

A gios

P etros

material

t o o ur k nowledge

o f

t he Greek n eolithic p ' eriod i s s ignificant and t he d iscussion o f t he a rchaeological r emains o f t he s ite w ithin t he w ider G reek a nd A natolian c ontext h ere

r aises

p resent A .

i mportant

t he main p oints

i ssues .

I w ill

t ry ,

t herefore,

t o

s ummarize

which i n o ne w ay o r a nother h ave c ome o ut f rom t he

s tudy.

T he p resence o f p alaeolithic

d evelopment

i n t he

t he A egean i slands. i sland

S ince

environment

r easonable

t o

f inds

s earch f or t he e ven

a ssume

a nd

motives

o f

t he eustatic e vidence i s

i n

t hat

o n Kyra P anagia i s

p attern

t he

middle

h uman g roups

o f

i n f avour o f a n

palaeolithic

b ecame

a n i mportant h abitation p eriod

f amiliar

w ith

a ssociated w ith t he s ea s uch a s n avigation a nd f ishing,

l ong

i t

i s

p ractices b efore

t he

n eolithic p eriod. B .

A gios P etros i s

which

was

e xcavated

t he e arliest n eolithic s ite o n a n Aegean i sland a nd

s tudied

t horoughly .

t hat i t was o ccupied a ll t he y ear r ound. t he

s ettlement

f or

t he

p otentialities

a nd

t heir

c ontacts

b ut

c ultural

a lso

w ith

a ll i ndicate

t he

t he

n ot

i n t he

o f

with

B alkans

i sland

o f

t he

a nd

middle o f

t he

navigation ,

r ichness

o nly

s outhern

t hat,

w as n ot a n i solated C .

p urposes

e conomy,

A ll

i ndications

t he

n earby

m ore

i ts

s ubsistence

material

r emains

T hessalian

i mportant

w ith

mainland

with A natolia ,

t he f ifth m illennium,

A gios

b ut a c entre w ith i ts o wn c ultural

T he d istinctive p ainted

a re

T he f avourable l ocation o f

p ottery o f A gios P etros e nriches

P etros

i dentity. t he k nown

r epertoire o f s hape a nd d ecoration i n mainland Greece i n t he middle n eolithic p eriod. D .

T he

f igurine

material

g eographical a reas a s E .

T his

i s

t he

s hows

f ar a part a s

f irst

t ime

t hat

s tylistic i nfluences f rom d ifferent t he

s outhern B alkans a nd A natolia.

G reek n eolithic

f inds

c an b e d irectly

a ssociated with material f rom t he c ultural c entres o f t he Anatolian p lateau,

g iven t he

A natolia a nd F .

l imited e vidence s o f ar a vailable f rom n orth-western

t he e astern A egean i slands.

I t i s d ifficult t o

a void t he implications o f t he existence o f an

i sland s ettlement with a d istinctive c ultural c haracter d espite t he l ack o f s imilar e vidence f rom o ther A egean i slands. Whether A gios P etros i s t radition

t he only which h as

d ifficult

t o say .

s ocial

c onditions

were n ot G . t he

T he

l imited

s urviving b een l ost I t

i s

p ossible,

which c reated t o t he a rea o f

p icture o f

t he

f ifth m illennium

s ite o f a n A egean i sland c ultural b ecause o f e nvironmental c hanges i s a nd

h owever, s ustained

t he S porades

t hat t he

t he

A gios

e conomic P etros

and

c ulture

i slands .

r elationship b etween G reece a nd Anatolia d uring

r emains o bscure .

T he material

f rom A gios

P etros,

h owever, h as i ndicated t he g eographical a rea a nd t he nature o f t he e vidence f rom which v aluable a rchaeological i nformation c an b e o btained a nd t entative h ypotheses

f ormulated f or

p revailing c ultural r elations

t he b etter u nderstanding o f t he

b etween t he

1 35

t wo a reas.

I n s ites,

c onclusion , a chieved

e nvironmental

b y a nd

i t

must

b e

s ystematic

s aid

t hat

s urveys

g eological

f uture

a nd

d iscoveries

b etter

t ransformations

o f

u nderstanding i nvolved,

i sland o f

a nd

t horough e xcavations o f a lready k nown s ites,

will c ertainly r eveal

e vidence

t he

o f

a bout

t he

c haracter

a nd

e xtent

t he A egean i slands.

1 36

o f

p rehistoric

t he a lso more

o ccupation

A PPENDIX I P RELIMINARY G EOMORPHOLOGICAL S URVEY O F T HE N EOLITHIC S ITE O F A GIOS P ETROS b y D r N ick F lemming The n orthern S porades a re a c hain o f s ix i slands

extending

e astwards

i nto

t he

north

p rincipal mountainous Aegean,

( Fig.

1 ).

The

P rincipal i slands c onsist o f C retaceous a nd J urassic l imestones w ith s ome metamorphism, and z ones o f s chist and marble. T here i s c loses paced-faulting , e ruptive d uring

a nd b eds o f b oulders a nd B reccia .

g reen-stones

t he p resent

P anagia.

( Philippson

1 901:

1 39)

T here a re s cattered

which

w ere

a lso

s tudy i n t he r avines o n t he s outh-east

P sathura i s b asaltic, ( Philippson 1 901:

i slands

b order t o

t owards

t he D ardanelles,

o bserved

c oast o f Kyra

1 69).

The c hain o f

t he n orth a d eep t rough which e xtends n orth-eastwards a nd

i s

k nown a s

t he

A natolian

T rough .

I t

i s

an a ctive graben ( McKenzie, 1 978) with a c entral d epth o f o ver 1 000 m within

3 0

km

o f

d epression

o f

Halonnesos

only

P anagia .

m e xtends

7 km

i nstrumentally S porades,

Kyra

1 800

A n

o ffshore.

measured

e xceptionally

p arallel

t o

McKenzie

e picentres

Major r ecent e arthquakes

d eep

e longated

n orth-west

( 1978,

s hallower

w ith a c oncentration o n H alonnesos,

K yra P anagia .

t he

F ig. t han

s hore

1 1) 5 0

s hows km

i n

o f 1 5 t he

a nd o ne e picentre b eneath

i n t he n orth A egean ( Magnitudes

M = 7 .1, F eb 1 9, 1 968; M = 5 .5, May 2 4, 1 978; M = 6 .5, June 2 0, 1 978) are d escribed b y D rakopoulos a nd Ekonomides ( 1972) and Mercier e t a l ( 1979): The i slands a re t hus l ocated i n a v ertically unstable a rea, a nd a re s ubject t he

walls

t o t he

o f

s eismic a ctivity a ssociated

t he g raben o f

t he main i slands

with n ormal

t he A natolian T rough .

r ange i n d epth f rom

f aulting

i n

T he c hannels b etween

1 00 m t o 1 48 m s o t hat

t he

d eeper

channels a re n ot l ikely t o h ave d ried o ut during t he l ate Quaternary unless c onsiderable e arth movements have i ncreased t he d epth o f t he c hannels t he

s ubsequently .

b ay o n t he T he

r eport

T he

s mall

i slet

o f

A gios

P etros

i s

s ituated

i n

a n

u npublished

s outh w est s ide o f Kyra P anagia.

s ubmarine

t opography,

b ased

o n

b y T heochares a nd s oundings made

s oundings d uring

f rom

1 981,

i ndicate

t he

f orm

o f shoreline which would h ave existed a t d ifferent l ower s ea l evels ( Fig . t he

2 ) .

A t - 5 0 m t he g ap b etween P elerissa a nd t he n orthern

b ay would b e c losed,

a nd

P elerissa and the s outhern s ide, c entre

o f

t he

p resent

s ide

o f

t here w ould o nly b e a s mall i nlet b etween

b ay.

o pening i nto a small l agoon i n t he

D uring

s treams would h ave c rossed t he

a p luvial

p eriod

s everal

small

f loor o f t he b ay t o f low i nto t he i nlet.

A t a d epth o f - 2 0 m t he c ontour p asses t o t he SW o f A gios P etros, s o t hat t he i slet would t hen have b een s imply a s pur o f h igh g round p rojecting

t owards

t he

s ea ,

w ith a v alley t o

t he n orth o f

i t .

A t - 1 0

m t he s ea invades t he valley t o t he north o f Agios P etros a nd f orms a l ong

n arrow

e xtended

i nlet,

r idge

o f

p rotected

t he

i slet

f rom

which

t he

i s n ow

s outh a nd

s outh-west

s ubmerged .

T his

l ong

b y

t he

n arrow

i nlet would h ave h ad t wo s mall s treams d raining i nto i t, a nd would h ave made a p erfect n atural harbour about 1 . 0 m d eep. F ig. 3 s hows t he s traight o pen

s ea

l ine

f etch

f etch

i s

f rom

A gios

b locked,

h eadlands enclosing t he

b ay,

P etros a s

i tself.

v iewed

f rom

I n

e very

Agios

d irection

P etros,

b y t he i sland o f P elerissa,

1 37

b y

t he t he

a nd b eyond

t hat, b y Halonnesos.

T hus Agios P etros i tself i s v ery s heltered, a nd

t he l ee o f t he i slet s tarted might

i t

s eemed

i s even more s heltered.

p ossible

t hat

t he

B efore

s ubmerged

a rea

t he s urvey was

o f

t he

s ettlement

b e e ither o n t he s ubmerged i sthmus b etween A gios P etros

P anagia,

o r

i n

t he

s helter

pure sand and exposed

o f

A gios P etros

t o

t he n orth .

r ock were e liminated,

e xclude t he p ossibility t hat

r emains m ight

a nd K yra

A ll

a reas

o f

a lthough o ne c ould

not

b e c oncealed u nder s and .

S o

i t was a greed t hat s everal 1 . 0 m s quare q uadrats c ould b e p laced on t he

b ottom,

a nd

t he

c ontents

existence o f a rtifacts.

o f

t he

q uadrats e xcavated

t o t est f or t he

The f irst quadrat, d esignated A .01 ( see F ig.

4 ) was l aid i n 3 .8 m o f water,

a nd e xcavated.

i nspection a fter washing a nd s ieving,

p roved

The f irst

s ample,

o n

t o c ontain s everal h undred

s herds o f b ronze a ge a nd n eolithic a ge, a s w ell a s many t ens o f b ones, s hells, and a f ew f ragments o f obsidian, f lint and quartz. T he b ones were

mostly o f

s heep and goats

s ample f rom A .01

s ediment l ayer t o b edrock was ( Fig.

4 )

p roduced

materials s tones,

were w ere

l ess

t han

Part

1 0 cm .

h igh c oncentrations

checked

a rtifacts,

s ediments

( Appendix I I,

c ontained a s imilar a ssemblage .

a nd

shells

s tored

o f

b ones

T he

s econd

t hickness

o f

t he

A ll s ubsequent q uadrats

a rtifacts

p hotographed, and

I I).

T he

and

i ncluding

( Appendix

f or g rain s ize a nalysis

I I,

b ones.

s and, P art

A ll

g ravel,

I I).

The

( Appendix I II) .

D iscussion; The questions which h ave t o b e a ddressed a re: does t he e vidence suggest t hat t he a rchaeological materials a re i n s itu, b een

t ransported

o r

s cattered

a t t he t ime o f o ccupation , there

b y wave

b y

t he

What

o r have

was

t he

s ea

what was t he t opography o f t he s ite ,

a s pecific h arbour a rea?

i nfluenced

a ction?

c ontinuously

H ow was

c hanging

t he o ccupation o f

s ea

l evel

d uring

t hey l evel

a nd was t he s ite

t he

p eriod

o f

o ccupation? T ypical e t a l,

1 976 ;

e ustatic

s ea

K raft e t a l,

- 1 5 m a t 6-7000 B P,

l evel

c urves

f or

t he

M editerranean

( Labeyrie

1 977) p redict s ea l evel o f - 2 0 m a t

and - 1 0 m a t 5 -6000 B P.

8 000

B P,

These f igures a re a ll

c onsistent with t he o ccupation o f t he s ite t o a d epth o f 1 0 m a t 7 000 B P. T hus, a part f rom i ndicating t hat t he s ea l evel must h ave b een l ower t han 1 0 m a t 7 000 B P, t he evidence obtained s o f ar f rom Agios P etros d oes n ot

p rovide a ccurate d ata o n s ea l evels.

A ssuming maximum d isturbance o f t he o bject c ould h ave l and,

a nd

moved

t ransported

r andomly

d isturbance, p resent wide

b een r emoved f rom i ts

s ea

z one,

t he l evel,

s ea

m d ownslope

metres l evel

washed

r eached

t he

b rought

b y

t o

S till

within

a rchaeological e roded

o ut

A model smaller

r ock

t he wave a ction

t ransgression ,

a nd

a ction ,

one

o r

two

w orst

a nd c ase

metres

o ff

c liff-terrace

o f

a 1 0-15

m

f eature.

i nto c ontact with more

and

t he l atter were

t hen

t errace.

a ssuming l ess d isturbance would

f ragments

wave

a ssuming

materials

t he

r ossa and a rchaeological f ragments,

d eposited o n t he

every a rchaelogical

swash a nd

a longshore .

and d issolved a nd

T ectonic s ubsidence t erra

1 0-15

s everal

s ite,

o riginal p oint o f d eposition o n

were

moved

t hat many o f

a s

much

as

s uggest 1 0-15

t hat m

o nly t he

during

the

t he l arger o nes were o nly m oved 5 -10 m ,

1 38

o r

l ess,

t he

b efore

e ustatic

t he

b ecoming

s tillstand

l imestone,

A rtifacts

a nd

w ithin

r elatively

e mbedded o ccurred

mechanical

t he

i n

s table

t he

e rosion

s olution/erosion

u nabraded,

whilst

f ine-grained

d ominant

e ffect

a nd

z one

o bjects

a brasion

w ere

s ands .

was

was

o ff

t he

o f

minimal.

t ransported

washed

When

s olution

d ownslope l and

were

t ransported t hrough t he z one. A fter t he f inal t ectonic s ubsidence materials were washed o ft t he l and a nd r edeposited o n t he s hallowel e dge o f

t he

t errace.

I t i s impossible t o d istinguish b etween t hese two models o n t he p resent e vidence. b een d estroyed,

I n b oth c ases s tratigraphic v ertical c ontext h as

t hough i n t he s econd model a ssemblages might s till

p reserve c onsiderable r elational c ontext. with

t he

a ssemblages

e xcavations c urrents. e xist

o f

h ave

which

b een have

There i s a c lose analogy

a nalysed b een

i n

a rchaeological

d isturbed

b y

One very important p oint must b e s tressed. a n

t otal

a s

a n

a rea

s ettlements . the

s hipwrecks

u nderwater

c overing

which

E ven

a ssemblage t o

i f

o bject

e very

assemblage

a rchaeologically

o f

s imilar

t hat

does

s ignificant

n eolithic

a nd

which

c ommon

h as

s till

i s

b een

materials .

I f

b ronze

d isplaced

exist

a s t he

waves

a nd

The s ite d oes a ge

f or 1 0

o bjects

n eolithic

m d ownslope,

a c oncentration s ea

l evel

were

t o

of

r ise

a f urther 5 0 m t he p resent s ubmarine s ite would b e e nriched b y s ome more a rtifacts a nd b ones b e

t otally

p rotected

f rom

f rom

t he p resent l and a rea ,

any

f urther

wave

o r

a nd

i t

c urrent

would

t hen

a ction .

I f

d ivers were t o f ind such a s ite u nder 5 5-60 m o f water t hey would b e r ewarded b y d iscovering a v ery s ubstantial a nd c omplex s ite, a lbeit s lightly d isplaced f rom The A gios

i ts

P etros

o riginal

submarine

l ocation .

s ite h as a lready s urvived

e xtreme l evels o f marine a ttack which i t i t

i s

s till

r ecognizable.

s tillstand a nd c ontinuous t he s ite a rea . 1 /20 .

B ecause o f

f ormed,

e ven

s urvived

a 3 000-5000

a nd y ear

wave a ttack a nd r ock s olution c utting t hrough

t he g radient

t he

f or s table b each s ands had

h as

t he most

l ikely t o u ndergo,

F rom t he p oint o f v iew o f m aximum s urvival p otential i t

i s a d isadvantage t hat t o

I t

i s e ver

i t

o f

t he s ite i s

r elatively s teep g radient

1 /4

r ather t han

i t

was n ot p ossible

t o a ccumulate i n t he wave z one .

1 /10

I f s uch b eaches

i s p ossible t hat a rtifacts and b ones might h ave b een

moved l ess t han a metre, o r e ven p reserved i n s itu ( see, f or example, Wreschner, h ouses,

1 977).

The b ehaviour i n t his r espect d epends o n whether

o r o ther waterside s tructures,

a f ew d ecades, Whether

w ere b uilt

t he

i nhabitants

t ried

t o a nticipate

whether t hey b uilt h ouses which s oon h ad t hat

t hey a ll

h ad

t o

b e a bandoned

p ossible t hat t he l ower p art t he

u pper

t he

s ea

p art,

o ver

a verage,

a nd

o f

t he

a f ew

y ears,

t he s ettlement

w as

o lder a rtifacts w ere

f ound

i n t he

o r

b uildings

f ound

o n

c ommunication), were

f ound

b oat-building,

t he a nd

o ther l and

s o

i t

underwater q uays,

i t

r ise,

i s

e tc .

1 39

c ould

i s

I t i s

t he

most

T heochares

n ot

r elated

o f

E vidence

r udimentary

b y o n

b ronze

h ouse

E tstratiou

t hat

maritime

f rom

i f,

t he s ite.

( 1970),

s urprising t o

t han

f orced u phill

b e d emonstrated

l ower p art

t han

s ite

i n e ffect

o r

c ertain

may b e c onsiderably o lder

T his

were

t he s ea l evel

t o t he s ea s ooner o r l ater. s ite

more .

s tructures f ishing,

t hat

a m illennium

N o s tructures ( personal

l ast

t o b e a bandoned,

o r

f oundations

t o

o r g enerations.

n o

s pecial

a ctivities, a ge

c oastal

s ites o f

( Harding

advanced

e t

a l,

1 969;

shipping,

b reakwaters

and

F lemming e t a l,

s ea

l anding

t rade,

p laces

h arbour i s u nlikely t o h ave h ad o ther

t han

l evel

t here

f ree

o f

t he

s implest

were

t o

were

any

d eep

b arriers,

n ot

b uilt.

b ays,

t heretore

t hat

warfare, Thus

a n eolithic s tructures

a p eriod o f

a nd

r ising s ea

e stuaries

t here

i n s pite

artificial

waterside

D uring

i nlets,

a nd

1 978) s hows

sea

s pecialised

w ooden j etties .

n umerous

a lluvial

i ncentive

and

would

c ompletely

have

b een n o

b uild a rtificial h arbours.

C onclusions: The A gios P etros s ite i llustrates t hat, i n a sheltered c eramics, b ut

a re

l ocation,

b ones,

a nd

s cattered

d estroyed

s everal

metres

d ownslope .

t he

h ave

o ccurred

l evel

r ose

f urther

t rial s ampling neolithic

and

a t rue

s everal

s hows t hat

i t

The

a rtifacts,

t ransgression ,

s low

s ubsidence

was

o f

s tillstand.

metres

c onfiguration .

e vidence t hat

a ction over a wider z one

r elative

t ens

i n a d isturbed

p rovides

s ite,

a ctivities,

d uring b y

b y marine

p resent h as exposed t he s hallow h alf o f t he

t o e xceptionally p rolonged wave

a lbeit

materials,

a re n ot

would

p reserved

o n a g radient o f 1i n 4 ,

archaeological

t ools,

b etween 5 000 B P and s ite

t he

c oncerning

i t

was

t he

s ite

P reliminary

t he

o riginal

p robably

t han

t he s ea

would

b e

s urvey a nd

e xtent

a c entre

s ituated on a p erfect

I f

f or

natural

o f

t he

marine

h arbour.

B oats were p robably b uilt o n t he b each, a nd l aunched o r p ulled o ut o f t he

water

a s

r equired.

Although

t he

p resent

c oast

i s

d evoid

o f

f reshwater s upply, t here a re two s ubmarine s prings which would h ave s upported t he c ommunity a t A gios P etros. F urther s olve

t he

s urvey

a nd

many q uestions

t horough

u nderwater

r aised :

D ate

o f

e xcavation

f irst

i s

r equired

o ccupation?

t o

E xistence

o f t ools r elated t o marine skills and a ctivities? Archaeological materials i n s tratigraphic c ontext u nder t he s and i n t he d eeper p art o f t he

s ite?

T he

d istribution

o f

a rtifacts

t o t ry and e stablish a p attern o f a rea , o f

a nd

marine

d isturbed

t o

u nravel

t he

A gios

P etros

A n

which h as

u nderstanding

s ite

b ones

s hould

b e

a nalysed

c ultural a ctivity within t he s ite

r edistribution

t ransgression . t he

a nd

would

b e

o f

o f

p rocesses

a r esult

which h ave

g reat v alue i n d iscovering

a nd u nderstanding o lder s ites i n d eeper w ater.

1 40

t he

o ccurred a s

R eferences:

D rakopoulos

J .C .

a nd

1 968,

E konomides

A .C .,

1 972

P ure a nd A pplied G eophysics, F lemming N .C .,

1 978

t he

A ftershocks

e arthquake i n n orthern A egean S ea a nd

H olocene

n orth-east

e ustatic

L ondon,

A ge

v .289,

A schenbrenner

S .E.

r econstructions S cience, L abeyrie J .,

L alou

v .195, C"

v .64, and

o f

P aris, M cKenzie D"

R app

t he R .

B P

A ctive S ea

i n o f

o f

t he

B ritish S chool

o f

G .,

1 977

Aegean

P alaeogeographic

a rchaeological

s ites.

p .941-947. a nd

T hommeret

a n os

j ours.

C omptes R endus, v .282,

1 978

A egean

models

p .113-142.

c oastal

Monaco A .

ans

t ectonics

f or

P avlo P etri, a n underwater

A nnual

C hronologie d es n iveaux e ustatiques d e-33,000

c oastal

p .405-458.

i n L aconia .

A rchaeology a t A thens, K raft J .C.,

1 9,

p roblems .

P hilosophical T ransactions o f t he R oyal

A .,

t own

a nd

implications

H arding A ., C adogan G . a nd Howell R ., 1 969 B ronze

F ebruary

p .100-115.

c hanges

Mediterranean:

c rustal c onsumption . S ociety,

v .95,

o f

r elated

a nd

t ectonics

o f

s urrounding

J ., s ur

O ceanographie:

l a c ote d u R oussillon

A cademie

S cientifique

d e

p .349-352. t he

A lpine-Himalayan

r egions .

A stronomical S ociety,

1 9/6

v .55,

G eophysical

b elt: J ournal

t he o f

2 17-254.

M ercier J .L., Mouyaris N ., S imeakis C ., Roundoyannis T . a nd Angelidhis C .,

1 979

I ntra-plate d eformation:

t he f aults a ctivated v .278, P hilippson A"

p .45-4

1 901

b y t he

a q uantitative s tudy o f

T hessaloniki

e arthquake .

N ature,

.

B eiträge

z ur

K enntnis

d er

P etermans G eographische Mitteilungen,

g riechischen

I nselwelt.

E rgänzungsband

XXIX,

H eft 1 32-137, N r.134, 1 72 pp . T heochares D .R .,

1 970

P anagia). W reschner E .,

1 977

Excavation o f

t he

i slet

A rchaiologikon D eltion:

o f Agios

C hronica,

N ewe Yam, a s ubmerged N eolithic

Mount C armel . E retz M emorial v olume.

I srael,

141

v .13,

P etros

v .25,

( Kyra

p .271-279.

s ettlement n ear

p .2h0-271,

M oshe

S tekelis

1 .

A .

N orth a nd s ites,

c entral

and

A egean

those

i n

s howing the

l ocations

region

o f

T heochares. B .

K yra P anagia a nd

n eighbouring

i slands.

o f

the

c oastal

n eolithic

Sporades,

after

c i n

2 .

A gios P etros a nd t he a djacent c oast. P oints marked w ith l etters A Q a nd Z a re s urvey p oints f ixed w ith t heodolite. S a nd S ' a re s ubmarine s prings. T marks t he l ocation o f t he t ide s taff . A .01 a nd A .02 a re t he t wo q uadrats w ithin t he grid which w ere most c ompletely e xcavated. C ontours o f d epth a re b ased o n s oundings m easured b y l ocations.

w eighted

t ape .

T he

u nmarked

p oints

i ndicate

s ounding

F i g . 2

3 .

A .

D irections o f maximum f etch a s m easured f rom A gios P etros . T he c ircumferential a rcs l abel t he d istinct a rcs w ithin which d ifferent f etches a pply.

B .

L arge s cale p lot o f t he f etch c entred A gios P etros. w ave a ction i s o nly s ignificant f rom t he s outh w est.

N ote t hat

u n LL

4 .

T he a rchaeological s urvey g rid, w ith t he s horeline a t t he t op . T he c ontours w ere o btained f rom p lots o f s oundings a t a ll g rid i nters ections, a nd a t 5 m m id-points . E xcavated q uadrats a re s hown A .01 t o A .06 . F or r eference p urposes a nd p hotographic i dentification t he 1 0 m x 1 0 m s quares were n umbered I -XV; t hat i s I -V i n t he s hallowest r ow; V I-X i n t he m iddle r ow; a nd X I-XV i n t he d eepest r ow.

0 ' )

i ) C D7

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01

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4 . . I

c a 4

a )

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•

( 1 . O

. H

-0

• c p . 2 1

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3 c g 1 1 9- 1

C D C O r q + I C D C ) , 4 u l

C ) C h r q + 4 C D N J C Z I n

C D M. + 1 C D . f u l

8 5

c o n t d

R a d i o c a r b o n

c u

. 1 . J W C D

r . r q t D O r n , C D C V N . t r l , J D 1 c ' q 11 I I Z Z

r . 0 1 C s,' C • 1 , . 0 0 C . J C . 3 1 1 44 11 ' . 4 , 1

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319

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WE

( J O Q ) W Q ) L I I 4 0 'O

a ) t . , . 4 1 o c . )

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0 Z N 1 1 ,f c l r , i n

s 0 C O + I C A r q , c ) L n

C r ) C N + 1 J ' % , t i n L n

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. 12 % + 1 • I C O

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C D C D r . 03 C0 r , , , 1 -1 F 1 4 1 . I C D C D r , C O C . 4 U 1 C s 1 U l i n t r ) i n

C : 7 1 N . + 1 . 0 1 0 1 C l I f )

4 r l , + 1 7 1 , I C J L n

c m 1 1 00 30 , r , r , + 1 + 1 + 1 A , N i C D 0 1 O D O D C D ' . . : )C O u l 1- 1-

0 ‘ . 0 A , + 1 1 1 L i C D C ) C J C O A, 1- 1C O

5 t h m i l e n i a

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1 1 a ) . 0 W , . I 4 -1 W W W C l ) 4 1 . , 1 0 W W W Q ) C D > 0 4 0 C O

0 C . / 3-1 C O

•W O 4 4

t i O

b e

f i r s t h a l f

› , O Q ) O C . ) 4 I

c v 4 . 4

C O

1 . 4 C J

J C

p u r p o s e .

C J C V

a n

1 1

c o m p a r t i v e

r

S t r a t u m V

S t r a t u m V

S t r a t u m V I A

S t r a t u m V I

z › .

U l J D A , D D C A C D C D C D C D C D C D

C a n H a s a n

C a t l H ü y ü k

4 1

C j 0 1

3 21

U I

r - C O 2,

I LLUSTRATIONS

P late

1 .

G eneral v iew o f t he i slet o f A gios Petros f rom t he n orthwest part o f t he b ay o f Kyra Panagia . T he opened cuttings c an

b e

s een a t

t he e dge o f t he

3 24

i sland .

P late

2 .

G eneral

v iew o f t he b ay o f K yra P anagia f rom t he s outh—east.

3 26

P late 3 .

O ne o f t he t wo v alleys o f K yra P anagia.

3 28

P late 4 a. 4 b.

V iew o f t he o pened c uttings f rom t he s outh. T he c ircular s tructure.

3 30

P late 5 .

A rchitectural

f eatures o f

3 32

S quare

I II.

P late 6 a.

A rchitectural

f eatures o f T I.

6 b.

A rchitectural

f eatures o f S quare I .

3 34

P late 7 a. 7 b.

D etail o f t he w all o f t he c ircular s tructure. T he w all

a long t he w estern f ace o f S quare I I.

3 36

P late

8 a.

M ass o f s ling

8 b.

T he w all

s tones

i n S quare

I .

i n S quare T .

P late 9 a. 9 h.

S tone i mplements f rom S quare I II H abitation f eatures

3 40

( detail).

f rom S quare I .

P late

1 0a.

N eolithic c hild

1 0b.

T he

b urial

B yzantine b urial

i n T i.

f ound

3 42

b etween S quare I a nd

I I.

P late

ha.

V ertical

s labs

i n S quare I V .

l ib.

W all

p aved

a rea

a nd

3 44

i n c utting MT.

P late

1 2 .

T he

n eolithic d eposit

3 46

i n c utting Z .

P late

1 3a.

T he a rched b uilding

1 3b.

T he

1 3c.

F allen s tones

" compacted

3 48

o f c utting Z .

s tratum" o f c utting Z . i n c utting Z .

P late 1 4.

H abitation f loors a nd

3 50

h earths

i n c utting Z .

P late

1 5a.

C hild

b urial

l ib.

A h uman

r esting o n t he b edrock i n c utting Z .

j aw f ound

i n t he

T . )?

s outh -east c orner o f c uttirg Z .

a

b

P late 1 7.

R ed-on-white p ainted p ottery.

3 56

b

G

e

t

h

j

I

m

P late

1 8a.

F ine m onochrome p ottery.

1 8b.

I mpressed w ares.

3 58

a

P late

1 9.

B lack-topped 1 .

p ottery a nd

P roto-Sesklo

3 60

p ieces

f rom

S tratum

K J

W

P late

2 0.

P ainted p ottery.

3 62

£3

P late

2 1.

P lastic d ecoration a nd v arious

3 64

f orms o f h andles.

o .

P late

2 2a.

V arious

2 2b.

B ases

f orms o f h andles.

f rom f ine p ottery.

3 66

o .

M I R J

P late

2 3.

C oarse b ases a nd f ragments o f m iniature v ases.

3 68

I BM

I RE .

4p . *

a

C

b

P late

2 5.

H ead o f a f igurine

f rom S tratum I II.

3 72

P late

2 6.

H eads o f a nthropomorphic a - b : S tratum I I. c - d : S tratum I .

3 74

f igurines.

S cale S cale

2 :1 2 :1

C d S CA LE 2 : 1

P late

2 7.

H ead o f a f igurine S tratum I II .

3 76

f rom t he u pper p art o f S tratum I I o r

#

I

P late

2 8 .

A r od-head

f igurine

f rom S tratum I II.

3 78

9 1." '' *e

CV

LL . '

P late

2 9.

H eads o f a nthropomorphic

f igurines.

a - b : S tratum I I o r I II. c - d : S tratum I .

3 80

a

C

d S CA LE

2 : 1

P late 3 0.

A f igurine o f b ird-like a ppearance f rom S tratum I II.

3 82

S CAL E 2 : 1

a - b:s c a l e '3 1

c - d :s c a le 2 : 1

P late 3 2a. 3 2b.

F ragment o f a f emale f igurine. C lay f oot o f a f igurine o r a n a ctual v ase.

3 86

C i

_ C I

P late 3 3a-b. 3 3c.

F ragments o f f at f emale f igurine. A s tone f igurine.

3 88

b

Q

C

S CALE 2 : 1

P late 3 4.

F ragments o f c lay f igurines.

3 90

a

c i

P late 3 5.

F ragments o f c lay f igurines a nd o ther c lay o bjects.

3 92

d

C

S

h

g

f

J

k

m

P late 3 6.

F ragments o f c lay f igurines o f v arious t ypes.

3 94

S

a

d

C

a

e

b

C

f

d

P late 3 7.

F ragments f igurines.

o f

c ruciform

3 96

t ype

f igurines

a nd

f at

f emale

a

1

d

e

f

g

h i

P late 3 8 .

C lay l adles,

p lain a nd d ecorated.

3 98

f

J

g

i

C

b

a

e

t

d

g

k

P late 4 0a. 4 0b.

C lay l adle d ecorated w ith r ed—on—white p ainted d esigns. M inyan p ieces f rom t he M iddle H elladic r ubbish p it.

4 02

W- A 1 .1-

-

P late 4 1.

C lay o bjects o f u ncertain c haracter.

4 04

C

g e

f

I

i

h

L

k

. 1

m

n

P late 4 2a. 4 2b.

B one t ools. S ea

s hells.

4 06

t

o r

P late 4 4 .

B one a wls.

4 10

F7 --M IR

1

a

d

e

a

b

C

f

d

e

g

I

P late 4 7a.

S ling

s tones.

4 7b.

S tone

i mplements.

4 16

a

P late 4 8 .

S tone a xes a nd

4 18

o ther u nspecified

s tone o bjects.

I I I I I

I II I

MI

MI

IN

P late 4 9a. 4 9b.

S tone c hisels a nd S tone a xes.

4 20

s mall a xes.

S E

i n

c _j 1 1 1 1 1E -:

P late 5 0.

O bsidian a nd

f lint

4 22

t ools.

a

P late 5 1.

O bsidian b lades.

4 24

l t e

P late

5 2 .

O bsidian a nd

4 26

f lint

b lades

a nd

t ools.

c l

r n

P late 5 3.

F ragments o f o bsidian a nd

4 28

f lint

b lades.

e C

o .

g

f

k

o

i

h

m

I

P

n

q

r s

t

U

V w x

Y