Ad-hoc, mobile, and wireless networks : 16th International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless, ADHOC-NOW 2017, Messina, Italy, September 20-22, 2017, Proceedings 978-3-319-67910-5, 3319679104, 978-3-319-67909-9

Table of contents :
Front Matter ....Pages I-XIV
Front Matter ....Pages 1-1
SustainaBLE: A Power-Aware Algorithm for Greener Industrial IoT Networks (Celia Garrido-Hidalgo, Diego Hortelano, Teresa Olivares, Vicente Lopez-Camacho, M. Carmen Ruiz, Victor Brea)....Pages 3-17
The 3D Redeployment of Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks with Real Testbed Prototyping (Sami Mnasri, Adrien Van Den Bossche, Nejah Nasri, Thierry Val)....Pages 18-24
Semantic Resource Management of Federated IoT Testbeds (Marios Avgeris, Nikos Kalatzis, Dimitrios Dechouniotis, Ioanna Roussaki, Symeon Papavassiliou)....Pages 25-38
Targeted Content Delivery to IoT Devices Using Bloom Filters (Rustem Dautov, Salvatore Distefano)....Pages 39-52
Front Matter ....Pages 53-53
Trust Based Monitoring Approach for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (Nadia Battat, Abdallah Makhoul, Hamamache Kheddouci, Sabrina Medjahed, Nadia Aitouazzoug)....Pages 55-62
An Implementation and Evaluation of the Security Features of RPL (Pericle Perazzo, Carlo Vallati, Antonio Arena, Giuseppe Anastasi, Gianluca Dini)....Pages 63-76
A Ticket-Based Authentication Scheme for VANETs Preserving Privacy (Ons Chikhaoui, Aida Ben Chehida, Ryma Abassi, Sihem Guemara El Fatmi)....Pages 77-91
A Trust Based Communication Scheme for Safety Messages Exchange in VANETs (Ryma Abassi, Sihem Guemara El Fatmi)....Pages 92-103
Front Matter ....Pages 105-105
Mobility as the Main Enabler of Opportunistic Data Dissemination in Urban Scenarios (Jorge Herrera-Tapia, Anna Förster, Enrique Hernández-Orallo, Asanga Udugama, Andrés Tomas, Pietro Manzoni)....Pages 107-120
Analysis and Classification of the Vehicular Traffic Distribution in an Urban Area (Jorge Luis Zambrano-Martinez, Carlos T. Calafate, David Soler, Juan-Carlos Cano, Pietro Manzoni)....Pages 121-134
User-Space Network Tunneling Under a Mobile Platform: A Case Study for Android Environments (Dario Bruneo, Salvatore Distefano, Kostya Esmukov, Francesco Longo, Giovanni Merlino, Antonio Puliafito)....Pages 135-143
Mobile Crowd Sensing as an Enabler for People as a Service Mobile Computing (Paolo Bellavista, Javier Berrocal, Antonio Corradi, Luca Foschini)....Pages 144-157
Front Matter ....Pages 159-159
SVM-MUSIC Algorithm for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Networks (Soumaya El Barrak, Abdelouahid Lyhyaoui, Amina El Gonnouni, Antonio Puliafito, Salvatore Serrano)....Pages 161-170
Optimization of a Modular Ad Hoc Land Wireless System via Distributed Joint Source-Network Coding for Correlated Sensors (Dina Chaal, Asaad Chahboun, Frédéric Lehmann, Abdelouahid Lyhyaoui)....Pages 171-183
AdhocInfra Toggle: Opportunistic Auto-configuration of Wireless Interface for Maintaining Data Sessions in WiFi Networks (Anurag Sewak, Prakhar Mehrotra, Bhaskar Jha, Mayank Pandey, Manoj Madhava Gore)....Pages 184-198
Simulation of AdHoc Networks Including Clustering and Mobility (J. R. Emiliano Leite, Edson L. Ursini, Paulo S. Martins)....Pages 199-209
Front Matter ....Pages 211-211
Highlighting Some Shortcomings of the CoCoA+ Congestion Control Algorithm (Simone Bolettieri, Carlo Vallati, Giacomo Tanganelli, Enzo Mingozzi)....Pages 213-220
Experimental Evaluation of Non-coherent MIMO Grassmannian Signaling Schemes (Jacobo Fanjul, Jesús Ibáñez, Ignacio Santamaria, Carlos Loucera)....Pages 221-230
WEVA: A Complete Solution for Industrial Internet of Things (Giuseppe Campobello, Marco Castano, Agata Fucile, Antonino Segreto)....Pages 231-238
Validating Contact Times Extracted from Mobility Traces (Liu Sang, Vishnupriya Kuppusamy, Anna Förster, Asanga Udugama, Ju Liu)....Pages 239-252
Front Matter ....Pages 253-253
Optimising Wireless Sensor Network Link Quality Through Power Control with Non-convex Utilities Using Game Theory (Evangelos D. Spyrou, Dimitrios K. Mitrakos)....Pages 255-261
Routing Protocol Enhancement for Mobility Support in Wireless Sensor Networks (Jinpeng Wang, Gérard Chalhoub, Hamadoun Tall, Michel Misson)....Pages 262-275
Correlation-Free MultiPath Routing for Multimedia Traffic in Wireless Sensor Networks (Dhouha Ghrab, Imen Jemili, Abdelfettah Belghith, Mohamed Mosbah)....Pages 276-289
Impact of Simulation Environment in Performance Evaluation of Protocols for WSNs (Affoua Therese Aby, Marie-Françoise Servajean, Nadir Hakem, Michel Misson)....Pages 290-304
Front Matter ....Pages 305-305
A Real-Time Query Processing System for WSN (Abderrahmen Belfkih, Claude Duvallet, Bruno Sadeg, Laurent Amanton)....Pages 307-313
Centralized and Distributed Architectures: Approximation of the Response Time in a Video Surveillance System of Road Traffic by Logarithm, Power and Linear Functions (Papa Samour Diop, Ahmath Bamba Mbacke, Gervais Mendy)....Pages 314-327
Secure Storage as a Service in Multi-Cloud Environment (Riccardo Di Pietro, Marco Scarpa, Maurizio Giacobbe, Antonio Puliafito)....Pages 328-341
Policy Management and Enforcement Using OWL and SWRL for the Internet of Things (Rustem Dautov, Symeon Veloudis, Iraklis Paraskakis, Salvatore Distefano)....Pages 342-355
Front Matter ....Pages 357-357
BSSACH: A Big Slot Scheduling Algorithm with Channel Hopping for Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks (Chi Trung Ngo, Quy Lam Hoang, Hoon Oh)....Pages 359-366
A Hybrid Ant-Genetic Algorithm to Solve a Real Deployment Problem: A Case Study with Experimental Validation (Sami Mnasri, Nejah Nasri, Adrien Van Den Bossche, Thierry Val)....Pages 367-381
Interference Analysis for Asynchronous OFDM in Multi-user Cognitive Radio Networks with Nonlinear Distortions (Hanen Lajnef, Maha Cherif Dakhli, Moez Hizem, Ridha Bouallegue)....Pages 382-393
Back Matter ....Pages 395-396

Citation preview

LNCS 10517

Antonio Puliafito Dario Bruneo Salvatore Distefano Francesco Longo (Eds.)

Ad-hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks 16th International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless, ADHOC-NOW 2017 Messina, Italy, September 20–22, 2017, Proceedings

123

Lecture Notes in Computer Science Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany

10517

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7411

Antonio Puliafito Dario Bruneo Salvatore Distefano Francesco Longo (Eds.) •

•

Ad-hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks 16th International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless, ADHOC-NOW 2017 Messina, Italy, September 20–22, 2017 Proceedings

123

Editors Antonio Puliafito University of Messina Messina Italy Dario Bruneo University of Messina Messina Italy

Salvatore Distefano University of Messina Messina Italy and Kazan Federal University Kazan Russia Francesco Longo University of Messina Messina Italy

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Computer Science ISBN 978-3-319-67909-9 ISBN 978-3-319-67910-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-67910-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017953427 LNCS Sublibrary: SL5 – Computer Communication Networks and Telecommunications © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

The International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless (ADHOC-NOW) is one of the most popular series of events dedicated to research on ad-hoc, mobile, and wireless sensor networks and computing. Since its inception in 2002, the conference has been held 15 times in six different countries and the 16th edition in 2017 was held in Messina, Italy, during September 20–22. We wish to thank all the authors who submitted their work. This year, ADHOC-NOW received 55 submissions and 22 papers were accepted for presentation as full contributions after a rigorous review process involving the Technical Program Committee (TPC) members and the TPC chairs. Moreover, due to the high quality of the received submissions, nine more papers were accepted as short contributions. The ADHOC-NOW 2017 program was organized in eight sessions grouping the contributions into the following topics: Internet of Things, security, smart cities, ad-hoc networks, implementation and validation, wireless sensor networks, data management, and wireless systems. In each of these sessions, new ideas and directions were discussed among attendees from both academia and industry thus providing an in-depth and stimulating view on the new frontiers in the field of mobile, ad hoc, and wireless computing. The conference was also enriched by three distinguished keynote speakers, completing a high-level scientific program. We would like to thank all the people involved in ADHOC-NOW 2017. First of all, we are grateful to the TPC members and the external reviewers for their help in providing detailed reviews of the submissions, to Maddalena Nurchis, our proceedings chair, to Riccardo Petrolo, our Web chair, to Riccardo Di Pietro and Giovanni Merlino, our publicity chairs, and to Marco Scarpa and Giuseppe Tricomi, our submission and registration chairs. A special thanks to Rossana Morana, Alfonso Panarello, and Maurizio Giacobbe for their valuable support in the local organization and arrangements of the event. We also thank Springer’s team for their great support throughout the whole process, from submission to production. Finally, the organization was made possible through the strong support of our sponsors: the University of Messina and its spinoff SmartMe.io. A special thank you to them. September 2017

Antonio Puliafito Dario Bruneo Salvatore Distefano Francesco Longo

Organization

ADHOC-NOW 2017 was organized by the University of Messina, Italy.

Executive Committee General Chair Antonio Puliafito

University of Messina, Italy

Technical Program Committee Chairs Dario Bruneo Salvatore Distefano Francesco Longo

University of Messina, Italy University of Kazan, Russia University of Messina, Italy

Publicity Arrangements Chairs Giovanni Merlino Riccardo Di Pietro

University of Messina, Italy University of Messina, Italy

Proceedings Chair Maddalena Nurchis

University of Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

Submissions and Registrations Chairs Marco Scarpa Giuseppe Tricomi

University of Messina, Italy University of Messina, Italy

Local Arrangements Chairs Maurizio Giacobbe Alfonso Panarello Rossana Morana

University of Messina, Italy University of Messina, Italy University of Messina, Italy

Web Chair Riccardo Petrolo

Rice University, USA

VIII

Organization

Technical Program Committee Assis Flavio Barcelo-Ordinas Jose M. Calafate Carlos Cano Juan-Carlos Dautov Rustem Mario Di Mauro El Barrak Soumaya Falcon Rafael Fischer Stefan Fortino Giancarlo Giacobbe Maurizio Karyotis Vasileios Klasing Ralf Martinez Francisco J. Mezei Ivan Mingozzi Enzo Natalizio Enrico Papagianni Chrysa Papavassiliou Symeon Fabio Postiglione Carlo Puliafito Scarpa Marco Stea Giovanni Syrotiuk Violet Turau Volker Wrona Konrad Xin Qin Alessio Botta Davide Cerotti Jacek Cichon Rustem Dautov Alessandra De Paola Rasit Eskicioglu Massimo Ficco Nidhi Kushwaha Pierre Leone Weifa Liang Evgeni Magid Giovanni Merlino Marc Mosko Michael Oche Eleni Stai Max Talanov Orazio Tomarchio

UFBA – Federal University of Bahia, Brazil UPC, Spain Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain UPV, Spain Kazan Federal University, Russia University of Salerno, Italy Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Morocco University of Ottawa, Canada Universität zu Lübeck, Germany University of Calabria, Italy University of Messina, Italy National Technical University of Athens, Greece CNRS and University of Bordeaux, France University of Zaragoza, Spain University of Novi Sad, Serbia University of Pisa, Italy Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France NTUA, Greece NTUA, Greece University of Salerno, Italy University of Pisa, Italy University of Messina, Italy University of Pisa, Italy Arizona State University, USA Hamburg University of Technology, Germany NCI Agency, The Netherlands University of the Faroe Islands, Denmark Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italy Università del Piemonte Orientale, Italy Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland KFU, Russia Università di Palermo, Italy University of Manitoba, Canada Università degli Studi della Campania, Italy IIIT-A, India Université de Genève, Switzerland Research School of Computer Science, Australia KFU, Russia Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy Park.com, USA Kampala International University, Uganda NTUA, Greece KFU, Russia Università di Catania, Italy

Organization

Giuseppe Tricomi Salvatore Venticinque Weigang Wu Riccardo Di Pietro Antonino Galletta Alfonso Panarello Carmelo Romeo Nachiket Tapas Fabio Verboso Benenson Zinaida R. Brust Matthias Gozalvez Javier Mazzara Manuel Pfisterer Dennis Rodrigues Joel Omprakash Vyas

IX

Università di Messina, Italy Università degli Studi della Campania, Italy Sun Yat-sen University, China Università di Messina, Italy Università di Messina, Italy Università di Messina, Italy Università di Messina, Italy IIIT Naya Raipur, India Università di Messina, Italy FAU, Germany University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Spain Innopolis University, Russia University of Lübeck, Germany National Institute of Telecommunications (Inatel), Brazil IIIT Naya Raipur, India

Contents

Internet of Things SustainaBLE: A Power-Aware Algorithm for Greener Industrial IoT Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Celia Garrido-Hidalgo, Diego Hortelano, Teresa Olivares, Vicente Lopez-Camacho, M. Carmen Ruiz, and Victor Brea The 3D Redeployment of Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks with Real Testbed Prototyping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sami Mnasri, Adrien Van Den Bossche, Nejah Nasri, and Thierry Val

3

18

Semantic Resource Management of Federated IoT Testbeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marios Avgeris, Nikos Kalatzis, Dimitrios Dechouniotis, Ioanna Roussaki, and Symeon Papavassiliou

25

Targeted Content Delivery to IoT Devices Using Bloom Filters . . . . . . . . . . Rustem Dautov and Salvatore Distefano

39

Security Trust Based Monitoring Approach for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . Nadia Battat, Abdallah Makhoul, Hamamache Kheddouci, Sabrina Medjahed, and Nadia Aitouazzoug

55

An Implementation and Evaluation of the Security Features of RPL . . . . . . . Pericle Perazzo, Carlo Vallati, Antonio Arena, Giuseppe Anastasi, and Gianluca Dini

63

A Ticket-Based Authentication Scheme for VANETs Preserving Privacy . . . . Ons Chikhaoui, Aida Ben Chehida, Ryma Abassi, and Sihem Guemara El Fatmi

77

A Trust Based Communication Scheme for Safety Messages Exchange in VANETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ryma Abassi and Sihem Guemara El Fatmi

92

Smart City Mobility as the Main Enabler of Opportunistic Data Dissemination in Urban Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jorge Herrera-Tapia, Anna Förster, Enrique Hernández-Orallo, Asanga Udugama, Andrés Tomas, and Pietro Manzoni

107

XII

Contents

Analysis and Classification of the Vehicular Traffic Distribution in an Urban Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jorge Luis Zambrano-Martinez, Carlos T. Calafate, David Soler, Juan-Carlos Cano, and Pietro Manzoni User-Space Network Tunneling Under a Mobile Platform: A Case Study for Android Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dario Bruneo, Salvatore Distefano, Kostya Esmukov, Francesco Longo, Giovanni Merlino, and Antonio Puliafito Mobile Crowd Sensing as an Enabler for People as a Service Mobile Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paolo Bellavista, Javier Berrocal, Antonio Corradi, and Luca Foschini

121

135

144

Ad-hoc Networks SVM-MUSIC Algorithm for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Ad-Hoc Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soumaya El Barrak, Abdelouahid Lyhyaoui, Amina El Gonnouni, Antonio Puliafito, and Salvatore Serrano Optimization of a Modular Ad Hoc Land Wireless System via Distributed Joint Source-Network Coding for Correlated Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dina Chaal, Asaad Chahboun, Frédéric Lehmann, and Abdelouahid Lyhyaoui AdhocInfra Toggle: Opportunistic Auto-configuration of Wireless Interface for Maintaining Data Sessions in WiFi Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anurag Sewak, Prakhar Mehrotra, Bhaskar Jha, Mayank Pandey, and Manoj Madhava Gore Simulation of AdHoc Networks Including Clustering and Mobility . . . . . . . . J.R. Emiliano Leite, Edson L. Ursini, and Paulo S. Martins

161

171

184

199

Implementations and Validations Highlighting Some Shortcomings of the CoCoA+ Congestion Control Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Simone Bolettieri, Carlo Vallati, Giacomo Tanganelli, and Enzo Mingozzi Experimental Evaluation of Non-coherent MIMO Grassmannian Signaling Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jacobo Fanjul, Jesús Ibáñez, Ignacio Santamaria, and Carlos Loucera

213

221

Contents

XIII

WEVA: A Complete Solution for Industrial Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . Giuseppe Campobello, Marco Castano, Agata Fucile, and Antonino Segreto

231

Validating Contact Times Extracted from Mobility Traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liu Sang, Vishnupriya Kuppusamy, Anna Förster, Asanga Udugama, and Ju Liu

239

Wireless Sensor Networks Optimising Wireless Sensor Network Link Quality Through Power Control with Non-convex Utilities Using Game Theory . . . . . . . . . . . Evangelos D. Spyrou and Dimitrios K. Mitrakos

255

Routing Protocol Enhancement for Mobility Support in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jinpeng Wang, Gérard Chalhoub, Hamadoun Tall, and Michel Misson

262

Correlation-Free MultiPath Routing for Multimedia Traffic in Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dhouha Ghrab, Imen Jemili, Abdelfettah Belghith, and Mohamed Mosbah Impact of Simulation Environment in Performance Evaluation of Protocols for WSNs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Affoua Therese Aby, Marie-Françoise Servajean, Nadir Hakem, and Michel Misson

276

290

Data Management A Real-Time Query Processing System for WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abderrahmen Belfkih, Claude Duvallet, Bruno Sadeg, and Laurent Amanton Centralized and Distributed Architectures: Approximation of the Response Time in a Video Surveillance System of Road Traffic by Logarithm, Power and Linear Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Papa Samour Diop, Ahmath Bamba Mbacke, and Gervais Mendy Secure Storage as a Service in Multi-Cloud Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Riccardo Di Pietro, Marco Scarpa, Maurizio Giacobbe, and Antonio Puliafito Policy Management and Enforcement Using OWL and SWRL for the Internet of Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rustem Dautov, Symeon Veloudis, Iraklis Paraskakis, and Salvatore Distefano

307

314 328

342

XIV

Contents

Wireless Systems BSSACH: A Big Slot Scheduling Algorithm with Channel Hopping for Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chi Trung Ngo, Quy Lam Hoang, and Hoon Oh

359

A Hybrid Ant-Genetic Algorithm to Solve a Real Deployment Problem: A Case Study with Experimental Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sami Mnasri, Nejah Nasri, Adrien Van Den Bossche, and Thierry Val

367

Interference Analysis for Asynchronous OFDM in Multi-user Cognitive Radio Networks with Nonlinear Distortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hanen Lajnef, Maha Cherif Dakhli, Moez Hizem, and Ridha Bouallegue

382

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

395

Internet of Things

SustainaBLE: A Power-Aware Algorithm for Greener Industrial IoT Networks Celia Garrido-Hidalgo1(B) , Diego Hortelano1 , Teresa Olivares2 , Vicente Lopez-Camacho1 , M. Carmen Ruiz2 , and Victor Brea1 1

Albacete Research Institute of Informatics, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain {celia.garrido,diego.hortelano,vicente.lcamacho,victor.brea}@uclm.es 2 Faculty of Computer Science Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain {teresa.olivares,mcarmen.ruiz}@uclm.es

Abstract. Industry 4.0 is based on interoperability among smart factories, products and services embedded in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which provides huge opportunities for sustainable manufacturing using ubiquitous information and ICT infrastructure. This paper has a twofold goal, to propose an IoT architecture linking physical devices with operators to afford efficient communication (green-BY concept) and to provide energy-saving oriented techniques to encourage the deployment of cost-effective networks, which enhances the lifespan of IoT devices (green-IN concept). Namely, we propose a flexible sleep-based algorithm called SustainaBLE, suitable for a wide range of domains using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). A real case studio has been carried out to provide power consumption measurements using SustainaBLE proposal, achieving one-year autonomy compared to one-day autonomy with BLE Connection mode. This achievement encourages us to broaden our experimental study considering more nodes, different topologies and additional standards for contributing to the future Industrial IoT networks. Keywords: SustainaBLE · Industrial IoT · BLE algorithm · IoT architecture

1

Introduction

A brand-new Industrial Revolution, the so-called Industry 4.0, is expected to take place during the following years, achieving its full development by 2020. In this new paradigm not only machines but products, operators and conveyors cooperate according to Industrial IoT (IIoT) [1,2], leading the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The incoming communication networks are cognitive tools for sustainable manufacturing processes. Considering the main research areas of Industry 4.0, in [3] is defined how a Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) should be: different mechatronic components based on sensors and actuators embedded in complete systems for collecting data in physical processes. CPS will be intelligently linked c Springer International Publishing AG 2017  A. Puliafito et al. (Eds.): ADHOC-NOW 2017, LNCS 10517, pp. 3–17, 2017. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67910-5 1

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via cloud and the use of smart interfaces for interacting with operators [4] will be mandatory. The emergence of new CPS architectures contributes to structured networks where communication allows an optimal resource allocation in cognitive factories. In this work, we propose an architectural approach based on the reference models for Industrial IoT networks [5,6] and a power-aware algorithm, SustainaBLE, for encouraging the future industry transformation. Industry 4.0 provides great opportunities to exploit the three dimensions of sustainability: economic, social and environmental. This paper encourages a greener IoT by approaching concepts for Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Our architecture not only reduces power consumption (which is referred as green-BY ICT) but also allows the development of power-aware algorithms to enhance lifespan of smart devices (green-IN ICT) [7,8]. The novelty of this paper lies on the introduction of green-ICT techniques into industrial environments for deploying cooperative networks. For this, it stands for the use of BLE [9] as emergent technology to provide a common infrastructure for IoT and IIoT. The major impact of BLE on ultra low cost IoT networks [10,11] encourage us to investigate alternative ways of using this standard for achieving more sustainable Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Two different algorithms are proposed in this paper for adapting BLE duty cycle towards meaningful energy savings, according to strict IIoT requirements. Following this idea, a BLE-based architectural prototype has been deployed in a real scenario emulating a smart factory for testing how heterogeneous devices cooperate according to our power-aware proposal. This paper is structured as follows: Sect. 2 introduces related works; Sect. 3 proposes our reference architecture; Sect. 4 provides a description of our poweraware algorithm proposal; Sect. 5 shows the real consumption study carried out and, finally, Sect. 6 summarizes our conclusions and suggestions for future works.

2

Related Works

Greener ICT are being increasingly demanded to promote a higher throughput. Although some papers provide studies concerning CPS [12–14] they show no clear evidence of sustainability. This work encourages green networking as the major research area towards sustainable factories for [15] Industry 4.0. Furthermore, different techniques and algorithms have been released aiming to provide a greater efficiency by the use of as less resources as possible [16]. A. Dementyev et al. propose in [17] an approach based on cyclic sleep intervals. However, although real power consumption measurements are provided, there is no evidence of real environment or application. Conversely, [18] provides an approach for managing BLE devices by the performance of adaptive sleep intervals based on workload and battery level. Although it concludes that a 30% improvement with respect to fixed sleep intervals is obtained, it must be highlighted that a one-second fixed sleep interval is assumed for carrying out these results. Actually, such a reduced sleep interval is not a viable sampling rate for indoor monitoring systems, where typically magnitudes (e.g. humidity, temperature, etc.) might not change during short periods of time.

SustainaBLE: A Power-Aware Algorithm

5

Some theoretical dynamic models are being developed for Industry 4.0 collaborative CPS [19]. The proliferation of architectural models leads to the establishment of a reference model for carrying out real experiments. Two well-known institutions have released architectural cooperative approaches to define the development of partial contents for Industry 4.0, identifying a set of norms or standards according to determine future challenges: Plattform Industrie 4.0 [5] and the Industrial Internet Consortium [6]. Plattform Industrie 4.0 released the Reference Architecture Model for Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0), a three-dimensional approach covering the whole value chain through several hierarchy levels as well as IT layers. Conversely, the Industrial Internet Consortium is the international organization which introduced the Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA) to match smart manufacturing with Industrie 4.0. In the following section our architectural model is introduced, which is based on the previous reference models for the IIoT.

3

Architecture

This sections introduces an IIoT architecture considering a BLE-based mesh network composed of wearables, beacons, and static nodes, where a nodes are

Fig. 1. Architecture overview for Industrial IoT networks

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connected to a centralized system (controller). The use of BLE mesh overcomes an existing coverage gap, while our centralized system manages information from mesh sub-networks. An outline of the layered architecture proposed for the case studio is shown in Fig. 1, including some representative stages for industrial scenarios. The principal layers of this architecture are: Environmental Interaction Layer (EIL), Local Control Layer (LCL), Global Control Layer (GCL), Cyber Control Layer (CCL) and Smart Interaction layer (SIL). The aim of EIL is to provide LCL with gathered information from the physical world and to manage actuators. This layer processes, encodes and sends data via BLE to GCL in order to make the extraction of specific features fairly automatic for GCL. A set of static nodes from LCL are responsible for gathering BLE mesh sub-network information and sending it via BLE to GCL. Regardless of the origin of commands they are hierarchically allocated so that they reach their destination sector. GCL is responsible for gathering data from LCL and transmitting it via TCP/IP to CCL. Focusing on BLE technology, the controller has been programmed with a non-blocking event-driven runtime environment so as to optimize communication among layers improving scalability. The cloud-based cognitive role is performed by CCL, which provides the network with a data persistence service. It is able to make decisions considering stored information, and uses a WebSocket server to achieve an improved user experience in terms of managing the network and monitoring data. Eventually, the SIL provides an interface for users to interact with the network, it performs communication with CCL independently of flow rates established among it and the lowest layers of the architecture. The asynchronous capability of CCL to handle simultaneous events enhances user experience at SIL.

4

SustainaBLE: The Power-Aware Algorithm

This research not only stands for the deployment of a green-BY industrial network but for developing algorithms with drastic lifespan extension of electronic devices (green-IN). SustainaBLE, our power-aware algorithm, focuses on the performance of static nodes (the so-called Peripheral Nodes (PN) in LCL) and the controller (Central Node (CN) in GCL). A basic review on BLE fundamentals is provided in Sect. 5. A to clarify some concepts defined in BLE specification. As this standard does not consider duty cycle adaptation, our algorithm provides a power-aware approach based on this feature, expanded in Sect. 4.2. 4.1

Bluetooth Low Energy

BLE is focused in this paper towards more efficient in IIoT communications. Since the adoption of version 4.0 and higher specifications [20,21], Bluetooth has turned into a versatile standard, providing sustainability, communication ranges up to hundreds of meters and supporting mesh communications, which introduces user collaboration in IoT scenarios. This section provides a brief analysis of BLE for a better understanding of SustainaBLE algorithm.

SustainaBLE: A Power-Aware Algorithm

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According to BLE standard, a Master Node (MN) is a CN which is able to acquire data from several PN and response, whilst a Slave Node (SLN) allows its MN to read and write specific PN registers (the so-called characteristics, grouped into services). According to BLE specification some characteristics have notification or indication properties, which allow MN to be notified in case information is received. In both cases, MN and SLN remain connected and keep transmitting packets to maintain communication. Scanner and Advertiser roles are connectionless ways of exchanging data. A Scanner Node (SCN) scans the network looking for advertisement packets, whilst an Advertiser Node (AN) is a PN able to send data to be received by a CN acting as SCN. However, these roles do not allow information flow in both directions; only from PN to CN. 4.2

Overview

This paper stands for a fractioned duty cycle for PN, where active and sleep modes are considered. Different configurations for our algorithm proposal, SustainaBLE, are described in this section according to special requirements. In the following lines, we define the two operating modes to be compared: Connection and SustainaBLE (our proposal). Eventually, regarding the sleeping interval to be performed by each node, Non-Advertiser while Sleeping (NAS) and Advertiser while Sleeping (AS) modes are defined. Connection is defined in BLE standard. It refers to a MN-SLN connection where information arrival is notified. In this mode CN and PN keep always connected, which implies the shortest time for information flow. Conversely, SustainaBLE, our power-aware algorithm proposal, allows PN to sleep and minimise power consumption. There are two different methods to wake up a device, depending on whether the interruption is programmed via RTC (Fixed Sleep Interval, FSI) or is caused by a sensor (Variable Sleep Interval, VSI). Both FSI and VSI operating modes are defined as default configuration for each node within our network under SustainaBLE algorithm. Conversely, VSI operating mode allows a PN to wake up as a result of interrupts carried out by certain sensor readings or connection events (in case BLE module is turned on). Regardless of interruptions, two operating modes are defined in SustainaBLE depending on the state of BLE radio while sleeping: NAS and AS. NAS is set up as default configuration, in which the BLE module will remain turned off by the time PN starts sleeping, drastically reducing power consumption. AS mode, at the expense of higher consumption, maintains the BLE radio module active while PN is sleeping, allowing actuators to immediately execute user requests. Table 1 shows a summary of the previous operating modes: if an ACK packet is required when a data packet is received (ACK); if a PN turns into sleep mode (Sleep); if there is a possibility for PN to send data (P Nsend ) and to receive orders (P Nrec ) in any time; necessary time to send data to CN (Tsend ) and to receive data from CN (Trec ); the maximum PNs per CN (PN per CN). SustainaBLE in Peripheral Nodes (PN). SustainaBLE (Fig. 2) is presented in this paper as a power-aware algorithm for PN by means of saving the greatest

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C. Garrido-Hidalgo et al. Table 1. Comparison of SustainaBLE proposal and BLE standard modes BLE Standard

SustainaBLE Algorithm

Master-Slave

Fixed Sleep Interval (FSI)

Variable Sleep Interval (VSI)

Notification Indication Read-Write characteristics

NASa ASb

NASa ASb

ACK

✗

✓

✓

✓

✓

✓

✓

P Nsend

✓

✓

✗

✗

✗

✓

✓

P Nrec

✓

✓

✓

✗

✓

✗

✓

Sleep

✗

✗

✗

Fixed Variable Fixed Variable

Tsend