A Valency Dictionary of English: A Corpus-Based Analysis of the Complementation Patterns of English Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives 9783110892581, 9783110171945

Table of contents :
I A brief guide to the Valency Dictionary of English
1 The functions of this dictionary
1.1 Valency as a problem in language description, foreign language learning and teaching
1.2 The corpus basis
1.3 Types of information
2 The structure of the dictionary
3 Complement inventory
3.1 Quantitative valency: number of complements
3.2 Qualitative valency: Character of complements
4 The pattern-and-examples section
4.1 Structure
4.2 Patterns without pattern specification - attr. and pred.
4.3 Symbols for elements in other valency patterns
4.4 Frequency of patterns
4.5 Examples
5 The note block
6 Idiomatic phrasal verbs section
7 Final remarks
II Valency theory and the Valency Dictionary of English
1 Introduction
2 Valency theory and lexicography
3 The basic assumptions of valency theory: complements and adjuncts
4 The form of the complements
4.1 Complements: phrases and clauses
4.2 Prepositional complements
4.3 Complex complements: one complement or two?
4.4 The category ADV
5 Semantic and lexical aspects of complements
6 Obligatory and optional complements
6.1 Three types of necessity: communication – structure – valency
6.2 Obligatory and optional complements
6.3 Quantitative valency
6.4 Gradience and classificatory problems
7 Valency patterns in this dictionary
7.1 Coverage of complements and adjuncts
7.2 The presentation of the patterns
7.3 The idiomatic phrasal verb section
8 Information on meaning in this dictionary
8.1 The semantic and lexical range of the complements
8.2 The description of word meaning
9 Further information about this dictionary
9.1 Corpus basis
9.2 Examples
9.3 Frequency
9.4 Selection of headwords
Bibliography
Dictionary
Approaches to the dictionary
Important symbols occurring in this dictionary

Citation preview

A Valency Dictionary of English

w G DE

Topics in English Linguistics

40

Editors

Bernd Kortmann Elizabeth Closs Traugott

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York

A Valency Dictionary of English A Corpus-Based Analysis of the Complementation Patterns of English Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives

Thomas Herbst David Heath Ian F. Roe Dieter Götz with the assistance of

Michael Klotz

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York

Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin.

Lexicographical assistance: Heike Kamm, Kerstin Popp, Brigitta Mittmann (frequency), Hildegard Schäffler Editorial assistance: Katrin Götz and Peter Uhrig

The Valency Dictionary of English was compiled using the Bank of English(R) with the permission of HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.

© Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

Data

A valency dictionary of English : a corpus-based analysis of the complementation patterns of English verbs, nouns and adjectives / by Thomas Herbst ... [et al.]. p. cm. - (Topics in English linguistics ; 40) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-11-017194-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. English language — Dependency grammar — Dictionaries. 2. English language - Complement — Dictionaries. 3. English language - Adjective - Dictionaries. 4. English language Noun - Dictionaries. 5. English language - Verb - Dictionaries. I. Herbst, Thomas. II. Series. PE1369.V35 2004 425'.018-dc22 2004024288

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at .

ISBN 3-11-017194-5 © Copyright 2004 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, 10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin. Typesetting: Christoph Eyrich, Berlin. Printing: Tutte Druckerei GmbH, Salzweg. Binding: Druckhaus "Thomas Müntzer" GmbH, Bad Langensalza. Printed in Germany.

Contents

I

A brief guide to the Valency Dictionary of English

vii

1

vii

2 3

4

5 6 7

The functions of this dictionary 1.1 Valency as a problem in language description, foreign language learning and teaching 1.2 The corpus basis 1.3 Types of information The structure of the dictionary Complement inventory 3.1 Quantitative valency: number of complements 3.2 Qualitative valency: Character of complements The pattern-and-examples section 4.1 Structure 4.2 Patterns without pattern specification - attr. and ρ red 4.3 Symbols for elements in other valency patterns 4.4 Frequency of patterns 4.5 Examples The note block Idiomatic phrasal verbs section Final remarks

II Valency theory and the Valency Dictionary of English 1 2 3 4

5 6

7

8

Introduction Valency theory and lexicography The basic assumptions of valency theory: complements and adjuncts . . . . The form of the complements 4.1 Complements: phrases and clauses 4.2 Prepositional complements 4.3 Complex complements: one complement or two? 4.4 The category ADV Semantic and lexical aspects of complements Obligatory and optional complements 6.1 Three types of necessity: communication - structure - valency . . . 6.2 Obligatory and optional complements 6.3 Quantitative valency 6.4 Gradience and classificatory problems Valency patterns in this dictionary 7.1 Coverage of complements and adjuncts 7.2 The presentation of the patterns 7.3 The idiomatic phrasal verb section Information on meaning in this dictionary 8.1 The semantic and lexical range of the complements 8.2 The description of word meaning

vii vii vii vii i χ χ xi xiii xiii xiv xv xx xxi xxi xxii xxii xxiii xxiii xxiii xxiv xxv xxv xxvi xxvii xxviii xxviii xxx xxx xxxi xxxii xxxiii xxxiv xxxiv xxx ν xxxvi xxxvii xxxvii xxxviii

vi

Contents

9

Further 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Bibliography

information about this dictionary Corpus basis Examples Frequency Selection of headwords

Dictionary Approaches to the dictionary Important symbols occurring in this dictionary

xxxix xxxix xxxix xl xl xli 1 963 963

I

A brief guide to the Valency Dictionary of English

1

The functions of this dictionary

1.1

Valency as a problem in language description, foreign language learning and teaching

Like atoms, words tend not to occur in isolation but to combine with other words to form larger units: the number and type of other elements with which a word can occur is a very important part of its grammar. As with atoms, the ability of words to combine in this way with other words can be termed valency. Valency - or complementation, as it is often also called - is an important area of the description of English, one which is on the boundaries of lexis and grammar, and as such has been dealt with in grammars and dictionaries of English. It is the aim of this dictionary to provide a scholarly, sound and, as far as possible, comprehensive description of the valency properties of English verbs, adjectives and nouns, which can serve as the basis for further research in this area. Valency, however, is also a common source of errors in foreign language learning and thus a very important factor in teaching English as a foreign language. Many learners of English are faced with questions such as "Is it avoid to do something or avoid doing something!", "Is try to do something the same as try doing something?" or "Can you say the exhibition opened in English or not?" This dictionary sets out to answer such questions for those words of English which are likely to cause most problems for foreign learners in this respect. The Valency Dictionary of English is intended to enable - linguists to carry out research in the field of verb, adjective and noun complementation, in particular to extend the analyses presented in this book to investigate parallels between the syntactic and semantic properties of words, to consider the character of valency phenomena and the place they ought to occupy in more general and comprehensive models of language - applied linguists, grammarians and lexicographers to develop new teaching materials - advanced foreign learners to write grammatically correct and idiomatic English because it shows them which constructions a word can be used with - non-native teachers of English to mark students' papers because it tells them whether a construction a student has used is found frequently, occasionally or not at all in present-day English 1.2

The corpus basis

The descriptions in this dictionary are based on the Bank of English, the cOBUlLD-corpus of present-day English compiled at the University of Birmingham, which at the time the dictionary was completed comprised more than 320 million words. All the dictionary entries reflect analyses of the material contained in the corpus. In particular, almost all the examples are taken, sometimes in a slightly modified form, straight from the Bank of English. This means that they reflect authentic present-day English (see Section II). The small number of examples not based on the corpus are marked as invented examples. 1.3

Types of information

This dictionary is a highly specialized dictionary that attempts to provide a detailed description of valency. It contains information about

viii

A brief guide to the Valency Dictionary

of English

- the valency patterns in which a word or, more precisely, a word in a particular sense, occurs - what a word means when used in a particular pattern, i.e. its meaning - which other words can occur in these patterns, i.e. its collocational range and semantic roles - how patterns differ in meaning, collocational range or frequency Since the Valency Dictionary of English covers this type of information in great detail, it does not provide other types of information (such as pronunciation, irregular verb forms etc.). Similarly, the number of words contained in this dictionary is much smaller than in a conventional dictionary. The verbs, adjectives and nouns included in the dictionary were chosen on the basis of the criteria of frequency and complexity of their valency structures. These are also the words which are likely to cause problems to foreign learners. Since many nouns and adjectives have many senses with which no valency problems arise, the adjective and noun entries in this dictionary only cover those senses which do present valency patterns.

The structure of the dictionary argue —@

verb ['dispute')Active: 1 /3

group of complements with same or similar semantic role III

Β minimum and maximum valency in active uses

Passive: 1 /3

[ N ] a / [by N] [about X]p [over N]p [on N] [with N] 'discuss' -|Active: 2/2 ¡

General: 0

D4 D9

T3 T3

DIO

T3

minimum and maximum valency in passive uses

passive: 1/2]

[N]a/ [byN]

IV

c

[N]P

D1

[about X]p [over N]p [on N] 'claim'

D4 D9

Active: 2/2

D8 Passive: 1/2

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [that-CL] P ( i t ) [Q/S]p(it)

degree of optionality

Further uses [into N/V-ing] [out of N/V-ing] pattern number

¡General: 0)-

EI—ι (QU El—

zero-valent use possible patterns in which complements occur

T1 T2

A Adolescents need to know that it is normal for people to argue, even, perhaps especially, if they love one another. D1

short indication of sense

+ Np

Β The parties do not even argue the case in front of each other.

The structure of the dictionary D2

+ (that)-CL P(it) I (>30%)\- 0 The French linguist Gustave Guillaume argued that the psychological mechanisms underlying our use of language were common to all languages. Many farmers argue that the level of grants for planting woodland is too low. Many councils argue they are autonomous. It has been argued that there is a general sequence of types of mobility that a society passes through as it evolves economically.

D10

+ with Ν H S Sometimes he argued with her because he was a man, a peasant, and couldn't swallow taking orders from a woman. + Np + into N/V-ing ®| I tried to argue him into having more respect. |(= persuade)] + Np + out of N/V-ing -ffl I did all I could to argue them out of this. |(= dissuade)] + with Ν + about/on Ν A I beg you, do not argue with me on this.

senses of word — that can be used in the respective patterns

T1 uses not covered by senses identified

ix

T2

T3

senses identified

40

A person® can argue with another person®^ about or over a topic or issue11, i.e. speak about it, often angrily. —> M D4 D9 D10 T3 People, often specialists,' can argue (i) about or over a topic or issue 1 " or, in formal usage, argue it", i.e. discuss it. (ii) on a particular basis IV , i.e. base their argument on il. D1 D4 D8 D9 also in phrasal verbs: argue

P

A person, esp. a specialist, or a publication 1 can argue that something is the case", i.e. support this idea giving reasons. -> D1 D2 D3 A person, organisation, piece of writing, etc. r can argue for 1 " or against something", i.e. give reasons for supporting or rejecting it. -> D5 D6 D7

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out 30 %) My memory is such that I used to win prizes in school because of my ability to remember names and dates. There is a need to rebuild the confidence of markets and savers, both at home and abroad, in the ability of our country to face up to an emergency situation. + as Ν There can be no doubt of his ability as a propagandist. + at N/V-ing The quality of students changed and certainly their ability at schoolwork changed. Jack Brace's confidence and prolific ability at turning out songs intimidated Baker.

P5

and he lost confidence in his own writing abilities. + for N/V-ing Dick Holland's only assets were his ability for hard work and his love of the land, Cape York in particular. The pictures tell the story of Clive Davis's uncanny ability for spotting talent.

A person's ability is 'their level of skill or suitability to carry out a particular activity'. A person can have ability (i) for a particular task (ii) at a particular skill.

able P1 P2

P3

A Β

adjective attr A He was an unusually able detective. pred A Daniels was loyal, able, and represented his last link with the Bryan wing of the party. + to-INF/ to (> 30%) Β Teachers also want your child to be able to read and write. I don't seem to be able to sort this out. For the first time he was able to sleep at night without fear. This type of camera will be better able to deal with changing light conditions, but still isn't terribly flexible and still has a fixed focus lens. They're over the other side and we can't see them from here now I thought we might be able to.

P2

+ at Ν (rare) A Jonathan Beckwith, a geneticist at Harvard Medical School, points to a study concluding shakily, he believes, that girls are innately less able at maths.

Someone who is able is very skilful or intelligent and good at doing something. -> P1 P2 P4 A person who is able to do something is in a position to do it. P3

abrupt P1

P4

adjective

attr 'We haven't that,' might be his abrupt reply. pred She had been abrupt and distant.

P3

+ with Ν She is said to be merciless with students, and abrupt with flatterers.

If a person is abrupt with another person they are very unfriendly or rude when talking to them.

4

absent

absent P1

P2

P3

adjective

attr Children up to three years old need to remain in more or less the same place and see the absent parent on a frequent basis. pred The press and TV crews were absent. Freedom of speech is absent in communist countries. + from Ν When you were absent from school today, I thought it was just because you had a cold. The Security Police discovered I was

absent from my house. True love was absent from the chateau. That reason was not absent from his thinking. Jeanne Moreau has been absent from the big screen too long.

Absent means "not present'

absurd P1 P2

P3

P4

P5

adjective

attr This is an absurd idea, pred The whole thing may seem slightly absurd. 'Don't be absurd, Professor,' Rudolph said. [it] + to-INF (frequent) She always took the view that it was absurd to drag currencies together, that it could only be damaging to each individual nation to hook their currencies to each other's. It is absurd to continue to reject a Scottish parliament when four out of five Scots say they want one. [it] + that-CL It is, of course, patently absurd that the taxpayers are about to take on the creditors. [it] + wh-CL It is absurd how the Champions Cup, which should be the crowning of all inter-

P6

P7

national competitions, has been financially demoted. [it] + for Ν to-INF It is patently absurd for manufacturers to be building cars that can travel at twice or three times the legal speed limit, [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) It was absurd of Mr Lamont to announce that his policy would henceforth be attuned to British interests as though, hitherto, it had not been.

Something that is a b s u r d is not worth taking seriously because it is unreasonable and may be amusing.

abuse P1

P2

A Β C

noun

A At the London drugs conference, it has been announced that new task forces are to be set up to tackle abuse in seven areas of Britain at a cost of over two-million pounds. Β The Society says more resources must be given to local authorities to help protect children in danger of abuse. C A gang of lads are playing football, others are sprawled on the grass chatting. Leaning out of an upstairs window, a group is shouting abuse. + from Ν C On the rare occasions when he has been on the receiving end of abuse from business associates, he has not, he says, fought back. Abuse can mean 'wrong or bad use.' -» P1 P3 Abuse can mean 'evil treatment.' P1 P3 Abuse can mean 'insulting remarks.' -» P1 P2

P3

+ of Ν (frequent) A Abuse of these drugs is believed to be common. I can't agree with the letter writer who claims bringing back the death penalty would be the ultimate abuse of human rights. Β The sexual abuse of children has been described as the best kept secret. The secret is often kept by children simply because they are told not to tell.

5

accept

accept A

verb

'take' Active: 1 / 2

C Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N] llcont [N]p [to-INF] Β 'acknowledge' Active: 2 / 3

General: 0

ι D1 D2

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] Ito« [N]p [that-CL]p lit [wh-CL]p :it [N to-INF]ρ [it + pattern of lll] P m [as N/V-ing] [as ADJ]

Il Obi

General:

ill D

mm&S· 0 νν,^Λ'νΐ;;

T2-3

Il obi

III

04

D5

IV

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p

D1

[tO-INF] [for Ν] [ADV]

T1.4-5

T1 T4 T5

T3

D1

+ Np

A He accepted a cup of tea and a Marie biscuit. These birds will usually accept a standard nest-box, but some will build their own bulky nest from grasses and straw. The Vietnamese news agency says President Suharto of Indonesia has accepted an invitation to visit Hanoi. Never accept gifts from strangers and certainly don't accept a lift in a stranger's car. Β Workers at the plant agreed by two to one to accept a radical package which includes a twohour reduction in the average working week. The election campaign has been so controversial that I doubt very much whether any losing party is going to accept defeat. She was starting to accept responsibility for her actions. C She needed reassurance that she belonged somewhere, to someone; that there were people who would accept her totally, and in whom she could trust and believe. Elliot was infuriated, realizing his parents would never accept him for what he was.

You would just have to accept what they told you. During the year she finds herself with little energy and having to accept what appears to be a growing need for dependence. D5/T1

+ to-INF

A I would be delighted if you accept to come with me. + (that)-CLP:it (frequentj Β It is generally accepted that as one gets older one's memory fades, concentration levels become lower and one's ability to reason becomes less. He welcomed the King accepting that there should be a constitutional monarchy. + wh-CL P : l ,

Β We should all accept how other people live.

+ Ν to-INFp / + Np + to-INF

Β Mr Mallaghan is widely accepted to have been a good landlord. Traquair House, near Innerleithen in Peebleshire, is generally accepted to be the oldest inhabited house in Scotland. D She had passed her highers well, and had been accepted to read English at Glasgow University. T2

+ Np + as N/V-¡ng/+ [it]p + as N-pattern

Β Proof of posting will not be accepted as proof of delivery. He accepted this as yet another of life's miseries. Lavender is widely accepted as being a sedative. I would make that decision and accept it as my responsibility to justify and educate the public as to the reasons for my decision. C We have not come to terms with accepting people as being gay and lesbian in society. T3

+ Np + as A D J / + [ i t ] p + as ADJ-pattern

Β He refused to accept his judgment as final. Most people would accept it as reasonable that an employer can protect its trade secrets.

D She was one of the first girls at the school to be accepted by Oxford University.

D4

T2

T2

A You have been hurt in the past and others want to seek your forgiveness, but you refuse to accept, (only if clear from context)

D3

D1

T2-3

M

D2

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [as N/V-ing] 'integrateActive: 2 / 3

ι D1 D3

'approve' Active: 2 / 3

T4

+ Np + for Ν

D Refugees are accepted for resettlement in the West, while economic migrants are liable to repatriation. The institution to which the patient is to be transferred must first have accepted the patient for transfer. T5

+ Np + ADV

D The fact that I've been accepted to graduate school does not persuade them. Subsequently, other measures have been adopted to liberalise the economy and persuade the rest of the world

6

acceptable

that Vietnam should be accepted back into the global economic community. accept means 'to take something that is offered'. A A person or animal 1 can accept a thing or a service offered", i.e. take it or consent to use it. —> M D1 D2 Β A person or organisation 1 can accept a fact, plan, proposal, etc.11, i.e. acknowledge that it is true, real, necessary, useful, fair, valid, etc. D1 D3 D4 D5 T1 T2 T3 C A person 1 can accept another person", i.e. welcome, like or approve of them as they are. -> D1 T2 D A person or organisation 1 can accept a person 11 (i) into a group or institution IV , i.e. allow them to become a member of that institution etc. (ii) for something 111 , i.e. allow them to take part. D1 D5 T1 T4 T5

acceptable P1

P2 P3 P4

P5

P6 P7 (i) (ii)

attr He accused Mrs Thatcher of turning the unacceptable face of capitalism into the acceptable face of her government, pred A small Mercedes is acceptable, though only as a second car. + to-INF (rare) This scene would be acceptable to show. [it] + to-INF It is no longer acceptable to show girls as fulfilling stereotypical roles. At a time when dialogue is producing results across the world between parties who are wholly opposed to each other, it is really not acceptable to say that it is not possible for Israelis to sit down with Palestinians. [it] + that-CL Can it really be acceptable that one party with access to substantial funds should be allowed to get away with this? + as Ν Over time, photographs have become perfectly acceptable as evidence. + for N/V-ing Such activities were considered

P2

P3 P4

P8

P9

acceptable for a gentleman. It is noticeable that mature students generally obtain better degree results than younger students, even though in the majority of cases the mature students did not have qualifications normally acceptable for entrance when they applied for the course. Onstad et al. are probably also acceptable for estimating concordance rates, although each of them has methodological limitations. + to Ν (frequent) Certainly there is a pattern of behaviour which must be acceptable to everyone. The political priority now is a deal that's broadly acceptable to both Congress and the White House. Michael Heseltine's name is being touted, but he is not acceptable to many in the Tory party. [it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF These figures represent a change in attitude: it is now far more acceptable for women to bring up their children alone without being married.

Someone or something that has been suggested is acceptable to a person or an institution if they are willing to accept them. Someone or something can be acceptable for a particular purpose, person or requirement, i.e. satisfy their needs.

access P1

adjective

noun

He said a problem with on-line communication was not everyone had access. + by Ν Privatisation has encouraged a misguided withholding of new data from access by others, contrary to the public interest. + for Ν Access for the disabled was very limited. + to N/V-ing (>30%) UN observers have so far been denied access to the area around Zepce. The report calls for a web of cycle ways, traffic-free zones, wheel chair access to all buses, coaches and trains. Other American air-

PS

P6

lines are vigorously opposed to a deal that would give BA access to the huge American market. No one, and certainly not Mr Turner, has had access to national information. So we have a lot of parental involvement but hopefully everybody's got an open access to asking questions. + for Ν + to-INF (rare) This will give virtual free access for airlines to fly anywhere and spark a competition war among operators. + for Ν + to Ν Oftel's plan is a welcome part of a wider debate on access for schools and universities to the information superhighway.

7

accurate

A person can have access (i) to a place, i.e. be able to get there (ii) to something such as information, documents, etc., i.e. be able to see or use them (iii) to a person, i.e. be able to speak to them.

account A

verb

'explain' Active: 2 / 3

'be responsible' Passive: 113

[ N ] a / [by N ] [that-CL] A [V-ing] A [N V-ing] A II obi [for X]p III [to N]

Active: 2 / 2

[N] A II obi [for N] C 'have been classified'

I

Active : 3 / 3

T3 T3

ι [ N ] a / [by II obi [N]p.i III obi [N]2 [ADJ]

+ for N/V-ingp/for Ν ('s) V-ingP/for wh-CLP A Cancer death rates in industrialised countries are rising faster than can be accounted for by tobacco smoking. It is the third time she has been unable to account for having a fortune in her hands. So how do you account for their being there? Perhaps tougher sentencing policy of the courts account for more people being sent to prison for longer terms. Perhaps this accounts for why we have so many more men than women in prison. + for Ν Β Private sponsorships only accounted for a third of all arts funding last year. Developing countries now account for a far greater share

T1

T2

T3

Passive : 2 / 3 N]

T1T1 T2

of world oil consumption than they did in the 1970s. + Np + Ν (rare) C Finally, monitored by the still-man, a clear innocent-looking liquid bubbles through the coils of copper to be accounted single malt whisky. + Np + ADJ C Such behaviour is still accounted sinful by the church. + to Ν + for Np A She doesn't feel she has to account to anybody for her actions.

Somebody or something 1 can account for something 11 , i.e. explain it because there is a need for explanation. D T3 Somebody or something 1 can account for a part or amount of something 11 , i.e. be responsible for it. —> D If something 11 is accounted a particular brand or quality111, it is officially classified that way by an institution. T1 T2

accurate P1 P2 P3

adjective

attr Local radio gives accurate information about travel and weather at predictable times, pred The name he had given was quite accurate. [it] + to-INF It is no longer accurate to paint the Lib-Dems as merely a party of protest. But it is more accurate to divide this two thirds into a comfortable third and an insecure third. Instead of saying that the 1995 Budget involves a relaxation of fiscal policy, it would be more accurate to say that it involves less tightening than planned last year.

P4

P5

P6

+ about N/V-ing/wh-CL It will be impossible to be anything like accurate about the time of death. Realize that your body is temporarily unable to be accurate about positioning itself. Now it's very difficult to be accurate about just what is happening. + as Ν A weight of data on a person gathered over 25 minutes is a lot more accurate as a predictor than what you think of someone as they smile at you. + in N/V-ing She had an unusual feminine ability to be meticulously accurate in punctua-

8

accuse

tion and spelling. Some claim it is much more accurate in detecting heart disorders than the angiogram, the usual method of investigating chest pains due to blocked vessels. + on Ν Some of our sense of humility and awe of course came from the awareness that 'the information' would be accurate on items we could verify.

P7

P8 P9

+ to Ν The temperature is accurate to within about 0.2 degree C. + with Ν We hope that staff will be accurate with the facts and will ensure that the confidentiality of our patients is respected. I'm very accurate with a hammer - it's my job.

Someone or something that is accurate is correct, reliable and precise.

accuse

verb

Active: 1 /3 Passive: 113 General: 0 [ N ] a / [by N] llcont [N]p D Τ Ι

hi

[of N/V-ing]

τ

We recognise this is not a view held by all and tors accused each other of kowtowing to his that in law everyone has the right to silence. We demands. You certainly can't accuse Good aren't accusing, (only if clear from context) Housekeeping of taking the easy option. Four + Np And now that the wife has accused leading stockbroking companies are accused of the husband and they've had a jealous argument, wrongfully compensating privileged clients for just look how he slams out the door! losses they sustained in share dealing. They + Np + of N/V-ing You don't have to accuse accused her of having a canine voice spewing him of anything. The president accused her poison like a spotted serpent. I couldn't tell her government of scandalous corruption and inthe truth but she started getting suspicious and competence. We saw the trial of a party of accused me of fancying him and leading him on! youths accused of robbery. The senior ediSSBiWÉ^^M^Éf^üf^ÉMÉ ¥ IT A person or a statement etc. can accuse a person or a group of people" of something which they consider wrong or of having done something they consider wrong™, i.e. claim that they have done it.

achievement P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

noun

A To create a big glossy house that has everything and still feels friendly is a major achievement. [it] + that-CL A It was a great achievement that a month later a global agreement was reached. + for Ν A The vote was a remarkable achievement for his party. Vietnam has, in the past two years, been selling rice on the international market, an important achievement for a country that not so long ago experienced severe shortages of rice. + in N/V-ing (frequent) A Christopher Barnes receives one of this year's APCER prizes for outstanding achievement in physics by an undergraduate. Gerald Ratner's achievement in creating Britain's biggest jewellery business is not diminished by the problems he is now having. + of N/V-ing (frequent) A He praised their achievement of qualifying

P6

for the final of the Cup. Bell also had the dubious achievement of being the only non-Royal at the meeting which announced the split of Prince Andrew and the Duchess of York. Β Settlement activity in the occupied territories is an obstacle to the achievement of a just and lasting peace. Setting up standards for the different phases of a production process and measuring achievement of those standards is a time-honored way of controlling quality. [it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF A It was an enormous achievement for him to recover his concentration. It is quite an achievement for the Government to have induced a loss of confidence in sterling when both the EC and the OECD suggest that the UK is expanding faster than almost any other European country this year.

9

act

A

An achievement is something that indicates the completion of something difficult which required great skill or determination'. P1 P2 P 3 P4 P5 P6 Achievement can also refer to the process of achieving. -> P5

Β

act A

verb 'work' Active: 1 / 2

I n m

IV Β

[N]a [against N] [for N] [on/upon N] P 'perform' Active: 1 / 2

I II

C

"'=·*/ ¡•(•••uèì'-ì

V ' "'s, 5 qát Ά i.

M U

D7 D9-10

II obi

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

[N]a

[V-ing] A [N V-ing] A il obi [as N] [like N]

General: 0 'ÊÈÊÈSÊÈÊ

[N]a [N] 'behave'

'function' Active: 2 / 2

lobi D5

E

D6 D6 D6

D8

'effect' Active: 2 / 2

D1

lobi

[N]a

II

[tO-INF]

D4

ill

[ o n / u p o n N]

D9-io

iidœihÊâiaSiîiai;!'üHfRStiSik

Active: 2 / 2 lob!

D

WÊÊÈBSSêliiÊi H Ü General: 0

[NJA [ADJ]

D2

[as if/as though-CL]

D3

[ADV]

D11

A We know who these criminals are, the police have sophisticated intelligence networks so why don't they act? Rushdie expressed hope that parliament would act to end laws which he described as anachronistic and discriminatory. Β They're all essentially cabaret singers, and they really can act. It was quite obvious that she wasn't acting, and she was screaming in terror. (= pretending)

D5

D6

+ Ν

Β I sat down and had a beer with him a few days ago, and he acted his old cocky self. I joined the St John's Players and acted the part of David Bliss in Noel Coward's "Hay Fever". Back in Cape Town, however, I had to pull myself together and act the part of a captain. (= pretend to be) + ADJ C I managed to act smart and smile. His job was to determine which of the fish acted most agitated. + as if-CL/as though-CL C We act as if saying yes and constantly accommodationg others' wishes. They act as though they were promoting energy efficiency when the opposite is true. + to-INF E Synergie's Bio-Contour Eye Gel is gentle and fragrance free; it acts both immediately and progressively to reduce puffiness, bags and dark shadows, to smooth fine lines and delay ageing.

D7

D8

D9

+ against Ν A The Kwazulu administration was using the power given to it by the central government to act against its political opponents. + as Ν (frequent) D At a time when the majority of the population was illiterate the windows in a church acted as a sort of Poor Man's Bible. The vessel, which will act as a medical support ship for British forces in the region, was forced to return to Devonport yesterday. Going through the fire got rid of evil influences but also acted as fumigation to rid the cattle of parasites. After finding a retired Professor of History who agreed to act as my guide and translator, I decided to go to one of the two villages. + for Ν A The lawyer who acted for some of the detainees during their interrogation is Mr Peter Cathcart. + like Ν D The abdominal muscles hold the key to a flatter tummy. When well-toned, they act like an invisible girdle. + on Np A Both will believe themselves to be acting on rational political beliefs. + on Ν E These drugs act on the hormone adrenaline contained in nerves. The pituitary not only produces hormones which have a direct effect

10

action

D10

on the body but also produces hormones which act on other endocrine glands. + u p o n Np A Acting upon a sound instinct, I persuaded our party out of their beds. + upon Ν E Nisbet treads familiar ground in describing

D11

the physical and chemical controls that act upon the environment. + ADV (frequent) C From that moment on, she acted very strangely. Men are expected to act in certain ways, women in other ways, in all sorts of situations.

6

Act can mean "do something for a certain purpose'. A person or organisation 1 can act: (i) for a person or organisation 111 , i.e. represent their interests (ii) against a person or organisation 11 , i.e. work against them. M D5 D7 D9D10 A person 1 can act a role or part 11 , i.e. perform as an actor in a play. -» M D1 also in phrasal verbs: act

C D E

A person, animal, or a mechanism 1 can act a certain way n , i.e. behave that way. -» D2 D3 D11 Somebody or something 1 can act as something 11 , i.e. have that function. D6 D8 A substance or measure 1 that acts on something 111 has a chemical effect on it. D4 D9 D10

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out «-• Np At this stage your child no longer needs to make himself the focus of his imaginative play. Instead, he will act out different scenarios with a toy or another person. (= play) + up Emotional stress can make your skin act up. (= behave in an undesirable way) You've got

action P1

P2

P3

to be entertaining. I act up a little bit and say the wrong things on purpose. (= behave badly) The old woman was preoccupied with the coffeepot, which was acting up again. (= not working properly)

noun

If you sit back and take it easy the time for action and achievement will be lost. My questions, Major, have nothing to do, therefore, with your actions as a soldier. + to INF (frequent) Mr Clarke promised swift action to lock up offenders as young as 12 after heightened concerns over child crime. A vote to authorize military action to enforce the Bosnian no-fly zone had been widely expected today. So there are powerful reasons for the international community to take action to stop the fighting before it spreads. + against Ν (frequent) The only way out may be for Brazil to experience complete economic collapse before adopting successful antiinflation austerity programmes as a first, painful spur to effective action against inflation, α After a stream of successful libel actions against newspapers, the number of reckless accusations and spiteful 'exposés' has decreased. The European Commission has announced that it intends to take legal action against those member countries which have imposed an import ban on British beef and cattle.

P4

P5 P6

P7

P8

+ by Ν Nevertheless, it must be recognised that a small minority is at all times hostile to any form of action by the police, whose task is immensely difficult. Its proposals for an 18month programme of concerted action by member states will become part of a growth package. + from Ν There could be still tougher action from the bank today. + in V-ing They were probably hinting at his action in ordering the release of five hard core Kashmiri separatists. + of V-ing While this action of falsifying his time card is inexcusable, your action of approving the falsified data is inexplicable. + on Ν It is awaiting congressional action on a proposal that could eliminate the tax deductibility of certain interest payments. I believe that as a result of this particular visit they're closer to taking action on our advice than they would have been had we not come, β Cold water is tonic in its action on the skin. Ozone is produced by the action of sunlight on oxygen.

Action is 'the act of doing something or achieving something'. α Action can mean '(especially the start of) legal proceedings in a court of law'. -> P3 β Action can be 'the effect of something such as a chemical on a substance'. —> P8

11

add

active P1 P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr He is playing a full and active role within the organisation. pred The Research Section of the society is extremely active. + as Ν Given NEP politics, this left in positions of potential influence only the few ex-members of other parties still active as economists. + in N/V-ing (frequent) She was a real estate agent and active in charity work. By the turn of the century, he was already active in Liberal politics. The widespread introduction of grazing animals has been active in removing the cover.

draining wetlands. The home is active in trying to improve conditions for the native ponies. + with Ν He was active with such Jewish organisations as the Leo Baeck Institute and Zion House, of which he was chairman.

P5

A person who is active in a particular cause or organization is directly involved in it and works hard for it.

adamant

adjective

attr They have dropped their previously adamant demand for the participation of the PLO. pred He is adamant; nothing in this world will move him. + (that)-CL (> 30 %) He is adamant that we must put less emphasis on nationalism. L&C remain adamant that inflation will not fall below its present level. She is adamant that women need something quite different. It's a disaster. But he is adamant he will return.

P1

P2 P3

+ wh-CL (rare) Everyone was adamant where the camp had stood. + about N/V-ing He's adamant about that. We are also adamant about not creating more streets or wider streets. + in N/V-ing Carmakers remained adamant in their refusal to give in to demands. Grey was still adamant in refusing to publish the documents. + on Ν Murray is adamant on this.

P4

P5

P6

P7

If a person is adamant about something or adamant that something should be the case, they are not going * b their mind about it. to change

add

A

verb

MATHEMATICS Active: 1 / 3

ι π

and [together]

NUM]

D2

T2

[NJ A /[byN] [V-ing]A

II

[N]p

D1

[that-CL]P(it) [wh-CL]

D3

[Q/S]p : j{ [to N]p

D5

III

A Contrary to Piaget's assumptions, they can add and subtract well before the age of 4 or 5. She'll start to add and subtract using her fingers.

D1

+ Np

Β To make creme mousseline, bring milk to the boil and add 3/4 oz butter. Only a small part had survived a fire which had gutted the building some 200 years ago, and a simple extension

Passive: 1 / 3 ¡¡SI

I

T2

M

'increase an amount' Active: 2 / 3

General: 0

[ N ] a / [by N] [Np,]/[NandN]/ [NUM

PART

Β

'mSÊÊSÈÊÊSSÈiëSi

Passive: 1 / 3

D6

D4

D6

had been added about 15 years ago. With respect to translations I have occasionally added a comment. D2

+ Np|/N and Ν / NUM and NUM

A Some are intimidated by the math on a basic proficiency test, yet they can mentally add and subtract numbers in a supermarket looking for the best deal. At least she can add two and two without using a calculator.

12

adept

D3

D4

+ that-CLp(it) (frequent) Β But he added that in some areas up to a quarter of the crop had been lost because of problems with storage, transport and labour. He added that the Soviet Union would like to see relations between Vietnam and the United States normalised. + wh-CL

T1

Β I would like to add how much I personally enjoyed it. D5

QUOTEp : it / SENTENCEp:it

D6

Β "All we're asking for is a little more tolerance," she added. Very surprised and delighted, I might add, but very surprised. + to Np (frequent) Β After a fortunate succession of good harvests, he added to his lands, hired a labourer each year until he had six men and built a new

T2

house covered with tiles. (= increased) A bronze of him when young, on a horse, and 6thcentury BC Greek helmets add to the martial air. (= increase) + Np + to Ν Β If you like your food spicy, add a teaspoon of chilli sauce to the hot oil before you start stir-frying the noodles. A framed set of early-nineteenth-century Valentines adds a note of frivolity to the room. Add the sum to the total loan. + together Np|/N and Np/ together NUM and NUM A We add the numbers together and bring them down to a single digit.

A Β

The meaning of add is 'put something with other things to increase the amount or the total number'. (i) A person 1 can add an ingredient 11 to what is to be cooked 111 . (ii) Somebody or something 1 can add a certain quality 11 to something 1 1 1 , i.e. contribute it. (Mi) A; -> D1 D3

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in « Np Once the vegetables start to sizzle add in a couple of tablespoons of water and put the lid on. + on Np To the rear is a large dining room, added on early this century. This is an old Suffolk cottage with lots of bits and pieces added on and I have my desk upstairs right up against the window. + on «-+ Np + to Ν What happened is that she kept adding on to this story of us having at 20th Century Fox, and she was going to be a film editor and I was going to work with the likes of Elizabeth Taylor. An incongruous breakfast room extension has been added on to the back. + up Don't forget that John Major couldn't get a job as a bus conductor because he couldn't add up.

adept P1 P2 P3

We believe the sums do not add up. (= come to the expected total) + up « Npi/N and N P / u p — NUM and NUM When he added up the numbers, Terhune found that by the time the cottage was expanded, it would cost no less than other Fairlands properties. (= calculated) + up + wh-CL You add up how much the evening has cost. (= calculate) + up + to Ν These costs are conveniently treated separately from the budget deficit, though they will still add up to 100 thousand million dollars annually. (= come to a total) Acids cause irritation and degeneration of connective tissue, which eventually adds up to rheumatic pain. (= results in)

adjective attr An adept and resourceful mind was useful. pred She was reflective, conversationally adept, and inquisitive. + at N/V-ing (> 30 %) He was a cross between monk, mystic and garage mechanic, and adept at manual labour. I had become fairly adept at judging the time of day from the angle of the

sun. Isn't it enough that they become adept at reading and filling in forms? Most people seem to be equally adept at solving problems. Lady Alice was adept at steering any conversation along the right lines. P4

+ in N/V-ing Salvors also need to be adept in the politics of marine accidents. He is extremely adept in dealing with financial matters.

13

admire

+ on Ν (rare) If you had an instrument which you were pretty adept on - you didn't get to play it! + with Ν She must have been very adept with

P5

P6 (i) (ii) (iii)

at or in doing something, i.e. very good at doing it. There is no difference in meaning between adept at and adept in, although adept at is far more frequent. on a musical instrument with their hands or a tool.

adequate

adjective

attr There is never an adequate explanation. pred Your instructions were most adequate. + to-INF Increasingly it is recognised that traditional UN peace-keeping is not adequate to deal with problems such as the crisis in Bosnia. [it] + to-INF Multilateralism is no longer adequate to meet the new threat to world order. + for N/V-ing (frequent) In the very smallest countries, the market will never be adequate for a full range of industry. Thome's literary style is not always adequate for stitching the physics seamlessly to the history and biographies. Be-

P1 P2 P3

P4 P5

her hands. If you or someone in your family is adept with a needle, think about sewing a memory quilt.

P6

P7

tween May and September the quality of sunlight is quite adequate for water heating and space heating. + in N/V-ing These are just some of the tributes that have been paid towards Janet StreetPorter, but they are barely adequate in summing up the radical and draconian changes for which she has been responsible in her stewardship of youth TV programming. + to Ν Are the testing procedures now used adequate to the task? No scientific language is ever adequate to reality.

If something is adequate for a particular purpose, it is sufficient in quality or amount.

adjacent

adjective

attr If the rate of pollution is not drastically reduced in Romania, Bulgaria and the adjacent areas of the Soviet Union, the Black Sea could become a dead lake in 10 years. The rented crowds are bussed into the big towns from the adjacent countryside. pred Our rooms were on the same floor, but not adjacent.

P1

P2

If something is adjacent to something else, or if two

admire

II Obi

III tv D1

+ to Ν The University will erect a new building on land adjacent to the main campus at Edgbaston. Culver Street lies adjacent to the main shopping areas of the High Street and the Lion Walk pedestrian precinct. Others mentioned the practice (used more extensively outside Britain) of giving injections into the orbital vein, adjacent to the eye.

ngs are adjacent, they are next to each other.

verb

Active: 2 / 3

I

P3

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p [wh-CL]p [for N/V-ing] [in Ν]

General: 0

D1

T1-2

D2 T1 T2

+ Np Is there a woman you particularly admire'} Davis says that he has always admired Paul McCartney's musicaT talents. He did not expect goodness and badness to be demarcated any more clearly in life than they were in the

novels he admired. Beauty is still the one characteristic that we admire and envy above all others, particularly when we are young. She admired herself in the mirror. I admire your courage in saying no. And later in a nearby

14

admission

D2

village we admired a display of superbly decorated loaves made for celebrating weddings and feast days. He went to admire the tie in the small mirror that hung above the phone. • I once heard Alice Hurley admire a diamond brooch that Lady Georgina was wearing. (= express her admiration for) They were also asked to admire the dandelions growing on the pitch. (= look at and enjoy) + w h - C L p (often: how) They're very CO-

ti

T2

operative and admire how we've enforced our 'no weapons, no drugs' policy. I admire what you're doing and I'll help. But it's hard not to admire what Mitterrand has done. + Np + for N/V-ing People deserve to be respected and admired for hard work and good work done. I admired him for being so confident. + Np + in Ν What qualities do you most admire in others?

Admire means 'think highly of A person 1 can admire (i) something 11 in a person , v , i.e. admire a quality that person has (ii) someone or something 11 for something n l , esp. for a quality they have or for something they have done or are doing.

admission PI

P2

noun

A Open daily 2 - 6 pm. Admission 1.50 (exhibition). Β Basically, he is a simple man. And, by his own admission, a lazy one.

Β It looks like some kind of admission of guilt. P8

A Critically ill patients waited as many as five days for admission to hospital wards. Others talked about the competition for admission to Harvard or Stanford. Admission to the show is free but there is a 20 ρ charge to the horticultural marquee. Β His admission to links with armed groups cast doubt on this view. Having escaped severe punishment by the Football Association for his admission to taking cocaine, he has the chance to change his life.

+ tO-INF

A He applied to the Supreme Court of Victoria for admission to practise as a barrister. P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

+ that-CL

(frequent)

Β Her admission that the devil appeared to her in prison was enough to condemn her. The admission that Polly Peck has liquidity problems will do little to encourage the confidence of both creditors and investors. + as Ν (rare) A They also point to the many widows who can lose their social life when their husbands die, and they are no longer guaranteed admission as guests. + for Ν A Faris and Dunham discovered that the rates of hospital admission for mental illness were not randomly distributed throughout the city.

P9

+ of Ν + b y Ν

Β There has as yet been no admission of responsibility by the Tamil Tigers. Today's release is being interpreted as an admission of defeat by the Communist Party in Belgrade. P10

+ of Ν + t o Ν

A The excessive resistance to the admission of women to the priesthood only makes the institutional argumentation against it more suspect and shaky.

+ into Ν

A Shortly after his admission into hospital he had a massive brain haemorrhage and died on the operating table without regaining consciousness. + of Ν (frequent) A A club spokesman said it was hoped the members would approve the admission of women.

+ to N/V-ing

P11

+ to Ν + as Ν

A The Act states that it is unlawful to discriminate against a person by refusing or deliberately omitting to accept an application for his or her admission to the establishment as a pupil.

Admission can be used to refer to the permission to enter somewhere. Admission (i) to a place of interest such as a museum is the right to go there' (ii) to a club or institution is 'the right to go there as a member'. -> P1 P2 P4 P6 P7 P8 P10 P11 Admission can be 'an act of admitting something', i.e. agreeing that something is true, especially in phrases such as an admission of guilt, of defeat. -> P1 P3 P7 P8 P9

15

admit

admit

verb

A 'confess' ¡¡g§§ Active: 2 / 3 Passive: 1/3 [N]A/[byN] I II obi [N]p D1 [V-ing] D2 [that-CL]p D3 [wh-CL] D4 [Q/S] D5 [to N/V-ing] D7 III [to N] Β 'allow to enter" Active: 2 / 4

I

IV

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

'be resolved' Active: 2 / 2

lobi

[N]A

h obi [of N/V-ing]

T3 T4 T5 T3-5

:;;!:} ¿¡¡i; . •

Passive: 1 /4

[N]A/[byN]

II obi [N]p III

C

[as N] [into N] [to N]

01

T1

Q

T1

Q

T2 T3

Q

+ NR A Should she force him to admit the truth? Greycoat Commercial Estates and associated companies finally admitted defeat and sold their land interests to the GLC on 29 March 1984. Apparently, Barker admitted his mistake and apologised to Mujtaba afterwards. No-one has admitted responsibility for the murder. Β Children under six are admitted free. He admitted each of the delegates himself. Each ticket admits two people and is valid until the end of October. I lay in my pallet waiting for sleep, with my window open to admit the bright autumn air. + V-ing A So far no group has admitted carrying out the murder. But if he had something to do with it, why'd he admit being here? + (that)-CLp (>30%) A I have to admit that I have bad handwriting, but that is not a moral fault of mine. Philip admits he can't walk past a bookshop without going in. I have to admit, sir, there's one thing that worries me. wh-CL A Perhaps, he muses, Milligan was terrified to admit how much pleasure he was missing out on. I am ashamed to admit what a relief this was. Some of the fur traders have been bold enough to admit why their industry has been hit. QUOTE/SENTENCE A "I must admit, when we got to Sydney I really didn't feel very well at all," she said. "I do not know yet," she admitted. + of N/V-ing C There will be slow growth and greater unem-

D7

T1

T2

T3

ployment for years: our economic problems admit of no other solution. If the link really were necessary, it would admit of no exceptions. Not only do both works admit of being read either exoterically or esoterically: both works express precisely similar attitudes towards eternal life. + to N/V-ing A Your father did not admit to his blindness and your mother, long after his death, continued to behave as if he had not died. She described herself as an emotional person easily moved to laughter or tears and admitted to being rather shy. + Np + as Ν Β The United Nations has voted to admit Namibia as its one- hundred and sixtieth member, one month after it gained independence from South Africa. + Np + into Ν Β Even Galiani admitted more of social forces into his utility theory than modern theorists would allow. The side arcades which with their tall arches above admit as much light into the nave as is possible. You will be admitted into the hospital either on the day of the procedure or possibly the night before. + Np + to Ν Β He is also in favour of women being admitted to his club, the United Oxford and Cambridge University Club. Wu Man, a brilliant young virtuoso, was among the first group admitted to the Beijing Conservatory after the Cultural Revolution. Six people are reported to have been admitted to hospital with bullet wounds or injuries from bomb explosions.

16

adopt

+ Ν + a s Ν to Ν Β The Foreign Ministers of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia say they have asked for the three Baltic states to be admitted as observers to the thirty-five nation human rights meeting taking place in Copenhagen.

+ Ν + to Ν A He may never have admitted this even to himself. + to Ν + (that)-CL A We don't admit to ourselves that we're playing games with our children. I'm talking about the people who admitted to me they were guilty. + to Ν « QUOTE /SENTENCE A "I absolutely cannot compete with it all, or be natural or cheerful, when they won't treat me like a human being," he admitted to his mother.

Τ4

T5

SäSeäSSta®

A person 1 admits a crime, a mistake, their guilt or the truth 11 means 'confess'. A person 1 admits to something 11 or admits doing something 11 can have both meanings. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D7 T3 T4 T5 II IV (i) A person11 can be admitted to or into a place l v , i.e. be allowed to enter. n (ii) A person can be admitted to or into a group, institution IV , etc., i.e. be allowed to join it. (ii) (iii)

ttw

A situation 11 can admit of a particular solution, possibility, explanation 11 , i.e. there is this solution etc. for it. -> D6

adopt A

verb ... child

Active: 1 / 3 ι

Β Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0 I

[N]A / [ b y N]

Il

[N]p

HI

[ a s Ν]

IV

[ i n t o Ν]

D

'take' Active: 2 / 3 [N]

A

T1.3

Il obi

η

in

[ a s N]

T3

IV

[ f r o m N]

M

A Janet Dewey and her husband also wanted to adopt, but "no adoption agency in the U. S. would consider us due to our age and religion."

D

+ Np

A So we decided that we would adopt a handicapped child. Β I suggest you adopt the same technique. The hard line adopted by France and Germany over the farm subsidy question now seems slightly more flexible. This was what was meant when people said we would gain credibility for our policies if we were - to adopt another Euro-metaphor - "anchored" to the deutschmark It always amused Sarason that their father had insisted on his sons and daughters adopting and legalizing different surnames. Between 1982 and 1986 48 laws were passed, 269 decrees adopted , and innumerable circulars distributed in the push to implement the decentralization programme. Towering over all the girls, and most of the boys, Eleanor adopted an unbecoming, hunched-over posture. Again the Trust

T1

T2

T3

Passive: 1/3

/[byN]

[N]p

D

T1 T1 T2

adopted an approach which was already being experimented with on other problem estates. + Np + a s Ν A Irene, 68, who adopted Mark as a child, said his huge win had done nothing to heal a bitter rift with the son she last saw a year ago. Β After the war and the avalanche of decolonization, the ideals of modernization were adopted almost everywhere as a sort of state religion. Saints were adopted as patrons of Christian countries and there are patron saints of parishes and cathedrals. + Np + from Ν Β The use of the word "strike" was adopted from the sailing industry by the unions. It seems likely that these words have been adopted from another language. He says he is guided by a motto he adopted from a former teacher. + Np + into Ν A Her daughter was normal and married a man who was adopted into the family.

17

A Β

advantage ι π A family 1 can adopt a child", i.e. bring it up and treat it as if it were their own, a person can be adopted into a group, ie. be welcomed and integrated. M D T1 T3 Adopt can mean 'take'; typically used with objects such as approach, law, attitude, name. -> D T1 T2

advantage P1

P2

P3 P4

P5

P6

v ,,

noun

Halving the pound's external value since the 1960s had failed to gain any competitive advantage. We have huge advantages and it's up to us to use them wisely. Certain club players will derive financial advantage from their association with the game. [it] + to-INF Even outdoors, it is an advantage to provide a way of watering the roots, especially during very dry summers. And from that point of view it's an advantage to choose a subject who isn't world-famous. It will be to your advantage to tackle chores that have been left for weeks. + that-CL The Internet has the advantage that it is cheap for subscribers to use. + for Ν There might be a competitive advantage for the company that promises to keep people and retrain them for changing circumstances. + in N/V-ing Attendance at nurseries can give children advantages both in social adjustment to primary school and in scholastic achievement. But the company may have an advantage in being in the footwear business, as a supplier to Marks & Spencer and owner of the Lotus brand. That was full-time college for a year. There were a lot of advantages in going to that course. + of N/V-ing/of Ν V-ing (>30%) His rival had the advantage of attending a school in the same city. Traders discovered the advantage of letting others carry their goods, while they themselves acted as middlemen in the direct exchange with Europe. If you're successful in this it pays your costs for the rest of the year, and you have the advantage of your horses being worth more money. • The morning after, both may have strong feelings, not of pleasure, but of embarrassment, shame, guilt, and fear because he took advantage of her. (= seduced) You have the advantage of me there, Lescombe. I'm afraid I haven't read it, though I hear it is one of the most boring books ever published. (= know something I don't)

P7

P8

P9

P10

P11

+ over Ν In particular, the parliamentary decree gives the Communist Party enormous financial advantage over any new rivals. Other advantages over VHS are better sound quality, whether mono or stereo, and up to 3 hours recording in long play mode. + to N/V-ing This will not be much of an advantage to the consumer if the authorities insist on labelling cosmetics with all of their ingredients. When a side is running up a big score there is no advantage to the bowling side to complete the overs. There is at least one considerable advantage to long hair. It is a pretty reliable Idiot Early Warning Device. Aid. Byrne said there was no constitutional, political or economic advantage to becoming a breakaway state. [it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF It can be no advantage for a writer to be hyped by his publisher as a latter-day Tolstoy just because he has written a long book. It is not an advantage for the continent to be remote from Britain. + for Ν + in N/V-ing Professor Michael Barber of Keele University, a leading expert on schools, pointed to the advantage for private schools in selecting pupils by ability. There's every advantage for the country in having strong Liberal Democrat representation. + for Ν + over Ν • Projections of the outcome based on exit polls indicate a clear advantage for him over the candidate of the centre-right, Mr Mario Vargas Llosa. (= lead )

have an advantage of something that makes it better than an alternative (iii) be an advantage over something that is a worse alternative. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10

18

advertise advertise

verb

Active: 113

I II III IV V VI VII

M D1

D2

Passive: 113

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [for N]p [for Ν to-INF] [as N/ADJ] [forN] PRICE [forN] PURPOSE [to N]

General: 0

01

T1-

D2 D2 T1 T2 T2 T3

They say it pays to advertise. + Np I was nearing the freeway exit and felt tired when I saw a sign advertising the Holiday Inn. For further information on products and services advertised in this issue tick the relevant name (s) listed below. Millais was appalled when his painting Bubbles was acquired by Pears and used to advertise soap. + for Np /for Ν to-INF The channel has not advertised for new ideas but is relying on wordof-mouth to alert potential programme-makers. I mean this week they were advertising for an usher at the magistrates' court in Newark. Often the group starts with one or two enthusiastic people realising that they have a need to talk to like-minded people; they then advertise for others to join them.

T1

T2

T3

+ Np + as N/ADJ Kulta is advertised as "the beer from nowhere" and "the coldest beer in the world". This drug was an advanced antibacterial preparation which, the author shows, was advertised as effective for a great number of complaints. + Np + for Ν Use only rigid plastic containers that are advertised for use with food. He advertised it for £ 7. + Np + to Ν I dared not switch on the lights, and the torch had to be used with caution. I didn't want to advertise my presence to Rownail's friend. A marriage within a household was an occasion to reinforce family and kinship relationships and advertise its harmony and status to the outside world.

The basic meaning of advertise is 'make known publicly'. (i) A person or organisation 1 can advertise a product, service, event or job 11 . (ii) A person or organisation 1 can advertise for somebody or something 111 , i.e. try to find them advertising. (iii) A person 1 can advertise his or her presence11 etc. to a person VI1 , i.e. reveal it.

advice P1 P2

P3

P4

noun

I would ring up Liz to ask her advice. + to-INF Some heeded his advice to sell, others did not. She had left the Bjelke-Petersen trial as soon as she recognised Shaw on the jury and had taken her mother's advice to stay away. + that-CL Although the lifting of the bans was welcomed, there was disappointment that ministers had ignored veterinary advice that British beef was safe. He moved to Australia six years ago following medical advice that he live in a warmer climate. The Board refused to grant the film a certificate after hearing legal advice that it probably contained a serious criminal libel of Mr Rushdie. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL/about wh toINF I want your advice about the disposal of these things. To a Mr Mack he gave sound advice about improving the subject of his

P5

P6

P7

manuscript. An investment advisor/manager can give you advice about whether you're in the correct tax bracket and how you can decrease your tax liability. It also allowed me to meet like-minded people and professional photographers who gave me advice about where to go and introductions in other places. + from Ν (frequent) But the advice from her colleagues was that her authority had been weakened irrevocably. I'm acting on advice from the other trustees and making a joint claim with my brothers. + of Ν • Advice of delivery ensures that a signed receipt of delivery is sent back to you. (= written notification) + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/on wh to-INF (very frequent) Many now offer check-up services

19

advise

including advice on diet, blood- pressure readings, breast checks and cervical smears. The trust has produced a free information pack that included advice on feeding birds in winter and choosing the most ecologically friendly plants for containers. Contact the Board's European co-ordinator, Christine Snale, for advice on where you are likely to find a job to suit your aims and experience. Now more than ever Moscow needs expert advice on how to get production up and waste down.

P10

+ to Ν (frequent) His best advice to future civil servants is that they must decide before applying whether they want to be, say, customs officers or revenue officials. + to Ν + about N/V-ing/to Ν + about wh toINF John Patten, reacting to a tabloid panic about sex education in schools, withdrew explicit advice to homosexuals about safe sex as part of a vote- securing tantrum. The advice

P8

P9

to M. E. patients about changing dental fillings is this: Do not rush into having your amalgam fillings removed. Edwina Currie's advice to the impoverished north about how to improve its diet, and thereby its health, was universally reviled. + to Ν + on N/V-ing/to Ν + on wh-CL/to Ν + on wh to-INF Faced with scientific evidence that advice to the public on alcohol consumption pitched the recommended limits too low, Stephen Dorrell had a problem. This independent agency offers free advice to leaseholders on buying freeholds and extending leases. His supporters were divided in their advice to him on whether he should accept the offer of a return to the Cabinet in today's reshuffle. Its advice to motorists on how to avoid confrontation included avoiding eye contact with other drivers.

If someone gives advice on or about it something they give their opinion to someone on what they should do. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P7 P8 P9 P10

advise A

verb

'recommend' Active: 1 / 3

ι II

III

IV

ν vi

Β Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by Ν] [N]p /EFFECTED [V-ing]p [to-INF] [that-CL] [wh-CL] [wh to-INF]

General: 0

ι IL HI

DI D2 T1 D3 D4 D5

[Q/S]

D6

[N]p BEN/REC [about N/V-Ing] [on N/V-ing/wh-CL/ wh to-INF] [as to N/wh-CL] [against N/V-ing] P [otherwise] [as Ν]

D1

T3 T3

'inform' Active: 2 / 3

IV

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N] P [that-CL] [wh-CL] [wh to-INF] [as to N/wh-CL] [of Ν]

General: 0

DI D3

D9

T2-3.7-8 T2 T3 T3 T7 ΤΒ

T1-5.7.9-10

D7 DIO

T4 TS

D8 DU

T7 TS no T6

M

A During the summer break which runs until September 1, students have a break but staff are still available to advise and guide.

D1

+ Np

A Mr Dayal who is at present head of the cabinet which advises the Secretary General is relatively little known outside the corridors of the United Nations. If this is the case, I would advise some additional therapy such as counselling or a self-help group. Advance booking is ad-

D2

vised. Lovesey wanted to be able to advise customers on the basis of practical experience. Β The existing/old codes will cease on April 16, so you have only a few months to convert, revise stationery, advise colleagues, customers, friends, etc. + V-ing P A She advises protecting younger children as much as possible from temporary relationships so as not to trigger feelings of loss.

20

advise

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

D11

T1

+ that-CL A Some aromatherapists advise that pregnant women use no essential oils at all. Β Government officials advised that no export licence was required. + wh-CL A M r Matthew Fletcher, Consultant Urologist at Brighton General Hospital, advises how men should carry out similar self-examination. Could you advise if anything is lacking in his diet? + wh to-INF A Each year, too, Jekka's knowledge of herbs - medicinal, culinary and cosmetic - has increased, so that she can advise how to use them. Her book, produced by American Express Worldwide Travel Service, points the way to the best suitcase or bag and advises what to pack for more than 100 key destinations. A lighting consultant will advise where best to place lights and how much it will cost. QUOTE/SENTENCE A "Don't pour it out too quickly," Anthony had advised. + about N/V-ing A I will not advise about the structure of the birdroom, except to say: build it to last. This is another good reason why you should buy from a breeder, as he will be able to advise about sexing the birds. + against N/V-ingP A We strongly advise against it. Dermatologists advise against using water that is either too hot or too cold. Lukewarm water is best for your skin. + as to wh-CL Β Can you advise as to why this should be happening. + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/wh-to INF (frequent) A Your local tax office can advise on foreign tax. Alec & Val Scaresbrook advise on getting the best from a barbecue. The Select Committee set up by the Government to advise on how Nolan's recommendations 'might be clarified and implemented' goes further than Nolan in one respect. They should be able to advise on how to get this type of help. + otherwise A But, most observers of presidential leadership advise otherwise. + Np + to-INF A To help in the prevention of heart disease we are advised to eat fish three or four times a week. If you find yourself facing allegations, you would be well advised to exercise your right of

T2

silence until you have discussed the matter with a solicitor. People are advised to stay well clear of the area or face arrest. + Np + (that)-CL Β He claims the society failed to advise him it was not in his interest to pay off some of the capital sum monthly. But believe me when I advise you that it will do you no good whatsoever. I should advise you that my name really is Henry, not Henri.

T3

+ N P + wh-CL/wh to-INF A He's the project manager, advising villagers how they may set up their own marketing centres. The banks will advise governments how to protect the environment and resources. She was advised what to do. Β After more than two weeks since polling day, voters have still not been advised how many votes the major parties polled.

τ4

+ Np + about N/V-ing/ Ν + about wh-CL/wh to-INF A They will be able to advise you about the books you can buy. Your local Catholic priest should be able to advise you about getting married in Ireland and contact a priest in the area for you. I gather that some women in television have been advised about what looks 'good', even if it doesn't necessarily coincide with their own style. What I plan to do in an appropriate fashion, in a prompt fashion, is to put together a group of people and let them advise m e about how we might best do this. We are advised about how to reduce our vulnerability to crime by limiting our contact with those who choose to commit crime when in public.

T5

+ Np + against N/V-ing A You would have advised me against it long ago if I hadn't been too damn proud to ask. The South African Department of Foreign Affairs has advised tourists against visiting Madagascar because of the current state of emergency in the country. + Np + as Ν (rare) A Until recently junior aspirin, and nowadays children's paracetamol, have been advised as standard home medicines to relieve fever and pain. + N P + as to N/wh-CL (rare) A I have been accepted by St Andrews University in Scotland. You are Scottish and trained there, so who better to advise me as to the books I would need, and the equipment? Β Your specialist will be able to advise you as to where your nearest local private clinic is situated.

T6

T7

21 Τ8

T9

affinity

+ Νρ + of Ν Β He said they should advise him of the results of the talks by 2.30pm today. + Np + on N/V-ing/Np + on wh-CL/wh-to INF/Np + upon Ν (rare) A He is assisted by a Council, which advises him on various issues. International makeup artist Stephanie Jenkins has been making up faces for more than 10 years. She advised our readers on making the most of their looks. And she told all this to Mrs Booker and asked her to ask Sam to advise her on whether or not she ought to tell this to the police. He's here

T10

to advise you on whether your old title is worth anything and how to use it to the best advantage. Dr Dee Soda is a New York psychologist who advises high fliers (men and women) on how to fly even higher in corporate life. Through their contacts you may be put in touch with people who have succeeded and who understand the procedures and can advise you upon the correct approach. + Np + otherwise A We'll proceed with the arrest unless I advise you otherwise.

someone 111 on or about something™, i.e. give advice on a particular matter. (Note that on is used in formal contexts) III V 1 S s a (iii) someone " against something*, i.e. tell them not to do it. -> M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D10 D11 T1 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T9 T10 In official or legal language, advise can be used to mean 'inform someone of something'. ®ÜB

(i¡) I§§§p3§?|5

affair noun P1

P2

P3

A Β í; j s

A Catholic leaders have criticised the government's handling of the affair . Gwynn was well aware of the passions that could be aroused by discussing Irish affairs. Β I'm having an affair and paradoxically this has improved sex with my husband. + between NP|/N and Ν Β The children of the late Robert F. Kennedy condemned a television movie about a purported affair between their father and Marilyn Monroe as a lie. + of N/V-ing A Iran and Syria have been applying heavy

P4

pressure on the kidnappers in Lebanon to bring an end to the whole affair of hostage-taking. There was the strange affair of the Chancellor of the Exchequer's Christmas drinks party. For most, it is a grubby affair of locating illicit money and exchanging it for illegal narcotics. + with Ν (frequent) Β Francesca's stepmother, Denise, was having an affair with her husband's artdealer, Franco Rappetti. Israelis appear to have developed something of a love affair with abroad. They are compulsive tourists.

An affair can be 'a matter or business, usually of some importance'. P1 P3 An affair can be 'a sexual relationship between two people, at least one of whom is married to someone else'. P1 P2 P4

affinity noun P1

P2

A Your Scorpio lover will penetrate the depths of your being both sexually and emotionally. Great for a torrid affair, but marriage may require more mental affinity. + between Np,/N and Ν A There's often a natural affinity between a country's wines and its cuisine. Β The strong affinity between the British aristocracy and Indian nobility was a truly golden thread which still unites them. There is a nat-

P3

ural affinity between the female members of the community, a support structure based on genuine appreciation of and interest in each other. + for Ν (frequent) Β Most young people still have an amazing affinity for the most basic, simple games, she says. You've got to have people who feel quite at home in the sea who are naturally fishermen, who have an affinity for the water. The affinity of haemoglobin for carbon monoxide is

22

afford

more than 200 times greater than its affinity for oxygen. + to Ν A It's the brooding nature of the Bronte literature that so attracts the Japanese - particularly Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, with its affinity to the Japanese tradition of love and tragedy. Β The people themselves feel little affinity to their wine-growing counterparts across the river.

P4

A Β

P5

+ with Ν (> 30 %) A Throughout ethics there is an affinity with aesthetics. A more moderate party now, it clearly has a growing affinity with the social democratic parties which are so strongly represented in the European Parliament. Β Durrell's affinity with the landscape and culture of the Mediterranean inspired his work as a poet, novelist and travel-writer.

An affinity can refer to a close relationship or similarity between two people or things. -> P1 P2 P4 P5 Affinity· can refer to the fact that a person is aware of a close relationship and feels attracted by someone or something. (i) A person can feel an affinity to someone, i.e. be aware of a certain similarity between them. (ii) A person can have or feel an affinity for something or someone, i.e. be attracted to them. (iii) The affinity of a chemical for another is 'the tendency for them to form a compound'. -> P2 P3 P4 P5

afford

verb

MONEY ETC. Active: 2/2 lobi [N] A II obi [N] [to (-INF)] [N to-INF]

fi

A

D1

D2

D1 D2 D3

+Ν A In a telephone call to his friend and mentor, Mick Ives, Yates said he could not afford the time to go to the Isle of Man. He was early enough to be able to afford a halt at Crag Lough Wood. I just could not afford any newspaper publicity in my line of work. The Institute's warning supports growing concerns that for environmental reasons Australia cannot afford unchecked population growth. He's got a great future ahead of him. If he carries on the way he's going I can't see a British club being able to afford him. They can't afford another scandal over lax supervision at the bank. + Np Β There are few more prestigious addresses than Nob Hill, the highest point in central San Francisco, which affords spectacular views over the city. + to-INF/ to A The trouble was that he could not afford to buy a house or set himself up in business on his own money. With the country already in a severe economic crisis, these are dollars that the country cannot afford to lose. He couldn't af-

'make available' Active: 2 /3 Passive: 1 / 3 ι [N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [Ν V-ing] A [that-CL] A Il obi [N]p_2 /EFFECTED di III [NJp-1 BEN/REC

D3

Τ

τ τ τ τ τ

ford to spend the time to go away for so long to Los Angeles. You can't afford to have your enthusiasm undermined. If they want to pay somebody else to do it, they can, we can't afford to, but we've always been clean in this building. + Ν to-INF (rare) A We know of Class War members who have lost their jobs through their beliefs but I can't afford that to happen. + Np + Ν Β The Lloyd George government doubted whether renewal of the treaty would afford Britain much control over Japanese policy. There was no need for windows since the light streamed through the bedroom walls, and some of the cracks afforded us excellent views over the sea and the islands around us. The Performing Arts Training Centre in East St Louis, Illinois, which afforded her the opportunity to study the dances of Africa and the Caribbean Islands. In America we seem to cast aside our elderly people, when in more ancient cultures they are considered precious and are afforded a lot of respect.

23

agree

A

Afford can mean 'have the resources to do, be or have something'. (i) A person or organisation 1 can afford somebody or something 11 , i.e. have enough money to buy or keep them. (ii) A person or organisation 1 can afford a sum of money, space, time, etc. 11 , i.e. have no difficulty in providing them. (iii) A person or organisation 1 can afford a scandal, a loss, bad publicity, etc. 11 , i.e. not be too much harmed by them. (iv) A person or organisation 1 can afford to do something 11 , i.e. have the money, time or other resources for it. D1 D2 D3 Somebody 1 or something can afford a person 111 something such as an opportunity 1 1 , i.e. make it available to them. D1 Τ

Β

afraid P1

adjective

pred A She wasn't the only one who was afraid. + to-INF/ to (frequent) A A woman like this is afraid to take the risks her husband does. Most people are afraid to venture out after dark Why didn't you tell me this before?" I was afraid to, and I was ashamed. Β Their Vinum range starts at about 10 each (which, I am afraid to say, is reasonable) and is available from all good independent winemerchants. +(that)-CL (>30%) A She was afraid that she would disappoint me. You see, we are afraid he may have obtained a weapon. Β I'm afraid that is not the case. I'm afraid

P2

P3

I can't read French. + for Ν A He was afraid - afraid for Sam, afraid for Sarah, afraid for himself. She was afraid for her life. + of N/V-ing (frequent) A He was afraid of her. You are afraid of the new ideas. She was afraid of what questions I was going to ask her. I was afraid of offending him. + so/not Β "Is that Mrs Wilt?" Wilt nodded. "I'm afraid so." "What do you mean you are afraid so?" "Will you be home in time for dinner tomorrow night?" "I'm afraid not." SENTENCE Β Regulations, I'm afraid.

P4

P5

P6

P7

Afraid means 'being frightened". A person can be afraid (i) of another person or of something, i.e. fear them (ii) to do something or of doing something, i.e. experience fear at the thought of doing it (iii) that something will happen, i.e. fear that it will happen (iv) for someone or something, i.e. be worried that something may happen to them. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 1 am afraid that... or / am afraid to say that... are often used to apologize for something or to express regret. P2 P3 P6 P7 agree A ι I +

li

verb "be of same opinion' Active: 1/3 Passive: 1/3 General: 0 [N] a / [by N] m D3.6.10 T2-4 [ N p i / g r o u p k /

[N and N] A / [by Ν and Ν]

[by

N p |

/ g r o l l p

Β ι II

]

'consent' Active: 1/2 Passive: 1/2 [N]A/[byN] M D2

[to-INF]p:it

[to N/V-ing]P [with N/V-ing]P

M

II III

[with N]p [that-CL]p : j t [Q/S]

Dio D3 D6

T2-4 T2

IV

[about X]P [on X]P [upon X]p

D7 D8 D8

T3 T4

'be the same' Active: 1/2 l+llobl [ N p | ] A

General: 0

D9 DIO

C

[N and N]A D2 D9 T1 A person 1 can allow that something is the case", i.e. admit it. -> D3 D4 Someone or a proposal or plan 1 can allow something ' " or allow for something", i.e. provide it or provide a basis for it. D5 D6 Somebody or something 1 can allow for some fact", i.e. take it into account. D5 D7 T3 Allow of means 'permit'. —> D8

ambition P1

Τ4

as the oldest working whisky distillery in the world, Bushmills. E Please allow 28 days for delivery. + Ν + to Ν A They have allowed no such luxury to anyone else. + Ν + ADV« (often: into N) A Burma had not allowed foreign journalists and other observers into the country. Because Mark was a general my presence was accepted without comment, though normally civilians were not allowed near the coast. If the centre of the tree is very crowded and congested, then take out a few branches to allow light into the centre.

noun

Did you want to go into domestic service or did you have any ambitions? Mrs Thatcher has suggested Mr Heseltine is motivated by personal ambition. + to-INF (frequent) Helmut Kohl, the West German chancellor, has made no secret of his ambition to become the first chancellor of a united Germany. Cuba's good reputation overseas is essential if the government's ambition to boost tourism and relieve the economy is to be realised. + for Ν / f o r Ν to-INF A few pleasurable hours a week is all you need to achieve your ambition for success and extra income. As an adolescent he himself had rebelled against his father's ambition for him to go into the family business.

P4

+ of N/V-ing Newcastle, with their awesome attacking strength, will pose a massive threat to Old Trafford ambitions of a third successive title. In 1951 Peggy opened her art-crammed palazzo to the public and finally realised her long time ambition of founding a permanent museum. Mr Chandra Shekar seems to be within grasp of attaining his long-held ambition of becoming prime minister.

An ambition is 'a particular aim or goal'; people who have ambition tend to set themselves goals they want to

31

amuse

ambivalent P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr President Mitterrand has an ambivalent attitude towards French society, for he has a clear insight into its inner strengths and an almost arrogant view of France's role in the world, yet he has become increasingly sensitized to its many political and social defects, pred The evidence is more ambivalent. His parents were dull, inarticulate and ambivalent. + about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing/about whCL/wh to-INF (frequent) Anthony Burgess is more than a little ambivalent about the British attitude towards high art. The West has so far been ambivalent about giving aid to the Soviet Union. Kafka was so ambivalent about people actually reading his work that he instructed his friend and fellow writer Max Brod to destroy it all on his death. It sounds to me as

P4

P5 P6

if you're ambivalent about whether you really want to move at all. It was a move typical of a government ambivalent about how to respond to foreign pressure. + in N/V-ing The government has always been ambivalent in its attitude towards the East Malaysian states. + on Ν (rare) Gowing seems very ambivalent on this point. + toward(s) Ν As ambivalent towards symphony music as these kids may be, Cleveland Orchestra conductor Yuc Yoe Ling knows today's children must be developed into tomorrow's paying audience. Twins can love, hate or be ambivalent towards each other while still in the womb.

A person who is ambivalent about something does not know or does not make it clear whether they want or do not want something, or whether they approve of it or do not approve of it.

amenable P1 P2 P3 P4

adjective

attr Wilson was also a more amenable place to live than some of the other houses. pred This is customer service, so you have to be amenable. + to-INF That did not make him any more amenable to listen to her. + to N/V-ing (> 30 %) Before last week he had successfully shaded himself some political character, that of a man more amenable to Chancel-

lor Kohl than Margaret Thatcher had been, that of a man more clubbable on the jet- set summitry circuit. He says that from the outset, the French have appeared the most amenable to a diplomatic solution. Psychology is obviously less amenable to reductionism than medicine. Many investors may be amenable to looking at longer-term fixed- income securities, equities, or packaged products as an alternative to cds.

Amenable means flexible' or accessible': A person who is amenable to an idea, a suggestion or a particular course of action is willing to follow it or do it.

amuse

verb

. . . someone Active: 2/3 Passive: 1 / 3 [N]A/[byN] [V-ing]A [to-INF] A(it) [that-CL] A(it) [N V-ing] A [wh-CL] A .¡, II obi [N]p III [with N] Ζ D

T1

. . . oneself Active: 2/3 lobi [N] A II obi [REFL PRON] III [V-ing] IV [with N]

T1-2 T2 T1

T1 T1

A Their antics never fail to amuse, (only with fail to) + Np A His stumbling attempts at colloquial Russian amused her. She can't imagine a way

to amuse a person except to buy them things. Edward amused his father, who totally agreed with him, by insisting that those in charge were idiots. Β Out of school, they are often left to amuse

32

analogy

T1

themselves by wandering streets or going into pubs at an early age. [it] + Ν + to-INF It amused him to see her furious. [it] + Ν + that-CL It had amused him that the spy should be travelling openly and in comfort as a representative of the Ministry of Food. + Ν + with Ν A Maria Ivanovna amused them with her stories about the director's wife. Β During the last few years I have been amus-

T2

ing myself with a simple theoretical model of the origin of life. + REFL PRON + V-ing Β They had amused themselves hiding in the maze of corridors, among the tall bookshelves.

« « M M M g i K ^ ^ ^ m ^ ^ ^ e e i ^ f f i m To amuse someone 11 means 'to make them laugh and enjoy themselves' entertain them and avoid their becoming bored'. 1

rnsmm

aase

11

If you amuse yourself , you keep yourself busy doing something enjoyable. -» D T1 T2

analogy P1

P2

P3

noun

The symptoms of hay fever or eczema provide another useful analogy. An analogy is a comparison in which only systematic relations are mapped. + between Npi/N and Ν / between V-ing and V-ing He conceded that to seek a perfect harmony in the social organism would be to overstress the analogy between the individual and society. The analogy between rail and air travel is striking in many ways. Who can forget his analogy between learning a particular bit of mathematics and finding the route from Cambridge Circus to Leicester Square? + for Ν Perhaps the best analogy for this precise and dependent relationship is to imagine something being suspended from a chain.

P4

P5

P6

+ of Ν When first-century Jews sought to understand Jesus, the analogy of the Day of Atonement was employed but with an interesting twist. + to Ν But she did dutifully read the Zola novel her daughter recommended, hoping to find a literary analogy to Morisot's style. We should consider this set of concepts as an analogy to consciousness in the modern sense. + with Ν The analogy with India only extended really to the entrepot origins of both. Yet the analogy with business is fundamentally flawed.

An analogy is 'a stated similarity between two things that is used as a way of explaining one of them' (i) the analogy of refers to something used as an example to explain something else (ii) the or an analogy with refers 'to the act of comparing one thing with another in order to explain one of them' h e other. other if one thing is an analogy to or for another it is used to explain the

anger P1 P2

P3

noun

I said a few pretty cruel things to Mike, but gradually most of the anger evaporated. + that-CL They expressed anger that Mr Kantor had not at least put off a ruling in the public bidding case until after talks on the matter later this month. + about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing By Tuesday, Mr Major's anger about the defection of one right- winger after another had been slowly rising. Sadness and anger about having been sep-

P4

arated from birthparents, which may be present at any time, are normal and natural. His mother, Pat Kerry, said yesterday she was too happy that her son had been found safe to have any feelings of anger about him running away. + against Ν Part of the anger against the theatre council is over its productivity demand, or suggestion, that dramatists should complete five plays every two years.

33 P5

P6

anguish

+ at N/V-ing (frequent) There has been clear disappointment, even anger, at Mr Gorbachov's failure to address the Russian parliament earlier. He sympathised with Mr Lester's anger at the problem. The citizens of Cracau, a grey suburb of this industrial city on the Elbe, are venting their anger at having foreigners in their neighbourhood.

P7

+ toward(s) Ν Did you feel any bitterness or anger towards the British government for giving the order? I can still feel anger; towards the rapist of course, but primarily towards the attitudes that my sex has, through the centuries, foisted onto women.

P8

+ with N/wh-CL Voters displayed their anger with government policies. His attack on intellectuals, once the bedrock of his support, reflected his deep anger with how they've used his reforms.

+ over Ν The insurance giant is trying to calm anger over last year's 43 per cent rise in the 543,673 pay packet of chief executive Mick Newman.

If a person feels anger (i) at or over a situation or event (ii) towards a person, they feel very unhappy and annoyed because of something that they think is wrong.

angry P1 P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

adjective

attr An angry crowd also set fire to a bus. pred Was I right to be angry? The woman was angry because school officials had disclosed their phone number and address to the recruiters. + that-CL But Community officials were angry that the issue had given Mrs Thatcher an opportunity to go on the offensive. + about N/V-ing They're angry about all the construction work, which they say has damaged the virgin landscape. People now are getting angry about having to drive across town and it takes an hour to do, so when five years ago, it took 10, 15 minutes to do so. + at N/V-ing I ' m not angry at you. I pity you. Campaigners are angry at corporation proposals to put a 24-hour news service on Radio 4 ' s long-wave frequency. I ' m angry at being left to manage the whole show by myself.

P7

P8

P9

+ over N/V-ing The 26-year-old centre is fed up with reports about him turning professional and angry over suggestions that he is putting his off-field activities before rugby. The pilots are angry over working without a contract for two years.

+ with Ν I got very angry with John Major. At times he's quite angry with himself or anybody around him leading up to as if he feels he's going to hurt somebody. Not only am I astonished, I am angry with the way in which this government treats Parliament. + at Ν + for N/V-ing She, sensing their fear, angry at them for the restrictions that they were helping to impose, acted crazy. A lot of people feel angry at their children for leaving them. He was angry at women for what they'd done to him. I have plenty of friends who are angry at their partners for not doing their share of childcare, with the baby providing a Pandora's Box of new possibilities for quarrels. + with Ν + for N/V-ing I may be angry with particular men for particular reasons, but I ' m not angry with men in general. But I can't deny that I get angry with her for putting me in that dilemma. The move came after Mr Bush and his Secretary of State, James Baker, showed themselves to be very angry with Israel for allowing the killings of the Palestinians to take place.

A person can be angry (i) about, at, over or with something . sΓ (ii) at, over or with somebody. There is little difference in meaning between these prepositions, but there is a tendency for angry at to be used for a spontaneous show of anger.

anguish P1 P2

noun

Two salesmen reduced college lecturer Tony Phillips to tears of anguish. + that-CL He listened while she poured out her heart about her anguish that her father had treated her mother so brutally.

P3

+ about N/V-ing A rather ignominious way to exit from the Uefa Cup quarter-finals, prompting all the usual anguish about the state of English football. Fred recalls his anguish about being on the receiving end of such abuse. "I

34

announce

P4

P5

was constantly getting beaten up by the other kids." + at N/V-ing He spoke last night of his anguish at the collapse of the case. Friends believe the couple's anguish at not being able to have any more children has contributed to their marital woes. + of N/V-ing (frequent) Lucy Stowe's anguish of unrequited love is described so magnificently that this is undoubtedly one of the greatest nov-

P6

els in our literature. Bel had forgotten the nine months of carrying her son's weight beneath her heart and the anguish of giving birth. + over N/V-ing Right-to-lifers believe this closes an important loophole for women in mental anguish over the prospect of having a baby. There are no big decisions, no risk of selfrecrimination, no anguish over making a mistake.

Anguish is used to describe 'a feeling of great distress'. (i) A person can experience anguish about, at or over an event or situation that has happened or might happen and that causes them distress. (ii) The anguish of something refers to an experience that has caused distress.

announce

verb

Active: 2 / 3

II obi

[Q/S]p [to N] D1

D2

D3

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]P [that-CL] P(it) [wh-CL] P(it) [wh to-INF] P(it)

General: 0

Further uses

[for N] D1

T1

D2

T2

D3 D4

T3

D6

T4

D5

T1-4

+ Np The award was announced in Oslo by the Norwegian Nobel committee. Dealers said a cut of half a per cent in the official discount rate was due to be announced in the next hour. The government has announced a package of measures to help the British film industry. Was that you? he asked without announcing himself. The Scottish Rugby Union will announce its decision this morning. She hadn't written to announce her arrival. Who will have the honour of announcing your guests. What you experienced this past night was like first raindrops which announce a coming storm. + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent) Apparently in response to a longstanding demand of the opposition party, the authorities have announced that both the referendum and the elections will be supervised by members of the judiciary. The London police force has announced that it is to dismiss seven of its officers who beat up a man, kicking him until he was unconscious. Douglas Hurd announces in the Commons that Britain and Syria are restarting diplomatic relations. Today the charity announced it had withdrawn a call for continuous sanctions while the charity commission conducts an inquiry into whether its legal. + wh-CLp(lt) Speculation will be rife until later in the autumn, when the BBC will an-

D4

D5

D6

T1 T2

T3

T4

nounce who is to be awarded the contract to produce the show. They wanted the government to announce how many political prisoners are being held at present. He plans to announce if he is running at the end of this month. + wh to-INFp(it) On Thursday, World Cup USA will announce how to purchase previously allocated tickets that were returned. + for Ν

• I have to decide whether it is good or better for the people of my state or not good at all for me to announce for the presidency. (= announce my candidacy) QUOTEp /SENTENCEp "A signal has just come in from Danish Intelligence," Monica announced as Tweed returned to his office. "Well, I didn't think so," she announced. + Np + to Ν We were ready to announce the deal to the world at large. + to Ν + (that)-CLp(it) Or you could announce to your family that you've recently found you're allergic to this type of food. + to Ν + wh-CLp(it) The worst part about being a bargain addict is that odd need to announce to the world how cheap you are. +to Ν «

QUOTEp / SENTENCEp

But then,

at a moment's notice, and very often, he will announce to any likely candidate for escape: "We're off!"

35

answer

Announce means 'make known to the public or to a particular group': (i) If a person or institution' announces a plan or an intention 11 to a person or a group111, they inform them of it, treating it as important news. (ii) If, on a formal occasion such as reception, a person 1 announces another person 11 , they tell everyone present that this person is just entering the room. -» D1 D2 D3 D4 D6 T1 T2 T3 T4

annoy

verb

Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [byN] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A(it) [that-CL] A(it) [N V-ing] A [wh-CL] A [for Ν to-INF] A II obi [N]p III [with Ν] Ζ D

General: 0

V

τ

D D D D D D D

τ

Everybody said I only did it to annoy. + Np The question annoyed her, but she hid her irritation from him. I disagreed, if only to annoy Alan. Zerk liked to annoy me by mimicking what he thought I would recognise as black dialect. [it] + Ν + to-INF It annoyed me to learn later they subsequently allowed students to do three of the four. It annoyed him to come home and find strangers in his room.

Τ

[it] + Ν + that-CL I've travelled extensively in Europe and it really annoys me that there are more restrictions in this country than anywhere else. + Ν + with Ν I trust my nephew didn't annoy you with his pose. She annoyed him with her gloominess.

τ π Someone or something 1 can annoy a person 11 , i.e. make them fairly angry.

answer P1

P2

P3

P4

A Β

noun

A "Larner! Larner! Are you down there?" No answer. Β My fellow Americans, we did not get into this mess overnight and we're not going to get out of it overnight. I do not have all the answers but I know we have to change direction. + a s to wh-CL A The public don't want to wait fourteen days for an answer as to whether they can get a mortgage on a house. + from Ν A By next weekend the answer from Abu Dhabi should have arrived. + to Ν A The answers to these questions are notoriously elusive, but the questions are impossible to avoid.

P5

Β The Government believes the "red routes", designed to keep traffic flowing, could be the answer to inner city congestion. Here, at number 8, in a housing estate cul-de-sac next to the village post office, is Witcombe's answer to Hollywood - the Peakviewing Transatlantic film company. + from Ν + to Ν A I would like an answer from Mr Branson to all these questions.

An answer can be 'a response to a question.' —> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 An answer can be 'a response to a problem or a challenge.' P1 P4

36

answer

answer

verb

il

'respond' Active: 1 / [ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p_2 /EFFECTED

ill

[N]1 BEN/REC

IV

[that-CL]p.j, [Q/S]p [wh-CL] [for N] [to N]p [with N]

ν vi VII vin

M

D1

D2

"match' Active: 2/2 D1 D1 D2 D4 D3 D5 D6 D7

T1.4-5 T1-3 T2 T3

lobi [N] A II obi [N]

[to N]

D1 D6

T6 T4.6 T5

Before he could answer, Rose got into her car, banged the door and was away, (only if clear from context) We knock on the door. And knock, and knock. Nobody answers, (only if clear from context) He answered on the second ring, agreed to accept the charges, and said, "What now?" (only if clear from context)

D3

D4

+ Np After his speech, Mr Gorbachev answered a series of questions submitted by parliamentary deputies. A small book dealing with the history of insurance plaques will, I hope, answer all your questions. Leigh was at home and, in spite of the late hour, she answered her phone on the first ring. Three weeks later, answering a knock at my door, who should I find standing there but AE, and under his arm a great parcel of books. Robert answers an ad in the local paper for a 'broadminded teacher of the Muslim faith'. The man is set to appear at Highbury Magistrates Court to answer the charges. Obviously the trip had to answer a purpose. Although several incoming rockets did hit the city they were answered in proportion by outgoing government heavy artillery. Correspondents say Mr Kang was under pressure to apologise in order to answer criticism from the opposition about the handling of the campaign.

D5

With the consistent capital growth achieved by these homes, you have a package which answers many families' requirements for investment and lifestyle. + Ν Gwen jutted her chin forward, her nose in the air, and did not bother to answer Sister Esmee. +Ν a Somebody answering his description had taken the late night Townsend-Thorenson Ferry from Felixstowe to Rotterdam on the Wednesday. + (that)-CL P:it I answered that I hadn't actually tried to do this. A captain had ordered him to sing the national anthem. He answered he did

T3

D6

07

T1 T2

T4 T5

T6

not know how to sing, and offered to recite the words. + wh-CL (rare) To answer why this should be, Dr Atkinson comes up with a formula. Let her answer how she yearns for them. QUOTEp / SENTENCEp "My dad worked with him," Bright answered. + for Ν That woman is going to answer for the wreckage of a boy's life. David French says the present legal system has a lot to answer for. + to Np Those responsible must now answer to the courts. The bird, which answers to the name of Bernie, has good red tail feathers, red breast feathers and is in wonderful condition. + to Ν α The hitchhiker was on the PortmarnockBalgriffin road, and he answered to Rory's description. + with Ν If it uses weapons of mass destruction, we will answer with such weapons of mass destruction as we possess. + Ν + Ν Can you answer me one question, John? + Ν + that-CL I found it necessary to answer her that we had lived well and that she had never been denied anything she wanted. + Ν M D4 D5 A person or institution1 can apply to another person or institution111 for something that is in their power to grant such as a job, financial support, etc. n -> M D2 D3 D4 T5 Apply can also mean 'use something to produce a particular effect or result' (i) One1 can apply a substance11 to something IV , i.e. put it on it. (ii) One1 can apply a method, idea etc.11 to some problem lv . (iii) A person1 can apply an instrument such as the brakes11. D1 D4 T1 T2 T3 T4 (i) (ii)

43

appointment

appoint

verb

A

... post etc. Active: 1/3 Passive: 1/3 General: 0 ι [N]a / [by N] llcot)! [N]p-1 D T1-4 ill [N] 2 T1 [as Ν] T3

IV V M D

T1

T2

A

Β

[tO-INF] [to Ν]

P2

... time etc. Active: 2/2 Passive: 1 /2 [N] a / [by N]

ι Il obi [N]p

D

T2 T4

A (invented example) Have you appointed yet? (only it clear from context) + Np A More British universities should appoint science workers in residence. Winston Churchill was appointed on May 10th 1940 after the resignation of Neville Chamberlain, (only if clear from context) Β They appoint a place for the young people to see one another and be introduced. + Np + Ν A An opposition leader in Zaire has confirmed that he has decided to decline an offer by President Mobutu to appoint him Prime Minister. + Np + to-INF A A new Chief Executive, Francis Yuen, was appointed to run the Exchange in a more pro-

T3

T4

fessional and less entrepreneurial style. He must appoint a local bank to look after his share certificates. + Np + as Ν A The Nigerian Bar Association has criticised President Babangida for appointing a military man as vice-president in a cabinet reshuffle last week. + Np + to Ν A Peel, who was unsympathetic to the Ten Hours movement, distrusted Ashley's evangelical earnestness, and declined to appoint him to a senior post in the administration of 1841-6. Both sides agreed to appoint their own men to the working group.

Appoint can mean 'choose for a job, esp. for an official position'. A person or authority ' can (i) appoint a person" minister, chairman, ambassador, etc. 111 or appoint them" as minister etc.1". Note that you can say he appointed a new minister, etc. without any restrictions, but he appointed Mary, him, the man, etc. only if it is clear from context what they are being appointed as. (¡i) appoint a person" to a post or group v (ill) A person" can be appointed to do somethingIV , i.e. receive an official order to carry out the task. M D T1 T2 T3 T4 A person1 who appoints a time or a place" fixes it for a meeting, event, etc. —> D

appointment P1

Β

noun

A He said his department's random survey was designed to test the length of time patients had to wait for non-urgent appointments. Β Professor Makgoba, who studied at Oxford, has been a controversial figure since his appointment a year ago. The Conservatorium of Music has been without a full-time director since mid- 1993, but a new appointment is likely after interviews in Brisbane tomorrow. + to-INF A I had been granted an appointment to see the Federal Chancellor, Dr Konrad Adenauer, but a cancelled flight from Berlin wrecked the arrangement.

P3

P4

P5

Β He has a one-term appointment to teach modern history. + as Ν Β The improbable is a speciality of Dave Bassett, whose appointment as manager has coincided with a significant improvement in the team's previously disappointing home form. + of Ν Β He welcomed the appointment of Christopher Butler, head of the investment promotion unit in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. + to Ν Β Her period of service as Instructress at the

44

apprehensive

P6

P7

West Indies School of Public Health in Jamaica in 1945-50 was quickly followed by appointments to posts of local and regional responsibility in the Nursing and Public Health fields. + with Ν A As she waits for an appointment with a psychologist in two weeks, she is preparing to sue the Midlands clinic for a refund of her £ 2,200 fee and damages. + of Ν + to Ν Β Of course, the most visible appointment of a

P8

woman to the judiciary was that of Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court. + of Ν + as Ν Β The company also announced the appointment of Gavin James as finance director to replace the late Carl Hadley. The recent appointment of a conservative army general. Hau Pei-tsun, as Prime Minister provoked further worries among opposition groups.

If a person makes an appointment (i) with someone (ii) to see someone they arrange to meet them at a particular time, usually for business reasons or, for example, because they need to see a doctor. Β

An appointment can be 'the choosing of someone for a job or an official position.' -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P7 P8

apprehensive

adjective

attr Brian gave Michael an apprehensive Isn't she just the slightest bit apprehensive about look. moving back in together? I've never been marP2 pred When we started planning the course we ried. I'm naturally apprehensive about how our felt a bit apprehensive. proposed marriage will work out. P3 + that-CL Kevin Feeney told the judge: 'My P5 + of N/V-ing He was apprehensive of large clients are apprehensive that the court is being dogs, lightning, and groups of jeering older used to choose the timing of the ban.' boys, but not of solitude, distance, or running P4 + about N/V-ing/ about wh-CL (frequent) I out of money. I am really rather apprehensive had my first baby at the end of February and, of going on this 'package holiday'. It seems like most new mums, I was very apprehensive unlikely that you will be at all apprehensive of about the birth and how I would cope. People speaking your mind. are still terribly apprehensive about the future. : : Apprehensive means 'slightly worried about something that might happen.' : A person can be apprehensive (i) about or of someone or something (ii) that something will happen. P1

appropriate P1

P2 P3 P4

P5

adjective

attr Is not the public entitled to be assured that a full and independent investigation will be made into this and the appropriate action taken? pred I don't know whether they are appropriate. I think his resignation is appropriate. [it] + to-INF I do not think it is appropriate to discuss this here or now. [it] + that-CL It seemed somehow appropriate that the 'sensational departure' of Sir Geoffrey Howe - one of Mrs Thatcher's less charismatic lieutenants - should be greeted by the markets with studied indifference. + as Ν It seemed more appropriate as a branch office for an insurance company than the executive office of a fast-rising corporation.

P6

P7

+ for N/V-ing (frequent) What is appropriate for the patient is appropriate for the staff. 'The best results are obtained when there is excess water present, which is why the process is particularly appropriate for oil spills' he says. A civilized, international dress is worthy and appropriate for our nation and we will wear it. Women's skirts were made more appropriate for bicycling. + to N/V-ing (frequent) He is also taught procedures, rituals and pastimes appropriate to his position in the local social situation Under the aegis of co-founder and director. Declan Donnellan, they've taken to using minimalist sets, songs, and occasionally slapstick where they

45

approve

consider it appropriate to the spirit of Shakespeare. Neither conspiracy nor the broadcast's accepting and reproducing agendas established elsewhere seem appropriate to defining this process. P8

P9

fit] + for Ν to-INF We do not think it appropriate for the New Forest to have a National Park Authority under the 1949 Act. It was no longer appropriate for a Prime Minister to sit in the House of Lords.

+ for Ν to-INF This was not appropriate for government to fund, yet just about every government body thought it should be done.

,

.

.

. . . .

Something that is appropriate for a particular purpose or to a particular situation or an event is suitable or acceptable in that respect.

approval

noun

Last night, Britain's House of Commons gave its initial approval to the treaty. + by Ν At this conference loud voices can already be heard warning against military action in the Gulf without explicit approval by the United Nations.

P1 P2

+ from Ν Pending approval from UK and US authorities, United will take over Pan A m ' s service between London and five US cities. + of Ν The Canadian Prime Minister, Mr Brian Mulroney, has made a last-minute appeal for approval of a constitutional amendment to keep the province of Quebec in Canada. In both Italy and Spain, parliamentary approval of the Maastricht treaty went through on the nod.

P4

P5

+ for Ν The Federal Government has given provisional approval for four new private schools on the Sunshine Coast.

P3

Approval ivai for something such as a plan (i) (ii) of something such as a change or proposal is support from someone in authority.

approve verb A

'think good' Active: 1 / 2

lobi

Il

Β

General: 0

ι

[N]A

[Q/S]

[of N]p [of V-ing/of Ν V-ing]

02

Il obi

D3

ill

D3 IV

M

A Much to his wife's relief, he thoroughly approved. (only if clear from context)

D1

+ Ν

Β The United States Senate has approved a plan to cut the federal budget deficit by more than two-hundred-and-fifty-thousand million dollars over the next five years.

D2 D3

T1

QUOTE/SENTENCE (rare) A "That's good," he approved. + of Np/V-ing/of Ν V-ing A I need people to approve of my work, otherwise I wouldn't want to do it. You've never approved of Henry, have you? Curiously, ad-

T2

. . . plan Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN]

[N]p

[as Ν] [as ADJ] [for Ν]

D1

T1-2

π τι T2

vocates of road pricing in inner cities don't always approve of charging for the use of motorways. My mother didn't approve of us marrying. + Np + a s N/ADJ Β Clinton was formally nominated and approved as his party's candidate. THE MIRROR details the case of two children badly burned by chemicals on a British beach approved as safe and clean. + Np + for Ν Β All of the bags are approved for food storage.

46

apt

A

A person 1 can approve of somebody or something 1 1 , i.e. say or think that they are good, acceptable, sensible etc. M D2 D3 A political or other official institution' can approve (i) a bill, a law, a plan, a loan, e t c . " , i.e. endorse it (ii) a medication or other p r o d u c t " , i.e. accept as safe. -> D1 T1 T2

Β

apt

adjective

P1

attr

P4

A He says while that might have been an apt description a decade ago, it is totally wrong now. P2

A It is particularly apt that he should be remembered by this award. P5

P3

She smiled. 'Very charming. Very apt.'

+ to-INF

(>30%)

Β An administrator is apt to be unadventurous American children are apt to be more spoiled than neglected. Blondes were apt to be portrayed as "light-headed". Februaries in Princeton are apt to be unpleasant. A Β

+ for N/V-ing

A The ceremonial feathered hat worn by Hong Kong's governor is particularly apt for Mr Patten. After all, Rothman's definition is apt for virtually anything that is not perfectly true. This sort of set theory is apt for describing things that vary continuously.

ρ red

A

[it] + t h a t - C L

Apt can mean 'suitable'. -> P1 P2 P4 P5 Apt can mean 'likely' P3

argue

verb

A

'dispute' Active: 1 / 3 Passive: 113 General: 0 ι [ N ] a / [by N ] li [about X]p D4 T3 [over N]p D9 [on N] T3 [with N] Ill D10 T3 'discuss' Β Active: 2/2 Passive: 1 /2 I [ N ] A / [by N] [N]P II D1 III [about X]p D4 [over N]p D9 [on N] IV D8 c 'claim' Active: 2/2 Passive: 1/2 General: 0 [N]A/[byN] I D1 II obi [N]p [that-CL]p(j t) D2 [Q/S]p ( i t ) D3 M

D1

A Adolescents need to know that it is normal for people to argue, even, perhaps especially, if they love one another. + Np Β The parties do not even argue the case in front of each other.

'propose Active: 2/2 Passive: 1/2 [N]A/[byN] [against N/V-ing] P [against N V-ing] [against] [for N/V-ing]p III [for Ν to-INF] [for Ν V-ing] IV [in favour (of X)] Further uses [into N/V-ing] [out of N/V-ing]

General: 0 D5 D5 D5 D6 D6 D6 D7 π T2

C I was amazed to read your leading article arguing the merits of a Scottish Super League. D2

+ (that)-CL P ( l t )

(>30%)

C The French linguist Gustave Guillaume argued that the psychological mechanisms underlying our use of language were common to all

47

argue

languages. Many farmers argue that the level of grants for planting woodland is too low. Many councils argue they are autonomous. It has been argued that there is a general sequence of types of mobility that a society passes through as it evolves economically. D3

QUOTE/SENTENCE P(it )

C While they are on the ground, it is argued, they pose no change. "But when the housing market picks up, these new landlords will sell and the number of properties available to rent will again decline," argues Richard Best. D4

+ against N/V-ing P /against Ν V-ing/against

D As food shortages continue in the Soviet Union, THE TIMES carries an article by a Moscow-based journalist who argues against Western food aid to the country. We have constantly argued against and highlighted their mismanagement. It is hard to argue against having a good time. Many members of Congress have argued against renewing China's trading status. But Peter Temple-Morris argued against Major getting involved in the French referendum. D6

+ for N/V-ingp /for Ν to-INF/for Ν V-ing

D The Free Democrats on the other hand are arguing for a grand coalition for the sake of national stability. It is easy to argue for funding scientific projects that generate commercial A Β

D

+ in favour of N/V-ing/in favour of Ν V-ing/in favour

D With the inevitable knock-on effect in the rest of the European Community, it is likely to make even harder the task of those arguing in favour of rapid monetary integration. Some leaders of the Democratic Platform are already keen to leave the Party, but most have argued in favour of staying on. They are a rapidly developing technology which argues in favour of government moving quickly to take advantage of the opportunities they offer. Professor Littlechild said that to claw back profits from the previous price control period would be a breach of faith with investors, though some had argued in favour because of high profits over the past five years. D8

+ on Ν

Β I wouldn't argue on that. The utmost confusion is caused when people argue on different statistical data. D9

+ over N P

A We had been arguing a lot over little things. Β The summit's close was delayed for five hours while ministers argued over and eventually accepted the tougher wording. D10

+ with Ν

A Sometimes he argued with her because he was a man, a peasant, and couldn't swallow taking orders from a woman. T1

+ Np + into N/V-ing

• I tried to argue him into having more respect. (= persuade) T2

+ Np + out of N/V-ing

• I did all I could to argue them out of this. (= dissuade) T3

+ with Ν + about/on Ν

A I beg you, do not argue with me on this.

A person1 can argue with another person™ about or over a topic or issue11, i.e. speak about it. often angrily. M D4 D9 D10 T3 People, often specialists,1 can argue (i) about or over a topic or issue111 or, in formal usage, argue it11, i.e. discuss it. (ii) on a particular basis IV , i.e. base their argument on it. -> D1 D4 D8 D9

C

07

+ about N/V-ingp / about wh-CL P / about wh toINFp

A They talked and argued about the money for about an hour and a half. The girls began to argue about what kind of make-up they liked the best. We often argue about how many bass notes should be in a certain song. They were still arguing about whether to stay out for lunch. Β Although experts argue about the importance of different risk factors for heart disease the consensus is that risk factors have an accumulative effect. Men argue about not believing in God and the mere act of doing so makes them believers. There is delay while different organisations argue how to deal with it. D5

returns. A professor of Islamic and Middle Eastern studies argues for Israel to make concessions on the creation of a Palestinian homeland. Alan Smithers, of Manchester University, who has argued for the course being broadly adopted by the Dealing review, said the present AS level had been a patent failure.

also in phrasal verbs: argue out

A person, esp. a specialist, or a publication1 can argue that something is the case11, i.e. support this idea giving reasons. -> D1 D2 D3 A person, organisation, piece of writing, etc.1 can argue for111 or against something11, i.e. give reasons for supporting or rejecting it. —> D5 D6 D7

argument

48

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out *-* Ν The case for and against Western governments writing off the huge debts of eastern European countries is argued out in the pages of T H E TIMES. (= discussed in detail)

argument

noun

P1

A The supporters of hunting do not rely on rational argument, but on the moral superiority that country dwellers like to assert over town dwellers. Base your argument on a clear delineation of your own values and priorities. Β After hours of argument, half of them were persuaded to travel but about fifty others preferred to wait for another flight.

P2

+ that-CL A The judge was not persuaded by the Minister's argument that some of the information on which he acted was secret. + about N/V-ing / about wh-CL B The Guardian says that instead of an argument about sanctions, the talks concentrated on the way ahead for South Africa. If you accept the argument about using the minimum wage to attack inequalities, why stop at men and fulltimers? Leave aside the substance of the argument about how well the Government is really doing. Instead, note the political message. + against N/V-ing A He tries to make mincemeat of my arguments against psychedelic drugs. The argument against introducing a code of standards has usually been that any set of standards which reflected present reality would be so low as to be unacceptable. + between N p! /N and Ν Β A more successful instance involving use of the Court can be found in the September 1992 settlement of a long-standing territorial argument between Honduras and El Salvador. + for N/V-ing A Jeremy Paxman is dubious about the argument for animal "rights". Gibbs said: "We believe there is a long-term argument for shifting capital away from the banking activities." + in favour of N/V-ing A The arguments in favour of dialogue with the Soviet Union applied to the need to maintain contacts of this kind with South Africa. Are you persuaded by my arguments in favor of encouraging grade skipping by gifted children? + of Ν A Mr Justice Turner yesterday rejected arguments of public safety when he refused to lift

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

P11

an injunction that bars Coventry council from suspending flights of calves to Amsterdam and France. Β The bomb's proponents might use the argument of graduated deterrence, but the antis feared that the combination of so much superpower tension and so many nuclear weapons on each side could provoke Armageddon willynilly. + on N/wh-CL A Mrs Thatcher correctly identified the very nub of the argument on a European currency. The Queensland Government, meanwhile, has yet to put forward a convincing argument on why it wants to retain monopolistic control of its W C B dinosaur. Β While I don't want to get into an argument on abortion, I have difficulty following Wolf's new philosophy. There is still some arcane argument on exactly when the next century begins. + over N/V-ing/over wh-CL/wh to-INF Β She was reported to have plunged a knife into her husband during a fierce argument over his affair with a neighbour. Caste is at the centre of the liveliest current political issue, the argument over reserving jobs and college places for particular castes. There is some argument over just how good the outlook is for a company that prefers to attend to business rather than talk to analysts and journalists. The argument over whether to move the churches caused a falling out between artist and priest and between the priest and the bishop. + with Ν Β But I mean, like, if I get in an argument with my mam, I won't stand there and argue with her any more.

49

arrange

A

An argument can be 'a set of statements put forward by somebody to support a particular opinion or course of action . A person can put forward an argument (i) against something of which they disapprove (ii) for or in favour of something they support on a subject on which they express their views. P1 P2 P4 P6 P7 P8 P9 If two or more people have an argument, they disagree. They can have an argument (i) about or on a particular topic over something that is the source of very strong disagreement (iii) over something which one person has and the other one wants. -» P1 P3 P5 P8 P9 P10 P11

arrange A

verb

Active: 2 / 3

ι II Obi

General:

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p

D1

III marg [ A D V ]

Β ι

D1

T3

Passi'

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [to-INF]p.jt [that-CL] P:i , [wh-CL] P:it [wh to-INF] P:it [for N] P [for Ν to-INF]

» 1 äaggögs

1/3

Ü

upfâz&pnlfiu· ZHi&S-fxh&i;:

D1

T1-2

D2

T5

D3

T4

D4 D5 D6

T6

D6

T6

+ Np

A Throughout the house an abundance of flowers, picked from the garden and exquisitely arranged by the housekeeper Angela Atkinson, inject colour and natural exuberance. Arrange chicken, peppers, and lemon slices on a platter. Serve with lots and lots of steaming-hot rice. Β In Washington, the State Department says it is considering calling for United Nations involvement to arrange a ceasefire. Peter arranged a taxi to Victoria for me to catch a train to Gatwick and the last flight to Edinburgh. 02

+ to-INF P:i , (frequent)

D6

T1

T2

Β We arranged to meet in two days time. D3

+ that-CL P : i t

Β We've arranged that I'll call and collect them after dinner. D4

+ Wh-CLp:it

Β Asked if it was normal for a client to transfer almost $ 12m to the bank without arranging how the money should be handled, Mr Gonzalez de la Lastra said: Ί think this came as a complete surprise.' D5

τι T2.4—6 T5

T3

'organise' Active: 2 / 3

II obi

ill [for Ν] IV [With Ν] I + IV [it + with Ν + to-INFp]

'position'

+ wh tO-INFp:it

Β We went in and said that we had arranged how to tell Milton.

T3

T4

+ for Np /for Ν to-INF

(frequent)

Β To fully prepare you for the beauty of the rain forest we have also arranged for a briefing in London at Kew Gardens and at London Zoo. Should we arrange for their supper? It is now time for the evening meal, and we have arranged for you to be driven to the family steak house. I'd arranged for a car to pick me up from a working dinner. + Np + for Ν Β I try to arrange meetings for you and Steve. He had arranged a special dinner party for us. + Np + with Ν

Β I arranged lunch with Sandy Grossman, one of CBS Sports' top directors. It will be necessary to arrange payment with your Investment Executive to avoid any late settlement penalties. + Np + ADV A Beyond lay a barren hillside of jagged rocks, arranged in piles by past avalanches. + with Ν + that-CLp :lt

Β Try to arrange with this new acquaintance that either you'll pick each other up to go the next meeting, or that you'll definitely see each other there next time.

50

arrangement

T5

+ (it) + with Ν

to-INFp

T6

+ with Ν + for N / w i t h Ν + for Ν to-INF

Β Livy, could you arrange it with the bank to give you a little time off. To prevent the usual embarrassment during intervals, I would like to arrange with management to hire a portaloo. A

Β We'll arrange with the appropriate authorities for immediate arrest. Walter Greenwood arranged with the Salford people for him to speak there.

Arrange can mean 'put something together in a certain way'. (i) A person1 can arrange flowers or other things that serve decorative purposes11. (ii) A person or natural force1 can arrange things11, i.e. position them in a certain way. D1 T3 ι rr A person1 can arrange an event or something needed", i.e. organise it or plan it in advance. -> D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 T1 T2 T4 T5 T6

Β

arrangement P1

noun

Go ahead but make certain all arrangements are precise and mutually agreed from the start. Baby-sitting arrangements can be made on 24 hours' notice. + to-INF We made arrangements to bury her and gave her a little graveside ceremony.

P2

+ for N/V-ing/for Ν to-INF

P3

education. But arrangements are being made for new cars to be sold by the students, direct to the public. P4

+ of Ν

α The striking arrangement of the figures of Christ and the apostles in French sculptor Jean Depre's Pietà came in a dream. He sent his bride-to-be a beautiful arrangement of flowers. This extraordinary young mezzo-soprano made her second visit to the Wigmore Hall on Saturday to sing Schoenberg's arrangement of Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde.

H e w o u n d u p the

meeting by telling us of the arrangements for our arrival at the Bank, when announcements were to be made, and so forth. Every advanced country - except Britain - locates its governmental arrangements for supporting basic science alongside governmental responsibility for

A person can make arrangements (i) with someone for something (ii) to do something, i.e. do what is necessary so that what they intend can take place. -> P1 P2 P3 Arrangement can be used, especially in an artistic context, to refer to the way objects or figures are placed in relation to one another; it is also used to refer to a musical adaptation of a poem or an original piece of music. -> P4

arrive A

verb

person etc. ... Active: 1/2

I

lobi

M

D1

... conclusion etc. Active: 2/2

ι

[N]A

Ilmarg [ A D V ]

Β

C General:0 D2

ii obi

Passive: 1 /2

[N]a / [by N] [at N]p

di

event etc.... Active: 1/1 [Ν] A

A The guests began to arrive, (only if clear from context) Β Finally the great day arrived. A vigorous recovery will only arrive if consumer spending revives sharply, and there is no sign of this happening yet. + at Np

C How they arrived at the formula is a matter for debate.

D2

+ ADV (usually: + at Ν or + In N) (> 30 %)

A Before dawn three truckloads of sailors arrived at the Navy hangar, in good spirits. Monica's ancestors arrived in New Mexico in 1594 with the first colonists. Some of the papers have arrived here. • It's more or less as if we'd arrived at the end of a detective story with myself in the role of novelist. (= reached)

51

article

Arrive generally means 'come to a particular place'. A A person, vehicle, or something sent, such as a parcel or letter 1 , can arrive somewhere 11 . -» M D2 Β Something expected like an event, a date, a development, etc. 1 can arrive, i.e. finally happen or come about. M C A person1 can arrive at a conclusion, decision, a finding, etc.", i.e. come to it. -> D1

arrogant P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

adjective

attr I think he's a very arrogant man. What counts is the arrogant gesture, the complete disregard of the opinion of others, the singlehanded defiance of the world. pred In any group, Colin stood out, arrogant and commanding, ready to make enemies. Lysenko's attitude was arrogant, verging on contempt. + to-INF Mr Hurd was arrogant to suggest yesterday that a ratification of the treaty by Parliament would be democratically sufficient. [it] + to-INF But isn't it arrogant to assume that future generations can be forced to subordinate their judgement about what needs to be changed to decisions which we ourselves take now. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL/wh to-INF We were a young management, arrogant about our abilities to beat the competition. When I played it was a great opportunity for county players to put themselves in the shop window,

P6 P7 P8

P9 Pio

although even then some of the touring sides felt a little bit arrogant about playing us. I often wonder whether Outrage is simply ignorant or grossly arrogant about how to conduct a serious political campaign. + in N/V-ing I was perhaps arrogant in thinking I could push it through more quickly. + to Ν (rare) It doesn't mean at all being arrogant to the weak. + toward(s) Ν He was arrogant towards his present (and to his mind socially and economically inferior) family, and he was obsessed with cleanliness. + with Ν He is also arrogant with visitors who might do his state some good, [it] + of Ν + to-INF It would be terribly arrogant of me to believe I was the solution to anything.

Arrogant refers to proud and unpleasant behaviour. A person can be arrogant (i) about a particular matter (ii) to or towards another person on a particular occasion (¡Ü) with another person in general.

article P1

P2

noun

A Look out for informative articles in the newspapers and magazines, including the health magazines. Some of these experts have corrected points in the article and others have added comments and suggestions, some of which have been incorporated into the text. Β East Germany was re-divided into five Laender, or states. On October 3rd 1990 these were absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany under article 23 of the constitution. C Half the book would consist of describing his trips to the drugstore to buy hair curlers and other articles for Connie. + about N/V-ing A In the last few months, you have published several articles about the book trade. After reading the article about keeping cats off aviaries without spending a lot of money (March

P3

P4

27 issue) I would like readers to share some of my ideas. + by Ν A The Mail on Sunday takes up the same theme in an article by the leading Labour politician. Roy Hattersley. + Of Ν A Applicants should write a letter introducing themselves along with an original article of about 600 words which they think could appear in the Science and Technology section. Β The Bank's articles of association require an official guarantee for its loans. C He wore a white turban and white slippers and white cotton gloves; each article of clothing was spattered with dark red stains. A padded chair covered with green velvet was the only article of furniture in the room.

52

ashamed + ori N/V-ing (frequent) A He is the author of several articles on West Indian literature and an authority on Naipaul's work. In his article on paying for care of the elderly, Clifford German mentions a number of ways in which the Chancellor could ease the problem.

P5

P6

+ by Ν + about Ν

A Newsweek carried an anguished article by Rosemary L Bray about the Clarence Thomas controversy. + by Ν « on Ν

P7

A Many thanks for the liberating article by Rebecca Gardiner on 'Diet addiction'.

A

An article can be 'a (usually short) piece of writing in a newspaper, magazine or scholarly journal.'

Β C

A legal agreement, constitution, etc. is made up of a number of articles, i.e. separate sections. -» P1 P4 An article of clothing, furniture, etc. is 'one single item of that kind.' -> P1 P4

ashamed

adjective

attr (rare) His ashamed mother fled from Coalisland. pred He knew that he had used her and that he should have felt ashamed. + to-INF (frequent) Distinguished scientists were no longer ashamed to be seen in our company. I am ashamed to say I was nervous, ridden by old guilts. + that-CL He was suddenly ashamed that he should have nothing to offer in return. Aren't your parents ashamed that you're writing this stuff? He felt ashamed he had not offered to serve in the French army as many other settlers had done. + about N/V-ing In all probability you will also have to deal with feelings of discomfort that come from feeling guilty or ashamed about sex. She felt ashamed about being a failure. + at N/V-ing/at wh-CL I am also ashamed at Mr Major's immediate and un-questioning support for US action. I felt strangely ashamed at not being more upset. Now when I think of

P1 P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

them, I am filled with self-loathing and ashamed at how proud I was. + for N/V-ing I felt ashamed for him and for myself. She was slightly ashamed for showing him so much love and so little disapproval. + of N/V-ing (> 30 %) There is nothing to be ashamed of. It wasn't that she was ashamed of the place. You ought to be ashamed of yourself. He is shy and ashamed of his own educated dialect. I'm not ashamed of having wanted you. I was ashamed of having spent my life reading books.

P7

P8

P9

+ of REFL PRON + for N/V-ing

Her publish-

ers, Faber & Faber, should be ashamed of themselves for the hopeless start they have given her. She was a little ashamed of herself for resenting Hal's relationship with his own daughter, a common problem for many stepmothers.

A person can be ashamed (i) about, at, for or of a particular matter (ii) of, for or at a person or themselves, i.e. feel guilty for this reason.

ask

verb inquire Active: 113

Ι

II Hl

IV V VI vii

'request Passive: 1 / 3

[N] a / [by N] [NJp.2 /EFFECTED [NJp., BEN/REC [wh-CL] [wh to-INF] [Q/S]p [about N/V-ing]p [after N] P

General: 0

Active: 2 / 3

ι

Passive: 1/3

General: 0

[N]A/[byN]

D1

T1

II

[N]p_2

di

π .3-5

III

D4 D5 D6 D7 D8

T3 T3 T4 ts

IV V vi

[N]p„i [of N] [to-INF] [that-CL] [for N]p

D1

T1.7

T1-2.6 T7

D2 D3

T2

D9

T6

53

ask

C

'inviteActive: 3 / 3

ι il obi III IV

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

07

D8

D9

A Β C

HgöSS teSfim^iiskfSfi fi. Passive: 2 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [for N] [to N]

General: 0

T6.8 T6 T8

A I don't know, I was just asking, (only if clear from context) + Np A I've no idea. You must ask my wife, (only if clear from context) Β She asked permission to leave the house. She asked advice about finding a flat. • The book asks the question: who started the Second World War? (= raises) + to-INF Β The church leaders mediating in the talks have asked to see President Momoh. + that-CL Β The US says it will ask that the Security Council meet in special session next Thursday. + wh-CL (frequent) A Helen wrote home and asked if she could come for Christmas. + wh to-INF A Don't be afraid to ask how to operate those new machines. QUOTEp / SENTENCEp A Mary Ann asked: "If they came from the mainland, would they have to arrive by airplane?" + a b o u t N/V-ingp A Wilson last week visited property owner Leslie Fink, asking about the availability of office space. She asked about obtaining a rule book. + after N P A Steve came to así: after Martin. + for Np (frequent) Β He was reported to have asked for an extra one thousand million dollars. • He's asking for you hourly. (= requesting to

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

see) If you feel that the major roles you have in life do not ask for this kind of behaviour, then you may want to change. (= demand) + N P + Np A Come and ask me that question in two or three days' time and perhaps I'll have some sort of answer for you. Β Can I ask you a favour? + Np + to-INF Β Should she ask him to come with her? The Australian Health Minister, Mr Peter Staples, has said he will ask the government to ban all tobacco sponsorship in sport. + Np + wh-CL/Np + wh to-INF A When she asked him how he was feeling he could not bring himself to speak. She called up the vet to ask him what to do with the animals. + N p < - Q U O T E / N p « SENTENCE A "Which car are we going in?" he asked Alexander. + Np + a b o u t Ν A I asked Khieu Samphan about the social and economic programme that he would like to see implemented. + N P + for Ν Β Eleanor asked Frank for some money. C I asked her for dinner the following evening. + N P + of Ν Β She was there, after all, to ask a favour of Mimi. • That's asking a lot of a seven year old. (= expecting) + Np + to Ν C Leeds asked me to the trial.

Ask can mean 'inquire -> M D1 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 T1 T3 T4 T5 ••••I Ask can mean 'request'. D1 D2 D3 D9 T1 T2 T6 T7 Ask can mean 'invite'. -> T6 T8 also in phrasal verbs: ask in; ask out; ask over; ask round

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in NP + to Ν I just rang to ask you round tomorrow afternoon to a little tea-party. (= invite)

Passive: 1/3

I

[N]A / [ b y N ] [N]p

D1

[that-CL] P .¡,

D2

[S]p:i,

D3

[so/not/otherwise] [it + pattern of 111] [ADJ] [to-INF]

D4

T1-

... power etc. Active: 2 / 2

General: 0 Il obi

Passive: 1/2

[N]A/[byN] [N]p

D1

T1 T1 T2

+ Np

A Don't assume anything. You shouldn't mind, assuming a fair interest rate, keeping the account at that bank. Β The Front assumed power in Romania during the revolution. Apologists for Haig have argued that the Somme offensive was a virtual fait accompli when he assumed command. The plan calls for the UN to assume civil and military control over the disputed territory twenty-four weeks before a referendum on its future. Quite obviously Viertel hadn't been aware that Fritz had assumed another surname. Light coloured inlays will usually assume a very light tan/orange shade which is in deep contrast to the now dark surrounding wood. Newman had deliberately assumed a friendly, apparently frank, attitude with Laila over breakfast. South of the river mouth the road assumed a new significance and sought its way to the coast again behind the headland. +(that)-CLpm (>30%) A I always assumed that peace officers were to enforce the spirit of the law and not the letter of the law. It is simply that science, in order to function, must assume that physical laws are not dependent on the time and the context in which they are tested. He assumed that native speakers could distinguish between grammatical and non-grammatical sentences independently of meaning. This premise assumes that a photographer can create and fix a particular meaning and reading within an image. It's also assumed that the new Prime Minister will first want to pay his planned call on British troops in the Gulf. I assumed he wanted me to comment, so I said I knew nothing about all this.

D3

SENTENCEp:¡t A Philip Larkin, one has to assume, was joking when he said that sexual intercourse began in 1963. I mean, for example, the day that the Times spells light L I T E would be a long way off, one would assume.

D4

+ so/not/otherwise

A 'Has the vehicle's engine ever been upgraded?' 'He didn't say so. I assume not.' I think it would be very silly of us to assume otherwise. They were disgustingly, obscenely wealthy. Or at least we assumed so at the time. T1

+ Ν + A D J / it + ADJ-patternp

A Bail is extremely difficult to obtain and the accused is assumed guilty until proven innocent, contrary to the normal principle of justice. Rich in mystery, the formidable mist-covered mountains of Papua New Guinea were assumed inaccessible and uninhabited. We blithely assume it is impossible to return the compliment. T2

+ Np + to-INF

A The other stewards or people that I knew to be stewards or assumed to be stewards were I would say probably less experienced. Everyone knew that Betty was assumed to be practically engaged, certainly promised tacitly, to one of the Lavery boys. The CME is assumed to control not simply advertising and selling, but also product policy, pricing, distribution, and so on. Who shapes and controls this model of the world that we assume to be true? One could assume the prototype for humanity to be female rather than male.

attack

55

A Β

Assume can mean 'suppose or expect something to be the case'. D1 D2 D3 D4 T1 T2 Assume can mean 'take over' or 'gain'. In this meaning it is typically used in phrases such as assume control, assume responsibility, assume power. -» D1

attack A

verb

. . . someone etc. Active: 1 / 3

ι u III IV

V

Β

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N] P [with N] [as N/Q] [for N/V-ing]

General: 0

ι 01 D2

Il Obi T5

TI

A Before this meeting, Lloyd George and Bonar Law did their best to get me to say that the Germans would not attack. They attack every night.

D1

+ Np

D2

A It is not just ruthless competitors who may employ such methods, but also individuals who may have moral reasons for attacking the company. There are pictures of buildings set on fire, policemen being attacked, people lying injured on the ground, and burnt out cars. Labour MPs and housing groups have attacked the proposals, saying what's needed is more settied accommodation. He's already attacked me They also attacked an electricity sub station on the edge of the capital. Β That's not a very positive way to attack a problem. Two readers have written to attack the issue of apostrophes and their misuse as "plural indicators". + with Ν

T2

A

Β

ill IV

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [by N/V-ing] [through N]

D1

T2.4

T2 T4

T3

M

T1

. . . problem etc. Active: 2 / 3

T3

T4

T5

direct action to reduce ILEA'S costs. Goss himself, during the election campaign, offered to attack the graffiti problem by banning children from even possessing spray cans. + Ν + for N/V-ing A Bork was attacked for his disrespect of Supreme Court precedent. And for this he's being attacked from both sides. Some ministers have criticised Labour for refusing to welcome the invitation, but the letter attacks the government for not cooperating with Labour in abolishing the tax now. + Ν + through Ν Β Authorities should convene a summit as soon as possible to explore ways to attack the problem through education and extra government funding. More could be done to attack pollution through 'green' taxes. + Ν + with Ν A Many have been stoned or beaten, or attacked with machetes.

A We've achieved that and we're really going to attack with everything we've got this week. + Ν + as N/QUOTE A His work has been attacked as American propaganda. The Tobacco Manufacturers' Association attacked the proposals as 'unjustified and unnecessary'. + Ν + by Ν (rare)IΝ + by V-ing Β Nick's response was characteristically robust: to propose that we drastically cut down the safety net and attack the London problem by A person or a group of people such as an army 1 can attack another person, a group or a country 11 with a particular weapon 111 , i.e. use force against them, (¡i) A person or something written by a person such as an article1 can attack a person, a particular approach or point of view, etc. n , i.e. criticize them. M D1 D2 T1 T3 T5 A person 1 or an institution can attack a problem or issue11, i.e. make a serious attempt to tackle it. D1 T2 T4 (i)

56

attempt

attempt noun P1

If you have not given it sufficient food, it will not have the energy to fly and may injure itself in the attempt. + to-INF (> 30 %) At the same time there was an attempt to hold economic expansion within the urban areas. The RSPB says it will oppose any attempt to change the law. + at N/V-ing Catherine's early attempts at literary criticism were met with great surprise from her father. I went to buy tissues for my streaming nose but my frantic attempts at miming a box of Kleenex yielded only offers of cough drops and table napkins. + on Ν "This is the third time I have survived an attempt on my life," says Mr Cahill. Some believe this may dissuade him from an attempt

P2

P3

P4

on the Presidency. She never met Ransome, but has other memories, clearly recalling Donald Campbell's final, fatal attempt on the water speed record on Coniston. + by Ν + to-INF Attempts by police and Government to improve enforcement are often met by howls of protest from civil libertarians. Labour will vote against any attempts by Kenneth Clarke to scrap or reduce capital gains or inheritance tax in the Budget. + by Ν *-> on Ν Relations between the Vatican and Bulgaria reached their lowest point after the attempt by a Turkish terrorist, Ali Agca, on the life of the Pope, in 1981. The highlight of the evening was an attempt on his own 3,000m record by Noureddine Morceli.

P5

P6

A person can make an attempt (i) at something or at doing something, i.e. try to do it. (ii) on something they hope to achieve, such as a world record (iii) on someone's life, i.e. try to kill them.

attempt verb Active: 2 / 2

ι II

Passive: 1 / 2

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [to(-INF)]

General: 0 D1

D2

+ Np Meanwhile, the Russian President, Mr Boris Yeltsin, has warned the military against attempting a coup. He attempted a smile and failed. The book attempts satirical scenes. + to-INF/ to He attempted again to focus his eyes, but could not. An animal rights group recently attempted to challenge the navy's proposed slaughter of the goats on Catalina Island

D1

D2

where the military has a weapons installation. Though your photograph attempted to portray the still-under- construction house as unflatteringly as possible, the magnificence of the undertaking could not be concealed. Over 350 million people in the world speak English, and much of the rest of the world is attempting to.

Attempt means try . (i) A person or organisation 1 can attempt something or attempt to do something 11 . (ii) If you say that a plan, a strategy, a book, or a film attempts something or to do something, you mean that it is lused this - -itpn , ¡xJS^t WS to achieve I "Γ t „„ - effect. ΛΙ t „ ( („ rSíí/íSírííSpriííWSíííiiii

attend verb A

'be present-

C

Active: 1 / 2

ι II

[N]a / [by N] [N]p Active: 2 / 2

I il obi

Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0 D1

Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]

D1

[to N]p

D2

. . . problem etc. Active: 2 / 2

lobi

[N]a

II Obi

[to N]

D2

attitude

57

A Many former volunteers from the past 35 years will also be attending, (only if clear from context) D1

+ Np

A A number of members were unable to attend the meeting. This morning Mrs Thatcher has been attending a church service in Hamilton. She may attend the village school next to their house. Ganesh Sittapalam is a mathematical genius who will attend Surrey University for one day a week, along with other maths students who are almost twice his age. She gained this equilibrium by attending a psychotherapy group, having dismissed drug therapy. +Ν

D2

C It is better to spot any problem early and attend to it to avoid any accidents. When he is not smoking he attends to his fingernails with an elegantly handled file. Looking up from the table, Michael watched her listen. She sat quite still, as if every part of her attended to the notes.

Β No matter how beautiful a liner's interior, no matter how trim her lines or how smart her appearance, she is not alive until she has passenA

Attend can mean 'go to'. A person 1 can attend (i) an event such as a meeting, a church service, a formal meal, etc. 11 , i.e. take part in it. (ii) school, a course or some other regular event 11 , i.e. go there regularly. k Ê

Β C

P2

P3 P4

r^A

A person, esp. a doctor, shop assistant, servant, e t c . , can attend or attend to a person or an animal 11 , i.e. take care of their needs. -> D1 D2 A person 1 can attend (i) to something such as a problem or a task", i.e. see to it. (ii) to something of interest 11 , i.e. pay attention to it. D2

attentive P1

gers aboard, a staff to attend them and food from her kitchens to feed them. • Someone had arrived, Dena thought, as she lay in her bath. It could not be Andrew McClintock, more fuss and attention would have attended his arrival. (= accompanied) + to Np Β A lot of people were lying on the ground and were being attended to by emergency service personnel. The good coachman attended to our ponies while we had lunch. + to Ν

adjective

attr The people of Fairacre listened in attentive silence. Customers are guaranteed a friendly welcome, a well-chosen selection of wines and attentive service at all time. pred Lodge was congratulatory and Alexander was attentive and Wilkie was just sufficiently flirtatious. + in N/V-ing (rare) Sir Denis was famously attentive in staying up to help 'the boss' unwind. + of Ν (rare) Soderlund's father was very attentive of his son.

P5

+ to Ν He is so attentive to ladies they are all charmed. The police will be very attentive to Prague and Moscow. A sober realism - attentive to facts - is the foundation of effective action. Who keeps you attentive to this central action? More than ever in our nuclear age, grand strategy must be attentive to the everchanging realities of deterrence.

A person can be attentive (i) to another person, their needs or interests, i.e. take great care that that person should feel at ease. (ii) to something, i.e. observe it very closely.

attitude P1

P2

noun

We need primarily to change our attitudes by increasing our awareness of the most up-to-date facts about sexuality. We must adopt a professional attitude. + that-CL During the last couple of hundred or 300 years or so we seem to have developed an

P3

attitude that art is for man alone. The American attitude that you can grow out of a problem is, I guess, badly at fault. + about Ν/V-ìng People have a funny attitude about the mountains. I eventually took a philosophical attitude about coming here.

58

attract

P4

P5 P6

+ of N/V-ing The entire American South was bound together by an attitude of isolation, ignorance, racism and violence. This attitude of refusing to compromise with the electorate is all too reminiscent of the early 1980s. + ori Ν Our attitude on Europe has moved towards being more sceptical. + to N/V-ing (frequent) Although Britain finally joined the ERM in October, its attitude to Europe was again questioned at the European

P7

Community summit in Rome. The Financial Times also examines the American attitude to resolving the crisis. + toward(s) N/V-ing It was then she slammed British TV bosses for their attitude towards women and said she was labelled in the bimbo mould. The post-Communist administration has taken a somewhat cautious attitude towards restructuring the economy.

An attitude to or towards something or someone is 'a particular way of thinking or feeling that a person has about them.'

attract

verb

. . . someone Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 Ι [ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A(it) [that-CL] A [to-INF] A(it) [to-INF] II obi [N]p III [to-INF] [to N/V-ing] [ADV]«

... attention etc. Active: 2/3 Passive: 1 /3

A

T1

T1.3—4 T1.3—4 T1.3-4 T1.3-4 T1 T3 T4

+ Np A London doesn't attract her. The exhibition attracted about 20,000 people over four days. The games are expected to attract six thousand athletes from more than one hundred countries. When he was 25 years old he bought this modest restaurant in Amiens, where for the last 4 years he has been successful in attracting a faithful clientele. Β His activities attracted considerable attention in London and Calcutta. The economic and political problems facing the President attract wide coverage. + Np + to-INF A But the motives that attract people to work within a social service are as variable as the jobs themselves and generalization is not very useful.

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing]A [N V-ing] A [that-CL] A(it) [that-CL] A [wh-CL] A(it) II obi [N]p III [from Ν]

T2

T3

T4

D d d

T2 T2 T2

d D

T2 T2

+ Np + from Ν Β The team - part of Bournville Village Services - has also continued to attract business from new clients. It may also attract interest from new producers of oil in central Asia. + Np + to N/V-ing A I asked Bob to explain to me what initially attracted him to Carol and what, in his opinion, had kept them together. Holloway explained what attracted him to turning this unwieldy work into an opera. Tax incentives would be used to attract firms to the regions. + NP + ADV« A In the series of elections in the republics the Alliance has been trying to attract voters away from the various nationalist parties.

Attract generally means 'draw towards by having qualities that appeal'. (i) An event1 can attract a person 11 . (ii) A person or animal 11 can be attracted to, away from, etc. a place111. (¡i¡) A person 11 can be attracted to another person 111 . (iv) A person 11 can be attracted to doing something 111 . -h> D T1 T3 T4 In figurative use attract is typically used with such words as attention, criticism, support, D T2

investment.

59

available

audible P1 P2

adjective

attr Ί love you, Paul,' she told him in a barely audible voice. pred Perhaps the pot-pot-pot of the helicopter was not audible. The broadcasts are only barely audible in the capital.

Λ sound or something producing a sound can be ι heard.

authority P1

P2

+ to Ν But residents find themselves bothered by a new sound, a hum in the air, audible to people living on the west side of Hueytown. This school of dolphins spoke with voices perfectly audible to human ears.

ible to a person or an animal or to the ear, i.e. be

noun

A But as our Moscow correspondent, Bridget Kendall, reports from Moscow, the move is bound to increase fears of the military asserting its authority. Β No less an authority than Billy Packer has called your tour de force in Caracas the miracle of the television year.

P4

+ to-INF (frequent)

P5

A The bureau does have the authority to charge a fair fee for that service. He said he had no intention of negotiating and had no authority to do so. P3

P3

Β The New England code, furthermore, claimed the Bible as its authority for these stern measures. + from Ν

A He said employers could only make payroll deductions for union fees with authority from individual employees. + on Ν (frequent)

Β Professor Jack Spence, of Leicester University, is a leading authority on the politics of South Africa. P6

+ over Ν

A For sixty years our mother had provided gentle but unyielding authority over his schedule. The FAA doesn't have authority over foreign airports, but said it is negotiating to win approval for the requirement.

+ for N/V-ing

A The conference voted to transfer authority for the running of the country to the new Prime Minister. One report says the NLD delegated authority for organising marches to their local committees.

Authority over something or the authority to do something is 'the ability or power to control or determine events'. -> P1 P2 P3 P6 A person or book that is an authority on a particular subject is considered to be a source of expert and detailed information. -> P1 P3 P4 P5

available P1 P2

P3 P4 P5 P6

adjective

attr Get me on the next available flight to Glasgow. pred (only after noun)

There's bed

and

breakfast available. Note how the units can be adapted to take full advantage of the space available. + to-INF Official sources were not available to comment. + as Ν Some of the above-mentioned plants are available as seedlings. + at N: QUANT Shares are available at 25 pence each. + for N/V-ing (frequent) You'll find the many 'theme holidays' now available for children to be an excellent idea. During the same season on September 14 Queen's Park Rangers had only three players available for the trip to Nor-

P7

P8

wich. Series tickets are also available for $ 44. The wines are available for free tasting. If alternative launch systems had been available for launching unmanned satellites, there would have been no strong pressure to keep the Shuttle on schedule and no strong reason to fly the Shuttle in bad weather. + from Ν (frequent) All guides are available from good bookshops. Created exclusively for Boots cookshops by Danish designer Ole Palsby, it comes in two sizes - £24.99 for a three-cup size and £ 34.99 for an eight-cup version. Available from larger branches of Boots. + to Ν Finance ministers of the industrial and developing countries today continue talks in Washington about stepping up the amount of cash available to the International Monetary

60

averse

Fund. Deep water extends the range of fishing marks and species available to the angler. The peaceful use of nuclear energy should be made available to non-nuclear states. We make certain deductions from the facts available to our senses in this thin slice of time. + ADV Tickets will be available at the door. The carrots and imported grapes were considered to be of a quality not available in supermarkets. As the software is now available on the Internet, the government's export controls have been reduced to a joke. All CD-ROMs are available in Windows versions. A UK mailing list service is available through the University of Newcastle.

P9

P10

P12

P13

averse

or someone can be available for a particular price particular purpose or occasion for a person or institution a source, a shop etc.

adjective

attr/only in combinations (rare) This accelerates the market's decline, pushing out other risk-averse investors.

P2

+ for Ν + for Ν Private lessons are available for older children and teens for a fee. + to Ν + at Ν Despite the fact that information technology is available to all at very modest cost we're badly informed about who really is running things. + to Ν + for N/V-ing The paperback took literature out of the stuffy libraries of the rich and academic and made it available to all - for the price of a packet of cigarettes. The pack is available to schools for £5.95. Many companies are totally unaware of the grants that may be available to them for developing their businesses and creating or safeguarding jobs.

+ for Ν + at Ν Most of the nannies are available for evening sitting at a modest charge.

Something (i) at or (ii) for a (iii) to or (iv) from

P1

P11

pred/often

in

combinations

(rare)

any reason to think that investors are 'too riskaverse'? + to N/V-ing No one, however averse to mathematics, should be put off by it. John Knox was not at all averse to party-going on Sundays. Governments in the Sixties were not averse to fostering the gambling instinct in the people.

The

Rowlands, a family like the Carstairs, really. And the eldest daughter not running after me like Nancy but not averse either. Is there A person who is averse to something has a strong dislil

avid

adjective attr She was an avid reader, pred They were avid and eager, stumbling through these initiate steps with the uncertainties of all first-time lovers. + to-INF And as if that were not enough, the Balinese are avid to join every type of other organisation - agricultural, artistic, or sporting.

P1 P2

P3

•

.

P4

P5

+ about Ν (rare) Although some 85 % of Indonesia's 180m people are formally Muslims, most are far from avid about Islam. + for Ν I was an earnest member of the Celtic fringe, avid for tartan and twilight. The girls were avid for information.

A person who is avid for something is eager to have it or very interested in it.

avoid

verb Active: 2 / 2

Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N] Il obi [N]p [V-ing]p [N V-ing]

General: 0

I

D1

D2 D3

61

D1

O) («)

award

+ Np There's a fair body of evidence to suggest that getting fit and well before conception can help avoid some problems later in pregnancy. I don't think we can avoid a rise in unemployment in the first 2 or 3 years. I would avoid him like the plague when his wife and my parents were around. For three days before flight, stop drinking coffee, tea, chocolate, cocoa and cola drinks with caffeine, and avoid

P2

P3

D3

„I avoid something or someone", you keep away from them. If you* If you 1 avoid an activity or doing something 11 , you try not to have to do it. itií'iBÍ^ífSSíSSStiffíiS

award P1

02

caffeine-containing drugs and diet aids. Check the dates of motor rallies, when it is advisable to avoid mountain roads. + V-ingp How can I avoid making mistakes? She switched cars several times to avoid being followed. + Ν V-ing I strove diligently to avoid him spending the better part of his honeymoon having his cuts sewn up at the local hospital.

noun

Last year, Harry Hill won the Perrier Most Promising Newcomer Award at the Edinburgh Fringe festival. Her work on local government corruption in Newcastle won her an award. + as Ν Russell won the award as best supporting actor for his portrayal of a handless sailor returning home from the Second World War in the 1946 film The Best Years of Our Lives. + for N/V-ing (frequent) Michael Cude, who's seventeen, won an award for his efforts to stop under-age drinking and drug abuse. BA has won a trade magazine award for 1992 Airline of the Year. The Michael Heseltine award

P4

P5

for inventing a grandiose title to describe your meaningless new job goes to Kenny Dalglish, self-promoted director of football at Blackburn Rovers. + of Ν Each will cover 75 % of the first year's development costs, up to a maximum award of £45,000. The school offers a two year parttime taught course in Local History leading to the award of an MA by the University of Wales. + to Ν Each council is bound to conduct a review of chief officials' salaries in the light of the award to the chief executive.

An award is something such as 'an amount of money or a title given by an organisation in recognition of someone's work or achievements'.

award

verb

Active: 2 / 4

Passive: 1 / 4

[ N ] A / [by N]

II III IV V D

T1

[N]p. 2 /EFFECTED [N]p_i BEN/REC [to N] [with N] [for Ν]

D

T2 T1.3 T2 T3

Q Q

q

+ Νρ And it has promised to promote a more competitive atmosphere, discouraging private companies from discriminating against foreign firms in awarding contracts. For each type of product the decision to award an ecolabel will be based on a full product analysis. At that point, the judges decided they'd seen enough and stopped the bout, giving both men silver medals. No gold was awarded. + Np + Np I was awarded a Middlesex County Scholarship. Celtic were awarded three penalties and missed two of them. He is awarded the highest salary ever paid to any coach or man-

T2

ager. Also to mark Global Environment Day, Brazil's most famous martyr. Chico Mendes, has been awarded the United Nations International Environment Prize. Beaches that satisfy this high standard may be awarded the Tidy Britain Group's Seaside Award. A London Underground train driver has been awarded damages for the stress he says he suffered when he rescued people trapped by the fire at King's Cross station three years ago. + Np + to Ν The International Olympic Committee has awarded the 1996 Games to the city of Atlanta. In addition to the main competi-

62

aware

T3

tion, drivers will compete for the Master's Trophy, which is awarded to the country who has the least penalty marks in the horse team, pair and single classes. What is the most wonderful thing for me personally is to know that the prize at last has been awarded to an AfricanAmerican. + Np + with Ν Children who join have to read at least six books over the holidays and are awarded with a Fantasy Quest Certificate.

Q

+ Np + Np + for Ν During the war Dan spent a productive time as the R. A. F's first Rehabilitation Officer, for which dedicated work he was awarded the Ο. Β. E. In addition to the Pulitzer prize she received many additional honours: the Howell Gold Medal, awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the Nobel Prize for Literature. The latter was awarded her in 1938 for all her literary works and not just The Good Earth as is often thought.

A person or an organization' can award (i) something such as a prize, a title, a status, a contract or a scholarship 11 to a person111, i.e. give it to them. (ii) a person 111 with something such as a prize, a title, a status™, i.e. give it to them.

aware P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

adjective

attr/often in combinations

But he was an

aware person. In environmentally aware countries such as Germany and Denmark they achieve recycling rates of up to 80 per cent. pred There are those who began to become politically aware through their involvement in the women's movement. + (that)-CL (frequent) He was aware that he had drunk too much whisky. I became aware she was telling me that she had met a former girl friend. I'm perfectly aware it's stupid. + wh-CL Are you aware how large Dad's estate is? He nodded, aware when he wasn't needed. + about N/V-ing I am cautiously optimistic that a new government will be concerned and aware about the environment.

P7

of the perils that beset the world financial system in 1931-32. He was not aware of having done anything to offend. I was only dimly aware of how difficult it was for her to go on acting. Was the free world aware of what was going on? French cultural politics has long been aware of how to make French appetising to foreigners. He was aware of the board members listening intently. + from Ν + that-CL Well, Τ m aware from the papers that Mr Wolfe has a strong interest in the death of Mr Stevens, and I was hoping to make an appointment to see him today.

+ of N/V-ing/of Ν V-ing/of wh-CL/wh to-INF

(> 30 %) She is keenly aware of her own good looks. You may not be aware of the effect you have on other people. They are aware of the fine views around them. Japan is fully aware Someone who is aware of someone or something or aware that something is the case realizes that they exist or has knowledge or experience of them.

awareness P1

P2

noun

Guy saw her role as that of black social commentator. "I want to raise the awareness and consciousness of people - black and white." Part of the problem is lack of awareness among senior managers, believes Charles Tipping, a business development manager at Sun Microsystems. + that-CL Somewhere lurking at the back of American consciousness is awareness that their nation was born out of rebellion against British.

P3

P4

+ about N/V-ing Different people are at different stages of awareness about the green perspective. Survival strategies represent a process of progressive awareness about confronting the daily damage caused by the existence of rampant sexual violence. + of Ν/V-ìng/of wh-CL (>30%) His book showed an astute awareness of impending technological developments. We try to heighten people's awareness of what is happening to the

63

awkward environment. His lack of awareness of being a person in his own right means that he fails to see the connection between his own actions and the result. He shows an uncanny awareness of where the ball will arrive.

Awareness is 'an attitude of being conscious of something'. A person can have awareness (i) about an issue (ii) of something that affects them.

awful P1 P2

P3 P4

P5

P6 P7

P8

adjective attr What an awful place this is. pred You haven't any idea yet how awful I can be! Oh, Daisy, I've been so unhappy, it's been so awful\ + to-INF He was in tears. It was awful to see. These days are awful to live through. [it] + to-INF They were so helpful and nice, it seems awful to start bothering them all over again. It's rather awful to think that if I'd stayed downstairs a few minutes longer, the murder wouldn't have happened. It must be awful to be old! + that-CL I felt awful that these people didn't realise I was trying to help them, that I was telling the truth. [it] + that-CL It was awful that so many people didn't understand. [it] + wh-CL Isn't it awful how people came in from Chicago and exploited the natural resources? Isn't it awful what happened to Breyer? Isn't it awful when that happens? + about N/V-ing Isn't it awful about Mr Pittman? I'm awful about that sort of thing.

P9

P1 o

P11 P12 P13 P14

P15

It's no good imposing it from outside because, even though you'll stick to it for a while, sooner or later you're going to feel so awful about depriving yourself that it won't work and you'll just binge. + at N/V-ing I was awful at sports. Terrible. 'I'm awful at working out a reasonable relationship,' she said recently. + for Ν It must have been awful for you. Between you and me, though, it's been awful for business. + of Ν (rare) 'Sorry,' she said. 'This is awful of me.' + to Ν You're bleeding awful to me. + with Ν (rare) She was awful with the kids. [it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF

It

would be awful for his family to receive a call from somebody asking for Stephen. [It] + for Ν + V-ing (rare) It must be awful for you leaving your house to my tender mercies, never being sure you won't find Mattey on the settee, or I've invited small boys who've wiped biscuit on the curtains.

Awful means 'unpleasant', 'offensive' or 'of very poor

awkward P1

adjective

attr

P5

A We can pose a few awkward questions. P2

P3

P4

pred

A They're just being awkward. + to-INF (frequent) A Meat can be awkward to feed to pet rats and mice. Although this drill is smooth running and well engineered in most ways, I found it somewhat awkward to handle and slightly offbalance. There could be a romance going on within the firm which could be embarrassing or awkward for you to witness.

P6

P7

Β He seemed far more awkward about the situation than I was. Don't feel awkward about asking for this information. + for N/V-ing (frequent) A This directive is awkward for Britain, whose 1989 Employment Act repealed most British restrictions on child labour. Granite is awkward for building because it doesn't split easily. + with Ν

Β He was a bachelor, awkward with children. She'd been spoiled and was really awkward with me.

[it] + that-CL

A It is awkM'ard that a third party is taking a close interest in the reorganisation.

+ about N/V-ing

P8

+ for Ν + to-INF

A This should keep most toddlers out, while

64

awkward

P9

A Β

not being too awkward for adults to use. [it] + for Ν + to-INF/(it] for Ν to-INF A The officials say the advance has been hampered by the difficult terrain - a mixture of open

wasteland, scattered palm trees and sand dunes which make it awkward for armoured vehicles to manoeuvre quickly. That's only if it's not awkward for me to ask.

Awkward can be used to say that someone or something is difficult or causing difficulty. P1 P2 P3 P4 P6 P8 P9 Awkward can be used to say that a person is embarrassed or clumsy. P5 P7

Β

background P1

P2

noun

A Mark stayed discreetly in the background over Christmas because that's still very much a family occasion. Β Like most of the early moguls, the Warners were from a Jewish working-class background. + in N/V-ing

Β They question whether Twinn, with a background in prison management rather than communication, is the best frontman. Deputy Premier Tom Burns has referred to a problem with ethnic fishermen who have no cultural background in preserving fish stocks. P3

P4

P5

Β Coming from a background of security and love, Linda felt sorry that Jeff had never had the same. + on Ν A Do you want more background on Mrs. Corbett? + to Ν A George Powell of the BBC examines the background to these developments and what their implications may be.

+ of Ν (frequent)

A The meeting is taking place against a background of growing industrial unrest.

• A Β

bad P1 P2 P3 P4

P5

P6

. ..:· .

• •

•.·"

• -•

• • • ..

:

.. .·, .. -

.

The background to events is 'what lies behind or as an explanation of them'. -» P1 P3 P4 P5 A person's background is 'their origins, the environment in which they were born and educated, or the earlier stages of their education and career'. P1 P2 P3

adjective attr That is bad news, pred But right now, the situation is bad. + to-INF The fish became bad to eat. [it] + to-INF I'm not saying it's bad to be arrogant. It's bad to smoke, it's bad to drink, it's bad to eat various types of food. + at N/V-ing What usually happens to the child who is bad at maths is that it will say to itself: "Ah, I'm no good at this." You are very bad at map reading. I'm bad at remembering these things. + for N/V-ing (frequent) Single guests in double rooms. Bad for business. "I've given up coffee," added Poma in explanation. Usually he drank five or six strong coffees a day. "It's bad for my nerves." The confirmed food-a-holic may indignantly reject the suggestion that his favorite food or drink is bad for him. All of this, teacher Allan Friedman says, has created an en-

P7

P8

P9

vironment that is bad for teaching and bad for learning. + for Ν + to-INF (rare) Everybody knows what's good for you to eat and what's bad for you to eat. I just cut out the bad stuff, [it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF

I saw

then that he thought it was bad for children to be too happy, to have everything they wanted. It is bad for her to stay in bed too long. It might look bad for an employer to sack certain individuals. A worrying cross-party consensus seems to be emerging that it is bad for British companies to pay high dividends to their shareholders, [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) I don't think it's bad of me to feel that way.

8S§gi8i¡®¡ Bad generally means 'the opposite of good': (i) Something or someone can be bad for a person, i.e. have a harmful e (ii) It can be bad for something to be the case or for someone to do something or be somewhere, i.e. bad for a particular purpose or another person or group. (¡ii) It can be bad for someone to do something or be somewhere, in the sense that thex themselves are negatively affected by it. g g g g f e * · · •••••·•· (iv) A person can be bad at doing something or bad at something such as a school subject.

66

balance

balance noun P1

P2

The western alliance is not trying to shift the military balance in Europe but to extend security in Europe. + between Np|/N and Ν / between V-ing and V-ing Clinical ecology shows us how to restore the balance between man and his environment under the conditions of advanced civilization. Former communist countries have particular problems in striking a balance between encouraging the growth of banking systems and deterring crime.

P3

P4

+ of Ν (frequent) There is a broad agreement on the front pages that the balance of power in the government has shifted more towards the European Community. War could be avoided, he went on, only if the balance of forces was restored. α Most of the balance of the fortune went to his son, Chester Alan, and daughter, Ellen Herndon. + to Ν McKenna hopes his articles are a balance to negative media coverage.

If there is a state of balance between two or more forces, interests, etc. all are equal and none has a position of superiority. α The balance of something, especially money, i s ' the amount left after some has been used'. —> P3

bar A

verb 'exclude'

'block' Active: 2 / 3

I [N]A/[byN] II obi [N]p [to N]

Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1/3 D

T2 T2

+ Np

T1

A The gates were still barred. Nearhysterical policemen clutched at reporters in an attempt to bar access to the devastation caused by yesterday's bombs. Β Bishop Hall left the club when his Chinese lunch guest was barred, (only if clear from context) + Np + from N/V-ing Β Foreign journalists have been effectively barred from the region unless they get official permission to travel there. Former high officials of the Duvalier regime, who've been barred from public office, say they will prevent the election of the leading candidate in the presidential race. Head teachers are barred by law from joining the union boycott. The authori-

Passive: 1/3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A II Obi [N]p [from N/V-ing]

T2

τι τι D

n

ties this week barred a television interview with him from being shown. + Np + to Ν A A diplomat said that in one incident a headmaster was arrested after barring his school gates to government troops.

Bar can mean 'block' or 'lock'. (i) A person 1 can bar a door, gate, etc.11 (ii) A door or any large object 1 can bar a passage, way, gate, etc. n (iii) A person 1 can bar access 11 , i.e. prevent people from entering a place. j D T2 Bar can mean exclude' or 'hinder'. A person in authority or an official body 1 can bar (i) a person" from a place or a position1III " from - - something - - 1III (ii) a person 11 doing (iii) an event11 from happening 111 D T1

T1

67

base

bare P1 P2

adjective attr Her face and her bare arms and legs were deeply tanned. pred Except for a couple of straggly pines with twisted limbs, the rock was bare.

P3

+ of Ν The bushes were bare of leaves. Her table had been swept bare of all except her coffee cup, her liqueur glass and a beautiful floral arrangement.

Bare of something can be used to indicate that a particular feature, thing or quality is not present.

barrier P1

P2

P3

noun

This month the barriers have come down, but will I be able to cross frontiers without problems? + against N/V-ing The gluey proteins stick cells together in the skin's upper layers and so form a cohesive barrier against moisture loss. + between NP|/N and Ν From today, all trade barriers between Australia and New Zealand have been lifted, creating a single market. The European Community has succeeded in dismantling most of the remaining economic barriers between the Member States.

P4

+ of Ν In his aristocratic arrogance, he is determined to ignore the barriers of race and class which separate them. + to N/V-ing (frequent) The last major barrier to German unity was cleared today when foreign ministers from six nations signed a treaty. There are no real barriers to entering the insurance market.

P5

A barrier is something real or imagined which prevents or hinders developments or the free movement of people, ideas etc. (i) a barrier to something usually restricts the progress of something positive or useful (ii) a barrier against something such as disease usually prevents the spread of something dangerous (iii) barriers of race, gender, religion are caused by that particular issue.

base

verb

A

BASIS Active: 3/3 Passive: 2/3 I [ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p ill obi [around N] [on/upon N] T1

T2

A Β

Β

T1-2 T1 T2

+ Np + around Ν A Gray has made a career for himself reviving the music-hall monologue. With every appearance of energy, he performs narratives based around episodes in his life. + Np + on/upon Ν A The amount you pay is based on the value, type, and origin of the goods. Chemistry since the 1920s has been based on the idea that molecules have certain well-defined energy states. Rather like Thomas Mapfumo in Zimbabwe, he has produced a home-grown folkrock style based on traditional themes. In-

PLACE Active: 3/3 Passive: 2/3 ι [N]a / [by N ] II obi [N]p III obi [ A D V ]

T3 T3

vestors should base their decisions upon reasonable judgements of investment values. T3

+ Np + ADV

Β The UK Council for Psychotherapy is based at Regent's College, Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London. Another issue discussed was the question of basing air launch nuclear missiles in Germany. Furthermore, the Parry Lewis Report on the Cambridge subregion, published in 1974, called for a new settlement just outside the city to the south, based around a hypermarket.

A book, film, programme, machine, etc.11 can be based on or around a theme, idea, e t c . m , i.e. be developed from it. Base around suggests a looser connection. -> T1 T2 A person, organisation or thing 11 can be based somewhere 111 , i.e. be situated or positioned there. T3

68

basic basic P1

adjective attr Such treatment infringes the basic principle of the free European market on labour by the failure to provide for the full mobility of workers who have integrated into the national labour markets.

P3 P4

+ for Ν It assists you in being less selfish and is basic for the protection of children. + to Ν (frequent) There is nothing more basic to the Labour constituency than jobs, better-paid jobs and jobs in better careers.

pred

P2

• The information supplied is very basic. (= simple) If an idea or concept is basic to something, it is fundamental to it. —» P1 P3 P4

basis

noun

P1

It will allow American warships and aircraft to refuel, resupply and undergo repairs on a commercial basis.

P2

[on the] + that-CL

P3

P4

α His findings were initially rejected on the basis that it would be too expensive to install the necessary equipment. + for N/V-ing (frequent) The next step is to look at where you share feelings in common and have a basis for agreement. National recon-

P5

ciliation and mutual understanding must provide the basis for building up a peaceful, prosperous and democratic nation. + in Ν This growing sophistication also indicates a movement away from a reliance on vague concepts with little basis in reality. [on the] + of Ν (frequent)

a Mr Bush considered the problems had to be solved by the Yugoslav peoples themselves on the basis of democratic principles.

Basis can refer to 'something that provides a firm foundation or a starting point for something else'. If you take action or reach a decision on the basis of something or on the basis that something is the case you assume that to be true or important in terms of your decision. -» P2 P5

battle P1 P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

noun

Aid workers fear that the armed UN security force could provoke a new round of battles. + to-INF The polls should help Mr Ashdown in his battle to stay on as party leader. + against N/V-ing TV star Michael was in the throes of a desperate battle against drink and drug addiction. Ballet star Darryl Norton yesterday lost his battle against being sacked because he was too short. + between NP|/N and Ν A straight battle between the Italian and New Zealand boats had a close and unorthodox conclusion. There's been a new development in the long-running battle between two big companies. + for Ν/for Ν to-INF (frequent)

S o m e hours

later a three-hour battle for the palace involved an artillery and aerial bombardment. In the battle for the leadership of the British Conservative Party and the job of Prime Minister, the Foreign Secretary, Mr Douglas Hurd, has refused to rule himself out as a candidate. + of Ν (frequent) Aldermaston Park has a rich history. William the Conqueror camped here af-

P7

P8

P9

ter the Battle of Hastings. It is hard to get people excited by an election whose result has long been a foregone conclusion, and which has seen no big battle of ideas. Mary Joe Fernandez won a battle of attrition against Gabriela Sabatini. + over N/wh-CL The Daily Mirror and the Sun are involved in a circulation battle over topless photos of the Duchess of York and her financial adviser, John Bryan. The conference ended last night after a bruising battle over whether new United Nations agencies should be created to enforce observance of rights worldwide. + with Ν (frequent) Mr Clarke is understood to have only achieved his way after a fierce Whitehall battle with the Lord Chancellor's Department. Swedish international Anders Limpar scored in the 79th minute to salvage a point for Everton in their 2-2 English premier league relegation battle with West Ham. + between NP|/N and Ν for Ν More customers look set to benefit from the battle be-

69

P10

P11

be

tween motor insurers for custom after Royal Bank's Direct Line announced premium rate cuts. He was caught in a constitutional battle for power between the White House and Congress. + of Ν + against Ν A year later they sailed for Egypt and took part in the Battle of Mandorra against the French. She felt very calm now and sufficiently invigorated to carry on a battle of wits against this woman. He made the assumption that the Tobruk battle was pretty well won and that he could win a great, mobile battle of encirclement against residual British forces. + of Npi + between NP|/N and Ν Formula One racing is not only a race between drivers

P12

but also a battle of wits between rival groups of engineers. Last week's article on the battle of words between ICI and Hanson dealt with Hanson's accounting policies. + over Ν with Ν Laszlo Bekesi resigned as Hungary's finance minister after losing a battle over privatisation with hardliners in the ruling Socialist party. Bored with the running battle with Britain - notably over the Social Charter and the legislative programme stemming from it - all the other member states would like the EC's role more fully defined.

A battle is any kind of struggle or conflict, either in war or in other situations such as politics. (i) a person can be engaged in a battle with an enemy or opponent, in a battle against something difficult or unpleasant such as illness or poverty (ii) a person can fight a battle for a particular aim or over an issue that is the cause of disagreement or conflict (iii) a battle of wits, ideas, words, etc. indicates the non(iv) the Battle of Waterloo etc. was fought at or near that place.

be M D1

D2

D3

verb Is this your first visit? Yes, it is. (only if clear from context) + Ν/[it] + N-pattern His wife is a teacher at Dulwich College. If there is infection, then the operation is a complete failure. This is John. It was five minutes to six o'clock. Admission is £ 5. How much is it? α This is the way to fly. It is a great feeling to have won after being two sets down. + AOJ / [it] + ADJ-pattern Tom Stoppard's new play, Arcadia, is as intricate, elaborate and allusive as anything he has yet written. She is interesting. She is clever, knowledgeable. She was eighteen years old. Of course I will be careful. It's going to be quite windy over parts of Scotland. It happened on a dismal autumn day, about mid-morning, waiting at Anderston railway station in Glasgow. It was cold and wet. I thought you were cold. Libreville itself is now said to be quiet. α I'm afraid that we' re a little early. It is essential for everyone to take security much more seriously. +to-INF The best thing to do would be to take the dogs for a walk. All you can do is to offer reasoned advice. The idea is to get the audience involved. The only problem was to get him to drive slowly. If you want to come the best thing is to phone David's house, β What I said was that no one was to leave

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

without my permission. She is to report tomorrow to a federal prison hospital in Kentucky. If we are to proceed, we are to go ahead as quickly as possible. + INF All you're going to do is cause a lot of unnecessary frustration. The first thing to do is collect data about all sources of income. What I'm trying to do is increase our awareness of the text. + V-ing The next problem was making the computer work. The difficulty is deciding which places to visit. + that-CL The real worry is that the whole system is breaking down. The biggest problem was that no lavatories had been provided inside the Abbey. [it - not/only/just] + that-CL • It is not that they disapprove of what he did, but they feel he has given the city a bad name. (=1 am not saying) I don't think I take pride in keeping myself fit. It is only that I must look after myself in this predicament. (=1 am simply saying) + wh-CL The island of Crete was where her cards had come from. That was when I decided to go into nursing. Toronto is where I'm from. That is how you see it, is it not? + wh to-INF If you want to know what's new this is where to look. All you really need to know is how to place your bet.

70

be D10

D11

D12

D13

D14

D15

D16

D17

D18

D19

D20

+ after Ν • He was after my mother's jewellery. (= wanted to have) This bloke wasn't after me. He was after O'Brien. (= pursuing) + against N/V-ing γ How come you people are against us? She'd have been faithful if she could, but fate was against her. Then what can Gorbi do even if he is against it. Olaf knew how much I was against having children. • This is against the rules. (= does not comply with) + at it • The scroungers and parasites are at it again. (= acting in the same fashion again) + by Ν δ She looked at it. It was by an artist who believed in colour, she thought. This report is by our Washington correspondent, Jeremy Harris. + for N/V-ing This book ¿i for her and for my grandparents. γ And no, she is not for the death penalty, and yes, she is for gun-registration. Both the ANC and the meeting's host, Nigeria, have made it clear that they are for maintaining sanctions. [it - not] + for Ν • If it hadn't been for her husband, she adds, today she would be working as a psychologist. (= but for her husband) + from Ν The postmark is from London. My colleague and I are from the police. They were from Brittany. δ This report is from our Eastern Europe correspondent Diana Goodman in East Berlin. + in favour of N/V-ing/in favour γ Some doctors are in favour of hormone replacement therapy, others not. Most people are in favour of evaluating teachers and giving them extra training to improve performance. Just 22 are in favour, 61 against. + into N/V-ing • We are into cars and videos and microwave ovens. (= like) In my 20s I was into the feminist mentality that rejected fashion and cosmetics. (= committed to) I don't think Spencer was into borrowing money. (= in the habit of) + like Ν She is clever, knowledgeable. But she is not like a governess. I longed desperately to be like her. + Of Ν

ε She was of medium height, medium build, with a round pleasant face and short, light brown hair. If the find is of pottery we can compare it to ceramics found elsewhere. Competitors had to be of pure Greek blood. The floor was of wood, not tatami.

D21

D22

D23

D24

D25

D26 D27

D28

T1 T2

+ off Ν He was off work for three months. • She began drinking again recently, having been off alcohol and cocaine since 1988. (= stopped taking) + on Ν • She was on drugs constantly, was she? (= taking) If you are on a low income with little in the way of savings, then you may be entitled to a rebate of up to 80 per cent of the poll tax. (= have) I was on the phone from lunchtime until 5.15pm (= telephoning) +ontoN/ontoN • The journalists felt they were onto a frontpage story. (= had discovered) By the time the operation was over, and the news programmes off the air, the broadcasters, joined by the more alert newspaper editors, were onto the Home Office like a swarm of furious hornets. (= pestering) You could be on to something. (= on the point of discovering) The police were on to him and would return. (= had found out about him) + out of Ν So many people are out of work. The Green Party may be out of touch with the real world. + through Ν ζ She's been through a lot. Over the years, they had been through a lot of crises, together. + unlike Ν He was unlike his brother. + ADV Tomorrow night we'll ¿ e i n Reading. We can be here in a minute or two. I told him you were here. How are you? When will you be in? The game is over. Proximity to the sea depends on whether the tide is in or out. + for Ν to-INF That is for her to decide. All we want is for them to let us get on with the story. That is for you to judge, Captain. The idea is for you to dream up a gripping love story. + N: QUANT + Ν Rent was one pound a week. + N: QUANT + for Ν • That was eleven pence for three minutes. (= cost)

bear

71

Be is a linking verb. Hence sentences with be often indicate identity of two things, give a description of something or someone or express place or time relations. Note that be is also an auxiliary verb used to form the progressive form (You are reading this now) or the passive in English (This sentence has been put into the passive). M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D8 D9 D14 D16 D19 D21 D24 D26 D27 D28 T1 a

Be occurs in a number of constructions that could be seen as typical of nouns or adjectives such as This is the way to fly or It is uncertain whether anyone was hit. These constructions are given under the respective adjectives and nouns in this dictionary. —> D1 D2 The construction he + to-INF is often used as a kind of modal construction: If a person is to do something, there is an obligation for them to do it. - » D3 A person can be against, in favour of or for someone or something, i.e. take that attitude towards them. D11 D14D17 (i) A piece of art, a book or a report can be by someone, (ii) A report can be from someone, i.e. created by them. -> D13 D16 Something can be (i) of a certain quality, i.e. have it (ii) of a certain material, i.e. be made out of it. -> D20 A person that has been through something unpleasant has experienced it. -» D25

β γ δ

ε

ζ

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down + with Ν By the evening he was down with the summer flu that was going around. (= had caught) + in + for Ν You might be in for a big surprise one day. (= suddenly have) We might be in for some rough weather. (= facing) + in + on N/V-ing I would have liked to be in on the joke (= have shared) It's all a conspiracy and the government is in on it. (= is part of it) + t h r o u g h (+ with N) Mora informed him that they were through and if she ever saw him again it would be too soon. (= their relationship was at an end) He felt that if he had said he was through with her, she would have accepted it humbly (= their relationship was at an end) He knew that Houston was not through with him yet. (= had not finished with him) bear

A

+ u p + a g a i n s t Ν Spain are up against an unpredictable Uruguayan team. (= opposed by) Now we know what we are up against. (= confronted by) + u p + to N/V-ing The doctors can tell what you've been up to. (= doing) With hindsight, it is entirely clear what the Princess of Wales was up to. (= aiming at) The choice was up to Paula. (= be the responsibility of) She felt sure she wouldn't be up to working tomorrow. (= be fit for) [it] + u p + to Ν + to-INF Now, he said, it was up to the countries who buy the timber to show their commitment to saving these forests. (= was their responsibility )

verb

'carry

C

Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3 General: 0 ι [N]A / [by N] Il Obi [N]p D1

III marg [ADV]« Β 'endure/tolerate'

T4

Active: 2/2 lobi [ N ] a II obi [N]

D1

[to-INF] [V-ing] [with N] [N V-ing]

D2 D3 D6 D8

. . . child Active: 2/3 lobi [Ν] a Il Obi [N] 2 D1 III [N]i D . . . grudge etc. Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 Ι [N]A / [by N] Il Obi [N]p_2 D1 III [N] 1

[against Ν] [towards Ν] Further uses [on N]

[upon N] [ADV]

T1 T1

T1-3 T1

T2 T3

D4 D5 D7

72 + Np A The boat train from London bearing second and third class passengers had left Waterloo Station at 7.30 am, arriving at the dockside shortly after 9.30 am. He expressed the hope that wealthier nations would help Poland bear the burden which he said had coincided with difficult and painful economic reforms currently underway in Poland. The fact remained that there were ills in Britain's economy for which the government must bear responsibility. The reappearance of the waiter bearing the menu provided a useful interruption. (= a formal use) D He's a reasonable sort of chap who wouldn't bear grudges without justification. +Ν Β I simply couldn't bear the idea of giving up my childhood home. C Her doctor told her 'point-blank' that she would not be able to bear children and she was devastated. • It must have been a painful moment for Lord Owen when he finally admitted yesterday that the Bosnian peace plan which bore his name had failed. (= had) The statue of Marx and Engels in east Berlin bears the slogan: "We are innocent. See you at the job centre." (= displays) It bears an obvious resemblance to other civic palaces from the same period. (= displays) The tree has deep-green, ovate foliage and bears small, sweet- smelling, white flowers during the Spring and early Summer. (= produces) The measures we have taken are already bearing fruit. (= proving successful) The novel's emotional weight is borne by four or five members of Barnum's human zoo. (= maintained) Well, so far, I think, they've had little success. They've been using what they had to hand and it doesn't bear too close examination. (= stand up to) + to-INF (frequent) Β I had a little money of my own coming in, which was very important to me because I could never bear to ask my husband for it. + V-ing Β I can't bear being shouted at. + on Ν • We will concentrate on those aspects of the

D5

D6

D7

D8

T1

T2

T3

T4

home that appear to bear on the child's behavior at school. (= influence) + upon Ν • They see direct involvement as crucial to the understanding of the local political machinations that bear upon issues of racial equality in Britain. (= relate to) + with Ν Β God grant me strength to bear with this awful sorrow. + ADV • This lane bears left and runs downhill to become rough and divide. (= turns) Unless there is flooding do not go ahead through the swing gate on to Petersham Meadows. Instead bear right back to the riverside. (= turn) + Ν V-ing Β I can't bear people taking advantage of others. + N, + N2 C Jefferson had kept his promise to her that he would never remarry, though this did not deter him from a relationship with one of his teenage black slaves, Sally Hemings, who bore him five children. D I bore him no resentment. + Np + against Ν D Even the very young will tend to bear grudges against their friends. • A note came from Wray, offering to bear witness against Ledward. (= provide evidence against) + Np + toward(s) Ν D Callard bears no anger towards the school. She bore no resentment towards anyone for what had happened in the past six years. + Np + ADV«. A As Arthur lay on Loe Bar three queens appeared in a dark barge to bear him away.

Bear can be used in a formal context meaning 'carry'. -» D1 T4 A person 1 can bear something or bear to do something 11 , i.e. endure or tolerate it. In this sense bear is typically used in the negative can't bear. D1 D2 D3 D6 D8 A woman 1 can bear a child 11 or bear a man111 a child11, i.e. give birth to it. D1 T1 A person 1 can bear somebody™ a grudge, resentment, etc.11, i.e. have these feelings towards them. -> D1 T1 T2 T3

73

beat

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down + on Np The machine moved in at once, bearing down on us from above. (= approaching in a threatening way) + down + Ν A group of half a dozen men entered the lounge and bore down on the bar. (= headed for) + out M D1 02 T5 T7 A person 1 can beat ingredients for cooking 11 , i.e. stir them briskly. -> M D1 T5 T7 A person 1 can beat a person or animal (rarely a thing)11, i.e. hit them. -> D1 T1 T4 T5 T6 Beat can mean 'be better than an opponent': Somebody or something 1 can beat (i) somebody or something else 11 , esp. in a competition, battle, fight etc. (ii) somebody" at a game111 (iii) somebody" to a place or objective l v , i.e. reach it first. (iv) a record", i.e. exceed it. -> D1 T2 T4 A person or some force like wind or rain can beat at, on, against, etc. something, i.e. hit it.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + back « Np Franklin watched from the sidelines as, twice during his first months on the job, his chief beat back attempts by the admirals to usurp his power. (= repulse) + down Np They beat down her door and arrested everyone inside. (= broke down) "No money, no voodoo," she says resolutely to anyone who tries to beat down the price of her services. (= force her to reduce) + down «-+ Np + to Ν Look around at your leisure before settling on a place and slowly but surely beat down the seller to the price that suits you. (= force a reduction) + in M D1 D2 D3 D4 D6 D7 T1 T2 T3 Note that a person begins to do sth. or a person begins doing sth. are largely synonymous. However, a person begins by doing sth. means they begin another process by doing that, If you say that a place, street, area, etc. begins somewhere, you refer to one of its boundaries. D8

α

behave A

verb

. . . well (stereotypical use) Active: 1 / 2

lobi

II

M D1 D2

D3

Β

[N]a

lobi

[REFL PRON]

SOMEHOW Active: 2 / 3

General: 0

A I promise to behave and do my best. + REFL PRON A Don't interrupt me, and behave yourself. + as Ν Β They may learn that by behaving as a good, quiet, sweet little child they get the goodies that they need or want. + ADV (>30%) Β Both sides certainly behaved as if they were sounding each other out. I always tried to behave in such a way that my people would not be ashamed of me. The sum of these concerns may cause people to behave in a more cautious manner. You're behaving like a jealous daughter, Leona. The law appears to have behaved with remarkable inhumanity. But if they behave badly it is their problem not mine.

[N]a

II

[ a s N]

D2

III

D3

IV

[ADV] [REFL PRON]

V

[ t o w a r d s N]

D1

T1

T2

T1-2

T1 T2

+ REFL PRON + ADV Β A mother, on the other hand, who has never attended school herself may be able to offer no more detailed advice to a young school entrant than "remember to behave yourself properly." + toward(s) Ν ADV Β There's going to have to be a good reason for your behaving towards me the way you have. He was behaving towards her as he thought she deserved. Until then they had behaved towards each other with cousinly detachment. Banks came under sharp criticism for behaving unreasonably towards their small-business customers.

The aircraft behaved well although a partial electrical failure caused the loss of some services for a short time. I

If you say a person 1 behaves, you mean they behave well. -> M D1 A person, animal, machine, etc. 1 can behave somehow 1 1 1 , i.e. act that way. Note that you can say A person etc. behaves a certain way or A person behaves in a certain wav, manner or fashion, but that you can't say A person behaves a certain manner or fashion. -> D2 D3 T1 T2

belief P1 P2

noun Some families believe that externally worn symbols of religious belief bring good luck. + that-CL (> 30 %) They also re-stated their belief that Germany should remain in NATO, a policy that Moscow opposes. "I was of the firm

P3

belief that Erik and Lyle were planning to murder me," he said. + about Ν/about Ν V-ing/about wh-CL The experience underscored Curswell's belief about the evolution of man and machine. The belief

78

believe

about players being too old for the game once they hit 30 is wrong. I was brought in and had to adopt someone else's vision and beliefs about where the industry was going.

P4

+ in Ν (frequent) Faith healing relies on the patient's belief in a higher power. Jones has a fervent belief in excellence.

A belief is 'a very strong opinion or conviction about something'. A person's belief (i) about something is their opinion on that subject (ii) in something or someone is their conviction that they exist or can be relied on

believe

verb

GENERAL Active: 2 / 3 Ι

II

α Passive: 113

RELIGION Active: 112

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p

D1

[N]p

D1

ι T1-2

II

Passive: 1 /2

[N]A/[byN] [in N]p

General: 0

D5

[that-CL]p D2 [wh-CL] D3 [S] D4 [so/not/otherwise] D6 [N to-INF]p D7 III [in X] D5 il + IV [N] + [ADJ] T1 it + [ADJ] + [pattern of ADJ] T1 V [of N] T2 M D1

D2

D3 D4 D5

a

a The good therefore believe and the bad disbelieve. (= believe in God) + Np And in both parts of the nation, few people believe Mr Kohl's promises that Germany will be truly one in three or four years. Can you believe it? Five o' clock in the morning! He did not sound as if he believed her. • When Jen-kan told me about it, I couldn't believe my ears. (= was very surprised) + (that)-CL (very frequent) He really believed that there was something wrong with this man. Our correspondent says the Royal Air Force believes effective training for aircrew in the country is impossible under the new regulations. + wh-CL (often: how or what) I couldn't believe how steep it was. SENTENCE She is, I believe , on her way here now. + in N/V-ing/in Ν V-ing (frequent) We believe in prevention rather than cure. I can't help feeling things were all much easier when we all believed in Santa Claus! Do patients believe in the treatment because they feel better, or get bet-

D6

D7

T1

T2

ter because they believe? (only if clear from context) I believe in keeping the planet clean. + in Np We believe in clubs developing their own players. + so/not/otherwise I don't believe so. Until someone can prove the film isn't genuine, there is no reason to believe otherwise. + Ν to-INF (usually passive) She believed her son to be still alive. The bomb, believed to have been concealed in a truck, exploded in the morning in a commercial zone of Medellin. Police in the Irish Republic have arrested the captain of a ship seized off the French coast three years ago with an arms shipment believed to be for the IRA. + Ν + ADJ/it + ADJ-pattern I wouldn't have believed it possible. Although generally associated with China and South East Asia today, historians believe it likely that the martial arts were actually developed in India and subsequently exported more than 1,000 years ago. + Ν + of Ν How could they believe that of me?

Believe means 'think or be sure that something is true, correct, useful, etc.' (i) A person 1 can believe in an idea, ideal, person, procedure, etc.111, i.e. be strongly convinced that they are morally right, successful or useful. (ii) A person 1 can believe something 11 , i.e. think it is the case. (iii) A person 1 can believe another person 11 , i.e. think that this person speaks the truth. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 T1 T2 A person 1 believing in something such as a God 11 thinks they exist -» M D4

79

bend

belligerent

adjective

attr Back at the seminar, punters had some wild explanations for the Sheffield authorities' belligerent attitude. pred The voice sounded belligerent. + about Ν The Chinese were belligerent about it, but the Tibetans would not budge. + in N/V-ing They were very belligerent in their complaints.

P1

P2 P3 P4

+ to Ν They are mostly belligerent to people who they feel endanger their cultural and other identity. + toward(s) Ν (rare) By this time he was becoming somewhat belligerent towards me.

P5

P6

Belligerent means 'aggressive'.

belong A

verb

'be part o f Active: 1/2

lobi H

M

D1

A

Β

[N]a

[V-ing]A [to N] [ADV]

'be owned' Active: 2 / 2

General: 0 D2

lobi

[N]a

II obi

[to N]

General: 0 D1

D1 D2

A Wherever Nancy is now, she may seem fine, but the experts will tell you that such children start to avoid your eyes, and clearly feel they don't belong. + to Ν (>30%) A Leo belonged to an organization that corresponded with convicts on a nationwide basis, offering them guidance and advice in specific areas. There had been a long-standing British

tradition of welcoming and absorbing new citizens who practise different religions or belong to distinct cultures. Β The house belongs to Daddy's grandparents. Most of the cars belonged to the military. + ADV (usually in N) A I feel like I don't belong anywhere. He hardly belongs in this town. No artist belongs where the sun never shines.

D2

Belong can mean 'be a part of something:' (i) If you say that a person 1 belongs in a particular community 11 , you mean that is their rightful place and they are accepted there. (ii) If you say that someone or something 1 belongs to a particular type, group, time or field11, you mean they originate from them or are closely associated with them. -> M D1 D2 Things or animals 1 can belong to a person or a group of people 11 , i.e. be owned by them. D1

Β

bend A

verb D

. . . a part of the body Active: 1/3

Passive: 1/3

ι [ N ] a / [by N] II [N]p III marg [ADV]„ Β road...

D1

T2

D3

T2

Active: 1/2 lobi

C

Active: 2 / 2 D3

'give way'

II

[N]a

[to N]

ι Il Obi

Active: 112 lobi

Passive: 1/3

Ι [ N ] a / [by N] AGENT II Obi [N]p/ [ N ] a /EFFECTED HI [into N] [ADV]« E 'not follow'

[Ν]A

II marg [ A D V ]

'change shape' Active: 2 / 3

General: 0

D2

[ N ] a / [by [N]p

M DI M DI

T1-2 T1-2

T1 T2

Passive: 1/2 N] D1

80

beneficial

M

D1

D2

A Your back allows you to stand, bend and sit. Β Soon the way bends to give a view, even in summer when the trees are out, over the valley. C There are so far no signs that either the dissenting provinces will bend and compromise or that Quebec will bend and compromise. Do you think she is likely to bend on her attitude to Europe? + NR A Instead of bending her knees when she gardened, she seemed to fold in half as if she was hinged in the middle. D October evenings by the fire, Dulcie reading or sewing, Elsie bringing in the tea tray, while outside the wind bent the heavy branches of the elder. E We cannot bend the law in an individual case. + to Ν C The iron lady had to bend to the changing mood of her party. There is no reason to bend to purists.

D3

T1

T2

+ ADV (frequent) A Standing with your legs apart attempt bending as far as possible sideways, running your hand down the side of your thigh. He was bending down to fasten his boot. Β At this point there is another choice of parallel paths on either side of the massive concrete wall which gently bends to the right towards the West Thurrock oil terminal pier. + Ν + into Ν D The Chinese bicycle looked a sorry sight: the front wheel was bent into a figure of eight, the front fork was broken and the tyres were flat. + Ν + ADV^ A Bend both knees to your chest. Bend your head up and down eight times. D If the seeds are allowed to stay on the plant too long their weight bends the stems to the ground.

· ι . . . . . . . The basic meaning off bend is . deviate from a straight or normal position . It is typically used in the following

A Β C D E

A person 1 bends or bends their legs, knees, head, etc.11 M D1 D3 T2 A road, path, etc. 1 can bend, i.e. curve. -> M D3 A person 1 can bend to a force 11 , i.e. give in. M D2 Something flexible11 can bend or be bent into some shape m by a person or some force 1 . -> D1 T1 T2 A person or a group of people 1 can bend a rule, a law, etc. n , i.e. not really stick to it or follow it. -> D1

beneficial P1 P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

adjective

attr The beneficial effect is obtained without complications. pred The relationship should be mutually beneficial. [it] + to-INF It can be beneficial to discuss these feelings with others who are struggling with the same issues. [it] + that-CL Surely it is beneficial that a mainstream magazine with a large circulation should tackle such contentious issues in order to separate the fact from the fiction? + for N/V-ing (frequent) There are occasions where an alternative therapy can provide new insights or help that may prove beneficial for both the parents and the child. This vitamin is beneficial for sores or cracks at the corners of the mouth and dryness (or watering) of the eyes. Oats are expecially beneficial for avoiding heart disease. + in N/V-ing Natural vitamin E may be especially beneficial in night cramps, and other types of muscle cramping. The spa was installed as the result of advice from a physician

P7

P8

that it would be beneficial in relieving pain of severe multiple joint arthritis suffered by this individual's wife. Knowing that certain essences are beneficial in lifting depression she sorted through her oil collection. + to Ν (very frequent) Emily understood all this in principle but could not really appreciate why exercise would be beneficial to her now that she was reaching her later years. Drinking, in moderation, can be a source of pleasure and comfort, beneficial to social welfare and, to some extent, to our health. 'Live' Yogurt. These yogurts contain bacteria beneficial to health. [it] + for Ν + to-INF They both asked me whether it would be beneficial for them to cycle as they were totally fed up with driving and other motorists.

81

bet

Beneficial is used to say that something is helpful or has a good effect; often used in scientific texts. (i) Something, esp. a substance or an activity, can be beneficial for or to a person or to a person's condition, esp. their health. (ii) A substance or an activity can be beneficial for an illness. (Iii) Something can be beneficial in doing something.

bet

noun

P1

A Rodger and I struck the bet in a restaurant and agreed to a large amount of money going into a charity of our choice. Β The "pansotti con crema di noci" with its elegant cream sauce and mild herbs, is another good bet.

P7

+ on N/wh-CL (frequent) A Are they going to start taking bets on whether Hitler or Martin Luther King is dead?

P8

+ with Ν

A He once walked from London to Rutland in under eighteen hours to win a bet with an American gentleman.

+ that-CL

P2

A I had lost my bet that I would have Christmas dinner in the then forbidden capital.

+ of N: QUANT + that-CL

P9

A I would have taken a bet of a million to one that I would never be running for public office again.

[it] + that -CL

P3

A It's a good bet that police corps college graduates would be more sensitive to community relations and less prone to corruption.

P10

A Have a bet of £ 10 each way on Esha Ness to win the Grand National.

+ against Ν/against Ν V-ing

P4

A If anyone who thinks we are going to throw our chance away wants to make a bet against us winning promotion, I am willing to accommodate them. Β People bought rather than rented because property seemed the only surefire bet against inflation. P5

+ of N: QUANT + on Ν to-INF

P11

+ with Ν + that-CL

A In the FA Cup on Sunday, Wise won his cheeky £ 5 bet with Tony Cottee that the Everton striker would miss his crucial spot-kick. P12

+ with Ν + about Ν/with N+ about wh-CL

P13

+ with Ν + on wh-CL

A I have a bet with a journalist about that. A In fact last year I had a £ 100 bet with Gary Kelly on who would score more.

[ADJ] + for Ν

Β Sanchez Vicario is a good bet for the semifinals where she is seeded to meet Martina. Germany is your best bet for medium-dry whites; for the red wine, look for something soft and easy to drink. + of N: QUANT

P6

A Alice Springs sports betting agency Centrebet would pay out thousands of dollars if Harvey won, including one bet of $7000. A

A bet can be 'an opinion you have on a future event, on which you may risk money in the hope that your view is correct'. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 A bet can be 'the thing or person on which you have an opinion or take a risk'. If someone or something P1 P4 P5 is a good bet for something they are likely to achieve that or be suitable for it.

Β

bet

verb Active: 1 / 4

ι

II ni IV ν

vi

Passive: 1 / 4

[N]a / [by N] [N]p.2 /EFFECTED [N]-| BEN/REC [against X] [on N]p [on X] [that-CL]

General: 0

α Active: 1 / 2

D1

Q T1-2

D4

T3

D5

T4

D5

T4 T2

lobi

Q iicont

Q

WHÈÈXÊHÊÊÊÊSÊBÊSÊï

[1]

[you] [that-CL] [S]

D2 D3

82

bid

D1 D2

She had almost no money to bet. a 'It's a sensational car, you drive it and we'll go 50/50 if you win anything". I said 'You bet.' And they were saying how you know the tourist trade had been hit. I bet. + Νρ Bobo bet a lot of money. How much do you bet'l

T3

T4

SENTENCE

a He will be, I bet. time, I bet. D4

T2

+ (that)-CL

α "I bet you didn't even take her fingerprints," Taggart said. I bet they say you talk real Brummie when you go down to Somerset don't they? I bet the Government will win and build the motorway. He can't do it. Bet he can't do it. I'd bet that's right. I bet they're the happiest couple on earth. I hope they are. D3

T1

Yeah that was dreadful

+ against N/V-ing/against Ν V-ing

D o n ' t bet

against them. In any event I wouldn't bet against my own convictions. I wonder who would be foolish enough to bet against him finishing top? D5

+ on Np/V-ing/on Ν V-ing/on Ν to-INF

She

used the time-honoured method of betting on names. The British will bet on anything, from their children's exam results, to the name of the next royal baby - and of course, on alien landings. Perhaps he should bet on three? So maybe things have improved. But I wouldn't bet

on it. To bet on an O'Connor winning Burghley is not a wild idea. My dad always bets on me to score the first goal but he hadn't bothered to have a wager. + Ν ρ + Ν We'll get an award for that, bet you any money. + Np + (that)-CL I had bet Philip that he would not get it open that day and the wager was a bottle of champagne. How much do you want to bet it has been sold? + Np + against Ν When you see this doubletake, you can bet a turnip against a gold napoleon that you have found a fan of the seafaring novels of Patrick O'Brian. + Np + on N/N + on wh-CL The favourites carry short odds - say two to one which means that anyone who bets a pound on that horse gets two pounds - plus his stake - back from the bookmaker. Santa could safely bet his Lapland kingdom on the fact that he will be delivering sleigh-loads of The Lion King, The Fox and the Hound, The Aristocats, Pinocchio and Beauty and the Beast this Christmas. Mr Alamouti is employed to bet millions of pounds on how a market will react to news events. + Ν + Ν + (that)-CL He once bet his friends £ 5 each that he could lie down for five minutes at the junction between Piccadilly and Bond Street. But I'll bet you a week's pocket money that Mum will go on calling me Abraham Patrick.

(i) another person'" a certain amount of money" that something will happen (ii) against something they do not expect to happen IV (iii) on something they expect to happen v (iv) on someone or something they expect to be successful . wmsm ©äpSSg M D1 D4 D5 T1 T2 T3 T4 Q a I bet and you bet can be used to express strong expectation. M D2 D3

bid

noun

P1

A Champions Blackburn have watched Dumitrescu once but have yet to put in a bid. Β The city of Manchester is bidding to stage the 1996 Olympics and so far has raised a total of 1.7 million, all from the private sector, to support the bid.

P2

P4

+ by Ν

A The heavy debt load stems from 1987, when

+ for N/V-ing (frequent)

A Nintendo is involved with a group of Seattle businessmen in a $100m bid for the financiallytroubled Seattle Mariners baseball team. Β The Czechoslovak President and Foreign Minister gave their support to Lithuania's bid for independence from the Soviet Union. This could be important in Manchester's bid for hosting the Olympic Games of 2000.

+ to-INF (frequent)

Β The group which has split the governing Janata Dal party in India has been pressing its bid to take power from Prime Minister V Ρ Singh. French products have been slashed in price in a bid to win back buyers. P3

Harcourt fended off a hostile takeover bid by British publisher Robert Maxwell.

P5

+ from Ν

A For SWEB, which faces a hostile bid from Southern Electricity International of the US,

bid

>6

»7

»8

A Β

bid

chances of independence look slimmer by the hour. + of N: QUANT A Villa face stiff competition from Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday, who had bids of more than £ 4m turned down last season. The initial bid of $43 a share was raised to $45 last month. + by Ν + to-INF Β The huge strike is seen as a desperate bid by Western governments to force them to the peacetable. + from Ν + to-INF Β His strong showing could also lead to a renewed bid from the far right to secure a tightening of Latvia's citizenship laws.

P10

P11

+ from Ν + for Ν A St Helens have turned down a bid from Second Division Barrow for centre Tony Kay, who is Usted at £ 30,000. + of N: QUANT + for Ν A Lazio have tabled a bid of £ 5 million for 27-year-old Enrico Annoni. + of N: QUANT + from Ν A Just before Graham Taylor signed David for Aston Villa for £ 200,000, Crewe were tempted to accept a bid of £ 150,000 from Scottish side, Hibs.

A person can put in a bid for something or to do something, i.e. offer a certain amount of money in order to be allowed to have or do it. -> P1 P3 P4 P5 P6 P9 P10 P11 A bid to do something is an attempt to do it. -> P1 P2 P4 P7 P8

verb

A AUCTION Passive: 1/3 General: 0 miÊÈmActive: 1/3 [N]A/[byN] ι II D1 T1.4 [N]P-2 III T1 [N]p-t IV [to-INF] T7 [for N]p D4 T4.8 [on N] D5 D3 T7-8 V [against N] Β 'greet' ïi^SsfjSlieïï

Hi

Passive: 2/3 mm ' ^ Ì B V S I ^ S i i i S i l Active: 2/3 I [ N ] a / [by N] Il obi [N] 2 D1 T1.5 III

P9

[N]p-i [to N]p

c

'attempt' Active: 2/2

III

[N]A/[byN] [to-INF] [for N]p

D

'command'

»

II

Active: 3/3 I

iiiiiifiiiiii^fíSs Passive: 1/2

IsllslSSiSISli?

D2 D4

msmmmm Passive: 2/3

[ N ] a / [ b y N]

II obi [N]p

T2-3.6

niobi [to-INF] [INF] [ADV]

T2 T3 T6

T1 T5

A The big question now is whether Hanson will bid or take his profit and run.

D3

+ Np

A He opened two clubs and I bid two diamonds. Virgin TV, supported by Virgin Communications and Associated Newspapers, and Channel 5 Broadcasting, backed by Pearson and MAI, both bid £ 22,002,000. (only if clear from context) +Ν Β Michael was not sure how to bid farewell: he advanced, put out his hand - would they shake hands, like good sports in a film? + to-INF (frequent) C You know Birmingham is bidding to be the capital. Manx week organiser Mike O'Hare will be bidding to keep Premier Calendar status

D4

for the Manx International next year + against Ν A "Maybe I can get an auction going." "An auction?" Katrina and Charlie chorused together. "Why not? Get them bidding against each other!" + for Np (frequent) A People are being given coupons through which they'll be able to bid for animals in the newly-privatised livestock market. The North Staff's Railway Diesel Group is bidding for one of the many class 20 locomotives put up for sale on the latest BR tender list. C Nicola Browne, 17, scored her first intermediate win with a foot-perfect run on Grey Knight, with whom she is bidding for a place on the junior team.

84 + on Ν A His eyes made a subtle signal, as though he were bidding on a Renoir at Sotheby's. + Np + Ν A Will nobody bid me more? Analysts think Southern will initially bid about 600p a share, compared with National Power's present 592p price. Β Gentlemen, I bid you adieu. In New York people incessantly tell one to 'Have a good day' thought Cassie; here they continually bid one welcome. + Np + to-INF D I feel like a particularly pitiful Cnut, bidding the incoming tide to go back in the hopeless knowledge that it will swallow me. In 1820, he dreamed that God bid him to establish a church. + Ν + INF D He gives up the idea, and simply asks for his monocle and the portfolio on the desk, bidding him place it on the stool beside his couch.

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

+ Np + for Ν A Comic Keith Harris, who stars with puppet Orville the duck, has bought the car number plate ORV 1L. He bid £ 2,100 for the registration at an auction in Harrogate, North Yorks. + Np + to Np Β However, a few days later when he bade farewell to their senior officers at the Citadel in Panama City, the Guardia surprised him. + Np + A D V

D As a result I was bidden to Clarence House for a pre-lunch gin and tonic with her and Princess Margaret. + against Ν + to-INF A You could let medical charities bid against the councils to undertake wholesale research programmes. + against Ν + for Ν A Laboratories across the world would bid against each other for the smallest sample.

ι In a competition or an auction, a person* can bid (i) the amount they are willing to pay 11 (¡i) for IV or, less commonly, on something l v they want to have (iii) against someone else v (iv) (in a card game such as bridge) the score they expect to achieve 11 , (bid bade bid) M D1 D3 D4 D5 T1 T4 T7 T8 A person 1 can bid another person 111 welcome or goodbye 0 , i.e. greet them, (bid bade bid) D1 T1 T5 If a person 1 bids to do something 11 , they attempt to do it. (bid bade bidden) —> D2 A person 1 can bid someone 11 do something or to do something 111 , command them to do it. (bid bade bidden) T2 T3 T6

adjective attr A This isn't a big house, one can hear every damn word anyone says in it. He is in a position to know a lot about big business. Β So you're a big cycling fan? pred A The table is big enough to work at. C But the Conservatives are big enough, when they choose a leader, to put such considerations aside. + in Ν (frequent) A He believed that the business, Amersham Clinical Reagents, would have a better future with Kodak, which was already big in diagnostic instrumentation and possessed the worldwide servicing network and US sales force Amersham lacks. He's big in parachutes.

P4 P5

P6

P7

+ of Ν C That's pretty big of him. + on N/V-ing (frequent) Β Actually he was big on housework. He also was big on using pictures during interrogation, pictures of dead people. + with Ν Β They were big with dogmas - and the presenters loved them. D There are several things you can do to make yourself feel better about the sheer discomfort in bed when you are (as they used to say) big with child. [it] + of Ν + to-INF C I think it is quite big of him to be willing to let you decide. It was big of you to take the risk.

85 A

bind

Big means 'large in size'. It is often also used to indicate that something is successful or important. A person who is big in some business is important and successful. -> P1 P2 P3 A person who is big on something is enthusiastic about it. -* P1 P5 P6 If something is big of a person, it is generous of them. -> P2 P4 P7 If you say a woman is big with child you mean she is pregnant; an ironic and old-fashioned use. —> P6

Β C D

bind A

verb 'tie' Active: 2 / 3

ι II obi III PART

Β

II obi

III

Active: 2 / 3

[N] a / [by N ] [N]p [to N] [together] rulesetc.... Active: 2 / 3

ι

... book Passive: 1/3

Active: 3 / 4

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [with N] [together]

Passive: 1 /3

[N]A / [by N] [V-ing]A [that-CL]A [N]p [to-INF] [to N] + Np

T1

T2

T3

A Β C 0

A Two men forced them to stop, bound them, tied hoods over their heads and drove for miles at high speed before eventually throwing them out onto the road. He felt her knife slash through the ropes which bound his arms. Β Like it or not, I am bound by certain restrictions of my profession. C They bound my book wrongly: wrong title, wrong name, wrong picture. + Np + to INF Β In the contract he was bound to work to a strict brief, undertaking to use gold and the best materials, not to employ collaborators, and to finish the work within three years. + Np + in Ν C She sent away for a collection of china birds and a complete set of Dickens bound in imitation leather. + Np + to Ν A Cu Chulainn has meanwhile bound himself to a standing stone by means of his belt that he might die on his feet. Β A number of the more volatile Tories wanted the Government to "renounce" or "denounce"

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] a / [byN] [N]r [in N] COOKING

T4

T5

General: 0 D

Passive: 2 / 4 T4

Q

T4

Q Q

the treaty obligations which bind Britain to the common fisheries policies. • The Socialists have also bound themselves to the Prisa media group, who now own a significant share of private Spanish television. (= attached) + Np + with Ν D Most savory tarts are sophisticated cousins of the French quiche, assemblages of ingredients bound with eggs and cream. + together NP A Each child's art treasures are kept in a folder during the week and are bound together in book fashion on Saturday. • Despite these differences, however, we see great value in identifying the common threads that bind together seemingly different types of addictions. (= connect) Efforts should be made to bind the entire community together. (= unite) + together h N p + with Ν D What lay immediately underneath was hardpacked rubble bound together with good midVictorian cement.

I TI A person1 can bind someone or something11, i.e. tie them with a rope, tape, etc. -* D T3 T5 1 0 Rules, necessities, etc. can bind a person , i.e. force that person to behave in a certain way. D T1 T3 A person or a machine1 can bind a book11, i.e. join the pages and add a cover. -> D T2 When cooking etc. a person1 can bind a mixture 0 with another ingredient"1, i.e. make them stick together. -> T4 Q

bitchy

86

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + over Np (+ to-INF) The act also requires the court

over to exercise proper care and control. (= or-

to consider whether the parents should be bound

bitchy

adjective

attr These and many more bitchy remarks are currently setting Hollywood's prima donnas at each others' throats pred You should forgive her for being bitchy.

P1

P2 T(.

dered by a court)

......

. . . .

+ about Ν Graham has told me that I won't like the book since so many people have been so bitchy about me. + to Ν She really was bitchy to you.

P3

P4

,

If a person is bitchv to or about another person, they say unkind or critical things to them or about them.

blame

noun

P1

"He should look at his own Government's management and try not to pin the blame on individual groups," Mr Duivenvoorden said. The statement attributed some blame to Roman Catholics, saying the church had not been vigilant enough in reacting against anti-Semitism.

P2

+for N/V-ing/for Ν V-ing She describes a miserable early life in which her father regularly beat her mother, but she does not try to shift

blame for the murders on to Brady. A large part of the blame for the dramatic rise in cases of malaria lies in the development of drug-resistant strains of malaria parasites. Pierre Verbrugghe, the Paris police chief, took the blame for failing to stop the rioting. Gooch said yesterday he took full blame for his car causing the deaths. The trial continues.

The blame for something that has happened is 'the responsibility for causing it to happen'.

blame

verb

Active: 2 / 3

ι II III IV V

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[N]A / [by N]

[N]p /EFFECTED [N]p BEN/REC [for N/V-ing] [on Ν]

D D

T2 T1 T1 T2

+ Ν The government estimates that three thousand people are sleeping rough on the streets of London. Opposition politicians and charities working with the homeless are more inclined to blame cuts in the provision of public housing.

D

T1

+ Np + for N/V-ing You should not be blamed for the errors of your grandfathers. The new President blamed the current education system for denying people access to a good education.

T2

+ Np + on Ν She ate all the biscuits and blamed it on me. Christies' chairman, Lord Carrington, blamed the company's problems on the economic slowdown in Europe.

His family are urging the navy to admit it was wrong to blame him. The sudden change of activity after waking up could be one reason, but some doctors blame weekend drinking which raises blood pressure, contributing to the Monday morning heart attack.

The meaning of blame is 'believe or say that someone or something is responsible for something bad'.

bless A

verb RELIGION Active: 1 / 2

ι II obi

[N]a / [by N] [N]p

Β Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

ι D

'consent' Active: 2 / 2

II obi

Passive: 1 / 2

[N]A/[byN] [N]p

D

blind

87

C

GRATITUDE Active: 3 / 3

ι

[ N ] a / [by N]

II obi

[N]p [for N/V-ing]

niobi

T1

A Β C

P2

P3

P4

T1 T1

... with good fortune Active: 3 / 3

Passive: 2 / 3

ι [N] a / [by N] II obi [N]p

III obi [with N] T2

T2 T2

+ Np + with Ν D My partner and I are blessed with three children. Beth Figueroa, who helped launch Terme di Saturnia cosmetic products, and whose 20 years in the cosmetic industry have blessed her with leadership qualities, maintains smooth transitions. Nature has blessed this land with an ideal climate.

IT

A priest 1 can bless someone or something 11 , i.e. ask God's favour for that person or thing. A person or authority 1 can bless a plan, action, etc.11, i.e. consent to i If a person says Bless you for something, they express their gratitude. Someone or something 11 can be blessed with something desirable 111 .

blessing P1

WSeÊKtKÊ:

A I don't want his advice but just to know he is good at his job of absolving, blessing and anointing. + Np A I have a cross blessed in Bethlehem. Β It now looks as if Willy Brandt will travel to Baghdad on Monday. He'll be on a private mission blessed by the United Nations secretary general but not representing him. + Np + for N/V-ing C Sorry, sir, bless you for your patience. I blessed her silently for being so willing to accept my curiosity without question. I

D

ssSSRiäälli

Passive: 2 / 3

• MO

noun

A But the real blessings of the economic rebirth, while highly visible, are less measurable. Β Then after that, we shall with Almighty God's blessing, do a normal day's lessons. [it] + that-CL A It was a blessing that local supermarkets keep large stocks of Evian water as a matter of course. [it] + to-INF A In a way it has been something of a blessing to have all these financial and business crises occurring. + for Ν (frequent) Β They'll also want to know what steps Britain is taking to win China's blessing for the scheme.

P5

P6

P7

+ of Ν (very frequent) A I had grown so accustomed to the incessant racket in my head that I had forgotten the blessing of true silence. + on Ν Β The Pope has promised to consecrate the cathedral in September when the president will seek a religious blessing on his three decades of rule. + to Ν (frequent) A Children are a blessing to us.

If something is a blessing, it brings good fortune or happiness. P1 P2 P3 P5 P7 If a person asks for someone's or God's blessing, they seek support and favour for their actions or laviour. P1 P4 P6 (SaalflfltlllWIw&KlltfB^^

blind P1

adjective attr A Oh, a blind man could find it. Β We run the risk of making critical decisions, not on the basis of what we know, but on the basis of blind faith in one or another set of professed experts.

P2

pred A I had never noticed he was blind. Β The test was blind, in that the patients did not know whether they were receiving the special or the normal commercial sugar.

88

block

P3

+ in Ν A Totally blind in his right eye practically from birth, he overcame this handicap to become one of the leading figures in shaping the Labour Party policies of the 30's and 40's.

A

If a person or an animal is blind in one eye or both eyes, they are unable to see with these eyes. - » P1 P2 P3 If a person is blind to certain facts, they are not or do not wish to be aware of them. -» P1 P2

Β

block A

II obi

III

+ to Ν (frequent) Β They are obstinate, deaf to suggestions, shortsighted, and often blind to what is going on about them. Did that necessarily mean that they had been blind to his weaknesses?

verb 'obstruct' Active: 2 / 3

Ι

P4

Β Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [with N]

'prevent' Active: 2 / 3

ι T2 T2

+ Np A In Delhi the students have continued to block road and rail traffic. The main roads to the city are still blocked by landslides. A sun hat is essential for blocking harmful rays. Β The Social Democrats blocked a government finance bill. The Russian Supreme Soviet urged Boris Yeltsin to use his Security Council veto to block any possible military intervention in former Yugoslavia.

II obi

III T1

T2

[N]a / [by N ] [N]p [from V-ing]

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0 D

T1 T1

+ Np + from V-ing Β Manitoba's legislature has been blocked from taking action by the efforts of a lone Indian member. + Np + with Ν A Other roads are blocked with boulders and barbed wire.

Block can mean 'obstruct' (i) A person 1 blocks a road, track etc.11 with a thing111. (ii) A thing 1 blocks a road, etc.11 (iii) A person or thing 1 blocks the traffic or something moving 11 . -> D T2 also in phrasal verbs: block off; block out; block up Block can also mean 'prevent'. (i) A person or organisation 1 blocks a plan or action of some kind" (ii) A person or organisation 1 blocks another person" from doing something 111 . • DT1 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in *-> Np It was true that there was no hope of escape in reality since they were blocked in on all sides. (= surrounded) It is difficult to assess whether the colours are right in relation to each other until the whole painting is blocked in. (= is completed) + off «-» Np The Romanian news agency says about three hundred people waving anti-government banners gathered in University Square and blocked off traffic. (= obstructed)

blow P1

+ out Np When we block out grief, fear, and other discomforts, we at the same time limit our capacity to experience pleasure. (= exclude) Pull your curtains tightly shut to block out the sunlight. (= exclude) + up •-» Np Powdering a sweaty nose will only block up the pores. (= clog)

noun A As he approached the pair in a deserted road in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, one of them pulled out

a hammer and knocked him unconscious with a single blow.

89

P2

P3

P4

A Β

blow

Β Chris Broad's hopes of winning an England recall for the winter tour to India suffered a blow after the Nottinghamshire opener broke a bone in his left hand, [it] + to-INF Β "It will be a bit of a blow to see it leave the family, but that is the wish of my uncle," he said, [it] + that-CL Β It's a bit of a blow that his best friend is saying "Oh don't get involved." + for Ν A Neil Mallender struck a blow for the good old county professional as England's journeymen bowlers ripped through Pakistan at Headingley yesterday. Β A rate rise would be a blow for the Government and home-owners.

+ to Ν (frequent) A Such tests are usually done to find out how badly the brain's been damaged after a blow to the head. Β The loss of a further 5,000 jobs, over two years, is clearly a serious blow to Rolls-Royce. + ADV A Carpenter felt a tremendous blow against his chest and he thought that all the air would leave his lungs in a single gust. Spurs, having lost Justin Edinburgh to an accidental blow in the face in the 18th minute, were probably worth their lead 16 minutes later. He died of a cerebral haemorrhage after a blow on the jaw during a rugby union game.

P5

P6

If someone receives a blow to a part of their body, they are hit there. -» P1 P4 P5 P6 If something is a blow to someone or their hopes, it causes disappointment or a lack of success. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

blow A

verb wind...

»

mûWÊ&ÊÊS

SiiilSl^ill

Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 2 / 3

[it]A [ N ] a / [by N] [it] + [N]

[N]p [N]A

M M D2 D1

. . . instrument

General: 0

Active: 112

Passive: 112

T1.3

II

[N] a / [by N] AGENT [N]p /EFFECTED

T1.3

D

[N] A . . . glas!

I

Active: 2 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N]

IV

[ADV]« [ADJ: open/shut]

II obi

Β

'explode'

Further u s e s

[N]p [on N]

Active: 1 / 3

m Passive: 1 / 2

di D1 T2

[N]A AGENT [N] /EFFECTED [N]A [ADV]« M

D1

A But the gale blew all next day and it was still too rough to open the inner harbour gates. (invented example) It was blowing all afternoon. Β News was coming through that the power station at Chernobyl had blown. C A whistle blew and a man shouted an order. +Ν A It was an awful day and blowing half a gale. • They'd given me so many antibiotics they'd blown my immune system. (= seriously damaged) She blew her nose and looked at Claire bleakly. (= cleaned by blowing) + Np

Β Traffic was confused today. Somebody had

D2

blown a tire on the 14th Street Bridge. C Dean Colley blows a baritone sax. D The glass-blower works the molten glass by alternately blowing and rolling it on a marble table to form the glass into a bubble. If your child doesn't seem to mind water on her face, show her how to blow bubbles. Barnaby Bates was taught by his sisters to blow smoke rings when he was fifteen. + ADV A The wind was blowing in, the windows were broken. The sleet blew against Hyde's cheek and hand. He blew on his soup before slurping it off the spoon.

90

bold

T1

T2

T3

C D

+ Np AD J: open/shut A The wind blew open his thin overcoat. The wind must have blown the door shut. • He was going to blow the whole thing wide open. (= reveal and make public) + Np + on Ν • They blew their money on bananas and Coca Cola. (= spent all their money on) + Np + ADV« A Roofs have been blown off and windows blown in. The force of the blast was such that

Blow refers to movements involving a strong current of air or breath: (i) A wind, breeze, draught, storm or gale 1 can blow. (ii) A person or thing 11 blows somewhere or is blown somewhere by the wind. I IT IIf (iii) A person 1 blows something like dust or dirt" from a place or thing 1 ". (iv) A person 1 can blow on something 1 1 1 , i.e. exhale forcefully. M D1 D2 T1 T3 also in phrasal verbs: blow out Something 1 1 can blow or be blown, i.e. explode, burst or be destroyed suddenly in some other way. —> M D1 T3 also in phrasal verbs: blow up A wind instrument or whistle" can blow or be blown, thus producing sound. -> M D1 A person 1 can blow something like a glass vessel or a bubble 11 , i.e. make it by blowing. -» D1 also in phrasal verbs: blow up

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away N P There'd be hard-eyed men with high-powered weapons lurking close, ready to blow him away at the slightest sign of menacing movement. (= shoot: a very informal use) + out D1 D3 T2

bound P1 P2

P3

pred in combinations: A This particular Porsche is Munich-bound. + for Ν A Gravesend is the first port of importance on the Thames and here ships bound for London Docks would take on a pilot. Β Miss Musto is possibly bound for a career in Criminal Law. + to-INF/ to (>30%) Β

A Β

P2 P3 P4

The wind's bound to pick up later.

P4

ter all, your wages are bound to rise next year to meet the extra commitments, aren't they? This was bound to happen. Still, they were seldom thrown out. Even if the hosts didn't recognize them, someone else was bound to. [there] + to-INF: be Β There's bound to be the odd surprise.

Af-

If a person or vehicle is bound for a particular place, that is their destination. -> P1 P2 If a person is bound for something such as success, they are very likely to achieve it; if something is bound to happen, it will definitely happen. -> P2 P 3 P4

brave P1

adjective

adjective

attr It seemed to me that it was a terribly brave thing for her to do. pred Ί think you're very brave,' he said. + to-INF I thought she was very brave to do it. + about N/V-ing /about Ν V-ing She is being incredibly brave about her injuries. Ella enjoyed being pampered after her accident, and was very brave about staying in bed for four months flat on her back. He's really awfully brave about Carolyn leaving him, isn't he?

P5

P6 P7

+ in N/V-ing Walesa can probably do better with keeping the workers fairly accepting of the economic reform than M r Mazowiecki, who was very brave in telling it exactly as it would be. + of Ν How brave of you. [it] + of Ν + to-INF It's been brave of you to protect your friends.

Brave is used to express admiration or respect for a person or an action because that person has shown great courage: (i) If a person is brave about something, esp. a setback, they cope with it very well. (ii) If a person is brave in doing something, their actions show their courage. (iii) If it is brave of someone to do something, it is courageous of them.

break P1 P2

P3

noun A An Army spokesman said he had left the service for a short break. + for Ν • The beleaguered warriors decided to make one last break for freedom. (= attempt to reach) + from N/V-ing A At one point we took a break from the inter-

view so we each could go to the bathroom. Cruises make wonderful family vacations. They offer families a complete break from routine. On a day's break from shooting her next picture she seemed relaxed, direct, down to earth. Β That would be a radical break from the onecontract-fits-all policy.

93

break

+ of Ν A British and Albanian officials have been meeting in Geneva to discuss the possible resumption of diplomatic relations after a break of more than forty years. + in Ν (frequent) A Mr Delors telephoned Mr MacSharry during a break in the negotiations. • "What chance of a break in the weather?"

P4

P5

A Β

P6

A break can be 'an, often short, interruption in something'. -> P1 P3 P4 P5 (i) If something is a break with the past or tradition, it represents a new development. (ii) If someone makes a break with someone else, they end their relationship with that person. —» P3 P6

break A

verb thing ...

Active: 1/3

E

III

lobi

Β

D5

C

T3

m

D

WÊBÊÊÈttSM:

II

hi IV

II obi

Passive: 1 / 2

[N]A/[byN] [ADV]p.prep

D7

Further uses

[N]p 'abandon' Active: 2 / 2

ι

Active: 2 / 2

ι Passive: 1 / 2

Passive: 1 / 2

ι [N]a / [by N] ii obi [into N]p G 'enter'

T3

MM II obi

in F

[N]a

[for N] [from N/V-ing] ... action Active: 2 / 2

T3

[to N] ... law Active: 2 / 2

II

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by Ν] AGENT [N]p AEFFECTED

[N]a ih

T1 T1

news ... Active: 1/3

ι li

D1

[ i n t o N]

'interrupt Active: 2 / 2

Passive: 1/3

»+(«> ( [ N M b y N ] ) ;»»;·>οΐ «»" 11 1 11 11 person or machine can burn fuel . Fuel can 1 -» M D1 T1 T2 T3 also in phrasal verbs: burn down Burn can mean 'do harm to something or be harmed by exposure to excessive heat', for example: Food 11 can burn. A person 1 can burn food 11 . The sun 1 can burn a person's skin 11 . The skin11 can burn. ->M D1 A person' -» D1 T5 Burn can also mean 'have a strong desire or feeling' : (i) A person 1 can burn with an emotion or desire111, i.e. be full of it. (ii) A person 1 can burn to do something or burn for something 11 , i.e. be very eager to do it or have it. -» 02 D3 D5

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away Np The activity just isn't strenuous enough to burn away sufficient calories to significantly reduce body fat. (= consume) + down When my house burned down I decided it was a good time to go back to Texas. (= was completely destroyed by fire) If you are going to grill the steak, build a wood or charcoal fire about 1 hour 30 minutes before serving and let it burn down to glowing coals. (= be almost completely consumed; a rare use) + down Np Reports from Nepal say a crowd has burned down the office of a pro-monarchist party. (= destroyed completely by fire) + off Np A 30-minute aerobic workout is more than sufficient to burn off those excess calories and aid weight control. (= use up) + out In 1981 Robby and his deputy, John Cruse, were flying an AEW3 on an altitude test when the two inboard engines burned out. (= broke down through overheating) All aboard were killed, and the aircraft burned out on the ground, between Poix and Grandvilliers. (= was destroyed by fire) He took on so many liberal causes that he sort of burned out. (= lost his energy)

+ out + REFL PRON It was the time of The Sex Pistols burning themselves out on the rock'n'roll life-style. (= exhausting unrecoverably) + out —> Np All it needed was for one of the lorries to burn out its brakes and the whole convoy would make the most monumental avant-garde sculpture at the bottom of the ravine. (= have its brakes become unusable through overheating) If exploded in mid-air, the bomb would emit a massive pulse of radio energy to burn out every electronic circuit and telephone line in the area. (= destroy) He relaxed back into his chair, letting his pipe bum itself out in his hand. (= burn to nothing) + up A smaller asteroid would have burned up in the upper atmosphere. (= been destroyed completely by fire) + up 30%) A Jane explained that she'd been busy working on a project. The Inspector was busy coordinating his forces. + about Ν A The swallows glided like dark arrows, busy about the construction of their strange nests.

P5

P6

+ on Ν A The Oxford English Dictionary people, who are busy on the next edition, are always seeking new evidence for their citations. + with Ν (frequent) A Been too busy with my work, taking exams and so on. When she emerged into the sittingroom she saw Pete at the cooking-stove, busy with a coffee percolator. Β Beyond the apartment blocks he saw the sea, dark blue, scintillating, busy with freighters. St Paneras station has lost its Scottish traffic, the Heysham and Tilbury boat trains, and the GER services to Cambridge, but it remains busy with trains to Sheffield and the East Midlands.

A person who is busy doing something is working hard on it and is not free to do anything else. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 If you say a road, a harbour, a city, a place etc. is busy with people, boats etc., you mean that 'there is a lot of activity there'. P1 P2 P6

105 buy

buy

verb Active: 1 / 3

Ι

Passive: 1 / 3

/ [by N ] [V-ing]A [to-INF]A [N V-ing]A tthat-CL]A [N]A

li com [N]p_2

/EFFECTED

HI

[N]p_i BEN/REC [for N]

IV

[at N]

PRICE

[for N] [by N] [into N]p VII [ADJ] vin [from N] [off N] ix [with N] ν vi

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

T1

T2

General: 0

T1

Active: 2 / 3

T1

ι

T1 T1

II obi

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A / [by N] [N]p

General: 0

D1

T1

T1-8

Active: 1 / 2

T1

lobi

[N]a/

T5 T3 T5

Il obi

[N]p

Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

[by N] D1

T4

T2 T6 T7 T8

Nowadays many retailers go to considerable lengths to provide information about the style and taste of each wine. Some will even let you taste before you buy. (only if clear from context) Your fridge and freezer are on 24 hours a day, so it makes sense to assess running costs before you buy. (only if clear from context)

T3

T4

+ Νρ There would be more unemployment and wages would buy even less. I've never bought a painting in my life, α This is a problem that inevitably arises as a democracy decays into a fully fledged plutocracy: the rich can buy politicians by the barrelful.

T5

β I smiled sincerely, to encourage him to buy this unlikely story. Do they really think a jury will buy that? As long as you're consistent, they'll buy it. + at Np The prospective multiple, at 17 times, is a touch high and the yield at 2.2 per cent low, but the strong trading environment and earnings growth means there is plenty to go for. Buy at 395p. (only if clear from context) + by Ν Often these are cheaper if you buy by mail order. Buy by the box and save up to 45 %. (only if clear from context) + into Np • The new law would allow foreign capital to buy into privatised state companies. (= acquire a share of) + Np + Np His family have bought him a new hi-fi for Christmas. I ' m gonna buy myself a big fine boat. + Np + ADJ Most of the Rhondda farms and estates came into the hands of absentee land-

T6

T7 T8

lords, who bought the land cheap. Buy the shirts large and have a few for variety. + Np + at Ν Today they'll discuss the government's proposal for a two-tier system which would allow certain groups to buy petrol at lower prices. + Np 4 by Ν They continued to buy wine by the case. + Np + for Ν At Christmas, you always buy presents for other people. I had no money to buy food for my family. They will be able to buy goods for a fraction of the price they pay at home. They drive home in a second-hand Mercedes bought for 15,000 marks in Stuttgart last year. + Np + from Ν I thought I was getting a bargain when I bought a microwave oven from my local electrical shop. + Np + off Ν I used to buy his morphine tablets off him. + Np + with Ν Some of the Tories' main corporate backers were seeking to buy political favours with cash donations. My daughter wants to buy a wristwatch with her holiday money. a He tried to rally the tribes for the following two years, but to no avail, for the British bought the chiefs of the tribes with trade goods.

buy

106

Generally buy means to acquire something m exchange for money . (i) A person 1 can buy something 11 (a) f r o m a s h o p v m (b) from or off a p e r s o n v m selling it to them (c) by a particular m e t h o d v , e.g. by mail order or by the kilo etc. (d) with something that one has I X , esp. money (e) for (1) another person, (2) a special occasion such as Christmas, someone's birthday, (3) a particular purpose 1 0 (f) for or at a certain price I Y . 1 π (ii) A sum of money 1 can buy a certain amount of goods", i.e. be used to buy them. -> M D1 D2 D3 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 also in phrasal verbs: buy out; buy over; buy up α A person 1 can buy another person 11 , i.e. bribe them or buy advantages or favours by bribing. D1 T8 also in phrasal verbs: buy off β A person 1 can buy what somebody else says 11 , i.e. believe or accept it. D1 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + off Ν ρ In some cases, police were bought off by drugs dealers. (= bribed) + out « N p The club is up for sale for the third time in three years and someone needs to find £ 2.75 million to buy out chairman Les Brealey. (= buy his share of the company) The Manchesterbased firm was bought out by management in July last year. (= taken complete control of)

+ over « Ν ρ The government has attempted to buy over unnamed editors and publishers. (= pay them for support) + up Np The minister said he plans to call in people known to have been agents for the secret police. (= involve) Governments do, however, have a vital catalytic role in persuading banks not to call in loans (= ask for them to be returned) + off «-• Np He also demanded that Nivelle agree to call off this attack if he was not immediately successful. (= break off; stop)

+ out + + + + +

He was about to call out when he held himself back. (= shout) out M D2 D3 A person 1 can care about somebody or something 111'.i.e. . A person'cares for another person or an animal111 can mean (a) that they are emotionally attached to them or (b) that they take care of them. A person cares for a thing always means they take care of it. However, a person does not care for a person, animal or a thing always means that they do not like them. Care can be used in polite questions with would in order to offer something to someone or in order to find σ out whether someone would like to do something. D4

careful adjective P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

attr In most cases a careful attention to diet will lead to a reduction in weight. This case deserves careful consideration. pred I've known from that moment that I must be especially careful. Times are lean so you need to be careful. + to-INF (frequent) The committee has been careful to adopt a more robust approach better suited to present circumstances. Be careful to lock all cellar and attic doors. Now she's got to be really careful not to get cold. + V-ing It's raining, and I have to be careful driving. They told me to be careful climbing the stairs. + (that)-CL Be careful that no-one gets in the way. Each team was being very careful that it didn't make a mistake. You've got to be careful you don't create an unnatural effect. + wh-CL At work, I have to be careful how I dress. Be careful where you park your car. In his new position the Duke would have to be doubly careful what he said. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL They are usually quite careful about security. Peter's a Goliath, so I'd better be careful about losing my temper with him. We have to be careful about what data we use. The only real way of avoiding a hangover is by being careful about how much you drink.

P8

P9

P10

P11

+ in N/V-ing The president was very careful in his remarks. Harvey is so careful in choosing what he says that I have often seen him fail to respond to a question until the next day for fear that his answer would be misconstrued. + of N/V-ing/of wh-CL Be careful of the steps. I would be careful of him, if I were you. It is also important to be careful of your language. We have to be careful of not setting up local monopolies. He is careful of what he reads. And we are very careful of how we communicate with one another. + over N/V-ing / over wh-CL (rare) I think carmakers have to be careful over joint ventures. If you are higher up the business world be careful over who has access to a telephone! + with N/V-ing / with wh-CL Careful with your heads, the ceiling is low. I am generally very careful with money. You also need to be careful with callers who offer to make building repairs or lay tarmac drives. Be careful with paraphrasing. Are you careful with what you eat? But do be careful with whom, when, and how you let these feelings out of the closet; make sure you're in a safe relationship and a safe environment.

illlülll Someone can be careful (i) (a) about or over a matter, (b) doing something, (c) how they do something, i.e. approach it carefully. (ii) in something they actually do, i.e. do it carefully. (iii) of someone or something or that something does not happen, i.e. be cautious (often used in warnings). (iv) to do something, i.e. make sure it happens or is done that way. (v) with a resource or with something to be carried, handled, processed, i.e. treat or use it carefully. (vi) with a person, i.e. careful not be too open with them.

careless P1 P2

P3

adjective

attr He was charged with careless driving. pred If you live in poverty you have to handle things in your life - you cannot afford to be careless. She is careless. + to-INF Some Tories fear he was careless to

P4

acknowledge 'a 7p in the pound' tax hike from April. [it] + to-INF Maybe I'm just a food snob, but it seems careless to mix European and New World wines.

115 P5

P6

P7

P8

case + wh-CL (rare) The agents of a prince regard the wealth of their master as inexhaustible; are careless at which price they buy; are careless at what price they sell; are careless at what expence they transport his goods from one place to another. As usual, he was careless how his words might be twisted. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL

Parliamentary

democracy is careless about the talent it squanders. They got careless about how they set up. I got careless about what I was eating and I stopped exercising because my membership ran out. + as to wh-CL (rare) The prisoners, too, seem now to be careless as to who wins so long as the war ends! + in N/V-ing Sometimes Martin was a bit careless in making introductions.

P9

P10

P11 P12

+ of Ν She was careless of the noise she made. He was known to many as the personification of a new kind of youth, careless of appearances, generous, outspoken. How very careless of you. + over Ν (rare) Julian Critchley is rarely careless over his facts. + with N/V-ing She was careless with her money and her friendship, [it] + of Ν + to-INF It was careless of you to lose your shovel.

Careless can be used to say that a person does not give enough thought to what they are doing either because they are not careful enough (in which case the action can also be called careless) or because they do not care. A person can be careless (i) about something. (¡i) to do something or in doing something or over something, i.e. not take enough care over it. (iii) with a resource or with something to be handled or dealt with in a particular way, i.e. use too much of it or treat it without the necessary care. (iv) of something or of doing something, or that something was the case or going to happen, or how it would be done or work out, i.e. not be concerned.

case

noun

P1

A In this case, a new writer can be brought in to complete the work for each new production. Β The judge in the case has said he will give potential jurors a questionnaire today on their backgrounds and views. C But what has actually been the easel

P2

[it] + [the] + that-CL

C When we were under a fixed exchange rate system it was the case that the majority of countries that devalued had a change of government within the succeeding twelve months. P3

+ against N/V-ing

Β Mr Goldberg is representing Coles in the case against Mr Quinn. D The case against intervening with Western ground forces is very strong. P4

+ for N/V-ing/for Ν V-ing/for Ν to-INF

D The case for the reforms suggested here is strong. There is a case for thinking that the shares may have hit bottom. I think there's a strong case for the UN sending some kind of temporary mission of enquiry to look into that. Both have presented an economic case for the Government to either raise or introduce new taxes to retain jobs and service levels.

E I wonder whether this is a case for an antidepressant or a tranquillizer? The region should be considered as a special case for extra aid, because of the legacies of conflict and apartheid. P5

+ of N/V-ing/of Ν V-ing/of wh-CL

(frequent)

A In the past two months, more than 5,500 new cases of typhus had been reported. The Libyan Foreign Ministry described the incident as a blatant case of aggression. He did not specify when the charges would be filed or if Miss Bhutto would appear before one of the special tribunals recently established to investigate cases of corruption. Now, we are able in certain cases to save babies born at 26 weeks and there have been rare cases of even younger babies surviving to normal life. This is a case of town versus country, pure and simple. Β I find that the interests of justice require that there be a second trial in the case of People versus Powell. C It isn't always a case of making a simple choice. It's not a case of whether anyone would notice or not. Nine times out of ten there isn't even a third party involved; it is just a

116

casual

case of one partner being left behind as the other develops wider interests. [the] + with Ν C They take on more responsibilities than is the case with the student who is here for four, five, six weeks.

P6

A case can be 'a particular instance or occurrence of something, sometimes as ι such as a doctor'. P1 P5 Β A case can be 'a trial in court, as in 'the O. J. Simpson case". -> P1 P3 P5 C If you say something is the case, or it is a case of something, or of something happening, or it is the case that something happens, or that is the case with someone, it is a way of saying what is true or what happens. -> P1 P2 P5 P6 D The case for or against something is 'the whole set of arguments and evidence that supports or contradicts a particular plan or idea'. P3 P4 E If something is a case for a particular course of action or treatment, that course of action is needed or seems appropriate. P4 Note there is also a conjunction in case, used in sentences such as: 'Italian dealers do not want to show off their best in case a government official is watching,' says one Florentine dealer.

casual

adjective

attr It's far too easy to take a casual approach, pred The Cafe is light, airy and casual. + about N/V-ing (frequent) I'm not casual about sex. Nick himself is almost casual about being TV's highest-paid actor. + in N/V-ing They are casual in their behaviour. Casual indeed in their love-affairs, slipping from one to the next. Less serious cases

P1 P2 P3

P4

can become serious if patients become too casual in following the doctor's advice. + with Ν We're far too casual with keys around here. Companies are too casual with their casual workers.

P5

Casual is used to say that a person is unconcerned about

catch ι Il α ι II

verb Active: 112 Passive: 112 General: 0 [N]a / [by N] [N]p D1 . . . fire Active: 112 [N] a D1 [N] D1

[N]a M . . . disease Active: 2/2 Passive: 1/2 I [N]A/[byN] II obi [N]p γ 'hear' Active: 2/2 lobi [N] a II obi [N] D1 [wh-CL] 02 β

δ

CONTACT Active: 2/3 Passive: 1 / 3 [ N ] / [by N] a M M II obi [N]p III [at N] [ADV]p IV [ b y N ] ε . . . breath FFÎFGGËJÂGË Active: 2/2 lobi [N]A Il obi [N] ς 'find' Passive: 1/3 I S l i S ! Active: 2/3 ι [N]A / [by N] [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A Il obi [N]p III [at Ν] [ADV]p [V-ing]

General: 0 D1 D3 D4

T3—4 T4 T3 s e m

Βϋϋ m

Η Μ Ι ν κ κ D1

AS

T4 T4 Τ1-2.4 Τ2 Τ4 Τ1

catch

117

M D1

(rare) α The fire took a long time to catch. + Np You want to catch the thief so that you can get your watch back. It is far better for the net to be thrown wide to catch fish of every size and description. I remember playing in a netball match after school and I jumped up to catch a ball and fell on the side of my ankle. This is why it pays to examine your horse carefully every day so that you can catch any problem in the early stages. It was painted in drab desert colours with no shiny metal surfaces to catch the sun. β Don't sit in a draught or you'll catch a cold. • I flew to the door, hoping that I could catch him. (= not miss) The visit is timed to catch the mood of the country in the immediate period following last month's historic election. (= fit) There was a fairly dense knot of people stepping it out to catch a train that they could already hear. (= reach) She was going to Nanaimo to catch the ferry to the mainland. (= take) He said he wanted to catch the weather report. (= not miss) The first person to catch his attention was Margaret Morrison. (= get) If one stands between the Uspensky and Annunciation cathedrals, one can catch a glimpse of this colourful seventeenth-century palace with its crested roof painted like a chess board. (= see briefly) +Ν a Don't smoke in your work area - fumes from paints and chemicals would catch fire, γ Her voice sank, and he moved closer to catch what she was saying. δ As the last man follows, the woman nearest to him should catch his hand as he passes, and lead the women to follow the line, g The realization made him catch his breath. First we sat down down to catch our breath and rest. • Let us imagine that we are going down the street on our way to work, and we catch sight of a row of buildings which are, we know, condemned as slums. (= suddenly see) If you can possibly catch yourself before the words fall from your lips, do - because that's absolutely not what to tell a Geminian! (= hold yourself back)

D2

D3

+ wh-CL γ I didn't catch whether he wanted me to go too. + at Ν δ Before he could catch at the fork with his other hand, I had drawn it inside.

D4

T1

T2

T3

T4

+ ADV δ If the leather of the seats is dry and cracked, it may catch on the delicate fabric of your dress. + Np + V-ing ζ Don't let them catch you doing something wrong if you can possibly help it. + Np + at Ν ζ Rory's father was engaged in some terrible activity in the dead of the night, and the man in the grandstand had probably had the bad luck to catch him at it. + Np + by Ν δ Her foot slipped and he caught her by the arm to steady her. + Np + ADVp δ It was easy to see where a wire might have been stretched between the cushions of aubretia to cause an elderly lady to catch her foot on the top step. My knee caught him in the face, ζ I caught him in bed with another woman. You'll have to catch him in the act.

118

cause

The meaning of catch can generally be described as 'get hold of.' In various contexts it can combine with very many subjects and objects, and is sometimes used figuratively. -> D1 I T I II α Something 1 can catch fire" or less frequently, fire, logs, etc." can catch, i.e. start to burn. -» M D1 β A person or animal 1 catching an infectious disease 11 becomes infected by it. - * D1 γ A person1 can catch what someone else says11, i.e. hear and understand it although it was said quietly or quickly. -4 D1 D2 δ Catch can be used to indicate sudden, brief, or accidental contact between two things, esp. involving a part of the body or an item of clothing, e. g.: (i) A person1 can catch another person's hand, arm, etc.11 or catch them bv the hand etc. l v , i.e. take hold of them. M · ·(il) A person 1 can catch an object 11 or at an object 111 . Something 1 can catch somewhere 111 , i.e. get stuck briefly. (Iii) A person 1 can catch their clothes or a part of their body 11 somewhere 111 . (iv) D1 D3 D4 T3 T4 When a person 1 catches their breath 11 , (i) they stop breathing for a moment, usually because they are surprised or shocked, or (ii) 0 1 they try to recover normal breathing after strenuous bodily activity. A person 1 can catch somebody 11 doing something 111 or at something 111 , i.e. find them doing something which could be disapproved of. -» D1 T1 T2 T4 leMMiittsMKBiam Idiomatic phrasal verbs + on The product never caught on, so the company discontinued its manufacture. (= became popular) + on + to Np "At last," he wrote, "I'm beginning to catch on to the technique but it's about as complicated as Schoenberg." (= understand) + out P1 P2 P3 P4 A cause can be 'an aim in which someone believes very strongly'. -» P1 P4

119

cautious

cause

verb

Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3 [N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A D1[that-CL] A D1 [wh to-INF] A D1 [N V-ing] A D1 [to-INF] A D1

D1

D2

T1

II m T1-3 T1-2 T1-2 T1-2 T1-2

+ Np If he were to come regularly to Rita's bungalow, while Joe was at work, it would cause a public scandal. Barbiturates not only cause sleep and heavy tranquillization, they also cause amnesia (loss of memory). + Ν to-INFp The same situation can cause people to experience stress in a wide variety of ways. The various types of nervous disorders cause people to turn to pain-killers such as paracetamol and aspirin products for relief. + Np + Np Please don't cause us any more pain. If you're a pedestrian then cars always

IV ν

T2 T3

[N]p. 2 /EFFECTED [N]p_i BEN/REC [for N] [N to-INF]p [to N]

D1

02

m

(ν)

P1 P2 P3

P4

P5

u

a person or an animal111 problems, trouble, pain, anxiety, grief, embarrassment, etc. difficulties, problems, trouble, etc.11 for a person v II some negative sensation which is directly experienced by that person 11 a person, an animal, a thing or a situation to change or react in a certain way"

cautious

T3

cause you a problem at pedestrian crossings. No, I'm describing the kind of person who constantly makes planning applications that either have no chance of success, or are so complex as to cause us untold hours of work. + Np + for Ν Changeable British weather conditions often cause major problems for sailors. + Np + to Ν Derive happiness from those things that don't cause pain to others.

Someone or something" can cause (i) an event or a situation, esp. something undesirable 11 (ii) (iii) (iv)

T1-3 T1 T2

. ··

adjective

attr He was a cautious man, and there was always the chance his home line was tapped, pred The tone of its editorial is cautious. + to-INF While the move will eventually reap the company at least $ 500 million, some investors and analysts were cautious to welcome the move. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL (frequent) The company is cautious about current year prospects. One always has to be very eautious about asking people to help. Of course we must be very cautious about exactly how we go about it. They are normally super- cautious about what they eat. + in N/V-ing/in wh-CL He seems to have mellowed a little with the passing years, has given up smoking and drinking, and is more cautious in his responses. They must be extremely cau-

P6

P7 P8

P9

tious in dealing with these people. I think you must be cautious in what you accept. + of N/V-ing Trade unions are cautious of change and have rarely wanted to be part of the process of evolving change. I was a little cautious of signing him here because I knew the pressure that a manager's son can be under. + on Ν She did tell the meeting that she was certainly cautious on defence issues. + with Ν Banks are being cautious with their lending, companies with their investment, investors with their cash. + who/what-CL (rare) They were cautious what they printed.

A person or institution can be cautious (i) to do something or about a matter or doing something, i.e. approach it carefully and hesitantly. (ii) on a topic, i.e. be careful what they say about it. (iii) of something or of doing something i.e. be wary of it and hence hesitant to act. (iv) with something that has been entrusted to them, i.e. careful handling it.

120

central

central P1

P2

adjective

attr The forty thousand Rhondda colliers played a central role in the struggle for workers' rights in Britain. pred But these issues are central, and the debate on both must now come out into the open.

P3

+ to N/V-ing/to wh-CL Terrorism was not central to either Leninist or Maoist thought and it was also rejected by Guevara. Her attitude is central to breaking the deadlock. The enzyme is central to how fat or thin we are. tíü¡f¡Si¡í¡tí}¿··

3#8}££SíSÜi¡

Something or someone that is central to a particular activity, undertaking or cause plays an essential role in it.

certain P1 P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

A

adjective

attr A The one certain fact is that he's dead. pred A In these bizarre scenes, nothing is certain and everything is potentially lethal. Β Lord Carrington is less certain. + to-INF (frequent) A President Bush said the issue seemed certain to be a source of tension. The zoo now seems certain to close unless it can raise money. The Opposition is certain to attack the plan. He was certain to be heard of again. [there] + to-INF A There's certain to be strong opposition from trade unions and labour politicians who see job cuts as an inevitable result of privatisation. + (that) -CL (frequent) Β He was certain that no one he knew had seen him. Yet these reformers were quite certain they were on the right track. Make certain you use cold water. [it] + (that)-CL A It is far from certain that the proposed referendum will go ahead. Even if he does make them an offer, it is not certain they would accept it. Now it seems certain that elections will go ahead. + wh-CL Β I am not certain how restrictive we should be. They are not quite certain what to expect. Neither of them was certain how high the tide would rise. [it] + wh-CL A It is not certain what President Yeltsin will do. It is not certain when this will happen. The problem is that the curvature of one of the mirrors - it isn't yet certain which - doesn't match the curvature of the other, so that the path

P9

P10

of the light between them isn't quite what it should be. (only if clear from context) + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL/wh to-INF Β If the computer is not certain about a word or meaning it will ask for verification. We cannot be certain about the name of the rose from what you have said and without seeing a specimen of it. He was not absolutely certain about Joe Thomas, but he was reasonably sure. He was not 100 percent certain about playing next year. She wants to be certain about how she describes it. There are some experts who were very certain about how you should bring up children. + of N/V-ing//of wh-CL A If people are getting enough calories, they are virtually certain of getting enough protein. Bar a dramatic final session, the Sri Lankans, 178 runs ahead, were certain of saving the match. Β He was certain - he'd never been so certain of anything in his life. The only thing I feel certain of is that when he has resolved his problems in his own way, he'll come back to us. He's a bit unsure of himself, always seeking out new interests and goals, but never quite certain of what he's looking for. He was less certain of how many jobs might be provided.

Something that is certain is a fact. If you say It is certain t h a t . . . you indicate you think that something will definitively happen. Note that in attributive use certain is very rarely used in this meaning. In sentences of the type Certain facts were obviously going to cause embarrassment to Mr Parkinson certain leans 'some'. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P6 P8 P10 A person who is certain of a fact or that something is the case is sure of it. -> P2 P5 P7 P9 P10

121

change

chance P1

P2

P3

A

A To stand any chance in this highly competitive field, you must have an outstanding academic record at undergraduate, postgraduate, and postdoctoral level. Β The North twice carved out excellent tryscoring chances in the first 15 minutes. You've got to give Graham Taylor a chance. + to-INF (frequent) Β Readers have a chance to win a fabulous Peugeot 306. There are long periods in court which are pretty tedious. You don't get the chance to make big dramatic speeches; you're too busy going through the evidence. + (that)-CL A Sir Colin maintains that there is still a chance that BA might co-operate with Sabena. You should avoid tampons if there's any possibility of TSS, because there's a 30 % chance it will recur and, in rare cases, it can be fatal. • The chances are that your ulcer will heal completely and give you no further trouble. (= it is likely) I took a chance that the different array of individuals on the new executive staff would eventually learn to work together as a solid team. (= allowed for what seemed unlikely)

P2

P3

P4

P4

P5

P6

+ for N/V-ing Β He remained optimistic about the chances for peace. High budget demands by cabinet ministers could jeopardise chances for more tax cuts and harm the government's anti-inflation policy. That group represents our best chance for regaining a lot of lost ground. + of N/V-ing /of Ν V-ing (frequent) A The standard Tory scare is that voting Liberal increases the chance of a Labour government. The chance of entering the legal profession is closely linked to place of education and background. The chance of a telescope just happening to be pointed at that particular star at that particular time is tiny. Officials of her party say there's no chance of her accepting such terms. Β Without surgery, she would not have lived beyond the age of 20. Now she has the chance of a long and active life. To be in with a chance of winning a car stereo, tell us which car Alpine will be taking to Live '94. • We have no excuses. We blew the chance of staying top of the table. (= did not make use of the chance) + for Ν + to-INF Β

This is a chance for me to show my worth.

g ü . i'äüüffi If there is a chance of something or that something may happen, that event is possible. -> P1 P 3 P5 If there are chances for something or if someone has the chance to do something, there is an opportunity or a favourable situation for that to happen. P1 P2 P4 P5 P6

change P1

noun

noun

A We have undergone a major cultural change. The most common reason for changing advisers was poor performance, with lack of results outweighing fees as the justification for change. Β Has anyone got any change? Or will I have to go upstairs for my bag? + for Ν A A considerable change for the better has lately taken place. Β Anyone got change for a pound? + from N/V-ing A Thanks to cheaper labour, guests in resorts outside Europe are pampered by battalions of uniformed staff, a heady change from a solitary, surly chambermaid. It's a big change from being a Mafia princess. + in Ν/in wh-CL (frequent) A Their new analysis is based on a computer simulation of the changes in temperature of the atmosphere associated with greenhouse warm-

P5

P6

P7

ing. He said a great deal of pressure had been applied to the Federal Government to achieve changes in how external treaties were negotiated. + of Ν A I have no clear memories of the Shima visit, but I do vaguely recall that he went to Oiso for a change of air some time later. Simultaneous engineering is first and foremost about a change of culture rather than the application of technology· + to Ν/to wh-CL A Liberal Democrats aim to capture votes from middle-income earners with their changes to the tax system. The result has been major changes to who will play the game and how it will be played in the future. + from N/V-ing + to N/V-ing A The change from a high to a low-inflation economy has also hit home owners hard. The

122

change change from being international colleagues to direct competitors should be a particularly fascinating one. The change from rejection and A

fear to being intrigued and overtly curious has been remarkable,

Change usually refers to (a) an alteration to something (b) the replacement of one thing by another of the same or similar kind. Note that (i) a change to or in something tends to indicate an alteration to it (ii) a change of something, or from one thing to another tends to indicate that one thing is replaced by another (iii) you can also have a change for the better or the worse. -» P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Change can be 'a small amount of money, especially coins as opposed to notes'. P1 P2

Β

change verb A

'make difference' Active: 1 /4

I

II III IV

V VI

Β

Passive: 1/4

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [N]R [for N] [into N] [to N] [to ADJ] [with N]p [from N] [from ADJ] . . . clothes Active: 1/2

General: 0

iÜHP^

D1

T2

Q2

D1

T2

Q2

D

iiSi

D1 D1

. . . trains c tSgImmÊSÊSÈWà Passive: 1/2 General: 0 WÈISê Active: 1/2 [ N ] / [ b y N ] A 9ÉSÌ II D1 [N]p

T2-3

V E

... money

I II

T2.5

D5

T3.6

Q1 Q2

T6

III IV

D6 T5.6

Q1-2

T6

¡¡m§>iftiltilflfttW¡¡¡§88 §SIGeneral: 0 WÊÊÊjM

Passive: 1/2

I

[N]A/[byN]

II

[N]r

D1

III IV

[for N] [into N] [out of N]

D2

mSmm Active: 2 / 3 I [N] a / [by

Í II

D4

III

D1

+ Np

A Emotions can change the perception of pain. Its flowers change colour as they mature. Β On this occasion she paused long enough to bathe her blistered feet and change her blouse. C Spain is only a little over five hours from Paris, though travellers must change trains at the frontier. D Ronnie didn't want to change schools, so he travelled with his dad to and from school every day even though it was a long way. E So this morning we went to change some dollars in a shop.

D2

D3

T1.4

D5 T1 T4

WSÊÊÊÊSÊKÊSSÈÊI. Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

N] D1

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [into N]

T2 T2

...gear Active: 2 / 2

D3

A In the light of more recent information, however, things will change. Violent men never change. Β I'd better go and change. C You'd be better advised to change at Horsham and pick up the Portsmouth train.

D1

Il obi [N]p III [into N] F

M

W8Ê8§Ê!ieS!eÊÊMî Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [to N]p [for N] [with N]

Q1-2

D2 D3

'exchange' Active: 2 / 3

'WÊÊBʧHeÊeS9Ë Passive: 1 /2

General: 0 D1 D3

F I told her that to change gear she must stop pedalling, flick the lever, and resume pedalling. • One morning while I was trying to change Dominic's bed, he was being especially uncooperative. (= put on new sheets) On the other hand, perhaps I'd better go before I change my mind. (= reconsider my decision) + for Ν A External factors such as funding may change for the worse during the admissions season. Β It wasn't yet time to go upstairs to change for dinner. + into Ν A The clan leaders, stripped of their ability either to command or to help their clansmen, began to change into fine, flowery Edinburgh gentlemen. Β When everything is ready, you will be asked to change into an operating gown.

123

D4 D5

D6

T1

T2

Β

E F

change

F He changed into fourth. + out of Ν Β She didn't bother to change out of her jeans. + to Ν A Her tone changed to that of a pedantic headmistress. + to Np D The next day, I changed to medieval history. When I changed to a new soap I came out in a terrible rash. + with Np A I think if you change with the trends you lose yourself. He planted each area to change with the seasons. + Np + for Ν D The night air was chilly after a morning of wet mist and I'd neglected to change the T-shirt under my windbreaker for something warmer. + Np + into Ν A Psychiatrists have found that music has the power to change one mood into another. E She had come to America with money in her

T3 T4 T5

T6

Q1

Q2

bank account, but no way to change it into dollars. + Np + to Ν A She changed her name to Melissa. + Np + with Ν D Would you change places with me? + from Ν + into Ν A But boat ownership can quickly change from a joy into a trauma. + from N/ADJ + to N/ADJ A Her expression changed from anger to a suppressd terror. The grass changed from brown to green almost immediately. + Np + from Ν + into Ν A Secondly protein is used for various substances in the body which cause specific effects; such as enzymes which help to change a substance from one form into another. + Ν + from Ν + to Ν A Its name has been changed from Bernadette to Bernard.

Change can mean 'become or make different' (i) Something or someone' 1 can change or be changed, i.e. become different in some form or another. (ii) Something 1 can change something 11 from one thing VI to another1*', i.e. make it different. M D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 T2 T3 T5 T6 Q1 Q2 Change can mean 'put on different clothes.' A person 1 can (i) change (ii) change for a particular occasion such as dinner 111 (iii) change into other clothes. IV M D1 D2 D3 D4 A person 1 can (i) change (ii) change trains, buses, boats, planes 11 , i.e. take another train, bus, ship, etc., in order to continue their journey. M D1 Change can be used to mean 'exchange or replace' (i) Someone 1 can change something 11 for something else IV , i.e. substitute the second thing. (ii) change one thing 11 for another IV , i.e. exchange it. -> D1 D5 T1 T4 A person or a bank 1 can change money 11 into another currency or other value coins111, i.e. exchange one lot of money for another. -> D1 T2 A driver 1 can change (i) gear11 (ii) into another gear.111 D1 D3 also in phrasal verbs: change down; change up

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down (+ from/to N) The Espace made light work of a steep hill without Belinda having to change down from fourth. (= switch to a lower gear) + over + to Np We are gradually changing over to a completely metric system. (= adopt)

+ up (+ from Np /to NP ) The driver just jerked the gearlever back to change up and forward to change down. (= switch to a higher gear)

124

characteristic

characteristic P1

P2 P3 P4 P5

P6

adjective

attr The mixed economy is a characteristic feature of most present-day developed and developing countries. pred This kind of behaviour is very characteristic indeed. [it] + that-CL It was characteristic that she should use a word from the local language. + for Ν (rare) This is very characteristic for Lech Walesa. + in N/V-ing The leaves are characteristic in appearance. He was working on a project called Roily Holy Over, A Circus, described by one reviewer as completely characteristic in being utterly individual, rigorous in randomness and almost indescribable. + of N/wh-CL (>30%) It has the yeasty smell which is characteristic of good Chardonnay. He believes in the power of the highfrequency sounds so characteristic of Mozart.

His convictions were characteristic of the political thinking of his country at that stage of its development. This was characteristic of how thorough NSPCC Inspectors were in their enquiries. P7

P8

P9

+ to N/V-ing (rare) The waveform of the clicks is characteristic to each whale. These hormones determine both reproductive maturation and the bodily changes characteristic to being an adult female or adult male, [it] + of Ν + to-INF It was characteristic of Steve to speak in both vivid and sweeping language. [it] + of Ν + that-CL It was characteristic of Dev that within minutes of arrival in a liberated capital city he should latch on to a man with a deal to do.

Something that is characteristic of something or someone is a typical feature of them. There is no difference in meaning between characteristic of, for and to, but for and to>ι are very rare.

charge P1

Ρ2

P3

P4

P5

noun

A Citibank Price Protection helps you get the best price on virtually everything you buy with your Citibank Classic card, free of charge. Β Two other students from the same university are already serving sentences of seven and eight years imprisonment on similar charges. C Mrs Snelling is a devoted teacher who has done much for the children under her charge. + to-INF A There is no charge to view the wall. • Australia has been leading the charge to convince Japan that anything less than a comprehensive trade barrier elimination programme would be unacceptable. (= race) + that-CL Β JSouth African President F. W. de Klerk is said to have rejected the A N C ' s charge that the White government did not care about the deaths of Black people. + against Ν (frequent) A In June, Agency said sales of rental cars could result in a $5 million charge against earnings for fiscal 1990. Β It was the fifth time the court had ordered his release, on the grounds that he had already been acquitted of most charges against him. + for Ν (frequent) A Family Week usually takes place in the third

P6

P7

P8

P9

week of a patient's treatment. No extra charge for this. + of N/V-ing (very frequent) A There is a toll charge of £ 2 . 5 0 entering the estate. Β Winnie Mandela and seven others face charges of assault and kidnapping in the death of a 14-year-old boy. The student leader denied charges of inciting the violence in which at least six people died. C James Baker will take a leave of absence from the State Department to take charge of the Bush re-election campaign. Captains were in charge of leading soldiers in combat aboard ship. + on Ν A The poll-tax, a flat-rate charge on all adults, raises funds for local government. This resulting amount is your finance charge on cash advances. • The first basic requirement is that short-stay visitors will not be a charge on public funds. (= burden) + to Ν A Electronic share dealing could result in an increase in charges to the consumer, according to the Consumers Association. + of N: QUANT + for Ν A If you want frills, there's a charge of £ 30

charge

125

P10

for a 60-minute massage, £ 18.50 for a pedicure, £ 8.50 for a manicure. + of N: QUANT + on Ν A Shipping charge of $1.50 on all retail mail orders. A charge can be 'an amount of money paid for a service'. A charge (of a certain amount) for something is the money demanded for a service provided. (i) •am The charge on something such as a bill is money that has to be paid in addition to the basic cost, (ii) ftläflBsä tor e.g. a service charge, bank charges; (Hi) Something such as a tax can be a charge on a person, i.e. it is demanded of that person. (iv) In the technical language of finance and accounting, a charge against earnings or profits is an amount that must be deducted. B i s á ü i P1 P2 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 A charge against someone is 'the accusation that they have committed a crime'. -> P1 P3 P4 P6 If someone has or takes charge of something or someone, they have control and responsibility for what the person does or for what happens. -> P1 P6;

H

Β C

•

..

WÊÊtÊSmmSÊÊÈÊ

'

charge

--

verb

. . . money Active: 1/4

accuse' Passive: 1/4

ι

[N]A/[byN]

Ii III

[N: QUANT]p_2 [N]p.·,

iv

ν

[to-INF] [for N/V-ing]p [on N] [to N]p

Β

'rush' Active: 1/2

t ii III

M

D1

D2 D3

Active: 2/3

D1 D2 D6 D7

Passive: 1/2

T1-5 T1-3 T2 T3 T4

Q1-:•2 Q1-2 Q1 Q2

T5

[ N ] a / [by N]

II

[N]p [that-CL] [Q/S] [for N/V-ing] [on N] [with N/V-ing]

III III IV

νv VI

D

General: 0

[N]a / [by N]

[N]p [at N]p [ADV]

1

D1 D5

Il obi

D8

in

A The bank will charge if they can. Β The rune itself shows the horns of a bull readying to charge. + Np A How much rent do you charge? I charge a pound an hour. Β General O'Hara brought up the grenadiers and his battalion of Guards to charge the 2nd Maryland Regiment. C The victim must be brave enough to charge her husband. After seven days they had to charge you, or release you. D The solar modules generate electricity to charge a bank of batteries. + to-INF A Now they charge to take the stuff away. + (that)-CL (frequent) C Democrats charge that the president is only trying to draw attention away from his adminis-

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

General: 0

Passive: 1/3

I1

D1

T3-4.6

D3 D4 T3 T4

T6

'loadActive: 2/3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [N]p [with N]

General: 0

Passive: 1/3

D1

T6 T6 T6

tration's lack of leadership on domestic issues. The women charge they've been physically and verbally harassed and intimidated by men at the plant since the mid-1980s. QUOTE/SENTENCE C "This is propaganda again," he charged. (= claimed; an American use) + at Np Β Smith had charged at Clark and attempted to stab him in the back. + for N/V-ingp A You know we never charge for telephone calls. We do not charge for making gas leaks safe. + to Np (rare) A Please charge to my HMSO Account, (only if clear from context) + ADV Β In the American manner, he charges to

Wim

126

charm

A They will not be able to charge an exit fee where he senses the work is and dives in. The on the transfer. Not only do they create credit German Navy was dismayed to discover that the out of thin air, they can charge interest on it. British were not after all prepared to charge into C He was charged on four counts of murder. their own destruction. + Np + to Ν + Np + N: QUANT T5 A You can have Western Union send the comA I was going to charge your uncle fifteen dolpany a money order and charge it to your Maslars after I helped him write some letters. tercard or VISA account. + Np + to-INF + Np + with N/V-ing A The rule which allows only the Post Office T6 to charge less than one pound to deliver a letter C He was charged with pushing drugs. They is to be changed. The Government's efforts weren't going to charge me with anything. to charge drivers to use the motorway network + Np + with Ν will be reinforced when it publishes a green paD First, rub the palms of the hands together per setting out the options on Wednesday. vigorously to warm and charge them with elec+ Np + for N/V-ing tricity. + Np + Ν + to-INF A Banks charge you for each check. I can Q1 A He intends to seek to charge the undertakers hardly charge you for that. Mortgage brotwenty pounds to release the body of those who kers will charge a fee for arranging a repayment die in hospital. mortgage where no commission is payable. + Np + Ν + for N/V-ing C New South Wales police have threatened Q2 to charge him for supplying chemicals, even A If I don't succeed before tomorrow afterthough he had been given indemnity in the opernoon, you hand him the money, and I charge you ation. She realized that she hadn't, therefore, nothing for professional services. We charge had her driver's licence with her and felt a secthem a nominal fee for using our special busiond of panic, wondering if they'd think of that ness rooms because they're actually doing someand charge her for it. thing to try and improve the area as well. + Np + on Ν ¡BÉSBSSiSiBÉ Charge can mean 'demand a sum of money for something'. A person or an institution 1 can c 111 (i) another person a certain amount of money 11 for goods of for a | 111 (ii) another person a certain amount of money 11 to do so (iii) a certain amount of money 11 to a person, their account or credit card v . Note that if the context is clear, not all of these have to be expressed. So you can say They charge participants £ 15 for bed and breakfast, They charge for bed and breakfast, They charge £15 for bed and breakfast, They charge participants £ 15, They charge participants or simply They charge. D2 D 6 D 7 T 1 T 2 T 3 T 4 T 5 Q 1 Q2 A person or an animal 1 can charge (i) somebody or something 11 , i.e. approach them in order to attack. (ii) at somebody or something 111 , i.e. rush towards them, esp. in order to attack. (iii) in a particular direction 111 , i.e. move there very quickly. Also used figuratively.

T1

T2

T3

T4

A

A person or an institution 1 can charge (i) somebody 11 with a crime etc. V I , i.e. formally accuse them of having broken the law. (ii) that something is the case 111 , i.e. make an accusation; used in American English. D1 D3 D4 T3 T4 T6 Charge can mean 'load something with energy'. D1 T6

charm

verb

Active: 2 / 3

Ι II III

IV ν

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[ N ] A / [by N]

[that-CL]A

d

τι

[N]p BEN/REC [N: way] /EFFECTED

D

T1 T2

[into V-ing] [ADV]

τι T2

127

chat

These were men who had to exercise authority far from normal controls, yet men who had to be able to charm and entertain. + Np The house itself never ceases to charm me. Maxwell was a very affectionate man who could charm anybody, especially women. (i)

T2

II

I

If a person" is charmed by another person, a thing or a place 1 , they are attracted to them. A person 1 can also charm another person 11 into doing something IV , i.e. lure them into doing it

chase

verb

. . . person Active: 1 /3

I H

III IV

V

D1

D2

D3

+ Np + into V-ing You can't force - or even charm - him into behaving differently if he doesn't want to. + N:way + ADV He still believes he can charm his way out of the trouble.

T1

α Passive: 1 /3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [after N] P [for N]p [PART]

lobi D1

T1

D2

T2

. . . around . . . Active: 2 / 2

General: 0

General: 0

[N]A

H obi [around (N)]

D3

D4

T1.2

Alesi continued to chase hard and was just three seconds back when he was forced to stop. + Np Reluctant soldiers were all too apt to take the opportunity offered them to chase the enemy to make good their own escape from the army. Men chase power as if it were the crock at the end of the rainbow, and many women, given half a chance, would too. Then, when their virility starts going down, they chase a young girl to boost their confidence. + after NP Kay quickly ordered two of his men to chase after them in a Land Rover to get photographs. It is best not to chase after the unachievable. + around + around Ν

D4

T1

T2

doesn't spend much time in the office, preferring to chase around the world. + for Np Their sales coordinators chase for the business. + Np + PART On both occasions carnival officials had to direct lifesavers to use an inflatable rescue boat to chase away the 2m shark which ventured into the competition area. I tried to chase away any bad thoughts of a setup. • Many will then chase you off their land quite aggressively. (= make you leave) + PART + after Ν I wanted to prove to my husband that it's not all sitting at home with your feet up - you have to chase around after children all day. We'd go for a walk and she'd chase off after a car.

α (invented example) I've been chasing around all afternoon, but I've got nowhere. But he A person ι used figuratively. ot If a person or an animal 1 chases around a place 11 , they rush there or run around there. Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down Np She didn't want me heading out to chase down whoever had shot Jim Prudhomme. (= catch)

chat

verb Active: 1 / 3

ι IL hi

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] A /[by N] [about N/wh-CL]p [to N] [with N]

General: 0

DI 02 D3

TI-2 T1 T2

• D3

+ up ^ Np There are probably very few schools that have managed to chase up most of their students who graduated in 1991. (= trace)

128

cheat

M D1

Gush seemed indisposed to chat. + about N/wh-CLp For instance we can chat about the cost of cars and of petrol, or we can discuss the finer points of Socrates' philosophy. They'll never miss a chance to chat about whether I'm going to Royal Ascot or the Test Match. + to Np (frequent) I went to his shop after a missed lunch-hour simply to chat to him. + with Np Hadn't got the time to chat with her. + to Np Np Women tend to think that men find it easy to chat a woman up, but it can be excruciatingly difficult. (= start flirting with)

cheat verb A

•

Β

'be dishonest' Active: 1 / 3 [N]

A

Passive: 1 / 3

ι

/[byN]

II

[N]p

D1

III

[at N]p

D2

IV

[ o n N]p

D3

V

[of Ν]

T1

[out of N/V-ing]

T2

D1 D2 D3

T1

T1-2

A When we played games, I had to win. I'd cheat. I've known her cheat in a school examination. + Np A Everybody tries to cheat her. + at Np A I watched Yul cheat at Monopoly. + ori Np A So you can't even cheat on your income tax. Β I asked him if he'd ever cheat on me and added that he didn't seem excited by me any more. +Np + of Ν A They want to cheat you of your legal rights if anything goes wrong with the car - so avoid them.

SEX Active: 2 / 2

General: 0 il obi

T2

[N]

A

Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

/[byN]

[ o n N]p

D3

+ Np + o u t of N/V-ing

A He is alleged to have tried to cheat Lloyds out of six million dollars. Members of the United Steel Workers Union say that, starting in the 1970s, the company engaged in a secret and deliberate effort to cheat them out of their pensions. They cheat the true fans out of getting to a match at an affordable price after supporting the club all season.

IV III A person 1 can cheat on a particular matter 1 *, at something such as a game111 or cheat another person 11 of something they own or wish to obtain v , i.e. behave dishonestly. M D1 D2 D3 T1 T2 A person 1 can cheat on his or her spouse or other partner 11 , i.e. have a sexual relationship with somebody else. -» D3

129

check

check A

verb

'examine'

i g § ¡ ¡ Active: 1 / 3

Wem [ N ] A / [ b y N ] II [N]p III [to-INF] IV [that-CL] [wh-CL] V [for N]p VI [on N/wh-CL]p VII [with N]p Vili [against N] IX [about X]

D1

T1 II obi

D3

C

D4 D5 D7 D9

II obi

T4 T1

+ Np

A I paused to gather my thoughts and check my notes. We've checked her and she isn't pregnant. Β In 1858 this operation was first performed in England to check female 'mental disorders'. Quite often, we have tremendous ideas along those lines but then we check ourselves.

D7

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [into N]p [out of N]p [as N]

D6

T3

D8 T3

D8

+ out of Np

D9

+ with Np

C

+ for Np

A Check for signs of damp or woodworm. Actually, it's the Finns who seem more careful: they carry off the passports of foreigners to their office, I suppose to check for undesirable aliens. + into Np

C We travel in the comfort of our luxury coach via Bretna, arriving Blackpool mid-afternoon,

She hadn't checked out of her hotel.

A If in doubt, check with your airline, (only if clear from context) T1

+ Np + against Ν

A An efficiently operated computer system makes it simple for the store's manager to check sales against inventory. T2

+ Np + for Ν

A Fruit juice is good, but check the label for added sugar. T3

+ into Ν + as Ν

C They would check into hotels as Mr and Mrs Simon Ritchie.

+ wh-CL

A If your medicine has a name which you are unable to find in the index, contact your dispensing chemist and ask for its generic name so you can check whether it has been included. The MoD said it would try to check whether the author had actually belonged to the elite unit. If this is the case, you should check if the fees have been put up regularly in the past.

+ on N/wh-CLp

A We can check on that later if it's necessary. I just wanted to check on the boys. You can check on where you finished in the competition by ringing the points update line.

+ (that)-CL (frequent)

A The rest of the group must check that the criticism is constructive and specific. Five neighbours called the council to check she had permission. He warned other volunteers to check they had adequate insurance in case of injury because the Government would not cover them.

D6

D1

and check into the Elgin Hotel, a very comfortable family hotel. Those returning to Britain on the evening flight from New York can check into JFK and eat a buffet dinner before boarding.

+ tO-INF

A So I went up to check to see what he was doing. Check to see if your library has InfoTrak or any of the other computerized, online indexes.

D5

D1

T4

D1

D4

III

Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [byN] [V-ing] A [N]p ... . »11 in Active: 2 / 3

T2

A Do you want me to check? (only if clear from context)

D3

Active: 2 / 2

D2

M

D2

'stop'

e f t í S i e W I General: 0

Passive: 1 / 3

T4

+ with Np + about N/V-ing/with N P + about wh-CL

A If you live near a beach check with the local authority about its use by horse riders. She said to check with the midwife about having a bath once your waters have broken. I was just wondering about asking you to record the game but I think I'd probably better check with Cobuild about how many things they want.

130

choice

Check can mean "examine' A person 1 can check something or on something , i.e. make sure that it is in the desired state. (i)

A

(ii) on another person V I , i.e. find out if they are all right or are doing the right thing. (iii) people or items present 11 against a I i s t v m , i.e. compare them. (iv) for someone or s o m e t h i n g v , i.e. find out whether they are present. (v) with a person or an i n s t i t u t i o n v n about a matter I X , i.e. ask for information. —> M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D7 D9 T1 T2 T4 also in phrasal verbs: check off; check out; check over; check through; check up on Check can mean 'stop or hinder'. (i) A person or a state of affairs 1 can check a development 1 1 , i.e. hold it up. A person 1 can check themselves 11 , i.e. stop themselves doing something.

Β

r&m C

I A person 1 who checks into or out of a place such as a hotel 11 reports at the reception desk when arriving or leaving. D6 D8 T3 also in phrasal verbs: check in; check out

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in (+ for N)p Graham paid the taxi driver, who had helped to carry the suitcases into the foyer, then crossed to the reception desk to check in. (= register his arrival) We must check in for our London flight. (= report for) + in + to Ν The most idiotic thing to do is to fly to Paris, check in to an expensive hotel suite, eat a cream-drenched dinner in a dazzlingly grand restaurant and then head for the clubs. (= take) + off N P Check through this brochure. (= check thoroughly) up + on Np /wh-CL Could she have really asked Mel to check up on Brenda? (= find out about) BT is trying to get through to him, to check up on whether he is pleased with his new Call-Waiting service. (= find out about) up + with Np (rare) He can't lie to m e because I can check up with the clients. (= ask the clients to confirm what he says)

noun

A Sometimes the Society has to make hard choices. Drivers can insert a "smart" card into the console to hear live traffic information in the language of their choice. Β Liverpool was my first choice. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CLVwh to-INF A As well as quicker treatment, you may have more choice about the hospitals at which you are treated. Councils need to keep in touch with local people and be properly accountable to consumers who have little or no choice about using and paying for local authority services. Food labelling has allowed consumers to make more intelligent choices about what they eat. + as Ν Β Their choice as president by an overwhelming margin was Father Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a 37-year-old Catholic priest.

P4

P5

P6

+ between NP|/N and N/ between N/V-ing and N/V-ing A We have a choice between using a naturally occurring prostaglandin and a synthetic drug. + for Ν Β The group includes Mr. Clinton's choice for Secretary of State, Warren Christopher. + of N/V-ing/of wh-CL/wh to-INF (frequent) A A group of people, having decided to dine together, may delegate the choice of a restaurant to one member. The choice of broadcasting "Question Time" or "Sesame Street" had not been an easy one. People have the choice of where they send their childeren. Ideally everyone should have a choice of where to live. Β The bread comes stuffed with your choice of meat - smoky, wood-roasted chicken, lamb, or pork.

131

civil C This adaptable kitchen, with its wide choice of units, enables you to create that special ef-

A Β

feet. The menu offers a choice of four main courses.

Choice can be 'the action or possibility of deciding between alternatives'. P1 P2 P4 P6 If a thing or person is someone's choice as or for something, they would like that thing or person to be selected, or have selected them. -> P1 P3 P5 P6 If there is a choice of different things, those are the available alternatives. P6

C

choose

verb

Active: 1 / 3

ι II

III M

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [wh-CL] [wh to-INF] [to-INF]

D2

D3

D4

D5

D1

IV

T1-5

D3

V

D4

VI

D2

VII

I think women should have the right to choose. (only if clear from context)

D1

General: 0

D6

Let them choose for

themselves. + Np Did you go out to help choose the wedding dress? Indeed, one of the strongest arguments in favor of public assistance for private school tuition is that only in that way can parents choose for themselves the education their children should have. + to-INF (frequent) You may choose to believe me, or not. + wh-CL How do we choose what we teach in the classroom? You choose how much you want to earn. + wh to-INF In recent years women have begun a fight to gain back what they have lost: the right to choose where to have their babies. She spoke of the importance of women being able to choose for themselves whether to stay at home to care for young children or to combine motherhood with work. + among(st) Npi/group Therefore it is especially important to know the various options and to choose among them with the fullest possible information.

D7

T1

T2

T3 T4

T5

[among N p | / g r o u p ] D5 [between N p! /N and N] D6 [from N]p D7 [as N] [for N] [out of N]

T1 T4

T2 T3 T5

+ between Np,/N and Ν He was, in fact, obliged to choose between Mrs Simpson and the Throne - he chose his lady! Devoting her spare time and evenings to study, she passed her course with flying colours and now has to choose between offers from over ten different universities. + from Np Choose from over two hundred cars on display all available with very competitive finance terms. + Np + among(st) N p i/g roup (rare)

She was

chosen among eighty highly qualified women who applied for £ 30,000 a-year part-time post. + Np + as Ν Why choose weight training as the activity upon which to base an exercise programme? + Np + for Ν It seems a curious place to choose for the rendezvous. + Np + from Ν Subjects were asked individually to choose their scenario from among a group of possible scenarios. + Np + out of Ν We'll run the rushes and choose the best shots out of all the takes.

Choose means 'make a decision about what to do or to take'. A person1 can choose (i) between two possibilities™ (ii) from/out of/among several possibilities™. Someone or something11 can get chosen for a particular purposeVI.

civil P1 P2 P3

adjective attr You will probably get a fairly civil answer. pred They were very civil. [it] + to-INF (rare) If you're cycling on a bridleway or towpath you're really in a sense an in-

truder, and while you can cycle past able young people, if you're passing a family party I think it's only civil to get off and walk. P4

+ about N/V-Ing (rare)

A government with a

majority of 21 had better be more civil about

132

clad

P5 P6

select committee reports than they were in the palmy 100-plus days. + of Ν That's very civil of you. + to Ν (rare) As visitors, the least we can do is be civil to the people in their own land.

P7

+ with Ν (rare) I should think they've now reconciled themselves to being perfectly civil with each other, but they don't eat together, for instance, and haven't done for years.

s commonly than polite or

courteous.

Civil in the above examples means 'polite'; used much

clad P1

P2

P3

(i) (ii)

claim P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective attr/only with premodifier or in combinations The scantily-clad photos launched a series of attacks from columnists. Police detained 16 of Le Pen's leather-c/arf body guards and later charged some with possession of weapons. The person next to you is an anorak-clad train spotter from Luton. pred/only with premodifier or in combinations The children were i l l - c W . She is usually scantily clad. A UN-protected Sarajevo would need its protection to be iron-clad. + for Ν (rare) Marianne had not, until today, seen him clad for the office.

P4

+ in Ν (frequent) Summerall arrived, looking freshly scrubbed, clad in golf shirt, slacks, and black cowboy boots. Discover the art treasures of the Palazzo Pitti and the Accademia and the splendid cathedral, clad in Tuscan marble. Her image is engraved upon my heart: an image of a Greek goddess, clad in virginal white, one shoulder tantalisingly bare.

P5

+ with Ν The walls were clad with rich Kilim rugs which looked expensive.

A person can be clad in a particular garment or for a particular purpose, i.e. dressed that way. Something, typically a building or a part of a building, can be clad with something such as flowers, stone etc., i.e. be covered by or decorated with it.

noun A Many Hungarians refuse to believe they could have been overtaken and dispute the validity of the statistics used to back up such claims. Β According to federal officials, the insurance program has more than enough funds in reserve to pay all claims. + to-INF A Despite their academic backgrounds, these four women make no claim to give us the music as it might have been heard. + that-CL (very frequent) A The Prime Minister furiously denied Labour claims that the Tories are planning massive increases in VAT if they win the forthcoming eleetion. Judges rejected a defence claim that prosecution scientists had deliberately withheld crucial evidence. + about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing/about wh-CL A The National Union of Teachers has been accused of scaremongering over a claim about the influence of Militant Tendency. Once again Peter Lilley has made exaggerated claims about reducing waste in the benefit system. Classrooms are more overcrowded now than they have ever been despite Mr Clarke's claim about more money being spent on education.

P5

P6

P7

There are still conflicting claims about how the incident started and who was responsible for setting off the violence. + against Ν Β The Mosaic law not only established procedural guarantees before the law, but granted the powerless certain economic claims against the wealthy, + by Ν A Ian Brady is to sue a newspaper over allegations made by a woman who once believed she was his daughter. The claims by Christine Hart, 30, appeared in the Sunday Express, Β Sinead Mulhern, chief legal officer to the Equal Opportunities Commission, said the settlement could encourage claims by women who were sacked after less than two years in a job. + for N/V-ing (frequent) A The authors make ambitious claims for their findings. Β Her claim for $500,000 has been rejected and she has, instead, been offered $ 50,000 towards legal expenses. We had to turn down his claim for repainting the windows, but if he had had an accidental damage extension to his policy we would have met the cost.

claim

133

P8

P9

P10

P11

P12

P13

P14

P15

P16

+ from Ν Β The settlement paves the way for claims from other junior doctors. + of Ν (frequent) A So claims of negligence cannot be held to apply to the many who contracted the virus before 1982 when Aids was first described. Β Engineering and metal workers are staging lightning stoppages in pursuit of a pay claim of 9.5 percent. + on Ν Β This new treaty looks forward. It commits the two sides to respect all existing borders in Europe, to renounce all claims on the territory of any other state. As today, the biggest domestic claim on government spending was social security, at 914 million. + over Ν Β Guatemala maintains some territorial claims over the former British colony. + to Ν (frequent) Β In Lvov, the city soviet has supported the Ukrainian Catholic claims to St. George's Cathedral. + by Ν + to-INF A Every claim by anyone to have slept with John Kennedy is taken as gospel, though if half the claims were true he would have had time for little else. + by Ν + that-CL A The findings confirm claims by Premier Wayne Goss and Opposition Leader Rob Borbidge that tomorrow's election will be closer than expected.

P17

+ by Ν + of N/V-ing A Francisco is still being probed following claims by bookmakers of irregular betting on his 10-2 defeat by Jimmy White. In America a male employee won $1 million damages for sexual harassment by his female boss, adding weight to growing claims by men of having endured unwanted advances by both male and female employers.

P18

+ by Ν + for Ν Β One might begin to understand the answer by returning briefly to the discussion in chapter 9 of the claims by scientific creationists for balanced classroom treatment of their theories. + by Ν + on Ν Β Lawyers were very well rewarded for their efforts in facilitating the claims by injured workers on the workers compensation fund "honeypot".

P19

P20

P21

P22

+ by Ν + over Ν (rare) Β Talks on possible compensation payments to Aborigines remain unresolved, with a decision on a land claim by the Waanyi people over part of the mine site expected soon. + by Ν + to Ν (rare) Β Taiwan's Constitution has been frozen, reflecting the claim by the government to legitimacy over all of China. + by Ν + against Ν + for Ν Β He allowed a claim by Gamerco against the group for repayment of $566,000 paid in advance of the concert.

+ by Ν + about N/by Ν + about Ν V-ing (rare) A Some of the claims by angry Tories about 100 MPs retiring are nonsense. + by Ν + against Ν Β It was to be remembered that the primary claim by the plaintiff against the defendants was on the basis that the ministry was liable for the negligence of Sergeant Warren.

i Ap claim e e i i can p ^ be ^ w'an p ·assertion · · · · · · that · ! ^something · · · ^ ^ · ·is· ·true · · ·or· ·real'. · · · (j) A person can make a claim (a) to be someone or something or to do something (b) that something is the case (c) about something, i.e. say something about it that they claim is true, (ii) A person can make great, etc. claims for something, i.e. insist on its importance or value. P1 P2 P 3 P4 P6 P7 P9 P 1 3 P14 P15 P17 A claim can be 'a demand or request for something, especially for money or for something that you think is owed to y o u ' . (i) A person can put forward a claim to something, i.e. say it is theirs. (ii) A person can have a claim on (also: over) something, i.e. have, or say they have, some right to it. (iii) A person can make a claim for something such as damages, compensation, i.e. that is the nature of what they are claiming. - > P 1 P5 P 6 P 7 P8 P9 P 1 0 P 1 1 P12 P16 P18 P19 P20 P21 P22

134

claim

claim

verb Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

1 [ N ] a / [by N] li obi [N]p [to-INF] [that-CL] P(it)

in IV

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

[Q]p(it) [N to-INF]p [it + pattern of lll] P [so/otherwise] [as N] [as ADJ] [for N]

Active: 2 / 3

D1 D2 D3 D4 D9

T1-3

T1-2 D8 T1 T2 T3

+ Np A The first woman to claim abduction by a UFO in public was an American about whom a bestselling book and movie were produced. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack. Besides, I think I may claim the credit for having brought him to see the political light. Β Indians even claim the land that parliamentary buildings in Ottawa are built on. Through them black people have begun to claim back some of the resources which both imperialism and racism in Britain have denied to them. C Fighting between Chadian army and opposition forces has claimed hundreds of lives in the last few months. + to-INF (frequent) A Damascus claims to be the world's oldest continuously inhabited settlement. Some researchers claim to have confirmed the original findings. + (that)-CLp(it) (very frequent) A Although some people claim that driving helps them relax and unwind, it has to be said that driving is a stressful activity, particularly for men. She claimed he gave her an inferiority complex. + QUOTEp(it) A "If the French, geography and maths teachers left, I'd enjoy school," the 14- year-old claimed. Here in Britain a woman recently won compensation for disability due to asthma which, she claimed, was exacerbated by working in an office full of smokers. + against NP Β She had to claim against the other driver's insurance. + for Np Β MEPs can claim for hotels, travel and other expenses.

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

t It III

[N]A/[byN] D1 [N]p [against N] P T7 D5 [from N] T4 [off N] T5 IV [for N]p D6 T3.7 V [on N] P D7 T6 c accident... SHI s a p Active: 2/2 Passive: 1 /2if j^ppppppp fgjggg [ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N] P D1 07

D8

D9

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

+ on Np Β My neighbour was burgled last month and when she came to claim on her house contents insurance the insurance company said she was under-insured and refused to pay the full amount. + so/otherwise A Such extra flights would not be free, although government personnel might claim so. + NP to-INF A I have no intention of dogmatizing on these issues, nor do I claim my suggestions to be the one and only answer. + NP + as N/it + as N-patternP A I do not presume to claim any of these techniques as my own, nor to be the first to describe them to non-chiropractors and non-osteopaths. In Texas, 30 per cent of those polled say they still prefer Mr Perot to either Mr Clinton or Mr Bush, who claims Texas as his home state. + Np + as ADJ/itp + as ADJ-pattern A No dispassionate observer would claim it as self-evident that Germany's economy is better prepared for the future than America's. + Np + for Ν A Perhaps the only thing I can claim for myself is that in such a thick book I have found the important part. Β The movement was officially established at a meeting in Sydney, close to the spot where Australia was claimed for the British crown more than 200 years ago. + Np + from Ν Β Manufacturers failed to react to the huge increases in car crime as customers were content to claim compensation from their insurance companies. + Np + off Ν Β If you're in a car accident and it's not your fault you're entitled to claim that money off the

class

135

T6

other person's insurance as well. + Np + on Ν Β The 1,000-mile detour meant that the party ran up a £ 2,000 bill on hotel rooms and food, but they hope to claim it back on their holiday insurance.

T7

+ against Ν + for N/V-ing Β They warn that European law precedents allow a citizen to claim against his or her government for not properly implementing European legislation.

A person 1 1 (i) something such as innocence or responsibility 11 (ii) that something is the case 11 , i.e. say it is true. -> D1 D2 D3 D4 D8 D9 T1 T2 T3 A person or an institution 1 can claim (i) something 11 from another person or an institution 111 , i.e. say that they have a right to it. (ii) for something that is owed to them, such as business expenses™, i.e. ask to be given the money (iii) (iv) (v)

for a wrong they have suffered™, i.e. ask for money as compensation. for a person or an institution, i.e. to their advantage. against someone or an institution that can be held responsible 111 for a wrong they have suffered™, i.e. ask for money from them as compensation. -> D1 D5 D6 D7 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Something such as an accident, an attack, or a disease 1 can claim a person or a person's life 11 , i.e. kill them. -> D1

class P1

P2

P3

P4

A Β C

noun A I went to some local history evening classes. Β Sarah is one of the youngest in her class. C Apart from being different to Botham in style and application, Cork simply isn't in the same class. + for Ν A Thursday. LITTLE KICKERS (lOwks) Class for mums-to-be; gentle exercise and relaxation. + in N/V-ing (frequent) A Saturday Conservatory offers classes in acting, mime, dance, technical theater, costume and more. More advanced students can arrange to take classes in typing, word-processing, computing etc. + of Ν (very frequent) Β An actual reading test can be given to a class of 30 children in 20 minutes. "Class of 69" (C4,10pm). A repeat of the 1989 film which saw Ruby Wax reunited with her high school class of '69. C The class of blood cells infected by HIV are among those which normally combat infections. The consequent economic growth has led to

P5

the emergence of a large class of better educated Indonesians. + on Ν A On Aug. 12. the Building Education Center presents a class on Architectural Mode! Making.

A class can be 'a lesson on a particular topic or in a (school) subject'. P1 P2 P3 P5 A class can be 'a group of schoolchildren or students who are taught together or who all studied in the same year'. -» P1 P4 A class can be 'a division or grouping of people or things according to similar quality or characteristics'.

136

clean

clean

verb

A

DIRT Active: 1 / 3

... easily General: 0

Passive: 1 /3

[N]A/[byN] II III

[N]p [N]p

D1

[of N] IV marg [for N] V [from N]

[off N] [with N]

D1

D2

D3

T1

T2.4 T1.3 T2

I S S I Active: 2/2 U H I [N]A Il obi [ADV: QUALITY]

D3

D2 T1 T3 T4

A I c/ean more and he cooks more. It not only cleans brilliantly, its special formula protects the patterns, too. (only if clear from context) + Np A He learned to cook and to clean the house. What's the best stuff to clean a microwave? One of the easiest ways to clean a wound is to run water over it. + for Ν A I clean for her, you see, two mornings a week. + ADV: QUALITY Β Most of the pans cleaned easily with hot, soapy water and a soft cloth. The handle does not clean well and could harbour bacteria. + Np + from Ν A It's now even easier to clean dust from awk-

T2

T3

T4

ward places, too, as Hoover has improved the efficiency of the on-board tools. + Np + of Ν A Clean the mushrooms of any sand. Stella Pinero had cleaned her face of make-up and brushed her hair. + Np + off Ν A You should clean that phosphorus stuff off the face. + Np + with Ν A Plastic scales are simple to clean with a damp cloth. You should clean them with soap and water and avoid abrasives which can damage the tiles.

Clean means 'remove dirt, dust or any unwanted substance': A person1 can clean something11 of dirt111, (ii) A person1 can clean somebody or something11 with a cleaning agent or cleaning device VI . (Hi) A cleaning agent or a cleaning device1 can clean something11 of dirt111, (iv) A person1 can clean dirt111 from or off a thing or a place v . M D1 D2 T1 T2 T3 T4 also in phrasal verbs: clean down; clean off; clean out, clean up; clean up after A thing1 can clean easily, well etc.11, i.e. be easy to clean. -» D3

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down Np Two of Howard's crewmen pumped the yacht out, cleaned down the interior with disinfectant, and then left the yacht in the custody of the Harbour-master. (= clean thoroughly) + off P1 P4 I i P6 If you say that you haven't a clue about something or haven't a clue what to do, you have no idea at all on the matter or how to do it; an informal expression. -4 P1 P2 P3 P4

clumsy P1

P2

P3 P4

adjective

attr Staff can't decide whether the missing computer and information disks were just plain theft or if it was a clumsy attempt to disguise the removal of sensitive information. With a shaking hand I reached into the pocket where I'd put it, took it out, and removed its wooden sheath, which slipped through my clumsy fingers and clattered noisily to the floor, pred Our first efforts at establishing new economic conditions were quite clumsy. The bulky padding made her feel clumsy, but it was deliciously warm. His step was clumsy, his figure heavy. + to-INF (rare) The library of the future can be clumsy to use. [it] + to-INF (rare) Miss Austen, a writer so charming that it seems clumsy to call her a clas-

ps P6

P7 P8

P9

+ at Ν (rare) His hands were inexpert, clumsy at caresses; his mouth was hard when he kissed. + in N/V-ing The chicks could make the distance but they're still slow and clumsy in their flight. I'm probably going to goof so you will forgive me, won't you, if I'm extremely clumsy in using it. + of Ν (rare) It was dreadfully clumsy of me. + with Ν Tommy ate with a fork. He probably got more to eat than the rest of us, because we were pretty clumsy with chop-sticks. I have always been clumsy with my hands. You've described it so beautifully, even if you always claim that you're clumsy with words, [it] + of Ν + to-INF What matters is the why, and it is politically clumsy of all parties to have agreed to play the secretive game.

A person or their actions can be called clumsy if they are ' awkward', especially if their 'movements appear uncoordinated'. A person can be clumsy (i) at a skill or at doing something (ii) with their hands or a tool.

cold P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective attr A Rinse beans and soak in cold water for 8 hours. Β I already found her a rather austere, distant, somewhat cold person. pred A Are you cold? The weather was still cold. Β This is not to say that he is cold, but he does have a certain reserve. + to-INF (rare) A But metal is cold to sit on during cooler weather. about N/V-ing (rare) Β Carl was so hard and cold about it all: not an ounce of sympathy for me

P5

P6

P7

P8

[go] + on Ν Β The bank suddenly went cold on the whole deal. + to Ν A Real marble feels cold to the touch. Β I was cold to Betty. + toward(s) Ν Β How can I spend my life with someone who's so cold towards me? + with Ν A I went cold with the effort of listening, cold with fear. Β Their parents had turned cold with each other.

Cold can mean 'of low temperature'. • P1 P2 P3 P6 P8 A person can be cold (i) about a matter (ii) to or towards another person, i.e. behave in an indifferent and unemotional way towards them. P1 P2 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 ' " : :

:

;

146

collect

collect verb A

'accumulate' Active: 2/3

C Passive: 1/3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p Il obi [N]a [ADV] III marg [into N]

II IV

D1

D2 D3

[N] a / [by [N]p [for Ν] ρ [from Ν]

General: 0

[N]a / [by N] II obi [N]p in [from N] D 'transport'

D1

T3

D3 D3

Active: 2/3

ι

. . . donations Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3

ι

I

Β

... information Active: 2/3

General: 0

[N]A / [by II obi [N]p ill [from N]

Passive: 1/3

N] D1 D2

Passive: 1/3

N] D1

T2 T2

T1-2 τι

T2

• But wasn't Faust the punter who strack a greedy bargain, and Mephistopheles the one who came to collect? (= get what had been promised) + Np Α Τ. T. Tsui is a Hong Kong businessman who collects art. Β "I was going to collect five hundred pounds," he said. C He was also employed by the Government of India to map and collect information about north-western Persia. D A loudspeaker announcement summoned all Frankfurt passengers to the departure exit and the small group rose to collect cases and bags. I have to collect the girls in an hour. • To my horror and amazement, I was perfectly unable to collect my ideas: facts and dates all mingled together confusedly in my mind. (= think logically) He sighed, then stopped, as if collecting himself. (= regaining his selfcontrol) + for Np Β I collect for the hospital charity. + ADV A Food debris collects in holes in the teeth and gaps between the teeth and gums.

T1

T2

T3

+ Np + for Ν Β They were obviously collecting money for party funds. + Np + from Ν Β He added that the government would also look into the possibility of helping local organisations wishing to collect donations from the public. C However, more recently there has been a concerted effort to collect evidence from young children who spoke of their immediate past lives. D Now we'll be walking back by the lane to collect our bicycles from the other gate. They both knew that there wasn't a trace of generosity in his character; if he had sent his private plane to collect her from Nice he had done so for his own personal reasons. + Np + into Ν A The water transpired from the trees builds up over the forest; air currents collect it into clouds; the clouds condense into rain again. By now the red silk roses had been collected into one big bunch.

A

Collect can mean 'accumulate': ih A nerson 1 can collect something such as stanins" as a hobhv.

Β

A person 1 can collect money or other donations 11 from people^ often for a good purpose 111 . • D1 D2 T1 T2 Γ • A person 1 can collect information 11 , or collect things11 from a person or place11 . gather them —> D1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: collect up; collect together Collect can mean 'go and get a person or thing from somewhere'. (i) A person 1 can collect a thing 1 ' from another person or a place111. (ii) A person, bus, etc. 1 can collect another person 11 from a place™. —> D1 T2

C D

wm&sstm

combine

147 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + together D1 T2 E Qualities or circumstances 11 + n i can combine or be combined to effect something IV , i.e. come together in one person or thing and thereby create this effect. -> D2 T3
D2 D3 D4

competent P1

T2

adjective

attr I intend to pick the most competent people. pred I understand she is extremely competent. + to-INF (frequent) He did not feel competent to do the job. I'm not sure I ' m competent to answer these kinds of questions. The cabinet was not competent to deal with the crisis. Governments are not competent to decide the standard of university degrees, and therefore cannot be competent to judge how long a degree should take. + as Ν But far more important is the probably vain hope that the Tories will apppear less disunited and look more competent as a Government. + at N/V-ing What are you most competent at? He has an aircraft and a helicopter pilot's licence, and he is more than competent at a

P6

P7

P8

A person or institution can be competent (i) at or in doing something (ii) on a topic (iii) with a tool or something they use, i.e. have some ability.

number of other sports, golf, karate and snooker among them. Instead of treating criticism as useful feedback, we become extremely competent at defending ourselves against it. + in N/V-ing Certainly, every student should be competent in basic arithmetic. We are now more competent in diagnosing and treating the condition successfully. + on Ν (rare) The family was known to be corrupt, not terribly competent on some matters, but it performed competently in the war. + with Ν So are you quite competent with numbers then? We opted for a chauffeured punt from the Cambridge Punting Company, even though two of us are competent with a punting pole.

162

complacent

complacent P1

P2

P3 P4

P5

adjective

attr Mr Ross says it is still necessary for our governments not to fall into the complacent attitude that the miners will continue to take care of the country. pred Just as American industrial leadership made American manufacturers complacent, however, American educational leadership thirty years ago made American educators complacent. + to-INF (rare) We were complacent to imagine that the monster was extinct, [it] + to-INF (rare) There is an enormous amount of enthusiasm and hard work going into improving our sport but it would be dangerously complacent to think of some of our ideas as revelations. For those of us who are less + that-CL (rare) less

P6

P7

P8

P9

complacent that we're getting it right, where can we go to find out?

+ about N/V-ing (frequent) In its quest to make the sport more exciting, has Formula One become too complacent about safety? Doctors on the Gold Coast yesterday warned that lives were at risk from three killer flus because people had been complacent about getting vaccinated. + in N/V-ing However, he cannot afford to be complacent in money matters. Many observers in Colombo believe the armed forces were too complacent in allowing the Tamil Tigers to make such meticulous preparations. AANA urges its members not to become complacent in monitoring safety measures. + over Ν (rare) The black community has become too complacent over racist killings, says the father of murdered schoolboy Rolan Adams. + with Ν World systems theory may still function to prevent us from becoming complacent with capitalism.

A person or an action can be called complacent it they wrongly think a situatuion is satisfactory and will not chüngc.

complain

verb

wmm Passive: 1 / 3 General: 0 tmsmrnl.Active: 1 / 3 1 [N]A/[byN] [that-CL]p. it DI ΤΙ II [Q/S] D2 M

D1

02 D3

D4

Even so, most of those who saw the painting when it was first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1830 thought it indecent and complained. + (that)-CLp:it (very frequent) Radical delegates complained that too many concessions have been made to the government, and not enough has been received in return. Many charities complain they are feeling the chill from people switching their donations to the National Lottery. QUOTE/SENTENCE "I don't know what I ' m doing wrong," Ray complained. + about N/V-ingp/ about Ν V-ingP (very frequent) She goes on to complain about Steve's poor choice of friends. Local hospitals have also complained about being unable to cope with the influx of Yemeni patients previously treated in Saudi hospitals. She gets very lonely and complains about me getting home late. + at N/V-ingp Others complained at the treatment they suffered recently from bouncers at Brown's nightclub. Labour M P Tony Banks complained at being made to stand in for travel-

m

[about X]p [at N/V-ing]p [0fX]p

IV cont [ t o N ] p

D5

D6 T1

T2

T3

D3

T2

04

T3

D5

T4

D6

T1^t

shy colleagues on the grounds that his London residential status made travel less problematic for him. + of N/V-ingp /of Ν V-ingP (frequent) The opposition complained of the massive use of government funds in ruling party campaigns. She complained of sore throat, phlegm in the back of her throat, chest pain, lightheadedness, and dizziness. Many deaf people complain, with some justification, of being treated as stupid simply because they cannot hear. Customers complain of the queues being too long. + to Np If you go on like this I ' m going to complain to Lysenko. (only if clear from context) + to Ν + that-CLP:i, I've had many a frustrated owner on the phone complaining to me that their dog just will not keep to his own toys. + to Np + about N/V-ingp Chris Patten, governor of Hong Kong, has offered to set up an appeals tribunal after legislators complained to him about plans to issue 1997 passports ahead of time. to Np + at N/V-ingp Her parents have complained to the press at being left in the dark.

163 Τ4

complaint

to Np + of N/V-ingp Yet on Christmas Eve, he was complaining to friends of loneliness and his quest for a lasting relationship.

A person 1 can complain to (i) about someone 111 (ii) about, at or of something11 1All three prepositions are often used synonymously; some speakers use at when a particular event or action has displeased someone and of when someone is suffering from a disease or experiencing pain.

complaint noun P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

P9

Fouling is one of the main complaints levelled against dog owners, particularly in urban areas. Foreigners often moan about the cost of doing business in Japan. Their chief complaint concerns the country's retail system. + that-CL Stanley Baldwin's complaint that the people would not rally to the cry of rearmament will doubtless find echoes in Rome this week. + about N/V-ing (frequent) My only complaint about my seafood dinner was the blue cheese salad dressing, which tasted of Miracle Whip. They had no complaints about becoming the first team from the First Division to be knocked out. + against Ν Another 12 per cent moan about British Telecom, followed by nine per cent with complaints against electricity companies. + by Ν There is already a Treasury inquiry into these events as a result of a complaint by the Stock Exchange. + from Ν The Director of Fair Trading, Sir Gordon Borrie, called for the inquiry after a series of complaints from consumer groups. + of N/V-ing The Solicitors' Complaints Bureau investigates complaints of inadequate service and professional misconduct. Dillon had hailed a taxi outside a city nightclub and told the driver to take her to the nearest police station as she wanted to lay a complaint of being assaulted. + to Ν Complaints to the ASA include holidaymakers having a long walk from their "beachside" hotels to the seaside. + by Ν + that-CL The decision, made at a meeting in Toulouse of European Space Agency nations, also follows complaints by scientists that the station is overrated as a research tool.

P10

P11

P12

+ by Ν + about Ν The US took up the cudgels over access to the film market, following a complaint by Eastman Kodak about unfair practices. + from Ν + that-CL A senior male officer in the West Hollywood station was transferred last week after complaints from a female officer that he had been sexually harassing her. + from Ν + about N/V-ing/from Ν + about Ν V-ing His parents have received a letter from their local council telling them of a complaint from a neighbour about an "alleged noise nuisance created at your property by a children's toy train". Following complaints from other networks about being denied access to legitimate news events, all stations had been guaranteed access to the opening. Newcastle-uponTyne's director of social services was asked by the council's social services committee to investigate a complaint from a foster mother about a handicapped boy, aged two, being taken from her and placed for adoption with a lesbian couple.

A complaint is 'a statement about something you consider bad or wrong'. There can be a complaint (i) by or from a person or institution complaining (ii) about something or about the person or institution that has done something wrong (iii) against a person or institution that has done something wrong (iv) of something that is against the law (v) to a person or authority with responsibility for investigating a complaint.

164

complete

complete

verb

Active: 2 / 3

Ι II obi

D1

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]a / [by N] [N]p [V-ing]p

III

General: 0

D1

[by V-ing] [with N]

T1 T2

T1-2

D2

+ Np To complete the job on the electrical side, we also replaced the plug. Thus eligible to register at a university, he chose law and successfully completed his first year. In 1886 he won 42 games, started 64, and completed 62. For the philatelist a visit to STAMPEX serves not only as an opportunity to meet others of like mind, but perhaps also to buy that elusive stamp or postal item to fill a blank in the album page or complete a collection. • Methods of collecting the community charge by establishing a register of all residents over the age of 18 may result in those who cannot afford

D2

T1

T2

the tax not completing their electoral registration forms. (= filling in) + V-ingp However, we never did complete decorating the master bedroom. + Np + by V-ing (passive usually with modal) Complete your look by applying a glossy nail polish. • When you've decided which you'd like best, turn to page 21 and complete the coupon by ticking the appropriate boxes - not more than two per person please! (= fill in) + Np + with Ν Complete the effect with your accesoires and decoration.

The verb complete expresses the idea of finishing something, often a task requiring some effort, so that nothing_ more needs to be done about it.

complimentary P1

P2

P3

adjective

attr A We often get complimentary remarks regarding the cleanliness of our patio He kept saying very complimentary things about his partner. Β You'll receive a complimentary bottle of wine. pred A Aline Elliot-Frobisher was very complimentary. I have been delighted to receive so many letters following our first issue. Some have been complimentary, some have suggested improvements. Β There is a limited number of places at our evening and tickets are complimentary. + about Ν (frequent) A I've proved my way works because col-

P4

P5

P6

leagues have been extremely complimentary about my achievements. + for Ν (rare) Β Court fees are complimentary for Spa and Life Fitness programs, but there is a modest surcharge for playing night tennis. + of Ν (rare) A Milton would have been less complimentary of Raymond. But that was an indication of their different natures. + to Ν (rare) A The Liverpool directors were complimentary to us. Β The Fitness Gallery, which includes all the usual machinery to hang from, climb on and collapse in, is complimentary to all hotel guests.

A person or a statement can be complimentary (i) about or of a person or matter, i.e. praise them. (ii) to another person, i.e. pay them a compliment. P1 P2 P3 P5 P6 If something such as a ticket is complimentary, it does not have to be paid for.

comprehensible P1

P2

P1 P2 P4 P6

adjective

attr In these countries cable delivers at low cost access to well-funded terrestrial broadcast television from neighbouring countries in a comprehensible language. pred It may also provide new ways of making

national varieties of English mutually comprehensible. Yoko worries whether her pronunciation will be comprehensible. [it] + that-CL (rare) I believe it is entirely comprehensible that a woman, helpless in the face of

165

P4 P5

concede a superior physical might directed against her, would try to stop the flow of unendurable events by taking one of her abuser's weapons into her own hands and using it in self-defense. + by Ν (rare) These books are both written for the layman and readily comprehensible by him. + for Ν (rare) The treaty is about as comprehensible for common readers as the tax code.

P6

+ to Ν Presenting the fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis in a form comprehensible to a six-year-old is beyond the ability of most people. The formulae come out in ways in which they will be comprehensible to people whose English is marginal. We've got to try and make the cases simple and comprehensible to the jury.

Something that is comprehensible to a person can be understood by them.

conceal

verb

Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3

ι [N]a / [by N ] II Obi [N]p [that-CL]p(|t) [wh-CL]p(it) D1

D2 D3 T1

General: 0

D1 D2 D3

III [from Ν] IVmarg [ADV]

η .3-4 T2

T1.2 T3 T4

+ Np A large mahogany cabinet concealed the television. They learnt to endure knocks and hardships, to face risks, conceal fear, be quick, bold and adaptable. This site, like several others connected with Merlin, is said to conceal a treasure. + (that)-CLp(it) He didn't quite conceal that he meant to impress her. + wh-CLp(it) I dress well in order to conceal how vulnerable I feel. + Np + from Ν I wrote what I think and to this day my thoughts remain the same. It may be a mistake not to have concealed it from others. He was concealing something from her. If he had any deep reservations about the likely suc-

T2

T3

T4

cess of the forthcoming campaign, he was careful to conceal them from his staff. + Np + ADV What they do is conceal their family names behind a label. The figure concealed itself beyond the ridge of the roof. + from Ν + (that)-CLp(it) I can't conceal from you there is considerable irritation in another place regarding the lack of progress. + from Ν + wh-CLp(it) In fact, these enormously complex share and option schemes are all designed to minimise taxation and conceal from ordinary shareholders how much of the profits are siphoned off before they get their cheques.

Conceal means 'hide' ; a formal word, often used figuratively.

concede

verb

Active: 1/3

IV M

D1

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]P„2 /EFFECTED [that-CL] P(it) [Q/S]p [Nip.! BEN/REC [to N] [on N]

General: 0 Active: 2/2

D1 D2 D3 D5 D4

T1-2

Passive: 1 /2

General: 0

[N]A/[byN] II obi [ N ] p

D1

T1 T2

The Formans were quite happy to concede, apart from Jimmy, who did not want to go with the family but with Timothy Lees, with whom he shared a cabin. + Np The opposition has conceded defeat. The case study suggests that successful popular planning depends on the willingness of the authority to concede some of its power. The de-

fense has conceded all the prosecution charges. Yet after a ten-week strike, the employers, the Engineering Employers' Federation (EEF), conceded a 39-hour week. The doctor nodded, as if conceding a point, and opened the door for her. a At one point they went an amazing 20 games without conceding a goal. Bowling

166

conceive

in a Queensland country match during season 1968-69, R. Grubb achieved the memorable feat of conceding 62 runs in one eight- ball over. + (that)-CLp(it) First, some royalists had conceded that the king could not enact laws without the sanction of Parliament. He was absolutely refusing to concede that his economic policy had been wrong. The government did quickly concede that the safety aspect of some schools have been neglected. Only reluctantly did the government concede that unemployed young volunteers should keep their benefits. The umpire apparently apologised to the batsman afterwards, conceding he may have made an error. To talk about security as a shared goal may appear illusory, the paper concedes, given the present military confrontation but the worsening situation made it more necessary. Oh, I concede there are extenuating circumstances. QUOTEp / SENTENCEp "It's a point," Cameron conceded. It's an artist's dream, she concedes.

D2

D3

D4

+ on Ν The government has so far shown no signs of conceding on the major political demands + to Np A correspondent for the BBC in Zambia says that by conceding to popular demands for a multi-party system, President Kaunda is hoping to control the pace of reform. It appears that the authorities conceded to the growing pressure on them by the announcement of an opposition boycott of the election. + Np + Np (rare) My mother had me write a 'thank you' letter to my aunt with my new pen, although she conceded me a couple of days' grace, which she wouldn't normally have done. + Np + to Ν In December 1949 the Dutch conceded independence to Indonesia The Prime Minister, the Independent says, has been admirably resolute in not conceding political status to anyone convicted of criminal offences in the Province.

D5

T1

T2

Concede means 'give up resistance to something by admitting that it is true or by allowing it to happen', α In sport if a player or team 1 concede a certain number of points11, this number is scored against them. ->D1

conceive

verb

Active: 2 / 3

I II obi

Hi

Μ

D1

D2

α

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ]

[N]p 01 [that-CL] P:i , D2 [wh-CL]p.jt D3 D4 [of X]p [it + pattern of IV: ADJ] [ADJ] [to-INF] ρ [as X]

Active: 1 / 2

ι Il

T1-2

Passive: 1 / 2

[N]a / [by N] [N]p

D1

T4 T3 T3 T1 T2.4

α If you want to give your baby the best possible start in life, you and your partner should give up smoking before you conceive. + Np Often, one is filled with wonder that such things could even be conceived. He conceived a plan that she should marry his eldest son. α Once a baby has been conceived, it is the first few weeks of pregnancy that are the key to future health. + (that)-CLp:lt We hnd it difficult to conceive that what has happened will not have a marked effect uoon his future career DrosDects. And when the war of property was won, they conceived that the campaign was over.

D3

D4

T1

+ wh-CLp:it This is beyond our comprehension but we can perhaps try to conceive how it takes place. + of Np/V-ingp / of wh-CLP Equally he would have had to say that it is impossible to conceive of a rationally planned city other than one whose logic of development followed that of the market in land. It's just that I can't conceive of leaving Max for more than a few days. But at his parting with Joanna he couldn't even say, 'See you', for he couldn't conceive of how or when or where he would actually see her again. + Ν + to-INFp For most of human history, or at least as long as astronomy has been conceived to be based on laws, the world has been

167

concentrate

seen as one of change. One by-product of admiration has been the attempt to revive what was conceived to be Druidic belief and practice. + Np + as N/V-ing/Np + as V-ed Moreover even though the arched basement of the Town Hall rather resembles the podium of a Roman temple it was not conceived as such. The vice-presidential post is conceived as one with real powers. Similarly, ritual food laws were seen in allegorical terms - they were conceived as designed to signal God's characteristics of mercy and cleanliness as opposed to violence and bloodthirstiness. + it + ADJ-pattern May we not conceive it possible for anyone who can project the

T2

T3

etheric body, or a being whose densest vehicle is etheric, to play a part in unions under certain conditions? + of Np + as N/V-ing How can we continue to conceive of nature as the perfect origin, as the full presence to which we must return? Neocorporatist theory likewise, and even more explicitly, conceives of power as operating at two levels Call it the Unknown and one can conceive of the creative process as being a next door neighbour to it.

T4

5 D4 T1 T2 T3 T4 A woman 1 can conceive or conceive a baby11, i.e. become pregnant. • M D1

α

concentrate A ι

it

HI

verb

ATTENTION Active: 113

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A

. . . troops

ι II

Muuve 113 11 j rasbive. 113 ι/o Passive: Active: [N]A / [by N] AGENT [N]p /EFFECTED

¡BeBSS® Β ' ¡¡Uff m T1.4 T1.4

ill

[N] a [against Ν]

T1

T2-3 T2-3

[to-INF] a [N]p

[on N/wh-CL/wh to-!NF] P [on V-ing] [upon N]p [upon V-ing]

Β General: 0

T2-3 D2

T2

D2

T2

D3

T3

D3

T3

D1

D2

A Frank tried to read a newspaper, but he could not concentrate. Β A statement from their headquarters said enemy troops had been reinforced and were concentrating for an assault from five positions. + Np C Breathe, concentrate your energy. + on Np/V-ing / on wh-CLP/wh to-lNFP (very frequent) A Francis concentrated on the delicious duckling. The best thing is to concentrate on one thing at a time and avoid all distraction. They should concentrate on rejuvenating the existing vegetation, like grass and shrubs. The committee also said the goals of a base on the moon and a manned mission to Mars could wait, while they concentrated on studying the earth from space and exploring space itself. Our tests concentrate on how these tapes work in the real world. Stroke them gently and concentrate

m

IVmarg [ A D V ]

C

T4

... resources Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

I

[N]A/[byN] II Obi [N]p lllmarg [ A D V ]

M

mmm

D3

τι

T2

D1

T4 T4

on how this feels. We need to concentrate on what to do for you. + upon Np/V-ing A With them Lady Lyndhurst dispensed with civility and concentrated upon the greater simplicity of being obliging. This would place a greater premium upon parties to win the argument about policies, rather than simply to concentrate upon turning out their vote, + Np + against Ν Β The Russian General Staff undertook, in case of war. to concentrate 800,000 men against Germany and to begin an offensive on the fifteenth day after mobilization was ordered. + Np + on N/V-ing A Celtic supporters just wish he'd concentrate all his efforts on catching Rangers. A statement here by the European Community Commission concentrates its criticism on the textiles and footwear bill passed earlier this week in the United States Senate.

168

concept

T3

T4

+ Np + upon N/V-ing

A It had the effect upon her, as it did on so very many others, of concentrating her mind wonderfully upon the situation at hand. This would place a greater premium upon parties to win the argument about policies, rather than simply to concentrate upon turning out their vote. A Β C

wmm Concentrate means 'focus one's attention on carrying out a particular task or achieving a goal'. • M D2 D3 T2 T3 Troops11 can concentrate or be concentrated somewhere l v , i.e. be brought together rapidly. -» M T1 T4 If a person 1 concentrates something such as resources 11 , they bring them together. -> D1 T4

concept P1

P2

P3

P4

+ Np + ADV Β Kitchener responded to this threat by concentrating his force at the junction of the Atbara and the Nile - subsequently called Fort Atbara. C They have recently concentrated investment banking activities in London.

noun

We perceive distance and time to be different concepts. We had tried to turn his concept into reality. + that-CL "Equal opportunity" of all souls is intrinsic to the theory of reincarnation; from this follows the concept that all souls were created at the beginning of the world under the same conditions. I don't like this concept that one man's view of a programme is better than my own ability to judge it. + for N/V-ing It's a new concept for inner-city housing that's being tried in other cities such as St. Louis. The notion of "redress" will be put forward as a useful concept for developing a progressive politics of crime and punishment. + in N/V-ing Invented in 1951, the rotary engine is a revolutionary concept in internal combustion. Music for children is a new concept in teaching music to elementary school children.

P5

+ of N/V-ing/of wh-CL/wh to-INF (> 30%)

I

have no interest in the conventional concept of a "United Ireland". Even California cuisine fits into their concept of Mediterranean food. She liked the concept of being able to make a positive contribution for all women. Their concept of how society should operate is individualistic only to the extent that they believe that society should respect the individual's right to selfgovernment. People develop their concept of who they are, and of what they want to achieve in life, according to a sequence of steps. As he listened he began to form a concept of how to run the trial.

A concept is (a) 'an established idea in our way of thinking': 'the concept of liberty', 'the concept of human rights', (b) 'an idea or principle, often one that is new or one that enables you to understand or deal with something more easily'.

concern P1 P2

P3

noun

There is no need for concern. These types of programmes are a big concern. + that-CL Swiss-based international Johnson Bwalya says he is aware of increasing concern that sabotage was to blame for the air crash in which the World Cup squad was wiped out. Spring of 1992 brought concern that a Labour government would harm investors and big business alike. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL (frequent)

De-

spite recent concern about environmental conservation, Brahms et al. (1986) noted that camping was a permitted activity in 42 % of all Nature Reserves in Niedersachsen. SPE has not been shown to be completely free of side effects, and

P4

P5

P6

there is concern about consuming large quantities of the artificial oil. This case, it would seem to me, for anyone considering adoption raises tremendous concerns about whether they can ever really be sure that the adoption is permanent. + at Ν There is mounting concern at what some describe as double standards and hypocrisy on the part of the Eurocrats. + for Ν Mr Blair's rhetoric had concentrated on protecting people from the consequences of rapid change, hence his concern for the family and community. + over Ν Insecure male authors translated their concern over aggressive woman writers

169

conclude

into counteraggressive censoriousness. [be + of] + to Ν The Government has yet to reveal its policy on the issue that is of consistent concern to the large numbers of ordinary men

P7

and women who are too well off to qualify for civil legal aid but who cannot afford legal fees,

Concern is 'an attitude of caution or slight anxiety about a person or situation'.

concern A

verb

'worry'

C

¡ g i f t Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 [ N ] / [by N] a I [that-CL] A: ¡, D [V-ing] A D [N V-ing] A D II obi [N]R D [REFL PRON] D III [about N]

'be about'

mÊsmÊÊÊmsim

Active: 2 / 2

ÍSSI88S811 lobi

[N]A

II obi

[N]

D

obi

D

'focus'

WÊÊÈSÊeStÊeSSttl.

Active: 3/3 lobi T1 T1

[ N ] A / [by N ]

Il obi [REFL PRON] ill obi [with N]

T2 T2

'involve Active: 2/2

Passive: 2/2

[N]A/[byN] II obi [N]p lobi

+ Np A It was a new factor in the equation that had emerged over the past few weeks and one which concerned the United States enormously. Β Mr Jiang called for top priority to be given to the maintenance of social stability, as the issue concerned not only Tibet but all of China. +Ν C Most of the questions concerned international events, [it] + Ν + that-CL A Does it concern you that there is an element I

in sport today where gamesmanship seems to be playing a greater part than sportsmanship? + REFL PRON + about Ν A We have never concerned ourselves about money. We have only ever wanted to know the truth. + REFL PRON + with Ν D Lawson's art is placed within a historical and cultural context rather than concerning itself with current issues.

T1

T2

TI

I

A fact, situation or event 1 that concerns a person" worries them. A person 1 concerning himself or herself 11 about a fact, situation or event111 worries or thinks about it. -> D T1 A fact, situation or event 1 can concern somebody or something 11 , i.e. involve or affect them in some way. —> D A book, speech or any kind them. -> D A

A

conclude A

verb

-finish-

Β

Active: 1/3

ι II

III

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [with N]

'think' Active: 2/3

D1 D4

T1 T1

Passive: 1 / 3

ι [N]A / [by N] Il obi [that-CL]p( it) [Q/S]p [otherwise] [what/much/etc.]p ill [from N] IV [to N]

wmmmm » D2 D3 D5

T3-4

T2 T2-3 T4

170

condition

M D1

D2

A Well just to conclude may I just ask you a couple of quick questions about yourself. + Np A But they say they were obstructed at every stage of their investigations and were unable to conclude them. We concluded our conversation. The Chapter is concluded by a rather theoretical excerpt from John Elliott's work on how teachers learn. In addition, we will accelerate our effort to conclude a tax agreement and a bi-lateral investment agreement. + (that)-CLp(it)

(frequent)

Β The AA concluded that more motorists should be encouraged to cycle short distances instead of driving. It may be concluded that it is not necessary for mothering to be provided by only one person. As at Stonehenge, no signs of a prehistoric settlement having been found, it seems fair to conclude that it was a sanctified assembly place, probably for government or meeting-place of kings over a wide area. They all conclude that global warming is a real problem the world will have to face up to sooner or later. He said it was reasonable to conclude they suffered some catastrophy. 03

D4

QUOTEp / SENTENCEp Β The immediate cause of the collision, the report concludes, was a failure of the lookouts on both boats together with a design fault. The Reformation, he concluded, had at least taught people that true piety did not consist in such

D5 T1

T2

T3

T4

things. He concluded: "Labour must not go down in history as a party anxious to abolish the pleasures of others." So positioned, I concluded, Beardsley had scribbled his name on a contract. + with Ν A This would conclude with a final payment of around one million pounds this year. The aim is that during next year, both conferences will conclude with a revised Treaty of Rome. He concludes with exhortations for a radical reappraisal in the intellectual approach based on 'working in community'. + otherwise Β By trial and error I concluded otherwise. + Np + with Ν A Nelson Mandela concluded this gruelling four-week World Tour with an historic meeting with Margaret Thatcher. He concluded his speech with an apology. + [what/much/etc.]p + from Ν Β So just what can we conclude from these now declassified Defense Intelligence Agency reports? + from Ν + that-CLp(it)

Β However, it is a mistake to conclude from this that young people are politically apathetic. + to Ν + that-CL Β With all these problems facing the economy, the Chancellor concluded to the IMF that Britain faced a tough year ahead.

Conclude can mean 'finish or achieve'. (i) A person 1 can conclude something such as speech, a negotation etc. 11 , i.e. bring it to a satisfactory or successful end. c t'1 i' I pnnrhijli) ΐΎΐιιιιιίIIIMII LI·.'}, oc o Ipuotvt

condition P1

P2

P3

noun

A It emerged today that the injured demonstrator has been shot in the lungs and is in a very serious condition. Β If you are unemployed you can take advantage of most of these services. But special conditions apply to the enterprise allowance. The United States Senate and House of Representatives have both recently voted to impose conditions on trade with China, [in + no] + to-INF A I was in no condition to argue with her, I was washed out. + that-CL Β Before the last set of expert-level talks in

P4

P5

Helsinki last month, the US dropped its condition that President Najibullah step down before a settlement. + for N/V-ing A He said he wanted to sharpen the competitive edge of American business and create the conditions for economic growth. Β A well-paid, well-trained and satisfied labour force is not only good in itself, but a necessary condition for long-term success. A spokesman for the Union said it was considering its conditions for returning to Parliament. + of Ν (frequent) A The A H T project will look into the work-

171

confirm ing capacity of horses exercising in conditions of high temperatures and humidity. Β According to a Pentagon official who spoke on the condition of anonymity, two battalions of troops are being dispatched. Condition can be used to refer to the state something or someone is in. Something or someone can be (i) in a good, bad, etc. condition (ii) in conditions of slavery, etc. (iii) in no condition to do something, i.e. unable to do it in their present state. P1 P2 P4 P5 ·

-

·

-

-

—

«

·..-·

- .-··

·.

-

Condition can be used to refer to certain requirements that have to be fulfilled for something else to happen. (i) The conditions for something are 'what is needed to bring that about'. (ii) The condition of indicates the nature of the condition set. (iii) A person can agree to something 'on condition that' something else is done.

confirm

verb

Active: 1 /3 Passive: 1 /3 [ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing]A [to-INF] a [that-CL]A [N V-ing]A llcont [N]p [that-CL] P:i , [wh-CL]p.jt [Q/S]p:i,

III IV V

General: 0

ι

M

D1

D2

D1 D1 D1 D1 D1

D2 D3 D4

T2 T2 T2 T2 T1-2 T3

[as N/V-ing] [in N] [to N]

T1 T2 T3—4

T4

Packages will be allocated on a 'first come first served' basis and members will be asked to confirm by a given date, (only if clear from context) + Np The authorities have not confirmed this report. The next step, according to the Bristol team, is to make a more detailed study of a single town in order to confirm their observations. This figure has not been officially confirmed. The commission's report confirms some of these claims. They have also confirmed a one-off show at the London Camden Underworld for February 8. It is only on the penultimate page that suspicions are confirmed. We must not cover the past under a mantle of forgetfulness, he said, in a speech which will confirm his reputation as the nation's political conscience. All hell would break loose if the court confirmed her jail sentence. • It will also debate the question of whether people should be admitted to communion before they have been confirmed. (= accepted into the Christian faith) + (that)-CLp:¡t (frequent) He confirmed that he had advised her to make the trip to New Jersey. It's been confirmed that a future Labour govern-

D3

D4

T1

T2

ment would replace the poll tax with a new system of domestic rates. The votes confirm that for the first time in almost a decade, senators and congressmen are at odds with their president. A few telephone calls confirmed the news was true. All three witnesses confirmed in writing that Sandra's account was correct. + wh-CLp:it Last night's opinion polls confirmed how close the result will be. The coach was reported to have foreign number plates but it's not yet been confirmed whether visiting foreign tourists were amongst the dead. Whether this theory is correct has not yet been confirmed. but it is possible to experiment with the effects of baroque music for yourself. QUOTEP:it / SENTENCEP:it "Fangio stands out absolutely as one of the all-time greats," he confirmed. Yes, confirmed Oaks, Crossland was not excluded from the picture. + Np + as N/V-ing Roger Taney, nominated by Andrew Jackson, was confirmed as Chief Justice. Eight years later, almost 140,000 animals have been confirmed as having the disease. + Np + in Ν Mr Lee's advice therefore confirmed me in the course upon which I had decided the previous month.

172

conflict

T3

rebellion", Cornwallis confirmed to Clinton. "Won't be long," he confirmed to the pressmen gaggled beyond the tape.

+ to Ν + that-CLp:it The President confirmed to me that he has decided to abolish military service in its current form. + to Ν « QUOTEp:it/to Ν 30%) Such ideas are totally contrary to the accepted wisdom of our economists and politicians. There are many ways of making quick money which, if not strictly illegal, are certainly of dubious propriety and often contrary to what law makers intended. Taylor's planning, contrary to how it might appear, has been meticulous.

P3

[it] + to Ν + to-INF They have told Swissair that it is contrary to international rules to carry passengers to a destination without them having a visa.

Something that is contrary to something else contradicts it or is not in accordance with it.

contrast P1

P2

P3 P4

noun

Northern Ireland is a place full of contrasts, contradictions, and beautiful food, scenery, and people. α Nearly half of all goods shipped in and out of Germany, Holland and Belgium together go through just four ports. In Britain, by contrast, ten ports handle just over half of all non-oil trade. + between N p! /N and N/betweenV-ing and Ving This is not a contrast between dripping wealth and abject poverty. It is a contrast between the super-rich and those struggling to get along in pleasant surroundings. We wanted to enjoy the contrast between keeping something that the people of Edinburgh knew and recognising that for forty years people have been waiting for something to be proud of in terms of a theatre and an opera house. + in Ν It would be difficult to imagine a greater contrast in managerial types. + of Np|/N and Ν Elen, too, loved the dramatic contrast of sea, sky, and mountains. The stark contrast of the two visits, separated by a little more than two years, illustrates the shifting nature of Pretoria's relations with its southern African neighbors.

P5

P6

P7

+ to N/V-ing (frequent) It was such a contrast to the gray, war-darkened city that she saw it as a magic realm. The atmosphere was in complete contrast to that of the Prime Minister's news conference a little later. α In contrast to rail passenger services, the private sector has been heavily involved in rail freight services for many years. + with Ν The contrast with the hardline stance of the Chinese leadership could not be greater. This famous botanical site is a complete contrast with the Lizard Peninsula at the southern tip of the country. a By contrast with English practice, Northern Irish politicians such as Gerry Fitt of the SDLP were advised by the police to acquire firearms. + of Ν + with Ν The contrast of his house with Lord Grey's was extraordinary.

182

convenient

α

A contrast is 'a very obvious difference between things': (i) There can be a contrast (a) between or of two or more things, i.e. a difference between them (b) of different things, i.e. a pleasing totality that results from the differences between them (c) of one thing with another, i.e. the (effect of the) difference. (ii) Something can be in contrast to or with something else, i.e. be different from it. (i) In contrast to (occasionally also in contrast with, also, but extremely rarely, by contrast with) is often used at the 1 drive on the left. (ii) By contrast and in contrast are used as adverbial disjuncts before a clause: By contrast, the British Treasury and Department of Trade are stony hearted and empty handed.

convenient P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

(i)

(ii)

attr If you would like to view a property, phone the agent and he will put you in touch with the vendor so that between you, you can arrange a convenient time. He needed an excuse and a convenient scapegoat, but this did not prove much of a problem, pred The Prime Minister would like to see him at 10 Downing Street at eleven o'clock, if that was convenient. + to-INF Both of us found the handle convenient to use. Soya milk is very convenient to buy from health food shops, [it] + to-INF (frequent) The Dimblebys thought it was more convenient to eat in the kitchen. Some people might just find it much more convenient to do their own shopping and do their own driving. [it] + (that)-CL It's convenient that she didn't lock the door. It was convenient they chose

P2

P3

P6

P7

P8

to withhold that information. How convenient that he should have vanished. + for N/V-lng (frequent) The resort is convenient for bird-watchers visiting the salt flats of Salines de Llevant. The town is well placed for easy access of London and convenient for Heathrow Airport. Photochromatic lenses, which darken in bright light and pale again in the shade, may be convenient for popping in from garden to house and back. + to Ν If you are willing to take part, they will either conduct the interview straight away or arrange a time which is convenient to you. [it] + for Ν + to-INF It is very convenient for employers to use part-time workers because it saves them money.

Something can be convenient (a) for or, less frequently, to a person, i.e. suit them, (b) for a purpose or a place, i.e. be suitable. Something can be convenient to have etc., i.e. be of use.

convention P1

adjective

noun

A Many powers in a constitutional monarchy are subject to tradition and convention. Β President Bush will now be the only Western leader not to sign the crucial convention. C The Democratic National Convention comes to an end tonight when presidential nominee Bill Clinton delivers his acceptance speech. + that-CL A There is a convention that any barrister who becomes an MP, however rotten he may be, can become a QC. + against Ν Β Two years ago, Turkey ratified the UN convention against torture.

P4

P5

+ for Ν Β The plan has been made possible by an amendment to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. C They organized a com'ention for women's rights at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. + of N/V-ing (frequent) A Hobson upheld the convention of regarding women as specialists in parentage. Β Congress refused to honour the Convention of Saratoga which would have permitted them to go home. C In a speech to a convention of newspaper editors, he said: "The business of America is busi-

convince

183 ness. P6

tion, Britain continues to pour effluent from about 12,000 "legal" discharge points. C The resolution was passed at the end of a one day convention on federal government corruption.

+ o n N/V-ing (frequent)

Β Tomorrow is the 40th anniversary of the signing of the European Convention on Human Rights. Nearly 20 years after signing the Paris convention on eliminating marine pollu-

If a person follows or observes convention, they behave in a way that is generally accepted in society. -> P1 P2 P5 A convention can be 'an official agreement on a particular subject, especially one signed by various countries'. -» P1 P3 P4 P5 P6 A convention can be 'a large gathering arranged for an important, often political purpose' P1 P4 P5 P6

Β C

conversion noun P1

The house was originally a cow barn, he said, adding that three other barns in the locality had been given consent for conversion, a Before his conversion Buchman was a humanitarian dedicated to the welfare of his fellow human beings, (only if clear from context) + from Ν (rare) The Page house on the Isle of Capri is a winning conversion from a pokey little brick cottage. + of Ν (frequent) This, combined with the conversion of older rented dwellings, it has been estimated, might lead to an additional 2000 owneroccupied homes. + into Ν Chairman David McCall said his group bought 15 new sites for conversion into pubs. Human growth hormone (HGH) plays several vital roles in human metabolism, including the combustion of fat and its conversion into energy and muscle.

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

+ to Ν (frequent) One option for the building could be conversion to residential apartments. The prices quoted are sterling and a conversion to punts must be made. α His conversion to Christianity in the mid 1970s has also changed George Foreman's approach to boxing. + from Ν + to Ν The firm forgot to make a required conversion from the tons to cubic yards in calculatory costs. + of Ν + into Ν The capital reorganisation will involve conversion of various preference shares into ordinary shares. Building regulations are also being amended to cover the conversion of houses into flats. + of Ν + to Ν The conversion of sugar to energy in the blood requires the presence of the hormone insulin.

A conversion is 'the act of changing something from one thing into something else, or something that has been changed m that way". If someone experiences a conversion to a different religion or way of thinking, they start to have that new belief. -> P1 P5

convince verb Active: 2/3 I

Passive: 1 /3

[V-ing]A [that-CL]A [N V-ing]A D

General: 0

[ N ] a / [by N]

D D d

T1-3 T1-3 T1-3

+ Np No I'm stuck you know I'm going to be stuck with my opinion and that is that and you're not going to convince me. (only if clear from context) I think we would have convinced anyone, although, come to think of it, we could not have had a more difficult audience than Florence. (only if clear from context)

T1

+ Np + to-INF

Sometimes the young person

II obi [ N ] p

III IV

T2

[to-INF] [that-CL] [of N]

D

T1-3

T1 T2 T3

involved and their parents will have to attend a meeting of the school governors to try to convince them not to go ahead with the expulsion. + Np + (that)-CL The few shining examples of new working-class accommodation which he saw on his tours around the country convinced him that far more could be done. They were unable to convince him that his tape recorder

184

convinced

played both sides without first having to rewind the cassette. It took her a moment, after waking, to convince herself that she had not heard the voice at all. In extreme fevers - and there

T3

are records of many such in history - nothing will convince you you are unwell, + NP + of Ν The mere suspicion was enough to convince him of Andy's guilt.

A person or a fact 1 can convince someone 11 (i) of something or that something is the case IV , i.e. make them believe it is true. (ii) to do something 111 , i.e. persuade them to do it.

convinced P1 P2 P3

adjective

attr He was a convinced communist until he paid a visit to Russia in the late 1930s, pred She didn't look terribly convinced. + (that)-CL (frequent) He remains convinced that an apple a day - in its natural state, packed with vitamins and minerals, really can keep the doctor away. He was convinced he could make a success of the club.

P4 P5

+ about Ν I am not convinced about the diagnosis. + of Ν Polls outside the courtroom suggested that while whites were convinced of O J's guilt most blacks were not.

If you are convinced that something is the case, you feel sure about it.

cool P1

P2

P3

P4

P5 P6

P7

SSSB?

adjective attr A Store them in a dry, cool place. Β But the proposals were given a cool reception by the conference. C He's just so right-on, not politically correct necessarily, but just a cool attitude, and he always says the right things about everything. pred A It was cool, and the wind made it chilly. Β Mr Pavlov's welcome for foreign investment was distinctly cool. C I thought he was cool anyway. + to-INF A In Jamaica it is so hot and these outfits are so cool to wear. C MTV thought it was so funny they made Baywatch cool to watch and our ratings went wacko, through the roof. [it] + to-INF C In many circles, it's simply no longer cool to smoke a joint or snort cocaine. [it] + V-ing (rare) C But won't it be cool being an uncle? [it] + that-CL C Her friends think it is cool that I am her mother. + about N/V-ing Β Pat was so cool about the whole thing. He has also been cool about trying to reverse the unprecedented slump in industrial output through easy bank credits. C She is writing of a non-relationship very typ-

P8

P9

P10

P11

P12

P13

ical of the period, when the need to appear cool about casual sex and mind-stripping hallucinogenics precluded much human contact. + in N/V-ing (frequent) Β Robbins is typically cool in his pronouncements about his future. The members of the first group will make good leaders of a gang of friends, but may tend to be rather cool in responding to individuals. + on Ν (frequent) Β The British and US governments remain cool on the use of force. The Americans have gone cool on the idea. + to Ν (frequent) A The heat-resistant handles and knobs that stay cool to the touch have been designed with your safety and comfort in mind. Β My wife and daughter were as cool to me as my mother and sister had been. + toward(s) N/V-ing Β The neighbours were cool towards the misfortunes of the man who was using one of their farms as a summer cottage. He and Mr Clinton have always been cool towards each other. Israel has always been cool towards accepting an EC role in a future peace conference. + with Ν Β She had planned on being cool with him. Charles seems less cool with his sons these days. [it] + for Ν + to-INF (rare) C I think it's cool for Cindy to do that.

185

copy A

correct

verb 'duplicate' Active: 113

Β Passive: 113

General: 0

'imitate'

Active: 1/2

.

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p

D1

T1-2

II

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p

D1

ill

[from N]

D2

h

III

[off N]

D3

IV

[ADV]«

M

D1

D2

I

,•

r.

;·'

General: 0

Piissive: 112

T2

A Some shops have machines that will copy in color, (only if clear from context) Β They learn by copying and wanting to please rather than by being dictated to. (only if clear from context) + Np A A cassette bought for 20 D M can be copied countless times and sold back home for a massive profit. Β I think she was irritated by me copying her. The customs of Black people in Britain today are often copied and exploited, but seldom praised. + from Ν (frequent) A The hardest thing for him was copying from the blackboard.

D3

T1

T2

+ off Ν (rare) Β She's just copying off other people. + N P + from Ν A On the top floors are three more bedrooms, one of which contains a bed copied by Rupert Cavendish from an art deco masterpiece ordered by an Indian maharaja. + Np + ADV« A A typist will sit and copy a book onto a computer. All the machines have audio and video input and output socket for copying from one video to another.

A person 1 can copy something written 11 , i.e. write it again. ) A person or machine 1 can copy a tape, a document, a recording, etc. 11 • M D1 D2 T1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: copy down; copy out ι »ι If you say a person 1 copies another person or a person's behaviour, techniques, style, etc. , you mean they imitate them. -> M D1 D3 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down Np (+ from N) What I've been doing is copying down names and addresses from the photos. (= writing down) + out h N p I turned to Lesson Two, gripped a piece

correct P1

of chalk, turned around and wrote the title on the blackboard, then copied out the text sentence by sentence. (= wrote out)

adjective

attr A The first ten correct answers pulled from the postbag after the closing date will win training courses. Β His insistence on high standards of fitness and correct behaviour will be rewarded.

P2

pred A Oddly enough, both answers are correct. We have no doubt whatsoever that this conviction was correct. Β Deaf people are updating their sign language to make it more politically correct. They were

186

cost

being very correct, insisting on a phoned warning to Mrs Drummond that her room number had been required by an English gentleman in the foyer. + to-INF (frequent) Β Susan Hardy is correct to question why transportation funding priorities are so focused on motorists' demands. She clearly looks back on the relationship with him as a key part of her premiership and I believe she is correct to do so. [it] + to-INF A One Labour MP said it would be more correct to talk of exclusion rules rather than immigration ones. Β The President may well feel that it's constitutionally correct to ask him to form a government. + that-CL A Am I correct that you didn't call the Stevens apartment before going there. Am I correct that you were the cause?

P3

P4

P5

A Β

cost A

P6

P7

P8

P9 P10

[it] + that-CL A It is quite correct that inefficient producers in an open international economy with relatively few barriers to free trade will suffer from foreign competition. + for Ν A I am told that this is correct for the early cars. Β You must make every effort to ensure that your appearance is correct for the job. + in N/V-ing (frequent) A You are certainly correct in your diagnosis. Am I correct in saying that? Β He had been quietly correct in his enquiries. + on Ν • He was correct on that judgement. (= right) [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) Β It may have been correct for Haig to inspire obedience by projecting himself as the perfect cavalry officer.

Correct can mean 'true' . P1 P2 P4 P5 P6 Correct can mean 'acceptable, in line with established conventions.' —> P1 P2 P3 P4 P7 P8 P10

verb ... money (cost - cost - cost)

iiis

Active: 2 / 3

lobi

[N] a [V-ing] A D T1 [to-INF] A(it) D T1 [for N to-INF] A D T1 D II obi [Miz T1 /EFFECTED III [N] 1 BEN/REC T1 Β 'sacrifice' (cost - cost - cost) mriUM Active: 2/3 lobi [N]A [V-ing] A D T1 [to-INF] A D T1 [that-CL] A D T1 [N V-ing] A D T1 [for Ν to-INF] A D T1 Il obi [N] 2 D T1-2 /EFFECTED BEN/REC III [N]i T1 IV [ADV] T2 + Ν (often N: QUANT) A A gallon of four-star will cost a little under two pounds. A National Water Grid would take years to construct and would cost a fortune. Movies cost a lot and you have to deliver what the system wants. Obviously, when the movie costs more, like Batman or Batman

C

'assess' (cost - costed - costed) Active: 2 / 2

Passive: 112

ι [ N ] a / [by N] Il obi [N]p

General: 0

D

Returns, there is more at stake. They bought six cars costing from £ 300 to £ 800 from dealers in Glasgow and had them examined by an AA engineer. Β Ten years after the end of a fierce guerrilla war that cost over thirty thousand lives, there are still many sensitive wounds in Zimbabwe.

187

count

+ Np C Cost the project carefully and realistically. • It's going to cost us, Mr President. (= cost a lot) [it] + N: QUANT + to-INF A (invented example) It cost £71 to put that one right. You have no idea how much it will cost to enlarge the doghouse. + Ν+ Ν A The Government estimates that roadworks cost road users at least £ 55m a year. Β The refusal cost her some effort. The film in question detailed allegations about party coriW^stMlM

T1

ruption which had already cost two Soviet investigators their jobs, [it] + Ν + N: QUANT + to-INF A (invented example) He estimated it would cost Labour £ 3 bn to buy back sufficient shares in the privatised water industry to fulfil its pledge to return water to public ownership. + Ν + ADV Β The Social Democrats had adopted entirely the wrong tone in a heady hour of national unification, a tone which cost them dearly in the election.

T2

that event. -> D T1 T2 „I

count A 1 II III IV V

verb S S l i

numbers [N] a / [by N] [N]p [wh-CL] [to NUM] [uptoNUM] [from NUM] 'be important'

c ι

D1 D2 D7

T4

D10 T4

[N] A [V-ing]A [that-CL]A [to-INF] a [N V-ing]A [wh-CL] A [for Ν to-INF]A [for N]

M

D3~4

IV

M

D3-4

ν

M D3—4 M

D3-4

M D3—4 M D3—4 D5

A Your father has been talking about how grievous it was to have a good-for- nothing fourteen-year-old son who barely knows how to read and count. Β Staying in contact is what counts. D1

Passive: 1/3

[N] a / [by N] [V-ing]A [that-CL]A [to-INF] a [N V-ing]A [for Ν to-INF]A

D4 D4 D4 D4 D4

11

:: 1 / 2 lobi

'consider' Active: 2/3

D

Active: 2/3

[N]A/[byN] [on X]p Il obi [upon X]p [to-INF] III Further uses [against N] [towards N]

T1-3

T1 T1 T3

T2

Passive: 1/3

I

D2

D3

+ Np

A He counted twelve men. There was an Underground map above one of the windows and I counted the stops to West Hampstead.

[it + pattern of Ν 1 "] [N] 2 [as N] D4 [among N p i/ group ] ¡HPS 'rely' 'iMWW:

D4

D6

D9

T5 T5 T5

D3 D8

+ wh-CL A Count how many different birds, flowers and leaves you can spot. + against Ν • Our lack of popularity counted against us. (= was an argument against) + as Ν C There is room for dispute over what should count as an improvement.

count

D5

D6

D7

D8

A

D

188

+ for Ν Β Vice-presidents have not counted for much under President Suharto. Maynard's effort counts for little. + on Np/V-ingp/on Ν V-ingP (frequent) D You can count on a substantial reduction of rates during the low season at almost all destinations. If you like someone, then lend them money if they ask for it, but don't count on getting it back. These days you can almost count on him saying something stupid or smiling in the wrong place. Marriage will have a greater chance of success where women who share the responsibilities of bread-winning can count on men sharing the responsibilities of bringing up the children. + to NUM A Take a deep breath and hold it while you count to three. Breathe out slowly. + toward(s) Ν • Americans, however, regularly attend British universities and take away "credits" which count towards their degrees at home. (= are considered part of)

D9

D10 T1

T2

T3

T4 T5

+ upon Np/V-ingp/upon Ν V-ingP D He had a chance to stand clear of suspicion as long as he could manipulate or count upon the guilt feelings of others. Since I've been working here hard, regularly, I realise how much I count upon being quiet and alone in the studio. + up to NUM A Can't you count up to 100,000? + Np + N/it + N-pattern C Lee counts herself a post-modernist. I count it a privilege to know her. [it] + to-INF + Np NP + on Ν Once we hit pay dirt big, we'll need to cut someone in on our action. (= let someone take part) + off ^ NP I'll have that young sucker's head cut clean o f f . (= removed) Mr Sukhov's microphone was

+

+ +

+

+

soon cut o f f . (= disconnected) Phone services were cut off in some areas. (= disconnected) Some areas were cut off for days. (= isolated) off M D2 D3 A person 1 can deal or deal out playing cards 11 to the other players111. M D1 T1 T2 a l s o in p h r a s a l v e r b s : deal out

C D E

Someone or something 1 can deal with a person, a situation or a problem that needs attention in a particular situation". -> D3 A book, an article or a part of it1 can deal with a particular topic11, i.e. discuss it at length. D3 deal can mean 'strike a blow, also in a figurative sense". - * T1 T2

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out «-» Np (+ to N) You deal out all the cards. (= distribute) Dalton dealt out five cards to each player. (= distributed) Once again you deal out

debate P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

the fifty-two cards on your narrow bed. (= lay out)

noun

There were lively debates, and people voted for and against the motions. Mr Howe said the regional approach would restore some of the balance which has seen the state's south-east corner dominate economic debate. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL/wh to-INF (frequent) A vigorous debate about British economic policy is going on in newspapers, in the City and in economics faculties around the country. There is obviously a debate about expanding the role of NATO. There was a lively debate about how the revenues should be used. The debate about how to bring the Soviet economy back to life has now also become an argument about how much effective control remains in the hands of central government. + as to N/V-ing/as to wh-CL/wh to-INF (rare) The two armed men seemed to have a silent debate as to which was going to have the possibly fatal honour of going in first. + between N p! /N and Ν Another political story this week is the possibility of a televised debate between the two candidates. + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/wh to-INF (frequent) The current Security Council debate on the occupied territories has been dragging on for nearly two months. The country's politicians have begun a debate on reforming the constitution to allow Japanese troops to fight abroad. There should be free intellectual debate on where the country is heading. The scheme was a useful start to the debate on how to ensure that countries continued to behave responsibly once inside EMU.

P6

P7 P8

P9

Pio

+ over Ν/over wh-CL/wh to-INF (frequent) Compromise is the key in debate over public access to private land. The election results have prompted a debate in Poland over whether the market reform plan should now be modified. Most analysts agree this bill will be a good starting point in the debate over how to reform the health care system. + with Ν British Gas has engaged in an open debate with Ofgas, and there have been rows. + with Ν + about Ν/with Ν + about wh-CL/wh to-INF A year ago I had a bruising debate with my father and brother about the patriarchal nature of traditional religious and literary canons. I get into the annual debate with my children about whether it's ecologically sounder to have a recyclable fake tree or a real green one. Π had started a debate with some of our shareholders about whether to float, although there was no rush to come to market. + with Ν + on Ν He was speaking at the Edinburgh Book Festival during a debate with fellow author Joanna Trollope on the creative control writers lose when their works are adapted for television. + with Ν + over N/V-ing/with Ν + over wh-CL Einstein had a legendary debate with Bohr over the meaning of quantum theory.

A debate is 'a detailed, often formal discussion'. There can be a debate (i) on or about a topic (ii) over a controversial issue that causes disagreement (iii) as to an action that is thought necessary. In informal usage, however, these distinctions may not always be made.

207

deceive

debt P1

noun The Federal Government is aiming for budget surpluses over the next decade to repay its foreign debt. Chelsea is an industrial town near Boston with a $9 million debt. + for N/V-ing The Government's total debt for the Sunshine Coast Motorway is more than $200 million. To pay the $55,000 debt for building a new school, the desperate chiefs had signed an agreement with the logging company. + of Ν (frequent) The total outstanding debt of 135 billion dollars in Africa is roughly equal to the continent's gross domestic product.

P2

P3

P4

P5

+ to Ν (frequent) Kubrick had acknowledged the film's debt to Homer by renaming it 2001: A space Odyssee. a We had no money left in the fund and we were in debt to the Institutes. He regards himself as deeply in debt to Helen Horowitz. + to Ν + for N/V-¡ng They owed a big debt to Neville Southall for claiming a priceless point, α I'm totally grateful that they gave us a big start, most of our history. We're in debt to them for that.

A debt is 'something owed to someone, such as a sum of money'. α If you are in debt to someone you owe them money or have some cause to be grateful to them; if you are in someone's debt, it is always the second meaning. -> P4 P5

decay

verb

Active: 1 / 2

ι il III

Passive: 112

[N]a / [by N] [N]p [into N]

General: 0

D1 D2

Conservatives openly disapprove of the way the old Soviet system has been allowed to decay. These particles decay to form yet more particles. The material added to the soil will decay completely in a few months.

D1

D2

+ NP (rare) Natural enzymes and microorganisms start to decay the meat so loosening the structure. + into Ν This should be long enough for the plutonium to decay into harmless elements.

Decay means "weaken and fall apart'.

SKÊKIÊlHUÊttt

:

deceive

verb

Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

ι

[N]A / [by Ν]

li

[N]p [REFL PRON]

M

D1

D2

mem

General: 0

di

T2-4 π

It only becomes a problem when they're trying to deceive. A neat reminder that appearances may deceive, and that every woman must find her own passport to fortune. + NR Bridge players try to convey accurate information to their partners; poker players try and deceive everyone. Like all cosmetics, colours can improve the appearance, delight the onlooker and deceive the senses. I could never deceive him or not tell him what I was really thinking. She was not wholly unaware that she deceived herself. + about Ν (rare) We deceive about the price, destroy the evidence, speak in code and cultivate innocent outrage at the very suggestion that our

III

[about N]

IV

[that-CL]

ν VI

[into V-ing] [with Ν]

T1

T2

T3

D2

T2 n

T3 T4

'bargain' may have cost far too much, (only if clear from context) + REFL PRON + (that)-CL Moreover, they could still deceive themselves that Franco was more monarchist than Francoist. It smacks of a man beginning to miss his headline-hugging prime and, in dreaming of the Wolves managership, deceiving himself he can recapture it. + Np + about Ν I've no rights in the matter, and I don't want to deceive you about my domestic situation. + Np + into V-ing In Operation Bagration the Soviets were able to deceive the Germans into believing that their main blow would fall further to the south.

208

decide

+ Np + with Ν But trying to deceive someone with an item masquerading as an original is questionable and dishonest.

T4

J

Deceive means 'deliberately give someone a wrong impression.' A person 1 can deceive (i) another person 11 about something or someone 111 , i.e. give a wrong impression of it. (ii) someone 11 into doing something v , i.e. cause them to do it by misleading them. (iii) oneself 11 that something is the case I v . i.e. wrongly believe that it is true.

decide

verb

Active: 1 1 3

I

II HI

IV

ν vi VII vin M

D1

D2

D3

D4

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p [tO-INF]p:it [(that)-CL] P(it) [wh-CL] P(it) [wh tO-INF]p(it) [SENTENCE] P:it [about X]p [on X]p [upon X]p [(for or) against N/V-ing] P [in favour of N/V-ing] [between N p |/N and N]p [for REFL PRON] [otherwise]

General: 0 Active: 2 / 3

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

T5

T5 T5 T5

D12

D13 D8 di 1 D9 dio dm

sis Äi^ä Passive: 1 / 3

ι

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A Il obi [N]p Ht [Ν] IV [that-CL] ν [about Ν] [on/upon Ν]

D1 D1 D1 D1 T1-4 T2 T3 T4

T5

The public gets to decide, (only if clear from context) Go on. You decide, (only if clear from context) + Np They are expected to elect a state president and decide appointments to senior government positions. You see, we understood he was letting us decide his fate. He plans to hold a referendum to decide the issue once and for all. Anne looked at Rickmore and it was that look, more than anything Elham had said, which decided him. α The struggle for time will decide the war. + to-INFp:l, (> 30 %) She decided not ot tell him what Anna had said to Ritchie. Mrs. Thatcher decided to take on the unions and won. Of course you can get an increase in recorded crime because more people decide to report the offence. + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent) Clearly, someone who has not had any children may later decide that they want at least one. But if and when you decide you're ready, I want you to be responsible. + wh-CLp(it) How can you decide if the energy-saving features advertised are worthwhile? It's entirely up to the victim to decide if they require help. Voting has ended in the ref-

D5

D6 D7

D8

D9

erendum in Hungary to decide how the country's president should be elected. But I'll decide where I'm going. He told MPs: "The House will have to decide whether it wants the Prime Minister to preside over the Edinburgh Summit." + wh to-INFp(it) He's said to have told students that in the event of a war it will be difficult to decide which side to take. The Home Office will decide what to do about the 30 people after police interviews. SENTENCEp:it He would, he decided, rely on his own political nous. + about Np/V-ingp/about wh-CLP/wh to-INFP I mean we have to decide about things like that really. Martha could not decide about continuing or ending the marriage. It helped you to decide about whether you were going to tell them. + (for or) against N/V-ingP It was certain that the majority of Germans would decide against disarmament. They have decided against boycotting the referendum. It's against this background that community Foreign Ministers will decide for or against the meeting with Mr Aziz. + between NP|/N and NP Those who like to go to sleep early and rise early often find that they have to decide between their favourite sleep pattern and a social life.

209 D10 D11

D12

D13

decision + for R E F L PRON You will, of course, decide for yourself, (only if clear from context) + in favour of N/V-ing In the end, the Czech regional government decided in favour of VW's eight thousand million Deutschmark bid. In practice in the past the minister has almost always decided in favour of building a new road. + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/wh to-INF The governors of a voluntary-aided school can decide on their own admissions criteria. Now the three Scottish judges ruled that they could not decide on the matter, a decision, as they must have realized, that was profoundly to affect the trial. If you do decide on this option it is important to be rigorously fair about taking turns. It's taken the Italian Communists almost a year to decide on a new name after the crumbling of Communistled regimes in Eastern Europe. He decided on roast chicken and vegetables, with apple pie and cheese to follow. So she wrote me and said she'd decided on moving here. We would expect judges to decide on whether public interest defenses were valid or not. Croatia can't afford to wait for Europe to decide on whether to intervene. Your doctor will decide on which approach to use.

D14

T1

T2

T3 T4

T5

+ otherwise Until his department decides otherwise, the Air Quality information line will continue as it is. + Ν + to-INF α Tell me what decided you to get in touch with PDS and then with me. + Ν + that-CL α This finally decided Godwin that he could no longer reconcile his beliefs with his vocation. + Ν + about Ν a I don't know what decided me about Girton. + Ν + on/upon Ν α A close call had decided her on a career change. +for R E F L PRON + N/about N / for R E F L PRON + wh CL/wh to-INF The ministers agreed that the new Germany will decide for itself its future security status. It's up to each woman to decide for herself about this issue. You don't have to know dance music, you just have to listen and decide for yourself what you like. By using such techniques, companies can decide for themselves where and when to pay tax. Companies should decide for themselves how best to ensure equality of opportunity.

+ upon N/V-ing/upon wh-CL/wh to-INF Mr Clinton had decided upon an "entry strategy". In view of this situation, we decided upon falling back to the nearest supply of water. Among the clashing shields and ringing swords they would weave their way, deciding upon who should fall and who should live.

The verb decide can be used to say: (a) that 'a person makes a decision about a particular issue', (b) that 'a person makes a particular decision.' If you say a person decides for themselves you mean that 'they decide, rather than someone deciding for them'. Decide on something can mean (i) 'to arrive at a decision about it' or (ii) (less frequently) 'decide in favour of it'. To decide on a person always means the latter. To decide about something or someone always means 'arrive at a decision.' - > M D 1 D2 D 3 D 4 D 5 D6 D 7 D 8 D 9 D 1 0 D 1 1 D 1 2 D 1 3 D 1 4 T 5 α Decide can be used to say that 'a situation or an event is the decisive factor in a decision or in a contest.' D1 T1 T2 T3 T4

decision P1 P2

noun

It's my life, my career and I think I'm entitled to make my decisions. + to-INF (frequent) Anne Fulwood's decision to resign sent shockwaves through the network last week. We made a conscious decision to stay together. The continuing problems were emphasised by the decision of US Secretary of State Warren Christopher to attend today's first day of the Middle East and North Africa economic summit.

P3

P4

+ that-CL Howard made the decision that he wanted to go back to Everton and I wish him all the best. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL/wh to-INF The film wends its way through her fear, denial and anger as she struggles to make a decision about her unplanned pregnancy. Another problem is that the various individuals in most friendship/family groups have made different decisions about being public or open about

210

declaration

P5

P6

P7

P8

(ili) (iv) (v)

their sexuality. I think the people of the region are capable of making their own decision about who they will support. Soon, the system could be hooked up to a car's cruise control. This would allow the vehicle to make its own decisions about when to speed up or slow down to fit in with other traffic. + against N/V-ing Within hours a writ was filed in the Peshawar High Court challenging the speaker's decision against the two deserters. The latest move comes on top of the administration's decision against sending troops to join the rapid reaction force. + by Ν Yesterday's decision by the 20-man IRFB ends an extraordinary eight weeks for rugby union in which television moguls raised the stakes to unprecedented levels. + for Ν (rare) The final decision for war was reached only when the ostensible leader, the Kaiser, desperately and unsuccessfully backtracked. + in favour of N/V-ing Judge Robert Taylor based his decision in favour of the couple's claim and against Lloyds Bank on existing case law. The decision to carry out the investigation of Ms Davies was taken by 17 votes to 6 - a narrower margin than the 22 to 3 decision in favour of reducing the trade union block vote.

P9 P10

P11

P12

P13

+ from Ν A decision from the UN is expected next week. + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/wh to-INF He said a final decision on support for the resolution would only be made after the wording was finalized. The German Chancellor, Helmut Kohl, goes to the summit equally determined to block any decisions on cutting subsidies. Preston will manage the Australian base for successful trainer Michael Moroney but awaits the decision on where exactly that will be. Mr Fullgrabe said a decision on whether to proceed further with the proposal for a specific site was expected to be made later this year. + by Ν + to-INF Downing Street has announced a number of government changes following the decision by Peter Walker, the Welsh Secretary, to give up politics. + from Ν + about Ν (rare) She announced that she would need a decision from Jay about their future when she returned in two months time. + from Ν + on N/V-ing/from Ν + on wh-CL A decision from Saudia on the regional jet tender is expected shortly. Officials from the West Australian Government were last week reportedly seeking a quick decision from other states on whether they would uniformly match the stamp duty cut to 0.3 percent from 0.6 percent.

in favour (rare also for) something that is supported against something that is rejected by or from a person or institution able to make a decision

declaration noun P1

P2

P3

P4

The final declaration at the Bergen conference fell far short of what environmentalists had been hoping for. + that-CL The Italian declaration that it would like to come back into the exchange rate mechanism was seen to reflect its determination not to be left behind. All foreign names have since 1987 signed a declaration that any disputes must be settled in England under English law. + about N/V-ing His party faces a stiff task defending gains made in recent years against both Labour and Tory opponents, and a declaration about its preference between those parties nationally would damage its local campaigns. He said NATO's declarations about changing its role had yet to be backed up by practical moves. + against Ν John Major came under intense

P5

P6

P7

P8

diplomatic pressure last night to agree to sign a common European declaration against racism and xenophobia. + by Ν Brokers said the market's indecisive tone was caused by concern about the weekend declaration by the Group of Seven nations. + from Ν Such a declaration from the UN command will place the onus upon them to fire the first shot against a convoy to which they take a dislike. + in favour of N/V-ing It is easier to issue declarations in favour of sustainable development. The radicals demanded a declaration in favour of abandoning all vestiges of MarxismLeninism for western-style social democracy. + of Ν (> 30 %) He demanded that Estonia's declaration of independence be declared null and void. Solal's declaration of love, spell-

211

declare

binding in the original French, is virtually untranslatable. Despite the government's declaration of war, Pablo Escobar, the head of the most powerful drugs cartel, is said to be still living and dealing in Medellin. + on N/V-ing About three thousand people in Moscow held a rally yesterday to mark the anniversary of the United Nations declaration on human rights. The conference aims to agree on a declaration on controlling emissions of carbon dioxide.

P9

(iii) (iv) (ν) (vi)

verb

Active: 2/3

I

III

iv

ν VI Ζ

D1

P11

+ by Ν + that-CL The fragile alliance of republics is under renewed stress as a result of declarations by nationalists in two regions that they claimed sovereignty over their own affairs. + from Ν + that-CL The buy-up followed a public declaration from Mr Packer that he wanted control of the newspaper house.

in favour of something 1 against something that i by or from a person or institution making the declaration of love, independence, support, etc., i.e. of something stated by the declaration.

declare ι

P10

Passive: 1/3

General: 0

[ N ] a / [by N ]

[N]p.i [REFL PRON] [that-CL]p( it) [wh-CL]p (it) [Q/S]p:¡t [it + pattern of III] [N] 2 [ADJ] [to-INF] [as Ν] [against N/V-ing] [for N] [in favour of Ν] [on Ν] [to N]

Active: 2 / 3

D1 D2 D3 D4

T1-6 T7-e T9

[ N ] a / [by N ] II obi [N]p III [tO Ν]

Passive: 1/3

ι

D1

T6 T6

T10 T1-2 T1

T2 T3 T4

D5

τ?

D6

τβ T5 T6.9-10

· Northamptonshire batted on for more than eight overs after lunch before declaring and this allowed Rob Bailey to complete his second 100 in the match for the first time in his career. (= voluntarily ending their innings; used in cricket language) + Np President Fernando Collor de Mello is studying proposals to declare a state of emergency in the city. Both sides have declared their willingness to continue the fight. This should give him enough time to declare the results and allow for the formation of a government within the stipulated period. a Nothing. I got nothing to declare. No liquor, no cigarettes, no gifts, zilch. When two Jumbo

D2

Jets arrive full of tourists no one uses the official forms to declare foreign currency. How would I declare it on my income tax? • Anyone intending to stand against the Prime Minister has until noon on Thursday to declare himself. (= announce his candidacy) Let me just bring you up to date with the state of the Parties with twenty-four seats still to declare. Conservatives have three hundred and twenty-five seats, Labour two hundred and seventy-one and the Liberal Democrats eighteen. (= announce the results of the election) + (that)-CLp(¡t) (frequent) Western leaders who have met Mr Gorbachev recently, including President Bush, declare that he seems firmly

212

decline

in control. The bride and groom declare that there is no lawful impediment to the marriage and call upon the people present to witness the marriage. Both sides declare they want a quick end to apartheid, and a new constitution that will make South Africa a happy place. + wh-CLp(it) The Moldavians are asking that President Gorbachev declare openly where he stands on the conflict. QUOTEp:it / SENTENCEp:it "This is an instrumental," he declared, and that was that. State pensions, they have had the impudence to declare, are too high and will have to be cut. + against Ν The Bishop is said to have declared against adultery but not adulterers. + for Ν One of the first to declare for Mr Heseltine, having wavered over the weekend, was Peter Rost. + Np + Ν/it + N-pattern Multi-millionaire Moghood Abiola returned to Nigeria after nearly two months canvassing for support in a bid to get the unelected stop-gap government to declare him president. Many of the front pages of today's newspapers declare President Gorbachev a clear winner with Communist Party hardliners. The parliament of Byelorussia voted simply to declare the republic a sovereign state. I declare you man and wife. + Np + AOJ/it + ADJ-pattern Moldavia has become the latest Soviet republic to declare itself independent from Moscow. He'd only have himself to blame should Kenya find it necessary to declare him unwelcome in the country. Gorbachev used the occasion to declare the crimes of the Stalin era "unforgivable". In 1994, the group treasurer had declared it unsatisfactory that one person should be in charge of both the trading and the administrative arms of the bank. + Np + to-INF Citizens and MPs alike call for Zagreb to declare itself to be in a state of war.

D3

D4

D5 D6

T1

T2

Τ3

Many of the dissidents were declared to be insane. + Np + as Ν The Russian Orthodox Church has asked Mr Boris Yeltsin, the Russian Federation President, to declare Christmas Day and Good Friday as public holidays. + NP: war + on Ν The new German policy finally persuaded Woodrow Wilson to declare war on Germany in April 1917. Arthur is forced by Gawain to declare war on Lancelot. + Np + to Ν Failure to declare the site to the UN by the 18th of April is a violation of the ceasefire resolution. He was in love with Elaine, and since he could not declare it to her, he declared it over and over to himself. Affiliated unions have until March to declare their membership numbers to the ALP, before the state council considers Senate candidates. a Failure to declare all such items to a Customs/Agriculture Officer can result in fines or other penalties.

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

+ REFL PRON + against N/V-ing Then Charlie Brooks, the debonair Old Etonian and racehorse trainer, declared himself against the bypass. Poland's Finance Minister has declared himself against giving large numbers of shares to people directly employed by privatised enterprises. + REFL PRON + in favour of Ν A number of naval officers urged Michelsen to recognize this and to declare himself openly in favor of the constitutional regime. + to Ν + that-CLp(it) His followers then declared to the world that he had triumphed over death. + to Ν QUOTEp(it)/to Ν SENTENCEp(it) In her Christmas '91 broadcast, she declared to her people: "With your prayers and your help, and with the love and support of my family, I shall try to serve you in the years to come."

Declare means 'make a formal statement.' D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 α If someone 1 declares something 11 to a tax or customs officer111, they tell them that they have it. - • D1 T6

decline A

verb

standards . . . Active: 1 / 3

lobi

llmarg in IV ν

¡ ¡ M M · ! General: 0

Active: 1 / 2

ι

[N]a

[by N: QUANT] [from N] [into N/V-ing] [to N] [towards N]

Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

[N]A/[byN]

D3

llcont [ N ] p

D1

D4

lllcont [tO-INF]p

02

D5 D6 D7

decorate

213

A Investment has been declining for the last ten years. After the First World War the quality declined and the composition of the pewter was changed to make it less malleable. As they grow old and grouchy, their careers decline. Β The chef's wife, who was in charge of the liquid side of affairs, proffered a wine list, but

D4

+ from Ν A Council house sales, however, will decline from their current level of £ 125,000 per year because many of the best homes have gone and two thirds of those remaining in council housing are on housing benefit.

D5

+ into N/V-ing A Such societies may decline into criminalisation or neo-authoritarianism or worse. + to Ν A Mr Srinivasan believes the birth rate will decline to perhaps 24 per thousand by the end of the decade. + toward(s) Ν (rare) A Investment will decline towards replacement investment levels. + from Ν + to Ν A Although the number of children aged under 14 will increase from 3.84 million to 3.96 million, as a proportion of the population they will decline from 22 per cent to 21 per cent.

(only if clear from context)

I z z y declined,

+ Np

D1

Β This is not an offer and accordingly we may accept or decline your application for a Barclaycard at our discretion He declined the offer. What a pity Mr Key declined Mr Salter's invitation. + to-INF (> 30%) Β The United States has studiously declined to intervene in the conflict. For his part, Mr Ridley has declined to make any further comment on his resignation. Avon and Somerset police declined to comment on Mr Fleetwood's allegations. + by N: QUANT A Retail sales declined by three per cent.

D2

D3

A Β

D6

D7

Τ

Decline can mean 'reach a lower level or standard' • M D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Τ Decline can mean 'refuse'. A person 1 can decline (i) something that is offered to them such as an invitation, an honour, a job 11 (¡¡) to do something 111 . -> M D1 D2

decorate verb Active: 1/3

ι

Passive: 1 /3

llcont [N]p

HI IV

M

D1

D2

General: 0

[N]a / [by N] [with N] [in Ν]

D1

T2-3

D2

T3 T2

Slice one or two more strawberries and place on the top and arrange the rest of the strawberries around the edges to decorate. It's just what you need to brighten up your home, so start making plans to decorate! + Np Smart designer newspaper kiosks and stalls selling strawberries decorate the main hall of Europe's largest railway station. Old porcelain and English earthenware decorate the walls. I've been wanting your advice on how to decorate the house. We have recently purchased an 18th-century house which we would like to decorate in period style. Buy marzipan and decorate christening cake. + with Ν Scoop the melon ice-cream into dessert glasses and decorate with melon balls, (only if clear from context)

ι [N]A/[byN] Il obi [N]p III [with N] IV [for Ν] T1

T2 T3

Q

T1.3 T3 π

Q Q Q

+ Np + for Ν (usually passive) α They were decorated for water rescues in their time. + Np + in Ν Most of the rooms are decorated in brown. + Np + with Ν Decorate the cake with a layer of finest quality cocoa. It was Christmas time and we had decorated the flat with garlands of holly and ivy. We want to deal in things that everyone can afford: cheap bright objects that you can decorate your house with, α Her Majesty decorated him with the Royal Victorian Medal (Silver). + Np + for Ν + with Ν α He was decorated for bravery with a Purple Heart and Oak Leaf Cluster.

214

defend r

(i) (jj)

defend Ι

Active: 113 Passive: 113 [ N ] a / [by N] [N]p

m IV

[V-ing]P [against N]P [from N]

D1

D2 D3

...

,,

...

verb

II

M

n

A person* can decorate someone or something" with something" 1 , esp. rooms 11 with wallpaper 1 ", dishes 11 with fruit or vegetables 111 , or a cake 11 with icing 111 , i.e. make them look nice. rthin^tcl1 can f o n Hanrat0 i h î n n c1 ^ i.e. they have been placed there to make them look nice. >rate things", Objects decorate things -> M D1 D2 T2 T3 A person medal. T1

General: 0 D1 D2 D3

T1-2

η ti T2

NATO demonstrates a continuing ability to defend conventionally. Santana's half-time instructions were "Don't defend. Play your usual attacking game." He had the physical strength to murder them while she was too weak to defend. (only if clear from context) + Np I think you will always defend your constitution. You certainly will defend the United States. The animals cannot defend themselves so we have to do it for them. It is very difficult to create a law that defends privacy. • He said Britain would vigorously defend any European Commission court action over the alleged pollution of bathing waters off three leading tourist beaches. (= fight) This means he will be unable to defend the title he won four years ago. (= try to win again) + V-ingP Who would defend implementing it in secret?

T1

+ N/V-ingp + against Ν She later went to the House of Commons for her regular Prime Minister's question-time and to defend her Government against an opposition motion of no confidence. By eating plenty of fruit, vegetables and salads, you will help to defend the body against toxins and carcinogens. The guerrillas are equally determined to keep their arms and positions to defend themselves against Israeli and pro-Israeli forces in the area. Chomsky defends his basic approach against often bitter attacks.

T2

+ Np + from Ν Paratroopers went to the Russian Parliament building to defend it from possible attack. And he lectured that the very end of government is to secure wealth and to defend the rich from the poor.

+ against N P For the immune system to defend against disease, it first has to recognize foreign invaders. Men defend against these feelings much more than women.

ι π m A person or an animal or an institution 1 can defend someone or something" against'" or from someone or IV some thing

deficient P1 P2

adjective

attr Giving the vitamin to a deficient person or laboratory animal results in a return to normal, pred/also in combinations Within less than two minutes he had tricked him into showing that his local knowledge was deficient. How then could anyone in such circumstances become protein-deficient"}

P3

+ in Ν Copper has a direct anti-bacterial and anti-viral effect and those who are deficient in it don't tan in the sun. The light we derive from electric bulbs and fluorescent tubes is deficient in some of the wavelengths found in normal daylight. Some vegetarians and vegans may become deficient in vitamin D during the winter.

If someone or something is deficient in a particular thing, they do not have the full or normal amount of it.

215

delight

definite

adjective

attr No definite answer appears to be possible, pred He said it was definite. No doubt about it. "I'll ring you," I said, "as soon as I have something definite." + that-CL My mother was quite definite that I was to have exactly the same educational opportunities as the boys. [it] + that-CL If it becomes definite that the talks won't occur, he said that France might take an initiative along with its European allies.

P1 P2

P3

P4

P5

+ about N/V-ing/ about wh-CL It was very pleasing to know that all these mothers were most definite about the birthtimes of their children, even though they were not astrologers. If he were not such a bad traveller I would be definite about going, but if he recovers well I will still seriously think about it. Nina was a lot more definite about why she wanted Ghostwriter - a magnetic drawing board - rather than Game Boy.

If a person is definite about a particular point, they express very clear views on it. If it is definite that something is the case, it is certain.

delay A

verb wait' Active: 1 /2

ι π

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing]p [in V-ing]

'happen later' Passive: 1 /2

General: 0

Active: 2 / 2

Passive: 1 /2

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A

D2 D3

II obi [ N ] p

D1

A The moment the Home Office ask you for information, do it immediately; do not delay. + Np Β Can you delay him in some way? Her own motivation for this was, in part, as a device to delay what she saw as the march towards a federal Europe amongst the Community's existing members. Soviet security worries could also delay the Two-Plus-Four talks on German unification. This may delay the opening of the tunnel beyond the planned date of June 1993.

D1 D1 D1 D1

[V-ing]p M

General: 0

D2

D2 + V-ing P (frequent)

D3

A You are not too young and the time would be lost, don't you think, were you to delay going to College. Β The decision by the Court of Appeal to delay hearing the case of the so-called Birmingham Six has prompted an expression of concern from the government of the Irish Republic. + in V-ing A Do not delay in seeking treatment. necessarily on purpose, another person 11 , i.e. hold them up.

delight P1 P2 P3

P4

noun

Then I heard Jeff saying he'd marry me. I just shrieked with delight. [it] + to-INF It was always a delight to see her; she had an intense gift for friendship. + that-CL Having observed the attitudes of other insurance companies, I can only feel great delight that I chose your company. + at N/V-ing Allster revealed his secret delight at the embarrassed fumblings of strangers confronted by his almost total lack of mobility.

P5

The Guardian chooses Kingsley Amis, the novelist, who has expressed delight at receiving a knighthood. + in N/V-ing Harrell had reduced Patrick to that pathetic, burned-out creature on the filthy cot with his idiotic stare and his delight in the new Walkman Ros had brought with her. Bell's engineers seemed to take a delight in thinking up as many extraordinary new ideas as they could.

216

delight

[the] + of N/V-ing (frequent) His temper and restlessness seemed to have been absorbed in the delights of comfort and consistent gratification. Those who have not experienced the delight of seeing this attractive village carpeted

P6

P7

with spring flowers should come along this year, [a] + to Ν The fact that he has gone on to achieve such a lot so quickly is a delight to all of us.

Delight is either 'a feeling of great pleasure' or ' something that causes such a feeling'. (i) Someone can take delight or take great delight in something or in doing something (ii) Someone can take a delight in doing something

delight A I II obi

ill D1

D2

verb

PLEASURE

'enjoy

Active: 2 / 3

Active: 2 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [with N]

lobi II obi

+ Np A The government's proposals to eliminate a large number of restrictions on domestic and foreign investment have delighted many industrialists. Football mad Rod Stewart told last night how his new baby delighted him as much as his favourite Scotland team scoring. She delighted her parents by winning a place at Oxford University. + to-INF Β Who among us does not delight to prove authority wrong?

D3

Τ

[N] A [to-INF] [in N/V-ing]

02 D3

+ in N/V-ing (frequent) Β David Smithers delighted in his family, his home and his beautiful garden in Knockholt. They seemed to delight in putting me down. + Np + with Ν A My husband delighted me with a surprise meal at a rather expensive restaurant. The Dallas Arboretum on White Rock Lake may delight you with its spectacular gardens.

Delight can mean 'give joy'. Some fact, feeling, or sensation 1 can delight a person11. S ä g « · · (i) (ii) A person or thing 1 can delight a person 11 with some act or feature111, (¡ii) A person 1 can delight a person 11 . D1 Τ Β A person or animal 1 can delight in something or in doing something 11 , i.e. enjoy it. D2 D3

deliver

verb . . . baby

Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[N]A/[byN] [N]p

D1

[tO N] [ADV] . . . promise Active: 112 1ι

llcont III cont

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [on N]p

T3—4 T3 T4

Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

Active: 2 / 3

Active: 2 / 3 D1

D2

Passive: 2 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p /EFFECTED [of N] [N]p BEN/REC [N] A 'provide' Passive: 1 / 3

[N]a/ [byN] [N]p [to N] 'release' Active: 3 / 3

[N] a / [by N] [N]p [from N]

Passive:

T1 T1

deliver

217

M

D1

D2

T1

A Thinking she's dialed a Burger King, the girl asks, "Do you deliverΤ (only if clear from context) Β We know that Cop Killer is comic book violence, a substitute for justice in a country where the courts can't deliver. + Np A A bike messenger arrived to deliver a package. Other items can be delivered through our Home Delivery Service, please ask in store for details. Β We suffered a real credibility gap after our failure to deliver the promise. C I'd felt so ill beforehand that I'd been really quite frightened, so I was elated that Melanie was healthy and that it had been so easy to deliver such a big baby. D Thirty years ago an estimated 250,000 people assembled before the Lincoln Memorial to hear Dr King deliver a moving plea for racial harmony. Johnson prepared to deliver a lecture in German in Berlin. For years the traditional crops have been delivering steadily lower and lower yields. Talented Italian chefs deliver a daily changing menu at this atmospheric trattoria. At the European Community summit in Rome Mrs Thatcher has delivered a strong attack upon the EC. Although the conventional wisdom in Washington may be that people will line up to vote for the candidate who delivers the biggest tax cut, the polls tell a different story. At 34 weeks the consultant decided to deliver the baby by Caesarean. • Clinton indicated his scepticism for Jackson's tired claim that only he can deliver the black vote. (= mobilize) + on NP Β He said the government would have to deliver on its promises of greater autonomy for the Tamils. + Np + from Ν E They claim that they want to deliver Afghanistan from communism. He was not delivered from his nightmare until he contacted his doctor for advice. The Oberammergau Passion Play began in 1634, after local people promised God that, if He would deliver them from bubonic plague, they and their descendants would every ten years perform a drama commemorating the life and suffering of Christ. At the end of the communion rite came the Lord's Prayer. The crowd joined in and as the prayer faded away, a woman's voice repeated the final words softly and slowly: "Deliver us from evil".

T2

T3

T4

+ Np + Of Ν C He was called to attend the wife of Charles E Waite, who was duly delivered of a child. • Having delivered himself of that little lecture, Max finished his crumpet. (= feeling relieved because he had given) + Np + to Ν A Tragedy struck when thieves stole £ 20,000 worth of fabric just before it was due to be delivered to the curtain-maker. D Mr Gorbachev delivered a passionate and combative speech to the Congress. Two weeks ago the newly-elected Russian parliament delivered a blow to President Gorbachev by electing as its president Boris Yeltsin. What conditions must prevail before the South African government actually delivers housing to the poor? We will simply have an organisation collecting Council Tax run by accountants with absolutely no experience or interest in delivering services to the community. + Ν + to Ν • Vincent Charpentier would deliver himself to his executioner. (= hand himself over) + Np + ADV A They deliver cars from ports to salerooms. • They simply deliver a single bomb to a target. (= drop a bomb on) UN officials say they should at least be sent to safe areas and not delivered into the hands of the military. (= put into)

218

demand

Deliver can mean 'bring'. or A person, organisation or vehicle1 delivers a message, letter, parcel, or goods" to a ] in person"'. A vehicle1 delivers a person11 to a place111 MD1 T3T4 A person 1 can deliver something such as a promise 11 or deliver on it111, i.e. turn it into reality. —• M D1 A woman' woman in giving birth. -* D1 T2 Deliver can mean 'produce' or 'provide', often implying 'provide something that is expected', typically used in: A person 1 delivers (i) a speech or lecture11 to an audience111 "" an attack or a blow 11 to a person or organisation 111

Something 1 can deliver someone or something 11 from something unpleasant, e.g. evil, oppression 111 , i.e. release them from it. A biblical or rather formal use. -> T1 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + over « Np + to Ν The tradition of the House of Commons as part of the parliamentary institution should not be delivered over to class interest. (= abandoned to) + up + Np We will have to rely on supply-side changes to deliver up the jobs. (= provide)

+ up Np + to Ν But, when Ada was 14, my mother was instructed to deliver her up to an authority in Hastings. (= hand over to)

demand noun P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

A The miners are also planning a national strike to enforce their economic and political demands. Β At British Airways we are committed to developing our UK product to meet the changing demands of the business community. + to-INF A The invitation foundered on Greenpeace's demand to be allowed to sail around the atoll for six weeks. + that-CL A Former Cabinet ministers Lord Howe and Sir Leon Brittan attacked Mr Redwood's demand that the Prime Minister rule out joining a single currency in the next parliament. + by Ν A The resolution was a key demand by the socialists when they agreed to a coalition with the right-wing LDP. • Why would such a fine footballer, fully fit and still in demand by European clubs, turn his back on the chance to earn big money for another two or three years? (= sought by) + for Ν/for Ν to-INF (frequent) A The issue has arisen at a time when the public demand for transparency in such matters is growing. If the same allegations about mas-

P6

P7

P8

P9

sive debts were made against a private company there would be a justifiable demand for its executives to explain themselves fully and frankly. Β Country supergroup the Highwaymen will stage a second concert in Brisbane after a huge demand for tickets. + from Ν A He's also likely to face demands from BCCI account holders elsewhere in the world, from Pakistan to the United States. Β Demand from the stainless-steel industry, which uses two-thirds of the world's nickel, remains strong. + in Ν (rare) Β Mr Crawford said the airline would be catering for an increased demand in holiday packages to the area. + on Ν A Birkbeck graduates have studied part-time while earning a living, involving demands on family life and financial sacrifice. As hard as it may appear from an adult perspective, the sociolinguistic demands on a 5- or 6-year-old are staggering. + by Ν + to-INF A Correspondents say the main stalling point is

219

P10

P11

A

demand

a demand by the Soviet Union to maintain forty percent of the total number of tanks, artillery and aircraft. + by Ν + that-CL A The republic of Slovenia has rejected a demand by the country's federal leadership that it rescind a declaration of sovereignty over its own affairs. + by Ν + for Ν Β But with increasing demand by developers and Government agencies for land unassociated with port industry, the issue remains a sensitive one.

P12

P13

P14

+ from Ν + to-INF A The government's resolve to keep money tight will run into demands from bankers to inject liquidity to keep them from collapse. + from Ν + that-CL A President Gorbachev's decree follows a demand from the Soviet parliament that he must do something to guarantee food supplies for the winter. + from Ν + for Ν Β There was a demand from customers for that sort of facility.

A demand is 'a requirement that something must be done'. There can be demands (i) to do something or that something should be done (ii) for something or some action that is thought necessary (¡i¡) on a person or situation, i.e. they are required to achieve or carry out certain tasks. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P8 P9 P10 P12 P13 The demand item or product buy or acquire it'.

Β

demand A

verb

facts . . . Active: 1 / 2

ι

II

Passive:

[N]a / [by N ] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [N]p [to passive-INF] [that-CL] P(it) [N to passive-INF] person . Active: 2 / 3

D1

C

'ask' Active: 2 / 2

Passive: 1 / 2

I

[ N ] a / [by N ] II obi [wh-CL] [Q/S]p.| t

DI D1 D1 D2 D3 D6

Passive: 1/

[ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p [to-INF] [that-CLJ P(it) [N to passive-INF] [Q/S] P(it) m [for N] IV [from N] [of NJ M

ÎÏÏSSfífíS®® msmm^m^im 1/2

D4 D5

General: 0

D1 D2 D3 D6 D5

T1—3 T4-5

T1 T2.4 T3.5

A But if the situation demanded, he would use all constitutional measures to deal with it. + Np A Running a fishery demands a considerable degree of fitness as well as long hours in what can be trying conditions. Β The world's athletes are demanding a greater say in the choice of future Olympic Games

venues. At any time he expected Lynch to arrive at his front door, demanding an explanation. Mr Justice Paul Kennedy said the offences were very grave and demanded a substantial sentence. He would, as a good barman, remember such an anomaly as a Yank, in plaid, who strode into his bar one day and demanded six packets of crisps. Last month 2,000 tex-

220

deny

tile workers in the central town of Berat staged a strike to demand better pay. + to-INF A These shirts just demand to be seen ! Β I demand to be let out. Israel should demand to know what the United States is planning to do about the Gulf crisis. + that-CLp(it) (frequent) A To make matters worse, protocol demanded that I confiscate his company car. American popular culture today demands that any political idea worth its salt should fit on a bumper sticker. Β The United States and its allies have demanded that the European Community cut farm subsidies by up to ninety percent. + wh-CL

D2

D3

D4

C If anybody demanded where he was going, he could always say that he was on his way to the bathroom. QUOTEp(it) / SENTENCEp(jt) Β "Stop that!" Oily demanded. C "But what are you going to do?" Dwight demanded. + Ν to-INF A As you do more work or exercise, your body will demand more blood to be supplied to working muscles to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. Β They demanded more planes to be made available and regular flights.

D5

D6

+ Np + for Ν Β We demand this right for everybody in Europe. + Np + from Ν Β Eighty of Britain's top craft designers are demanding compensation from the government after the failure of an overseas trade fair. I demand an apology from Mr Jones. + Np + of Ν Β She'd demanded too much of him and he was, as he'd said himself, no longer young. We do not demand very high standards of our primary school teachers. + from Ν + that-CLp:¡t Β It was difficult for Churchill and Roosevelt to demand from a victorious Stalin that he restore to Poland all occupied Polish territory. + of Ν + that-CLp:¡t Β They demand of the Soviet Union that it clarify its attitude towards Poland. It would certainly be wrong to demand of Charles and Diana they be paragons of virtue when all around them virtue is under severe pressure, if not actually a dead letter.

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

Something such as a fact or event 1 can demand something 11 , i.e. make it necessary. -* M D1 D2 D3 D6 A person, organisation or something written or said such as a pamphlet or a declaration 1 can demand something 11 from a person or organisation IV , i.e. say that it should be provided or done. -> D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Demand can mean 'insist on an answer to a question'. D4 D5

deny A

verb Β

. . . truth Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3

[N]a / [by N ] II obi [N]p [V-ing]p [that-CL] P(lt) in [to N]

General: 0

ι

Z

D1

D1 D2 D3

T3

'refuse' Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3

ι [N]A / [by N] il Obi [N]p.z /EFFECTED ill [N]p.-| BEN/REC [to N]

General: 0

D1

T1-2 T1 T2

T3

A The message of the way we now conduct our affairs is surely that one should deny and deny and accuse and accuse. + Np A The government has denied these reports. But allegations that the crew abandoned the ship have been strongly denied by its Greek owners. He's got documents - and there's no denying their antiquity. He denied the charge. The

D2

interim Ministery, however, denied responsibility for these attacks. The Pentagon, naturally, is denying everything, as is the White House. Β To deny payment, the insurer must prove that the loss is excluded. + V-ingP (frequent) A When the mother approached the girl about her fears, the daughter denied having a sexual relationship with him. If she had recognised

221

depend

him he would have denied being the same person. But M r Hurd denied having said any such thing. D3

T1

+ (that)-CLp(¡t) (very frequent) A I would be a hypocrite if I denied that we had great fun but I never kidded myself that any attachment formed was forever. Mansell strongly denied that he had seen the flag. This is not to deny that many people do associate pornography with all kinds of social problems. He denied that the country was facing an economic crisis. The BBC foreign affairs correspondent says that some reports from Khartoum quoted the ambassador as denying he had advised the British community to leave.

T2

T3

+ Nr + Np

Β You can deny yourself anything, but not music. But this system is a perfect setup

for denying women justice. Only the United Kingdom - beleaguered but defiant under Churchill's leadership - would remain to deny Hitler the complete triumph in the West which he so dearly sought. Until recently police denied his bodyguards the right to carry arms. Historically women have always been denied a voice and denied the attention they deserved. + Np + to Ν Β This means courts can obtain important evidence which previously would have been denied to them. + to Ν + that-CL A By talking about other youngsters, these children come to deny both to themselves and to others that they are discussing matters of personal urgency.

. . . ,1 . . . , ¥ Deny can mean say that something is not true. A person or something w n t t e n or said by a person 1 can deny (i) something they are accused of or ( (ii) that something is the case or exists 11 —» Ζ D1 D2 D3 T3 Deny can mean 'refuse': A person or institution can deny a person or a group of people" something they want to have or have a right to have 11 . -» D1 T1 T2

depend A

verb

'be affected' Active: 1/2

lobi

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [wh-CL] A Il OU [wh-CL] [on X] [upon X]

D1

D2

D2-3 D2-3 D1

D2

Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 ι [ N ] a / [by N ] II obi [on N]p D2 [upon N]p D3 III [to-INF] [for Ν]

T1-2

T3-4 T1.3 T2.4

D3

A I can't say at the moment. I really don't know. It depends. + wh-CL A It all depends which you choose. He is, depending if you read the tabloids or listen to his best music, the man who never grew up or a boy who attained a special sort of wisdom and maturity very early in life. The Earl of Sandwich looked at John Wilkes, and he said, "Sir, you will either die of the pox or on the gallows." And Wilkes looked at him and said, "I guess that depends whether I embrace your principles or your mistress." + on N/V-ing/on Ν V-ing/on wh-CL (> 30%) A The economist James Robertson believes the earth's survival depends on the reduction of pollution and consumption by fifty per cent. Lok-

sure envelopes can be printed in up to six different colours and cost between 10 and 25 pence, depending on size. At the moment, the treatment plan in many hospitals depends on the surgeon. Your future might depend on doing well in maths. Around 40,000 British jobs depend on the project continuing. Much depends on how the generals intend to use their power. + on Np

D3

Β Part of being in love is having enough trust in someone that you can depend on him or her. But we cooperated, too, and we depended on each other. + upon N/V-ing / upon Ν V-ing / upon wh-CL A (invented example) The success of this dish depends upon each item being only just cooked. We have larger productivity incentive pay-

222

descend

ments which depend upon individual performance, and we have the profit-sharing scheme. Yet their identification can depend upon observing these subtle features. Depending upon which camp the reader belongs to, they will either dump the book in the bin or buy copies for all their friends.

T2

+ upon Np

T4

+ on Np + for Ν

Β We depend, as the newspapers frequently remind us, on the media for information on which to base our voting decision. + u p o n Np + to-INF

T3

Β Their mistake was to depend upon me to mastermind the venture. + u p o n Np + for Ν

Β You had to depend upon the staff. π

Β The heart of the matter is whether the other person is someone we depend upon for our existence.

+ o n Np + to-INF

Β The government would depend on him to keep the army at bay.

Depend generally indicates a close link between two people, things, ideas or events: A Something 1 that depends on someone or something 11 is affected or determined by it. Β A person 1 that depends (i) on another person 11 needs them and relies on them. (ii) on another person 11 for something they need111 relies on getting it from them. D2 D3 T1 T2 T3 T4

descend A

verb

'go down' Active: 1 / 2

D1

C Passive: 1/1

I

[N]A [N]p

D1

D3 D5 D6

Β

[into N]p [over N] [to N/V-ing] [ADV] silence...

I

[N]A

II

[on N]p [over N] [upon N]

D8 Passive: 1/1

ipssHmessp S I M I B i

lobi [N]A/[byN] II obi [from N] D 'arrive' Active: 2 / 2

D2 Passive: 1 / 2

ι

[N]a / [by N ] Il obi [on N]p [upon N]

D4

D7

D4

D5 D7

A The aircraft descended. The afternoon sun had begun to descend. Β A long silence descended. She pacified her children and peace descended as they ate their breakfast.

and Sullivan. After the Flood, Albion the Giant led a company of giants descended from a son of Noah's to Britain. D3

+ Np

A The first surprise came as they were descending the steep hill south-westwards out of St Blaise. He purchased a ticket at one of the automatic machines and descended the escalator. It would have been possible to have reached it by descending a few hundred feet. D2

family ... Active: 2 / 2

II

Active: 1 / 2

M

. M D1 D2 D3

+ from Ν

C Only through his French ancestors does he descend from the two most famous Spanish sovereigns of all, Ferdinand and Isabella. That endangered species of the modern musical descends directly from Offenbach and Gilbert

D4

+ into Np

A They descend into alcoholism, suicide and madness. The President has now declared defiantly that he will not let the country descend into anarchy. • This kind of vessel descended into Celtic folk tradition. (= was absorbed by) + on Np (frequent) Β Streets in the centre of Rome were deserted and an unearthly quiet descended on the city. D Excursion trains, packed with pale-faced workers and their families, descended annually from the cotton towns on Rock Ferry and Blackpool. If they pushed their effort beyond a certain point, the police or the army would descend

223

describe

on them in force. He had 40 servants and although he was alone after my grandmother died, the whole family always descended on him at Christmas with children, maids and so on. + over Ν A Sea mist descended over the showground. Β A discernible gloom descended over the former drill hall. + to N/V-ing A The Labour leader never descended to the banalities of the Prime Minister's Carlton Club speech, but there was too much rhetoric and not enough beef. She's got too much dignity to descend to writing anonymous letters. + upon Ν Β For a moment, an odd, unworldly silence de-

D5

D6

D7

D8

scended upon everything, and there was nothing but the sound of the crackling flames. + upon Np D Cambridge is bracing itself for the annual onslaught of students as hundreds of undergraduates descend upon its numerous colleges. + ADV (frequent) A We descend from the tower. He strode towards a narrow path which descended steeply towards the lake. Drenching rain descended from baleful skies on the opening of the Festival. He sharply attacked Plato's idea that rational souls, made in the image of God, can descend so low as to reincarnate in an animal's body. Here, the River Lyd descends through an oakwooded valley.

Descend can mean 'go down', usually slowly and deliberately. (i) A person 1 can descend a staircase, etc. n , or descend from a mountain, tower, etc.11

\ÌV

f

l I U I U C U U U J

-> M D1 D3 D5 D6 Β Descend can mean (i) A state like silence, peace, darkness, etc.1 can descend on a place or person 11 É8ÉII (ii) A feeling 1 can descend on a person11. wsmmm C

D PlïI

iisfesHWiisas Descend can mean j 'stem from', 1 11 (i) A person can descend from a person or a family , i.e. be their descendant. Something 1 can descend or be descended from something else11, D2 TT 11 non descend Hftt/'on^ on πη ao place niara or ni* person r\t>rcnn" A large number of peopleι1 can , i.e. arrive without really being wanted.

describe

verb

Active: 1 / 3 Passive: 1 / 3 General: 0 [ N ] a / [by N ] D1 llcont [N]p T1-3 [V-ing]p D2 [wh-CL] P:it D3 T4 [wh to-INF]p : j t D4 T4 [it ί- pattern of III] T1-2 in [as N/V-ing] T1 [as ADJ] T2 IV [to N] T3-4 ι

M

A traditional cottage garden is, as Victor described, a jumbly mixture of everything, (only

D1

+ Np Naomi's diary takes the attitude of a meticulous but somewhat detached observer. She describes her father-in-law, people she meets, conversations. A yoga expert describes some safe and simple exercises. In its Au-

if clear from context)

gust 1914 issue, El Minero de la Hulla published a story which described the hatred felt by a young miner for the village moneylender who had been able to take away the family farm when the miner's father died. As described above, in making the contrast with religious authority Tyndall emphasized the factual nature of scientific knowledge, (only if clear from context)

224

deserve

• The tutor draws the student's attention to the motion of the wing tip which appears to be describing a circle. (= moving in; a technical use) + V-ingp I remembered an essay by Aldous Huxley in which he describes taking an Eskimo couple around the Eskimo art section of the Ethnie Museum in Brooklyn. + wh-CLp(it) (frequent) I was deeply moved by the letter you published from a young Yugoslavian describing how his country was being torn apart in the current civil strife. Words cannot describe how grateful I am. + wh to-INFp(it) While music and literature are rich in their descriptions of the exhilaration of love and the despair of loneliness, they rarely describe how to build and maintain relationships. + Np + a s N/V-ing/it + a s N-pattern The Labour Party initiated the debate over what it described as a crisis in the nation's schools. He is described as a strong, powerfully-built man of 60, a noble figure. A man who made the broadcasts, describing himself as an army lieutenant, was arrested when army units entered the radio station. Marshal Akhromeyev described the Moldavian situation as nearing boiling point. ARL chief executive John Quayle described it

D2

D3

D4

T1

T2

T3

T4

as "a joke" that the spokesman should be a man who had been at the club 12 months and was now committed to leaving for Townsville. + NP + a s ADJ/it + a s ADJ-pattern After his meeting with Mrs Thatcher, Mr Havel described their talks as friendly. She was the sort of woman conveniently described as handsome. He described it as ironic that it takes a figurehead from another country to make people in England realise how serious the situation is. + NP «-• to Ν Kate, will you describe Paula to me? Could you describe to me the nature of your work? + to Ν + wh-CL/wh to-INFP:¡t I can't describe to you how terrible I felt when my mother died in 1941. Could you describe to me how that partnership works then. I had to describe to the Russians how to detonate the warheads.

A person or something written such as a book1 can describe (i) somebody or something11 (ii)

somebody or something 11 as something 111 , i.e. say that this is what they are like. rtí>?ñff-.'a~íiT^firtrSr· .".*.?) 3mTti~Ätr Ιίίπ'ι

deserve

verb

Active: 2 / 2 T

[N]A

/ [by

Passive: 1 / 2 N]

II obi [N]p [V-ing]p [to-INF] D1

D1 02 D3

+ Np We never deserved punishment like this. We must give them the respect which they deserve. No employer will voluntarily pay a worker what he deserves and no individual worker can survive without the collective force of a trade union behind him. A fine meal deserves a fine wine. Children's books in general are still not given the attention they deserve.

Τ

TT

D2 D3

+ V-ing P These animals deserve locking up. If he is guilty, he doesn't deserve defending. + to-INF (frequent) "We deserve to win," he said. I think he deserves to be honoured, as a truly seminal thinker. Arthur was arrogant and hateful, deserved to be punished for his malice. Clearly these incidents were terrorist acts, and deserve to be condemned as such.

Somebody or something 1 can deserve something", i.e. have a right to it because of their qualities, hard work, etc. Note that deserve can also be used in phrases such as deserve better, well and ill; e.g.: And our children deserve better than that. For Hills, despite the vast length of time spent abroad, represents the best of his country, and deserves well of it.

desirable

225

design

verb

Active: 2 / 3 Ι

II Obi [N]p_2 ill [N]p.i [for N] D1

D2

T1 T2

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

IV

[ N ] A / [by N]

/EFFECTED BEN/REC

D1

T1-5 T1 T4

+ Np Western European motor manufacturers thought it was fine to take six to eight years to design and test a new model before launching it into production. His latest commission is to design an airport control-tower for Bordeaux. This amazing development is possible, in part, because of the unusual map used by many social policymakers in designing social service programs. Built between the sea front and the cliff-face behind, both church and crescent were designed by Joseph Kay and constructed between 1824 and 1828 for Thomas Pelham, Earl of Chichester. + for Ν He was working on books about Martha Graham and about artists who have designed for the ballet. + Np + Np He needed Will to design him a pump. + Np + to-INF (usually passive) We start with their needs and design a program to meet those needs. • This award scheme is designed to encourage growth and development in Leicestershire manI

ν VI

VII

02

T4 T4 T2 T3 T5

ufacturing business. (= intended) So we sallied forth together into the town, and returned to the ship loaded with goodies, both solid and liquid, designed to make our stay in Queenborough as pleasant as possible. (= intended) + Np + as Ν It is designed as a companion volume, although you can use it without having read the first book. + Np + for N/V-ing Its chassis was designed for racing. Your dreams of the future are couple dreams; your vacations are designed for couples. They were exclusively designed for the North American market, but have found their way across the Atlantic. Without doubt these are the most sophisticated and technicallyadvanced freight locomotives in the world and are designed specifically for Channel Tunnel operation. This eighteenth-century-style table could have been designed for writing as well as dressing. Jones had been commissioned to design a house for Queen Anne. + Np + with Ν The pool is designed with a shallow 'beach' at one end.

T3

T4

T5

II

[forN] PURPOSE [for V-ing] [to-INF]p [as N] [with N]

IV

A person can design something" for a particular purpose 1 *, i.e. construct, shape or make it so that it serves a particular purpose. Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out « Ν We intend to design this problem out. (= design so as to avoid this problem)

desirable P1 P2

P3 P4 P5

adjective

attr You are a woman, that's all. A very desirable woman. pred A high protein intake is also desirable. Good emotional balance is very desirable in pregnancy and childbirth, [it] + to-INF (frequent) It is desirable to have one raw salad meal per day throughout the year, [it] + that-CL It is natural and desirable that poor countries should grow faster than rich ones. + as Ν The design or intention of the author is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the success of a work of literary art.

P6

P7

P8

+ for Ν After the initial rapid weight loss, a loss of 1 - 2 lb per week is desirable for the majority of adults. + to Ν To suggest that what feminism needs is 'women who are desirable to men but will have nothing to do with any man who does not treat them properly' seems like rather a good point to me; but she knew it would be unpopular, [it] + for Ν to-INF/[it] + for Ν + to-INF It is highly desirable for all women to have such check-ups at regular intervals, but there is some disagreement concerning how often.

Something that is desirable for a person or a purpose is attractive or advantageous. A person who is desirable or desirable to another person is considered sexually attractive.

226

desire

desire P1

noun

He has held strong command over his desires, and by the exercise of that control enjoys a taste of disciplined life. Delia's robust and "pagan" sexuality leaves her vulnerable, for it is at odds with a world that fears and represses sexual desire. + to-INF (> 30 %) He initially had no desire to follow his mother's career. It is the desire to improve the accountability and transparency of government process that provides the main case for considering certain institutional reforms. + that-CL The desire that the associations flow freely is the principle at the core of this book.

P2

P3

+ for N/V-ing/for Ν to-INF You have a desire for success and excitement. You're impulsive, with a strong will to win. The tourists may indulge any desire for the unusual with a dish of seared crocodile tail set on an aromatic sauce of ginger and kakadu plum. Few would admit to any desire for redrawing the borders, arguing instead for self-rule within Yugoslavia. As I said, however, success breeds a desire for things to be even better. + of Ν Mr Clarke will eventually achieve his desire of lower interest rates, and Mr George will achieve his desire of lower inflation.

P4

P5

A desire is 'a very strong wish'; desire of expresses the content of the desire. •¡iiy^SHUif-istUiimWtte

desire

verb

Active: 2 / 2

ι Il Obi

III

Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [to-INF] [that-CL]p( it) [N to-INF]p [so]

β Passive: 1 / 1

D1 D2 D3 D5 D4

II obi

[N]p

α Active: 2 / 2

I II obi

D1

02

[ N ] a / [byN] [N]p

Passive: 1 / 2

D1

+ Np Serve warm, with cream or ice cream if desired. She had remarried and desired a child with her new husband. Each bedroom has its own bathroom tiled in marble and, if you desire still more cleansing, there is a sauna and outdoor Jacuzzi. α Her familiar scent aroused sensual memories and, cursing inwardly, he desired her while at the same time feeling that she had betrayed him by her visit to Tunis. β The plumbing particularly leaves a great deal to be desired. Her cooking always left much to be desired. + to-INF (frequent) Four days before the wedding day, friends from a distance and women relatives and friends who desired to assist in the preparations began to arrive.

D3

D4

D5

+ (that)-CLp(it) I desire that my dead body should be cremated and its ashes mixed with those of my late wife. It is not always enough to desire that one be allowed to serve, [if/should] + so [+ desire] The Queen had it in her power to give him a title in his own right if she so desired. The difference now is that, with Apple Mac technology, even I can perform the trick should I so desire. + Ν to-INFp His Majesty has desired me to write to him when I go to India. I have taken the liberty of desiring a message to be sent to me here.

Desire is a more formal word for 'want'. α A person can desire another person, i.e. find them physically attractive. -» D1 β If something leaves a lot, much, something or a great deal to be desired, it is insufficient in some important respect. —> D1 m i

227

destructive

desperate adjective P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 ^ ^ (0 (ii)

attr It was a desperate plea, pred I was really desperate. + to-INF (very frequent) I was desperate to get home because it was after midnight. + that-CL We are all desperate that Manchester United win. + about Ν The police had thought she'd be desperate about the car.

P6

P7

+ at Ν I jumped down from the bed, so desperate at my ill-luck that I hardly cared whether anybody heard me or not. + for Ν/for Ν to-INF (frequent) Most anxious people are desperate for approval, but often they don't realize it. They are desperate for Macari to stay.

If a person is desperate at a certain state of affairs, it depresses them. If a person is desperate about a thing or event, they are worried. If a person is desperate for something or desperate that it should happen, they want it very much.

destined adjective P1 P2

attr Writing only interferes with woman's discharge of her destined work. + to-INF (very frequent) They were not destined to remain friends for long. She was welcomed by the populace, which must have sensed her to be one of those rare monarchs who was destined to add to the prestige and dominions of her country. He is destined to achieve the wonders of the Grail.

P3

P4

+ for Ν (frequent) But Mollie obviously was destined for marriage, so she never really got trained for anything. This particular consignment of onions actually wasn't destined for France, it was actually destined for the UK overland via France. + to Ν Judy, I am destined to a life of poverty and motherhood.

If something is destined to happen or someone is destined to do something, it will happen because of the workings of fate; a formal word. (i) An object can be destined for a particular place, i.e (ii) A person or object can be destined to do something or for a particular fate, place or career, i.e. be very likely to do it or be extremely suitable for this.

destructive adjective P1

P2 P3 P4

P5

attr The nature of nuclear weapons and their enormous destructive power threaten the principles of proportionality and discrimination, which are essential ethics of war. pred General criticism is destructive. [it] + to-INF It would be utterly destructive to introduce that policy. + for Ν Other priority issues for the new Government included the economy, foreign policy and trade, all of which were potentially destructive for the coalition because of party differences on policy. + in N/V-ing The United States would do well to modify that progressive education, whose reforms had themselves become destructive in their totally unrealistic banning of competition, in their relaxing of standards of acceptable behaviour in the interest of self-expression.

P6 P7

+ of Ν (frequent) Secrets are destructive of relationships. + to Ν (frequent) Since high temperatures are quite destructive to life, the energy of activation is reduced by the presence of a catalyst.

Something that is destructive of something else damages or destroys it. There is no great difference between destructive for and destructive to\ destructive to suggests, however, that 'something is destroyed by an external

228

determine

determine A 1

II obi

Β

verb

... quality

'decide'

Active: :

Active: 2/3

[N] a / [byN] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [wh-CL] A

D1.4

[N]p /EFFECTED

D1

[wh-CL]p [wh to-INF] ρ

D4

'find out'

mBBm

Active: 2/3

1

D1

D2 D3

D4

D1.4 D1.4

D5

-

•

Β

Passive: 1/3 I H f f f i y ^ i

Passive: 1/3

[N] a / [by N]

II

D1

T1-2

III

02

T1

[N]p [tO-INF] [that-CL] P(it) [wh to-INF]p [on N] IV [by N/V-ing] Further uses [for N]

D3 D5 D6 T2 T3

[N] a / [by N]

II obi [N]p

III

I

[that-CL] P(it) [wh-CL] P(it) [wh to-INF]p [by N/V-ing]

D1

T2

D3 D4 D5 T2

+ Np

A These are the variables that set the tone for your investments. They determine the kinds of investments you should consider and how long you can tie up your money. And density is an important influence in determining the efficiency of a micro-organism in spreading itself. Thus the actual site of a city is determined by the natural lie of the land. They think whatever they do is determined by outside forces. Β It is never an easy thing to accurately determine the damage caused. To determine positions of objects in the sky, astronomers use a system of coordinates similar to latitude and longitude on earth. C The Ministry of Justice will take over the responsibility to determine refugee status. + to-INF C I determined to make one last attempt. + (that)-CLp(¡t) Β She quickly determined that whatever it was he was hiding had nothing to do with Max. The minister called home to determine that his wife was unhurt, then cooly continued the conversation. C We learned that the speech therapist had determined that Ted was ineligible for services. The House will actually do what I determine it will do. + wh-CLp (frequent) A The total capacity of a firm determines whether it is able to meet the demand of the customers. The way in which the world is imagined determines at any particular moment what men will do. It does not determine what they will achieve.

D5

D6

ΤΙ

T2

+ wh-CLp(it) Β Limited data make it difficult to determine whether the same was true for the United States. The state department says it's looking into the charges to determine if United States law has been violated. Analyze your audience to determine how much they need to know about your subject and how much they already know. His success depends on determining exactly how much debt the target company can take on. + wh to-INFp A (invented example) Our IT needs will determine who to bring in as an external consultant. Β No one has yet determined how to enforce a contract for the Internet. C With so much trouble determining what to do with the houses the city acquires, Council member Joe Huber jokes that people should "just send cash." + on Ν C Should they determine on independence no English party or politician would stand in their way, however much we might regret their departure. + Ν + to-INF (rare) C Ruth knew that it was her husband's hard view of her friend that determined her to seek Anita out, even at the risk of rebuff. + Np + by N/V-ing Β The BMI indexes the person's weight to height by dividing the weight by the square of the height. You can determine it mathematically by calculating. $ It was up to the people of Yugoslavia to determine what they would like by peace-

229

develop

ful means. Passions are running high as clubs seek to determine their futures by deciding whether to team up with their neighbours and rivals. + Np + for Ν • The U.S. RDA is a set of standard values determined for the typical consumer, which the

T3

FDA designated for use on food labels. (= established)

I IT Something 1 that determines the shape or quality of something else" is a deciding factor in this respect. -*D1 D4D5 Determine can mean 'find out'. Determine can mean 'decide': I in (i) A person 1 can determine to do something 111 , i.e. decide to do it; a formal

Β C

Τ

(ii)

develop A

verb

'change'

C

Active: 1 / 3

1 li

ITT

Someone or something 1 can determine someone to do something 111 , i.e. make them do it; a rare and formal use. D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 T1 T2

General: 0

[N] a / [by N] AGENT D1 T1.3-4 [N]p /EFFECTED D1 T1.3—4 [N] A M D2.4—5

III

[as N]

D2

T1

IV

[into N]

D4

T3.5

D5

T4.6

ν

[to N]

vi

[ f r o m N]

Β

organism ...

. . . theory Active: 2 / 3

ι

, Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[N]a / [by N]

II Obi [N]p

D1

T2.4

ill

[from Ν]

T2

IV

[to N]

T4

T5.6

Active: 112

1 [N]A AGENT ii obi [N] /EFFECTED [N] A in

[ f r o m N]

D1 D1 03 D3

M

A At birth, he was smaller than his twin sister, and while Claire developed normally, Andrew was markedly slow. That, in fact, is chiefly the reason why it was possible for our economy to develop extensively for decades. Β If you keep the immune system in peak condition as outlined in the previous three chapters, these headaches will usually not develop.

D1

+ Np

A And there is also a new laboratory for science-minded students who want to develop their knowledge. The government has announced a multi-million pound plan for Northern Ireland, to develop an area suffering from serious unemployment which straddles Republican and Protestant. The council will direct support for governing bodies to develop sport from grassroots to the highest levels. C Sudden infant death syndrome could be identified within hours of birth by a test devel-

oped at Reading University. Everyone on a Protec course gets involved with a practical project as part of a team, where they develop a product from conception through to marketing and selling. She sits in an office all day, sedentary as a flowerpot, developing software for a computer firm. • The film hadn't been developed. (= processed) +Ν Β Whenever I am nervous, I develop a red rash over my neck and chest. I had developed an intense interest in tales of the twelfth-century wars. D2

+ as Ν

A Opening your heart to welcome children who are not your own helps you develop as a person. D3

+ from Ν

Β Both rye and oats, those cereals which flour-

230

devoid

D4

D5

T1

T2

T3

Β C

ish where wheat or corn cannot, developed by accident from weeds in barley and wheat fields in the Middle East and in Europe. + into Ν (frequent) A The weeks developed into months without any improvement in their relationship. + to Ν A Some species seem unable to develop to maturity unless their diet includes some animal matter. + Np + a s Ν A Westgate-on-Sea was developed as a seaside resort in the 1870s. + Np + from Ν C Developed from chiropractic techniques, kinesiology tests the response of different muscles and muscle groups to help prevent conditions such as allergies. + Np + into Ν A In China's largest city, Shanghai, local officials have been speaking of their plans to develop the city into a major international trading and financial centre.

T5

T6

Develop can mean 'change, esp. towards a higher degree of completeness'. (i) A person11 can develop, i.e. grow and mature. (ii) A situation11 can develop, i.e. change with time. (iii) A skill, knowledge 11 , etc. can develop or be developed, i.e. be improved. (iv) An area or place 11 can be developed, i.e. provided with a certain infrastructure. -> M D1 D2 D4 D5 T1 T3 T4 T5 T6 Something such as an organism, a disease, a feeling, etc.11 can develop or be come into being. M D1 D3 A person 1 can develop something such as a system, a theory, a machine, etc. n , i.e. create it over a long period. D1 T2 T4

devoid P1

+ Np + to Ν A Mr Simms claimed the withdrawal simply reflected Tarmac's inability to develop all its businesses to their full potential. C They initially invested about £ 15,000 in order to develop the idea to the stage where it could be taken to an agent. + from Ν + into Ν A The subject of the book is the psychological progress of a woman artist who develops from safe conventionality into courageous autonomy. It is a mountain township which has developed from an old-style peasant and artisan economy into a go-ahead network of some 300 small production units. + from Ν + to Ν A The time taken to develop from baby tadpoles to frogs varies among species and time of year, but between one and two months would be a rough average.

T4

adjective

+ of Ν All beers and lagers are devoid of vitamin C. The voice had become official, flat, a monotone carefully devoid of emphasis or emotion.

If someone or something is devoid of a quality or thing, they have absolutely none of it.

die A

verb "stop living' Active: 1 / 2

lobi li III IV ν

Β General: 0

[N] a [N: death] /EFFECTED [N] ROLE [ADJ] [from N/V-ing] [of N/V-ing] [on N]

stop working' Active: 1 / 2

lobi

D1 D1 D2 D5 D6 D7

h C

[N]a

[on N] 'want'

D7

Active: 2 / 2 lobi

[N]a

Il obi [to-INF] [for N]

D3 D4

231 M

different

A The old man was in his eighties when he died. How many more people are going to be allowed to die as a result of the police using violent and excessive force? Β How soon the flame of love can die\ Alberto's engine backfired, and died. The last thing he saw, as the light died from the sea, was the General's face. • A tradition of sponging did not die with Edward VII. (= end after his death)

D1

+ Ν

D2

A His wife, tired and worn out, died a slow and painful death. He died a rich man, and a fairly happy one. + ADJ

D3

+ tO-INF

D4

+ for Ν

A C

He died rich, covered in honours.

D5

D6

D7

Thea and Herbert are dying to see you all.

+ from N/V-ing (frequent) A The drummer Art Blakey, who was best known as the leader of his longstanding band, the Jazz Messengers, has died from lung cancer in New York at the age of seventy-one. In India more people have died from drinking liquor poisoned with wood alcohol. + of N/V-ing (very frequent) A Haley, who wrote the book Roots and ghost wrote the Autobiography of Malcolm X, died of a heart attack in February aged 70. Officials said that during the one-day voyage, some fifteen people died of hunger or sickness. The heartbroken bride died of grief and was transformed into an almond tree. + on Ν A I hoped he wasn't going to die on me. Β The bike finally died on him in the Andes.

C Kostya was dying for a bite: they had breakfast at five, and it was eleven now. Die means stop living.' A person, animai or plant 1 can die of or from something such as an illness, injury, grief I V . Of is frequently used with a named disease and is generally more common than from·, from is more common with V-ing following. M D1 D2 D5 D6 D7 also in phrasal verbs: die back; die off; die out S®af In figurative use die can mean 'slowly fade away or not work anymore'. Β M D7 also in phrasal verbs: die away; die down; die off; die out A person 1 can be dying for something or dying to do something 1 1 , i.e. want it very much. Only used in continuous form of verb. -> D3 D4 •

•

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away The noise of the powerful engine died away. (= faded) + back Each autumn the plant will start to die back. (= wither) + down Mr Genscher added that he hoped criticism of West Germany in the US Congress would die down after the latest commitment from Bonn. (= lessen) The rain remained steady though the wind had died down. (= lessened) They seem to be quite at home and I ' m sure they will settle in very well after all the excitement dies down. (= disappears) When the flames have died down, add the cream. (= disappeared)

different P1 P2 P3

+ off But during the next decade, many of these original settlers died o f f , their children moved out to the suburbs and a new generation of immigrants took over the inner-city housing. (= died) He let his voice die off and looked at Danio. (= fade) + out Mammals became dominant and the coldblooded reptiles died out. (= became extinct) In this way whole branches of economics died out in our country. (= became extinct)

adjective

attr Every person has different ways of looking at things. pred That sort of thing would be quite different. + for Ν Do you really think things are different for women now? The calculation is different for each company.

P4

+ from N/V-ing/from wh-CL (frequent) He's different from any man I've ever known. London was different from most European capitals. I got a job at a school in Cornwall Liskeard. And it was so different from any girls' school. We should have just had a raging affair, which is different from being in love, she says. I think

232

difficult

P5

P6

it's going to be quite different from what we've seen in the past. My mum wasn't there and my home was different from how it used to be. + than N/V-ing/than wh-CL This was no different than anything that had happened in the last four or five years. Faith is different than confidence. And not that there's anything wrong with it, but it's certainly vastly different than watching American Bandstand for one hour on Saturday. Returning to Baton Rouge this time will be much different than when I returned in late '81.

P7

Cassettes. I don't feel any different to people who were born Jewish. Writing for television's very different to writing for theatre. Our attitude now isn't that different to when we started. + in N/V-ing from Ν They are quite different in shape from common ivy and have strongly heart-shaped bases. Startling as the Bernardello house may appear, it's really not so different in scale or mass from its modern and Mediterranean-style neighbours. Junipers are different from other conifers in having berries.

+ to N/V-ing/to wh-CL The cinema versions of the films are often different to those on Video

SSSSSBSI Κ Η β β Ι Β - . ΤΜΜ'ΤΜΙΕιΗΗήΜΜΙΙΓ mimsmmimtmaaMm^aiäBeMmimsti There is very little difference in meaning between different from, different to and different than, although many speakers of British English would consider different than an Americanism.

difficult P1 P2 P3

P4 P5

adjective

attr She is able to make the best of a difficult situation. pred That will be difficult. But his rule was to be brief, bloody and difficult. + to-INF (frequent) Eating habits are formed early in life and are difficult to change. He is very difficult to live with. [it] + to-INF (very frequent) It's difficult to be sure. It's difficult to please everybody. [it] + V-ing And even at the best of times, it was difficult making verbal reports to Fewter. To his father he would say his problems really came from his relationship with his mother - it was so difficult being an only child.

P6

P7 P8

+ for Ν You're trying to make it difficult for me! Life has been made very difficult for me and I don't know why. + for Ν + to-INF The music was difficult for the singers to sing. [it] + for Ν + to-INF It was difficult enough for her to bring herself to tell me about it. The main problem was that John's slight speech impediment made it difficult for his mother to understand him, which obliged her to ask him continuously to repeat himself.

Difficult means not easy .

difficulty P1 P2

P3

P4

noun

The police could get in without difficulty. [have] + V-ing You have difficulty concentrâting and are more indecisive than usual. Do you have difficulty getting up and doing things? + that-CL The trial manoeuvred around the difficulty that all the adults had consented by charging them with "aiding and abetting assaults on themselves". + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL/wh to-INF Once the secret was out, there was no further difficulty about therapy and Hannah's recovery progressed. The difficulty about being 78 years old is having a long memory. The obstacles that Secretary of State James Baker is meeting on his Mideast rounds are not unexpected and these are the difficulties about whom to invite to

P5

P6

P7

P8

what kind of conference and when. + for Ν I understand the difficulty for potential women candidates. I myself found it hard to get adopted. + in V-ing (very frequent) Under these circumstances, there could be little difficulty in forming an opinion. When she had insisted on awakening him at one in the morning he had difficulty in containing his temper. + of V-ing (frequent) He was conscious of an immense amount to say and a great need to say it, and of the almost insuperable difficulty of saying anything at all. + with N/V-ing (frequent) When in her 60s she began to have difficulty with her hearing. The major difficulty with trying to describe this ade-

direct

233

quately is that one is reduced to giving a few examples from the thousands covered in less than 500 pages. Difficulty is 'something that is a problem or causes problems for someone'. (i) A person can have difficulty doing something or in doing something, i.e. not find it easy. (ii) There can be difficulties about or with something, i.e. it causes problems. (iii) Of or that are used to refer to the nature of the difficulty.

diffident

adjective

attr His cut glass English accent and diffident manner add to his sex appeal, pred Gill was as bouncy and ebullient as Helen was diffident and reserved. + about N/V-ing Eric is diffident about the honour he received Gooch may have been diffident about throwing him into the series but

P1 P2 P3

he threw him into this game, giving him seven overs with the new ball and bringing him back at the end. + in N/V-ing (rare) That would hurt. It would also make the oil industry a lot more diffident in deciding to bring new oil finds on stream.

P4

Diffident means 'not showing great confidence'

direct P1

adjective

attr The two sides might now be closer to direct talks. pred She was direct, down-to-earth, with a sense of humour. + about N/V-ing Marlowe was sensationally direct about these royal lovers. Paul and Kim are very direct about letting you know what they think. + in N/V-ing (frequent) He was not always easy to work with; he was a brilliant man who could be very direct in his approach but he also had a certain winning charm. I mean, he's very direct in saying Ί want Western aid'.

P2 P3

P4

+ with Ν (frequent) You do tackle that subject a lot, the idea of being honest and direct with people. + with Ν + about Ν (rare) Perhaps Annie needs to be more direct with Steven about her needs.

P5

P6

A person can be direct with another person, about a particular topic or m what they are doing, i.e. frank and open.

direct A

verb . . . film

Active: 1 / 2

I

[N]A/[byN]

II

[N]p

Β I

II obi

III

C Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

ι D1

. . . somewhere

Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

II General: 0

[ N ] a / [byN] [N]p

[ADV]«

D1

T6 T6

'order' Active: 2 / 3

III IV D

Active: 3 / 3 ι

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]a / [by N] [N]p [that-CL] [to-INF] 'aim' [N]A

/ [by

D2

Passive: 2 / 3 N]

Il obi [N]p niobi [against Ν] [at N/V-ing] [to N/V-ing] [towards N/V-ing]

T2-5

T2 T3 T4 T5

234

discourage

A Fry has decided that he likes making adverts so much he has signed up with a commercialmaking film company, aiming to direct and write his own scripts. D1

T3

D Camcorder development and marketing seems directed at techno-experts. A great deal of criticism has recently been directed at the Australian people and their attitude and action towards native birds. The 1923 Housing Act in particular was directed at expanding home ownership.

+ Np

A Mike Leigh, to whom she has now been married for 18 years, had directed her in what she still considers her best, most creative work. The railway will also be used for scenes in a re-make of "Black Beauty" directed by Sir Richard Attenborough. He had made films of Sophocles's Oedipus Rex and Euripides's Medea, and had directed a production of Aeschylus's Oresteia transposed to black Africa. As international relief begins to flow in, President Rafsanjani is personally directing efforts to assist the tens of thousands of victims. Β A policeman stands upon a wooden platform to direct the traffic.

T4

C President Clinton has directed that US forces remain long enough to complete their mission and no longer. T1

+ Np + to-INF

C The High Court also directed the special court which will try the case to complete its proceedings within two months. T2

+ Np + against Ν

D The IRA's recent campaign in Britain has been directed against so-called soft military targets, such as high-street army recruitment offices and an educational centre.

+ Np + to N/V-ing

D Sir: Thank you for directing attention to the defects of provision of public lavatories. At this point, I directed my question to Rob. The proposals are directed to improving (or establishing) competition in those markets. • Direct the letter to the head of customer relations or the warranty department. (= address) T5

+ Np + toward(s) N/V-ing

D There are things I have to do and all my energies are directed towards these goals. I directed my efforts toward providing the most meaningful and effective material possible.

+ that-CL

D2

•f Np -f at N/V-ing

T6

+ Np + A D V «

Β The ushers should be the first to arrive at the church to direct the guests to their seats and give out service sheets at the church door. When I asked them where a guy could grab a cup of coffee, I was directed to a refreshment stand located near the stadium entrance. They directed him down the slope.

Direct can mean supervise . . II A person1 can direct a film, play, etc. (i) A person1 can direct a project, a group of people, (ii) -> M D1 A person1 can direct ¡ , i.e. tell them how to get there or lead them there. T6 Direct can mean 'order'. -> D2 T1 A person < can direct an action or something written such as a message at, against, to or towards a person , i.e. aim it at them. Note that against always implies an intended negative effect; to and towards imply a positive effect; at is neutral. -> T2 T3 T4 T5

Β C D

discourage verb Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [to-INF] A Il obi [N]p III [N]p [V-ing]p [from N/V-ing]

General: 0

ι

di di D1 D1 D1 D2

τ τ τ Τ

τ

discover

235

D1

+ Np Chancellor Kohl urged East Germans to seize the opportunities offered by the merger, and not to let the difficulties discourage them. Ryle stared out, first at the receding earth below, then at the cloud formations around, in an effort to discourage any conversation on the part of his neighbour. The town has constantly been subject to earthquakes, which have periodically laid it low and discouraged any lasting development. + V-ingp (invented example) The fence around Stonehenge is intended to discourage illegally entering the site, (invented example) Dogs will discourage stealing.

D2

+ Np + from N/V-ing Tim Renton, the Chief Whip, has led a concerted effort in the Commons corridors and tea-rooms to discourage MPs from talk of an imminent contest. It is probable, however, that the union treaty will clearly discourage member states from running up oversized budget deficits which could destabilise the rest of the system. In many traditional societies children are discouraged from asking adults too many questions. Now a British scientific team is working on a technique which will discourage dolphins from swimming into fishing nets.

Somebody or something' can discourage (i) a person11 i.e. hold back that person's enthusiasm. (ii) a process or action111, i.e. try to prevent or stop it (iii) a person, organisation or animal" from doing something or behaving in a certain w a y l n , i.e. try to

discover

verb

Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 General: 0 [ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p D1 T1-5 [that-CL]p(jf) D2 [wh-CL] P(il) D3 [wh to-INF]p (it ) D4 [N V-ing] D5 m [ADJ] T1 [to-INF] T2 IV [as N] T3 ν [ADV] T4 [in N] T5

Active: 2/3

I

D1

D2

D3

D4

+ Np Wouldn't it be wonderful if some pharmaceutical manufacturer discovered a FreedomFrom-Guilt pill? Jacques Carriers (14911557) set sail from St Malo to discover Canada. Police in West Germany have discovered an apartment which they believe may have been used by members of the IRA. a It was Loveday who had discovered Penry, seen his remarkable qualities, and paid the full cost of his medical studies. + (that)-CLp(it) (very frequent) British and American scientists have discovered that antibodies can be used as enzymes. Fifteen years ago, while madly in love, I discovered I was pregnant. + wh-CLp(it) (frequent) Only when I had proposed and she had accepted me did I discover how rich she was. CIA tested it on prison inmates to discover if it could be used as 'truth drug' or chemical weapon. + wh to-INFp(it) They believe this could lead to discovering how to cure baldness.

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p III [as N]

D5

T1

T2

T3

T4 T5

D1

T3 T3

+ Ν V-ing I had made several attempts to snuff baby Amy in her cradle. Mother had repeatedly discovered me pouring glasses of water carefully into her face. + Np + ADJ Crevecoeur discovered his agent murdered. Siki was soon discovered dead in the gutter. + Np + to-INF A number of medications have been discovered to cause cancer. I discovered her to be warm and creative. The inevitable happens and Joanna discovers herself to be pregnant. + Np + a s Ν Chlorpromazin had just been discovered as a treatment for schizophrenia. a He moved to Hollywood with the aim of being discovered as a film star. + Np + ADV Una was delighted to discover Dr Connors on her doorstep. + in Ν + Ν John had been delighted to discover in him a lover of books.

236

discovery

Discover can be used to refer to situations where (i) someone finds out about the existence of something that was previously unknown (ii) someone comes across or finds out something that they did not know or that had not been the case before. WfflswmmÈìm 1 11 A person can discover another person„II , i.e. find out about that person's talents and promote them.

discovery P1

noun

It was at Glessen that he made his discoveries in organic chemistry. Scientific discoveries are often made through intuitive leaps across conceptual boundaries, which are later confirmed by material experimentation. + that-CL The concert was cancelled at the last minute after the discovery that the stadium might not be safe for the event. In the 1940s, he made the ground-breaking discovery that bats use radar for navigation. + about Ν Eventually it's hoped that such discoveries about the way cancer spreads will help scientists find ways to stop it. Having initially joined the army for "some adventure" she then made an infinitely more valuable discovery about herself.

P2

P3

Discovery is 'the action

P4

+ by Ν Garza's grandfather comforted him with a story, the tale of the creation of the flute and its discovery by a shy, young Indian. + of Ν (frequent) The Quincentennial anniversary of Columbus' discovery of the South American continent can hardly be described as a celebration. + by Ν + that-CL Maupassant's Pierre and Jean is the flat story of two brothers, an inheritance and the slow discovery by one of them that the inheritance flows from his mother's adultery. + by Ν + of Ν He resigned his post over the weekend, following the discovery by the French customs of large sums of cash in suitcases being sent to him abroad.

P5

P6

P7

; new or important or the result of that action . tníKfíiiiíixnfíiSSi

discreet P1

adjective

attr A view of the scattered files, and some discreet inquiries had given him the information he desired. pred He was, needless to say, absolutely reliable, loyal and discreet. [it] + to-INF (rare) Since he had no business there, Ken worthy judged it discreet to stay away from St Blaise today. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL (frequent) No doubt she will be discreet about her past. Other companies may be offering a similar service but if so they are even more discreet about advertising it. The couples responsible seem to have been pretty discreet about what they are up to.

P2 P3

P4

P5

+ in N/V-ing/in wh-CL Be discreet in your investigations. But he had to be discreet in showing where his true sympathies lay. I must also admit that I try to be discreet in how I live.

A person can be discreet about a particular topic, i.e. not give away much information.

discuss

verb

Active: 1 / 3

ι II

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[N]a / [by N] [N]p

D1

[V-ing]p

D2

[Wh-CL]p(it)

D3

[wh to-INF]p (it)

D4

Τ

τ

III

[with Ν]

Τ

237

D1

D2

D3

(i)

(ii)

disgrace

The deputies seem to have nothing to do. They don't discuss properly in groups. + Np These visits provide an opportunity to discuss a whole range of topics - lifestyle, relationships, childhood, attitude to discipline and feelings. It's fifteen years since the leaders of the three main parties last sat down together to discuss the future of the province. This afternoon, the conference has been discussing drug abuse. Do you like to read and discuss books?

D4

τ

All these matters will be discussed in depth in later chapters and in Appendix A. Tobacco and alcohol, the two most widely abused drugs in the United States, are discussed in Chapters 16 and 17. + V - i n g p They learned that their children had already been discussing moving out of the area. The European Commission president and representatives of the European Parliament discuss enhancing the power of Euro-MPs in the context of political union. + w h - C L p ( j , ) (frequent) The German government is discussing whether Willy Brandt, the former Social Democrat Chancellor, should go to Baghdad. Ken Baker, John Wakeham and

Alastair Goodlad got down to discussing what must be done. Discuss how you could work together to find out more. + w h to-INFp(it) The two of us have discussed how to tell Christopher. We reckon we should do it before he's five. Sue Freestone, his London editor, brings out draft versions of the jacket cover, as they discuss when to launch the book. + Np/V-ingp + with Ν He'll still want to discuss it with you. And then there were those emotionally draining affairs, all of which had to be discussed at length with various analysts. She was discussing some things with me, and I felt a little hostility. Did you discuss making that call with your partner? If you find yourself facing allegations, you would be well advised to exercise your right of silence until you have discussed the matter with a solicitor expert in these matters.

I IT Til A person 1 can discuss a matter" with another person 11 ', i.e. talk about it. A person or something written by a person such as a book or an article 1 can discuss a matter 11 , i.e. deal with that topic.

disgrace noun P1

P2

A He was found guilty of taking drugs before his event and immediately deprived of his gold medal and sent home in disgrace. Β They charge you to see a bank manager, they charge you for writing letters, charge you for making phone calls and it is a damned disgrace. [it] +

t o - I N F

A Certainly it was no disgrace to lose to Ghana, an accomplished young team, P3

[it]

+

t h a t - C L

P 5

+

o f

N / V - i n g

A The system's backers argue that the disgrace of being caught and then shunned by business partners outweighs any sanction which could be imposed by law. P 6

[ a ]

+

t o

Ν

Β That so many American children live in poverty is a disgrace to the world's leading economic power. Politicians yesterday attacked Fergie as a disgrace to the Royal Family.

Β It's a disgrace that they want to deport an innocent woman like me, when murderers are walking free from the justice system. P4

+

f o r

Ν

Β Abysmal. An absolute disgrace for a car with sporting pretensions. I had to look under the bonnet to check it really had two carburettors. A Β

Disgrace is 'a feeling of shame or loss of respect'. P1 P2 P5 If you say that something (or someone) is a disgrace, or that it is a disgrace that something has happened, you think it is totally unacceptable and that something should be done to improve the situation. ^ P1 P3 P4 P6

238

disgruntled

disgruntled P1

P2 P3

P4 P5

attr There will still have to be big changes in the way the poll tax works to appease disgruntled Conservative supporters. pred Bush's attention to the evangelical right has left more liberal Republicans disgruntled. + that-CL They are disgruntled that he has abandoned the stridently defensive position of his predecessor Mrs Margaret Thatcher. + about Ν Graham is also disgruntled about some of the Premier League's rule changes. + at N/V-ing Both Lewis and Cork will have good reason to be disgruntled at the end result of their efforts. The underbidder of every record price at auction, disgruntled at being pipped to the post, will be all the more determined to compete for the next treasure, and so the market heats up.

Disgruntled

dishonest P1

P2

P3

P4 P5

adjective P6

P7

+ by Ν The bulk of complaints against solicitors - 79 per cent - are from ordinary members of the public disgruntled by the poor service they have received. + with Ν/with Ν V-ing She was getting increasingly disgruntled with her career. Selfemployed carpenter Dick Head got so disgruntled with people laughing at his name he changed it to Dick Fore-Head.

MM&SSf MB^ss^m

means 'annoyed, disappointed'.

adjective

attr We also see that dishonest people try to exploit these advantages of socialism; they know only their rights, but they do not want to know their duties. pred Other headaches for the editor include a proprietor who regards journalists as lazy, intellectually dishonest and inadequately supervised. [it] + to-INF Mrs Beckett said it would be dishonest to pretend that nothing would change in the NHS if Labour took power. + about N/V-ing I was not aware that I was quite dishonest about my feelings. + in Ν If a person is dishonest in his dealings with you or anyone else, no matter how trivial the occasion, that should produce a warning light.

P6 P7

P8

P9

+ of Ν (rare) That seems to be a bit sort of lowdown and dishonest of people. + with Ν You have been dishonest with me. And we've been dishonest with the country by saying that we could have trickle-down economics, and I can't be a party to it. [it] + for Ν to-INF While we welcome his support for our politics, it is dishonest for him to claim them as his own. [it] + of Ν + to-INF It would be dishonest of the paper not to say it.

A person can be dishonest (i) about a matter, i.e. not tell the truth. (ii) with a person, i.e. lie to them.

disloyal P1 P2 P3

adjective

attr The general had been held hostage for about five hours by the disloyal forces. pred He warned government officials that they would lose their jobs if they were disloyal. [it] + to-INF (rare) She dared not contradict him, yet it was dangerous and disloyal to remain silent.

P4

P5

+ to Ν She cut herself off, suddenly wary of seeming disloyal to the undertaking. The President said he had dropped Mr Michael Sata as decentralisation minister because he had been disloyal to the government. [it] + to Ν + to-INF It wasn't being disloyal to Adam to discuss him with Marc.

A person or an action that is disloyal to somebody or something does not support them as they should.

239

distance

dismiss A

verb

. . . staff WlîÈÊÊÊ Active: 2 / 3

ι Il Obi III IV ν

Β

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]a / [by N ] [N]p [ a s N] [for N/V-ing] [from Ν]

General: 0

ι D

T1.3-4 T1 T3 T4

II obi

IV

V + Np

T1

A Reports from Kenya say that the state airline, Kenya Airways, is to dismiss half of its present staff of four thousand people. His decision to dismiss his government on Monday is his biggest concession so far but he's resisted calls for his own resignation. Β It would be both foolish to dismiss the story, and foolish to take it completely seriously. Judges will invariably dismiss an appeal if the alternative is to admit to police malpractice. + Np « a s Ν A President Irwin cannot dismiss General Pinochet as Army Chief because he is bound by the terms of the 1980 Pinochet Constitution. Β Former US Vice President Dan Quayle gravely offended Samoans by dismissing them as a nation of 'happy campers'. Richey concluded by dismissing as "paper talk" a tabloid .

.

I

. . .

... plan Active: 2 / 3

T2

T3

T4

II „

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [as N] [as ADJ] [for N/V-ing] [from N]

ÄÄ®IiI§SlälBt!· Passive: 1 / 3

T1-4

T1 T2 T3 T4

report last week that alleged that he was an alcoholic. + Np +-> a s ADJ Β We cannot allow newspaper commentators and propagandists to lump these important issues together with trivia in order to dismiss them as irrelevant. Do not dismiss the idea as totally absurd. + Np + for N/V-ing A They intend to dismiss him for failing to correctly identify the patient before surgery. Β But it's facile to dismiss him for arrogance. + Np -ι-» from Ν A Colonel Fontaine was dismissed from the police force in 1985. Β Please dismiss that idea from your mind. At the same time he could not dismiss from his mind the image of Marcia, seen so seldom, desired so deeply.

.

, V

.

A person or organisation 1 can dismiss a person 11 from a j o b v , i.e. get rid of them. -> D T1 T3 T4 A person, organisation or something written such as a newspaper article 1 can dismiss a person or idea, plan, suggestion, etc.", i.e. reject them or treat them as unimportant. D T1 T2 T3 T4

distance P1

P2

P3

noun

Many of them had come a long distance, and as Tibetans do not own cars and there are no buses, getting from one area to another is a major problem. + between NP|/N and Ν We look down at the others, beneath our boots. They seem so close but there's a vast distance between us. + from N/where-CL The Golf GTi had been parked at Tring, only a short distance from his home. These fellows drove me around for a while and then let me out in a residential section, which was a good distance from where I needed to be. • The strong attraction of each for the other, so evident in the early part of the play, disappears after the murder, when Macbeth keeps his

P4

P5

P6 P7

Distance is the space between two things, places, or people .

distance from Lady Macbeth and does not allow her to touch him. (= remains unfriendly towards) + of N: QUANT The shark headed for the bait but then veered away at a distance of about 3 metres. [within] + of Ν Anthony and his fellow captives were within a short distance of American lines. My ears rang with the cheers of the 1,000-strong predominantly female audience who all wanted to be within touching distance of their celluloid lover. + to Ν 7,000 miles is a long way, all in one hop: twice the distance to New York. + from Ν + to Ν The length of hold-ups on the M25 have totalled 1,500 miles in 1990, the distance from London to Moscow.

240

distinct distinct P1 P2

P3

adjective

attr That's a distinct possibility. pred Rose versions have a paler background which makes these markings even clearer and more distinct. + from N/V-ing There are hundreds of varieties of lettuce, some quite distinct from others.

Something or someone that is distinct from something or someone else is clearly different or separate. Note that distinct is also used in the phrase as distinct from: In dealing with the topics that concern us here, traditional thinkers did not regard themselves as philosophers as distinct from scientists. It would be interesting to know to what extent French voters were comprehensively and dispassionately informed of the substance of Maastricht, as distinct/rom being swayed by media hype and heavily slanted party-political rhetoric.

distinction P1

noun

A The French constitution is not precise in defining who's the boss, between the president of France and the prime minister. The distinction doesn't matter much if the offices are held by politicians from the same party, (only if clear

P4

from context)

Β In fact I ended up with a starred first, you know first class with distinction. P2

+ between N P |/N and Ν/between wh-CL and

wh-CL (>30%) A Many people are telling him that the distinction between right and wrong in Lithuania is clear and that appeasement never pays. He saw one wing of the plane collapse like burning paper, but after that there was very little distinction between objects trapped in the furnace. A larger EC would need a clearer distinction between which bodies are responsible for decisions and which look after their implementation. P3

+ for N/V-ing

Β Since then, a slew of awards have tumbled onto her mantelpiece; three Rex Awards from New Orleans, a distinction for services to the industry from the British Fashion Industry, the Harper's Bazaar Award, on and on it goes. The distinction for being the least successful Football League Cup team of all must go to Port Vale.

P5

+ of N/V-ing

A In almost every Armenian location they were looted, persecuted and killed without distinction of age or sex. The war that had shaken Europe through much of the first half of the seventeenth century was one in which religious and dynastic alignments cut across distinctions of territory, language, and ethnicity. Β His autobiography is a work long on selfsatisfaction and cliches, to which I unhesitatingly awarded the distinction of Most Boring Book of 1990. C Lima also has the unwanted distinction of the worst traffic problems in the world. This work also had the unusual distinction of being shown on British television in the same week as its opening night at the Coliseum. John Aldridge had the unfortunate distinction of being the first player to miss a penalty in an FA Cup Final. + in Ν + between NP|/N and Ν (rare) A "May" is becoming more restricted in its use and usually implies a clear distinction in status between the speaker and the person referred to.

between (ii)

Β C

Distinctions of age, sex, religion are 'differences that derive from those factors P1 P2 P4 P5 If someone receives a distinction for something they have done they are given an award or mark respect (sometimes used sarcastically). -* P1 P3 P4 If something or someone has the distinction of being something, it is that feature that makes them stand out from others. -» P4

241

divide

divide

verb α

'separate' Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 /3

ι [N]a / [by N] AGENT llcont [N]p /EFFECTED [N] a M ι» [among N p |/ g r o u p ] IV [into N] ν [between N p ! /N and N] VI [from Ν] vu [with Ν] vin [in NUM]

M

General: 0

di n-2.4-7 D1 T1-2.4-7 D2.4 D2 η D4 T5 T2 T4 T6 T7

II

[N/NUM]p

III

[by N/NUM] [into N/NUM]

IV

T2

D1

+ Np Mr Trimble's candidature will divide the right-wing vote. This creates whole areas of discussion about how you divide responsibility. For cities such as London and Berlin, the rivers divide the city. The question of when to join had divided the cabinet, with Mrs Thatcher apparently more reluctant to do so until inflation in Britain came down. What still divides governments and officials is who will control the investment, who will benefit from any growth. The Paris summit has officially put to rest the East-West conflict that has divided Europe since the Second World War. Only a very few plants should be divided during the summer.

T3

D2

+ among(st) N p i/ group When the republic's election laws were enacted during the summer, it seemed that the popular vote would divide among the national parties representing the three main communities in Bosnia. Split the trifle sponges into two flat pieces. Divide among four shallow, ovenproof dishes, (only If clear from context) + by N/NUM α Measure the waist and divide by the measurement of the hips, (only if clear from context) You've got five numbers. Add them together, divide by five and you've got the average. Okay? (only if clear from context) + into Ν (frequent) Kaishima found his pupils had divided into two groups and were playing at

D4

Passive: 2 / 3

General: 0

[N] a / [by N]

At Georgemas Junction the train divides, one carriage going on to Thurso, the other heading east by Loch Watten to Wick. The growth of cells requires their division, and normally human brain cells are programmed to stop dividing before we are born. You know, divide and rule, that's the way I see it. (only if clear from context) • The House divided. Two hundred and six MPs went into the Non- Smoking Lobby. Just 61 went for a crafty one in the Smoking Lobby. (= in British Parliament: the MPs voted on an issue.)

D3

MATHEMATICS Active: 2 / 3

T1

T4

T5

T3.5 D3

T3 T5

war. Divide into two, adding one half of the liquid to the puree, and the other to the whole fruit, (only if clear from context) Each crotchet divides into two quavers. Docklands covers a huge area and divides into distinct districts both north and south of the river. The plants divide equally into two groups. + Np + among(st) Npi/gr0up Divide the sauce among 4 bowls and keep them warm. Jan's widow, Maureen, will divide the proceeds among her three children. + Np + between Np!/N and Ν The country was divided between the superpowers. The Football League's regional competition was also divided between a Principal Tournament and a Subsidiary Tournament. Following the German defeat in the First World War the country was divided between British and French mandates. The accession of Maria Theresa to the Habsburg's throne encouraged Spain, France, Bavaria and Prussia to try to divide her inheritance between them. Married with three young children, he divides his spare time between his family, his community and other social interests. + Np/NUMp + by N/NUM a A hundred and ten divided by four is twentyseven point five. You need to divide the total by six to work out an income. + Np/NUMp + from Ν In the name of Karl Marx, Lenin and Stalin charted a course that divided Russia from Europe. + Np/NUMp + into N/NUM The state of Germany was artificially divided after the Second World War into zones of occupation by the victorious Allies. He himself divided his books into what he called entertainments - "Our Man in Havana", for instance - which were often apparently light-hearted, melodramatic and very funny, and a second category of more serious books. Nuclear waste is divided into three categories: low-level, intermediate level and high

242

dizzy

T6

T7

level. Divide mixture into 6 equal sized portions. α How do they divide four into three? + Np + with Ν The lender may then arrange a sale of the shares, dividing any profit with the government. + Np + in NUM We had, as I say, a big dining room; you could divide it in two. Then he sorted the notes out by denominations and started dividing the money in four. The two ri-

vals started a UN-brokered cease-fire in March, which divided the city in half along a green line,

Something" can divide or be divided, i.e. separate or be separated into two or more distinct or smaller parts, between two or more or among a number of persons or things111. M D1 D2 D4 T1 T2 T4 T5 T6 T7 also in phrasal verbs: divide off; divide up α To divide is one of the four arithmetical exercises; if you divide 3611 by 3 U I or 3 U 1 into 3 6 u , you get 12.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + off « Ν ρ He used to divide off the back part where they had the meals. (= separate) + up Kuala Lumpur's political pundits, in their assessments of how the 180 parliamentary seats will divide up, say that however they add it up, a straight opposition victory is not on the cards. (= will be distributed) + up Np The loot, involving at least sixty five kilogrammes in gold alone, was then divided up in Poland. (= shared) Large estates in some parts of the island were divided up and sold. (= broken up into smaller parts) + up « Np + between Np!/N and Ν This was the fourth such meeting to decide how the total number of conventional forces in the Warsaw Pact should be divided up between the six member states. (= shared) + up Np + into Ν For example, food might be divided up into meat, vegetables, fruit, sweets and biscuits, etc. (= categorized as)

dizzy P1 P2 P3

+ up D7 ε If a person does someone out of something, they prevent them keeping or acquiring something. —> T3 Do is also used as an auxiliary verb in a variety of ways: - in questions and question tags: Do you have a daughter named Dorothy? How does a kid deal with hurting his father? You don't give up easily, do you? - in negative sentences: But I do not think we need to be afraid. He does not wish to be disturbed. - to show emphasis or insistence: Do be quiet, Miki. This says nothing, though it does allow us to glimpse an encounter between a self-important don and a gullible journalist. - after adverbs requiring inversion of subject and verb: Only rarely did they disturb her. Seldom does a week go by without some expert busybody proclaiming that the nation is imperilled in one way or another - to avoid repeating the verb: They will fight on as you and I might do. It seems y, :\ ν : so manifestly unfair to me. Yes it does. Well, I'll come and see you at the weekend. Yes, do. Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away + with NP Mr. Pritchard believes that Labour will not do away with opted-out schools. (= abolish) The rest of the countries in the world have all done away with monarchies and haven't got a history. (= abolished) A zealous petty officer from the auxiliary cruiser Cormoran had quietly done away with fellow prisoners of war in a camp in Australia on the grounds that they were Communists. (= killed) + down t-t Np Bosses do you down, friends lie, spouses cheat. (= criticise) I'm determined not to do myself down in this interview. (= criticise) + in « NP My mother had died, my father had tried to do himself in. (= kill) I'd decided to change that statement and pretend I'd done him in anyway. (= killed) + over «-> NP We could get someone outside to do him over, couldn't we? (= beat up) They had done the place over properly. The burst sofa was even more erupted than usual; papers from my fall-front bureau were strewn everywhere. (= searched thoroughly in order to steal) + out M D1 D4 D5 D6 T1 T3 Q Something 1 1 or someone 1 can double as something or someone else 11 , i.e. fulfill that particular function. If someone 1 doubles for another person" 1 , they act as a replacement for them in a film or play. -> D2 D3 T2 also in phrasal verbs: double up

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + back (+ ADV) We were ordered to double back and wait outside this place in case you arrived. (= turn back and return the same way) Drive out to the fine renaissance Chateau de Mesnieres, and then double back across the Forêt d' Eaury, with its fine beeches. (= turn back and return the same way) + over A woman suddenly doubled over, clutching her chest as if in severe pain. (= bent forwards and down)

+ over μ Ν (usually past participle) Excuse me, I find myself doubled over with mirth, having just heard the worst record in the entire history of pop. (= unable to control myself) + up They double up with laughter. (= are unable to control themselves) They had taken their ammunition belts with them, but they had left the machine-gun and a dead gunner doubled up beside it. (= who had collapsed) Whereas many of the crew, excepting the Captain and Second

247

doubt

Officer, would double up, he had been allocated a room to himself. (= share a room) + up D1 T3 also in phrasal verbs: dress up A person 1 can dress a wound 11 , i.e. cover it up with a Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down You are able to dress up or dress down depending entirely on your mood. (= dress informally) + down Np He called a meeting in a company hangar and dressed them down for challenging his authority. (= criticized aggressively) + up I didn't need to dress up, because I was a writer (= dress formally) He likes dressing up and acting out roles. (= wearing different clothes for fun) + up Np She dressed him up like a doll. (= dressed him) People fool themselves into thinking that if you dress something up it gives it importance. (= make it look impressive) What it did learn was a style of aggression, a mode of dressing violence up in a new way. (= presenting it) Dress up your windows! (= decorate)

drive A

verb ... car Active: 1 / 3

C Passive: 1 / 3

I

[ N ] a / [ b y H]AGENTM

di.3

Te

[N]p /EFFECTED

D1

T3

[N]a

D4

III

[ N ] p BEN/REC

D1

IV V

[N]p [ADV]p. prep [ADV]« [ADV: QUALITY] 'make'

D1 D3

Active: 2 / 3

.

Η in IV

I h D

T3

[N] A [at what] 'direct' Active: 2 / 3

ι ti in E

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N] P [ADV] 'force i n Active: 3 / 3

Passh

[ N ] a / [by N ] / [by V-ing] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N]p D1 [ADJ] [ADV] [to-INF]

DISCUSSION Active: 2 / 2

General:

il

Vi Β

+ up + a s Ν Thieves dress up as workmen to enter properties without raising neighbours' suspicions. (= disguise themselves as) + up + in Ν I dress up in a suit. (= dress formally) + upN + a s N The politicians might like to dress them up as worthy missions but usually that is a load of rubbish. (= present them)

T1-3 T1-3 T1-3 T1 T3 T2

Passive: 2 / 3

Ι

[N]A / [by N]

II

[N]p [ADV]

III

T3 T3

254

drive

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

T1

A Anyone with continuing health problems that might affect their ability to drive must inform their insurance company and the medical branch of the Department of Transport. We are in the difficult position of advising the public that they should not drink and drive at all, yet the law allows us to drink and drive up to a certain level. + Np A I drove a Volkswagen bus a long time ago. It is not possible to drive the road uninterrupted. What kind of family car do you drivel We would not allow anyone to drive a train unless they were properly qualified. Writer John Jefferson has been driving this route, admiring the onset of spring while taking pleasure in nature's darker side. It took a long time for my father to drive those four miles each night, in his old Morris Oxford with the domed radiator. Β What it does do is suggest why the majority of the car exhaust market is not driven by price (or even in most cases value). I never met anyone so driven by his conscience, or so confused by conflicts of loyalty. Vessels of the 1800s were timber-built and driven by sail. We have to stop being driven by wanting to be adored by men and all those things we learned as young girls. • The whites knew them as traders who knew how to drive a hard bargain. (= demand a lot in exchange) + at what C What he was driving at, presumably, was the fundamental incompatibility of painting and language. Is that what your question is driving at really? + ADVp.prep (frequent) A The weather put on a fine display as I drove up into the Trotternish peninsula on the northeast corner of Skye. She woke up and decided she should drive into town for some Super Glue. Andretti appeared to drive into Mansell's car after getting tangled with back markers at the chicane. You drove off smoothly enough and I didn't feel you put it into top gear. Drive through the village and then turn north onto the A396 and then the B3222 towards Dulverton. They then drove straight to Holland. Just then a car drove along and stopped. + ADV D Rain drove against the window. + ADV: QUALITY A This Audi neither looks nor drives like a Volkswagen. + Np + ADJ Β However, there are times when she can also

T2

T3

drive me half-mad with fury and frustration. People can be driven insane, they can be given lobotomies and be committed and be put in jails for no reason. • Richard realized she was beginning to drive him wild. In the next room, Caroline was sliding out of her provocative lamé dress. He started to imagine what she would be wearing underneath it. (= excite him) + Np + to-INF Β He said the experience of his deprived childhood drove him to take on new projects. What drives a woman to abduct someone else's baby? + Np + ADV« A Heather Brown was expecting her second baby and arranged for a girlfriend to drive her to hospital, as her husband Colin, a musician, was on tour several hours' drive away. D Bonfires encourage the power of the sun and fire is a purifying force and drives away evil influences. He heard the wind driving ice particles against the dome. They then jumped through the fire, or between two fires, and drove the cattle and flocks through it. Brest faced west and the admirals commanding the blockading squadron lived in perpetual fear of being driven aground by westerly winds blowing off the Atlantic. Bullets failed to drive them off. He was driven out, and was seen very much as a victim of the party machine. E A wedge would be driven through NATO, exposing the two flanks and the whole of Western Europe. If you want to drive a small nail into a board, would you select a big hammer or a small hammer? With a small hammer you can hit the nail with any part of the head and drive it home. • Here there is a national history park and memorial to the Acadian French who were ruthlessly driven out by the English during the colonial struggle for Canada. (= expelled) + N P + ADV Β Something had driven the poor man to drink. If I were willing to sit in front of a class long enough without speaking, the silence would eventually drive the students to the edge of panic. • He's driven himself really hard. (= worked hard)

255

drop

A person 1 can drive a vehicle ÏCIIIUC such auui as aa a car, ini, bus, uus, train ιιαιιι 11, i.e. be ut in Iii control eunuvji of ui them mein and aiiu steer uthem. (i) 111 v a person somewhere , i.e. take them with them, (H) (iii) a distance IV , i.e. cover that distance. way' (iv) a particular- route IV , i.e. take it. If a vehicle drives a particular w a y v l , it gives the driver that Mmifiê wÉSft feeling. .ν -> M D1 D3 D4 T3 Someone or something 1 can drive someone 11 into a particular state111, i.e. cause them to reach that state or motivate them to do something. -> D1 T1 T2 T3 What a person is driving at is the point they are trying to make in a discussion. -» D2 (i) Something such as rain1 can drive somewhere 111 or be driven somewhere by a force such as the A person 1 can drive an animal or, less commonly, another person11 somewhere 111 , i.e. force them to go there. D3T3 Τ IT TTf A person or a tool such as a hammer* can drive something 11 into or through something 1 ", i.e. force it in.^T3 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down *-* Np The "casualisation" of the workforce and the gradual erosion of collective bargaining have helped employers to drive down labour costs. (= reduce) + Np + home + to Ν / h o m e + to Ν + Ν The message that police forces must take the threat seriously was driven home to delegates by Mr John Smith. (= made clear) It will also drive home to Western governments the risks of being seen to ignore the hostages' plight. (= make clear) + home + to Ν + thatp /wh-CL The pull-back is being accompanied by a massive educational campaign, which is intended to drive home to the people that they are going to have to do a lot more for their own old-age provision. (= make clear) The Gulf crisis has driven home to most member states how useful it would be to have

drop

verb

'fall' Active: 1 / 3 lobi [ N ] a II [Ν] III [ADV] D4 IV [from N] Β 'decrease' Active: 112 lobi [ N ] a II [ADV] D4 III marg [by N: QUANT] D3 C 'release' Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 ι [N]A/[byN] Il Obi [N]p D1 m [ADV]«

®

more coordinated defence and foreign policies. (= made it very clear) + off I hope he comes back. I don't want to have to drive off with a putter. (= strike a golf ball to start a game) + up Np One comissioner said there was no shortage on the oil markets and that rumors on the New York Mercantile Exchange are the only thing driving the price of oil up. (= making the price rise)

A

D

T4 T4.5 T5

T4 τ4

'abandon' SÊSSÊm Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 IttBlllSfil 1 [N]A/[byN] D1 T2-3 II obi [N]p T2 III [for N] iv [from N] T3 E 'visit' WÊËÈÊSSÊ Active: 2/2 lobi [N] A D4 II obi [ A D V ] Further uses ¡•¡iSSS [ADJ: dead] 02 T1 [N]p.i T1 [N]R-2

256 M

A So I don't want you staggering around as if you were ready to drop. Β Then the wind dropped and the surface of the sea was still. By taking these resins three times daily, the cholesterol level drops. If the German mark weakens and European interest rates drop sharply, the ERM will look a great deal more attractive than it does at present.

D1

+ Np

C I'm glad to see they didn't drop the whisky. In one district a fleet of helicopters was called to drop water bombs every two minutes while residents scrambled to get clear. D Mr De Klerk will be counting on Mrs Thatcher to continue her pressure in the EC to drop sanctions. Italy earlier decided to drop its campaign in favour of Venice because of concern about the environmental impact on the city. The United States Secretary of State Mr James Baker has said that the Soviet Union seems to be dropping its demand that a unified Germany be neutral. After two long, embarrassing years, Customs shied away from the pending Old Bailey trial and dropped all the charges. Then he dropped her but she didn't drop him. If there is anything new to be said about sex, I would like to hear it. If not, couldn't we drop the subject for a while? So you only dropped Physics because of the maths content? • His advisors have dropped hints he is very sensitive to any reasoning that can help him win the elections. (= mentioned indirectly) "Drop your voice", he said. (= do not speak so loud) This might be the word 'help' spoken by someone who drops his h's. (= does not pronounce) They have dropped just five points from 10 games at Ewood park. (= not gained) D2

+ ADJ: dead

• What we do not see are those who tried this and dropped dead in their forties or fifties; who burnt out and are shells of their former selves. (= died unexpectedly) D3

+ by N: QUANT

Β Provisional government figures show that sales in Britain's shops dropped by over oneand-a-half percent last month. D4

+ ADV

(frequent)

A His head had dropped forward. He lets the basket drop to the ground. He dropped to his knees. Β The former leader Linda Graham from the United States had dropped to third place. On the foreign exchanges, the pound dropped below the DM 2.40 level to close at DM 2.3950, after touching DM 2.3860 at one stage. E Any customer can drop into the branch and

talk to a departmental head face-to-face without the appointment you would need at a European bank. • The rocks drop almost vertically to the sea. (= are very steep) I expect he won't entirely drop out of our lives. (= disappear from) Part of the plaster next to it had dropped off, but there was still a big chunk of it hanging just above Gleb's head. (= fallen off) T1

+ Np + Np

• You could always drop them a line. (= send them a note) T2

+ Np + for Ν

D She doesn't look good on television so they drop her for someone who looks better. T3

+ Np + from Ν

D He was dropped from Sweden's World Cup squad for Italia '90. T4

+ Ν + ADV

A The all-share index dropped 6.3 points to 927.5. + Np + A D V »

C She dropped the glass onto the beechwood flooring. Some reports say teargas was dropped on the crowd from a helicopter. This technique involves dropping a high number of sterile insects out of the sky from aeroplanes. When he dropped her at the house, she kissed him lightly. T5

+ from Ν + to Ν

A The malaria infection rate among school children in the capital has dropped from 60 per cent to 20 per cent.

257

A Β

C

D

E

dubious

Someone or something 1 can drop somewhere 111 , i.e. fall. M D4 T4 T5 Drop can mean 'decrease in intensity or reach a lower level' : (i) Rain or wind 1 can drop. (ii) Levels that are measured such as interest rates1 can drop. M D3 D4 also in phrasal verbs: drop off (i) A person or a machine, especially aeroplanes', can drop someone or something 0 , i.e. let them fall, intentionally or unintentionally, (ii) A driver 1 can drop a passenger 11 somewhere 111 , i.e. let them out there. D1 T4 also in phrasal verbs: drop off (i) A person in authority 1 can drop certain measures or demands 11 , i.e. give them up. (ii) A person 1 can drop another person 11 , i.e. stop seeing or supporting them. (iii) A person or institution 1 can drop something such as a school subject, something produced or sold", i.e. discontinue it. -» D1 T2 T3 A person 1 can drop into a place 11 , i.e. pay a short visit. D4 also in phrasal verbs: drop by; drop in; drop round

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + by Now I still didn't know if Sylvia actually dropped by to see Friedman or if she only called him. (= visited) + in (+ ADV) "And it will be handy for any of your noble friends who decide to drop in," Caro recognizes. (= visit us) Occasionally they'll drop in for afternoon tea at the Rendez-Vous Lounge of the Imperial Hotel. (= spend some time at) You'd be very welcome to drop in at Candwell on the way. (= pay a short visit) + off Pete went back to his bed and dropped off eventually. (= fell asleep) Fragile Latin American economies, where growth dropped off alarm-

dubious P1

P2 P3

P4

P5 P6

(i) (ii)

ingly in the 1980s, still depend heavily on commodity exports. (= decreased) + off 30 %) To motivate people, you have to make them feel part of a family and treat them with the respect due to members of a family. «-> ADV The next train was due at forty-four minutes past one. Tell your employer in writ-

P2 P3 P4

P5 P6

P7

P8

P9

ing that you will be stopping work, the week the baby is due, and if you intend to return to your job. The baby is due any day. Today the rent is due. Reminders will be sent to parents when the next treatment is due. He's due to be here in five or ten minutes. + to-INF ADV European Community Ministers are due to meet in Dublin next week. Australia are due to play a home series against New Zealand in July and a tour to South Africa in August. + for Ν 30%) He said more impetus should be given to United Nations efforts to bring peace. In an effort to transform that economic strength to political power, emphasis had been placed on education. + at N/V-ing A last-ditch effort at agreement will be made by ministers in Luxembourg today. In a 1984 interview, Karl Lagerfeld dismissed

P2

P3

his countrymen's efforts at breaking into the international market-place. + in N/V-ing For Mr. Clinton, convincing the American people of the need to sacrifice is a high-stakes effort in salesmanship. The man is being lauded for his excellent moral character and the woman for her effort in fulfilling a human need. + of V-ing Some of the experiences of that time had been so personally painful that I wasn't sure I could face the effort of recollecting them.

P4

P5

L person's efforts to do something or at doing something are 'their determined attempts to achieve something, involving physical or mental strain'.

elated adjective attr We could see the Statue of Liberty framed beneath the Brooklyn Bridge, a sight that lifted our already elated spirits to even greater heights, pred By a fantastic stroke of luck he had stumbled upon a gold mine. Rizzoli had every reason to be elated, (only if clear from context) + to-INF The passengers said they were elated to be back on US soil, but all brought with them grim tales of what they had left behind. + that-CL We are elated that democracy has come to Czechoslovakia and all the repressed nations in Eastern Europe. + about Ν The four Samoan delegates were elated about their acceptance as full voting members of the GOP.

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

+ at N/V-ing Surely it was wrong to feel elated at the prospect of a police interrogation, especially since a man had been killed. Feeling very tired, vaguely elated at playing a lead in TV, but inwardly dead. + by Ν (frequent) Baltic officials said they were elated by the council's decision today. + over Ν (rare) The couple were elated over the impending birth. + with Ν He didn't feel the pain of the bullet in his leg yet, and he was elated with the miracle of their escape.

P6

P7 P8 P9

A person can be elated about, at, by, over or with some event that pleases them very much.

elect verb Active: 2 / 3

• Π

[N]p_2

III

[N]p. 1

IV ν D1

General: 0

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] A /[byN] [to-INF] [as N] [to N]

α

'choose' Active: 2 / 2

D1

T1-4 T1 T2 T3 T4

+ Np The Greek parliament today failed to elect a new head of state when none of the three candidates for the post received the necessary number of votes. The President of the Republic is elected for seven years, a very long time in politics. Can you reassure me that if a Labour government is elected a Labour government will do something? Don't forget there is an elected President of Russia, elected by a great

lobi [N] A /[byN] il obi [to-INF]

D2

D2

majority. Askar Akayev, founder of the Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan, was elected unopposed in October 1991. + to-INF α That morning, they decided they would wait till after lunch when the roads might be quieter, and elected to pass the time by going into Birley to seek out Jarvis's bookshop. All three had elected not to go into the witness box to answer

266

election

T1

T2

T3

questions, as was their right. + Np + Ν His supporters elected him president in June. Sir William was elected MP for Hull in 1780 and represented Yorkshire between 1784-1812. + Np + to-INF Mr Hans-Jochen Vogel has been reelected to lead the opposition German Social Democratic Party (SPD) in the German parliament (Bundestag) for another year. Mrs Cunningham said she was elected to represent the community, not to lose her ability to freely vote if she was Speaker. + Np + a s Ν In the Polish city of Gdansk, Mr Lech Walesa has been reelected as leader

T4

of Solidarity at the organisation's first Congress for nearly nine years. That was the official announcement late last night that Labour's Peter Kilfoyle had been elected as Member of Parliament for the Liverpool-Walton constituency. + Np + to Ν He was elected to the post with the support of the ruling Congress. He was elected to the European Parliament in 1984. He was elected to a fellowship at the College in 1934, and three years later became Professor of Greek at Sydney University.

• R · Μ · · · ^ · · · · Ι · | · · Μ · | · · ρ ·

a

elect means "choose someone by a vote to become a member of something or to get a certain position'. (i) A person11 can be elected to a particular office, to a club or parliament.^ (ii) A person 11 can be elected President, Chairperson, e t c . m or as President, Chairperson, etc. l v D1 T1 T2 T3 T4 A person 1 can elect to do something 11 , i.e. choose to do it. -> D2

election P1

P2

P3

noun

A Until his election in May 1981 he was the most consistent and persistent critic of the political institutions of the Fifth Republic. Β The Opposition is gleefully contemplating the prospect of an early election. + as Ν A A year after his election as Labour leader, he heads a much changed party - a third of the party's members have joined since he took over. + for Ν Β The governing Liberal Democratic Party has suffered a humiliating defeat in the election for the powerful post of Tokyo governor. The government has promised elections for a new Parliament.

P4

P5

+ of Ν A This has really infused this town and the country from California to New York with an energy that we have not seen in this country since the election of John F. Kennedy. + to Ν A The Centre Alliance is to campaign for Walesa's election to the Presidency and could develop into a fully-fledged centre-right party. Sir Anthony Caro, the leading British sculptor, has refused election to the Royal Academy because of the quality of its summer exhibition.

The election of someone (i) to a particular post or institution (ii) as leader, etc. is 'the process of choosing them'. P1 P2 P4 P5 An election can be 'an event at which the government of a country is chosen or a person is chosen for a particular position'. P1 P3

eligible P1

P2

adjective

attr A hundred and four million eligible people didn't vote in the last election. Texan women were so upset about Lovett being off the eligible bachelor list that they wore black armbands, says Houston pop critic Claudia Perry. pred Contenders include two from last year, but not their silver medallist, who is no longer eligible, (only if clear from context)

P3

P4

+ to-INF (frequent) Sixteen million people are eligible to vote, and it seems that the majority will do so. Every teenager who can not find work after education will be eligible to sign up for a government skills course, he promised. + a s Ν Higher education institutions and their spin-off companies should not be eligible as industrial partners in the centre.

employ

267

+ for N/V-ing (> 30 %) Anyone who thinks he may be eligible for free legal services should ask for his local or state Legal Aid Office. Failure to attend will mean that the student concerned will not be eligible for an honours degree. Women who aspire to be Labour candi-

P5

(i)

(ii)

Someone or somet ; eligible for something such as an office, a title, a privilege, a scholarship or a prize, etc., i.e. have the qualifications necessary for it. Someone can be eligible to do something, i.e. have the right to do it.

emphasis P1

noun

There were also some changes of emphasis and of priorities. + on N/V-ing/on wh-CLVwh to-INF (>30%) A range of food, with an emphasis on western specialties, is available in more than 60 restaurants on and around the mountain and in town. One reason for the quick traffic is an emphasis on public transport, including special bus lanes. Today the emphasis is on teaching people to feel comfortable on skis rather than to perfect their positions. The month of August is traditionally a time of gossip in Formula 1, the em-

P2

dates, seeking selection in winnable seats, will be eligible for funding. They were not eligible for moving at government expense because he was in pay-grade E-4 with less than four years of active military service and hence did not qualify.

phasis on who's going where next year rather than who's doing what this weekend. The authors describe many of the methods available, with an emphasis on when to apply each technique and how to interpret the results. + upon N/V-ing In this era of emphasis upon diet plans, meal replacements and obsessive kilojoule counting, there is a lot to be said for plain good eating and consistent gentle exercise. At the heart of our long-range planning is our emphasis upon continuing our alliance with other democracies around the world.

P3

is an emphasis on or upon something, that thing is considered to be more important than others.

employ A

verb

. . . person Active: 2 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p III [V-ing] [to-INF] IV [as N] ν [in N/V-ing] Ι

... technique

Β Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

D D

Active: 2 / 3 mM¡m!m

WtÊHs&lliM.

T2-4 T1—4 T1 T2 T3 T4

ι Il obi III IV

C

Il obi

+ Np A He employed a carpenter called John Sandford, whose exuberant style is the hallmark of Shrewsbury's best Elizabethan buildings. A proposal to employ announcers with 'broad accents' which would be more difficult to copy was rejected by a senior BBC official. Among the designers and architects he employed were Capability Brown, Robert Adam, John Carr, Thomas Lightoler, Thomas Atkinson and James Wyatt. It is believed to be unprecedented for senior executives at the BBC to be employed on a freelance basis, although it is quite normal for celebrities and some producers.

Passive: 1 / 3

MMmmmRÌS*

D

T2-3 T2 T3

Passive: 2 / 2 lobi

D

[N] A / [by N] [N]p [to-INF] [as N] 'be busy'

T1

[N]p [V-ing]

T1 T1

Β The importance of your outlook, approach and the tactics you employ cannot be stressed too strongly. One judge employed an unnerving trick whenever Mansfield accused a policeman of bearing false witness. Salvador Dali employed an illusionistic technique to transcribe his obsessive and hallucinatory neuroses onto canvas. In looking at 'long-firm fraud' Levi (1981) employed a range of research techniques: court records, observation and open-ended interviews. be employed V-ing A Billy Wrigglesworth was employed building secret planes. C Might Wood not be better employed work-

268

empty ing on that first novel of his, the one which will rekindle the dying fires of English literature? T2

+ Nr + to-INF

A I employ someone full time to deal with our electric bills. It wouldn't cost that much more for a little man to be in his booth than it would be for the councils to employ someone to go round T4 the car parks checking on the fact that there are tickets on them. Β We should employ contemporary methods to proclaim age-old truths. + Np + as Ν A The Secretary of State for Health, Virginia Bottomley, called on Health Authorities to employ more women as financial managers in the NHS. The elder Tebbit was variously em¥ TT A person or an institution, firm, industry1 can employ another person", i.e. have them working for them. -> D Tt T2 T3 T4 A person1 can employ something such as a technique or a strategy11, i.e. use it. -» D T2 T3 Someone11 who is employed doing something111 is busy doing it. T1

T3

A Β C

empty P1

adjective

attr Then he filled the cup from a nearly empty bottle of Scotch that he took from a desk drawer. pred The studio was empty except for three mysterious objects. + of Ν The Northumbria coast was still blissfully empty of visitors. One of the main food markets was full of people yesterday but almost empty of food, save for some lumps of grass,

P2 P3

enclose I II obi III IV

leaves and a few meagre piles of sunflower seeds. The house was empty of all furniture. His face was empty of emotion. He came to a stop, his mind empty of ideas about what to say next. The streets were empty of life, all the stores and restaurants on Fifty-seventh Street shuttered and closed. The seas are almost empty of wildlife.

verb

Active : 2 / 3

T1

ployed as a shop manager, house painter and clerk. Β Although models and open-ended systems are traditionally employed as clues to this consciousness and its effects, they are mere indicators. + Np + in N/V-ing A Abolition of the Wages Councils unsurprisingly will have a disproportionate impact on black workers, many of whom are employed in the lowest paying industries. Currently, only 20% of the local workforce are employed in manufacturing. Very few people are employed in killing and butchering whales, although there are specialist whale restaurants in Japan.

[N] A /[by N] [N]p [in N] [within N] [with N]

Passive : 1 / 3

T1-3 T1 T3 T2

+ Np If you wish to have any item returned, please enclose a stamped addressed envelope. Please enclose a recent colour photograph of yourself. She also asked me to send you her wedding announcement, which you will find enclosed. For the main course, I chose a very attractive coil of salmon and sole fillets enclosing a wild rice filling. There is a well-marked shingle beach along the shore and, off shore, a shingle spit which encloses a large area of sand banks, mud flats and salt marsh. + Np + in Ν A red and white striped lighthouse stood at the seaward end, its light enclosed in a

kind of vast wire mesh basket with a little round helicopter pad on top. The date of the document is not known. It was enclosed in the 10 August 1920 letter from Janet to Douglas. The body has some difficulty in absorbing carotene from foods, because this substance is enclosed in cellulose cell walls which we are unable to digest. The batteries are safely enclosed in a watertight compartment. • Every now and then he glanced across at the celebrating family who seemed enclosed in their small private world. (= cut off from everyone else)

269 T2

end

+ Np + with Ν Now there is no problem in finding the site, since the tidy-minded authorities have cleaned it up and enclosed it with a fence. Support tall broad beans by enclosing them with a cordon of string on canes 6—8ft apart. + Np + within Ν He does not go through the motions of constructing a pseudo-moral plot in

T3 (i) (ii)

which violence is enclosed within a struggle between good and evil. In the summer of 1778 the British prisoners were removed to an open area some fifty miles south of Boston, where they were enclosed within a stockade and provided with boards and nails so that they could build shelters for themselves.

Something 1 can enclose a thing u . Something 11 can be enclosed (a) in another solid object that surrounds it completely 111 (b) with something that is put there to protect it or separate it off" v .

encourage

verb

Active: 2 / 3

Π

General: 0

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] a / [by N]

[V-ing] A [to-INF] a [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A D1

D1

T1-2

III

01

T1-2

IV

D1

T1-2

D1

T1-2

+ Np Thade encouraged me. Then there are British imports of New Zealand lamb which add to supplies and encourage exports of British lamb. And he has been encouraged by the mood he found in Bonn, Paris and Rome, favourable to swifter progress towards European political union. Where else would her presentation not only be encouraged but actually listened to and (one assumes) paid for? The PPA sees itself as a major provider of pre-school education through 'activities that encourage learning through play'. + V-ing Support more residential development within the City and the intention to link it closely with public transport and encourage cycling. + Np + to-INF/ + Np + to He encouraged her to buy it. Students are encouraged to take subjects that contrast with their A levels - a foreign language and economics in addition to physics

D2

T1

[N]p

/EFFECTED

[V-ing] [N]p [to(-INF)] [in N/V-ing]

II

ill IV

D1

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[N] a / [by N]

[N]p [by V-ing] [with N/N V-ing] [in N]

T2

T2

+ Np + in N/V-ing He had probably been encouraged in this since childhood. They tend to flatter him and encourage him in taking a hardline position.

ν

VI D1

T1-2

D2 D4

ti T2

D3

T1-2 T1

«¡¡1111

verb Active: 1 / 3

I

02

and chemistry, for example. These changes were accompanied by a determined campaign to advertise a person's entitlement to a reasonable living standard and to encourage old people to claim their rights. The Health Promotion Research Trust has produced a free writeon/wipe off chart to encourage mums-to-be to keep a record of what they eat. In living rooms, where air tends to be warm and dry, encourage tropical or sub-tropical foliage plants to thrive by misting them two or three times a week with tepid, ideally lime-free water. But he's been very bitter about her behavior, and he's tried in vain to stop it. There were some people who encouraged him to.

Someone or something 1 can encourage /•% III (i) a person111 !SffiSäSgi SflSSSS (ii) an enterprise or undertaking 11 confidence to do it. (iit) a person™ to do something IV , i.e. give them the

end

D1

[ADV] [ORDINAL]

D5

D6

• • ••V.T^.rr.'T•i.-'Vi-rei

270

end

M

D1

D2

D3

Coach Raymond Goethals confirms he will retire once the French league seasons has ended. When the ideological struggle has ended, they treat us like pigs. + Np That ends this week's World Report on the arms industry. Her instinct was still to end the relationship and bring up the child on her own. The treaty ending the division of Germany has been signed in Moscow. The passenger ferry linking Liverpool and Belfast has sailed for the last time, ending the only remaining direct sea link between England and Northern Ireland. The former West German Chancellor, Helmut Schmidt, has ended a three-day visit to China. Riot police in Berlin have used teargas and water cannon to end a violent protest by several hundred squatters in the east of the city. + by V-ing The reception centre might end by providing relatively long-term care. He ended by saying that progress will be reviewed at the Tokyo summit. + in Ν That is my leisure activity-less timeconsuming than the real thing, less liable, I've always thought, to end in pain. But the battle had ended in stalemate and there was only a trickle of men coming in from there now. The curtain raiser to the new English season, between M. C. C. and the county champions, Worcestershire, ended in a draw at Lord's yesterday, with no play on the final day.

D4

D5

D6

T1

T2

+ with Ν/with Ν V-ing The book ends with a list of resources. It all started with a dull 1 1 draw with Queens Park Rangers at home and ended with a 5 - 2 defeat at the hands of Everton. It always ends with her taking him back. The dream of Gerontius ends with the soul encountering the dazzling holiness of God. + ADV On the foreign exchanges, the Japanese yen rose to its highest level against the dollar for over a year; the dollar ended down two yen in New York at one-hundred-and-thirtyeight-point-one-five yen. You think the world ends at the edge of London, don't you? The Mile High Club had to end on a note of victory. + ORDINAL But he plunged to a 78 and. despite recovering with a 69, ended eighth behind New Zealand's Frank Nobilo. + Np + by V-ing The British Foreign Secretary, Mr Douglas Hurd, has ended his tour of the Middle East by saying he is reasonably hopeful that the crisis over Kuwait could be resolved. + Np + with Ν I'd started the journey north towards Caithness with a whole fairground full of tough allies, and ended it with two fairs bulging with enemies.

End means 'come or bring to an end' : r IV (i) If something 1 ends in a particular state' v that is the result of the process described. 1 111 (ii) If something ends with something that is the last element of it.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up + ADJ By forcing the issue, you risk losing your cool, messing up your priorities and ending up short of the goal. (= failing to achieve) He spends nothing on his children's education and, when the money is all spent, these children end up poor. (= finally become) + up + (by) V-ing Another problem with tying aid to trade is that the donor country may end up providing aid in areas where its own domestic industry needs a boost, rather than in areas where aid is most needed by the recipient. (= provide in the end) So if Britain continues to prevaricate on the issue, it could end up joining Greece and Portugal in the slow lane of a two-speed Europe. (= finally join) I'm afraid I'll end up by saying something nasty to her. (= finally say) + up + a s Ν What did you end up as then? (= finally become)

+ up + with Ν / u p + with Ν V-ing We ended up with about the same academic qualifications, but Penny never got uptight about exams, like I did. (= finally got) Instead of having a ton of spent fuel from a reactor which is highly radioactive, we end up with 99.5 percent of re-useable uranium, 0.2 percent plutonium, and only 0.3 percent of waste. (= finally get) Perhaps it will end up with my resigning from the Foreign Service. (= finally result in) + up + ADV The Sultan would be horrified if he only knew that his Tiger, a symbol of revenge against the British, has ironically ended up in a British museum. (= finally put) No, Viktor escaped. Defected, you might say. Ended up in London and then Dublin. (= came to live in the end)

271

engaged

engage A

verb

ACTIVITY Active: 2 / 3

Β Passive: 113

ι

[ N ] a / [by N] II

T3-4

III

[N]R [N]p

IV

[in N/V-ing]p [with N]

Vmarg

D1

Il Obi

III

D1 D2

IV

T3

[N]p

D1

T1-2

T1

[to-INF] [as Ν]

T2

T4

+ Np

T1

The new counties found it difficult to engage I've decided to engage him.

•

The driver drew the taxi to a halt and firmly

T2

For the shooting of this sequence, Larry en-

gaged a number of his associates from the the-

cab, Nick engaged the engine, and was away in The aim of

+ Np + as Ν Β

High in his

a thin cloud of chaff. (= started)

Engage a tree surgeon to examine tall and

suspect trees.

Β

engaged the brake. (= applied)

+ Np + to-INF Β

the loyalty of their resident population.

D2

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]a / [by N]

D3

[ADV]

A

. person Active: 2 / 3

atre as 'extras'. T3

+ Np + in N/V-ing

a critical methodology is to provide knowledge

A

which engages the prevailing social structures.

exchanging information as Teddy approached

The cameramen were standing under a tree,

(= deals with)

to engage them in conversation.

+ in N/V-ingp

project Lozelle is working on with the Ann Ar-

A

bor center is a program designed to engage his

It's out of the question for cabinet members

work force in improving the production process.

to engage in stock transactions or for their secretaries to engage in activities that invite suspicion.

T4

Well, I don't want to engage in any

speculation.

The other

+ Np + ADV A

There is always a danger when

France would vote for the motion and was

ready to engage its forces in the region along-

you engage in selling any political proposition

side those of other countries.

that you could end up being tripped up by it. D3

+ with Ν A

This slight reluctance to engage with the

world is the direct penalty of being so overgubbinsed. A person 1 can engage

III

(i)

in a p a r t i c u l a r activity or

field

(ii)

someone 1 1 in an activity or field111, i.e. make them

, i.e. become very

» D1 D2 D3 T3 T4 1 T1 T2

A person or a c o m p a n y 1 can engage another person 1

engaged P1

adjective

attr A

P3 I am describing the universe as I encounter

A

it in my life as a scientist and as a politically en-

M y mind is now engaged to think that way.

(a rare use)

gaged citizen.

Β

Β

in college in Boston.

In China the number of divorces has more

than tripled in the past four years; engaged cou-

P2

+ to-INF

P4

I became engaged to be married when I was

+V-ing

ples are drawing up pre-nuptial contracts, and

A

even taking out insurance against splitting up.

to lose any chance, the men in some boats are busily engaged hauling up their nets.

pred A

He is very engaged, well up in local issues.

Β

Now this guy has a new life, he is engaged

Anxious to save their tackle and unwilling

P5

+ in N/V-ing (> 30 %) A

If you are engaged

in heavy exercise or

and intends to get married next year.

training eat more carbohydrates such as whole-

•

meal bread, pastas, grains, cereals, etc.

The number was engaged, at least I knew she

was up. I put the receiver down. (= busy)

are now engaged

They

in searching for molecules

272

enjoy

from the cells involved in controlling hair growth. + on N/V-ing A There has been a feeling that she is engaged on a new type of political life, the rules and routine of which are entirely of her own invention. Pink Floyd are engaged on one of the most expensive tours any rock band has undertaken. Debbie's currently engaged on writing the third series of Making Out. + to Ν Β The Princess has managed to splash out

P6

P7

P8

more than £ 1 million on designer labels since becoming engaged to Prince Charles. + with Ν A He repeated that The Satanic Verses was a book seriously engaged with religion but not an incitement to religious hatred. I think she's pretty heavily engaged with the current loveaffair I've seen some films that are really engaged with the world.

Engaged can be used to refer to a commitment and involvement in a serious and demanding activity. A person can be engaged (a) doing or in doing something, i.e. be busy doing it, (b) on doing something, i.e. committed to a longer-term activity. A person or something produced by a person such as a book, an article, etc. can be engaged with something, i.e. focus their attention on it. Note that the infinitive construction can mean 'be busy doing' but more typically occurs in sentences of the type I understood that I was engaged to write stories for the screen where engaged is a verb meaning ' was employed (in order to write stories)'. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P8 Two people who are engaged have promised to marry each other: A person can be engaged (i) to be married (Ii) to a person of the opposite sex. -> P1 92 P3 P7

enjoy A

verb "get pleasureActive: 2 / 2

I II obi Β

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [V-ing]p

II obi

D1

lobi D1

h Obi

[N]a [REFLPRON]

D1

D2

[ N ] a / [by [N]p

$8Ê8ltÊtë§IÊitëâ

Passive: 1 / 2 N] D1

+ Np

A The most important thing is that you are all enjoying what you are doing. I enjoyed that We really enjoy each other's company. And did you enjoy that? Β It seems that birds of prey, enjoying the protection of the law, are thriving. The unions believe that the strike is enjoying growing support. But the new elected presidency will not have powers like those enjoyed by the President

C

... yourself Active: 2 / 2

"benefit' Active: 2 / 2

ι

C Passive: 1 / 2

D2

of the United States. I know that Radio Four enjoys an extremely strong listener loyalty + REFLPRON C How is Angus enjoying himself? + V-ingP A I fitted somewhere in between, in that I enjoyed being single, but still felt I needed a man. She will enjoy asking all the questions that occur to her.

I Τ! Π A person 1 can enjoy something" or enjoy doing something", i.e. get pleasure or satisfaction from it. -> D1 02 Someone or something 1 can enjoy something 11 such as support, particular rights, etc., i.e. have them. —» D1 If you 1 enjoy yourself 11 , you experience pleasure.

273

enter

ensure

verb

Active: 2/3

»

Passive: 1/3

[N] a / [by N] D1-2 T1-2

[V-ing] A [that-CL] A [to-INF] A [N V-ing] A D1

D2

D1-2

T1-2

D1-2

T1-2

il obi [N]p.2 /EFFECTED [that-CL] P:i , III [N]p_i BEN/REC [for N]

D1

T1-2

D2

T1 T2

D1-2 T1-2

+ Np They discovered that the Swedish and the Danish wives' associations had been most successful in lobbying their governments to ensure fairness. Ensure daily consumption of dairy products as a source of calcium. A mist unit ensures almost constant humidity. We have therefore added a small amount of baking powder to ensure a good result. This ensured a profit margin of some 500 per cent within the first year. The New York State legislature passed a Tenement House Law of 1901 establishing new guidelines for builders, designed to ensure healthier living conditions for tenants. + (that)-CLp.it The authorities have made special efforts to ensure that the proceedings run smoothly. If operating internationally it is important to ensure that your video system is compatible with local systems. George Thomas

T1

T2

greatly approved of the system of Select Committees, which, in his words, was designed 'to ensure that both Parliament and the Government are responsive to the wishes of the electorate'. Ensure that there is adequate humidity in heated rooms. A battery of verification measures - including inspections and on-sight monitoring will ensure that both sides adhere to the terms of the Treaty. A second successive title will ensure her name goes down in history. + Np + Ν An experimental study that was pivotal in my thinking shows that expertise does not ensure women a place at center stage in conversation with men. + Np + for Ν It is important that Queensland's dams and waterways restocked regularly to ensure good fishing for everyone.

Ensure means 'make certain that something happens'. In American English, the spelling insure can also be used (cf. insure).

enter

verb Active: 1 / 3

ι

[N] a / [by N]

π

[N]p [N] A [N]p [for N]p [in N] [into N]

III

M

D1

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

D1 D1 M D2-5 D1 D2

T1-2.4-6 T1-2.4-6 T1.3 T1.3 T2

[ΟΠ N ]

IV ν

[upon N] [as N] [from N] [ADV]

D4

D5 T1 T3 T6

T4 D3

T5

He stood aside and allowed Hillsden to enter. Competition open to UK readers only. Employees of associated companies and their relatives may not enter, (only if clear from context) Please read the full competition rules on page 179 before entering, (only if clear from context) • Enter Andre with the pram. (= stage direction in a play) + Np He entered Harrods by the main door fronting on to Brompton Road, then walked through the shop to the Men's Department. And now we can enter another world. So what prompted the Birmingham-born pastor to enter the ministry? "What do you know about him?"

Sabrina asked, entering the conversation for the first time. It's that event which many historians feel persuaded the United States government to enter the First World War. The paper says that he appeared to suggest that Britain is unlikely to enter the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System. It doesn't, of course, recognise joined-up writing, but you can enter text directly if you print letters and numbers into small boxes on its LCD (liquid crystal display) screen. Catholics had begun to enter parliament on an individual basis from 1904 onwards. During the 17th century many black Africans entered Britain, their presence recorded in liter-

274

entertain

ary works, diaries and newspapers. The Gulf crisis is entering a new phase. Blair Athol's miners had agreed to enter stage one of an enterprise bargaining agreement. Not that the thought ever entered my mind. • Robinson, looking down from the bench, asked Pollard whether he wanted to enter a plea of guilty. (= make) [it] + Ν (head, mind) + that-CL In fact it never entered my head that that's what happened, [it] + Ν (head, mind) + to-INF It has never entered my mind to drop them. + for Np Sergi Bruguera has meanwhile confirmed he will not enter for Wimbledon. You should enter for a television quiz show. + into Ν (frequent) The Israeli Defence Minister, Mr Moshe Arens, said that if Syria's acceptance meant it was prepared to enter into direct negotiations with Israel, such negotiations should begin straight away. The household entered into the conspiracy. I entered into negotiation and we arrived at a satisfactory price; the shareholder would sell, I would buy. I had no wish to enter into conversation with this young man. + into Np • I don't think my personal feelings really enter into it. (= are relevant) + on Ν LEAs play their part in providing grants for the payment of fees and for maintenance of students from their areas who enter on courses at colleges and universities.

D2

D3

D4

D5

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

+ upon Ν Until then diffident and unwilling to enter upon political discussions, women began vigorously to speak out. This was a transaction entered upon for profit. + Ν + as Ν Since 1980, Britain's immigration law does not grant work permits directly to persons entering Britain as domestic workers. + Np + for Ν More than 360 horses were entered for the first running of Cleobury Mortimer horse trials. He was proud to enter his potatoes for the Pulborough Award Show. + Np + from Ν Radio Cameroon says that security is being stepped up in the north of the country to protect refugees entering the country from Chad. + Np + in Ν Redgrave, the triple Olympic champion, is already entered in the Goblets with Matthew Pinsent. Virtually the first picture that David Johnston ever entered in a competition was successful. "Are the panellists here yet?" Daniel asked, as Brenda entered her name in the log. + Np + into Ν Virtually anyone in your organization can enter data into your system. When you've paid, the retailer will enter your numbers into the Lottery system and give you a National Lottery ticket. + Np + ADV We have recently entered every Football League result on to computer.

described as go into a particular building or area but many metaphorical (i) (ii) (iii)

π m If a person 11 enters for a competition" 1 or is entered for a competition, their name is included in the list of the participants. If someone 11 enters an institution or organization such as Parliament, a trade union or a firm111, they If a person 11 enters upon or on a particular course of action, discussions, a transaction, etc. or into 1 conversation, negotations, etc.• 111 , they begin to take part in it. iÈÈlmlËÊï ':

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up P1 P4 P6 If someone or something is an entry for a competition they take part. —> P1 P2 P3 An entry in a book is 'a note on a particular subject'; an entry in a dictionary or encyclopedia is 'the explanation of that particular word'. P1 P2 P3 P5

equal P1

P2 P3

P4

P5

A

Β

adjective attr A We need your support to develop this project to promote equal opportunities for ethnic minorities in careers guidance. pred A All men are equal. + for Ν A The barriers to entry are nearly equal for all players + in Ν A And the heart of the matter is that, whatever the result, voters will still divide into two groups, almost equal in size. The relationship should be equal: equal in desire and affection. + to N/V-ing (frequent) A Sweet foods need sweet wines, and the sweetness of the wine must be at least equal to that of the dish, otherwise the wine will taste thin. New York City has begun a municipal construction project so ambitious it is equal to providing new or renovated housing for the entire population of Buffalo. The total reserve of energy required is about equal to the energy now radiated by the Sun in eight hours. They

P2

P3

P6

P7

P8

can increase the loan's size by an amount equal to 95 percent of the insurance premium. Β The baby's lungs must be equal to the task of supplying it with oxygen. Built like a sturdy Welsh bull, Hopkins is a man with a tough air. Certainly he proved equal to the task of heaving rocks one morning in the driving rain while helping National Trust volunteers to rebuild drystone walls. She is equal to supporting me. + with Ν A Women gained a legally-guaranteed social status equal with men. + in Ν + to Ν A In the previous war, a whole generation equal in age to ours had been wiped out. If present trends continue, Ukraine, a country equal in size and population to France, will become a threat to George Bush's new world order. + in Ν + with Ν A Preussag, a West German metals, energy and trading concern, is roughly equal in size with Salzgitter.

Someone or something can be equal in size, quality, etc. (i) to someone or something, i.e. be the same quality, etc. (ii) with someone or something, i.e. be at the same level. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 A person or an animal can be equal to a task or a standard, i.e. be able to fulfill it. —» P5

equivalent P1

gallery in the country. THE OBSERVER leads with an attack by Mr Major's predecessor, Mr Nigel Lawson, on Mrs Thatcher for delaying entry to the ERM.

adjective

attr The language had no word for "privacy", the nearest equivalent meaning was "loneliness". pred In my business judgment these offers are essentially equivalent. They are both fair from a financial point of view. + in Ν To describe the great monasteries as akin to towns is both true and misleading. Cer-

P4

tainly from a distance they look like walled towns, and they are equivalent in size. + to N/V-ing (frequent) She had passed some exams which were equivalent to university entrance exams. Our tiny share of the Sun's radiation, that hits our Earth, has been estimated to be equivalent to burning the whole world's fuel reserves in three days.

277

P5

escape

+ with Ν • Mark was lucky to escape with just a penalty against him. (= get off lightly) She was lucky to escape with only flesh wounds. (= only suffer)

•

P6

+ in Ν + to Ν A year ago one kilo of rice was equivalent in value to two kilos of fertilizers,

.

Something or someone can be equivalent to something or someone else in size, quality, etc., i.e. have the P1 P2 P3 P4 P6 same value or function in that respect. •SsSäwsfSs «33sas 0$!§!ÍH5ÍT¡ Siplg

error P1

noun Mr Yeltsin's second error was the oldest one in the book: he left the old bureaucrats largely in place. The Thomas Cook advertisement which appears on Page Seven in the holiday supplement has been inserted in error. [it] + to-INF He also said it's a political error to link events in Russia to those in Serbia. + by Ν An error by the Treasury overstated tax revenues projected over the next five years by $133 billion. + of Ν (frequent) Even after an earlier NIH panel found "significant errors of misstatement and omission" in the paper, he called for all

P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

scientists to support Dr Imanishi-Kari. In a few years, the Berkeley researchers hope to have enough data for a measurement, subject to an error of around 25 % either way. + in N/V-ing (frequent) World War I was a world war by miscalculation: not an accident, but a serious error in human judgment. Hewlett-Packard said errors in predicting demand for its product lines depressed earnings far below analysts' expectations. + of Ν + in N/V-ing The governor said that there had been errors of judgement in handling the siege.

Error is a more formal word for 'mistake', especially one that involves bad judgement or miscalculation.

escape

verb

Active: 1 / 3 lobi

II III

M

D1

IV

General: 0

[Ν] a

[Ν] [V-ing] [ADJ]

D1 D3

ν vi

[from N] [ADV] [with N] [for N]

D4 D6 D5

D2

Armed robbers in Brazil have escaped with over fifteen million dollars worth of Brazilian currency. Police guarding the consulate opened fire on the attackers, but they escaped. A lot of people who use drugs do it to escape. • Few of us will escape. Everyone with a mortgage will pay. (= not be affected) + Ν She enjoyed leaving home for school, at least to escape the housework. Only the sinister Soviet Interior Minister, Boris Pugo, escaped arrest. She was desperately trying to escape all responsibility. Just as we cannot escape all stress, we cannot escape all anxiety. No part of the advanced world had escaped a recession. # This should be seen as one attempt by the medical institution to control what has obviously escaped them. (= they failed to notice) You look at, eh, now the name escapes me. (= I cannot remember it) It is clear from the book that this is one major issue and area on both open and silent agendas which has escaped attention. (= not been noticed)

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

+ ADJ They escaped unhurt and managed to make their way to the roof and put out a fire caused by the explosion. He escaped completely unharmed. + V-ing He fought hard until the Revolution, managed to escape being shot, despite being an officer, and then joined the White Russian forces. + from Ν (frequent) Police are hunting two Irishmen who escaped from Brixton prison in South London. Now a tragic figure, he is able to escape from his past only by taking his own life. Yasin had seriously hurt himself while trying to escape from the police earlier this week. + with Ν • Mark was lucky to escape with just a penalty against him. (= get off lightly) She was lucky to escape with only flesh wounds. (= only suffer) + ADV Escape to the lovely Iles de Lerins, a 15 minute ferry ride from the old port. A few days ago border guards opened fire on a group attempting to escape to Yugoslavia. And so

essential

278

+ Ν + for Ν Chantel (Johnson) seems typical of all those trying to escape Brooklyn for a better life outside.

you escape into work. I do not suggest that we should try to escape into a spurious musical past. The people trapped in Kuwait have escaped across the Kuwaiti desert border.

Escape means 'get away from somewhere or someone'. (i) A person or animal 1 can escape from a place where they do not want to be I V , i.e. get away from it. (ii) Someone or something 1 can escape something which they do not want 11 , i.e. avoid it. -» M D1 D2 D3 D4 D6 Τ essential

adjective

attr For anyone suffering from fatigue exercise is not only desirable but an essential part of getting better. pred High standards are essential to protect the public. A baby bath is not essential; a large, clean washing-up bowl or even the kitchen sink can be used instead. [it] + to-INF Food restores the spirit as well as the body, and occasionally it's essential to treat yourself to a few well-loved luxuries. [it] + (that)-CL It is essential that the cameras covering your actors should be on their eyeline - or at least as near as conceivably possible. It was essential they be withdrawn. + for N/V-ing (frequent) The fact is that vegetarian diets easily provide all of the nutrients essential for human health. Breaking the hold of the teachers' unions over the national pay structure is essential for reforming it in the ways necessary to improve teacher supply and raise standards. + in N/V-ing What is essential in meditation is a device through which the conscious mind can be diverted from everyday thought processes. Supporting and involving families was essential in providing quality early-childhood education. A comprehensive single party system was essential in assisting the transition to a socialist society.

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

„

,

P7

P8

P9

P10

+ to N/V-ing (frequent) In spite of its size, all the elements essential to a working kitchen have been incorporated in the design of this tiny studio. Participating in groups assures companionship and the stimulation of new people and new situations that are essential to maintaining emotional good health. [it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF It was essential for him to be kept informed about the results of that conversation. It is essential for everyone to take security much more seriously, [it] + for Ν + that-CL It was essential for Whitman that America should produce its own forms of art, poems, schools, theology, displacing all that exists, or that has been produced anywhere in the past. [it] + to Ν + that-CL It's essential to us both that our guests have lots of nice, generous chairs and sofas to sink into.

ι gt

Something or someone can be essential for or to a person or a purpose, i.e. necessary. establish A

verb

'create' Active: 2 / 2

I Il obi

ι Il obi

c Passive: 1 / 2 I

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p Active: 2 / 2

D1 Passive: 1 / 2

[N]a / [by N ] [N]p [that-CL]p(it) [wh-CL] P(il) [wh to-INF]p (it)

...oneself Active: 2 / 3

II obi III

D1

D3 D4 D5

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [REFL PRON] [N]p [as N]

Τ

D2 Τ Τ

estimate

279

D1

+ Np A The communique says that the two countries have established diplomatic relations in accordance with the charter of the United Nations and the principles of the Vienna Treaty. Routines began to be established. Mr Hurd suggested the European security process, known as CSCE, could offer a model. This would establish common principles ranging from respect for borders to human rights. The police have established an inquiry into the incident. If you were really smart, you would have established a relationship with your mother so she could talk to you honestly about troubles in her marriage. What the proponents of this want to do is establish a legal precedent. Β The case is with prosecutors who have asked Paris city hall for a number of documents, and called on the police to conduct an inquiry to establish the facts. Last week. The Independent on Sunday tried to establish the truth. + REFL PRON C They are struggling to establish themselves, searching for identity and meaning. Moscow will try as hard as Washington to help Mr Major establish himself. + (that)-CLp(i,) Β After hauling our luggage round Piazzale Roma we located inky water, a floating bus shelter and established that the No 2 vaporetto would ferry us to San Zaccaria. The school or local authority has to establish it is full, then the parent has to establish that it would not lead to inefficient education or use of resources if the

D2

D3

D4

D5

τ

child was let in. It was later established he was seen getting into a car and leaving this area. + wh-CLp(it) Β The standard of full livery care varies, and you need to check carefully to establish exactly what you are paying for. He said a commission led by the president of the supreme court would investigate the disturbances to establish why they started and how they were handled. Establish whether traffic delays are expected on the route to the place of the marriage on the day. Telephone lines are down and the emergency services are having difficulty establishing whether people are lost or have found shelter. His mission is to establish how much of it can be explained on straightforward scientific principles. + wh to-INFp(it) Β We thought we had established how to get there from Pwllheli and even had the telephone number of the ferryman. + Np + as Ν C Freud's first novel Hideous Kinky, published last year, was one of the highlights of 1992, automatically establishing her as one of the best young British writers. Thames has tried to establish itself as one of Britain's leading programme production companies with products including The Bill and Minder.

II

A Β

If something" is established, it is set up or created, often in a formal or official way. A person 1 • D1 D3 Γ

estimate

verb

Active: 1 / 3 I

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[ N ] a / [by N ]

llcont [ N ] p

[wh-CL] P(il) [wh to-INF]p.¡t [there]

D1

D1

01

T1—4

03 D4 T1

What are the official figures for that? Quite a lot I think. I mean I can only guess, I can only estimate. (only if clear from context) + Np Perhaps the most useful section is the list of garden calculations estimating the amount of gravel required for a given area, for exam-

IV V VI VII

[that-CL]p.j t [S]p:i, [to-INF] [as N/V-ing] [at N] [for N]

D2 D5 T1 T2 T3 T4

ple. She loaded the hypodermic. She could estimate the dose, didn't use fragile weighing scales. In the next month the same paper (Variety, 5 October 1983, pp. 56, 57, 70, 71) estimated the production fee per episode of US TV series as follows: Dynasty $ 850,000; Ho-

280

ethical

D2

D3

D4 D5

tel $700,000; Dallas $850,000; Falcon Crest $ 750,000. Wind direction can be estimated to within 5. + (that)-CLp:¡t (frequent) Paul Dieppe, Professor of Rheumatology at the University of Bristol, estimates that up to one million people could benefit from better treatment. And it has been estimated that the congestion is costing London's industry about 10 thousand million pounds a year It's estimated that twentyfive badgers are killed every day through the activity known as Badger Baiting. Colin Wilson, a well-known writer on esoteric themes, estimates there are probably more than 1,000 recorded cases of poltergeist hauntings. + wh-CLp it The Turkish authorities have been estimating how much the crisis is costing them in lost revenue. + wh to-INFP:it He had correctly estimated how and where to achieve surprise. SENTENCEp:it A tall, broad-shouldered redhead, somewhere between forty and fifty, Peter estimated, knowingly made up and smartly dressed in black with touches of scarlet, swept into the dining-room. About $ 2 0 0 million worth of residential sales were expected to settle over the next six months following about 700 recent sales in the inner and near-city market, he estimated.

T1

T2

T3

+ Np + to-INF/[there]p + to-INF The Andromeda Galaxy is estimated to contain about twice as many stars as are in our own Galaxy. So far some hundred and forty-six people are estimated to have been killed and more than three hundred and sixty wounded. There are estimated to be some five hundred thousand West Germans who still own or have claims on property in East Germany. He estimated the cavern itself to be at least two hundred feet wide. + Np + as N/V-ing The average U K daily salt intake is estimated as up to 12g (corresponding to 4.7g sodium) of which 4g is added in home cooking. The population in 1990 has been estimated as 214,139, of which 56,060 live in the capital. US State Department casualty figures estimate eighty nine people as being killed since Tuesday including seven civilians. + Np + at Ν Mount Unzen has created rather less damage, yet the volume of ash it has produced is estimated at two million cubic metres. Lord, still on the bridge, estimated her distance at about five miles and asked that she be contacted by morse lamp. But then, a large crowd - which local journalists estimated at two hundred thousand - gathered in a park in the centre of Kathmandu.

T4

+ Np + for Ν This is what we estimate for the monthly repayments.

P3 P4

[it] + to-INF Is it ever ethical to lie? [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) It's not ethical for a scientist doing research in the public sector to use the fruit of that research for his own profitmaking from personal investments.

A person1 can

ethical P1

P2

attr She was speaking about the ethical issues of human gene mapping and genetic engineering. pred Since they opened their clinic a year ago, Dr Peter Liu and Dr Alan Rose have faced a storm of protest over whether what they are doing is ethical.

evasive P1 P2

P3

adjective

adjective

attr Direct questions would almost certainly result in evasive answers. pred There's still no official confirmation from the Turkish authorities of the nature of the missions being flown from Incirlik and government statements are evasive. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL He was evasive about the circumstances of his first meeting with Stanley Dean, but she didn't press him on

P4

that. In the past, the Colonel has been evasive about whether Libya would apply the sanctions or not. + in N/V-ing The Secretary of State, who left his post as Treasury secretary to revive Mr Bush's election campaign in 1988, has been evasive in his replies to questions from journalists travelling with him in the Middle East. He overcame the problem by being thoroughly

281

P5

evidence

evasive in giving the projected date for a first flight. + on N/wh-CL Both Mr Bush and his Secretary of State, James Baker, remained evasive on the issue of whether they would seek authority from Congress before any military conflict. The communiqué does at least elicit a pledge to

tackle each of the specific forms of protectionism. But it remains evasive on when and how substantial any cuts will be.

A person that is evasive about or on a matter avoids making clear statements.

even P1

P2

adjective attr Covent Garden insists that people applying for tickets without making a donation will still have an even chance of a seat, pred So we are even.

P3

+ with Ν We start at the bottom, do the inside, then fold over the ribs and weave the outside wall until it is even with the basket bottom, then weave it into a rim.

Something that is even with something else is on the same level. Someone who is even with someone else has had equal fortune or treatment.

evidence P1

P2

P3

P4

A

Β

noun

A Medical evidence was obtained to establish the extent of the injury. Β Throughout her evidence, William sat just a few feet away across the court, staring straight at her. + tO-INF A The request was put to the parliament by the Soviet prosecutor who said he now had enough evidence to arrest Mr Lukyanov. We have absolutely no evidence to show any criminal knowledge in relation to Sotheby's or Northampton. + that-CL (frequent) A There is ample evidence that work can be enjoyable, and that indeed, it is often the most enjoyable part of life. The latest quarterly survey by the Confederation of British Industry supports recent evidence that the economy is in recession. Β The Supreme Court accepted her evidence that Whiteley had made a secret will which had vanished from a hiding place in his studio. + against Ν Β That's an important part of the evidence against Mr Demiris.

P5

P6

P7

+ for N/V-ing A Nine per cent sales growth in the high street is surprisingly buoyant, and it provides more evidence for a consumer-led recovery. What constitutes good evidence for believing something? Β PC Gerald Karori was nervous and barely audible as he gave evidence for the prosecution. + of N/V-ing/of wh-CL (frequent) A Members of the accident investigation board had checked all her belongings, looking for any evidence of misconduct or inappropriate behavior. Her face didn't show any evidence of having been hit, but that did not mean much. That in itself is a scandal and evidence of how vulnerable the Tories feel about their claims that the Health Service is safe in their hands. + to Ν Β Martin Ruddock said in his evidence to the Commission: "Undiluted and uncontrollable pressure is incompatible with thoughtful work."

Evidence can mean 'proof. There can be evidence (i) of something that has happened (ii) that something has happened (iii) for something that one thinks or hopes will happen, i.e. signs indicating that it will. -» P1 P2 P3 P5 P6 In a trial in court, the evidence is 'all the facts and statements that are presented to prove that someone is guilty or not guilty'. -> P1 P3 P4 P5 P7

282

exact exact

adjective attr The exact origin of the sculpture is a mystery. pred No likeness is exact. [it] + to-INF (rare) Inasmuch as none can believe without the special grace of God, it is more exact to say that the covenant of grace is made by God with elect believers.

P1 P2 P3

examine

II obi

D1

D2

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

P2

General: 0

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [wh-CL] P(it)

III IV

D1

ν

T1-3

[for N] [in N] [on N]

T1 T2 T3

D2

+ Np In this book I shall look separately at Chomsky's linguistics and his politics, and then examine what links there may be between the two. A sick child is not going to enjoy being examined by a doctor whatever you do. Early retirement packages totalling millions of pounds awarded to senior Co-op executives are being examined in an unprecedented investigation. The jeep was burnt out and is now being examined by forensic scientists. He pauses to bend and examine a patch of cowslip, a threatened species. Finally, Chapter 8 examines a number of key arguments about the social and political impact of rising levels of home ownership. Jessica turned back to find sharp grey eyes examining her. Candidates will be examined in four three-hour unseen papers. He was in court, he said, when prosecution counsel was examining an expert witness in a rape case. + wh-CLp(it) Jonathan Fryer, a specialist on southern African affairs, examines why education is once more at the fore of the black struggle in South Africa. Measures would be introduced to examine how the police behaved to-

T1

T2

T3

wards its own members and to persuade good ethnic minority officers to stay. + Np + for Ν He'd taken her pulse, checked her retinas, made a guess at her blood pressure, he'd even examined her tongue and her arms for evidence of pills or needles, but everything looked normal. Mme Arlette was quietly gathering up the dresses from the floor and examining them for necessary repairs. In one UK survey, the uteri removed at hysterectomy were closely examined for signs of the trouble that had led to the operation; over half showed no abnormality. + Np + in Ν In 1858, students applying to little Antioch College in Ohio were examined in English grammar, history, Greek and Latin. + Np + on Ν I want to learn about what I'm going to be examined on and the rest of the things are picked up along the way.

I H H Ü H B H II A person 1 can examine something or someone", i.e. look at them carefully. A person 1 can examine a proposal 11 , i.e. consider it carefully. A doctor 1 can examine a patient 11 , i.e. look at their body for signs of illness. Someone such as a teacher 1 can examine a student11 in a subject l v or on a topic v , i.e. test their knowledge of that subject or topic

example P1

+ in N/V-ing In 1873 Queen Victoria had sent Prince George a watch, 'hoping that it will serve to remind you to be very punctual in everything and very exact in all your duties.' I have to be exact in setting the car up, exact in every decision I make.

verb

Active: 2 / 3

ι

P4

noun

Can you give me an example? (only if clear from context) Refugees from many other countries such as Cuba, for example, are immediately granted political asylum. + of N/V-ing /of wh-CL/wh to-INF (frequent) The EC is the best example of a trading block

that has a single farm policy. The latest example of his urgent need to please is the decision to award disability compensation to Gulf War veterans. That's a very interesting example of how molecular biologists may make a major contribution in the future. They point to

283

exchange Vietnam as an example of where it didn't work. Watts is an elegant example of how to be a middle-aged pop star. α At first three or four followed Cantona's example of staying behind for more training. • They are making an example of her but it is wrong to pick on a single mother. (= using her as a warning)

+ to Ν

P3

a Bates is a folk hero to millions, an example to hundreds of aspiring DJs. Thankfully, there is a large array of parents who set a wonderful example to the youngsters.

An example is "one thing taken as typical of a larger group of things'. P1 P2 α Someone who is an example to other• people behaves in a way that deserves to be copied.

excessive P1

adjective

attr Keeping diseases at acceptable levels without excessive use of chemicals requires indirect methods, like preventing the survival of infection from one season or crop to the next. pred The amount of foreign travel expected of many business people and politicians is excessive. [it] + to-INF (rare) Is it not excessive to impose the death penalty for drugs? + for Ν The Office of Fair Trading looked into the price of recorded music and concluded 12 months ago that the profits of the record producers are not excessive for this type of industry.

P2

P3 P4

P2 P3

P5

+ in N/V-ing A diet deriving fibre from vegetables, whole cereals, beans and pulses and fruit, and not excessive in meat, milk or eggs usually relieves this problem. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) It seemed a little excessive for a German businessman to declare over dinner on board that he would drive himself back unless given a cabin with private facilities.

P6

Something that is excessive in a certain substance contains too much of it; excessive behaviour is exaggerated.

exchange A

verb

'give each other' Active: 2/3

ι

D

[N]a

Β

Passive: 1/3

'replace / convert' Active: 2/3

/ [by Ν ]

ι

II

[N]p

III IV

[between Np|/N and N]p [with Ν]

D

T2.5

T2 T5

+ Np

A Were addresses exchanged? After the meeting the State Department said the two men exchanged views on bilateral issues as well as Cambodia. It is expected that the two countries will exchange ambassadors in the next few months. Last year, the two countries exchanged about $ 175 million in goods and trade. Murray and Bright exchanged a look. Since Pete's arrival at the house he and Andrew had not exchanged a word and had hardly even glanced at one another. Β Banks do not exchange coins, only notes.

[N]a

Passive: 1/3

/ [by N]

llobi [N]p

il+lllobl [Np|]P [N]p + [for Ν] [N]p + [into Ν] [N]p + [with Ν] IV [at Ν] T1

D

D T3 T4 T5 T1

+ Np + at Ν

Β The East German state bank has said that the East German mark must be exchanged at a rate of one-for-one with the West German mark when the two currencies are integrated later this year. T2

be exchanged + between NP|/N and N P

A In addition, Filostrato contains such sophisticated rhetorical elements as the long letters exchanged between the lovers and their speeches to each other. Confidences were being exchanged between ladies. Creating a convertible monetary system is imperative if significant

284

excite

T3

T4

levels of goods, capital and investments are to be exchanged between African nations. + Np + for Ν Β While the first shares were exchanged almost exclusively for vouchers, a primitive secondary market is now developing as people sell shares for cash. There had been some fear that Iran was willing to exchange food for crude oil but Iranian leaders have strongly denied these suggestions. Israel, responding to the possible hostage release, has repeated that it is prepared to exchange Lebanese prisoners for western hostages and Israeli soldiers missing in Lebanon. The yen is sold for dollars before the dollars are exchanged for marks, pounds or francs. + Np + into Ν Β The FINANCIAL TIMES says the West German government is likely to support the recommendation for East German marks to be exchanged into Deutschmarks at a rate of two-toone instead of one-to-one.

T5

+ Np + with Ν A He went to the museum, exchanged a few words with the duty guard. Midge moved closer to Reggie and exchanged a despairing look with him. A military communique said Djibouti soldiers exchanged fire with a group of thirty Somali soldiers and civilians who crossed the border in the Goubed area. Β Finally he exchanged his fine clothes with those of a beggar who had been observing the strange scene.

If two or more people1 exchange things of a particular kind11, they give them to each other at the same time. Note that with certain types of objects (look, glance, words, goods, etc.) exchange can refer to a reciprocal action. Thus they exchanged a few words with each other means 'they spoke to each other.' -» D T2 T5 (i) If something or someone11 is exchanged for something or someone else m , they are replaced by it. (ii) If money of one currency11 is exchanged for or into money of another currency111, it is converted. D T1 T3 T4 T5

excite

verb

Active: 2/3

II obi

Passive: 1/3

[N] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [to-INF] A [N V-ing] A [for Ν to-INF] A

D D D D D

T1

+ Np The kiss of his warm skin against hers was almost chaste in its sweetness, yet it excited her so that she moaned aloud. The latter two chemicals are, apparently, the main stimuli that excite the limbic region of the brain. It excited much admiration, but not from Mrs Little. Pauling's claim has excited much controversy on both sides of the Atlantic. Painting and the arts had always excited him He said a modest

IV

T1

T2

[N]p [into N/V-ing] [with N]

T1-2 T1 T2

fall in November would not excite much interest in markets. + Np + into N/V-ing How is the Tate gallery going to excite the public into coming to see Cadieux's work? + Np + with Ν Just the right age to excite everyone with your beauty and social talents.

Someone or something1 can excite (i) a person or animal11, i.e. arouse their senses. (ii) a response such as interest, :admiration, etc. n , i.e. cause it. Li.:·..·· "m«®w r swsraSP¿swSss

285

excuse

exclusive

adjective

attr A Writ Large was fortunate enough to obtain an exclusive interview with the new Lord Chief Executive, Lord Taylor, pred A None of the characteristics that one might think belong to one species is totally exclusive. Β "I don't believe that a healthy environment and a healthy economy are mutually exclusive" Sher said.

P1

P2

A

P3

P4

+ Of Ν Β Unless our Price List provides otherwise, all charges for service are exclusive of value added tax for which, if it is applicable, an amount will be added to your bill. + to Ν (frequent) A Take advantage of our special offers and gifts, exclusive to Journal subscribers.

Something that is exclusive to a person or a group is only available to them or is only found amongst them. P1 P2 P4 (i) Something that is exclusive of something else does not include it. (ii) Two things that are mutually exclusive rule each other out. P2 P3

Β

excuse P1 P2

P3

noun

We have 40 million reasons for failure but not a single excuse. + to-INF Barbecue days are here and on a warm evening you have the perfect excuse to ring friends at the last minute to organise an instant party. She used it as an excuse to get up and make coffee and get distracted in the kitchen. + that-CL The old excuse that Australian workers are paid too much to allow effective competition simply does not wash anymore.

P4

+ for N/V-ing/for Ν V-ing/for Ν to-INF (frequent) I can't make any excuse for Shearer's awful mistake. That was my excuse for bringing him here. In fact, I wanted him to examine my father. Mr Abu Sharif said the suspension was no excuse for the American government failing to observe its own laws. There is simply no excuse for government to have acted in the way it did.

An excuse is 'something a person says to explain an action that might be thought wrong or strange'.

excuse

verb

A

'forgive' Active: 113 Passive: 113 I [N]A/[byN] M D1-2 T2-5 D1 [V-ing] A [that-CL] A D1 II cont [N]p /EFFECTED D1 T2-4 [N('s) V-ing] D2 III [N]p D1 IV [as N/V-ing] T2 V [by V-ing] T3 T4 VI [for N/V-ing] A No one but a bigot would deny the impact that broken homes, poverty, unemployment, poor housing and lack of education can have on creating the conditions in which crime breeds. We do not excuse and we should not ignore. (only if clear from context) D1

+ Np

A

That does not excuse what happened but

I [N]a / [by N] il Obi [Nia /EFFECTED [from N/V-ing]

III Obi [NJp.ì BEN/REC

T1 T5 T1.5

helps explain it. "That bastard Sinclair's got a lot to answer for." She glanced at Eileen Pendlebury. "Excuse the language." The girlfriend excused herself tactfully and left. Society might disapprove of the adulterous relationship flaunted so openly, but Lord John believed that Jane's beauty excused everything.

286

expect

• Will you excuse me for a few minutes, Miss Grant? (= allow me to leave) + N('s) V-ing A "Excuse me not getting up. Chief Inspector," he said formally, for the benefit of the two sergeants. Excuse my being persistent but it's rather urgent. + Np + Ν Β Some MPs will have been officially excused attendance. + Np + as N/V-ing A Students who admit to cheating often excuse their conduct as being set by college example. The loss of two senior finance executives could be excused as mere carelessness. Sometimes, the error could be excused as youthful exuberance. + Np + by V-ing A He excused the arrest by saying that he hadn't noticed the boy's age. + Np + for N/V-ing A "There was no reason, you see," he says earnestly, as though trying to excuse himself for

D2

T1

T2

T3

T4

some inadequacy. Excuse me for not getting up. I sprained my ankle last week. Ministers are also meant to be sorting out some of the differences on political and monetary union too, so they could be excused for feeling overloaded. With the future so bleak, Haig would have been excused for postponing any further attacks in order to prepare his depleted and exhausted force for a desperate defence. + Np + from N/V-ing Β Parents who wish their child to be excused from this must apply for permission to the school. She did not entertain; she read, excused herself from the meetings of her various charities. She smiled a farewell to the Leader's wife, and at Jerry's hunched back, and excused herself from table. The SUNDAY EXPRESS says three and a quarter million mothers, who don't go to work, will be excused from paying the unpopular local tax, the poll tax. Wimbledon had specifically excused Jones from training so that he could attend the session.

T5

Excuse means find a plausil (i) A person 1 can excuse (ii) A person 1 can excuse another person111 for something they do not like or disapprove of V I , i.e. (iii)

A particular state of affairs or a fact, etc.1 can excuse something considered not right11, i.e. explain it and make it seem forgivable.

III ΪΤ Β A person"' can be excused something or from doing something", i.e. be allowed not to do it. -» T1 T5 Note that excuse me is used as an interjection in sentences such as: Excuse me, but can we get a train to town from Queenborough? (-I'm sorry to bother you) Excuse me, we couldn 't help but notice that you 're cutting down trees at an alarming rate. (=IfI may make the point) expect

verb

Active: 2 ! 3

mm ¡BlSSt

Passive: 1 / 38¡SS¡

I

[ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p [Np to-(INF)] [that-CL] P(lt) [so/not/otherwise] [N V-ing] [from N] III [of N] IV [ADVU M D1

Active: 1 /2 D2.7

ι Il

D3

ß

D1

T1-

D5

[N]A/[byN] [N]p

Passive: 1 /2

D1

Active: 2 / 2

D6 T1 T2

lobi [N]a/[by N] il obi [that-CL]p(n) [S]p:it

D3 04

T3

a Shearer's wife Lainya is expecting. + Np Above all, don't expect miracles, for you could be in for a disappointment. I guess he didn't know what to expect. Ginny had telephoned him to expect her. I get more aches and pains than when I was 25, but I suppose that's only to be expected.

D2

D3

α My wife, Sarah, is expecting a baby in November. + to-INF/ to (frequent) What kind of words would we expect to find in a sonnet with that first line? To tell you the truth, I wasn't expecting to hear from you again. + (that)-CLp(it) Of the six million or so keen

expensive

287

gardeners in the UK, one can expect that maybe half of them will go on holiday during August. It is unrealistic to expect that this will have no impact on your relationship. It's expected that the delegates will endorse the existing peace plan of the European Community. Even after the hushing up of the serious explosion at Dounreay and the accident at Wilfa you reported yesterday, it is only to be expected that officials of the nuclear industry will speak reassuringly about the culture of safety, β We've spoken on the phone a couple of times, and I expect your husband's mentioned me. I expect he had some strong reason. I expect there's lots more to come. D4

T1

SENTENCE^,

expecting a knife to cut fine fillets of mackerel if it's just been used to cut a hook out of the jaws of a dogfish. But don't expect her to be too perky. What do you expect to come from this meeting. Is it a one-off meeting that is expected to lead to other meetings? The meeting is expected to last two days. This year I expect market conditions for GKN's products and services to improve somewhat in the UK and North America. It didn't go in the direction that you expected it to. (only if clear from context) + Np + from Ν A lot of people expect a lot from you just now, and you may feel that the pressure is too great to bear. Clifton holds far more for the visitor than might be expected from a city suburb. It was not what they expected from you. + Np + of Ν Provided he makes a reasonable effort to do what is expected of him on a work training scheme he will probably stand a good chance of a permanent position when it ends. Of course, even if the questions were for him. John Major would not answer them. That has long been expected of prime ministers. + Np + ADV« She was expecting him back in the late afternoon. I'm expecting her for dinner tonight at eight o'clock. My father was expected home from his job at Sears at 5.

β I exaggerated, I expect. Two hours they'll T2 have been up. Washing up, I expect. D5 + so/not/otherwise If you could set up your business again, would it be easier? I expect so. There was the usual comment yesterday about high morale and jaunty spirit, but then you would hardly expect otherwise. + Ν V-ing Not how you'd expect it ending. D6 + Np to-INF often passive/NP to How many D7 T3 times are we expected to come back? Does treatment take place only at the practice or are we expected to do something at home as well? When can we expect to see any results? It's no use ifiiHÜ A person 1 can expect someone or something", i.e. think that they will come or that something will or ought to happen or be the case, (i) A] qualities < I , . II A person 1 can expect something 11 characteristics or possibilities. Note that in dependent clauses involving comparisons expect can occur in a monovalent pattern, as in: Most children need more help and guidance with their friendships than you might expect, (only if clear from context) Those that remain are earning less than they would have expected a few years ago. (only if clear from context) The thin mountain air didn 't affect them as badly as they 'd expected. I glanced through them, finding, as I expected, according to my own standards of importance, the most urgent to be the least interesting. -> D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 D7 T1 T2 T3 α A woman expecting or expecting a baby 11 is pregnant. -> M D1 r I expect is often used to mean Ί assume'. · • D3 D4 ; ' .r

expensive P1 P2 P3 P4

adjective

attr How do they expect to sell their expensive goods to folk now in low-wage jobs? pred Good childcare is expensive and difficult to find. + to-INF (frequent) Motorways are expensive to build and maintain. [¡t] + to-INF We found it was as expensive to send people to an adventure centre in Britain as it was to send them abroad.

P5

P6

+ for N/V-ing $ 35,000 isn't that expensive for a violin, unfortunately. These new measures will undoubtedly make life more expensive for Greeks but they will also mean that Greece will no longer be as cheap for the millions of tourists who flock here every year. To my mind, this seems a little expensive for sending a single Cockatiel. + in Ν Old cars are clearly worse performers

288

expert

in protecting the atmosphere than those made recently, but replacing cars at a high rate is also expensive in energy and other resources. + for Ν + to-INF A cheaper dollar would not only make American exports more attractive to Japanese, it would make Japanese goods more expensive for Americans to buy.

P7

P8

[it] + for Ν + to-INF It is very expensive for us taxpayers to continue to support a huge social security burden.

Expensive means 'not cheap'. Note that expensive for is ambiguous. Something can be expensive (i) for a person, i.e. difficult for them to afford. for what it is, i.e. that something in the same category should be available at a lower price.

expert P1

noun

Your skin is at its most receptive to moisturising treatments when you are asleep, say the experts. Beefy turned out to be something of a wine expert. + at N/V-ing Sue is something of an expert at colour coordination. I want to be an expert at precision flying. He was, for example, an expert at eating glass and gramophone records. + in N/V-ing Experts in privatisation will recognise something darkly sinister in all this.

P2

P3 Α

P4

Bond, a former naval officer and warfare analyst who is also an expert in designing war games, has written an absorbing techno-thriller. + on Ν Our producer, Stephen Hedges, has been discussing the discovery with one of Britain's leading experts on fossil birds and reptiles.

Λ.

An expert (i) at something has considerable skill or ability. (ii) in a field or subject knows a lot about it. (iii) on a topic knows a lot about it, and is therefore likely to be asked to give his or her opinion.

explain

verb

Active: 1 / 3

«

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] A /[byN] [that-CL]A

D1-2.4

[N V-ing] A

D1.4

llcont [ N ] p

III M

D1

General: 0

[N('s) V-ing] [that-CL] P ( it ) [Wh-CL]p (it) [wh to-INF]p (it ) [Q/S]p(it) [to Ν]

D1

D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

T1

T2 T3

T1-3

Then, suddenly, she stopped trying to talk, to plead, or to explain, (only if clear from context) "I really should explain," began Bunbury; but she laid the fingers of her free hand gently upon his lips, (only if clear from context) + Np That would explain it, wouldn't it? To explain these facts both German and British observers thought it worth stressing national character. They had these highlighted in red paint, which draws attention to the words but does nothing to help explain their meaning. The simplest things were not explained. If so, has

it been explained scientifically? In Britain, Parliament has spent months debating Maastricht. Yet that is not the same as explaining it. The lush growth at Putsborough Manor is probably explained by the garden's encircling walls and the mild, damp climate. A teetotaller at the time, he would gladly have settled for a lemonade but, having no idea how to explain himself in French, he summoned up his best Gallic accent and brusquely ordered "un biere". •

He was summoned to explain himself at a

289

D2

D3

D4

D5 D6

explanation

July 1986 board meeting in New York. (= account for his actions) + N('s) V-ing And that would explain his engineering the constitutional crisis at the topleaving the army without a clear political master. There could have been circumstances that might explain him receiving money from a colleague. + that-CLp(it) (frequent) Det. Supt Taylor explained that Europol's role initially will be to exchange information on drug-trafficking activities and organised crime. I should explain that I use 'average' here in its colloquial sense, not with strict arithmetical meaning. Bill is always ready to explain that financial restrictions weren't the only problem. + wh-CLp(it) (frequent) And can this finding explain why it is so hard to give up smoking? Could somebody explain where this money is going? Not all plants responded, yet the failures helped explain what the two scientists believed was happening. This book is an attempt to explain how and why these things are happening: a diagnosis, but not a cure. Will any readers who are planning to give up their birds or may just be thinking about it, drop me a line to explain why. A couple of weeks ago, Chiliba fired his minister of finance without explaining why. The standard model works, but no one can explain why.

T1

T2

T3

+ wh to-INFp(it) Let me explain how to do it. QUOTEp(it) / SENTENCEp(it) "May I point out that 'glass snake' is a misnomer?" I explained.

"A glass snake is in fact a large, legless lizard." "I could see that the hall light was on in my flat so I was frightened a burglar was still inside and went outside to ring the police," she explains. + Np + to Ν I can explain everything to you. People said to me that with Greg away on business so much it must have been easier for me to explain his absence to the children. Then they had told her that they had been in her room and for some reason which she could not quite explain to the police, she had decided to say that she had been with them. • When Victor tries to explain himself to you in his earnest way, you can but listen. (= give his reasons for his actions) A spokesman for the Department of Health denied that Mrs Bottomley had been summoned to explain herself to Lord Mackay. (= account for her actions) + to Ν + (that)-CLp(it) Marco van Basten and Ruud Gullit had explained to me that Italian football was different, but nothing they told me could have prepared me for this. + to Ν « wh-CLp(it) She would have explained to you exactly who your ancestors were, without stopping to consider that you might know already. The book is really a sustained effort to show beekeepers what researches are directly of use to them, either by explaining to them what the bees do and why they've got to do something or in new techniques that they can employ. Explain how you feel to your child when you're tired, ill or fed up.

Explaining something is 'making something clear so that it can be more easily understood': (j) A person or something written or said by a person 1 can explain something 11 , (ii) A person 1 can explain something 11 to another person 111 . (ili) A fact or a particular situation 1 can explain something 11 , i.e. make the reasons for it clear. Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away «-> NP Joanna wryly wished she could so easily explain away her own infidelity. (= give a credible explanation of) + away NP + to Ν Nicholas Ridley had to explain away to MPs the deals struck by his predecessor

explanation P1

as Trade Secretary, Lord Young. (= give a credible explanation of)

noun

More explanations are needed from the NHS. What did the local GP know? Why did he refuse to release his records to the review? Those prickles made me increasingly uncomfortable. In tropical rivers, weren't there tiny parasitic insects that bored into the skin of unwary swimmers? That must be the explanation.

P2

P3

+ that-CL The Football Association said it was satisfied with United's explanation that the informal match was purely a training session, and would take no action. + about Ν / about wh-CL Descriptions and explanations about the personal problems of patients and their family members are not a part of

explicit

290

the professional conversation. Steve launched into an explanation about how personal computers were going to change the workplace forever. + a s t o N / a s t o w h - C L If a person can offer no valid explanation as to the reasons for the attack that is being made upon him we can probably rest assured that it originates in his own imagination. Mr Moore managed to get Sting to authorise the first of a series of transactions from Coutts with an involved explanation as to why it was necessary. + for N/V-ing/for wh-CL (frequent) Enfield has no explanation for his vocal talent, but confesses he often lapses into the voice of whomever he happens to be with. There could be some explanations for their present silence on the issue. What was his explanation for postponing the Australia and Asia trip? I have yet to hear a rational explanation for why it happens. + of Ν /of wh-CL (frequent) The board had only a brief explanation of the objectives and ap-

P4

P5

P6

preaches of this course. We called the head of one of the country's biggest utilities for an explanation of how the energy tax will work. + to Ν He had a beautiful explanation to the courts. There was a lot of shooting and James Brown didn't shoot, that's all he had to say. + to Ν + that-CL/to Ν + about N/V-ing/to Ν + a s to wh-CL/to Ν + for Ν He thought it fitted in with his explanation to you that he's here to meet the Russians secretly. The jury instructions, given by the judge to the jury at the conclusion of the trial's other phases, are the judge's explanation to the jury about how to interpret what they have heard within the framework of the law, based on the evidence presented. There was no clear explanation to the customers as to why the changes had happened.

P7

P8

Adverse inferences might be drawn from a refusal to provide an explanation to the police for his presence at the scene of the crime.

_ r_

^^

.

..

An explanation is 'a statement or a phenomenon that provides a reason why something happened'. There can be an explanation as to, of or for something; for often indicates that what is being explained is surprising or difficult to believe.

explicit P1

adjective

attr Tory MP Terry Dicks is already protesting at the film's explicit sex scenes. I'm fed up of you feeding my daughter apple crumble out of a packet despite my explicit instructions to the contrary. pred Follow the instructions on the pack which are explicit and also easy to understand. + about N/V-ing The only difference is that since 1983 we have been more explicit about our activities.

P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

+ in N/V-ing (frequent) I was most explicit in my inquiries. Sella was quite explicit in discussing details of the operation. + on Ν If I were doing it again I would be far more explicit on linguistic characteristics of the text. + to Ν There are innuendoes, colloquialisms which would be explicit to an English girl but could have been lost on Arlette.

A person or something produced by a person such as a book an article, etc. can be explicit about or on a particular point or topic, i.e. very open, hiding hardly anything

explode A

verb C

... bomb Active: 1 / 2

Passive: 1 / 2

ι II

[N]a/ [by N] AGENT [N]p /EFFECTED

Β

[N] a person ... Active: 1 / 2

lobi

II III IV V

D1 D1

m General: 0

[N]A

[Q/S] [into N] [with N] [ADV]

'disprove' Active: 2 / 2

D2

D3 D4 D5

Passive: 1 / 2

ι [N]A/[byN] Il Obi [N]p

D1

express

291 M

D1

A So the whole thing is like a balloon. It will just get bigger and bigger until it explodes. Two bombs have exploded in a shopping centre in Belfast. Β I really feel it when I lose my temper. I just explode. He said the situation could explode at any time and dismissed the idea of an Arab meeting as suggested by President Gorbachev. Resentment over council inaction exploded, and Maria and other women came up against opposition and yet gained a power among themselves. She has recently published a book called Inflation and sees an inflationary time bomb in the UK economy waiting to explode. + Np A Moneymore is only four miles from Magherafelt, where the IRA exploded a van bomb last week. France says it has exploded a nuclear device at its underground test site on Mururoa in the South Pacific. As Mr Boluk Basi's limousine drove past, the device was exploded by remote control.

D2

QUOTE/SENTENCE Β "You crafty sod," exploded Dog. "You let me see you fiddling the cards so I'd have to call you."

D3

+ into Ν Β As the right-wingers attempted to barge through police lines the threats and curses exploded into violence. The anger exploded into protest demonstrations led by church dignitaries on Thursday. + with Ν Β Kostas kept glancing at the General, thinking he must explode with fury; but the General did not explode. Jonathan explodes with laughter. + ADV Β If a certain joie de vivre is lacking in contemporary art, it positively explodes from the canvases of two early modern masters of the pleasure principle, Matisse and Magritte. Resplendent in a flourescent yellow and pink polka-dotted dress and sumptuous wig, Dame Edna exploded onto our screens in yet another new game show.

D4

D5

C Has part of your purpose been to explode the cosy class-ridden snobbish world she portrays? Britain's miserable record in this regard explodes the myth that Britain's police and judges are the finest in the world. A Β

Something such as a bomb 11 can explode or be exploded. -> M D1 A person 1 can explode, i.e. violently react to something that happens. Explode is also used figuratively to describe the sudden beginning of a surprising or dangerous situation or action. (i) People 1 can explode onto the scene v , i.e. make an unexpected impact. (ii) People's frustration or anger 1 can explode into demonstrations or violence 111 . (iii) A person 1 can explode if they lose their patience. (iv) Something such as a situation 1 can explode, i.e. suddenly turn into something very violent and

C

A person or an (especially new) idea or discovery 1 can explode an idea, a view or a theory 1 1 , i.e. prove that it is wrong. D1

express

verb

Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

ι [N]A/[byN] Hob) [N]p [REFL PRON] [that-CL] [wh-CL] D1

D1 D1 D2 D3

T1-3 T4

+ Np I was impressed by people that could express themselves. On political union, the French and German foreign ministers expressed the hope that next weekend's special summit here would authorise an inter-governmental conference at the end of this year. The interna-

m iv V VI

[as Ν] [in Ν] [to Ν] [ADV]

τι T2 T3 T4

tional environmental group, Greenpeace, has expressed concern about high mercury levels in a river used by villagers in the South African homeland of Kwazulu. Leaders of a federal commission set up to monitor the ceasefire in Croatia have expressed cautious optimism that

292

expressive

D2

D3

T1

a further exchange of prisoners will take place today. Several distributors have already expressed an interest in importing them to the UK. Somebody will find reason to criticize any member of the royal family who expresses an opinion or hopes to get things done; mute inactivity is the sole recipe for safety. + that-CL The unborn child reacts to the touching of its parents by movement. The way it moves can express that it wants more contact or less. The student teachers expressed that they had a problem choosing knowledge which had the greatest significance for the children. + wh-CL Painting the Peasant Cemetery in Nuenen in 1885, Van Gogh aimed to express how these ruins show that for ages the peasants have been laid to rest in the very fields which they dug up when alive. Very young children may not have the words to express what has happened. + Np + as Ν Their clubs are well run, the game is tough, but you are still allowed to express yourself as an individual. Requirements for the macronutrients - that is fats or sugars, starch, that type of thing - are also averages because we express them as percentages of our energy needs they provide.

T2

T3

T4

+ Np + in Ν His most urgent concern was to express varied feelings in paint. These are illustrations expressed in sound. Last year's sales increase was 5 per cent when expressed in Dutch guilders, but that figure was distorted by currency movements. Being visual, it cannot easily be expressed in words. + Np «-> to Ν A Vatican spokesman later said the Pope has expressed to Mr Arafat his support for a Palestinian homeland as well as a Jewish homeland. But for the moment I was confronted with the difference between "black Africa" and "white Africa" as it has often been expressed to me, here on the Kariba dam. + REFL PRON + ADV The unanimous verdict of employers is that after 11 years at school they should expect that recruits will have mastered basic arithmetical skills, should be able to express themselves in standard English and should be literate. You learn different ways to paint so the children can express themselves with art. They could not express themselves in writing. But when they say things like "I'm going to kill him," it's just an expression. They're not Oxbridge graduates these boys, they just don't express themselves too well sometimes.

A person can express something, i.e. put it into words (or pictures, music, etc.).

expressive adjective P1

P2

attr Some people possess incredibly expressive eyes that unconsciously transmit virtually every thought and emotion they have, pred His eyes weren't sad any more, but bright and expressive when he looked at her. Monet's approach, like Turner's, was more poetic, while Sisley's interpretation of nature, like Constable's, was less expressive.

P3

+ of Ν More than in the case of any other nation, its history is expressive of the character and development of the people who possess it.

Someone or something can be expressive of an emotion or sensation, i.e. reveal it clearly.

extraordinary adjective P1

P2 P3

P4

attr The most extraordinary experience for me was going to New York with them for the first time. pred Gooch's personal achievements as captain have been extraordinary. + to-INF What made the riots so extraordinary to watch was how they turned into a kind of carnival of the poor. [it] + to-INF It was extraordinary to hear the intensity with which David spoke of his father.

P5 P6

P7

[it] + that-CL (frequent) Isn't it extraordinary that we have met. + for Ν The idea of respectable stockbrokers having close links with the criminal underworld is quite extraordinary for anyone used to European or American securities industries. Communications among the rebels is really quite extraordinary for a guerrilla army. + in N/V-ing (frequent) This country has really been extraordinary in its willingness and its

293

extreme

ability to handle this massive influx of refugees. Crone is quite extraordinary in balancing the extremes of the character. Extraordinary

P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr He was a multi-millionaire with the extravagant lifestyle to prove it. pred The claims made are modest rather than extravagant. + to-INF In the 17th and 18th centuries, it was thought extravagant to spend a whole shilling at once. + for Ν (rare) Some owners might think £ 7,500 just a shade extravagant for a dog collar, of course. But for Britain's most pampered pets, there are plenty more treats to get their paws on.

You call people or their behaviour extravagant reasonable.

extreme

P5 P6

P7

+ in N/V-ing You are extravagant in word and deed (and probably in spending too). + with Ν I can have a brainstorm and be very extravagant with clothes and shoes, but now I seek out shops where they have sales of designer labels. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) It seems a bit extravagant for my sister to have a flat.

when their actions involve spending more of something than is

adjective

P1

attr If there's no agreement after a year the courts would have the power to postpone the divorce, and in extreme cases, where a divorce could cause grave financial hardship to one partner, it may be barred altogether.

P2

pred No one could ever have a perfect figure all the time because the dictates of fashion are so extreme. [it] + to-INF (rare) It is obviously a bit extreme to have to move house in order to avoid children who you think are having a bad influence on your child.

P3

[it] + for Ν to-INF By the 1890s it was considered unusual but not extraordinary for a woman to make a career of painting.

means very unusual , outstanding or strange .

extravagant P1

P8

P4

+ in N/V-ing Bork was portrayed as so extreme in his conservatism that he was out of the ideological mainstream. This suggests that the Bank of International Settlements' Lamfalussy report was not extreme in criticizing the United States' 'deplorable' failure to cut its government deficit.

P5

[it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) It seems rather extreme for the police to go to these lengths, in view of all the serious crime they have to deal with.

F fabulous P1

adjective

attr To be in with a chance of winning this fabulous prize simply answer five football questions. pred You'll look fabulous1. + to-INF Divine was fabulous to work with, [it] + to-INF (rare) Thanks to TV's The Golden Girls it's fabulous to be 55-plus, female and still sharing a house with the girls.

P2 P3 P4

facility P1

P3

A Β

[it] + that-CL It was fabulous that so many people turned up to say goodbye. + for Ν He's been fabulous for Manchester United.

P6

noun

A We're including banking facilities at Phoenix. It's fairly common with big shows, but it's never been done at a rock festival before. It's an important facility. Β So now she must begin to forget the dream. For grown human beings can forget with remarkable facility. + to-INF A The facility to pay by Credit Card will be removed from 1/4/93. Β Smell is a very basic sense and old in evolutionary terms but humans have lost much of the facility to use it properly. + for N/V-ing (frequent) A Another example could be a European initiative to develop a modern automated facility for the production of ammunition. Β His astonishing facility for languages led him, invariably, to mimic or echo the speech of those among whom he found himself. Covent Garden, meanwhile, was preparing to make full

P2

P5

P4

P5

use of his exceptional facility for performing modern works. + of Ν Β He was a remarkable man, with a facility of expression that is the visual equivalent of Schubert's. That requires that you have Ά facility of language, especially in a theater like the Eisenhower, if you're going to be heard all over. • A US subsidiary of Nations Bank had provided a debt facility of up to $6m, subject to debt cover targets being met, replacing a facility of $2.5m. (= provision) + with Ν Β His facility with languages as well as his knowledge of European and oriental cultures kept him busy in several different departments there.

A facility can be a service, or something that provides a service. -> P1 P2 P3 (i) A person can do something with facility, or show a facility of expression, language, etc., i.e. find that particular skill very easy, (ii) A person can have (a) a facility for or with something, (b) to do something, i.e. show considerable ability in that activity. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Imm^mmSimm

fail A

verb 'not succeed' Active: 1 / 3

I

II in IV

Β Passive: 113

[ N J a / [by N]

[V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N]p [to-INF] [by Ν] [in N/V-ing]

D2 D2 D1 D2 D4

ι il III T1 τι

IV

EXAMINATION Active: 1 / 3 Passive: 1 / 3 [ N ] a / [by N] AGENT D1 [N]p /EFFECTED D1 [N] a M D1.3 [N]p D1 [in Ν] [by N] D3

General: 0 T2 T2

T2

295

M

fail A They fail even before they start, (only if clear from context) The Government is not prepared to step in where the banking system has failed. (only if clear from context) Children who fail are accused of laziness, (only if clear from context) Their electronic navigation failed and, in complete darkness, a rogue wave swamped the boat. Pyridoxal-5-phosphate can be of clinical use when pyridoxine has failed, (only if clear from context) But as the sunlight fails, his profile became a silhouette. Words fail at such moments. Β

D1

+ Np

A They failed drug tests after a league match against Bari last month. Berkoff's dramatic instinct never seems to fail him. Β The report observed that staff tended to award higher marks to black students during the course, to avoid confrontation, but would fail the same student in the exam. A report that university modern language departments are failing Students by neglecting linguistic skills told the enlightened little that was not already clear. I failed the 11-plus exam dramatically, against all expectations. I failed geography at school. • They failed their country and when it mattered they had absolutely no ideas whatsoever. (= let their country down) Britain's schools are failing a huge section of children - perhaps as many as forty per cent. (= not giving a satisfactory education) I am so excited words fail me. (=1 don't know what to say) D2

D4

T1 T2

+ to-INF (>30%) A There have meanwhile been accusations that the authorities were warned of the riot in advance, but failed to take precautions. Yesterday's declaration fails to disclose names of any of the food companies which have given re-

A machine or system^ can t'-1 i ' i ρ hrpalr Hnwn Tf cmnpnnp'« Health i« fuiIino thev arr aotiino weaker and are about to die. M D1 D2 D4 T1 Failing is also used as a preposition in the sense of 'in the absence o f , or 'if that is not possible', e.g. Failing these requirements, a bed at the front of the terrace retaining wall seemed the best thing. The vital interest of the United States had become, in fact, to end the war or, failing that, to end America 's direct participation in it. Fail can mean 'nott pass a tesi test'.. B B (i) A person" can fail a test or a school subject111. 1 1 (ii) A teacher can fail a student" in a test or subject" , i.e. not let them pass. -> M D1 D3 T2 (ili)

Β

D3

(invented example) Few students failed.

search money. Though enjoyable in its parts, GOSFEST '93 unfortunately failed to live up to its expectations. Although supporting the idea of a "market economy", the Congress failed to adopt a clear position on the contentious issue of privatisation. Quebec found the new law of the land lacking because it failed to recognize that the French-speaking province was different from the rest of Canada. At the same time about a third of patients fail to benefit from these treatments. + by N:QUANT Β I failed by a few marks, (only if clear from context) + in N/V-ing A Barristers and solicitors are accused of failing in their duties to advise clients of their rights. The police have made one arrest, and it is to be hoped they will use their best endeavours to break up the gang, even if they should fail in convicting those who took part in the affair of New Year's morning. Generations of feminists have failed in persuading golf clubs to give equal rights to women. + by N: QUANT + to-INF A But she failed by four votes to win outright. + Ν + in Ν Β (invented example) They failed many students in physics.

296

failure

failure P1

P2

P3

P4

noun

A The idea of merely taking part was never part of Thompson's philosophy in his prime, when just to finish second was regarded as failure. Β Does Gorbachev want the Soviet Union to succeed, or does he want it to be a. failure! + to-INF (very frequent) A Their failure to intervene forcefully will go down as one of the most shameful events in our history. If that is the way the rules are interpreted we have to go along with it. In any case, it really had nothing to do with our failure to win. + as Ν A N o one lectures Josh's dad about his failure as a father because he has a job. Β Critics would argue that he was as much of a failure as a politician as he was as a militia leader. + at N/V-ing A Failure at chess reflects badly on the state and cannot be tolerated. The suit embodies his failure at doing something as simple as buying a perfectly everyday object.

P5

P6

P7

Β After a depressing weekend feeling a hopeless failure at everything I did, it was a comfort to find I could get them to sleep happily. I'm supposed to be perfect. I will inevitably be a failure at being perfect. + in NA/-ing (frequent) A Nesbit said: "In my opinion, the crash was caused by a failure in communication, coupled with very bad luck." In August, the council tried to sack Mr Robb over alleged failures in informing councillors about the authority's finances. + of Ν (very frequent) A After the failure to secure the Huxley Building there was a massive failure of nerve in the Indian Department. + by Ν + to-INF A The service is in a state of crisis because of unjustified criticisms and a failure by senior officers and government ministers to mount an adequate defence.

gg ι m ; •M S B · öEF'SÄäBiä«^_ A Failure can refer to 'a lack of success'. -> P1 P2 P 3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Β A failure can be 'someone or something that has no success'. P1 P 3 P4

faint P1

P2

A Β

adjective attr A She had a faint hope that Ian might have returned, pred A If the lines are faint, it could be caused by external interference. Β I just felt faint.

adjective

P1

attr Actually, I've had more than my fair share of morning coffee and afternoon tea recently. pred Life is not fair. [it] + to-INF (frequent) Would it be fair to say that were you to become Prime Minister next week it would be the number one item on your agenda in terms of domestic politics? [it] + that-CL It is not fair that the four cities

P4

P4

+ from N/V-ing Β When you're growing faint from hunger and you're down to your last five bucks, don't despair. + with Ν Β Lord John felt faint with shock. Grace, for her part, was faint with excitement and wonder.

Faint can mean 'slight'. P1 P2 Faint can mean 'weak and rather dizzy'. A person can (i) from hunger or an activity (ii) with an illness, emotion, etc, -> P2 P 3 P4

fair

P2 P3

P3

P5

P6 P7

which staged matches should suffer. It is only fair that you should know the reason. + in N/V-ing Now the inducement to police officers to be scrupulously fair in obtaining confessions is no longer there to the degree that it was. + on Ν Now look, this is not fair on anybody. + to Ν (frequent) That option is not fair to your creditors, or yourself. We are seeking to

297

P8 P9

fall

replace it with a sensible modern solution which is fair to all partners. + with Ν Do you think I've been fair with you? [it] + for Ν to-INF It is not fair for one person to take all the decisions for another. It just is not fair for a visiting club to have to play a play-off game there.

P10 P11

P12

[it] + of Ν + to-INF I don't think it would be fair of me to name him. [it] + on Ν + to-INF It is not fair on any animal to deny him the everyday care he needs simply because the owner cannot be bothered. [it] + to Ν + to-INF It's not really fair to Nigel to make that sort of comparison.

Someone or something that is fair is 'just': • ¡Sil ¡si. ι (i) It can be fair to do something. ; VÍ£ "¡Vías -'"Î'â·: -·;=Λί: is Λ-ν. ή .ν.' ; (ii) A person, law or measure can be fair on or to ¡ person. (iii) A person can be fair with another person. SfflllilMllllllM^

.

faith noun edge an injustice for so long. Having failed to attract respectable electoral support, the ASP has lost faith in its future, [keep, lose, etc.] + with Ν He was reported P2 P4 to be at odds with Graeme Souness but yesterday, in the wake of Liverpool's decision to keep faith with their manager, he made conciliatory P3 noises. He'd broken faith with his God and his country, Zacharias told himself. ÍB¡ilBÍÍi3i¡§&& If a person has faith in someone, they believe in them or have great confidence in them. P1

I have always believed in British justice; maybe now I will have a little more faith, (only if clear from context) + that-CL Maha had little faith that the Egyptian government could deliver on its promises of help. + in Ν (frequent) The provisional announcement will once again undermine public/a¡'í/¡ in a criminal justice system which failed to acknowl-

faithful adjective P1 P2 P3 P4

(ii) α

attr He is a good man; he would make a faithful husband. pred They don't pretend to be faithful. + about N/V-ing (rare) α Be faithful about required maintenance. + to Ν (frequent) Why can't couples be faithful to one another? Greenaway does not regard it as his function to be strictly faithful to Shake-

speare's original version of the story. Sisley was at the forefront of avant-garde development, setting up his easel alongside Monet, Renoir and Pissarro, and remaining faithful to the spirit of Impressionism long after the other protagonists had abandoned the idiom for more fashionable styles. "Lady Chatterley" remains faithful to the structure of the novel.

If a person is faithful (a) to their partner, they do not have sexual relations with another person, (b) to a friend, they are loyal to them. A person, a work of art or an action can be faithful to a principle, model, etc., i.e. keep to it. P1 P2 P4 If a person is faithful about something, they take care about it; a rare American usage.

fall noun P1

P2

P3

He'd had a fall and cut his head. Overall rents have fallen by 50 per cent since 1992. Further falls are expected over the next 12 months, (only if clear from context) + from Ν The Israeli Prime Minister will also be the first foreign head of government to meet Mr Major at Number 10 Downing Street since the fall from power in Britain of Mrs Thatcher. + of Ν (frequent) The pound fell to little more

P4

than two marks and ninety two pfennigs, a fall of over three pfennigs. α And then one night there was a heavy fall of snow. + in Ν (frequent) We still to this day use the rate against the dollar to set the rate against other currencies, making certain adjustments for the fall in the rouble. The report predicts a fall in output next year of at least five per cent.

298

fall

P5

+ of N: QUANT + in Ν

A fall of 20 % in the

price of a currency has large effects. A fall is 'a drop in height, amount, power or influence'. a

A fall of snow or rain is a quantity of it that falls. - » P3

fall A lobi

Η in

IV

ν vi vu Β

verb DOWN

'be defeated'

Active: 1/3

Active: 1 /2 lobi

[N]a

[N: QUANT] [ADJ] [against N] [by N] [in N] [ADV] [to Ν: QUANT]

II III IV

M

T1-2

II

D

D2 D3

D4

T1

A

D9

... a person

H

i

mmsmmKsmam

[N] A Il obi [for N]p

D6 D12

E T2

... duty Active: 2/2

lobi II III

01 D2 D6 D7

[N]A

[to-INF] A:it [into N] [on N] [to N] [upon N]

D8 · 11 D7

D8 D9

DU

D8 D9 D12 umn".

The rain fell steadily, and in the distance

growled the first broken thunder.

Hospital patients fall victim to smok-

ers.

I saw that

outside the snow really had begun to fall.

D2

+ ADJ

Stephen Tataw, captain of Olympique and of the

A

national team, sprinted into the Diamant penalty

hair fall loose about her shoulders.

area and fell.

on my face.

In late autumn, the leaves

He tugged at the scrap of cloth and let her

Β

til spring.

a waitress showed up with our lunch.

I work with little dolls [miniature

I fell flat

He had let the book fall flat.

will fall but the buds will remain dormant untailor's dummies] to see how cloth falls.

She fell silent for a moment, during which Indeed

Ex-

in a delayed reaction more and more people are

ports fell, and imports from the Western coun-

falling ill with lung, eye. stomach and other dis-

tries, which the Soviet Union can ill afford to

eases.

buy, rose sharply.

sword and the Fool falls dead.

Β

As darkness falls, the streets empty.

that I fell asleep in the chair over my supper.

C

Then, Poland had quickly fallen and been

occupied.

•

If the city were to fall, the

Each dancer then snatches his own I was so tired

Projected sales can fall short of your worst

fears. (= be less than)

Governments fell in India, Pakistan

and Bangladesh.

D3

+ against Ν

humiliation for the Zagreb government would be

A

tremendous.

to fall against other European currencies.

• D1

[to N] Active: 2/2

[N]a

[N] [ADJ] [in N] [into N] [on N] [to N] [ADV]

[N]A

lobi

M H ϋϋϋβϋϋ iflflllti

... state Active: 1/2

lobi

D1

Among the first to fall in battle was the regi-

D4

He was also not averse to allowing the franc

+ by N: QUANT

mental color-bearer. (= die)

A

+ Ν

December 2nd.

A

In the first two hours of trading the Nikkei Sturzo's departure had the desired effect of

Arrests at British football

grounds fell by almost a third last season, de-

index fell five hundred points. Β

Share prices fell by almost 700 points on

spite a rise in attendance. D5

+ for Np

demoralizing the PPI, which now fell easy prey

D

to the machinations of its pro-fascist "fifth col-

when she was just eleven.

She later claimed to have fallen for him It's a truism that

fall

299

American accents, place-names and slang are infinitely more glamorous than their British counterparts, and now a whole generation fell for the myth all over again. • It was just a line to get you out here, and you fell for it! (= believed) D6

D12

+ in Ν

A The bonds fell in value until October 1989. Β She had shared her school experiences, her life at Oxford, the pains and pleasures of falling in and out of love. I fell in love, for the first time, with a house. The casti e fell in ruins. D7

+ into Ν

Β They passed out of the shop together, side by side, falling automatically into step. The house itself had fallen into disrepair. After the surgery, however, Sarah fell into a deep depression. You know I c o u l d / a / / into a coma! E Please do not despair if you fall into this category, as by using relatively simple methods the headaches can be completely eradicated.

The way the light falls on a face or an object has a character that's not always easy to express in words. I sure would have fallen in if you hadn't held on to me. Β Lenin has fallen out of favour with the Soviet people. Although he is originally from Boston, Hamilton's boots, hat and drooping moustache all testify that he has fallen under the spell of the American West. • My right arm, which had been supported by the door,/«?// out of the van. (= was hanging outside the door)

• The intention is to avoid the danger of the weapons falling into the hands of the leaders of any future coup. (= be captured by) D8

+ on Ν

Β A strange silence fell on all of them as the ceremony in the Abbey began. E But the choice fell on Bobbie Lawrence, who was the Deputy Chairman of British Rail and a non-executive director of NFC. Christmas falls on a Monday. • Those appeals are likely to fall on deaf ears. (= be ignored) [it] + to Ν + to-INF

E It fell to far-flung outsiders to redefine a city whose mythic glamour was fast fading into unsexy squalor. D9

+ to Ν

Β Last season's impenetrable defence has just fallen to pieces. C Later, Bristol East fell to Labour. All the key strategic points in the city have fallen to the enemy. E The duty fell to the last to leave of an evening. Queen's Park Rangers, to whom had fallen the honour of the first wartime friendly match, were pronounced winners of the South B-section. Dio

+toV-ing

• Historians h a \ e fallen to arguing about the most significant legacy of the Thatcher years. (= started) D11

+ upon Ν

E His plans, he declared, would ensure that the burden of transition to a market economy would not fall upon ordinary people. And do you

not believe that a punishment will fall upon the household? [it] + on/upon Ν + to-INF It fell upon defeated Germany to take full responsibility for the incoming Germans. + A D V (frequent) A Her hair, up in a slide at dinner, was down, and fell over her shoulders. It fell over when I pushed the desk. The temperature is just above zero in summer and falls to about minus two degrees in winter. I fell downstairs and landed on my head. Glass and plaster had all fallen down. Her hair, once so soft and curly, had fallen across her face in long strands.

T1

+ N : Q U A N T + against Ν

A the ten the T2

Another important factor is the weakness of Japanese currency, the yen, which has fallen percent against the United States dollar since beginning of the year.

+ N: Q U A N T + to N: Q U A N T

A The shares fell 15 ρ to 187 p.

300

fall

Fall is generally used to indicate an unintentional downward movement: (i) A person or thing 1 can fall, i.e. drop. (ii) A person or an animal 1 can fall, i.e. stumble. (iii) A materia) or fabric 1 can fall, i.e. hang nicely. (iv) Something such as rain or snow 1 can fall. (v) Something such as a level, a standard or prices 1 can fall, i.e. go lower. M D1 D2 D3 D4 D6 D12 T1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: fall away Fall is also used to say that a particular state occurs or happens: (i) A state such as darkness, night or silence 1 can fall or fall on an area. n (ii) (a) Something 1 can fall into a negative state such as decay 1v , (b) someone 1 can fall into a coma or a negative condition such as despair IV , (c) someone 1 can fall asleep, silent, ill or dead." 1 Note that you can say they fell ill but you cannot say *they fell into an illness. M D1 D2 D6 D7 D8 D9 D12 also in phrasal verbs: fall apart Fall can also be used in the sense of 'be defeated' : (i) A town or region 1 can fall or fall to the enemy 11 . (ii) A constituency 1 can fall to another political party 11 . (iii) A government 1 can fall, i.e. be brought down by a defeat in Parliament. M D9 A person 1 can fall for someone or something 15 , i.e. be very enthusiastic about them when they first encounter them. -> D5 Fall can be used to express which of several options is the valid one; for instance: (i) A choice or duty 1 can fall on someone 111 , i.e. they are affected by it. (ii) It can fall to or upon someone 111 to do something, i.e. it is their duty. ->D7 D8 D9D11 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + apart The coup by Kremlin hardliners against President Gorbachev has fallen apart. (= collapsed) My marriage was falling apart so I just kind of dealt with everything right at that particular moment. (= coming to an end) + away (+ to N) After a promising start to the season James Makepeace's form fell away. (= declined) After just over 1/4 mile the ground on the left falls away to its original level to reveal farmland and East Tilbury's church and fort in the trees. (= slopes) Once the first group of storage caverns has been excavated the requirement for construction workers will fall away to about 150. (= be reduced to) + back + on Ν I trained as a tool maker, the idea being that, if I became disillusioned with horses, I would have a trade to fall back on. (= return to when in difficulty) + behind/behind Ν/behind + against Ν /behind + on Ν/behind + to Ν/behind + with Ν/behind + SCORE The private sector has been doing very well, thank you, while the public sector has fallen behind. (= been doing worse) Talks on the bank have fallen behind schedule. (= been slower than planned) The Prime Minister has admitted that his government would let Britain fall behind Europe. (= do worse than) There is rarely a way back after falling behind against Arsenal. (= starting to lose) The finance company can force you to sell it if you fall behind on

the payments. (= get into arrears) Palo Alto fell behind 3 - 0 to San Leandro in the championship game. (= was losing) After falling behind to an own goal by Sam Whittle, Preston took control with two goals in as many minutes. (= at first losing) The gas and electricity suppliers are very familiar with customers falling behind with payments. (= getting into arrears) + down The service was beginning to fall down because of the disarray. (= be inadequate) + down + on Ν Can you dismiss the management company if they fall down on the job? (= do the work badly) + in + with Ν My purchases were small-time stuff until I fell in with bad company. (= mixed) + out Where was Melissa who had accompanied Chris on earlier trips? Had they fallen out? (= had an argument) + out + with Ν He might have objected that explicit descriptions of sex were distasteful, citing the occasion when he fell out with Frank Harris over his refusal to publish a "lewd" story of Harris's in the English Review. (= had an argument with) + over REFL PRON + to-INF And the banks just fell over themselves to lend Berisford money. (= were very keen) When I became famous, I had women falling over themselves to get at me. (= being very keen) + through Have a substitute activity in mind for a time when plans fall through. (= are unsuccessful)

301

false P1 P2 P3

(i) (Ü)

famous

adjective attr A lot of people have the false view that teachers only work from 9 am to 3 pm. pred This claim has proved false. [it] + to-INF And while it is false to pretend that transport spending or school repairs would be self-financing in a narrow commercial sense, they would be sound economic investments.

P2 P3

P4

P5

(i) (ii)

P2 P3 P4

adjective

attr The familiar story then unfolds in which Arthur gains Excalibur and the kingdom. pred Why does that name sound familiar! + as Ν It is rather disconcerting to hear Kenneth Branagh, more familiar as Shakespeare's Henry V, affecting a Los Angeles drawl in Dead Again. + from Ν The place is familiar from Norman Rockwell's paintings and countless black-andwhite movies. + to Ν (frequent) Confined to bed in 1821, in March Napoleon dictated his will, opening with a line once familiar to every French schoolboy. Drowsiness is a feeling familiar to most people. The pagan gods and the related world of classical legend are more familiar to Chaucer's characters than to Boccaccio's. Doreen Savage and the Irish Draught eight-year-old Spring Feeling, both more familiar to show jumping, stood second.

P6

P7

P8

+ with N/V-ing (very frequent) We are also familiar with the South African situation. Many readers will already be familiar with the artist's paintings. It was a pleasant way in which to become more familiar with a language, and he made good progress. This is because your brain is more familiar with sending messages to your hands than to your feet. • Over the last few months I have built up a library of embarrassing anecdotes about him which I can ruthlessly employ if he's dominating a dinner party or becoming just a bit too familiar with Bella. (= too friendly, taking liberties) + to Ν + from Ν Dreams may be illusory, but their nature is familiar to us from our understanding of the waking world. + with Ν from Ν Most people are familiar with astrology from the magazine sun-sign columns.

Someone or something can be familiar to a person, i.e. be known to them. A person can be familiar with something, i.e. know it.

famous P1

P5

+ to Ν That is completely false to historical fact. Criseyde asks Atropos to end her life if she is ever false to Troilus. + with Ν (rare) She doesn't mean to be false with him, but he doesn't notice.

An account, report, etc. can be false to facts, i.e. not accurate. A person can be false to another person, i.e. betray them or be unfaithful to them.

familiar P1

P4

adjective

attr Your family know a lot offamous people, don't they? pred You're famous. + as Ν The city of Leipzig has long been famous as a centre of German culture. + for N/V-ing (frequent) Finland is famous for its beer and for its advanced technology, so it's perhaps not surprising that the two have combined in the application of genetic engineering to brewing. Northumberland is almost as famous for its rain as Newcastle for its coals.

Helen had once been famous for going after and getting the men everyone else wanted.

Famous means 'well-known'. Someone or something can be famous (i) as something that they are (ii) for some characteristic or feature they have.

302

fantastic fantastic

adjective

attr It was such afantastic opportunity, pred They were fantastic. + to-INF The Welsh crowd is fantastic to play in front of. [it] + to-INF It's fantastic to see so much going on. [it] + that-CL It's fantastic that the boy is back. + for Ν This week has been fantastic for all of us. And that's fantastic for football.

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

P6

P7

P8

+ for Ν + to-INF He has that capacity for paradox: an expressionist face and a deep interior which is very rare and fantastic for a director to work with. [it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) Of course it's fantastic for anyone to be so crass and camp.

Fantastic is used to express great approval of something or someone. fasten

verb

Active: 1 / 4

I

Passive: 1 / 4

[N]A [by N]

II imp [N]p /EFFECTED III IV ν

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

General: 0

D1.6

T1.3-5

Q2 Q1

D1

T1.3-5

[N] A M D2.6-7 T1 [ADJ] D2 T4 [with N] INSTRUMENTOS [by Ν] [to N] T3 [ADV] D7 T5

Q1-3

Active: 2/3

Ι [N]A AGENT h obi [N] /EFFECTED [N] A HI

Q2-3

obi [on N]

[onto N] [upon N]

Q1

D1

T2

D1.6-7T2 D3-5 D3

T2

D4 D5

Q1-2 Q3

For me, the time to diet is when my favourite jeans won't fasten. Fasten. Adjust the straps to suit, (used in instructions) + Np Fasten your seatbelts! I'll just fasten my shoelace. Steering, instrumentation and fundamental wiring were all in place, and all deck fittings, windows, hatches and doors had been fastened. He reached up to the heavy silver brooch which fastened his cloak. I examined the door. It was fastened by a padlock. + ADJ Miriam caught up with me then, her hand grasping mine, her fingers fastening tight as she held me back. + on Ν α What I would fasten on here is the fact that both of these philosophers talk about silence. More and more her memory and all her thoughts fastened on one event, on the visit she had made to the prison island. The Brigadier's eyes fastened hard on him. + onto Ν α Sensible readers fasten onto writers whose tastes accord with theirs and use those writers' recommendations as a consumer guide. + upon Ν α The imagination of promoters fastened upon canals to develop river traffic and to link the West with Atlantic seaports.

D6

D7

T1 T2

T3

T4

+ with Ν The protector fastens normally with a zip, but these straps allow front and back to be removed separately and quickly after an accident. Tuck in hair ends and fasten firmly with hairpins, (only if clear from context) + ADV The two handles fasten together with Velcro for easier carrying. You will be asked to change into an operating gown (the type that fasten up the back and make you feel very exposed). + Np + ADJ I didn't think I could fasten them tight enough. + Ν + on Ν a She was as likely at that age as any other adolescent to fasten her affections on unsuitable objects like art teachers or ski instructors. + Np + to Ν Support tomatoes in growing bags by tying string around the bag, fastening it to an overhead wire and twisting the plant around it. They were fastening a ring to the puffin's leg. + Np + with Ν If you decide to use a table cloth, fasten it with special clips, which will prevent it blowing off in a breeze. There were piles of coins and wads of 1,000-lire notes fastened with elastic bands ready to be paid into the bank. Beginning to wonder if she could have passed them by, she came on them suddenly, finding them closed and fastened with a padlock.

fault

303

T5

Q1

+ Np 30%) Β He supports the accusation that the elections were rigged in favour of the government candidate. The trend is likely still to be in favour of reducing armed forces. There is a growing chorus at home in favour of pulling out of

P3

P4

Europe, and using the money saved on other things. + to Ν A I believe we should take on this case of the green ghost just as a favour to Police Chief Reynolds. + with Ν Β Not all Cubans are in such favour with the authorities. The Centro Nazionale had already fallen out of favour with the Vatican in 1928.

If a person does someone else a favour they do something to help them. -> P1 P3 In certain expressions favour indicates 'support or preference for someone, something or a course of action : if a person is in favour of (especially) a course of action, they support it. if a person rejects something in favour of something else, they choose to have or do the latter, a person can be in favour with or out of favour with someone, i.e. be liked or approved of by them, or not.

fear PI P2

P3

noun I can't sleep with the fear. + that-CL (frequent) He told his mother of his fear that he would never marry and produce an heir. There is a fear that approaching winter will be even more of a problem, as far as fuel and foodstuffs are concerned. + about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing/about wh-CL The public fear about chemicals tends to be dominated by accidents such as Bhopal in India. She said she had no fear about accepting a role in a new soap. QPR manager Ray Wilkins has no fears about the deal collapsing on medical .grounds. There's a lot of uncertainty and fear about where they're going to go and what to expect when they get there.

P4

P5

+ for Ν He said growing fear for the safety of children in an increasingly violent society appears to have focused attention on gun-control as a solution. + of N/V-ing/of Ν V-ing (very frequent) After years of abuse and battery, the marriage wore her down, and her fear of Ron was accompanied by a fear of the mob. Many politicians made revolutionary statements out offear of being branded as liberals. Cross had no fear of the Party finding anything incriminating in Eva's apartment.

A person can feel fear (i) of someone or something threatening them, i.e. fear them. (ii) for someone or someone's safety or well-being, i.e. fear it is threatened.

fear

verb Active: 2 / 2

[ N ] a / [byN] [N]p [to-INF] [V-ing] [that-CL] P(it) [S]p(¡t) [N ADJ]p [for N]

Passive: 1 /2

General: 0 Active: 2 / 2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D8 D6

[PRON: l] A II Obi [S]

[so/not]

D5 D7

fearful

3 0 5

D1

D2

D3

D4

+ Np He has just as much reason to fear me, as I have to be afraid of him. There was no reason to fear discovery. Those fearing change feed the controversy and distort the entire picture to confuse themselves and others. What would happen if the worst thing you fear actually did occur? + to-INF Old ladies fear to set foot out of doors. She lay fearing to breathe, as she watched him turn without a word and walk through the fractured bedroom door. +V-ing We may fear being bitten by a dangerous dog but a cat bite can lead to more trouble. You need not fear hurting the doctor's feelings by questioning his advice or reasoning. + (that)-CLp(it) (>30%) Do you fear that this may happen to you? He feared that the plan for clearing the Belgian coast had been put at risk. Among other opponents of Sunday opening are trade union leaders, who fear that staff could be exploited. They fear it could cost the party the next election. It is feared that the problem of inaccessibility of essential goods, especially of food, is reaching a crisis point. An R A F Shackleton aircraft has crashed in the Outer Hebrides. It is feared all ten people on board were killed.

D5

SENTENCEp(it)

O n e in 10 drinkers may, it is

feared, have an addiction problem. a Alas, I fear, he is too late. The age-old plans fostered by the Labour Left to nationalize finance and banking, it was feared, might again be put on the agenda if a stop was not put to the nationalization drive now. The part I played was, I fear, a very insignificant one, but from one point of view I shall never regret my periods of service overseas. D6

D7

D8

+ for Ν Fearing for the safety of the other 113 passengers on board, the pilot diverted the plane to Sweden. He now feared for his life. These surveys also show that under 5 % of those interviewed state that they never go out at night, because they fear for their personal safety. I fear for you, really I do. + so/not α "Is anything left at all?" "I fear not." Brave? Most certainly. Foolhardy? I fear so. + Ν ADJ (usually passive) Nearly 2 , 0 0 0 people are feared dead after an overloaded ferry sank in a storm 60 miles of the coast of Haiti. At least five hundred people aie feared drowned in floods.

A person1 can fear

α

(i) someone or something 1 1 , i.e. be afraid of them. (ii) that something is the case 11 , i.e. be worried that it is the case. (iii) for someone or something 111 , i.e. fear that they may be in danger. (iv) to do something 1 1 , i.e. avoid it because they are afraid. (v) doing something they do not want to do 11 , i.e. be afraid that it may happen. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D8 I fear is used to express regret over something that is being reported. -> D5 D7

fearful P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective

attr A He forecast more mass movements of fearful refugees from Burundi. Β The Volkhonka rooms were in a fearful state. pred A The kids are very fearful at night. Β Their adventures aie fearful. + to-INF (rare) Β This could expose one to the unseen influenees of countless others, which can be fearful to contemplate. [it] + to-INF (rare) Β And we've had a night in here I talked about it yesterday when it was just a little fearful to be in the building.

P5

P6

P7

+ (that)-CL (frequent) A As though fearful he would desert her now, she gripped his hand even more tightly. Some economists are even fearful that a worldwide recession could set in unless more attention is given to fostering growth. Although M r Ashdown received support from all parties last night, Westminster sources were fearful that his party might still be damaged. + lest-CL A However, the old Bishop mistrusts its sorcerous power and is fearful lest the ring fall into evil hands. + about N/V-ing/about Ν V-Ing A They're fearful about a continuing threat from the army. Their bankers axe fearful about

306

feasible

I'd be fearful about

At that time Vladimir was still a place of eco-

My mother was fearful about me

nomic stagnation: shortages, long lines at the

environmental liability. using it. P8

going to London.

stores, a population fearful of the future.

+ for Ν

Some are suspicious and fearful of becoming en-

A

tangled in bureaucratic processes.

I was fearful for my children because they

were left without the nurturing from their daddy.

P10

Mother becomes more fearful to a boy as he

learns that she is of another sex.

vanced, called in their money. P9

+ to Ν (rare) Β

The banks, fearful for the capital they had ad+ of N/V-ing (very frequent) A

For a moment the three in the house were of more trouble, but the newcomers

fearful

proved to be the housekeeper and her husband.

of something or someone or that something will happen, i.e. see it as a danger. . . . . . . . . .

(i)

If something is fearful to imagine, it makes you very anxious. - » P1 P2 P3 P4 P10 tSSat&iiÎMÎ!

feasible P1

•··:: ^tgiSîîmafiiifíítSPU

adjective Renting is a feasible alternative to paying

attr

cuits onto chips directly, using electron beams.

off a mortgage.

But this is really on\y feasible for producing spe-

P2

pred

P3

[it] + to-INF (frequent)

cialised chips, not for the mass production of

It's difficult, but feasible.

free child care. P4

[it] + that-CL

memory chips.

It is not feasible to have P6

It is feasible

[it] + for Ν to-INF

Politically, it's not feasi-

ble for their governments to let all unprofitable

that convicted

companies go out of business.

criminals would be interviewed as part of an inquiry. P5

+ for N/V-ing (frequent)

That may be fine for

the US, but it's not feasible for a mass European market.

A third possibility is to write the cir-

If it is feasible for something to be done or that something should be done, it is considered possible. ÎWïSSiâïSSiKffSaÎÏ^S^

feed

verb FOOD

join

Active: 1 /3

Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by N] [ N ] a / [by N] [Ν]ρ_Ί

AGENT

Τ 1.4-6

BEN/REC

[N]A

[into N] T5 T1.5

/EFFECTED

[off N]

D3

[on N]

D4

m IV

[N]P-2 [ f r o m N]

T1-2 T5

D2

T3 T1.3.5 T2

T4

A Each clutch of chicks should be removed to separate accommodation once they are feeding independently. + Np A

D1

T6

[with N]

D1

[N]p-1 [toN]

M

[to N] [N]p. 2

II

T1.4.6

The amount of grain used to feed cattle could

be used to feed many times more people than the meat from each cow. Fred expected only to be fed. Β The Rio Abajo area is fed by the River Chocuqyapu. Not just the city centre, but the

307

D2

D3

D4

T1

T2

A

Β

feed

roads that feed it, like the infamous M25 orbital motorway, are now regularly brought to a standstill. + into Ν Β Developments in the audio-visual media, in technology, in transport and in communications all feed into the new situation. Among his outdoor routines was walking to where the road from Antynth feeds into the motorway. + off Ν A The larvae crawl down through the soil and feed off the roots of the host plant. • Extremists on both sides fed off each other. (= exploited) They are always seeking out new opinions, willing to feed off criticism. (= exploit) We have old DJs on the radio, feeding off the world of the young. (= exploiting) + on Ν (frequent) A Some species feed on the outer leaves, others feed on the inner leaves. Adults feed on pollen and nectar. + Np + NR A I drive everyone mad standing outside the stable feeding him carrots and saying how wonderful he is. Β They feed us information to keep us up-todate. be fed + from Ν Β The system can no longer be fed from domestic resources.

T3

T4

T5

T6

+ Np + into Ν Β He fed more coins into the machine. That is an essential feature of the work, which is then fed into the computer. + Np + on Ν A We have to feed the birds on mince. "What's she fed on?" - "Canned food and mixer twice daily. Oh, and a few bits and bobs." + Np + to Ν A You can dine al fresco with views over the lake, feed bread to the black swans as they glide by. The larger sheaves have now been replaced by massive sacks of grain (later fed to local chickens, whose eggs are sold in aid of church funds). Β Seventies songs are being fed to a new generation by teen groups with adorable faces and bottoms. + Np + with Ν A I feed the plants with liquid fertiliser in the normal way after the sixth week of growth.

Animals 11 can feed on or off food of some kind111. A person 1 can feed animals or people 11 food I U , or feed them 11 on food of some kind111. A person 1 can feed animals, plants or people11 with food of some kind111. M D1 D3 D4 T1 T4 T5 T6 also in phrasal verbs: feed up Feed can also be used in a wider sense, often meaning 'give something to someone or something' or 'put something into a machine or system", something such as a river or a road1 can feed into another river or (i) (ii) (iii)

road", i.e. join it. —> D1 D2 T1 T2 T3 T5 also in phrasal verbs: feed in; feed out; feed through

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in Np When Michael Jackson spoke to his fans last Friday, it was not in a television interview, but by answering questions fed in on the internet. (= distributed through) Investors are advised to feed in their own views on the future before deciding whom to believe. (= contribute) + in (+ ADV) They also feed in to another set of fantasies altogether. (= contribute to) + out •-> Np Í usi feed out the desired amount of yarn, and the self- locking feature holds it firmly in place. (= pull out) A range of tax proposals are fed out through the media. (= published) + through (+ ADV) It will not be until well into 1995 that the benefits feed through. (= become obvious) Sterling's plunge has helped curb

Britain's appetite for imports, but has yet to feed through into higher inflation. (= result in) + up «-» Ν We explained it better and trained the farmers in how to feed up their donkey. (= feed effectively)

308

feel

feel A

verb 'experience' Active: 2 / 3

ι li

ill IV

Β

C Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [ADJ] [as if/as though-CL] [like N/V-ing] [like-CL] [ADV] [NINF] [N V-ing] [NV-ed] [for N] [about N/V-ing] 'have a sensation' Active: 2 / 2

ι II

m IV

D1

D2

D3

D4

[N] A / [by N] [N]p [wh-CL]p( it) [N V-ed] [forN] [ADV]

General: 0

'seem' Active: 2 / 2

[N]A/[byN] [it] + pattern of II [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A il obi [ADJ] [as if/as though-CL] [like N/V-ing] [like-CL] [ADV] D 'have an opinion' lobi

D1 D2 D6 ds db D9 D11 D12 D12 D7

T1

T2

TI-2

Active: 2 / 3

D2 D2.8 D2.8 D2.8 D2 D6 08 D8 D9

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] II [that-CL] P(it ) [wh-CL] P(it) [S] [N to-INF]p m [ADV] 11 +ill [itp + ADJ-pattern] I

Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

01

D5 D12

D7

D4

ds D3

D10 D9

T3

D9

+ Np

A I felt a sharp pain in my back. This is the first year for quite a while that I haven't been performing at the Edinburgh Festival, and I can feel the withdrawal symptoms already. I'm ashamed to say I feel real hatred for this woman. I felt nothing. She tried to conceal what she was feeling. Socially, you do feel a bit of an outcast. Β Check that your baby is neither too warm nor too cold by feeling his tummy or the back of his neck. + ADJ/[it] + ADJ-pattern (frequent) A Although in some ways they are desperately close, he makes her feel insecure and jealous, and she makes him feel suffocated and irritable. I felt rejected, confused. Mike felt able to take a risk. I feel a bit weak, that's all. C The water feels warm with the sun's rays pouring on it. When the dough feels soft and elastic, make it into a ball, put it into a large bowl and sprinkle it with a little flour. See how good it can feel to let yourself go. It felt good to say it, to let it out. + SENTENCE D It was, she felt, an opportunity not to be missed. + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent) D I don't feel I've missed anything. I feel they would be better off without me. We wish to explore the possibility of using as much local

D5

D6

D7

D8

produce as possible, not only because we feel that is the style to go with our menus, but also because we feel that the economy needs that as well. + wh-CLp(it) Β The doctor or midwife cm feel where the top of the womb is. D I remember feeling how helpless and vulnerable he looked. + as if/as though-CL A I was unable to sleep at night and \ felt as if I was going mad. I feel as though I've been let down. C It felt as if I was playing some sort of game. It feels as if spring is in the air. + for Ν A It's sad, I do feel for her. Did you feel for Goochy at that moment? Β Cross felt for his gun, then decided to run. + like N/V-ing /like-CL A Suddenly she felt like an old hag with fingers she could no longer feel and limbs which weighed like lead. Did having a gun make you feel like a man? You really feel like you are in the Caribbean. C If a Design Your Own Caribbean Island contest existed, I am pretty sure my entry would be a concoction that looks, feels and sounds like Puerto Rico. What does it feel like to be a mother-in-law? It always feels like, you know, you're driving along in fourth at thirty-five.

309

D9

D10

feeling

• We don't have to discuss the matter today if you don't feel like it. (= want to) I feel like celebrating. (=1 want to) Inside the camp officers would only say that their men had felt like going for a drive around town and that now they were back. (= wanted to) + ADV A The only time I ever felt in the presence of the real thing was when I met an old East End lady who everyone said was able to contact the "other side". Despite her new confidence, she always felt at a disadvantage in that she and even the more esteemed writer Willa Cather belonged not to a single literary profession. We know how you must feel. Β Jupe felt under the front seats and groped beneath the dashboard. C Then stroke your cheeks lightly and pay attention to how that feels. D Yeats had come across them, or so he felt, in the stories told by Irish cottagers who knew nothing of magic at all. + Np to-INF D When a currency is felt to be weak, the markets will put the worst possible construction on any piece of news which might affect it. In Whitehall, this was felt to be the diplomatic equivalent of claiming to have left one's homework on the bus.

D11

D12

T1 T2

T3

1

(i) (H) («·)

+ NINF A I felt myself blush. Instantly, unmistakably, ha felt her recoil. + Ν V-ing/N V-ed A As our eyes met for the first time I could feel my heart pounding. I felt my sickness rising again but hung on. Lucas could feel her staring at him. It is pure chance if somebody also possesses these latter qualities, and it is a serious situation if a teacher feels it expected of him to make use of them MacKenzie/e/i himself lifted into the front seat. Β She began to feel his hands moving over her. + ADJ + about N/V-ing A It was an accident; I feel awful about it. + ADV + about N/V-ing A And how are you feeling about the report you've got to write at the end of your assessment? I don't know why Michael feels so strongly about me. So how does this creative re-examination make him feel about the large body of work he produced before? How do you feel about keeping animals in cages? + itp + ADJ-pattern D Significantly, in the same Commons session, Major did feel it necessary to rebuke one of his ministers. I felt it advisable to ask for advice. It just felt right for me to have an opportunity to go abroad and help other people. TT

A person or an animal 1 can feel a certain emotion or sensation", i.e. experience it. If you1 feel for someone 111 you imagine what they are feeling and sympathise with them. You1 can feel or it can feel as if or as though you were going mad11; to say you feel like or it feels like you are going mad l [ is informal and is considered unacceptable by some people. —> D1 D2 D6 D7 D8 D9 D 1 T 1 T2 Β A person* can feel a thing", i.e. experience by touch or sensation that it is there. D1 D5 D7 D9 D12 C If a thing or experience 1 feels a particular way 11 , that is how it seems. -» D2 D6 D8 D9 D A person 1 can feel that something is the case®, i.e. be of that opinion. D3 D4 D5 D9 D10 T3 Note that in patterns with + Ν or + ADJ, the valency of the noun or the adjective can result in more complicated patterns such as It was felt appropriate for them to go to private school. Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up P1 P2 P4 Fit can mean 'appropriate' or 'good enough for a particular purpose'.

•

P1 P3 P4

317

fit

fit

verb clothes.. Active: 1 / 3

II cont III

Β

C General: 0

equip Active: 2 / 3

Ι

[N] A [N] [ADV] . . . description

II obi

III IV

[N] a / [by N] [N]p [with N] [ADV]«

D1

T1-2

T1 T2

Active: 1 / 2 lobi

Il cont

D1

D2

D3

[N] A [V-ing]A [that-CL] A

D1

[N]

D1

[with N]

D2

D1

A The way he looks I think he'd fit. (only if clear from context) Β He was forcing the facts to fit and coming up with absurd conclusions, (only if clear from context) +Ν A My feet are quite large and I find it difficult to find shoes that I like in styles that fit me. Ode for St Cecilia's Day was written to fit a festival still celebrated with great pomp and circumstance. Β These descriptions fit no one. I think the punishment should fit the crime. Many couples' behaviour fits a pattern like this, at least in some areas of their relationship. So far then. The facts fit the theory. + Np C We then moved on to fitting a set of carpets. The vehicle is being completely rebuilt internally and roller shutter doors are being fitted. It is simple to fit and remove, and folds flat for compact storage. + with Ν Β It would not currently fit with our strategy. Dawe's views do not fit with those of any British party. + ADV (frequent) A It doesn't fit together. Compact sets are sold that will /ïi onto a balcony or other small sitting area. The display panel fits to a bracket on the casing where the angle can be altered for the best view. Most blind manufacturers can supply you with Venetian or roller blinds to fit exactly within the window-frame. A climber grown in a pot will fit easily into a plot no more than a metre square and will quickly establish itself. American popular culture today demands that any political idea worth its salt should /ï/ on a bumper sticker. Its state-of-theart telescopic design ensures that it fits neatly into your jeans' pocket or into a purse. I think it was because she didn't fit into his life. Make

T1

T2

sure the box is strong and rigid, and bear in mind that if the lid fits very tightly, you may have to cover the sides without padding them. + Np + with Ν C All 13 amp plugs used with ionizers should b e fitted with a 3 amp fuse. None of the royal limousines was fitted with a rear-view mirror for the protection officer. Those debts formed by digging the tunnel, firing it with adequate safety devices and buying rolling stock to operate Le Shuttle add up to almost $ 550 million this summer alone. The boat was fitted with sledge runners and a sail for use when the wind was favourable. Many modern cars are fitted with such a gadget, but few boats. + Np + ADV A You can fit every question into one of three categories and one of three forms. + NP + ADV« C It's better to invest in inexpensive photographic lights which can be fitted to adjustable stands and used with different reflector dishes. Coach-operators are to be encouraged to fit seat belts to all new coaches. So I had to go out and buy another tube and fit it on. Special application presses are available for fitting new wheels to axles. An indirectly heated gas oven has a burner fitted beneath the base, so it is hottest at the bottom.

fix

318

A

Fit can - be used to express that 'someone or something will go well in a particular place'; very typically used in contexts such as: I

II

(i) Clothes* can fit a person", i.e. be the right size. (ii) A thing1 fits somewhere 111 , i.e. has the right shape or size to be there. -» M D1 D312 also in phrasal verbs: fit in Β Fit can mean 'be in accordance with' : (i) A description 1 can fit a person 11 , i.e. be correct, (il) Something 1 can fit a pattern or a system" or fit with i t n i.e. be in agreement with it. -> M D1 D2 also in phrasal verbs: fit in c A person 1 can fit (i) something 11 somewhere IV , •iiffiSS (ii) something 11 to a thing IV (iii) a thing u with something 111 , i • D1 T1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: msmmm

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in Np Since I retired there are so many demands on my time I just can't/» everything in. (= manage to do) I could fit it in tomorrow. (= find time for) + in (+ to N)p/in + with N P /in + ADV They'd said I would not fit in to the ethos of the college. (= be compatible with) There's no indication how the planned agreement would fit in with a new Union treaty. (= be compatible with) Over the last few decades there has been a revolution in who works and in how we expect work to fit in with raising our families. (= be compatible with) You can hardly tell that it's a new building, it fits in with the existing farm buildings. (= is similar to) It was impossible to see where everyone would fit in. (= be accommodated) My job at the cafe was part time, so \ fitted in with him. (= arranged my life to suit his)

fix A

verb 'attach' Active: 1 / 3

ι II

III IV ν Β

ι C

. . . photograph

Il obi m

Active: 2 / 2

...date Passive: 1/2

[N]a / [by N] [N]p [on N]p

Passive: 1/2

[N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p

General: 0

I

D1

D3

T2.4-6 T4 T4 T2 T6 T5

ÉÍÉáWBKÊÊSKSÊ

Passive: 1 /2§§§§General: 0

[N]A/[byN] [N]p Active: 2/2

ι

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [on N/V-ing] [upon N/V-ing] [at N] [ADV]« [with N] Active: 2/2

II imp

+ Np + in + with N/V-ing Their singer was a successful video director and he couldn't fit the band in with his job. (= do at the same time) If I could fit it in with being a good mother, I would. (= do at the same time) + out «-» Np This was the first time that we'd ever had the opportunity to fit out a bathroom for ourselves. (= equip) + up «-> Np The police force are fitting up people all the time, you know. (= falsely incriminating them) + up Np + with Ν I suggest we fit you up with an office suite in the admin wing. (= provide)

D1 i ï l i WÊBBÊÊÊKÊÊÊ D1 D2

E

Active: 3 / 3

ι

D1

... meal Passive: 2 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N]

M obi [NJp_2 /EFFECTED

T1.3

m obi [NJp_i BEN/REC [for Ν]

T1 T3

319 M

D1

flexible

A Blend translucent powder over the eyeliner to fix, or apply shadow to soften the line. Β Fix and wash carefully, (used in instructions) + Np A How do they^w: the prices? Housing benefit is calculated on the basis of a level of income fixed by the government. Β When dry fix the print by ironing on the reverse side. C No date has been fixed for a meeting, but observers say that once a venue has been agreed, talks could commence almost immediately. D I knew how to fix a plug. Normally a disaster. Now she laughed. Nothing that can't be fixed, she thought. I will ./a it all. • Nash and Barrey Metzler tried to fix the Joliet fight. (= illegally influence the result)

T3 T4

T5

T6

(frequent)

D2

+ o n NP

D3

C This week the Polish parliament has been discussing the timing of new presidential elections and is thought likely to fix on a date around the end of November. + upon Np A What Daldry has done is fix upon the time the play was written. + Np + Np E He heard her as though from a distance of-

T1

T2

fering to make coffee or to fix him another drink. Should you fix him a cooked breakfast? + Np + at Ν A Savers have an option to fix the rate at 8.25 + Np + for Ν E Then they began to fix a lunch for him. + Np + on/upon N/V-ing A Wes fixed his eyes on me. The world's attention is fixed on the Soviet drama. The hypnotist fixes staring eyes upon his clients. The Women's party was formed last year and has its sights fixed on winning seats at the next general election. + Np + with Ν A He took her hand and fixed her with a look of deep concern. + Np + ADV« A Tri-pegs for fixing down the fleece edges cost £ 2.99 for eight. They were given a candle and some matches, together with some drawing- pins, and told to find a way of fixing the candle to the nearest door. The cut-out motifs were then fixed in place and sealed with a glaze.

The meaning of fix can generally be described as 'put something in a particular place and attach it firmly'. Fix, however, is often used metaphorically, e.g. to mean 'concentrate on' or in sentences such as people can fix prices or times for something or fix someone with a stare. M D1 D3 T2 T4 T5 T6 A person 1 can fix something such as a photographic print 11 , i.e. give it chemical treatment. M D1 A person 1 can fix on a time or a date111, i.e. choose it definitely. -> D1 D2 A person 1 can fix something such as a problem 11 , i.e. solve it. II

(ii)

something such as a piece of equipment, plug, light bulb", i.e. repair it.

A person 1 can fix another person111 a meal or a drink 11 , i.e. make it for them. T1 T3 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up Np Attempts on the part of her friends to fix her was fixed up a long time before United won the up, to have her meet their male friends, ended in title. (= arranged) failures. (= provide her with a partner) They've + up to Ν (rare) To Francis she was frank about it. + about Ν P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 Something that is free or free of charge does not cost any money. -» P1 P2 P4 P6 P7 A person that is free with money, advice, presents, etc. tends to offer them generously. -» P8

Β C

free I

T1

T2

verb Active: 2/3 Passive: 113 [ N ] a / [byN] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A

T1-3 T2-3 T1-3

+ Np In the event the hostages wert freed after President Reagan's victory. Mr Bruce was freed on bail and the case was sent back to the Magistrates. At Lambarene, rioters are said to have attacked the prison and freed a number of inmates. • Herbert Cahn's visit persuaded the Getty trustees to free $ 11 million to acquire the collection. (= make available) The 35-year-old striker has been freed by Aston Villa and is being chased by Wolves, Barnsley, Luton and Tranmere. (= released from contract) + Np + to-INF As soon as you get a positive diagnosis, your mind is put at rest and the energy tied up in worrying is freed to help you overcome the illness. In addition, it would free the experienced terrorist to strike again. + Np + from N/V-ing Mr Imanyara was arrested on Wednesday immediately after being freed from three weeks' detention. They agreed to call for urgent economic growth in a South Africa newly freed from international trade sanctions. Mrs Daphne Parish, the

A person or a (i) another (ii) another (iii) another (iv) another

II obi [N]p III [to-INF] IV [from N/V-ing] [of N]

T3

T1-3 T1 T2 T3

British nurse freed from prison in Iraq on Monday, was reunited with her family at Gatwick airport this morning. I decided that if she worked hard and listened to me I could probably free her from all the bad acting habits she'd picked up. He drafts in help from glamorous grand master Christopher Lambert, who can't entirely free himself from suspicion, despite winning the affection and trust of the shrink on the case. This frees manufacturers from relying on natural supplies, which can vary in quality. + Np + of Ν Pantieri went up to it to free himself of his raincoat, but was stopped by the magistrate, who put his fingers to his lips with a peremptory gesture. "All I needed", she said, "was a letter from the British High Commission to free them of any resposibility." Roman Catholics had been freed of their political disabilities only so recently as 1829.

situation 1 can free person 11 , i.e. set them free from oppression or prison. person 11 to do something 111 , i.e. put them in a position that they can do it. person 11 from prison, oppression, any kind of restriction or suspicion IV person 11 of something they consider a restriction IV .

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up P2 P5

334

friendly friendly

adjective

attr A Yet this agreement to disagree was concluded in a conciliatory and even friendly atmosphere. Β To think this in June 1940 was forgivable; to say it openly to a representative of a foreign, even iffriendly power, was to say the least indiscreet. C The German car manufacturer Volkswagen has launched what could be the most economical and environmentally friendly car on the road, if it goes into production, pred A The landlady was very friendly. The service is friendly. Β The two women had been friendly for some months.

P1

P2

frighten

D3 T1

T2

T3

P5

verb

Active: 2/3

ι

D2

P4

+ to Ν A They became friendly to me and attentive. C Dr. Lawrence says he is looking for really new ideas from engineers, biologists and chemists, working together to devise clean technologies as friendly to the environment as natural biological processes. + toward(s) Ν A Everyone was friendly towards me because I was the Captain's protegee. + with Ν (frequent) A They were always very friendly with her. Β I became friendly with mathematicians. She was also friendly with all of the instructors, including one I fancied. But he was only interested in Penny.

If a person is friendly to (less commonly also with) another person, they behave to them in a kind and considerate way. ->• P1 P1 P2 P2 P3 P3 P4 P4 P5 P5 If a person is friendly with another person, they know them well and are friends with them. -» P1 P2 P5 Something can be friendly to something else, esp. the environment, i.e. not damage it or harm it.

Β C

D1

P3

[N]a / [by N] [V-lng] A [that-CL] A ( i t ) [to-INF] A ( i t ) [that-CL] A [to-INF] A

General: 0 D1 D1 D1

II obi

ill

D1

T2-4.6 T4 T4 T2.6 T2.6

+ Np Large distances frighten me. Sometimes she almost frightens me. She knows too much. His threats frightened her. [it] + Np + to-INF Still, as a nurse it frightened her to contemplate the procedure and its risks. It frightened me to think of young people acting now the way I did then. [it] + Np + that-CL It frightened her that all those years could be wiped away. + Np + from N/V-ing Then our plan to frighten the archaeologists from our collection grounds has failed. They don't want to frighten people from making trips to Estonia. + Np + into N/V-ing He could frighten someone into a heart attack. But generally he hopes that the Gulf crisis will frighten companies into finding alternative markets. + Np + out of N/V-ing They managed to frighten the life out of Mrs. Amaury. It would frighten the hell out of me to be a creature walk-

IV V VI

T4

T5

T6

[N]p

[from N/V-ing] [out of N/V-ing] [into N/V-ing] [to N: death] [with N] [ADV]«

D1-3

T1-6

τι T3 T2 T4 T5 T6

ing round, taking drugs. Senior Tories were at loggerheads last night over a scheme aimed at frightening children out of taking drugs. The chestnut crashed through the conservatory and set off all the alarms, which joined with the sound of the gate to frighten me out of my wits. + Np + to N: death Some giant bird swished past my head and frightened me to death as I felt the fallen stones of the old crofter's cottage. + Np + with Ν It's a thought. Frighten 'em with the Κ G Β. They frightened him with their perversions and meanness. But she still felt the need to frighten Tory voters with stories of bogus marriages.' + Np + ADV Ö The reason he drives like a maniac is to try and frighten them off the road. • At festivals of the dead they can protect against malignant ghosts and frighten evil spirits away. (= force them to disappear)

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fun

, „ ,. , , . , ,, frighten generally means make someone afraid . Someone or something' can frighten someone" IV (i) into doing something , i.e. make them do it. (ii) from doing something they might have considered doing 111 (iii) out of doing something or of something that they had intended to do 111 (iv) with something they would consider a threat or would find worrying or disturbing v . In colloquial English, you can say frighten the hell, life, wits, etc. out of someone or frighten someone

Idiomatic phrasal verbs off D1 D2D3T1 T3T5T7 Note that if give is used without an object, it either has to be clear from the context what is meant or it has to be a general comment about someone's generosity as in She was always happy to give. M If you say something must give, you mean that 'one of a number of forces will have to concede to the Ü É other'. M «•sSiiSSí «¡•¡¡i Give is used in many relatively fixed combinations to express a verbal meaning, such as (i) give a smile, laugh, cough (ti) give a hint, an explanation (iii) give an embrace, a hug, a kiss Mi (iii) give a talk, a paper, a lecture. -» D1 T1 T5 Give can mean 'produce a certain result or effect'. D1 T1 T5

^BWHHHL»

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away Ν + to Ν She finds her whole life given up to his work. (= devoted) glad

adjective attr Tumalo raced back to his village with a glad heart. When she heard the glad news of your safety she was delighted, pred I'm glad. I'll bet you'll be glad when tomorrow is over. + to-INF/ to (frequent) Ingrid was glad to see him go. I'm glad to meet you. The manufacturers were only too glad to oblige. If I can help you in any way, I'd be glad to do so. We'd be glad to. + (that)-CL (> 30 %) He was glad that she'd told him. We're so glad you could come. + about N/V-ing/ about wh-CL Her husband and children and close relatives seem supportive, and I am glad about that. I felt real glad about doing it. I ought to be glad about what happened.

P1

P2 P3

P4 P5

(i)

(ii) (iii)

go

Ii m

P6

P7

P8

P9

+ at N/V-ing/at wh-CL The solitary guard, a weary old man who, like the exhibit, had seen better days, seemed glad at the sight of what he took to be a friendly face. I am amazingly glad at what you tell me about Sam. + for Ν/for Ν to-INF My wife had no friends here in the country, and no one came to visit. Frankly, I was glad for the solitude. I'm very glad for you, Nick. This sort of work was anonymous, and Hecht was glad for it to stay that way. + of Ν I'd be glad of a word with Mr Daley, if he's around The phone on his desk rang, and, glad of the distraction, he lifted it. Mrs Masters might be glad of the extra money. + for Ν + that-CL I'm glad for your father and for Tony that they have that energy.

Glad can be used to say that someone is pleased about a certain state of affairs: A person can be glad (a) about someone or about something that is the case, (b) for something that is the case, (c) of something that improves or would improve their situation, (d) that something is the case. A person can be glad for another person, i.e. pleased that something has made them happy. Glad can be used to say that something makes a person happy at a particular point in time. A person can be glad (a) at an event, (b) to hear, find out, etc. that something is the case. Phrases such as lam glad/would be glad to do that express a person's willingness to help, etc.

verb Active: 1/2

I

+ up + on Ν Don't give up on policies that are uncomfortable, but in Scotland's interests. (= stop pursuing) + way I felt my legs giving way. (= beginning to be weak) The floor could give way at any moment. (= collapse) + way + on Ν His country is still ready for negotiations but cannot give way on the issue of independence. (= make concessions) + way + to Ν Treasury must give way to Heseltine. (= concede) The US currency will rise modestly as summer gives way to autumn. (= turns into) But her happy childhood was to give way to an unstable adolesence. (= is replaced by)

[N]A [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [wh-CL] A [N] [ADJ]

General: 0

IV D1.11.24 D11.24 D11 D1 D2

V

VI VII Vili IX χ XI

[to-INF] [and INF] [V-ing] [against N] [at N] [byN] [for N] [into N/V-ing] [ADV]

D3 D4 D6 D11 D12 D13 D14 D16 D24

352

go

α

lobi

li

tJ

RH Active: 1 / 2

Active: 2/2

[N]a

[ADV]

D24

I II 0

Active: 1 /2

Active: 2/2

[N] A [N]

I II m

Active: 1 / 2 lobi H m IV

[N]A

[about N/V-ing] [for N]

ÜÉSHI ι

[N]a

[ADJ] [for N ] [ADV]

[N] a [that-CL] [Q/S]

D2

Active: 2/2

D14

lobi

D24

Il obi [at N]

[N] A [for N] : 2/2

Active: 2/3

I il ih IV

[N]a [ADJ] [from Ν] [to Ν]

lobi

[Ν] a

il obi

[by Ν] [under Ν]

λ

D2

Active: 2/2

I II

m

Active: 2/2

IV ν vi M

[Ν] α [V-ing]A [to-INF] [in Ν] [into N/V-ing] [on N/V-ing] [towards N]

[N]a [by Ν] [on N/V-ing]

D13 D17

Further uses

[INF] [after N] P [off N] [to N] [with N] [without (N/V-ing)]

D20 D3 D15 D16 D17 D20

I was supposed to go to Dana Hall, where my aunt went. I wish now I'd gone, (only if clear from context) Ingrid was glad to see him go. They had two choices, to stay and face the Bosnian army, or leave under UN protection. They all chose to go. Prime Minister Ryzhkov may well have to go, as something of a scapegoat, to allow the reform plans to be refashioned. Once the money was gone her husband abandoned her. α It's important, she feels, to keep a conversation going. β There's still three bloody weeks to go before Christmas! γ There weren't that many jobs going that I could choose. δ As Geraldine was driving her four children home to their cottage near Swimbridge in North Devon, the brakes went again. • Tomorrow I might not wake up. I hope I go that way when I have to go. (= die) The whistle goes, the English players are ecstatic. (= is blown)

D1

D2

D5 D10 D18 D19 D22 D23

+ Ν The Soviet Union was beginning to break up, with many of its constituent republics determined to go their own way. To go a stage further they need TV exposure but it's not coming. β "Gone six o'clock," he said now, "and not a sound. Usually Helen's about, dealing with little Billy." • Dakyns Boy is already a course and distance winner who also goes a great gallop. (= gallops very well) + ADJ Twelve riders had gone clear on the first of four laps. γ Always things going cheap after the market closes. ε I was going mad, though who'd notice in this country? At the ceremony, we played The Beatles' "When I'm 64" because Nic's going bald. • At one point, Nest says, he lent money to the Elizabeth Courtney operation for back payroll taxes which had gone unpaid. (= still not been paid) If in that process there is an arrange-

353

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

go D14

+ for Ν Experienced readers learn to watch out for the quiet sections of the novels, the bits in which people do things like mow their lawns or go for a swim. γ Touts said yesterday that semi-final tickets were going for £ 250 and men's final tickets for £ 1,000 a pair. The cherry dining room set went for $ 450. θ There are lots of shop-to-order thieves who go for silk goods, jackets, blouses, whatever, because they are easy to squash up. I don't know why I thought I was going to do it so quickly but at least it's given me something to go for. ν Four constables then went for him in a way that recalled my attack on poor Robert Phillis. • I have gone for the works by individuals who seem to exemplify the inattentive, swollen egotism of the architectural profession. (= chosen) After 25 you don't look cool with a trumpet you can't play, only foolish. The same goes for a whole heap of arty books. (= is true of)

D15

+ in Ν

θ As I have gone about my business in recent weeks, people have commented on my new appearance. Of course we must be very cautious about exactly how we go about it. So how do students go about funding themselves? Joyce went about making the house as pleasant and charming as it could be.

D16

ζ Unit trusts and life assurers should tell investors how much of their money will go in expenses and commissions. + into N/V-ing He'd gone into insurance when he left school. ζ A tremendous amount of work has gone into making Elland Road a fine stadium.

+ after Np

D17

ment where all the Western hostages go free, so much the better. (= are freed) + to-INF (frequent) I love going to see granny and grandad. ζ It's written by their manager Maurice Starr and all proceeds will go to help victims of cerebral palsy. + and INF Oh, for God's sake go and have some breakfast! Let's go and talk to him. I shall now go and remove the six dirty mugs from the lavatory windowsill. + INF

• Now I can go get answers instead of getting blindsided in briefings. (= succeed in getting) + V-ing The two women went driving almost every afternoon. I don't suppose you ever go shopping for food yourself. She went looking for cards and sent me to the kitchen for more beer. + that-CL

η The story goes that Ed's dad is a top sculptor. D8

QUOTE/SENTENCE

η Money doesn't buy happiness, the saying goes. "There is nothing like a dame", the song goes, and Coochie certainly wasn't. D9

D10

D11

D12

D13

+ about N/V-ing

• A vamp in a daring strapless pink number went after the most desirable man at the party. (= tried to get) + against Ν From there on the trial went against the playwright. • We have, after all, gone against the wishes of Party Conference though not against the unions. (= opposed) + at Ν It only goes at 20 mph and it looks as if it should go at 200 mph. ι The two came within sight of each other and, like true knights, each lowered visor and lance and went at the other. She fetched the vacuum cleaner, plugged it in and went to work on the carpet. She went at it in a kind of fury. + by Ν It's a lot cheaper than going by taxi, κ This guy, Jack Smith he goes by the name of Jackal. λ You just have to go by judgment and calculation, and hope for the best. If the attitude of the new political parties is anything to go by, a return to the monarchy enjoys little support.

+ into Np

• We'll go into details with him later. (= discuss) + on N/V-ing

ζ But £ 9.6 million has gone on players since he took over. The bank says nearly two thirds of government expenditure went on debt charges, twice the amount spent during the same period last year. Some £ 6 million has already gone on restoring the Great Hall, λ "It isn't much to go on" It was enough, Harry thought. D18

+ off Ν

• Sarah has not gone off sex. Sarah has gone off Iain. (= no longer likes) I've gone off Thomas Hardy because I find him too pessimistic. (= no longer like) D19

+ to Ν

• Speculation so far has concentrated on the possibility of the job going to a senior policeman. (= being given to) D20

+ toward(s) N/V-ing

ζ Some of this money went towards International Women's Day. The money, which would be in the form of bank loans, is to go towards modernising the country's industry.

354

go

D21

D22 D23

D24

Τ

+ under Ν κ Colombia play what generally goes under the name of Brazilian football. + with Ν • Do these shoes go with the dress? (= match) + without N/V-ing/without • For three days, I went without eating or sleeping. (= did without) We never went without. We had a hard time the first two years. (= felt a lack of anything) I just had to go without my lunch yesterday. (= do without) + ADV (frequent) Then I'd go home about five. I did not go abroad that year and I stopped racing at the end of the season. From there I went to Ningyo-cho and had gone a block or two past the corner where the Shimizuya bookshop was. Why don't you go upstairs and lie down for a bit? Where's he gone? I don't know. Sometimes the drugs go from Istanbul to Greece, then on to Sicily through Corsica and Morocco. And let's go on from there to Downing Street. I just wanted to tell you that I went along to the meeting. Everything from toffee papers to scrap must go in the bins provided. Many people believed that he had actually gone into hiding in the mountains near Mecca. I could have told her why no-one wanted to go on holiday with her. Most of the games are likely to be played in Pakistan but with four countries going through to the quarter-finals all the Test playing countries should go through. I am very tired and I do not want to go to school next morning. The possibility that Great Britain would go to war against the U S A because of quarrels in Canada or Central America had disappeared long ago. Many things are going up in price, α How are things going in there? The interview went very badly indeed. He told me that everything had gone according to plan. The weekend had gone exactly as she had wanted it. It was not long after his departure that things began to go seriously wrong, γ The new range is expected to go on sale in Britain in the autumn. • The people of Singapore go to the polls today. (= vote) But as far as children go, I had always been anti-them. I'd seen them as a nuisance. (= are concerned) Any skin problem that does not go away within a reasonable period of time requires an expert's evaluation and diagnosis. (= disappear) + from Ν + to Ν e Quite why the British took to tea in such a big way is a mystery and how a handful of dried leaves could go from fad to national emblem is astonishing. Ford's essential charm lies in his

ability to go from ordinary citizen of the republic to lonely American avenger.

355

go

The basic meaning of go is 'move to a particular place in a particular direction', usually away from the speaker or point of reference. Within this general meaning, more specific senses can be: (a) 'go away, depart', as in Thank goodness he 's gone, or ' be dismissed from a job', as in After the firm had lost three million pounds he had to go\ (b) 'disappear'; often used of money in the sense of 'be spent': £2000 a month went on clothes. If you say an amount went in rent, taxes, etc., it implies that you had no choice in a payment that is automatic; (c) 'attend an institution', as in go to school, go to evening classes, or 'start a particular career". as in He's gone into banking. (d) 'be able to be moved somewhere', 'fit somewhere', as in This box won't go in the cupboard. If you want to say why someone went somewhere, you can say They must go to post the letter, or They must go and post the letter, or even, in very colloquial and especially American English, I must go post the letter. Note that this reading is only possible in the simple form. M D1 D2 D3 D4 D6 D11 D12 D13 D14 D16 D24 α Go can have the meaning of 'act', 'function' or ' develop'. -> M D24 β γ

In referring to points or lengths of time, go can mean 'pass', as in It's gone two o 'clock. -> M D1 If an object 1 is going cheap 0 or going for £ 10*", it is on sale (at that price). If you say that a job or an opportunity 1 is going, you mean it is available. -» M D2 D14 D24 δ Go can also mean 'wear out', 'break', as in The brakes have gone (= failed) or The jacket had gone at the elbows. M ε Go can mean 'change in a certain way' or 'become' ; someone 1 can be going mad, deaf, etc. n . -» D2 Τ ζ Go can indicate that something is used for a particular purpose: (i) A sum of money 1 can go (a) towards a particular purpose v l or fb) to do something 11 or (c) into a project IV or (d) on a particular item of expenditure v . (ii) A lot of work or effort 1 can go into a project , v . -» D3 D15 D16 D17 D20 η The story, song, saying, argument, etc.1 goes is used to introduce the telling or explanation of a story. —> D7 D8 θ If you 1 go for something 111 , you have that as your aim; if you1 go about something, or go about doing something 11 , you set out to achieve that aim. -> D9 D14 ι Go can mean 'attack' Someone' can go (i) at or for someone 11 , i.e. attack them (ii) for something such as a task11, i.e. start doing it energetically. —» D12 D14 κ Someone or something 1 going by or under a certain name 11 is often called that. -> D13 D21 λ Go can mean 'use something as the basis for a judgment or assessment'. D13 D17 Note that going to-INF can be used to indicate future events or someone's intention, especially when there are signs that something is going to happen. Helen is going to have a baby. I told you I wasn't going to make a speech.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + about N/V-ing The second lesson (yet to be fully learnt) concerns the manner in which an independent regulatory agency should go about its task. (= approach) We're still working out what holes there are in the data for this country and how to go about filling them. (= try and fill) + ahead "Look, Ben," he said quietly, "if you want to work this case a little more, go ahead." (= proceed) They say the rescue can go ahead only if the relief agency agrees to remove the region's entire Muslim population. (= proceed) + ahead + with NP The European Community has decided to go ahead with a trade agreement with Romania. (= continue) + along + with NP The other directors questioned Rosen thoroughly but, in the end, went along with his advice. (= followed) His parents were convinced, and they went along with the deal. (= agreed to)

+ back + on Ν This is not the first time the rebels have gone back on a previously unconditional agreement to disarm. (= acted contrary to) Mr Lim had either to resign as he had promised or be seen to have gone back on his word. (= failed to keep) + back + to V-ing He said there were no benefits for anyone, in Lebanon or elsewhere, in going back to taking hostages. (= starting taking hostages again) + down + as Ν Haacke will go down in art history as the enlargement sculptor. (= be remembered as) + down + with Ν If you have one child you're not likely to have another child nearby go down with the same disorder. (= become ill) + down + SCORE Results like that at Newcastle last week, when the Owls led 2-1 only to go down 4—2, betray a lack of confidence. (= lose) + down + ADV (+ with N) Talk about this move has

356

goal

not gone down at all well at the Belgian end of the GB-MG organisation. (= been popular) The military leaders will go down in history with blood on their hands. (= be remembered) Gorbachev's moderate line may not go down well with republican leaders. (= be popular) + in + for N/V-ingp I don't go in much for winter sports. (= enjoy) He certainly is hoping to create a job for himself because he wants to go in for breeding snails as food. (= get involved in) + off One civilian died, another escaped just in time and in the third case the bomb did not go o f f . (= explode) You had set the alarm clock, you heard it go o f f , you waited for it to go off, for several minutes at least. (= start ringing) The sole à la bonne femme has gone o f f . (= is rotten and must not be eaten) + off + ADV Scores of gay activists are already hard at work trying to make sure that the various events taking place in the Big Apple go off smoothly. (= take place) + on

' T h e r e ' s a wedding going on," explained the Marshal for the third time. (= taking place) You can't know what's going on in other people's minds. (= happening) The battle goes on. We're going to win. (= continues) He thought it was better not to go on. (= continue) Research is also going on at Wayne State University, Detroit, on diazoxide, a drug used to treat low blood sugar. (= being done) Lights must have gone on in military headquarters all over Berlin and Tokyo. (= been switched on) + on + to-INF Significantly, Palma goes on to quote Cardoso in support of this view. (= then quotes) Angry crowds have besieged cigarette kiosks and gone on to block main roads in protest when they've been turned away empty handed. (= subsequently) + on V-ing You know, don't you, that I can obtain a court order to have you removed forcibly if you go on resisting me. (= continue) And if he does go on seeing himself as a socialist, that is seen as only to his credit, a sign of the man's consistency. (= continue) + on « QUOTE/SENTENCE "You know," Brenda went on, "I feel strange." (= continued)

goal P1

P2

+ on + about N/V-ing/on + wh-CL Why do people go on about the Sixties? (= keep talking) I promised my friends not to go on about how much better 'abroad' is. (= keep repeating) + on + at Ν (+ about N/V-ing) It's too early to go on at you about learning lessons from this experience. (= pester you about) + on + to Np Many former participants have gone on to graduate work or industry. (= proceeded) + on + with Np He went on with his work, not speaking. (= continued) + on + ADV This process of disenchantment has gone on for thousands of years in Western culture. (= continued) The girl squealed, not so much hurt as protesting, and I thought it had gone on long enough. (= lasted) + out (+ together) It would have to work, we agreed, even if we were no longer going out together. (= having a steady relationship) + out (+ for N) It was Christmas and I really wanted to go out for dinner. + out + to Ν Oh no, I wouldn't want to go out to lunch but I don't mind going to China. + out + with Ν I ' m already going out with someone. (= having a steady relationship) + over Ν Janet Karp sat down again in her chair, and proceeded to go over the evidence. (= reexamine) You want me to go over your evaluation with you? (= discuss) + through Ν I have taken the responsibility of going through Ed's personal papers and letters with a fine-tooth comb. (= examining) South Africa is going through an economic recession at present. (= experiencing) + through + with N P Richard took the next plane, pleading for Belinda to reconsider and not to go through with the divorce. (= take to a conclusion) I don't know whether I can go through with this. (= take this to a conclusion) + under When the odds seem overwhelming, some boys go under. (= are defeated) The statistics show no respite in the pressure on the manufacturing industries, with 920 firms going under this year compared with 419 in the same period last year. (= going bankrupt)

noun A Was the war worth fighting? Did the US accomplish its goals? Β The Georgian international struck with a magnificent goal after 16 minutes. + to-INF A Pursuing its goal, 'to transform the percep-

P3

tion of tennis as an elitist, middle-class sport', the LTA announced a £ 25m community tennis programme to provide opportunities for people of all ages. [it] + to-INF A The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic

357

P4

P5

A Β

good P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6 P7

P8

good

Games said: "It is our goal to make the torch relay an exciting and memorable experience." + by Ν Β The Germans went ahead soon after the interval with a goal by Klinsmann. + for N/V-ing A In the longer term, of course, we have a clear and achievable goal for income tax - moving to a basic rate of 20 per cent as soon as we can. We'll deal with what's on the table, and the setting of a date for the summit provides a goal for getting things done.

P6

P7

+ from Ν Β In Scotland, two goals from Darren Jackson gave the Premier Division leaders Dundee United victory at Rangers. + of N/V-ing A Many have given up the goal of equality and see inequality as providing the incentive that motors our economy. From Day One of the 1962 crisis, the Kennedy administration never wavered from its goal of removing all offensive nuclear weapons from Cuba.

If a person has the goal of doing something, or if it is their goal to do it. that is their aim or intention. -» P1 P2 P3 P5 P7 If a player or a team scores a goal in games such as football, rugby, etc., they score a point or points by, for example, putting the ball between the posts. P1 P4 P6

adjective attr Good morning. If I play well I'll have a good chance to win. In economics, there's rarely such a thing as purely good news. pred I was concerned about the high hopes she obviously had for her treatment, because I knew her chances were not good. Seeing each other will be good. + to-INF Bread is good to buy straight from the bakery. His progress was very good to watch. As well as being visually pleasing I like our shawls, scarves, shirts and waistcoats to feel good to touch. This is a good time to start again. Mabel's old-fashioned diner (635 First Street) is a good place to meet and eat with the locals. [it] + to-INF It feels good to be out in the sun. How good to hear from you. It's really good to see you. [it] + (that)-CL It is good that tax increases were not applied immediately. It's good you came now. [it] + if/when-CL It is tough but it is good if we can conquer these things. + about N/V-ing Feeling powerful and feeling good about your looks and yourself are closely connected. Teachers are not very good about their unions, though they are glad to have them. In this context I think we can feel good about spending a few pounds. I have always been good about going to the dentist for regular check-ups. He had been losing money and he wasn't ever good about expressing his emotions. + at N/V-ing (frequent) I was never good at geography. I thought he was good at his job, dedicated, tough, professional, with no illusions.

P9

P10

P11

Most actors who are really good at comedy can generally turn their hands to serious drama. Nicholas wasn't a parent pleaser. He wasn't very bright at school, not particularly good at lessons or games, and the reports were pretty awful. Dad is not very good at cooking, he made this custard once and it had brown lumps in it. I ' m very good at remembering people. + for N/V-ing (frequent) It is a well known fact that garlic is good for you, How do you know carrots are good for your eyesight? Nuts are good for snacks, too. The weather is good for sailing. For too long have we been treated as second-class citizens by men who say that we are only good for cooking their meals, mending their socks, and raising their babies. Large prawns are especially good for frying and grilling. • Once you have a passport, it is good for 10 years. (= valid) + in N/V-ing Shakespeare's not only a verse playwright, he's good in drama and psychology. We are good in some areas, but pretty awful in others. Look, you're supposed to do well in school; we want you to be good in sports. I am going to get my motor-boat. It does not function right so I have taken it to my friend in Burano who is good in repairing motor-boats. Beer is just as good in cooking as in a glass alongside it, of course, and has a long and distinguished culinary history. + on N/V-ing Macksey is good on personalities, but weak on technologies; and his prose is often laden with jargon. Robin Pellew, director of the monitoring centre, said that the speech

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gracious

P12

P13

was good on words and poor on content. The machine that we've got at the moment is very, very good on selecting data. + to Ν Santa was pretty good to all of us at our house.. She's always been very good to her parents. + with N/V- ing He was good with a rifle, and poor with words. Are you musical? Mathematical? Good with figures and finances? He was a quiet, practical man of few words, who was good with his hands and with people. I've never been very good with money - although since presenting The Money Programme I ' m certainly a lot better. You care about people, are good with people and help to make them feel at ease. H e knows that he is good with handling kids and with some luck lands a j o b in the children's section of a hospital.

P14

P15

P16

P17

[it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF I think it was good for her to be able to talk it all out. It is good for her to sleep. I think it's good for children to have a sense of family in that way. "In principle, it would not be good for the national military to get involved," he said, [it] + for Ν + that-CL It's good for all of us that he survived, and it's good for our political struggle. [it] + of Ν + to-INF It's so good of you to come and advise us. It's good of him to let you use his office. [it] + of Ν + V-ing Some people might think it's pretty good of me taking a chance on this young person.

Good generally is used to express approval or high quality. A person can be good (i) at or in a skill, school subject or an activity (ii) to or with other people, i.e. helpful and generous (to typically being used for particular instances and with (iii)

gracious

adjective

attr She is a most gracious woman. Margaret Thatcher performed her part perfectly. There was the initial all- embracing smile and then the gracious word of greeting for every one of the hotel's selected employees before she swept up a side staircase, pred She expects everything about her hotels to be unconditionally and uncompromisingly gracious. + about N/V-ing He was less gracious about his successor. He walked the deck in the early mornings with Livy, swam when the pool was deserted, and was gracious about appearing with his wife and mother each night at the captain's table, when he would have preferred to eat in their stateroom.

P1

P2

P3

+ in Ν They were very gracious in their congratulations. [it] + of Ν (rare) How gracious of our city. That's very gracious of you, George. + to Ν Many authors would not have been so gracious to a colleague involved in a project similar to their recent book. + toward(s) Ν (rare) They make you feel at peace with the world, at ease with yourself, and gracious towards your fellow man. [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) How gracious of you to appreciate it. It is gracious of you to accommodate me in this way.

P4 P5

P6

P7

P8

Gracious means 'polite and kind'.

grant A

verb 'allow' Active: 2 / 3

Ι

II ill

Β Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p_2 /EFFECTED [N]p.i BEN/REC [to N]

'concede' Active: 2 / 3

ι D1

T1.4 T1 T4

II

III

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A / [by N] [N]p. 2 /EFFECTED

T1

[that-CL] P(it)

D2

T2

[S]p:it [N]p_-| BEN/REC [you]

D3

T3 T1 T2-3

359 D1

D2

D3 T1

great

+ Np A The president has considerable bargaining power in the Senate through his or her ability to grant or withhold favors for individual senators in exchange for their support. When the loan is granted, investors do not receive all the money. There's been a lot of scientific evidence to show that these fears are groundless, but nonetheless permission to sell the hormone has not been granted in many countries. + that-CLp(it) (frequent) Β I grant that a lot of education is needed for dog-owners. SENTENCEp:¡t Β This could, I grant, be the result of poverty. + Np + Np A I'll grant you a 15-day visa! According to official reports, the people in the office refused to grant the police entry to the premises and a gun-battle erupted. He's graciously granted me an interview He has recently been

T2

granted legal aid to take his deportation case to judicial review before the Home Office. Tanganyika had been granted independence before I arrived there in May The fact that anonymity is granted to the executioner intrigues me. Β I will grant him that. + you + (that)-CL

T3

Β Okay, I grant you that the majority of them presumably enjoyed their work. Oh, I grant you he is not always an easy man to live with, has tempers and black moods and shadowy places in his soul where I cannot follow. + you ~ S E N T E N C E

T4

Β Not a jaw-dropping conclusion, I grant you. + Np + to Ν A The local council in Brent in northwest London has granted the Freedom of the Borough to Mr Nelson Mandela. This church was originally a medieval foundation granted to the See of Westminster by the English Pope Nicholas Breakspear.

Grant means 'allow someone officially to get something', esp. money, a certain status, etc. Grant can mean 'admit' or 'concede'. D2 D3 T1 T2 T3

grateful P1 P2 P3

P4

P5 P6

D1 T1 T4

adjective

attr Frank gave his brother a grateful look. pred I ' m ever so grateful. + to-INF She was naturally grateful to have been saved. I would be very grateful to hear from them. Perhaps they were just grateful to see the sun out. + (that)-CL We are very grateful that you have agreed to talk to us. We are very grateful you came. It's times like that you're grateful you've got a j o b to do. + about Ν I ' m so grateful about everything. + for N/V-ing (very frequent) Wade seemed grateful for my interest in his plans. They will be grateful for being rescued.

P7 P8

P9

+ to Ν (frequent) I shall be grateful to her all my life. + to Ν + that-CL I am very grateful to Mr. Giammetti that he gives me the opportunity to work in a beautiful atmosphere. + to Ν + for N/V-ing I am grateful to them for their cooperation. I can't tell you how grateful I am to you for taking the time and the infinite trouble.

A person can be grateful to another person for something they have done for them or given them. There is no difference in meaning between grateful for and grateful about; grateful about is less frequent, however.

great P1

P2 P3

adjective attr It would clearly be a great shame if work like this were not carried out. The Taylors have now lived in the house for four years and it has proved to be a great success. pred That's great. They were brilliant. They really were great. + to-INF He's great to have around because he's bubbly with a terrific personality.

P4 P5

P6

[it] + to-INF (frequent) It's great to be here! [it] + (that)-CL It's great that a small theatre outside the West End can attract good directors and actors. It's great he's going on for another year, I like to be around him as much as I can. + about N/V-ing I think you've been great about it. It's been hard work but I really feel great about getting back to it.

360

greet

P7

P8 P9

P10

+ a s Ν He would be great as a performer, but I was equally keen to have his writing talent as well. + at N/V-ing Girls are great at things like judo. The Americans are great at holding parties. + for N/V-ing (frequent) The whole area is great for a family holiday. Knitting is extremely therapeutic and great for relieving tension. + in N/V-ing The sharp bite is great in savoury tarts or grilled on bread but it also stands well on its own. He goes by the name of Major, which is defined in one of their dictionaries as being great in stature. The jazz personalities of yesteryear were not only great in performing a repertoire of musical pieces for entertainment value.

P11 P12 P13 P14

+ on Ν Like Sir Walter Scott' s grandfather, her own grandfather had been great on tales. + to Ν She's been really great to me over the past year. + with Ν My husband tells me l'm really great with the kids. [it] + for Ν + to-INF / [it] + for Ν to-INF It is really great for a radio producer to create a show like this. It's great for us to sit here.

Great is often used in informal language to express general approval. A person can be great (i) at a skill or at doing something, i e. good at it. (ii) to or with another person, i.e. behave in a generous and friendly manner (to typically being used for particular instances and with typically being used for general behaviour.)

greet

verb Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]a / [by N] ι [N]p II obi [Q/S]

General: 0

I

III

IV

D

[with Ν]

T1-2 τι

T2

+ Np He greeted them affably and took them into the sitting-room. She found she was nervous when she greeted Mike. She greeted him warmly. What a great reception for the 55 survivors of the race, who were greeted by warm sunshine and the sports-loving Merseysiders. Mr Baker says Labour's proposals will be greeted by an explosion of anger. + Np M D3 C A person11 can hang or be hanged, i.e. be killed by hanging. M D1 D2 T1 Note that the past tense and past participle of hang in uses A and Β is hung and in use C is hanged, although hung is sometimes also used for C.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + a b o u t / a b o u t Ν Now that you've actually gained clearance, don't hang about, this is the moment you have waited for! (= stay in the same place doing nothing) But he was hanging about the place. (= waiting around) + around + with Ν Was that anything to do with smoking that you don't hang around with them any more? (= associate with them) + around (+ ADV) Let us not hang around here any longer than we have to, my friend. (= stay here) Kids play in the street and bored teenagers hang around on corners. (= stand around) Ronald decided that it was not the kind of place he wanted to hang around. (= stay) + back If you let him go in while you hang back to take your wellies off he might see this as a last minute backdown. (= stay behind) + in (+ there) Hang in there. Be patient. (= Don't give up; used in American English) We were lucky that we both came from parents who had stayed married and been reasonably happy. That's a force on you to hang in there. (= not to give up; used in American English)

+ on

Hang on for just one minute. (= wait) Hang on, we're racing ahead of ourselves. There are several holes in that theory. (= Wait a moment) + on + by Ν Even in clear cases, we are hanging on by a single vote. (= barely winning) + on + for Ν People are understandably less inclined to hang on for it when it is held so late in the day. (= wait to see it) + on + to Np The last few weeks have shown the length to which they are prepared to go to do exactly the opposite to hang on to power at any cost. (= keep) + on + to Ν Hang on to your sense of humour. (= don't lose) Our world changed and the only thing I could hang on to was my ability to get this expedition off the ground. (= rely on) That seems an awful long while when you're trying to hang on to him. (= keep him with you) + out (+ for N) It doesn't pay to hang out for £ 2,000 when it's gonna be costing you a thousand a month (= continue to demand) + out (+ with N) Back then we all used to hang out together all day long doing the same thing.

373

happen

(= spend time) She needs time to hang out with workmates. (= spend time) + round (+ N) We boys used to hang round the pubs. (= spend time in) + together Isn't that how it's supposed to hang together. (= be connected) In spite of the famine society manages to hang together. (= keep together) We'll always hang together, because if we split up, it would diminish everything. (= keep together)

happen

verb

'occur Active: 1/2 lobi [N] A h [to N]

m

M1

M2

+ up Why do so many people hang up when I answer the phone? (= put down the receiver) + up Np I went onto a balcony big enough to hang up a pair of socks to dry. (= put on a washingline) + up + on Np So I am about to hang up on you and then I'm going to relay this latest message of yours directly to the police. (= end a phone call suddenly)

D4

A What do you really mean? What might happen! Yeah I did consider trying to learn to write with my left hand to see what would happen. The same would happen again with any aggressor. I dread to think of the worst that could happen. It was one of those things which happen and you can't control,

BY CHANCE Active: 1 /2 lobi [that-CL]A:it ι + II Obi [N] a + [to-INF] [N] a + [on N] [as it] + [S] [N] a + [upon N] D3

D4

D2

D5

+ on Ν

+ to Ν (very frequent)

A What happened to the car keys? Everything that happens to you when you are young stays with you for life. That can happen to people who say they'll try anything once. You almost have to pretend it can't happen to you. The key question is what will happen to the arts after the election.

[it] + that-CL

+ to-INF (frequent)

Β It goes without saying that most marital problems will be avoided if you happen to choose the right partner in the first place. There is, in short, deep anger and distrust for those who happen to be in power as recession bites or lingers. If the administration's policy is wrong, it's wrong because it violates our vital national interests. I don't happen to think it does.

02

Β Here in Oakham I happened on the story of Lord Lonsdale, literally the county's most colourful characters, who was known as the 'Yellow Earl'.

Β It happens that I'm married into a German family. It so happens that the Socialist party has a place on the ballot in almost every state. D1

D1 D3

D5

+ upon Ν

Β On a tour through one of his greenhouses, we happen upon a water melon lying on the ground amid a spaghetti of pipes that keep it constantly fed and watered. I only fish club waters but would still not disclose their whereabouts should I happen upon a large carp.

[as it] SENTENCE

Β The author's father, as it happens, is an exprize fighter. As it happens, I'm going to get a phone put in. Happen can mean 'occur'. (i) Something such as an event' can happen. (ii) Something1 can happen to someone or something11, i.e. affect them. M1 D4 Happen can also be used to express the idea of something being the case or occurring by chance. (i) Something1 can happen to be the case11. (ii) A person1 can happen (a) to be doing something11 (b) on or upon something or someone11, i.e. come across them by chance. M2 D1 D2 D3 D5 also in phrasal verbs: happen along; happen by

374

happy

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + along I just hope a Prince Charming will happen along one day. (= appear by chance)

happy P1 P2

P3

P4

P5

+ by I suppose so. Or he happened by. (= appeared by chance)

adjective

attr Happy endings are compulsory, pred I felt suddenly happy. She had not been happy at her previous firm. The way it was presented I was quite happy, (only if clear from context) + to-INF / to (frequent) You sound happy to be back in the studio. That's why I'm so happy to be in the group. I'll be more than happy to pay you cash. She is happy to be less than perfect. Romantic art comes to a halt at precisely this point and is happy to do so. Harrods Flower Department on the ground floor will also have experts on hand to offer advice and ideas on the flowers for your wedding day. They will be happy to discuss any ideas from the wild and wacky to the deeply traditional. I choose songs carefully and if people want me to play them over and over again, I'm happy to. + V-ing I often go with Garry to tournaments abroad. I am happy doing that, there are always museums and galleries, things to see. + (that)-CL People are happy that the landscape isn't ruined with a bunch of factories and that they can see the mountains when they go off to work. But Mr Richardson said he was not happy that Scotland Yard had decided to investigate a complaint resulting from the Lightman report. I was happy he went when he did.

P6

P7

P8 P9

P10

+ about N/V-ing / about Ν V-ing I never felt too happy about the idea. I was never happy about our using him. I'm excited and happy about moving. + at N/V-ing London and Washington were happy at the indication of a continuing New Zealand commitment to the Western alliance, through its defence links with Australia. He didn't care. He was back, and happy at being alive even if only because the terrace seemed about to be swept away with all who lived in it. + for Ν I am so happy for you, I'm so happy for Leezy. + for Ν to-INF A spokesman for British Telecom said he would be happy for the rates to come down, but they were set by foreign governments. + with Ν (frequent) Are you happy with the house? The Americans were speaking of worried European publics, as compared to the governing elites who were happy with the current nuclear strategy. If the product works, and you are happy with the results, you can always buy the larger size when you run out.

Happy is generally used to refer to a state of satisfaction, which can range from happiness, in the sense of feeling very glad and excited about something, to having no objections to something. (i) A person can be very happy at something, i.e. be pleased about it. (ii) A person or organization can be happy with something, i.e. be satisfied or content about it. (Hi) A person or organization can be happy to do something, i.e. be quite willing to do it.

hard P1

P2

adjective attr A I had a hard day at the office today. Β These hard measures he put over with wit and passion. C The formation of interest for disposal centre construction is the Borrowdale Volcanic series, which is a hard rock. pred A My first Christmas here was hard. Β She's very hard, no pity for anyone. C It is not known which monarch was the first

P3

P4

to complain that his seat was too hard and that he wanted something soft to sit on. + to-INF (frequent) A Reliable statistics about such companies are hard to get. [it] + to-INF (frequent) A It is hard to give up smoking, especially if you've been doing it for a long time. But it's possible. It's hard to resist policies of an organization when you're on its payroll. It's hard to see how this will be achieved.

375 P5

harm

+ for Ν A Life has been hard for them. was hard for you, wasn't it? + on Ν

P6

P8 Last night

Β She was hard on you, but fair. It must have been hard on him, having to come back to the same apartment years later, where the marriage had first started out. + to Ν C Cherries should be hard to the touch, and plump.

P7

P9

[it] + for Ν + to-INF A Her health isn't too good, and it's hard for her to come to this place. I know it's hard for you to swallow, but I hate them, [it] + on Ν + to-INF Β I think it was hard on him to see him executed. Another woman remarked that it was very hard on her not to have a curfew, and she used to lie and tell boyfriends her parents were very rigid and insisted that she be in by 10 p.m.

Something or someone can be hard for a person to do or experience, i.e. difficult or strenuous. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P8

c

hard-pressed P1 P2

adjective

attr But what of the hard-pressed consumers? pred Legal services in Hackney are hardpressed as it is. + to-INF (> 30 %) We are hard pressed to define just how far our interest in things depends upon their utility. 'I'd be hard-pressed to think of a person as vain as myself,' he said.

P3

P4

P5

+ by Ν Americans, hard-pressed by recession at home, are not coming to London this Christmas either. + for Ν Without professional sports, commercial television would be hard-pressed for viewership and would have far less advertising revenue.

A person or institution can be hard-pressed (i) by someone or something, i.e. be under pressure (ii) for someone such as staff or something such as an action, particular measures, time, etc. i.e. be unable to find or provide them although they are needed urgently.

harm

verb Active: 112

ι

Il M D1

[N] a / [by N] [V-ing]A

Passive: 112

General: 0

D1 m

[tO-INF] A (¡t)

M D2

[that-CL]A

M

[N]p

D1-2

[it] + to-INF It shouldn't harm to point this out. + Np The objectors have argued that a fourhundred-foot-wide, one-hundred-foot-deep cutting will harm an area of outstanding natural beauty and scientific interest. As Income Support is a subsistence level benefit, withholding any amount of it will harm children. The halffilled glass of water sat on a handkerchief so as not to harm the wooden night table. Dr. Hubbard removed even her fountain pen from her

Harm means 'damage or be a disadvantage to something'.

D2

room for fear she would harm herself. They can only harm each other, [it] + Ν + to-INF It wouldn't harm you to have a look.

376

harmful

harmful adjective attr Today, dermatologists are unanimous about the harmful effects of the sun, particularly on fair skins. pred Are X-rays harmful? + for Ν Mr Alton wants to ban home rental of videos which may be psychologically harmful for children. It could be very harmful for the ecology of the North Sea as a whole.

P1

P2 P3

P4

+ to Ν (frequent) Smoking is much harmful to you than putting on weight. these means of disposal are increasingly and can be harmful to the environment. federal budget deficits are harmful to the omy.

more Both costly Big econ-

Something such as an activity or a particular substance can be harmful to something such as the economy, the environment, a development, a cause or to a person or their health, i.e. cause harm.

harsh adjective attr A It certainly is a harsh punishment. Β The harsh accents let you know you are in New York, pred A The punishment was too harsh. She was never harsh, but he knew that she was hurt when he failed to live up to her expectation. Β 'Drop it!' Brian's voice was harsh and high, the gun raised, [it] + to-INF A It's harsh to sack people. It would be harsh to single out The Sun for criticism for coverage of the Michael Jackson controversy. + about N/V-ing (rare) A They are being very harsh about it. + in N/V-ing A The company is harsh in its decisions. We had to be harsh in making our selections as the standard was phenomenally high.

P1

P2

P3

P4 P5

A

P6

P7

P8

P9

Β You will discover the locals to be rude in manner, coarse in aspect and harsh in speech. + on Ν (frequent) A I think we're very harsh on such people. And Punch was very harsh on Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and the future Edward VII. Β The winter months can be harsh on your skin. + to Ν Β Modern theory is that wool is so scratchy, hot and harsh to the touch that it irritates the skin and could bring anyone out in a rash. + with Ν A Don't be so harsh with the lass. Β His voice was harsh with fear and accusation. [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) A It seems, then, a little harsh of him not to allow ignorant natives (how that phrase grates on the ear today) their own innocent beliefs.

Harsh can be used to refer to cruel behaviour. (i) A person or a measure such as punishment can be harsh on a person, (¡i) A person can be harsh on or with another person. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P8 P9 Something heard or experienced can be harsh on the sense organs or harsh to the taste or touch, i.e. unpleasantly rough. P1 P2 P5 P6 P7 P8

Β

hate

verb Active: 1/3

Passive: 1/3

General: 0

[N] a / [by N] li

HI

[N]p [to-INF] [V-ing]p [that-CL]p [N t o - I N F ] [for Ν t o - I N F ] [for N/V-ing]

D1

Τ

D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 τ

hatred

377 M

The person who's hating eventually ends up

tough questions. (= regret)

harming themselves more than the person they

what he did is over now. (= regret)

hate.

They came here like the invasion. That is

why I hate.

D1

D3

It should have been enough, that

One in five women hate

(frequent)

driving at night for fear of breaking down and

first time, simply to hate, without trying to hurt

being open to attack.

as well.

older kids on the footpath, let alone shove my

+ Np

I don't believe I hate anyone.

abstract.

my face underwater. D4 D5

each other.

I don't hate you to talk about it.

+ Ν to-INF

Perhaps that's when they began to hate

I love cars, and would hate someone to steal

Tapes hate excessive heat.

+ to-INF (very frequent)

I won't do it any more though,

+ that-CLp

because I hate that people keep asking about it.

They love excite-

ment, change, surprises, they hate boring routine.

mine.

I should hate to have

D6

+ for Ν to-INF

Listen, I hate for you to go out

my children getting used to sights of violence,

in the cold.

death, brutality.

+ Np + for N/V-ing

happy, dear.

I hate to think you've been un-

I hate to disappoint you.

I hate putting

I hate being tied down to

one interest or one philosophy.

People are staying in jobs they hate

and not taking the risk of moving because the situation is so uncertain.

I hate even having to pass

way through a big mob of them.

I nor-

mally hate abstract movies but this is perfectly

02

+ V-ingp

I hate to say it, but

I'd hate

They might both hate me

for it but everyone else in the room would love

to live in a town.

me.

•

not knowing me.

I hate to do this, but let me ask you some

I hate you for that.

I do not hate him for

I

Hate means 'have a strong feeling of dislike' A person can hate

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

another person" for something they have done or a quality they have 111 something 11 doing something they are actually doing or have done 11 to do something 11 .

Note that the infinitive tends to be used either with would or used to introduce something a person is about to do; very often I hate to say this, etc. is used to express regret or lessen the impact of what they are saying Pattern D6 is usually used in American English.

hateful P1

adjective I didn't mean that. It was a hateful thing thing

attr

P5

P2

pred

P3

[it] + to-INF (rare)

He'd been really, really hateful to her.

neighbour.

He could be cold, cruel, hateful. It was hateful to discover

P6

+ of Ν (rare)

+ toward(s) Ν

I've become hateful towards all

humans in general.

this is by no means the case. P4

+ to Ν

That which is hateful to you, do not do to your

to say.

What made Jeremy so hateful of

his family that, out of greed, he became a mass murderer? (i)

A person can be hateful to another person, i.e. behave unpleasantly and aggressively to them.

(ii)

Something can be hateful to a person o r principle, i.e. hostile to them.

hatred P1

noun

There was nothing intellectual or even rational

its communities is a nationalist attempt to incite

about their mutual hatred. P2

P3

+ against Ν

hatred between national and religious groups.

He was merely another victim

P4

+ for Ν

Benazir Bhutto's main opposition

of the rising tide of hatred against foreigners

is the eight-party Islamic Democratic Alliance,

sweeping across not just Germany but much of

whose members are united only in their hatred

Europe today.

for M s Bhutto.

+ between N P |/N and Ν

He claims that the

present Ukrainian Catholic campaign to register

His hatred for women car-

ried over in thoughts of violence and thoughts of vengeance.

378

have

P5

+ of N/V-ing (frequent) They have fixed the idea in many black American minds that his hatred of blacks prompted him to plant the evidence. I'm sure it was his absolute hatred of

coming second that was at the root of him allowing his players to go over the top on the field. + toward(s) Ν Many Cambodians nurture a centuries-old hatred toward Vietnam.

P6

Someone's hatred (i) of or for a person or group (ii) towards or (less frequently) against a person or group (i¡¡) of something or of doing something, is their extreme dislike of them'.

have A

verb D

'possess' Active: 2 / 3

E

D1

T1-2

D5 D8 D3 T1 T2

ϋϋβΙββϋβΙΙϋβΙβ

Active: 2 / 2 lobi

[N]a

II obi

[N]

C lobi

II obi

D1

D1

[N] a [V-¡ng]A [to-INF] A(it) [that-CL] A(it) f ¡ § ü [to-INF] [N to-INF] lobi

D2

D5

'order'

β

!8!β§8

Active: 2 / 2

lobi

[N] A [N INF] [N V-ed] [N ADV]

Il obi

-tolerate' Active: 2 / 2

D7

'be o b l i g e d ' Active: 2 / 2

D1 D1

D4

ο

. . . baby/idea

D1

D1

CM

Β

II obi

D1

o

ih IV

D1

Passive: 1 / 2

CM

II obi

[V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [wh-CL] A [N]p [N to-INF] [N ADV] [Ν ADJ] [from N] [to REFL PRON]

[N]a/ [byN] [N]p [Ν INF] [Ν V-ed]

OJ

[N]a

α

lobi

'experience Active: 2 / 2

General: 0

^KKee^^eeessests

D4 D7 D8

[N]a

[that-CL] A [V-ing] A [Ν] [N INF] [N V-ing] [N V-ed]

D6 D6 D1 D4 D6 D7

+ Ν

A I'm sure that there are still a lot of kids dreaming of having a fast car. Martin said he had not envisaged having a dog. One reason is that having a high divorce rate tends to go with having a relatively high marriage rate. Β The experience of having a baby revolutionizes your whole outlook on life. C I'm not having any of that Morrisian nonsense in the Art Fund I'm not having it, Nick. • (invented example) She had a brilliant idea. (= it occurred to her) + Np

D You had a tough time when you were little - you grew up in the war, now you're hav-

D2

ing fun. His fellow tourists were the average mixture of young and old, all intent on having a good time and getting their money's worth. If you're having a drink with the lads, ring him and explain. Perhaps as it is so close to noon, you would do me the honour of having lunch with me and we could talk. I'm sure there are psychological benefits to having a break for just one day before starting on another working week. Organisations are trying to redress the balance but are having difficulty because of the lack of resources. A blood test confirmed that she had glandular fever. I have a lot of women, but not affairs. (= have sex with) + to-INF E It is hard on you having to cope with this

379

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

have

twice. Devolving authority not only to the new companies but beyond that into the individual depots meant having to change managers from being operators of resources to being businessmen. There has to be a file somewhere. Children have to have somewhere to play. + Ν ADJ A Have you had your hair short then? I'll have dinner ready, and we'll cuddle on the sofa and watch a video. + NINF C I'm not having the neighbours think it's my house that smells! D I'd never had people feel like that about me. F The simplest approach would be to have pupils fill in a questionnaire. I'll have Kim serve you breakfast in bed. + Ν to-INF A She and Dad loved having visitors to stay. In the drama, Flora had people to talk to. E It was nearly midday and we had a train to catch. "I have too much work to do," he said. + Ν V-ing C This must stop at once! I will not have you running around the countryside. I'm not having this going on behind my back. + Ν V-ed C I'm not having that road trodden any more than it needs to be trodden.

D8

T1

T2

D PULP have had equipment stolen from their van parked in Peckham. F Having a car repaired or serviced can be a minefield of disappointments and enormous cost for thousands of motorists. I've had my hair cut. + N ADV A Having a nanny around at the weekends, when she is officially off duty, can also be irritating. As well as his own mini-cult following in football-mad San Diego, Bennett even has his own "home page" on the computer Internet. We enjoyed having him here and we look forward to seeing him next year. And aren't we lucky to have her with us on this trip? F Toothbrushes were not cheap either - they could cost more than having a tooth out. + NP + from Ν A This doesn't make it good, but there's a certain satisfaction to be had from it. Elucidation de l'hystoire du Graal is a French text of the early thirteenth century, clearly having its derivation from earlier British and Breton stories. + Ν + to REFL PRON A Lise wants to have Franzi to herself. And not having time to oneself is a privation.

Not have can mean 'not tolerate': A person 1 will not have (i) someone doing 11 or do something 11 (ii) something 11 (often any of that or any of it), i.e. not tolerate i D1 D4 D6 D7 Have can mean 'experience or do something' : (i) A person 1 can have a surprise, a shock, a good time, an illness, etc.", i.e. experience it. (¡¡) A person 1 can have a meal or drink 11 , i.e. consume it. (iii) A person or people 1 can have a meeting, a discussion, etc. 1 1 D1 D4 D7 Have can be used to express the idea of obligation: (i) Someone or something 1 that has to do something 11 must do it, «u»,„«ij (ii) Someone 1 who has something to do must do it. 0 5

(i) (ii)

If a person 1 has someone do something 11 , they make them do it. If a person 1 has something done 11 a particular way, they arrange for it to be done that way. D4 D7 D8

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + Ν + around it was always wonderful having them around. (= being with them) + it + away (+ with N) They're having it away all the way through. (= having sex) Young Joey back there has had it away with Noora. (= had sex)

+ it + in + for Ν Even God seemed to have it in for the government. (= seemed determined to harm) But the PM would agree with you that someone had it in for Mourne, hated him enough to start these rumours. (= seemed determined to harm)

380

hazy + it + off + with Ν Well, they're no better, having it off with just about every male in the vicinity. (= having sex) + on «-» Ν You have to have a tie on as well. (= wear) + Np + on I guess someone was having you on. (= telling you something that wasn't true)

hazy P1

P2

P3 A Β

adjective attr A She had only a hazy idea of Britain's prison problems. Β North Yorkshire's weather: dry with hazy sunshine; top temperature sixteen Celsius: that's sixty-one Fahrenheit. pred A The difference between exceptional and extraordinary items is hazy, so many firms push costs below the line and pull revenues above it. Β Now it was hazy and low: no breeze at all. + about Ν A I'm very hazy about this.

P4

Hazy can mean 'vague' or 'unclear' with respect Hazy can mean 'slightly misty' or 'unclear' with

ideas or knowledge. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 spect to the view or the weather. P1 P2 P6

healthy P1

P3

+ in Ν A The government of President Rafael Caldera, which inherited this mess from the previous administration barely a month ago, has been a touch hazy in its approach to it. + on Ν A Some council bus drivers are hazy on the landmarks around QEII stadium at Nathan. + with Ν (rare) Β Winters are grey, summers are hazy with pollution and the telephones are getting worse, not better.

P5

P6

adjective

attr He was eventually able to confirm that a drug which produced certain symptoms in healthy people was the drug of choice to treat those symptoms when patients became ill. We've made a healthy profit on the players we've sold. pred She's fit and healthy. Our cash flow was healthy. [it] + to-INF We must make it clear that it's very healthy to be afraid when there's something to be afraid of.

P2

+ over Np (+ for N) Let's have him over. (= invite) She has a lot of friends and would like to have them over for dinner. (= invite) + Np + up (+ for N) He had knocked somebody down and been had up for assault. (= put on trial)

+ for Ν (frequent) She began to see, however, that the amount of tension she was producing was hardly healthy for her or her family. The recession may hit demand, leaving the recovery to begin at a lower level and gain speed at a slower rate than is healthy for Eurotunnel's traffic and revenue forecasts. [it] + for Ν + to-INF It's just not healthy for you to be hanging around your father's office or going down into engine rooms surrounded by all those sweaty, greasy men.

P4

P5

Healthy means 'in good health', but it can also be used to mean 'normal' or 'good'.

hear A

verb ... sounds Active: 1 /3

ι

h

in

... news Passive: 113

[ N ] a / [by N]

[N]p [that-CL] P(lt) [wh-CL] P(it) [Np INF/Np to-INF] [Np V-ing] [N V-ed] [from N]

Active: 1 / 3

General: 0

D1 T1-2 D2 D3 D8 D9 D10 T1

I II III

IV

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]P [that-CL] P(il) [wh-CL] P(it) [about X] P [0fX]p [on X] [from N]p

D2 D3 D5 D7

[S]

D4

D6

T2

T1 T3 T4 T5 T6 T1.3-6

381

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

hear

A Do you think he can hear? He mumbled something and I said I couldn't hear. I can't hear very well these days. But it was impossible to make the gamekeeper hear at such a distance and against the noise of the beaters. Β The winning bidders will hear by the weekend, and the work could start almost immediately. + Np A Although it's impossible to hear a single word they're saying, there can be no mistaking their almost delirious enthusiasm. 70.000 people will pack the stadium to hear a concert featuring Peter Gabriel and Simple Minds. Martha did not seem to hear her. • Usually a tribunal is set up to hear cases under that act. (= deal with in court) + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent) A And you couldn't hear straight away that it was a valuable fiddle. Β We often hear that people never really change. I hear you want some company tonight. + wh-CLp(it) A Ann couldn't hear what he was saying. You should hear how nasty you sound. Β Did you hear what happened? SENTENCE • She looked me in the eye. "When you see them in town, you speak. Do you hear?" (= Are you listening to me?) You be careful and write, you hear. (= Are you listening to me?) + about Np/V-ingp/about Ν V-ing P /about whCLp/wh to-INFp Β I love to hear about people who do things like that. If you've made a good catch during the first week of the season we want to hear about it. Did you hear about the chap who went in the pet shop and said I want a pet wasp? In this series you'll hear about setting up systems to give you that information, and how to interpret the information when you've got it. And why do we never hear about any rich people winning? It's rather like the argument one used to hear about whether it was right to build new primary schools when there were existing ones with outside toilets, or opera houses when people were sleeping in the streets. And here in Britain, we're waiting to hear more about what many consider to be one of the worst kept secrets in football. It is also important to follow your own instincts about your own child and not be led by the many conflicting views you will hear about how to bring up a baby. + from Np Β We want to hear from you! We'll hear

D7

D8

D9

D10

T1

T2 T3

T4

T5

from the Lego champion after this news update. I told him I didn't want to hear from him any more. If you go to the police or something you'll never hear from me again. I never heard from him again. + of Np/V-ing /of Ν V-ing P (frequent) Β I have never heard of attracting badgers with peanut butter. You rarely hear of a mayor being bounced out of office in years past because he hasn't put enough money in. We sometimes hear of people receiving the keys to the City of London. Hardly anyone in Scotland has ever heard of the other seven Scottish MEPs. + N P INF/be heard + to-INF A Rachel heard him go to the sitting-room, but did not hear him close its door. Even yesterday she was heard to dismiss the whole exercise bitterly as state gambling. Deputy principal Mrs Barbara Fowler is often heard to say: How nice it is to work in a school where you can know every student by name. + Np V-ing A I hear her moving around for a few minutes, then silence except for the storm. I didn't hear him complaining. + Ν V-ed A Every four years we hear the same comments made. + Np + from Ν A I'd heard this lecture, almost word for word, from her colleagues in Berlin. Β We hear a lot of rhetoric from the other candidates. We will hear fine words from the Summit for Children in New York this weekend. + Np + Of Ν A Often we hear more of birds than we see. + from Ν + that-CL P:i , Β They just needed to hear from George that there was no way back. It is depressing to hear from supermarket wine buyers that they have more or less given up on trying to sell fine German estate-bottled Rieslings. + from Ν + wh-CL P : i t Β Oddly, the Tate has yet to hear from the Millennium Commission whether or not its bid for £ 50m of National Lottery money has been successful. They want to hear from us how Labour will put it right. + from Ν + about N/V-ing / from Ν + about wh-CL Β We'd love to hear from you about it. Can't wait to hear from Labour people about changing my occupation. Tomorrow, I hope we will hear from the government about where we can take them.

382

heartbroken

Τ6

A

Β

+ from Ν + on N/V-ing/from Ν + on wh-CL Β Some Liberal Democrats seem eager to hear from me again on the subject of their party. The National Guard Association in

Salt Lake City heard from the president on being commander-in-chief. We'll hear from an economics writer on why the economy is expanding faster than unemployment is decreasing.

Hear literally means 'perceive with one's ears'. Note that in the case of a piece of music, a lecture or the news, hear is often used in questions asking whether someone has ever listened to it. Have you heard Handel's Water Music thus means "Do you know it". -> M D1 D2 D3 D8 D9 D10 T1 T2 Hear is often used metaphorically to mean 'receive information about something or someone'. If you1 h h d (i) of someone or something 111 , you have heard them talked about or know they exist. (ii) about someone or something 111 , you have had news or information about them, but through a third person or a newspaper, etc., not directly. (¡ii) from someone IV , you have received news from them directly. M D2 D3 D5 D6 0 7 T1 T3 T4 T5 T6

Idiomatic phrasal verbs out Np (+ on N) I'd hear him out on a lot of ideas. (= listen without interrupting) Let me speak, hear me out. (= listen without interrupting)

heartbroken P1 P2

P3 P4

P5

adjective

attr I would appeal on behalf of my heartbroken family for any witnesses to come forward. pred Was your daddy heartbroken when they got a divorce? But now I know I would have been heartbroken going through life without the experience. + to-INF I was heartbroken to hear of his recent death. [it] + (that)-CL They laughed and were happy for him, but deep down they were heartbroken that the family was splitting. I'm heartbroken I'm going to be in London. + about N/V-ing (rare) Friedli is heartbroken about what has happened. Leigh said he was heartbroken about losing the baby he thought was his, and outraged that the woman he loved deceived him.

P6

P7 P8 P9

P10

+ at N/V-ing Bubbles would have been heartbroken at the idea of him leaving her. The 70-year-old bachelor said he was heartbroken at losing the business that took him 27 years to build. + by Ν He said he was heartbroken by what he saw. + for Ν (rare) I feel heartbroken for the children. + over Ν 'It is outrageous that a private company has been able to exploit the generosity of British people who are heartbroken over the tragedy in Rwanda,' he said. + with Ν (rare) I think he might feel heartbroken with guilt.

A person can be heartbroken by or over (or, less frequently, about) something or someone that makes them very sad (¡) with a sensation such as grief or guilt. (¡i))

heartless P1 P2 P3

adjective

attr I didn't want to sound like a cruel or heartless father. pred Not all banks are heartless. [it] + to-INF (rare) Though it seems heartless to lay off employees in a country so poor and lacking in welfare provision, real growth requires real businesses.

P4 P5

P6

+ about N/V-ing (rare) I don't mean to sound heartless about this. + in N/V-ing (rare) Subjecting its characters to endless patronage - quite heartless in most of its conclusions - Look at it this way is a fine, grim, depressing novel. [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) I have to say

383

help

again, Holden, it's damn heartless of you to have wanted to keep this poor chap restrained still. Heartless

heavy pi

P2

means "cruel'.

adjective

attr A Her heavy suitcase thudded on the carpeted floor. Β The flights were suspended Tuesday because of heavy fighting. One may run into unexpected sources of fumes on the road: a garbage dump, freshly tarred road, airport, tunnels, or unusually heavy traffic. C This case involves an intent to defraud which carries a penalty of a heavy fine or prison. D Filomeno Cabrito shuddered, and he saw that the other men were feeling more or less like him, starting to move about and talk, as if to air the heavy atmosphere a little. E The common theme among the top trusts is a heavy bias towards investment in the UK. It will have a heavy emphasis on sport. ρ red

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

A She was just too heavy for me. Β However trading again was heavy, with 236 million shares worth $439 million changing hands.

+ to-INF A Solid wood can be heavy to move. C The coat was uncomfortably heavy to wear. + at Ν Β Trading was heavy at about one billion shares. + for Ν A Very fresh oyster feels heavy for its size and is full of liquid that tastes like the sea. + on Ν (frequent) C She needed to talk. She had a heavy burden to unload. It was heavy on him too. E She had a good record collection, light on rock, which is fine with me, but heavy on classics and, surprisingly, country. + with Ν (frequent) D The air is heavy with moisture. She was heavy with apprehension. The place was heavy with the weight of resentment. • She herself, heavy with child, was manning a Toad Hotline on the telephone. (= pregnant)

C He said the penalty should not be heavy. D The air was already hea\y. E For some critics the local emphasis is far too heavy. igfggigt eavy can mean 'having great weight'. -» P1 P2 P 3 P5 Heavy can be used to say that there is a great amount of something. rv

-,

.

,

,

. P1 P2 P4

,

Heavy can mean burdensome or severe : (i) A task or work can be heavy, i.e. very difficult. (ii) A punishment or a fine can be heavy on a person, i.e. severe. If you say that a person, a place, the atmosphere, etc. is heavy with something, you mean that that quality is very noticeable and intense. P1 P2 P7 If something such as a book puts a heavy emphasis on an aspect, subject or a topic, it has a strong bias r towards that aspect. •

help P1

P2

noun The U.S. has been asking Damascus for help, but the results have been disappointing. Boots' strategy - as explained by Sir Michael with the help of a recent jazzy television advertisement for its No7 cosmetics range - is to concentrate on the things it does well. + to-INF They start by providing them with local goats and with help to improve the feeding and reproduction of those goats.

P3

P4

P5

+ from Ν (frequent) Drivers could be forced to wait hours for help from breakdown organisations swamped by emergency calls. + in V-ing They offer unemployed people practical and effective help in getting back to work. [a] + to Ν Tom is a lovely character, and without either of us knowing it, I think he was a big help to me.

384

help

+ with N/V-ing Anyone who takes out a new mortgage after October and subsequently loses their job, will get no government help with the repayments for nine months. If you want help with giving up smoking, write off for a free booklet to: A smoker's guide to giving up.

P6

P7

+ from Ν + in V-ing At this morning's meeting, he appealed for more help from America's partners in supporting the United States' military build-up in the Gulf.

Help means 'support or assistance'.

help

verb Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1/3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [to-INF] A [N V-ing] A [for Ν to-INF] A llcont [N]p III cont [INF] [tO-INF]p [with N] IV corn [in N/V-ing] ν [ADV]«

General:

ι

M

D1

M M M M M

D1--3.5T1—4 D1.3.5 T2—4 D1.3.5 T2—4 D1.3.5 T2—4 D1.3.5 T2-4 T1-4 D1 D2 T1 T2 D3 D6 T3 D5 T4

I've tried the local library for information but to no avail. Perhaps fellow readers could help. (only if clear from context) Now we are over the shock we are going to do everything we can to help, (only if clear from context) If falling asleep is difficult, several things might help·, for example, avoid daytime naps, (only if clear from context) The mood of businessmen is also changing. This may help, since it is they who provide the politicians with the money to run the system, (only if clear from context) + Np I've got a problem. I was wondering if you might be able to help me. Social workers are trained to help people in crisis, no matter what their economic level. Miles says doctors should not be forced to prescribe treatment that they don't think will help a patient. a You sit at a table already covered with small plates of food - toasted fish sandwiches, peppery fish balls, various sweetmeats - and help yourself. β If something is blue-and-white I'll buy it. I can't help it. Maybe he can't help it. Exhibitionism is a truly compulsive act, for the man cannot help himself and often repeats it until he is arrested. +Ν • Will it help confidence? Will it get the economy going? (= contribute to) I know a win would certainly help my chances with the team. (= improve)

mm Active: 2 / 3 lobi [ N ] a m obi [ R E F L P R O N ] III [to N] Active: 2/2 I il III IV

D2

03

D4

D5

D6

D1 T5

Passive: 1 /1

[N]A [REFL PRON/it]p [but INF] [V-ing]

D1 D7 D4

+ INF (frequent) You can help save the lives of dolphins. You need a course in self defence to help come to terms with society's growing challenges. The idea is to help create a better understanding between the police and the man and woman in the street. + to-INF (frequent) Peter Rawlins, chief executive of the Stock Exchange didn't devise the project, but was brought in to help to rescue it in 1989. Gentle massage of the face may also help to maintain some of the skin's elasticity and tone. B-complex vitamins help to neutralize chemical poisons in the body. + V-ing β But I cannot help thinking that the recent emphasis on marketing, rather than growing skills - the chainstore mentality - must have something to do with the decline in the standard of plants on sale. You can't help being scared, nervous, intimidated and get excited all at the same time. He must have been an interesting figure, a man one could not help being fascinated by. + in N/V-ing Moistening the surface will both remedy the immediate problem and help in the prevention of deeper and more stubborn wrinkles. Again this may help in obtaining a discount on the insurance premium. + with Ν The local Area Agency on Aging will help with this. Plus, parental involvement: how much should you help with homework.

385 D7

T1

T2

α β

helpful

[can/can't] but + INF β What ordinary citizen can help but feel somewhat elevated? + Ν + INF He's the one who can help England reach the World Cup finals. Other forms of therapy use art, music, singing, writing and play in order to help people express things which cannot easily be expressed in words. The following exercise can help you distinguish between the two. + Np + to-INF The therapist deliberately does not help them to break through. Again, there is a very effective exercise which will help you to release and transmute some of these negative feelings. In addition you will receive our quarterly newsletter, containing interesting and helpful articles, which will help you to keep up-todate with the progress of the Association.

T3

T4

T5

+ Np + with Ν We give a child different types of tests and then try to figure out what his problem is and how to best help him with the problem. She called me before the meeting because she said I was ready to help the group with its work. + Np + ADV» Your father gave you this diamond to help you to safety. We may have to get backpacks. But we help each other over the bad patches. Clinton's plan lays out two contradictory goals: in the short term, tax cuts and spending to help the economy out of recession. Laurenco cut the rope and helped Filomeno up. He helped her into his car. + REFL PRON + to Ν o Help yourself to the hors d'oeuvres. • Help yourself to better sleep by not smoking. (= try to get)

Help means 'be of assistance': (i) A person, a thing or a situation 1 can help someone 11 . (ii) There is no difference in meaning between help do and help to do, although the former is more frequent. -> M D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 T1 T2 T3 T4 also in phrasal verbs: help out; help off; help on If you 1 help yourself 1 to something, esp. food or drink111, you take it. -> D1 T5 If a person 1 cannot help doing something 11 , they do something without necessarily wanting to. —> D1 D4 D7

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + Np + off + with Ν Autumn helped Brian off with his boots. (= helped him take off) + Np + on + with Ν Then he helped Randall on with his dry pajamas. (= helped him put on) + out ( 30%) Β There are hints of optimism among diplomats that the momentum of the peace process is accelerating. White Sancerre is the bestknown variety, produced from the Sauvignon grape to give a crisp, dry wine that often has a hint of gooseberry flavour. Haynes continues to compile records with no hint of losing his amazing skills. Refer to "The Five Kinds of Loving", and you may get a hint of how your child will react. At the speeds we were travelling, there was no hint of the four-wheel drive being present, but no doubt it would be invaluable as the pace quickened. + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/wh to-INF A Taylor refused to give any hints on selection, even though he admits his policy of revealing his side an hour before kick-off has not given England any real advantage. C Among the sea of sweet old ladies giving hints on pruning roses is a police stand, with two members of the constabulary dispensing advice. When Nunnally Johnson was hired to write a screenplay based on John Steinbeck's The Moon Is Down, he wrote to the novelist asking if he had any hints on how the story should be developed for the screen. Here are some hints on how to get the best out of your microwave oven. + from Ν + that-CL A They believe that tax cuts will be comfortably financed as the economy expands rapidly. There has been no hint from Mr Redwood that he shares this analysis.

A hint can be 'an indirect statement, often about something that one cannot or does not want to talk of openly'. P1 P2 P 3 P4 P5 P7 P8 A h i n t of s o m e t h i n g is 'a small indication or amount of it'. -> P1 P2 P6 Often used in the plural, hints on a p a r t i c u l a r topic are 'small bits of advice or information'. —> P1 P3 P 7

389 hire

hit

verb Active: 1 /4

Passive: 1 /4

General: 0

IV

[to-INF]

T2

ν

[for N/V-ing]

T3

[N]A/[byN] II oont [N]p_2 III [NJp.!

/EFFECTED BEN/REC

T1—5

Q

vi

[ f r o m N]

T4

T1

Q

VII

[to N]

T5

They hire and fire every day. (only if clear from

probably his university computer (non-students

context)

can hire space for a modest fee).

+ Np

I ' m not suggesting that you hire a pri-

vate detective.

But it usually isn't necessary

to hire paid staff.

one student.

Even though we're small

investors, we may hire a manager. hire a car there.

T1

You can

beach right by the hotel but also for renting or

You can hire a guide there

chartering a boat for fishing or sailing, waterski-

In fact, it was literally ille-

ing, hiring a horse for riding. + Np + from Ν

T4

ble to have a whole home entertainment system

positions.

with integral 3D digital sound and complete in-

+ Ν + Np

teractive video system so that you hire a video from the shop down the road.

He hired us an English housekeeper. (= hired

for us)

+ Np + to-INF

Using child-size

violins or cellos, which you can hire from some

Look! I've hired you a bloody car!

music shops, the method ensures that the child

(= hired for you)

masters each small task before tackling another.

I can't afford to hire anybody

to operate the machinery.

Rangers have come

+ Np + to Ν

T5

Back in the seventies, I spent five

a long way since the days when they used to hire

years trying to get Rotherham Council to hire a

small boys to guard their Glasgow Green pitch.

room to the local C H E group for a disco. + Np + Ν + to-INF

They hire somebody else to do the job. + Np + for N/V-ing

T3

In ten years it would be possi-

gal in some industries to hire blacks to skilled

•

T2

There is ample time not just for

jogging along coastal paths above a patch of

for walking tours through the dense forest in the surrounding areas.

His firm

agreed last Thursday to hire an interpreter for

darkest London.

We were not successful in

finding anyone to hire us such a machine to in-

Hire a guide for trip into

stall temporarily in the museum.

He has access to a computer

that is permanently connected to the Internet Hire means 'spend money to have the use o f something or the services o f somebody for a limited period o f time'.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out Np (+ to N) The Royal School o f Needlework

hit A 8ÜK I

repair equipment to B R . (= make available)

will repair, tint and even hire out veils. (= make

Most private steam railways hire out carriages

available)

for children's parties. (= make available)

Separate divisions now hire out rail

verb 'affect' Active: 1/3

C Passive: 1/3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A

D1

II obi

[to-INF]A

D1

ni

[that-CL]A [N V - i n g ] A

D1

D

D1

III

[N]P [with N]

Β

'strike'

II

Active: 2/3 1

[N]A/[byN]

II III

[N]p [ADV]«

IV

[with N]

H H

'achieve something' Active: 2/3

ι

D1

[N]p [ f o r N] 'scoreActive: 2/3

I

T2

Il obi

T2 H ü •:• • · . Passive: 1 /3 General: 0

1ϋ » β

III E

T2-3

D2

T3 T2

ι h obi

Passive: 1 / 3

[NJa / [ b y N] [N]p [for N] 'occur' Active: 2/2

D1

Passive: 1/3

[N] A / [ b y N]

Passive: 1/2

[N] a / [ b y N] [PRON]

D1

[ o n N]p

D3

[ u p o n N]p

D4

[that-CL]A:i,

D1

390 M D1

A Manga mania is hitting, with the Manga Festival under way. + Np A She said last month's rise in the number of people out of work and claiming benfits hit young people particularly hard. In this case the French government is responsible for the policy, but a goods boycott would actually hit the French people - and that is something we want to avoid. Opponents in Scotland claimed at a public inquiry that the construction of 40 miles of pylons and an underwater cable linking Ayrshire with the Antrim coast would hit tourism and farming. They'll hit people with 3 per cent compulsory employee funded superannuation. London was also badly hit by congestion yesterday as the exodus began. The bad publicity over the video-taped beating has hit tourism. But what happens? They have the baby and maternal feelings hit them. Β I tripped over my own feet, charging up the stairs, hit my shin on a step, hard. It's all my fault; I shouldn't have hit him. "He was hit by a car," Howard said. There was a Danny Kaye film in which the man in the palace hit the man below him, who went out and hit the first person he came across, who hit the next one. Seles dutifully kept her arms by her side and said everybody must wait until she first hit a ball. The victim was hit by a shotgun blast. A short period of opening means less light hits the film, a long opening means more light hits it. C Now it has been published, the White Paper actually tells us little about how we are going to hit the target. I knew I was going to hit the jackpot. It was a certainty. Far more frequent, though less likely to hit the headlines, are the individual club rallies or mass events like the Norwich Union Classic. D Harry Hooper and Duffy Lewis, both outfielders, drove in 8 of the 12, Hooper hitting two home runs and Lewis hitting one. Portsmouth trounced a depleted Orient side 16-1 at Fratton Park, hitting ten goals in the second half. +Ν • A sale of teddies from the Cotswold Teddy Bear Museum hit a snag yesterday when it was claimed that 31 bears in Bonhams auction catalogue were only loaned to the museum. (= encountered) [it] + PRON + (that)-CL E But the first time I looked at my diary for the summer it hit me that I wouldn't be able to go fishing and that I'd have to cancel my family holiday. It suddenly hit me that what we once had was gone and could never return.

D2

D3

+ ADV Β Against UAE's feeble team, he hit hard and straight in the style required on pitches which favour Anglo-Saxon brawn rather than oriental wizardry. He hits hard and he hits often. + on Np (frequent)

D4

E That then seemed insufficient, so I hit on the idea of getting a small gift to appeal to each of her senses except vision so that she could enjoy them during her recovery. The Open University Women Returners Schemes have hit on a unique way to help women re-train in the key areas of information technology and environmental management - by doing most of it at home. + upon Np

T1

E "It seems to me," he said, "that, quite by chance, you have hit upon the solution to the Cod War." + Np + for Ν

T2

T3

C He was a frugal type, and he hit the lottery for twenty grand a while back. D Luckily, I was tugged away to once more demonstrate how I hit that ball for 10, and to again tell the story of how my grandfather hit sixes in one over with a broken finger on the Nerang Cricket Ground. + Np + with Ν A It was the first time he got hit with such terrible publicity. Rail travel in central Scotland has been badly hit with landslides and lines under water. Β His attacker hit him with a length of scaffolding. But can you tell me why he was hit with the gun barrel? And your worse moment? When I've hit people with golf balls! + Np + ADV» Β Your letter is sure to hit a few million people right between the eyes. His car window was smashed and he was hit on the head and body. In the second innings, I got hit on the head by a beamer. If he wanted to go, I'd pick it up and hit him on the head. When he hit the ball into the net in irritation over a mistake, the Umpire called it a violation.

391 A Β

C D E

honour

If some situation or state of affairs su ι or a fashion* hits a | a group of people or a country 1 1 , they are greatly affected by it. M D1 T2 The basic meaning of hit is 'touch or strike someone or something, usually with considerable force.' 1I ™ n t h » r person ""·-""> ( O" » » ™ » I "II, they strike them. (i) If a person„1 hits another (ii) If a moving object such as a vehicle, a bullet, a stone, etc. 1 hits s , it strikes them and often does damage to them. These actions can be carried out intentionally or accidentally. SSSS D1 D2 T2 T3 Hit can be used to express that someone or something has suddenly achieved something; used in phrases such as hit the headlines, hit the jackpot, etc. -> D1 T1 In sports, hit can mean 'score". -> D1 T1 If it hits someone 1 that something is the case" , or if someone 1 hits on or upon an idea 11 . they suddenly realize it. -> D1 D3 D4 also in phrasal verbs: hit home

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + back (+ at N P ) The Bank also hit back at attacks on its methods for forecasting. (= responded vigorously) + home The realities of life hit home with a crunch, [it] + home + to Ν + (that)-CL It hit home to me that I might be doing all this work and be denied a further opportunity to play for England - which is what we all aim for. (= made me realize) + it + off (+ with) The pair never hit it off. (= became friends) Jeremy doesn't hit it off too well with Bessie. (= like her much) + out + (against/at N) He wanted to run, to hit out, to lash at this evil apparition. (= strike)

honest P1 P2 P3

P4

Some of them hit out, others screamed obscenities. (= used their arms to attack opponents) Europe, he added, must hit out against the patient and comfortable management of decline. (= fight against) I used to hit out at my husband and throw things at him. (= punch) And Mr Major and Conservative MPs hit out at Mr Kinnock for using BCCI for what they called naked political opportunism in some of the most bitter exchanges seen in the House for some time. (= attacked)

adjective

attr My dad was the most honest man I ever met. pred I haven't a clue what I ' m doing half the time to be quite honest. + about N/V-ing (frequent) I think the Prime Minister is right to be very blunt, very straightforward, and very honest about the British position. We want you to be honest about assessing the need for a tax increase. + in N/V-ing Labour is at least being honest in admitting that it wants to make this vast transfer of income from the better-off to the worse-off.

P5 P6 P7

P8 P9

+ of Ν This is honest of them. + with Ν (very frequent) To be honest with you, I don't know. + about Ν + with Ν (rare) She said she was grateful to the child care officer for being honest with her about the boy, because foster parents usually were not told the full history. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) And that's what it is honest for a writer to do. [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) It wouldn't be honest of me to say that.

A person can be honest (i) about a matter, i.e. tell the truth. i) with a person, i.e. not lie to them.

honour P1

noun

In its history the regiment has proudly stood in many a perilous situation and emerged with honour. α He has been accused of compromising his professional ethics by accepting an award from

P2

the Georgia Foundation at an expensive dinner in his honour. + to-INF It was an honour to have taken part in such a sporting and dramatic occasion. "Troops under my command have the honour

392

honourable

P3

P4

P5

to hand over the city of Malaga to Your Excellency." + for Ν His courage earned him the Air Force Medal, an extremely rare honour for non-RAF personnel. [in] + of Ν (frequent) a The present Sultan's father also built a museum in honour of Winston Churchill in Brunei's capital Bandar Seri Begawan. [the] + of V-ing I never dreamt in my younger days that I would get the honour of captaining my country. Will you do me the honour of being my guest for this evening.

P6

P7

+ to Ν Soviet Chief of Staff, Marshall Akhromeyev, said such an honour to the Soviet president was an honour to the country as a whole. [it] + for Ν + to-INF And it was a great honour for us to be invited here. It has been a privilege and an honour for me to have contributed to that success.

Honour is 'a feeling of great pride and pleasure, or someone or something that causes such a feeling'. (i) It can be an honour to do something. (ii) Someone can have the honour to do something. (iii) A person or institution can do someone the honour of doing something that will give them cause for pride -> P1 P2 P3 P5 P6 P7 α If something is done in honour of someone or something it is done to show respect or admiration. - > P 1 P4

honourable adjective P1

P2

attr I think you'll find at least the majority of presidential candidates have been honourable people who did not knowingly lie. • All I can say is that I refer the honourable gentleman to the answer I gave a few moments ago. (= way of referring to MP in Britain) pred I believe that your intentions are honourable.

P3

P4

[it] + to-INF The point had come where it was more honourable to give up and let the market decide. + to Ν Did you try to be faithful and honourable to your wife?

Honourable means 'sincere and worthy of respect'.

-

hope noun P1 P2

P3

A

Β

A To the evangelists, this is a message of hope and optimism about the future. + that-CL A By now, the group had almost given up hope that Morris would be rehired. Β The Sudanese deputy Prime Minister expressed the hope that other countries would join the unity project. + for Ν A While there was little hope for the revival of an elite culture, there was equally little hope for an improved mass culture. Β Baker calls it the last best hope for peace in the Persian Gulf.

P4

+ of N/V-ing (frequent) Β His hope of a return to the frontline of European golf has been replaced by the prospect of joining the job queue in his native North East. The sale process was extended several times before yesterday's deadline in the hope of achieving the Government's preferred option of a sale.

Hope can be 'the feeling that things will go well in the future'. A person's hopes are 'their wishes and desires about the future'. -

P2 P3 P4 ••ätffsg^a^

393 hope

hopeful

verb Active: 1 / 2

Passive: 1 / 2

[N]A/[byN] [to(-INF)] P : i t [that-CL]p( it ) [S]p:it [so/not] [for N]p M

D1

D2

General: 0

D1 D2 D3 D5 D4

Their mood in the 1980s: borrow, spend, hope, turned suddenly to repay, save, fear. Sometimes, with the more spectacular ones, you just have a go and hope, whereas perhaps the ones that look a little bit easy are the hardest. + to-INF P:it /to (frequent) So carriers deliberately overbook flights and hope not to have to pay out compensation to anyone they have to bump from over-full flights. They hope eventually to develop a new range of painkillers that can block them. That is the main problem the Conservatives must tackle if they hope to win the election, and it will take time. Did she hope to marry him? We're doing this not because we want to make a lot of money, although I dare say we're obviously hoping to, but because we have commitments, we have a moral responsibility, I think, to answer our clients' needs. + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent) Just hope that you never run out of plans, and that's the point of being a good thinker. We hope the rest of this

D3

D4

D5

book will provide the answers to your problems. I hope and believe the police will take the strongest possible action. SENTENCEp:it • Most employers will, I hope, have realised that as the number of people entering the job market declines. (= I trust) A successful one I hope. (= I trust) + for Np I just hope for some change for the better. Everybody needed something to hope for. Having pulled in ratings of up to 13 million per Saturday night, there's every reason to hope for a second series. Some of his closest cabinet colleagues were beginning to hope for the worst. + so/not I sincerely hope so. But will we have to wait until the percentage of women accused of crimes increases to such a high level before the Rules of Evidence begin to take women's ways of knowing and of expressing into account? I hope not.

A person 1 can hope (i) that something is true 11 , i.e. want it to be true and usually believe that it is feasible. (ii) to do something 11 , i.e. want to do it and intend to do it if they possibly can. -» M D1 D2 D4 D5

hopeful P1 P2 P3 P4

adjective

attr I think that's an extremely hopeful sign for the future. pred It looks reasonably hopeful. + to-INF I'm hopeful to meet with Mr Nadir at some point. + (that)-CL (very frequent) While ecologiste are now hopeful that no individual species is threatened with extinction, the numbers of green-backed turtles, manatees, and cormorants in the region are likely to be drastically diminished. The Demons chose him last Thursday in the side to play St Kilda and were hopeful he would take his place.

P5 P6 P7

P8

+ about Ν Palestinians remain hopeful about the prospects for peace. + for Ν She is hopeful for their future. I am grateful to him, hopeful for her. + of N/V-ing (frequent) But with the recent cut in interest rates and planned improvements in efficiency, the company is 'hopeful of continued progress in the year ahead'. He is now hopeful of achieving his target for this season. + on Ν He was more hopeful on prospects for the housing market, saying that tax cuts taking effect in two months' time would help.

A person can be hopeful (i) of a certain development or that something will happen, i.e. be very optimistic about i t (ii) to do something, i.e. confidently expect they will be able to do it. (iii) on a particular matter, i.e. be optimistic in this respect.

394

hopeless

hopeless P1

P2

P3 P4

P5

A

adjective

attr A It was a hopeless situation. Β The government will also have to spend millions of dollars on updating East Germany's hopeless telephone network. pred A It's not hopeless. Β They were absolutely hopeless. + to-INF Β The dials were hopeless to read in a hurry. [it] + to-INF A Do you think it's totally hopeless to try to do that? But there she is, finding it hopeless to read Chomsky or fairy-tales or even find a new composition text for her students, so far is her current post from her Harvard dream. + about N/V-ing A Disappointment can make you feel alone and hopeless about the future.

P2 P3 P4

P7

P8

+ for Ν A It seems to be kind of hopeless for them. Any situation in which we feel helpless and hopeless for ourselves, our loved ones or strangers stirs up powerful anxiety-provoking feelings perhaps not unlike those that the helpless baby experiences. + with Ν Β I ' m hopeless with technology. Lovejoy? Still hopeless with women, with money.

Hopeless can mean 'having no hope' or 'involving no prospect of hope'. -> P1 P2 P4 P5 P7 HffiaSi« it ¡rfevfeffi ff

horrendous P1

P6

Β He has a modest way with him, apologising for being so hopeless about discussing his own work. + at N/V-ing (frequent) Β ' I ' m hopeless at maths' almost implies 'but I ' m brilliant at everything else' she says. I am hopeless at picking a winner at anything. He's absolutely hopeless at passing exams.

adjective

attr Thousands of exotic birds are dying each year in horrendous conditions as they are transported from the Third World to the West, where they're in great demand as pets. pred The smell is absolutely horrendous.

P5

P6

[it] + to-INF It must be pretty horrendous to live in some parts of this area. [it] + V-ing (rare) It was horrendous being told this news by the local policeman and I vividly remember the scene that followed.

[it] + that-CL I think it's outrageously horrendous that record companies are so narrowminded that they won't give a chance to an album of such quality and presence. + for Ν The implications are horrendous for children and schools.

S o m e t h i n g t h a t is h o r r e n d o u s is very unpleasant, disgusting or frightening.

horrible P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7

adjective

attr And that's the most horrible thing. pred Oh it's horrible. He's being horrible again. + to-INF This is horrible to iron. [it] + to-INF Obviously, it is horrible to think nobody likes you. + that-CL He cried and said he felt horrible that I thought such a thing. [it] + that-CL It's horrible that people have to doit. + about N/V-ing I can remember being really nasty about this boy who'd never done anything wrong so I can't remember why I was being really horrible about him.

P8 P9 P10 P11 P12

+ for Ν How horrible for them. + to Ν I was horrible to my mother when I was a little girl. + with Ν (rare) He gets a bit horrible with the cats. [it] + for Ν + to-INF It is horrible for a woman to have to wait when she has made this decision. [it] + of Ν + to-INF She thought it was horrible of him to rush off to his office on my birthday morning, but he said he could spend the rest of the day with me and then take M o m m a and me to dinner, so I forgave him.

395

hostile

äMBSBäB A person can be horrible about something or someone, i.e. say bad things about them. (i) to or with another person or an animal, i.e. not treat them very nicely. (¡i) SjsSBfftiffiiofBfifth

horrific P1 P2 P3 P4

adjective

attr I have never seen such horrific injuries. pred That's what happens and it's horrific. + to-INF It was horrific to watch. [it] + to-INF It is horrific to think what has hecome of those men.

P5

P6

[it] + that-CL (rare) It is horrific that something as violent as this has happened on our own doorstep. + for Ν What I did must have been horrific for the woman.

Horrific is often used to say in a very exaggerated way that something is very unpleasant.

horror P1

P2

P3

H uHm H M

noun

A She let out a gasp of horror. Mary Nolan lay sprawled at the foot of the stairs, twisted and contorted. Β My God, the number of affairs that begin at the party. In the cold light of day, it's a horror. + at N/V-ing A Hong Kong officials express horror at the force used in many of the attacks. They told the jury of their horror at witnessing the attack. + of N/V-ing (frequent) A Winchell took from his childhood a horror of poverty and a number of well-nurtured

P4

grudges. The Japanese are torn between emulation of the West and a horror of becoming too western. Β British troops faced the horrors of gas attacks in the Gulf war without protection, it was finally confirmed yesterday. Seles has swept aside the horror of being stabbed in the back by a deranged Graf fan in 1993. + over Ν A The United States has expressed horror over the sea attack on the coast of Israel.

Horror is 'a strong feeling of shock and disgust caused by something very unpleasant or frightening'. (i) A person can experience horror at or over something shocking. (ii) A person can have a horror of something they fear. P1 P2 P3 P4 The horror or horrors of something such as war are events that cause such feelings.

hospitable

adjective

attr The Hawaiians are extremely friendly and hospitable people and readily welcome visitors. P2 pred You are all so hospitable. P3 + of Ν I enjoyed seeing you and the children and catching up on your latest news. It was very hospitable of you. TF 11 means 30 %) He seemed incapable of solitude, of reading or even just being alone in

his room. We tend to expose ourselves to risks more often than we should, and even though we might be incapable of dealing with the consequences if things do go wrong.

Someone or something that is incapable of being or doing something sSf isSnot able SgjrsSSUi äsmi.to be or do it

incentive P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

noun

Glantz says automakers are being forced to offer huge rebates and incentives and that cuts into any profit they hope to make. + to-INF (frequent) If anything, the incentive to be law abiding is needed more today than back in the immediate post-war years. There would still be an incentive to conceal the acquisition of a new job. + that-CL Second, there is the incentive that travel costs to and from the course, plus lunch meals, are provided free of charge. + for N/V-ing Barsby has been handed an extra incentive for success in the Shield final - a holiday from a job he has not yet started. An incentive for going on the scheme was that prisoners get freedom for the last six weeks. + of Ν GM's domestic car sales also registered a healthy 11.2 % increase, helped by customer rebates and the extra incentive of cash awards to dealers who met sales targets.

Something that is an incentive to do something is mi

inclination P1

P2

P6

P7

P8

+ on Ν When we do a deal the buyers get no other incentive on the new house, so any cash increase we get can pass on to the part-exchange property. + to Ν Sanctuary Cove's strategic location between the Gold Coast and Brisbane is an incentive to buyers active in business. + for Ν + to-INF As he can get capped from Bath's second team, there's no real incentive for him to move on in search of first-team rugby. As an incentive for people to buy a new version of MS-DOS, Microsoft decided to build data compression into MS-DOS 6.

to encourage people to do it.

noun

It would release me from the chains of an officebased job and give me the freedom to pursue other projects, or even to travel if I had the money or the inclination, (only if clear from context) + to-INF (> 30 %) Even those who have been given full British passports under the special

P3

British nationality scheme for Hong Kong have shown little inclination to take up the offer. + for N/V-ing Mr Malta, unlike Mr Heine, has neither the money nor the inclination for a fight. Sometimes sparrows show a marked inclination for eating the flower buds.

415 P4

include

+ to Ν It is man's capacity for justice that makes democracy possible; it is man's inclination to injustice that makes democracy necessary.

P5

+ toward(s) N/V-ing They were too troubled by his outspoken cleverness, and his inclination toward atheism, to want his company. Kevin showed no inclination towards being a manager.

If a person has an inclination for, to, or towards an activity they have a certain tendency to do it. Inclination for suggests more a liking for something, inclination to or towards suggests more an instinctive tendency.

include

verb

Active: 2 / 3

II obi

III IV D1

D2

D3

(i) (H)

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [V-ing]p [wh-CL]p [wh to-INF]p [among N p i / g r o u p ] [in N/V-ing]

General: 0

D1

T1-2

D2 D3 D4

T1 T2

+ Np Other options include a visit to Cologne's Christmas market, a trip to the Dutch bulb fields, and a visit to a French antiques market. The Admiral said that the smaller fleet would be just as capable, because it would include a range of more modern vessels. The sun-dials are among the most striking features of her collection, which includes a whole range of attractive stonework and sculptures for the garden. A party menu which avoids junk food could include low-fat crisps, cheese cubes, cheese biscuits, mini sandwiches, vegetable or fresh fruit dips. + V-ingp (frequent) Major changes included relocating the kitchen from one side of the house to the other and raising the floor levels. Integrated pest management includes using resistant varieties of rice. Other topics for discussion include combating drugs trafficking, protecting the environment and sharing facilities in Antarctica. + wh-CLp The log should include what you eat, the circumstances and why you eat (hunger, mealtime, something to do). I know that wherever I go I am going to be photographed and I know that includes when I go swimming. Someone or something nilCUUll/1^1 can include something element or part. A person 1 can include someone or something1

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in m Np It's not the kind of thing you can really include in. (= include; non-standard) + Np + out As Sam Goldwin said, include me out. (= do not include me; non-standard and humorous)

D4

+ wh to-INFp Longer-range issues raised during the session included how to make an organisation that had 51 founding members more representative of a membership that has soared to

T1

+ Np + among(st) N p i/ group The Labour leader promised talks, but refused to include proportional representation among the bills he is promising if he wins power. You probably wouldn't include it among the great gardens of the Western world. + Np + in N/V-ing He is included in the squad but does not have a realistic chance of playing a full match. The results will be included in a study of the spread of racism and xenophobia in the community. Therefore, the more men are included in parenting, the more the competition is going to be felt between men and women around that baby.

185.

T2

416

incompatible incompatible P1

adjective

attr Economic growth and environmental regulations do not have to be incompatible goals. pred The two digital formats are incompatible. By ensuring their systems are incompatible, the giants have created captive markets. I think that this is totally incompatible, (only if clear from context) + with Ν The two approaches were incompatible with one another. Some of the company's earlier models are incompatible with later ones, so the software designed for one may not run on another.

P2

P3

P4

[it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) Indeed it may be incompatible for state land development or forestry organizations to be expected to function as competitors with private sector firms.

Two'· things or people that are' incompatible with each other cannot exist or work together or be used together. • - : ' . • . . • ' - • • ' • ' ' .v. •·

incompetent

adjective

attr Incompetent teachers must be pensioned off and better ones hired at rates of pay competitive with what they could get in other walks of life. This is just about the most incompetent government this country has ever had. pred In many cases the lawyers are incompetent. + to-INF Mr Burr was judged incompetent to stand trial. Incompetent to manage his financial affairs, yes, but incompetent to tie his shoelaces, no. + as Ν He was, to some considerable extent, totally incompetent as a second officer.

P1

P2 P3

P4

P5

P6 P7

P8

+ at N/V-ing Zoos do not necessarily work well as arks; the animals in them become inbred, incompetent at survival in the wild and probably unhappy. I was incompetent at playing the piano. + in N/V-ing Do you want to take over everything he is incompetent in doing? + on Ν (rare) Despite claiming to be the party of law and order, the Conservatives are incompetent on crime, he alleged. + with Ν (rare) Perhaps being totally incompetent with monetary matters they would be only too delighted to hand over full responsibility.

A person or institution can be incompetent at or in doing something, i.e. have no ability.

incomprehensible P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

adjective

attr' Jonathan Donahue's vocals were distorted and often babbling incomprehensible lyrics. pred Many men also confess to finding women totally incomprehensible. Sometimes their speech is so slurred they are incomprehensible. [it] + that-CL Anthony still found it incomprehensible that a woman of Anna's character could have married. [it] + wh-CL (rare) It is most unfortunate and indeed incomprehensible why such attacks are directed against Margaret Anstee. + to Ν (frequent) The Cornish expressions were incomprehensible to her. Waiting For Godot was totally incomprehensible to its early audiences. The idea of vegetarianism is utterly

P6

P7

incomprehensible to most Russians, who have enough trouble finding nutritious food without crossing meat off their shopping lists. [it] + to Ν + that-CL (rare) It's incomprehensible to me that anyone would want to keep Andre out of a grand slam event because he missed the Grand Slam Cup. [it] + to Ν + wh-CL It is absolutely incomprehensible to me how anybody could argue that the same civil rights protections that are available to the disabled should not be available to Blacks and Hispanics.

Something that is incomprehensible to a person cannot be understood by them. •

'

••'· •

417

incongruous

inconceivable P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective

attr Every conceivable and inconceivable language was and is spoken there, and this is one of the reasons that no unified state ever emerged. pred We now have women's voices doing car ads, which would have been inconceivable 10 years ago. Yet a 'deeper' union is inconceivable without a stronger European Parliament. [it] + to-INF It is simply inconceivable to implement reforms in the eastern economies for the benefit of their people without involving the international banking community. [it] + (that)-CL (> 30 %) It is inconceivable that negotiators would allow this round of talks to collapse. It was not inconceivable that she was alive. It's inconceivable he had no idea what was going on.

P5

P6

P7

P8

+ for Ν (rare) She visited six African countries and covered more than 14,000 miles, seeing sights hitherto thought inconceivable for a member of her family. + to Ν The idea of living without eating, and even working during that time, seems inconceivable to them. [it] + for Ν to-INF Just a few years ago it would have been inconceivable for us to talk as friends, much less work together, [it] + to Ν + (that)-CL It was inconceivable to me that Toby could have been my attacker.

If it is inconceivable to a person that something is the case or could happen, they cannot imagine it to be true or happening, —rr e

inconclusive P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective

attr Following a day of high tension over the outcome of the British leadership contest, the markets have begun reacting to the inconclusive result. pred The Foreign Secretary, Mr Douglas Hurd, may contest the leadership if the first round of balloting is inconclusive. + that-CL (rare) Tests on animals had been inconclusive that it caused deformities even though there was some evidence. + about N/wh-CL (rare)

P5

P6

P7

X-ray tests by a for-

mer Home Office forensic scientist proved inconclusive about the picture's age. Medical research is inconclusive about whether Johnson's return will hasten the onset of full-blown AIDS.

+ as to N/wh-CL (rare) For example, evaluations of demonstration programs to retrain laidoff workers in four different states in the 1980s were inconclusive as to whether they actually help at all. + in N/V-ing (rare) A recent suggestion that blood-typing on a horse had been inconclusive in saying whether its parentage was correct cannot be the case. + on Ν (rare) But, according to diplomatic sources, a session of Foreign Ministers before the summit proper was inconclusive on the issue.

If something is inconclusive, it does not produce a clear result.

incongruous P1

P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr Framed by two cypress trees in a field of unripe rape, the Indian temple is an incongruous sight in the Welsh border country. They must have made an incongruous pair, thought Lucy, with a sudden flash of genuine humour, pred Even as he said it the question seemed out of place here, incongruous in this setting. + to-INF It seemed incongruous to mix the reality of Brighton's commercial trade with this carefully-preserved tourist attraction, [it] + that-CL Though it may seem mightily incongruous that the reason for his visit is a pop

P5

P6

P7

concert, Mr Mandela is not vulnerable to manipulation or cynical exploitation. + for Ν (rare) The second problem was the name, which was somewhat incongruous for an all-female crew! In fact, she was named after HMS Wrestler. + with Ν Wilder's fiscal conservatism is incongrous with his proclaimed social compassion. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) It might appear incongruous for the Racing Department to tell all other sections of the industry to watch the over-

418

inconsiderate

heads and run a balanced operation when their budget keeps growing at a rapid rate. Something or somebody is incongruous if they are unsuitable or out of place in a particular situation.

inconsiderate P1

P2 P3 P4

adjective

attr It's just a small minority of thoughtless and inconsiderate people who are at the root of the problem. pred Some people are so inconsiderate. [it] + to-INF It would be most inconsiderate to waken you from sleep. + of Ν Most inconsiderate of them.

P5

P6

+ to Ν Motorists were also criticised for using a earphone while driving, driving with one hand, bad lane discipline and being inconsiderate to pedestrians. [it] + of Ν + to-INF It's a bit inconsiderate of her not to let you know at what time of the day she expects to arrive.

Inconsiderate is used to refer to people or actions that show little or no consideration for others.

inconvenient P1 P2 P3

P4 P5

(i) (ii)

attr I'm sorry if I've come at an inconvenient time. pred He hoped this delay might not be too inconvenient. + to-INF (rare) Fish can be inconvenient to prepare; it can leave unpleasant odours in the kitchen. [it] + to-INF Many stores find it inconvenient to carry certain brands. [it] + that-CL (rare) It would be extremely inconvenient if any news of his disappearance were to be made public, at least during the next twenty-four hours.

P2

P3

P6

P7

P8

+ for Ν (frequent) The solar ovens never quite caught on because they were difficult to make and inconvenient for the people they were intended for. + to Ν They liked to be asked for help, and to give it - if it was not too inconvenient to themselves. [it] + for Ν + to-INF I don't care if it is inconvenient for us to design individual treatment plans for everyone.

Something can be inconvenient for or, less frequently, to a person, i.e. not suit them. Something can be inconvenient to handle, etc., i.e. be difficult to use or prepare.

incorrect P1

adjective

adjective

attr A The list contained some incorrect information. pred A Now young galaxies are again an indication that the big bang model is incorrect. [it] + to-INF (frequent) A It would be incorrect to think that primitive man saw trees, for instance, as we do. It is incorrect to assume that women voters will automatically put women candidates into office. Β It is incorrect to wear boots without garterstraps and these should be fastened in such a

P4

P5

P6

way that the buckles cannot slide around, causing discomfort. [it] + that-CL (rare) A It is incorrect that competitors from England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland should wear GB when competing in the Olympics. + In N/V-ing (frequent) A He is incorrect in stating there are no women on the rail taskforce. [It] + for Ν to-INF A It was therefore totally incorrect for your article to allege that Today's article bore no resemblance to the interview.

419

increase

increase

noun

P1

Racial murders are on the increase all around Europe. Mr Newnham described the increase as "despicable" and said it proved councillors were out of touch with ratepayers.

P2

+ in Ν (frequent) Sickness is usually associated with an increase in body temperature. Pay rises will depend on efficiency and an increase in productivity. + of Ν The Government has introduced a number of reforms in addition to pumping in an extra £ 13 billion annually in real terms over the past 10 years, an increase of 55 per cent. The period between about 1950 and 1974 brought Britain and Western Europe the biggest increase of prosperity in history. + on Ν The United Kingdom had 8.15 million overseas visitors in the first five months of this year, an 11 per cent increase on the figure for January- May 1994. + over Ν The institute says more than 252,000 individuals and businesses filed. That's a 9V2 percent increase over the same period last year.

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

P11

+ to N: QUANT Savacentre and Homebase also performed well, with an 18.8 per cent increase to £ 7 6 6 . 4 million. + from N: QUANT + t o N: QUANT They are talking of an increase from six pounds and five pence, I think, to seven pound eighty for a large parcel. + in Ν η of N: QUANT The 30,000 jobs going in coal compare with an average monthly increase in unemployment of 32,000 since last August. + of N: QUANT + on Ν 6,360 Scots were sentenced to a total of 750,000 hours of community service, an increase of 10 per cent on the previous year. + of N: QUANT + over Ν Australian exports to China in 1994 were 2.8 billion dollars, an increase of 22 per cent over the preceding year. + to N: QUANT + over Ν Statistics show an increase to 8,000 over the previous year's figure of 7,212.

Increase refers to an amount by which something such as money or a statistic is larger than before. There can be an increase (i) of a certain amount of something that has ; (¡i) in something used as a means of measurement, e.g. size, temperature, etc. in something being measured statistically from a lower amount to a higher amount over or on an earlier amount or the period when that earlier amount was calculated.

increase

verb

Active: 1/4

ι Il

[by N] M

D1

IV

Passive: 1/4

[ N ] a / [by N] AGENT m T1-2 [N]p /EFFECTED D1 T1-2 [N]a M D2-5 T3 D2

ν vi vu

[in N] [to N] [ADV] [from Ν]

D3 D4

T2-3

Q

T3

Q

D5

T1

And through medical advances in treating infectious diseases, populations began to increase. After early mist had been mopped up by the sun, the wind gradually increased. But the good times far outweighed the bad, and as our experience increased, so did our enjoyment. They say that divorce has increased more slowly in the 80s than in the 70s. Women have seen their life expectancy increase dramatically this century. + Np While pollution increases the likelihood of attacks, it may not cause asthma. If you do increase your calorie intake, ensure that you increase all the portions of all the foods.

The prices of fertilizers, which play an important role in this overwhelmingly agricultural country, have been increased. We are seeking to increase our membership and will be pleased to hear from anyone who wishes to join in with a regular programme of activities. Experiments were conducted in cinemas in the United States to ascertain whether it's possible to increase popcorn sales by wafting the aroma of freshlybuttered popcorn throughout the auditorium. In hot states like Texas voter turnout increased about 15 per cent. D2

+ by Ν (frequent) In some cases charges have increased by as much as 40 percent.

420

incredible

D3

D4

D5

+ in Ν War in the air and war at sea threaten to get ever more complex as technology advances and detection devices increase in capability. Plants increase in size and can be divided in the autumn. Could you please advise me if I should sell the shares or if I should hold on to them hoping that they will increase in value? + to Ν (frequent) Children between 18 months and 3 years can start with a 20-minute session, increasing to 40 minutes. The debt will increase to an infinitely large amount. + ADV Prices have been soaring in the country: the cost of a loaf of bread has increased fivefold.

T1 T2

T3

+ Np + by Ν Saudi Arabia has increased its crude oil output by two million barrels per day. + Np + to Ν The 13 O P E C countries have today agreed to increase the price of oil to 21 dollars a barrel. + from Ν + to Ν Palo Alto's stock of bus shelters could increase from 25 to 33. + Np + from Ν + to Ν The cost is understood to have been increased from $ 13 million to 20 million.

Increase means become or make larger in number, size, or amount : (i) Prices, productivity, etc. 11 can increase. (ii) Someone 1 can increase prices, productivity, e t c . n to a certain amount, etc. v

incredible P1

P2 P3 P4

P5

adjective

attr It was the most incredible thing I've ever seen in my life! An incredible amount of work has been undertaken in the past five years. pred I cannot believe this story. It is incredible. This kid is incredible. + to-INF (rare) Her amazing style across country is incredible to watch and impossible to copy. [it] + to-INF It's incredible to think how my life has changed in five years. It was incredible to see how happy she was. [it] + that-CL (frequent) It's incredible that a

P6

city like Liverpool has not got a circuit for cycle racing. I find it almost incredible that people can be shy when it comes to speaking up about the foods they're about to order and eat and pay for.

P10

P7

P8 P9

[it] + wh-CL It is incredible how quickly they have learnt the language. It is quite incredible what a huge impact films can have on a holiday destination. + for Ν She exudes a vitality and enthusiasm that are incredible for someone her age, or for that matter, any age. + to Ν To hear it all happening again is just incredible to me. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) It was incredible for them to get this far. [it] + to Ν + that-CL It must have been incredible to him that this strange, weak creature, like something from another world, should directly inquire after a secret tradition of his people.

Something that is incredible is hard to believe. Someone or something can be called incredible 'to express surprise or disbelief that something should be the case.'

indebted P1

P2

P3

adjective

attr A The heavily indebted countries cannot obtain the financial resources they need for domestic investment and external-debt service: they face a financing gap. pred A The public sector is surprisingly heavily indebted. + to Ν (> 30%) Β Everybody is indebted to his predecessors, and it is only the egoistic or the ignorant who refuse to acknowledge it. I am indebted to the many hundreds of people who have attended

my courses and given me the honest and constructive criticism which has now enabled me to write this book with confidence! + to Ν + for N/V-ing Β Sam was indebted to Nick for all the support she had received from him. I am again indebted to Tolstoy for pointing out another connection which occurs in the account of Lugh's death.

421

indicate

A person, company or country can be indebted, i.e. have run out of money and have debts. P1 P2 A person can be indebted to another person for something that they have done or be indebted to something such as a book, etc. from which they got ideas, i.e. be grateful to them or owe a lot to ι - > P 3 P4

A Β

• : ··

¿felfeo

indecisive P1

P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr President Clinton bristled at the suggestion that he was showing signs of being an indecisive leader. pred They are indecisive; unable to make up their minds between two courses of action. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CUwh to-INF He had been too lenient with hardliners and too indecisive about reform. You seem to be rather indecisive about going on a holiday this year. I was really indecisive about what I wanted. When he's indecisive about how to decorate a room, Michel just takes a wallpaper scraper and pulls off a few strips of the existing wallcovering. + in N/V-ing He had been too tolerant with hardliners and too indecisive in his own attitude to reform. The President's national and inter-

P5

P6 P7

national prestige is at stake, as he is widely perceived on the home front as weak and indecisive in his handling of affairs. But he has appeared weak and indecisive in dealing with the economy and that is the issue on which the election will be decided. + on Ν Gorbachev, who was beloved in Moscow when he first came to power, is now seen as remote, dismissive, and indecisive on the future of the nation's economy. + over Ν (rare) I ' m chronically indecisive over little things. + with Ν (rare) He said he had been too tolerant and indecisive with the hardliners.

If a person is indecisive about a particular matter they do not know what to do.

indicate

verb

A

'show' Active : 2 / 3 Passive : 1 / 3 [N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A D1-3 [to-INF] a D2-3 [that-CL] A D1-3 [for Ν to-INF] A D2-3 II obi [N]p D1 D2 [that-CL]p(n) [wh-CL] P ( i t ) D3 D4 [Q]p:it III [as N/V-ing] IV [to N] D1

'point at' Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3

[N] A /[byN] T1.4-5 T4 T1.4-5 T4 T1-2 T4 T5

II Obi

III

[N]p

[wh-CL]p;it [ADV]

D1 D3

T3 T3

T1 T2.4-5

+ Np A A profusion of white water lily indicates good water quality. With flipover charts, as with most other visual aids, use different colours to make the graphics clearer: for example, red to indicate dates of committee meetings, green to show social evenings, and a third colour giving film shows. The newly educated bees would then take off to visit the home indicated by the different dance. Satellite photos indicated a sudden large increase in Northern Hemisphere snow cover in the winter of 1971-72.

D2

Β She shook her head, indicating a half-full glass in front of her. 'This will do me', she said. "You two report directly to me," he said, indicating the Duke and me + (that)-CLp(„) (>30%) A However at a meeting in Holland, nearly two weeks ago, community development ministers indicated they were not willing to back the idea. The new Prime Minister, Mr Major, said Britain wanted to play a central and positive role although he indicated there would be no change in British policy on some controversial issues

422

indifferent

D3

D4

T1

such as a single currency. Mr Ridley at first indicated that he would not resign immediately, but there is continuing speculation that he will have to do so. He was frowning a little, and there was a sceptical twist to his mouth that indicated he didn't think much of the speaker either. + wh-CLp(it)/wh A Please indicate whether you would prefer pink or grey print. This list indicates how the risk management process involves the entire firm. At this point, however, it would perhaps be relevant to indicate how these early theoretical concerns were reflected in empirical studies of the Third World. Perhaps his use of the word 'Papa' indicated why. Β The moment it stopped, the blond youth jumped out and indicated where Calder was to park. QUOTEp;), A "You too," he indicated, "Bar shut!" Such talks, he indicated, could take several years. If the car did not sell the SOLD column will indicate "no sale". + Np + as N/V-ing A The marks on his face and neck indicated strangulation as a possible cause of death. Every poll indicates the preferred option as being a Scottish parliament inside the UK.

T2

T3

T4

T5

+ Np 30 %) If Doran was a little indifferent to visitors, Lili was not. They are often unconventional in their outward expression, indifferent to normally accepted standards, maintaining a cool, casual approach with an air of 'Couldn't care less'. Mr Velayati said the Islamic world would not be indifferent to

P5

the American presence. He half wanted to be liked, but he was quite indifferent to being respected. At a time of crisis many people can be totally calm, can even appear almost indifferent to what has happened, but they pay for it later. She packed carelessly, shovelling the clothes into the case, indifferent to whether they would be creased at the end of her journey. + toward(s) Ν I don't even hate him. I just feel indifferent towards him.

Someone who is indifferent to someone or something is not affected by them in any way or does not care.

423

indisputable

indignant P1 P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr Stella gave Vic an indignant look. pred She wanted to feel outraged, indignant. + that-CL Franklin, who claimed to Sara that he had himself disdained to take the job was privately indignant that Raskob got it. + about N/V-ing A Falstaffian figure, as indignant about bad food and wine as Falstaff was about small beer, he seemed to some a relic of another age. He ought not to be surprised and indignant about having to pay the price of not holding public office on behalf of the party.

A person who is indignant about something or with

indiscreet P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

P5

P6

P7

+ at N/V-ing She sounded more indignant at the price than the proposal. My wife was most indignant at being charged £ 2 to enter a place she used to frequent for free. + over N/V-ing (rare) The Talley family has been outspoken in their criticism of this war, and is indignant over the death of Robert. + with Ν She was, she noted in her diary, very indignant with him.

meone feels that they have a right to be very angry.

adjective

attr He's one of the most indiscreet people I've ever come across. pred Her question was indiscreet. [it] + to-INF (rare) Is it indiscreet to ask how you became acquainted with her? + about N/V-ing Clark is notoriously indiscreet about his private life. + in N/V-ing (rare) Had he been indiscreet in what he had said?

P6

P7

+ of Ν (rare) There were two or three things which, while true, were a little indiscreet of both of us. [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) It was unsympathetic and indiscreet of these women to remain.

If a person is indiscreet about a certain matter, they speak about it when it would be better not to.

indispensible P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr The unit is not only an essential part of my practice, it is an indispensible part of the whole clinical ecology approach. pred No one is indispensible. + for Ν Jones's distinctive approach in teaching and research was rooted in the strong conviction that familiarity with the primary sources was indispensible for a proper grasp of the foundations and development of Islam, its thought and institutions.

P4

+ to Ν You realise that the old high-minded values need no longer be indispensible to art.

Someone or something can be indispensible for or to a person, a particular enterprise or purpose, i.e. they are absolutely essential.

indisputable P1

P2

adjective

attr It is an indisputable fact that in America today, candour is constantly misused as a status symbol, a whip, or an affront. pred Its basic premise is indisputable. Britain has been losing industrial capacity for years, and the process has accelerated since 1979.

P3

[it] + that-CL good aims,

It is indisputable that these are

If something is indisputable then it is obviously true and there can be no argument about it.

424

inefficient inefficient P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr The majority of manufacturers in the city are antiquated, inefficient state-run industries, and foreign business people complain the city government is excessively bureaucratic and slow moving. pred Many public services are still grossly inefficient. [it] + to-INF It's just plain inefficient to leave squads of trained people hanging around twiddling their thumbs.

P4

P5

P6

+ as Ν Motor cars are now the bane of Britain and many other countries. They have to be parked, they cause pollution and accidents, are very inefficient as machines and in the numbers they carry. + at N/V-ing The mainstream music business still seems highly inefficient at successfully finding and launching new talent. + in N/V-ing The economy as a whole was grossly inefficient in its use of resources.

Inefficient means not efficient .

ineligible P1

P2

P3

P4

(i) (Ü)

inept PI

P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr Algeria are banned from the finals of the African Nations Cup for fielding an ineligible player. pred Once the dust had cleared, it was discovered that 58 of the votes cast were ineligible because of their non-resident status. + to-INF The Alabama prisoners were ineligible to remain in the United States because of their criminal records. + as Ν (rare) Mr Cleary won Wills at a 1992 by-election, but was ruled ineligible as an MP by the High Court seven months later.

P5

+ for N/V-ing (frequent) This will mean that people ineligible for legal aid will for the first time be able to sue without financial risk. Monica Seles, Gabriela Sabatini and Martina Navratilova became ineligible for Barcelona by making themselves unavailable for last year's Federation Cup. English Heritage has let it be known that it considers the terrace ineligible for listing because its interiors are too altered and its exteriors too patched.

Someone or something can be ineligible for something such as an office, a title, a privilege, a scholarship or a prize, etc., i.e. not have the qualifications necessary for it. Someone can be ineligible to do something, i.e. not have the right to do it.

adjective attr He criticised what he described as the grim economic situation he has inherited and said it had got out of control due to inept handling. pred Mr Major's plan is politically inept. [it] + to-INF She believes it would be politically inept to cut such training programmes at a time when the jobless total is rising fast and will soon top three million. + at N/V-ing (frequent) Such a person tends to view himself as stupid, clumsy, weak, and inept at social games or sports, despite real achievements that are often the envy of classmates. He was completely inept at governing the island that he first discovered, so that within two or three years, the settlement had become a disaster. Most of the early settlers in America were oddly inept at devising place names.

P5

+ in N/V-ing This has left the impression here that the OAS was hasty and inept in picking the team in the first place.

A person, team or institution that is inept at doing something is very unskilful and bad.

425

infatuated

inevitable P1 P2

P3

P4

adjective

attr Are these inevitable consequences? pred A single currency for the EC is inevitable, Britain' s Euro- Commissioner Sir Leon Brittan last night warned Premier John Major. [it] + to-INF It is inevitable to feel some sympathy for you, although you are in receipt of a substantial income. [it] + (that) - C L (frequent) It is now easier for young people to take their talents abroad than it has ever been and it is inevitable that many of them would go if their taxes increased hugely and their financial prospects were diminished. A number of publishers felt there was increasing pressure and that it was inevitable it was going to

P5

disintegrate. He said it was inevitable that class sizes would increase if the government cut the education budget to make up for a $115 million shortfall. But Zambia destroyed its own rhino population, and with a rhino trading structure established, it was inevitable they would turn to the places where rhino populations still existed. + for Ν His image, hooded and brooding, jolts the system not with thoughts of death, which is inevitable for everyone, but of persecution and fanaticism.

P6

[it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) It is as inevitable for most humans to want children as it is to want food, water, shelter, and a mate.

P4

[it] + wh-CL (rare) It was a tragedy. It was inexplicable why a teenage girl had careered onto the road like a toddler. + to Ν If she'd stayed she could easily have burst into tears for reasons that would have been literally inexplicable to her parents. [it] + to Ν + that-CL (rare) It was inexplicable to Adeline that her husband found it necessary to pretend, all day long, to be somebody he clearly wasn't.

Something that is inevitable cannot be avoided.

inexplicable P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr Although he promotes himself as a friend of John Major, the Conservative Party has for some inexplicable reason been unable to find him a job in the Government where his extensive talents could be stretched, pred His behaviour is outrageous, inexplicable and uncontrollable. [it] + that-CL (rare) I find it equally inexplicable that Steel and his party look back to the Union of 1707 and wish somehow to renegotiate it.

P5

P6

If something is inexplicable to a person, they do not understand it.

infamous P1

P2

adjective

attr The government's privatisation campaign is increasingly like London Underground's infamous Northern Line: spurts interspersed with long halts in tunnels. pred He had the actors deliver lines directly to the audience, used hand-held cameras, and eluded the British censors with a sexy eating scene that soon became infamous.

P3 P4

+ as Ν Boston Harbor is infamous as one of the dirtiest harbors in the nation. + for Ν (frequent) Women's Liberationists loved it and the Sixties became infamous for new liberal attitudes to sex. The Sun newspaper has become infamous for its so-called Page- Three girls, topless models who appear every day in the paper.

Someone or something can be infamous for something, i.e. be well-known because of something bad.

infatuated P1

P2

adjective

attr He would retrace the footsteps of this scene and the imprint of her words over and over, as if he were an infatuated adolescent again. pred I'm not infatuated any more.

P3

+ with Ν I was infatuated with the idea that the organization counted above the individual. McLaren had started dating Andrea just before the Abbey Road sessions, and as Lee Gorman remembers, for a while, he was utterly infatu-

infect

426

ated with her. In 1943, Sartre had become infatuated with a younger woman. A person can be infatuated (i) with another person, i.e. madly in love with them (ii) with something, i.e. adore it beyond reasonable limits.

infect

verb Active: 2 / 3

ι

Passive: 1/3

Hobt [N]p III

τ

D

[with Ν]

Τ τ

D

[N]A

D

General: 0

[ N ] a / [by Ν]

+ Np Viruses and bacteria, once they've infected a cell and used it to replicate themselves, eventually get broken down by enzymes. Quite possibly in recent times the parasite made a sort of sideways jump from infecting birds to infecting man. A virus can look down on a disk and say: "Well, that looks like a good file to infect." For an instant I was infected by her fear. The national debt piled up, the standards of public services eroded, and corruption infected every level of government and business.

+ Np + with Ν Although Alison had managed to infect Joanna for a time with her panic, it soon passed. They feel as though they are infecting others with their boredom and misery. Most people who have been infected with the virus can remain healthy for a long time.

Infect is usually used to say that 'something that can cause an illness has entered an organism'. Infect can also be used in computer language. (i) A disease, a virus, e t c . " can infect an animal or a person 11 . (ii) A person or animal 1 can infect another person or animal 11 with I (iii) A virus111 can infect a computer or a file11. (iv) A particular attitude or emotion 1 can infect a person, an institution or a society 1 '. • •11' •'*· \

inferior P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective

attr All too often these products turn out to be too highly priced or of inferior quality, and are therefore difficult to sell. pred It is not that rural children are cognitively inferior, but that different environments stress different aspects of cognition. + in Ν It's also possible to put the cart before the horse, trying to capitalize on customer service when your core product or service is grossly inferior in design, performance, or cost. The southern forces, inferior in numbers but better equipped, have put up fierce resistance around Aden.

P5

rior to the BBC, by the ITA as well as by the public. Detroit cars made on Mondays and Fridays were said to be inferior to cars made in midweek because the workers were hung over on Mondays and bored on Fridays. Thus, for Socrates, writing is inferior to spoken wisdom. + to Ν + in Ν Random roadside inspections must always be inferior to universal workshop inspections in both quality and thoroughness.

+ to Ν (frequent) "Why are women treated as inferior to men?" asked Kathleen Ennis in Women's Voice in 1972. There were two other areas in which ITV was generally seen as infe-

Something or someone can be inferior to something or someone else in a particular quality, i.e. be less good.

influence

427

inflexible P1

adjective

attr The last thing we need is a set of inflexible rules to apply to every situation. pred Managers are seen to be inflexible. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL Nurseries can be very inflexible about what time your child is collected. Angela is very inflexible about changing anything she writes.

P2 P3

P4

P5

+ in N/V-ing Westerners were too inflexible in applying economic policies that were bound to cause huge slump. + on Ν The Soviet side was inflexible on this issue.

Inflexible means 'rigid and unwilling to accept change'.

influence P1

noun

From Cambodia to no-man's land in Lebanon, the UN is having difficulty exerting its influence. [the] + to-INF The United States is the only country with the power and the influence to lead the world into a massive environmental and economic cleanup. + on N/wh-CL (frequent) Utamaro was himself a considerable influence on the work of the late 19th-century French avant-garde. I have high hopes that my younger players will be a year older and wiser and that will have a big influence on where we finish this season.

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

+ over Ν Union influence over Labour is particularly pernicious, the government claims, because the unions have votes in selecting Labour candidates for Parliament. + upon Ν Its influence upon female physiology may be seen in the cycles of menstruation and fertility. + with Ν He is expected to ask them to use their influence with the PLO leadership to ensure that the conference can go ahead.

sSfiSfigEg.gSjS „g A person can have influence (a) over another person or a group, i.e. be able to directly guide the way they behave, (b) with a person, i.e. be able to influence them because they know them well. Someone or something can have or be an influence on or upon something or someone, i.e. be able to affect their character or 1

influence

verb

Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3

General: 0

III

I

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [wh-CL] A II obi [N]p [wh-CL]p D1

D1-2 D1-2 D1-2 D1 D2

T1.3 T1.3 T3 T1-5

+ Np For Goethe did achieve fame of some sort, even in his lifetime. Dr Johnson approved of him; he influenced Wordsworth and the other Romantics. Language does influence a person's thinking, it's not just a matter of semantics. My actions had in no way influenced anyone else. The Cubist concept of how form and space can be re-created in painting has strongly influenced artists in this century. Pricing will clearly be a dominant factor in influencing sales in many markets. The turnout was influenced by the exceptionally fine weather and unseasonally high temperatures which much of the country is continuing to enjoy.

IV ν

D2

T1

T2

[to-INF] [against N/V-ing] [into N/V-ing] [in N] [with N]

T1 T2 T4 T3 T5

+ wh-CLp What political party gains state power will, in turn, influence how legislative districts are to be redrawn in the wake of the population census. So it seems probable that the babies themselves influence how their mothers respond to them as well as the other way round. Each had a budget for repairs for his/her area, could influence where the money was spent, and make orders for work to be carried out. + Np + to-INF Your reader M. Walkley is totally naive for thinking that records influence people to take the drug Ecstasy. It was this that influenced Keegan to quit. + Np + against N/V-ing Perhaps Jack had also

428

inform

T3 T4

been influenced against Naomi by Charlotte. He tried to influence the President against calling a general election eight years ago. + Np + in Ν I don't think I influenced him in this thinking. + Np + into N/V-ing Part of the problem is that the Treasury is congenitally incapable of giving an honest forecast, because it feels compelled to 1

influence us all into more virtuous behaviour. He believed that Lithuanian émigré groups, particularly in North America, were quite influential and could influence President Bush into taking a strong stand on Lithuania. + Np + with Ν I never try to influence my own children with my theories. You could influence others with music.

T5

II

A person 1 can influence another person" (i) against something or someone or against doing something 111 (ii) to do something or into doing something 111 (ili) with something used to exercise the influence^, i.e. have an effect on them that makes them act a certain way.

inform

verb

Active: 1 / 3

ι II III

IV

M D1

D2 D3

D4

T1

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]a / [by N ] [N]p [that-CL] [wh-CL] [Q/S] [about X]p [of N] [on X]

Active: 2 / 3

D1

D2

T1-6

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Heat Rot Holiday was a powerful drama which educates and informs. + Np Please inform him at once and see that he reports to me. The police had not yet been informed. a A clear, compassionate emotionality informs his best and most distinctive work. Existing charters need to be reviewed and new charters need to be informed by the successes and failures of previous charters. QUOTE/SENTENCE (rare) "We recorded that in Japan with her," informs Julie. + against NP β The police had never been looking for him because no one had informed against him. + on Np (frequent) β In the last few days of the campaign, the Christian Democrats were badly hit by allegations that one of their leaders had in fact been helping the secret police for 17 years, informing on colleagues. It seems that your friends reckoned he'd informed on you. There'll be no shortage of people willing to inform on me. + Np + (that)-CL You have no doubt been informed by your wife and others that at the time of the Republican rising in Dublin last year your house was searched. Kirk read him his rights

Passive: 1 / 3

ι

[N]A/[byN] II obi [N]p III [with N] IηΜΗΒΗΗΜββΗΗβΜΒΗηηΒηΗ SiMeiBSiiil^SSiigSeieiif Active: 2 / 2

II obi

T2

T3

T4

T5

[ N ] a / [by N] [against N] P [on N]p

D1

T7 T7

Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

D3 D4

and informed him he was being placed under arrest for suspicion of murder, assault, and carrying a concealed weapon. + Np + wh-CL I would be grateful if someone in the MM could inform me exactly when record reviews were replaced by pretentious and, at times, patronizing articles. She asked to be informed where he was so that she could visit him. + Np « QUOTE/Np ~ SENTENCE "That was my intention," Max informed her gravely. "There is more than one kind of insecurity," he had informed her. "I should like to see that film as soon as it is ready," the latter was informed in Italian. + Ν + about Np/N + about wh-CLP/wh toINFp A second problem is that if prospective buyers are fully informed about the product, the firm's market power might vanish. Do keep each other informed about things that concern the children. A stream of letters informs Brian about who is dealing with his protest. It publishes a guide to long-term care and informs seniors about how to obtain information. + Np + of Ν After informing his superiors of his discoveries Mr Cornelius suggested calling the police. The staff will be informed of the results of the review, but the unions fear that the

429

T6

innocent

company will announce thousands of redundancies. The four constitutional parties involved were informed of the decision during a meeting at Stormont Castle near Belfast. The Lord Mayor also shares with the Queen the right of being informed of the daily passwords to the Tower of London. / N p + oon n wh-CL/wh to-INF There + Np + on Ν Ν/Np

T7

was an increasing need to make sure that China was informed on important matters of policy. We're also trying to inform them on where to go for help. + Ν + with Ν α It is a melancholy tale, but Johnson informs it with such love and such humour that one is fascinated right to the end.

I π Inform can mean 'provide information'. A person or something written 1 can inform another person" (a) about a particular topic or something I v . i.e. provide details about it, (b) of a fact IV or that something is the case™, i.e. tell them about it. M D1 D2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 α Inform can mean 'have an influence on someone or something'. Morality, a certain spirit, etc.1 can inform someone or something 11 . -> D1 T7 β A person 1 can inform against or on another person 11 , i.e. give information about them to the authorities, esp. the police. D3 D4

inherent P1

P2

P3

adjective

attr We would consult with Saudi Arabia in doing that but we have not given up our inherent right to the self-defence of our forces. pred Hawk's Cay is a resort where atmosphere is inherent and hasn't been stroked on recently with a paintbrush. + in N/V-ing (> 30 %) The answers are inherent in the questions themselves. Whether reading Plato or Rousseau, Derrida probed for inconsistencies, trying to unmask hypocrisies that

P4

were symptomatic of the ambiguities inherent in language and thought. Sexuality is inherent in jeans. There are problems inherent in doing business with friends. + to N/V-ing Many of the juniors, showing the sort of snobbishness inherent to the middle class backgrounds from which most of them came, felt that Seymour was the man Dion should have married.

If something, often something negative such as a danger, contradiction, problem, etc., is inherent in something, i t is a natural or essential feature of it.

innocent P1

P2

A Β

adjective

attr A Since we run the risk of hanging innocent people by bringing back capital punishment, we need an alternative deterrent. Β But I'm not the pure and innocent kid you think. pred A She pleaded guilty but insisted that the nation and moral justice would judge her innocent. I feel very sorry for the family. It must be terrible for them because they are totally innocent in all this, but a murder is a murder. It says that while remand prisoners are innocent in law, they're often held in some of the worse conditions in the prison service. Β She was childlike, innocent and very gentle.

P3

P4

+ about Ν (rare) Β I'm still quite deliberately innocent about the business. + of N/V-ing (frequent) A He was sure that the man was innocent of any crime. I am totally innocent of any wrongdoing. Two weeks ago, minutes after a jury declared four Los Angeles police officers innocent of beating Rodney King, outraged opinions began to fly across San Francisco in a unique debate. • As recently as the early 1960s the lagoons of Ruidera were still remote from any large town, difficult of access and innocent of tourists. (= not affected by)

A person who is innocent of a crime or something they are accused of did not commit it. -> P1 P2 P4 A person who is innocent about something does not know very much about it. -» P1 P2 P3

430

inquire / enquire

inquire/enquire

verb

Active: 1 /3 Passive: 1 / 3 General: 0 Ι [ N ] a / [by N ] llcont [wh-CL] D1 T2.5 [wh to-INF] D2 III [Q/S] D3 T1.3 Jf [about X]p D4 T4 [as to N] D6 M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

Each time they had inquired, I had been forced to come up with another good excuse, (only if clear from context) They may be lifelong buddies, or they can just as well be fresh pick-ups, but I don't inquire, (only if clear from context) + wh-CL He did not inquire how she spent her days. I went to inquire where our car might be and found a policeman who said that they had towed away a couple of wrecks to the police pound. He inquired if they had a room. One guest remembers a secretary calling several days in advance to inquire whether she preferred red or white wine with dinner. + wh to-INF An Extel-rated analyst has outstayed his lunchtime welcome by inquiring what to expect if British Gas were privatised. QUOTE /SENTENCE "Are you asking some kind of question?" Ritva inquired. "Is she going to make it?" she inquired anxiously as we inched towards the summit. And who is the mysterious killer, might one inquire? + about Np/V-ingp/about wh-CLP/wh to-INFP (frequent) When he returned to inquire about the purchase of illegal weapons the dealer contacted the FBI. Soldiers wives who inquired about their husbands say that they were told to bring food for them but they were not allowed to see them. He inquired politely about my nose. The flat we have taken has no television. We inquired about hiring a set at two local shops. You might find it interesting to inquire about how your children get on when you are not there. After last week's interview, the BBC logged twenty calls from members of the public in support of Sir James or inquiring about how to join his party. + after NP Simon inquired after our circumstances. But you didn't ring to inquire after my health. A plainclothes man hurried into the church, presumably to inquire after Lady Mourne. A few days later at a West Country party, we inquired after the brother of one of our acquaintances. + as to Ν I had the ship's captain inquire as to airplane schedules and found a flight going into Miami, Florida. He ordered a carafe of wine

ν [after N] P vi [for N]p VII [from N] vin [of N] Further uses [into N]p

D7 D8

D9

D10

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

D5 D7 D8 D10

T2-4 T1.5

D9

and inquired as to the whereabouts of his braised chop. + for Np Inquire for information. When I inquired for Elgin, they looked astonished. + from Ν (rare) They're available throughout the country - at community centers, schools and colleges, and health fairs. Inquire from the local mental health association or Area Agency on Aging, (only if clear from context) + into Np • Last night it was announced that Norway, Denmark and Sweden are to set up a joint disaster committee to inquire into the causes of the fire. (= investigate) Therefore, it's important for literature to inquire into moral principles and practices. (= investigate) Also being considered is the appointment of a highly respected person, a sort of ombudsman, to inquire into allegations of government abuses of power. (= investigate) + of Ν (rare) He recently said that the only reason I inquired of his love life was because I was jealous. Mr Glirk did not know its exact location but would inquire of his neighbours, (only if clear from context) QUOTE + of Ν/SENTENCE + of Ν So what now, I inquired sarcastically of myself. "May I?" she inquired of Kemal. + from Ν + wh-CL (rare) Your parent might inquire from the administration if any faculty members are looking for responsible summer renters or house sitters. Do not be shy of inquiring from your tour operator exactly what you can expect when you get there. + from Ν « QUOTE/from Ν - SENTENCE (rare) Somewhat at sea, Angelo inquired from the chair: "Perhaps you could explain a little more precisely." + from Ν + about Ν (rare) Inquire from the Department of Tourism Field Office on the island about libraries with books and magazines from around the world. + of Ν + wh-CL Your pharmacist should be able to inquire of the manufacturers what the contents are.

431

insensitive

τ If you 1 inquire about somebody or s o m e t h i n g " you ask for general information about them. If you inquire after somebody or their situation v you want the latest news or may want to know whether they are there. -> M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D10 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

insane P1

P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr Insane people don't need reasons for what they do. Oh, how I understood the insane logic of that statement! pred I feel as though I am becoming insane. + to-INF I realised that I would be insane to turn it down. I know I ' m insane to be stuck in London without him. [it] + to-INF (frequent) It is insane to come all this way just to sit on the beach, read a book and watch people fall off windsurfing boards.

P5 P6 P7

[it] + that-CL And I thought it was a little insane that I was trying to do this. + with Ν The first few weeks I was almost insane with paranoia. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) In our view it would be insane for the federal government to embrace any policy which assumes a large supply of dead fetuses.

Insane can refer to a state of mental abnormality, but very often it is used to mean that people or their behaviour are extremely odd or foolish. «tfwspßfffSif^S

insecure P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr An oddly insecure man for all his achievements, Bush has always taken his politics personally. pred Young children feel insecure and threatened when they hear their parents having a row. + about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing (frequent) I feel insecure about my work. Insecure about her own looks, uncertain about her place in the world, she projected a fragile sexuality that had

P4

never been touched nor aroused nor explored. Never once have I felt threatened or insecure about being there. He's a very good-looking guy, and although he's not a flirt, I began to feel very insecure about him being surrounded by beautiful Thai women. + with Ν (rare) As a youth, he was hopelessly insecure with girls.

A person can be insecure about something, i.e. lack

insensitive P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

adjective

attr He wants the country's new justice minister to resign for racially insensitive remarks made last month. pred He was described by some local politicians as arrogant and by others as insensitive. [it] + to-INF Visitors often need to visit sick or dying relatives and it would be insensitive to subject them to intensive searches or queueing at such a time. + about N/V-ing I feel my husband is very insensitive about my problem. Maybe I had been a little heavy-handed, I thought, perhaps even a little insensitive about mentioning the matter at all. + in N/V-ing It may be that Italian television is uniquely insensitive in its interruption of films with adverts. He appears arrogant and self-

P6

P7

P8

serving, grotesquely insensitive in drawing parallels between the Aids epidemic and the Holocaust. + to N/V-ing (frequent) Their most profitable type of customer was both highly brand loyal and largely insensitive to price. How can he be so insensitive to our problems? Student organizers say the university has been insensitive to their needs. • Surgeons began to use ether and later chloroform to render their patients insensitive to pain. (= not feeling) + toward(s) Ν Those who are dominant, as we till recently have been, are always insensitive towards minorities. [it] + of Ν + to-INF It is insensitive of privileged women to knock other women who are doing their best in difficult circumstances.

432

insight

Insensitive means 'unaware of other people's feelings or of possibly problematic situations.' A person or an organization that is insensitive about or to a matter or a person does not take them into account.

insight P1 P2

P3

P4

noun

I am indebted to Betty Smith for this insight. [the] + to-INF You think I have the imagination and insight to understand what's going on inside the dark, twisted souls of Zack and Precious. + that-CL Reagan's book confirms Christopher Matthews's insight that Reagan's real calling in life was not as an actor but as an announcer. + about N/wh-CL Companies would go nowhere unless they also possessed deep insight about all of their customers' needs, including service. It's good to have insight about who's behind the stories.

P5

P6

+ into N/wh-CL (>30%) The minutes of the meeting provide a startling insight into the workings of the network's key decision makers. "We hope not only to gain some insight into why some people have twins, but more understanding of human fertility," she said. + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL Although Dr. Hammer's insights on East-West relations are generally listened to, he has scarcely been the valued confidant of State Department officials and presidents as he has portrayed. Her outrageous new book is packed with tips and insights on how any female can conquer and keep the man of her dreams.

Insight into, about or on a complex situation is 'a full understanding of it or a statement that reflects such understanding'.

insist

verb Active: 1 / 3

ι [N]a / [ b y N] llcont [ t h a t - C L ] p : j t [Q/S]p : ¡t

D1

D2

D3

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

illcont [ o n X ] p

[ u p o n X]p D1 D2

τ

He insisted and I couldn't refuse, (only if clear from context) But if the child is really dead set against it, you can't insist, (only If clear from context) + (that)-CLp:it (frequent) But airport officials insisted that passenger flights did leave the capital on schedule. Mr Klaus insists that major economic decisions must be made in Prague alone. The Department insists it takes the grievances of students and teachers seriously. She later got into an argument with a tee-shirt vendor, insisting he'd only given her change for a fiver when she'd given him a tenner. He insists he's a reformed character. QUOTEp:it / SENTENCEp it 'But we have to maintain quality,' she insists. But reform, he insisted, must come from within. + on N/V-ingp/on Ν V-ing P /on wh-CL P (frequent) But the Security Council is insisting on strict control over both the sale of oil and the subsequent distribution of humanitarian sup-

IV

D4

D3 D4

[toN]

plies. Local councils insist on their right to decide their own affairs. The federal presidency is continuing its efforts for a federal institutions, the army and the presidency, insist on abiding by the Presidency's own call for a ceasefire. You can insist on seeing the manager If you are charged with a serious offence, insist on the British Consulate being informed. The most satisfying analyses of Chaucer's Criseyde are those that insist on how much more various her character is than that of Boccaccio's heroine. + upon N/V-ingp Most European HE institutions will insist upon tests of linguistic competence before accepting a foreign student. If the government do insist upon bringing this bill again before Parliament that there will be a great deal of controversy. + to Ν + that-CL You must gently but firmly insist to those around you that change is what you want and need.

A person 1 can insist (i) on or upon something 1 1 1 (ii) that something is the case or should be done 11 , i.e. refuse to change their mind about what ought to be done or is the case.

433

instruct

insistence P1 P2

P3

P4

noun

One night, after a Chinese meal in London, she stayed the night at his insistence. + that-CL (>30%) In spite of all Mrs Thatcher's insistence that she would "fight on" and "fight to win", she has had to bow to the overwhelming mood of her party. + on N/V-ing (>30%) Behind President Chirac's insistence on nuclear tests lies a tale of a nation's tortured relationship with Germany. Eco's insistence on telling his readers how to grapple with the modern world was patronising. + upon N/V-ing The more lasting charge against British strategy is that the insistence

upon the Washington criteria is unnecessary. Pakistan's insistence upon depicting the Test series as a warm-up routine for the World Cup is doing them a disservice. + by Ν + that-CL Two crucial issues at the negotiations will be the stance adopted by the United States and a growing insistence by developed countries that the most developed of the Asian "Tigers" take a greater share of the burden.

P5

Someone's insistence on something such as an idea, a plan or a course of action is 'the fact that they insist

that it should be done or insist that it is the case.'

inspiration P1

P2

noun

There he met others who had recently been diagnosed and gave him immediate reassurance and inspiration. + behind Ν That four-minute piece was the inspiration behind the new 79- minute feature.

P3

+ for Ν The former Benfica winger provided the inspiration for his side's first league win of the season. + to Ν For so many years his riding skill and sportsmanship has been an inspiration to all.

P4

Inspiration can refer to 'an important positive influence making someone do something'.

instinct P1

P2

P3

P4

noun

All Gillian's motherly instincts were aroused. She was appalled that Maggie had left her children. + to-INF Miss Hepburn nursed Tracy through his long, alcoholic decline, while honouring his instinct not to leave his wife. [it] + to-INF I have always attracted weaker women because it was my instinct to protect and provide. + that-CL I had an instinct that it would end this way.

P5

+ as Ν The Princess on Monday night spoke repeatedly of her strength and sound instincts as a woman. + for N/V-ing In October 1992, he revealed his ruthless instinct for survival when he put down the uprising with troops and tanks. I have a strong instinct for seeking the truth at the bottom of a collection of facts. + of Ν The instinct of self-preservation told him to keep quiet.

P6

P7

Instinct is 'a natural tendency to do something or to behave in a certain way without needing to think or reason a b o u t i t ' : A person can have an instinct that something is the case, i.e. suspect it.

instruct

verb Β

Active: 2/3

Passive: 1/3

General: 0

III

IV

V

[that-CL] [wh-CL] [wh to-INF] [in N/wh to-INF] [on N/wh to-INF]

D1

Passive: 2/3

ι II

[by N] [that-CL] [Q/S]

T3

III

[N]p

T1>

T3

IV

[to-INF]

T1

[N] A /[by NJ II obi [N]p

'order' Active: 2/3

T2-3.5-6

T2

T5

T6

[N]a /

D2 D3

T4

434

instrument

Ζ

A All art also had to fulfil a useful role, either religious, to instruct and edify, or to decorate a plain surface.

D1

+ Np

D2

D3

T1

T2

A At Balmoral his parents found the time to play with him and instruct him. Then the judge will instruct the jury. • Behind my back, as my clients were led to and from the interview room, it was suggested the men had instructed an incompetent solicitor. (= employed) + that-CL Β Environment Minister David Maclean also instructed that all parish councils in the areas involved should be consulted directly. QUOTE/SENTENCE Β "Sit down," she instructed and Harry did so. "Go and have a word with her, Ken," Webb instructed. + Np + to-INF Β Kafka was so ambivalent about people actually reading his work that he instructed his friend and fellow writer Max Brod to destroy it all on his death. And she has instructed me to look over the furniture stored in the attic and basement. She closed the door and instructed the driver to take them back to the hotel. + Np + that-CL A The conservative establishment of scholars

T3

T4

T5

T6

and educators have instructed the British people that great poetry is universal poetry. + N P + wh-CUwh-to INF A But, you see, though Political Economy may instruct us how a nation may become rich, it does not teach us how to get rich as individuals. Your family doctor or the gynecologist will instruct you how to interpret and use this data. + N P « QUOTE/Np SENTENCE Β "Pour him a glass," he instructed the wine steward. + Np + in N/wh to-INF A Australia has started a special programme to instruct parents in these skills. If necessary, take time to instruct a weaker crew member in the art of bringing a boat alongside. These pat the jobless on the back in the hope of boosting their confidence and then instruct them in how to handle interviews. + Np + on N/wh-to INF A Before long, we were deep in conversation with a retired gardener determined to instruct us on the finer points of timber-framed construction. Instruct them on how to make a reversecharge call.

A

Instruct can mean 'provide teaching or information'. (i) A person 1 can instruct someone 11 in a particular skill IV , by teaching them how to do it. (ii) A person 1 can instruct someone 11 on a topic v by providing advice or information. M D1 T2 T3 T5 T6 Β Instruct can mean 'tell someone what to do'. A person 1 can instruct that something should happen' • 02 D3 T1 T4 l i j i l l i i s mrSisiimmm instrument P1

P2

noun

The Constitution is viewed primarily as a legal instrument akin to a great contract embodying the founding command of the sovereign people. + for N/V-ing Cuban authorities condemned Radio Marti as an instrument for psychological warfare and disinformation against the Cuban Government. The Generalitat decided that for-

P3

eign investment was a good instrument for improving and preserving the industrial fabric of the region. + of Ν (frequent) Others might overthrow Mr Gorbachov and seize on the instruments of power accumulated by Gorbachov.

An instrument can be 'something that serves or is used to achieve a particular purpose'.

insurance P1

noun

Families of any size will most likely need home contents insurance and car insurance. Some 2000 computers are stolen every day in the US alone. And while insurance may cover the cost of the hardware, lost data could be priceless.

P2

+ against N/V-ing /against Ν V-ing Performers need to arrange specialist insurance against all kinds of eventuality to ensure that the band plays on. Can they take insurance against going bust? It is a form of insurance against

435

insure

things going wrong. + on Ν Although it is not a legal requirement to take out insurance on a boat, it would be unwise not to do so with boat theft on the increase.

P3

Insurance can mean 'a contract with a firm to protect yourself against financial loss in the case of something such as theft or an accident or more generally a way of ensuring you will not suffer loss' : A person or institution can have an insurance (i) against a risk they fear (ii) on a thing they wish to protect.

insure A

verb

INSURANCE Active: 1/3

I llcont III

IV ν vi

'make sure'-

Passive: 1/3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [N]p

[N]a [with N]p [against N/V-ing] P [for N]p [for N] [to N]

[N]A/[byN] T2-3 D1 D5

T2.3

III

T5

IV

D3

T2

D4

T3

D4

T3

D1

+ Np

A Don't insure anything you can comfortably replace. Racing yachts are becoming more expensive to insure. The essential things to insure are your life, house and car. Β And to insure absolute impartiality all the competitors were to remain anonymous and to submit their entries under codenames. The Railroad Association should care enough about a handful of passengers to try and insure continuation of their journey. + that-CLp(it) Β Only by taking action now can we insure that future generations will not be put at risk. I am concerned to insure that things can be done properly.

D1

T1

D2 T1.3 T3

for the worst possible case. But I mean, you can't insure for every eventuality. D5

+ for Np

A Some companies insure for a total value, whereas others require a list of all your equipment. The only sensible course is to insure

+ with Np

A All drivers insuring with the company will pay at least twenty per cent more from next month. T1

+ Np + Np

Β They will not insure us victory, but without them we will suffer certain defeat. T2

+ Np + against N/V-ing

A Many tenants believe we automatically insure their furniture, belongings and decorations against theft, fire, vandalism or burst pipes but this is not the case. Can you imagine how much it would cost to insure a club against the possibility of a rain-soaked pitch causing a game to be cancelled? Knowing they are insured against the risks has only encouraged them to continue risky lending. But he was also well aware of his limitations, and he had the good sense to insure himself against failure by treating only those he was fairly certain he could cure. They are also insured against having to pay other expenses.

+ against N P / V - i n g P

A Think carefully before you insure against accident, sickness and redundancy. One thing you can never insure against is corruption among your staff. Accident victims will be able to insure against losing their cases and having to pay their winning opponents' legal costs. D4

[N]p-2 [that-CL] P(it) [N]p-i [for N]

T4

(rare) A It still pays to read the small print before you insure, (only if clear from context)

03

II

T2-5

M

02

Active: 2 / 3IBSBUaä Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

T3

+ Np + for Ν

A Check that the decorator is fully insured for any damage he or she may cause in your home. Always insure items for replacement and shipping costs. He played for Rochdale but they had to insure him for £ 1000.

436

integral

T4

A

Β

Β Several small employers combine their money to insure health coverage for their workers. + Np + to Ν A Should Britain follow the US example and insure all its bank deposits to a higher figure than £ 15,000? Pack your photo gear well, and insure it to its replacement value.

P2

P3

+ Np + with Ν A I had been insured with Archibald Reid but the company had changed name.

Ill TI A person, company or insurance policy can insure (a) a person or thing" against a certain risk or danger such as fireIV or for a dangerous situation that is envisaged v , (b) a person, a person's life or a thing 11 f o r v or to (i.e. up to) V I a certain amount or value, i.e. the insurance company will pay out that sum in case of damage, (ii) A person 1 can insure a person, a person's life or a thing 11 with a particular company 1 1 1 , i.e. make a contract with them. Insure can also be used in a less technical sense to mean 'take precautions against or have guarantees against'. -» M D1 D3 D4 D5 T2 T3 T4 T5 Insure can mean 'make sure'. The spelling insure is mostly used in American English, British English spelling is ensure in these cases. D1 D2 T1 T3 (i)

integral P1

T5

adjective

attr Chilies have not been an integral part of New England cooking. pred (rare) They place much importance on honesty and acceptance of suffering, both of which they say are integral. + in N/V-ing Large grill is integral in the oven. Mrs Godfrey was integral in establishing the Tinnenburra clothing company which retails high-quality, Australian-made wollen garments.

P4

P5 P6

+ to Ν (frequent) These services are integral to the national, highly centralized resettlement plan. In point of fact, anxiety is integral to the human condition. + to wh-CL (rare) The environment, says Polden, is integral to how communities work. + with Ν The sides of the trunk are integral with a thick and heavy sole-plate which is bolted into a recess in the bottom of the hull moulding.

If something is an integral part of something, it is an essential part: (i) Something that is integral to something is essential for it. (ii) One part of something that is integral with another part is not separate from it.

intelligible P1 P2

adjective

attr His mouth was too full to give me an intelligible answer. pred The translation is utterly simple, fluid, intelligible at first hearing and natural.

P3

+ to Ν The language of Darwin was ble to experts and non-experts alike.

Something that is intelligible to a person can be understood by them.

intend

verb

Active: 2 / 3 Passive: 113 General: 0 Ι [ N ] a / [by N ] II obi [N]p D1 T1-2 [to-INF] D2 [V-ing] D3 [that-CL]p : l , D4 [Np to-INF] D5 [for Ν to-INF] D6

[as N] [for N]

T1 T2

intelligi-

437

D1

02

D3

D4

interest

+ Np I never intended any harm. A full picture of what he intends has yet to emerge. I don't think it was intended very seriously. + to-INF (> 30 %) By next January British Rail intend to have the new platforms in use. You shouldn't try on clothes unless you intend to buy them. She intended to stand in the state elections in October. But I don't intend to let hatred ruin my life. + V-ing On another level, this shows that you intend doing things together and you will take decisions together. And she would plunge the listener into an anecdote of her day's activities, starting from what she intended giving Winston for dinner. If you intend buying a pet Amazon parrot then you should obtain a hand-reared specimen. + (that)-CLp it The opposition still intends that he should be removed from all decision making. I intend that you shall enjoy your stay on my island. There's been a festival here for the last 20 years, and we fully intend that one should take place for the next 20. It is not in-

D5

D6

T1

T2

tended that the committee should set up educational or other qualifications. How long was it intended they should stay there? + Np to-INF He intended the book to reflect the more ordinary side of American life. Management was originally intended simply to fulfil the express directions of the shareholders. They say their gesture is intended to help efforts towards mediation in the dispute. + for Ν to-INF I didn't intend for that to happen to me. It was a reflection he did not intend for her to hear. + Np + as Ν When "You Love Us" was released, it was intended as a sarcastic Valentine to the industry. But, in fact, there is evidence that nature may have intended 20- year-old boys as the lovers of 40-year-old women. + Np + for Ν This technique is intended for those patients who have completed the full treatment process. The Community has made it clear that it will require strong guarantees that aid reaches the people it is intended for.

A person 1 can intend to do something 11 , i.e. plan to do it. There is no difference between the infinitive and the mg-constructions.

intent adjective P1

P2 P3

P4

A Β

attr A She resumed her old trick of fixing me with an intent gaze and said: 'You are incompetent.' ρ red A He's frowning - not mad, just intent. + to-INF (rare) Β They were clearly intent to make up for their defeat at Middlesbrough. + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL (> 30%) A He was leaning forward in his chair, hands clasped between his knees, seemingly intent on the tennis. She hardly glanced at Ingrid, intent on where she was going. Β They maintain that the partners are intent on

P5

keeping jobs in their own countries, even to the detriment of the project as a whole. They were far too intent on their own success to lend a hand to any newcomer. + upon N/V-ing Β For years he trod the path of a holy man, denying himself the luxuries of life, but ever intent upon his goal. All in their various ways insisted upon their right to tax themselves by consent of their own representatives, protesting that the actions of the British government seemed intent upon reducing Americans to slavery.

Someone who is intent on something is paying great attention to it. -» P1 P2 P4 Someone who is intent on or upon doing something is determined to do it. -> P3 P4 P5

interest noun P1

A It may also be worth his while to consider taking up a completely new interest. Β This dilemma faces all who through politics wish to serve the community's interests. C Whenever the Account is in credit, you will earn interest.

P2

P3

[it + in] + to-INF Β Chancellor Kohl told the meeting that it was not in their interest to let the Soviet Union slide into instability. + for Ν A Politics held no interest for him.

438

interest

P4

P5

+ in N/V-ing (frequent) A The men shared an interest in computers. There's growing interest in independent schools in the former communist countries now. Among some of the young there is growing interest in wearing their Jewish identity proudly. Β The only way out of this impasse is an action in the courts to obtain a declaration that Jenny has an interest in the property. The US has substantial interest in maintaining some kind of stable post-Soviet state system, [the] + of N/V-ing Β The judge could kick out the cameras at any time if he decided they were not in the interests of justice. Favourable policies for the zones

P6

P7

must be stopped in the interest of narrowing regional disparity and curbing corruption. + on Ν C Compound interest is the interest on a loan which is based not only on the original amount of the loan but the amount of the loan plus previous accumulated interest. British companies have no statutory right to interest on unpaid bills. [of] + to Ν A I don't know if this could be of interest to you.

A

Interest is an attitude of finding something appealing or interesting. (i) Somebody can have an interest in something, i.e. be interested i Something can be of interest to someone, i.e. be interesting to them. (Η) .u: „ „ U - . J - ^ „,„ . (iii) oSomething P1 P3 P4 Β A person's interests in something are 'the benefits they may derive from it', (i) Something can be in the interests of a person or in the interest of something, or it can be in their interest or interests to do something, i.e. it is of benefit to them. iptâg (ii) If someone says they have an or no interest in a development, they expect or do not expect to

C

Interest can be the 'extra money a person receives for money they have in an account or has to pay for money they have borrowed'. -h> P1 P6

interest A

verb

be interesting' Active: 2 / 2

II obi

V-ing a [that-CL] A [wh-CL] A [N]p

Passive: 1 / 2

Β ^mSs^XkUmk

D D D D d D D

+ Np

A There are one or two reports that may interest you. The thing that interests me most at the moment is singing. [it] + Np + to-INF It might interest you to know that many notable people have spent their last days here. + Ν Β The endless flow of postcards, books, magazines and other items very much helped to entertain and interest him. A Β

'make interested' Active: 2 / 3

wmmmm

il obi [Ν] hi [in N/V-ing]

+ Np + in N/V-ing Β Ford tried to interest his guests in the sights. She tries to interest me in doing a story on the show. • Inside himself he nourished the conviction that he, of all the people interesting themselves in the case, was the most aware of the truth. (= taking an interest)

Something 1 can interest someone 11 , i. e. they find it interesting. -4 D Someone 1 can try to interest someone 11 in something 111 , i.e. make them take to buy something or do something. DΤ

ι interest in it, especially

439

intimate

interval noun P1

R2

P3

arrival of the Rocket. One to two tablets taken three or four times daily at intervals of not less than four hours. There was a short interval of quiet - then a raspy muttering could be heard. • Sow the seed in rows spaced 18in. apart and put two or three seeds together at intervals of 12 in. (= distances) + of Ν + between N p! /N and Ν There was an interval of nine years between the first murder and the second. There must be an interval of three months between the two rejections.

Another long interval has elapsed during which I've written nothing, but Christinas really is an impossible time of year to do anything. + between N/V-ing and N/V-ing/ between Npi The time interval between the dream and the event should be short. All the experts agree that the most addictive pastimes are those in which the interval between staking a bet and hearing the result is shortest. + of Ν After the leading two engines in the procession had passed the grand carriage, an interval of several minutes took place before the

The interval between two events or dates is the period

between them'.

interview noun P1

P2

P3

A Β

A The Prime Minister considered quitting and forcing a leadership election a year before he eventually did so last June, John Major said in an interview. Prince Charles had already admitted adultery in an earlier television interview. Β When compiling a CV, think of it as a tool to get you an interview, and the interview as the tool to get you the job. + about N/wh-CL A Earlier this month, Sneddon gave a rare interview about the Jackson case. They started giving interviews about how fragile and sensitive they are, deep down, underneath all the techno-rock stürm und drang. + for Ν A John McCarthy, who was released today after more than five years in captivity, gave an interview for Syrian television. Β After interviews for the job in January 1993, the final shortlist consisted of five black applicants and a Welsh woman.

P4

P5

+ on Ν A Gore responds that he was unable to talk about the accident for years, that he turned down dozens of requests for interviews on the subject. + with Ν (frequent) A This new programme, "Religion Today", will feature serious interviews with people who are shaping those trends. Β Ian had an interview with the personnel manager last Friday and was given several options.

An interview can be 'a conversation between a person such as a journalist and another person'. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 An interv iew can be a formal meeting at which a person is asked questions to see if they are suitable for a job or course of study they have applied for'. -> P1 P3 P5

intimate adjective P1

P2

attr She testified she met De Niro at a 1979 party and they had an intimate relationship for three years, resulting in her daughter's birth in 1982. pred We never discussed it: we were not at all intimate.

P3

+ with Ν For an ex-boyfriend to be intimate with his girl-friend's daughter (the fact that she's adopted means nothing) is also deplorable. Because ultimately I can only allow myself to be really intimate with someone if I really care for them.

If you say that a person is intimate with another person, you mean they know each other very well; often that they have a sexual relationship.

440

intransigent

intransigent P1

She has effectively been pushed out of of-

attr

P2

adjective + on Ν

P5

N A T O issue and with all- German elections al-

tude to the European Community.

ready set for December, Mr Gorbachev doesn't have much room for manoeuvre.

M r Major opted not to call a meet-

pred

the Church's rulings against contraceptives, al-

mained intransigent. + about Ν (rare)

though most are less intransigent on abortion.

Mr Cavallo's predecessor as

Foreign Minister, Mr Dante Caputo, of the oppo-

P6

+ toward(s) Ν (rare)

In contrast, it appeared

sition Radical Party, said Mrs Thatcher had been

thoroughly intransigent towards its model pupil,

intransigent

Bonn, which had remained obliging and had

about the question of sovereignty

never rejected the principle of integration even

over the Falkland Islands. P4

The multi-

tudes that throng around the Pope happily ignore

ing when it became obvious that the parties reP3

But with the West intransigent on the

fice, allegedly because of her intransigent atti-

during the NATO crisis.

Lebanon is becoming more in-

+ in N/V-ing

transigent in refusing to allow the outside world to provide assistance. A person or a country can be intransigent on a particular subject, i.e. determined not to change their opinions or reconsider a decision; a formal word.

intrinsic

adjective Is there any intrinsic value in that?

P1

attr

P2

pred

P3

clearly play a part, but so do factors intrinsic to

Her goodness was both intrinsic and a

the task, particularly the amount of control you

held principle.

have over it.

+ in Ν

to the Champagne region.

The people of this decade experienced

Traditions, of course, are intrinsic

for the first time things that were to become intrinsic in later lifestyles. + to Ν (frequent)

P4

We believe that values relate

to all of life, and that sex and sexuality are intrinsic to human life.

Personality and attitude

Something that is intrinsic to something is a part of it.

introduce •

verb

•••person

Β

Active: 2 / 3

I

II obi

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [ b y N] [N]p

ι D

. . . law Active: 2 / 4

General: T1-2.5

[ N ] a / [by

D

T3

D

T3

[N]p

D

T1.3-5

hi

[as N/V-ing]

T1

IV

[by N]

T2

II Obi

ν

[to

N]

T5

III

[as N/V-ing]

T1

IV

[into N ]

T3

[ o n t o N]

T4

N]

T5

[to ν D

N]

[V-ing] A [to-INF]A

Kemp introduced himself, and nodded to-

wards the two lads at the pumps. Β

Q2 Q1-2

introducing

the calculations now used in the

Dr Salifu said that introducing a new

crop did bring new problems.

duction to French. T1

Pope Gregory XIII reformed the calendar,

West.

Q1

ing, writing, arithmetic and sometimes an intro-

+ Np

A

[from N]

Q1-2

Others intro-

duce a more formal curriculum and teach read-

+ Np + a s N/V-ing A

You listen to a disc jockey introduce a record

as, "Bobby's second big hit since his release from incarceration".

She was introduced at

the interview as having returned recently from a long holiday in Africa.

441

T2

T3

introduction

Β In the third class, the technique of creative storytelling is introduced as a method of encouraging people to live "here and now". + Np + by Ν (rare) A Paul introduces everyone by Christian name.

Q1

+ Np + into Ν «-» f r o m Ν

Β The tree was introduced into Britain from Germany.

+ Np + o n t o Ν

Β At least a new tough 35m slide sorter has been introduced onto the market by Bonum. Group Captain Amrolliwalla then described the effect cherries had when first introduced onto the hostages menu.

+ NP + to Ν

A He introduced her to French symbolist poetry. If you thought that Raleigh introduced the potato to Europe, you will have to think again. She introduced me to a whole other world. There are now other companies as well as ours introducing British audiences to these plays. Isa had to introduce him to each one of them. It was she who, early in 1931, first introduced the Prince of Wales to Mrs Simpson. Β (invented example) The Americans introduced Coca-Cola to the British.

+ Np + into Ν

Β He had spoken of introducing more civilians into government. Francis is keen to introduce some younger players into a squad whose average age is over 30. The National Curriculum is being introduced into schools in England and Wales. Τ4

T5

Q2

+ Np + t o Ν *-> f r o m Ν

Β Tea was introduced to Europe from China by the Dutch in the seventeenth century.

Introduce generally means 'make someone acquainted with something'. (i) A person 1 can introduce themselves or another person 11 to someone else v , i.e. tell them their (ii)

A person or something written by a person such as a book 1 can introduce someone 11 to a particular subject, field or activity, to a country, etc. v D T1 T2 T5 (i) A person or institution 1 can introduce something such as a law, a policy, a measure 11 , i.e. put it äiIsgMeœS into force. 1 11 IV (ii) A person or firm can introduce a product into the market , i.e. launch it. D T1 T3 T4 T5 Q1 Q2 Β·/:'':.; m

introduction noun P1

introduction,

(only if clear from context)

Β GCSE results have improved every year since its introduction, for which a succession of Secretaries of State have been anxious to claim t h e credit, (only if clear from context)

C Laurel admired Troy's performance on stage and asked a mutual friend for an introduction. P2

+ from Ν

C We spent one memorable day, as a result of an introduction from Cyril Connolly, lunching with the writer Willie Maugham at the Villa Mauresque at Cap Ferrat. P3

duction of a more market-oriented health service next April.

A For any reader who wants to understand the persecution of witchcraft, this gives a very clear

+ of N/V-ing

P4

+ t o N/V-ing

A Youngsters will find an easy introduction to the world of ballet through Ballet Theatre of Queensland's production of Pinocchio. For the fourth course, there is a choice between Medieval English Studies and Introduction to Modern Literature Studies. Pre-School Craft Group (lOwks) Glue, paint, collage, stories and songs. Ideal as an introduction to working in the group. C According to director Michael Bay, his introduction to Lawrence did not bode well for the future of the film.

Β Doctors' leaders fear that patients risk being caught between general practitioners and hospitals attempting to cut costs before the introA Β C

An introduction can be 'something that enables you to experience something for the first time or gives you a brief explanation of it'. P1 Ρ 4 The introduction of something refers to the first time it is used. P1 P3 The introduction of two people is the act of getting them to know each other. -» P1 P2 P4

442

invest invest

verb

Active: 1 / 3

ι h in

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [in N]p [in V-ing] IV [to-INF] Further uses [with N] M

D1

D2

T1

D1 D2 D2

T1-3 T2 T2 T1 T3

Unless the cable companies had been given a period of protection, they would never have had the incentive to invest. + Np Boots invest around £ 2 million annually and employs 200 research scientist to develop a variety of products. So that the investor may not always get back the amount invested. You're bound to outperform them just on the sheer strength of the extra time you've invested. And how much did we invest? + in Np/V-ing We need to invest in new computer systems. Many people would rather invest in real estate or invest in the stock market rather than investing in manufacturing businesses. And why we have launched a national drive to encourage Britain's employers to invest in skills. + Np + to-INF The authority is investing seven-hundred-and-fifty-million pounds to provide a modernised system for the 1990s. The

T2

T3

mining company, Lithium Corporation of America, or Lithco, has reached a final agreement with the Bolivian government to invest forty million dollars to develop the country's rich deposits of the metal, lithium. + Np + in N/V-ing Labour would invest an extra six hundred million pounds in our education system immediately on taking office. So for years Anderlecht invested millions and millions of francs in a new arena. Rank Organisation, the British leisure group whose interests stretch from bingo to Butlins holiday camps, announced that it is to invest £ 270 m in developing its second theme park in Orlando. + Np + with Ν • The purpose of such spiritualization and universalization of Jewish concepts was to invest Jewish ritual with mystical significance. (= provide) The beach was invested with a derelict wooden pier. (= possessed)

SBSSSS A person or company1 can (i) invest or invest money" (ii) invest something such as time, effort, etc. u , i.e. use them to achieve some objective. • M D1 D2 T1 T2

invitation P1 P2

P3

P4

P5

noun

The gatekeeper admitted him to the nightly festivities, even though he had no invitation. + to-INF (frequent) French President Jacques Chirac yesterday refused an invitation to visit Japan because of criticisms of the tests. + from Ν She wanted something else. And last year that something else came in the form of an invitation from Scotland. [at the] + of Ν An official delegation had left Peking for a visit to the Soviet Union at the invitation of the Soviet Party's Central Committee. + to Ν (frequent) Membership of the British Sporting Art Trust brings many privileges, including invitations to private views. Mr Armson said his invitation to Mr Grist had provoked a storm of protest. α The police, on the other hand, tell you that a

P6

P7

P8

smart front door is an invitation to crime, particularly in a street full of shabby ones. + by Ν + to-INF Yesterday Justice Philip Cummins also declined an invitation by the landowners to punish BHP for the contempt finding he made in September. + by Ν + to Ν Algeria's main opposition party, the National Liberation Front, yesterday rejected an invitation by President Lamine Zeroual to talks on the presidential elections. + for Ν to-INF Mandel asked me if I could secure an invitation for him to meet the Cuban leader. α England nervously agreed that the game could go on - in Lewis's view, because to call it off would have been a general invitation for terrorists to disrupt sport around the world.

invite

443

P9

«

PIO

+ from Ν + to-INF His invitation from Germany to appear at the famous German Classics show in Bremen is an example of the recognition for his style, talent and achievement. .

.

.

.

,

, .

+ to Ν + to-INF He repeated his invitation to Frances to go and visit him some time and this time she did. ,

.

.

.

An invitation is a request to someone to come to something such as a party, meal, meeting, etc. . α If you consider that something is an invitation to wrong behaviour, you think it will encourage that tiaviour. -> P5 Hö behaviour. -> P5 P8

invite

verb Active: 2 / 4

« ü I

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p

II III

[Q]

IV

[to-INF]

ν vi

General: 0

D1

T1-5

Q1-2

VII

D2

τι

D2

T1

T2

T3

; Sì

[for N] [on N] [toN] [ADV]«

T2

Q2

T3 T4 T5

Q1-2

Q1

+ Np Only invite children who you think will get on well with your child. In Asia the richer you are the greater your hospitality; in England the grander you are the fewer people you invite. He invited the direct participation of the laity in activities which had previously been reserved for the clergy. • These conferences highlight important issues, but they also invite criticism that the UN is little more than a talking shop. (= make it likely to happen) Eating fish without knowing how fresh it is is inviting an unpleasant stomach upset. (= is making it likely to happen) QUOTE "Come in," invited the warden calmly. + Np + to-INF He urged the government to invite independent observers to monitor the elections. I invited her to elaborate on that. He had invited Hugh to go with him when the boy was only ten or eleven. They have invited all First Division sides to show solidarity with them by giving up the points they won on the final day of the season. The spectator competition invited readers to supply a list of things everybody thinks and nobody says. + Np + for Ν I was spontaneously invited for tea in the ticket office. And, above all, the Prior invited his small group of guests for conversation in his study after the evening meal. + Np + on Ν This selection of dishes is based on the assumption that you have been invited on a weekend sail with friends, and have been asked

D1

y:

Passive: 1 / 4

T4

T5

Q1

Q2

to do the provisioning and cooking. Invite your spouse on extended business trips. + Np + to Ν When they invited a former housekeeper to tea, she remarked that the kitchen was almost as it had been some 50 years before. He'd invite her occasionally to dinner or escort her to a premiere. Though he was expected to take part in the procession, he was not invited to the subsequent reception. + Np + ADV , Why had she invited him here? But he always invites me to a restaurant. And one evening Giroux invited the inspector to his flat. You'll excuse my not inviting you in, but we are very busy today. They spoke on the telephone, and she invited him over. He was invited on stage by the band and given the microphone. + Np + ADV + to-INF When we became engaged in early March I once invited her to the vicarage to see the younger children. To mark the occasion a number of youngsters who've been helped by the organisation were invited to Britain to take part in the celebrations. Prince Sultan stressed that American and other troops had only been invited into the kingdom to defend Saudi Arabia. But she had been invited out to see them. + Np + ADV + for Ν He invites Criseyde to his house for dinner. A week later, he invited her back to his crusty bedsit for tinned steak and kidney pie.

A person 1 can invite another person (i) for something they have ave organized themselves v , esp. a meal, a wedding, etc., i e. ask them to come to it. (ii) to a meal, a place, a social occasion, etc. VI , i.e. ask them to come to it. (iii) on a journey, a holiday, etc. VI , i.e. ask them to join in. (iv) to do something 1 ^. i.e. ask them to do it.

444

involve

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + around •-» NP (+ for N) (+ to N) Often I'll call up a male friend and invite a couple of girls around for the evening. (= invite home) + out P1 P2 P3 P5 P6 P7 α If a person has no, not much, etc. joy with something or someone, or gets no joy from someone or something, they have little or no success. Used in colloquial British English. -> P4 P8

454

judge

judge A

verb "assess' Active: 1/3

I Η hi IV ν vi VII Β

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [wh-CL] [on N] [on wh-CL] [against N] [by N] [from X] [for N/wh-CL] . . . competition Active: 1/3

ι II

III

M

C Passive: 1/3

General: 0 I

D1 D3 D5

II

T9 T9

III

[N]p.i [it + clause of IV]

T4

IV

[N] 2 [ADJ] [to-INF] [as X]

T6

D7

T8 T7

D1

T7 T7

D2

+ (that)-CLp:it

D5

D6

T1-3.5 T1-2 T1 T2 T3 T5

General: 0

D1

D4

V

D2 D4

IllPiiliilllf

A Her presence makes m e reassess my surroundings. My routine is infused with a consciousness of Ellen watching, judging, (only if clear from context) Β She judged at major British shows including the Royal Welsh and The Royal. + Np A It will be about six months before he can judge the success of the treatment, but there have been no problems so far. Β Dave Wise judged the show and then explained what he looks for in a bird when judging.

D3

Passive: 1/3

[N]A/ [byN] [that-CL]p. it [Q/S]

T4.6—9

D6

Passive: 1/3

[N]a / [by N] [N]p [for N/wh-CL]

'think' Active: 2 / 3

C "I judge Mrs. Plover was cooperative," Mr. Macmillan said to him. + wh-CL A Mr Heath said it wasn't for him to judge whether his mission had been a success. It's impossible to judge how the first meeting went. QUOTE/SENTENCE C "You dress too smartly for an artist," she judged. Mr Bush confirmed that substantial changes would be on the table but they were not, he judged, of bombshell proportions. + on Ν A It also reflects the fact that today we have open minds, better able to judge on the basis of evidence, rather than on mere fashion and what seems to be obvious. John Quayle said an extraordinary judiciary hearing would be called to judge on the incident at 8 o'clock today. to judge/judging + by Ν (very frequent) A To judge by the messages of solidarity streaming in from well- wishers world-wide, the government here is not short of friends. The DAILY EXPRESS says that judging by the rise

D7

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

in crime, the taxpayers would be perfectly justified in wondering if they were getting value for their money. to judge/judging + from N/V-ing/from wh-CL (frequent) A To judge from the time he had been in the closed van he was fairly certain that he was still in Paris. Judging from the autopsy report the man must have taken medications. Somebody named Kohl is in charge of Germany. He is a big fellow - as big as Mr Clinton maybe, judging from seeing him standing next to the president on television. From far above it came again, the shriek of a raven, and a huge one, judging from how loud it squawked. + Np + N/it + N-pattern C Any success it might have runs the risk of being judged a merely formal solution. + Np + ADJ/it + ADJ-pattern C But, the paper comments, this flagrant breaching of the Treasury's expenditure targets was judged necessary if the government is to avoid defeat at the next general election. I judged it safe to proceed. + Np + to-INF C Under Chinese law if a drug-related offence is judged to be particularly serious the defendent can be sentenced to death. + Np + against Ν A It was clear that the 8-year-old child had been unable to cope with the experience at all, having nothing to judge it against. + Np + as N/V-ing/Np + as ADJ C What he once took as boldness he will now judge as foolhardiness. But it is only in this respect that the present age is in advance of others. In all other respects it is to be judged as be-

455

T6

T7

judgement / judgment

ing far below. While his supporters hail his work as ingenious, novel, witty, avant-garde and refreshing, his critics judge it as excessive, crude and superficial. + Np + by N/V-ing/Np + by wh-CL A The Savoy is the standard by which other grand hotels are judged all over the world. We used to judge the yardage by eye and feel. Several yards in from that tiny entrance, the space opened out into quite a sizeable cavern, as far as I could judge by running my hands round the walls. You judge a tailor by how he dresses. + Np + for N/wh-CL A Science would be judged for its scientific ex-

T8

T9

cellence. I also love being judged for my body and not where I went to school and what j o b I have. "Persons must be judged for what they do and not what they have done," he says. Β AU entries will be welcome and they will be judged for their design, craftsmanship, originality and overall execution. + Np + from Ν A He studies the art of physiognomy judging human character from facial features. + Np + on N/wh-CL A I am ready to judge any book on its merits. It's best not to judge a school solely on the basis of its results. Patients also judge doctors on how well they relieve their pain.

Judge generally means 'come to have an opinion after careful consideration'. I II A A person 1 can judge somebody or something", i.e. assess their ability or qualities v (i) against some point of comparison VI

(ii) (iii)

by their appearance or by what they have produced*' used in by or from the given facts V I or from what has been said about t h e m V I , especially us sentences beginning 'to judge by/from, judging by/from' ItÄilfffS (iv) on or by a particular standard or criterion I V / V I I V / Y 11 , i.e. in some respect (v) on or , for some quality or property , yj (vi) by using a certain method 1 *. M D1 D3 D5 D6 D7 T4 T6 T7 T8 T9 Β C

I

judgement/judgment P1

P2

P3 P4

P5

II

A person' can judge a competition 1 1 , i.e. be a judge. M D1 T7 Judge can mean that someone has a particular opinion: (i) A person' can judge that something is the case 11 , i.e. be of that opinion. (ii) A person 1 can judge somebody or something 1 1 1 to be a certain w a y l v . i.e. come to the conclusion that this is how they are. D2 D4 T1 T 2 T 3 T 5

noun

That's a very tricky judgement to make - it could bring the Queen into party politics if she makes a mistake. + that-CL I think the record supports the prèsident's judgment that he is the man qualified to do the job. [it] + that-CL It is my deliberate judgment that he is one of the most brilliant students I ever had. + about Ν / about Ν V-ing / about wh-CL/wh toINF Currency speculators are unlikely to be impressed or willing to reverse their negative judgment about the French, Belgian, Spanish and Swedish currencies. Stephanopoulos cautioned reporters and the public not to rush to judgment about Clinton keeping his word. I ' m also going to withhold a final judgment about how I will vote on the floor of the Senate. He was not going to second guess the tactical judgement about whether and when to use force. + against Ν A judgment against someone who has no income besides social security and

P6

P7

P8

P9

no substantial property may represent a splendid moral victory but is practically unenforceable. + for N/V-ing Like the men, each awaits judgment for genocide. I felt no judgment for having been mistaken. There was just a feeling that a simple, living truth had replaced my error. + in favour of Ν The European Court in Luxembourg has delivered a judgement in favour of a group of women seeking compensation from the former British Gas Corporation. + of Ν (frequent) Bagnall's assessment of a pronounced imbalance reflects a pessimistic judgement of the conventional balance which can be and has been challenged. These attitudes confirm Webster's judgement of conservative Catholics in the prewar period. + on Ν (frequent) It simply said it could not pass judgment on a treaty involving Indonesia, because Indonesia refuses to accept the court's jurisdiction. He is simply not fit to sit in judge-

junior

P10

456 ment on others. Atkinson reserved judgement on Bergkamp's penalty, awarded when keeper Nigel Spink upended Uruguayan international Ruben Sosa. [in] + over Ν The Nolan committee on standards in public life is the first time an outside body has been appointed in judgment over MPs in 800 years of parliamentary democracy. Senior army officers are baulking at the idea of an independent commission to sit in judgment over them.

P11

+ upon Ν The descriptions of the best works altogether failed to convey to my mind such a knowledge of things as to allow myself to form a judgement upon them.

A judgement is 'an opinion given after very careful consideration, as by a judge in a court of law'. (i) A person can make or form a judgement about, on or upon someone or something (upon is a formal use), i.e. form an opinion about them. (ii) A person, esp. a judge can pass judgement on something, i.e. come to a verdict, or reserve judgement on or about something, i.e. refuse to give a definite opinion. (iii) Someone or a group of people can be appointed to sit in judgement on or over someone.

junior adjective PI

P2 P3

attr I would rather be a relatively junior minister in a Labour government than leader of a permanent opposition. pred The officials were very provincial and very junior. + in Ν He now finds himself junior in office but senior in age to some of his bosses.

P4

+ to Ν Though possibly fewer than fifteen years junior to Sophocles, Euripides inherited a different Greek world, torn by intellectual doubt and civil strife. Junior to Butler, he was careful to listen rather than talk.

If a person is junior to another person, they are either younger or lower in rank, or less experienced.

κ

keen P1 P2

P3

P4

P5

adjective attr I am a keen gardener. The public has a keen interest in seeing justice done. pred Does your dad want you to have like a career at the end of your degree? - Yeah. Yeah. Right. But your mum's not so keen, (only if clear from context) • She is very keen. (= enthusiastic) + to-INF/ to (> 30%) The point, I think, not always appreciated by everyone is that Europe is as keen to have the United Kingdom in the centre of the debate as we are to be there. They 're particularly keen to talk to passengers who are travelling on a train that was at the station shortly after the shootings. In between there was all the opportunity I needed to hang around Gallagher while he investigated. I wasn't keen to. + that-CL Derek Pavis, County's chairman, is keen that his team should play football more in the Forest mould. + about N/V-ing Bess was none too keen about the trip. Leonie Rickard said parents at many small schools in the Granite Belt were "very keen" about withdrawing their children.

I sat down, not too keen about hearing another story but out of politeness. + for Ν/for Ν to-INF This was one of Haig's pet aversions: the cavalry officer so keen for glory that he loses sight of his responsibilities as a leader. So salon owners have money to spend and architects and interior designers, who are suffering, are keen for the work. The West German Chancellor, Helmut Kohl, is keen for the Community to accept some responsibility for the rescue of the Soviet economy. She is keen for me to leave. + on N/V-ing (frequent) Other countries are keen on trains like the TGV and Japan's Shinkansen or bullet train. Recently, however, I met somebody through my work who I'm really keen on. It is at least possible, if not probable, that Quebec and indeed the whole of Canada would be more interesting and more intellectually fertile if Quebeckers were less keen on preserving their culture and more keen on making a new one by fusing their inheritance with that of others.

P6

P7

A person can be keen (I) on, about, or for something or keen to do something, i.e. eager to do it. (ii) keen that something should happen in the future, i.e. eager that it should happen.

keep

verb

A Active: 1/2 WÈHÈRΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗΗ lobi [N] a II [ADJ] 02 III [to Ν] D4 Β 'retain' Passive: 1/3 Active: 2/3 ι [ N ] a / [by N] II [N]p.2 /EFFECTED D1 T1.5.7 ill [N]p_i BEN/REC T1 T7 [to N] T5 IV [for N] C 'have' Active: 2/2 Passive: 1/2 I [N]A/[byN] II obi [N]p D1

D ι

It

III

'remain' Active: 2/3 Passive: 1 /3 [ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [to-INF] A [N]p D1 [it + pattern of III]

[Ν]

[ADJ] IV [V-ing] V [at Ν] vi [from N/V-ing] VII [ADV]«* E 'continue' Active: 2/2 lobi [N] A h obi [V-ing] [at Ν] Further uses [to REFL PRON]

T1-2.6 T2-3.6 T2.6 T1-4.6.8 T1-2

τι

D6

D3 D5

T2 T3 T4 Te Τ8

458

keep

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

T1

 The apples are brightly coloured red and are of good flavour. Picking time is midSeptember and the fruit should keep until January. + Np Β One company used Polaroid snapshots to keep records of their various displays in stores across the country. It is satisfying for children to see that their artwork is important enough for you to keep. I was able to keep control of my emotions. Terence Snow kept his silence. Havel said he was sorry to have had to reach this decision, but it's necessary if he is to keep his election promise to help Czechoslovakia to a happier future. He lay on his bench in one sigh of relief. They had given up their siege: he had kept his secrets, he had defeated them. C I would never keep a vicious dog! He used to keep the village shop down here. D "I'm sorry we kept you," he said, "but the delay was not of our making." • My father worked on a shipyard from the age of 16 until he retired, in a boiler room that measured 6ft χ 8ft. And all just to keep his family. (= support) + ADJ A She wanted to tell them to stop their noise, but she kept quiet. I always swim, and I try to keep healthy. I kept straight on the London Tonbridge road. + V-ing (frequent) E My mother keeps asking when I ' m going to get a boyfriend. Her clothes kept shrinking more each time they were washed. + to Ν A Please keep to the path. Looking at the flat now, you wouldn't know that they kept to a strict budget. • Catering was the main provider of jobs for the closely knit and largely invisible Chinese community who kept very much to themselves. (= had contact only between themselves) + at Ν E We're going to win this competition and if we don't this season we'll keep at it till we do! + from V-ing D But it is not clear if the country can keep from sliding back into the chaos that helped bring on the famine. + to REFL PRON • And if you want to keep to yourself that's fine by them. (= be on your own) + Np + Np / it + N-pattern Β Radice is also returning to his favourite Sardinian restaurant, where the boss, old friend

T2

T3

Τ4

T5

T6

T7

T8

Giovanni of the Hotel Gallia, has kept him a table. + Np + Ν / itp + N-pattern D I feel that if they had been my discovery, I would have guarded them jealously and tried to keep them a secret. The expense of it will keep me a very poor man. + Np + ADJ/itp + ADJ-pattern D It is generally not advisable to take Β complex in the evening as it can keep some people awake. If you keep a room white and uncluttered it makes it seem lighter and bigger. + Np + V-ing D I wheeled an old perambulator for my father to transport home a couple of bags of coal so as to keep our home fire burning. They kept us waiting at the station about three hours. + Np + at Ν D Her earnest efforts to keep her husband at his exercises had earned only his resentment. + Np + for Ν Β Please read this notes carefully and keep them for future reference. You can hand things to the staff and they'll keep them for you. + Np + from N/V-ing D I felt certain I was keeping him from his dinner. "Lionel, I've been deceived in a way that you'll never know," she said, trying to keep her lips from trembling. But keeping the secret from my mother was the greater burden. + Ν + to Ν Β When you get news, do you keep it to yourself? Is it possible or legal to keep it to myself? • 'You can keep it to between two and three thousand.' (= restrict it to) + Np + ADV^ D Harry Tisch, the head of East Germany's former mammoth Communist union will appear in court in January. He's being kept in the same prison in Berlin as some of East Germany's other former Communist bosses. Bread freezes well; wrap an uncut loaf in foil, and keep a sliced loaf in its polythene bag. It is important, though, that soil analyses are taken from time to time, to ensure that the soil acidity is kept at the right level. I like music, reading, the cinema. I'll keep my friends up half the night but I also enjoy being on my own. Sanctions are starving him of the refined fuel products necessary to keep his military jets in the air and his army mobile. But that's a point to keep in mind if you're dealing with children in questionnaires. If the Chinese attempted to make him go to the military camp, they would barricade the palace and keep him in.

459

key

• Soldiers searched college buildings room by room and left a trail of damage despite attempts by students to keep them out. (= exclude them) Keep can mean 'remain' (i) Something such as food 1 can keep, i.e. keep fresh. (ii) Someone or something 1 can keep in a particular condition 11 (often used with adjectives such as quiet, silent, fresh, young, dry) (iii) Someone or something 1 can keep to a path, course of action or a limit111, i.e. not leave or exceed it -> M D2 D4 also in phrasal verbs: keep up Keep can mean 'retain' or 'not lose": A person 1 can keep (i) things they do not give or throw away 11 (ii) something such as a promise or a secret, etc.11, i.e. not break it or give it away. -H» D1 T1 T5 T7 also in phrasal verbs: keep back; keep on Keep can be used to express the idea of having something and making sure that it continues to be in order: A person 1 can keep mm (i) something such as a shop 11 WmSi 11 (ii) something such as a diary, a list (iii) something such as a pet11. ->D1 Keep can mean '(cause someone or something to) remain in a particular state without changing'. Someone or something 1 can keep someone or something 11 (i) in a certain condition or situation v n , i.e. not allow them to change. (ii) in a certain p l a c e v n , i.e. store, hold or detain them there. (iii) from something or from doing something^, i.e. prevent them from doing it. ~> D1 D6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 T8 also in phrasal verbs: keep down; keep on; keep up Keep can mean 'continue'. (i) Someone or something 1 can keep doing something 11 , i.e. not stop doing it. (ii) A person' can keep at something 11 , i.e. continue doing it. D3 D5 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + back 30 %) That's very kind of you. + to Ν You like anyone who's kind to you. This material is kind to the carp with its softness and allows fantastic water exchange. Oceanic ingredients are so kind to our skin. + with Ν (rare) You are much too kind with her. [it] + of Ν + to-INF It's so kind of you to think of me. That was really kind of you to say that.

Kind means 'friendly and helpful'. (I) A person can be kind to or with another person (to tends to refer to specific behaviour or a particular situation, with to a general attitude), (ii) A substance can be kind to a person's hand, skin, eyes, etc., i.e. not be harmful.

461

knock

kiss

verb Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

1 + 11 [Npi/groupî couple/N]A [Ν and N]A I [N]A/[byN] II [N]p [to N] M

D

T1 (i) (ii) (iii)

D D

T1-3 T1-2 T3 Helen on both cheeks. I kissed her on the forehead and lifted her hands from my shoulders. + Np + goodbye/good night "He didn't kiss me goodbye," I bawled. When he went upstairs five minutes later to kiss her goodnight, she was fast asleep. • I suppose the Villans may as well kiss their hopes goodbye. (= give up their hopes) + goodbye + to Ν David Wallbank, who runs (or rather is running away from) a photographic company, is kissing goodbye to his 24-day-old daughter. • So now we've kissed goodbye to the greedand-grab decade, is the idea of luxury outmoded? (= abandoned)

T2

T3

verb

DOOR

c Passive: 1 / 2

[N]A/[byN] [at N]p [on N]p VIOLENCE Active: 2 / 3

IV

m

T2-3 T2 T1

Two people 1 + 1 1 can kiss or kiss each other. A person 1 can kiss (a) another person 11 , (b) another person's cheek, forehead, mouth, hand, etc.11, (c) another person 11 on the cheek, forehead, mouth, etc. IV A person 1 can kiss something 11 , usually as a sign of reverence.

Active: 1 / 2

ι II III

[goodbye] [good night] IVmarg [ADV]

Mr Parini is painfully aware that he is an American poet writing about Russians: his characters cry and kiss a great deal. I don't remember Astaire playing sexy scenes with Ginger Rogers. I doubt that they ever even kissed. + Np Amy went and kissed him, and then danced out of his reach. At first he did no more than hold her tight, kissing her face and neck and murmuring words that she could not hear. The Frenchman stood up, and after looking at her like someone who is seeing a mirage, bowed down to kiss her hand. Then, repentant, he would kneel at his mother's feet and kiss the hem of her skirt. + Np + ADV (often: on N) He greeted John and Colette with affection, then dutifully kissed

knock A

in

General: 0

m

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [against N]p [into N]p [ADJ] [V-ing] [in N] [into N] [ADV]«

General: 0

D3 D5

'criticize' Active: 2 / 2

M

mm [ N ] a / II obi

D

D1 D2 D4

T1—4.6

General: 0

[N]p

mmB.

D1

PRICE Active: 3 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 / 2

[by N]

iijg

Passive: 2 / 3

I [N]A/[byN] II obi [N]p III obi [off N]

T5 T5

T1 T2 T3 T4 T6

M

A Rourke didn't open the door when Cleve knocked.

D1

+ Np

Β He walked, clumsily, having to pick his way past first Masters then past Hughes, his thighs knocking the table.

C However much we knock the NHS, Britain still has a health service way ahead of much of the rest of the world. He may not be the smartest man in the department, but you'll never hear me knock his courage or his loyalty. It's crime that everyone knocks what we do at Wim-

462

knock

D2

D3

D4

D5

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

A Β

bledon. Later, she knocks him for showing surprisingly little interest in Aboriginal life. + against NP Β She offered a nervous apology when he accidentally knocked against her shoulder as he passed. + at Np A He knocked at the door and went in. The first house I knocked at was Moira Mackay's. + into Np Β If someone were to knock into me, maybe break a rear light lens where would I get another one? + on Np (frequent) A He knocked on the door and waited until she unlocked it. + Np + ADJ Β It was at around five-thirty yesterday evening that the warden of Lincoln's Inn was knocked unconscious by a man who took his keys to the Great Hall, where the paintings were hung. + Np + V-ing often: flying (rare) Β I caught my heel in the chair leg and knocked it flying. + Np + in Ν Β When a visitor flung open a door recently he knocked a large hole in the wall with the door handle. + NP + into Ν Β We'd just go into the second studio and play, I'd improvise a lyric, and then we'd just knock it into shape later. • The apartment is a conversion: two tiny flats knocked into one in a listed seventeenth-century building. (= turned into one by removing the walls) + Np + off Ν D I'm absolutely stretched to the limit really you know with having knocked two thousand off the price of the house already. The rise in

A person 1 can knock at or on a door, window, or at a house11, i.e. hit it to attract attention. M D3 D5 Knock can mean 'hit with a certain force'. (i) A person or moving thing 1 can knock or knock against or into somebody or something11""11, i.e. (ii)

Somebody" can be knocked unconscious, etc. IV , i.e. hit so hard that they become unconscious,

Somebody or something 11 can be knocked aside, to the ground, etc. v , i.e. hit so that they move aside, fall to the ground, etc. (iv) Something 11 can be knocked into shape v . i.e. hit to give it that shape; this expression can also be used figuratively, often to mean 'improve'. -> D1 D2 D4 T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 also in phrasal verbs: knock down; knock out; knock over Knock can mean 'criticise or doubt the value o f ; an informal use. D1 If a person 1 knocks a particular amount 11 off something such as a price m , they reduce it by that amount; an informal use. T5 (iii)

C D

T6

the yen knocked 6.3 % off share prices. Aid Bell this year hopes to finish the 10km walk and maybe knock a few more kilograms off his slimmer figure. • Free lunches for teachers are being knocked off the menu in a city's schools. (= removed) + Np + ADV« Β Joe swung his fist up, knocking the bearded man's arm aside. The gun went off, and the bullet lodged harmlessly in the ceiling. She knocked the pot out of my hand. Instinctively I hurled myself at the man, knocking him to the ground. The new dog will be very inquisitive, so be patient with him. He will invariably knock things over. • The dream team was knocked out of the European Cup this year by the mighty CSKA Moscow! (= eliminated from) We were knocking a football around in Cricklewood with a few of my closest mates and our ball hit an English woman's car. (= kicking back and forth) The snow weighed on the roofs and in the early hours the able-bodied men were already out to knock it down, to avoid what had happened once before, when the stable had caved in. (= remove)

knock

463

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + about We always used to knock about together. (= spend time together) If you've been doing it for eight years you've got one hell of a lot of files knocking about. (= lying around) + about Ν Alfred was Victoria's second son, about whom I know nothing except that he knocked about South Africa a bit and died the year before Edward VII succeeded. (= wandered about in) + about D2 T1 T3 also in phrasal verbs: land up

Β C

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up + V-ing I got quite friendly with this Scottish lad who made this significant error and landed up working there and we used to sit and gossip about these people. (= ended up)

last

verb

A

TIME Active: 1 /2 lobi [N] A Il

[N: Q U A N T ] [ADV]

Β lobi II III

+ up + ADV Half of those who went east seem to have landed up in southern India at a place called Auroville. (= finally got to)

supply ... Active: 1/3 [N] A

C

D1 D2 Itülfi

[N] [N: Q U A N T ] [ADV]

lobt

person ... Active: 2/2 [Ν]a

il obi

[N: Q U A N T ]

flHHHHHi

D1

[ADV]

_..·. ν T1-2 T1 T2

• VVVAv^'V '

D1 D2

late

M

D1

A Β C

470

A He doesn't want you to confuse physical attraction with a love that may last. Β On the restart Nelson, now in his spare car, led for as long as his engine lasted, and Alan went on to take race and title. • While he was in the coma, I asked the Irish sister, when she came into the room: "How long can he lastT (= stay alive) + N: QUANT A I'd had several stable relationships lasting about a year, but each time I just gave myself completely until I felt swallowed up. Her interview lasted less than ten minutes. The trial is expected to last about a month. Β Officials say they only have enough reserve supplies to last about a month. C He lasted a year-and-a-half in an assignment most menquitaftersix months. Heleftschool at 17 and went to the University of Bordeaux. He lasted a mere month at university but stayed in France for a year and a half.

P1

P2

P3

P4

T1

T2

+ ADV (often: for N) A The agreement would last for between five and ten years. He had high fever, which lasted for two days, accompanied by a very painful headache in the middle of the forehead. This meeting lasted longer than he had anticipated. C "Once we had our child Michael decided he should get a job," says Joanne. But he's so argumentative that he never lasts anywhere for long. • No flower of any beauty lasts long. (= stays alive) + Ν + N: QUANT Β A magnificent mosaic Rubberwood Board that will complement any kitchen and will most probably last you a lifetime. + Ν + ADV Β He ordered coffee and rolls to last him until the next day.

An event, situation or course of action 1 can last an amount of time 11 , i.e. take that long. M D1 D2 I TI ITT 1 Something that operates or a supply of something can last or last someone" for a specified time 1 ", i.e. not be used up or continue to be effective. M D1 T1 T2 A person 1 can last. i.e. manage to go on in a position or job. -> D1 D2 also in phrasal verbs: last out

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out (+ N: QUANT) Never mind, it will soon be over. All we have to do is last out the week. (= manage to go on)

late

D2

+ out (+ ADV) Will I be able to remain solvent? Will I last out until '86 when I'm able to retire? (= manage to go on)

adjective attr A Who cares if the bowl of tomato salad and hard-boiled eggs you serve at noon is a late breakfast or an early lunch? Β Imelda Marcos said yesterday she hoped to bring the remains of her late husband back to the Philippines by the end of June and bury him in his hometown. pred A It's pretty late and you're still up, so I' 11 say good night. I hate to be late. + to-INF (frequent) A The shipping company has been late to issue a statement. Today I was late to see my dentist and in the hurry I forgot to put on my hat. + V-ing A The train was an hour late reaching Paddington. It is a fact that the Swinging Sixties were late getting started and when they did, happened mostly in the Seventies and in the States.

P5

P6

P7

P8

+ for Ν (frequent) A I stopped by to tell you that I'll be late for the party tonight, but I will be there. We went to interview the head of the ruling SLN yesterday, and he was two hours late for the appointment. + in V-ing A The commission was a month late in presenting its report. Winston was late in returning from work. Keeping on the financial straight and narrow has been a constant struggle, especially when a grant cheque was six weeks late in coming. + of Ν Β My name is O'Leary, Thomas O'Leary, late of the Irish Guards. + to Ν A The dashboard clock glowed its reminder; she'd be late to work, but it didn't matter. Unlike their British and American counterparts, French farmers came late to mechanisation.

471

laugh

P9

+ with Ν A We have been very late with our propaganda. Companies are within their rights to demand full payment of the annual amount if you are late with the first instalment.

A

In most patterns late means 'later than at an expected or appointed time' : note that in very many such cases late can be premodified by a time indicator: She was 10 minutes late for the meeting. However, it can also mean 'not early': They were late in doing that. A person can be late (i) for an appointment, work, a meeting, etc. (ii) to work, school, etc. (iii) in doing something (iv) with something they have to do. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P8 P9 Late can also be used to refer to a previous state: (i) If you speak of someone's late husband you mean that he is dead. (ii) late of can be used in combination with an address, the name of a town or an institution to say that someone used to live there or be a member of that institution. - > P 1 P7

Β

laugh

verb Active: 1 / 3

ι Il in

IV ν M

D1 D2

D3

Note (i) (ii) (iii)

[N]A/[byN] [Q/S] [about X]p [atX]p [over N]p [with N] [Np ADV]

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

T1 T2 T1-2

My mother laughed a little, trying to make me feel better. It was funny to see and I couldn't help laughing. He laughed so hard he had to stuff the edge of a sofa pillow into his mouth to muffle his glee. • His reply caused me to laugh out loud. (= laugh suddenly and loudly) QUOTE/SENTENCE "Sounds wonderful," I said. "It is," Joey laughed. + about N/V-ingp /about wh-CLp He laughed about it at the time, but he certainly wasn't laughing three months later. He's going to laugh about selling us total crap. He laughed about how funny it would be to put the whole town to sleep. + at N/V-ingp /at wh-CLP (frequent) The others had laughed at her behind the back of their hands. You've got to laugh at some of the things Bernhard comes up with. I could only laugh at confessing to my priest about it. You

D4 D5

D6

T1

T2

learn very early, when you're Irish, to laugh at how the rest of the world sees you. + over Np Thack and Wren laughed over something in the living room. + with Ν I wanted more time to laugh with her, to love her, to share with her, to run with her to the edge of her childhood and beyond. Everyone started to laugh with relief. + NP ADV People didn't laugh me out of the theatres with this movie so, until they do, I'll continue acting. + with Ν + about Ν Kusoom had to laugh with me about the irony of some British achievements in India. + with Ν + at Ν If we are laughable then let's learn to laugh at ourselves, look at ourselves anew, and then begin to laugh with joy at the wonderful absurdity of it all.

that a person 1 can laugh at a person, thing, idea, fact, etc. U I , i.e. find them comic or ridiculous about a person, thing, idea, fact, etc. n l , i.e. find them amusing over a thing, idea, fact, e t c . m , i.e. laugh as a result of them

472

law

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + off «-> Np Exile was a wretched condition: the yearning, the way you tried to laugh the longing off as some kind of silliness, but you were never con-

law P1

P2

P3

P4

vincing. (= pretend that it was less strong than it was)

noun A With all the hype anything could have happened but both sides played within the spirit of the laws. The dual problem of individual and collective survival could only be definitively solved by a universal state or by the rule of law. Β One of the unwritten laws of science is that no matter how fast the most powerful computer is, solving all the "really interesting" problems needs one that is ten times faster. + that-CL

P5

P6

A In France there is a law that banks must be available to everyone. + about N/V-ing A We need to introduce a new law about pensions. + against N/V-ing /against Ν V-ing A Flag-burning is an insult. But making a law against it would run counter to our greatest national interest, the maintenance of democratic freedom. While companies can be taken to court for breaching award conditions, there is no law against making payments above the award.

Police media manager Brian Swift said there was no specific law against people warning others of a police presence. + of Ν (frequent) Β The law of gravity could not hold interest rates down against the tug of massive debt. + on N/V-ing A Germany yesterday passed a law on genetic engineering and embryo research which has been described as one of the strictest measures of its kind in the world. Edward left after one and a half terms. He went to the library and looked up the law on staying at home.

A law can be 'an official regulation', usually as part of a country's official constitution, on what people may and may not do. (ii) The law is 'the complete body of such regulations in a country'. -4 P1 P2 P 3 P4 P6 A law can be 'a statement of scientific fact'. —• P1 P5 (i)

Β

lax P1 P2

P3

P4

adjective attr This city has a fairly lax attitude toward the homeless. pred One ex-employee said security was so lax that the airline was, in effect, "playing Russian roulette" with passengers' lives. + about N/V-ing Many rural communities have been lax about the protection of natural areas and enforcing environmental laws. Contrary to public perception, federal law actually permits nudity on federal beaches, while the states are usually fairly lax about enforcing stricter local rules. + in N/V-ing (frequent) The Federal Aviation Administration has been described as lax in its enforcement of safety regulations, and now

P5

P6

manned weather stations are being replaced with automated systems. Some American politicians argue that the Bush administration has been lax in controlling exports to Iraq. + on N/V-ing Athens had strong ties to the Arab world and was extraordinarily lax on security, including at the Athens airport. He has accused the outgoing coalition of being too lax on illegal immigration. The report warns that banks are far more lax on imposing restrictions and other covenants governing the terms of the loans they agree. + with Ν (rare) Suzanne admitted they had been lax with security in the past.

A person or especially an institution can be lax about or on security or other regulations, i.e. not very strict.

473 lay A

lay

verb . . . eggs Active: 1/3

Passive: 1/3

1

[N] a / [by N]

II

[N]p

General: 0 D1

III marg [ A D V ]

Β

T6 T6

[N]A/[byN] Il obi [N]p in [on N] [upon N] [with N]

Passive: 1 / 3

[ADJ] [to N: rest]

General: 0

ι

IV

[ADV]«

D1

T1 T3

T4

T5 T6

A One of our hens started to lay before she was paired to a cock.

D1

+ Np

A Scabies is caused by mites which burrow under the skin to lay eggs. Β He had laid a trap to lure the unprepared Americans into a sweeping negotiation for which he was totally prepared. A man came to lay the saloon carpet and another to charge up the refrigeration system. For the past three weeks, the aforementioned J Ρ Fitzpatrick has been digging up our streets on behalf of Videotron Ltd, a cable television company who have been given carte blanche to lay their cables throughout the borough. M Susan had come in and started to lay the table. (= put china and cutlery on the table) He came back into the house with an armful of wood, put it down on the black tile hearth and laid the fire. (= prepared) Deputy Prime Minister Vaclav Vales and Soviet Minister for Foreign Trade Konstantin Katushev signed an agreement laying the basis for future trade. (= creating) Before he can lay claim to form a government he needs to be sure that he also has the support of enough members of other parties. (= put in a claim)

• He laid into his bowl of diced grapefruit, oranges, and damned near everything else with gusto while his table mates attacked their greasy eggs and bacon. (= began to eat) T1

T2

+ Np + on Ν

Β French sources said that President Mitterrand had laid emphasis on the need to abide by the various resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Council. He laid the blame for these delays firmly on the UN administration. • One of the men accused of attacking trucker Reginald Denny at the start of the Los Angeles riots says he never laid a finger on him and didn't see who did. (= touched) He is the most wonderful man I have ever laid eyes on or met in my entire life. (= seen) T3

+ Np < - to Ν

• There, on a hillside overlooking Fairview Cove, he was laid to rest with the others. (= buried) The 700-page account, based on detailed analysis of both Western and Yugoslav military archives, should finally lay to rest the dispute over the 1945 repatriations. (= bring to an end) T4

+ Np + upon Ν

Β "I'm responsible for the place," he said. "That's the responsibility that's laid upon me."

+ into Np

C Even more undermining is his son's description of the attack: "When they laid into me they got really excited. It must have been almost like sex to them." Michael Heseltine and Kenneth Clarke laid into Labour and warned voters not to throw away 13 years of Tory success.

+ Np + A D J

• Cider is no longer just a sweet fizzy apple drink or the lethally impure scrumpy of legend that used to lay farmhands low. (= make them drunk) As the analysis proceeds, the truth is laid bare. (= revealed) For God's sake, I nearly laid you cold. (= knocked you unconscious; an informal use)

+ about Ν

C Her second scream brings Gereint to his senses, he immediately lays about the knight and his supporters, defeats them, and leaves with Enid. In fact, he laid about Tories and Labour with vigour in that conference speech. D3

D2 D3

T2.4-6 T2

M

D2

Passive: 1/2

N]

Further uses

'putActive: 2 / 3

Active: 2 / 2

ι [N] a / [by Hobt [about N] [into N]p

T5

+ Np + with Ν

Β I think we have laid the blame with the principle culprit and that is Stacey Koon. T6

+ Np + ADV

A The maggots found in apples and pears are

474

lay

memorial. She knelt by the sofa and laid her hand gently on his chest. I brushed my teeth, carefully laid out my clothes and prepared all the bags for our early departure. • At feeding time, the bright chestnut banged his buckets like the other horses, but when John came in with the grain, he stood in the corner and laid back his ears. (= pushed back)

usually those of the codling moths. They lay their eggs on the developing fruit in June and July and the larvae burrow inside and feed on the central core. • On Friday Mr Patten laid regulations before Parliament giving himself wide general powers to collect data from schools. (= presented to) + Np + ADV« Β He laid the baby gently down on the changing table. The French Transport Minister, Michel Delebarre, and his British counterpart, Cecil Parkinson, laid wreaths at the Allied war A Β

A bird, fish or insect1 can lay eggs11, i.e. produce them and put them down somewhere. -» M D1 T6 Lay can mean 'place carefully' A person 1 can lay (i) something 11 somewhere IV , i.e. put it there. II i.e. install them, (ii) something such as a carpet, pipes, etc.", (¡¡i) something such as emphasis, the blame, responsibility 11 somewhere™. -> D1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 also in phrasal verbs: lay aside If a person 1 lays about 11 or into somebody 111 , they attack them. -> D2 D3

C Note: moment.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + aside Np Mellowed by cocktails and carefully selected and recommended wines, all animosities were laid aside for the moment and talk, like the wine, flowed freely and enjoyably. (= forgotten) + down Np And this house clearly reflects the principles Sir Terence has laid down in all his books on interior design. (= established) A Punjab branch of Rajiv Gandhi's Congress party has also said it has no objection to talks if the extremists lay down their arms. (= stopped armed violence) Freeways were being built, but for every mile of freeway laid down it seemed that a thousand cars had been newly spawned to flood it. (= constructed) This is the origin of the term "laying down" a wine - storing it correctly on its side while it matures. As Jesus laid down his life for me I now want to place my life in his hands. (= died; a literary use) Neither the Fairclough report nor the government laid down a detailed blueprint for Faraday centres. (= prepared) + in • Np People are laying in supplies, supermarkets shelves empty as soon as they're filled and prices are rising fast. (= storing) + off Lay o f f , Charlene! (= stop it) He'd lost his job last July, when the + off 30%) D Then he leaned across the table to Stein, moving closer because he was going to be talking money. A group of men in their midforties were leaning against the bar. Tony leaned back and lit a cigarette. He fixed the fragile blossoms in a buttonhole of his braided uniform, then leaned down and kissed the woman. She leaned forward and switched on the reading light. As he got to the dining room he spotted the baroness at the doorway, walking with difficulty and leaning on her

III IV V vi

T1

T2

T3

Lean can mean 'rely on'. D1 D3 T2 Lean can mean 'exert pressure'. • D1 D3 T3 Lean can mean 'have a bias or tendency towards'. -» D2 Lean can be used to describe a position or a motion towards a position that is not completely upright and requires some support. (i) A person or thing 11 can lean against or on something such as a wall, a tree, etc.111, i.e. have that as physical support. (ii) A person 1 can lean something 11 somewhere 1 ®, i.e. place it there. (iii) A person" can lean in a particular direction 111 , i.e. move the upper part of their body in that direction. -» D4 T1

verb 'acquire a skill / knowledge' Active: 1/4

I II

son Vasco Miguel's arm. She leaned out of the window. At one point, Linda Robinson leaned over and whispered in his ear. Captain Englehorn is leaning over the rail looking out at the grandeur of the spectacle. In the secondfloor bathroom she leaned toward the mirror and whitened her lips with a color called Pale Flesh. + Np + ADV D Grace leant her bicycle against the rusty railings and scanned the ill-kept churchyard beyond. "The seats are good", said Nicki. "I like sitting upright and there is something to lean my head on on long journeys." + on Np/upon NP + for Ν A Ann had not wanted to lean on her for support + on Np/upon NP + to-INF Β In well-funded areas such as science or law, university insiders say, the issue is less one of incompetence than of interference from political parties and powerful industries, which lean on faculty deans to appoint their protégés to influential posts. It is the buyers who should be leant upon to obey the law.

Passive: 1/4

[N]A/[byN] [N]p D1 [to-INF] D2 [that-CL]p( it) D3 [wh-CL] P(il) D4 [wh tO-INF]p(it) D5 [about X]p D6 [by N/V-ing] D7 [from N/V-ing]p D8 [something/a lot/etc.] P

'discover' General: 0

Active: 2/3

ι T2

II

T3 hi T5 T1.6

Q

T2-3.5-6 Q T1 a

IV ν

Passive: 1/3

[N]a / [by N] D1

T2

[that-CL]p(jt) D3 [wh-CL] P(it) [about X]p D6 [Of X]p D9 [something/a lot/etc.] P [from N]

T3 T4

[N]p

T1.6 T1 T2-4.6

learn

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

478

A The best way to learn is to learn for yourself. Other countries had to learn fast, and now they have learned, to the extent of even overtaking the US. I can see it's no good. You'll never learn. I can still remember having to learn by heart. + Np A You've made things work, made your life work, you've reached for the stars, learned a lot, studied a lot and gained a lot of insight and wisdom. In summary, then, learning a language at school that is not the mother-tongue only tends to give rise to psychological difficulties if children have no previous knowledge of the language. What's the lesson that you are most glad to have learned? All these skills can be learned. Learn your part too. Β Before he could answer those questions, Ryan knew that he'd have to learn the facts. + to-INF (very frequent) A Catherine tells Alice over and over that she must learn to be a big girl, to fend for herself. And so you head for the light, just as you learned to walk and you learned to ride the bike. We shall never be able to forget, but we must learn to forgive, and to understand enough about why it happened to make sure it never happens again. Unlike many Edwardian girls, she was learning to take risks. It is much better if we can learn to be more open about our emotional responses. + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent) A We learn that apology is an admission of error, yet we learn that making errors is terrible. Β Imagine how she must have felt, years later, when she learned he was moving to the very city in which she lived. As a Bournemouth fan, I ' m disgusted to learn that they'll be charging only a couple of pounds less than Premier League Southampton for games next season. About this time, Rhonda learned that the police probably wouldn't press charges against Dr Ake due to lack of evidence. The BBC has now learnt that Mr Hurd is to be questioned about the delay in the referral of the cases to the Appeal Court. + wh-CLP(it) A You sort of learn where your destructive emotional behaviour is coming from and what motivates it. We all have to learn how much "stress" we need to get us going and how much is "too much" and defeats its object. + wh to-INFp(it) A Men learn how to cook and do laundry and women learn how to handle investments. I was sent to Moscow to learn how to be Harry's

daughter. The thing which makes those cells different is which genes are switched on and which are switched off and we are learning how to switch genes on and off. D6

+ about N/V-ingp/ about wh-CL/wh to-INFP (frequent) A Kids learn about recycling, raw materials and can-making. She needed to learn about speaking verse The elders see to it that children under 12 learn about where they come from. When one begins to learn about how to choose foods wisely for their nutrient contributions, one is able to enjoy a wide variety of foods while still maintaining weight. Β I was in England on a visit to the London office at the time and didn't learn about the accident until the next day.

D7

+ by N/V-ing A We learn by interpreting what we perceive and by seeing the consequences of an act. Most amazingly, they do not need programs at all, but can learn by trial and error. Of course you always learn by your mistakes Learn by watching and listening + from N/V-irigp (frequent) A People are expected to learn from his example. They do what I tell them to do because I've learned from experience. Your child will also learn from watching you and your partner or his older brother and sisters. + of Np Β This is how I learned of Roxy Rapp's project to replace the wooden benches with cafe tables. It was not in fact until her second visit to Canada, almost exactly one year after Gary's departure, that she at last learned of the existence of his girlfriend. + something/a lot/etc.p + about N/V-ing/ something/a lot/etc.p + about wh-CL/wh toINF A Jane still has much to learn about being an adult. You'll learn lots of worthwhile things about the little known American war with Ecuador of 1802. Β Okay, so what did you learn about those other phone numbers? The more he learned about the refugee problem, the more he recognized a political problem to which he could respond emotionally. + Np + from Ν A And I've been wanting to tell you how much I think we can leam from you, from the nursing staff, about how to manage patients. I have learned much from it and, more to the point, enjoyed learning. Betty Robertson learned her peach cobbler recipe from her Texan mother.

D8

D9

T1

T2

lease

479 Β I learned the details of this campaign from Stefan Forss, a physicist at the University of Helsinki. T3

+ from Ν + that-CLp(it)

Τ4

A Russia has learned from experience that political struggle has no future. We should have learned from Vietnam that we must support our men and women in the military. Β I learned from talking with Dr Murphy that he was acutely aware of the stress on the family. + from Ν + wh-CLp(it) Β I wanted to learn from Steve just how he had done it.

Τ5

T6

A Sylvia tries to learn from William about leadership and addressing groups, and William tries to learn from Sylvia about relating intimately, simply enjoying the pleasure of the experience without having to get things done. We have learned from past experience about how it affects our community. Β What else did you learn from the letter about what you might expect? + something/a lot/etc.p + from Ν + about N/Ving/

Q

+ from Ν + wh to-INFP(it) A Managers and operators learn from experience how to operate new technologies. I began to learn from him how to be clear, rapid and competent when faced with a client, how to seize on the special qualities or limitations of a site v'^i'jflHP Learn can me

A

+ from Ν + about N/V-ingP / from Ν + about wh-CL P

something/a lot/etc.p + from Ν + about wh-CL A The student of Politics has much to learn from philosophers about paradigms, models, logical argument and the use of language.

ire a skill' or 'acquire knowledge so that you can use it'

ÏBS;Mll||imi

A person' can learn to do something11 or how to do something11. A person1 can learn a particular skill, an instrument, a language, a certain form of behaviour or a lesson11. A person1 can learn a part
M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 T1 r ·η t « ι · ·. Learn can mean 'find out about something I IT (o A person 1 can learn a f a c t " in the sense of suddenly being told or realizing, : : (ii) A person 1 can learn of a certain fact or state of affairs 1 1 1 , i.e. hear or be told about it. "SSÉK -> D1 D3 D6 D9 T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 Note that in substandard English learn is sometimes used with the meaning teach. Β

lease A

verb 'lend' Active: 1 / 3

Β Passive: 1 / 3

I

[ N ] a / [by N]

II

[N]p_2

in

[N]p_-| BEN/REC [toN]

M D1

A

/EFFECTED

'borrow' Active: 2 / 3

D1 D2

T1.3 T1

ι [N]a / [by N] Hob) [N]p ill

[from Ν]

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

D1

T2 T2

T3

If you want to lease, you're going to have to

make repairs, (only if clear from context) + Np A The shops will lease the equipment - a computer workstation, CD-ROM reader and colour plotter. The land is leased for a term of more than fifteen years, including renewable periods. Β If I need to get to an obscure spot, I can afford a plane. I lease one The Landmark Trust saw its opportunity, initiated a public appeal to buy the island, turned it over to the National Trust and then leased it back. He might offer to lease the property for a year (or two years or whatever) and then buy it at a given price.

D2

T1

T2

+ to Ν A If they rented, the Haskells could lease to one tenant who might then offset his rent with income from the accessory unit, (only if clear from context) + Np + Np A Perhaps La Prade could lease him a few acres. + Np + from Ν Β During the school holidays he would lease an estate on the Scottish Isle of Lismore from the Duke of Argyle and relax there with his wife. Iraq would like to lease from Kuwait two islands - Bubiyan and Uorba. Theater owners lease

leave

480

films from film distributors. The properties will be leased from the owners for a five year fixed term with vacant possession guaranteed at the end of the contract. + NR + to Ν A Woodward said banks worry the restrictions will make it difficult to lease a building to future tenants. The decision to lease equipment to Israel is clearly a compromise. Princeton University several years ago leased land to

T3

a developer who began building a massive, $ 100 million shopping complex near the research park. In 1963 I was chief electrician at the Aldwych theatre, which was leased to the Royal Shakespeare Company, who played there from September to June.

Γ

Lease can mean 'allow someone the use of something, esp. property in return for payment' A person 1 can lease (i) something 11 to someone1III (ii) „III (iii) something" to someone' 111 1 (iv) someone something M D1 D2 T1 T3 also in phrasal verbs: lease out Lease can mean 'acquire the use of something from someone for payment' A person 1 can lease (i) something 11 (ii) something 11 from someone 111 .

A

D1 T2

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + back Np (+ to N) The assets then were leased back to the professional corporation which the doctor used to conduct his practice. I sold all my property, bought the boot shop from Henry and leased it back to him for the rest of his life. + out «-> Np (+ to N) It was a hopeless proposition and my advice to Miriam would unquestionably be to lease it out to anyone fool enough to at-

leave

verb

A

. . . place Active: 1 / 3

lobi

li

[N] [for N] 'deposit' Active: 2 / 3

iv ν

not interfere' General: 0

Active: 2 / 3

[N]a

III

Β

tempt the impossible. (= lease) We've few staff anyway, and not much by way of stock, and the farms are leased out, so it's not much to manage at all. (= lease) + out *-* Np + as Ν During the fall we occasionally lease it out as a hunting camp, would you believe? (= lease)

»

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] ,.2 /EFFECTED [NJp-i RECIPIENT [for N] [ADV] [for Ν to-INF]

D1

III

IV v

VI VII D

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [N] p . 2 /EFFECTED [it + pattern of V] [N]p.i BEN/REC [for N] [to-INF] [ADJ] [as N] [Np V-ing] [ADV] RELATIONSHIP

Usi Passive: Immm Active: 2 / 3 1 [N] a / [by N] Il Obi [N]p III [for N]

T1-2.4 D1

T1-2.4

D1

T1.4

D1

T1-5.9 T2 T1 T5

D2

T3 T2 T4

D4 T9

1/3

tMwMÊ^^MmÊ^MMl wmmtm^m

l i n i WKÊBâÊÊ&i&Ê&ÊÊN&tl&t

D1

T5 T5

leave

481

G Active: 3/3


30%) Listen now to the Allegro from the first movement.

A person1 can listen to people, animals or anything that produces soundsIV, i.e. hear them consciously and attentively. A person1 can listen : . < . i (i) for something111, i.e. try or hope to hear it 11 (il) a moment or for a moment or for any other period of time . Note that listen can also be used to mean that a person takes other people's opinions or research seriously. Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in Any French people listening in, I think you're wonderful. (= listening to the programme) + in + on Np It is a crime to listen in on private conversations with scanners. (= listen to without permission) + in + to Np Some like to listen in to other people's phone-calls. (= listen to without permission) live A

verb 'stay alive' Active: 1 /2

I li m IV

ν vi

+ out + for Np The only way to win one of these incredible prizes is by listening out for our key clue record Old Red Eyes. (= listening so that you do not miss)

Β Passive: 1 / 2

[N]A/[byNJ [to-INF] [by N/V-ing] [off N]p [on N]p [to N] [ADV]p. prep

D2 D4 D6 D7 D8 D9

WAY Active: 2/2

General: 0

1 n III

IV ν vi C

Passive: 1 / 2

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [as N] [by N/V-ing] [for N]p [ADV]p. prep PLACE

D1 D3 D4 D5 D9

Active: 2/2 lobi

[N]a

II obi [ADV]p.prep

D9

498

live

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

07

A

Β

C

A "Will he live!", she asked neutrally. • She took up painting and writing books but, more importantly, she lived. (= felt alive and active) + NR Β I understand how the people of this country live their lives. She loves to be praised for her beauty, enjoys exercise and will live a long life. + to-INF A I asked the surgeon who was attending him about his condition, and was much shocked when I learned that neither he nor Mr. Regan would live to see another day. + as Ν

Β Jon had only the haziest idea of how to live as a married man. + by N/V-ing A People here live by cultivating the land. Β We only have one yardstick, one philosophy to live by: 'Losing face'. If you live here you live by our rules. + for Np Β Its protagonist is Stephane, a perfectionist violin maker who lives for the work he loves. Zambia is a country completely obsessed about football. People here live for it. + off Np A The great couture houses live off men. It's much better to live off the interest on the capital. Many who are really fit and well live off uncooked foods in the main. Athletes now are able to live off their sport. + on Np A A small fly which lives on bananas and other

D8 D9

fruit has been important to biologists since the early years of this century. A quarter of the world's population live on less than threehundred- and-seventy dollars a year each. + to Ν A Thus they lived to an advanced age. + A D V p . p r e p (>30%) A Living on the dole, you don't have much to spare for such luxuries. Long live the people! Β You could live like a king for a whole month. We live in a society with greater tolerance towards crime; there is very little stigma attached to crime or criminals. It wasn't really an effort to change how I lived; gradually my values just shifted. From then on, she lived alone, visited by clients who wanted remedies and spells, or to have their fortunes told. The U.S. is living beyond its means. C Where do you live? From the shabby little terraced house where Steffi lived as a child, the Grafs moved to a huge villa. I had been living with my boyfriend Mark for six years when I found out he had been screwing my best friend. Ideally, all the children in the family should live together. I mean you could do a lot of things if you lived in Manchester or Birmingham. You go past the bungalows over the first road and she lives about three houses down. Some had glass in the windows and TV aerials on the chimneys, still lived in by old folk; others had been turned into barns and storehouses.

Live can mean 'stay alive, survive', • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (i) A person 1 can live on or a particular source of income, a particular sum of money or a particular kind of food/diet IV (meaning that is their preferred food) (ii) An animal, plant or other organism 1 can live off or on a particular fifood r v , i.e. exist on it. (on tends to indicate an unusual or sole source of food) (iii) A person 1 can live off another person IV , i.e. be financially dependent on them. (iv) A person 1 can live 1 M D2 D4 D6 D7 D8 I Live generally means 'spend ι happens. (i) A person 1 can live by certain principles i v . (ii) A person 1 can live for something v , i.e. have that as a main interest in life. D1 D3 D4 D5 D9 Live somewhere can mean 'to have one's house or residence there'. D9

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down Np The party leadership though is still trying to live down Labour's old reputation of being soft on defence. (= overcome the memory of) + out Np He is now determined to have these mat-

ters brought to trial so he will have the opportunity to clear his name and live out the remainder of his years in peace. (= live) + up + to Np Some of our lunch samplings didn't live up to the breakfast standards, and service was

499

load

rather slow on several occasions. (= were not as good as) + it + up In the Olympic village I'll live it up with five women until 3 a. m. (= have an exciting time)

load A

verb TRANSPORT Active: 1/3

ι II

III

M D1

D2

T1

General: 0

D1 D2

D2

T5 T3 T4 T5 T3—4

'fill'

WΧÊÎMActive: 1/3

Passive: 1/3

SUSI [ N ] a / [by N] [N]p BEN/REC II [into N] III [N]p /EFFECTED D UNFAIR Sitili ι

Active: 2/3

General:

DI D1

D2

III

T3-5 T5 T3 T4 T5 T3-4

General: 0 D1 T3 T3

ivess§ttesse&

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by N]

Il obi [N]p

Passive: 1/3

EN] a / [by N] [N]p [into N] [onto N] [with N] /EFFECTED [N]p [N]A

c

»v» ¡¡¡su

Passive: 1/3

[N]A/ [by N] AGENT [N]p BEN/REC [N] A [into N] [onto N] [with N] /EFFECTED [N]p 'make operational' Active: 1/3

ill

+ through + Ν He had lived through many hairy adventures in his career as a salvage tug sailor. (= experienced)

[against N] [in favour of N]

D1

T1-2 T1 T2

M

A At the dock, the others are loading. Β The program takes quite a while to load. + Np A It was Sunday, but the river never closes down because the tide keeps coming in, and ships must load or unload their cargo according to the passage of the moon as it pulls at the waters. More than ten-thousand tonnes of supplies are being loaded in the southern port of Cochin for what will be the first relief shipment allowed through the naval blockade in the Gulf. Β She cleaned and oiled the gun and loaded it. It then uses that information to amend the electronic score, which is also loaded in the computer, and finally, the synthesiser plays the amended music. C She entered the house and smiled at Molly, who stood loading the dishwasher. D The dice are loaded. + with Ν (rare) A In order to save making two journeys it was loading with the passengers for the onward flight. Β Sharpe had not had time to load with the good powder, or wrap a ball in leather, (only if clear from context) + Np + against Ν D The dice are loaded against black people.

T2

T3

Τ4

It would also further load the dice against the vast majority of those who have been unjustifiably wronged. The FA have loaded the odds against us. + Np + in favour of Ν D The reforms are all loaded in favour of the fathers. + Np + into Ν A Early that afternoon Jarvis found Dunne and Kate Greenway loading cases into Dunne's car. Β Erik watched it pull away, wishing he'd loaded more rounds into his rifle. This film must be loaded and unloaded into the camera in complete darkness. The type of world that can be seen depends entirely on the type of programme that has been loaded into the computer. C You will get all the sophisticated washes and facilities you require, but once you've loaded the washing into the drum and chosen the programme, the machine does the rest. + Np + onto Ν A The sergeants muttered together for a few moments, then began to pick up the discarded weapons and load them onto horses. Midge loaded the last few plates on to a tray of her own and brought it into the dining-room. The affair began with the seizure by Customs officials last month of a number of steel pipes for

500

logical

T5

Β In order to use a fast shutter speed if the light drops, you should load your camera with fast film if you are using a long focal length lens. A meteorologist working out the day's weather forecast uses dozens of different algorithms for calculating air temperature, dew point, humidity, and so on, but his labors are much lightened by loading his computer with ALGOL, the algorithmic-oriented language. • During the last 20 years of his life Furuji was loaded with honours. (= received many)

Iraq about to be loaded onto a ship at Middlesborough in north-east England. Β The layout of the building is loaded onto the computer. • Be aware of the fact, too, that when you become a parent your natural indecisiveness will encourage you to load every decision onto your partner! (= pass on a responsibility) + Np + with Ν A Trent was in his driveway, loading his truck with black hosing and pipes. We had six planes loaded with drugs for Germany setting out, and I just decided to hitch a ride for Alex and myself.

A Load can mean 'put something or somebody somewhere for the purpose of transport'. wlmBm (i) A person or a machine 1 can load things, animals, or people 111 into or onto a vehicle, etc. I IT Til (ii) A person or a machine 1 can load a vehicle, etc." with things, animals or people"' -» M D1 D2 T3 T4 T5 also in phrasal verbs: load up Load can mean 'put something into a machine or weapon to make it work'. 111 11 (i) A person can load 1f ammunition into a weaponTT or IT T a film into aTIcamera . 1 1 (ii) A person can load a weapon" with ammunition" or a camera" with a film1". (iii) A person 1 can load a battery11 by replacing its power. (iv) A computer program 111 can load or be loaded, i.e. become operational. M D1 D2 T3 T4 T5 also in phrasal verbs: load up Load can mean 'put something into a machine so that it can operate on it'. (i) A person 1 can load something 111 into a machine such as a dishwasher or washing machine . (ii) A person 1 can load a machine such as a dishwasher 11 . D1 T3 D Load can mean 'not operate in a fair way'. -> D1 T1 T2 ITI

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down M1 D4 D8 D12 D13 D14 D15 also in phrasal verbs: look over; look through Look can mean search': A person 1 can look for someone or something 1 1 . M1 D9 also in phrasal verbs: look out; look up Look can mean 'have a certain appearance': (i) A person or a situation 1 can look a certain way 11 , i.e. appear such. i n (ii) If it looks as if something were the case, this appears to be the case. - > M2 D1 D2 D 6 D 1 1 D 1 5 T 1 τ TT Look can mean 'have as one's aim': A person 1 can be looking to do something 1 1 ; usually used in the progressive. -> D3 D13 Look can mean1 'consider, have as one's opinion': A person or institution 1 can look on or upon someone I®' or something " (i) in a certain way. I1V (ii) as something I v . D4 D5 T2 T3 T7 T8 T9 Look can mean 'seek to investigate something' : A person 1 can look (i) at or into a particular matter 11 , i.e. investigate it in detail. (ii) to do something 1 1 , i.e. investigate ways of achieving that. D8 D 1 0 D 1 3 Look can be used to say that someone wants and expects someone to do something. T4 T5 T6

lose

504

Idiomatic phrasal verbs Jonathan Birchall looks back on the career of a musician who started off playing piano background music for silent films in the 1920s. (= remembers) + forward + to NP/V-ingP Australia's coal producers can look forward to price rises of up to 20 percent over the next two to three years. (= anticipate with pleasure) I'm looking forward to saying we've an idea of where we're going in the future. (= anticipating with pleasure) What are you looking forward to? (= hoping to experience) He has recently been appointed to the Southern GFCC judging panel and is looking forward to undertaking a number of engagements during the next show season. (= anticipating with pleasure) + in + on Np If we get anywhere near Jersey we'll + back + on NP

look in on Mother. (= go and visit) + out 30 %) The majority of children from all classes go to local authority academies. 49 Conservative backbenchers voted for registration and a further 46 abstained, giving the Government a majority of only 12.

make

513 + over Ν After seizing the once safe Tory seat with a less than two thousand vote majority over Labour, Paddy Ashdown's jubilant supporters were celebrating the result. His majority over the SNP at the last election was down to 2,468.

P3

+ of N: QUANT + to N: QUANT

P4

The Court de-

clared Truman's action unconstitutional by the crushing majority of six to three.

The majority is the larger number of a group of people or things, or the difference between a larger and a sn Her group.

make

verb

A

'produce' Activa: 2 / 3

I II ni IV ν vi

VII vin IX

Β

[N]A/[byN] [N]p.2 /EFFECTED [Ν]Μ BEN/REC [to-INF] [for N/V-ing] [from N/V-ing] [of N] [out of N] [into N] [with N] [ADV] ... money Active: 2 / 3

I Obi

IL

ni C

Vf Passive: 1 / 3

T1.3.5-8.10-12 T1 T3 T5 T6 T8 T10

T7 T11 T12

D1

T9-10 T9

« III

D1

'cause' Active: 3 / 3

MM

Passive: 2 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ]

[V-ing]A [that-CL]A [to-INF]A [N V-ing]A [for Ν to-INF]A II obi [N]p.i [V-ing]p [it + pattern of III] III 3tt8F38rt8fî [ N ] 2 [ADJ] IV [INF] V [of N] F 'ensure Active: 2 / 3 I

D1 D4 D5

T1-2.4.8 T1-2.4.8 T1-2.4.8 T1-2.4.8 T1-2.4.8 T1-2.4.8 T2 T1.2 T1 T2 T4 T8

Passive: 2 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ]

li obi [ADJ: sure/certain] III [that-CL]p(|t) er uses [as if to-INF] [with N]

T10

D2

T13 T13

D3 D6

T14 T14

»

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ]

[V-ing]A [to-INF] a [that-CL]A [N]p-2 [N]p-1 [for N ]

E

» 1 1

Passive: 1 / 3

I ( [ N ] a / [by N] II [N]p [for N] III IV [towards N] V [it] VI [ADV] 'be or become' Active: 2 / 3

D1

-,

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [on N/V-ing] [out of N] 'achieve' Active: 2 / 3

H I

1 \. • ::

D1 D1 D1 D1

T5 T5 T5 T1.5 T1 T5

+ Np A New Balance are the only sports shoe manufacturer to make their football boots in the UK. President Havel was invited to make the opening speech at the Salzburg arts festival. Leonard gave his name and said, 'Do I make a

lot of noise?' In 1975, Kramer made a thorough examinaton of Marx's sources. This paper does make a number of incisive points which all should bear in mind. The Russian Foreign Minister, Izvolski, was also making a vain attempt to gain greater freedom of manoeuvre

514

make

for his country. At that stage we had to make a decision on the matter. The Visa Card operation made a loss in its second year of £ 2 . 6 m. It was so unusual for him to make a joke of any sort. The ministers made no progress on a plan put forward by European Community foreign ministers meeting here. Β Everyone was making money. • He made his first team debut against his beloved Rangers at Ibrox and was in the side that beat them. (= played his first game) I was getting £ 50 a week; teachers were making £ 23. (= earning) Oh, I ' m so happy for her, it's made my day. (= made me happy) It is the cars that make the show. (= make it a suceess) +Ν C In 1965 Britain finished last in the European Cup; in 1967 the team failed even to make the final. I wanted to be president of Lever Brothers. Had I stayed, I like to believe I would have made it. D There's no reason to suppose one racial group make better swimmers than another. Kirk Reynolds would make a wonderful husband. The whole book makes fascinating, if rather chilling reading. Two and two make four. (= add up to) The previous evening she had gone to have Sunday supper with a couple of old friends in Richmond. They told her that as usual they had invited Robert Carew to make a fourth. (= complete the foursome) D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

+ AD J: sure/certain F Don't worry, I'll make sure, (only if clear from context) (= ensure) + as if to-INF • He looked at her for a speculative moment, made as if to say something, then changed his mind. (= seemed about to) Lester Pigott made as if to leave. 'That it?' he mumbled. (= gave the impression of wanting to) + for Ν C We then turned to the right and made for Trenton, a village on the Detroit River near its entrance into Lake Erie. • Top speed now was just over twenty-two knots. It made for a hard ride. (= caused) So there are forces this time which make for more volatility. (= produce) + toward(s) Ν C As Isabella makes towards the waiting Mercedes, one of the Germans shouts: 'But we've come all the way from Hamburg!' + with Ν • Come on, you guys, I've got cashflow, overheads. Make with the dough! (= let me have; used in informal American English)

T1

+ Np + Np A I let her in and made her a cup of coffee. +N+N D There can be little doubt she would make him a happier wife. + Np + N/it + Np-pattern E The superhuman effort he brought to his work made him a superstar. Soaring unemployment, a rapid decline in growth and a continuing strong drain on government spending are going to make 1991 a rough year for the German economy. He was chairman of the party when Michael Manley was made deputy prime minister. The author lives in a tiny cottage in Topsham, Devon, but has made it her business to publicise Honiton lace-making all over Europe.

T2

+ Np/V-ingp + ADJ/it + ADJ-pattern E Their votes made it possible for him to assert he won outright. They made it clear they thought the circumstances were exceptional. He makes it obvious why contemporary psychologists and neuroscientists should take some interest in an esoteric subject. He was dining with us tonight and that made me very happy. A buyer must offer enough to make a sale worthwhile. The Commission says these new proposals will not make divorce easier or harder. It is often only when the interview is typed and I've read it that yet another layer of meaning is made available. You could make yourself useful minding the grandchildren to give more freedom to their parents. The framework of the grading system suggested for the quality school would make getting this proof easier than now. You're making yourself ridiculous. Because I was worried that I might be unable to make myself understood, I wanted someone with me who knew my views.

T3

+ Np + to-INF (usually passive) A Experience in California shows buildings made to withstand earthquakes save lives. If you are going to make a thing, make it to last. + Ν + INF E You can say that you made them laugh. He admitted he had made an error and I made them amend the bill. There was something about him which made Francis doubt if he was simply showing off. Mack saw that she wasn't wearing the layer of makeup she usually had on in school. It made her look younger, more normal. Parents must be made to feel more responsible. If free elections cannot be made to work now, with all the international observers in the country, Haiti has no chance of achieving democracy, by itself, in the future.

T4

515

Τ5

T6

make

+ Νρ + for N/V-¡ng A These shoes weren't made for walking. It's a wine made for early drinking. I ' m happy to make tea or coffee for whoever wants it. + Ν + for Ν D You'd have made a good companion for Carlyle or Knox. + Np + from N/V-ing (usually passive) A Underfelt is made from a variety of compressed fibres (including wool, jute, or synthetic fibres). The luxurious sweater is made from a 60 per cent acrylic and 40 per cent wool mixture with an embroidered logo on the chest. There are vast profits to be made from investing in activities that stress playing and resting rather than working. The manufacturers of vitamin E must have made a fortune from the widespread belief that vitamin E can improve virility if taken in large amounts.

T7

+ Np + into Ν A Because of their sweet taste, adzuki beans are often cooked with rice. They can also be made into flour.

T8

+ Np + Of Ν A If she was to design a church for our community, she would make it of stone and make it look solid. Their heavy gold rings turn out to be made of iron pyrites. Mankind needs to make sense of suffering and misfortune and, indeed, of life itself. + Ν + of Ν E "Very good," said Major Han. "We'll make a soldier of you yet, Adam." There's a multitude of ways of making a fool of ourselves. Ella was making a nuisance of herself on the set, as she always did. I ' m more than willing to explain, if people want to know, but I try not to make an issue of it. Distance teaching now makes use of television, video, audio and computers. I intended to make a career of it. I dreamed of fast ships on the open sea. • Invite your pals round, make a night of it. (= spend all night enjoying yourself) I don't know what to make of this, Lennox. (= how to interpret this)

T9

+ N: QUANTp + on N/V-ing Β The young man made twenty thousand dollars on wheat in three days. W h o made over $1 billion on trading in sterling last autumn? + Np + out of Ν A You can make fire bombs out of bottles of gasoline or kerosene and throw them at the tanks. The furniture on the stage was all made out of plumbing pipes. Β This enables enterprising foreign industrialists to make money out of our ideas.

T10

Τ11

T12

T13

T14

+ Np + with Ν A For pudding there is American ice-cream which is just made with cream. + Np + ADV A For best result the offending plants should be pulled out straight away, even if that makes an unsightly hole in the garden for a time. On one long side, make a mark 50cm from the end. + ADJ: sure/certain + (that)-CLP(it) F The council's main duty is to make sure that all bills passed by parliament or any other institutions conform with Islamic laws. We want to make certain they can meet their obligations. + it + ADV C I wouldn't have made it through the early stages of my own healing without my therapist. We finally arrived at Dingle and just made it to Benner's Hotel in time for an excellent dinner. Given equal numbers of equally well-qualified applicants for senior academic jobs, only a tiny proportion of the women make it onto the final short list. Harry Truman had made it back to Washington just in time for this historic occasion. Only one of the 240 yachts in the Fastnet Race had made it to the finish in Plymouth yesterday evening.

516

make

A

Β C

D E

F

Make can mean 'construct' or 'create'. A person or a machine 1 can make something 11 from, of, or out of a certain material VI . (ii) Make is used in many expressions where it has little meaning in itself: (a) A person 1 can make a decision, a joke, a journey, a mistake, a point 11 , (b) Someone or something 1 can make progress11, (c) Something such as a plan or an idea1 can make sense 11 . —> D1 T1 T 3 T 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 T 1 0 T 1 1 T12 A person 1 making a certain amount of money 11 on something111 earns that amount through it. ->D1 T9T10 In informal language, make can mean 'achieve' or 'aim at achieving', typically used with destinations or targets to be reached. Note that if you say We made it to Land's End or We made Land's End you mean 'you actually succeeded in getting there', whereas if you say We made for Land's End (orfor or towards a particular object), you mean 'you set out to get there'. —» D1 D4 D5 T14 Make can be used to say that someone or something is particularly suited in a particular role or a particular function. -> D1 T1 T5 (i) Someone or something 1 can make someone 11 a hero, a star, etc. , i.e. cause them to have that role. (ii) A person or a group of people 1 can make someone 11 leader or the leader, etc.111, i.e. give them that job. (iii) Someone or something 1 makes someone 11 do something , v can mean (a) 'cause them to do it' (b) 'compel them to do it'. (iv) Someone or something 1 can make someone 11 happy 111 , something 11 clear111, i.e. cause them to be that way. (v) Someone 1 can make (a) a fool, a nuisance 11 of themselves v , i.e. behave foolishly ..., (b) sense 11 of something or not know what to make of it v , i.e. understand it or not, (c) use11 of something v , i.e. use it, (d) an issue11 of something^, i.e. cause it to be discussed publicly, (e) a career11 of something^ , i.e. use it as the starting point, (f) a soldier111 of someone v , i.e. take care that they become that. -> T1 T2 T4 T8 Make can mean 'ensure'. —> D2 T13 (i)

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away + with Ν A team of burglars made away with some 250 pieces. (= stole) + off + with NP Five armed men made off with about seven million pounds in gold, silver and securities. (= stole) + out How were they all making out? (= getting on) + out m Np The coffin was in front of her. It was open, but I couldn't make out the corpse. (= see clearly) + out Np (+ to N) The police were able to prove that six invoices made out by Rasiklal & Sons and purporting to come from Bombay were typed on a typewriter in London. (= completed, filled in) None the wiser, he made out a cheque for £ 60. (= write out) Make out the cheque to TKM Automotive. (= write out) + Np + out + to-INF He was making Trotsky out to be one of Russia's national heroes. (= trying to present him as) They made us out to be convicts. (= tried to present us as) + out + (that)-CLp(¡t) I kept trying to make out I'd forgotten. (= pretend) I never try to make out that defeats are victories. (= pretend) + out + wh-CLp(it) (often negative) Chiquita and Dole

simply can't make out where they went wrong. (= understand) She couldn't make out how this was to be arranged. (= understand) + over + Np «· to Ν John had made over to him most of the land. (= given in a legal document) All your available charitable funds have been made over to the Carroll and Milton Petric European Sculpture Court. (= given in a legal document) + up Of course, we made up afterwards - we always do. (= ended our quarrel) + up + Ν The rally will be supported by all ten of the individual clubs that make up the Association. (= comprise) There were calls for the Community to step up economic assistance to Bulgaria to help the government make up the shortfall from other energy sources. (= compensate for) + up m Np A bed was made up for him in the small ground-floor sitting room. (= made ready) But as he completed each puzzle, he made up a story about the dog and the people on the bus. (= invented) She was too lazy to get up that early, and spent too much time making herself up. (= putting make-up on her face) Get

manage

517

a cash payment to make up the difference between what you paid and the reduced value of the faulty item. (= compensate you for) + up *-> Np (+ into N) To make the canvas up into a cushion cover you will need your own piping, backing fabric, zip and pad. (= turn into) + up + for Np One good year can make up for several bad ones. (= compensate for) Her willingness to learn more than made up for her lack of experience. (= compensated for) be made up + of Ν The shoreline was made up of a jumble of huge boulders, some the size of an average room. (= consisted of)

manage A

verb

'succeed'

WÉSÉ&itíM

Active: 112

ι h

m IV

[to-INF] [on N]p [ORDINAL]

01

iteìéffi-StìS ïfigpgi:

Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p

M

+ it + up (+ to N) He wanted to go to Shirlee and comfort her, to do anything at all to ease her suffering and his, to make it up to her in some way. (= compensate for her suffering) (+ it) + up (+ with N) Would you go make up with Emma, for God's sake! (= end your quarrel) Could you not make it up with him or reinstate him? (= overcome your disagreements)

Β

General: 0

"control' Active: 2 / 3

ι D1

Uobl

02

ill

D3

IV

Passive: 1/3

General: 0

[N]A / [by N ] [N]p

[as Ν] [ADV: well/badly]

D1

T1-2 T1

T2

D4

A She smiled back at him, cupping her hand against his cheek. "You'll manager she said softly, (only if clear from context) + Np A She clutched at it gratefully, managed a smile of thanks and the constable led her in through the gate of the farmhouse. But when she began to eat she found that she could only manage a fraction of what she had piled on to her plate. In Holland, only one of the top four sides, Ajax Amsterdam, managed a victory. If you can manage it we'll see each other on Tuesdays. When my husband could no longer manage the stairs - three or four years ago we began to sleep in the room behind this. While his Oxford works were being besieged by protesters this week, he managed a few words to Globo, one of Brazil's most popular news channels. The Gold cup went to Ashal at fourteento-one, with the hot favourite. Teamster, only managing fourth place. Β Her mother had managed a large family as a farmer's wife without complaint. Keynes was ready with a theory which asserted for the first time that government could indeed manage and control the economy. Here was a man, it's claimed, who was there to be used and managed by those behind him for the sake of his party. For many people, learning to manage their time better would solve most, if not all, of their stress problems. That was why he went to business school, to help the family manage its money.

D2

03

D4

T1

T2

+Ν • I managed an earlier flight. (= was able to take) + to-INF (> 30 %) A The FIAC has managed in 16 years to become one of the world's leading contemporary art fairs. Taylor was imprisoned in the US, but while awaiting extradition, he managed to escape. + on Np A I wonder if she could manage on my £ 32.25 pension, (only if clear from context) When the situation settled, the Home Office paid for counsellors to advise them how to manage on less money, (only if clear from context) + ORDINAL A The hot favourite Shy Spy, who had two wins on end recently, could only manage third behind second-placed Sharp As Ever. + Np + as Ν Β Their view is that elephants should be managed as a sustainable resource, like cattle, with the animals culled and their tusks sold to fund further conservation. + Np + ADV: well/badly Β The whole situation has been badly managed.

manifest

A

518

If a person or animal 1 manages (i)

to do something", they succeed in doing it.

(ii)

something that needs to be coped with11, they are able to do what is required.

(iii)

something such as a victory or a particular place11 in a competition, they succeed in achieving it.

(iv)

something such as an appointment 1 ', they succeed in finding the time for it. If manage is used without an [N]p-complement in sentences such as You ΊI manage the situation or task that a person is able to solve is obvious from the context.

- » M D1 D2 D3 D4 Β

If a person 1 manages (i) (H)

a company, a family, the economy, etc.11. they are in charge of it and take all important decisions. ΪΤ another person", they take control of their affairs and often tell them what to do; or in the case of

(iii)

musicians, actors or politicians they organize their career. something such as time or money 11 , they are in control of it and make good use of it.

(iv) • D1

adjective

manifest P1

attr

There may be unrecognised cases of man-

P5

+ in Ν

(frequent)

The middle classes have

ifest injustice of which we are unaware.

long been pitifully jealous of the strength, hu-

P2

pred

mour and vision manifest in the culture of the

P3

[it] + t h a t - C L

Their social meaning becomes manifest.

so-called lower orders.

It is manifest that significant

only when major portions of society no longer

P4

She started to turn, the

fear still manifest in her voice.

change in the treatment of animals can occur P6

+ to Ν

Anything overlooked deliberately or

see them as cheap, expendable tools for human

inadvertently will soon be manifest to the in-

ends.

spectors concerned.

+ as Ν

In such moments an impersonal mind,

outside the usual experience of the world, became manifest as a voice. Something can be manifest in something else, i.e. be c

noun

manner P1

A

ious; a formal word.

She was a big girl of about my age - sun-

P3

A

manner.

ries used to specialise in them; laconic chaps

Β

with a gentle streak and a chivalrous manner to-

Several of the relevant models are set out in a P4

can be easily presented.

Late Victorian and Edwardian children's sto-

wards women.

formal manner and their distinguishing features

P2

+ toward(s) Ν

tanned with thick wiry fair hair and a breezy

+ with Ν

+ of N/V-ing (frequent)

A

A

manner with customers was perceived as rude or

In fact, the women were behaving in the ac-

cepted courtroom manner of showing no emo-

She got a job in a department store, but her

abrasive.

tion. Β

He took exception to her policies, the vision

and attitudes that inform them, and her manner of presenting them. C

He still has to demonstrate to a curious pub-

lic - who know very little about Mr Major what manner of leader he is going to be.

From

Cortes to the Amritsar massacre, the West has all manner of things to apologise for. A Β

A person's manner with or towards someone is 'the behaviour and attitude they show'. Manner can mean way', 'method'. P1 P2

C

Manner can mean 'type'; a formal use. —> P2

• P1 P2 P3 P4

mark

519

march

verb

Active: 1 / 3

I

Passive: 113

Il Obi [N] AFFECTED [N]p EFFECTED ill

IV M

D1

D2

D3 D4

D5

General: 0

[N]A/[byN]

[against N] P [for N]p [on N]p [ADV]p. prep

D1-5 τ D1 τ D2 D3 D4

D5

Τ

Our correspondent says it is the first time they've been able to march and hold rallies without being tear-gassed or arrested. + Ν The despised red-headed soldiers would march the sacred streets of the Forbidden City. + Np They would march the thirty-six miles to the Transvaal border. + against NP I am glad to see people marching against racism and fascism because we will have to fight. How good bad music and bad reasons sound when we march against an enemy. The Duce knew that Hitler would soon march against Greece. + for Np We marched for freedom. + on Np On Monday, about 30,000 marched on the Parliament building, where deputies were debating the education budget. He was talking about Hitler and Czechoslovakia, and what would happen if Hitler marched on Poland. + ADVp.prep (frequent) He marched as far as Saratoga where an American army under General Gates forced his surrender in October 1777. The piper, now level, wheeled majestically and marched away in front of them playing The Highland Wedding. They marched into the

waiting-room and said they'd wait all afternoon if necessary. The band of the Irish Guards will march past the Queen Mother's home, while salutes are fired in Hyde Park. Under the brilliant spring sunshine here in Washington yesterday, hundreds of thousands of gay men and lesbians marched past the White House and the Capitol, demanding equal rights. • Throughout the Gulf crisis, Moscow and Washington have marched in step when it really matters. (= cooperated) + Np + ADV She gripped her arm: it was limp, unresisting. "Come inside at once!" She marched her back towards the house. He introduced the practice of marching the ship's company round the deck after morning prayers. My friend saw through my stratagem and marched me off to Regent's Park for a breath of air. The moment I arrived at her desk she marched me straight off to a screening room to watch Stryper's new rock video. Armed police marched the family away for questioning.

A person or a group of people such as soldiers or demonstrators" can march, i.e. walk somewhere quickly or energetically. (i) A soldier or an army" that marches walks with a regular step. (ii) An army11 that marches on or against an enemy is about to attack them. (iii) Demonstrators 11 that march against someone or something 111 protest against them. (iv) People 11 who march for a cause111 demonstrate in favour of it. (v) An army officer 1 who marches soldiers or an army 11 somewhere l v commands them to march there and leads them. (vi) Someone 1 can march a person or a group11 somewhere l v . i.e. force them to go there. mark P1

P2

noun A A young student received such good marks in her exams that she ended up in the House of Commons. + for N/V-ing A They'll give marks for effort. Almost one-third of the marks for Α-level PE are based on the candidate's performance in two chosen sports.

P3

+ of Ν Β Nottingham Forest manager Frank Clark has been given a handsome pay rise. It is a mark of recognition and confidence in the quiet man who 18 months ago took over from Brian Clough. Perhaps it's also a mark of the changing times that the Curzon happily places its adverts each Thursday in the Daily Mirror.

520

mark

A Β

A mark can be 'a grade or a score you receive for doing something, especially at school'. · A mark of something is a sign or indication of it. P3

'indicate' Active: 1/3

I

Passive: 1/3

III

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [out of NUM]

IV

[ADJ]

"

Active: 2/3

General:

ι D1

T2.5

D3

T5

T2

Passive: 1 / 3

General:

[ N ] A / [by N]

[V-ing] A [that-CL] A Il Obi [N]p

T3-4 T3—4 D1

T1.6-7

T1 Active: 2/3

[as N] [for N] [with N] [ADV]

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A [for Ν to-INF] A II obi [N]p III [with N] C 'commemorate' Active: 2/3

D1

T4

T6 T7

'leave a mark' Active: 2/2

Passive: 112

ι [ N ] a / [by N] h Obi [N]p Ml [ADV: QUALITY]

D1 D2

Passive: 1/3

I [N] a / [by N] II obi [N]p III [with N]

M

T3

D1

T6 T6

A I've been marking all afternoon. + Np A While marking exam papers, Oxford academic JRR Tolkien found he had written the odd sentence "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit". Β The telescope has taken twenty years to develop at a cost of one-and-a half- thousand million dollars and its successful launch would mark a new era in optical astronomy. The President's speech marks a shift from the one he gave to the miners when they left Bucharest. It would mark a decisive break with that party's traditional acceptance of the existing framework of the state as neutral. C More than one hundred thousand people have taken part in a rally in Yerevan to mark Armenia's national day and to commemorate those killed in yesterday's violence. D UNITA said it undertook to respect United Nations workers provided their vehicles were clearly marked. The UN has been training them in how to mark an area and remove the mines. E Knife cuts will mark the surface but as the finish is matt they are generally not very noticeable. +Ν • Today (September 6) marks a full week since

D2

D3

T1

T2

the reform Socialist Andrei Lukanov was reappointed as Bulgaria's prime minister. (= is the last day of) Tragedy has marked Wilmette's life. (= has greatly influenced) When the two sides met at ANZ Stadium in April, Hancock marked Nadruku and Carne was matched against Hoppe. (= had as his direct opponent) For America was different. And that difference was marked by the commitment not only to liberty but also to the democratic value of equality. (= shown) All A. J. P. Taylor's writing is marked by an extraordinary gift for the English language. (= characterised) + ADV^QUALITY E For the average golfer this ball would be the best choice, as it does not mark easily. + out of NUM (rare) A They mark out of ten in professional competitions. + Np + DESCRIPTION (usually passive) D She brought out a file marked "divorce". It was clearly no hotel circular, for it was addressed to her in unfamiliar handwriting, and marked "Personal". + Np + ADJ A For example, "constration" was marked wrong but "condensation" was marked correct.

521

T3

T4

Τ5 Τ6

mark

+ Np + a s Ν D His eight-year tenure as head of Germany's underwater branch between 1935 and 1943 marked him first and foremost as a U-boat man. + Np + for Ν D The venerable cherry tree next door was also marked for destruction. + Np + out of NUM A Each exam was marked out of 100. + Np + with Ν Β He had just marked his graduation from Metro's B-picture unit with the anti-Nazi melodrama "The Seventh Cross". C There are postcard clubs, dealers and collectors of course. Over the weekend, they met in New York to mark the centennial with a big

T7

D On the map Erin saw that she could take a shortcut through the woods to the spot marked with the X. As many people have more than one food allergy I have marked the recipes with symbols. + Np + ADV D We wandered back to the car, inspecting a well with an iron railing, but failed to find the cave, also marked on the map. Casey marked on a chart their position before they departed, refolded the chart and put it inside his pocket.

I

T¥

A t e a c h e r can mark something such as an exam paper 11 , i.e. give it a grade. -> M D1 D3 T2 T5 also in phrasal verbs: mark down; mark up Mark can mean 'signify a change': (i) An event 1 can mark a change in some field or development". (ii) A person 1 can mark a change in some field or development" with something they d o l n . C D

People 1 can do something to mark an event", i.e. show that they are aware of that event. -> D1 T6 Mark can mean 'indicate': Fï

V

Something" can be marked with a s i g n v , i.e. have that sign written on it. Something or its value, extent or position" can be marked s o m e w h e r e v l , i.e. be indicated. D1 T1 T3 T4 T6 T7 also in phrasal verbs: mark off Mark can mean 'leave a scratch, print or other mark' : ill .: ; .· : :: • : " • .: ν (i) Something 1 can mark a surface". (ii) A surface" can mark easily 1 ", i.e. be easily scratched, etc. - 4 D1 D2 (i) (ii)

fafPaMSSSSSSff

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down «-» Np I tend to forget things unless I mark them down. (= write down) Some analysts say that retailers in areas of the country hardest hit by the recession will have to mark down prices sharply to bring in sales. (= reduce) Katarina Witt, the twice former champion, was last to skate and there were loud boos from the crowd when she was marked down and finished seventh. (= given low scores) + down Np + a s N/ADJ In the end, they would probably mark it down either as suicide or death at the hands of parties unknown. (= classify it) Several Tory backbenchers mark him down as a socialist. (= consider him to be) Nurhan suggested a walk to a place he had already marked down as suitable. (= chosen) + down Np Some just sat and waited as the people in charge cut open the sacks of wheat and measured out three scoops for each family. (= took an exactly measured amount) She paused to measure out her words. (= consider) + up Once again he has failed to measure up. (= meet the required standard) Each chair will vary,

meet A

verb 1

'come together' Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

| + || [ N ] A / [ b y N ] + [N]p [Npl/grouplA

ut iv

[Ν and N] A [N] a + [with N] [on N] [with N]

D1

l+llobl [ N ] a + [ N ]

[Np|]A [N and N] A rivers . . . Active: 1 / 3

in

I

T2

M m

T2 D4

T2

D3 D4

T1

II obi

T2

E

WË^eSSKSiÊBei M

D1-2

M

D1-2

M

D1-2

[N] a + [N]p [Np,]A [N and N] A [ADV]

I Il obi

D2

WSeeeSÊÊÊÊSeHIiHi WSÊÈÊËBtÉÊBSÈHHÈBiiÎ

'SmMmï9mÊS Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [byN] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A [for Ν to-INF] A [N]p REACTION Active: 2 / 3

III marg [ A D V ]

Uli

T1-2

... demand Active: 2 / 2

competitors ... Active: 1 / 2

C

D

General: 0

Vmarg [ A D V ] Β

so you'll have to measure up and make a paper pattern before cutting out the fabric. (= take the measurements) (only if clear from context) + up Np Women come to her Knightsbridge shop to be measured up. (= have their measurements taken ) + up + to Np You'll never be good enough, never measure up to their ideals. (= meet their expectations)

. . -i·.·]

D1 D1 D1 D1 D1

e®§f®§SiefH

Passive: 2 / 3

[ N ] a / [byN]

T1

[N]

D1.4

[V-ing] A [that-CL] A [to-INF] A

D1.4

III obi [ N ]

[with N]p

T1

D1.4 D1.4 D1 D4

T1

T2 M M

02 D2 D2

T2

A We had never met before, but he and I had come to almost identical conclusions about the danger of indoor air pollution, as the result of very different experience. He had aged since they last met. He saw the officer hesitate, and then respond. Their hands met.

Β The top cricket clubs of England and Australia will meet next year, (plural subject only) C The Shatt al-Arab, through which the Euphrates and Tigris flow to the sea after the rivers meet, remains the heavily fortified boundary line between the two sides, (plural subject only)

meet

D1

532

Euclid's geometry was built upon the assumption that parallel lines will never meet no matter how far extended, (plural subject only) A wide window looks narrower with curtains that meet in the middle and drape back with tiebacks. (plural subject only) • Their eyes met. (= They looked at each other) (plural subject only) + Np A He had never met a woman like her before, so forthright, even challenging. It was my own fault I suppose, with my perpetual moaning about never going out, never meeting men who weren't married, or 50, or experts on the history of luggage labels. Perry agreed to meet Albert to see the evidence. Then he killed Albert. He was met at the airport by the Brunei Foreign Minister. The next afternoon, Bramwell borrowed the car and went to the station to meet the train from London. He returned with Amaryllis. I'd better meet the boat train in London and give her lunch. A car and a chauffeur met his train at Kings Cross. Each service is met by a bus in Dunwich. D Dr Hooper believes that the Sellafield site meets all of the safety requirements. So she only had to meet repayments on a mortgage of £ 67,500. We particularly specialise in matching technology to market opportunities, advising companies on technologies which will meet their needs in the future. An Ethiopian rebel movement, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, has said it is ready to call an immediate ceasefire provided the government meets certain conditions. The Indians say the companies failed to meet their obligation to plant new trees in areas they had cleared. He had worked heroically to meet the deadline. Some donations are already trickling in, Japan announced yesterday that it would donate $ 80 million, but it remains unclear whether the UN can meet the target it has set. +Ν Β The Irish football team meets Romania in the World Cup in Italy. E But the move has met criticism from a number of political parties. • But they're meeting very heavy resistance from the Tamil Tigers. (= experiencing) The German Army had met its match. It struggled bravely, wavered and finally broke. (= met an opponent of equal strength) Jesus met his death during the festival of Passover. (= died) Lou and Helen Gill had more in common than met the eye. (= was apparent)

D2

D3

D4

T1

T2

+ ADV Β The teams will meet again in Glasgow on August 25 during a four-nations tournament, (plural subject only) C All those roads meet at the roundabout up there at Waterside Farm, (plural subject only) New research into plate tectonics has revealed large and unexpected rotations in areas where continents meet, (plural subject only) + on Ν A Here in Washington today, a House committee meets on bank mergers. + with Ν (frequent) A Mr Mandela was pressed to spell out his view on claims that ANC officials had met with a prominent IRA man. + with Np E It was abundantly clear that the proposed modifications met with widespread approval. Mr Lukanov has attempted to introduce an economic reform programme but has met with resistance from both sides of the Parliamentary divide. + Ν + with Ν A Defender Kakhi Tskhadadze met the ball fiercely with his head and Steven, standing on the line, could only help it into the roof of the net. + Np + with Ν E We must remain able to meet challenges with a skilful and effective response. Her indirect queries were met with more denial. And his entire speech - even those parts where he praised the outstanding qualities of the police - was met by a stony silence. + Ν + ADV A Ernest and Alberta Garrison, who met at a garden party in St Andrews, Jamaica, in August 1942, say it was love at first sight. OPEC ministers meeting in Geneva have agreed to cut their oil production in an effort to combat falling prices. C Where the land meets the sea the otter and grey seal are well established and from time to time porpoises and dolphins are also seen.

533

memory

Meet generally means that two or more people or things come together at a particular point. When a person 1 meets one or more other people' 1 or when they meet, they come together. One can (i) also say that a person 1 meets with another person 11 , a usage that is tvpical of American English. Meet can also be used to refer to the occasion when two people meet for the first time, i.e. get to (ii) know each other. Note that in this sense no passive construction is possible. Two moving objects such as planets, vehicles, e t c . l + u meet can mean (a) that they crash into each (ill) other' or (b) 'that they pass each other somewhere on the way.' (tv) Meet can also be used to refer to a situation where it has been arranged that a person or a means of transport should meet someone travelling or a means of public transport on arrival: (a) If someone 1 meets someone 11 at the station, etc. v , they are there when they arrive, (b) If a bus, etc. 1 meets a II

Β C D

train, etc.", there is a direct connection. M D1 D3 D4 T1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: meet up When two competitors, teams or a r m i e s I + n meet, they compete or fight with each other. M D1 D2 If two roads, rivers, lines, areas, etc. 1 + n meet, they join. -> M D2 T2 Someone or something 1 that meets a demand, certain expectations or requirements 1 1 fulfills them. ->D1

Some plan, course of action, proposal, etc. 11 can meet, meet with or be met with a reaction, criticism, approval, agreement 1 0 , i.e. lead to this reaction. (ii) A person or organisation 1 can meet some challenge, difficult situation, etc. n with some response 111 , i.e. react to it in this way. -» D1 D4 T1 (i)

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up We used to meet up for a drink now and again. (= come together)

memorable P1 P2 P3 P4

+ up + with Ν They later met up with Sinead O'Connor at a Dublin nightclub. (= came together with)

adjective

attr The trip was the most memorable experienee of our lives. pred A visit to the site is truly memorable. [it] + to-INF (rare) It had been memorable to be part of those stirring wins at Headingley. + a s Ν (rare) Princess Anne, for her part, was memorable as a sportswoman who presented special problems for her less fit bodyguards.

P5 P6

+ for Ν (frequent) The film is especially memorable for its cinematography. + to Ν (rare) He made each occasion memorable to his hearers by the infusion of this vitality of spirit into the spoken word.

If something or someone is memorable for a feature they have or something they do, they will be remembered because of it.

memory P1

P2

P3

noun

A Actually I have a terrible memory. Β She and I were incredibly close so I have wonderful memories. + for Ν A It had been a long and troubled gap which, in spite of all the evidence to the contrary, could have affected his memory for details. He'd a good memory for faces. + of N/V-ing/of wh-CL (frequent) A Molecules have no memory of where they used to be two or three collisions ago. She seems to have lost all memory of where she's been eating and sleeping for seven years.

Β Having my second son brought all the memories of my first child back. It is his memory of being arrested which laid the basis for the climactic scene in Loach's film. Let them grow up to have a nice memory of what childhood was like. • Both teams wore black armbands in memory of the 66 people who lost their lives at the Rangers ν Celtic match. (= as a sign of respect for)

534

mention

A Β

Someone's memory is 'their ability to remember things that happened in the past'. —> P1 P2 P3 Memories can be 'the ideas and impressions people have of events and people in the past'. - » P1 P 3

mention

verb

Active: 2 / 4

I it

D1

D2

D3

D4

05

T1

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]R [V-ing] [that-CL] P ( i t ) [wh-CL] P ( i t )

¡ÜPH

Passive: 1 / 4 ¡¡¡¡¡Ι

III IV

D1

T1-3

D2

T1

D3

T4

V

Q

VI

[about X] [as N] [byN] [to N]

D5 T1

Q

T2 T3-4

Q

D4

+ Np But he did mention a price. Her death was not even mentioned. The more serious causes mentioned above, however, tend to be painful. m "Thank you very much." - "Don't mention it." (= " I ' m glad to help.") + V-ing Ella didn't mention knowing you. Before she could mention having found the stolen doll, Mrs Struthers cried: "Oh, Nancy, the most dreadful thing has happened!" + (that)-CLp(i,) (frequent) Sometimes all I had to do was mention that I had a big bill or expense to meet, and I could count on a check showing up in the mail a couple days later. He never once mentioned he had an injury problem. + wh-CLp(it) Did he mention who their leader was? During our talks, he often mentioned how little time he had taken off during the past thirty years. + about Ν/about Ν V-ing Several people mentioned about asthma. And you also mentioned about hotels charging a supplement for single people in single rooms. + Np/V-ingp + as Ν Although the memo doesn't mention tax revenue as a reason for extending the commercial zoning, some commu-

nity members feel that's the true motive. The survey found that there is widespread concern about global warming. However this concern seemed to be based on partial, and sometimes completely false knowledge. One in five people mentioned using lead-free petrol as a possible cure. T2

T3

T4

Q

+ Np + by N: name * In his speech, Sir Leon doesn't mention Nicolas Ridley by name but his target is unmistakable. (= talk about him explicitly) + Np + to Ν While Helen lost no time in making up her own mind, she neglected to mention her decision to the person it concerned the most. • She asked me to mention her to Lloyd Plover. (= recommend) + to Ν + that-CLp(it) I don't think I've mentioned to you that I've always fancied living in Bournemouth. + Np + as Ν «-• to Ν (rare) One of President Bill Clinton's first acts was to drop the "gag rule" which forbade doctors in federally-funded clinics from even mentioning abortion as an option to pregnant women.

A person or a written statement 1 can mention a fact, person, etc.", i.e. talk about it briefly. Note that mention about is used only in spoken English and is non-standard. - » D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 T1 T3 T4 Q

mercy P1

P2

noun

She and her boyfriend screamed for mercy as they were executed in cold blood at point-blank range. α Mrs Collinson showed no interest whatever in Maria, which was a mercy. [it] + (that)-CL α Now these English whippersnappers have come along and written a song about his underachievement and it's probably a mercy that he isn't alive to hear it. It is a mercy good old Τ Ν Pearce passed away last year at 90.

P3 P4

P5

+ from Ν People don't come to him merely to beg for mercy from the law. [at the] + of Ν (frequent) Three more Conservative by-election losses would wipe out Major's majority, leaving him at the mercy of the 13 members of Northern Ireland unionist parties for support in any confidence vote. The inescapable fact is that teachers are at the mercy of their students' ethics and upbringing. + on Ν Meyer recovered after a few seconds and knelt, reaching down to touch the inter-

535

meticulous twined hands and entreating God to have mercy on their souls. Bosses showed mercy on Elizabeth Lee, 37, after hearing she recently suffered a nervous breakdown.

a

message

P2

+ to-INF

A Nigel was next door at the Royal Festival Hall, playing the Sibelius concerto with someone or other, and I got this message to meet in the bar. Β He threw red roses from the platform before sending the delegates off with his message to prepare for victory.

Β Her message about law and order, about the lack of respect between the generations, chimes perfectly with the kind of thing we are now beginning to hear. He had a very tough message about fighting economic chaos. Mr Clinton, by contrast, was free to craft a budget that sent a clear message about how he differs from his rivals. Young people who most need to hear the message about how to protect themselves from HIV infection will listen to celebrities, rather than boring old doctors or health officials. P5

+ about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing/

P6

P2 P3

P7

+ to Ν

A In a brief message to the Belfast office of an Irish newspaper, the IRA said that they triggered today's bomb. Β The message to young people is to work hard and overcome the odds.

A message is a note that you send to or leave for someone, or information you ask to be passed to them. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Someone's message is what they are trying to convey in what they say or do. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P7

meticulous P1

+ of Ν

A International messages of support and pledges of aid poured in to help to restore the 18th-century landmark.

about wh-CL/wh to-INF

A Call the French Government Tourist Office on 071-499 6911 for a recorded message about how to obtain its accomodation lists, and addresses for gite and hotel booking agencies. The first number goes at the end of your ad and on it you record a message about yourself, which readers can call and listen to. Warington police concocted a spoof message about UFOs landing.

+ from Ν

A Got home to find message from Dad saying he wouldn't be able to make it and Jude saying tonight was fine. Β The message from last week's muddled election results was, in effect: Give us cheap government that works well.

+ that-CL

A The doctor's left a message that he's going to your home. Β The banking community in London has got to learn the message that they are not to deal with drug money.

A

Lord have mercy upon us.

noun

A I left a message but received no reply. Β It would be folly to believe the Tories are being hammered just because they are failing to get their message across.

P4

+ upon Ν

Mercy is kindness and a willingness not t (i) A person or a being such as a ¡ (ii) If someone is at the mercy of someone or something, they have to hope they will not suffer because of them. ->P1 P3P4P5P6 If something is a mercy, it is a fortunate event that one is thankful for. P1 P2

P1

P3

P6

adjective

attr The typical perfectionist will paint a room with meticulous care and then discover a tiny unpainted spot in the corner of the ceiling. pred His attention to detail is meticulous. + about N/V-ing My brother was extremely meticulous about safety. I became meticulous about hanging my clothes.

P4

P5

+ in N/V-ing He was absolutely meticulous in his craftsmanship. He has been meticulous in seeking the views and cooperation of practising scientists. + with Ν (rare) She was meticulous with the cooking.

536

mind

Meticulous means 'paying attention to detail'.

mind

verb 'likeActive: 1 / 2

A

PERMISSON Active: 1 /2 lobi [N]a iicont [V-ing] [N V-ing] Β 'be bothered' Active: 1/2 lobi [N] a

lobi [N]A II cont [N] [V-ing]

II cont

[N]

D1 D2

m cont

[V-ing] [that-CL] [wh-CL] [N V-ing] [(it+) if-CL] [about N]

M

D1

D3

h in

[that-CL] [wh-(CL)] [about N]

D3 D4 D5

D4 D6 D7 D5

A "There are other things I'd rather talk about. Would you mindV (only if clear from context) Β If nobody minds, I shall now leave you all to recover, (only if clear from context) "What are you doing?" asked Beauchamp. "Brushing my teeth! Do you mindT' (only if clear from context) C "So would you want to look at any other books written about Asian people again?" "Yeah. I wouldn't mind." (only if clear from context) D He was so unused to conciliation that he dropped the little cake upside down on the lawn. "Oh, never mind, have the other one," Hilary said.

D2

D3

D4

+ Ν

Β I did not mind the hard work; I was used to it and I liked it. I don't mind the hunt, I mind the killing. Ridley said he didn't mind cold coffee. 30%) We need individualism but, at the same time, we must be mindful of the consequences of selfishness. Mindful of his mother's presence at the table, Abraham Patrick did not reply until he had swallowed the food in his mouth. Giammichele is mindful of being a role model to young dancers and says it spurs her on to greater heights. I am ever mindful of how much I am indebted to you.

A person who is mindful of something takes it into a
M D1 D2 Τ

Ν

naive

adjective attr The drama takes an idealistic, even a naive view of the subject. She recently filmed the part of a naive village schoolgirl in the BBC's major new family drama The Vet. pred You're a nice young man but you're a bit naive. + to-INF He said he'd been naive to believe that football violence in England had calmed down. [it] + to-INF (frequent) It would be naive to believe that either of these things can be reached smoothly. + about Ν Critics have said the movement's leaders are hopelessly naive about politics. + in N/V-ing He now realized that he had been naive in raising the issue without thinking through the politics of the policy.

P1

P2 P3

P4

P5 P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

+ of Ν (rare) That was naive of me. I know it's naive of me, but I do actually believe in universal Utopian socialism, a brotherhood of man. + on Ν No longer does he appear as naive on foreign and defence issues as he once did to some critics. [it] + for Ν to-INF It is very naive for them to think a woman can give up her salary for months. [it] + of Ν + to-INF Perhaps it was naive of post-war Labour politicians to believe so much in the possibilities of economics.

Naive is used to refer to attitudes or behaviour that are not based on much reflection or experience. A person can be naive about something, i.e. naive in their approach

name A

verb 'declare' Active: 2 / 3

ι

C Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by N ]

ì

II obi [N]p IV

Β

T3-4

[as N] [for N] . . . price Active: 2 / 2

'call' Active: 3 / 4 'ÛÊMiM

Passive: 2 / 4

t i [ N ] a / [by Ν] Il obi [N]p

T3

III

T4

IV

Passive: 1/2

V

[N] [after N] [for N] [as N]

T1-2.4

Q1-2

T1

Q1-2

T2

Q1

T4 Q2

[N]A/[byN] II obi [N]p

+ Np

T1

A My visitor asked which birds he should start off with, so I named a few varieties which would be likely to breed for him. The Commission is investigating human rights abuses under the military, and although the intention is not to name guilty individuals, there is bound to be pressure for justice to take its course. The Prime Minister has already set up a provisional parliament, but he's yet to name a new interim government. Β Nobody wants to name a price but high six-figure sums are being whispered behind the scenes. You name the place, you make the time and you name the machine and we'll run applications you want. + Np + Ν C In 1906 Tommy Sopwith (then only 18 years

old) and Philip Paddon, bought a rather untidy secondhand balloon which they named Padsop. T2

+ Np + after Ν

C In 1965, Mr and Mrs O'Sullivan of Liverpool, England, named their baby daughter after the entire Liverpool football team. One example is the evocatively named Titania's pudding ( Ί name a lot of dishes after Shakespearean characters'). Each room is named after an artist and decorated with old furniture and original paintings. T3

+ Np + as Ν

A Shortly before the end of last season Barnet became the first team to name a black man as their manager. Wayne, who often admitted offences he could not have committed, confessed

545

Τ4

Β C

native

to being present during the killing and named his brother as the murderer. + Np + for Ν A The main opposition leader could name a person for the post of Vice-President. C Richard had married an American girl, Giselle, and they had one child, named for his great-grandfather, Torvil Amaury. Pallas was cool and collected as the goddess she'd been named for; she handled life with an aplomb that would have done justice to a general. The day in question is Groundhog Day, so named for the small furry rodent who appears on February 2 and, if he sees his shadow, predicts another six weeks of winter.

Q1

Q2

+ Np + Ν + after Ν C Her father had named her Lucy Glitters after the horse on which he had had a good win on the day of her birth. During the imperialistic scramble for Africa, Italy seized it by armed conflict and named it Eritrea after the Greek name for the Red Sea. I named her Salish after one of the Indian tribes from the south. + Np + Ν + a s Ν C They named him Shankly as a mark of respect for their former manager.

A person or institution 1 can name BBH (i) someone or something 11 , i.e. mention their names as examples or evidence of something. (ii) a person 11 for an official position or a crime IV , i.e. announce their name in public to say that they are being appointed to a job or suspected of a crime, etc. «SU D T3 T4 If a person„I1 names something such as a price or a place 1 1 , they say what they want it to be. -> D If a person or institution 1 names „II X Y I» , they give that name to them. (i) someone or something" Π

IV

someone or something 11 after someone or something else thing's name, (in American English for can be used). • T1 T2 T4 Q1 Q2

(¡i)

, they give them that person's or

nasty adjective P1

P2 P3 P4

attr The moment your system becomes infected, all your precious files and data are at risk. In many cases a nasty virus is capable of causing thousands of pounds worth of damage, pred That stuff painted on his wall, that was nasty. [it] + to-INF It's nasty to hear of anything like that, isn't it? + about Ν I think they were modified; simplified, if you want to be nasty about it. During the programme she criticises movie videos and sometimes she's quite nasty about them, which I enjoy.

P5 P6 P7

P8 P9 P10

+ for Ν Things could turn nasty for you. + of Ν (rare) I think that's just silly and very nasty of her. + to Ν (frequent) Mummy is so nasty to me when Daddy isn't here. They were very nasty to us. + toward(s) Ν (rare) They are very nasty towards the police. + with Ν Get nasty with him and tell him to get lost. [it] + for Ν + to-INF (rare) It would be even more nasty for his troops to have gotten in those trenches.

A person can be nasty to or with another person, i.e. behave in a very unfriendly way. If it would be nasty for something to happen, it would be unpleasant.

native adjective P1

P2

attr It took Thomas Bernhard some time before he could make a living as a writer in his native country. pred It is an ecological island; and so many of its species, as on an island, are native and local. In southern Africa, where it is native, the arum

P3

lily stands out in beauty, symmetry and stateliness as the swan of roadside weeds. Ivy is an ancient plant endemic in Europe, Asia and North Africa. It is not native in the Americas or Australasia. + to Ν (frequent) The akebias are a small

546

natural

group of climbing plants native to China, Korea and Japan. Salsa is not native to Puerto Rico, it is a synthesis cooked up in the barrios of New York from the music of many Latin countries.

What birds are native to your region? The substances they bind are chemicals native to the body.

Something such as a plant or animal that is native to an area occurs there naturally.

natural adjective P1 P2

P3

P4

P5

attr Most of the South Devon coast is designated as an area of outstanding natural beauty. pred For reasons of consumer and environmental health organic alternatives can be said to be more "genuine" and natural. [it] + to-INF (frequent) It's natural to assume that such communities also have the lowest percentage of poor, unemployed people in broken homes. Isn't it natural to want to make the best of yourself? [it] + (that)-CL. (frequent) It seemed natural that his knowledge of the Portuguese language would have led to his continued employment. It's natural you're impatient. + to Ν The fact is that a response to rhyme, rhythm, imagery, and condensed language is natural to most human beings. Maybe violence is natural to him. Maybe he's a brute. • The reggae influences come totally natural to us. (= a non- standard use)

P6 P7

P8

+ with Ν He was so natural with the children, [it] + for Ν to-INF It would be natural for you to go. It would be natural for them to come together. [it] + for Ν + to-INF I have a theatrical nature. I know I am set apart from the usual solo performer in that it's natural for me to sing, dance and talk to an audience.

Natural means SSgäeßfca··· 'obvious, ~~ expected' * V - or 'not : ' artificial'.

necessary adjective P1

P2

P3

attr Lord Swan earned the reputation as a defender of the corporation, one who believed that the licence fee was a necessary condition of broadcasting freedom. pred Bold action is going to be necessary. At one time brain scans required an injection of radioactive dye, but this unpleasant procedure is no longer necessary, and the X ray is now completely painless. He said that, as 50 per cent of the defence budget was spent on staff costs, "further changes" in personnel levels were necessary. But an open mind may be necessary in deciding what constitutes a monster, [it] + to-INF (very frequent) The cabinet should be secure, but it isn't necessary to keep it locked. Although a little extra protein is used during pregnancy, you normally consume more than you need so it's not necessary to increase your intake.

If something or someone is necessary, they are required.

P4

P5

P6

P7

[it] + that-CL However, it's always been necessary that Washington and Moscow should underwrite any agreement to end the fifteen year old war. + for N/V-ing (frequent) Once upon a time preserving summer's produce for winter eating was necessary for survival. I'm just as necessary for her. They do not contain the fibre, carbohydrates and proteins necessary for maintaining the body and giving it energy. + to Ν Adaptation is necessary to survival in a changing world. For her, books were as necessary to life as bread. [it] + for Ν to-INF It was necessary for children of poor people to be provided with decent bathing accommodation. Now it was absolutely necessary for advertising to play a crucial role in repositioning the company in the marketplace.

547

need

necessity P1

P2

P3

P4

noun

On many campuses, especially those with large library holdings, computers are now considered a necessity. He argues that taking the drug off NHS prescription means many people will no longer view it as a medical necessity. Water, air, and natural daylight are essential to us all, they are life's necessities and we can also regard them as nature's gifts. + to-INF Never before has it been so important, the report says, for young people to be aware of the necessity to look after the environment. When the necessity to win becomes a commercial one, people are bound to bend the rules a bit. + that-CL (rare) They were in complete agreement concerning the necessity that the armed forces remain out of politics. John Wesley, and Methodism after him, laid great emphasis upon complete sanctification, and often on the necessity that Christians seek perfection. +forN/V-ing/forN V-ing/for Ν to-INF "Built into his music," he continues, "is the necessity for improvisation and even directions for the kind of improvisation that is to take place." The admission of hearsay material can often obviate the necessity for calling particular witnesses. There wouldn't be any necessity for his

P5

P6

being here but for the mythology of the value of "pressing the flesh." Soon there would be no further necessity for Richard to contact his former mistress. She said that there was no necessity for Kenworthy to come downstairs with her, but he reminded her that he would have to lock and bolt the kitchen door after her. + in V-ing All the Baltic representatives in London are determined that their newly independent nations should have good diplomatic relations - a necessity in achieving successful trade and encouraging investment. I cannot see the necessity in prescribing antibiotics for little children every time they succumb to an illness. +ofN/V-ing Gewirth and Phillips provide just such a rational justification for the necessity of punishment in a just social order. He said firm things about the necessity of tax. Childless couples, or parents whose children have grown up and left home, no longer see the necessity of conforming to a lifestyle.

A necessity• is 'something that someone feels they must have 01 or do'.

need noun P1

P2

P3

There are classes in which almost 100 per cent of the children are recognised as having special needs, a fact that is not generally reflected in the salary of the teacher concerned, however. His experience led him to believe that all human beings are remarkably similar in their needs and desires. + to-INF (frequent) The need to think about the likely audience for a news programme, in particular the presence of children, is another key objective. There was no need to introduce the name of a rival product into a conversation that was supposed to be focusing on my own merchandise. People do terrible damage to one another, but there is nevertheless a deep need in almost everyone to have somebody to love and be loved by. [it] + [with premodifier] + that-CL (rare) It's almost a psychological need that I have to have my car with me.

P4

P5

+ for N/V-ing/for Ν to-INF (frequent) The need for prompt and effective international action was emphasised. One continually emphasises the need for quarantining new birds when they are introduced to a collection. I believed there was a need for artists to show and get rid of their life work. [in] + of Ν Doctors frequently spent hours trying to find a vacant public-hospital bed for a mentally ill patient in need of urgent treatment, a psychiatrists' spokesman said yesterday. "Due to the recent demand some motels have enjoyed higher occupancy and room rates but most are still in real need of refurbishment," Mr Tiesman said.

A need is 'a situation that requires something to be done or provided'.

548

need need

verb Active: 2 / 3

Ι

h

D1

D2

D3

D4

General: 0

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A(lt) [for Ν to-INF]A [wh to-INF] A [N]p [V-ing]p [Np to-INF]

D1 D1 D1 D1 D1

T1

111

[to(-INF)] [INF] [N ADJ] [N V-ing] IV [for N] Further uses [ADV]

D2 D3 D5 D7 T1

|Β® • 1 β ϊ Μ ® 8 ! 1 T2

D4 D6

+ Np 'There's spare bunks, plenty of food, and I need you, Philip.' He was pleading now. Ί really do. I need you.' But I needed help now. Visitors will need at least a day to get around to all parts of Old Sturbridge Village. They will need all the support that can be offered. Blueberries need a cool, moist and very acid soil. 'Russell,' Glass said, 'you badly need a drink'. Drastic action was needed to rescue the service from collapse. That's all you need. What I need is publicity. I've had another job offer, and I need a little time to make up my mind. To connect, you will need a computer and a modem. I mean you didn't need a lot of money to support a habit in those days. + to-INF/ to (frequent) He does not need to worry about money. If the piece needs to be heavily edited, talk to the writer about it, expanding on the comments you've jotted down. So the rule is never ever ever leave diskettes in drives for longer than they need to be there. Before Nail got Tandy back to HQ, he was going to get out of him all they needed to know. I don't need to think it over, and since I didn't use the textbook there's nothing to hand over. But anyone who doesn't think earth radiation needs to be taken seriously, after reading the above, is probably the kind to jump out of an aircraft at 10,000 feet without a parachute, claiming it is safe. You're right, somehow I can always stand up when I need to. [it] + Np + to-INF But of course it needs more than one set of apparatus to do this and in fact we are going to be part of a world wide network of such detectors. + INF Well, I needn't go into all that again. I hardly need stress the importance of discretion in these discussions. No one need feel inadequate or strange because he or she rated a loving partnership more highly than sexual attraction. + V-lngp Are there several large gardens in the neighbourhood which need tidying up? The boat's interior badly needed painting. Foreign aid, as Mr Dole said he told the Israelis,

D5

D6

D7 T1

12

is not popular in the United States and it needs looking at. + Ν ADJ She left the room and he brewed the tea, letting it steep an extra minute because the Kleins looked like they needed it strong. If you just flat told him what you wanted in the paper or on the radio, and explained that you needed it done to break this case, would he buy it? I don't need my hand held when I go to the supermarket. I think he needs his head examined if he wants to carry on. + Np to-INF POLL WORKERS WANTED. Some 5,000 people are needed to work at the polls in Santa Clara County during the June 7 primary election. I need someone to help me. Many women do not necessarily need their husband to provide material security in their lives. He saw that he needed the new deputy to be some of the things that he was not. + Ν V-ing We really need this house redecorating. Anderson needs his trousers mending. + Np + for Ν Landlords, if you need a rent increase for capital improvements or net operating income, call 853-3112. She's still well ahead of the amount needed for a clear victory in what leading Cabinet ministers have dubbed as the first and only ballot. + Np + ADV • We need you here. (= need you to come here) You'll need someone there to take care of things while you recover. (= need them to be there)

549

negligent

The verb need is used to refer to a necessity. Note the difference between the infinitive and the ing-form: (i) If someone 1 needs to do something 111 , they have to do it. (ii) If something 1 needs doing 11 or needs to be done 111, it is necessary for it to be done. (iii) You can say that you need something doing or you need something done. There is little or no difference between the two expressions. ->D1 D2 D3 D4D5 D6 D7 T1 There is no difference in meaning between the io-infinitive and the infinitive without to. but the latter is commonly used with the present tense of need when need is in a question or accompanied by a negative or restrictive word such as not, only, never, rarely. Note that the negatives in this construction are not formed with the auxiliary do.

negative P1

P2

P3

P4

A Β

attr A No action is so small or insignificant not to have a positive or a negative effect on the whole. Β She said it was important that people with negative test results should be treated the same as people who had not been tested. pred/also in combinations A Kosygin's attitude was extremely negative. Β Having a test for the HIV virus in the UK does not prejudice your chances for a mortgage or life insurance, as long as the results are negative. We heard recently of a happily monogamous Oldie who was informed after his test that he was HIV negative. [it] + to-INF (rare) A I think it's offensive and negative to talk about somebody having a black mark against their name or having a blackened character. + about N/V-ing (frequent) A The new poll is more negative about the President. My mother is negative about everything and everybody. The foreign ministry was equally negative about accepting responsibility.

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

P9

+ for Ν (frequent) A The results of the meeting were negative for the market. + in Ν (frequent) A The prestige office developments, he says, have been almost wholly negative in effect. The official Chinese media became far more negative in their portrayal of Western society. They're always negative in their attitude. + on Ν A Not all US analysts are negative on the copper price. NatWest were also said to be negative on the stock in preference to other banks. + to Ν Β All samples are frozen and quarantined for three months and only used if the donors remain negative to AIDS testing. + toward(s) Ν A Coverage of the Labour and Conservative parties carried by the tabloid press tended to be negative towards one party rather than positive towards the party to which the paper is traditionally affiliated. Why be negative towards this wonderful event?

Negative can refer to people, behaviour, attitudes or judgements that are pessimistic and not encouraging. A fact or situation that is negative is unpleasant or harmful. —> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P9 A medical or chemical test result is negative for a substance if the substance has not been traced. -> P1 P2 P8

negligent P1 P2

adjective

adjective

attr The charges include negligent homicide. pred Members of the hospital staff had been criminally negligent. [it] + to-INF (rare) To me it borders on being criminally negligent to take children or anyone else for that matter into a known war zone at a time when the fighting starts every day. + in N/V-ing (frequent) This case is about one police officer, the defendant, who, on January 16th, 1989, was grossly negligent in the performance of his duties. The company

P5

P6 P7

was negligent in failing to list ingredients and post warnings and instructions on the products. + of Ν (rare) Mr Ahsan accused the MQM of being negligent of its civic responsibilities, such as provision of electricity, water and an efficient local transport system. + on Ν (rare) It was blatantly untrue to suggest the industry was negligent on safety. + toward(s) Ν (rare) Nor is there any evidence that we are more negligent towards children to-

550

nervous

P8 P9

tected from an infectious disease, when it is simply not true. It was negligent of me not to confirm the date with Robert, but thanks to you it all turned out well.

day than in those desirably domestic Victorian times. + with Ν (rare) He himself had been negligent with some of his clients. [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) It is extremely negligent of any practitioner to give parents the impression that their children are adequately pro-

Negligent means not doing what ought to be done . A person or a group of people can be negligent (i) of something such as a duty or obligation (ii) on a particular issue (iii) with something that they ought to take care of (iv) towards or with another person.

nervous P1 P2 P3

P4

P5

adjective

attr I was a very nervous spectator, pred Provided you' ve done your homework, you've no reason to be ner\>ous. + to-INF I am always a little nervous to generalize on youth attitudes. At the beginning I was nervous to answer the phone. + that-CL She kept her money under the mattress and hidden under coffee beans in jars; she was nervous that the banks might close again as they almost did in '32. + about N/V-ing (frequent)

P6

the economy and nervous about reports showing that consumer confidence had dipped to its lowest level in a decade. I was very nervous about meeting Robert. + of N/V-ing I've never even been in an airport in my life, let alone been on a plane, and I'm a wee bit nervous of the plane. Ordinary people were still very nervous of dealing with foreigners.

The government

had been nervous about possible protest. I'm not nervous about dogs. Industry leaders were understandably nervous, nervous about Nervous means 'anxious or worried'. A person can be nervous (i) about or (less frequently) of something, especially something that might happen (ii) that something undesirable will happen (iii) to do something, i.e. doing it makes them nervous.

new P1 P2 P3

P4

P5

(i) (¡i)

adjective attr The president can veto (reject) new laws or not sign them to show disapproval, pred These problems are not new. + at N/V-ing We're really new at this; we don't know how to do it. If you're new at making potpourris, we strongly recommend trying some of the recipes to become more familiar with blending colors and fragrances. + for Ν Everything's new for me. The scourge of drought is nothing new for the northeast. + in Ν Hardened survivors emerged into a world new in its unfamiliarity, in its unformed primeval features, and also in its malleability.

P6

+ to N/V-ing (frequent) The only gastronomic pleasure between the two coasts was the baked potato, something new to both of us. If you're new to the country, or if you don't speak English very well, a big city can be a frightening and lonely place to be. You see, being somewhat new to Scottish ways, Tanya sidled over to Andrew for a few friendly tips on Scottish customs. Readers new to the theory will find these and subsequent chapters particularly interesting. I am not new to fundraising, but I am new to working for a Deaf charity.

A person can be new (a) at an activity or at doing something, (b) to an activity, a subject, an area, etc., i.e. have no prior experience of it. Something that is new to a person was unknown to them.

551 news P1

P2

P3

P4

nice noun Sandie Ashton said friends throughout Australia and even America had been calling since they heard the news. + that-CL The news that one of the victims had been beheaded by his assassins, who then used his head for target practice, horrified Italians. + about N/V-ing/ about Ν V-ing

The

P5

+ from Ν Elsewhere in Asia, there was grim news from Burma, which for the past thirty years has been one of the most isolated countries in the world.

P6

+ of Ν / of Ν Ving (frequent)

good

news about last weekend's catastrophic absence of trains between Euston and the north-west was that no one was hurt. After they had made love, in fact as soon as orange juice, coffee and croissants had arrived at their room, he broke the news about meeting Leo in London. What's the reaction there in Houston to this news about Baker joining the campaign? You can't say, for example, that the news about the economy is very bad. And the good news about saving for a pension is that your contributions are subsidised by the taxman through tax relief. [good/bad] + for Ν The recent heavy rain throughout Queensland was good news for the cotton industry, Primary Industries Minister Ed Casey said yesterday. The bad news for Rangers, though, is that Mark Hateley will miss the Champions' League ties against Borussia Dortmund and Juventus after undergoing knee surgery on Friday.

P7

News means 'new information, usually on a matter of public interest'. nice P1 P2 P3

P4

P5

P6 P7

She was at the air-

port at Rangoon ready to leave the country when news of the hijack broke and diplomats say she has delayed her departure. News of the bloodshed is likely to strengthen further the resolve of opponents of the coup to resist the dictates of its self-appointed leaders. Each day brings news of more schools giving up beef and experts declaring their anxieties. + on N/V-ing Any news on the management succession would be welcome. But the news on growing older together is positive and very encouraging.

;Ï8ijgSi

adjective attr You saw nothing but nice people in nice houses with nice TV sets. pred Not all children are nice. Sutherland's past was not so nice. Mung beans are nice. + to-INF Information about music is nice to know, but one has to be musical to be touched by music and have a richer life. I think these tulips would be nice to use, don't you? [it] + to-INF (frequent) It's nice to do favours for people you do business with. Nice to talk to you. [it] + V-ing It's hard being alone sometimes, but it's nice being free. It's nice having friends to chat to. Nice talking to you. [it] + (that)-CL It's nice that you're so understanding. Anyway, it was nice they invited me. + about N/V-ing He's nice about her but there is always an undercurrent of tension. She was very nice about letting me say what I wanted brought up and pulled down.

P8

P9

P10

P11 P12

+ for N/V-ing All pizzas are individual pizzas, which is nice for singles, not so convivial for groups. It's not a large garden, but just right. We sit out here at night, and the patio's nice for entertaining. + o f N I would be delighted to offer you a ride. That's very nice of you, but I already have reservations. + t o N This is not the time for the government to be nice to business. We all like people who are nice to us. [it] + for Ν + to-INF It's nice for us to play fairly ordinary football and win. [it] + of Ν + to-INF It was nice of her to ask you to dinner. Very nice of you to take the trouble to come.

Nice is used, especially in the spoken language, to show approval.

552

normal

normal P1

P2 P3 P4 P5

adjective

attr Some of them are just normal people who work in offices and they're bored and they've got nothing to do. pred As children we accepted this as quite normal. [it] + to-INF It is normal to have a headache sometimes. [it] + (that)-CL It's only normal that we love the sun and should choose to come here. + for Ν (frequent) This man sounds to me as though he was having the sort of memory loss that might be perfectly normal for an older person.

P6 P7

+ in Ν Apart from this characteristic the primrose is quite normal in colour. [it] + for Ν to-INF Between the ages of three and seven, it's normal for children to complain of unusual aches and pains, because they know it gets adult attention very quickly.

•

Normal means 'usual, what one might expect'.

notable P1

P2

P3 P4

adjective

attr In recent times there has been substantial relevant research effort with some notable successes. pred The United States film industry has produced brilliant work; equally notable, however, have been the films of Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and revolutionary Cuba. [it] + that-CL Certainly it is notable that there are very few female defence correspondents. + by Ν The main Social Democratic opposition party was notable by its absence at the ceremony.

P5

P6

+ for N/V-ing (frequent) Recent economic development there has been notable for ever worse inflation. Liverpool's two defeats in the last week are notable for being the first games they have lost this season. + in N/V-ing The conference was notable in the relaunch of the Australian Institute of Criminology which a year or two ago faced, at best, dismemberment and more probably total abolition.

- is used to indicate the reason why someone or something is notable, exclusively in the phrase notable by their etc. absence.

note P1

P2

P3

occurs almost

noun A We reprint the commandments exactly as written, misspellings, obscure marginal notes, and all. I've looked up my old notes, and the following is the recipe. Then I left a loving little note telling him to heat it up and it would be lovely. • The story itself is of no great note. (= not very remarkable) + that-CL A I made a mental note that here was someone with whom it could be a privilege to co-operate one day. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL/about wh toINF A Then she showed the policeman the note about the crystal cave. A final note about refining your resolution of issues: Critical examination of a plan you are enthusiastic about

requires real self-discipline. Jot down some notes about how well it worked to get you started drafting and keep you moving forward. You may like to know that if your finger or some other part of you is cut off, Stanford University Medical Center in the US has published some useful notes about how to help surgeons reattach it. Β In an interview with BBC radio Mr Lubrani sounded an optimistic note about the possibility of a breakthrough in the hostage deadlock. The foreign minister Mr Pik Botha struck a cautionary note about how much the government could be expected to achieve. + by Ν A The series has been enhanced by exemplary programme notes by Michael Steinberg. This is her report, with notes by David Ri-

notice

553

P5

P6

P7

A Β

eff, who has spent much of the past year in Bosnia. + for Ν A That summer Janet carried her notes for the piece wherever she and Natalia went. + from Ν A A handwritten note from R. S. Meiklejohn, assistant secretary to the Treasury, reveals how the credit involved was hidden from parliament until after the war. + of Ν (frequent) A It will not even provide the money for a shorthand typist to take notes of proceedings. Β Campaining by the Mark Davies Injured Riders Fund to improve safety standards of riding hats was tempered with a note of caution this week by Peter Cannon, the British Horse Society's safety officer. But do I detect a note of jealousy for your indomitable elder sister?

P2

P3

P4

P9

+ on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/on wh to-INF A Paul continued to jot down notes on aesthetic questions. A quick note on separating eggs: the easiest and most foolproof way is to break the egg into the palm of your cupped hand. At the end of every day, jot down a brief note on how peppy or tired you felt. Users get only a very brief note on how to install the software. + to Ν A A note to his mum said that he wanted to be buried in his leather jacket and next to his girfriend Nancy Spungen. Mr. Bush sent it back with an admiring handwritten note to Casey.

A note can be "a short letter or memo'. -» P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 If there is a note of a particular feeling or emotion in someone's tone, speech or a letter, this feeling or emotion can be heard or seen. P3 P7

notice P1

P8

noun

A Videmech reserve the right to alter specifications without prior notice. Β Put on your door a notice saying "Please wake me at seven thirty." • The reports have spread panic among the cane-cutters, and many have already handed in their notice. (= resigned from their jobs) + to-INF A The notice to marry is valid for three months only and the wedding must take place between 8 am and 6 pm. A probationary tenant who challenged his/her landlord's notice to quit could seek a judicial review in the High Court, delaying the possession claim for months or years. So he's been given a month's notice to leave. + that-CL A High-profile cases, involving royalty or tycoons, put lawyers on notice that the press will be knocking at the door for information and quotes. Mr Menem has given notice that he may run again in the year 2003. Β When I last checked they had notices that anyone who stayed for more than two hours would be fined £ 5. + about Ν/about Ν V-ing Β You may have a free local paper. These are often good places to find notices about forthcoming markets, fairs, jumble sales, lectures,

P5

P6

P7

P8

etc. I expect you've seen notices about Clun Castle giving steam trips on Sept. 26th. + for N/V-ing A Individual Day Trip Reservations: Notice for cancellation must be received by Island Packers no later than 5 days prior to your trip date for a full refund. + from Ν A This Service Contract remains valid as long as payment is continued and remains subject to termination by the appropriate notice from the customer or British Gas. Β On the door of Barclays was pinned a notice from the banking union explaining that they had called a forty-eight hour strike. + of N/wh-CL (frequent) A If Schumacher's notice of appeal has surprised many, so did the stewards' conclusion. Β Notices of new valuations are no longer posted to individual landholders as a Lands Department economy move. • He was denying a claim by Minister Paul Keating that he would not take notice of interest groups. (= pay attention to) But even as a child I always took immense notice of how people looked, probably far too much. (= paid attention to) + on Ν / o n wh-CL (rare) A At the Pentagon, a spokesman says the only

554

notice

information they get, which is quickly passed along, is 24 to 48-hour notice on when particular divisions or units might be coming home. And then, the worst, when he got the notice on how much the government wasn't going to pay for his and Myra's treatments.

P10

A Furthermore, the conference served notice on the government to end the current wave of violence in black townships, or it may resume its armed struggle, P11

Β In a notice to the Stock Exchange, the company's board said that the accounts would be released 'imminently'. ·

A

i

r

ι ·

rr~

· ι«

Notice can mean 'information or a warning about a matter, often something official . -> P1 P2 P3 P5 P6 P7 P8 P10 P11 A notice is 'a sign or note typically providing information or a warning'. -» P1 P3 P4 P6 P7 P9

Β

notice

verb

Active: 112

ι

[that-CL]p(¡() [wh-CL] P(it) [S] [N INF] [Np V-ing] M

D1

Passive: 1 /2

General: 0

[N]A/[byN]

llcont [N]p

D2

[serve] + on Ν + that-CL

A Prime Minister Paul Keating served formal notice on the Americans this week that in the trade confrontation between Tokyo and Washington, Australia is firmly with the Japanese.

+ to Ν

P9

[serve] + on Ν + to-INF

D1

D2 D3 D4 D5

D6

The subject drove right on to the George Washington Parkway and headed north in the firm belief that nobody would notice, (only if clear from context) Outside, the night was unusually clear for Los Angeles, but Milton was in no mood to notice, (only if clear from context) Even though the food was delicious, I lost my appetite and had to force myself to eat, but Daddy didn't seem to notice, (only if clear from context) + Np It was a beautiful room, expensively furnished and lined with books, but he scarcely noticed his surroundings. Certainly my father has noticed a bit of a difference in me. I look around the frantic audience and notice a young woman's face in a state of almost religious ecstasy as she watches the fight. Though she has noticed a drop in total number of sales, she believes the field of traditional watercolours attracts serious collectors. + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent) He noticed for the first time that he was still wearing his clothes. He noticed that the traffic lights had been red for a long time. Have you ever noticed that when you're not busy you have a hard time getting up in the morning? I noticed he had lost a lot of weight and had been smoking quite heavily. When a steward advised us to leave hand lug-

Notice means 'become aware of someone or something'.

D3

D4

D5

D6

gage behind in the event of an emergency evacuation, I noticed he left out the usual adjective, 'unlikely'. + wh-CLp(it) At each step along the way, you must tense your muscles, hold that tension, and notice how it feels by paying close attention to it. Notice how soft the skin is on the top of the feet. Notice what happens to you physically and look for a good physical reason for your sensations. Notice if there is any difference between reading with one eye, the other eye or both. Did you notice whether he had any sort of accent? + SENTENCE Yet, she noticed, it was less often that they did speak to her; she got no invitations. Sarah, she noticed, had put the teapot down. + Ν INF Nobody had noticed him leave. I remember noticing him go by and he joined the main group. + Np V-ing Sabrina suddenly noticed Rust staring at her. You may notice them striding across the moors in their easy-to- spot orange kagouls and woolly hats. You may notice your mouth drying up, your heartbeat and breathing quickening, your face flushing or going pale, your stomach churning.

555

numb

notion P1

P2

P3

P4

noun

The impact of time, culture, religion, philosophy, scientific notions and concepts of normality on an individual are awesome and usually limiting. Grateful as Ramon was for his brother's help, he was repelled by his reactionary notions and surprised by his lack of awareness of the tide of popular feeling. + to-INF Hand, a late-developer further delayed by injuries, has a notion to train for the teaching profession. As recently as 1989 he was still promoting a notion to divide America into separate ethnic nations. + that-CL (frequent) One of the cliches about punk is the notion that "anyone" could have done what the Sex Pistols did. "The notion that every teacher in a country area is unhappy is wrong," he said. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL/about wh toINF The watering down of traditional values, Buchanan said, has even spread to our notions about holidays. Do you have any notion about being able to get a job? They don't start out with preconceived notions about who should love whom. "You have to be daring to challenge that preconceived notion about what you want and about what your family wants," Mr Watson said. After a month of work, Tom Hill had definite notions about how to proceed.

P5

P6

P7

+ for Ν In 1949, Freed had a vague notion for a spectacular new musical - an allGershwin songfest about an expatriate Yank living in France. We often talked about the need for subtle changes in educational approaches to move with the times, and Bill was full of visionary notions for the future of education. + of N/V-ing/of Ν V-ing/of wh-CL/wh to-INF (very frequent) Of course, the notion of choice is attractive. "The Act discards the notion of parental custody in favour of parental responsibility," he says. The notion of "living in sin" out of wedlock should be abandoned and a more "elastic" view of the family embraced. This is a fundamental shift in principle away from the Victorian notion of children being the property of the parents. Davenport' s paintings might seem to subscribe to this notion of what painting should try to do and be. And don't assume that just because you've got a general notion of how to change a tyre you can change this one. + of Ν + as Ν According to the Rev Wakefield, the notion of hell as a place of fire and brimstone stopped being taught by the Roman Catholic church 50 or 60 years ago and by the Anglican church even earlier.

A notion of something is 'an idea or belief about somei

notorious P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr The Bastille was the notorious prison in which many of the French aristocracy were locked up during the French Revolution, pred The system's "leakages" are notorious. + as Ν The Aral Sea is notorious as a colossal ecological disaster. This area of the city has become notorious as a battleground of terrorist violence.

P4

+ for N/V-ing (frequent) The country is notorious for street crime. The area has become notorious for violence against tourists. I'm notorious for rewriting, on the journalistic principle that there's only one emotion stronger than love or hate: the need to change another person's copy. Voters are notorious for voting on the basis of past performances.

Someone or something notorious is well-known for something bad.

numb P1 P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr The automatic slipped from Drago's numb fingers. pred Additional anesthesia is injected at deeper levels until the entire area is numb. + about Ν (rare) People here seem to have gone numb about the notion of taking up time. + from N/V-ing She was numb from excuses,

drained by the effort it took to believe in him. He drew a hand over a face that was stiff from sleep, stretched and flexed muscles numb from hours of lying. The outburst from the world champion's controversial genius is certain to ignite a team still numb from allowing an 18-15 World Cup quarter final lead to slip away here last November.

556

numb P5

+ to Ν After a while, you become a little numb to all the injuries. It' s a country which has been almost rendered numb to threat. Let's prove that there is still some humanity, and that we have not all become numb to the appalling pictures of starvation which feature in news bulletin after news bulletin.

P6

+ with Ν These people were numb with the realization that they were going to their deaths. The experience left all the family numb with grief and full of questions. He said they all battled through the night with no safety equipment, little clothing, numb with cold and the fear of possible shark attacks.

Numb means 'having no feeling'. A person can be numb (i) with a sensation such as pain or cold but also with an emotion such as fear (ii) to an outside influence or a possibility, i.e. not be susceptible to it or ignore it.

o

obedient

adjective

attr He was an obedient child on the whole. pred Firms trying to dream up new kinds of financial derivatives need employees who are inventive rather than obedient. + to Ν The church taught that women must be obedient to fathers and husbands, who were al-

P1 P2

P3

lowed, even expected, to beat their women for 'great offenses' such as disobedience or inattention. He seemed to be convinced that only by a proper study of the Italian political theorist could one learn how to manage people and make the world obedient to one's desires.

A person can be obedient to another person or a principle or law, i. e. do what they say.

object

verb

Active: 1/2

I llcont

m (V

M

D1

D2

Passive: 1/2

[N] a / [by N] [that-CL]p(it) [Q/S]p(it) [against N]P [to X]p

General: 0 D1

D2 D3 D4

But two of Canada's ten provinces - Manitoba and Newfoundland - have objected, (only if clear from context) I objected, but he beat me up again, quite badly, and I couldn't stop him taking them, (only if clear from context) He looked directly at me for the first time, challenging me to object, (only if clear from context) The suspension of the deportations was ordered after British opposition politicians had objected on human rights grounds, (only if clear from context) + that-CLp(it) Many will object that policies of this kind must be prohibitively expensive. Some may object that we have overstated the failures of modern health care and psychiatry. QUOTE/SENTENCEP(it) "But I've heard the lot already, and so must you have," I objected.

D3

D4

+ against NP (rare) Cassidy deliberated for some moments before electing not to object against the winner. + to Np/V-ingp /to Ν V-ingP /to wh-CLP (> 30 %) He objected to the divorce and said so. Most creative people object to the notion that the work they do comes easily. Write to your MP explaining why you object to intensive farming systems. I objected to being treated as a stupid peasant. President Gorbachev has said he no longer objects to a unified Germany being a member of NATO. I'd have to be a very pernickety self-criticizer to object to how I'm playing at the moment.

A person 1 can object to something I V , i.e. say they do not like it or oppose it.

objective P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr It might be worth standing back a little and trying to take a more objective view of your life. pred Be as objective as possible. + about N/V-ing / about wh-CL Three hundred and thirty three potential jurors from California went through intense questioning to ensure that they could be completely objective about the case. How can you be more objective about music? The "inability to be objective about

Objective means 'based on facts and reason rather than

P4

analysing poverty, racism, disease" raised for her a further problem, a problem of conscience, morality and action. I wanted to be objective about what is important to the animals, she says. + in N/V-ing Ministers are not allowed to interfere in the inspectors' conclusions on the state of schools; inspectors are deemed to be objective in their assessments. No teacher can be truly objective in assessing the work of a student with whom he or she is conducting a sexual liaison.

558

oblivious oblivious P1

P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr Closer inspection reveals a homeless man under blankets in a freezing shopfront, with oblivious shoppers passing by. pred In the lobby of the theatre, women turned to admire him. He seemed oblivious. + that-CL (rare) At the Hague she contemptuously dismissed the exciting vision of a united Europe as 'yesterday's future', apparently oblivious that she is today's past. + of N/V-ing/of wh-CL (frequent)

P5

+ to N/wh-CL (> 30 %) These children seem oblivious to war. We're not advocating market timing here; all we're saying is that you should not be completely oblivious to market conditions. It was believed that babies are oblivious to whatever happens to them during birth. Many ministers and former ministers seem oblivious to whether they had to pay tax.

Llewelyn

appeared oblivious of his surroundings. It was clearly the end of their useful night's work and they clambered back into their car, oblivious of being watched. You and Elsie both make the same mistake: in your troubles you become selfconcentrated and oblivious of how you affect others. A person can be oblivious (i) of a particular fact or development or a person (ii) to a particular fact or development, i.e. be unaware of them or not notice them.

obscene P1

P2

P3

adjective

attr I believe, too, that the obscene horrors in Northern Ireland, alleged to be committed by Catholic Christians against Protestant Christians, and by Protestant Christians against their Roman Catholic brothers, must be utterly repugnant to God. Obscene phone calls are so commonplace that the telephone companies have procedures for complaining about 'nuisance' calls. pred I could have my own cable network, showing my home movies, for the cost of one of their low, low budget movies. Isn't that obscene? [it] + to-INF If it was obscene to spend millions producing unwanted food, it may seem even more obscene to spend millions on inert, weed-infested fields.

P4

P5

P6

P7

[it] + that-CL It is absurd and obscene that discrimination of this sort can take place today, so we are writing to Scottish Secretary Ian Lang for changes in the law. + in Ν The bacchanalian women he had seen, or thought he had seen, the sinister shades, obscene in their nakedness, like unchained demons out to conquer hell, had vanished. + to Ν (rare) You may think my act is vulgar or obscene, or that I'm too hard on the white folk, but what's obscene to me is that my son could get killed for no other reason than the colour of his skin. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) Our closed society considered it obscene for a woman to reveal her intimate secrets, but would not silence be a greater crime?

Obscene can mean "sexually offensive' but is often used simply to express extreme disapproval.

obstacle P1

P2

noun

He also called for all obstacles in the way of market reforms to be removed and the balance in running the economy to shift to a republican level. There were still formidable obstacles in the way of a legal transition of power. + against N/V-ing (rare) This may seem like a setback, but the necessary adjustment will only

P3

come about as a result of facing the obstacles against it. + for N/V-ing There are formidable obstacles for any detente, not least the fact that Britain has no diplomatic relations with Iran or Syria. John was acutely conscious of other people's expectations about what he should be achieving and, throughout the 1970s, this had been a major

559

P4

obvious

obstacle for him. Both candidates are negotiating about holding debates, but Mr. Dinkins is widely seen as the major obstacle for scheduling them. + of N/V-ing However, as Tim Whewell reports from Moscow, there remains the obstacle of the transfer of land into private ownership, which many communists could not accept. Then there is sometimes the obstacle of struggling from a wet car park, with high heels sinking at ever step.

+ to N/V-ing/to Ν V-ing (frequent) The trees or shrubs can be grown so close together that they form an obstacle to cattle. The clearance of the Shatt Al Arab waterways remains a major obstacle to reopening negotiations. Conflicting demands between the two groups remain the final obstacle to the proposed peace talks going ahead in October.

P5

An obstacle to something is 'a problem or difficulty in achieving it'.

obtain A

verb

'exist'

B

Active: 1 / 1 lobi

P2 P3

P4

Wms

Passive: 113

ι

[N]a / [by N ] Il Obi [N]p ill [from Ν]

[N]a

D

τ τ

ecute if they feel reasonably certain of obtaining a result. Roughly this means that a person is considered to be in poverty if they lack the resources to obtain enough food, clothing, warmth and shelter to maintain a tolerable standard of physical health. + Np + from Ν Β You can obtain copies from your own state health department. It is best to obtain vitamins from fresh organic food. I'm just very pleased to be among the first group of people to obtain an honorary degree from this university.

Obtain can mean 'apply or be in existence' A particular situation or conditions can obtain. A formal use. • M A person 1 can obtain a thing, a piece of advice or information, a result, etc.11, i.e. get it by buying it, looking for it, etc.

obvious P1

'get' Active: 2 / 3

A The longer this situation obtains and the more extensive the problems become the more clear cut will be the social divisions within home ownerships. It is difficult to imagine that these conditions obtain now or that they will be present in the future. + Np Β While a thief or a business rival might possibly obtain a copy of one or even two of these personal keys, he thought it unlikely that anyone could obtain four. The present trend is for the Crown Prosecution Service only to pros-

Β

¡ ^ H

adjective

attr Efforts to present fascism as a specific form of conservatism have always run into difficulties, for fairly obvious reasons, pred The answer is obvious. [it] + (that)-CL (frequent) It's obvious that the Austrian market wasn't important to them. It is increasingly obvious that Britain's industrial base is now too small to support the social and other aspirations to which its political leaders cling. He gave chase but when it was obvious he was losing the race, let his dog do the job. [it] + wh-CL It was pretty obvious how they'd

P5

P6 P7

spent their night. It's obvious where the pressure came from. + from Ν One must try to tease out an explanation, even though the answer may be buried and not obvious from the facts. + to Ν Thus the downhill slide will be obvious to all. [it] + from Ν + that-CL It was obvious from the spirit in the Queensland team at the start of Origin II that everyone had confidence in each other. It is obvious from recent reports that both teachers and principals are snowed under by their workloads.

560

occasion

[it] + to Ν + that-CL But it seemed obvious to me that he knew about the bomb and I went on. [it] + to Ν + wh-CL It will be immediately obvious to the public what is going on. My friend admitted that it wasn't obvious to him how so many rotten eggs happened to get smeared over a boat in the middle of the ocean.

P8 P9

P10

P11

+ to Ν + from N/V-ing When your sentences follow a familiar order - pronoun case merely highlights roles that will also be obvious to readers from the sentence's arrangement, [it] + to Ν + from Ν + that-CL I never said it was, but it's obvious to me from what she's been saying that she isn't finished with acting yet.

Something can be obvious to someone, i.e. clear and easy to realize.

occasion P1

P2 P3

P4

noun

A number of independent sources from Pliny to The Tripartite Life of Saint Patrick comment that Druids wore white robes on ceremonial occasions. On a number of occasions during 1918, President Woodrow Wilson enunciated four sets of principles which encompassed his vision of the post-war world. + to-INF I have not had an occasion to visit Australia recently. + that-CL The ceremony marks the first occasion that Saudi Arabia has formally recognized a Communist government. On the odd occasion that I take myself off to a weekend seminar of one kind or another I notice that the men usually dress in out-of-the-office denims and sweaters. + for N/V-ing It is an occasion for blood sacrifice of rams and goats and is also called the Feast of Sacrifice or the Feast of Daylight. It is not an occasion for emphasising the place of women in the priesthood. It is certainly not an occasion for any kind of triumphalism.

P5

P6

+ of Ν/of Ν V-ing I met him first at Wembley when I was a nineteen-year-old journalist, on the occasion of a match between England and Argentina. The night before we were due to play Western Australia in Perth in a special match to mark the occasion of Australia defending the America's Cup. We were reminded of this on Monday when the Record marked the occasion of Melrose regaining their club championship title last weekend with a photograph of aftermatch celebrations in the Greenyards dressing room. + for Ν + to-INF The Chicago World Fair of 1893 provided the occasion for architects, artists and businessmen to demonstrate, in their "white city", the order and beauty which actual American cities lacked.

An occasion is a time when something happens. An occasion

(i)

to do something

(ii)

for doing something is an event where the chance to do it anses.

occur

verb

"happen' Active: 1 / 2 lobi

II

III IV

V M1

[N] A [that-CL] A:it [there + N] A [in N] [to N] [with N] [ADV]

'come to mind' Active: 1/2 lobi D4 D1 D2

[N] A [that-CL] A: „ [to-INF] A(il) [that-CL] A ( i t ) [to N]

M2 D2 D2 D2

D3 D4

A Amongst the birds, sparrowhawk, treecreeper, curlew, snipe and meadow pipit are notable whilst badger, hedgehog and wood mouse also occur. That's not an unequivocal signal that the greenhouse effect is occurring,

M2

but it fits in with what one would predict would occur if greenhouse gases were to have an effect on climate change, [it] + that-CL A How did it occur that there was a vacancy?

561

D1

D2

A

Β

odd

Β It simply never occurs that all you're getting is a slightly corny, rather limited, post-disco experience. + in Ν A It has even been known to occur in women who have adopted a new baby. Similar losses occur in meat cooking and in all cases losses are greater in the presence of light. The most striking contradiction occurs in engineering industries. + to Ν A We've discovered that prostaglandins increase the rate of division in the stomach lining, and cell division is a process which is associated with healing of damage which occurs to the stomach. Obviously we're trying to figure out what are the important changes that occur to that virus that makes it into a virulent strain. Β The moral issue never occurred to them. And then the thought suddenly occurred to me. You're right. That should have occurred to me. Conservation raises all kinds of problematic questions which seldom occur to the casual castle and countryside visitor, [it] + to Ν + to-INF Β It never occurred to me to try for university myself, something I bitterly regret not doing, but I was so eager to get on with acting. Why did it never occur to the young to communicate? [it] + to Ν + (that)-CL Β It had occurred to her in Salónica that she

D4

Occur generally means 'happen or exist". (i) Some change or an accident 1 can occur to someone or something 111 , i.e. affect them. (ii) If a certain effect or state 1 occurs with something IV , then it is one of the things that can happen or be common in that situation. M1 M2 D1 D2 D3 D4 If something such as an idea or thought 1 occurs to someone 11 , they suddenly have that idea. M2 D2

odd

adjective

P1 P2 P3 P4

attr Too many odd things had happened, pred That's odd. + to-INF (rare) It was odd to watch, [it] + to-INF It's odd to be here. Somehow it felt odd to meet him there, in the cold damp forest on the rocky hillside by the house, [it] + (that)-CL (frequent) It is odd that a prime minister, when a close friend is also in the cabinet, seems to be unable or unwilling to draw a distinction between a private and a public loyalty. I mean it seems to me odd that there has been no prosecution. Odd they didn't wait for you to make the rendezvous.

P5

D3

might turn to account her skill with language, and she now sought work as a translator. It never occurred to me that this was a hoax. It occurs to me that I haven't yet given any advice to the presidential candidates. It occurred to me it was absurd to leave these blinkers on. + with Ν A The big advantage is that the side effects that can occur with danazol do not occur with these drugs. + ADV (frequent) A The incident occurred at Jalapa about 190 miles (300 km) north of the capital Managua, near the Honduran border. Widespread flooding has also occurred around the town of Szentendre on the Danube just north of Budapest, with large areas of farmland under water. These depressions can occur in both Summer and Winter but occur most commonly in Winter. The incident occurred in a remote town. Only if a construction occurred at least three times would they treat it seriously as a systematic part of English grammar. Dr Bing would not elaborate on the events which led to the financial crisis in 1991, but he said that problems occur almost every year, [there] + Ν « ADV A Simultaneously there occurred an abortive separatist rising in Catalonia.

Odd means 'strange'.

P6

P7 P8 P9

+ in N/V-ing Britain may be odd in spending such a low percentage of its national income on health. [it] + for Ν to-INF You didn't think it odd for someone to come on a bike and just abandon it? [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) It is a bit odd of BMW to be so irrational, [it] + to Ν + that-CL (rare) It was odd to me that the greatest moment of passion in the entire speech was a defense of the econometric models of the Congressional Budget Office.

iSSIli

562

offend

offend A

verb

Ι

h M

CRIME

'insult' Active: 1 / 2

Active: 1 / 1

Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N]

lobi

C

[that-CL]A

D1

[N V - i n g ] A

D1

Active: 2 / 2

[for Ν t o - I N F ] A

D1

[N]A/[byN]

[N]p

D1

A

II obi

I'm sure that occasionally, as Gloria sug-

D2

General: 0

[N]A ... law Passive: 1 / 2

[against N]P

D2

+ against N P

gests but doesn't prove, we offend, and for that

C

we (usually) apologise.

because they offend against public decency on

There are issues about

Nonetheless, films are usually only censored

the film that might deeply offend and upset.

grounds of sex or violence, and a ban of this kind

Β

is very unusual indeed.

However, research shows that in general

N o country offending

such sociological delinquents tend to grow out

against principles for which Britain stood could

of their persistent tendency to offend if, and

expect to escape censure.

when, they get good jobs and/or steady girlfriends. D1

Np

+

A

He faces a difficult task; working under in-

tense time pressure, he must find compromises that will not offend anyone too much.

She

was aware that she never knew when to say no, partly not to offend people but mainly to avoid losing their friendship.

"Every religion has

elements that can offend people of a different faith," he said carefully. [it] + Ν + that-CL (rare)

It profoundly offended

them that there existed Conservatives who regarded Malcolm X as an exemplar of American values. I IT lurts or insults them. - » M D1 A person' can offend another person11 by doing or saying something that In legal language, a person1 who offends commits a crime.

M

A person, Ian institution, a course of action or something written1 can offend against a law, principle T or custom", i.e. go against it. D2

offer P1

noun A Subscribe to the world's finest magazines through our special Christmas offer and save up

P3

A

A T U C offer that unions would act "re-

to £35. During that time there have been more than 5,000 applications for the 300 jobs on

sponsibly" on wages in return for concessions

offer.

jected by the Government.

Β

already rejected the president's offer that to-

split the union movement and was then re-

QDL had originally recommended accep-

tance only in the absence of a higher offer.

P2

+ that-CL

gether they should form a government of na-

+ to-INF (frequent) A

She was grateful for his offer to cook din-

ner. The European Commission says there has been no revision to its offer to cut farm sub-

Mr Taylor has

tional unity. P4

[on] + at N: QUANT A

Sleeping cars, parked in a West Berlin rail

freight yard, are on offer at a princely 300

sidies by thirty percent.

Deutschmarks a night per person.

• While he has turned down an offer to finish his fight with Maseko this Saturday he is anx-

received a lukewarm response and a substantial

ious to meet him again. ( = invitation)

each were left with underwriters.

The offer

part of the 5.3 million shares on offer at 155p

563 P5

offer Hong Kong Stock Exchange rules, a takeover of C&W would force the new owner to make an offer to the minority shareholders. A joint venture with Dean Witter, a securities firm, will expand the range of financial products on offer to customers.

+ by Ν

Β An offer by Commerzbank was the preferred choice of the less senior Smiths staff because they considered their jobs to be safer. P6

+ for N/V-ing (frequent)

A The White House says the United Nations, and not the US, must decide on Iraq's offer for ending the stalemate, which is now in its third day. Β Now - if market rumours are anything to go by Dutch-owned Polygram may be about to make France's Credit Lyonnais an offer for the Hollywood film studio MGM. A quotation is generally a contractor's definite offer for doing the job. P7

P11

A The offer by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland to the Sinn Fein president in private talks was intended to meet half-way Sinn Fein's demands to be allowed into all-party talks. P12

P13

P9

+ of N/V-ing (very frequent)

+ on N/V-ing

A Peterborough Building Society has extended its special offer on loans until Jan 31, 1996. Special Delivery subscribers this week also can take advantage of a special offer on the production of Candide during the Brisbane Biennial International Music Festival. The Community's offer on cutting agricultural subsidies was roughly comparable, as far as internal support was concerned, to that offered by the United States. P10

+ from Ν + to-INF

A Solaris managing director John Marshall is considering an offer from the new owners to remain in the top executive post. The club is considering a £3m offer from the local council to sell up and relocate, but the proximity to Headingley's executive boxes could prove the deciding factor.

+ from Ν (frequent)

A Alan's article in The Mail, "The bomber with no home to go to", resulted in numerous offers of land. With offers of bagels and coffee and six months rent in cash, I bribed him to meet me at the apartment. Exhausted from a long day on the job, Derek accepted Kara's offer of clearing away the dinner dishes, without his usual help, and bringing their coffee into the den. Β A short time after, the broker asked Andrew and Lorraine if they would accept an offer of £75,000, and they both agreed.

+ for Ν to-INF

A His offer for the opposition to join a coalition is likely to be rejected.

A I didn't get a single offer from medical schools before my A levels. Β Since April, a tempting offer from the leading Italian team, Carrera, has been nagging at him. P8

+ by Ν + to Ν

P14

+ from Ν + for Ν

A His comments followed an offer from UNITA for a ceasefire and for direct talks in Lisbon to try to end the country's civil war. P15

+ of N: QUANT + by Ν

Β The bid, announced on April 26, easily topped an earlier offer of $12.50 a share by Placer Dome Ine, which dropped out of the race earlier this month. P16

+ to Ν + to-INF

A The decision will however be packaged within an offer to Moscow to negotiate away all groundbased nuclear weaponry and nuclear artillery shells in Germany.

+ to Ν

A The offer to Sir John, a former LSE graduate, follows a head- hunting exercise. Under

A Β

An offer can be 'an action or situation in which something is made available for use or sale or someone says they are willing to do something helpful'. P1 P2 P3 P4 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P16 An offer can be 'the amount one is prepared to pay for something'. A person can make an offer (i) of a certain amount (ii) for something they wish to buy or do. P5 P 6 P 7 P8P15

564

offer

offer A

verb

1

Β

KINDNESS Active: 1 / 4

[ N ] a / [ b y N]

llcont [NJp_2

Passive: 1 / 4R©S§?General: 0

/EFFECTED

[to-INF] [Ν]ρ.·|

IV ν

[to-INF]

M D1

D2

D3

T1

A Β

Ι D1

T1-3

Q1-2

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [ b y N] [V-ing]A

D1

[to-INF]A

D3

BEN/REC

'provide' Active: 2 / 3

D2

[Q/S] III

•¡¡SMSS wmmmts

T1

Q1

[to N]

T3

Q2

[for N]

T2 Q1-2

A And I thought, well, why did you offer? (only if clear from context) + Np A Alison at once approached the bed, offering a cup of watered-down wine. Β Day centres are provided for old people, offering a place to go, lunch, social and recreational activities and sometimes medical care. The welfare state would remove the uncertainty and hardship associated with old age, unemployment and sickness, offering a comprehensive range of benefits and services. Modern washing machines offer a bewildering array of options. I can't offer an explanation for that. They offered no suggestion as to how that might be done. A nearby restaurant offered a simple meal of lamb or beef.

Hi

τι

[for Ν to-INF]A

T1

[N]p_2

/EFFECTED

τι D1

T1.3

[Ν]ρ.·| BEN/REC

τι

[to N]

T3

The figures for the recruitment of people with disabilities are shocking - out of 106 applicants only 2 were offered jobs! First offer him a drink. Β They didn't offer her advice or support in handling the child. T2

+ Np + f o r Ν

A I know one Brisbane club offered one thousand dollars for an on-loan deal. T3

+ Np + t o Ν

A New Zealand will start offering contracts to its players next week. Β A government report due to be published tomorrow offers hope to people who suffer from the problem of unwanted noise. St Augustine's Church in the town of Stamford will offer comfort to those worried about servicemen and women from nearby Royal Air Force bases. As well as accommodation these houses offer friendship, group activities and staff guidance to their residents.

+ to-INF

A My carpenter offered to make up the indoor ladder as soon as the wood arrived. He was unable to get to meetings and members did not offer to pick him up. * I'm offering to do it because I feel I owe you one. QUOTE/SENTENCE A "I'll come with you," he offered. "I think it's because we appear more honest than a lot of other bands," offers Jim Bob. + Np + Np A He offered her a seat, then buzzed for a clerk. At 39, after a 20-year break, Brady took up ballet again and progressed to the point where she was offered a place with a French company.

[N V-ing]A [that-CL]A II obi

π τι

Q1

+ Np + N: Q U A N T + t o - I N F

A He offered me £ 500 to go round to her house and slap her about a bit. Some complained they were harrassed, others claimed they were offered cash to keep quiet. Q2

+ Np + t o Ν + t o - I N F

A (invented example) The money was offered to me to lie in court.

A person" that offers something 11 to another person 111 or offers to do something 11 says they are willing to give it to them or do it. M D1 D2 D3 T1 T2 T3 Q1 Q2 Offer can mean 'provide or supply something'. -» D1 T1 T3

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up m Np Tom must be prepared to offer up some concrete facts. (= present) Eyes closed, our hands clasped firmly together in a ring of friendship, we offered up a final thanks for reaching this place and time. (= presented)

565

open P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

C D

open

adjective attr A These will be Isold on the open market by a Norwegian agent. We could see through the open door into the dining room. pred A The exhibition is open 1 lam-3pm, Monday to Friday, Sunday 10.30am-5pm (closed Saturday). I pushed the door open. Harwell twittered across to a gilt writing-table and slid open a drawer. Paul and Linda Mc Cartney had offered to pay nurses' salaries to keep the old hospital open. The British had great bargaining leverage because their home market, like the U. S. market today, was the most open and prosperous in the world. + about N/V-ing / about wh-CL C The German Chancellor, Helmut Kohl, is quite open about his vision of a United States of Europe, with the European Parliament having far greater powers than it does at the moment. The whole subject was surrounded by guilt and denial. These days, I find that women are much more open about admitting it and even discussing it in detail. I'm more open about how I feel and what I need. + for Ν A It has been my good fortune to travel on almost all the Canadian lines that still remain open for passenger travel, as well as on some of the more isolated, now closed. The lines are open for the phone-in. + in N/V-ing C The armed forces are increasingly open in their criticism of the government. They have not been open in explaining the ways salaries are determined. + to N/V-ing (frequent) A The house is open to the public 1 June30 Sept, Mon-Sat 10.30-12, 2.30-6. The Danube remained open to shipping. Β The courses of action open to us can be dis-

P7

P8

cerned. The competition is open to all readers resident in Great Britain, Northern Ireland and the Channel Islands, Eire, Isle of Man, other than employees (and members of their families) of IPC Magazines. There are only two areas of government expenditure not open to scrutiny by the committee - the Royal Household and the Security Services. I do not agree with Libby Purves that we need a privacy law because, as she admits, it would be open to abuse. Any scientific theory is open to being superseded by a better one as research progresses. D We are always open to new ideas. For its part the United States remained open to having the meetings if mutually acceptable dates could be agreed. + with Ν C Ray Harford has had chats with us, but then he always does, being very open with the players. He was known to be unusually open with the press. + with Ν + about N/V-ing/with Ν + about whCL C If they are interested, we need to be open with children about the negative aspects of war. We're open with each other about discussing our feelings. You have to be open with people about what we need to do, what phases we will go through and why there is no alternative.

In a literal sense, open means 'not closed'; i.e. doors, windows, cases, etc. can be open. In many cases, open is used to say that a certain service, etc. is available at a certain time. (i) A place can be open to the public, i.e. they have access to it. (ii) A facility can be open for a purpose or for some use, i.e. available. -» P1 P2 P4 P6 Open can also express the idea of something being possible: (i) A particular course of action can be open to a person, i.e. possible for t (ii) An idea or an argument can be open to criticism, attack, i.e. liable to it —» P6 A person who is open about a subject or with a person speaks frankly and honestly. -» P3 P5 P7 P8 A person or institution that is open to ideas, suggestions, etc. is flexible and willing to make changes. -> P6

566

open

open

verb

A

. . . door Active: 1/3

-

ι [ N ] a / [by N] AGENT il com [N]p /EFFECTED III IV

ν

II III

IV V VI

M

D1

D2

D3 D4

M m

01 D1

T2-3

D8

[N] a

D1

c

'offer v i e w '

11®!!®!

Active: 2 / 2

lobi

[N] A

Il obi [into N]

[onto N]

D3

D4

D8 T2 T3

Passive: 1/3

[N] a / [by N] AGENT [N]p /EFFECTED [N] a [by V-ing] [to N] [with X]p [ADV]

g m ISSS8 T2-3

[N] A [ADV: QUALITY] [to N] [with N] INSTRUMENT

Active: 1/3

Ι

.

General: 0

Passive: 1/3

D1 M

T1-

D5-7

D2

T1

D5

T2

D6

T3

D7

A Suddenly the kitchen door opened and Alfred was standing there. A flash of thunder pierces the complacent, brown layer of smog. The Heavens open. Real rain falls. (invented example) A child opened, (only if clear from context: door) Β On the first Sunday in December many supermarkets opened.

D5

+ Np

D7

A Fresh air is important throughout the day, and remember to open a window while you carry out any indoor exercises. He opened his eyes carefully. He was in different surroundings; he was sure of that, at least. Wade heard the bottle being opened. (invented example) My key opens both doors. Β The Princess Royal has opened an exhibition of British life in the Ukrainian capital, Kiew. The M l , Britain's first motorway, opened in the late 1950s to speed traffic between London and the Midlands. Through the surgery, she heard that the Stroke Association was opening a local advice centre and applied for a job. • At least one person was killed when security forces opened fire to break up a disturbance in one village. (= started to shoot) + by V-ing Β President Mitterand opened by posing a number of questions. + into Ν C The front door opens into a hall. + onto N/on to Ν C A wooden door in the stone wall opens onto a grassy terrace. From here french windows open on to a small garden.

D6

D8 T1

T2

T3

+ to Ν

Β It may be that the gardens continue to open to the public. + with Np/N V-ingp Β This week's concert opened with the London premiere of John Casken's "Darting the Skiff". The meeting opened with everyone giving their reasons for attendance. + ADV (frequent) Β A year ago Friday, we opened. It's been hard. There is simply no consistency about the museums of the world, or even of one given country. They all open at different times, on different days, during different seasons. The film is due to open in London at the end of the year. Some government offices open on alternate Saturdays. The country's first National Bottle Museum has opened in Barnsley, Yorkshire. + ADV: QUALITY A The door opened easily. + Np + by V-ing Β He opened his speech by praising the Russian Federation President, Mr Boris Yeltsin. + Np + to Ν A She refused to open her books to the auditors. Mr Jackson appears to be ready to open his doors to business leaders. Β He decided to open his home to paying guests. • I know he had opened his heart to me and that I had found a place there. (= confided in me) + Np + with N/N V-ing A You could open the door with a credit card. Β I opened the discussion with a tentative outline for this book.

567

operate

Open can mean become open . A door, window, etc. 11 can open or be opened by someone 1 or something v or open easily, ÉISiiÉ (i) (¡i) A container such as a tin 11 can be opened by someone 1 or something v or open easily. -» M D1 D8 T2 T3 A public place, a shop, a business, an exhibition, an event, a discussion, e t c . n can open or be opened. i.e. start to be open to the public or do business. -» D1 D2 D5 D6 D7 T1 T2 T3 also in phrasal verbs: open up C A door, window, flat, etc. 1 can open into, onto or on to an area 11 , i.e. overlook or lead into it. D3 D4 also in phrasal verbs: open out into; open out on to IIHÌsshIÌI) Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out "Dick, I ' m frightened." "What of?" he asked anxiously. "What of, dear?" But as suddenly as she'd opened out, she was silent again. (= talked openly about her feelings) The path bears right to open out and run past the north side of the church. (= widen) + out + into Ν French windows open out into a small plant-filled conservatory. (= provide access to) + out P1 P2 P 3 P6 P 7 At a university or college, an option is 'a part of the course that is not compulsory'. - » P4 P6

571

order P1

P2

order noun

A Otho and Mie said nothing, either, merely watched the envoy as if waiting for orders. Β Call 0736 757777 to place your order at any time. Please have ready the details of the goods you require and your credit card number. C The judge made the order as the jury retired to spend the night of 15/16 February at a hotel. The court ruled that it was open to the appellants to appeal against the judge's order.

cury concert, the Five Live EP, has advance orders of more than one hundred thousand. I'll order an extra order of French fries. P9

A Now the French Ministry of Finance has come out with new orders on what words should and should not be used in France's financial circles. According to Israel radio, Rabin told the Knesset members that one army unit had not obeyed the standard orders on when to open fire. C He said an order on family violence was easy to obtain from a magistrate, even by fax or telephone.

+ to-INF (frequent)

A Colonel Meir's defence all along has been that the order to break limbs came from above. P3

+ that-CL

A The Chief Minister also passed an order that all Christian institutions run by the churches in their state would be provided security at government cost. The action follows a government order that the road, which links the capital Managua with the Caribbean coast, should be reopened. P4

+ against N/V-ing

C If you do not attend then the court will make an order against you anyway and you could lose your home. In 1967 we got a court order against evicting a black family from an Atlanta public housing project. P5

P6

P8

P11

P12

+ by Ν + to-INF

A They were protesting against an order by the Creation authorities to take weapons away from the reserve police force. P13

+ by Ν + that-CL

C The British government is discussing its response to the order by the European Commisssion that British Aerospace must repay more than forty million pounds in subsidies received during the takeover of the Rover car group. P14

+ by Ν + for Ν to-INF

A Tensions remain high in the Soviet Union's Baltic republics following the order by the Kremlin for paratroopers to round up those trying to avoid a military call-up. P15

+ from Ν + for Ν

A Bloomsbury, the designer florist in Covent Garden, London, met an order from the Royal Opera House for Oscar Wilde's carnations' by spraying constructed flowers with green paint. Β The firm recently received another urgent order from Iraq for what could have been an aiming device but this was rejected. P16

+ from Ν + to Ν

A These are metal tickets or cards which act as an order from a work station to the one before it, saying make χ numbers of y parts. P17

+ to Ν + to-INF

A He viewed his action as a fulfillment of the Diet of Speyer's imperial order to rulers in 1526 to settle the religious divisions within their lands.

+ of Ν

A He had said his mail was intercepted on the orders of MI5. Β A single of five tracks from the Freddie Mer-

+ to-INF «-» from Ν

A They rushed at me saying that they had an order to detain me from the Home Office.

+ from Ν

A The radio also referred to a decision by the government in Estonia instructing the railways there to continue shipments to Lithuania despite orders from Moscow to the contrary. At the same time, General Kobets ordered all military commanders to disregard orders from the Emergency Committee.

+ to Ν

A It was an order to Crevecoeur, who wasn't fast enough.

+ for N/V-ing/for Ν to-INF

A He then gave the order for backing the ship out of its perilous location, and proceeded safely to Boston. It has emerged that the East German communist leadership gave orders for the army to move in on 11 November to stop East Germans travelling to West Berlin. Β The British government has cancelled an order for thirty-three new Tornado combat aircraft for the Royal Air Force. P7

P10

+ by Ν

C The Court of Appeal allowed a father's appeal from an order by Judge Malcolm Ward giving care and control of the child to the mother with access to the father, and ordered a rehearing.

+ on Ν / o n wh-CL/wh to-INF

P18

+ to Ν w from Ν + to-INF

A

We confirmed from our own sources that

572

order

there had indeed been a confrontation, followed by a categorial order to Nitze from the new National Security Adviser, Frank Carlucci, to desist from further involvement in unofficial talks. A Β C

An order can be 'a command'. P1 P2 P3 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 An order for goods is 'a request that they should be sent'. - * P1 P6 P8 P15 An order can be 'a judgement made by a judge or a court of law'. -> P1 P4 P5 P9 P13

order A

verb . . . meal

c

Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3S É General: 0

II III

[N]A/[byN] [N]p_2 /EFFECTED [N]p.n BEN/REC [for N]

Β

'command'

I

Active: 2 / 3

III IV

D1

02

03

[Q/S]p(it) [to-INF]

Β C

? HSH: 1 Passive: 1/2

[N] a / [by N] [N]p

General: 0 D1

T1 T3

M General: 0 D1

T2

02 D3 T2

[ADV]„

T4

[N]p

T2.4

A Kennedy had already ordered when Lewis reached his table. + Np Α Ί ordered my soup some time ago,' he said brusquely. Copies can be ordered by filling in the coupon. Items not in stock can be ordered and there is a delivery service to Greater London and the Solent area. Β The court ordered a four month adjournment to see if a rescue could be worked out. C He had taught him about the beautiful, crystalline logic which ordered the universe of number. Shoe boxes can store balls, dress boxes can order doll clothes or army figures, and larger boxes can be used for books and games. He no longer seemed able to order his thoughts. + (that)-CLp(it) Β He ordered that military shirts be given to us. He has reserved his decision on whether he will order that his comments not be published. QUOTE/SENTENCEpc) Β He broke the contact first, drawing back and ordering, 'Here, give me the cap'. 'Better turn on the ceiling fans,' Judge Blackington ordered. I

A

Il obi

T1.3

'structure' Active: 2 / 2

ι D1

Passive: 1 / 3

8 B H [ N ] a / [by N] II [N]p [that-CL] P( | t)

HSU

T1

+ NP + Np A She got up and ordered herself another chicken biscuit.

T2

+ Np + to-INF/N + to-INF

T3

T4

Β The two CID officers in charge of the murder investigation at Brentford Prison were recalled to Scotland Yard and ordered to hand the case over to a senior Special Branch officer. The boys had been ordered not to leave the house by Mr. Crenshaw. The government has also ordered fuel to be set aside for essential industries. + Np + for Ν A He started to pour the two dry sherries Gareth had ordered for Pernelle and himself. + Np + ADV» Β The teacher ordered him out of the classroom.

π

A person 1 can order something they want to buy or have, esp. a meal in a restaurant 1 1 , i.e. tell someone to provide it. M D1 T1 T3 Order can mean 'command'. —> D1 D2 D3 T2 T4 also in phrasal verbs: order about; order around Order can mean 'give structure or order to something'. D1

573

owe

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + about «-+ Np They order the nanny about. (= keep giving her instructions)

outspoken P1 P2 P3

P4

+ around D T1 T2 Q1 Q2 A person 1 can owe a particular quality or ability 11 to someone or something 111 , i.e. only have it because of the other person or thing. -> T1 T3

Ρ

pack A

verb ... suitcase Active: 1 / 3

ι II ill IV M

D1

D2

Β General: 0

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N] P . 2 /EFFECTED [with N] [N]p_2 CONTAINER [into N] [N]p„i BEN/REC

D1 D1

T1-2 T3 T1.3 T2 T1

A Taking another towel and her clothes she ran after her to catch up with her to beg her to help her pack. It seems I've just been ordered from your house. I'll start packing. + Np A The key to your child's holiday wardrobe is disarmingly simple: pack every single item that fits. Well, in our house, my husband always lays out everything for me to pack. The first round of the World Cup is entering the decisive phase, after which eight of the twenty-four teams will have to pack their bags and go home. Β The demonstrators who had packed the Square throughout yesterday had, for the most part, disappeared late last night. Danny Kaye packed the Palladium to the roof for weeks on end in what was virtually a one-man show. + into Ν Β Some of the crowd broke through the gates and packed into the courtroom. Rose water was sprinkled on to the hundreds of thousands of swaying, chanting people who packed into the mosque.

. . . place Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

Ι [N]A / [by N] AGENT II obi [N]p /EFFECTED

III

T1 T2

T3

[N]A [with Ν] [N]p [into N]

T2 D1—2

T3 D1

T3

D2

T2

+ Np + Np A Shelagh packed them a lunch box. + Np + into Ν A I just pack them into big bags and carry them down into our cellar. When cold, pack the apples and onions into jars, sprinkling the mint liberally between the layers. Β This is particularly true of gregarious people such as James and Ford who packed many other people into their lives and seemed often to meet new ones. • Far too much information was packed into the illustrations - I had to study each one really carefully. (= crammed) + Np + with Ν A The old fellow has no idea how to pack a shopping basket with goods. Β Opposition parties accused President Mobutu's government of trying to pack the conference with his own supporters.

A personÜ1 can ] (i) a suitcase or bag111, i.e. put in it clothes and other things they want to take on a journey. (ii) things11 into a box, suitcase, bag, etc. UI -» M D1 T1 T2 T3 also in phrasal verbs: pack away; pack up If people 11 pack a place or into a place111, they crowd into it. Someone 1 can pack people" into something 111 , i.e. fill the space or area. D1 D2 T2 T3 also in phrasal verbs: pack in; pack out

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away +-* NP These covers give additional protection to furniture packed away for the winter. (= stored) + in Np If we ever worked out how much my sport really cost us, I'd probably pack it in. (= give it up) They're offering an extra £ 10,000 for over-30s, £7,500 for under-30s, but only if you pack it in by the end of this month. (= give up work) A few months ago, during the widely successful Lesbian and Gay Film Festi-

val, which packed 'em in at the National Film Theatre, German film-maker Monika Treut was awarded Gay Times Jack Baschio Award. (= attracted a large audience) + off M D 1 D7T10 Time 11 can pass or a person 1 can pass time11 in a certain way 1 " or doing something I v . -> M D1 D7 T2 Pass can mean 'take an examination or test successfully' (i) A person taking an exam 11 can pass. (ii) Someone or something 11 can pass a test111 or be passed, i.e. be tested and found satisfactory. -> M D1 D4 T3 T4 T5 T6 If someone or something" passes as or for someone or something else 11 , they are accepted as or mistaken for that other person or thing: to pass for often has the sense of a rather poor imitation. M D2 D5 also in phrasal verbs: pass off Legislation" can be passed, i.e. become law. A judge or a court 1 can pass a sentence, verdict, etc.11 on someone or something 111 , i.e. pronounce a judgement. D1 T7 (i) Someone 1 can pass an object or information 11 to someone else" 1 , i.e. give it or hand it to them. (ii) Something such as information or an inheritance 11 can pass to someone else111, i.e. be given or handed to them. (iii) Someone or something 1 can pass an illness, germ, etc.11 to an animal or person 111 , i.e. cause them to be infected. -> D1 D3 D6 T1 T8 T9 also in phrasal verbs: pass along; pass down; pass on If something 1 passes belief or understanding 11 , it goes beyond or exceeds it. D1 A person 1 can pass something 11 through or over something else111, i.e. cause it to go through or over. D7 T9

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + along P1 P2 P3 P5 P6

A Β

possess A

verb

'ownActive: 2 / 2

lobi

[N]A

Il obi

[N]

General: 0

WÊÊÊÊIKÊÊÊÊISÊIi ïmemsÊÊÊÊsem D

Β

'have a strong feeling' Active: 2 / 3

lobi

[N]a

II obi

[N]

ι + ill

[what + to-INF]

m m ι D

Further u s e s [N]p

τ τ

0

600

possessive

+Ν A Salieri was also Mozart's enemy, but he was forced to admit that Mozart possessed a unique genius, quite unlike that of any other composer. Sixteen per cent have an answering machine and only three per cent possess a mobile phone. However, the call was received more than an hour after the explosion, and the caller did not appear to possess any information not already on news broadcasts. Nat himself possessed a fine, deep-resonating voice and strong features.

Β I was still trembling a little, but a great excitement possessed me. + Np

• (invented example) The witch was said to be possessed by the devil. (= in the devil's power) [what] + Ν + to-INF Β He has been rather impressive of late, but it is difficult to know quite what possessed him to apparently align himself with Enoch Powell, Winston Churchill and the foaming mouths of the Tory right. What possesses people to make public idiots of themselves in fly-on-thewall documentaries?

In evaluating these different attitudes to assessment, it seems that both possess a certain validity. Management requires special training above any specialized technical skills that the manager may possess. A Β

Possess generally means 'own'. If you say that some emotion 1 possesses a person 11 , you mean they feel it very strongly. If you ask what 1 possessed someone 1 1 to do something 1 1 1 , you are expressing your surprise. - » D T

possessive P1 P2 P3

adjective

attr Another factor was his difficult relationship with his impossibly possessive father. pred Love is not possessive. + about Ν M m e Manet, like many mothersin-law, felt possessive about her sons and tried to retain some control over them even after their marriages. And people are really quite possessive about these things.

Possessive can mean 'that someone wants to exercise s

possible P1 P2 P3

P4

P4 P5

P6

+ of Ν She's as jealously possessive of him as she is of any lover. + over Ν (rare) Yes I have observed this and that. Human beings are very possessive over artefacts that they create. + with Ν (rare) Don't you be as possessive with him as you were with me.

control over someone or something'.

adjective

attr One possible solution is to take legal action. pred I couldn't believe it. 'No, it's not possible: [it] + to-INF (frequent) Because of Tanglewood's unique position, it is possible to ski directly from the front door to any of the resort's ski lifts. It is no longer possible to work properly in this atmosphere. It did not prove possible to agree terms acceptable to the Newco directors. [it] + (that)-CL It's still possible that we'll have a sponsor for the closing stages of this season's competition, but at this late stage it's unlikely. It is possible that he thought that by alliance with her his career would progress. It was possible they had been at the gatehouse for only a few days.

P5

P6

+ for Ν This provides the human being with a freedom that is not possible for animals whose mental models are more rigid, innate and instinctive. [it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to INF To be optimistic, the death of Bolshevism may, in the long run, make it more rather than less possible for a new social movement to emerge. It is still possible for us to hold talks separately.

Ο . ι , j* . . ... , , , J Something that is possible can be done or achieved or may be the case.

601 pour

pour

verb

Active: 1/3 Passive: 1/3 I [ N ] a / [by Ν] AGENT Il cont [N]a /EFFECTED [N]P-2

IV

D1

D2

D3

[Nip.! BEN/REC [for N] [ADVU [into N/V-ing]

General: 0

üü¡® T1-4

M D2-3 D1

03

I II

T1-4 T1 T2 T4

III

Active: 1 / 2 [it] [with Ν]

M

D2 D2

[N]A

D3

[ADV]

D3

T3

Shall I pour, Mr McGuiness? (only if clear from context) [it] α It was raining again; it was pouring. + Np Automatically she poured a cup of coffee, black, no sugar, and held it out encouragingly to her. I shot him point-blank, and the force of it flung him back against the rail, clutching his guts and pouring blood. + with Ν • Goshwa's eye was black and pouring with blood. (= bleeding) [it] + with Ν α It poured with rain all day long. + ADV (frequent) Standing a little to one side was Bethan, and she was crying, tears pouring silently down her cheeks. Thousands of revellers poured into Birmingham's Handsworth Park last weekend to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the city's carnival. "So good of you to come," said Mary for the second time, pouring from the best teapot into the best teacups, (only if clear from context) Thousands of people poured out onto the streets. At a briefing for European diplomats in Teheran the Iranians said they were very grateful for the help that has been pouring in from abroad. As soon as the photographic magazines reported their impending retirement, offers to buy the business poured in.

T1

T2 T3

T4

instructions) Shake dressing and pour over salad or serve separately in a jug for guests to add to own portions, (only if clear from context) (= used in instructions) + Np + Np He took Dick into the empty dining-room, and poured him a whisky. She had poured herself another cup of coffee and seemed to be gathering some strength from it. + Np + for Ν Sit down, love, and have a drink of coffee. I'll pour it for you. + Np + into N/V-ing Resources are poured into fighting malnutrition and illiteracy, but the size of the problem is growing daily. It poured £25,000 into the project and called in South Tyneside Groundwork Trust to work with local people. Emotionally imprisoned, Tina pours her passions into the food she prepares. + Np + ADVPour the sauce over the lasagne and bake for 30 minutes or until browned. She poured coffee from an aluminium pot while she clutched the flowered silk wrapper around her. My old man's never read a book in his life, but pour half a dozen beers down him and he thinks he's James Joyce. Don't pour it away but mix it in to the cheese if it separates out. Pour in the egg custard. Extra money was poured in. If the juice is left to stand, it separates and you can pour off the clear juice.

a Rain poured down almost ceaselessly. • Whip egg whites, then blend gently into yoghurt, cheese and cream mixture. Pour into dish and chill, (only if clear from context) (= used in Pour can mean 'flow down': A loosely structured substance such as a liquid, rain, sand, etc. can pour o be poured somewhere I v . Pour is often also used metaphorically to say that something is provided in almost extravagant amount or that lots of people move quickly in a certain direction. a It is pouring means 'it is raining heavily*. M D2 D3

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out «-• Np (+ for N) I came home, poured the beer out and just drank it. (= poured it into a glass) Then they pour out their true feelings. (= say a lot about) He had barely poured out the two

glasses before the telephone rang, making them both jump. (= filled with liquid) + Np + out + Np Pour me out a cup of tea, please. (= pour me)

602

power

power P1

P2

P3

noun

The clause says that we want to use democracy to put power where it belongs - in the hands of the people. The excessive power of editors has given way to the excessive power of marketing people. + to-INF (frequent) Matisse spoke of colour's power to heal. Only the Queen has the power to ask a party leader to form a government, dissolve parliament and force another election. + of N/V-ing (frequent) Mr Mackie said schools needed greater powers of detention, exclusion and suspension to deal with troublesome students. "Our Lord has the power of life and death," he said solemnly. Nine days ago, police

P4

and troops moved into the townships with special powers of search and arrest to try to end the bloodshed. Another effect of increased density in the lens is an increase in its power of bending light rays. + over Ν/over wh-CL Architecture is about men displaying their power over space. So the unions' power over their members was more or less absolute. Britain must retain the power over where and when it uses its troops.

Power can be used to refer to 'the right or ability of a person or thing to do something'. Someone can have (i) the power to do something, i.e. be able to do it. (ii) the power of something that entails certain actions, i.e. be able to do it. (iii) the power of something such as life and death, i.e. be able to decide upon it. (iv) the power over something or someone under their control.

practicable P1 P2

P3 P4

adjective

attr This is now a practicable possibility, limited only by the available technology. pred When the British government proposes new environmental laws, B&Q wants to be prepared, and to have an authoritative view on what is practicable. + to-INF (rare) It is not possible to obtain directions which are practicable to obey. [it] + to-INF It may not be practicable to offer her the original job back.

P5

P6 P7

+ for Ν (rare) Our wood roads are extremely rough. Some of them are practicable for a Ford car. + with Ν (rare) This, of course, is not practicable with pot plants. [it] + for Ν to-INF Unfortunately it is not in my view practicable for people to learn and understand the advances in modern science unless they've got some background information about the topic.

If it is practicable for someone to do something, it can realistically be done.

practice P1

P2

P3

noun

A The amount of practice a student may want to have prior to taking the test is a subjective decision that must be made personally by the student. Β But he said competition also had harmful side effects: reduced wages, reduced maintenance and the adoption of unsafe practices. [it] + to-INF Β In these circumstances it is usual practice to wait until the close of business to avoid any confusion in the market. At KTEH it is our practice to budget for a small surplus and then live carefully within the budget. + at N/V-ing A Practice at golf must be positive - it is easy to practise bad technique, both in the physical

P4

P5

and the mental sense. Brian Sutton has had quite a bit of practice at encouraging birds to feed from his hand. + for Ν A Meeting people in this way is good practice for interviews. Motorsport championship favourite Paul Morris blitzed the Phillip Island lap record by more than two seconds in yesterday's first practice for the opening round of the Australian two litre touring car championship. + in N/V-ing A A first class language laboratory with up-todate audio equipment provides intensive practice in comprehension and pronunciation. This set of 24 dominoes gives practice in reading and expressing a.m. and p.m. times in the 24-

603

P6

practise

hour system as used in bus and train timetables. Heaven knows they've had enough practice in welding patches recently. + of N/V-ing (frequent) Β In his lectures he maintained the ancient university practice of beginning with prayer, since for him theological study was itself an act of worship. The practice of publishing league tables of performance by individ-

ual schools could place a burden on teachers and certain schools could lose support, suffering even greater underfunding. + with Ν A Adrienne went red. "Ah, I have not had much practice with my English of late and it is easy to forget."

P7

iÜÜÜÉÜ Practice can refer to 'the repetition of an activity or skill in order to do it better'. A p r a c t i c e is the way in which something is done on a regular basis. -> P1 P2 P6

A Β

iSstSäfPnwaiS

P1 P 3 P4 P5 P7

fSjSSíWwraS-fStS

practise (AmE practice)

verb Β

ι Il

ill M

D1

Active: 1/2 Passive: 112 General: 0 [ N ] a / [by N] [N]p D1 [V-ing]p D2 [wh to-INF]p D3 [on N]p D5 A When she wanted to get something right, she would practise and practise and practise; she'd drive you mad. Inside, an unseen organist was practising and the church was empty. Β His solicitor did not know where the dentist was or if he was still practising. + Np A His first interest in music came when he listened to his brother and sister practising the piano. We spent our days relaxing on the boat, exploring on bicycles and practising our rusty French with friendly shopkeepers. She had been practising her dry cough. It drew all eyes to her. Β He also practises magic. The debate about teaching Shakespeare reveals the gap between those who comment on education and those who practise it in the classroom. There had been a long-standing British tradition of welcoming and absorbing new citizens who practised different religions or belonged to distinct cultures. Yet, for all its attractiveness, Trojan society is far from innocent. Its members understand power, practise deceit, and are constrained by political realities. As far as I can gather, everyone in the Church practises contraception, even bishops, but no one in a clerical collar will ever admit to such behaviour. We also examined his perceptions of how to meet his power need if the time came when he could not practice medicine.

D2

+ V-ingp (frequent) A You can also stop the play at random and

. . . profession Active: 1 / 2 Passive: 1 /2 ι [ N ] a / [by N] Il [N]p D1 ni [as N] D4 IVmarg [ADV] D6

D3

D4

D5

D6

then practise responding spontaneously to the last few sentences which have been said. Practise giving your speech in front of a mirror with a tape recorder, with a video recorder, or even better to a sympathetic colleague or friend. Practise changing your behaviour in situations which are relatively neutral for you. + wh to-INFp A Preparation for tests should consist in learning the subject being tested, not practising how to answer this or that type of question. + as Ν Β Over coffee in the morning we agreed that although he had never liked practising as a lawyer, and detested being at Simmonds and Simmonds, he must return to the firm, at least temporarily. He certainly could never practise as a doctor. + on Np A Initially, if you have never given a massage before, it might be better to practise on someone you know well and feel at ease with, such as your partner or a close friend or relative. Try practising on a cheap fish such as mackerel. + ADV Β Doctors who practise in holiday resorts enjoy not only the sunshine but a fee worth up to £ 13.05 for every temporary patient. • But that would have put paid to her ambitions to practise at the Bar! (= become a lawyer or judge)

604

praise

A person 1 can practise something 11 or practise doing something 11 , i.e. do it repeatedly in order to become skilful at it or do it before they have to do it in a serious situation. -> M D1 D2 D3 D5 A person 1 can practise (i) something such as a profession 11 , i.e. carry it out. (ii) something such as a religion or philosophy of life 11 , i.e. act according to its principles. (iii) something such as deceit or discrimination, etc. u , i.e. carry it out. M D1 D4 D6

A Β

praise

verb

Active: 1 / 3

ι H

[N]p

ill IV V

[as N/V-ing] [for N/V-ing] [on N/V-ing]

M

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[ N ] a / [by N] D

T1-3

T1 T2 T3

He would rather praise than damn. You know we should write and complain but I think we should also write and praise. + Np In one of garden history's most memorable quotes, Horace Walpole praised William Kent who, he said, 'leaped the fence and saw that all nature was a garden'. For more expensive re-provisioning, we now have an opportunity to call at Falmouth and I must use this occasion to praise the town's arrangements for visiting yachts. Mrs Buttery said holidaymakers did not seem to be worrying unduly and she praised the responsible attitude taken by Butlins in keeping them informed about what was going on. The night is spent in praising God and in meditation. Is there someone or something that you'd like to praise, and contrast with somebody or something you think is over-rated? + Np + as N/V-ing The Transport Secretary, Mr. Cecil Parkinson, praised the report as an excellent example of the Branch's unique and meticulous work. Ginny was praised all round

D

T1

T2

T3

as a considerate and cheerful team captain. Our coverage has been universally praised as being impartial. + Np + for N/V-ing Lucy Ellmann - born in the United States but now based in England was widely praised for her first novel, "Sweet". Skinner's views were attacked as totalitarian in some circles and praised for their stress on science and rationality in others. The ANC is to be praised for proposing a constitutional outline. He also praised the Argentine President, Mr Carlos Menem, for his democratic and economic reforms. + Np + on N/V-ing (rare) I was praised on the way I'd combined my new responsibilities with my previous job. An all-party group of MPs tabled a motion praising the FA on taking swift action to punish those involved in the pitch brawl.

A person or something such as a review or an article 1 can (i) praise someone or something 11 for a particular quality they have IV (ii) praise someone or something 11 as something positive111 (iii) praise someone 11 for something they have done I V .

pray

verb Active: 1 / 3

I

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [to-INF] [that-CL] [Q/S]p [for N]p [for Ν to-INF]p [for that-CL]p_on|y

General: 0

in IV

D1

T1.3

D2

T2.4

D3 05 D5 D5

T5

[about N] [to N]p [N: God]p

D4 D6

T3-5

T1-2

605

D1

D2

D3

D4 D5

precious Buses are laid on to take people to the mosques to pray. I listened to his preaching outside the church building and when he made the altar call I went to the altar and prayed. Let us pray. + to-INF Everything that he had prayed to see was restored to him; yet he did not feel the emotion he expected. + (that)-CL (frequent) He prayed that humanity should not suffer the horrors of a new war. We must hope, we must pray that sanctions work. They prayed that the government would say No to the military option in the present crisis. She prays her children will never be actors. QUOTEp / SENTENCEp Every night she prayed: Our Father, Hail Mary, Glory Be. Don't let him die, she prayed. The weather report had promised a cloudless day. A lovely day to start the Royal Easter Show. "And no wind," Mahoney prayed. + about Ν I think we should all pray about this.. + for Np/for Ν to-INFp (very frequent) He began to pray fervently for her recovery. To everyone's surprise, his mother did recover. She prayed first for her father, for his need was greatest. And then she prayed for the others. The royal couple attended the traditional festival to pray for a good harvest. In 1971 she visited Northern Ireland, where she talked to British soldiers and prayed for peace and reconciliation. Sophie was prayed for by lots of people over a period of time. It is being done in conjunction with English Heritage and maybe in due course we'll be able to pop in and pray, among other things, for perfect gardening weather. It's a ter-

rible war, but we should be thankful for all the brave soldiers who are fighting for us and pray for it to be over so that they can come safe home again. + for that-CLp (only passive) (invented exam-

D6

T1 T2

T3

T4

T5

ple) That rain should come was prayed for by the congregation. + to Np When you pray, go into your room, close the door and pray to your Father, who is unseen. To combat polytheism, Saints' Days were substituted for many festivals and people could pray to the saints as they had to the lesser deities. + N: Godp + to-INF If this is madness, we pray God to give us more, he said. + N: Godp + (that)-CL Hyde had found nothing. Pray God Special Branch would. Pray God none of the family was hurt. + to Np + to-INF Then I prayed, really prayed to the Haitian gods to save me from this woman. She had prayed to God to be allowed to become one of them, and now she was no longer an Arab but a Charpentier, and French! + to Np + that-CL I prayed to all the firmament that this once-in-a-lifetime shot was recording. I pray to God that Mr Shamir responds to what Mr Baker told him as well as what Mr Assad told him. + to Np 30 %) Although he does joinery jobs for neighbouring farms and cottages, Tim prefers to work on more imaginative projects. He preferred to walk. He has numerous interests and prefers to live in a quiet, stable

D3

D4

environment where he can work without too much interference. They would very much prefer to see this thing settled by political means. + V-ingp I prefer waking up in my own bed when I've got work the next day, but now and then I don't mind staying over at your place. I don't know about you, but I much prefer telling my troubles to a bartender than to a psychiatrist. [if] S E N T E N C E If you prefer, we can arrange hotel accommodation for you. (invented ex-

607

prepare ample) Breakfast can be taken in your room, if preferred. + Np to-INF Scandinavian men in Finland, Sweden, and Norway prefer their brides to be only one or two years younger. But in your particular case I prefer the precautions to be extreme. Obviously, we'd prefer that match to be a formality. + Ν V-ing I really prefer people knowing us to the anonymity that you get in the city. + Np ADJ She wondered whether he would not prefer her dead. + itp + if-CL I think people would prefer it if the army left this area.

D5

D6 D7

D8

T1

+ Np/V-ingp + to N/V-ing

T2

+ N/V-ing + than N/V-ing

I would have pre-

ferred going to boarding school than staying with somebody else. I much prefer pretending to be a miner than actually being one. + to-INF + than INF 38 percent of Canadian women would prefer to eat chocolate than make love, according to a survey on behalf of the Confectionery Association of Canada. You know, I prefer to drink wine than talk about it.

T3

+ to-INF + than to-INF

T4

She wore a scarf

around her neck in summer, preferring to sweat than to expose herself.

The majority of peo-

ple would rather have an intimate relationship but they prefer solitude to a bad relationship. I prefer live performances to recording. Do you prefer directing to acting now? I IT in Someone1 can prefer something or someone" to something or someone else1", i.e. like it better and therefore choose it.

prepare

verb

Active: 1 / 3

ι

iicont

in

IV ν M

D1

D2

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[ N ] a / [by N]

[V-ing]A [that-CL]A [to-INF]A [N]p_2 /EFFECTED

T3

D1

[N]p_i BEN/REC

[to-INF] [for N/V-ing]p

α 'wSlS^SI^BmWIS^mB ^Dv&j'ii-t-ÌS Active: 2 / 3 Passive: [ N ] / [byN] a I

T3

II obi

T3

III

[N]p

[from N]

WSSmSB P^fÜiM

¡¡Still

1 /3

D1

T4 T4

T1-2 T1.3

D2

12

D3

T3

They want to make changes peacefully and are trying to postpone February's elections to give them more time to prepare, (only if clear from context) + Np They could not possibly afford the initial cost of preparing the land and buying the vines and the stakes and wires and tools that would also be necessary. While making that shopping list, think also in terms of the meals you'll prepare. West Germany, which says it believes several people were killed during the unrest, has prepared a cargo plane carrying food and medical aid, but the Albanian authorities have refused permission for it to land. This time he had prepared himself by reading the classic works of Tolstoy and Chekhov, α He had got up early to prepare breakfast. + to-INF (> 30 %) But in the meantime the US is preparing to impose up to 200 per cent duties on a range of EC exports. The two foreign

D3

T1

T2

T3

ministers prepared to visit each other's capitals to talk. Prepare to be amazedl + for Np/V-ingp Officials of the European Security Conference are preparing for a meeting in Prague tomorrow. The BBC Central Europe correspondent says that Croatia has now begun to prepare in earnest for war. National governments would have to look at their legislation to prepare for transferring powers to the new European central bank. + N P + Np

α She would go upstairs in the morning to wake them, then dress them and prepare them a cooked breakfast. + Np + to-INF He argues that more training could better prepare them to handle these attacks. I mean there's a lot of preparation before that to prepare a fighter to face the bull. + Np + for N/V-ing The Daily Mail, in its comment, says Mr Heseltine has begun to pre-

present

608

pare the Tories for their biggest U-turn in eleven years.hkj Money spent preparing London buses for privatisation and commercialising London Underground has deprived bus and underground services of vital investment. Oestrogen effectively prepares the female sexual system for a potential conception. Well, prepare yourself for a shock! For example, when

T4

Prepare means 'get ready or make ready' : (i) A person 1 can prepare for something which they think might happen x (ii) A person 1 can prepare to do something IV , i.e. be about to do it. (iii) A person 1 can prepare a thing such as a machine, tools or material needed 11 , i.e. make it available or ready. -» M D1 D2 D3 T1 T2 T3 A person 1 can prepare another person 111 a meal 11 , i.e. cook it for them. -> D1 T4

α

present A

verb

'make known' Active: 2 / 3

V VI

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [ADJ] [as X] [for N] [to N]

Β

'give'

II obi III IV

§|¡¡§ Active: 2 / 3 * Hobt III

c Mili lobi

Il obi III IV

D

it comes to helping top business executives to prepare themselves for the hard question and the persistent interview, BBC presenters should recognise that they cannot properly be on both sides of the fence. + Np + from Ν α Prepare the cake from a Black Forest Cake mix, and pour into a Springform cake tin.

D General: 0

Passive: 1 / 3

ι D

... oneself Active: 3 / 3

T1—4

Il Obi

T1

III obi

T2

Passive: 2 / 3

[ Ν ] α / [by Ν] [Ν]ρ [as Χ] [ADV]

Τ2.6 Τ2

Τ6

T3 T4

ü ü S¡í\ ; ••·'= Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p /EFFECTED [with N] [N]p BEN/REC [toN]

ί) ί-ί.,;

General: 0 D

T4 Τ5 Τ5 Τ4

... problem

lÄÄKSSäifPl

Active: 2 / 3

[N] A [V-ing] A [that-CL] A(lt) [that-CL] A [to-INF] A(it) [to-INF] A [wh to-INF] A [N V-ing] A [wh-CL] A [N] /EFFECTED [with N] [N] BEN/REC [to N] [for N]

D

Τ3-5

D

Τ3-4 Τ5

D

Τ3-4 Τ5

D

Τ3-5

D

Τ3-5

D

Τ3-5

D

Τ3-4 Τ5 Τ5 Τ4 Τ3

+ Np A We plan to present guest speakers on some Friday and Saturday evenings. The committee was to present a report by the end of February. For its contribution to the current Belfast Fes-

tival the Lyric Theatre is presenting a new production of Over the Bridge. The prisoner did not present himself at the half-way house and police allege he continued to re-offend in Brisbane for a month before he was apprehended.

609

preserve

Within half-an-hour the Bank of England alerted the city, with a warning that an attempt might be made to present the certificates and withdraw the money. Β The President of the Animal Health Trust, the Princess Royal, will once again present the prizes at the luncheon, which is sponsored by Solvay-Duphar. +Ν C Usually toys present the biggest storage problem. • Whenever the opportunity presents itself, Ian Wright does the right thing. (= arises) + Ν + ADJ (rare) A One of our proposals is therefore to declare all the boats, as of a certain date, and present them open for public viewing.

T1

T2

+ Ν + for Ν

C Little is known about whether tranquillisers present a problem for monotonous driving, although many sleep researchers believe they do. T4

A Pasternak formally presented her to the Soviet delegation. I asked him to present my absolute apologies to the General. The WWF will present a major report on native bushland clearing to the Federal Government today. Β These Awards were presented to individuals who've made outstanding contributions to thenclubs during the past year. + Ν + to Ν

C This can present a major problem to many. T5

Τ3

+ Np + with Ν

Β Lili was presented with a blue velvet dress. She presented the young couple with a richly furnished apartment in Manhattan.

+ Np + as N / V - i n g / N p + a s A D J

A It is important for the father to present the new woman as a future wife, she says. D They present their opponents as a bunch of slick, sinister lefties, full of metropolitan guile. It follows that instead of engaging in a campaign of subversion, he should present himself as an increasingly attractive alternative. The simplest models of individual choice present households as making rational choices relating to their incomes and seeking to maximize their housing situation. The political imperative will also be to present tax cuts as responsible, matched pound for pound by spending reductions.

+ Np + to Ν

+ Ν + with Ν

C Rocca, whose English is very limited, was asked if the language barrier would present him with a problem. T6

+ Np + ADV

D If, regardless of your true appearance, you still feel and dress like that lumpy, insecure teenager you once were, you can be sure that's how you're presenting yourself.

+ Np + for Ν

A It will fix a date for the start of negotiations and present it for parliamentary approval before the end of this month. A person or an institution 1 can present someone or something 11 , i.e. show or make them known to people. -> D T1 T2 T3 T4 A person 1 can present a prize or gift 11 to a person™ or present a person111 with a prize or gift 11 , i.e. give it to them in an official or formal context. D T4 T5 You can say that someone or something 1 presents a problem 11 , i.e. they are a problem. D T3 T4 T5 A person 1 can present another person or themselves 11 in a certain way111, i.e. describe them in that way or try to be thought of in that way. —> T2 T6

C D

preserve

verb

Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1/3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [to-INF] A [for Ν to-INF] A Il Obi [N]p III [ADJ]

General: 0

I

d d D D

T2.4 T2.4 T2.4 T2.4

D

T1-5 τι

IV

[as N/V-ing]

T2

ν VI vii

[forN] [from N/V-ing] [in N]

T3 T4 T5

610

press

Ζ

The intention is to preserve and protect, (only if clear from context) + Np How do we preserve our landscape without turning it into a giant heritage theme park? The Cambodian government has appealed to the United Nations for aid to preserve and restore the ancient temples of Angkor Wat, which date back to the twelfth century. Virtually all the canal has now disappeared, except for the last lock which has been preserved in Bamberg, and which has a beautiful lockkeeper's house. In the smoking process, fish first have to be gutted and preserved by soaking in a saturated salt solution to kill bacteria. The Conservative government wants to preserve Α-Levels in spite of the fact that Prime Minister John Major left school before taking them.

D

Pressure from Britain at a meeting of European Community fisheries ministers has failed to achieve agreement on proposals for preserving fish stocks in community waters. + Np + ADJ The Greek government says this collection of marble heads and torsos is of the utmost importance to the Greek cultural heritage and should be preserved intact rather than sold off as individual items. + Np + as N/V-ing Gorbachev, in an im-

T1

T2

passioned speech to the Soviet parliament, the Supreme Soviet, has said that his country must be preserved as a union of sovereign states - otherwise he will resign. Part of this area should be preserved as representing an important sector of what was Cuscatlan, which is important archaeologically. + Np + for Ν By salting the meat, bacteria were kept at bay, preserving the meat for future use. I made up my mind to do everything in my power to have the area preserved for posterity. + Np + from N/V-ing There was no attempt to preserve the body from decay. The region's isolation may well have preserved this site from much greater damage in the war. We therefore have, within every cell of our body, a marvellous collection of systems to preserve ourselves from being damaged. + Np + in Ν He saw how the locals preserved caribou meat in ice. Imagine the delight of opening your Rumtopf after preserving seasonal fruit in rum - the smell is sensational, the taste out of this world and the whole experience sinfully delicious! Some of his own thoughts on the matter have been preserved in a brief but remarkable fragment published in the nineteenth century in French translation by Guyard.

T3

T4

T5

Something can be preserved from a possible danger or for a particular purpose, i.e. protected and kept intact. •

press A

verb 'apply pressure' Active: 113

ι II III

'urge

Passive: 1 /3

[N]a / [by N ] [N]p [ADV]p.prep [ADV]« [ADJ]

Active: 2/3

General: 0

D1 D4

T1.9

ι h m

T9 T1 IV ν vi

M

D1

A The grey paint flakes away only with difficulty and her fingers grow sore from pressing so hard. + Np A He pressed the bell again When you're buying a new television, computer, camera or stereo system, you rarely get the chance to press all the buttons, twiddle every dial and really get to grips with it before you sign on the dotted line. On each occasion, once he pressed the accelerator, the chance of anyone catching

[N]a / [by N ] [N]p [N]p [to-INF] [for X] [about N/V-ing] [as to N/wh-CL] [into N/V-ing] [on N/wh-CL] [upon N]

D1 D1 D2 D3

*

T2T2 T5 T3 T4 T6 T7 ΤΘ

him disappeared. At their Sunshine Coast home, Mrs Beecroft was dabbling in craft making hand-made paper and trying to press flowers. Β He did not press her. We did not press the issue. Dona Maria Pia never ceased to press her claim to the empty throne. I didn't press the point. • Francie pressed my trousers and jacket. (= ironed) I believe she urged the police to press charges. (= charge someone with a crim-

press inai offence) Bulldozer, a heavy rock band that has enjoyed some local interstate success, is preparing to press its second CD album which, like the first, they will fund themselves. (= manufacture) + to-INF Β Meantime we'll press to stop Britain becoming the sweatshop of Europe. Europe is pressing to ban them along with CFCs. + for N/V-ing/for Ν to-INF (frequent) Β Opposition Labour MPs are again pressing for a public inquiry. The meeting is a preparation for a conference in December on European political union at which some countries will be pressing for a federal Europe. If only one of you is restless, the other may be tempted to press for keeping things as they are. Opposition party leaders are now pressing for the entire election to be annulled. The debate on the monarchy was revived in Australia several weeks ago when a group of prominent citizens formed a committee to press for their country to abandon the monarchy and establish a republic by the year 2001.

T4

T5

T6

"17

+ ADVp-prep

A He pressed against her, his voice a hoarse whisper. Without realizing it, he pressed closer to Stella. + Np + ADJ A He sat back, his lips pressed tight. + Np + to-INF Β The Prince of Wales is pressing the security services to allow him to visit the Republic of Ireland, we are told. Often she pressed him to stay, and he knew he was walking back into the old familiar issue. The Housing Authorities have every right to press criminal charges of fraud against the wife, and to press her to pay the back-rent. When pressed by a Bulgarian journalist to give further details, he politely declined. + Np + about N/V-ing

T8

T9

Β Another reporter pressed Mr Mandela about a petition which has been drawn up by the wives of seven dissidents. + Np + as to N/wh-CL Β We were being pressed all the time as to why these marks had to be kept confidential. Are we to believe that a man who says he took his non-executive duties seriously did not see fit to press his fellow directors as to the real nature of Project Lisi? + Np + for Ν Β President Saddam urged the Turkish government to press Washington for a peaceful solution in the Gulf crisis. West Brom are pressing the FA for a record £ 100,000 in compensation. + Np + into N/V-ing Β They then press victims into buying extinguishers and smoke detectors at up to four times the normal price. • Signal box supervisors were pressed into service. (= forced to work) + Np + on N/wh-CL Β I mean I never pressed him on it. He was pressed on whether he was ready to make some kind of reciprocal gesture of goodwill to Syria and Iran. + Np + upon Ν Β Clinton decided that the time had come to mount the operation in South Carolina which Germain was pressing upon him. Michael and David pressed more gin upon Angel, intently watching her drink. + NP + ADV« A Press it lightly into the tins and roll off excess pastry to neaten top edges. A glass of hot punch was pressed into her hand. He pressed his mouth to the lovely place where her neck rose from her shoulders. As though surprised by her own thoughts she bit her lip and began once more to work on the armature, pressing clay around the wire. The air gets sucked out when it gets pressed down.

Someone or something* can press (i) something11, i.e. apply pressure to it. (ii) something11 somewhere™, i.e. push it firmly. -> M D1 D4 T1 T9 Press can mean 'urge a particular course of action': A person or a group1 can press to do something111, i.e. urge action in order to achieve it. (I) another person11 on a particular matter v l , i.e. try hard to make them say something about it. («) someone11 into doing something v , i.e. make them do it. 11 111 ? ; il; (iv) someone to do something , i.e. urge them to do it. 11 1 someone for something" such as money or an answer, i.e. urge them to give it to them. (V) (vi) for someone to do something or for something to happen111. (vii) something or a course of action11 upon someone VI , i.e. urge them to take it or do it. • D1 D2 D3 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8

m

612

pressure

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + ahead (+ ADV) If this compromise still fails to win over peers, the government intends to press ahead by using constitutional means to overrule the Lords. (= pursue its plans) West Germany, France and the Benelux countries might press ahead towards monetary union. + ahead + on NP/V-ingP While Britain awaits the outcome of the leadership struggle, its partners in Europe are pressing ahead on economic and monetary union. (= pursuing their policies) + ahead + with NP/V-ingP President Bush has urged the Polish Prime Minister, M r Tadeusz Mazowiecki, to press ahead with what he describes as Poland's courageous political and economic reforms (= carry out) + forward (+ ADV) We pressed forward until I heard the terrific roar of battle open on our right. (= continued to advance) The three boys pressed forward into the gloomy cave. (= continued to walk)

pressure P1

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+ home (rare) They watched him now, they saw his spirit flag; and he knew, and they knew, that now was the time for them to press home (= make use of having the upper hand) + home N P As rebels in Liberia press home their attacks, there has been a further indication of the rivalry between their leaders. (= continue with urgency) He went on, compelled to press his point home. (= insist on) + in + on N P The accumulated emotion of the evening seemed to press in on me with a rush, and I felt as though I might fall asleep in the chair if I continued to sit there. (= weigh on) + on The U N and the five permanent members of the Security Council pressed on in their search for peace. (= persisted) + on + with N P By today's announcement the government has given the clearest signal yet of its determination to press on with its controversial reforms (= persist)

noun

A Provided you remain unruffled by the accompanying pressures and tensions, you have every reason to look ahead with optimism. The plan is to take pressure off monetary policy and avoid further damaging interest rate increases. Β Besides measuring ocean drift, they will record data on atmospheric pressure and temperature at the sea surface. + to-INF A Now the pressure to get a place in one of the top schools is very tough indeed, and lowerranking schools are moving up the ladder. We're all under pressure to conform to a certain look - it's psychological pressure. + by Ν A Firm pressure by the authorities has continued, fire jets being directed through the roof into the cells where the prisoners have been sheltering. By definition, a withdrawal is when you pull your forces back not under pressure by the attacking forces. + for N/V-ing A The pressure for priestly celibacy came into force in the Middle Ages when members of religious orders were gaining power and influence at the highest levels. In several countries public pressure for recycling plastics is greater than the pressure to reuse paper. + from Ν A The psychological pressure from air strikes

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is sapping morale. Under pressure from its big customers, IBM and Microsoft are patching up their differences following a public feud over future plans. + of N/V-ing A Results of a survey by marriage guidance group Relate show that the pressures of modern life mean many Britons are just too tired to make love. Under pressure of the current prohibition, the number of kids who use illegal drugs at least once a month has fallen from 39 percent in the late 1970s to 25 percent in 1987. Lynagh was not at his best due to the huge pressure of playing with a new scrum-half and new inside centre. + on Ν (frequent) A They also acknowledged the effect of popular pressure on the Palestinian leaders - what one of them called the pressures from the streets. Β Making the muscles work will reduce the pressure on your veins and may help you avoid getting varicose veins. + to Ν (rare) A It entails a Canute-like pretence that we can ignore the pressures to interdependence and globalisation. + toward(s) N/V-ing A The pressure towards greater démocratisation in Africa will, in the short term at least, increase strife in some countries. As far as it

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pretend

can, the management tries to resist the pressure towards the brasher side of commercialisation. Young men are apparently more concerned with their masculinity - a tendency often reinforced by the peer pressure toward being able to "drink like a man." + upon Ν A Pressure upon space has determined that this review appears a couple of weeks after its opening, but the play is in the Swan repertoire through the summer. Β They are thought to result from pressure upon an artery in the neck carrying the brain's blood supply.

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+ by Ν + on Ν A He did not like the idea of pressure by people on him personally. + from Ν + to-INF A For once and for all we must resist the pressure from Brussels to select our team for us! The Madagascan leader, who has been in office since 1975, is under increasing pressure from the oppositon to resign. + on/upon Ν + to-INF A The pressure on young people today to succeed socially and academically is intense. Pressure upon Silver to live up to his name is bound to grow.

If there is pressure on someone to do something, other people try to make them do it. PI P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 If there is pressure on something, something is pressing it or exerting a force on it. -» P1 P7 P10

pretend

verb

Active: 1 / 3 I Η

in IV V

D1

D2

D3

Passive: 1 / 3

Generai: 0

[ N ] a / [by N] [Ν]

D1

[to-INF]

02

[that-CL] P (¡q

d3

[so/otherwise] [about N/V-ing] [toN] /EFFECTED [toN] BEN/REC

D6 D4 D5

τ

Τ

I'm not fibbing, not exaggerating, not pretending. + Ν I look and pretend surprise. But he pretended dismay, since that was what they wanted. + to-INF (> 30 %) She ducked and helped him, pretending to be at ease, but her face was hot and she knew she had to be blushing. He's pretending to be an elephant. He pretended not to recognize me. No one was looking at them and pretending not to. (only if clear from context) • I don't pretend to understand what is going on. (= claim) + (that)-CLP(it) (>30%) We bury our own weaknesses by pretending the problem lies elsewhere, with someone else. You're not doing this out of the kindness of your heart, so don't pretend you are. The Irish like to pretend their country is small and poor. I can't pretend that I'm delighted by the idea. And he pretended he couldn't speak English at all.

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D6

+ about N/V-ing (rare) She loved him very much for not pretending about the tears. Of course he'd agreed to take the stuff; of course he'd pretended about doing it free! + to Ν Don't pretend to ignorance. It is obvious that a Bosnia-Herzegovina constructed in accordance with the Vance-Owen plan could not pretend to sovereignty, integrity or independence. + so/otherwise Why pretend otherwise? He said any rate of inflation above nine per cent was serious news and it wasn't possible for the government to pretend otherwise. + to Ν + (that)-CL I would pretend to myself that he was Secret Service. I cared about Sonya but I never pretended to her that I didn't love you. He also pretended to others they were lovers.

Pretend means 'create the impression that something is the case which is not'. (i) A person 1 can pretend to do something or that something is the case11. (ii) If you say that someone or something 1 pretends to something™, you mean they claim to have that quality.

614

prevent prevent

verb

Active: 2 / 3 Passive: 1 / 3 [N] a / [by N] [V-ing]A D [that-CL]A d [to-INF]A D Il obi [N]p D

General: 0

Ι

T1

III IV

[V-ing] [from N/V-ing]

τι T2

T1-2 T1-2 T1-2 T1-2

+ Np More police 'on the beat' would, it's suggested, cut the number of physical attacks, as well as helping to prevent less serious crimes. I have read that taking an aspirin a day can prevent heart attacks. After initial analysis, we're very concerned that instructions for use may not be adequate to prevent damage. Chancellor Kohl also urged the European Community to prevent the emergence of what he called a welfare frontier in Europe between wealthy and poorer countries. Lotion or cream is effective as sunscreen agent to prevent sunburn. + Ν + V-ing Fix a canopy of plastic tied to supports made from twigs to keep the worst of the rain off them, preventing the soil around them becoming soggy. The next day, the storm-force wind prevented me even walking. He says heavy lorries are to be fitted with engine limiters to prevent drivers going over sixty miles an hour. The plastic lining prevents alkaline water seeping into the hole.

T2

+ Np + from V-ing / NP + from Ν (rare) Dry immediately, to prevent a whitish film from forming on the surface. Industry should spend the money to prevent accidents from happening in the first place. In 1988 Mr Kuria was prevented by the Kenyan government from receiving an international human rights award in the United States. When decorating for Christmas, place holly and mistletoe up high enough to prevent children from reaching them. For the Grand Prix, the fences were set at maximum but this did not prevent 11 ponies from reaching the third round. 'Troilus and Criseyde' repeatedly incites us to wonder what its heroine is thinking and feeling while preventing us from certain knowledge.

Ϊ IT V|| Prevent means cause not to happen'. A person1 can prevent something or someone" doing something111 or from doing something™. There is little difference in meaning, although the pattern with from is more likely to WmtmLbe used to refer to persons and must be used when prevent is passive: He was prevented from talking.

principle P1

P2

P3

noun

Mr Reith said the reforms would be guided by four principles. In many, if not all, emerging markets, it is simply impossible to make significant money without overt violation of normal Western ethical principles. • Early in 1964, Britain and France agreed in principle to build a Channel tunnel at a cost of £ 160 million. (= in general terms) When my brother was born, I refused on principle to go to the hospital and see him. (= because of my convictions) + that-CL (frequent) Once you step away from the principle that a person is innocent until proven guilty, you have no justice. + as to Ν/as to wh-CL (rare) That raised a fundamental principle as to the powers of the magistrates' courts. Is there a general sort of guiding principle as to who makes the decisions there would you say?

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+ behind Ν The fundamental principle behind the scheme is that it will reward real achievement, not mere attendance. + for N/V-ing A conference of South Africa's Christian churches has ended without agreement on a common declaration of principles for a nonapartheid future for the country. The principles for getting a good second flowering are exactly the same as those for getting a strong first flush. + of N/V-ing (very frequent) There is a potential tension between the principle of democratic government and the principle of equality before the law. The medieval principle of building houses supported by stout oak frames is enjoying such a revival that there is a move to establish a new guild of traditional carpenters. + on Ν The basic principle on assessment of this kind has been to provide a kind of continuum of performance ranging from the highest in

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problem

the group to the lowest. The Helsinki Accord, of course, assumes some sort of common prin-

ciple on human rights and that sort of thing.

A principle is 'a guideline, which determines someone's actions and thoughts'.

probable PI

P2

P3

adjective

attr According to most observers, the most probable outcome will instead be the resumption of a coalition between the SPÖ and the ÖVP, the same team that has been ruling Austria for the past nine years. pred Mr Wilson promised competent stewardship and bipartisan co-operation to solve the state's problems. A move to the White House in 1996 began to look probable. [it] + (that)-CL It now looks highly probable that both the European Community and

the United States will very shortly abandon their own economic and political, if not military sanctions against the Chinese. It is probable that educated parents prepare children better than illiterate parents for the particular kinds of thinking strategies that are needed at school. There's no doubt she fell in love with him and it's probable he felt equally strongly about her.

It can be probable that something will happen or is true, i.e. likely.

problem P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

noun

Our vet checked her over but was unable to pinpoint the problem. The coroner noted that "a simple operation would have solved the problem". This is totally a management problem. In a mass exodus in November a group of parents removed 20 children, fearing continued exposure to the fumes could cause permanent health problems. + that-CL Queensland also has the problem that only 38 percent of people have private health insurance. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL/wh to-INF They kept asking me to sign contracts, saying there was no problem about export licences or transport. There was some problem about getting back to Rome. Sometimes we get videos to help and that works quite well, but there is always a problem about who goes to the video shop. No problems about where to park the car - just leave it at home and allow Network Southeast to do the driving. + as to Ν/as to wh-CL (rare) "Riina is almost certain never to leave prison. The others know, and it is therefore clear that a problem as to the succession has been opened up," Mr Violante said. They face problems as to how they are recognised at work. Most English and Scottish children aged between nine and ten were utterly at sea when faced with the problem as to how a shop functions. + between N p! /N and Ν There was no denying the problems between the black community and the police. Sleeping in separate beds has

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never been a problem between us because we both benefit and decided at the outset that was what we wanted. + for Ν The main problem for the photographer was to get both the foreground figure and the distant landscape in convincing focus. Is that going to create problems for other people? + in V-ing The problem in making a policy response to many of the environmental crises is they are of a long-term nature. The problem in identifying the ills of the current system is the absence of any norm. + of N/V-ing/of Ν V-ing/of wh-CL/wh to-INF His critics say that in his previous two terms he singularly failed to tackle the problem of poverty in the region. Dwight was also attracted to Kierkegaard's prose style. He felt the theologian had "solved the problem of writing about abstract, metaphysical ideas in an informal, personal style, better than any other writer." CensorNet is the first locally produced software to tackle the growing problem of pornography and subversive material being distributed on the Net. The problem of poorly motivated pupils becoming bored and failing to realise their true potential is not new in schools. But there remains the major problem of how to avoid a war without loss of face. Meanwhile, there's the problem of what to do with them while the wheels of justice grind on. + over N/V-ing/over wh-CL/wh to-INF A problem over signatures on financial documents had arisen in London. Problems over pay-

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productive

P10

ing bills are particularly acute among low- income families facing metered payments. The problem over who foots the bill for EPO is not confined to Sheffield. The same problem over how to interpret a peaceful solution applies to the disputed territory between Iraq and Kuwait. + with N/V-ing/with Ν V-ing The problem with a lot of presenters is that they don't live in the same world as the viewers. Unfortunately,

the problem with travelling overseas is that you are at the mercy of movements in the Aussie dollar. I don't have a problem with players trying to get out of contracts when promises have been made and not met.

A problem is 'a difficulty of some kind'. (i) The constructions with of and that describe the problem itself/what the problem is. (ii) Something that is a problem for someone is difficult for them. (iii) The problem with someone or something is what is difficult about them. (iv) The problem over or about something or someone can refer to what is difficult about them, but can also refer to the problem itself.

productive P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective

attr It seems unarguable that, the more developed a country's productive capacity, the more it is the case that poverty is socially determined. pred Young Paul helped his brothers in the cultivation of their land which at that time was not very productive. [it] + to-INF Wouldn't it be more productive to take that money and put it into a fund to help pay for your grandchildren's college education? + for Ν Mary Jacobus (1981, p. 11) writes: 'deconstruction . . . is the kind of work that's clearly productive for feminist theory'.

Something that is productive leads to 1 thing, it produces lots of it.

proficient P1

P2

P3 P4

P5

P6

+ of Ν What matters most is that the meaning of such a distant epoch, so destructive of life and property yet highly productive of books and ideas, should not be lost on the present. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) Instead of relying on consumers to start borrowing again, it would be much more productive for the government to do the borrowing to finance an increased capital investment programme.

or high output. If something is productive of some-

adjective

attr The technically proficient films of early Hollywood reflected old notions of race that were still intact. pred Start off with a short programme and build up gradually, adding hand and ankle weights when you are feeling more proficient. + as Ν (rare) He may become proficient as a lover. + at N/V-ing (frequent) Everyone can learn to be proficients household tasks. For safety reasons they should become proficient at handling the boat.

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+ in N/V-ing (frequent) She was already proficient in German. The air force requires all its members to keep fit and be proficient in handling weapons. + on Ν (rare) In fact, Richter was said to be proficient on every instrument except the harp. + with Ν Would you be totally proficient with a new language after this period of time? Palo Alto school officials are realizing the need to make sure students are proficient with technology by the time they graduate.

A person can be proficient (i) at a particular skill (ii) in a field or a language (iii) on a musical instrument (iv) with their hands or a tool or with something they are doing or learning to do.

617

promise

progress P1

P2

P3 P4

P5

noun

I think we're making slow, steady progress. For four weeks the youngster made outstanding progress. The University of Ulster is to study the progress of 80 businesses in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. They continued to monitor the number of antibodies for another six months to follow the progress of the live virus. + against Ν Angered by the snail's pace of progress against the disease, activists in the early 1990s launched the National Breast Cancer Coalition, uniting 180 advocacy groups across the United States. He added: "I am convinced the conditions now lie in place to underpin a gradual and sustained recovery with continuing progress against inflation." + from Ν Alastair Lynch is slowly making progress from chronic fatigue syndrome. + in N/V-ing/in wh-CL (frequent) His government is blocking progress in the vital EC-US negotiations. "We do not expect any resolution this week but we are making progress in clarifying positions," a senior US official said. The Fund praised Bolivia for having sustained modest economic growth, and it said the country had made substantial progress in improving its balance of payments. Adam Babich, a lawyer representing the Sierra Club, said the agreement "represents a change of position and a lot of progress in how they're dealing with this issue." + on N/V-ing/on how to-INF (frequent) Mr. Hurd described progress on the issue as very, very slow but moving. Early progress on building storage tanks is important since it is the lack of them which has held up delivery of liquid gas from Algeria. The United States secretary of state, Warren Christopher, flew from Syria to Israel last night bearing news of "substantial

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progress" on renewing peace talks. And it's clear too there's been no major progress on how to define the border itself. + through Ν In spite of this internationalist outlook, his progress through the Senate relied fundamentally on the fact that he was a Southern Democrat in the period when this ensured almost automatic re-election. The awkwardness of his progress through life was matched by the difficulty of his literary advance. + to N/V-ing Progress to a single currency and fully co-ordinated economic policies is thus highly desirable. The fact is that the plans for monetary union are on the rails with at least 10 member states making good progress to reaching the goals set by the treaty to join the single currency in 1999. + toward(s) N/V-ing (frequent) The report said progress towards economic convergence was insufficient. Three quarters of failing schools are making progress towards recovery, Gillian Shephard will announce today. "He made significant progress toward achieving the goals," Mr. Jacquette said. + with N/V-ing There has been recent progress with the repeal of emergency regulations on censorship, detention and deportation. Progress with implementing the cross-selling strategy continues in this company - with some remaining conflicts and breakdowns. Over the year there was much progress with restoring and developing some of the Trust's gardens. + from Ν + to Ν Lynette's bleak progress from wide-eyed innocent to desperate, battered wife is searingly conveyed by Joanne Wootton.

Progress refers to 'the development and especially improvement of a situation'.

JSraWSP

promise P1

P2

noun

We are saturated with empty promises. There were also displays of great promise from Peter Whitehead, who finished fourth in the marathon, and Paula Radcliffe. + to-INF (frequent) It was a very bland apology that he made - a general apology and a promise to do better in the future. President Clinton faced a barrage of protest in his first week of office from people both for and against his promise to enlist gays and lesbians to America's armed services.

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+ that-CL Complaints from previous holidaymakers that the sausages at breakfast were Spanish have been answered with the promise that next summer all the bangers will be imported from the UK. Franklin kept his promise that he would continue to call upon Daniels, appointing him at seventy his Ambassador to Mexico in 1933. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL The Government could be open to massive claims because of its broken promise about the motorway. But

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promise

he refused to make promises about simplifying tax for small business. Politicians made eager promises about curbing greenhouse gases. Express your gratitude in a simple statement, such as, "Thanks, I ' m very grateful", and avoid giving a string of promises about how you intend to re-pay your debt. P5

P6

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+ for N/V-ing However, he was unable to secure specific promises for more aid. The prospect of leaving school for a life of unemployment must surely reinforce the lost generation's belief that a township education offers little promise for a prosperous future. Scientists at Merck & Co. are developing a group of drugs that hold promise for treating eating disorders and obesity. + from Ν The reports say the comments recalled a recent promise from President Doe, who said he was willing to make any sacrifice for peace in Liberia. And how much will the promise from Whitehall amount to when the media circus has packed up and gone home? + of N/V-ing/of wh-CL (very frequent) Inspired by the Tory promises of help for the small businessman, and assurances of free market prosperity, Bath seemed to become a city

A promise can be 'a statement or an indication that son

promise

of shopkeepers. He entered Columbia Law School because it offered status, prestige and the promise of a reasonably high income. Each time, he left me with the promise of seeing me, but something happened with his schedule or his business that made it impossible. In talking to teenagers you may find that they will make all sorts of promises of what they will do and be, if only Dad won't die. + on N/V-ing And yet, as always, the biggest threat to growth remains the possibility that neither party will keep its promise on macroeconomic policy. "If he keeps his promises on letting us participate, then I'll vote with the government the next time," he said. + to Ν In fact, he expected that his promise to Cutter would have a small but positive effect on Cartel income. Faithful to his promise to Gregory Reeves, he was waiting for Carmen at the airport, holding a limp bouquet of flowers.

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ling, usually good, will happen in the future'.

verb

Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 113

ι [N]A/[byN] llcont [N]p_2 [to(-INF)] [that-CL] P ( i t ) [Q/S] P ( i t ) III [N]p.i BEN/REC [to N]

General: 0

D1

Wftàì&ii&f.

α Active: 1 / 3

D1 D2 D3 D4

T1.5 T3 T4 T2 T1-4 T5

ι

II III

M

+ from Ν + to-INF The commander said that he won't honour promises from other Serbian leaders to move the planes to Serbian territory. + from Ν + that-CL Union leaders privately claim to have extracted a promise from Mr Blair that he will diminish their voting strength.

"Okay. I promise," he said, (only if clear from context) For the hundredth time, I promise. (only if clear from context) I ' l l come back. I ' l l come back for you one day soon. I promise, (only if clear from context) + Np Mr Major has promised a review of the poll tax. The foreign ministers said they wanted further study of these countries' needs and promised a decision by the end of the month, α The future in fact promised very little. The weekend promises many sybaritic pleasures, including special tours of the glorious gardens at Exbury and the stately apartments.

D2

Passive: 1 / 3 WfÊÊÊÊk

[ N ] a / [by N ] [there] A [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [N]p_2 /EFFECTED [to-INF] [Nip.! BEN/REC

D2 D1-2

T1

D1-2

T1

D1-2

T1

D1 02 T1

+ to-INF/ to (frequent) You have to promise not to ask me anything. Alice willingly acquiesced and promised not to be long. The Minister of Agriculture, Mr John Gümmer, says France has promised to pay compensation for attacks by French farmers on British lorries delivering livestock and meat. The federal goverment has already promised to buy the land in question and hand it over to the Indians. The second is whether Ukraine and Belorussia will match Mr Yeltsin's reformist zeal - they have promised to, but have so far offered no details. a. Radical eye surgery promises to cure short-

619

prone

sightedness, but is it safe? Saturday's demonstration is already promising to be extremely large. It promises to be the most ambitious gardening event since the launch of the Chelsea Flower Show 100 years ago. [there] + to-INF There promises to be considerable interest and classic vessels will be on display afloat, with the 12-Metre Victory attending. D3

D4

T1

+ (that)-CLp(it) Chancellor Kohl promises that the new Germany will not surrender its democracy to the enemies of peace. Pavarotti has promised his concert will be a mixture of arias and Italian songs. QUOTEp(it) / SENTENCEp(it) "I for one will not stand by and see such families witchhunted," he promised. Labour, Mr Kinnock promised, would cut interest rates + Np + Np They've been promising us new buildings ever since. She got her own back, as usual, and refused to bake the apple pie she had promised me. Do you remember how you would promise yourself all kinds of treats, arrange numerous expeditions - after the exams? a A new daycare operation for the removal of

T2

T3 Τ4

T5

varicose veins is promising patients a quicker and more comfortable recovery. + Ν w QUOTEp(it)/N « SENTENCEp(it) "We'll do it," she promised him. It changes things, I can promise you. (only if clear from context) ^ I don't know where this fellow got his stuff from, I promise you. (only if clear from context) (= assure) + Np + to-INF She'd promised Beryl to keep an eye on him. + Np + (that)-CL I don't promise you that it will be easy and I don't promise you that it will be quick but I believe it is an immensely worthwhile job. In a televised speech, he promised East Germans they would not suffer undue hardship in the transition to a free market economy. It will come down to who's got the most bottle and I can promise all our fans we certainly won't bottle it. + Np + to Ν She said they had promised help to Sykes. Mr Botnar had claimed the money was promised to him for disposing of older models of cars.

Promise means 'assure someone that you will do something'. Most typically, the verb is used to express that a ϊ π π π person 1 promises something", promises to do something", or promises that something will be done". a Promise can be used to indicate that something raises certain hopes or expectations. (i) A development or an event 1 can promise to be interesting, exciting, etc. 11 (ii) An event 1 can promise certain experiences 11 . D1 D2 T1

prompt P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr The Conservative Party Chairman, Mr. Kenneth Baker, though, supported the Prime Minister's prompt action to quash further speculation. pred The values are excellent, and delivery is prompt. + to-INF Some of the best Soviet mathematicians and theoretical physicists have accepted

If a person is prompt to do something, they do it very

prone P1

P4 P5 P6

professorships at major American universities, which have been prompt to react to this heavensent opportunity. + for Ν (rare) We expect you to be prompt for all your classes. + in N/V-ing You have been so prompt in carrying out all these commissions. + with Ν He's very prompt with his bills.

lickly.

adjective

attr/only in combinations John Major's accident -prone government yesterday staged a belated climbdown over the scale and complexity of next year's school tests. The addictionprone person usually has little skill in expressing anger appropriately.

P2

P3

pred/usually in combinations Also, the older you are the more prone you may be. (only if clear from context) He's very accident -prone and can trip up over nothing. + to-INF (frequent) The loyalty of ordinary soldiers is not a problem; they are peasants and

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pronounce

not prone to find fault. The managers would be looking to identify areas where accidents caused by brake failure were prone to happen. Knowing that top managers are quite accessible to customers and prone to take dramatic action where service is concerned, employees do anything to keep customers from complaining to the top. (i) (ii)

verb

'state publicly' Active: 1 / 3

I

[N] a / [by N ] [NJp.T

III

[N] 2 [ADJ] [to-INF] [that-CL]p (it) [Q/S] P(it) [against N] [in favour of N] [on N] [on wh-CL] [upon N] [as N/V-ing]

V VI

VH M

D1

D2

Β

SPEECH Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 1 3

II

IV

+ to N/V-ing (> 30 %) Some individuals naturally produce large amounts of histamine. They are more prone to headaches, cold-like symptoms and allergies. Poor physical condition leaves you prone to injury. Roses are prone to getting powdery mildew.

Someone or something may be prone to something dangerous, especially an illness, i.e. likely to suffer from it. If someone is prone to do something or something is prone to happen, it is likely to be done or happen.

pronounce A

P4

I D1

T1-7

T1

II obi

III

T2 T3 D2 D3 D4 D5

ts-6 Te

D6

T7

[N]A/[byN] [N]p.i [N] P . 2 [as N] [ADV]

D1

T1.4.8

T1 T4

T8

D6 D7 T4

(rare) A He remains irritatingly self-assured, but there is an occasional twinkle in his eye as he pronounces. And pronounce he does. Now the committees are moving to pronounce, and the Government must soon decide what to do with this hottest of political hot potatoes. + Np A Lawyers said the court should pronounce sentence by the end of the month. His wife and other members of the Cabinet who had been summoned to the scene, including the Deputy Prime Minister, were present when death was pronounced. Β So why can't Americans pronounce his name? A fierce and upright creature who had the misfortune of being unable to pronounce her 'Rs', she was named Reverend Mother Rita of the Resurrection. + that-CLp(i,) (frequent) A Totally dismissive, the review pronounced that it is an act of condescension to argue at all with a man who can only write in a scream. He permitted a weak smile to cross his stony features when the judge pronounced that the marriage had irretrievably broken down.

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

QUOTEp(tt)/SENTENCEp(it) A "You'll be a thief or a policeman, and in either case, your studies will stand you in good stead," she pronounced. + against Ν (rare) A Russian nationalists have also raised the subject and pronounced vehemently against concessions. + in favour of Ν A The plaintiff asked the court to pronounce in favour of that 1986 will. + on N/wh-CL (frequent) A The question on which the two politicians preferred not to pronounce is how soon that military option might be exercised. It's not for us to pronounce on whether nuclear power is a good thing. + upon Ν A All those are matters that actually deserve some form of detailed study before we actually pronounce upon them. He would talk to anyone, would tell tall stories of the Victorians and the Edwardians, pronounce upon style, make astute comments on painting, argue about wines, become sentimental.

621 T1

T2

T3

T4

proper

+ Np + Ν A I collected the material upon my return, and the training course was pronounced a great success. She was pronounced a quadriplegic, permanently paralyzed from the shoulders down. Then by the power vested in me, I pronounce you man and wife. Β Standing in a dramatic and prominent position overlooking the Firth of Clyde in Western Scotland, Culzean, pronounced "Cullane", was in medieval times a fortress. The Irish author Brian Moore {pronounced Bree-an in Ireland) has earned an impressive array of literary prizes. + Np + ADJ A I had dressed crab and my guest had Dublin Bay prawns fried and wrapped in wafer-thin pastry. These were pronounced delicious. Ambulance men who were called could not resuscitate him and he was pronounced dead at 10.52 pm. + Np + to-INF A Pappardelle, broad beans and bacon, chump of lamb, courgette and tomato gratin, and a gooseberry and elderflower fool were all pronounced to be hits. Pope Clement VII had at last pronounced the marriage of Henry and Catherine to have been valid. + Np + as N/V-ing A Anthony Spick pronounced the takeover as good news; other dealers were scandalised. + Np + as Ν Β Her Voice was very chipped and British, firmly pronouncing 'at' as 'et'.

T5

T6

T7

T8

+ Np + against Ν A The Pope pronounced an infallible doctrine against female priests. + REFL PRON + against Ν (rare)! REFL PRON + in favour of Ν (rare) A Gorbachev has pronounced himself against the secession of the Ukraine. He and Moshe Shahal, the minister for police, pronounced themselves in favour of a total withdrawal from Golan. + Np + on Ν A Mr. Rushdie has been in hiding for fear of assassination since February 1989, when Iran's late spiritual leader the Ayatollah Khomeini pronounced a sentence of death on him for blasphemy against Islam. Up to a point this accounts for the relatively more lenient sentence pronounced by the Court on Nicu Ceausescu. + Np + ADV Β The two simplest and commonest words in any language are "yes" and "no" but no two members of the committee pronounce them exactly alike. The first essential for any potential visitor to Fowey is a clear understanding of how to pronounce the name of your intended destination! In words like "tyre" and "tower" we have a couple of triphthongs that are frequently pronounced badly in southern English. If we wish to pronounce a language well we must reproduce its sound, its rhythm and its intonation as accurately as possible. That might explain why it wasn't pronounced as it was spelt.

Pronounce can mean 'publicly state a certain view or judgement.' A judge or some other person in authority 1 can pronounce a formal decision such as a verdict or a sentence 11 on a person or a particular matter™. -> M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Pronounce can mean 'say a word in a particular way." • D1 T1 T4 T8

proper P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective

attr A Its hierarchy is rigidly defined; the "proper" way of doing things is thoroughly codified. pred A And I would have thought it a proper job for the Army, no doubt unpleasant but perfectly proper. I felt it only proper in the circumstances. [it] + to-INF A It would not be proper to comment further, said the statement. Miss Austen, as it somehow seems proper to call her, was the daughter of a rural rector and one of a large family. + about Ν (rare) Β She's so proper about everything.

P5

P6

P7

P8

+ for Ν A By the mid-18th century, that old grump Dr Johnson (a devoted tea drinker) was complaining that tea is a liquor not proper for the lower classes. + in Ν (rare) Β He's incredibly immature, very stiff and pompous, very proper in all his reactions. + to Ν A Her habitual decorum, which she considered proper to her role as secretary, could not quite suppress a desire to play nursemaid so that a certain motherliness crept into her tone, [it] + for Ν to-INF A I think it is entirely proper for the Cabinet to

622

propose

discuss these matters in detail and that is what is happening. Why didn't she tell him sooner, if it wasn't proper for him to stay. η . • . , Proper can mean appropriate (i) If you say that it is proper for someone to do something, you mean that it is socially acceptable. (ii) Something can be proper for a person, i.e. appropriate and socially acceptable. (iii) Something can be proper to someone or something, i.e. inherent to them. -> P1 P2 P3 P5 P7 P8 •pPBiniipiPHISRRHP Β A person who is proper about a matter or in what they do is pedantic and over-meticulous. P4 P6

propose A

verb

MARRIAGE

C

Active: 1 / 2

ι II Β

Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N] [to N]p 'suggest' Active: 2 / 3

General: 0

Passive: 1/2

ι

D5

Passive: 1/3

[N]A/[byN] II obi [N]p [tO-INF]p : |, [V-ing]p [that-CL] P ( i l ) [Np to-INF] m [as N] IV [for N] ν [to N]

'claim' Active: 2 / 2

General: 0

[N]A / [ b y N] II obi [N]p [to-INF] P:i , [that-CL]p( it)

D1

D2 D4

ι

01

T1-

D2 D3

T3

D4 D6

T1 T2 T3

M

A In her only published interview with the press she laughed off suggestions that Bertie had had to propose three times.

D1

+ Np

Β Tony Benn's bill proposes confiscation of all Crown lands, property and buildings in return for a lump sum. The Chancellor has instead proposed a less ambitious scheme restricted to a so called hard ECU currency. C He and his colleagues in generative grammar have naturally concentrated on areas of grammar where abstract principles can be proposed, and have simply ignored areas where the prospects of finding such principles look poor. Now a biologist in Candada has proposed a third theory. • This is particularly important if a speaker has proposed a toast because the audience may forget to applaud as it sits down again afterwards (= asked everyone to raise their glasses) D2

D3

D4

+ tO-INFp:it

Β So what I propose to do is just generally have a look at inflation this morning. RHM is proposing to split the group into three companies. Mr Bush has also proposed to get rid of American nuclear shells in Europe.

D5

C Such critics might, for example, argue that the data which Chomsky proposes to explain with the Binding Principle is better accounted for using some other principle of UG. + V-ingp Β This went down badly with the traditionalist parties, which had proposed holding immediate elections in the refugee camps. President Gorbachev also proposed giving the Soviet Republics a greater say in decision making at a national level. + (that)-CLp(¡t) Β The Report proposed that local authorities, together with the police, should be given a clear statutory responsibility for crime prevention in the area. He would also be proposing that they hold joint peace rallies in areas affected by violence. He did not propose she join him. C John Locke proposed that the contents of all children's minds were essentially alike. + to Np A He proposed to her on her 21st birthday and the couple were married in 1976. Were you proposed to (or did you propose) in an unusual setting?

623

protect + Np to-INF (usually passive) Β The only thing that is proposed to be paid for by the government is the difference between the wage of a childcare worker and a teacher. + Np + as Ν Β Therefore Warnock proposed the fourteen day limit as a convenient legal point. Cliff Brittle was proposed as chairman of the RFU executive. + Np + for Ν Β He proposed me for the job. Did Paul really intend to impose these amendments with-

D6

T1

T2

If a person 1 proposes or proposes to another person 11 , they ask them to marry them. -> M D5 Propose can mean 'suggest'. A person 1 can propose (i) something 11 to someone v ^íimfííh'" (ii) to do or doing something 11 . Note that propose doing can mean 'plan' rather than 'suggest' if the carrying out of the action is the sole decision of the person proposing. (Hi) that something should be done 11 . D1 D2 D3 D4 D6 T1 T2 T3 Propose can mean 'claim'. A scientist or philosopher 1 can propose '"'.'. .'.".-v. (i) a theory 11 11 (ii) that something is the case .

C

protect

verb

Active: 2 / 4

I

D1

D2

T3

out discussion or was he proposing them for lastminute consideration? + Np/V-ingp ^ to Ν Β Listen, I'm going to propose something to you. The issue is an urgent one, because according to the constitution it is the president who will propose a candidate for Prime Minister to the National Assembly, which meets on Tuesday. The Secretary said he will propose to the Soviet Foreign Minister Mr Eduard Shevardnadze setting up a working group on deterrents.

Passive: 1 / 4

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A

II ill

General: 0

D1-2 T1-2 D1-2 T1-2 D1 T1-2

+ Np President Mubarak of Egypt has suggested that a United Nations force could be formed to protect religious sites in Jerusalem. Mr. Arafat said that the US forces in the Gulf were not there to protect Kuwait but to protect US oil interests in the region. The harbour is pretty well protected by the main breakwater, but susceptible to swell from between north and north-east The entire side is protected by natural cliffs which were surmounted by walls. At present, farmers in rich industrialised countries are largely protected by government subsidies, which guarantee them a decent income. Bruno held up an arm to protect himself. I don't know if I was protecting him by lying, but I thought that if they found out what he was like they would take my children away from me. + against N P /V-ing You should not clip inside your horse's ears, because the hair there acts as a filter for dirt and protects against the cold. Hospitals and health officials are trying to protect against growing microbial threats. In fact, these policies protect against catas-

IV

T1

T2

[N]p [against Np/V-ing] [from N/V-ing] [with N]

D1 D2

T1-3 T1 T2 T3

Q1-2 Q1 Q2 Q1-2

trophic costs and are more like casualty insurance than traditional health insurance. However, you are fairly conscientious in this area two-thirds wear protective gloves, almost half wear goggles and dust masks, and a third have a residual current device (RCD) to protect against being electrocuted. + Np + against N/V-ing Pupils and staff at a West Yorkshire school are to be given antibiotics to protect them against meningitis. Make sure you keep food protected against flies and other insects. She abdicates all claim to attractiveness in the service of protecting herself against the envy of her rival. The only way to avoid inadequate financial advice for certain is for individuals to arm themselves with the necessary information to protect themselves against committing financial folly. + Np + from N/V-ing We are being asked to pay higher prices in order to protect certain home industries from competition. Czechoslovakia's president, writer Vaclav Havel, called for the world's children to be protected from dicta-

624

protest

T3

Q1

(¡) (¡i) (H¡)

tors. Her hair was still tightly wrapped in a bandana to protect it from the wind and sun. The toxins help to protect the algae from being eaten. + Np + with Ν Large powerful blocks would have a bigger temptation to protect their markets with restrictions on imports from outside the block. + Np + against N/V-ing 30%) We couldn't be more proud of you, son. Girl, you should be proud of yourself. The Catholic minority feel that they are Irish, while the Protestant majority are proud of their British identity, and it's something they're not prepared to surrender. I'm proud of being able to play some part in resolving conflict.

P6

A person can be proud of a person or of something, i. e. feel glad about them.

faSNSKS1«'

••-"•':';;;;¡!tv:i!;-üi¿·

prove A

II obi

IV D1

D2

•-••• ' ·. i S s ! » ^ t:if

verb

. . . innocence l Active: 2/3 Passive: [N]A/[byN] [that-CL] A [V-ing] A [to-INF] A

1/3

General: 0

... useful

sBmäBmI SBsS

Active: 2 / 3

D1.4-5T2-3 D1.4-5 D1.4-5T2-3

[NIP

D1

T1-4

[that-CLJpw [wh-CL] P(it) [wh to-INF] [it + clause of III]

D4

T5

D5

T6

II

D6 T2

[N]

T1

[ADJ] [to-INF] [to N]

T2

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] a / [by N] [it + clause of III] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [to-INF] A

III

D2 D2-3 D2

T3

D2 D2-3

[N]

D1

[ADJ] [to-INF] [REFL PRON] [N]p

D2 D3

T2 T3 T2 T3

T3 T4-6

+ Np A After the hearing, the man's lawyers said he was determined to prove his innocence. You can't prove a thing. +Ν Β This proved a moving and healing time for both of them. • I know the woman will work her heart out to prove herself. (= show her ability) + ADJ/[it] + ADJ-pattern (very frequent) Β If resolutions calling for withdrawal of an aggressor's forces prove insufficient, a state is fully entitled to take measures in exercise of its right to self- defence. Hopes that a decision would be reached in early September have already proved over-optimistic. I bought the carpet from a large, reputable company which explained that its carpet fitters did not trim doors and that, if it should prove necessary, I would have to arrange for a carpenter to carry out the work. Bright Generation, winner of the Oaks

D3

D4

d'Italia may prove hard to beat in the Ribblesdale, while White Muzzle, brilliant winner of the Derby Italiano, will be in action on Saturday. It might yet prove significant that the world industry's preferred term for what we started out learning to call the 'information superhighway' should already have quietly been translated into 'infobahn'. Recently, it has proved possible to break down gallstones by sound waves. + to-INF (frequent) Β Their hopes proved to be an illusion. The talks were adjourned late last night with both sides acknowledging that their divisions were proving to be unbridgeable. But the NATO summit in London could still prove to be a tense affair. She could prove to be our secret weapon. But the real significance of Thursday's battle may prove to concern parliamentary tactics. + (that)-CLp(it) (very frequent) A This is a radical diversion from the law on

627

D5

D6

T1

A Β

provide

consent in the UK, where it's generally up to the prosecution (the victim) to prove that the defendant (accused rapist) is guilty. The newspaper now says it has seen security police documents which prove that four-hundred-thousand dollars were given to a workers' union supporting Inkatha. It will be another one or two decades before scientists can prove that global warming is taking place. If he scores against our defense, that'll prove he's pretty good. In Holland, it has been proved that planning for the bicycle is cheaper than planning for the car. But it's been proved that more police officers on the beat don't clear up any more crime. + wh-CLp(it) A How can we prove who we are? They feel they have to fight to prove how tough they are. But how was he now to prove how highly he valued her? McMillan has put himself on a special strength-enhancing course to prepare for a fight which should prove if he is of world class. + wh to-INF A He said fundholders' ability and willingness to switch business from hospitals and community units had proved how to drive up the quality of care. + Np + N/it + N-pattern (rare) A What amazes is the tremendous effort that has gone into undermining Haley and the con-

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

Prove can mean 'provide, have or serve as proof.' D1 D4 D5 D6 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Prove can mean 'turn out to be.' D1 D2 D3 T2 T3

provide A

II

IV D1

siderable research resources which have been devoted to proving him a liar. + Np + A D J / i t + ADJ-pattern A I think I've just started to prove them wrong. Newman proved it possible to be both English and Roman Catholic. + REFL PRON + ADJ Β He was also completely self-absorbed and proved himself willing and able to ignore any responsibilities. + Np + to-INF A History will prove him to have been right all along. Β If he thought she was voracious, well then, she would prove herself to be other things too. + Np + to Ν A There's nothing to be scared of, and I'm going to prove it to you. I don't have anything to prove to anyone at Southampton. + to Ν + (that)-CLp(it) A We've got to prove to them that it will work. He also designed various posters and other equipment to prove to any sponsor it would be spending wisely. + to Ν + wh-CLp(it) A We want them to prove to us how unsafe this thing is.

verb

'make available" sSSsSSiSlSs General: 0 Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 [ N ] a / [by N] T1-3 [N]p /EFFECTED D1 T4 [with N] T1 [PRON] BEN/REC T4 [N]p T2 [for N]p D4 T3 [to N] T2 [for N]p PURPOSE D4 + Np

A It seemed to provide an explanation for Edgar's phobias. Two articles provide the theoretical background. Coastcall also provide a personalised telephone weather information service. The companies have also had to provide a bank guarantee of fifteen thousand American dollars. Remem-

Β

PENALTY Active: 2/2

Passive: 1/2

I [N] A /[byN] il obi [that-CL] [against N]P [for X]p

D2 D3 D4

ber that vegetable oils also provide 9 calories per gram. The progress of medicine as a science and technology has necessitated the development of large organizations to provide the resources necessary for training and specialization. But the floral foundation is provided by geraniums, begonias and marigolds.

628

provide

D2

D3

D4

T1

T2

+ that-CL Β Group house leases must also provide that new residents will only be permitted with the landlord's approval. + against Np Β Japan's tax system does not encourage banks to provide against dubious debt. + for Np (frequent) A This can be particularly difficult for men who are traditionally expected to be strong, to be the rock, to provide for their families. + for Np/for Ν V-ing/for Ν to-INF Β It has been obvious for many years that the constitutional framework provided for in this 1886 document is inadequate for today's Colombia. Our policies are centred therefore on implementing the changes necessary to build an economy that competes successfully, an economy that can therefore continually provide for higher standards of social provision. Criminal law provides for a maximum fine of £ 1000. What is crucial is that the rules must provide for things going wrong. The agreement between the two executive branches of government (signed on Tuesday, August 27) provides for Clark Air Base to be closed within one year. They provide for a referendum to be held on independence. + PRON + Np A We are not able to provide them assistance. That does provide them access to permanent legal residence. + Np + for Ν A Chinese cities also often provide exclusive lanes for pedestrians and cyclists. The hostel will remain open until the end of December and will provide food and accommodation for up to eight hundred people each night. The sites will be well maintained in a clean and tidy con-

T3

Τ4

dition, and normal rubbish bins will be provided for the disposal of containers used to transport the waste to the sites. Such birds may have difficulty in climbing around their quarters, and nest-boxes provided for them in the future may have to be specially-designed as a result. + Np + to Ν A According to an official spokesman in Vilnius, three out of the four pipelines providing gas to Lithuania were sealed off earlier today leaving Lithuania with only about sixteen percent of the total supply. More often it can provide illumination and insight to thoughtful policy-makers who are prepared to spend time and effort on it. The survey is designed to provide strong evidence to the National Rivers Authority who are currently trying to sort out the Close Season muddle. By researching and evaluating the care that surgeons and anaesthetists provide to young children, the medical profession has become aware of the shortcomings that it has. + Np + with Ν A The French consulate in New York provided him with the necessary papers and a return ticket. Los Angeles provides its rich visitors with all they need to destroy their minds and bodies. The summit provides the Americans with an opportunity for urgent consultation with the Soviet Union and others. This book does sort out fact from fiction and provides the reader with accurate, up-to-date and, most importantly unbiased information. If, as many organizations have suggested, effective methods of managerial assessment and development provide them with a major competitive advantage, then research and development in this area must be supported. Plants produce sugars and starch to provide themselves with energy.

MÈïiÊiÈsiiÊsÊËMMÊàf ¿iÊËÈiÊÈ A Provide generally means 'make available' or 'give'. A person or institution can provide 11 lv (i) something for a particular purpose (ii) something 11 for another person or to an institution, country or group 111 (iii) a person, group or country 111 with something 11 (iv) for another person 111 , i.e. make arrangements for their well-being D1 D4 T1 T2 T3 T4 Β A law or regulation 1 can provide for a particular penalty or fine or for something to be done", i.e. include this penalty, fine, etc. A person or a regulation 1 can provide (i) for something desired in the future 11 , i.e. make arrangements to bring it about, against a possible risk, especially a financial risk 11 , i.e. insure against it. 00 • D2 D3 D4 Note that provided and providing can also be used as conjuctions in sentences such as Mr Silajdzic said he would be happy to see the European Union involved in the running of the city, provided that Nato troops were deployed in the area as well. The place is far from cheap but, providing you resist the more exotic wines, the bill need not exceed what you 'd pay in a quality BYO.

629

publish

prudent P1

adjective

attr Many will conclude - particularly since the leadership ballot is secret - that the prudent course is to assure both sides of support. pred In short, the Chancellor has been broadly sensible and prudent. [it] + to-INF (frequent) In taking precautions against an unpredictable future, it is prudent to prepare for the worst. I suggest it would be prudent not to do so. + for Ν (rare) The debate on ' theoretical deaths' from low levels of radiation (Letters, 27 November and 11 December) is based on assumptions which may be prudent for radiological protection. + of Ν (rare) The Baghdad media might then be able to claim that this was prudent of President Saddam.

P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

P7 P8

+ in N/V-ing/in wh-CL For its part the government has always argued that the charge-capped councils could provide adequate services if they were more prudent in their spending. People will be far more prudent in managing their personal balance sheets. Clearly you've got to be very prudent in how you behave. + with Ν Is she prudent with their personal finances? [it] + for Ν to-INF But it may not be prudent for some colleges to refuse. I had explained as much as was prudent for them to know about the background to this situation.

Prudent is a formal word meaning 'sensible or advisable'. t^Smmßsfizm

publish ι

h m IV ν M

D

verb

Active: 1/3 Passive: 1 /3 [ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p [as N] [in N] [under N]

General: 0 T1-3 T1 T2 T3

It would be a bit unsound to publish without permission, but by law we can publish. The faculty was broken up and Driscoll, a great, tragically lost figure in American Catholic history, became a pastor and never published again. + Np He published numerous compositions before reaching adolescence. Have you published many books and articles? When first published in 1726 'Gulliver' was an instant success. The Union of Women Teachers published figures showing that serious attacks on teachers are up by 37 per cent on last year. In May 1838 the so-called People's Charter was published. One Dutch psychologist has just published a study of 71 multiple- personality patients. He was expelled from Oxford at age nineteen for publishing a pamphlet defending atheism. He asked if he could publish the letter.

T1

T2

T3

+ Np + a s Ν William James's lecture, published as a pamphlet in 1910, found thousands of approving readers. + Np + in Ν With Foucault's blessing, it did, however, appear four years later - but in Holland, published in Dutch. + Np + under Ν Published under her own name, the story is set in San Francisco at the time of the earthquake of 1906.

Publish can be used in the following ways: (i) An author or a publishing firm1 can publish something written such as a book or an article 11 , i.e. . . : *; 'I. :.:. \ :: ' • bring them out as a book or magazine or in a book or magazine. MMMMg· ' 1 11 (ii) A composer or a firm can publish a piece of music , i.e. bring it out. (iii) A person or an organization, esp. a government 1 can publish a plan, report, etc. n , i.e. make it publicly Known.

630

pull

pull

verb Active: 1 / 3

ι

[ N ] a / [by

Il cont [ N ] p III

IV

[at N]p [on N]p [ADV]«

V [ADJ]

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

N] D1

WÎÊM

T1.3

D2 D4

D5

T3

T1

The window refused to budge. She pulled harder, (only if clear from context) As he twisted and pulled, altering the fastenings, she saw that the boat was being launched, (only if clear from context) + Np I would have thought a heavy horse could have pulled a bigger cart than that. He returned the fire, hardly realizing he'd pulled the trigger, and heard a gasp of pain reward his efforts. • I would have just shut the door and pulled the blinds. (= let down) He pulled a pint of beer. (= drew from the barrel) Boris Becker retired after just six games when he pulled a leg muscle. (= strained) The spokesman rejected criticisms from American congressmen and others that Japan was not pulling its weight. (= making use of its influence) The passengers pulled faces. (= made rude grimaces) The Royal Pines exhibition pulled an appreciative crowd. (= attracted) This would not pull very many votes. (= attract) + at Np She pulled nervously at her long, dark hair. A dog began barking when Bardi pulled at the old-fashioned bell. The god continued pulling at the oars and did so for a long while. + for Np • You know I've been pulling for you. (= supporting you; used in American English) + on Np Erin watched as her brother pulled on tKe rope that controlled the sail. • I pull on the cigarette, hold the smoke, let it out. (= inhale) + ADV (frequent) She pulled away from him and Brian watched as his wife crumbled. He was pulling to the left and I was pulling to the right, (only if clear from context) The polished aluminium collar pulls down smoothly to fold the net head away. α I thought of simply pulling to the side of the road to allow our pursuers to pass, but I didn't dare take the chance that they would stop, too. My cousin pulled over and stopped and waited for it to pass on by. After a few more stops, you pull into Friedrichstrasse station, with its

a

¡gg¡|

ü f Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 2/3

WÊÊ

[N]a/ [byN] II [N]p lllobl [ADV] Further uses [for N]p [on N]

T1

T2

T3

T3 D5

T3

T2

vaulted ceiling and banks of dirty windows. The train pulled out of the station. He ran for the platform of a bus before it pulled away, clambered upstairs for a view of familiar streets. As he watched Katherine pull away, he decided that Berlin might not be such a bad place after all. I'd never seen Times Square and suddenly we pulled round the corner and there it was. • Don't tell me we can't all pull together. (= cooperate) We've got to pull in the same direction. (= cooperate) + Np + ADJ Pull your curtains tightly shut to block out the sunlight. His hat was pulled low on his forehead and the collar of his sheepskin coat was turned up protectively. I had pulled Nortier's curtains tight. + Np + on Ν • I don't want to pull guns on people. (= draw a gun) Did he pull rank on you? (= assert his superiority) The BBC could pull a trick on you. (= play a trick) + Np + ADV« He hesitated, almost wanting to pull her arms behind her. The head waiter came rushing over, but he was too late to pull back her chair. He came round to stand in front of her and held out his hands, pulling her up and into his arms. "Police stripped him of his turban and tried to force a confession by pulling a bin liner over his head," claimed Lucia Haynes. He pulled a leather-bound notebook from the pocket of his pale blue cashmere sports jacket. To finish, pull threads through to the back and trim any loose ends. You'll have to pull the United Nations forces back to barracks. Don't pull down the blinds. Oliver's boots had been pulled off and tossed aside. He ached to move, to scream, to pull himself up and run away. The officer immediately pulled out his gun. • I pull on a long red nightshirt. (= put on) + N P + ADV α It was still light when he pulled the car in. • They would critically pull to pieces each other's works in progress. (= criticize severely)

631

punctual

Pull generally means 'move something somewhere with effort or force'. (i) A person, a machine or a vehicle1 can pull another person or a thing11 (ii) A person, a machine or a vehicle1 can pull at something l u , i.e. grasp a particular part of a larger object in order to move the whole object. As is illustrated by the examples given above, pull is used in a large variety of more specialized meanings in particular contexts and in a number of idiomatic expressions. a

A driver, a rider or a vehicle 1 can pull somewhere 111 , i.e. move in that direction. -4 D5 T3 also in phrasal

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + ahead (+ of N)p The Conservatives will pull ahead of Labour in popularity. (= will extend their lead) Moss was riding strongly and pulled ahead. (= took the lead) + apart Even as the Soviet Union pulls apart, its leaders will have to pull together if they're to find a way out of their economic crisis. (= breaks apart) + apart «-> NP They pull the opponents apart. (= separate them) Let everyone pull apart a portion. (= break into pieces) + back The British government threatened to make public its disquiet but then pulled back. (= withdrew the threat) + back + from N/V-ingP Mr Clinton said a total ban would help pull back from the nuclear precipice. (= withdraw) + down 30 %) Herbert shrugged. "Do what you want. I never quarrel with a patron." Now he was quarrelling with the driver of the bulldozer, shouting, and waving at a pile of earth. He understood that she wanted to quarrel with him and was disconcerted by his lack of aggressiveness. α I don't want to quarrel with these findings I think that they're perfectly solid. And he was

640

question

T1

clever: the most extreme monarchists and separatists would have found it difficult to quarrel with what he said. + with Np about N P But no one will quarrel with him about the truth of the verdict.

T2

+ with Np over N P We're also going to be hearing tonight from Massachusetts governor William Weld, who's been quarrelling with the administration over the issue of abortion.

e basic meaning of quarrel is 'to argue or disagree'. One or more people 1 can quarrel with another person 11 , i.e. have an argument. Two or more people 1 + 1 1 can quarrel about or over something 111 , i.e. have different views on the subject. If someone 1 quarrels with something such as someone else's view or conclusions 11 , they find fault with it or question the view expressed. -» D3 (i) (ii)

question P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

noun

A She could answer the doctor's questions. In interviews, different candidates may be asked different questions, and the interviewers can easily forget the answers. Β For Fiske, veracity is not a question. Thus, the actual relationship between body and soul becomes a crucial question. [there is no] + that-CL C There is no question that many are being exploited by their employers. There's no question that the information obtained came from a number of other law enforcement sources - not just from San Francisco. + wh-CL A Their willingness to accept ethnic apartheid begs the question why the Second World War was fought. The question why will doubtless prompt a good deal of prurient speculation. When the Legislature meets next year, it might have to face the question if Texas wants the death penalty, is it, like other states, willing to pay the legal expense? Β But that does leave the question whether parents of either sex should indulge themselves in this way. wh to-INF A Which also prompts the question, what to do about identifying and rehabilitating the offender? Β Johnson is the largest dry cleaner in both Britain and the US and it is addressing the question whether to move over to a national brand. + about N/V-ing / about wh-CL A He was watching her and listening quite pointedly when she answered Joey's question about what they were going to see. Β Even accepting that this is true, the episode raises some important questions about the accountability and regulation of accountants. And for whatever reasons, the group' s strongest response last night was to the question about ap-

P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

pointing women and minorities to top-level administration jobs. C I saw him on TV the other night saying he'd back you and there was no question about your resignation. For both these busy mothers there is no question about who should be there providing an emotionally secure and safe home for their children. + as to N/wh-CL A At yesterday's briefing, Mr Meade was bombarded with questions as to the extent of the threat from both the volcano and the storm. If this is the most imaginative side yet selected by England's current management it does pose the question as to why they have waited so long. + by Ν A He was answering a question by an independent legislator Walter Woon who wanted to know if it was the Government's policy to silence critics. Responding to questions by reporters, he said: "I would whisper it you, but my mother told me not to." + for Ν A The question for the judge was whether the defendant should also be restrained pending trial from working for competitors for a year. + from Ν A The new arrangements were announced by the Secretary of State for Scotland in answer to a parliamentary question from Sir David Steel MP. + of N/V-ing/of Ν V-ing/of wh-CL/wh to-INF Β But the question of public and private rights has cut both ways. It is a question of semantics at what point a co-ordinated plan becomes a plot. Mr Major said he wanted Gillian Shephard, Secretary of State for Education and Employment to hold discussions with teachers on the question of disciplining disruptive pupils. The question of whether polls can affect - not just reflect - opinion is a vital one for democ-

641

question

racy. I could leave, but I hadn't given any thought just then to the question of what to do next. C Mr Claes has denied wrongdoing and insists there is no question of resigning from the Nato post. There is no question of me wanting to walk out. There is no question of their being affected financially by the events in London.

P11

P13

P16

P17

P18

+ to Ν + about N/to Ν + about wh-CL A I've just heard your question to Lewis Thomas about smoking. While Mac is preoccupied with his own history I slip in a couple of questions to Laurie about whether or not money motivates when it comes to winning.

P19

+ to Ν + on N/wh-CL A Only last year Sotheby's in Paris sold for 110,000 francs an early draft of his historic Written Question to Margaret Beckett MP on the Financing of Parliamentary Liaisons Committees. His crime was to allow a parliamentary clerk at the Scottish Office to send in a question to the Commons table office on a blank form that Kynoch had already signed.

+ to Ν

+ by Ν about Ν A In answer to a question by Liberal MP John Moore about the sale of the Commonwealth Bank, the Prime Minister used the word "modality".

A

+ from Ν on Ν/from Ν + on wh-CL A Paul Keating fielded a question from a Labor backbencher on the subject of family policy. The administration faces difficult questions from Congress on how long American troops would be used to enforce a settlement.

A The clash took place during questions to the Prime Minister.

P14

+ from Ν «-> about Ν/from Ν + about wh-CL A Our story ended with Mitchell's response to a question from an interviewer about retirement. The Premier was responding to a question from Mr Borbidge about why a decision on the future of the proposed South Coast Motorway would be made by the full Labor caucus instead of the Cabinet.

+ over Ν / over wh-CL C The Independent says the report is bound to raise a question over Mr Parkinson's longterm political future. Mr Clunies-Ross said if the chemical was so poisonous that it should not touch human skin, there was a question over whether the human consumption of treated fruit was safe.

+ by Ν «-»on Ν A I was asked a question by a reporter on the IRA.

+ on N/V-ing/on wh-CL A "He was embarrassed by a question on the topic," Mr Willis said. This and other booklets and guides will answer many questions on dealing with grief, moving to a new home, and preparing for life without a partner. In Educating Rita, the heroine answers an essay question on how she would solve the staging problems of Ibsen's Peer Gynt with the answer 'do it on the radio'.

P12

P15

A question can be something that someone asks. - > P 1 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P11 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 Question can mean 'an issue under discussion'. - * P1 P3 P4 P5 P10 Question can mean 'a cause of doubt or uncertainty'. —> P2 P5 P10 P12

Β C

question A

verb

. . . something Active: 1 /2

Β Passive: 112

General: 0

I

[N] A /[byN]

II

[N]p

D1

II

ι

[that-CL]p(it) [wh-CL]P(it)

D2 D3

III

A But Sopwith was always there, questioning, suggesting, encouraging. Aims of schools: To help children develop lively, enquiring minds; giving them the ability to question and to argue rationally.

. . . person Active: 2 / 3

IV

D1

[ N ] a / [by Ν ] [N]p

[Q/S] [about N/V-ing] [on N/wh-CL] [over N]

D1

T1-3

D4

T1 T2 T3

+ Np

A She was tougher than she looked, but with a vulnerable center, angry at Fate and always questioning everything. Anyone who wanted to question his supremacy had to sit down and

642

question

02

D3

D4

T1

T2

fight it out, but would end up not winning a single game. Our society is bombarded with a mass of images which we seldom have time to question. We can even come to question the whole point of our very existence. Β Three other boys were also being questioned. So I think we are looking for a man with a boat and that's why we are questioning all the fishermen on the South Shore first. + that-CLp(it) A Some country people, while not inclined to question that justice has been done, will admit a sneaking sympathy for the young culprit. The Gulf Co-operation Council will be ten years old next year, and nobody questions that all six members are facing their most worrying period since they joined together. + wh-CLp(it) (frequent) A This time, however, she questioned why it had happened to her a second time. And for the first time he questioned what he was about to do. We're all human and sometimes we have to question what we see as well as what we know. But some international oil traders question whether these and other producers will in practice be able to sustain this extra output. Because I worked hard and got promoted and promoted until I was running a division, I never questioned whether I actually wanted to do it or not. QUOTE/SENTENCE Β "What are you, exactly?" the questioner questioned. "When I'm with my friends from East London, I speak cockney," said our Len. + Np + about N/V-ing Β He searched her single piece of luggage and when denied success, questioned her closely about her Cartier wristwatch. When questioned about this, he said he would not say more in the interests of diplomacy. An actress has still not been traced by police wanting to question her about leaving her 11-year-old daughter in her flat while she flew to Spain on holiday. + Np + on N/N + on wh-CL Β I suspected that her immune system was not functioning normally, and questioned her on her lifestyle. Questioned on the subject by re-

T3

porters, he said firmly that there would be a news conference at the end of his visit. A total of 1,400 men and women, aged 15 and upwards, were questioned on their telephone habits. She was also questioned on her political ideology. Indeed, the best examinations are those which take candidates completely by surprise, questioning them on what they are required to know but in a completely unexpected manner. Still, most women possess definite tastes, and when 50 were questioned on what they adored about men's bodies, the answers were elegantly romantic. + Np + over Ν Β They wanted to question him over the murder last week. It's thought at least three other people are being questioned over bomb attacks in London last month. An ex-Olympic judo champion has been questioned by police over an incident in which his former coach was allegedly head-butted at a tournament. Six people were still being questioned last night over a violent affray which left a young man dead at Highbury, north London, on Saturday. He had been a staunch friend and supporter throughout that painful time when Marcia had been many times questioned over her activities during the war. I was never questioned over my financial ability to look after a child. It has been tough with no back-up facilities to help.

(i)

A person 1 can question someone 1 ' on a particular topic 1 v , i.e. ask them a series of questions as in an examination or an ι ,

(ii)

A person or especially the police, a court, etc. can question a person 11 about or over something such as a particular incident, circumstances, etc. I v . D1 D4 T1 T2 T3

¥

If

643

quote

quick

adjective attr Kenworthy made a quick decision. I do think Γ m a reasonably quick learner. It's worth making a quick phone call first. pred Be quick. The child was lovely, and quick and intelligent, he thought. + to-INF (frequent) The cathedrals, as people are always quick to point out, are masterpieces of faith. He was quick to see that. He was quick to learn, an astute wheeler-dealer and, being Italian, up to every trick in the book. + about N/V-ing It had better be quick about it, though. Given a total growing season of only three months, alpines have to be quick

P1

P2 P3

P4

about producing flowers, luring pollinators, and setting seed. If it is a hot day and the varnish is drying fast, work a small area at a time and be quick about it. + at N/V-ing He is witty and quick at offthe-cuff comments. They are quick at learning business practices and computing skills. + with Ν He was direct and quick with the news. Mrs Andreeva was quick with her reply. He is so quick with his fingers.

P5

P6

Quick means 'fast': A person can be quick (i) about something, i.e. react soon and effectively. (ii) at a particular skill, i.e. be good and fast at it. (Hi) to do something, i.e. act promptly. (iv) with their fingers, hands or a tool, i.e. dexterous. (v) with something needed or brought, i.e. provide it fast

quiet

adjective

P1 P2

attr He's a quiet unassuming bloke, pred Be quiet\ She is very quiet, she kept very much in the background. She was very quiet these days.

P3

+

about

N/V-ing/about

of administration and secretarial. They're just quiet about what they do. Elaine, star of numerous smash hit musicals including Evita and Cats, was also keeping quiet about how she had cast her vote. + on Ν Mr Hall, you've been very quiet on this subject of farming so far.

(frequent)

wh-CL

Perhaps Nicholas I and his bishops had good cause to remain quiet about such an embarrassing interlude in the history of the Church of Rome. I was writing at the same time as doing another job and was aware that I would have to keep very quiet about being a writer because the jobs I was doing at the same time were just kind

P4

A person that is quiet about something or keeps or remains quiet about it does not talk about it.

quote A

verb Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by Ν] [N]p_2 /EFFECTED: [from Ν] [Q/S] /EFFECTED: [N]p IV

V VI

vu

Β

... Shakespeare Active: 1 / 3

[N]p_i BEN/REC [at Ν] [to Ν] [as N/V-ing] [in Ν] [on Ν]

SOURCE

... price Active: 2/3

General: 0

DI T2-1.7-8

D3 T5.9 QUOTATION02 T2.9 D1 T1.5—6

T1 Τ4

Τ8 T3 Τ6 T7

I il Obi m iv

Passive: 1/3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p.2 /EFFECTED [N]p.! BEN/REC [at N]

Di

T1.4 T1 T4

644

quote

D1

D2

D3

T1

A Veronica loved quoting, quoting passages from Synge's plays. Permission to quote must be approved by the publisher. iNp A And you can quote me! Meanwhile, it made his essay writing much easier, because he could more quickly find the passages he wanted to quote. Β Always check whether the price quoted includes VAT. There is still a wide disparity in premiums quoted by different companies for the same boat. He will then be able to quote a price for the repairs. • Or you can pay by credit card quoting your card number and expiry date. (= give) When ordering please quote full 7 digit reference number. (= give) The qualities that Kipling quotes are still widely considered to be the best of British. (= mentions)

9th and 10th centuries AD, some of the Arab sheiks and rulers had what I think is the best health system ever devised." She particularly likes to quote Bertrand Russell: "Orthodoxy is the grave of intelligence." T3

A The newspaper quoted a former intelligence officer as saying the destruction of the files was continuing. The newspaper quotes a senior FBI agent as saying that the money may have been used to persuade legislators to change local laws to clear the way for for the sale of a subsiduary bank of BCCI in Atlanta. Reuter quotes a British spokesman as describing the agreement as a significant step forwards. Officials would not confirm the latest numbers, which have been quoted as a hundred-thousand in the Washington Post. T4

A She was always quoting Pushkin at him.

A When you fainted, Mrs Maguire, the last words you said were, I quote: "It's all my fault; I shouldn't have hit him." What do you think you meant by that?

be quoted + at Ν

Β The greenback was quoted at 1.3783 marks. T5

A Ian Stevenson, in Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation quotes from Swedenborg's Heaven and Hell. I make no apology for quoting from the music of other composers on five occasions. + N+ N A But they'll probably still quote you that line from I ' m Allowed off the new album Big Red Letter Day anyway.

T6

+ Np + in Ν

A Lord Chandos recorded that Attlee adopted a very correct but rather chilly attitude (quoted in Attlee by Richard Harris). T7

+ Np + on Ν

A Quote me on that. I've seen her. I didn't say that, so you can't quote me on that. T8

+ N P + to Ν

A Veteran actress Estelle Harris who plays Mrs Costanza says wherever she goes strangers quote that line to her. I can't quite quote her to you.

+ Np « QUOTE

A He looks around and begins to quote his own poem: "Lovely is that which burns in fire without turning to cold ash." All Dr Lawrence could do was quote her counterpart: "In the 8th,

+ Np + from Ν

A Here, as in the earlier passage quoted from "Jerusalem", Blake presents us with a humanized city created from unorthodox ideas.

+ from Np

Β He figured you'd be able to quote me a price.

Β

+ Np + at Ν

QUOTE/SENTENCE

+ Np + Np

T2

+ Np + as N/V-ing

T9

+ from Ν «-> QUOTEp

A To quote from My Fair Lady: "It is impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some other Englishman despise him."

Quote can mean 'repeat speech or music in exactly the same way'. A person or something written by a person such as an article 1 can quote II (i) another person", i.e. refer to something they said or refer to them as an authority. (ii) something said or written 111 , i.e. repeat it. (iii) from something said or written 11 , i.e. repeat parts of it. M D1 D2 D3 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 " Quote can mean 'fix or name a price' D1 T1 T4

R race

verb Active: 1 / 3

ι H HI

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [N] A [to-INF] [for N]p

[after N] P [against N]p [to N]p [ADV]«

General: 0

D1 D1 D2—7

D3 04 D6 D7

Τ

D2 D5

I just love to race. He took up riding to strengthen his arms and this, in turn, led to hunting and racing. Her heart, which had been racing all evening, beat steadily. + Np Two young men were racing motorcycles on the loose gravel. +Ν • He raced the country roads, with Davey strapped in beside him. (= raced along) + to-INF The three companies are racing to market a version of a highly specialised laser. Four rival laboratories are racing to identify the gene that's at the root of this mystery. + after NP "Wait, Vaughn", I called, racing after him. Linda stormed from the room and David raced after her. + against Np The races have also showed many amateurs that they can race against the professionals on equal terms. What we must do is get those names racing against each other, weekend after weekend. Zimbabwe is racing against time to stop South African traders gaining a regional market share for their goods. + for Np Ipswich and Gold Coast will race for a $ 19,250 minimum and then Sunshine Coast and Toowoomba for $18,000. • This year he took out a British racing licence and declared himself keen to race for Britain in the World Championships. (= compete)

D6

+ to Np Both captains criticised the pitch, after the West Indies had raced to a seven-wicket

D7

+ ADV (frequent) He typed his scripts on a manual typewriter and it always looked as if his brain was racing ahead. Housing costs have raced ahead. The dark riverbank seemed to race past. Seeing Brian again after so many years had brought it all back and bits and pieces of the past raced through her mind. But his celebrations had to be delayed, for he had to immediately race off to hospital where his wife Tracey had gone into labour. The last few minutes had raced by with all the impetus of a speeded-up film in a medley of flashing images. • The mighty Quinn raced on to a Trevor Morley header and scored an 86th-minute equaliser. (= ran fast to meet the ball) + Np + ADV«. Ricky and Brian raced each other to the door. If you're feeling energetic, see who can jump the highest, race each other to the nearest tree or jump about like frogs. From studying those same notes he was even aware that the strong, healthy woman who had just raced him up the hill had once been a sickly child.

Τ

Race means 'go at a high speed': m M ι •.' ' " (i) A person can race, an animal or a vehicle11 can race or be raced. π ν (ii) A person, an animal or a vehicle can race against someone , i.e. be in a competition to find out who is fastest. (iii) A person can race someone else", i.e. make them race, usually trying to get somewhere faster than the other person. (iv) A person" can race after someone IV , i.e. chase them or try to catch them up.

radiant P1 P2 P3

adjective

attr I always take delight in giving photographers my most radiant smile. pred You look absolutely radiant. + with Ν The woman appeared, radiant with pleasure, and with pride. Come September

and October, fields sown with Crocus sativus are suddenly radiant with purple as thousands of star-shaped crocuses burst into a magnificent blaze of colour.

646

radical

Someone who is radiant with an emotion is so happy that their joy shows in their face. Something that is

radical P1

P2 P3

raise

adjective

attr Mr Bhattarai earlier unveiled a package of radical reforms including a new constitution and multi-party elections within one year. pred The effect of the compulsory curriculum changes on the GCSE will be radical. [it] + to-INF It is hardly radical to suggest that our Constitution should be remade to reflect our national values and aspirations.

P4

+ in N/V-ing (frequent) He was considered a brilliant director, sometimes radical in his approach and not afraid to be shocking. He will be ruthlessly radical in reforming his party. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) It's quite radical for them to choose someone British but they feel it will set me apart from other presenters.

P5

verb

A HIGHER ¡ 8 8 1¡ l l t l S f "'"H. ' î iActive: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 [N]A/[byN] I [V-ing] A D T6 [that-CL] A D [N V-ing] A D T6 D li obi [N]p T4.6 III [to N] T4 IV [ADV] T6 fi /-V; Vr :(-"£· - ¿ Β ... point Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 töagsgsaft fflflllll I [ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A D [that-CL] A D [N V-ing] A D [for Ν to-!NF] A D II obi [N]p D T5 III [with N] T5

... children Bill!WÊÏM B B B I M i l i l i Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 I I I ' ^ ^ K Ê K K S I H i 1 [N] A / [by N] II obi [N]p D T2 ni [as N] T2 SBiS i l D ... money Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 1 [N] a / [by N] [V-ing] A D T3 II obi [N]p D T3 m [for N ] Τ3 η Further uses S S I 88! Τ1 [N: QUANT] C

+ Np

A Pete didn't dare raise his head to look at them. Of course, fats can also harden arteries, raise blood pressure, contribute to cancer, diabetes and the other illnesses we've examined. He said that raising taxes now would suffocate consumer spending. He raised his voice and cried, "Frank, where are you?" National Bat Week (29th May to 5th June) is being promoted by The Bat Conservation Trust to try to raise public awareness of Britain's rarest mammal. Β You raise an interesting point when you ask if you can meet the donor selected for you. C Teaching has long been regarded as a career which a woman could ideally combine with raising her own family. You haven't got a clue

T1

T2

T3

about what it's like to be raised in the ghetto, and why should you? D Some clubs struggle in their attempts to raise money. • It doesn't inspire, does it? It doesn't even raise a smile. (= cause) + Ν + N: QUANT • I'll raise you five thousand. (= increase the bet) + Np + a s Ν C My grandparents raised their families as true Australians. + NP + for Ν D 'Did you know', I say, breaking the ice, 'that beginning an 22 October there's a Childrens's Video Week which hopes to raise £ 250,000 for a National Children's Home?' The Hardy

647

T4

T5

rash

Country Beers Championships on Hampshire's Broadlands Lake attracted 74 competitors and raised £ 150 for the RNLI. + Np + to Ν A You can even raise a glass to our new Chancellor. He raised his hat to a friend who evidently commanded one of the batteries. They raise a toast to their hostess and her stylish hospitality. I can raise the price to one million dollars. + Np + With Ν Β Only Germany seems inclined to put pressure on Paris, with Chancellor Helmut Kohl preparing to raise the issue with President Jacques Chirac at tomorrow's Franco-German summit.

T6

+ Np + ADV A He had raised the Archbishopric of Westminster into one of the acknowledged if unofficial organs of the English state. Brad Hunt reached over and somehow raised the door up so that it did, indeed, look like the wing on an airborne gull. • He was unable to raise his sister on the phone for several days. (= reach her)

M^ssiüi^äaiii!^ A The basic meaning of raise is 'move or cause to move to a higher position' or 'increase'. -» D T4 T6 Β Something such as a problem 1 can raise questions" or someone 1 can raise a point 11 , i.e. introduce it. -> D T5 C Someone 1 can raise children or a family", i.e. feed and care for them. -> D 1 2 D A person or a institution 1 can raise money" for a cause" 1 , i.e. collect it. D T3

rare P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective attr Mr Betton's bird alarm went off, telling him a rare species had been sighted in Cambridgeshire. pred His public appearances are rare but he was spotted in January. It's pretty rare in a politician. [it] + to-INF (frequent) It was rare to see the bird here so early. It's very rare to find someone young with both marketing and theoretical knowledge. [it] + that-CL It's very rare that you see her getting upset. It is rare that outsiders are allowed in to this gathering.

P5

[it] + for Ν to-INF (frequent) It's rare for a royal visit to start late. It is rare for politicians to put their own interests behind those of someone else, or even their party.

P6

+ of Ν (rare) It was somewhat rash of him, even presumptuous. [it] + for Ν + to-INF As for foreign policy and defence, it would be rash for the world to count on much leadership from a united Europe soon, [it] + of Ν + to-INF Now, it would be rash of anyone to predict that a company born out of adversity won't bounce back.

Rare means intrequent .

rash P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

adjective attr I made a rash decision. Making rash statements only misleads people. pred A promise about that would be rash. + to-INF Politicians running for office know they would be rash to criticize. [it] + to-INF I think it was rash to do anything without telling me. + in N/V-ing He said he might have been too rash in getting rid of old structures before new ones were in place.

P7

P8

If someone is rash or does rash things, they act without thinking carefully and considering the possible effects of the action.

648

rational

rational

adjective

P1

attr Mr Zola offers a rational explanation of the mystery, and we trust that he will be able to prove his theory.

P5

P2

pred People actually want to pay taxes to see science organised by the government, because they believe that would be more rational. [it] + to-INF During the 1960s the balance between costs and prices shifted to such an extent that it was no longer economically rational to farm winter wheat on a non-mechanized basis, [it] + that-CL (rare) If it is the case that oil is scarce then it seems to me only rational that the price should rise to ration that oil to the most appropriate uses.

P6

P3

P4

+ about Ν Most smokers are not rational about the risks posed by their habit to their health. + in N/V-ing (frequent) Most demand curves are based on the assumption that consumers are rational in buying products and have full knowledge of price and product characteristics, [it] + for Ν + to-INF It might be economically rational for two nearby clubs to share their grounds.

P7

[it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) There would still be conditions in which it was rational of workers to prefer capitalism.

P8

Rational means 'based on sound reasonii

reach A

verb

ι II obi

Β

'achieve' Active: 2/2

Passive: 112

[N]A/[byN] [N]p

ι D1

+ Np A On reaching a crossroads turn right to go over a high bridge spanning the river. If the strong language used by both sides in recent days is anything to go by, then reaching a compromise could be difficult. He's been acquitted of negligence after juries in two separate trials failed to reach a verdict. You have reached a conclusion, not, perhaps, a very nice one. Should it prove impossible to reach agreement, there is an independent umpire to go to. His term has been limited to next April when he reaches the mandatory retirement age of 56. Mick and I decided to start a family when we had both reached 36 and, to be honest, I didn't enjoy being pregnant. Pure water sometimes does not freeze until it reaches minus 40 degrees Celsius. The material already prepared is not a harmonious and well-thought out piece of architecture, nor can it reach the height needed to be a lighthouse casting its beams on the world and time. Β If you have to reach me urgently, I shall be at my office number. But they wanted to reach the kind of people who would watch a Valentine's Day show. To check your driving position, whilst stationary adjust the position of the seat so that you can easily reach the pedals.

Passive: 1/2

[ N ] a / [by N]

II

[N]p

D1

hi

[for N]p [ADV]

D3

IV

D1

'touch' Active: 2 / 2

D2

D3

D2

+ for Np Β Instead of reaching for my hand to shake, she reached for one of his hands to hold and only nodded at me. With sudden decisiveness, she reached for her oiled anorak, slipped into her Wellingtons and headed out into the squall. Jessica reached hastily for her crutches. • M r Peres has seized the opportunity to reach for the ultimate prize: comprehensive treaties with all Israel's neighbours. (= try to gain) + ADV Β They wanted to reach back to a world where they imagined they could live and love in freedom. At last all that remained was to buy the fir-tree. They bought a really tall one that reached right up to the ceiling and had long spreading branches.

649

reaction TT Reach can mean 'come to or achieve'. A person 1 can reach (a) a place : (b) a certain age, height, temperature, etc. 11 . (c) a conclusion, agreement, verdict, etc.11. D1 • •• • • 'Λ m i l l Reach can mean 'come into contact with' I ÍI : If a person reaches something", they are able to stretch out their hand and grasp it. (i) If a person 1 reaches for something 111 , they make a movement to grasp it. If something 1 reaches somewhere™, it extends that far. If a new development or event1 reaches people 11 , it has an effect on them. If someone 1 reaches another person 11 , they successfully contact them, using the telephone or the post. • D1 D2 D3 also in phrasal verbs: reach out .-i'."·..·.· m ¡111 WÊSÊ·

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out (+ to-INF) Fancy reached out to take the pistols from the man, but in a gesture so swift it seemed a blur, the guns were whisked from her. (= moved her hand out) Almost instinctively his hand reached out to touch her. (= moved forward) + out m Np As she was turning to go, Mary reached out a bony hand and clasped her wrist. (= moved)

reaction P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

+ out + for Np As he gets older encourage him to reach out for toys. (= try to touch) + out + to Ν I sat down next to his desk to put my socks on, and to this day I don't know what made me do it but I reached out to the top drawer and opened it. (= moved my hand)

noun

A She gazed at him evenly, waiting for a reaction. Β When a patient or family heeds the early warning sign of a diabetes insulin reaction or an asthma attack, a full-blown crisis can usually be averted. + to-INF A Once you get over an initial reaction to laugh, you find yourself listening with interest. The reaction to withdraw from the market triggered a crisis of confidence as other buyers stood back to see how far and for how long prices would go down. + against N/V-ing/ against wh-CL A The Pre-Raphaelite movement was groundbreaking in its reaction against the academic style. "You've got to be careful that there is not a reaction against going too early," he said. Until now the only passions raised by the expenditure of lottery money has been based on reactions against where the money is going. Β It is an abnormal reaction of the body against the insulin-producing cells. + from Ν A The initial reaction from the smallest of the opposition coalitions was to reject the president's offer as a ploy. Reaction from party leaders was more or less predictable. + Of Ν A It seemed fairly certain that Hilder's election was secure now and they would take the chance

P6

P7

P8

P9

of arousing a reaction of sympathy for Mars. + of Np|/N and Ν Β Photochemical smog: a complex mixture of air pollutants produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides under the influence of sunlight. + on Ν A I was absolutely devastated when this book appeared because I warned about the reaction on my children. + to N/V-ing/to Ν V-ing (frequent) A He describes his daily reaction to conditions in the prison hospital as "disgust, despair and nausea". His parents and 16-year-old sister Leona believe the bike thefts may explain his reaction to seeing a shoplifter. Her reaction to Mad Meg winning the Banjo Award is profound thanks. Β The body's reaction to physical stress is exactly the same as its reaction to psychological stress, and it isn't very pleasant. + with Ν Β They attribute this loss of activity to chemical reaction with the catalyst. Chemical compounds needed for the formation of the first selfreplicating molecules were probably produced by the reaction of water with the gas emitted by volcanos. + from Ν + to Ν A The reaction from cinemagoers to the Oliver Stone blockbuster JFK was more encouraging.

650

read

P10

A

+ of Ν + from Ν A Mr Hurd had explained the thinking behind Britain's decision to deploy tanks and ground forces and there had been no reaction of alarm from the Soviet side.

P11

+ on Ν « from Ν A The program will also feature action from famous third round matches and immediate reaction on latest ties from the players present.

Reaction can mean 'an action in response to something': There can . . .

(i) to do something, i.e. it is done as a reaction. (ii) to something such as an event or a proposal (iii) against someone or something (iv) on something that stimulates a reaction. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P9 P10 P11 Reaction can refer to 'the chemical *proc'ess that P1 P3 P5 P7 P8

Β

read

verb Active: 1 / 3

ι

II

III iv ν vi α

[ N ]

II

[N]p

III

[ f o r

M

D1

02

General: 0

β

T1.3.5

lobi

Active: 2 / 2 D1

D4

II ill iv

D5

V • »

D2 D3

D11

T5-6

D6 D10 D8

T6 T3

[Q/S] [like N] [ADV: QUALITY] . * · ι .

. . .

Active: 2 / 3

T1

WSÊSÊKKÈÊÊIBeÊÊlÊ

[N]a D5 D9 D12

. > : ;· . :

Passive: 1/3

ι [ N ] a / [by N] II Obi [wh-CL]p(¡t) [N]p III [Into N/wh-CL] iv [as N]

D3

T2.4 T4 T2

FÀFFL Active: 2 / 2

ι

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p_2 /EFFECTED [that-CL] P(it) [wh-CL] P(it) [wh to-INF] P(it) [Q/S] [N]p_i BEN/REC [to N]p [about X]p [of X]p [from N]p in Ν

A

Passive: 2 / 2

ÊÊïMP B W É P B É É

/ [ b y N ]

D1

N]p

D7

Once you can read and write you're no longer illiterate. Why should the children at Culloden School not know how to read after six years at that school? And how can you possibly stop reading now? Read on! + Np She'd go off to bed and read a book. Learn to read music. I should say nothing to anyone about what you have read in the journal, α I went to Exeter to read Law because my father wanted me to be educated, but I left in the second year. • The electricity man came to read the meter so I let him in. (= record the figures on) +Ν • Pa read me like a book. (= understood) Thunder Two, do you read me, Thunder Two? (= can you hear?) + that-CLp(it) I read recently that vegetalians are more likely to commit suicide than meat

D3

D4

eaters. I read somewhere that you said you've been to Mount Kilimanjaro. I read in the papers that the owner of a small original by van Gogh had put the painting on the auction block in New York hoping it would bring twelve million dollars. + wh-CLp(¡t) Whose tears did not run when they read how Tim Parry finally let slip his fragile hold on life the previous day? Who knows what she went through? Solitude to Mother is what sensory deprivation is to others, and you've read what happens to people who undergo that experience. γ We monitor our physical surroundings and have a shorthand for reading where potential risks might lie. + wh to-INFp(it) He had read how to handle this sort of situation in a book about nondirective counselling.

read

651

D5

D6

D7

D8 D9

DIO

D11 D12

QUOTE/SENTENCE "Organic aviation," he read, "means aviation units supporting major army field forces, in direct support of their combat activities." The State Library of Queensland, he read, was looking for historcal material relating to the state. β The Daily Mail headline reads'. "Prison Farce Ends at Last." The card read, "Regards, Johnny". She looked up at the clock on the wall above the counter, which read 10:05. Hollywood has a vast sign reading 'Hollywood' up on a hill overlooking Los Angeles. + about Np/V-ingp/about wh-CL P /wh to-lNF P It's terrible, distressing, quite heart-breaking. I read about it in the paper. Second, she read about planned changes to the NHS and found herself feeling anxious and breathless as she read them. In the preceding chapter you read about planning an initial confrontation with people in your family. I'll get a programme, and you can read about what they're going to play. You never read about who got hugged on the subway. You always read about who got mugged. Even at the court, he has been reading about how to improve his driving skills. + for Np a He read for a degree in Economics at Boston University. A number stay on after graduating to read for a doctorate. + from Np Then she read from her own poetry. + like Ν β It's a shame because his list of clients reads like Who s Who. His biography reads like a romance or great epic, full of sublime conceptions. Her stories sometimes read like a spy thriller. + of Np/V-ingp/of Ν V-ingP True to his violent character, it was far more likely he would fly into a rage when he read of Chantal's callous betrayal and would never speak her name again. A week ago I was horrified to read in Cycling Weekly of an incident where a car occupant reached out of the window and deliberately struck a cyclist. It's horrifying to read of the devastated man who died of a heart attack recently when his lottery win turned out to be an administrative error. It was interesting to read of Hillary Clinton being referred to by Polly Toynbee as a "Stepford Wife". + to NP Remember how you used to read to the boys, Brady? + ADV: QUALITY β But many of their talks read well, even now; and when I could not reprint a talk in full, I'd include some of its more informative aphorisms.

T1

T2

T3 T4

T5

T6

+ Np + Np On away days, he shares a room with Iain Dowie, who reads him poetry before games. He read me stories about Winnie the Pooh. + NP + a s Ν γ She read it as a pure boarding school novel. If Troilus and Criseyde is read as a Boethian poem, Pandarus must be condemned, but if it is read as a courtly love romance, he will be excused. They feel the need to remind us that the history of modern pop can be read as one of economic theft on racial grounds. + Np + in Ν He also liked the French cartoon books Asterix, which he would read in French. + Np Np A pert redhead swivelled the printed card and read off the printed schedule for him. (= read aloud from a list) The connection is often indirect and cannot be read off from general descriptions of occupational class. (= concluded) + out D1 Τ

reason P1

D3

same time Yul realized it was not at all the movie he would want to make as his first directorial effort. I realize you have very little patience for the kind of systematic work technicians have to do, Frank. I hope you realize these phone calls are now being recorded. + wh-CLp(it) (frequent) A At once Ferris realized why he disliked the priest. Hadn't the fool realized what they were getting at? The pity of it is that gardeners and designers fail to realize how much they have to learn from one another. SENTENCE A Johnson, he realized, gave little to charity. + about Ν/about Ν V-ing A I think they've just got to realize about different cultures in their classes. I told them that I realize now about Mr Barnaby coming to my assistance. + Np + through Ν Β Individual pathology of the worker and/or the abuser may be seen to be realized through procedural misjudgments in particular cases.

noun

l'm not trying to put down the real achievements of single-sex schools, but I'm saying they're at the top for a whole variety of reasons. For some reason, Brockman decided to begin with the worst contribution in the entire book. Some element of limited choice is a good thing and is sometimes essential for religious reasons. + to-INF I've no reason to doubt Mr Howard's loyalty. Lawrie Smith, skipper of maxi Fortuna, had reason to panic. + that-CL New York people don't own cars for the simple reason that there is nowhere to put them. + (why)-CL That was the reason why the FA in London decided to abandon the Wembley game. There is no reason why thousands of families and children should be inadequately housed or be reliant on hand-outs to simply make ends meet. The reasons why may be as mysterious to him as they are to earthbound medical researchers. + against N/V-ing/against Ν V-ing Aspirin, unless there is a sound reason against its use, is

P6

recommended for prevention of a second heart attack. The team says it can see no environmental reason against reducing the country's "excessive" population of elephants by culling, including safari hunting. Although it's vital you listen to the advice of your GP or midwife if there is any medical reason against you having a home birth, midwifery care with medical backup must be provided if you decide to go ahead. + behind Ν / behind Ν V-ing / behind why-CL The main reason behind the rise in the national unemployment figure was an increase in the number of people looking for work. The reason behind the problem in seeking Irish ancestors is that seven centuries of Irish records were blown up in a civil riot. There were two other reasons behind my wanting pay TV "sport and movies". The fundamental reason behind so many people wanting to sign to pay TV to see the Olympics, is that the Olympics are by far the most watched sporting festival on television. Lyn Champion is the producer of the "Lying

655

reason Game", a two-part Radio 4 documentary which looks at the complex reasons behind why people lie, how they justify it and its repercussions. + for N/V-ing/for Ν V-ing/for Ν to-INF

P7

The

main reason for the proposed change was to allow the company to take advantage of unutilised tax losses within IEL. There are many reasons for studying abroad. He gives two reasons for staying clean. The reasons for your former wife leaving her job have some relevance and should be explored. Now I guess there's no reason for me to call you back right now. They provide good reasons for readers to agree with your opinion. [pi] + of Ν Last year, as Soviet troops prepared to withdraw from Afghanistan, several Western

P8

P9

countries closed their embassies for reasons of security. Alleging reasons of national security, the Brazilian government did not put the contract for SIVAM up tor public tender. They devoted their lives to improving the human condition, to narrowing the distances between people caused by reasons of sex and ethnicity. + in favour of N/V-ing The ethical reasons in favour of a ban are just the same. Aside from the obvious one of countering the submarine threat, Haig could see three reasons in favour of a coastal operation. Given these persuasive reasons in favour of issuing index-linked bonds, why have so few governments done so?

Reason is used to describe why something happens or is done.

-

-- -

reason

verb

Active: 1 /3 Ι

[N]a

Passive: 1 /3

II

[N]p

T1-2

III

[Ν]

T3

IV

[that-CL]P(it) [why-CL]P(it) [Q/S]

M

D1

D2

D3

V VI VII

General: 0

/ [by N]

di 02

T4

VIII

D4

T5

D5

T4-5

T1 T2 T3

D3

We always make distinctions, analyse and reason, and that is how we get a dualistic view of the universe. You cannot properly reason, deduce or infer without a framework or structure on which to hang individual items of information. However, for more than 60 years he studied all kinds of children in all kinds of situations, concluding that youngsters reason differently from adults and have different views of the world. + (that)-CLp(i,) (frequent)

[about N]p [with N]p [into N/V-ing] [out of N/V-ing] [ADV]

H e reasoned,

D4

as he

had heard so many other gamblers reason, that the pendulum could only swing in one direction for so long. He had reasoned that the girl was probably on holiday and that having found such a perfect location she would return. They reason he won't want to risk rejecting a pro-consumer measure just months before the November election. + why-CLp(it) They never stop to reason why. He didn't stop to reason why the sport fisherman's engines were still running if the fuel filters were blocked. "Ours is not to reason why," he replied with a sigh. QUOTE/SENTENCE It's a good influence, she reasons. They'd been waiting there all day

D5

T1

- couldn't I just tap on his door and ask? Surely he couldn't refuse, they reasoned. Why not take the train against the wind, he reasoned, and cycle at least some of the way back with it behind you. "The company gives you something with one hand," she reasoned, "and the Government takes it away with the other." + about Np Caught in the limited milieu of their everyday lives, ordinary men often cannot reason about the great structures - rational and irrational - of which their milieus are subordinate parts. He is also, according to Piaget, more able to reason and think about classes and sub-classes. + with Np (frequent) Brian started to reason with her, but she wasn't in a reasoning frame of mind. Even then, he reasoned with himself, it was ridiculous to leap to the conclusion that anything was seriously wrong. There are people you reason with and people you don't even bother to try. + Np + into N/V-ing (rare)

In his autobiog-

raphy (not cited here), Sidney Hook tells of Bertrand Russell's bet that, even at an advanced age, he could reason a woman into bed quicker than any other ranking thinker.

656

recall

T2

+ Np + out of N/V-ing We can't reason her out of it. I've tried. + Ν + ADV Here is how I reason it. + with REFL PRON + that-CL I have to reason with myself that there can be something tiny

T3 T4

that is wrong that can be potentially life threatening if not tended to promptly. + with Ν + about N/V-ing (rare) He remembers reasoning with himself about the hesitancy he felt.

T5

Reason means 'use logic and good sense in order to make a judgment or come to a particular conclusion'. A person 1 can reason (i) with another person V 1 about a matter v , i.e. try to persuade them. (ii) another person 11 into doing something or out of doing something™, i.e. persuade them to do or not do it.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away 30%) Too often, would-be entrepreneurs refuse even to think about going into their own business because they believe they have nothing to offer the marketplace. He refused to speak to reporters gathered outside. Though the party overwhelmingly won elections in May, the military have so far refused to hand over power. A journalist who has refused to reveal the source of a story has lost his appeal to the House of Lords, Britain's highest court. My suggestions never got past his desk. He refused to pass them on to his superiors. She started to back away from the window, but her

667

regard bare feet refused to grip the tiled floor. I have refused to talk to him on the phone and won't let him in my house. + Np + Np But British law still refuses them the right to change their birth certificate, a document which is essential for marriage. In the movie he pulls out a gun after being refused a late breakfast in a burger bar. Many journalists

based outside of Sudan have been refused visas to enter the country to report on political affairs. It's reported from Cyprus that the critically ill two year-old-child refused treatment by her parents on religious grounds has now been admitted to hospital. Mr Yasser Arafat was refused permission to land in Abu Dhabi. I

II

II

Refuse means 'not accept something offered'. A person1 can refuse something" or refuse to do something", i.e. choose not to accept or do something. A person1 can refuse another person111 something11, i.e. prevent the

regard

verb

Active: 3 / 3

Passive: 2 / 3

ι [ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p [CL]p [V-ing]p [itp + pattern of III] ill [as Χ] IV [with N] [ADV] D

T1

Active: 2/2

T1-2.4-5 T3 T3 T1-2 T1-3 T4 T5

+ Np a The brown eyes were regarding her frankly, earnestly. She regarded him sombrely, head tilted. Her clear grey eyes regarded him, from under fine brows. +Ν β There are really two things to remember about your liability under the law as regards trees. However one crucial question remains open. This regards the proportion of the vote German parties have to get in order to sit in parliament. • But I do not have to tell you, Maturin, that in intelligence we do not always regard the law very closely. (= adhere to) + Np + as N/V-ing/itp + as N-pattern Many commentators have regarded a stable two-party system as the foundation of the modern British political system. In the context of recent events, I should remind those who regard aggression as an acceptable form of behaviour that the UN has the power to suppress acts of aggression. Those in the centre and on the Right regard him as a pragmatisti those on the Left see him as a right-winger. "We work as a team," Peter Chrichard, General Manager, told me. I regard everyone including myself as being equals who simply have different roles to play. I regarded myself as acting entirely in her best interests. Will there ever be a time when men regard housework as being as much their respon-

Passive: 1/2

ι [N]A/[byN] Il Obi [N]p β

D

Active: 2/2 lobi

[N]A

Il obi [N]

T2

T3

T4

D

sibility as women's? Lovers of the richer style of Speyside malt rightly regard Aberlour as being in the top echelon. We regard it as one of our obligations to them to ensure that they move on comfortably to the next stage of lives + Np + as ADJ/itp + as ADJ-pattern These results were used in branch committee meetings to show officers and politicians that what they regarded as impractical had worked elsewhere. Research and education, for example, were clearly regarded as important. At present the majority of children with lone parents are being raised on family incomes that most people would regard as unacceptably low. And did you regard Girton and Cambridge as particularly special? I do not regard it as in any sense wrong for Britain to make criticisms of that kind, plainly and courteously, nor in any sense wrong for us to do so if necessary alone. + CLp/V-ingp + as N/ADJ/V-ing The Government is believed to regard pulling out of the convention as a last resort. Advertising for help in finding a partner was regarded as taboo. To have 3-6 months off between pregnancies is generally regarded as being sound advice. Having rights is ordinarily regarded as a way, perhaps the exclusive way, to secure the benefits of moral considerations. + Np + with Ν Most editors and programme makers regard the Government with contempt. I have good news for those who regard this

668

relation

T5

orthodox, but then so is James's background and the way he regards his work. They used him, certainly, but he was admired and respected by some, fondly regarded by others. We really believed in him and regarded him highly.

bygone era with nostalgia. Many doctors still regard the procedure with suspicion. + Np + ADV What would I have to do? How would my fellow officers regard me? We tended to regard each new American prototype in the same light. All this is thoroughly un-

Someone1 can regard someone or something11 as having a particular quality or as being something111, i.e. have that opinion about them. -> T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 α A person1 can regard someone or something11, i.e. look at them, usually in a certain way; a rare use. D β Regard can also mean 'to concern, to have as an issue' - used especially in the phrase as regards; a formal use. h> D

relation P1

P2

P3

noun

The award - the highest honour the Queen can give a non-British subject - recognises Mr. Ishihara's contribution to Japanese-British economic relations. I think that was something new in the history of Soviet-American relations. The essential qualities for a good salesperson, she suggests, are self-motivation and drive, plus a good basic understanding of human relations. + among(st) Νρι/9ΓΟιφ The relation between master and slave is no less social than relations among intimate friends. As a fact of international life, the quest for and maintenance of power plays an inevitable role in the relations among nations. + between NP|/N and Ν (frequent) As for relations between their two countries, Mr Qian and Mr Subin agreed that economic, trade, scientific and technological ties should be particularly promoted. Relations between Marks and Edwards have been very strained for a while. Relations between Marina and her parents were not properly mended.

P4

P5

P6

P7

+ to Ν The relation of the state to the corporation is cooperative. The role of this force remains unclear, as does its relation to the other UN troops. [in] + to N/V-ing/to wh-CL (frequent) Unlike sunlight, an artificial light source can be moved at will to alter its direction in relation to the subject. Ibraham Ahmad was brought back to the United States from London on Thursday for questioning in relation to the bombing. In pairs set each other realistic goals in relation to changing your pattern of family relationships. + toward(s) Ν (rare) State Department officials said the settlement indicated no warming of relations towards Tehran, which the US strongly opposes for its continued sponsorship of Palestinian guerrillas. + with Ν (very frequent) My relations with Santini are very good. His relations with others are superficial, absolutely correct, and without goodwill or interest.

Relation means 'link' or 'relationship'. (i) Relations between people and nations are the social, political, etc. links between them; normally used in the plural. (ii) The relation (a) of one thing or person to another, (b) between two people or things refers to the way in which they are connected; normally used in the singular. Note that in relation to can be used as a complex preposition in sentences such as Unlike sunlight, an artificial light source can be moved at will to alter its direction in relation to the subject.

relative adjective P1

P2 P3

attr These reports could indicate a resurgence of ethnic hostility following a period of relative calm. Studies of housing market behaviour are often preoccupied with aspects of investment and the relative merits of owning or renting. pred Time is relative. + to Ν The amount of space we need for liv-

Relative to means 'in relation to' or 'in comparison with'.

ing is relative to a variety of circumstances. The Exchange Rate Mechanism is the means by which European currencies are kept stable, relative to each other, in order to facilitate trade. It separates from the total tasks of human cognition precisely those which are relative to the existence and values of men in general.

669

release

release A

verb

'set free' Active: 2 / 3

ι II obi

D

Active: 2 / 3

[N]a / [by N] [N]p

III marg [ a s N ]

IV ν

"issue Passive: 1 / 3

[from N] [into N]

ι T1-3

T1 T2

[N]p

T1.4

III marg [ a s N ]

T1

[to N]

T4

IV

T3

+ Np

A The rising water will start to release bubbles of gas. Only those not currently facing charges are being released. How did you come to be released? Deforestation has seriously reduced the number of trees available to release oxygen. Β On 19 April Eurotunnel released the draft text of the letter being sent to shareholders in mid-May. You don't normally release material unless you're totally satisfied. While it is not always appropriate to release details of certain occurrences, it is much more sensible to give as accurate and full a report as possible. The European Commission also released a statement, saying that it was shocked and disappointed at the mob violence. He's released 60 albums during his career and reputedly earns two million pounds a year. • I scrambled back into the car to put the gear in neutral and released the handbrake. (= took it off) "I tended to wear my heart on my sleeve but these days, with only 20 seconds between points, players aren't allowed to show or release any emotion," McEnroe said. (= express openly) Todd laughed, trying to release his tension, trying to win some sort of response from Moroni. (= find an outlet for) T1

Il obi

Passive: 1/3

[N]a / [by N]

T2

+ Np + from Ν

A Yesterday the government released a total of three militants from prison Soon all the members of the household, including the children and their tutors, were released from other duties to gather in the fruits. She unpacks the contents at once, buttoning the white blouse on to its coat hanger and releasing the pleats of the tweed skirt from the stitches which show that she has pressed it. I released the tape from its case and hung it in long stretches over the vegetable plot. T3

+ Np + into Ν

A When you exercise, a family of chemicals named endorphins are released into your bloodstream which act like opiates. It is probable that greenhouse gases already released into the atmosphere will have committed us to some limited global warming in years to come, but we should be able to live with it. T4

+ Np + to Ν

Β Most quangos are not obliged to release papers to the public. My department has the power under the Social Security Act to release information to the police if it is in the public interest and does so when necessary.

+ Np + as Ν

A In it, as in the sun, hydrogen was fused into helium, and the mass difference was released as energy. Β I suggested that they should record the song for the video release of The Graduate, and then, when I heard how good it was, that we should release it as a single. A

Release means 'set free'. (i) A person or an institution 1 can release (a) someone 11 , (b) someone 0 from something such as prison or a duty or contract IV , i.e. give them their freedom. (i» Something 1 can release a certain substance 11 , i.e. cause it to enter the atmosphere. D T1 T2 T3 A person, an institution (i) a statement 11 (ii) an album or -> D T1 T4

670

relevant

relevant P1 P2 P3 P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

P9

adjective

attr Before I make a decision, I gather all the relevant information. pred He simply did not believe that these details were relevant. + to-INF A mnemonic may be relevant to help you answer, so jot it down as you think of it. [it] + to-INF 'It is not relevant to intraduce parental accountability into education,' Mr Lloyd said. [it] + that-CL Don't you think it's relevant that he doesn ' t know me? I don ' t think it is relevant that she met him through an advert. [it] + when-CL It is not relevant when bad parents say, as they always do, that they love their babies. + as Ν Even the most remote human societies now have access to radio and television, and literacy or the lack of it are no longer relevant as factors in cultural transformation. as to wh-CL (rare) Due to the children's ages, their wishes will be very relevant as to whether their mother has access. + for N/V-ing Patterson observes that a new historical stage of progress always causes an identity confusion, a point especially relevant for this discussion. Any allegations about his family are not relevant for his impressive career serving his country. "We were fortunate to get an excellent academic education from Worcester", Mr Heslop says. "But we did not necessarily gain the skills relevant for getting a job."

P10

P11

P12

+ in N/V-ing From previous chapters of this book, some important themes emerge which are relevant in the study of modernization and development. The use to which donated property is put is relevant in determining fair market value. + to N/V-ing/to wh-CL (frequent) The aim of the course is to provide a rigorous training in the skills, techniques and knowledge relevant to a career in industry, commerce, or the public sector. Your argument seems to be that your childhood background is more relevant to assessing your qualifications for the high court than a decade of speeches and writings. From time to time, you'll find specific offers on the statement that are relevant to how and where you use the Card. [it] + for Ν to-INF It is important and relevant for this debate to extend to the ways in which clothes play a key part in our acts of selfpresentation. In his Lordship's view, it was relevant for the justices to consider the husband's conduct in the context of the applicant's wilful refusal to pay.

Something can be relevant (i) to a particular cause, purpose, subject or a person, (ii) for a particular purpose or a person, i.e. important to know or consider in a particular context. There is little difference in meaning between relevant for and relevant to; however, to is more frequent.

reluctant P1

P2

P3

P4

adjective

attr There is a place, however, for reluctant husbands dragged unwilling to this cultural watering trough; a golf course is rumored to exist on the moors beyond the village. pred And in spite of Syria's willingness to restore relations with Britain, London remains reluctant. + to-INF (> 30%) Many people are reluctant to invest even inherited money in shares. She is deeply reluctant to talk about all this. + about N/V-ing / about Ν V-ing Mrs Thatcher seemed to be reluctant about German unification. The Palace were a bit reluctant about

P5

P6

English wine. The army was extremely reluctant about being involved in the suppression of the demonstrations. I was very reluctant about Sharon doing the part in Basic Instinct. + in N/ V-ing The Bush administration was reluctant in its leadership and frugal in its spending. Cavaliers though, are reluctant in letting the youngster go, as they would first like to lead him in the right direction. + for Ν to-INF The prison authorities are apparently reluctant for deaths in custody to go on to the record.

A person or institution that is reluctant to do something is unwilling to do it and hesitates before doing it

remain

671

remain

verb

Active: 1/3

lobi

[N]a

D1-2

[there] D1 [it + pattern of ll] A it D1-2 [tO-INF] A:it M2 [to-INF] A D1-2 [V-ing] A D1-2 [wh to-INF] A D1-2 T1 [for Ν to-INF] A D1-2 [wh-CL] A D1-2 T1

M1

M2

D1

But of what must originally have been a large body of matter, including written documents, virtually nothing remains. The discriminatory measures which remain are set to be repealed. So does it tell us any more about what's going on inside the sun or does the mystery still remain? Only the American pilot remained, hands on hips, staring in my direction, [it] + to-INF It remained to convince his superiors. It remains to be seen if they can do so without tearing each other apart. + Ν He's been accused by the opposition of misleading the government over the crisis, and a general election remains a strong possibility. Self catering remains an option at Youth Hostels for no extra charge, however. A major problem facing the British nuclear industry is how to dispose of radioactive waste that could remain a hazard for tens of thousands of years. He was drawn to the monastic life at Downside Abbey but it became clear that he must remain a layman. [there] + Ν There remains a large gulf between the limited agreement reached yesterday and putting it into practice, [it] + N-pattern It remains a subject of fascination that one family produced three exceptional writers. It remains our aim to maintain its true value over the years.

D2

II

'MiIÊtitÊKSÎfÊli mi

III

[N] [ADJ] [that-CL]

IVmarg [ a s N ]

ν vi

vu vili

D3

D4 D5

T1

T2

[ADV] [to be V-ed] [for N] [to-INF]

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 T1 T2 T2

mains unknown. It remains unclear who will now form a government. It remains astonishing that a whole society was overthrown so easily. It remains possible for them to finish the course. + that-CL The fact remains that Queen Elizabeth is seen throughout the world, including Australia, as being the personification of Britain. + as Ν She will remain as prime minister. + ADV (frequent) Interest rates will have to remain at 14 per cent. + to be V-ed Whether it's true or not remains to be found out. How their control of the political arena permits them to reconfigure the political dialogue remains to be seen. About half of the one-hundred-and-twenty seats in the National Assembly remain to be decided. + for Ν + to-INF All that remains for me to do is to tell you what's on the show tomorrow between nine and midnight. For athletes around the world, it underlined just how precious little time remains for them to fine tune their bodies and skills. [it] + for Ν + to-INF It remains for the government to reform the tax system on the maintenance of historic houses - the situation at the moment is mad and illogical.

+ AD J / [it] + ADJ-pattern (frequent) He remains, according to his friends, fundamentally alone here. This was quite different from the role played by George the Sixth's predecessors, who had always remained aloof from the public. To ensure that the planners remain aware of developers' needs in relation to the planning system, closer liaison will be established. But he remains determined to fight it out and says he has no intention of resigning. But the first game remained goalless until the last 10 minutes of extra-time. The exact origin still re-

Remain generally means 'stay in the same position or the same state'

672

remark remark P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

noun

She handed him a glass, ignoring the remark. Remarks and gestures by three girls made her life a misery at Bolsover school, she claims. + that-CL Steve's comments had stung, particularly his remarks that I had failed to teach him anything. Papua New Guinea's Chief Justice, Sir Arnold Amet, has issued a public apology on behalf of the judiciary for a judge's remarks that a man was entitled to rape his wife. + about N/V-ing / about Ν V-ing / about wh-CL He made a few derisory remarks about the portraits of the ancestors hanging in the great hall. Ferguson has already done that, concerned that his own remarks about retiring from management might have sent the wrong message to his assistant. MP David Ashby's remarks about rugby players sharing beds were none too well received by stars of the sport. Very often we hear remarks about how humid the weather is. + by Ν This is not a question of whether Time stands by its story. It's a question of whether Time fairly and accurately reported the remarks by Mr. Depardieu. Baghdad Radio quoted him as saying the release would be in appreciation of remarks by Chancellor Helmut Kohl opposing war in the Gulf. + from Ν Apart from one remark from a girl sitting next to her in the Senate cafeteria: "Aren't you kinda slumming it here?" there was little awkwardness. + on N/V-ing/on Ν V-ing/on wh-CL/wh to-INF Bernie Grant's remarks on repatriation have caused a fair old storm. The Prime Minister's remarks on closing down poor schools, expanding popular ones, improving discipline and making reports simpler were worthy and welcome. As to Sophie Strong's remarks on sponsors withdrawing from the sport, all sponsors drop in and out of all sports. O' Connell tries to score with rudely discriminating remarks on how some individuals dressed, while I cannot see what this has to do with what they were arguing for. Jack Straw's remarks on how to deal with alcoholics and drug addicts were important. + to Ν A typical remark to a friend was that "an advantage of dying now is that it saves having to decide about updating to Windows 95". In his opening remarks to the conference the president of the Association, Superintendent Peter Roberts, said he strongly opposed the proposal to retire inefficient officers.

P8

P9

P10

P11

P12

P13

+ by Ν + that-CL His statement follows remarks by aides that he was ready to replace President Jaruzelski. + by Ν + about N/V-ing The British foreign secretary, Mr Hurd, has arrived in Israel on a visit. It comes amid Israeli anger over remarks by Mr Hurd about its behaviour in the occupied territories. Lingering fears among Ukrainians have been increased by careless remarks by a Yeltsin aide about redrawing borders if other republics tried to become fully independent, + from Ν + that-CL The meeting was called following controversial remarks from Russian officials that the federation would consider revising its frontiers. + from Ν + about N/V-ing Sharp remarks from John Drummond, controller of BBC Radio 3, about Nigel Kennedy, a punk violinist, struck a discordant note. "Glib remarks from remuneration committees about being robust in setting demanding performance targets are not going to reassure many investors," he says. + to Ν + that-CL John Lennon's casual remark to a journalist that they were more popular than Jesus drew an angry response in the fiercely Evangelical Christian communities of the Deep South of the USA. + to Ν + about N/V-ing/to Ν + about wh-CL To make remarks to her about sexual matters is worse still. A member of her staff inflamed the Duchess with remarks to a journalist about her unsuitability for royal life. But magistrate Quentin Campbell said: "If a person is quietly begging and a passer-by makes remarks to him about getting a job, it can be very hurtful, especially to a person down on their luck." Franco's remark to Don Juan about how easy it was to govern Spain was entirely sincere,

A remark is 'a statement made by a person about someone or something'. There is no difference in meaning between by and from. -r/HfffWrrin

673

remarkable

remark

verb

Active: 2/3

i li

m IV D1

D2

D3

D4

Further uses [+ N]p

Passive: 1/3

[N] A /[byN] [that-CL]P(it) [wh-CL]P(it) [Q/S] [on N]p [upon N]p [to N]

D2 D3

T1

D4 D5

T2

D6 T1-2

+ Np (rare) • Here where few houses moan with faint light behind their blinds they remark the unhomely sense of complaint like a dog shut out and shivering at the foreign moon. (= notice) + (that)-CLp(it) Professor Estyn Evans has remarked that 'at most of these sites, halfdestroyed prehistoric monuments, small cairns and cashels, are associated directly. I remarked that I would go shopping that afternoon. + wh-CLp(it) Sheila assured him she was very well and remarked how nice it was to see him again. QUOTE/SENTENCE 'Nothing about the seal yet,' he remarked. 'If they print your picture you'll be famous, around here.' "I guess your sailing lessons came in handy after all," I remarked as we set sail. "But you, Karl Orsa, don't have any debts," mother remarked.

D5

+ on Np A monk, visiting the Carry On set, once dismayed Williams considerably by remarking on the 'desperation' he had deduced to be at work in some of the actor's radio performances. He remarked on both the walk and the beauty of her expression, and he complimented her on both of them.

D6

+ upon Np The coming together of seemingly disparate social groups during the protests has been widely remarked upon. + to Ν + that-CLp(¡t) I remarked to Graham that it is amazing how few people know of that medley of wild herbs like dandelion, radicchio, oak leaves,

T1

T2

Remark means 'make a comment' or 'express an opinion'. -

remarkable P1

P2 P3

P4

P5

+ to Ν +-» QUOTE/to Ν « SENTENCE "Somehow one doesn't expect this awful kind of thing to happen in England," Giselle remarked to Kemp.

D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 T1 T2

adjective

attr The vote was a remarkable achievement for his party. She is a remarkable woman, full of energy and fire and great enthusiasm for life. pred His recovery is truly remarkable. Their efforts were truly remarkable. [it] + to-INF It is remarkable to see how some of Clare's favorite motifs come together in this dream. [it] + (that)-CL (frequent) They seem to find it quite remarkable that a member of the royal family can do normal things which you and I can do. He thought it remarkable that she seemed so free of envy. It was remarkable he was beaten only twice, considering the pressure he was under. [it] + wh-CL It is remarkable how you have solved this mystery. It's remarkable what a night without a missile attack can do for diplomacy and daily life. •

·

Someone or something can be remarkable for a cha

P6

P7

P8

P9

P10

+ for N/V-ing (frequent) The whole organization has been remarkable for its discipline. Santa Maria is remarkable for being ordinary. + in N/V-ing (frequent) It also contains a long list of human rights principles, remarkable in their detail, accentuating more than the final act of Helsinki the rights of individuals rather than of states. The idea appears remarkable in its simplicity. Mrs Cornish was quite remarkable in visiting her daughter very faithfully and regularly for so long. [it] + for Ν to-INF I thought it was remarkable for a little boy to be able to shut the world out so completely. + for Ν + in that-CL (rare) Nuremberg was remarkable for a south German city in that it had no executions for witchcraft. [it] + to Ν + that/wh-CL It's still remarkable to me now that it all actually happened.

teristic they have, i.e. be notable because of it.

674

remember

remember

verb

PERSON/EXPERIENCE Active: 1 /3 Passive: 1 /3 ι [N]A/[byN] llcont [N]p D1 [V-ing] D3 [that-CL]p( lt) D4 [wh-CL]p(it) D5 [wh to-INF] P(it) D6 [Q/S] D7 [N V-ing] D9 [something/a lot/etc.]p D8 III [about N/V-ing] IV [as Χ] [for N/V-ing] VI [from Ν]

Β

A

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

TASK Active: 2 / 2

T2-5

ι π

Passive: 112

[N]a / [by N] [N]p [to-INF] in [that-CL] P(it) IV [about N/V-ing]p Further uses [to N]

General: 0

D1 D2 D4 D8

T6

n ti T2-3

T4 T5

A I can't tell you what happened, because I don't remember, (only if clear from context) When did you do that? Can you remember? (only if clear from context) + Np A I remember her well. Small, blonde, ugly, with a spotty face. But she had nice eyes, very blue. Australia's farmers are used to good and bad seasons but few can remember a time when so many were in such deep financial trouble. He remembered what Mr Furniss had said to him. He said it was very difficult for him to act, to concentrate and remember his lines, staring at the camera. It is not true, not true at all, that she remembers little about the trial of the libel action. Β If at any point you feel yourself getting tense, just remember the simple relaxation technique of breathing deeply. • You can remember the Association in your will and help others in need. (= leave money to) Timisoara is preparing for what the people call a peaceful gathering to remember the dead. (= commemorate) + to-INF Β You should remember to replace your child's toothbrush every three months or so. Remember to keep the seeds well away from children as they are poisonous. + V-ing (frequent) A I remember sitting on bundles and suitcases, waiting for the train that would take us we didn't know where. + (that)-CLp(it) (very frequent) A I've even been woken in the middle of the night to be given an ice cream because Mama suddenly remembered that Belle had been allowed one that afternoon. Β There are plenty of restaurants to choose

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

T1

T2

T3

from, but remember no alcohol is sold or can be consumed here. Remember that the finest cuisines in the world are based on the sauce, not necessarily what the sauce covers. + wh-CLp(it) (frequent) A He enjoyed the time he spent in Colorado; it made him remember how much he liked the West. You don't happen to remember if Moretti was in here Monday? + wh to-INFiP(lt) A I can't remember how to pronounce it. QUOTE/SENTENCE A "We usually had a selection of people from all parties in the house - Communists, Christian Democrats, the others," remembers the Contessa. + about N/V-ing A "Don't you remember about Anna?" I shook my head. + about Np/V-ingp Β I tried to remember about controlling my breathing and using my stomach muscles to give me more stamina. + Ν V-ing A I am old enough and lived close enough to remember the factory being built. + something/a lot/etc.P + about N/V-ing A What do you remember about her voice? I remember things about her that I found very intelligent. + Np + as N/V-ing (often: being)/NP + as ADJ A Nina Hamnett remembered her simply as Ford's girl. He's more remembered as being a young rebel. I always remember her as being beautiful. I remember her as pretty and sort of tallish. + Np + as-CL A Let's remember him as he really was.

675 T4

remind

+ Np + for N/V-ing (usually passive) A She is perhaps best remembered for her creation of the Belgian detective, Mr Hercule Poirot. He will probably be best remembered for founding the Birmingham Railway Museum at Tyseley in the 1960s.

T5

T6

+ NP + from Ν A You might remember him from the Polaroid commercials. + Np + to Ν • Remember me to Joe, and have a lovely relaxing time, all of you. (= give my regards to)

Remember can be used to express the idea of not forgetting someone or something in the sense that one thinks of a person, thing or event one has encountered or experienced in the past: I fl (i) A person 1 can remember a person, thing or event". (ii) A person 1 can remember doing or having done something 11 . them . (Ni) Somebody or something 11 can be remembered for some feature v i.e. that feature makes stick in a person's mind; usually used in the passive. A person 1 can remember somebody or something 11 from some where 1,1 . person first noticed them. • M D1 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Remember can be used to express the idea of not forgetting something that has or had to be done in the sense that one does not or did not forget to do it: (i) A person 1 can remember to do something 11 . (ii) A person 1 can remember about doing something 1 ^, i.e. try not to forget to do it. r»I Λ ΟΠ romûmKop (iii) A person' can remember thai that cnmaihînn something îc is tKu the ηοού^Π case1J j g t&lCC it llltO SCCOUIlt Note that remember doing something and remember to do something can be easily confused: She remembered to post the letter means that 'she did not forget to post the letter'. She remembered posting the letter means that 'she had a recollection of posting it', i.e. remembered when or how she did it. D1 D2 D4 D8 I

remind A ÍÉ@Éi

.J

verb C

'draw attention' Active: 3/3

Passive: 2/3

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [N V-ing] A II obi [N]p III [to-INF] [that-CL] [wh-CL] [wh to-INF] IV [about X] [of X] Q 'make remember' D e: 3/3

[ N ] a / [by N ] [V-ing] A [to-INF]A [N V-ing] A II obi [N]p [that-CL] [wh-CL] [Q/S] IV [about X] [of X]

General: 0 T1-3 T2-3

SIMILARITY Active: 3 / 3

I [N]A/[byN] II obi [N]p III obi [of N]

2/3 T7 T7

T1-4.6-7

T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 T7

Passive: 2/3

H ü

T1

T2-3.7 T2-3.7 T2-3.7 T2-3.5—7

T2 T3 T5 T6 T7

+ Np + to-INF A I reminded myself to congratulate Deborah on the efficiency of her secretary.

T2

+ Np + (that)-CL A Jim Brady came by yesterday to remind me we're going to an auction tomorrow.

676

remote

T3

T4

T5

T6

Correspondents are reminded that letters may be edited and shortened at the Editor's discretion. Β The performance reminded audiences that Elizabeth Taylor was not just a photogenic face, but also had strengths as a dramatic actress. I reminded her that we used to hang out together at a club in Manhattan. His grin reminded me that I had been rude. Chee reminded himself that he was on vacation. + Np + wh-CL A The Southern Cross above, with its myriads of companion stars, reminded me how far from home we were. Β It was a remarkable performance for a man his age, and reminded Bauman what a splendid boxer, what a quick and savage fighter the little man must have been. Several times a day she would remind herself how lucky she was. + Np + wh to-INF A I have to remind him how to mix her feeds. I had to consult a baby book to remind myself how to test the water temperature. + Np - QUOTE / Np SENTENCE Β "Nicholas happens to have been abroad at the time," Andrew reminded her. That reminds me, weren't you at St. George's, Buenos Aires for part of your schooling? + Np + about N/V-ing/Np + about wh-CL A The note was to remind him about something he had to explain to one or other of his

T7

students. We should hang on, at all times, to the goal of our marketing strategies and remind ourselves about our customer missions. She'd look in later to remind Luke about locking up. Β She gradually deteriorated and five months ago she died. The husband, by reminding his wife about how somebody else got worse, has begun a very efficient undermining process. + Np + of N/V-ing/Np + of Ν V-ing/ Np + of wh-CL/wh to-INF (frequent) A He reminded her of a dinner party the next night. He reminded himself of the strict timetable he was committed to. During small group discussions, a tactic that keeps groups on task is to remind students of time remaining in the discussion. We also need to keep reminding ourselves of how to play and this we must do through regular practice sessions. When writing or editing, constantly remind yourself of who your readers are. Β Because the bus would remind him too much of coming back the first time, decades ago, he opened the door of a taxi. Boiled potatoes remind me of making rivers of gravy with banks of mashed potato. C Babies derive comfort from sounds that remind them of being in the womb. Roasting pine nuts reminds me of when I used to sell them by the Tuscan dirt track roads for extra pocket money. His face reminded her of a frog.

I Π A person can remind another person" (i) to do something 111 (ii) of or about some future event or some important fact IV , i.e. draw their attention to it so that they do not forget something they have to do. -» T1 T2 T3 T4 T6 T7 ι π Β Somebody or something 1 can remind a person" IV (i) of doing something in the past (¡Í) of some past experience' v , i.e. make them remember that event. —» T2 T3 T5 T6 T7 C A person, animal or thing 1 can remind a person11 of somebody or something 111 , i.e. cause them to connect the two, because they resemble each other in some way. -> T7 Note that there is considerable overlap between A and B. However, remind sb to do sth at Β and remind sb of doing sth at A must not be confused.

remote P1 P2

P3

adjective

attr Tetanus is especially dangerous in remote areas where it cannot be treated immediately. pred But Mr Leinster stressed that the risk of a surgeon passing on the virus to a patient was remote. + from Ν All the tribe's reservations are located remote from any large population centers. Most citizens feel remote from government in

this centralised country. Most top executives are as remote from their own subordinates as they are from the outside world. To some degree, all teenagers resent the fact that they are forced to attend school, study subjects that seem remote from their daily lives, and remain cooped up all day.

677

renowned

Remote from means far away from .

remove

verb

Active: 2 / 3

I

D1

D2

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] a / [by N] [V-ing]A [that-CL]A [N V-ing]A

General: 0

DI DI DI

+ Np Remove your shoes. Jake went into the park. The benches had been removed a couple of days ago. He's more likely to recommend that your child has her tonsils or adenoids removed. President Ion Iliescu appeared on television, saying the country was facing an organised attempt to remove its elected leaders. China has apparently removed one of the biggest obstacles to better relations between Peking and Washington. The reforms will double the price of many basic foods and other goods by removing subsidies. Buying new has its advantages: the manufacturer's warranty removes any fears about a sudden repair bill for mechanical failure during the car's early life. President Najibullah's plan was clearly designed to remove doubts about his government in the West. + from Ν • Remove from the heat and wait until the chocolate mixture is at room temperature, then gently fold in the whipped cream, (used in instructions)

II

HI IV

T1 T2

[N]p [from N] [as N]

T1-2

D1 D2

T2 T1

+ Np + as Ν In July last year, she removed him as Foreign Secretary. + Np + from Ν Philpott removed a folder from his attache case and placed it on the table Late last week the judge in charge of the investigation was removed from the case. The prime minister Mr Geoffrey Palmer welcomed the announcement which he said removed a very significant irritant from talks with Japan about cooperation in the region. As he was half way out of his car and removing his jacket from a hook he heard a bang, which he thought was a car backfiring. Mr Keating said good urban design could remove stress and difficulty from communities, maximise efficiency and provide the essential 'glue' for the community. • Beckett has removed himself completely from Aristotle's mimetic theory of drama. (= abandoned)

Remove generally means 'take away': (i) A person1 can remove a piece of clothing11, i.e. take it off. (ii) A person1 can remove a thing11 from a place m , i.e. take it away. vjf. Jv; (iii) A person" can be removed from a job111, i.e. be dismissed. (iv) A person11 can be removed from a place111, i.e. be forced to leave (v) Problems, obstacles, etc.11 can be removed from negotiations, talks, etc.111, i.e. be overcome. -> D1 T1 T2

renowned P1

P2

P3

adjective

attr Our tutors are renowned experts in their own fields and visit us especially for their particular course. pred Her one-and-a-half-acre garden at Warborough in Oxfordshire has become renowned enough to entice a coachload of French gardeners across the English Channel. + as Ν The Swallow Falls are renowned as one of the most photogenic waterfall locations in Great Britain. Bretons were renowned as capable and sometimes infamous seamen.

P4

+ for N/V-ing (> 30 %) Those states in the US renowned for their spectacular autumn colours have a phone hotline which is regularly updated, giving the best spots for viewing the colours. He made a few adjustments to the proportions of some of the rooms, and then decorated them with the flair and invention for which he is renowned. Andalucía is the part of Spain most renowned for its artistic heritage. The chateau is also renowned for making its own wine.

Something or someone that is renowned for a feature thev have has a good reputation because of it.

678

rent

rent A I

II III IV V

vi M

D1

D2 D3

D4

T1

verb 'hireActive: 1 / 3 Passive: 113 General: 0 [ N ] a / [by N] [N]p.2 D1 T1-4 [NJp.! T1 [for N] D3 T3

[at N: QUANT] [for N] [from Ν]

T2

D3

T3

SSSSRSSSS WeSHSÊê

Β

'make available' Active: 1/3 Passive: 1 / 3

ι II III

[N]A/[byN] [N]p-2

IV ν

ÉHMIggg| D1

[N]P-I

[to N] [at N: QUANT] [for N]

D4 D2 D3

T1-3.5 T1 T5 T2 T3

Q Q Q

T4

A Many people rent because housing costs have risen faster than earnings. Β Most of the coal board houses have been sold to housing associations, or bought by developers to renovate and rent. + Np A Naomi and Dick rented a yacht on which they toured the Greek Islands. They had rented a largish house five minutes from Bootham's centre. I rented a car and drove out to a department store. Β If you already own a home in the South of France, we would be delighted to manage or rent it for you. + at N: QUANT Β City car bays rent at about $3,000 a year. + for Ν A You can rent for periods from a month to 10 years, and what you pay depends on the time you want to stay. One bright morning you pass through St James Park and the cloth lawn chairs are set out by the pond, yours to rent for 50p. Β It'll rent for about $400. + to Ν Β There's a room upstairs, you see, which I rent to a young solicitor - a very nice young man. + N P + Np A Then he found the nearest car rental company, rented himself the smallest car he could and drove towards Washington. Β She rented m e a room in her small London garden flat.

T2

T3

T4

T5

+ Np + at N: QUANT A Berths can be rented at £ 40 per foot a year. Β (invented example) They rent cars at £ 30 a day. + Np + for Ν A You can rent a television set for little more than £ 1 a day. Rent a motor caravan for a few days and see how you like it before buying one of your own. You can rent camcorders actually. There's one place in Leeds where you can rent it for twelve pounds for the weekend. Β I could get one of the privately owned cottages and the owners usually rent them for about £ 125 a month. The villas are rented for a minimum of 5 nights. + Np + from Ν A I rented a motorcycle from a dealer some twenty kilometres north of Daytona. + Np + to Ν Β She rented rooms to university students, making sure that everything ran smoothly in the house. + NP + at N: QUANT + to Ν Β The country is also trying to get money from the state and federal government to help landlords speed up repair of their apartment buildings and rent them at reduced rates to storm victims.

Rent means 'give or have temporary use of something in return for payment'. A A person or organisation' can rent something, esp. a room, flat, etc. or a vehicle 11 from somebodv V I , i.e. hire it. -> M D1 D3 T1 T2 T3 T4 Β A person or organisation 1 can rent something, esp. a room, flat, etc. let it. -> M D1 D2 D3 D4 T1 T2 T3 T5 Q also in phrasal verbs: rent out

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out « Ν Last summer, in true holiday spirit, Brian Williams rented out his house and went camping in some nearby woods. (= rented)

+ out 30%) Β The diversity and complexity of flavour of malt whisky is largely responsible for its increasing popularity. You can no more be held responsible for the misdemeanours of the Victorian Empire than a new-born baby boy can be blamed for the history of male oppression.

(ii)

P2

P3 P4

P7

P8 P9

P10

P11

P12

I have been made responsible for your safety. Who is responsible for repairs? At Hillside, one lecturer was responsible for 30 students while corresponding figures for Belvedere was 35 students in 1984. He said a special team would track down those responsible for killing the two white men. You wouldn't want to be responsible for harm coming to an innocent person. + in N/V-ing A John was very responsible in his attitude to sport. And the Home Secretary pointedly remarks that the Prison Governors Association has not been entirely responsible in making a lot of capital out of the Brixton episode. + of Ν A It's not very responsible of you. + to Ν Β The government, consisting of a cabinet of ministers, will be responsible to the President alone. [it] + of Ν + to-INF A Is it responsible of you to remain neutral at a moment so critical in the history of your people? + to Ν + to-INF (rare) Β The Select Committee on Trade and Industry is responsible to Parliament to monitor the work of the Department of Trade and Industry. + to Ν + for N/V-ing Β He was responsible to the captain for the cargo. They were responsible to him for running the agencies.

A person or institution responsible to someone else for a particular state of affairs or for someone or something left to their care is obliged to account for their actions, Something that is responsible for something is the reason for it. -> P1 P2 P 3 P6 P9 P11 P12

responsive P1

adjective

adjective

attr Your stories strike a responsive chord. I have never spoken to such a responsive audience. pred Building societies' attitudes to debt management may have become more flexible and responsive. These children are responsive, loving and even-tempered. + in N/V-ing On the road, the cars are quieter and more responsive in handling and ride. + to N/V-ing (frequent) She was particularly receptive and responsive to editorial and per-

sonal concerns, providing immediate and thorough feedback. For instance, mothers were both more responsive to boys and less attentive to girls. The Renault chairman is adamant that while the group will have to be responsive to what is happening in its market, it will not cut back on investment for research and development spending. We must develop pay and personnel systems that are responsive to fulfilling those missions and goals in the most effective way possible.

692

rest

A person or institution that is responsive to something or someone reacts to it, usually positively and to their own advantage.

rest

verb

'recover' Active: 1 /2 Passive: 112 General: 0 ι [N]A/[byN] II [N]p hi [from N/V-ing] Β 'be based' Active: 2/3 lobi [N] a II [N] T1 111 Obi [on N/wh-CL] D4 T1 T1 [upon N/wh-CL] D5

!

A

lobi II Obi

lobt Il Obi E

'depend' Active: 2/2 [N]a [on N/wh-CL] [upon N/wh-CL] power... Active: 2/2 [Ν]a [with N] 'be supported' Active: 2/3

I [N]A II obi [N] a [N]p III obi [ADV] Further uses [ADJ] M

D1

A We must be quiet because she is ill and has to rest. • Transfer the cooked meat to a warm serving dish and allow it to rest while preparing the gravy. (= lie undisturbed) The old and historic Friday Mosque, with the tombs of national heroes and members of royalty resting in the quietness of its compounds, gives the visitor a glimpse of bygone days. (= lying undisturbed) It is unlikely that the matter will rest there. (= not be followed up further) We will never rest until we know what happened. (= give up)

D5

+ Np

A Evan Dando has been told to completely rest his voice for four days, or risk damaging it forever. D2

D3

D4

+ ADJ

• I rest easier knowing you will at least have all the material comforts life has to offer. (= am less worried) + from N/V-ing A The Scotland Yard detectives would need to rest from their journey before talking to the man. We will rest from fasting and watching. + on N/wh-CL (frequent) Β Pinter's reputation rests mainly on a number of highly cryptic, unsettling plays he wrote in the late 1950s and 1960s. Mr de Compte's defence rests on the claim that the two cheques he cashed and the missing $4.1 million are totally unrelated. C The answer rests entirely on clever lawyers

D6 D7

T1

who know how to take advantage of the deeply flawed legal procedures of the United States. A heavy responsibility rests on the opposition, and the Labour Party in particular. A lot of the Group of Fifteen's credibility will rest on how practical and innovative those proposals are. • His penetrating blue gaze rested on me with deep consideration. (= settled) + upon N/wh-CL Β The whole principle in declaring conflict of interest when you are a member of Cabinet rests upon the principle of personal honesty and accountability. C The very fate of maintaining a democratic society rests upon how we are going to deal with these issues of equity, of social and economic justice and democracy in our cities. + with Ν D The matter rests with the Supreme Court. + ADV (frequent) E House foundations in many parts of London and the South East are resting on clay. He left the chair and walked with George to the foyer, his arm resting across the other man's shoulders. • And there, as they say, the matter rested, for there was now nothing further we could do. (= was not followed up any further) + Ν + on/upon Ν Β He sought to rest his analysis as much as possible on rational (that is, logical) argument based on fact.

result

693

+ Np + ADV E "Oh, Marvin." I groaned, resting my chin in my palm. She rested her hands on his shoulders.

T2

C D E

A person or animal" can rest or rest part of their body11, i.e. be inactive and recover from some exertion. -> M D1 D3 also in phrasal verbs: rest up Τ ITI Some consideration, approach, view, state of affairs, etc.1 can rest on something 111 , i.e. be based on it. —» D4 D5T1 Τ II Some matter 1 can rest on somebody or something 11 , i.e. depend on them. D4 D5 Some power of decision making 1 can rest with a person or authority 11 , i.e. they have that power. D6 11 : can rest or be rested on or against something 111 , i.e. be supported by it. -» D7 T2 Some physical object '•I • — , •. I

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up You're exhausted, now is the time for you to rest up. (= take a complete rest)

result P1

noun

Mass human power was to be used in place of more advanced technology to achieve quick results. The further a country or a town is from the main centres of economic activity, the more it will gain as a result. The results, which will soon be published in an Italian physics journal, Il Nuovo Cimento, are exactly as predicted by Schrodinger's wave equation. + that-CL As well as showing where the neutrinos are coming from, the latest experiments have also confirmed earlier results that there are fewer neutrinos than expected according to our understanding of the nuclear physics of the sun. He collapsed again, and in the end had to be practically carried over the finish line, with the result that he was disqualified. + for Ν Practical success, however, is limited: trial results for regrowth average only thirteen per cent, according to some analysts. In 1973,

P2

P3

P4

P5

its results for reading and maths were the worst of all New York's 32 school districts. + from N/V-ing Any idea of when you might be getting some results from this sort of work? The first results from the Malaysian general election are beginning to come in - they're mostly from the eastern states of Sabah and Sarawak in Borneo. For example, Bernard Nolan of the Oriental Medical Centre in Sheffield claims to have had very positive results from treating sufferers of both scalp eczema and psoriasis with shiatsu (finger pressure massage). + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL Tens of millions of dollars of government funding would be cut unless tangible results on key projects were made by the end of next year. Results on how well the Met is doing will be published every three months and will be displayed at every police station.

A result is 'the outcome of a process, a meeting or an experiment',

result

verb

A

'be caused' Active: 1/2 lobi [N] A m [from N/V-ing]

M D1

D1

A In more serious injuries gross swelling and pain may result. + from N/V-ing A It still took him some while to agree that some good might, after all, have resulted from the tour. Mallory Court has remained pleas-

Β 'have as a consequence' ssssai Active: 2/2 lobi [N] A [V-ing] A il obi [inX]

D2 D2

ingly free from the contrived artificiality that so often results from the sudden transformation of house to hotel. The total death toll resulting from the earthquake is at least twelve thousand three hundred dead and twenty-four thousand injured. In general the country has realized that

reticent

D2

694

progress will result from making better use of resources already employed rather than seeking to exploit new resources. + in N/V-ing/in Ν V-ing (> 30 %) Β It's hoped further research will result in drugs which will fool the body into accepting transplants. This official stance has resulted

in slowing down the flood of refugees across the border. The application of tough free-market policies in recent years has resulted in the sacking of twenty-three-thousand miners. Taking in too much protein will result in you putting on weight.

1 m¡T"~ An effect or achievement can result from some action or process", i.e. be caused by it. -» M D1 1 Β An action or process can result in some effect or achievement 11 , i.e. have it as a consequence. -» D2

reticent P1

adjective

attr Ian was a fairly reticent person and if he had confided in anyone about the matter, it would not have been that gross bully of a man. pred Men always like talking about themselves; women are more reticent. + to-INF They're very reticent to talk. Apart from the legal strictures, some police officers have always been reticent to give too much information to the press and television. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL (frequent) He was so reticent about any sort of pain that I had deduced that it must be intolerable. Though it is essential for working mothers to protect their children in case of their own death and to provide for their retirement, they are generally reticent about seeking financial advice.

P2 P3

P4

Though both sides were reticent about what had happened, the general impression has been: not much. He's reticent about who his customers are. + in N/V-ing He was anything but reticent in his praise of her efforts. In his autobiography Hobson was, as is well known, most reticent in detailing the sources of his early thinking. + on Ν Mr Brown was reticent on his policy goals. + over Ν (rare) McKeown is reticent over his broadcasting ambitions. + with Ν My mother and I were uncharacteristically reticent with each other, leading to unnecessary emotional distance between us.

P5

P6 P7

P8

Reticent can mean 'hesitant'. A person can be reticent (i) about or over a matter or to do something, i.e. hesitate to act. (ii) on a particular topic, i.e. not disclose much information. (Mi) with another person, i.e. reveal little when talking to them.

return A

-

>·•- D1 D2 D3 A person 1 can risk somebody or something 11 , i.e. expose them to risk. -» D1 T1 T2

verb Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [for Ν to-INF] A D1

+ Np + by V-ing C Herbert Austin had risked everything by leaving a secure position at Wolseley to establish his own car factory. + NP + in V-ing (rare) C Howe's friends protested that there was no need to risk lives in attacking an enemy whose army was likely to disintegrate in any case.

T1

II

[N]p

D1

III IV ν

[from N] [by V-ing] [of Ν]

D2

General: 0

T2 T2 T2 T2

+ Np He recounted how he had been robbed by the men in a busy shopping mall. The youths were, on their own admission afterwards, out to entertain themselves by robbing and attacking a number of people in the park that night. I didn't feel like I'd invested so much in the relationship that I was being robbed. "We've been robbedV' Martin yelled. The Court heard how Mrs Jones had robbed a number of savings institutions after pretending to have a gun. Meanwhile, in Belfast this evening, a man was fatally wounded when he and two other men tried to rob a paint and paper store in east Belfast.

D2 T1

T2

T1-2

τι T2

+ from Ν I was 14 or 15. I'd already been arrested for nicking cars and robbing from shops. + Np + by V-ing If anyone is trying to ruin his career it is him. This is supported by the fact that he's robbed fans by not appearing at two festivals. + Np + of Ν That night someone had robbed him of all his money. Depression robs people of the ability to think about or plan their lives. She smiled to rob her words of offence. Smoking robs the body of vitamin C.

Rob means 'take something away illegally'. (i) A person or a group of people 1 can rob a person, place, organisation or country 11 , i.e. steal money or property. (li) Somebody or something 11 can be robbed of something which they need, want or value v , i.e. it can be taken away.

role P1

P2

noun As in all the newly independent but politically under-developed states, the indigenous army played an increasingly important role. But now instead of winning rosettes and riding cups she has won the starring role that every horsey littie girl has always dreamed of: Fen Maxwell in Jilly Cooper's Riders. + to-INF Mr Tickner said the council had a role to raise awareness of the need for Aus-

P3 P4

P5

tralians to address social injustices faced by indigenous Australians. [it] + to-INF It is our role to develop an industrial relations system. + for Ν This faction believes in quickening the pace of party reform and, on policy, in accepting a fairly large role for markets. Caird hopes to find another role for Mr Parker on the board. + in N/V-ing/in wh-CL What is your role in

706

rough

life? Where are you going? What do you do? Mr Bush praised Honduras for its role in bringing about a peace agreement in Nicaragua, and spoke of a new era of democracy for Central America. They will play an active role in how the show takes shape, unlike in the case of the Alan Jones show, where people would simply ring in and comment on the issue of the day. The psyche can play a major role in how we feel, how we act, what we believe and what we don't believe. + of N/V-ing The Church of England is now looking at ways of giving practical help to urban priority areas, and the mood has changed from one of conflict to a role of partnership. And thus he struck up a friendship, which was to last many years, with the theatre and, primarily, with Boris Livanov, who was picked for the role of Hamlet. However, in proposals produced for

P6

. (i) (ii)

P7

P8

•••••••••••••••••••••••

The role of doing something is the function someone

A person's role (a) in an activity, (b) as something is actor in a play'.

rough P1 P2 P3

internal use two months ago, the society makes clear that it will continue its role of educating the public. On the other hand, others - probably unconsciously - are only too happy to adopt the role of being weak and sickly in order to benefit from the secondary compensations. + with Ν My role with this band is very much as a catalyst. His new role with the network will see him take over from McFaull, who is leaving WIN to pursue his career in New Zealand. + for Ν + in N/V-ing Professor Cooper sees a growing role for employers in reducing stress. It is placing more emphasis on a political solution and now appears to accept a role for the United Nations in supervising elections.

ι ·

,

,

or something has . 'the part they have in an enterprise or the part of an

adjective attr We'll be in for a rough time. pred The look of things is rough. + in Ν Very few of the school horses show much of an interest in life, and the staff and owner are rather rough in their handling of the animals.

+ on Ν You were very rough on him after all the trouble he took to get us that video. Don't be too rough on the boy. + with Ν I have to admit he knows how to handle the workers, even though he does get rather rough with them at times.

P4

P5

In the examples above, rough means 'strict' or 'harsh'.

(i)

Someone or something can be rough on a person, i.e. strict.

(ii)

A person can be rough with someone, i.e. unfriendly and aggressive towards them.

rub

verb Active: 1 / 3

ι II

in ll+lll IV

ν vi VII M D1

[N]A / [by N] [N]p [against N] P [over N] [Np|] [ADJ] [together] [with N] [ADV]^,

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0 Active: 3 / 3 D1

T1-6

D2

T2 T3 T4 T1 T4 T5

[N]A/[byN] II [N]p in obi [with N] [N]p IV [ADV]^ Further uses [at N]p

Passive: 2 / 3

ι

T5 T5

T6 T6

T6

He rubbed and rubbed but couldn't seem to get clean. + Np Falk reached under his glasses with a finger and rubbed an eye. He rubbed his hands and his face brightened.

D2

• Penny, a friend who was with us, rubbed my back while Will pottered around making food and bringing us snacks. (= massaged) + against N P A black cat ran out of the darkness and began to rub against Evan's leg.

707 D3

T1

T2

T3 T4

rude

+ at Np • She rubbed at her eyes to remove the tears. (= rubbed lightly) + NP + ADJ • He had rubbed his hair dry so that it stood up in fluffy peaks. (= dried by rubbing) + Np + against Ν Rub a candle against the painted wood. She snuggled up as she had done earlier that evening and rubbed her head against his chest. + Np + over Ν He smiled and rubbed his hand over his chest. + Ν pi ρ + together He rubbed his hands together.

T5

T6

+ Np + with Ν Charles stood up at once, rubbing his beard with the back of his hand, α Rub the outside of the goose all over with Hoisin sauce. + Np + ADV« He tried to rub it off with his sleeve, but only succeeded in spreading the stains. Then a truly big cat rubbed her head along my thigh. He just sat in the dressingroom staring into space, his eyes all red from rubbing away the tears. α I told her to rub lavender oil under her jawbone, down the sides of the neck, on the muscles of the shoulders, and across the upper chest.

A person or an animal 1 can rub (i) something 11 with a part of their body or a thing VI , i.e. move it back and forth causing friction. (ii) a part of their body or a thing 11 against or over something ra, i.e. press it against that thing moving it back and forth. (in) against somebody or something 111 , i.e. brush against them. -> M D1 D2 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 also in phrasal verbs: rub away; rub down; rub off a A person 1 can rub (i) something 11 with a substance 111 , i.e. spread that substance on it. Œ 3 tí (ii) some substance111 into, over, etc. a surface IV , i.e. spread it. T5 T6 also in phrasal verbs: rub in; rub on: rub down Idiomatic phrasal verbs + along + with Ν One key quality you need to do a policy job in the civil service is the ability to work comfortably in a team - you must be able to rub along with others, especially a lot of middle-aged men. (= get along with) + down Later you may rub down with a cold wet flannel, or sponge, and dry with a warm rough towel. (= wipe your skin) + down «-» Np One man spent 1,500 hours simply rubbing down the gilded woodwork. (= cleaning) Then he rubbed himself down with clove oil. (= covered his skin) She eventually found the boy out behind the stables, rubbing down his mule with a brush braided from straw. (= cleaning)

rude P1

P2 P3 P4

P5

+ in T1 T2 T3 T4

save A

verb 'keep' Active: 1 / 3

i

li III IV

Β

II III IV

mm

ISiililiii:

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A(it) [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [N]p [for N]p [on N]p 'rescue' Active: 1 / 3

I

is the case 111 , i.e.

C

General: 0

Active: 2 / 3

Ι D1

T4

D1

T4

D1

T4

D1

T4

D1

T2.4

D3

T2

D4

T4

Il obi HI

Passive: 2 / 3

[ N ] a / [ b y N] [V-ing] A [N V-ing] A [N] [V-ing] [NJp

D2

T1

D2

T1 T1

D2

T1 T1

I B Ii ^ H H S H N i Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [N]p [for N] [from N/V-ing]

D1

T3

D1

T3

D1

T3 T3

D1

T2-3 T2 T3

M

A The majority of such people fully intend to save, but find that by the end of the month there is nothing left, or even that there is a deficit. Β All along the road were signs to remind me that I was now in the Bible Belt: Jesus Saves. Praise the Lord. Christ Is King.

D1

+ Np

A Canada Post decided to save some money by doing such things as closing post offices in small towns and reducing the number of mailboxes in cities. Interestingly, one of the best

methods of saving energy is the installation of a heat-recovery unit. Do you want me to save dinner till you get back? Hold on a minute! You mean that by increasing my monthly mortgage payment by as little as 3.9 percent I can save 28.31 percent of the total I repay the bank? Β If Mozart's doctor had correctly diagnosed his final illness, would he have been able to save him? Jobs may be saved in one sector only at the expense of jobs lost elsewhere. Twenty men who battled to save lives during

save

719

D2

D3

D4

T1

T2

Β

the Piper Alpha oil platform disaster have been given awards for their bravery. • An AMREF aircraft rushed him to Nairobi but surgeons were unable to save his left arm, which was shredded by shrapnel. (= prevent it being amputated) Goalkeeper Hans van Breukelen saved a penalty in the last minute. (= kept the ball out of the goal) + V-ing C The Central Japan Railway, for example, now sells tickets in bookshops and convenience stores to save queueing at stations. + for Np A If your company runs a pension scheme, it will probably be the best way to save for your retirement because your employer will also be contributing something. + on Np A It was warm there, so he saved on heating bills. + Np + N/V-ing C I never understood why he didn't just accede to our demands at the outset and save himself thirty minutes of anguish. A visit to a good divorce lawyer could save you thousands of pounds and years of misery. And that's when we can get food baskets and, there again, it saves me having to buy my staples for another week or two weeks or whatever. + Np + for Ν A Not feeling good, he preferred to save himself for the World Championships. Β If the public can be made to see the urgency of the need to change lifestyles to save the planet for their children, then people will accept sacrifice and work together.

T3

+ Np + from N/V-ing Β He had been instrumental in saving 30,000 Jews from concentration camps. His brother Jimmy bought the whole of Mexico's surviving rainforest to save it from destruction. The Sunday Express says Mr Scargill went to Paris to save himself from ruin. A BBC correspondent in Bucharest says the army is fighting with demonstrators in an attempt to save the government from being overthrown. Corporal Stephen Harvey (Royal Corps of Transport) gets the Queen's Commendation for saving a woman and a policemen from drowning. + Np + on Ν A The government is expected to announce next week details of a programme to save six hundred million pounds on the defence budget.

T4

accumulate it. (ii) Someone 1 can save a resource such as time or energy", i.e. not waste it. -» M D1 D3 D4 T2 T4 also in phrasal verbs: save up A person or action 1 can save II

(i) (ii) C

.

,

ÏV

a person, a country, a country's economy, etc." from a dangerous and unpleasant situation* T , i.e. protect them against it. a person's life", i.e. rescue that person from death.

Somebody or something 1 can save a person 111 doing something 11 , i.e. help them to avoid it.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up (+ for N) He followed the familiar pattern of saving up to start his own business. (= accumulate money) Dave Nellist (Lab, Coventry SE) said that even with the additional payment, it would take a year's child benefit to save up for a pram. (= accumulate money)

D2 T1

+ up Np (+ for N) What Yuri did was save up enough money to take the two of them away to the beach for a week. (= accumulate) For every holiday I like to save up one or two special novels that I am particularly looking forward to. (= keep but not read)

720

say

say

verb Active: 1/3

I II

III IV V vi

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

Passive: 1/3

[N]A/[byN] [that-CL] A ( i t ) [N]p D1 [something/a lot/etc.]p [that-CL]p( it ) D2 [wh-CL] P ( i t ) D3 [Q/S]p ( |t) D4 [so] D5 [not/otherwise] D5 [to Ν] [to-INF] [about Χ] [for Ν]

General: 0

T3.7 T1-2

T3.7 T5 T6 T4 T1.4-6 T2 T3 T7

I don't know, honestly, it didn't say in the letter. (only if clear from context) Sometimes I wonder how she regards these matters. She does not say, but instead she questions me. (only if clear from context) + Np I was sure Johnny said that. We have to be careful we don't say anything that would offend people. Henry walked by without saying a word. + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent) Chancellor Helmut Kohl has tried to allay such fears, saying that he wants a "European Germany" not a "German Europe". The Daily Telegraph says in an editorial that the meeting is the result of the ending of the Cold War in Europe. The declaration savi that in the transformed Europe NATO will be able to adopt a new strategy. It's often said that the next war in the Middle East will not be about oil, but water. It must be said that Professor Himmelfarb responded with great restraint. • Let's say your new spouse insists on his private space. (= assume) + wh-CLp(¡t) Egyptian officials say that without full details they cannot say who the captured men are. It is difficult to say why much of the history of this distinguished regiment was lost so rapidly. QUOTEp(it)/SENTENCEp(it) Whenever I tell her off for doing something she shouldn't, she says, "But Dad lets me." "We should speak more of what we expect from them," she said. He never goes to the cinema, theatre or concerts because, he says, he can't bear the thought of being trapped on other people's terms. + so/not/otherwise You know my brother's wife, sir. You know she's a very charming woman, of complete integrity if I may say so. But she's impulsive and a bit of a romantic. My impression was that the German Chancellor

T1

T2

T3

T4 T5

feared for his position as head of the Government, although he did not say so directly. I'd say not. I didn't try and engineer any kind of move and it is total rubbish to say otherwise. + N P + to Ν He regretted it immediately. It was just the kind of thing, he knew, that he should never say to any young people, · What do you say to a question like that? (= answer) What would you say to a trip to Rome? (= think about) be said + to-INF Vinegar is said to improve muscle tone. Some ministers are said to support the sale. + something/a lot/etc.ρ + about N/V-ing/ something/a lot/etc.p + about wh-CL/wh toINF Did he say anything about Ernesto Cata? Take a look at the Catholic Church and what the church is saying about questions affecting everyday life. About 44 percent of adults say lying to someone w h o ' s close to them is okay in some situations, and 34 percent say the same about lying to someone with whom they aren't close. Nothing has yet been said about how to protect investors who bought shares in companies outside their home republics earlier this year., The founders didn't bother to say anything about how the Fourth Amendment would be enforced. "I remember Jean saying they were going to redecorate his bedroom for him before he came back," Mollie said, "but that was some time ago and she didn't say anything about when it was likely to be." · What does the election say about the mood of voters in Massachusetts? (= reveal) + so + to Ν Her thought was unwelcomed by me, and I said so to her. + to Ν + (that)-CLP(it) Someone recently said to me that there are no atheists, that we all worship some god.

721 T6

sceptical

+ to Ν QUOTEp(it)/to Ν SENTENCEp(it) "And you, stay where you are,' ' he said to the actor.

T7

[it] + a lot/much + for Ν + that-CL Butitsayi a lot for her culinary skills that so many of her recipes have stood the test of time.

Say means 'make a statement, either in speech or in writing'. (i) A person' can say something 11 to another person 111 about a topic v . (ii) A person, an organization, or something written such as a report, a paper, a law or a statement 1 can say that something is the case11.

scatter

verb

Active: 1/3

ι ii III IV ν M D1

D2

Passive: 1/3

[ N J a / [by N] AGENT [N]p /EFFECTED [N] A [N]p [ADV] [with N]

General: 0 M

D1 D1

T1-2 T2

M D2 D2

T1 T2

T1

An armoured car drew up nearby and they all scattered in terror. + Np Security forces have managed to scatter demonstrators, who are now gathered in small pockets around the area of last night's serious violence. In an ill temper he pushed the plate aside and it clattered to the tiles, where it broke, scattering the discarded food. + ADV The witchdoctor came forward, dropped to his haunches, his hands clasped. He shook them, muttering, then flung them open.

T1

T2

The bones scattered on the ground. A group of about 30 police are rushing to disperse the mob. The attackers scatter into the back streets, but they're sure to be back. + Np + with Ν The floor had been scattered with fifty thousand silver stars and the waiters were dressed to match the exotic designs. + Ν ρ + ADV The tray of food upended, scattering its contents all over the wardress and the bedcover. Scatter the basil leaves over the salad.

Scatter can mean 'disperse or spread'. (i) A group of people, animals or things11 can scatter, i.e. separate and move in many different directions. (¡¡) Somebody or something 1 can scatter a group of people or things11, i.e. cause them to scatter, (iii) A person 1 can scatter a thing or area111 with things v , i.e. spread them over that thing or area. Note that scattered also occurs as an adjective in sentences such as: Copper mining here goes back at least to Roman times and there are still traces of old mine shafts scattered over the hill.

sceptical P1 P2 P3 P4

P5

adjective

attr The Times takes a sceptical attitude to the allegations. pred They had good reason to be sceptical. + that-CL Observers are now sceptical that a ceasefire can be reached by mid September. + whether/if-CL Some state-government officials are sceptical whether the film will ever be completed, but Mr Joife remains optimistic. I am sceptical if he will fit into the present set-up and I would question whether he would enjoy his cricket. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL (very frequent) Outsiders are right to be sceptical about promises of what will happen south of the Rio Grande. But many voters remain sceptical

P6

P7

about expressing their opinions publicly. One of my reasons for being sceptical about why Goebbels kept this diary is that things which are now quite well established are either passed over in silence or denied. Most people are deeply sceptical about whether computers could ever model the human mind, and many see the idea as obviously absurd. + as to wh-CL We have become increasingly sceptical as to whether such assessments and decisions can be as clear cut as is sometimes assumed. + at Ν I could see that Norma was sceptical at the suggestion that missing breakfast was the cause of her migraine.

722

scrupulous

P8 P9 P10

+ of Ν (frequent) I was highly sceptical of most of the stories. + on Ν City sceptical on North West's plans for taking over Norweb. + over N/wh-CL He is evidently sceptical

over the subjectivist philosophy. I confess that we had all been rather sceptical over whether they would in fact respect such a decision by the electorate.

Someone w h o is sceptical doubts the truth or reliability

scrupulous P1

P2

P3 P4

hey have been given.

adjective

attr The most effective way of preventing infection, should you land in an at-risk area, is paying scrupulous attention to hygiene. pred If every witness I have to deal with in my job was as scrupulous as you are, there'd be a lot less time wasted. [it] + to-INF (rare) It was hardly scrupulous to destroy a will. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL (frequent) They are scrupulous about authenticity, basing everything on originals in reference books or museums. Our public school officials are scrupulous about protecting all students from harassment.

P5

P6

+ in N/V-ing (frequent) Eliot was ever scrupulous in his choice of words. Our country has been particularly scrupulous in fulfilling these demands of international economic security. + with Ν Ε. Ν. Buxton would later find him rather unpleasant as he was not very scrupulous with natives. Not all public officials are so scrupulous with the public purse.

A person or an institution, a book or a report, etc. can be scrupulous (i) about a matter, i.e. take care to do everything properly (ii) in something they do (iii) with something (iv) with a person, i.e. treat them well.

search P1

P2

P3

noun

Inspector Jack Mason of Redcliffe Police said Kilcoy police heard of the teenager's disappearance too late on Saturday to organise an effective search. Alistair Emms, 47, went for a walk before the lecture and ended up being lifted to safety by helicopter yesterday after a five-hour search. + to-INF A desperate search to recapture dwindling cinema audiences is behind the oncegreat studio's production of a lurid blockbuster so explicit that it re-writes all the rules about sex on screen. + for Ν (> 30 %) If you feel a growing reaction against the traditional Christmas consumer madness, then the search for alternatives starts here. Willoughby, of Tottenham, north London, stalked night buses and scoured streets in his search for victims.

P4

P5

+ of Ν (frequent) A widespread search of the Gosford area, involving almost 60 police, was under way last night in an attempt to find the boy. He said there would still have to be a search of the ruined prison when the seven inmates who are refusing to surrender did finally give up. Other women have travelled in search of love, believing that to be their destiny. But like many before her, she took the overseas path in search of opportunity. + through Ν A search through the AngloSaxon Chronicle showed there had been a hurricane in 1090, leaving the building "sore shaken by the wind".

, "" ¡.,„ , 11 Λ A search is 'an attempt to find someone or something'. There can be a search forwmmmÊimmÊiÊimmmmmmm something or someone • (i) m (ii) of or through a place where it is thought they might be (iii) to achieve a particular aim. If a person is in search of something or someone, they are trying to find them.

723

secondary

search

verb

Active: 1 / 3

ι Il M

D1

D2

Passive: 113

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p

General: 0 IV

D1

T1

Now, as she searched, she found no trace of the photographs that had been taken while she was at Cheltenham Ladies' College, (only if clear from context) + Np Do you wish to search our bedroom? The police had every right to stop her, to question her and even to search her, if that was warranted. The place was surrounded by FBI and NIS agents. Inside, they were slowly searching closets, drawers, books, everything. Officials now say that more than 3500 houses were searched.

D3

T1

T2

+ for Np (> 30 %) Police in south-east England are searching for what they describe as a dangerous patient who's escaped from a topsecurity psychiatric hospital. We've recently been searching for a piece of furniture to hold our video and music equipment, but couldn't find anything that fitted the space. Seven years after the discovery of HIV, the virus which can lead to AIDS, we are still searching for a cure. He was going to say "stupid" but searched for a polite word.

[for N]p

D2

[ADV] [ADV]p_prep

D3

T1-2 T2

D3

+ ADVp.prep Searching about the hall they discovered a smaller room at the far end. It's the last time I'll be searching around my dusty loft. Very hurriedly he started searching through the unopened mail. + Np + for Ν They searched him for drugs. Barbara Chandler searches London and the Southeast for the latest shopping news. • He gave some thought to what had just occurred, searching his mind for a similar experience. (= trying to think of) + ADV + for Ν I searched through my things for a dry pair of socks. I had to search around for a bookie willing to take the bet.

A person 1 can search (i) for something they want to find111, i.e. look for it. (ii) a place, person, or thing 11 for something they want to find111, i.e. look for it there.

®m

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out P1 P2 P4

sentimental P1 P2 P3

P4

+ in N/V-ing A If you are sensitive in your approach, your gentle offers of help may be welcomed. I believe that a foreign company would not be quite as sensitive in running a national park. Β The lymphatic system is very sensitive in the accumulation of toxic material. + of Ν (rare) A "That's unusually sensitive of you, Hugh," said Matt. But we cannot do this until government department and schools are sensitive of cultural differences. Β The liquid crystal material is sandwiched between glass plates, along with a layer of dielectric mirror material and a layer of amorphous silicon which is sensitive of light. An alternating voltage is applied acrosss the sandwich. + to N/V-ing (frequent) A Manufacturers are becoming sensitive to health concerns and are making alternative versions of their regular products: low-fat items, non-fat mayonnaise, and that kind of thing. We are infinitely more sensitive to losing than to winning. Β My son, who is allergic to dairy products, and sensitive to cigarette smoke and traffic fumes, often has infected sinuses. The unaffected skin is likely to be pale and dry, so your child may be extra sensitive to touching.

adjective

attr I'm a sentimental person. pred I cry if I hear a song on TV or radio that is sentimental. [it] + to-INF (rare) It also didn't seem sentimental to believe that boys living on the street would also want to be hugged. + about N/V-ing (frequent) One can't afford to be sentimental about a place just because we played there as children. I can never under-

P5

Sentimental means 'showing a lot (often too much) feeling'.

stand why people become dewy-eyed and sentimental about the past. She also warns Australians against becoming sentimental about returning to "a mythical past" of family values and small-town civic virtues. + over Ν (rare) I don't want to wax too sentimental over dogs.

740

separate

separate A

verb

'split'

'distinguish'

Active: 1/3

•

Il obi

Passive: 1/3

Active: 2/3

[N] a / [by Ν] AGENT [N]p /EFFECTED [N]a

ι

Il Obi [ N ] p

T1

[V-ing] ill [from N/V-ing] ii+niobi [Np|/N and N]p

m

[from Ν] [into Np|/N and N] 'keep apart' Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1/3

[N] A / [by N] τι n di

General: 0

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] A /[byN] in ii+niobi IV M

[N]p

D1

[N]A [from N]

D2-3

[Np,/g roup /N

D2

and

T1

N]Am D1

[Npi/group/N a n d N J P

[into Np|/N and N] A

T1-2

D3

T2

D o not heat until piping hot, as yogurt will

separate.

theory about knowledge is fundamentally differ-

Beat with a wooden spoon into a

smooth, shiny paste. D o not overheat the mix-

ent from a theory in physics. D2

A

Β

off. The front end of the car separated from the

But even when a semi-detached couple do

separate, it takes time to make the final split.

After eight miles, the front of the Vega broke

rest of the vehicle.

In fact, he is the only one whom I would worry a

Β

lot about if my husband and I were to separate.

alised how much I'd changed since the last time

During the following twelve hours the warring

D1

+ from Ν (frequent)

ture or the butter will begin to separate.

When I separated from my husband, I re-

I was single.

The Prime Minister of Canada,

parties will separate and withdraw to beyond the

Mr Brian Mulroney, has warned that now is not

range of their weapons.

the time for the citizens of the mainly French-

+ Np

speaking province of Quebec to hold a referen-

A

dum on whether to separate from the rest of the

Separate the eggs and whisk the yolks with

grated lemon rind.

country.

Now deal with the horse's

arate any tangles, working up from the bottom of the tail to the roots.

03

When cooked, fluff the

+ into Np|/N and Ν A

rice with a fork to separate the grains. Β

Is it true that mothers and daughters

cannot separate from each other?

tail. It is often quicker to use your fingers to sep-

Stir gently until all of the milk has separated

into curds.

The two men announced their intentions to

regroup their fighters under joint command, to

Β T1

It was decided to separate into two groups.

+ Np + from Ν

stop all negative propaganda against each other

A

and to dismantle the green line separating

the bonnet during the reassembly of the car.

city.

the

"We try to separate fans as well as pos-

sible," groans UEFA security chief Rene Eberie. They had separated me and Zerk as soon as we told them why we were there.

Greg took steps to separate the radiator from Carefully separate the seedlings from each

other. Β

They needed to separate him from his mates.

Equipped

Half an hour later they could see the house,

with a compass they made their way down the

separated from the woods by two hundred me-

Shatt-al-Arab waterway that separates Iraq and

ters of open ground.

Iran.

dent, who was not particularly eager to have him

The police were called in to end scuffles

and separate the two sides.

David took her by

He persuaded the Presi-

in Washington, that he could not separate him-

the arm to prevent their being separated.

self from his troops for a longer journey.

C

+ Np/V-ingp + from N/V-ing

One point that von Hinrichsen makes very

strongly in his book is that damage to the coasts

C

is tied up with damage further inland; you can't

which separates

really separate the two.

Just four shots sepa-

dressmaker from the couturier.

rate the top ten players.

The point that seems

to separate truth from propaganda.

to separate Quine and Chomsky is whether a

Creativity is the single crucial

element

the cook from the chef, the It is difficult The study

of victims of crime and oppression cannot be

series

741

separated from understanding political and economic systems. If re-contextualising someone's art is equally valid as making it in the first place, what separates covering a song from writing it? Robert Ferguson separates mythologising from fact as best he can. • That could be important if he was to survive the eight days separating him from the rendezvous with the U-boat which would take him home. (= before the rendezvous) He said the church could not separate itself from politics A

T2

and it could not be indifferent to the needs of the community it represents. (= avoid involvment in politics) + Np + into Np|/N and Ν A Separate the peeled oranges into segments and cut each segment in half. Β The hostages were still strapped in their seats but, as Pamela had predicted, they had been separated into ethnic groups.

Separate can mean 'divide or be divided into parts', typically used in the following contexts: (i) Something, typically a substance, consisting of several components 1 1 can separate or be separated into its component parts I V . (ii) The parts of a composite thing 11 can separate or be separated from each other 111 , i.e. come

.

Β

C

apart. -» M D1 D2 D3 T1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: separate off; separate out Separate can mean 'move or keep apart', typically used in the following contexts: (i) A person 1 1 can separate or be separated from another person or a group of people. 111 (ii) People11"1"111 can separate or be separated. (iii) Two or more things or places11"1"111 can be separated, typically by an obstacle such as a river, a mountain range, etc. m m M D1 D2 D3 T1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: separate off Separate can mean 'distinguish'. (i) If you 1 are able to separate things, facts, e t c . I I + n l , you can keep or tell them apart. (ii) Some aspect or feature can separate two people or t h i n g s I I + m , i.e. establish the difference between them. -» D1 T1 also in phrasal verbs: separate out

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + off

After two minutes and six seconds the solid rocket boosters separated off just before their fuel ran out. (= fell off) + off 30%)

the cost of health care is so high, N P R ' s Patricia

A

Neighmond regrets that this imbalance is cost-

With another in his series o f reports on the

ing the country billions in wasted dollars.

prospects for the summit, here's our Diplomatic correspondent, Mark Brayne.

A series

In Part Four of our series on why

of

wooden bridges here was replaced by a stone crossing in 1229 and soon after the Priory of St John was built on the left bank.

They've

both had a series o f long-term partners, but have never had sex together. A series of events o r things is 'a numi being related'.

P1 P5 deal with

A series can be 'a number of sporting contests between the same teams

serious

adjective

attr

P1 P2

P3

P4

But Lauren is a more serious child who

smoker.

You can't be serious about that knife

practices the piano every day.

being the one from the dream.

pred

ous about it coming from your heart.

I ' m serious.

+ that-CL

(rare)

He looks serious.

If w e are serious that there is

+ in N/V-ing

P5

You aren't seri-

Eleanor Ritchey's will, though

a priority about the England team, as far as the

unusual, was serious in intent.

Premier League is concerned, then such condi-

isn't serious in its content, but obviously is se-

The proposal

tions should be laid down.

rious in its intentions.

+ about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing (frequent)

in encouraging them to reconsider their alle-

Claire is serious about her studies.

giances.

If you are

Johnson was

serious

serious about giving up cigarettes, it's worth giving some thought to what is, after all, an important change in your life: becoming a nonSerious, when used to describe a person or their behaviour, means 'thoughtful and sincere'.

serve A

verb . . . food

Β

Active: 1/3 Passive: 1/3 General: 0 , [N]A/[byN] llcont [N]p_2 /EFFECTED D1 T1-3.5—6 III

[N]p.i

IV V VI

[to N] [ADJ] [with N] [as Ν]

T1

BEN/REC

D2 D6

T5 T2 T6 T3

¡fISSIgfisggp

. . . function Active: 1 /3

[ N ] a / [by [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A llcont [N]p [to-INF] [for N] III [as N] Ι

Passive: 1 / 3 N]

D1.3—4T3 D1.3—4T3 D1.3-4T3 D1 T3 D3 D5 D4 T3

serve

743

C

TENNIS Active: 1/3

ι

[ N ] a / [by N]

H

[N]p [for N]p [as N] . . . country

III IV

D

Active: 2/2

General: 0

D1

Passive: 1/2

Il obi [N]p

D1

IV

[ADV]

D7

E

. . . customers

M

Active: 2 / 3

III

D4

Passive: 1/3

General: 0 D1

T4

[with N] [on N]

T6

[N]p

T6

T4

ÍKÜ Passive: 1/2

General: 0 D1

A Spoon the devilled eggs on each one, dust with paprika and serve, (used in instructions) (invented example) I think you can serve now, Mabel. Β But for the purposes of this preface, two briefer points will serve, (only if clear from context)

C Throughout the 10th game, as Graf served, Lindqvist skipped lightly from foot to foot like a child in a playground. D1

D1

¡§|ll!§l§¡Él§§Ípll§

ggj¡¡¡ [N]A/[byN]

[NJp [as N]

[N]p

Passive: 1/2

[ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p G . . . document

T3

Ü8®

II

Ii ob)

T3

D5

[N]A / [by N]

Active: 2/2

. . . sentence

¡¡jSgjj Active: 2/2 I

ι m

F

IS®®WmÊBSÊê Passive: 1/3

+ Np

A She was annoyed at being given only fortyfive minutes in which to serve a nine-course banquet for Queen Elizabeth. They wouldn't serve me in any pubs. The place we're going to doesn't serve alcohol or coffee. Β Some pains serve a useful purpose. They are urgent and unpleasant sensations, producing a strong need in us to make them stop. Taken together these could all serve his aim of economic cooperation to rescue the Soviet economy. C Steffi Graf finally beat Monica Seles in straight sets 6 - 2 , 6 - 1 , five and a half hours after the first ball was served. Sanchez was upset by the local favourite Marc Rosset, who served 12 aces in winning 6 - 4 , 3 - 6 , 6 - 3 . D Tories have found it increasingly impossible to serve both old mistress and new master. He said they were mischievous people who did not desire to serve the public sincerely. Now Ivoreans are wondering whether he realistically expects to serve the whole of another five year term in power. E Most of the commercial stations serve large audiences, either across a city or a region. Shops dealing in antique carpets serve a steady stream of customers bringing their rugs in to be cleaned and repaired.

D2 D3

D4

D5

D6

F Marks will be eligible for parole in six years but the judge accepted his plea that he should be allowed to serve his sentence in Britain to be near his family. Police said Braiden, serving six years and 10 months for armed robberies and car stealing, was considered dangerous. G Lawyers for Price Waterhouse served the order as Mr Pollard left court. • All recipes serve 4. (= provide an amount of food suitable for) The overnight train serves Poole, Bournemouth, Brockenhurst, Southampton, Southampton Parkway, Winchester, Basingstoke, Reading and Oxford and runs every night of the week. (= stops at) + ADJ A Serve cold, (used in instructions) + to-INF (frequent) Β These two taxes will serve to raise additional revenue. This runs completely counter to the accepted wisdom that denials only serve to heighten suspicion. + a s Ν (very frequent) Β The CSCE can serve as a forum to facilitate the political resolution of conflicts. Boiled potato peelings can serve as a cheap and painless dressing for burns, according to research at the Wadia Hospital in Bombay. D But the general said his return to the government would require an election and he was happy to serve as an adviser. + for Ν Β And they would serve equally well for cut flowers the rest of the year. + for Np C Frana was sewing for the match at 5 - 4 and two points away from the victory in the third set before hitting two straight shots into the net. + with Ν A Serve with fresh fruit, (used in instructions)

744

serve

D7

T1

T2

T3

A Β

C D

E

+ ADV (frequent) D The first Latino in this century to serve on the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors will be Gloria Molina Mrs Maguire's husband, Patrick, had served in the British Army. General Schwarzkopf met the youngest soldier to serve in the Gulf. I was asked if I would serve on this coaching committee really as an athletes' representative. Only two independents have agreed to serve under Mr Lukanov. Syrian troops were to serve alongside American and British troops as well as contingents from other European states and elsewhere. The new government will serve until fresh general elections in a few months. + Np + Np A One husband in the 1870s even won a divorce because his wife refused to serve him breakfast. + NP + ADJ A You can serve lobster cold in a cocktail or use it in hors d'oeuvres, salads or sandwiches. + Np + a s Ν A Spoon it on jacket potatoes, or serve it as a sauce.

T4

T5

T6

Β He looked around for a fallen branch that would serve him as a crutch. C It's been a tremendous privilege to serve this country as Prime Minister. + Np + on Ν G But a major creditor, Custom Service Leasing Ltd, which obtained a judgment for $ 178,454.45 against Behnfeld in April 1989, in his absence, is yet to personally serve the claim on him. Nottingham police have served a deportation order on him. + Np + to Ν A Sara served tea to her guests. He could have his breakfast served to him and could begin work by 8 am. + Np + with Ν A This is an excellent condiment to serve with roast, grilled or poached lamb and rabbit. He chopped ham and a shallot, grated cheese, and served her with coffee, which she thought was the best she had tasted for a long time. G Immigration officers accompanied by the police tried to serve her with a deportation order.

A person 1 can serve somebody 111 food or drinks 11 , i.e. provide them. M D1 D2 D6 T1 T2 T3 T5 T6 also in phrasal verbs: serve out; serve up Somebody or something 1 can serve (i) a particular purpose or function 11 (ii) for a particular purpose or function 11 , i.e. be useful for this purpose or help to achieve it. M D1 D3 D4 D5 T3 A person 1 can serve in tennis, squash, etc., i.e. throw up and hit the ball in order to start play. - + M D 1 D5T3 A person 1 can (i) serve another person, a country or organisation, especially a government , i.e. work in their interest. (ii) serve in the military IV , i.e. be a soldier. D1 D4 D7 also in phrasal verbs: serve out A person, shop or other business 1 can serve customers n , i.e. provide them with goods or services. - • D1 A person 1 can serve (i) a sentence" (ii) a certain amount of time11, i.e. spend that amount of time in prison. >D1 ~ Somebody in authority like the police 1 can serve (i) a legal document" on a person 1 " (ii) a person 1 " with a legal document", i.e. deliver it. D1 T4 T6

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out «-> Np If you try and serve out equal portions of food all the time, you will soon find that they are measuring each bit of food. (= distribute) Miss Clare and I served out slices of cold meat. (= served) + out + Np The president is now even by his own ad-

mission eighty five and although in good health at the moment may not be able to serve out another full five year term. (= complete) + up «-» Ν Now, with the minimum of effort, you can serve up crisp and colourful vegetables, succulent fish and tender meats steamed in their own

set

745

juices. (= provide for your guests) If 19 million people a week choose lFM's format of pop, features and news then isn't this BBC station serving the public as well as those which serve up sport, weather, rolling news, drama and orches-

session P1

noun

The Commons meets this afternoon for the start of a parliamentary session that could lead to a general election. Dr Bernal explained that the format of the session had changed. + of Ν (very frequent) He told an emergency session of parliament that Uzbekistan was not prepared to become a second class republic. When in El Pardo, his daily routine was still to rise at eight, and undergo a session of massage and physiotherapy with his doctor Vicente Gil. Arriving in Paris for another session of talks between the four wartime allies and the two Germanies, Mr Baker described it as a recognition of the importance of German sovereignty and the right development for all Europe. + on N/V-ing/on wh to-INF Mr Nujoma asked for the application to be dealt with quick-

P2

P3

tras? (= offer) There are very few foreigners who truly understand Berlin, rather than just accepting the manure they serve up in guide books. (= offer; a pejorative use)

ly, so that Namibia would be able to take part in the special General Assembly session on economic development, which opens in two weeks' time. The only preparation was a three-day inservice induction with one session on teaching Muslim children. Sunday will feature more exercise and relaxation, as well as a session on how to keep your life as stress-free as possible. + with Ν (frequent) East was already having sessions with the community psychiatric nurse. But her breakfast had been broken into by a phone call from Charley, cancelling a work session with her later that day.

P4

A session can be a meeting of (a) a body of people that convene regularly or (b) of two people such as a doctor, esp. a psychotherapist and a patient.

set A

verb 'become solid' Active: 1 / 2

ι [N] A / [by N] AGENT Hobt [N]p /EFFECTED Β

'attack'

Passive: 1 / 2

d D

II

III

[N]a M ... time, deadline, example Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N] a „ [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [for Ν to-INF] A II obi [N]p.2 /EFFECTED HI [Nip.! BEN/REC IV [at N: QUANT] v [for N] c 'place' ¿ ¡ u m Active: 2 / 3 Passive: 1 / 3 [N]A/[byN] I II obi [N]p III [ADV]«

IV

I

T8.10

D1

T1

Active: 3 / 3

D1

T1

D1

T1

D1

T1.6-7

[ N ] a / [by N] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A II obi [N]p [to N] III [Np] [on N] IV [ADJ] [V-ing] V [ADV]

T1 T6 T7

SSSSSgStfBfflxSiiSfiiS&sMiSl D1

T12 T12

D2

T13

D3

T8

D4

T10 T13

T1

cause Passive: 2 / 3

ι

T2.4 T2.4.12 T4.12 T2.4.8.12 T9 T9 T8 T2 T4 T12

Further u s e s

Active: 2 / 2

[N] A

II obi [about N/V-ing]

Passive: 1 /3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N] P [about N]p [on N]p [upon N] P [with N]

D1

'start' lobi

Active: 2 / 3

General: 0

D2

[to-INF] [against N] [with N]

T3 T5 T11

746

set

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

A Push the uncooked eggs on the edges towards the centre until the omelette is beginning to set. When the glue has set, each end of the block is rounded into a semi-circular shape. • The sun had set already, the stars were out - pinpricks in the overwhelming darkness of the skies. (= gone below the horizon) + Np A Bring the pan to the boil and simmer until the crab apples and quinces are mushy. This is important to release enough pectin to set the jelly. Β I set a date for our first visit: September 15, 1982. Do you think that the Royal Family should set an example when it comes to marriage? If I set a deadline, it was met. If the school sets an entrance exam, find out what form it takes and buy practice papers. Some human-rights leaders and left-wing critics fear the new laws set a dangerous precedent of caving in to right-wing violence. C Three thirty-two in the morning! She brushed her hair back and reached over, setting the alarm again. Dinner's ready, kids. Turn off the TV and set the table. • When I asked if no doctor in Tibet could set a dislocated bone, they seemed to be much surprised at my improbable question. (= fix it in a straight position to heal it) He tried to set this trap for the Prime Minister yesterday. (= tried to trap) I arranged a rate with him and we set sail through the lock that had barred our way the night before. (= began to sail) Instead, she set her jaw grimly and waited in silence. (= put on an expression of determination) + about N/V-ing D Opposition activists have been complaining bitterly that the Socialists rigged the elections and set about a campaign of disinformation against the UDF. Fotheringham has set about his task with dedication and care. Now the Government has set about trying to reverse the trend and roll back the tidal wave of the permissive society. How did you set about developing this robot? + about Np E Early in the 1990 World Cup, German thugs set about Yugoslav supporters in the cathedral square in Milan. + on Np E They yelled abuse and set on him, punching him in the face and the stomach. + upon Np E One English fan needed hospital treatment last night after being set upon by a dozen Italian youths.

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6 T7

T8

+ Np + Np Β We will train you first before we set you a task. Alexander Haley, with his book 'Roots', set us a good example by exploring his personal roots in the eighteenth century. I'll have to set you an intelligence test before I can give you a job. The Northern Ireland Secretary, Mr Peter Brooke, has set himself a deadline of three weeks to complete negotiations. + Np + ADJ F He is known to be unhappy at people he sees as terrorists being set free. Come back with us tonight, Eddie. Let's set things right. I felt that having been personally involved, I ought to write and set the record straight. In Kuwait, several hundred oil wells, set alight as a result of the war are still burning and polluting the atmosphere. be set + to-INF (frequent) • The number of cars in Europe is set to double in the next twenty years or so. (= certain or likely to) + Np + V-ing F Rain blinded her, thunder set her heart pounding. Mrs Struthers' last remark set Nancy thinking. + Np + against Ν • On the other hand, if you are renting a TV and video, you are probably making a big mistake. Just add up the annual rental costs and set these against the costs of buying second-hand machines. (= compare them with) The accountant will know what expenses you can set against tax. (= deduct from) They hope to set some leaders against others, and split the Party and society. (= make them enemies) + Np + at N: QUANT Β The economy-class fare is set at £ 1,608. + Np + for Ν Β The EU would probably try to set a later date for monetary union rather than abandon it altogether. A couple of half point cuts in the new year would set the scene for a recovery in transactions. Despite fears to the contrary, the outcome of the latest dispute will not set the tone for the rest of German industry. + Np + on Ν E A boy of seven had his face ripped open by an alsatian after its owner set the dog on a group of children. F They then moved to a nearby village and set a hut on fire. + Np + on N/V-ing • But the message isn't that you can't have what you had set your heart on. (= had wanted very much) He fell in love with her the mo-

747

T9

T10

T11

T12

A Β

C

D E

set

ment he set eyes on her. (= saw) Once she sets her mind on doing or wanting something, there will be no discouraging her. (= wants to do) + Ν + to Ν F Local residents said security forces set fire to Sopore's main markets and prevented fire brigades from attending to it. + Np + to Ν • Her songs were poetry set to music. (= accompanied by) + Np + upon Ν E He set his creatures of the night upon me and I had to do battle for my very soul! be set + with Ν • Today, for under £ 2,000, it is possible to buy a Faberge gold brooch set with a couple of diamonds. (= with diamonds in its surface) + Np + ADV«. C Immediately you board the aircraft, set your watch back to the time at today's destination. We set the gate against the corner post nearest

T13

the house's front door. She held the phone away from her ear and stared at it as if she might embrace it, then set it gently on its cradle. These holes were counterbored to set the screws below the surface. + Np + ADV F She sat down in an old cane rocking chair and set it in motion. • He wrote the screenplay for 'Racing With the Moon', a lovely coming-of-age picture set in the '40s. (= taking place in) In 1973, Susan Shaw became the first woman to set foot on the floor of the London Stock Exchange. (= enter) + about Np + with Ν E Anne, who had just returned from a riding lesson, set about her brother with her riding crop.

Set can be used to describe the process whereby a liquid becomes solid. -> M D1 Set can mean establish something as a demand or task for others'. A person1 can set (i) someone 1 " something such as a deadline, a target, a task, a test, an examination, etc.". i.e. require other people to fulfill it. (ii) something such as a date for a meeting", i.e. fix a time for it. (iii) an example" or set someone" 1 an example i.e. behave in a model way. ->D1 T1 T6T7 Set can mean 'place or put'. A person 1 can set (i) someone or something 11 somewhere 111 , i.e. place or put them there. (ii) the table", i.e. place cutlery, etc. on it. (iii) something such as a clock or an alarm", i.e. adjust it to the right time. —> D1 T12 A person 1 can set about some difficult task", i.e. start carrying it out. -» D2 Set can mean 'attack'. A person or animal" can set (i) about or on someone or something" 1 , i.e. attack them. (ii) about someone 1 " with a weapon l v (iii) an animal" on someone 1 ", i.e. make it attack them. —» D2 D3 D 4 T 8 T 1 0 T 1 3 Set can mean 'make or cause to be'. Someone or something 1 can set (i) someone" doing something IV , i.e. cause them to do it. (ii) someone or something" free, right, etc. l v . (iii) something" on fire"1 or set fire1" to something", i.e. make it burn. -> T2 T4 T8 T9 T12

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + apart Np (+ for N) Holiness means separation from the surrounding culture, to be set apart for a holy purpose. (= singled out) "You can do a good deal even crossing an ocean", she told him, "if you set apart two or three hours a day for work." (= reserve) + apart «-> NP (+ from N) It is this anguished seriousness that sets him apart from every other American dramatist. (= distinguishes him from)

+ aside —• (NP) Add parsley and set aside, (only if clear from context) (= put it aside; used in instructions) Lavell's Lake has been set aside as a conservation area. (= declared to be) And so I found a way to set aside my worries and fears. (= forget) It is also helpful to set aside the money you normally waste on cigarettes every week, and use it to offset outstanding bills. (= save) The Supreme Court today refused to

set

set aside a new law that bans federal employees from receiving money for speeches and written articles. (= overturn) A few weeks ago the United Nations came up with a plan that requires the combatants that remain in one part of the region to set aside their guns and start preparing for elections. (= give up) + back + Np + Ν QUANT Between you, you've set women back at least 20 years with your separatist bullshit and a platform to express it. (= delayed the progress of) A 50s Wurlitzer will set you back around £ 5,000. (= cost you) + down Np New regulations set down in April by the Lord Chancellor mean that those with an income of £ 20,000 or more will not be eligible for any legal aid. (= established) The coach set him down at the gates of the prison. (= stopped to let him get off) Set down your thoughts about the topic. (= put in writing) + forth + (on N) It was during the reign of Queen Isabella of Castile that Christopher Columbus set forth on his epic voyage of discovery which was destined to open up the New World. (= started out; a literary use) + forth + Ν The Program of the CPSU, the Party's main document, sets forth its theoretical and ideological foundations. (= explains systematically) + in As the tour wore on, however, some doubts set in, (= began to grow) On the first day of her fast, a terrible headache set in. (= started) He became homeless just as winter set in. (= began) + off Many people set off early to drive to holiday areas. (= left) + off w Np Zimbabwe's Finance Minister, Mr Bernard Chidzero, has warned the West that it could set off an explosive conflict with developing countries if it diverts aid and investment to eastern Europe. (= start) The trio set off the studio's fire alarm. (= made it start ringing) You could use some of that chamomile tea to lighten your hair, all around your face. It would set off your blue eyes. (= provide a nice contrast to) Cross had the impression that a slight emotional push would set him o f f . (= make him react) The plotters set off a bomb in Hitler's bunker. (= exploded) + off Np + against Ν All employers who meet childcare costs can set these off against their liability for corporation tax. (= deduct them from) The flowers of June are set off against foliage that still bears the sweet innocence and freshness of spring. (= are contrasted with) + Np + off + on Ν Discussing hangings set him off on the subject of pain in general, and he advanced the fatuous opinion that mental anguish

748

was worse than physical. (= made him start talking about) + Np + off + V-ing That set me off thinking about Toby. (= started me) + out He got straight up, got into his tracksuit and set out in the darkness, jogging. (= left) + out Np In the same work he set out his idea of the nature of Christ. (= explained systematically) Special dumplings or rice cakes are made and eaten and offerings are set out. (= laid out) + out + to-INF Then as a man of early mid-life at forty-three, he had set out to fulfill a worthwhile public ambition by building his hospital. (= began to try to) + to They all set to and with a little help from the local authority they tore down walls and virtually rebuilt the place. (= started working with determination) + up (+ a s N) And in any case assistants often proved more trouble than they were worth because they demanded favorable terms of service and in time could set up on their own with little difficulty. (= start a business) Theoretically anyone can set up as a therapist, but in practice training standards are high and improving all the time. (= start a business) + up *-> Np GKN, the automotive, defence and industrial services group, is poised to become the first UK company to set up a manufacturing plant in eastern Germany since German unification. (= build) "Once activated," says Habeshaw, "these cells will set up a chain reaction of Tcell activation." (= start) But I really I don't remember when I set the account up. (= started) The aide refused to comment on whether the proclamation of sovereignty meant that Slovenia would set up its own armed forces. (= establish) It was her money that got them over here and set him up in business. (= established him) A pub lunch set me up nicely for the ride back. (= made me ready for) + up .

W 1

+ of Ν (rare)

P4

• Sharp of eye, and sharp of mind and tongue, although never malicious, Fred Tilston remained a delightful companion. (= very observant) + with Ν His voice was sharp with irritation. Eileen was a bit sharp with him.

P5

....

• ,

t

A person can be called s h a r p if they are very quick to react, often critically or aggressively.

shelter A

verb

'protect'

Β

Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1/3

[N]a / [by N] II obi [N]p [from N] II

General: 0

I

IV 01

D2

D3

T1

A Β

« « ~ P1 P2 P3 P5

[ADVjp.prep

D1

T1-2 T1 T2

I it til

+ Np

A No one would shelter an English spy in Tabriz. Work is still continuing on another transit camp which can shelter fifty thousand people and officials say it should be open by Sunday. It was once the kitchen garden of a Victorian country house, whose weathered walls now shelter a formal rose garden. + from Np Β Her servants began to set up a tent so that the Queen might shelter a while from the heat of high noon. Here she paused, sheltering from the rain under the gate's small roof. + ADVp-prep

(frequent)

Β He was speaking about the growing crisis in the Albanian capital, Tirana, where thousands of people seeking to leave are continuing to shelter in embassies. General Gamelin was a chief exponent of what came to be called the Maginot Mentality, the belief that France could shelter behind a fixed line of defence. During the winter, young aphids shelter in cracks or under old pieces of bark where they avoid winter washes of insecticide. He could not shelter behind the Secretary of State or the Chiefs of Staff. + Np + from Ν A Mothers were advised to keep their preschool youngsters busy with pleasant things and to shelter them from news of the war.

'find protection' Active: 2 / 2

T2

Passive: 1/2

[N]A/[byN] [from N]p [ADV]p.prep

General: 0

D2 D3

Many a time have I set up a box to shelter me from the drifting snow or the sleety shower. Even hats that shelter outdoor workers from the sun are not considered protective clothing by the Tax Office. + Np + ADV A Thousands of people have been moved out of their homes and out of factories near the fire and Red Cross workers are preparing to shelter them in a large sports ground. Kenny went to sidestep him, instinctively trying to shelter the champagne bottle under his jacket. Investors in unit and investment trusts should consider sheltering their shares in a tax-free personal equity plan.

Shelter can mean 'give protection' from some danger or unwanted influence Shelter can mean 'find protection'. D2 D3

755

shine

shine

verb

A

light.. Active: 112 lobi [N] A II

[ADJ]

III

[with N]

IV

[ADV]

Β

'stand out Active: 112 [N]a

lobi LI HI

[ADJ] [at N ] [in N]

M

D1

D2

D3

A

Β

D

D2 D5 D6

c itig lobi II III D

'show emotion' Active: 112

[with N] 'direct'

¡ffjgj [N]A/ Il obi [ N ] P

A Many held torches which were beginning to shine brightly as the winter dusk gathered. Getting a bit cloudy in Scotland and Northern Ireland overnight but tomorrow it'll all go and the sun will shine again. Cat gave his counter a polish with a soft duster; he liked everything he owned to shine. Her hair was jet black, shining as though it had been oiled. Β In truth the carrot is a splendid vegetable that offers the cook the chance to shine. C You'll see your mother's eyes shine. + Np D One of the tanks shines a searchlight and points its guns at the crowd. + ADJ A The sky was ablaze with the stars shining bright. Their plumage shone red-gold in the sunshine. Β Only a star can do that, and in Conrad's near-perfect International Showroom, Shirley Maclaine has rarely shone brighter or been more fondly worshipped. C But his eyes still shone bright in the wrinkled olive face and his step as he came across the room was steady. + at Ν Β Most kids have one skill at school and that means that they can shine at something at least.

III

D4 D5

D6

Τ

D2 D5

[ADJ]

manActive: 2/3 D2 D3 D4

|g|j§g|

[N]A ¡8IS8S Passive: 1 /3 iSSM¡i¡8SIS

[by N]

[ADV]^

D1

Τ Τ

+ in Ν Β He certainly shines in anatomy. + with Ν A His broad forehead shone with sweat, and his rounded chin shivered with emotion. C She was hopping and skipping by my side, her face shining with joy. + ADV (frequent) A As we left he was still sitting at the bar, with his car parked outside and the late spring sunshine shining on its bonnet. Her headlights shone on a row of ancient sugar maples across the road. The streetlamps along the tarmac path didn't shine out into the dark centre of the lawn where the big trees grew. + Np + ADVÖ D It is a metal instrument that uses fibre optics to simultaneously shine a light into the body and pass back a clear picture to the operator. + N P + ADV • It will shine a magic light on the mysterious nature of human happiness. (= make it clearer as if by magic)

Shine can mean 'emit or reflect light': (i) A light, the sun, the moon, etc.1 can shine, i.e. emit light. (ii) Something 1 can shine a certain colour 11 , i.e. have that appearance. -> M D2 D5 D6 · ^SSSSSÎSE A person or thing 1 can shine, i.e. stand out from others. -> M D2 D3 D4 also in phrasal verbs: shine out If you say that somebody's face or eyes 1 shine bright 11 or shine with a positive emotion like love, joy, e t c . m , you mean they are very spirited. -> M D2 D5 A person or some device 1 can shine a light11 somewhere 111 , i.e. point it there. -> D1 Τ

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + forth From the heart of Charlotte Joko Beck's teachings, the simplicity of Zen shines forth:

plain, transparent, cleansed of unnecessary paradox and obfuscation. (= becomes apparent)

shock

756

+ out (+ from Ν) Only the atmospheric 'Rainforest' shines out from this set of badly-dated period pieces. (= stand out) There is a perfectly genuine charm that shines out from behind all the phoniness. (= becomes apparent)

shock

verb

Active: 1 / 3

I

+ through But, though the delivery was invariably muddled, the message always managed to shine through. (= become apparent)

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [to-INF] A ( i t ) [that-CL] A ( i t ) [N V-ing] A

D D d d

T1-2 T1 T2

[N]p [into N/V-ing] [out of N/V-ing]

General: 0

T1-2 τι T1

Mary Ellen Mark never finishes a sentence. The pictures do that for her. They challenge, disturb, disorient. They shock. But you have to be controversial - if you have everything looking justso it's very boring. I like to shock a little. We were always trying to be creative and to shock! + NP Two surveys published this week have shocked the American public. German horse owners have been shocked by a series of brutal horse attacks which has killed eight horses and left 1 3 severely wounded. She wore one of her more demure dresses for dinner. No need to shock anyone so soon. • Avoid using an electric mower on wet grass as cable damage could result in electricity travelling through the wet grass to shock the user. (= give an electric shock to) [it] + Np + to-INF It shocked me to hear him say that so sincerely.

[it] + Np + that-CL It still shocked him that he had been so wrong. + Np + into N/V-ing The White House is hoping that its latest budget forecasts will shock congressional and administration negotiators into action in cutting the budget deficit. Advertising campaigns aimed mainly at adults have largely failed in their attempts to shock or frighten people into adopting safer sexual practices.

T1

T2

+ Np + out of N/V-ing It was important, he said, to shock Nigerians out of their complacency before AIDS became as devastating in Nigeria as in other African countries. Humberside Probation service hopes to shock young criminals out of reoffending.

Shock means 'surprise and upset someone'. Something or someone1 can shock /·, f 1 π (ι) a person or group of people" π τπ (ii) a person or organisation" (a) into taking some action 1 ", i.e. make them do something, (b) out of some 111 attitude or behaviour , i.e. make them change it.

Shoot A

verb . . . gun

Active: 1 / 3

ι

» III IV ν VI

Β Passive: 1 / 3

[N] a / [by N] [N]p BEN/REC [at N]p [N]p INSTRUMENT [with N] [ADV]p. p r e p [ADJ]

FOOTBALL Active: 1 / 2

Passive: 1 / 2

[ N ] a / [by N ] II [N]p III [at N] IVmarg [with N] C FILM

General: 0

ι

D1

T2-4.6

02

T3.5

D1 D4

T4.5

D5

T6 T2

Active: 2 / 3

ι

D1 D2 D4

jí'iiÉ'SStíÁ

Passive: 1 / 3

General:

[ N J a / [by N ]

II [N]p III [with N] IVmarg [ADV]p. p r e p

D1

T4.6

D4

T4

D5

T6

757

D

shoot

. . . s o m e w h e' r e

»«ttfTOfwriWrífítiwítr^

Further uses

-*·'•-'"·*

[for N]

Active: 2 / 3 ι

[ N ] a / [ b y N]

il

[N]

in obi

E

[ADV]^

'directActive: 3 / 3

I II obi III

M

D1

[N]

A

Passive: 2 / 3

/[byN]

[N]P-2

T1.3

[N]I

T1

[at N]

T3

A With no words they rose together from the pit and ran forward, sprinting for cover, diving and then shooting. Β He shoots from ten yards out, and scores. The crowd whistles its approval. C (invented example) She was shooting in Morocco in the eighties.

D4

Β Impey found himself in a position where he could either shoot at goal, cross to the far post or embarrass United in any number of ways. + for Ν • We're shooting for a deficit that's below $200 billion by the end of fiscal year 1998. (= aiming) + with Ν A Why shoot with one gun when two does the job with more panache? Β (invented example) He always shoots with his left foot. C If you shoot with the flashgun in its usual on-camera position, you'll also satisfy the second requirement of a horizontal lighting direction.

D5

+ ADVp.prep

D3

+ Np

A I've never shot a gun in my life. The Peruvian army has denied reports that an army general was shot and killed in a guerrilla ambush, saying instead that he was severely wounded. IRA terrorists have shot and seriously wounded two RUC policemen in Belfast city centre. If you come near me I will shoot myself. They were prepared for war and they were committed to their cause. As men who shot game for food, they were natural marksmen. An archer will light the Olympic flame by shooting a fiery arrow. Β I saw Teresa Edwards and Suzie McConnell and Cynthia Cooper and the rest of them running the court so quickly and shooting the ball so athletically - it was really fun to watch. C She's got two films coming up and is shooting a TV series for Aaron Spelling. Stand well back, put the camera on a tripod, and use a standard lens or wideangle to shoot the Norman towers of this Gothic cathedral. • He was shooting pool with two other men, the three of them circling the table with their cues. (= playing) One or two of the musicians were occasionally shooting heroin, and everyone else smoked dope and drank constantly. (= injecting themselves with; an informal use) Two of the favourites share the lead on twelve under par. They are Greg Norman of Australia who shot a 66 - and Britain's Nick Faldo, who went one better with a 65. (= achieved a score of) D2

D3

+ at Ν (frequent) A George likes me and he trusts me and he isn't going to shoot at me. Watch our backs. Don't shoot at anything, just warn me.

A Open your window, drive slowly and shoot from the car to avoid leaving cartridges on the scene. C Always shoot from the same side of the course. + ADV

T1

D I bade him farewell and shot off down the hill on my bike. Altogether I think Alan Judd has written a really remarkable biography, and it has already shot onto the British best-seller lists. And flames shot hundreds of feet into the air. I yanked back my hand as the pain shot through it. I drove on for about 15 yards and saw him shoot up the dual carriageway, the wrong way. Freddie was an extraordinary rock star who rushed across our cultural landscape like a comet shooting across the sky. • Ian shot to fame as the boy soprano on Cliff Richard's Christmas single "Mistletoe and Wine". (= achieved sudden fame) His next trick was to trap a pass and flick the ball through a defender's legs in one move, only to shoot wide. (= to shoot past the goal) +Ν+ Ν E She shoots him a stern look and says "Don't".

758

shoot T2

+ N p « A D J (usually dead) (very

frequent)

A Hundreds of people were shot dead by sniper fire or in clashes involving police in recent weeks. T3

+ Np + at Ν

A "So far as the Government is concerned, the Somalian should not have died from warning shots since these are not normally shot directly at people," said the reporter. E Fazli Rabbi shot a glance at Maryam to make sure that she was absorbing the lesson. They sat stern-faced, opposite me, and began to shoot questions at me. Τ4

+ Np + w i t h Ν

A I'm just going to shoot him with my blaster. C But a £5,000 commercial is something I would have to shoot with a beta-cam. T5

T6

A

Β C

D E

+ at Np + w i t h Ν

A But if you shoot at a fox with a twelve bore shotgun and hit it you won't kill it. + Np + ADV A An IRA killer who had shot his way out of prison where he was serving time for murdering a soldier was sentenced to at least 30 years for a

new murder, this time of a policeman. A detective who guards Princess Diana accidentally shot himself in the leg yesterday. Three men were shot to death. The buildings were shot to pieces and burnt out. C One of the most invigorating things about these two movies is that they are slickly professional, shot in ravishing colour and possessed of canny wit. • After a time the fort's flag was shot away, and people watching the action from the town thought that the island had been surrendered. (= destroyed by shooting) Part of his left ear had been shot off in the War. (= destroyed by shooting ) + Ν + ADV« D Trying to break my fall, I shoot out my hand. • By choking off Polly Peck's short-term financing, the banks had shot themselves in the foot. (= harmed themselves)

Shoot means 'fire a weapon'. A person 1 can shoot (i) a person or an animal 11 , i.e. wound them. (¡¡) at a person or an animal111, i.e. aim at them. (iii) a person or an animal 11 dead v i , i.e. kill them. (iv) a g u n l v , i.e. operate it. (v) bullets or arrows lv . -> M D1 D2 D4 D5 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 also in phrasal verbs: shoot down A person 1 can shoot a ball11, i.e. hit or throw it. -» M D1 D2 D4 Shoot can mean 'take pictures with a camera'. (i) A director or a film team 1 can shoot a movie, TV series, etc. u , i.e. make it. (ii) A person1 can shoot something 11 , i.e. take a picture of it. D1 D4 D5 T4 T6 also in phrasal verbs: shoot off Shoot can mean 'move very fast'. -> D5 T6 A person1 can shoot a glance or question" at someone 111 , i.e. quickly look at them or ask them something. T1 T3

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down Np There is still grief over the casualties in this latest outbreak of 'people power', those fellow-protesters who have been shot down by the army and police in the past few weeks. (= shot without warning) Latest reports on the fighting in El Salvador say a government plane has been shot down in the east of the country. (= caused to crash by gunfire) Mr. Bush has said before that he would veto a plan that raises the top tax rate, but his letter was his most direct attempt yet to shoot down the Democratic leadership's alternative. (= reject and ridicule) + off ^ Np On an impulse Paula reached down by her feet for her own camera, guessed distance, expo-

sure, speed, and shot off two frames to finish the spool, focusing squarely on the observer's window. (= took two pictures) + up «-» Np Troops regularly round up young people and shoot up the houses. (= damage them by shooting at them; a very informal use) + up (+ to N) Prices of consumer goods have shot up in Nepal. (= increased quickly) Outside seminaked prostitutes stand in doorways and drug addicts shoot up in the back alleys. (= inject drugs; a very informal use) I was a size 18 when he left and by the time I joined him five months later, I'd shot up to a size 22. (= grown quickly)

759

shout

short P1

adjective attr A The Golf GTI had been parked at Tring, only a short distance from his home. The strike is continuing to paralyse life there with electricty and water now in short supply. pred A The message was short: "I think of you constantly." In the fifth year of the war, supplies were short and rationing strict. + for Ν A He's short for a man. Β But former nationalist guerrillas, whom she referred to by the derogatory Rhodesian term of "ters", short for terrorists, were excluded. + of N/V-ing / of Ν V-ing / often with premodifier (frequent) A You should never push the pace until you feel exhausted, short of breath or feel pain in the

P2

P3

P4

chest. I'm running desperately short of cash. The driver told her she was two pence short of the fare. A mile short of the town I pulled up behind a queue of trucks and cars. We can't sack anybody when they get through the two years of probation. We're stuck with them for another twenty-eight years short of them committing a criminal offence. The authorities have stopped short of arresting or isolating them + on Ν A Mr Corrigan's warning was curiously short on details. His acceptance speech was long on vigor, short on specifics. + with Ν C When you're a bit short with me, when you get angry, I feel threatened.

P5

P6

A

Short means 'not long' or 'tall' or "not sufficient'. (i) Someone or something that is short of something or a certain amount short of something does not have enough of it. (ii) A person or something produced by a person such as a book, a letter, etc. can be short on details, etc., i.e. not provide enough information. P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 Β An abbreviation is short for a longer word or words. P3 C A person can be short with another person, i.e. curt and abrupt. P6 Note that short of can be used as a preposition in sentences such as We can't sack anybody when they get through the two years of probation. We're stuck with them for another twenty-eight years short of them committing a criminal offence.

shout

verb

Active: 1/3

I il

III IV ν vi

vu M

D1

General: 0

Passive: 1 / 3

α Active: 2 / 2

[N] A /[byN] [N]P [that-CL]

D1

T1-3

lobi

D2

T6.9

II

[N]

D1

[Q/S]P(it)

D3

T4.7.10

[after N]P [at N]p [for N]p [to N] [to-INF]

D5

T1.4

ill

D2 D4

D6

T2.5-7

IV

[that-CL] [about N/V-ing]p [for N]p

[N]A

D7

D7 D8

T3.8-10 T5.8

They were unable to speak, let alone shout. The children ceased to shout and play; silence descended for a moment before the screaming began. + Np Three thousand students carrying banners and shouting slogans denouncing the government marched through the streets behind the coffin. Some survivors say they heard a thirty-four year old businessman from Azerbaijan shout a warning seconds before the blast.

D2

+Ν α "Clothes that shout money aren't sexy any more," he says. Lithuania has continued to shout its defiance. + that-CL One black day when Sonia was five she had overheard a row between them - her father shouting that her mother was stupid, useless, and good for nothing, α The months of planning and curiosity are over; you're actually in India. Every experience,

760

shout

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

T1 T2

a

every sound, every smell shouts that you've arrived somewhere magical. QUOTEp(¡t)/SENTENCEp(it) "No entry, it is forbidden," he shouted. He hated to see me without a wig and would shout "Oh no, no, no" if he caught sight of me without it, so I changed in the bathroom out of his way. + about Np/V-irigp α What they all have in common is a willingness to shout about issues that matter to them. I think we just shouted about keeping that link going. + after NP He stepped hard on the gas pedal and the truck shot ahead, leaving the policemen shouting after them. + at Np (frequent) Paul Taylor, the inmate who claims to have started the revolt, used a makeshift megaphone to shout angrily at prison officers in the prison yard below. Initially, Beth and I had to almost shout at each other in order to make ourselves heard. + for Np Whenever she needed something slightly outside her immediate reach, she would shout for her helper. The two men were on him before he could attempt to shout for help. A man shouted for a torch, α One difficulty with this strategy was the understandable reluctance of Hong Kong Chinese to come out openly and shout for a continuation of British administration. + to Ν He wanted to lower the glasses, stand and wave, shout to her. Tell her not to. + Np + after Ν They shouted slogans after the minister. + Np + at Ν I had to shout the question at him again before my words registered, and all he did was shake his head. Children shout abuse at the black knight.

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8 T9

T10

+ Np + to Ν Fancy heard her shout orders to someone outside the door before she returned to the bedside. + after Ν «-• QUOTEP(it)/after Ν «-• SENTENCEp(¡t) I wanted to shout after him "Don't do that! Don't run up behind women like that", but I did not. + at Np + to-INF He wanted to shake her out of her persistent haze, shout at her to open her eyes. + at Np + that-CL The police once followed me into the theatre because I'd parked on a double yellow line and I shouted at them that I couldn't stop, was due on stage in five minutes. + at Ν — QUOTEp(it)/at Ν SENTENCEP(it) "You're rabble," the baron shouted at them. "You're rebels, drunken bandits!" + to Ν + to-INF He shouted to Martin to go upstairs. + to Ν + that-CL During the siege the prison authorities were unable to see Mr Rankin but he was able to shout to them that he was well. + to Ν T10 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + off (+ to N) I felt it was the right sort of car for me, now. I drove round to the Tate Gallery and picked Sue up with it, just to show o f f . (= try to impress people; usually used expressing disapproval) All right, there's no need to show o f f . (= try to impress people; usually used expressing disapproval) + off Np (+ to N) Everyone rushed over, eager to show off their skill. (= proudly present) He wanted a piece that would show off his gifts as a pianist. (= proudly present) There you are,

proudly sitting in front of your brand-new television, ready to show off your latest toy to a bunch of appreciative friends. (= proudly demonstrate) + up He had no idea when the gentleman was likely to show up. (= arrive) How significant is this? The short answer is: not significant enough to show up in any statistics. (= become apparent) I like big easygoing plants that show up from a distance. (= are visible) + up «-> Np Computers convert the returned light signals into images, and so show up sources of pol-

764

shrewd

lution over a whole town. (= indicate) He'd call me things, humiliate me and try to show me up. (= embarrass me) + up + ADJ At the conference, Brian Brown of the Hallamshire Hospital presented a series of scans which changed colour as air moved in and out of a patient's lungs and blood supply. A collapsed lung would show up black. (= appear) + up + as Ν Sunscreens work by reflecting the sun's rays off the skin. Some contain millions of tiny

shrewd P1

adjective

attr Well, we know that he's a very shrewd politician, if he wasn't so, he wouldn't be around for so long. pred He's pretty shrewd. + in N/V-ing Those born under the sign of the Crab are shrewd in business, practical and homely I've always been very shrewd in my work. You have to be shrewd in deciding who you work with. + with Ν Keegan was shrewd with his signings once he had obtained the money to buy new talent.

P2 P3

P4

particles of minerals which act like minute mirrors and show up as a white cream on the skin. (= appear) + up + a s ADJ Testing for steroids shows up six athletes as positive at the European Cup finals in Helsinki. (= proved them to be) + up M D1 D3 Sign can mean 'make a contract', A company, sports club, etc. 1 can sign a person 11 to do something 111 , i.e. give them a contract. IT ITT (i) A person, esp. a musician or athlete", can sign to do something 1 ", i.e. enter into a contract. BWf An athlete 11 can sign for a sports club IV , i.e. enter into a cor (iv) A person 11 can sign with or to a company, esp. a sports club or record label' v , i.e. enter into ; contract. -> D1 02 D4 D5 D6 T1 T2 T3 T5 T6 T7 also in phrasal verbs: sign on; "" (i)

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away *-* Np She will sign away all rights to these pictures and will be paid a flat fee of about £ 700. (= sign and by doing so give up) + in The Mission was quiet and empty, as was normal on a Sunday, when Harry signed in. (= wrote his name in the register) + in * Np Zack Leonard was evidently a well-known visitor to the Central Correctional Institution. The guard signed us in and asked me for some form of identification. (= registered us) + off (+ N) But before he signed o f f , he ended his broadcast with a little homily: (= went off the air) Grobbelaar reckons this will be his last season at Liverpool, and hopes to sign off with a Championship medal. (= end his career) Few films sign off with a more dazzling final shot. (= end) She had signed off work almost two months ago with a bad back. (= did not go to) He's signed off the dole. He's about to get a new flat. For the first time, he's actually making some headway. (= has ceased receiving unemployment benefit) This evening, after eight highly successful years, Bill Cosby's television family, the Huxtables, will sign off the air with an hourlong final episode. (= be broadcast for the last time) + off Np But his own doctor said he was not fit even for office work and signed him off for another

six months. (= confirmed that he was unable to work) She went to a speech therapist every six months from the time she was 6 months old, but she's just been signed off because her speech is progressing so well. (= has just completed her treatment) + off »-> Np + ADJ Town hall chiefs were right to sack a woman clerk spotted on television partying with her lover when she was signed off sick. (= absent because of illness) + off Np + a s ADJ But under the BA system his error was unnoticed because he signed off his own work as satisfactory. (= signed to confirm) + off + from Ν Gary Lineker signed off from English domestic football in characteristic style, with a classic goal. (= left) + off + on Ν The state of Alaska today is set to sign off on new oil spill rules that it calls the toughest in the nation. (= make official) Many adopted children are placed in a home well before the adoption is finalized. Many insurance companies will not cover a child until a court signs off on the adoption. (= makes official) + off + ADJ + from Ν (rare) She led a bizarre double life. She had signed off sick from her regular job and was working secretly as a hotel waitress when she vanished. + on When he went to sign on at the Unemployment

770

signal

Exchange they said he wasn't entitled to any money because he'd left his job without cause. (= register for unemployment benefit) + on « Np A spokesman for the Paris Opera Ballet said that Rudolf Nureyev's five-year contract as the ballet's artistic director ended in August and attempts to sign him on for three more years had been fruitless thus far. (= employ) + on + as Ν He quit his job and signed on as apprentice to John Allgood. (= signed a contract) + on + for Ν You are given a free introductory lesson and then sign on for a program of private, semiprivate and group lessons. (= sign a contract) + on Np + as Ν The Miami station had signed him on as a contractual employee. (= employed) + out Students must sign in as they arrive and sign out when they leave. (= sign their name) + out «-> Np Since the drugs are controlled substances, there is extra administrative work involved in getting drugs released from cabinets and signing out the medication. (= releasing it to someone who has signed to receive it.) + over *—* Np He was willing to sign over everything, but he did not want to borrow the money. (= sign and thereby give up) + up If it's the only job you can get and you're desperate to learn a trade you sign up. (= sign the contract) + up + to Np Retailers have until the end of the month to sign up to the code of practice. (= agree to abide by or be part of) + up Np He will be in good British company when filming begins. 'Inspector Morse'

signal P1 P2

P3

P4

star John Thaw and 'Silence of the Lambs' actor Anthony Hopkins have also been signed up. (= given a contract) + up + to-INF A dozen people signed up to sing along with the recording of the Czech Symphony Orchestra, playing popular operatic arias. (= enter into a contract) + up + as Ν He signed up as a steward with P&O Lines. (= entered into a contract) + up + for Ν Joey has signed up for a class to get his driver's permit. (= enroled) He dreamed of becoming a doctor but could not afford college immediately, and so signed up for the Army. (= joined) + up + to Ν Retailers have, up to the end of the month to sign up to the clerk of practice. (= agree to abide by or be part of) + up + with Ν I signed up with an agency this week. (= signed a contract) + up Np + to-INF The new show was a hit and he was signed up to do six zany half-hour specials. (= given a contract) + up Np + as Ν If the New Yorker has any wit then they should sign her up as a columnist. (= employ) + up •-» Np + for Ν Many saw her as a natural rival to Selina Scott when ITV signed her up for fashion series such as Fashion File and Posh Frocks. (= gave her a contract) The Leeds striker has revealed the staggering lengths disgraced tycoon Maxwell went to in his bid to sign Chapman up for his own club, Derby. (= have him sign a contract)

noun

A As the helicopter flies along the probe sends out signals at three different frequencies. + that-CL Β But this week's conference is probably intended as a signal that the government is serious about political reform. + about Ν / about wh-CL Β It is also an ideal moment to give clear signals about the kind of structures and strategy needed locally for the decade. In spite of close questioning he refused to give any clear signals about whether and how soon Saudi Arabia might approve military action.

P5

+ for N/V-ing A The aim was to convert the noise of the bang into something which Judy would interpret as a signal for returning to her owners. Β Mr Hurd said the resolution would not be a signal for the immediate use of force.

P7

P6

P8

+ from Ν A The mission was supposed to last 6 months but the signal from the probe has never stopped. Β He also said he was encouraged by the signals from the hostage takers, including the latest releases of two more Western hostages. + of Ν Β Resting the arms behind the back and so baring the chest can be a signal of confidence. There are nerves coming to the brain from every part of the body - and they relay the signals of impending illness that the subconscious translates into dreams. + on Ν Β We are getting a string of mixed signals on the economy, some showing strong growth, others showing a marked slowdown. + over Ν/over wh-CL Β The Financial Times says the Soviet leader's

771

signal

signal over defence conversion raises the possibility that he will seek large-scale foreign investment in this sector. However, the truth of the matter is that you appear to be ignoring certain warning signals over finances. However, bank regulatory officials are giving conflicting signals over exactly how much money is needed. + to Ν Β American aid is a signal to other aid donors as well, including multilaterale such as the World Bank.

P9

A Β

Pio

P11

A signal can be 'a symbol in a code'. P1 P4 P5 P10 o J A signal can be 'an indirect indication of something'.

signal A

IBS I II

III IV

g u m

'send signal' Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p /EFFECTED [that-CLJp(it) [wh-CL] P(it) [N]p BEN/REC [to N] [to-INF] [for N]p [for Ν to-INF]

Β General: 0

SSi D1

T3

D2

T2.5

D3

T6

D1

T1-2

D5

T3-6 T1.4

II

D4 D6

D2

A He claimed he watched him swerve across the road and turn left without signalling. + NR A The New Zealand Government recently has signalled further defence cuts. He might signal her, might discreetly contrive to pass her a note. But Iran yesterday seemed to signal an interest in working through Pakistan to talk about the hostages. Third officer Charles V. Groves tried unsuccessfully to signal the ship which he later described as a small tramp steamer five to eight miles away. Β Ordinary headaches can also signal a migraine in susceptible people. The summit is a genuinely historic event, intended to put a formal end to the cold war between east and west and to signal a new cooperative era in world diplomacy. + (that)-CL P(it) (frequent) A He'd snap his fingers to signal that he wanted me for dictation. Β North Korea used his visit to signal it was willing to open talks on diplomatic relations.

indicate' Active: 2 / 3

IV

D1

P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P11

verb

III

M

+ f o r N + to-INF A "Ned, sound long, short, long on the whistle." This was a signal for the group to meet. + t o N + that-CL B Failure to do so would be a signal to the world that Europe was protectionist.

D3

D4

D5

D6

T1

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A [for Ν to-INF] A [to-INF] A [N]p /EFFECTED [that-CL] P(it) [wh-CL] P(it) [N]p BEN/REC [to N] [to-INF]

D2.3

T5

D2.3

T5

D2.3

T5

D2.3

T5

D2

T5

D1

T3

D2

T2.5

D3 D1

T1-2 T3.5 T1

Mr Baker's latest remarks seem to signal that the Americans recognise the need for further talking. + wh-CLp(it) A He signals where I should turn. Β You may hear a sudden upsurge of stories about past glories that signal how little satisfaction your parent is deriving from current activity. + for Np A He signalled for a waiter without shifting his gaze from her. He signalled for wine. + to Np A Jupe signalled to Pete and Bob and they all walked across the sound stage to the exit door. + for Ν to-INF A He cannot take his eyes off me. I signal for him to sit beside me. + Np + to-INF A As he prepared to leave, the man signalled him to wait. There are days when even lifting a finger to signal the pool waiter to bring you the lunch menu seems like hard work.

772

silent

T2

T3

Τ4

Β Too tight clothes would signal me to lose weight again. + Np + that-CL A He rose to pull her chair out for her and signalled the waiter that we were ready to start. Β The trade balance is not likely to improve in the short run. Ultimately this will signal the markets that the United States is not in control of its own house. + to Ν + Np A But that, it seems, has not impressed President Gorbachov in Moscow, who has now signalled to the new Latvian leadership his rejection of their bid for talks. Β Natural rhythms control the sprouting of seeds, tell birds when to sing, nest, mate, moult and migrate, and signal to animals the time to hibernate. + to Ν + tO-INFp(it) A The Marshal pushed his way forward along the narrow aisle and signalled to the driver to turn the radio down.

T5

T6

+ to Ν + that-CL P(it) A Thea gave a hoarse chuckle, and signalled to Knox that she would have more wine. Hampton contrived to signal to me by the conspiratorial tone of his voice that this was a matter of the very greatest good fortune for us all. Β The Northern Ireland Secretary, Mr Peter Brooke, said the decision would signal to those engaged in terrorism that they could find a safe haven in the Irish Republic. + to Ν + wh-CLp(it) A His deep blue eyes rested on his mother most of the time as though he were waiting for her to signal to him what to do or where to go next.

WOÊk Signal means 'send a signal'. A person or group of people 1 can signal (i) something 11 to a person or group of people 111 , i.e. indicate it by their behaviour, gestures or speech. : s ι g (ii) for somebody, esp. a servant, waiter, etc. to do something 111 , i .e. order or ask them to do something by giving a signal. Β A phenomenon of some kind or an event 1 can signal an underlying fact 11 , i.e. indicate it. -4 D1 D2 D3 T1 T2 T3 T5

silent pi

P2

P3

P4

A

adjective attr P5 A He turned and stumbled away down the silent street. Β He's the silent type. pred A He had been quite silent, depressed. Β The official media stay curiously silent. + about N/V-ing/ about wh-CL (frequent) P6 Β The Government continues to remain silent about the outrage. They have been silent about pushing the president to negotiate. P7 At other crucial stages in the wooing, Chaucer is deliberately silent about what Criseyde feels about love. The philosopher could not remain silent about who he really was. + a s to Ν Β The tax law and its explanatory regulations are otherwise silent as to the treatment of such expenses. . Silent generally means 'quiet'. P1 P2 P7 Silent can mean 'not provide information'. P1 P2 P3

+ on N/wh-CL (frequent) Β The court had 45 days to respond to the appeal, but to date it has remained silent on the matter. The new law is mostly silent on how the working cash must be raised. The White House was silent on when a military conflict could break out. + upon Ν (rare) Β His letters and private writings are silent upon the point. + with Ν A Imagine it, the audience is silent with anticipation and then the lights go up.

773 silly PI P2 P3 P4

P5 P6 P7

simple

adjective attr That's a silly question. I know that's a very silly thing to say but it is true, pred He's just being silly. Don't be silly. + to-INF (frequent) Maybe I was silly to say it. Am I silly to want a proposal and a ring? [it] + to-INF (frequent) It was silly to even think about it. I think it's silly to try to hold on to something that I don't have anymore, [it] + that-CL I think it rather silly that he dislikes me. + about Ν She was silly about animals, worrying even about the hens and turkeys. + in V-ing He admitted to having been "silly" in taking Mark's bank book when it had been given to him by mistake.

P8 P9

P10 P11 P12

+ of Ν How silly of me. + over Ν (rare) The characters unexpectedly reveal themselves and get delightfully silly over affairs of the heart. + with Ν (rare) I was silly with my money. I shouldn't have taken all those first class flights. [it] + for Ν to-INF It's silly for you to sit out here. [it] + of Ν + to-INF It had been silly of her to try.

Silly means 'unreasonable and not sensible'. A person can be silly (i) about someone or something, i.e. have unreasonable views about them. (ii) with someone or something, i.e. treat them in a way that is not sensible.

similar P1

P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr Select potatoes of a similar size, peel and reserve in cold water. The death toll in Wednesday's earthquake has risen to nearly 29,000, with a similar number of people injured. Tim and I are very similar people, pred There are many methods of relaxation, nearly all of them quite similar. + for Ν The results were similar for young people and people in households with incomes under 20,000 per year. + in N/V-ing The symptoms are very similar in adults. All human beings are remarkably

P5

P6

similar in their needs and desires. France and America are similar in being simultaneously enriched and troubled by cultural diversity. + to N/V-ing /to wh-CL (frequent) This album is very similar to the last one. Displaying computer fonts is similar to showing a picture on screen. My feeling is very similar to how the children and teachers feel about the situation. + in Ν + to Ν Venus is similar in size and composition to the Earth.

Something or someone can be similar to something or someone else in a particular respect, i.e. almost the same. SSsssSSKISIlsili

simple P1 P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr The simple answer is no. pred They say that all the best plans are simple. + to-INF (frequent) Some of the tests are simple to do and do not involve elaborate medical intervention. It's a skill that's simple to learn and great fun to use! [it] + to-INF (frequent) It is incredibly simple to make custard and it tastes much better than the chilled stuff. It is not going to be easy or simple to obtain the votes.

Simple means 'not complicated or not difficult'.

msm

P5 P6

+ in Ν Most of the clothes are simple in form and pattern. [it] + for Ν + to-INF Controls are often so lax that it is simple for a thief to drive a car away.

774

sincere sincere

adjective

attr The Prince's departure was a cause for sincere regret. Give him my sincere thanks. pred I felt he was being sincere. The apology is sincere. + about N/V-ing She said if the opposition was sincere about corruption they should pay back the bank loans they'd received during the martial law government. Who, if anybody, was serious and sincere about approving this plan? + in N/V-ing The former cartel member appears thoughtful and sincere in his responses, and in a strange way, his notoriety seems to

P1 P2 P3

P4

P5 P6

boost his credibility. The government insists that it is sincere in trying to overcome the major outstanding obstacle. I am sincere in what I'm doing. + to Ν Be sincere to people and love them. + with Ν You too, if you are to be sincere with yourself, will be disappointed.

Sincere means 'serious and honest'.

sing

verb Active: 1 /3

Passive: 1 /3

Ι

[ N ] a / [by N ]

h

[N]p.2 /EFFECTED [Q/S]p(¡t) [N]p_i BEN/REC [for N] [about N]p [of N]p [to N]p

III IV V

M

D1

D2

D3

General: 0

D1 D2

T1-3 T1 T2

D3

T4

D4 D5

T3—4

Then something wonderful happened. I began to sing. My voice was all cracked up and broken at first, but I kept right on belting it out. No birds sang and even the nearby stream moved in silence. • My ears were singing with pain from the cold. (= were full of ringing noises) It was my idea of heaven - a hot cabin in the winter, a kettle singing away on the hob and enough glasses of whiskey and sugar with hot water to go around the crew a few times. (= whistling because the water is boiling) + Np The congregation may sing a hymn at this point, which is followed by the final blessing. It's good to be versatile, to sing all kind of styles. • The youth of today sing the praises of democracy and peace. (= praise) He toured for two months in the north of England singing "Almaviva" in "The Barber of Seville" and "Pinkerton" in "Madam Butterfly". (= taking that part in an opera) QUOTEp(it) / SENTENCEp(it) "It's raining in my heart. Oh misery, oh misery what is going to become of me," he sang. + about Np (frequent) Californian bands all sing about gypsy women and surfboards.

D4

D5

T1

T2

T3

+ of Np Duran Duran sport frilly shirts, too much make-up and sing of fashion models and girls with names like Rio. + to Np (frequent) I started singing at the age of four, when the Head Teacher put me on top of the piano and made me sing to the older kids. The powerful electric organ in the loft had been silenced by the storm and they sang to piano accompaniment. + Np + Np He kept combing his rather sparse, reddish-blond hair and threatened to sing me some popular songs. + Np + for Ν It's a great honour and privilege for me to sing a song for you now that I wrote a few years ago with Mr. Nelson Mandela very much in mind. + Np + to Ν We were having a Mother's Day pageant and I had to sing this song to my mum in French. He sang his songs to guitar accompaniment in a brittle voice, slightly monotonous and quite untrained. At Christmas when children sing carols to the sound of steel drums, there is always something new to discover. • Dad sings her to sleep with a lullaby rendition of Ί Am Sailing'. (= makes her fall asleep by singing to her) The LP consists of hideously hearty male-bonding team singalongs

775

sink

like the 1971 hit 'Good Old Arsenal' sung to the tune of 'Rule Britannia'. (= sung using the tune of)

T4

+ to Ν + about Ν Barbra Streisand sang to them sweetly about the importance of being nice to children.

A person who is singing makes musical sounds with their voice. If someone 1 sings to an instrument*, that instrument accompanies them.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + along The DJ honked a horn, and then the music started. Nina and Mary sang along. (= joined in the singing) + along + to Ν There is also a Karaoke Soundtrax cassette featuring six backing tracks and a full song sheet. Would-be Presleys can sing along to 'Jailhouse Rock', 'Love me Tender' and 'Blue Suede Shoes'. (= join in the singing) + along + with Ν She sipped ice-cream soda, ate more candies, and sang along with the records. (= joined in the singing)

sink A

+ out She sang out with the fervor of a Southern Baptist. (= sing loudly and cheerfully) + out D1 T1 Somebody" can sink a well or hole11 into the ground 111 , i.e. dig or drill it. —> D1 T1 A person, organisation, country, etc. 1 can sink into an undesirable state or to doing something bad 11 . i.e. come to that state. -» D3 D4

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in I don't think the implications of being a mother really began to sink in until about a year after he was born. (= to be recognised and fully understood)

777

sit A

sit

verb CHAIR Active: 1/2

1 il

in IV Β

[N]A/[byN] [ADJ] [V-ing] [through N] P [ADV]p. prep . . . exam Active: 2 / 2

ι II obi

C

Active: 2 / 2 [N]a

il obi

[ i n N] [on N]

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

General: 0

Active: 2/3 Ι

D2

II

D7 D8

Passive: 2 / 3

[N]a / [by N ] [N]p [N]A

D3

hi E

WtKKIÊÊKÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊBm

[ADV]p. prep 'be placed' Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 2 / 3

t [ N ] a / [by N] AGENT II Obi [N]p /EFFECTED

Passive: 1/2

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [for N]p 'be member'

lobi

M

'take a seat' Passive: 1/2

D1 D4

[N]A

III obi [ADV]

D8 D8

Ι Μ Μ Μ Η Β Μ Ν Μ Η Μ Ι

D5 D6

A There are plenty of places around the garden to sit and appreciate the scene. I didn't have time to sit and practice embroidery. • If parliament were sitting, Mr. Major would be expected to make a statement on the summit's outcome. (= meeting to do its work) I let the car sit, less to save petrol than to put myself to the test. (= stay in the same place unused) + Np Β Only six students sat the exam over the past two years. + ADJ A The Prime Minister sat rigid at the edge of the sitting room chair. Like a fine equestrian sculpture at the head of a park in a rich and famous city, Foley sat straight and still. + V-ing A For a few seconds they sat facing each other. • He thinks the Iraqi leader won't just sit waiting for the UN deadline of 15 January, but will try to seize the initiative. (= be idle and wait) + for Np Β I had to sit for a little examination. • She sat for Epstein and her bust is up in the entrance hall of the medical school. (= was Epstein's model) + in Ν C It is still possible, but now rare, for a EuroMP to sit in a national parliament also. • But the time has come for those who sit in judgement on the hallowed professions to face reality. (= judge people, esp. harshly) + on Ν C Mr Mendoza sat on the board as a representative of Corsair. As every woman who has ever sat on a ball committee knows, getting

D7

D8

enough men to come along is a perennial problem. They are towns on Welsh soil, but no Welshman may become a citizen, or bear arms whilst in the town, or sit on a jury in any lawsuit between a Norman and one of Welsh blood. • It costs a lot of money to release a record, so producers sit on tunes until the artist is well known. (= hold back) + through Np A Bruce sat through my performance without uttering a word. + ADVp.prep (> 30 %) A Some five thousand people sat and stood beneath the old oaks. Young Iaia was as usual sitting in the rocking chair and sewing by the light coming through the window. They sat on the sofa watching the fire. My parents and I sat at the kitchen table. "I'm told there were some stand seats sat on at Swansea that hadn't been sat on in all of 10 years," said Harris. "Wherever did you get that hat?" Whereupon Princess Margaret replied: "Well, it's been sat on several times." D I lowered the flame and went over to the table, where my mother picked bitterly at a thumbnail, and I sat in the chair across from her. She came back and sat on the sofa. + ADV E The phone sat on the desk against the wall. The Troodos mountains sit almost in the centre of the island and provide great walking and pony trekking in summer. • A satellite company that goes in for broadcasting as opposed to production may well be sitting on a gold mine. (= expected to earn a lot of money) One of the generals had his summer

sit

778

tor. Kemp sat himself in a worn leather chair cabin beside the sea, and under the broad awning across from Perigord's desk. Mr Horsforth there they sat over cigarettes and brandy. (= sat had come and sat himself at the next table. having cigarettes and brandy) + Ν + ADV + Np + ADV E Cover the centre of the pineapple slice with D When the patient comes in we sit the student a layer of tuna and sit half a walnut on top. at the doctor's desk and 1 sit in the background and the student proceeds as if they were the docmeBOMRHmNnHMmianMH· mmimssmBÈi'' „IV i.e. rest in an upright position. A A person or animal 1 can sit somewhere™, M D2 D3 D7 D8 also in phrasal verbs: sit about; sit around; sit back; sit round. Note that in this sense a prepositional passive is • , · • • · . . 1 1 possible, especially when you want to emphasize that it is rather unexpected or when these are signs to show that something has been sat on. I II Β A person 1 can sit an exam", i.e. take part in it. C A person 1 can sit (i) on a board, council or committee 11 (ii) in a parliament 11 , i.e. be a member of it. -h> D5 D6 D A person or animal 11 can sit or be sat somewhere 111 , i.e. take a ¡ -> D8 Τ also in phrasal verbs: sit down; sit up E A thing 11 can sit or be sat somewhere 111 , i.e. be there or be placed there. Note that sit, stand and lie can often be used interchangeably in this context. Sit is often used with things which are equally high and wide, e.g. in The phone/typewriter sat on the table, whereas stand is usually used with things that are higher than wide, e.g. in The bottle/statue stood on the table and lie is used with flat things, e.g. in A

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + about They had a late tea, and then sat about in the library. (= sat idly) + around One lunchtime we sat around picking at an unappetising and oily looking stew. (= sat idly) Cruelty is a human phenomenon, too. But it doesn't mean you have to sit around and allow it to happen. (= be idle and not get involved) + back I cradled the receiver and sat back in the chair by the telephone. (= sat with my back against the back of the chair) With all the hard work already done, Mark and Michelle were lucky enough to be able to sit back and enjoy the fruits of their predecessors' labours. (= relax) + by She sat by, containing her abhorrence, when they killed and ate their newborn infants. (= witnessed it and allowed it to happen) + down I grew dizzy again and had to sit down. (= take a seat) Now the razzamatazz is over the Government must sit down and decide upon an economic policy that will generate growth in the economy. (= get to work) + down «-» Np Mike sat her down in their living room and said he had something important to discuss with her. (= made/helped her sit down) + down + for Ν Everyone sits down for lunch: boned turkey stuffed with ham, cranberry sauce, bread sauce, roast potatoes, vegetable terrine and Brussels sprouts puree. + down + to Ν I have considered the consequences of my actions and I am reconciled to them, which

is not the case with the vast majority of the population who happily sit down to their Sunday joint. Marcus and Julie studiously sit down to a game of Monopoly. I very much enjoyed the evenings when we sat down to dinner with the family and sometimes their neighbours. + down + ADV Mollie and the girl had sat down side by side on the sofa. (= taken a seat) + in + on Np I sat in on some of the meetings, but I couldn't pay attention. (= took part as a guest or observer) + out M D1 D3 T1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: slide back; slide off; slide out Somebody or something 1 can slide into a state 11 , usually a negative state, i.e. grow into that state, usually gradually. M D2 D3

A

(i)

Idiomatic phrasal verbs off Np Cook the potatoes in boiling, salted water until tender, then drain and slide off the skins with the help of a small knife. (= remove)

slip

verb

A

'fair Active: 1/2

lobi II

out Np Jupe opened the envelope and slid out the large glossy print inside. (= carefully took out)

D General: 0

[N]A

lobi

[out of N] [ADV] NEGATIVE STATE

II obi

III IV C

I II III

E

[N]

D1

[by N: QUANT] [against N] [into N/V-ing] [to N]

D5 D6

T5

lobi

T2.5

ii obi [into N/V-ing] [out of N] F 'give secretly

T3

Passive: 1/2

...clothes Active: 2/2

T2-3

'escape'

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [ADV]

[N]

[Q]

[N]A

Active: 1/2

[N]a

[that-CL] [wh-CL]

Active: 1/3 lobi

INFORMATION Active: 2/2

||||gj|fj|j|j|gg D1 D8

Μ

A The bandages they wrapped around his face were loose enough to allow him to breathe, yet tight enough not to slip. On the road the dirt would be loose underfoot and I'd have to be careful not to slip. He might slip and injure his head a second time. Β He has now set about re-asserting his authority which slipped when he attended the Earth Summit in Brazil last week. In the last two elections the government's percentage of the vote slipped, and the opposition hopes it will slip still further. C No wonder Nancy Winterton's parents don't want to let him slip. I suppose you could say he's America's most eligible bachelor.

D1

+ Np

C Would Jane be able to slip the watchers? She'd managed it twice already so there was a fair chance. A collie that went on a 100-mile walkies has been reunited with his owner, thanks to a micro-chip implant. Toby slipped his col-

[N]A

Passive : 2 / 3 m m Active : 3 / 3 [N]A/[byN] ι /EFFECTED Il obi [N]p.2 [N]p_i BEN/REC IH [to N] [ADV]« IV

T1.3-4

T1 T3 Τ4

lar in Birmingham and ran off when a car backfired six months ago. Emergency workers fear that the burning ship could slip its moorings and float close to oil storage tanks across the river. Fearing he had slipped their net, police were preparing to wind down their hunt. +Ν Β The 225-stock Nikkei average slipped 14.11 points. D He must watch his words, let nothing slip. • I was going to mention it, but it slipped my mind. (= I forgot) Window curtains are vestigial features; their original purpose has slipped our memory. (= been forgotten) D2

[let] + that-CL

D She took her cue when he let slip that Lady Belfrage cared little for the intricacies of his career. He let it slip that his lover was Scully's wife. D3

[let] + wh-CL

D

He hoped I would let slip how I got here.

782

slip

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

T1

At a summit with Mr Yeltsin in Vancouver in April, Mr Clinton let slip what he thought of Japanese objections. [let] QUOTE D Having established his credentials Flynn raised the possibility of meeting Evans because, as he casually let slip: "Frankly, I owe these people a kick in the backside." + against Ν Β Sterling continued to slip against the German mark. + into N/V-ing Β Raul had slipped into a coma in New York after suffering a stroke. His intervention comes at an important time as fears that Albania could slip into chaos and violence still persist. Economists no longer debate whether the US economy will slip into a recession. She yawned and tried to slip back into sleep. Married couples can slip into taking each other for granted. E She eased from the bed and slipped into her robe. • Even when you move away, you'll find it easy to slip into the role you had at home. (= assume) + out of Ν A The van would slip out of gear. E She took the necklace off, put it on the dresser, and slipped out of her nightgown. + ADV (frequent) A He took off his massive gold-laced coat and tossed it on to the back of a chair: it slipped off. C Several senior military figures have accused the Soviet leader of endangering the country's security by allowing the countries of Eastern Europe to slip from Communist control. She slipped into the room, closing the door behind her. So midway through the morning Dorothy slipped away from work to watch the match. She shouted at a clergyman who was hoping to slip by unnoticed. But this was an astonishing piece of good fortune, and he wasn't going to let it slip out of his hands. You mustn't allow a golden opportunity to slip through your fingers or you will regret it later. • As the hours, the days, the weeks, the seasons slip by, you withdraw your affections, you detach yourself from everything. (= go by) + Np + Np F Bob started talking to Tom and I slipped him a note telling him to ask Tom for his number so that I could call him back. Someone must have slipped him a signal when I wasn't looking. Perhaps they had done wrong, slipping

T2

T3

T4

T5

the police fake information. + N: QUANT + a g a i n s t Ν Β The peseta has slipped about 5 per cent against the German mark over the last year + Ν + to Ν Β Transport group Brambles slipped 12 cent to $12.50. + Np + t o Ν F She looked round and up at the ship before pulling out a package and slipping it to the seaman. + Np + ADV« F She slipped the key into the lock. She slipped the photograph into her beachbag. She begins to slip her legs over the edge of the bed. Never hand the gun directly to me. Slip it into my briefcase. Did you leave this? I found it under the door. Did you slip it there? He grunted, moved back slightly to examine the left hand of the Hispanic, then used the same pencil to slip back the lapel of the purple sports coat. + a g a i n s t Ν + by N: QUANT Β In London, the dollar slipped against the pound by VlOth of a cent.

783 A

Β

C

small

Slip can be used to say that someone or something does not remain where it should be. A person or animal that slips loses their foothold. Note that slip in this context is often combined with other verbs, such as slip and fall, slip and injure, etc. (¡i) A thing that slips 1 slides out of place. -> M D7 D8 also in phrasal verbs: slip up Slip can be used to indicate a change for the worse. (i) Something with a certain value, esp. a currency or stocks, or somebody's authority, confidence, etc. 1 , can slip, i.e. decrease in extent or value. Τ TV (ii) Somebody or something can slip into a usually negative state , i.e. come to be in that state. M D1 D5 D6 T2 T3 T5 Slip can mean 'go somewhere unnoticed'. (i) A person or an animal 1 can slip a person chasing them or something such as a net11 i.e. escape (ii) A person or animal 1 can slip somewhere 111 , i.e. move there quietly and often stealthily -» M D1 D8 If a person 1 lets something 11 slip, they reveal information unintentionally. -> D1 D2 D3 D4

Slip can mean 'give something to someone or put something somewhere quietly or secretly'.

T1 T3 T4

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away She knew she was beginning to lose control, that her chance was beginning to slip away. (= disappear gradually) + back + against Ν The dollar slipped back at the outset against the European currencies. (= lost value) + in M D2 D4 D5 D6 T1 Smell can mean 'be able to experience a particular smell'. A person or something 1 can smell or can smell something 11 . Note that smell in this context cannot be used in the progressive form. -> M D1 D3 D7 Smell can mean 'move the nose close to something or someone to take up the smell'. A person or animal 1 can smell something 11 , i.e. take up the smell. D1 In figurative use smell can also mean 'appear to be a certain way'. D2 D5 D6 T1 T2

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out "They're fronting for Mafia money," Raven thought, having over the years learnt to smell out deals. (= detect)

smile

verb Active: 1 / 3

ι II III iv

V

vi M D1

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]a / [by N ] [N]p [Q/S]p(jt) [about N/V-ing]p [at N]p [over N]p [at N]p [to N]p [for N]p

General: 0 Active: 2 / 2

D1

ι

T1-2

D2 D3

[N]a / [by

«obi [on N]p

[upon N]p

Passive: 1 / 2 N]

D6

D9

D4

D7 D4 D8 D5

T1 T2

The constable smiled, but said nothing. + Np She smiled her warm smile again. She heard the sound of the door opening behind her, and turned, smiling a welcome. Sutcliffe smiled his thanks.

D2

D3

QUOTEp(it)/SENTENCEp(it) "Well," I smiled, "it's nice to see the passage of time hasn't done anything to dim those political passions of yours." + about Np/V-ingp Conservative MPs who

786

soft

D4

D5

D6

had begun to wonder whether the political tide would ever turn back their way now have something to smile about. Lord Rix found little to smile about in his seven years at the Arts Council and this week finally resigned. What are you smiling about? These days, Goodwin has plenty to smile about. + at Np (frequent) He wished that she would smile at him, but saw that she was far too tense. I had to smile again at his enthusiasm. + for Np When I asked him to smile for the camera, he said: "Shivers, man! I'm not even supposed to be here!" Come on, smile for me. + on Np α Good fortune smiled on Jan the day she landed a job as a secretary on Princess Anne's staff. Enough money was squeezed out of the family budget to support her through stage school where the gods smiled on her and she was

D7

D8

D9

T1 T2

given an award halfway through the course. Today is the official May Day Bank holiday and for once the weather has smiled on the thousands of holidaymakers who braved the traffic jams to head for the coast. + over Np (rare) She often smiled over the fuss made of her in her old age. + to Np He waved and smiled to a neighbour opposite at No 20. Lois smiled to herself and sipped her drink. + upon Np α Franklin had based his impulsive decision to make the race on the assumption that President Wilson would publicly smile upon his candidacy. + Np + at Ν The Dutchman smiled a greeting at Sharpe. + Np + to Ν She smiled a greeting to both men before turning to Kempton.

^BpëMsifisl Smile means 'have a friendly or amused expression on one's face'. A person 1 can smile

(0 («) (iii)

VÎT

at or to another person* , i.e. smile while looking at them, lv at, about something, i.e. be amused about it. • · or over ΪΙ

IV

a positive message such as welcome or thanks' to or at a person v , i.e. express this with a smile. -> M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D7 D8 T1 T2 α Some higher power, esp. God, the gods, fortune, fate, luck or the weather 1 can smile on a person 11 . i.e. be favourable for them. > D6 D9 SSMNKSsQuSMSMBB SSliS

soft P1

P2 P3

adjective attr His open hostility to capital punishment in no way implies a soft approach to law and order. pred One of them told him we've been too soft, we have to get rough. + in N/V-ing The government had been criticised for being soft in its policies. The FBI and NIS agents had been rather soft in their questioning.

P4

P5 P6

+ on Ν (frequent) The White Paper proposals reflected the magistrates' views that the 1969 act was too soft on young offenders. There is a public hue and cry about lawmakers being soft on crime. She is soft on animals. + over Ν (rare) Not only that, she is utterly soft over him. + with Ν You can't pity him, or be soft with him.

In the above examples, soft is used to refer to an attitude: A person or institution can be soft (i) on or with a person or on a matter, i.e. not severe. (¡¡) on a person or animal, i.e. be very fond of them.

solid PI

P2

P3

adjective attr A There is probably a solid majority in all these states for some degree of independence. pred A His support should be solid. The theatre was packed solid. + for Ν A A little while later as we leave Oklahoma, a state that should have been solid for the Repub-

P4 P5

P6

licans months ago, Quayle reports good news. + in Ν (frequent) A We're solid in our commitments. + on Ν A We are rock solid on these sanctions and there is absolutely no change. + with Ν (frequent) Β The room was solid with people. The car park was absolutely packed solid with people.

787

sorry

When she arrived the beds were solid with couch grass, bindweed and ground elder, the lawns full of moss and thatch. A Β

sore pi P2

P3

P4

Solid can mean 'showing a firm attitude'. -> P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 A place that is solid with people, traffic, flowers, etc. is full of them.

P6

adjective attr A She developed a sore throat. pred A His face was sore. Β He now says he is sore because he has not been paid. + that-CL (rare) Β By now he was bound to be aware of what had happened, probably even feeling sore that it had gone on behind his back. + about N/V-ing Β They are also sore about losing to England in the quarter-finals. You still sore about the other night?

P5

P6

+ at N/V-ing Β You have not paid any attention to the club's letters and the result is that they are now all feeling very sore at you. The CPP will understandably be sore at the outcome of the election. The bank's embarrassment at this about-turn is all the more acute because Sir John Quinton, still sore at having to stand down, has not been silent. + from N/V-ing (frequent) A I am a bit sore from running and stretching. Her muscles were sore from the stillness.

A person that is sore from an activity feels discomfort or slight pain. -» P1 P2 P6

sorry P1 P2

P3

P4 P5

adjective pred I'm really sorry I + to-INF He was not sorry to be leaving. I'm really sorry to bother you this late. I was very sorry to hear of your wife's death. We are sorry to say we don't feel we would be the right publisher for your work. + (that)-CL He was not sorry that he had killed him. I'm genuinely sorry that Peter has gone. I'm sorry I made such a scene. I'm sorry you're going. + if-CL I am sorry if I offended you. + about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing I'm sorry about that remark. I'm sorry about the car. He felt sorry about not going to the burial.

P6

+ for N/V-ing (frequent) I might have felt sorry for him if I hadn't been too busy feeling sorry for myself. V m sorry for the interruption. He was sorry for distressing her, and for any trouble he'd caused the police.

Sorry is used to express regret: (i) Sorry about, sorry for, sorry to do and sorry that can all be used to say that the speaker regrets an action for which they are responsible; (ii) Sorry about and sorry that can also be used to express regret about facts or actions for which the speaker is not responsible. (iii) The infinitive is often used in constructions such as I am sorry to hear or I am sorry• to say that... (iv) Note that if you are sorry about a person you regret what has happened to them; if you are sorry for a person you feel sympathy for them. Note that if sorry is used attributively in phrases such as a sorry sight/state/etc. it means 'pitiful'.

788

sound

sound

adjective

attr He gave me much sound advice and encouragement. pred The philosophy and aims of these groups are sound. [it] + to-INF It was not sound to move reserves before the situation was clear.

P1 P2 P3

+ in N/V-ing The government's credentials were very clear and sound in wanting apartheid dismantled. + on Ν The gardening dictionary is sound on the description of Old Man's Beard.

P4

P5

Sound can mean 'sensible and reliable'.

sound A I II III Β I

M1

M2

D1

verb

NOISE S Ü Active: 1/2 Passive: 1/2 [ N ] a / [byN] D1 [N]p AFFECTED D1 M1 [N] A [N]p EFFECTED D1 IMPRESSION Active: 1/3 [ N ] a / [ b y N] [it + pattern of II] D2 M2 [it] A [V-ing]A D1-2 [N V-ing] A D1 [for Ν to-INF] A D1-2 [to-INF] A:il D2 M2 D5 [as if-CL] A:il [as though-CL] A . it M2 D5 [like-CL] A:it M2 D5

a l

i

ÏS

li hi

IV

[Ν] [ADJ] [as though-CL] [as if-CL] [like-CL] [like N] [to N]

D1 D2 D3 D3 D3 D4 D5

T1 T3 T3 T3 T2 T1-3

T1-2 T1-2 T1-2

A The doorbell sounded and the boy on the draining board jumped down and went into the living room. He twiddled a knob on the dashboard, and a red light came on. A small computer bleep sounded. [it] + as if/as though/Iike-CL Β From what you have said it sounds as if you both have a pretty good relationship with each other. + Np A In the hall, Knox sounded the gong for dinner. Ships sound their hooters here if they want Tower Bridge raised. The crew didn't even sound the alarm or get lifejackets. Douglas Parkes sounds a note of caution about high technology and safety. Here in London the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, sounded a grim warning to the British people. • Everywhere was as quiet as during those elongated moments on Armistice Day just before the guns sound the end of the two minutes silence, with the crowds in Whitehall turned to stone. (= indicate) There are many, many stories about him, usually relating to things he has

D2

D3

said and often making much of his inability to sound his r's. (= pronounce) In other words, the President of the Republic was not attempting to sound public opinion on a contentious issue, but rather bolstering his own domestic and diplomatic position. (= try to find out) + Ν/[it] + N-pattern Β Now they're back playing rock and they sound a total ham-fisted mess. This may not sound a very elegant solution, but it worked, and we had no more trouble. Speaking on the BBC Radio 2 news she sounded a nice lady. + ADJ / [it] + ADJ-pattern (frequent) Β These ideas sounded - and still sound - absurd. She sounded so warm, so personable. I put the question gently. I didn't want to sound aggressive, that would shut him up completely. Or should I simply agree - whether or not it sounded cultivated for me to do so and say bluntly in any case: 'Garbage, alas, garbage.' + as though/as if/like-CL Β His eyes were barely open and his speech sounded as if somebody had stuffed a pair of socks into his mouth. He did not sound as if

789

D4

D5

T1

T2

sound

he believed her. You sound like you're expecting to hear something like that tomorrow night. You sound as though you had a very relaxed time. + like Ν Β You don't sound like a foreigner talking English. It didn't really sound like a Lancaster bomber, in fact as it got nearer it didn't sound like a World War II plane at all. These sound like emphatic conclusions. He sounded like a man caught deep in a dilemma. [it] + to Ν + as if-CL/ [it] + to Ν + a s though-CL/ [it] + to Ν + like-CL Β So it does sound to me as though makers have been doing a quite reasonable job so far of this recycling as far as they can. It sounded to Autumn as if a chair had been overturned, and then Douglas's voice boomed, wild and furious. But it sounds to me as if you've got a phobia about blood testing. Sounds to me like you're jealous. + ADJ + to Ν Β This may not sound very impressive to you, but I thought it was really clever and dangerous. The chief sounded hoarse to him. He had the voice of a man who had been talking too much and not getting enough sleep. + like Ν to Ν Β That doesn't sound to me like an analytical

T3

statement. I tapped some of the keel just in front of me with my knuckles - it sounded like solid glass to me. It sounds like a wonderful idea to me. Talking he sounds like a typical science teacher to me. + to Ν + as if-CL/to Ν + as though-CL/ to Ν + like-CL Β My own voice sounded to me as if it were traveling across continents.

Sound can mean 'produce a noise': (i) Something such as a horn or bell or an alarm11 can sound or be sounded, i.e. make a noise. (ii) A person or institution 1 can sound something such as a warning 111 , i.e. bring it to people's attention. -> M1 D1 Sound can mean 'make a certain impression': (i) Somebody or something 1 can sound like somebody or something else111, i.e. speak or sing in a similar way or produce similar sounds. (ii) Some proposal, fact, idea, etc.1 can sound a certain way111, i.e. appear to be that way. (Hi) A person 1 can sound a certain w a y , n , i.e. give that impression while speaking. M2 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 T1 T2 T3

Idiomatic phrasal verbs

+ off + about Ν Before people sound off about the police, they should remember how often they risk their lives for us. (= criticise) + out *-* Np (+ on N) Mr Willy Brandt is flying to Baghdad on a private mission to seek the release of German and other hostages, and to sound out the possibility of a peaceful solution to the Gulf crisis. (= find out about ) Part of Mr Baker's job is to sound out Mr Shevardnadze on this point. (= find out the intentions of)

+ out Np + about Ν The lure of elective office again enticed Kissinger in 1986, when New York State Republican leaders sounded him out about the possibility of running against Mario Cuomo for governor. (= tried to find out his intentions)

speak

790

speak

verb

A SOUNDS 'M¡01 Active: 1 / 3 1

»

III

IV Β

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [in N] [to N]p

D1

T1 Passive: 1 / 3

III c

'converse'

Iii

Active: 1 / 3

+ 11

[Np|/N a n d N ] A / [by Np|/N a n d Ν] m [ N ] A / [ b y N] + [to N]p [N]p / [by N] + [with N ] P [about X]p [in N] [of N/V-ing] P

II

III

IV V

T1

¡¡USUI1ÜÜÜ General: 0 l l H l

[N]a/

III

WÊ VI

D2

T4

D8

T7

D9

T4.7

VII

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N]

[about X]p [Of X]p [against (X)]p [in favour (of X)]p [as X] [to N]p [ADV]

Further uses [for N]p

D2

T2.4

D7

T3.6.!

D3 D6 T2-3 T4.6

T9 D4

' J¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡J

IS8ÉÉEI

Passive: 1 / 3 D2

D9

T4-6

D10

T8

D2

T4.8 T5 T6

M

A If you swallow you'll find it easier to speak. Having to speak on the telephone can be a nightmare for some people. Β Naomi King, the author of the best selling novel O. P. P., will speak and sign copies of her book on Monday 19th April at 7.30 pm. Speaking at the Labour Party conference in Blackpool, he accused BR of a deliberate policy of subterfuge in its fares policy. General Powell, speaking before a US Senate committee, indicated that there are now 165,000 US personnel in and around the Gulf. C This is Daniel Winter. You don't know me, but it would be very much to your advantage if we speak immediately, (plural subject only) • No. This is her daughter. Who's speaking? (= on the phone)

D1

+ Np

A She taught them how to pray and the right words to speak and the right gestures. Karakalpaks speak a Turkic language related to Uzbek. I could hear what seemed like half a dozen people speaking German and moving luggage about in the lobby. He was speaking the truth. +Ν

D2

II

D5

[byN] [about X]p [on X]p [to N]p

1

Active: 2 / 3

General: 0

I

F O R M A L ADDRESS Active: 1 / 3

iPPiPlÉ

• Lewisham college in south London is encouraging its students to speak their mind. (= say what they really think) Eyes can speak volumes, too. (= express a lot) + about Np/V-ingp/about Ν V-ingP/ about wh-CLp/about DESCRIPTION? Β Some people may be asked to speak about

D3

D4

their experience. It's very fitting for Mr. Gorbachev . . . to come here and, hopefully, to speak about how he envisions the world from this point on. Sir Brian will be speaking about 'Education and Training Teachers at Warwick: The Next Decade'. C We spoke about building a new worldwide business. They spoke about where Eshrag was going, how long he would be there, where he would be going afterwards. D She also began to speak about her life, her family and her background. "Most people turn off when I speak about being religious," he added. People talk about criminals being the result of their environment, but they seldom speak about artists being victims of their environment, though in fact they are. It is a constant surprise to hear successful adults speak about how isolated and lonely their lives have become. + against N P /V-ingP/ against N P V-ing/against D "Is there anyone who wishes to speak against this verdict?" No one spoke. Sir Paul Fox, the former managing director of BBC TV, has spoken against turning the corporation into a publisher rather than a programme-maker. The city's planning commission agreed, unanimously. Only four citizens - two black, two white - spoke against. + for Np • Thiounn Prasith, who speaks for the Khmers Rouges at the United Nations, rules out commu-

791

D5

D6

D7

speak

nism in any form for Cambodia. (= represents) One neighbour spoke for the whole community when she said "Cara was a lovely, friendly, wonderful girl." (= expressed the opinion of) The facts speak for themselves. (= are obvious and do not need further interpretation) The exhibits usually speak for themselves - they're always so interesting in their own right. (= show their qualities clearly) be spoken + for

D8

• Most women, if they wanted to put a guy off permanently, would be far more inclined to drop some comment about her 'fiancé' into the conversation so that he'd think she was already spoken for. (= promised to someone else; a formal use) + in Ν A When the doors closed she walked to the concierge's desk, speaking in English. "I need to put in a long distance call. London." She began to speak in this loud and sombre sounding voice.

D9

+ in favour of NP/V-ingP / in favour of Ν V-ing P /in favour D In the debate earlier today, President Gorbachev again spoke in favour of the more radical programme for reform put forward by the economist, Stanislav Shatalin. From this perspective Labour's Baroness Blackstone has in the past spoken in favour of making all state schools secular. The East German Prime Minister, Mr. Lothar de Maiziere, has spoken in favour of Berlin becoming the capital of a united Germany. Conservative M P Dudley Fishburn spoke in favour but later voted against. + of Np/V-ingp/of wh-CLP (frequent) D As Diana's confidential adviser he would think it improper to speak of her affairs. Speaking of his own future. Prince Sihanouk said he would like to be a figurehead president. Both Delhi and Islamabad, while emphasising that they do not want another war, speak of being prepared to meet the challenge. The programme speaks of granting Israel full recognition, and of moving ahead in talks with the United States. They have been speaking of order having been restored by security forces. The earlier Merlin legends speak of Merlin raising Stonehenge as a monument to Ambrosius. We spoke of you continuously and only wished that you were with us. He spoke of how he had been poisoned by his trusted physician. • Speaking of which, this was another cause of Haig's disapproval of French. (= which reminds me)

+ on N P / o n DESCRIPTIONp/on wh-CLP Β Dr Doxey spoke on grass sickness, this week's topic in our Vets View feature. Dennis Griffin will speak on "What Every Woman Should Know About Upkeeping Her Car." He spoke on How To Be British. John Durant, Britain's first professor of the public understanding of science, would speak on why scientists should make an effort to communicate to the public. + to Np Β The Foreign Secretary, Mr Douglas Hurd, today spoke to an audience of students at the Institute for International Affairs in the Soviet capital, Moscow.

D10 T1

T2

T3

T4

C Sylvia and I hardly speak to each other at work. "You want to speak to Jeff?" - "No, actually, I was looking for you." • It would never have entered my mind to speak to a doctor. (= consult) Presidents Mitterrand and Bush spoke to that subject in Paris this afternoon, as did the British Prime Minister John Major and his Canadian counterpart Brian Mulroney. (= contributed to a formal discussion of that topic) + with N P C I want you to speak with Janet. + Np + to Np A Rapidly learning English, I flatly refused to speak German to anyone. + about Np + as N/V-ing (rare) D And, said Mr Gorbachev, they should now speak about themselves as a party of democratic reforms. People spoke about Saddam Hussein as restoring their pride. + of Np + as N/V-ing/of N P + as AD J (frequent) D She says in a letter to me: You speak of God as an ordering principle in the universe, a loving intelligent energy or Light. When we speak of a person as knowing a language, we do not mean that he or she knows an infinite set of sentences. Most proposals speak of church and state as 'autonomous' institutions. In 1584 Sir Walter Ralegh arrived in Virginia and spoke of the natives as peaceful and friendly. + to N P D T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 "

splendid P1

T5

adjective

attr You've done a splendid job. There are splendid views of the beach and coastline. pred I think that's absolutely splendid. The masks and costumes were quite splendid. [it] + to-INF It was splendid to see so many men doing so many remarkable physical feats. How splendid to go to Italy! [it] + that-CL Isn't it splendid that so many more thousands of Britons will be able to savour the glory of the Taj Mahal? + of Ν (rare) I think that is simply splendid of her.

P6

P7

[it] + for Ν + to-INF (rare) Of course it is splendid for children to have the advantage of an expensive private education. [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) It was so splendid of you to drop everything and rush home.

796

split split A

verb 'separate' Active: 1 /2

C General: 0

i+iiobi [ N ] a + [ f r o m Ν]

[ N ] a / [by N] AGENT [V-ing] [that-CL] li obi [N]p /EFFECTED

'break' Active: 1/3

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by Ν] AGENT [V-ing] [that-CL] [for Ν to-1Ν F] II obi [N]p /EFFECTED [N] A [ADJ: open] III [in NUM] IV [into N/NUM] [ADV] I

General: 0 D1

[N]a

T1.3-4

D1

«I

D1

D

D1 D1

Passive: 1/3

ι

D3

[Npi/group/N a n d N ] A

Β

'divide' Active: 2 / 3

D4

[into N / N U M ]

OS

D2

T1

D4

T3

D5

T4

D7

D1

A We both swore blind we'd still be friends ever after. It was a different story when we finally split. Β I was in my bedroom reading, when there was a formidable "crack" from a wooden shelf holding my books. I thought the wood had split but the shelf was undamaged and very solid.

D2

I B K [N]p

D5

D6

T2.5

D6

+ into N/NUM

+ on Np

• He plays a 17-year-old whose studies at an expensive East Coast boarding school are about to be terminated because he won't split on his friends. (= betray) D7

+ ADV

Β The plane rolled over, split apart and eventually caught fire. His face began to split in a smile. T1

+ Np + ADJ: o p e n

Β The boys split the plastic bags open with their small fingers. T2

+ Np + between N P |/N a n d Ν

D Money is split equally between all band members. T3

+ Np + in N/NUM

Β Peel the shrimps and split them in half lengthwise. Visitors were split in three groups and attended the three lectures. C And, dismissing the suggestion that, by standing against Mrs Thatcher in the first place, he had split the Party in two, he argued that he had done what had to be done to restore the Conservative party's standing.

+ ADJ: o p e n

+ from Ν

+ in NUM

Β The ship split in two and caught fire. Just beyond West Thumb the highway split in two. C It's not a question of whether the Latvian Communist party is going to split in two but exactly how the break will take place.

D1

T2

Β The stone had split into two. C The logo may alter as the company prepares to split into five separate businesses. There was a stormy first session of the new National Assembly on Tuesday, when UNO split into two blocs.

A Actually she's had several agents, and split from them with acrimonious publicity. D4

T3

Further uses

Β The steam frigate then split open like a shell amid flying spars and shreds of sail. D3

T3

T5

[Npl/group/N a n d N ] + [between N P |/N and N]

+ Np

Β What could I do around the cabin? There was no wood to split. She had split his lip and a thin trickle of blood ran down his chin. C He split and mortally wounded the Labour Party. Philip had been forced to split his army, dispatching his son Louis against John. D (invented example) After the concert the group split the money. • "I think I should get more than five thousand dollars per assignment. Shall we say ten thousand dollars?" He smiled. "You drive a hard bargain, Miss Melville. Shall we split the difference and say seven thousand five hundred to begin with?" (= agree on a figure that is halfway between the two figures)

T3

Passive: 2/3

[on Ν] ρ

M

T3

'share'

i+iiobi [ N ] a / [by N] + [with N]

/I D2.4-5.7

T3

D4-5

[in N U M ]

Active: 3/3

T1.3—4

D1 D1 D1 D1

T4

+ Np + into Ν

Β She had already split most of the drawer into firewood. Vivienne Westwood has split her collection into two lines: Red and Gold. We have to split your question into three questions.

spread

797

+ Np + with Ν D We sold a couple of hundred, and I split the money with Steve all the time. I'd love to

T5

A Β

Two friends or a couple 1 can split, i.e. separate. M D3 also in phrasal verbs: split up; split up with Something n can split or be split, i.e. be torn, broken, cracked or divided into two or more parts. -> M D1 D2 D4 D5 D7 T1 T3 T4 also in phrasal verbs: split away; split off; split up A group, organisation, etc. n can split or be split, i.e. divided into factions. -» D1 D4 D5 T3 also in phrasal verbs: split off Split can mean 'share', (a) People 1 can split something 111 between themselves 11 , (b) a person 1 can split something 111 with other people 11 . -» T2 T5

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away + from Ν When Australia split away from Asia, the predecessors of these animals hadn't yet got here. (= became separate) + off President Reagan's manager split off to go into business for himself. (= left) + off + from Ν Quite separate, he thought, was the question of the so-called Ukrainian Autocephalous Church, which originally split off from the Russian Orthodox Church after the Bolshevik Revolution. (= separated) + off Ν + from NP In England they're working on a sort of artificial photosynthesis. Their aim is to use the sun's energy to split off hydrogen atoms from organic molecules such as alcohol or amino acids. (= separate) + off + into Ν In the meantime the king had been faced with rebellions, especially by a northern group, which ,split off into a separate kingdom. (= separated to form)

spread A

[N] A [ADV] ... news... Active: 1 / 3

M

[N]a

C

hi IV

D1

T4

ι

D2 T4

h E

Passive: 113

m

di D1

T1.4 T1.4

D2 D2

T4

T1

T3-4 T3—4

M T3 T4

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] A / [by N] [N]p [ADV] ...butter Active: 2 / 3

D1 D1

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] A / [by N] [V-ing] [N V-ing] [N]p [to N] ...money Active: 2 / 3

ι II obi III F ι

Passive: 1 / 3

I [ N ] A / [ b y N ] AGENT il Obi [N]p /EFFECTED [N] A [ADJ: open] [ADV]

T4

HI

[ADV] [to N] ... fingers ... Active: 1 / 3

D1

. . . disease . . . Active: 1 / 3

General: 0

D2

ι [ N ] a / [by N] AGENT h Obi [N]p /EFFECTED

IV

Kim's parents split up before she was born and John had been through a messy divorce himself. (= separated) Come on - mustn't let those sheep split up. (= disperse) + up «-» Ν This has split my family up. (= divided) + up + into Ν Patients split up into small groups for therapy. (= form) + up + with Ν I split up with my last boyfriend three years ago and all my friends have married or moved away. (= ended the relationship)

D Passive: 1 / 3

I [ N ] a / [by N] AGENT II obi [N]p /EFFECTED

III

+ up

verb

'cover' Active: 1 / 3

III Β

split a bottle of whisky with Steven. (= used in informal language)

Passive: 1 / 3

[N] a / [by N]

[N]p [ADV] niobi [with Ν]

T2

II imp

[N]p

T4

T2 D1

T4

spread

M

798

A She fell and lay still in an unnatural posture. The front of her white dress was stained red, a growing stain which spread rapidly. Β And when the second day passed without word from him, a sense of unease began to spread. He knew how quickly rumours could spread, and grow in the spreading. Little of the unofficial demonstration was shown on Soviet television, but the word will spread. C Her hands spread wide as if casting a net. D Colds spread easily when lots of people congregate together in poorly ventilated homes and offices. If they don't change their social behavior the disease will spread throughout the United States. • Looking at the lymph nodes is still probably the best way of assessing whether the disease has spread. (= reached other parts of the body)

D1

+ Np

A Spread towels and allow them to dry. Β And then his former wife began spreading gossip about him. President Bush may also have spread alarm by departing from the traditional ratios in US military aid to its two NATO allies. C Jarvis spread his hand, palm up, and shrugged. D Comments such as this caused a reduction of interest in the AIDS issue, with most people assuming that the HIV virus was spread only through prostitutes. E Capital gains will therefore be more widely spread but generally lower, reflecting the increased supply of development sites. Very large European loans issued to corporations are issued by groups of banks, in order to spread the risk. Both the work and the financial load are now spread more fairly. Commonly, groups of students share rented property to spread the cost. F Cut down on fats. Spread less butter or margarine. (used in instructions) D2

+ ADV

A Melting snow in Abyssinia and spring rains caused flooding from which the Nile waters spread over the flat lowlands. The rally broke up in fist fights and violence and the whole thing spread on to the streets. Β He became the most celebrated teacher in Central Asia, and his fame spread abroad as far as China. News of the fire quickly spread around the Clyde sailing fraternity. • The look of fearful dread that spread over her face stopped him short. (= was beginning to show on)

T1

T2

+ Np + to Ν

Β If I force her to resign, she's going to spread the news to everyone. D AIDS patients whose latent TB becomes infective spread it to their contacts. Many roses are especially prone to mildew, blackspot and rust, and will spread it to the rest. + Np + with Ν F She spread thin bread with butter. Spread some pumpernickel bread with hot horseradish mustard mayonnaise.

T3

+ N p « ADJ: open

T4

+ Np + ADV

C Xiao spread open his palms. A So the sewage is contaminated by heavy metals. These could get into the food chain if they are spread on farmland. Then he spread his jacket on the damp moss. There I spread the printouts over my desk. Spread the pesto and then the peppers over the dough. Β Don't spread it around, but I was promoted before I left. C He spreads his fingers over his face. E Now The Life Centre has opened in Kensington, with more than 70 hours of classes spread over six days a week. Mail order giant Grattan has developed the Homemaker Plus Account, which allows you to spread payment over 100 weeks if your total order is worth £ 150 or more. We find it convenient to spread the cost over two financial years. Ultimately, McLaren spread his risk over both companies, signing the world rights (except the U.S.) to Warner, and the North American rights to Arista. F She spread butter and marmelade on her toast. • You can stay in either the charming timbered Inn or one of the well-equipped two or threebedroom lodges spread over the estate. (= distributed; usually passive)

799

stand π ι h Something" can spread, i.e. come to cover a larger area. A person' can spread something" somewhere111, i.e. make it cover a large area. M D1 D2 T4 also in phrasal verbs: spread out News, information, a feeling, etc.11 can spread or be spread, i.e. become known to more and more people. -> M D1 D2 T1 T4 (i) A person 1 can spread his or her arms, fingers, hands or legs11, i.e. move them ¡ (¡i) A person's fingers or hands 11 can sprea M D1 T3T4 A disease 11 can spread or be spread, i.e. come to affect more people or animals. » n A person* can spread some resource such as money or some task or burden, etc.". i.e. distribute it ¡¡¡¡ggSgiii evenly either between people or over an amount of time. . D1 T4 A person 1 can spread Wm (i) a slice of bread11 with butter, etc.111 (ii) butter, e t c . m on a slice of bread 11 . D1 T2 T4

A Β C

D E

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out Armed soldiers dismounted and spread out, their automatic weapons pointed at threats that might have been imaginary, or might not. (= dispersed) + out + ADV The troops did not spread out into the streets but stayed in barracks. (= disperse) The morning light had now brightened enough to re-

stand A

verb 'be upright' Active: 1/2

lobi

ii in Β

D General: 0

II in

IV C

'endure' Active: 2 / 2

[N]A

lobi

[ADJ] [ADV]

D5

II obi [N] [V-ing] [N V-ing] [it + if/wh-CL] [for N/V-ing] E POSITION

D6

Active: 2 / 3

'apply' Active: 1/2

ι

veal the thick green woods which spread out to the north of the city. (= covered a large area) + out + Np Amy spread out their blanket in a corner and made Nick sit down on it. (= spread) He spread his fingers out. (= spread)

[N]a / [by N ] [against N] P [as N] [forN] 'remain firm'

General:

Passive: 1/2

D10

Active: 2/2

lobi [Ν] [ADJ]

D1 D2

A All the seats were occupied and several people were standing. As a fanfare is sounded, the winner somewhere in the 4000 seater pavilion is asked to stand - a dramatic moment. Of course, thousands had to stand because something like 35,000 attended altogether. Β Now, he said, he will not stand again if elections are held as scheduled next year. • Earlier offers to Mr Taylor and his associates

[N]a

D1 D4 D13 D14 DIO

Passive: 2/3

I [N]A / [by N] AGENT II obi [N]p /EFFECTED [N]A 012 III obi [ADV] D12 Further uses [to-INF] D3 [at N] D7 [between N P |/N and N] D8 [by N] D9 [over N] D11

D1

ISiSsi I .·.:..•! T1 T1 T1

to join the government still stand. (= are still valid) Boil for three minutes and then allow to stand for 15 minutes before sieving. (= leave undisturbed) Where a forest had towered since the time of his ancestors' ancestors, not a single tree was left standing. (= still upright) +Ν C But he has shown a surprising willingness to stand his ground.

800

stand D [non-assertive] They pined for each other, coast to coast, until Yul couldn't stand it any more, and proposed over the telephone. She cannot stand the smell of garden bonfires. • Now that Avril has gone, Haiti does stand a chance of attaining democracy. (= have a chance) So I've got to stand all that money on my own, have I? (= raise) The authorities had no choice but to make the murderers stand public trial. (= be tried in court) Not even a single uniformed patrolman had been sent on ahead to stand guard over the body. (= act as a guard)

07

• In late New York trading, the pound stood at $ 1.7575. (= was valued at) Inflation stands at 30 %, and the economy this year is expected to grow by only 1.5 %. (= has reached) D8

D2

D9

D10

• It's sparked off angry protests worldwide from depositors who stand to lose millions of pounds in places as far apart as London, Karachi and Hong Kong. (= are likely) Yachtsmen stand to benefit from two offers of free winter servicing. (= are likely) D4

+ V-ing

D [non-assertive] Aged 17, Miriam could no longer stand living with her increasingly volatile mother and moved out to live alone in the city. D5

+ against N P

Β Both Mr Michael Heseltine and the former Deputy Prime Minister, Sir Geoffrey Howe, are being urged to stand against her. D6

+ as Ν

Β I decided at the next by-election to stand as a candidate. • Such representation would stand as a bulwark against the encroaching tyranny of the majority. (= function as)

+ for Ν

Β Gay rights campaigner Alan Shea is to stand for election to the Isle of Man parliament. The President of the central Asian republic of Kirghizia, Mr Askar Akayev, had rejected an offer from Mr Gorbachev to stand for the post of Soviet vice-president.

+ ADJ

+ to-INF

+ by Ν

• I care about him, I value his life, and I will stand by him until the end. (= support) Mr Carnogursky said he stands by his remarks in the French newspaper. (= sticks to)

A Every now and then they would stand still and listen. Another hunter said some of the newcomers couldn't be trusted to stand firm if an animal charged. C The BBC stood firm last night as pressure mounted on it to scrap a controversial Panorama programme. • It is a tragic moment for democracy in South Africa but it is not a moment at which we could stop and stand still. (= be idle) The liberators stood revealed as oppressors. (= were shown to be) The homelessness crisis will continue while more homes stand empty because people on low incomes cannot afford to live in them. (= remain empty) D3

+ between N P |/N and Ν

• And Graham is adamant no player is big enough to stand between him and his plan for outright victory in Europe this season. (= prevent his outright victory)

+ Np

• Now there are no potatoes that are going to stand that sort of temperatures. The committee had required Hansom and Welch themselves to stand surety for the contractors or else to relinquish the commission. (= provide)

+ at Ν

+ for N/V-ing

D He warned that China would not stand for any interference in its internal affairs. "Don't pester me, boy!" said Mr Peck. "I won't stand for being pestered - not even by my own flesh and blood." • "Universities used to stand for moral agendas and civil Überties but universities in Queensland don't stand for much," he said. (= represent) I will forever stand for the truth. (= support) The acronym "OLGA" does not stand for "Organisation of Lesbian and Gay Activists". (= is not an abbreviation for) D11

D12

+ over Ν

• It could be necessary for you to stand over him to be sure he is actually doing the necessary work. (= watch very closely) + ADV (frequent) A He came round the table to stand beside her. She left the table to stand between the two men. There is not much sign of work in progress. Four or five people stand around a concrete mixer talking in worried tones while a crane creaks. E The house stands at the corner of a huge walled enclosure. Beer bottles stood on the table and cigarettes burned in the ashtray. • Where does President Vaclav Havel stand in this controversy? (= what position does he take) But perhaps you have some newspapers that will give me an idea of how things stand in the world. (= what the situation is like) Trade problems have become so intrusive that they now stand in the way of the

801

stand

Community's wider aims. (= are a hindrance for) D13

+ Ν V-ing

D14

+ it + if/when-CL

D [non-assertive] He can't stand me smoking.

T2

+ N: QUANT + AD J

•

Its two towers stand five stories tall. (= are) He stood six feet tall, and though Frank was an inch taller still, Joe's springy blond hair made him seem the same height. (= was)

D [non-assertive] To this day, I can't stand it if I go home and Susan is talking on the phone to her sister. "I can't stand it when adults talk French," Liddie said. "It's so unfair." TI

+ Np + ADV

E To prepare the mango, stand the fruit on its narrow edge and cut thick slices from either side of the stone. Don't forget to stand the containers on bricks to allow surplus water to escape. t

A Β C D

E

A person or animal1 can stand, i.e. be on their feet in an upright position. M D2 D12 A person1 can stand as a candidate111 or for a post' v , i.e. seek election to that post. -* M D5 D6 D10 A person1 can stand their ground11 or stand firm'", i.e. refuse to change their position or opinion. D1 D2 A person, animal or thing1 can stand something unpleasant like cold, pain, etc.11, i.e. be able to endure it. Note that cannot stand can mean 'strongly dislike': (i) A person' cannot stand someone or someone doing something.11 (ii) A person1 cannot stand something, for something or doing something.'1 D1 D4D10D13D14 Stand can refer to the position of something: (i) A thing, esp. something tall", can stand somewhere"', i.e. be situated there. (ii) A person' can stand a thing" somewhere or on one of its sides'", i.e. put it in that position. —» D12 T1

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + around Why stand around here blethering and doing nothing? (= wait around aimlessly) + back It was he who ordered the few onlookers to stand back and waved down a passing army truck. (= not to come too close) + back + from Ν Then, as time passed, with the help of accumulating experience, it seemed that they were learning how to stand back a little from their most fervent passions. (= become more detached) + by A government spokesman said President Saddam Hussein had given instructions for a television crew to stand by to travel to Washington to carry out an interview with the President. (= be ready) It is a shame for the OAU to stand by and watch as Africans butcher each other in civil wars, the foreign minister said. (= not to intervene) + down (+ as N) The opposition Labour Party rejects the opinion poll findings that Mr Kinnock should stand down as party leader. (= resign) + in + for Np I knew Ringo Starr very well and used to stand in for him on drums with the band before he joined The Beatles. (= be a substitute) Multimedia stands in for specialist teachers and materials that are not available in sufficient quan-

tity. (= is a substitute) + in + for Ν The single location stands in for all the land upon which acid rain now falls. (= exemplifies and represents) + off You should try and stand o f f , take a more logical view and try and stick to your own sort of game. (= be more detached) + out Margaret Thatcher went from cosy to classy, evolving a style of tailored confidence that made her stand out amid the men in suits. (= be very noticeable) + out + against Ν Bones and veins stand out against his nearly transparent skin. (= are clearly visible) Governments that stand out against a quick dispatch of troops to the area are accused of appeasement. (= express opposition to) + out + from Ν What makes a man or a woman stand out from the crowd and have that special appeal? (= be very noticeable) + up "Stand up," he ordered the boy. (= get to your feet) Your theory would never stand up in a court of law. (= be accepted) + up M D1 D2 Τ also in phrasal verbs: steal away A person or animal 1 can steal somewhere 11 , i.e. secretly and noiselessly go there. D3 also in phrasal verbs: steal away; steal ι Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away (+ ADV) They can steal away at night and join us. (= leave secretly) She had stolen away from the party and into the garage at the mansion. (= left secretly) + away « Ν + from Ν Well, do I think I can steal Maria away from him? (= seduce and take away) Ms. Davis said the new machines could steal some sales away from Olivetti's own minicomputers. (= take away) + up + on Ν Now it would be impossible for them to steal up on her from the back without her know-

ing about it. (= come closer stealthily and noiselessly) + up + ADV As she trundled away on the sewing machine in a corner of the parlour, in lamplight, my father stole up behind her to see what she was doing. (= came closer stealthily and noiselessly)

809 stick A

stick

verb 'attach' Active: 1 / 3

Ι

'not change' Passive: 2 / 3

: 2/2

[N] A AGENT [N] A /EFFECTED

¡§¡g¡¡§§¡§

III

[N]A/[byN] [at N] [by N]p [to N]p [with N]p [ o n N]

illlllllSä

D

'put'

II

[N]p [in N] [ADV]« Β

'dislike' cannot Active: 2 / 2

lobi Il obi

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

[N]A [N] [V-ing] [N V-ing]

" it" œ ^

Active: 2 / 3 D1 D2 D11

A I was most upset when William Fox-Pitt referred to him as The Warthog and hope the name doesn't stick. • But if the ceasefire is to stick, then the EC's commitment in Yugoslavia may have to be reshaped in its entirety. (= last for a long time) The law relating to theft is very complicated and the prosecution has to prove a number of things to make the charge stick. (= prove the charge) The window stuck slightly so that by the time she had it fully open he had crossed the lawn. (= didn't move easily) [cannot] + Ν Β I couldn't stick the smells and people whining and grumbling night and day. "How nice. So peaceful," Alex laughed. "And you couldn't stick it for more than two days." [cannot] + V-ing Β He went to art college but couldn't stick learning about dead artists when he wanted to be painting. + ADJ • As they entered the lowest part of the hollow, the vehicle stuck fast. (= could not be moved on) + at Ν C Act selfish. You will find it hard at first, but stick at it. • If bank base rates stick at 12 per cent, a mortgage rate of 12.7 per cent is likely. (= stay and not change) + by Np C In the past few days the Tunisian government has repeatedly made clear it thinks the Arab League should stick by its original decision back in March. More often than not a woman will stick by a man when he is unfaithful.

Passive: 1 / 2 D4 D5 D8

D9 D7

Passive: 2 / 3

[N]A/[byN] Il obi [N]p [N]a III obi [ A D V ] « Further uses [ADJ]

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

D10

D10 D3

+ in Ν A What is something that really sticks in your mind from your life? + on Ν C Mr Yeltsin sticks on one point: he wants the republics, not the centre, to have tax-gathering powers. • I want to stick on the subject of polls just a bit. (= say something else about) "Very awkward that I ' m still married. The bitch is sticking on a divorce, but she'll agree once I offer her enough money." (= refusing to accept) + to Np (frequent) C Many in what was West Germany wonder whether the government can stick to its promise after the December election not to raise taxes to pay for unity. They stuck to their task manfully. Why didn't you stick to her and tell her the truth? As long as you know you can get to the hotel by evening, you don't need to stick rigidly to the schedule. I think he'd have been wiser to stick to the facts and not try to show he was in the lab when he wasn't. "Let's stick to the highroad," he said. If most of your meals are eaten at fast-food restaurants, try to stick to salads to avoid overdoing fatty fried foods and red meats. + with Np C They still haven't come out with their final recommendation. We're hopeful that when they do, they will stick with what they believe to be the truth. Most of the members of the city council have always been strong supporters of Daryl Gates and have stuck with him during the current controversy. + ADV A A subtly sweet, sour, bitter, sharp fruit, with

810

stick

D11

a million hard pips that stick in the teeth. Children vomit more easily than adults and food which is too dry can stick to the child's upper palate and make him sick. D The knife stuck in the ground at his feet. • Mr. Trancas closed the book, put it on the end table, and stood, the pipe still sticking from his mouth, then walked out of the room. (= jutting out) As usual he asked that we should all keep our eyes and ears open and he had asked me to stick close by as the only person with some knowledge of the area, however limited. (= stay) There's champagne on ice and, incongruously, a bunch of bananas sticking out of an elegant fruit bowl. (= jutting out) [cannot] + Ν V-ing Β He can't stick people telling him how great he is. + Np + ADV« A To save extra pennies he would shuffle the two miles to the library and borrow glue to stick

used stamps on his envelopes. I ended up down at the Xerox shop, enlarging the pages and sticking them together with glue. Knowing how to do mouth-to-mouth should be as natural as sticking on a plaster. Use a rubber-based glue to stick the braid on. D Her yellow eyes didn't blink, nor did she flinch when they stuck a needle in her arm. There, carefully, he removed a stone, and sticking his rifle barrel through the hole he aimed at a gate, where he knew a guardsman hid. She brought the Cabrio to a stop, then stuck her head out of the window. She stuck the bottle in the pocket of her jeans. New York's Transit Authority is going to stick satellite transmitters on the roofs of its buses to beam up information on their location, then bounce it down again to a central computer.

Stick can mean 'become or cause to become attached to something'. (¡) (ii) A name 1 1 can stick to a person 111 , i.e. that person comes to be known under that name. (iii) Two things 11 can stick together 111 , i.e. become attached. (iv) Something 1 1 can stick in a person's mind 111 , i.e. that person remembers it afterwards. -> M D6 D10 Τ also in phrasal verbs: stick down; stick on; stick up i n ΪΪ If people 1 cannot stick something 1 1 or cannot stick doing something 1 1 , they strongly dislike it. D1 D2D11 A person can stick (i) at or to some difficult task 11 , i.e. continue doing it. (ii) by 111 , t o v or w i t h v l a plan, decision, something said, etc. 11 , i.e. not change their opinion about it afterwards. (iii) to a promise 11 , i.e. keep it. (iv) by, to or with a person 11 or two people can stick together, i.e. stay with or support each other. (v) on a topic I V , i.e. insist on or continue to talk about it. D4 D5 D7 D8 D9 A person 1 can stick something 1 1 through or into a thing 111 , i.e. put or push it there. (i) fierce it or be positioned through a hole in it Something long 11 can stick in a thing 111 , i.e. pierce it. (ii) : ' ' ., . •D10T Idiomatic phrasal verbs + around One of us has to attend John's funeral. Dad. I'll stick around to handle the phone if you'll go on to the service. (= stay here) + down M D1 T2 People 1 can stretch or stretch their body, their limbs or themselves 11 , i.e. straighten them to their full length. M D1 D5 T3 also in phrasal verbs: stretch out (i) A resource like money, time, etc. 11 can stretch or be stretched, i.e. made to last longer or to provide more than it normally would, (ii) A person 1 can stretch to s o m e t h i n g ^ , i. e have the resources to afford it. A resource 11 can stretch to do something 111 , i.e. be sufficient to make it possible or enable someone to afford it. D1 D2 D4 D5 also In phrasal verbs: stretch out A person 1 can stretch a rule, the law, somebody's patience, the truth, etc. 11 , i.e. go beyond the usual or acceptable limit. -» D1 A p e r s o n I / n can (i) stretch him- or herself", i.e. try very hard in order to achieve something. (ii) be stretched, i.e. given the opportunity to do something difficult. D1 D3 T1 (i) A road, a railway line, etc. 1 can stretch for a distance 111 , i.e. cover that distance. (ii) Something like a rope, a piece of cloth, etc. 11 can stretch or be stretched between points 111 , i.e. connect them or cover the area in between, (iil) A n event or activity 11 can stretch over a period of time 111 , i.e. last that long. D1 D5 T3 also in phrasal verbs: stretch away; stretch out (Hi)

D E

F

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away + ADV The back garden seems to stretch away into the distance from the sitting room's French windows. (= extend) + out If you anticipate a long flight and the plane is not full, notice where the empty seats are and move there immediately after take-off so you can stretch out. (= lie with your legs and body straight) I think I'll stretch out on the sofa. (= lie with my legs and body straight) + out Np (+ ADV) Father had stretched out his long legs and was tilting back in his chair. (= straightened) Stretch your arms out in front of you for balance. (= hold your arms out straight) Iraq

strict P1 P2 P3

P4

began rationing food at the weekend in an attempt to stretch out its supplies in the face of the United Nations trade embargo. (= make last) Currently decisions can take several years, and appeals by the applicants can stretch the process out for a decade. (= make the process last) In the north and east, flat and humid lowlands stretch out to the Nicaraguan border. (= cover the area)

adjective attr The hospital has strict rules, pred My dad was a bit strict. + about N/V-ing (frequent) American airlines are being strict about baggage allowances, particularly hand luggage. One of my New Year Resolutions is to be quite strict about having no food and drink in the living room. + in N/V-ing The French are strict in their definition of a fruit tart: it must be round, and it must contain pieces of fruit. Pope John Paul II is strict in interpreting Catholic doctrine.

P5

P6 P7

+ on N/V-ing / on wh-CL Michael is very strict on manners. He wasn't strict on my little sister. A federal district court judge ruled in 1987 that Pan Am was discriminating against flight attendants by being too strict on how much it allows them to weigh. + over Ν (rare) But he insisted that the Church needed to be strict over the form of marriage. + with Ν (frequent) They were both strict with the children. Were your parents strict with manners or anything?

A person or institution can be strict (i) about, on or with a particular matter or on or with a person, i.e. not tolerate behaviour they regard as unacceptable. (ii) in doing something, i.e. not tolerant or flexible.

819

strike

strike

verb G Active: 1/3

Passive: 1 /3

I S l i [N]A/[byN] » [N]p_i BEN/REC III [N]p_2 /EFFECTED IV [ADJ] V [ADV]

General: 0

D1

T1-2.7 T1 T2 T7

Β Active: 112

I II III

Passive: 112

[NJ a / [by N] [against N] P [at N]p

General: 0

II III

Passive: 113

General: 0 D1

II

M

lllobl [ A D J ]

D2

Passive: 1/2 ¡S¡¡ General: 0

T3

IMPRESSION [N]A

[that-CL] A(it) [to-INF] A [V-ing] A [N V-ing] A [for Ν to-INF] A

D1 D4

T3 T3

Active: 3/3 lobi

Passive: 1/2

workers ...

Active: 1/2 lobi

...lucky

D2

WSSÊBSIÈSSBi

[ N ] a / [by N ] [against N] P [for N]p clock...

di D1

I obi [ N ] a II [it]

T7

disease . . .

Passive: 1/2

[N]A/[byN] [that-CL]A(¡t) II obi [N]p

T1.7 T1

Active: 1/2

F

Active: 2/2

ni

I

J

U M I [ N ] a / [by N ] II [N]p III [at N]p

II III

.dea...

Passive: 1/2

[N]A / [by N]

Active: 2/3

D4

[N]A/[byN] [N]p-i [N] 2

Active: 1/2

E

[N]p

H

I

[ADV]

D

ι Il

D3

c Active: 113

lightning. . Active: 1/2

II obi

[N]

niobi

[asX]

Further uses [off N]

T4-5 T4-5 T4—5 T4-5 T4-5 T4—5 T4-5 T6

D3 D5

General: 0

[N]a

[N]

D1

A He's right behind me, arm raised to strike. Β The police say it was a well planned job and warned the robbers could strike again. The army never knows where or when we will strike and they exhaust themselves looking for us. As the trial began, schools were empty; parents feared the Mafia would have to mount a massacre, to strike back. C If the batter strikes and misses three times, he's out. D Illness doesn't strike randomly, like a thief in the night. Certain types of people at certain points in their lives will come down with certain kinds of ailments. I was away, working as a labourer, at the big irrigation place, in Herat, when the plague struck at Kilichkoy. E Union leaders say they decided to strike after three months of fruitless dialogue with the government. F Somewhere in the hall an old clock whirred and struck. G You never know when lightning will strike.

D1

+ Np

A They had a bitter argument. He said he lost control and raised his arm to strike her. C They automatically adjust the height of their wrist to ensure that the club only grazes the ground before striking the ball. D Alzheimer's disease can strike anyone over 40. There's been another grim warning about the extent of famine that can be expected to strike Africa in the coming year. G A bolt of lightning struck the tree. H As she chewed her toast, an idea struck her. "Did the contrast strike you?" - "Oh, not really." [it] + Ν + that-CL Η It did not strike me immediately that I might be a possible candidate for the job. • If you strike a match, you get heat out of it. (= light it) BP announced that it was to boost spending on exploration in Vietnam by $ 150m, with a target budget of $ 2 billion if it strikes oil. (= finds) It's like the old image used in the

820

strike

17th century: strike the string of one lute and on another lute the string resonates. (= pluck) But in the last week India's statements seem to strike a more ominous note. (= sound more ominous) Very often the articles in the magazine strike a chord with readers. (= have a strong effect on) The Ethiopian government is expected to strike a deal with the rebels over the formation of a transitional government. (= come to an agreement) Our task was to strike a balance between these two considerations. (= find a compromise) She struck a pose, one hand on her hip and the other waving an imaginary cigarette. (= held her body in a position to impress people) He struck many coins in honour of Augustus. (= made) He waited for them to strike camp. (= take down the tents) +Ν F As they reached the church its clock struck the quarter. He left as a clock was striking ten somewhere and walked several blocks past highwindowed brick buildings to a gay pub called the Coleherne. D2

der just as he shouted it, and struck him a terrible blow over the kidneys. + Np + Ν C A good player would have struck the ball anything between 200 and 300 yards. T2

by/with N)

A "God strike me dead if I ever complain again," Bess was heard to mutter. • This experience has struck him dumb. (= made him unable to speak) She had literally been struck dumb by terror. (= unable to speak) PC Thompson, struck dumb with fear, was unable to warn colleagues in Highbury, north London. (= unable to speak) T3

τ4

T5

Β There had been much inter-Allied dispute on where an Anglo-American force could best strike against Hitler's Europe in 1942. E Members of the United Teachers Union of Los Angeles have voted to strike against the nation's second-largest school district. Workers in Bristol threatened to strike against job cuts. D4

+ at Np

D5

[it] + Ν + as N/V-ing + that-CL/ [it] Ν + as A D J + that-CL

J And sometimes it struck me as being very ironic that the cemetery had so many representations of life within itself. It strikes me as paradoxical that universities, traditionally bastions of free thought, should suddenly be taking the lead in punishing speech. If it struck her as unusual that a man employed to do odd jobs at a hotel should like poetry and apparently read Racine in the original, she didn't remark on the fact. T6

+ ADV

• And each shot that struck home killed two or three men, sometimes more. (= hit its target) The cold struck through his thick coat as if it were paper-tissue. (= penetrated) T1

+ Np + Np

A

The Muscle had grabbed him by the shoul-

+ Np + Off Ν

• We'll strike Debbs off the list for the time being. (= remove his name from) He can be struck off the list of presidential friends. (= be removed from)

+ for Np

E Labour unrest is growing as workers strike for pay rises and job security. D6

+ Ν + as A D J

J The reality, inevitably including a good deal of noise and smell, may not strike her as ideal. "You strike me as very adventurous and selfconfident," I say. The music strikes me as very sad.

(frequent)

Β He cried out like an animal. She struck at his face. Two weeks ago the Turkish president Mr Turgit Ozal said that Turkey would strike back at whoever committed acts of terrorism. Whether they strike at military or civilian targets, they are attacking democracy itself and they do not care who is killed or injured in the process. D The disease could strike at any part of the body.

+ Ν + as N/V-ing

J Deeply obnoxious and naive views strike me as pretty good grounds for dismissing a writer. Does this strike you as an absurd suggestion? She doesn't strike me as being an attractive personality. At the time it doesn't strike you as being such a great achievement.

+ A D J : lucky

+ against N P

+ it + A D J

I We've been looking for a quick way to strike it rich. That's always been my dream. To strike it lucky.

I You may strike lucky and find a sympathetic and helpful clerk. D3

+ Np + A D J (dead/dumb)/be struck + d u m b (+

T7

+ Np + A D V

A Roe was badly hurt after being struck on the head by a stray golf ball. He was struck on the head with a truncheon. An ice-cold fist struck Lenny in the chest. C He struck the ball into the net with his left foot.

821

C D

strong

A person or thing 1 can strike a person or animal 11 , i.e. hit them. 1 •F IP ¡1 . • M D1 T1 T2 T7 also in phrasal verbs: strike out ü 1 111 A person, an army, an animal, etc. can strike at some target , i.e. attack it. M D3 D4 also in phrasal verbs: strike out A person or a club, racket, etc.1 can strike a ball11, i.e. hit or kick it. M D1 T1 T7 A disease or a catastrophe 1 can strike a person, an animal, or a place where people live11, i.e. affect them. -> M D1 D4 also in phrasal verbs: strike down Workers 1 can strike, i.e. refuse to work in order to fight for higher wages, etc. (past tense and past participle also: striked) -> M D3 D5 A clock 1 can (i) strike, i.e. make a• sound in order to indicate the time. r (ii) strike a full hour", i.e. indicate it.

Lightning 1 can strike a person, thing, or place 11 , i.e. hit and damage or hurt them. -» M D1 G An idea, insight, fact, etc. 1 can strike a person", i.e. suddenly come into a person's mind. D1 H I Strike can mean 'become' in certain phrases. D2 T3 I π III J Something can strike a person" as having a certain quality 1 ", i.e. appear to have it. T4 T5 wHBSSsHBHRSiHBHeHHeeiHBrafflBiSw^t® Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down M D1 D3 D4 D5 (i)

827

suggest

suggest A

verb

'propose' Active: 2 / 4

I

.•·;>.

Passive: 1 / 4

D2

D3

D4

'claim'

πι·';!,·!··.-. .--,·. τ:

Active: 2 / 3

iiiH

D1

T1-3

Q

[N] a / [by N]

II obi

[N]p [that-CL] P(it) [wh-CL] P(it)

D2 T4 D3

T5

D4 D5 D6

m

T6

IV

D8

Passive: 1 / 3

I

[N] a / [by N]

li obi [N]p [V-ing]p [to-INF] P(it) [that-CL] P(it) [wh-CL] P(it) [wh to-INF]p(jt) tQ/S]p(¡,) [N V-ing]p [so] in [as N/V-ing] IV [for N] ν [to N]

D1

General: 0

[Q/S]p(it) [so/not/otherwise] [N V-ing] [as N/V-ing] [to N]

D1

T1.3

D3

T5

D4 D6

T6

D7 D8 T1 T3.5-6

T7 T1

Q

T2 T3-7

Q

+ Np

A Can you suggest anyone who could alter the length of my dress for me? So can you supply any helpful information or suggest any books that might provide aid? Β These figures suggest a difficulty that runs deeper than mere recession. The girl's hurt look suggests vulnerability. Only recently, a medical report has suggested a link between childhood leukaemia and exposure to radiation through working at Sellafield. + V-ingp A The Council members suggest appointing a task force to study the problem. It is with reluctance that I suggest spending more on it. + (that)-CLp(it) (>30%) A He suggested that there should be an intermediary stage with the national parliaments having a final say on the time to move ahead. While the cameras were being set up, he suggested that we take a walk in the garden. She had expected him to suggest they should meet that afternoon. Β In Rangoon there is barely any evidence to suggest an election is imminent. Official figures suggest there are about one and a half million unemployed. Reports from West Germany suggest that the government in Bonn is likely to offer an enormous package of financial assistance.

D5 D6

D7

D8

+ Wh-CLp(¡t)

A With a disease where there is no general reeognized treatment it can be hard for doctors to suggest how you should manage your illness. Β There's been no public comment from Rabat yet to suggest how far Mr Dumar's optimistic

T1

impressions are justified. And I am quite unable to suggest who might have been driving the Ferrari. + wh to-INFp(it) A Can you suggest how to proceed? QUOTEp(it) / SENTENCEp(it)

A "Try again on Monday," he suggested. Perhaps, he suggested tentatively, they should send for Dr Band. Β 'They might be doing the dishes,' David suggested after a moment. It could also cost Mr Major's party votes, he suggested. So in a sense, I would suggest, Greene is trying to be tremendously honest and not superficial. + so/not/otherwise Β The evidence suggests otherwise. "Natural" it might be to educate girls and boys sideby-side but are both sexes equally well served by the system? Statistics would suggest not. Are the education dreams of all three major political parties going to end in ashes? Our front page story today suggests so. However, as Nick Nugent explains, reports coming out of Burma suggest otherwise. + Ν V-ingp A You might get a good counsellor that might suggest you doing a college course or something but that's as far as it really does go. + Ν V-ing Β He played me the track of the Gogol script. I thought it was marvellous. It really did suggest the mind gradually disintegrating. + Np + as N/V-ing A We support the idea of a permanent economic secretariat, and we've suggested Sofia as headquarters. I have suggested you as being the man for the job. Someone else had suggested me as the writer.

828

suit

T2

T3

T4

T5

Β Our lawyers will suggest malice as one of the possible reasons for your accusation. + Np + for Ν A Roberts and Kitchener suggested Haig for the post. Is there something a bit more punchy that we could suggest for the front cover? + Np + to Ν A Their counselling is 100% confidential. They may well be able to suggest the best approach to your parents. Β So what does his playing suggest to you? He had never realized he might be allowed to marry "a suitable well-born English girl". No one had ever suggested the possibility to him before, he said. + to Ν + to-INFp(it) (rare) A Well, before we start, I might suggest to listeners to have a pencil and paper handy for the challenge puzzle coming up.

Β The decoration - along with the cut of many of the inhabitants' clothes - may suggest to the traveller that he has already been transported back into the Middle Ages. Young Wellman has done his best to suggest to me that it was she who poisoned your wine. + to Ν QUOTEp(it) / to Ν - SENTENCEp(it) A Ned became interested in the Amish carriages which passed by. "Suppose you and I go to the barn dance in one of them," he suggested to Nancy. Β Interviewer Owen suggested to Nesta: "The fact that you are here speaks volumes, I think." + so + to Ν (rare) A If you feel the running order is wrong, for example because you know another of the speakers is brilliant and should therefore perform last, then suggest so to the organizer. + Np + to Ν «-> as Ν A Someone had suggested it to him as an investment.

T6

T7

Q

+ t o Ν + (that)-CLp(it)

A I suggest to you that we go to the cinema or something. She suggested to him they went out for a drink together. I

A person or something written such as a report, etc.1 can suggest (i) somebody or something11, i.e. recommend them. (ii) that something should be done11, i.e. propose it as a possible course of action. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Q (i) Some given facts1 can suggest that something is the case n , i.e. make people think so. (ii) A person or something written such as a report, etc.1 can suggest that something is the case D , i.e. state it that it might be so. D1 D3 D4 D6 D7 D8 T1 T3 T5 T6

suit

verb

Active: 112 lobi [N] a [V-ing]A [to-INF] A(it) [for Ν to-lNF] A(H) [N V-ing] [that-CL]A(it) II [N]

M D ο D D D D D

Further uses

[toN] M

The length of training session can be arranged to suit and the charges are highly competitive, (only if clear from context)

D

+ Ν I can't think why she should miss England. America must suit her much better. And for dinner, cold lobster with mayonnaise would suit me fine. He has already arranged his life to suit himself. I can come and go to suit myself. Pearls suit Anne's skin perfectly. A book to

suit all levels of ability, from the beginner to the practising woodcarver. Hotels have spread to many parts of the coast to suit all pockets and interests. Well I think it's a good style. Suits you. Grady had been convinced for years that the CIA worked hand in glove with drug traffickers when it suited their purposes to do so. [it] + Ν + to-INF I don't think Fromm believed a word of it but it suits him to pretend. You

829

superb wonder whether it suits your personality to be in the business, or whether being in the business makes your personality that way inclined, [it] + Ν + that-CL It would suit them both that they should continue their separate ways of life.

+ Np + to Ν

• We must learn to suit the tools to the situations. (= adapt) She suited her actions to her words. (= acted in accordance with what she had said)

Suit can mean 'be appropriate for' or 'be in harmony with somebody or something'. (i) Someone or something1 can suit someone or something 11 , i.e. be appropriate or convenient. (ii) If a person1 suits him- or herself11, they do what pleases them.

suitable P1 P2

P3 P4 P5

P6

adjective

attr They thoughtfully provided a list of suitable candidates. pred On the 24th, I wrote to him, suggesting that a date in June or July might be more suitable. + to-INF The children and relatives of old people are most suitable to look after them, [it] + to-INF I think it would be suitable to call the police. + as Ν The course is suitable as a preparatory year of training for overseas students wishing to proceed to an MPhil or PhD degree. + for N/V-ing (> 30 %) We'll also be looking at a report from American scientists about the possibility of making the planet Mars suitable for life. All recipes for red beans are suitable for

P7

P8

white beans. The subject matter and teaching methods make the course suitable for students from a wide range of countries. All cherries can be frozen, either as they are or cooked in sugar syrup; red varieties are more suitable for freezing as the black ones tend to discolour. + to Ν We have reached a deal suitable to both parties. The question of which method is suitable to which teaching task is one of great complexity. Royal babies are required to have names which are suitable to their position. + for Ν + to-INF The General Staff at the War Office don't let him know everything, but only feed him what they think is suitable for him to know.

• • • • • • • • • p i i H

(i) (Ü)

If someone or something is suitable for someone or something or for or to a particular purpose, they are well matched. If someone or something is suitable to some particular rank or standard or someone expecting tha; standard, they are appropriate or acceptable.

superb PI P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

adjective

attr He did a superb job. It was a superb performance. pred That's superb. She was superb. + to-INF Beautiful to possess and superb to wear, delectable lingerie is only successful when it fits correctly. [it] + to-INF (rare) It was superb to see young players, most of whom were under 23, throwing the ball around and making openings. + as Ν (frequent) In the third outstanding production from TNT, Faye Dunaway is superb as a beautiful stranger. + at N/V-ing He was superb at his job and popular. He was superb at getting information and having it carefully analyzed and carefully deliberated before he made decisions.

P7

+ for N/V-ing Its fine large berries have a somewhat acid flavour and are superb for jam. The crystalline waters reflect a spectrum of colours from sapphire blue to emerald green, and are superb for snorkelling and scuba diving.

830

superior

superior

adjective

attr

P1

A I bow to the general's superior knowledge. Β It's a very superior attitude. P2

ρ red

A The new site is superior and has far broader community support, (only if clear from context) P3

+ as Ν

A Remember that unrefined cereals, wholegrains and wholemeal flour are superior as providers of fibre to their refined forms.

P7

+ about N/V-ing

P4

Β What entitles Jaci Stephen to be so superior about pubs? P5

P8

though a little more expensive, are far superior in quality. Open pan cooking with minimal water and particularly "waterless" cooking, appears superior in retaining vitamin C and Β vitamins compared with either pressure cooking or open pan cooking employing traditional volumes of water. + to Ν (frequent) A Neither view was logically superior to the other; each might be true, according to circumstances. Bread and butter pudding is superior to treacle tart. + in Ν «-• to Ν

A Lawrence was born of a Nottinghamshire coal miner and a woman greatly superior to her husband in education and sensitivity.

+ at N/V-ing

A He implied that monarchies and other authoritarian regimes are superior at getting things done. + in N/V-ing

P6

A For both cosmetic and nutritional purposes it is best to buy only the pure brands which, A

Someone or something can be superior to someone or something else in quality, rank, etc. or at doing something, i.e. be better than them. -» P1 P2 P3 P5 P6 P7 P8 If a person is superior about something, they behave in an arrogant way. -> P1 P4

Β

supply

verb

Active: 2/3

ι

Passive: 1/3

llcont [N]p

ill IV M D

General: 0

[N]a / [by N ] [with N] /EFFECTED [N]p RECIPIENT [to N] [forN] BENEFICIARY

D

d

T1-2

T3 TS T2 T1

(invented example) Are you sure you can supply? + Np I can supply a list and descriptions and maps indicating each location. Nature, in her wisdom, saw fit to supply all our needs of vitamins and minerals. These foodstuffs are very low in every type of fat and supply high intakes of fibre at the same time. Trombonist Malcolm Griffiths, trumpeter Guy Barker, bassist Dave Green and Tracey's Son drummer Clark supply exemplary accompaniment. Their task is to bring enough food and other goods to Yakutsk to supply the entire city for the next winter. The announcement said the Afghan air force was using helicopters to supply the besieged town.

T1

T2

T3

Only a precise probe of the text will supply the answer. + Np + for Ν Throughout the sixties, the Cahn/Van Heusen team supplied further songs for Sinatra. + Np + to Ν A Minnesota TV reporter and a cameraman have been suspended on charges that they supplied alcohol to minors. Under stress, our blood pressure will go up automatically to supply extra blood and oxygen to the muscles and organs. + Np + with Ν The Soviets supplied Finland with all its oil. And when we come to look, we find that nature herself has supplied us with all the necessary resources.

Supply generally means 'make available'. A person, business, organisation, etc.1 can supply (i) food, goods, resources, etc. n to somebody 111 . (ii) somebody 111 with food, goods, resources, etc.11

831

support

support

verb

Passive: 1/3 General: 0 WMBi Active: 2/3 I i i i i l i [ N ] a / [by N] D1 T1-6 II obi [N]p D2 [V-ing]p D3 [N V-ing]p T1 m [as N] T2 tv [for N] T3 ν [in N/V-ing] T4 vi [on N] T5 [over N] VII T6 [with N] α β Active: 2/2

F

: 1/2

M M H H H H H H M I

ß

Passiv•e: 1 / 3

Active: 2 / 3 ι

II obi III

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [on N]

D1

T4 T4

τ Active: 2 / 2

Passiv-e: 1/2

[N] a / [by N] II obi [N]p

General: 0

ι

D1

δ Active: 2 / 2

Passiv-e: 1/2

[ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p ι

D1

I

[ N ] a / [by N] [that-CL] A [N V-ing] A II obi [N]p D1

D2

D1 D1 D1

+ Np The delegates will be discussing whether to support a call by France and Australia to turn Antarctica into a nature reserve. Mr Gandhi said his Congress Party would support a government led by the Janata Dal breakaway leader, Mr Chandra Shekar. α The report also says there is no evidence to support fears that the amount of pornography on sale in Britain was increasing. Lawyers have argued that the Department of Health ignored safety warnings and that government papers would support their case. Treasury Secretary Brady said the US was not ready to intervene in the financial markets to support the dollar. ß Finding herself with two children and a mentally ill husband to support, she didn't begin writing till she was 40 and then decided on the whodunit because it was popular. Land which had once supported people was used to support animals and many small tenants were evicted. To support humans, the atmosphere would also have to have sufficient quantities of oxygen, γ Tim, 17, supports Manchester United, δ Elaborate columns support an intricately decorated ceiling. At first, it will seem as if your baby's head is almost too heavy for her to carry, and you'll have to support both her head and neck whenever you pick her up. + V-ingp As a clear sign of Berlin's new funetion "as a link between the peoples in East and West", he would support staging the Olympics in Berlin within the next ten years. They also support giving the Bundestag a say before Germany moves to the third stage of a monetary union in Europe.

D3

T1 T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

+ Ν V-ingp I strongly support them being there: they're a clean business and a good neighbor. + Np + a s Ν He said he'll support Mr Gorbachev as party leader. + Np + for Ν Pat Robertson, a leader of the Christian right, said he could support Powell for president even if it turned out the general supported legal abortion. + Np + in N/V-ing I mean, what you're saying is we've gotta support Mikhail Gorbachev in this. Brussels should support Britain in protesting vigorously at any future attempts to by-pass the established rules and procedures. + Np + on Ν If Tunisia did leave the League, the nine members which support it on this question might be tempted to follow suit. If the president asks for a declaration of war from Congress and if he presents his case to the public as well as to the Congress, I think the Congress will support him on that action, β Joe Stone worked in a local tool-and-die factory, supporting the family on a salary that never rose above $ 15,000 a year. + Np + over Ν About sixty Conservative MPs failed to support the government over a motion by Labour to have the Poll Tax abolished. • They support force over compromise every time. (= prefer force to compromise) + Np + with Ν Developers of the project are hoping that the Prime Minister, Mrs Thatcher, will support the scheme with government aid.

832

suppose

Support generally means 'contribute towards the well-being of somebody or the success of something'. A person or group of people1 can support somebody or somebody's plans, proposals, etc. u , i.e. be in favour of them and help them. α Something such as a fact1 can support a belief, view, development, etc.11, i.e. make that belief, view, 11

1

f~"

A

etc. more likely. D1 Somebody or some resource like food, money, etc.1 can support a person or animal11, i.e. provide the basis for their survival. D1 T4 A person1 can support a sports club11, i.e. be a fan. D1 Something such as a column or pillar1 can support a structure above it11, i.e. hold it in place. —> D1

β γ δ

suppose A

verb

'believe' Active: 1 ¡2

Β Passive: 112

[N] a / [by N] [that-CL]p(|t) [S]p:i, [so/not] [Np to-INF] M

A

D1

(only if clear from context) + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent)

D1 02 D3 D4

Passive: 1 / 2

I [ N ] a / [by N] il obi [that-CL]P(it) [NP to-INF]

"Wouldn't you think so?" - "I supposer

A I suppose that I really didn't think about it much. I suppose I was a bit rude. I suppose all writers must have a certain degree of ignorance or childishness. There are grounds for supposing that this time a centrist party would have a good chance of success. Β Suppose Kingston finds a property that can be acquired for £ 100,000 because it needs extensive repairs. Suppose there is no Maastricht. Suppose that the core of Europe drives on for union, leaving the scapegoats behind. These are not wild suppositions. Now, supposing there were only one of those stamps. And supposing it was worth a million dollars. And supposing the man who owned it suddenly came into possession of a second stamp - its duplicate. What do you think would be the value of each of those two stamps? The gamekeeper would never take a desk job supposing he could find one. • He often phrased his invitations in the negative. "I don't suppose you'd like to come over and keep an old man company?" (= perhaps you would like) D2

HYPOTHETICAL Active: 2 / 2

D1 D4

lessons there, I suppose. The possibilities, I suppose, are almost endless. D3

+ so/not

A "But God knows best. If He'd wanted you to help that man, He would have shown you the way." - "I suppose so, Father." She frowned. "I presume in 1936 there weren't so many immigrants to London." "No, I suppose not." D4

+ Np to-INF

A They have generally supposed the danger to be remote because Parliament was broadly representative of the nation. Β Literature is particularly liable to changes of reputation. If you had asked in the Guardian of 1700 (supposing it to have existed) for the names of England's greatest poets, most lists would probably not have included Shakespeare.

SENTENCE P:it

A We've got practice rooms on campus and if I did take anyone on then I'd arrange to give AL Β

Suppose can be used to express one's belief or view. Often it implies that the speaker is not absolutely certain of the belief or view expressed. -» M D1 02 D3 D4 Suppose can also be used to introduce a hypothetical situation; by using it the speaker appeals to the listener to take the situation as described for granted. -» D1 D4

833 sure

surprise

adjective attr It is just the sure knowledge that as soon as we get away from Westminster, there will be a recall of Parliament. pred Are you sure! + to-INF Monday morning was sure to bring him into my office. They're sure to get you. Sanctions are sure to prove effective. + that-CL (>30%) I'm pretty sure that we backed the right man. I'm sure you all know Peter and his friends. + wh-CL I wasn't sure if you were joking or not. I was not quite sure whether he was serious. The concept's so new no one seems sure how it will turn out. I'm not sure what happens now. She sighed and said she wasn't sure why she did it, she certainly didn't enjoy it. + wh to-INF I'm not sure how to answer that. They're not sure what to do. I wasn't sure whether to believe them. + about N/V-ing / about Ν V-ing / about wh-CL/wh to-INF I'm not so sure about our chances of winning. Christopher was very keen on the place, but I wasn't sure about com-

P1

P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8 P9

ing south of the river, and the house was a total nightmare. Don't be too sure about me being good. I'm not sure about where it was. If you are not sure about how to take your medicine, then the pharmacist who dispensed the medicine will be able to give you all the information you need. I am not sure about whether to breastfeed my baby. + as to wh-CL I wasn't quite sure as to what had just happened. + of N/V-ing/of wh-CL/wh to-INF Mr Clinton took stands only when he was sure of public support. He no longer sounds so sure of himself. "How can you be sure of the figures?" I asked. They will be sure of utilising their local available resources. Don't be too sure of how things work out. I want to be sure of who I am. She didn't seem any more sure of what to do than he was.

Sure means 'certain': (i) A person, an institution or something written by a person can be sure about someone or something, i.e. they are certain that what they think about or what they expect of them is correct. (ii) If you say that someone or something is sure of something such as success, then you have no doubt that this will happen. (iii) A person can be sure of another person, i.e. be certain that they can rely on them for a particular purpose. (iv) If someone or something is sure to do something, they will definitely do it.

surprise A

verb

person ... Active: 1 / 3

1 II cont III

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [with N]

fact... Passive: 1 / 3

Active: 1 / 3

General: 0

D

T2 T2

llcont III

M

A They need to be less sophisticated, a little dirtier; they need to surprise, (only if clear from context) Β Never leave money or gorgeous things to people who are expecting it. The whole point of a will is that it should surprise and disappoint, if possible simultaneously, (only if clear from context)

D

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [to-INF]*,!,) [that-CL] A(it) [wh-CL] A(it) [if-CL] A:it [N V-ing] A [for Ν to-INF] A [N]p [by N/V-ing]

T1 T1

+ Np A I gently opened the door, wanting to surprise her. Sir Jack has surprised him embracing Drommond. Β It takes a lot to surprise me. [it] + Ν + to-INF Β Conversely, would it surprise you to know that nearly all the black and white photos repro-

834

surprised

duced in the tabloid press these days are printed from colour negatives? It will not surprise anyone to learn that Gilbert, like that other great master of the clever song lyric, Ρ G Wodehouse, studied Latin, [it] + Ν + that-CL Β It did not altogether surprise him that Moitié, simple soul that she was, should assume that he would be able to help them with their problem. [it] + Ν + wh-CL Β It continues to surprise me how many men have no idea of what clothes suit them, [it] + Ν + if-CL Β It wouldn't surprise me if she quit.

+ Np + by N/V-ing Β He will enjoy the challenge of being sponsored and may well surprise his sponsors by his powers of endurance. I read it at once: it surprised me by its strong and original prose. He would sometimes surprise friends by announcing he was bringing his "favourite girlfriend" to dinner parties. + Np + with Ν

T1

T2

A Mr Chandra government will durability. We our little secret. with an invitation

I

II

.

Shekhar says he believes his surprise his critics with its wanted to surprise them with She planned to surprise him to an expensive lunch. .

.

,

.

,

,

A person or group of people 1 can surprise somebody", i.e. act in a way or show qualities which others do not expect. -» M D T2 A fact or event 1 can surprise somebody 1 1 , i.e. be unexpected. M D T1

surprised P1 P2 P3 P4

P5

P6

adjective

attr The younger Miss Cafferkey was small and round and wore a surprised expression. pred I ' m not surprised. + to-INF (frequent) I was surprised to see Daddy there that night. + (that)-CL (frequent) I was surprised that the police hadn't followed me to New York. The family were surprised she'd found someone else so quickly. I am a little surprised you have come to see me. I cannot imagine how I can help you. + wh-CL You'll be surprised how beautifully these three ingredients complement one another. You'd be surprised what a bag of gold can do to a man's loyalty. You might be surprised where your time is going. + about Ν Clearly his wife Barbara is surprised about his latest plan.

If a person is surprised,

surprising P1 P2 P3

P4

P7

+ at N/V-ing /at wh-CL (frequent) I ' m not surprised at her success with beach volleyball. I ' m not surprised at not being asked. You'd be surprised at what I know about you. Archaeologists are surprised at how well preserved the gun is. You'll be surprised at how it soon adds up.

P8

+ by Ν I was surprised by the number of kids who thought about a computer as a way to solve really complicated political and economic problems. I was surprised by how religious some of the lyrics are. + with Ν I was surprised with the result of the vote. Jennifer reported that she was pleasantly surprised with how the holidays had gone.

P9

something unexpected has happened.

adjective

attr Europe still has a surprising number of places which hold out the prospect of adventure. pred The problems of storage and display were surprising. [it] + to-INF More than 90 per cent of Australian papaws are grown in Queensland, so it is not surprising to find many in domestic gardens. [it] + (that)-CL Given their power, it's not surprising that thunder and lightning are the subject of long-lasting myths. Asked if his revelations

P5

P6

could embarrass the Government, he said: "It is surprising they haven't fallen already." [it] + wh-CL It is surprising how quickly the answers from a good student can be transferred around the room. It's surprising how many Australians ski considering the amount of snow we have in Australia. + in Ν The white-on-grey instruments have an upmarket elegance surprising in such a budget car.

835

survey

Pi

+ for Ν His devotion to the cause is highly laudable, but a bit surprising for someone whose future has been planned for him 2,000 miles away. Such insecurity is surprising for a man who has outsold Michael Jackson and Madonna in the Nineties.

P8

[it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF It wasn't surprising for me to learn that while

Surprising

Sam's father was a successful business man, his paternal grandfather was never able to earn a living. Analysts say it's not surprising for the party's nominee to get a boost during his party's convention. P9

[it] + to Ν + that-CL It should not be surprising to the Government that such a fear exists in Queensland, too.

Τ

+ Np + with Ν Billy's Mexican friends fashioned a simple pine coffin and surrounded the corpse with lighted candles. It's a good idea to surround the plant with a layer of waterretentive mulch.

means 'unexpected or unusual'.

surround verb Active: 2 / 3 Passive: 1/3 General: 0 I [ N ] A / [by N] »imp [N]p D1 τ III [with N] D2 τ D1

02

+ Np From all over New Hampshire and Massachusetts rebels were now marching to surround Boston. Biedermeier chairs surround a Louis XVI table. We are surrounded by the apparatus of instant communications. • Today, however, the most haunting stories of Cornwall surround its smuggling and wrecking heritage. (= are concerned with) The strict protocol and security arrangements which surround every royal journey meant that police forces in the counties through which they drove were always on the alert. (= are a necessary aspect of)

• Her technique was to surround herself with strong women and weak men. (= select them as followers) Provide interesting pictures, books and mobiles to look at. And surround him with colorful toys that will encourage him to reach out and move about. (= provide him with)

+ with Ν Top each slice with a sun-dried tomato half. Surround with slices of avocado and olives, (used mainly in instructions)

Surround generally means 'be or move into positions around somebody or something'. 1 ΤΪ (i) A g r o u p of people, a n i m a l s o r t h i n g s ' can s u r r o u n d a p l a c e " . (ii) S o m e b o d y 1 can s u r r o u n d a place 1 1 with people o r t h i n g s 1 " , i.e. move them into position around that

survey noun P1

P2

P3

A recent survey showed that the most common concerns were nuclear power, CFCs, and the pollution of waterways. The exercise also included a postal survey across 91 units of 14,330 nursing staff, about 8 per cent of whom were from an ethnic minority. + about Ν The truth is out - read on for the revealing results of our special survey about household cleaning and home hygiene. + among(st) N pl y group Warwick also comes out the fourth lowest on the percentage drop-out rate in a separate survey among students who ended their courses between 1990 and 1992, with or without getting a degree.

P4

P5

P6

P7

+ by Ν (frequent) The move comes after a survey by the Gallup organisation for the Institute of Community Studies which confirmed that thousands of youngsters spend school holidays alone. + for Ν The latest N O P survey for The Independent and the BBC 2 programme Newsnight shows that the Liberal Democrats have gained ground at the expense of the Conservatives. + into Ν Chosen by a panel, the festival includes the now obligatory Top Twenty list, the pick of the best and a survey into the state of the art feminist texts. + of N/wh-CL (very frequent) The psycho-

836

survive

logical survey of patients attending the Bristol Cancer Help Centre has been delayed, but is due to start later this year. The council conducted a survey of the uses to which farm buildings were put after local councils had given permission for them to be converted. They've based their findings on a survey of some 2,400 galaxies. "American Photography 1890-1965": its catalogue provides an interesting survey of at-

P8

titudes towards photography in the 1940s. A survey of how retired people live has indicated that most are independent and enjoying life. + on Ν The Daily Express carries a survey on the opinions of young Russians. I mention the recent survey on step-parents, which concluded that most children prefer a single parent to having a step-parent.

A survey can be 'an investigation of a group of people or things to find out about them.' There are surveys (i) among or of a group of people (ii) about or on a certain matter/aspect (iii) of or into a phenomenon.

survive

verb

Active: 112 Ι

Il

M

D1

D2

Passive: 112

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [V-ing]p

General: 0

D1

D2

It's amazing how in the least habitable of places, plants can adapt themselves to their environment and survive. Most living things need clean air to survive. I've been stung by a scorpion and survived. They survived by begging, scrounging, and stealing. MacMhuirich had managed to survive by anchoring himself underwater to some rocks, breathing through a reed that he'd grabbed during his escape dash. They'll tear you to pieces! You'll never survive. + Np The Irish Prime Minister, Charles Haughey, tonight dismissed his deputy premier in order to survive a parliamentary vote of confidence and to keep his coalition government in power. + V-ingp It's apparently the first time that complex multicellular organisms have survived being frozen to a temperature cold enough to virtually halt all metabolism.

m IV ν VI D3

D4

D5

D6

[as N] [from N] [on N] [without N]

D3 D4 D5 D6

+ as Ν (frequent) Embattled Premier John Major is no longer certain he will survive as Prime Minister until next year. Can Bosnia survive as a single state in any meaningful sense? + from Ν A copy of the 1925 edition of the first volume has survived from that time. His was the only signature to have survived from the previous pan- European treaty - the Helsinki accord of 1975. + on Ν (frequent) Harold Wilson survived on a House of Commons majority of four. Dealers here cannot survive on outsider art alone. The report says prisoners cannot survive on the daily rations. + without Ν Toast and coffee enough for you, or can't you survive without bacon and eggs?

The word survive literally means continue to live in or after a hazardous or dangerous situation , but it is also used to say that someone will get through a difficult situation unharmed or that something still exists from an earlier time or from something much larger.

susceptible P1

adjective

attr/also in combinations A Some brands of perfume are more troublesome to the chemically susceptible person than are others. Only very susceptible readers are going to fall off their chairs completely. Susceptible plants should be staked and tied. Avoid planting frost-susceptible plants on easterly facing beds or walls.

P2

P3

pred A Young birds appear most susceptible, (only If clear from context) + Of Ν Β The impression will be fostered that all political problems are susceptible of technical resolution and that, in every case, there is one correct solution.

837 P4

suspect

+ to Ν (frequent)

ble from the Health Education Authority clearly showed. We're all susceptible to flirting because it boosts our egos and shows we're still attractive to the opposite sex. The younger the child the more immature are its mechanisms for avoiding infections and pollutants and the more susceptible they are to developing allergies.

A Numerous individuals in this country are susceptible to food additives without necessarily having the classic signs of allergy. It's not only women who are susceptible to iron deficiency. Young people are the most susceptible to advertisements, as a recent league ta-

Someone or something can be susceptible to an outside influence or to doing something, i.e. be likely to be affected by it or to do it. • P1 P2 P4 In formal, especially legal, language, something such as a regulation or a contract that is susceptible of change, etc. can be changed.

suspect

verb

Active: 1 / 3

ι II

III IV M D1

D2

D3

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]a / [by N ] [N]p /EFFECTED [that-CL]p(|t)

General: 0

D1 02

[S]p:i,

D3

[so/not/otherwise] [Np to-INF] [N]p BEN/REC [of N/V-ing]

D4 D5 D1

τ τ

Could he possibly suspect? (only if clear from context) + Np She looked sharply at Alistair. "I suppose they suspect Miss Byrd." Suspect a broken bone if the casualty is lying in an unnatural, awkward position. The PLO leader, Yasser Arafat, also suspects a plot. + (that)-CLp(it) (frequent) If you know or suspect that a child is being ill-treated or neglected please tell the NSPCC at once. She had always suspected that unsold goldfish ended up as pizza anchovies. She had begun to suspect that he even enjoyed having her with him. The Dutch police at this stage have said there is no reason to suspect that the IRA carried out the car bombing. He suspects he hasn't been a very good father. Sir Philip Goodhart, a supporter of Michael Heseltine, said that he suspected a Tory MP would challenge the Prime Minister. SENTENCEP:I, He had seen the potential box-office value of the host and co-creator of the original, but Marshall Jamieson, the lineproducer, was, I suspect, slightly less convinced.

D4

D5

Τ

+ so/not/otherwise Researchers say the study wasn't big enough to determine whether children who grow up around just one smoker have an increased risk, although they suspect so. Whether that did a lot for the teaching of history or not I don't know. But I suspect not. If she didn't suspect otherwise, Emerald would have thought she had the ideal partner in Awasthi. + Np to-INF At first, various authorities suspected it to be simply a freak, extra- limbed individual of some already-known species, but later finds of other specimens refuted this theory. Suspecting coffee houses to be a hotbed of sedition, Kuprili ordered that anyone caught drinking coffee should be tied into a sack and thrown into the Bosphorus. + Np + of N/V-ing They had no reason to suspect him of anything. A BBC correspondent in the city says they are beating up any passersby they suspect of being opponents of the government. The resolution calls for aircraft suspected of breaking the embargo to be detained and searched.

Empty tins and bottles would be floating in the lagoon, she suspected. A person 1 can suspect (i) another person 111 of having done something, esp. something they do not approve o f , v (ii) a certain problem or crime 11 (iii) something to be the case or someone to do something 0 (iv) that something is the case 11 , i.e. believe that a person has done something or that something is the case.

838

suspicious

suspicious P1

adjective

attr A

+ about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing/about wh-CL

P5 They both gave me a suspicious

A

look, as if I

Β

He had tried to keep secret that his patient

had died under suspicious

circumstances.

Investors were He

about where it came from, so we

traced the owner's address.

A

Don't be so suspicious

Β

This was a very tragic accident and w e are

+ at N/V-ing (rare) A

all the time, Lynne.

Customs officers became suspicious

cannabis.

suspicious.

Neighbours had tipped off police

after they became suspicious

But the North remains suspicious

at what

they thought might be a plant of the drug

+ that-CL A

about whether the market would con-

was suspicious P6

not treating it as

at the large number

of youngsters visiting the house.

that the

Although

South is attempting to dominate the North eco-

several friends were suspicious

nomically.

bleby with another woman, his w i f e was con-

The jewellers became

suspicious

[it] + that-CL Β

+ of Ν (frequent)

P7

They find it suspicious

at seeing Dim-

vinced there was nothing wrong.

that he was behind the thefts.

A

They're suspi-

cious about what he's up to.

tinue to advance as rapidly as Tuesday.

pred

P4

about Dad not coming home. suspicious

suspicious

back-

suspicious

their homes after a woman found a home.

P3

about his

That way she won't get

About two-hundred people were evacuated from package under her car in the driveway of her P2

Wasn't she suspicious

ground?

were competition.

A

that more serious ac-

Staff at the post-office became suspicious

cusations seem to emerge with each round of

a soggy, wriggling parcel.

I ' m suspicious

statements.

anyone who comes to the door.

of of

A person can be suspicious (i)

about a matter, circumstances etc., i.e. wonder why something is the case or being done.

(ii)

at someone or something, i.e. start looking into it or investigating them.

(iii)

of someone or something, i.e. mistrust them.

(iv)

that something is the case, i.e. suspect it.

- > P 1 P 2 P 3 P 5 P6 P 7 Β

If a person thinks something is ι

, they think illegal or dishonest behaviour is involved.

P 1 P 2 P4

swear

verb . . . oath

Active: 2/4

α Passive: 1 /4

General: 0

ι

[ N ] a / [by N]

II

[N]p [to-INF]

D1 D2

[that-CL]

D3

T5.8.10

[Q/S] [by N]p

D4

T1 T5

[on N]p

D6 D9

IV

[to N/V-ing]

D10

V

[to N]

III

'curse' Active: 1/3

Passive: 1/3

ι

[ N ] a / [by N]

T3-4

II

[at N]p

T7.9

HI

[in N]

Q

Further uses [off N/V-ing] [into N]

T3.7-8

Q

T1.4.9-10

Q

Μ

α He heard P C Garbett swear. We didn't like being girls, and cultivated blokey manners instead, swearing a lot and scowling.

D1

+ Np I didn't kill her. I swear it. If a Welsh woman swears a holy oath that a certain man fathered her child, he must then deny her charge under oath, too.

02

General: 0 D5 07

Τ6 Τ6

;:

· ύ VWÊSÊUSÊÊ D8 Τ2

• The young Irishman's brother, Sean Miller, swears vengeance. (= promises) + to-INF In a ceremony at the Polish parliament, he swore to protect the dignity of the nation and the sovereignty of the state.

D3

+ (that)-CL (frequent) There were a dozen witnesses prepared to swear that McGuire had re-

839

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

T1

a

swear mained until the small hours, drinking coffee and quoting scripture. On their arrival home they would all swear that they had had a wonderful time. And he swore he hardly knew her. QUOTE/SENTENCE "I'll never play in America again," he swore. "Did you tell her about me, Mona?" - "No! I swearl" (only if clear from context) + at Np α In the first match Pearce got sent off for swearing at the referee. + by Np We still swear by the Bible in court in this country, don't we? • Back in the 18th century, people swore by Eau de Cologne for its astonishing effects on well-being. (= firmly believed in) + in Ν α He swore in Spanish, another indication that he was rattled. + off N/V-ing • I swore off heroin from that moment and I have never had it since and that was years and years ago. (= promised not to take it anymore) Kaiser says he's swearing off doing any more covers because he's afraid of becoming typecast. (= promised not to do it any more) + on Np The driver said he was a Baptist Minister, but he would not swear on the Bible before giving evidence. + to N/V-ing We have a witness who would swear to it in a court of law. Why had Martin sworn to seeing Grace on the July 3? + to Ν « QUOTE/to Ν « SENTENCE Harry, I've never seen him until this evening. I swear to you, Harry. I'm gonna get you back, I swear to God.

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[be sworn] + into Ν • Despite the fact that he was sworn into office at a US military base, 54 year-old Endara was genuinely popular among Panamanians. (= he took an oath when taking office) + Ν + on Ν Another case was being wrecked because a juror swore his oath on a notebook instead of the Bible. + Np + to Ν They were persecuted and oppressed even by the Pope to whom they swore a special vow of total obedience. • I have been sworn to secrecy. (=1 have had to promise to keep the secret) + by Ν + that-CL Pandaras becomes so angry that he swears by the gods that he meant no villainy. + in Ν ^ at Np α I remember wondering why these soldiers were swearing in English at me. + on Ν + to-INF (rare) Two Arabs leaving Afghanistan on Tuesday were seen being told to swear on the Qoran never to reenter that country. + on Ν + that-CL And he swore on the Bible that it was someone else who had attacked you. When I was little my nan made me swear on my life that I'd never touch a cigarette. + to Ν + to-INF (rare) Be strong and bold, for you are the one who will go with this people into the land that the Lord has sworn to their ancestors to give them. + to Ν + (that)-CL Doctor, I swear to you that it only happened once, and I'll take an oath to that in court. I swear to God I don't know. + to Ν + on Ν + (that)-CL (rare) I swear to you on the head of the mother of my children, never, never would I get involved in such things.

Swear can mean 'make a strong statement or promise, often with a guarantee'. A person1 can swear (i) an oath", i.e. say that what they are going to say is true, (li) that something is the case11, i.e. say that it is true, (¡¡i) to do something11, i.e. promise to do it. (iv) to a fact or to doing something IV , i.e. say that it is true or that it happened. (v) on the Bible, on their life etc. or by the Bible or a god , i. e. claim that as a guarantee of the truth of their statement. (vi) to a person or a god v , i.e. make a promise to them. -> D1 D2 D3 D4 D6 D9 D10 T1 T3 T4 T5 T7 T8 T9 T10 Q also in phrasal verbs: swear in If a person1 swears, they use blasphemous or rude language, usually because they are annoyed or angry.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in ^ Np (+ as N) The new minority government of India has been sworn in at a ceremony marked by noisy protests. (= has taken an oath before taking office) The Conservative leader, Constantine Mitsotakis is expected to be sworn in

as Prime Minister tomorrow. (= take the oath to become Prime Minister)

840

sweet

sweet adjective P1

P2

P3

P4

P5 P6

attr A He is a very sweet person whom the children adore. Β Take wine, any sweet wine you like. C Here he recounts his capture and imprisonment and the sweet taste of freedom. pred A Isn't she sweet? Β They tend to drink their tea very sweet. C Has not life suddenly become very sweet? + to-INF A You were so sweet to do this. He had been so sweet to send the money. [it] + to-INF C It's always sweet to score against a former club. [it] + that-CL (rare) C It was sweet that someone else won. + about N/V-ing A He was so sweet about everything.

P7

P8 P9 P10

P11

P12

+ in Ν Β It is characteristically aromatic and slightly sweet in taste. + of Ν A That's very sweet of you. + on Ν D I think he's still sweet on you. + to Ν A You were very, very sweet to me and I only hope that someday I may have the chance to help you, dear, as much as you helped me. + with Ν A She is always so sweet with children. Β The air is sweet with spice due to the thick layer of crushed nutmeg shells on the driveway. [it] + of Ν + to-INF A It's really very sweet of him to lend me his shiny Cadillac.

weet can mean 'extremely kind and likeable' : A person can be sweet (i) about a matter. (ii) to another person. - > P 1 P2 P 3 P 6 P 8 P 1 0 P 1 1 P12 Sweet can mean 'having a sweet taste'. —> P1 P2 P7 P11 Sweet can mean 'enjoyable'. -> P1 P2 P4 P5 A person who is sweet on another person finds them attractive and is very fond of them.

• P9

swift adjective P1 P2 P3

attr Swift action is needed to combat the continued rise in skin cancers. pred The divorce had been swift. + to-INF (frequent) Labour were swift to counter the attack. De Silva showed the way and Llong was swift to follow his example.

P4

+ in Ν The Lockheed hydraulic brakes were not sufficiently swift in response.

Swift means 'very fast'.

synonymous adjective P1 P2 P3

P4

attr "Foreign" and "American" are virtually synonymous terms in this respect. pred Money and taste are not always synonymous. (plural subject only) + to Ν (rare) Commerce, Christianity and civilization were synonymous to the Victorians, (plural subject only) + with N/V-ing/ADJ (> 30 %) In the entire Far Eastern region, with a few exceptions, rice is synonymous with the meal itself, and an invitation to dine very often translates as: Come and

P5

have rice with me. The name Bayeux is synonymous with the tapestry and most visitors see nothing else, but it is also a thoroughly enjoyable country town. In most circles, 'nice' is synonymous with 'dull', not worthy of examination. Living in the "free world" has become synonymous with having consumer goods. The concept of a good team is not synonymous with liking every member of that team. + for Ν + with Ν (rare) Pacifism is synonymous for him with Christianity.

system

841

(i) (¡i)

Something that is synonymous with something else has the same meaning or is closely associated with it. If you say that certain things, ideas etc. are synonymous to a person or a group of people, you mean that they have the same meaning for them.

system P1

P2

noun

A This would literally halve costs compared with the official system at present accepted by the Government. The published outcome appeared under my name in Encounter of October 1965, in the form of a Letter from Paris, headed "The system at the Elysee". Β This workshop shows you how to configure and run secure systems using industry standard UNIX. + tO-INF

A Although it was "too soon to say" how the regime would work, the negotiations are understood to be focusing on a jointly administered system to protect endangered fish stocks in both international and disputed waters. Dr Lawrence said it was 'amazing' there was still no national system to measure the quality of health care in Australia's hospitals. P3

Β A patent held by the Dutch company Philips, which describes a system for a re-usable CD, though it's not yet in production, could herald a new era in CD recording. P4

+ of N/V-ing

+ f o r N/V-irig

A There has been fresh violence in London during the latest public protest against the introduction of a new system for funding local government - known as the Poll Tax. A

Β

(frequent)

A A first contingent of Vietnamese boat people have left Indonesia under the system of voluntary repatriation. There are twenty million variables for every instant of time, and no system of mathematics has yet been developed to handle that ocean of varying functions. The Party leadership wants to keep the present system of electing MPs. And yet 1990 saw some bitter criticism in the Nigerian press of the system of state government.

A system can be a way of doing something. (i) Of describes the type of system. (ii) For explains the purpose for which it is used. -» P1 P2 P3 P4 A system can be a technical device to be used in computers etc. —> P1 P3

τ

taboo noun P1

Students can play a leading role in formulating the education policy of any future government, but only if they are willing to challenge the old taboos. She's Mary Robinson, a strident, campaigning, academic lawyer and mother of three who's not afraid to tackle the taboos of Irish society. + about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing

P2

+ of N/V-ing "It also, in as cheerful and as familiar a way as possible, removes the taboos of death," said Mr Weiler. The social taboos of living together no longer apply and the (pension) schemes are out of touch with social realities. + on N/V-ing But there is an item on breaking the taboo on words for female genitalia, which sounds interesting. There is a popular taboo on talking about what really happens in marriages.

P4

P5

Everywhere,

the taboo about death and all that surrounds it has been a problem for the hospice movement. Last year saw the launch of The Natural Death Centre, an educational charity that "aims to break the taboo about freely discussing death and dying" and encourage people to "prepare for death well in advance". There was no taboo about women studying medicine as there was in Britain where the study of anatomy was considered indecent for females. + against N/V-ing/against Ν V-ing

P3

She broke

the tradition of depending solely on his family and the taboos against female independence. This idea of the secrecy of the name, the taboo against making it known, goes back to man's very early days. The policy overturns the taboo against women engaging in combat. A

T

"

'

Í

1-

.

> «

-

1

1

.

-

1

I ·

A taboo is a social custom according to which it is considered wrong to mention, say or do something in a particular society. There are taboos (i) (ii) against something one is not allowed to do.

tactic P1

P2

P3

P4

noun I hope to see great football, daring tactics and spectacular goals. In the end, their tactic backfired because it demonstrated to women how ignorant male politicians were about housekeeping. + against Ν On national television last night, Mandela defended the strike as a legitimate tactic against a regime that so far has not given his constituency the right to vote. + for N/V-ing Out of 130 tactics of attraction, remaining faithful, avoiding sex with other men, and showing devotion prove to be the three most effective tactics for attracting a permanent mate. + of N/V-ing (frequent) Instead Fouras opted to use the clever tactic of silence. They also

A tactic is 'a particular strategic approach'.

P5

believe that it is about time that the Liberal tactics of telling voters what they think they want to hear were exposed to the heat of fierce campaigning. + toward(s) Ν In September I held a seminar at Chequers to clarify our thinking on tactics towards South Africa.

843

take

take

verb Active: 2/3

II obi III IV

Passive: 1/3

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p [by N] [toN]

General: 0 Active: 2 / 3 D1

-illobi

[N]a

H obi [after N] HI [in N/V-ing]

D2

T13 T13

[ADV]« Active: 3/3 lobi

[N]a

Ρ Active: 2 / 2 II

III

i

Passive: 1/2

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [to N/V-ing]p Active: 2 / 3

D1

D3 Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ] [to-INF] A : i t [to-INF] A [V-ing] A [for Ν to-INF] A ( i t ) II obi [N]p_2 ι

III

II III

m

T4 T5-6 T3 T4

T8 T5

T6 T12

Active: 3/3 lobi

[NJa

II obi

[N]

[it + to-INF] ill obi [ o n R E F L P R O N ] [upon R E F L P R O N ]

[N]i

T14-15 T16 T14 T15—16

Passive: 1/2

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [to N] Active: 2 / 2

T3.5.6.8.12

T1

mm Active: 2/2

Passive: 2/3

[ N ] a / [by N ] II obi [N]p [it]p [it + pattern of IV] P in [to-INF] [that-CL] [for N] IV [as N] [as A D J ] ν [ADV] ι

Active: 1/1

[from N] [off N]

D1

T9.17 T10

D3 Passive: 1/2

ι

[N]A/[byN] Il obi [N]p Active: 2 / 2

D1

Passive: 1/2

[N] a / [by N ] II obi [N]p I

D1

in Active : 2 / 3

ι [ N ] a I [by N] Il obi [N]p.i III [N] 2 [ADJ]

Μ D1

Passive : 2 / 3

D1

T1-2 T1 T2

α Presently the fire took. + Np As my husband was in the play, we were able to take the children. An usher, having taken my ticket, escorted me to my group. South Africa was poised to take its rightful place in the international community. In any system, Mr Rabin said, in an interview broadcast this morning, the leader should take credit for success and take responsibility for failure, β Seaton was asked did he take milk, sugar? γ This process will take time but it is the only

realistic answer to Somalia's problems. Such a decision takes courage and is an expression of integrity. δ But motorists can't be forced to leave their cars at home and take the bus. I had to take the train to Karachi. When I hit Manchester, I've got to take the Pennine motorway to Leeds, ε Lambeth's chief executive, Herman Ouseley, told last night's meeting he had already taken decisive action to deal with allegedly unlawful activities. Smith has already taken legal ad-

844

take

vice and says that he will not hesitate to take court action. According to an opinion poll taken last week, fifty seven per cent of Québécois favour some sort of separation. Urgent measures must be taken to improve the transportation, processing, storage and marketing of farm produce. Iran and Iraq have taken further steps to heal the damage of the eight-year long Gulf war. Finally Syl had to take a driving test. ζ He in fact deceived them and took advantage of their trust. Every possible care is taken to make the Heart-To-Heart service as reliable, efficient and confidential as possible. The choice of Mr Karamanlis is seen as strengthening the Conservative government which took office with a slim majority after last month's general election. All the main parties are agreeing to take part in the peace conference. The attack took place during a May Day parade organised by the ruling United National Party. The recession has taken its toll on the numbers of executives enjoying the privilege of businessclass travel. Better still, take a stroll or short jog around the city. Just take a look at what's happening in Germany, η Have we taken many prisoners? • She has only £ 11 in cash, and the store doesn't take credit cards. (= accept) The police have taken my name and address as a witness. (= written down) Rupert announced that they were to take tea with his mother. (= have)

D2

D3

If only I'd taken more photographs. (= photographed more) The United States had taken every opportunity to deny the Cambodian government and people access to United Nations aid. (= used) [it] + Ν + to-INF γ I think it takes a long time to recover from such an experience. Why has it taken forty years to get the play from Broadway to London? It takes courage to tell your partner you want to end your marriage. She'd have to placate him, to be properly remorseful and contrite if that was what it took to heal her marriage. + after Ν θ Daddy always said that he took after his mother. + to Np/v-ing p (frequent) β Considering the hardships attached to working with horses, exposed to all kinds of weather, it was no wonder horsemen took kindly to this new form of travel. He was the ideal centreforward for Ibrox and the fans took to him straight away. He took to wearing a dark blue naval cape on ceremonial occasions.

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T8

She'd taken to sleeping with the bedside light on. + to Ν δ Yunlin sold the family property and took to the road. He revised his opinion when the party took to sea. Rail services in Belgium have been paralysed by a twenty-four hour strike by train crews. Many commuters took to their cars instead, and large traffic jams formed on roads in Belgium's major cities. +N+N γ (invented example) The shopping took me two hours. + Np + Ν η During the chase, the gunmen took four children hostage. He was taken prisoner in North Africa in 1942. One thousand people were taken captive by Kurdish Peshmerga rebels, [it] + Ν + Ν + to-INF γ And it could take them a long time to learn the new rules of the game. Traffic was heavy, and it took them about half an hour to reach Calle Elena. + Np + ADJ η Well, they wanted to take him alive, or so they said. • Cardinal Tomas O'Fiaich was taken ill during a pilgrimage to the Catholic shrine at Lourdes. (= became) + Np + to-INF ι Unfortunately, in our society, competition and aggression are often taken to be synonymous. In what some commentators took to be direct references to her own life, she told a conference on women and mental health: "Women have a right to their own peace of mind." + itp + (that)-CL ι Do I take it that they disobeyed you? I take it the necessary arrangements have been made. + Np + as Ν/itp + as N-pattern ι I will take her as a model. If the EU decides, next year or in 1997, that the 1999 deadline is unrealistic, financial markets will almost certainly take it as a signal that the French franc and some other currencies are overvalued. + Np + a s ADJ /itp + a s ADJ-pattern ι There have been some bad ones, but people tend to take them as typical. Politicians take it as axiomatic that nobody votes for higher taxes. + Ν + by Ν She took me by the hand and hauled me back outside. She took Elaine by the arm and moved her into the dining room. + Np + for Ν ι If you think I didn't know that, you must take me for a fool, Marianne. • Maybe he took her for a cup of coffee and

845

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take

told her things couldn't be as bad as all that. (= invited her to have) She knew that looking the way she did, nobody would ever take her for Grace Kelly. (= mistake) + Np + from Ν • "I am not going to take that from you!" he says. (= accept that treatment) + NR + off Ν • Again Fitzgerald was taken off the film, which did not get made until 1943. (= withdrawn from) + Np + to Ν Harming these species is a criminal offence, for which you can be arrested, taken to court and fined heavily. • The third seed was taken to a tie-break before crushingly closing out her contest with Larisa Neiland. (= forced to play) I had to have the path taken to pieces. (= dismantled) + Np + ADV» Hughes moved across the tiny room and took a cigarette from the small pile on the table. "Forget it," said Malone and took a fifty-dollar note from his wallet. The data for the following statements have been taken from the July 1986 issue of European Economy. "Take my name off the list," he said. The injured fans were taken to nearby hospitals where their conditions were said to be not serious. I think I'll take your things down to the wash room. Meanwhile, he had to take her back to the office and let her go. I came to take you home. From the cabinet, he took down three jars containing liquid chemicals. Alberg took the portrait down from the wall. • One of the first things to take into consideration will be the strength of the existing floor. (= to consider) The ugly and ancient barbed wire and concrete barriers which ran parallel to the Wall on the Eastern side were being taken down. (= removed) + Np + ADV ι I asked what would happen if Frank took her threats literally. His suggested compromise, a shared German membership of both NATO and the Warsaw Pact, is unlikely to be taken seriously by the West. + after Ν + in N/V-ing θ Timmins seemed to take after his mistress in temperament. Akihito takes after his father in being a shy, retiring man. + on REFL PRON + Ν κ In Western society the state has increasingly taken on itself the duty of inflicting direct punishment on the offender. + upon REFL PRON D1 T7 T11 T12 α Take can mean 'be effective', as in the fire took or the dye has taken. A rare meaning. —> M β Take is often used to express certain habitual actions and qualities: (i) If someone 1 takes sugar 11 , or takes a newspaper 11 , they regularly use or buy that item or product. (ii) If someone 1 takes to doing something 111 , they acquire the habit of doing it. (iii) If someone' takes to something or someone 111 , they form a liking for them. -> D1 D3 γ Take can mean 'require': (i) Someone 1 can take a certain amount of time to do something 11 , i.e. need that time to do it. (ii) Something 1 can take courage, patience, or a certain time 1 1 . -» D1 T1 δ Take can mean 'use a certain route or means of transport' : (i) If a person 1 takes the train, bus etc. 11 , or takes the motorway, the main road, the M25, etc.11, they travel by that means of transport or road. (ii) If a person 1 takes to their car or takes to the street111, it is because of an unusual situation, such as a rail strike, or with some very specific purpose, such as a demonstration. D1 D3 ε Take can mean 'carry out' or 'take part in', as in to take steps, measures, action. -> D1 ζ Take is used in many other collocations and idioms such as take place or take part, without any specific meaning, or in combinations such as take a look or take a walk. •-> D1 η take can mean 'capture' A person or an army 1 can take (i) prisoners, a hostage etc.11 (ii) someone 11 prisoner, hostage etc. , n (iii) someone 11 alive111. D1 T1 T2 θ Someone 1 who takes after a parent or ancestor 11 resembles that person, especially in their facial characteristics. -> D2 T13 ι If a person 1 takes someone 11 for something 111 , or takes someone or something 11 to be something 111 , or if they 1 take it that something is a certain way111, then they believe that to be true or interpret it that way. -> T3 T4 T5 T6 T8 T12 κ If a person11 takes something such as a task or a burden 11 upon her- or himself 111 , or takes it upon him- or herself 111 to do something 11 , they think it is their duty or responsibility to do it. A rather formal usage. —> T14 T15 T16

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + apart « Np I took them apart and rebuilt one of them into a color television set. (= dismantled) He had taken apart the broken wringer of the washing machine, and was now beginning to put it back together. (= dismantled) The boardroom turmoil contrasts markedly with the order and grace of Terry Venables's footballers, who took United apart with four goals in the second half to stay unbeaten. (= decisively defeated) + away NP (+ from N) Unless their results improve, they could have their licenses taken away. (= confiscated) They'll almost certainly take the passport away from you as it's a foreign one. (= confiscate) + down P1 P 2 P 3 P 6 P8P11 P12 Β A talk can be an informal speech on a topic. -» P1 P3 P5 P7 P9 P13 C (a) A talk can be a conversation or discussion between people, (b) Talks are formal discussions or negotiation on an important subject. -> P1 P3 P4 P7 P8 P9 P10 MilBKIMilBgl^BBIiMBMBBMMBWMBglBMMiMMMWM

talk

talk A

850

verb 'utter speech sounds' Active: 1 / 3

D

SPEECH Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

ι π III IV

[N]p [in N] [about N]p

[ N ] A / [ b y N] [about X]p [on X]p [to N]p

Β

TOPIC

'convince'

[N]a / [by N]

Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

ι

[ N ] a / [by N]

il

IV

[about X]p [ofX]p [around N] P [round N] P [as X]

C

CONVERSATION

m

Active: 1 / 3

ι il M

D3 D7

T9

Passive: 2 / 3

[N]A/[byNJ II obi [N]p hi [into N/V-ing] [out of N/V-ing]

T1-2 T1 T2

Further uses

D9

[ADJ] [at N]p [through N]

T5 Passive: 1 / 3

D2 D5 T3

D1.10-11 T6-11 D10

T7-9

D11

T6.10-'11

M

D3.7.10-11T6-11 D10

[N and N] A [N] [about X]p

D11 D3

T7.10

[0fX]p

D7

T6.8

D1

T9.11

A Their reunion was almost without words. They hugged each other, and it was some hours before Dena felt able to talk. Helping your baby to talk is a major parental responsibility. Children are getting abused and not getting believed and are frightened to talk. When Frido at last started to speak he talked in a low voice. Β Mr Jones was talking at a recent RAMSGATE CBS meeting. C

D1

T9

D10

[ N p i / g r o u p / Ν a n d N ] a / [by

[on X]p M

T5

D4

Npi/group/N a n d N ]

IV

T7

D8

ι

[N]A/[byN] [to N]p [with N]p

[Npl/group]A

III

Active: 3 / 3

D3

I'll make you some coffee and we can talk. President Bush says the main purpose of the conference is to get the two sides talking. At the larger stations people just come running up, get their tickets and run away again; here they are willing to stand and talk and they all say good morning or good evening. + Np A World champion Lance Armstrong isn't the greatest - at least when it comes to talking French. "Now you're talking sense," said Joe. Come on, instead of talking nonsense, let's go to bed. +Ν C Everyone talked politics, and she too found herself involved in the speculation, analyses, the endless discussions.

D2

+ ADJ • This year we are going to talk tough. (= be very determined and direct) To some degree our totally unjustified poor opinion of US airpower stemmed from an enduring belief that Americans talked big and achieved rather less. (= spoke too confidently about what they would do)

D3

+ about Np/V-ingp/about wh-CLp/wh to-INFp (>30%) Β The president will be talking about his repackaged economic agenda in stops today in Joplin and Kansas City. I ' m not talking about men or women here. I ' m talking about masculine and feminine aspects of a psyche. Researchers talk about storing the entire contents of the US Library of Congress on a silicon disc 30 centimetres across. Rudolf Nureyev talked about how he met Erik Bruhn. C We all slept in M o m ' s bed together and we talked about a lot of our feelings. We talked about selling the house and moving out of the county for good. We talked about how computers had to become more functional, and I explained some of the things I could and couldn't do with the Apple II Plus. It's time to sit down

851

talk

together and talk about how to accomplish this in a way that is acceptable. D Allaway presented an excellent slide show on hummingbirds at a recent meeting. He also talked about how to maintain the birds in tip-top condition.

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• A lot of people in London were beginning to talk about her and the Prince. (= gossip) + around N P Β "I talked around the issue somewhat," she later recalled. + at NR • He was talking at her again now, stopping once to cough heavily. (= talking to her without letting her speak) + in Ν A A couple came out on deck talking in French. + of Np/V-ingp/of Ν V-ingp/of wh-CLp (frequent) Β For years, Mikhail Gorbachev and his ministers have talked of a gradual, phased transfer to a market economy. While Euro-enthusiasts talk of greater freedom of movement for EC nationals, the reality for black people is likely to be more restrictive immigration. For months, we've heard lawmakers and administration officials talk of cutting the fat from the federal budget, but talk of cutting the meat is really scary. These are the boys in colonels' uniforms that the embittered Mr Shevardnadze has in mind when he talks of people attacking him and his policies. President Bush has been under intense strain for weeks as Governor Bill Clinton appeared to have the election won, with US newspapers, TV and radio all talking of how Clinton would run the country. C They began to talk of other things. The virus of Watergate began to coil through the American mind. The country talked of nothing else. We talked of how my second marriage was failing and of Julian. • It is too early to talk of a reconciliation between Croatia and Serbia. (= consider it to be a reality) Talking of John Wayne, someone sounding very much like him phoned. (= since we have mentioned John Wayne) + on Np/V-ingp/on wh-CL/wh to-INF D J. McDonald will talk on his experiences at the National Show at Birmingham. Sandy Wood of the A. & A. Wood partnership will talk on preparing budgerigars for the forthcoming show season. + round N P Β They like to talk round a subject, attempting

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T6

T7

to avoid or postpone a definite decision. + t o N p (very frequent) C I could take the first plane for Helsinki and talk to Newman face to face. Nice to talk to you. Bye. He said he wanted someone to talk to. Mr Hurd spoke of a new security structure for the Middle East that would get the Palestinians and the Israelis talking to each other. D (invented example) She will talk to the lexicography colloquium at 7. + with Np (frequent) C I've learned a lot just by reading, talking with gardening friends, and visiting other gardens. They were talking with each other and sometimes they would turn and say something to me. + Np + into N/V-ing E If pardons were invalid, this seemed to imply, it might be harder for governments to talk terrorists into surrender. I was trying to talk him into going back to education. + Np + out of N/V-ing E If his father can talk him out of it, or you can, or Stephen can, that's fine, but none of you will get anything out of me. I let her talk me out of leaving, and I stayed on for three or four more months. + Np + through Ν • There would be a sort of role reversal, with us looking after them, comforting them, trying to talk them through their difficulties. (= support them by talking to them about their difficulties) + in Ν + about N P A I heard a very angry man talking in German about Herr Fox. + of Np + as N/V-ing/of Np + as if-CL Β For centuries Russians have talked of their country as a Eurasian power. When we talk of a garden as being 'exposed' we generally mean it is subject to frequent high winds. Tory MPs who now talk of Attlee as if he was a saintly figure above politics, forget that their fathers reviled him as a partisan socialist. + of Np M D 1 D3D7D10D11 T 6 T 7 T 8 T 9 T 1 0 T 1 1 D Talk can mean 'give a speech or lecture' A person 1 can talk on or about a topic 11 (on is more formal than about and tends to indicate the subject of the entire speech). D8 T9 E A person 1 can talk somebody 11 (i) into doing something 111 , i.e. convince them to do it. (ii) out of doing something 111 , i.e. convince them not to do it. -4 T1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: talk round

853

target

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + back (+ to N)p How dare you talk back to me? (= answer me in an insolent way) + down N P A He took out a packet of processed Cheddar cheese, but the plasting wrapping resisted his efforts to tear it open and he resorted to a knife. (= pull it open) + Np + from Ν A Do not lean out of the aircraft - the airflow may tear the camera from your hands, quite apart from the other more obvious dangers. (= pull it out of your hands) The cigarettes used to come wrapped in packages made of pages torn from dictionaries and other unwanted books. (= removed forcibly) + Np + in NUM A Alberg began to tear the portrait in half. • Whatever the truth is, it would tear her in two. (= upset her terribly) + Np + into N/NUM A The singer grabbed the flag during a Frankfurt show and began to tear it into three. Tear the lettuce into bite-sized pieces and the mint leaves into very small pieces. + Np + out of Ν A Why would he tear the pages out of his calendar? Windowpanes are broken. Mosquito netting has been torn out of the windows; so have most of the wooden frames. (= forcefully removed) + Np + to Ν A Guyana's political structure was fractured, and the economic and social fabric torn to shreds by dictatorial one-party rule. + Np + ADV A She tore away the transparent covering and peeled away the sticky paper that still sealed the square box. As soon as the chicken is cool enough to handle, tear off all the meat, leaving it in as large pieces as possible. Grape growers have little choice but to tear out the diseased plants and replace them with heartier insect-resistant varieties.

858

technique

• President Roh spoke of the tide of openness and reconciliation which had torn away the Iron Curtain and brought the Berlin Wall crumbling down. (= pull away violently) A lyric that tears your heart out. (= makes you very sad)

(i) (ii)

s .· C

tear or be torn, i.e. break or rip because it has been pulled. be torn to or into pieces V I / I V , i.e. be broken or ripped. M D1 D2 D4 D5 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 also in phrasal verbs: tear up A person, animal or natural force 1 can tear at something n , i.e. pull at it violently so as to break it or move it. D3 A person, animal, vehicle, etc. can tear in a particular direction 11 , i.e. move very quickly and sud iSSiSS

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + apart M D9 If a person1 tells another person11 to do something111, they request or order them to do it. T2

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + Ν pi ρ + apart/Ν and NP + apart Both parties appear to hold similar manifestos and it is difficult to tell them apart. (= distinguish between them) + Ν + apart + from Ν The Ford Mondeo is undoubtedly a very safe and sensible car, but can you tell it apart from a Renault Safrane or a Mazda 626? (= distinguish it from) + off Np Granny thought that by now Gwendolen would stop her bed-wetting. At first she used to tell her off mildly, but now she was beginning to lose patience. (= scold)

862

tend

tend A

verb 'look after' Active: 2/2

Β Passive: 1/2

General: 0

[N]A/[byN] II obi

D1

D2

[N3p

D1

[to N]p

D3

lobi [N]A [V-ing] A [to-INF] A [that-CL] A: ¡, [for Ν to-INF] [there] II [to-INF] hi [towards N/V-Ing] [ADV]

+ Np A She quietly tended the children in the kindergarten. Wonder if I could be happy living in the mountains tending goats. Twenty years ago, when I first had a garden to tend, I went straight out and bought the latest edition. + to-INF/[there] + to be (> 30%) Β If voters feel that economic policy is not working, they tend to give the opposition party a chance in power. I tend to get a little hysterical sometimes. Charities tend to have two forms of advertising. One is to advertise to raise funds. Yet the outside world remains largely unconcerned, and pursues economic policies that tend to aggravate the problems of Africa's needy nations. I found it quite impossible to hold the boat against the enormous pressure tending to push it away from the wharf. In large cities there tends to be a greater range of specialist services for children Somebody* J can tend

• H i M H

TENDENCY Active: 2/2

D3

D4

D5

D2.4 D2.4 D2.4 D2.4 D2.4 D2 D4 D5

with problems than exists in rural areas. In France there tends to be a much more integrated approach to the problems of young people who have left home. + to Np A I'm too damned tired. I've been up all night tending to your unfinished business. John prefers tending to his own flower borders rather than leaving the work to gardeners. + toward(s) N/V-ing Β He tended toward a more traditionally Lutheran view. Before the war, his poetry tended towards a dreamy romanticism. Government regulators lack vision and are tending towards intervening too much in privatised industries. + ADV Β Monet, however, was tending in the opposite direction.

n

a person, animal, garden, etc. 11 , i.e. ensure their well-being. "SìE (i) (ii) to a business, demands, needs, etc. 11 , i.e. take care of them. Sis -> D1 D3 Β Tend can mean 'have a characteristic manner of behaving'. Somebody or something 1 can tend (i) to be, behave or act a certain way 11 , i.e. be likely to be or do that thing. Note that tend in this pattern normally does not occur in the progressive form. (ii) towards something else 111 , i.e. show typical characteristics of it or favour it. • D2 D4 D5

tendency P1

P2

noun

Homoeopathy recognises that disease symptoms are actually an attempt by the body to heal, since this is the natural tendency. + to-INF (frequent) In discussion with his counsellor David came to recognise his tendency to run away from problems and disappointments. The tendency of women's groups to isolate themselves by not including men is absolutely wrong.

P3

P4

P5

[it] + to-INF It is increasingly the tendency among GM schools to select pupils and parents for places based on interviews. + that-CL (rare) There's always the strong tendency that I ' m going to fall asleep or, even worse, not be able to perform properly. + for N/V-ing/for Ν to-INF There's always a tendency for specialisation in production, which is one of the reasons why there is trade be-

863

terrible

tween countries and regions. But in the past few months, things have started to go wrong. For one thing, Mr Clarke has shown a worrying tendency for slipping on banana skins he himself has placed. There is also a tendency for scientists to conclude that if there were more scientific education, the pseudosciences would wither and die. P6

1

P7

+ toward(s) N/V-ing The tendency toward polyp growths often runs in families. The ruminations may be about disease, and people with such ruminations often have a tendency towards hypochondria. People whose parents have had atherosclerosis have a greater tendency toward developing it themselves.

P8

+ by Ν + to-INF (rare) On many occasions, I have noticed a tendency by some people in the Inland Revenue to create what seem to me to be mountains out of molehills.

P4

+ over Ν (rare) He has been tense over the divorce he's going through at the moment. + with Ν (frequent) Her face was tense with fear and curiosity.

+ to Ν However, children who have a general tendency to allergies or whose parents smoke are less likely to outgrow it. Α.

Λ

A tendency (i) to do something (ii) for or towards a development (¡ii) to something such as an iilness is 'a likelihooi ' the person involved'.

tense P1 P2 P3

adjective attr There's a tense smile on her face. pred I must admit I got very tense. + about Ν Wendy admitted yesterday she began to feel just a little tense about the prospect of winning an award tonight.

P5

A person can be tense (i) about or over something that makes them nervous and strained

tension P1 P2

P3

P4

noun

Don had a subdued and subtle sense of humour which at times in jail helped ease the tension. + about Ν Traders greeted the report with much skepticism, but they said it helped raise tensions about the gathering's outcome. + among(st) N p i / u p Police involvement in some of those deaths have heightened tensions among black youth in the townships who looked to Hani for leadership.

P5

P6

g r 0

P7

+ between NP|/N and Ν (frequent) She then warns us that 'soon the tensions between the two men would begin to show". There's tremendous tension between the local population and the refugees.

+ of N/V-ing The tension of opposites is not always enjoyable. People from business need to understand the dilemmas, the pressures, the tensions of working in a community context. + over Ν/over wh-CL Sarah had already missed a few periods but thought it was due to tension over her exams. In Chiapas there has long been tension over who controls the land. + with Ν His term has been characterised by real improvements in the commission's performance, plus the inevitable and ongoing tension with politicians.

Tension is a feeling of anxiety, nervousness or antagonism arising from a problematic situation.

terrible P1 P2 P3

WiBmËBmmm

adjective

attr I suddenly realized I was being recorded and I was saying terrible things. pred That's terrible, isn't it. + to-INF Shelley's face was terrible to see.

P4 P5

[it] + to-INF It was terrible to hear what they were saying. [it] + V-ing It's terrible having to rely on others to bring up your child.

864

terrific P6 P7

P8 P9

[it] + that-CL Isn't it terrible that he should be a prisoner? [it] + wh-CL It is terrible how none of the politicians and members of the EC and UN would heed us and take action before the disaster occurred. It's terrible what has happened to these people. + as Ν (rare) I am terrible as the Dauphin. + at N/V-ing I'm also terrible at ball games. Operating company managers gradually realized that getting employees to go by the book made them terrible at serving customers.

(i)

(ii)

P2 P3 P4 P5

P6

P11 P12 P13

+ for Ν (frequent) That night was terrible for me. How terrible for them. + to Ν Those cops were terrible to you tonight, weren't they? + with Ν I'm terrible with money. She's terrible with numbers. [it] + for Ν + to-INF/[it] + for Ν to-INF

It's just

terrible for you to travel with this man. It's terrible for a horse to have to be put down in this way.

Terrible can mean 'bad to the extent of being horrible or frightening', (a) Ail event can be terrible for a person, i.e. horrible, (b) a person can be terrible to another person, i.e. behave in a very unkind and cruel way towards them. A person can be terrible (a) at something or at doing something, i.e. be very bad at doing it, (b) with something such as money or numbers, i.e. have difficulty using them.

terrific P1

P10

adjective

attr Thank you so much for doing such a terrific job. pred That's terrific. He's terrific. + to-INF Mclnerney's new book is terrific to read, terribly entertaining. [it] + to-INF It was absolutely terrific to have so many people there. [it] + that-CL It's terrific that the first album we recorded we get applauded for. It would be terrific if we went to England. + at N/V-ing They may be terrific at maths, but there is one sum that does not add up. She was terrific at nursing.

P7

P8 P9 P10 P11

+ for N/V-ing It has come under fire, but it's terrific for the riders. I think this will be terrific for starting your new career. + to Ν (rare) The fans have been terrific to me. + with Ν David is terrific with our children and has always treated my parents well. [it] + for Ν + to-INF It's terrific for advertisers to know the reader will be paying more. [it] + of Ν + to-INF (rare) It was terrific of Linford to mention Ron Pickering.

Terrific is generally used to express great approval. A person can be terrific (i) at something or at doing something, i.e. do it very well. (ii) with particular people or things, i.e. very good at dealing with them. Patterns P8, PIO and PI 1 are used in informal language. : ; :

terror P1 P2

P3

noun "I don't know what you're talking about," she stammered, her eyes half-crazed with terror. + that-CL Tugging at the fringes of my consciousness always is the terror that people are kind to me only because I'm a cripple. + at N/V-ing Despite women's terror at this new crime, the British police are hard to pin down on the subject. I made up my mind to return to London with a mixture of terror and relief: terror at having to make decisions and pick up the pieces of my life.

P4

P5

+ for Ν On numerous occasions she has indeed expressed remorse and contrition, emphasizing that she was driven to kill out of terror for her life. + of N/V-ing (frequent) Jean's avoidance of real romantic commitment and wild joie de vivre actually masks an understandable terror of death. As a boy, he had a real terror of facing people.

865

test

Terror can mean 'a high degree of fear and anxiety'. There can be terror (i) at something that is happening or might happen, i.e. a feeling of horror. (ii) of something that might or will happen, i.e. fear. (iii) for a person or their safety, i.e. fear for them.

test A flÜH II III IV V VI VII M

D1

D2

D3

D4

T1

T2

verb examine Active: 1/3

Passive: 1 /3

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p /EFFECTED [wh-CL] P(it) [for N]p [against N] [in N] [on N] [with N]

RESULT Active: 2/3 Passive: 2/3 [ b y N ] AGENT

General: 0 D1 D3 D4

T2-6 T3 T2 T4 T5 T6

A H I V Antibody: To test or not to test'! (only if clear from context) Making the athlete hold his/her position for a long time, whilst you make up your mind how to test, leads to needless fatigue. (only if clear from context) + Np A She has never tested the soil in her garden but she knows it's acid because of the closeness of the moors. "You don't bother to test the vocabulary of boys at Eton," he says. He has tested his hypothesis by looking at British New Towns built in rural areas. (invented example) You will need to be tested again, (invented example) This exam will test you. (= stretch you to your limits) + ADJ: positive/negative Β At the end of July 1989, out of about 330,000 blood donors tested, nearly 1400 tested positive. A person who has just been infected by the HIV virus may test negative but actually has AIDS-infected blood. + wh-CLp(it) A To test how well the steak is done, press gently with a spoon or clean finger. + for Np A This is because blood-typing does not just test for the presence or absence of a few blood groups, but has to detect all the known groups. be tested + ADJ: positive/negative Β Ruben Palacio had failed a pre-fight medical after being tested HIV positive. + Np + against Ν A I test one hypothesis against another. Chomsky's account also makes a strong claim about the behaviour of noun phrases - a claim which can be tested against a wide range of data.

I II obi [N]p.only [N] a III [ADJ] IV [for N] [to N]

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

EFFECTED D2 D2

T1 T1 T7-8 T1.7-8 T7 T8

+ Np + for Ν A Your doctor can test your son for asthma in one of two ways. The report says various other ingredients used in gum give cause for concern, because many of them have not been tested for safety. + Np + in Ν A But now the Education minister, Mr John Macgregor, has announced that seven-year-olds will be tested only in English, Maths and Science - and not in History, Geography and Technology. + Np + on Ν A Now the plan is to test the vaccine on more groups of patients, including people who are infected but not ill. Boots Natural Collection range of perfume-free Colour Cosmetics feature pure, natural ingredients and are not tested on animals. Let me test you on your ABC. + Np + with Ν A Test your knowledge with these simple questions. • There should be a pilot project to test the new systems with consumers. (= try out) + ADJ: positive/negative + for Ν Β If we, the healthworkers, were forbidden to treat patients unless they can produce proof that they have recently tested negative for Aids, the risk, however, minimal, of cross infection would be removed. At least 89 prisoners tested positive for TB at the 103-year-old Ikoyi Prison in Lagos. Johnson was stripped of his Olympic 100 metres gold medal after testing positive for steroids. + ADJ: positive/negative + to Ν Β Recent incidents of animals testing positive to Foot and Mouth and Equine Viral arthritis could have been avoided.

866

testimony

A

Β

Test can mean examine . (i) A person or a particular type of examination 1 can test (a) another person, their knowledge, a material, a product or a reaction11, (b) someone or something 11 for a particular quality or for something that is suspected to be there111, (c) another person11 in a particular subject v or on their knowledge in a particular subject^ 1 , (d) a claim or a hypothesis 11 against evidence or data1I v .• A person 1 can test something 11 on a sample v l , i.e. use a sample to assess effectiveness. (ii) . M D1 D3 D4 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 also in phrasal verbs: test out Test can mean 'show certain results in an examination'. Somebody or something examined can test positive or negative111 for or to a particular feature such as an illness or a virus IV (for being used much more frequently than to). • D2 T1 T7 T8 SgSgKS f? mmmmelsmgl

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out «-• Np Children want to test out their own skills, deal with their own frustrations. (= test) What this store affords them is a laboratory, in a sense, to test out new ideas. (= test)

testimony P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

+ out P1 P2 P 3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P10 P11 Something that is a testimony to something is evidence or proof of its existence or quality. P2 P7 P9 P11

thank

verb

Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 ι [ N ] a / [by N ] II obi [N]p III [that-CL] [for N/V-ing]

T1

T2

General: 0 T1-2 T1 T2

+ Np She had not had an opportunity to thank her rescuers. + Ν + (that)-CL I thank my lucky stars that the cost of living is so low in Wakefield. I thank God I am still alive. + Np + for N/V-ing Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends, I thank you very cordially for this friendly reception. First of all I'd like to thank

Τ

you for the prize I won. 1 thank everybody for coming. We thank you for what you have done. • He has two Englishmen to thank for starting his career. (=He owes his career to two Englishmen.) We have the Americans to thank for bringing it to light. (=The Americans are responsible.)

II

III

A person 1 can thank another person" for something they are grateful for 1 ". Thank is very often used in phrases such as thank God. thank heaven, thank goodness etc. especially with a ffew-clause.

theory P1

P2

P3

P4 P5

noun

Herman Viola, curator of the "Seeds of Change" exhibit, says no one knows for sure how the white potato was introduced to the Old World, but there are theories. Because hydrogen is so simple it has long been a stamping ground for atomic physicists intent on probing the manifestations of quantum theory. + to-INF The Herald's theory to explain the absence of grouse is all to do with the prevalence of a tick that lodges in the grouse and infects them, causing anaemia. Mr Vincent has a simple theory to account for his blighted Christmas. + that-CL (frequent) High levels of arsenic have been found in latest laboratory tests on Napoleon Bonaparte's hair, reviving theories that the emperor may have been poisoned. Some members of the panel supported the theory that the aircraft was accidentally shot down by a heat-seeking missile from an allied fighter. + why-CL This is just one of many theories why the state of marriage in Britain is so shaky. + about N/V-ing/about Ν V-ing/ about wh-CL/wh to-INF There are a number of theories about Marilyn's death, but the most

commonly held ones are those relating to her alleged relationships with John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy. The point that seems to separate Quine and Chomsky is whether a theory about knowledge is fundamentally different from a theory in physics. Quite apart from all those theories about needing to be happy in yourself in order to relate well to your children, a counselling friend told me some interesting statistics about families that have split up.

P6 P7

There are some theories about warm temperatures playing a part in SIDS deaths. Everyone I talked to had their own theories about why girl fights have increased. True believers have plenty of theories about how to make money in space. + as to wh-CL Garrett has a theory as to how she and her team managed it. + for N/V-ing/for wh-CL More bizarre theories for sudden dips in sales have been advanced by worried circulation managers, and editors. By far the most relevant as well as the most complex and sophisticated theory for explaining law and order is offered by Stuart Hall and his colleagues (Hall et al., 1978). There's no single theory for why phobias develop.

868

thick

+ of Ν/of wh-CL (very frequent) "One theory of memory retrieval is that it is a staged process," said Williams. Polls now show that 47 per cent of Americans reject the theory of evolution. The theory of chaos is seen not only from the point of view of professional science writers but also from a play by Tom Stoppard. Doctors now believe that "water intoxication" is the most likely theory of how she died.

P8

P9

+ on N/V-ing Although Deng himself never appeared at the congress, the delegates praised him effusively and enshrined his theories on economic reform as party doctrine. Huffington also uses this book to expound her pet theory on dismantling the welfare state, a concept that was also the central plank of her husband's political campaign.

A theory is 'a set of ideas developed to explain something'. (i) Of, that and why can be used to describe the content of the theory. (ii) Of, for and about can be used to indicate the phenomenon the theory sets out to explain.

thick P1

adjective attr The search has been made particularly difficult by thick fog and monsoon rains. pred The doors in the old house were thick and she could hear no sound. + with Ν α The air was thick with cigarette smoke. The air was thick with fog. He was thick with

P2 P3

dust from head to foot. There was a window thick with dirt and cobwebs. When he spoke his voice was thick with bitterness, β If Denis McGuire had said that he was thick with Jim, she told them, that didn't mean it was so.

Thick means 'not thin'. -> P1 P2 α If an area, a room, the air etc. is thick with some substance, things or people it is full of them or covered by them. P3 β If two people are thick with each other, they are close friends. P3

think A

verb THOUGHT Active: 113

BSSffiS® General: 0

Passive: 113

H 1

[ N ] a / [by N ]

M

»

[N]p

D1

[wh-CL] [Q/S] [that-CL] [about X]p [of X]p [to REFL PRON] 'consider'

D4

T9

07

T10

V Β

i I " III

M

D1

SM •

III

IV

C F II

T9 D5 D6 T9-10

Passive: 1 / 2 i Active: 2 / 2 [N]A/[byN]

M

[tO-INF]p:|,

D2

[about X]p [Of X ] p

D5

H

M l «

D6

A She thought a bit before beginning an argument. Yes I know. I was just thinking. I can hardly hear myself think. + Np (usually: thoughts) A Barge people are very often alone and have time to think grand thoughts. It's no good thinking negative thoughts about other people.

IV V

D2

OPINION I Active: 2 / 4 [N]A

Passive: 1Λ(

lÊfSÊÊÊÊSm

/ [by N]

[N]p.,

D1

[that-CL]p-j, [wh-(CL)] [Q/S] [so/not/otherwise] [itp + pattern of III] [N] 2 [ADJ] [ADV] [to-INF] [about X] [of N]p [as N] [as ADJ]

D3

T1-6

Q

D4 D7 D8 T1 T1

Q

T2 T6 T3 T4 T5.7-8

Q

T7

Q

T8

+Ν C Most people, though they do not say it and may not even think it, associate this kind of behaviour in wives with domestic violence. + to-INFP:it Β They never thought to give it a different name. Alice Kettilby could tell them the truth

869

think

of it, if they had only thought to ask. The European Commission has thought to placate the fears of its southern Mediterranean neighbours and a joint Maghreb Union Community meeting will be held in November. D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

T1

T2

+ (that)-CLP:i, (>30%) C I think you have the right to use the road and you don't need to pay for it. I think that's a good point. I don't think that that is entirely true. One would have thought that they would have got something which was probably a little bit more compatible. It is thought that the balance of power will be held by the Liberal Party. + wh-CL/wh A I've never thought why I like something or why I don't like something. I was just thinking how awful it must have been. C I can't think why. + about Np/V-ingp/about wh-CL P /wh to-INFP (frequent) A I was just thinking about that. I never really think about creativity. You don't think about how much you are actually paying for the things you buy. Just think about where you were and where you are now. The Churches now have to think about how to create a new basis for support. Β I wouldn't even think about lying to you. + of Np/V-ingp / of wh-CL P /wh to-INFP (frequent) A He thought of how he'd kissed her. Β I've searched everybody that I can think of. Can't think of a concrete example. I can't really think of a way round it, you know. How can you think of winning a national championship when you do that sort of thing? We had to think of how to sort this out. QUOTE/SENTENCE A "My God!" she thought. "He's coming back." C It really was a shame, she thought. + so/not/otherwise 15 That's how it would end up, in my view. Don't you think so? Will my son be able to finance his retirement some day with his childish toys and pastimes? I think not. Their spokesman insists this is not a waste of money. Confused customers might think otherwise. + Np + N/itp + N-pattem C Those who think him a poet rather than a philosopher do so because of his styles. I think it a great pity that many viewers watch such rubbish when they could be doing more worthwhile things. + NR + A D J / i t p + ADJ-pattern

C

I thought him charming.

She thought him

blinded by love. You wouldn't have thought it possible. Political commentators think it unlikely that he will give up his quest for leadership. T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

Q

be thought + to-INF C The agreement is thought to include the safe release of all the hostages. One problem is to construct measures of the variables that are thought to determine patterns of trade. The competitive abilities of these industries are thought to depend mainly on the availability of skilled labour. Mr Kassam is thought to be in London. + what + about N/V-ing/ what + about wh-CL/wh to-INF C What do you think about what's happening in Eastern Europe at the moment? + what/much/etc. + of Ν C What do you think of the photograph? • Gutfreund didn't think much of Goldstone's argument. (= did not have a good opinion of) Your husband seems to think a lot of Leo. (= have a high opinion of) + N P + ADV C I was beginning to think him in need of hormone replacement. She had never thought him like his father. + of Np + as N/of itp + as N-pattern C One always thinks of George Orwell as a great polemicist. I don't think of it as a sacrifice to watch what I eat or drink in order to keep fit. + of Np + as ADJ/of itP + as ADJ-pattern C "Many people think of angels as benign, pleasant and helping," says University of Wisconsin psychiatrist Richard Thurrell. + to REFL PRON « NI to REFL PRON + that-CL/ to REFL PRON + wh-CL A You say aloud the things I think to myself. I think to myself that I don't care what other people think. Reading this, I thought to myself how gladly I would have been of that company. + to REFL PRON ~ QUOTE/ to REFL PRON « SENTENCE A But don't think to yourself O h , I'll do it later, when I get home.' Like the index to an Elizabeth David book, Sutcliffe thought to himself. + what/much/etc. + of Ν + as Ν C But what do you think of it as a book?

870

thoughtful

A Β C

M D1 D4 D5 D6 D7 T9 T10 also in phrasal verbs: think Think can mean 'engage in thought, reflect' over; think through. Think can mean 'consider' or 'remember'. D2 D5 D6 Think can mean 'have an opinion on something or believe something to be the case'. -» D1 D3 D4 D7 D8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Q

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + out «-» Np They think out too much in advance. (= plan) Think out the scheme thoroughly. (= plan) + over 30 %) If you travel from Plymouth to London for the day, you can leave at 5am and return at suppertime for a mere £ 15 return. Earlier this week a group of commuters who travel to London from Norwich, in the east of England, began a court case against British Rail. He still looks at the countryside, he says, as if though the ways of the storybook child who could travel through time, courtesy of a magic patch on his trousers. You can travel into space very fast and come back having aged less than those you left behind. Last year, for example, members of the Royal Family spent 380 days travelling abroad on official tours. Many years afterwards Ron Watson told me that when his team assembled at St Paneras to travel up on the train to Bedford, the general view was that they were wasting their time. I wanted to travel around.

D6

+ ADV: QUALITY

Τ

α Pets don't travel well. • Comedy does not travel well at the moment. (= is not a great success in other places) + ADV + by Ν They all travel to work by bus and it is on the buses that harassment is rife.

Someone or something 1 that travels 'moves or is moved over a long distance.' The difference between the use of by and on with a vehicle is that by refers to a general means of transport, whereas on is used to refer to a particular vehicle in a given situation; on is also used to refer to the form of identification (usually: passport) you carry or to the reason for travelling: on business, etc. -* M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 Τ a If you say that a person, an animal or a thing 1 travels well11, you mean that 'travelling does not do them any harm'. -» D6

879

treat

treat verb ... illness

bou». ...

Passive: ¡wwmMActive: 2 / 3 [ N ] / [byN] a I II obi [N]p III IV

1/3

General: D1

[for Ν] [by N/V-ing] [with Ν] [ N ] a / [by [N]p

Passive: 1 / 2

T2-3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p

D1

T3

[Of N]

D2

T2 T5

... material Active: 2 / 3

Active: 2 / 2

Passive: 1 / 3

E ATTITUDE/BEHAVIOUR Passive: 2 / 3 §¡¡§¡¡1 Active: 3 / 3 I [ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p III

N]

IV

D1

[with N]

[as N/V-ing] [with N] [ADV]

T1.5-6

T1 T5

T6

LUXURY Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1

[N] A /[byN] [N]p

[to N]

D1

T4 T4

+ Np A What is the purpose of a hospital, John? What is the purpose? Is it to save money or to treat people? At the same time another American research team have announced they are developing an experimental drug to try to treat Alzheimer's syndrome. For instance, they learned how to treat worms, how to treat wounds, how to trim feet, how to control an animal, and how to treat eye problems. Doctors who were with the troop reinforcements are now inside the camp, treating dozens of wounded men. All other drugs treat the symptoms not the disease. Β You can have existing furnishings treated, but the protection will probably not be as good as when new fabrics are treated. C I was expected to pay whenever we all went out. But whenever I did treat them, I never got any thanks. D Later chapters of this book treat the problem in more detail. D2

T2

+ Np + as N/V-ing E He also spoke of intense feeling among Arabs that they were being treated as fifth-class citizens. Every story is treated as being of earth-shattering importance. Data must not be treated as independent of their sociohistoric context. The new dictatorship was more nakedly military than the old: it abandoned

+ Np + by N/V-ing A (invented example) prescribing drugs.

T3

+ Np + for Ν

T4

+ NP + to Ν

Malaria is treated by

A One man was treated for broken ribs. C Treat the family to some delicious new dishes from the revised edition of the popular Dairy Book of Home Cookery. Afterwards I had a few pints, then treated myself to a prawn curry. • With summer just around the corner, there couldn't be a better time to treat your home to a bright new look. (= give it) T5

+ Np + with Ν A They tend to treat their patients primarily with drugs, although some may offer psychotherapy. However, many women show no symptoms and although the infection is usually easy to treat with anti-biotics, it is not always easy to diagnose. Β It is non-durable, but can be treated with preservative. E She expects to be treated with courtesy and respect and will object at being treated in any other manner.

+ of Ν D The sciences which treat of general facts are politics, natural philosophy, physics, chemistry, etc., where the qualities, causes and effects of a whole species of objects are enquired into. Nowadays it matters not how rubbishy the prose is as long as it treats of the famous.

T1

the pretence of popular support, and treated the country as an occupied zone.

T6

+ Np + ADV E We are treating this attack very seriously indeed and urgently want to find these two men. And he had treated the entire incident as though it were no more important than a traffic offence. She and the other two little girls were treated exactly alike. None of us knew how to treat her.

880

tremble

A person such as a doctor 1 can treat (a) a patient11 (b) an illness or a medical condition 11 with a particular medicine I v or by a particular method 1v . D1 T2 T3 T5 (ii) A particular medicine or method 1 can treat an illness or a medical condition 11 . A material 11 can be treated in a certain way, i.e. have something done to it, especially coated with something to preserve it or to give it a particular quality. D1 T5 A person 1 can treat another person or themselves 11 to something that is considered desirable or a luxury 111 , i.e. buy it for them. -> D1 T4 A book or theory 1 can treat or treat of a subject 11 , i.e. deal with it; a formal old-fashioned use. - * D1 D2 A person or an institution 1 can treat someone or something 11 in a particular way IV , i.e. behave towards them in a particular way. T1 T5 T6

A

(i)

Β C D E

tremble

verb

Active: 1 / 2 lobi

II

M

D1

02

D3

General: 0

III

[N]a

[to-INF] [at N]

D1

iv ν

[for N] [from N] 1[with N] J

D3 D4 D5

D2

He started to tremble. An unexpected rumble made the earth tremble around him. His lower lip was trembling. • Her voice was trembling now. (= sounding unsteady) + to-INF I tremble to think where it may lead in the years ahead. + at Ν She must surely be trembling at the rashness of allowing him to walk out into broad daylight. Meg was trembling at the thought of ending up in a dungeon with all her hair cut off. + for Ν I trembled for the outcome of the evening, hearing the scorn in Tom Anderson's voice, but I needn't have worried.

D4

D5

+ from Ν I would totter from the Glasshouse on Fetter Lane, trembling from seven hours of sheer terror. I wanted to deny it, but my body, still trembling from his kisses and his violation would not permit me to ignore or pretend. + with Ν (frequent) An hour later, I'm still trembling with rage. Her sickness a little while before had left her trembling with cold; now her blood seemed to have turned to ice. She trembled with excitement. When he gave her the money to pay for them, then let her count her own change, she'd literally trembled with fear and pleasure.

The general meaning of tremble is 'shake lightly'. A person 1 can tremble (i) at the thought of something 11 , i.e. be frightened by the thought of something unpleasant. (ii) with cold, or an emotion such as fear x (iii) from a particular occurrence or experience IV (iv) for someone or something whose future situation is a cause of anxiety 111 (v) to think or do something 11 , i.e. the thought (of that action) causes anxiety.

tremendous P1 P2 P3 P4 P5

adjective

attr He's a tremendous player and is going to be even better. pred The shows are tremendous. [it] + to-INF It's tremendous to be here. [it] + that-CL (rare) I think it's tremendous that those supporters do come. + at N/V-ing (rare) Sanchez is the one who's tremendous at handsprings isn't he? Eric is tremendous at getting into position off the back post.

P6 P7

P8

+ for Ν The reception was tremendous for both of us. + to Ν (rare) David has had a lot of support from his friends and they have been tremendous to us as well. [it] + for Ν + to-INF (rare) It's tremendous for us to have Tony back

Tremendous can be used informally to mean remarkable or considerable . (i) Something that is tremendous for a person gives them a great deal of pleasure or support A• person can •be tremendous at something or at doing something, i. e. very good at it. ' --• f&BrXsSiftffîl·. -''.^mtìfSttn

881 trend P1

P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

trial

noun Amid criticism about the poor state of science and technology in the country, the government has unveiled an ambitious plan to reverse this trend. + to-INF The long-term trend to delay marriage is shown elsewhere. + that-CL (rare) The European Community's Statistical Office confirms the trend that there is a fundamental change in attitudes to marriage and family. + against Ν (rare) According to Tom Bradley, an industrial lawyer and Queensland University lecturer, there has been a strong trend against collectivism and towards individual bargaining. + among(st) N p i / g r o U p Roth's obsession with the motor car reflected a trend among all the kids of that time. + for N/V-ing/for Ν to-INF This was despite an obvious trend for more part-time work and more flexible work practices. If men are to follow the trend for reacting to symptoms the way women do, they can improve the quality and quantity of their life. The increasing trend for women to have fewer children later in life is probably largely to blame, she suspects. + in Ν (frequent) There is concern in the City that the small fall in the June jobless figures may

P8

herald a turn in the downward trend in unemployment. + of N/V-ing/of Ν V-ing There is a long way to go before we start to reverse the trend of male suicide. NPR's Isabel Alegría reports on this growing trend of holding property owners responsible for a neighborhood's drug problem. At the other end is the emerging trend of parents wanting to delay their child's entry to the school system for as long as possible. Mr Maksan was also worried by the trend of people buying dogs for home protection and said there could be problems with public liability insurance.

P9

+ to N/V-ing But this assertion of national identity is increasingly undermined by the trend to European integration. However, you should expect to be offered a wider choice as the trend to cutting out or cutting down on alcohol continues its upward curve.

P10

+ toward(s) N/V-ing Despite the lack of a clear-cut explanation, either theory suggests that the continued trend toward a better-educated population will contribute to a reduction in overt prejudice. There is a regrettable modern trend towards making audiences wait an inordinately long time for the interval.

A trend is 'a general tendency or development'. There can be a trend (i) for or of of something, i.e. that is the trend, (il) to or towards something that is increasing (iii) against something that is decreasing (iv) in a field.

trial P1

P2

P3

noun A The jury of five women and seven men at Norwich Crown Court took nearly five hours to reach the 10-2 majority verdict following the eight-day trial. Β Trials designed to evaluate new uses for drugs that are already on the market also have a low priority for manufacturers. Charlie Brown's face may be bland, but Peanuts fans insist on finding great philosophical depths in his trials and tribulations. + to-INF C The government has now agreed to sponsor clinical trials to test the safety and effectiveness of the drug. + against Ν A Luke Shaw was the Young National Party member who served on the jury of the perjury trial against former premier Sir Joh BjelkePetersen.

P4

P5

P6

+ by Ν A It was not a trial by judge and jury, it was a trial by the judge alone. + for Ν (frequent) A The scandal and moral panic surrounding Radclyffe Hall's novel, The Well of Loneliness and its subsequent trial for obscenity in 1928, constituted one famous occasion for such increased awareness. Four teenagers accused of killing Stephen Lawrence, a black student, appeared in court yesterday at a hearing to decide whether they will face trial for murder. C What, for example, is the connection (if any) between the fact that 90 percent of cancer researchers are males and that men predominate as subjects in clinical trials for cancer drugs? + in V-ing (rare) C A small trial in dealing with acne has shown promise.

882

trick P7

P8

Β C

+ of N/V-ing (very frequent) A The trial of a British teenager accused of smuggling heroin opens in Bangkok on Thursday. Β Perhaps public school children are all bored with parental pampering and the trials of privilege. When Kenneth Branagh played Henry IV for the RSC a decade ago, Prince Charles talked with him at length about the character and the trials of being heir to the throne. C Jim Shepherd, professor of pathological biochemistry at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, is conducting a trial of one such drug, Pravastatin. + on Ν A Smith's trial on charges of murdering her sons Michael, three, and 14-year-old Alex be-

P9

P10

gins on July 10. His confession avoided a lengthy trial on the 98 crimes he was originally charged with C Trials on patients with superficial tumours such as melanomas are promising. + over Ν A By now the date of Roy's trial over the tiling incident was approaching and he wanted to appear in court and put the matter behind him. + with Ν C Trials with water meters have shown that the average household cuts consumption by 1015 % if the water bill is related to the amount it

A trial can be the formal discussion of a criminal offence, There can be trials of a person (i) for a particular crime (ii) on a particular charge (Hi) over a particular matter. P1 P3 P4 P5 P7 P8 P9 Trials can be hardships; used in plural. -> P1 P7 A trial can be an experiment (ι) on a person (ii) in a particular area (iii) with a particular device or instrument. —> P2 P5 P6 P7 P 8 P 1 0

trick noun P1

P2

P3

P4

But he was an old dog, not that anxious to learn any new tricks. People said he was able to cast a spell on the public, that his Teflon skin was a magic trick. + for N/V-ing The trick for parents is to educate their children without alienating them. And he's got a neat trick for seeing whether or not a car's had a frontal knock or been badly kerbed. + of N/V-ing Zaza was full of good design ideas, based on exaggeratedly foreshortened perspectives and tricks of double vision, but without the resources to make them work so well as they nearly did. I tried the obstinate child's trick of staring into the breeze until your eyelids give up of their own accord. + to N/V-ing For him, the trick to memory was not logic, but association. The trick to managing England is not to panic.

P5

+ with Ν Next time I was home, Mum was job-hunting and I joked that she should try for circus stronglady since tearing up telephone directories would be nothing after her trick with the clarinet. Turner adds that the real trick with colour is to enjoy it.

A trick is 'a cunning and perhaps not entirely honest way of doing or achieving something'. (i) The trick of something refers to the type of trick. (ii) The trick of doing something or the trick with something is what enables you to do it. A trick with something is what you do with that object. The trick to a problem is what you do to solve it.

trouble

883

trouble P1

P2 P3

P4

noun

My daughter's just jealous of the time and attention I'm giving him; she just wants to start trouble. Voluntary administrations were introduced in June 1993 as a means of helping companies in financial difficulties trade out of troubles. So they did really believe that Steve Hilaire was in trouble. [take + the] + to-INF When Gary joined Barcelona, he took the trouble to learn Spanish, [have] + V-ing Nancy had no trouble descending the ladder until she came to the third rung from the bottom. + for Ν That was the beginning of another year of troubles for the Soviet Union. The trouble for the cold-fusion scientists was that, once public, their experiment gained a life beyond their control.

[have] + in V-ing Fair hair, clear grey eyes, tall, slim, graceful - Paul had never had trouble in getting any woman he fancied. + of V-ing Seat kits from Paul Matty Sportscars saved him the trouble of actually making new covers but even so the seats had to be rebuilt from scratch and the covers fitted. He went to the trouble of washing up his own glass after he'd had his drink. + with Ν I never had trouble with his accent or our Scottish friends' but I can barely make out what Taggart's saying. The trouble with England was that Jack Rowell, together with circumstances, had taken out the team's backbone, in both metaphorical senses of that word.

P5

P6

P7

Trouble refers to 'problems or difficulties'.

trouble A

verb

DIFFICULTY Active: 2 / 3

Il obi III

IV

D1

D2

[ N ] a / [by N ] [to-INF] A(it) [that-CL] A(it) [V-ing] [N V-ing] [N]p [about N] [to-INF] [for N] [with N]

Β Passive: 1 / 3

INCONVENIENCE wsmm Active: 2 / 3

D1

ι

D1

Il Obi

D1

ill C

D1 D1 D1

Active: 2 / 2

T1—4 T2 T1

lobi

Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [about N] RESPONSIBILITY

D1

T2 T2

mmmmim^Mmmi

[N]a

II obi [to-INF]

02

T3 T4

+ Np

A This question has troubled medical and mental health establishments for a long time. Other considerations also troubled him. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, launched a few weeks ago, has been troubled by a series of minor teething problems (none catastrophic). Β I hate to trouble you, but Aunt Lina's birthday is coming up in June and I would like to buy something nice for her. Her opponent never troubled her again, [it] + Ν + to-INF A He always replied that it never troubled him to send the guilty to prison, [it] + Np + that-CL A It troubled him that fear of snakes was associated with women, not men. + to-INF (usually in non-assertive contexts) C How long is it, she asks herself, since anyone has troubled to examine her, as distinct from

τι

T2

T3

T4

taking her pulse and temperature. Final humiliation came when the government cut interest rates without troubling to tell him; he heard the news from a TV interviewer. + Ν + to-INF A Could I trouble you to pass me the salt? (= could you please; a rather formal use) + Np + about Ν A Too soon to trouble Ginny about details. Β You need not trouble yourself about her. + Np + for Ν (usually in non-assertive contexts) A May I trouble you for the butter? + Np + with Ν A We found her wrecked on the coral-reef of an uncharted island well to the east of the Marquesas; and not to trouble you with details, sir, we took her surviving people prisoner and proceeded to the Horn with the utmost dispatch.

884

true

The general meaning of trouble is 'cause difficulty or worry' Something 1 can trouble a person 11 , i.e. worry them, (ii) A person 1 can trouble someone 11 for something IV , i.e. ask them for it; a rather formal use. A person 1 can trouble someone 11 about something 111 , i.e. ask for advice or help in connection with it. D1 T1 T2 T3 T4 A person 1 can trouble another person or themselves 11 , i.e. disturb or inconvenience them. -» D1 T2 Someone 1 can trouble to do something 11 , i.e. do it because they feel responsible although it is inconvenient for them. D2

true pi

P2 P3

P4

P5

A

Β

trust P1

P2

A Β

adjective attr A The movie just never hits the right buttons, despite some very good evidence that it might indeed be a true story. Β Thank you for being a true friend. We will miss you always. ρ red A Can you believe this? It's all true. [it] + to-INF A It is true to say that regular rail travellers in Britain know their own country better and in greater detail than those who travel by any other form of transport. [it] + (that)-CL (frequent) A Is it true that stress can cause heart disease? It is true that women still earn only about 62 cents for every dollar a man earns. Is it true you once planned to be a psychologist or psychiatrist? + for Ν A Although the physical spread of the Euro-

P6

P7

P8

pean colony was large, the numbers were small; the reverse was true for the Africans and Indians. + of Ν A We believe this is true of our constitution; we believe it is true of our economic life. What was true of America was also true elsewhere. + toN Β He called upon his subordinates to remain true to their oaths. They play in a style that's true to the jazz tradition. + with Ν A Felix has never, ever confided in me, and I think that's true with all his friends. Sometimes the clue is that you are ill in certain places and not in others: This is true with any environmental allergy, not just chemicals.

True can be used to say that something is in accordance with the facts. A statement about a certain state of affairs can be true of or for or, much less commonly, with someone or something. Note that the infinitive construction is often used in the phrase It is true to say that... P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P8 True can also be used to mean 'loyal', especially to say that something or someone acts in accordance with something such as a principle, a law, a particular way of behaving or a tradition. P1 P7

noun A Above all, he inspired personal trust. Β The trust urgently needs to raise a further £ 23,758 in order to complete the purchase. + between NP|/N and Ν A It is too early to say whether his presence has reduced crime in the area, but Adam insists he's developing a trust between himself and the community. Each model is constructed on assumptions about how political trust between government representatives is best nurtured.

P3

+ for Ν Β More than three in four ponds in south-east England are in danger of being lost forever, according to a report from the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers.

P4

+ in Ν (frequent)

A Hearing them, I'd grow nervous, and my clutching trust in their protection and power would be weakened.

Trust in someone or something is a feeling that one can rely on them. A trust is an organization that takes care of some cause. - P1 P3

885 trust

trust

verb

Active: 2/3 Passive: 1 / 3 [ N ] a / [by N] llcont [N]p D1 III [in N]p D3 iv [to N] D4 V [to-INF] [that-CL] vi [on N] vn [with N]

Active: 2/3 [N]A/[byN] [N] [N to-INF]

ι

Ζ

D1

02

D3

T1T4 T1 T2 T3 T5

They had ceased to believe or trust, (only if clear from context) I didn't know if I could ever trust again. I had been betrayed, (only if clear from context) + Np But why should we trust them? Can you trust ambitious men, that's the thing? She's an articled clerk and you can trust her discretion. But she said she always trusted fate and her life had worked out well. Virtually every authority agrees that one should trust a trend in cholesterol values rather than a single reading. Local people no longer trust what the companies say. It stung to think that he should have trusted her so little that he had had her tailed. A recent theft has shown him that even other boat dwellers cannot always be trusted where valuables are concerned. +Ν α Trust you! I forgot you were interested in such things. + (that)-CL (frequent) β He said he trusted the United Nations would not waver in deciding on the measures needed to compel the invading aggressor to withdraw. 1 trust business is going well for both of you. I trust the examples given will add enjoyment to your reading. + in Np God loves us. And if we trust in Him, we will be given the gift of eternal life. She had become a special friend to her, someone in whom she could trust and confide her grief.

Active: 2/3 lobi [N] A Il obi [that-CL] III [to Ν]

D2

T6 T6

D4

+ to Ν You can, at last, afford to let your hair down, so relax and trust to fate. "Trusting," she says, "Trusting to life. That's the thing." T1 /D5 + Np + to-INF/Np to-INF Trust me to choose the most boring of the seven deadly sins. He could be trusted to pay them on time. Margaret could be trusted not to give my location away. For a moment he could not trust himself to speak. α Trust her to come when her presence will be most felt. Trust Greenfield to get the last shower. T2 + Ν + that-CL (rare) They must've just trusted me, I think, that it wasn't an all-night party. T3 + Np + on Ν I'm going to trust you on this, Forty ne. T4 + Np + to Ν The reaction was that this was too important an issue to be trusted to a sample. T5 + Np + with Ν He's one of the straightest men I've ever met and I'd trust him with my life. Tell him it's about Breedlove, and that you don't trust me with it, and so, since he was Breedlove's partner, you've decided to come to him. T6 + to Ν + that-CL β Kutya wandered across the main road, hands in pockets, paying no heed to the cars, trusting to fate that he'd not be run over.

mmmmMsmsmm A person 1 can trust 11 another person or something , i.e. have confidence in them, (i) another person's discretion, character or promises etc.11

IV (Hi) to something such as fate or Iuck II VI (iv) another person" on a particular matter* 1 , i.e. believe them about this matter, (ν) another person 11 with somethingv n , i.e. be confident that they will take care of it properly. M D1 D3 D4 D5/T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 If you say for instance Trust John (to get the easiest job) you think that it is typical of what usually happens. An ironic statement. -> D1 D5/T1 A person 1 can trust that something is the case11, i.e. hope and expect it. D2 T6

886

try

try A

verb C

AIM

iimmlim Active: 1 / 3

SII [ N ] A / [ b y N ] II cont [N]R [to-(INF)] [and INF] [V-ing] [for N]p [N] III Β METHOD

Passive: 1 / 3

Active: 2 / 3

T1

ι [ N ] a / [by N ] Il Obi [N]p in [for N/V-ing]

D1 D2

CRIME

General: 0

Passive: 1 / 3

D1

T3 T3

D3 D4 D5

Active: 2 / 3

II obi III IV

V

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [V-ing] [as N] [for N/V-ing] [on N]

D1

T2—4

D4

T2 T3 T4

M

A She might say no, but he ought to try. (only if clear from context) It's really difficult to grasp why they're so bothered about Wales. But I try. (only if clear from context)

D1

+ NP

D2

D3

A I just tried my best and it didn't quite work out. This was the first time he had tried the test. I've decided to try the recipe I got for that new salmon mousse for dinner tonight. Β Have you tried your local GP? Try ground chicken breast instead of beef in your burgers. C Many remain without being charged or tried for years. He was tried, prosecuted and sent to prison for seven years for theft and deception. + to-INF (> 30%) A What were these people trying to do? She tried to enjoy the quiet of the countryside. As far as she could tell, no one tried to find her. They tried to persuade the police to impose a night curfew. I asked him whether the extension service they are providing is actually trying to spread existing knowledge or trying to introduce new information. The report also considers what will hapen to the Eastern and Central European countries trying to join the free market world. I ' m not trying here to suggest that whoever wrote Humpty Dumpty had Isis and Osiris in mind. She understood, or at least tried to, but said she couldn't go through with it again. + and INF (only with non-inflected forms) A If you work on that model it's absolutely ludicrous to try and sound like someone else. He decided to try and solve his problems by himself.

D4

D5

T1 T2

T3

T4

+ V-ing A Don't try teaching us our business. You try being a man for half an hour. Β If you want to minimise the room's irregularities, try decorating floors and windows in the same neutral colours. + for Np A We do plan to try for another baby. I know I want to try for the Presidency of the United States. + Ν + to-INF A She tried her best to look cheerful. + Np + as Ν Β So try this tangy, flower-scented sherry as a prelude to Sunday lunch. Great value. + Np + for N/V-ing Β I've tried the local library for information but to no avail. I recommend trying them for veal, lamb, poultry, fish and vegetables. When the tree house was finished the boys insisted I crawl up and try it for size and strength. C They would be tried for the offences once investigations were complete. Last year more than two thousand people were tried for trafficking in drugs. + Np + on Ν Β I tried the idea on a couple of people, who greeted it with great enthusiasm.

887

turn ¥

Try can mean 'attempt '. A person 1 can try something they want to do or achieve". Note that the infinitive only occurs in this sense: A person tries to do something always means 'that they attempt to do it': in informal language one can also say try and do something. The mg-form is also frequently used in this sense, although traditional descriptions sometimes claim that it only occurs in sense B. -> M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 T1 Try can mean 'test something for a particular purpose'. (i) A person' can try someone or something", i.e. make use of them in order to find out whether they

A

Β

C

(ii) A person 1 tries doing something 11 can mean that they do it in order to achieve something else. (i¡¡) A person 1 can try something 11 on someone or something v , i.e. use them for trying it out. - * D1 D4 T2 T3 T4 also in phrasal verbs: try on; try out A person11 can be tried for a crime 111 , i.e. be accused of having done it and put on trial before a court.

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + on *-* Np I have to hang up all the dresses that they've tried on. (= put on to find out whether they fit them) + it + on (+ with N) They're just trying it on. I don't believe they'll go this far. (= seeing how badly they can behave before annoying anyone) The motorbike gangs would try it on with her but she wasn't having any. (= see how badly they can behave before annoying anyone) + out •-» Np The country will have Games Arena sections where you can not only see the latest hard-

turn A SI I II III IV V

ware and software, but where you can try out the latest stuff. (= try) Half a dozen charities have also tried out TV advertising. (= tried) He tried to rush through new tests for fourteen-year-olds without trying them out properly first. (= testing) + out + for Ν Chris had tried out for some Broadway parts. (= had auditions) + out M D1 D6 D7 T3 T6 T7 T8 also in phrasal verbs: turn away Turn can mean 'become' or 'change'. For instance, leaves 11 can turn yellow 1 " or someone* can turn a 11 book into a film111. -> D1 D2 D4 D6 T1 T2 T4 also in phrasal verbs: turn around; turn round "... :: •

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + around NP The Xantia is a genuine middleweight, where the BX, which so turned around Citroen's Eighties fortunes, is a light middleweight. (= greatly improved) + aside + from NP They have too often turned aside from reform out of loyality to the party. (= not done it) + aside NP He does not turn aside difficult questions with an urbane manner. (= avoid answering) Voters in Lithuania have turned aside a proposal to establish a State presidency. (= rejected; an American use) + away Np Most days I turn away twenty or thirty men, unemployed guys from Toronto or the Soo or Thunder Bay. (= cannot employ or help) + away + from NP He replied that if people turned away from communist parties, it meant they did not see the policies of those parties as their own. (= cease to support) + away « N + from NP The crisis will turn students away from the Kinnock-led Labourites. (= discourage students from supporting) + down P1 P 3 P4 T h e value f o r something is 'the amount calculated in a scientific equation or experiment'. P8

920

value

value

verb Β

'esteem' Active: 2 / 3

III IV D1

D2

T1

A Β

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [V-ing]p [as N] [for N/V-ing]

D1 D2

T1.3

P3

D1

T2 T2

T1 T3 the true inclinations of both the British and American high commands. T2

Β British exports to Argentina were valued at about fourteen and a half million pounds. The painting is officially valued at three hundred thousand Deutschmarks - more than a hundred thousand pounds. This will value it at between £ 600 m and £ 700 m.

+ V-ingp

A She taught me to read and to value being intelligent. + Np + a s Ν A Deer were highly valued as a source of fresh meat. Pamela was valued as a source of highly intimate, and reliable, information about

+ Np + a t Ν : Q U A N T

T3

+ Np + f o r N / V - i n g

A The character of the ancien regime was valued for its supposed permanence. These universities were chiefly valued for being old.

ι π A person 1 can value something 11 , i.e. esteem it very highly. • D1 D2 T1 T3 1 1 A person can value a thing at a certain price111, i.e. decide what it is worth.

adjective These issues pay a variable rate of inter-

P4

pred I n t h e t r o p i c s rainfall is notoriously variable and unreliable. + in Ν (frequent) This species is enormously variable in colouring. Then the wind became variable in direction and light.

P5

attr

est. P2

Passive: 1 / 3

ι [N]A / [by N ] Il obi [N]p III [at N: QUANT]

+ Np A Please, I'd value your comments. "We all know that violence will destroy everything we value," Mrs. Thatcher said. Β After months of haggling they sent someone out to value the house.

variable P1

'evaluate' Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

(rare) His advice, which saved many test pilots' lives, was based on the fact that the Mach number is variable with temperature, and therefore, with altitude. + from Ν + to Ν The Τ cell receptor is highly variable from cell to cell. + with Ν

' Something can be variable mm ______ gsgfl §§g (I) in a certain respect, i.e. vary that way. ie] (ii) from one period of time, place etc. to another, i.e. depend on the period of time, place, etc. (iii) with an external factor, i.e. be subject to its influence.

variety P1

P2

»

·»

noun

A The menu was dazzling in its variety. Β Fresh herbs are always superior to the dried variety and the coriander liberally sprinkled over the shells had clearly been plucked that day. Herb farms have the widest range of species and varieties, and there is exchange between gardeners, too.

P3

+ in Ν

A The area also has a big variety in gardening

Β

η

styles. There is a huge variety in soil types in Britain. + Of Ν (>30%) A There is no known cure, but a variety of techniques are used successfully to lower the blood pressure. Β Five varieties of fresh oysters, gumbo, prawns in garlic and numerous choices of fresh fish are written on the blackboard every night.

Variety can mean 'that something consists of a great number of different things'. -> P1 P2 P3 A variety of something can be 'a certain type of something'. P1 P3 ri^Sff^^Rr^SwSififïnifei

vary

921

vary

verb 'be different'

C

Active: 1 / 4 lobi

II III IV ν VI VII vili

Β

[N]A [Ν by Ν] D8 [between N p |/N and N] D3 [byN] D4 [in N] D6 [with N] D7 [from N] [to N] 'change'

'make different' Active: 2/2

Passive: 1/2

ι

[N]a / [by N] II obi [N]p

D1

Q Τ

Q

Τ

Q

SjjSVl'îV-'ë"·!"

Active: 1/3 lobi

II III IV

'iBrmtmn

ν

VI VII

[N] A [N by N] [among N p l / g r o u p ] [from N] [in N] [with N] [to N]

D8 D2 D5

Τ

D6 D7

A Costs and economic conditions vary enormously. Solicitor's fees can vary, and you should not be afraid to ask what they will be. Β The majority of 3-year-olds are in playgroups where the staffing and resources vary a lot. D1

+ Np

C Vary the mixture and your diet will be alright. The government can vary the number of loans in each category. Colour can be varied by processing technique. In other cases, we can vary this contract by making available details of the variations, signed by an authorised employee, in our Main Offices, not less than 14 days in advance. D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

+ a m o n g ( s t ) N pl /g roup

Β Fervour for reform varied among party members. + between Npl/N and Ν A The results can vary between boys and girls. The best estimates vary between thirty and fifty millions. In the Middle Ages the normal household for a peer varied between 100 and 200 people. + by Ν A This scale-independence of the shapes of clouds has been verified experimentally for cloud patches whose sizes vary by a factor of a thousand. But remember: birds' feeding habits vary by region, season, and even among individuals. + from Ν Β Delivery times to other parts of countries may vary from the averages listed for the cities. • His recollection of what she'd worn varied

D8

τ

Q

from his original story. (= differed; an infornai use) + in Ν A Plants vary in their requirements. People vary a great deal in their attitude to risks. She likes different rooms to have their own identity, to vary in shape and size. Β In Ireland about the 13th century an area around Dublin was known as the Pale. This varied in size enormously, because it was reasonably peaceful and had to be defended against Irish clans who did not appreciate it. It seems that this gamma ray emission varies in intensity. + with Ν A An individual's calorie requirement varies with age, sex, physical activity and other health factors. Β Demand for family cars can vary with the ups and downs of the trade cycle. + Ν by Ν A I've noticed hook quality can vary batch by batch. Β Everyone's blood pressure varies minute by minute. + from Ν + to Ν (frequent) A Some gestures vary from society to society and are clearly learned. Charges vary according to the grade of the hostel from £ 1.10 to £ 2.75 per night. Litters can vary from six piglets to twenty. Β Both lakes vary from three to eight feet deep. + in Ν + from Ν + to Ν A The apartments could vary in size from two rooms to four.

922

vehement

A

Β

C

Vary can be used to say that 'several items of the same type differ from one another'. From. ..to or between indicate where the different variations are found: Talking in general terms, the preferred constructions are between + Npi (Hotel prices vary considerably between various European capitals) or from Ν to Ν (Hotel prices vary considerably from one European capital to another); for a specific comparison between Ν and Ν (Hotel prices vary considerably between London and Brussels) is used. —> M D3 D4 D6 D7 D8 Τ Q Vary can be used to say that 'the same item is subject to change'. (i) Things or people 1 can vary in a certain respect, e.g. intensity, brightness, etc. v , or vary from one extreme point I V to a n o t h e r v n . (ii) Something 1 can vary with certain changes which influence the variation, e.g. the seasons, economic or political changes V I . -> M D2 D5 D6 D7 D8 Τ You 1 can vary something 11 , i.e. make it different at different times. -> D1

vehement P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr Banners of vehement protest are stretched across the streets of many local towns, inscribed "Non à TGV". pred Righteous anger is especially vehement. + about N/V-ing They were not especially vehement about the immorality. There were directors who were vehement about not working with me.

P4

+ in N/V-ing (frequent) She is vehement m her criticisms of the modern State. They were especially vehement in denying a rumoured rift between the Prime Minister and the then party leader.

A person can be vehement about something, i.e. express their feelings about it very strongly.

vicious P1 P2 P3

adjective

attr He is a vicious man. pred She cannot understand how people can be proud of themselves for being vicious. [it] + to-INF (rare) It seems vicious to say that altruistic people, who work hard to help others, should be suspected ipso facto of harboring ulterior selfish motives.

P4 P5

+ about Ν They were so vicious about it, and I was so hurt. + to Ν But the really dumb thing was being so vicious to the woman involved.

A person can be vicious (i) about something or someone, i.e. very cruel in what they say about them. (ii) to another person, i.e. behave in a cruel manner towards them.

victorious P1 P2

P3

adjective

attr Carl Sandburg sent his congratulations to the victorious candidate. pred As for John Major, he has emerged victorious from his greatest political crisis to date. The opposition candidate was victorious. + against Ν (rare) Smith's experimental side emerged victorious against a side looking for their first win in 22 internationals since regaining independence.

Victorious can mean 'winning or having won a victory'.

P4

P5 P6

+ by N: QUANT (rare) The English team was victorious by 64 runs and an innings. They remained tied and a further 36 holes were played before Burke was victorious by a slender shot. + in Ν (frequent) Gaitskell was victorious in his battle with the left. + over Ν You will be victorious over your enemies. The general had been victorious over the French.

923

view

victory P1

P2 P3

P4

P5

noun

And if ever there was a good time for unpopular political decisions, it is now. straight after an election victory. Barry Sanders rushed for 114 yards and two touchdowns as the Detroit Lions boosted their play-off hopes, almost killing off the New York Jets with a 34—20 victory. Mirko Gualdi gave Italy their third gold medal of the world championships in Japan, with victory in the men's amateur road race. + against Ν Andre Agassi ends the tennis season with victory against the world's number one. + by Ν But victory by three goals would lift Moreton from fourth to second. The victory by the traditionalists was seen as a major blow to reform. + for Ν (frequent) Recently a supermarket chain proudly announced that all its customers from John O'Groats to Lands End would be able to buy carrots of exactly the same size and colour: a victory for quality control, but a blow for regional variety. + from Ν Victory from a grim encounter means Leigh are now only two points behind the Eagles.

P6

P7

+ over Ν (very frequent) Zimbabwe beat Papua New Guinea by nine wickets and Kenya had a six wicket victory over the United States. Wright put his recent troubles behind him to score his sixth goal of the season in front of Taylor to earn Arsenal a 1-0 victory over Manchester City. + by Ν + over Ν But victories by Australia over Taiwan and Italy in their two other games in Pool C of the 24-nation competition took away some of the pain. For the hundred thousand or so members of the Orange Order - set up to commemorate the victory of the Protestant William of Orange over the Catholic forces of King James the second at the Battle of the Boyne - the day has immense historical significance. The site of a famous victory by the Scottish Catholic supporters of James II over the English Protestant forces of William and Mary in 1689.

Victory means 'a win in a battle against an opponent or

view P1

P2

noun A Cut back overgrown bushes and hedges which could hide an intruder from view. Β "His views have influenced my thinking," says Robinson, "and I like to think my views have had a modest impact on his." Now that's not being unreasonable, that's the view of millions of people in this country and all over Western Europe and all over North America. + ADV A The view below is fascinating. It had large ballast weights in the tail and the huge air intake and exhausts obstructed the view forward and downward. Mack went close to the water's edge where the sloping bank blocked his view back. In addition to walls and fences, try fallen tree trunks, rivers and roads meandering off to the horizon, or (simplest of all) a signpost in the foreground pointing to the view beyond. The sun was coming up now and the view across St Aubin Bay was spectacular, the tide in so that Elizabeth Castle on its rock was surrounded by water. Beyond the Remenham Club there is a view ahead to Remenham village and its church. Big picture windows looked out from the end of the cottage and at the back where there was a

P3

P4

P5

splendid view down the hill slope to the water's edge. + that-CL (frequent) Β We are no longer bound to the view that the earth is the immobile center of the universe, nor even do we consider it stationary. Turning his attention to victory over Nazi Germany, he dismissed the popular view among conservative groups that Stalin was a great war hero. + about N/V-ing / about wh-CL Β They tended to hold contradictory views about their role as housewives. If the ladiesin-waiting have their views about the Princess she has equally definite ideas about them and what she expects from them. He was firm on his views about maintaining the current strength of the public sector. The letter explains: "We would like to have your views about how we should tell customers when their certificates mature." + from Ν A Although its architectural style - grey stone walls and slate roof - is fairly typical of the Western Highlands, the views from the house are incomparable.

924

visible

P6

P7

A Β C

+ of Ν (very frequent) A The Richardson's bedroom is above the sitting room and they rarely draw the curtains so they can wake up to a view of the sea. What will happen when the secret corners of the forest are heavy with the scent of many men and the view of the ripe hills is blotted by talking wires? Β Somebody seems to be taking too fundamentalistic a view of the text. He held a high view of Scripture as the Word of God, emphasizing its importance not only for doctrinal truth but for individual spiritual nourishment. + on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/wh to-INF (frequent) Β The time is ripe for abandoning views on foreign policy which are influenced by an imperial standpoint. His extraordinary views on human sexuality influenced not only his own time, but the centuries that followed. "No two people have the same views on raising children," says Yvonne. To comply with the EC directive, the legislation need only cover drug dealing money,

P2 P3

P9

View can refer to everything that can be seen from a certain place. P1 P2 P5 P6 P8 View can refer to a person's opinion on something. —> P1 P3 P4 P6 P7 With a view to is used to indicate a person's intentions. P9

visible P1

P8

but the government has invited views on whether the proceeds of other crimes should be covered. My views on how to solve the problem would not be popular with everyone but it is only an idea. + out of Ν A The view out of the window was nothing like home. [with a] + to N/V-ing C A professional, caring woman, 30s, seeks a graduate, intelligent professional male, 33^43, with a view to marriage. Therefore, there will be a strong incentive to enter into a process of negotiation with a view to compromise. Psychologists are now studying just how rumours begin, with a view to understanding the role they play in more important scenarios. If I had stayed on at university with a view to improving my earning capacity, I might well be a bitter and twisted man.

adjective

attr Each quantum of ultraviolet light therefore carries a bit more energy than visible light. pred One or two stars were visible. + to Ν Tom was now visible even to Major Hewson-Smart. SN 1987a, the first supernova

of 1987, was the first to be visible to the naked eye since 1604.

,

If something or someone is visible to someone (or the naked eye),

visit P1

P2 P3

P4

noun For the moment, both governments see this visit as a symbol of improving relations. I usually just make a note of all the patients that we see in surgery and on visits. + by Ν On the first visit by the lawyer, the bodyguards refused to hand the boys over. + from Ν Exercise, reading, music, conversation, and the arts were encouraged, while potentially disturbing visits from family and friends were limited to certain times. + of Ν President Gorbachev has arrived in Paris for a visit of less than twenty four hours; Reader Β Miller asks why there has been no royal visit of support for flood victims. So a decision to send a U. S. mission to Cambodia could have considerable political repercussions, despite the State Department's insistence

P5

P6 P7

that this month's visit of forensic experts should be seen strictly as a humanitarian matter. + to Ν (> 30 %) Of the approximately 44,000 visits to the center last year, surveys show a high level of patient satisfaction with the care received. Now is the time for a serious discussion of pregnancy, contraception, and sexual responsibility, and perhaps a visit to a doctor. On a brief visit to New York, Isabella Ferguson reported to her husband that Έ . seems so relieved and happy over the baby'. + with Ν Vice President Dan Quayle is on a three day New Year's visit with the troops. + ADV Every year we make more than 30 million visits abroad for pleasure or profit. Today Mr Mandela concludes his visit there before meeting Mr De Klerk later in the week. It

925

visit was before Harvard, on a visit home from prep school, that he first saw the museum he stands in front of now. + by Ν + to Ν And the Prince and Princess of Wales are going to Hungary today on the first official visit by the Royal family to a Warsaw Pact country.

P8

P9

P10

+ from Ν + to Ν The Kings Wood scheme has two components: fortnightly parents' meetings in school to discuss parenting, and regular home visits from teachers to parents with pre-school children. + of Ν + to Ν Macarthur's visit of inspection to Korea took place on Thursday, June 29th.

There can be visits to a place (i) from, by or of a person visiting (¡i) to a person visited (Hi) of a certain function or duration (iv) with a person visited (used mainly in American English: In British English with is used to indicate some(V) one who accompanies another person on a visit.) visit

verb Active: 1 / 2

Passive: 1 1 2

General: 0

ι Il

[N]p

D1

I

[N]

in

[in N]

02

II obi

[N]p

IV

[With N]p

D3

III obi

[on N] [upon N]

M

D1

[N]a

/ [by N]

Active: 3 / 3

Several of the rooms are furnished and recreate the atmosphere of the castle's medieval heyday, especially if visiting out of season, when you find yourself alone amongst the tapestries and suits of armour, (only if clear from context) "Will there be lots of ghosts visitingV Meg asked, (only if clear from context) Oh, that was a cousin of mine, visiting for the day. (only if clear from context) + Np But Lydia stayed a full three weeks, staying in bed late, visiting her father in St Just when the days were fine, talking with them by the kitchen stove at nights. He drove down and talked to her and they visited each other now and then. One UDF leader who visited the scene, said he thought the demonstration was harming the opposition's image. Please visit our exhibition. It is also one of the best-kept and nicest hotels we have ever visited. Don't wait for the Channel tunnel. By taking your car on the ferry it's easy for those in the South East to visit Calais and Boulogne plus the coastal villages in between and return the same day, laden with freshly baked patisserie. One nest was visited by seven males. It's also worth visiting antique fairs to see if you can pick up any old tools, tableware, breadboards, scales, tins and pans. He's dropping in at some place called Stokely Hall to visit a Catholic chapel. • You might need to visit a specialist, solicitor or accountant. (= consult for professional ad-

02 D3

A

/[byN]

vice) All the same, the need to visit the toilet frequently can pose serious problems to many people. (= use) Another fan, as if visited by an awful premonition, beseeched: 'Don't leave us, Dave, will you'. (= troubled by) + in Ν Fancy invited her to visit in Denver at every opportunity. + with Np I agreed to visit with Steve again while on the West Coast. She returns often to shop and visit with friends. + Np + on/upon Ν a The sins of the wicked are visited on their descendants. Mr Major is fatally loyal to his chums, so that their sins are visited upon him.

926

vital

α

vital P1 P2 P3

P4

P5

A person' can visit g ( i § I ibition" (¡) a person, a place, or an event such as an exhibition" nglish). (ii) in a place™, i.e. go there (used in American English). r*7 . lish). (iii) with a person IV , i.e. go to see that person (used in American English) • ^ M D1 D2 D3 If you say a higher force such as a god 1 visits something such as anger 11 on a person or a place 1 ", you mean they are punished for some wrong or sin committed; an old-fashioned, especially biblical, rare use.

adjective attr The voice of public opinion is of vital importance in influencing legislators. pred You will find that you develop a body awareness. This I think is vital. [it] + to-INF However, the greatest risk occurs when women acquire the infection during pregnancy, so it is vital to be careful if your partner is pregnant. [it] + (that)-CL It is vital you find out what is involved. It is vital that the British people know what they eat and how it is produced. + for Ν Mass support was vital for the success of a party. Manned operation will be vital for the development of the space industry.

P6

P7

P8

+ in V-ing Food, the way it's collected and processed, is vital in determining animal behaviour. + to Ν (frequent) Trade is not only vital to us, but to the prosperity of the entire world. Those whose services are vital to the economy can safeguard their own future, [it] + for Ν to-INF / [it] + for Ν + to-INF It is vital for us to win this fight against crime. Once children reach school age it is vital to continue showing them love and interest.

Something or someone can be vital for or to something or someone else, i.e. very important for a particular

void P1

P2

Β

vote P1

adjective attr A European law did not treat a void contract as a contract which did not have and had never had any existence, pred A Hunting associations, with over a million members, are advising voters to abstain in the

P3

hope that there'll be a less than fifty percent turnout, in which case the referendum will be void. If elections show the usual 10 per cent slippage, the result could become null and void. + of Ν Β To me the Universe was void of life and purpose. Ray's face was void of expression.

Something that is void ias no effect. P1 P2 Something that is void of something lacks it, a formal use. -> P3

llfsSS eiMIefe

noun A I sincerely hope they wouldn't get five per cent of the vote. Β Democrats fear that the stiff tax increases and cuts in health and benefit programmes will lose them votes in next month's elections. Until they acknowledge these things exist instead of bleating about the top people being squeezed for tax they will not get my vote. C What I'm saying is if it hadn't been for the suffragettes chaining themselves to rail-

P2

P3

ings, throwing bricks through windows, women would never have got the vote. + to-INF A A procedural vote to prevent the measure from being talked out was carried by 168 votes to two. + that-CL (rare) A I consider a "no change" vote to be a vote that the plan did nothing, and therefore was not worth the money spent for it.

vote friendly majority. A Conservative vote of ten per cent or more would be a creditable debut performance in unpromising political territory.

+ against N/V-ing/ against

A Our own analysts said we were shooting ourselves in the foot with the vote against the authorization for the use of force and now everyone is complaining that we are not being critical. He gave as an example last night's vote against banning fox and other forms of hunting from Church-owned land. Β East Germany has long since recognised the border, and its 400-member parliament supported the resolution overwhelmingly on Thursday morning with only six votes against and 18 abstentions. + by Ν A But most political analysts feel the impact of any protest vote by Anglophones will be minimal.

P9

A He persuaded them to accept a counterproposal for a vote on the leadership as a whole. The result may also be seen as a negative vote on Mr Occhetto's widely-publicised "new course" for the Party. Campaigners for equal rights in working men's clubs are to press for a members' referendum, after losing a national conference vote on admitting women. Seen from outside Westminster, the Commons has failed by not devising a procedure to allow a meaningful vote on whether British adhesion to Maastricht should include the social chapter or not. A vote on whether to renew the Independent Counsel law will probably be put off until after the election.

+ for N/V-ing

A The Times claimed that a vote for Major was 'a vote for disunity and defeat'. The Chinese communist party newspaper, The People's Daily, has carried an angry editorial about the United States House of Representatives' vote for attaching provisos to renewing China's favoured trading status. Β Opinion polls suggest that the main opposition group, DEMOS, will win about forty percent of the votes for the new parliament compared to fifteen percent for the Party of Democratic Renewal, which the Communists now call themselves. C The lack of a vote for women, many of whom occupied responsible government jobs, was "a touchy subject", he admitted.

+ on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/wh to-INF

P10

+ by Ν + to-INF

A Leaders of the Prison Officers' Association have been invited for talks at the Home Office to discuss yesterday's vote by prison officers to take industrial action as part of their campaign against low staffing levels and overcrowding in prisons. P11

+ of NUM + to NUM

A Senate approval of Family Leave came after an attempt to restore the ban on gays in the military was defeated by a vote of 62 to 37. Judge Thomas has just been confirmed by a vote OÎ52-A».

+ in favour of N/V-ing/in favour

A Lithuanian leaders have expressed the hope that Saturday's overwhelming vote in favor of independence would gain Western backing for their cause. Ballots in the constituency parties produced an overwhelming vote in favour of changing Clause Four. The overwhelming vote in favour came after President Gorbachev told the Supreme Soviet that the decision was crucial and could not be delayed any longer. + of Ν

A In the subsequent elections the voters gave the president a vote of confidence by electing a A vote can be 'the formal decision of a group such as a nation, parliament, commitee, etc.' or 'the process of voting'. There can be a vote (i) to do something (ii) against, for or in favour of something (iii) against or for a person (iv) on a certain subject or proposal. A vote can also be 'a single person's decision in the process of voting'. P1 P4 P6 The vote is 'the right to vote'. —> P1 P6

928

vote

vote

verb Active: 1 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3 BiSil I [ N ] a / [by Ν] 11 [N]p [to-INF]p (it) [yes/no] IH [against (N/V-ing)] P [for N/V-ing]p [in favour (of N/V-ing)] P IV [by Ν] V [on Χ]ρ VI [with Ν] VII [ADV] α

I I S II obi

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

Active: 2 / 2

[N]A/[byN] [to-INF] P(it) [that-CL] P(it)

Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

p e e ® · » Active: 3 / 3

D1

T4

D2

I

Passive: 2 / 3

[N]a / [by N] T1-3

Il Obi [N]p_2 III [N]p_i [to N] IV [forN] I

D10 D4 D6 D7

Active: 3 / 3

D5

I

D8 D9 T4

T3

T2 Passive: 2 / 3

[N] a / [by N]

II obi [N]p.-| [N] 2

III obi

T1

T1 T1

i wrnsaamfflBmm ÎMÊÊÊÊlÊÊÊlmmÈ D2 D3

People have refused to go and vote. It is a democratic right not only to vote but to seek election. Labour enjoys a 14-point lead over the Conservatives when people are asked how they would vote in a General Election. + Ν Naturally, we hope they are patriotic people who vote Conservative. They intended to vote Thatcher. + to-INFp(it) Transport workers have voted to accept a pay offer of 10.2 percent. The United Nations Security Council has voted to give Iraq six weeks to withdraw from Kuwait or face being forced out. Only 39 % voted to stay in. α Gore is a Vietnam veteran, and he voted to authorize the use of force in the Persian Gulf. + (that)-CLP(i,) a I vote that we all go to Holland. I vote we eat now. + against Np/v-ingp / against We did not vote against the introduction of the Emergency Powers Act. 45 MPs voted against the Government. One club president, who did not want to be named, said most of the Townsville clubs would vote against joining the new competition. A majority of the 18 Tory MEPs abstained on the question of extending the range of issues on which the Council of Ministers can decide by majority vote, in defiance of Downing Street demands that they should vote against. + by Ν There have been only three instances since 1923 in which a member has been granted the right to vote by proxy. On many issues, member states already vote by majority. + for Np/V-ingp (frequent) He urged French Communists to vote for Mitterand. Who did you vote for ? The member declared that on

D7

D8

D9

no account would he vote for the Government's proposal. The councillors have defied the law by refusing to vote for setting a level for the government's new local authority tax Many unions found it hard not to vote for keeping the clause. + in favour of Np/V-ingp/in favour If the French were to vote in favour of Maastricht, the financial collapse that followed the Danish 'no' vote could be substantially reversed. The fund's constitution required that 75 percent of committee members vote in favour of winding up. Twenty-nine per cent said they would vote in favour. Some rightwing Euro-sceptic MEPs will vote against changes, but most Tories will abstain or vote in favour - in spite of warnings from Tory leaders in London that this could open new divisions in the party. + on Np/V-ingp/on wh-CLp/wh to-INFp The House of Commons had its first opportunity to discuss and vote on the White Paper. We will vote on it. Shareholders will vote on putting both men on the board at the annual meeting next month. First of all, we should vote on whether we're going to have a referendum. The bank workers are to vote on whether to strike and the postal workers may go out in June. MEPs will vote on whether to accept or reject the revised draft at the end of this month. The Chamber of Deputies will vote on whether to start impeachment proceedings against him. + with Ν In a strong editorial linking the symbolic link up with last weekend's Rome summit in which Britain refused to vote with the rest of Europe, the newspaper deplores what it called Mrs Thatcher's never-ending vetos.

vulnerable

929

D10 T1

T2

(!) (ii)

(Hi)

About sixty Conservatives failed to vote with the government. + yes/no 63 % of the people voted yes in the recent referendum. + Np + Ν β The union voted itself larger welfare benefits. γ She was voted Most Promising Actress by the London theatre critics. + Np + for Ν β The sums involved amounted to 8 % of the

vulnerable

P2

0)

T4

I V People' can vote on a particular proposal or issue , i.e. try to arrive at a majority decision on it. A person supporting 1 can vote (a) for a proposal 111 , (b) in favour of a proposal or vote in favour111, (c) to do something 11 , (d) yes11. A person opposing 1 can vote (a) against a proposal or vote against™, (b) no 11 , i.e. cast their vote that way. If an institution such as a parliament 1 votes a particular way, a decision is taken. In an election, esp. in a political context, a person 1 can vote (a) Democrat, Conservative; S. P. D., Green etc.11, i.e. for a political party, (b) Koek, Banerjee, Blair, etc. u , i.e. for a particular candidate, (c) for a party such as the S.N.P. or a particular candidate such as Schröder 111 , i.e. cast their vote for a particular party or candidate. -> M D1 D2 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 T4 also in phrasal verbs: vote down; vote in; vote out Vote can also mean 'suggest', e.g. in the phrase I or we vote that something should be done·, an informal use. D2 D3 In formal language, vote can also mean 'allocate money to an institution'. An organisation such as a government or a trade union 1 can vote money 11 (i) for a particular purpose IV (ii) to an institution or an account 111 . T1 T2 T3 A group, esp. a jury, 1 can vote a person 11 man/woman of the year etc.111, i.e. award them a specific title, often in a competition. -> T1

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down 30 %) It's up to us if we want to listen. If you want to pay by cheque or postal order, please fill in the form below. If you do not want to report the rape to the police, see a doctor as soon as possible. He didn't want

Passive: 1/2

ι [Ν] α / [by Ν] il obi [forN]p Further uses [away/in/out] [with N]

D3

D4

to be disturbed during his working time. Ireland's new President has said that she wants to extend the hand of friendship to both communities in Northern Ireland. MPs were told by the Foreign Office that applications from East Europeans wanting to travel to Britain were expected to more than double this year. It's not difficult to escape from the bustle if you want to. + V-ing α Her hair wants cutting. His toaster wants repairing, I'm afraid. + for Np β She'd want for nothing with us, you know.

934

war

D5

D6

D7

D8

He would not want for food or comfort or medical care. + away/in/out • He was mindful that if things went wrong during the season, and Newcastle found themselves languishing at the foot of the Second Division table, he wanted away. (= wanted to get away) Raith star Shaun Dennis wants away from Stark's Park. (= wants to get away from) But no. Maybe some of you want in. (= want to get in) I wanted out, that's all. (= wanted to get out) + Np ADJ "You want them dead, Leroy?" Daniels asked. + Ν to-INF/N to Timber producers want the developed world to pay more for wood products in order to finance reforestation. What do you want me to do? Margaret said that she did not want her daughter to continue to see her merely out of duty. I don't want any other mother to be hurt like I have been. + Ν V-ing The government doesn't want people drifting to London where they're penniless and homeless. But of course I didn't want Darrow knowing he had impressed and amazed me.

D9

D10

T1

T2

T3 T4

T5

+ Ν V-ed She doesn't want money spent this way. I passionately want Labour elected next time. + Ν ADV I didn't want him around. + Np + for Ν • After the latest extradition row between Britain and the Irish Republic, the Observer reports that five more men wanted for alleged offences in Britain and Northern Ireland are likely to be released from custody in the Republic. (= sought by the police) Flavell is wanted for questioning in connection with the bombing. (= sought by the police) + Np + from Ν Everyone wants something from you now and, if you tried to fulfill all their demands, you would have to cut yourself in bits. + Np + of Ν (usually passive) We have done everything you wanted of us. + what + with Ν (in questions) • What do they want with stuff like this? (= why do they need) + what + ADV What do you want around here?

nt Want means 'desire' or 'desire to have'. Someone 1 can want someone or something 1 1 0) to do something" (Ü) something to be the case or happen or someone to do something" (iii) something 1 1 from someone or of someone , v (of and from can of ten be used interchangeably, but (¡V) , the

α ß

war P1

P2

P3

• MD1 If you say something' wants doing" you mean that you consider it necessary that it should be done. D3 If you say that somebody does not want for something" that means that they do not lack it; a formal

noun In recent years these mechanisms for coping with drought have been disrupted by government mismanagement and war. He told the Spanish newspaper El Pais that the war in El Salvador could end this year and that the 1990s would be the decade of disarmament. + to-INF With few exceptions, the news media's performance during the war to liberate Kuwait left this president very pleased indeed. + about Ν/about wh-CL This is a medieval war about land. We are in the middle of a little war about his geography exam, but I have no doubt we shall sort the matter out happily. The EU and the Canadian government were locked in a propaganda war about who was responsible

P4

P5

P6

for the dramatic depletion of fish stocks in the north-east Atlantic. + against Ν The IRA itself, of course, claims to be fighting a war against the British in Northern Ireland. Germany ready to dash rate-cut hopes: War against inflation is top priority, says Bundesbank. + among(st) Npi/group War among liberaldemocratic states virtually never occurs, and competition among them takes place in economic, not territorial, realms. + between NP|/N and Ν A senior member of Sudan's military government, Colonel Muhammad Khalifah, has said he believes the prospect of peace is increasing in the eight-year civil war

warn

935

P7

P8

P9 P10

between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. + for Ν A spokesman for the Tigers told me yesterday that the time for negotiation had passed and a final war for independence in the North-East was under way. Although both sides have their specific grievances, in general it is Croatia that has been winning the war for international sympathy. + of Ν Britain made no major continental commitment in the War of the Quadruple Alliance. the Anglo-Spanish War of 1726-9, or the American War of Independence. Indian diplomats say there's a mutual agreement not to allow the war of words to escalate tensions on the ground. + on Ν The death highlights the ineffectiveness of America's war on drugs. + over Ν The war over control of Korea marked the beginning of the meteoric geopolitical rise of Japan and the confused geopolitical

P11

P12

P13

P14

decline of China. Preparations have continued in Baghdad for a possible war over Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. + with Ν After 1748 the British sought to avoid another war with France by demonstrating that they would not permit the French to bully them. Dolphin cruise operators in the Moray Firth are at war with Scottish Natural Heritage. + by Ν + to-INF Human rights groups believe he was one of hundreds of victims of an ongoing dirty war by the military to eliminate potential rebel supporters. + by Ν + against Ν The Spanish Senate increased the pressure on Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez yesterday, narrowly voting to investigate claims his government oversaw a 1980s war by security force death squads against Basque ETA rebels. + of Ν + against Ν His greatest strategic campaign was not his war of attrition against Lee but his war of maneuver at Vicksburg.

äSSSSSSäS^ä A war is 'a violent conflict between two or more countries', but the word can also be used to describe 'nonmilitary conflicts beween countries, companies and people'. There can be a war r\ · tuti) against someone or something (ii) with someone (iii) on something seen as a problem (iv) over a particular issue (v) for something one wishes to achieve (vi) to achieve something.

warn

verb Active: 2 / 3

ι

H m iv ν vi D1 02

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A [N]p [that-CL]p(lt) [Q/S] P(it) [about X]p [against X] P [of N/V-ing]p [with N]

General: 0 Active: 3 / 3

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

T2.5-6 T5-6 T2-6 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6-7

Ι

Passive: 2 / 3

General: 0

[N]A / [by N]

II obi [N]p III obi [to-INF]

T1 T1

T7

+Np I'm warning you; stop it right now. He won't listen to advice; he won't be warned. + (that)-CLp(it) (>30%) Michael Heseltine warns that the government must reform the new tax now. The French Prime Minister, Mr Michel Rocard, who is on a four day visit to Tokyo, has warned that a rapid opening of the European market to Japanese vehicles could lead to unemployment and social unrest. Labour's senior economic spokesman, Mr John

D3

D4

Smith, warned there was no quick cure to what he called Mrs Thatcher's decade of economic mismanagement. QUOTEp(it) /SENTENCEp(it) "There is a threat of dictatorship," he warned; "no-one can see where that will lead." + about Np/V-ingp It is part of the Governor's job to warn about inflation. Very brief instructions fail to warn about waiting for fluid to evaporate.

936

warn D5

D6

T1

T2

T3

+ against NpA/-ingp/against Ν V-ingp And, as Environment Secretary in the early 1980s he warned against the idea of the poll tax. He warns against taking on too big a problem to resolve. The newly democratic Eastern European countries have warned against the political divisions in Europe being replaced by economic divisions. + of Np/V-ingp (frequent) Conservative politicians will warn of the dangers of voting Labour. But the British Foreign Secretary, Mr Douglas Hurd, warned of the dangers of new forms of intolerance - such as extremes of nationalism and hostility to minorities. Ministers have already warned of the danger of high pay settlements chasing high price increases. Regional authorities have warned of taking stern action against strikers tomorrow. He warned of holding congressional hearings into the companies' pricing policies. + Np + to-INF a Passengers were warned to prepare for evacuation of terminal buildings and the return flight of the aircraft was delayed thirty minutes. Labour's spokesman Frank Dobson warns Liberal Democrats not to take too much comfort from this result. Anonymous pamphlets have been circulating in Abidjan warning all foreigners to stay indoors on election day. + Np + that-CL Perhaps you might warn him that it remains open to your former cleaner to lay charges against him for indecent assault? + Np «-» QUOTE/Np SENTENCE "You have no morals," he warns his gang leader.

T4

T5

T6

T7

+ Np + about N/V-ing/Np + about Ν V-ing/Np + about wh-CL The banks say they warn their customers about the possibility of large rises in repayments but anecdotal evidence suggests many people are taken by surprise. You have to warn her about not accepting sweets from strangers. When it carried on from Devon into Cornwall it failed to stop at Redruth, leaving two worried husbands waiting on the platform. Travellers say they were given no chance to warn their families about how late they would be. + Np + against N/V-ing Mathers evidently thought that she was about to form a separate group with Westcott and warned her against him. I warned her against any such course. I warn you against trying to escape. + Np + of Ν Warn them of the risks. He had tried to warn him of the obvious dangers. In any case, if you warn her of your arrival, his daughter will want to know what you want, and she may suggest that he's not well and can't see you. A trade union chief comes to warn her of a military takeover. + of Ν + with Ν QUEENSLAND Rail has spent heaps on remodelling Newmarket, including level crossing signs which warn of approaching trains with a stylised symbol of a steam engine.

A person or a statement produced by a person such as a telephone call, a notice etc. 1 can warn a person11 that something is the case 111 , i.e. inform them of a danger or an imminent event. A person' can warn (i) (someone) 11 of the danger or consequences of something dangerous v (ii) someone" against something or against doing something that might be dangerous^ (iii) about something that is a source of danger I V (iv) of something v , i.e. say that something is likely to happen. -> D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 also in phrasal verbs: warn away: warn off α A person' can warn another person1" to do something or not to do something" 1 , i.e. tell them to do it or not to do it. T1

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away « Ν (+from) I'm just trying to warn you away from what can be a terrible situation. (= advise you not to get involved) If you come close to these, signs warn you away. (= tell you to keep clear) + off Ν The Sussex trainer Charks Chapman was warned off after his horse Don Pat proved positive to caffeine after winning at Kempton. (= given a serious warning)

+ Ν + off Ν She often gained the impression that girls are warned off engineering by their parents. (= advised against)

937

wash

wary adjective attr She shot a wary glance in his direction. pred He was wary, unyielding, suspicious, and sober. + that-CL Wary that lightning could strike twice, he took steps to pay off the mortgage quickly. + about N/V-ing/about wh-CL There will be fewer prescriptions issued and people will be a lot more wary about what they are taking. They are distinctly wary about getting involved again. I'm still a bit wary about going on car trips with Kath and Paul. On the other side of the equation we also have to be wary about how we understand official interventions. + at Ν (rare) I was a bit wary at the prospect of playing in the Premier League.

P1 P2 P3

P4

P5

+ of N/V-ing (>30%) Do be wary of any newspaper or television reports that say a cure has been found for diabetes in some distant corner of the world. People are always a bit wary of change, I suppose. Luby's manager Robert Butler is wary of journalists. Be wary of cream, ice cream, raw vegetables, salads and unpeeled fruit. Be wary of applying ointments or lotions unless your doctor prescribes one. + on Ν (rare) Mr Ashdown's hope is that the perception that New Labour is wary on tax and vague on specifics will give him a distinctive bit of political territory to occupy for the duration of the election campaign.

P6

P7

A person that feels wary is either insecure or afraid. (i) If a person is wary about something, they are careful because they feel insecure. (ii) If a person is wary of something or of someone, they are suspicious and perhaps even afraid.

wash verb A

ι # Β

ι II

III IV

ν

M1

M2

D1

... person Active: 1 /2

C Passive: 1 / 2

General: 0

[N] A /[byN]

[N]p ... clothes Active: 1 / 3

lobi D1

D Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

[N]a / [by N]

[N]p

[ADV: QUALITY] [ADJ] [ADV]»

D1

D2

T1-2

idea ... Active: 1 / 1

ι

[Ν]A

M1

[to-INF]A:i,

M2

sea .. Active: 3 / 3

[N]A/

II Obi [N]p

Passive: 2 / 3

[by N]

III obi [ADV]»

T2

T2

T1

T2

A He washed and brushed his teeth. Β And always wash at the maximum temperature the fabric can stand, using a powder detergent that contains bleach, (only if clear from context) Mince 3 of the leeks. Wash, and drain and keep aside in a bowl, (only if clear from context) C This simply will not wash. [it] + tO-INF C It simply will not wash to advocate such policies. + Np A How could she wash herself in a room in a large plastic bowl shaped like a boat? Β You have not washed the dishes yet? She dusted tables that didn't need dusting, cleaned floors that didn't need cleaning, washed windows that didn't need washing. Blankets and pillows should be washed every ten days in hot

D2 T1

T2

water rather than at the low temperatures possible with modern detergents. + ADV: QUALITY Β It washed well and didn't shrink much. + Np + ADJ Β The first is devoted to the lush abundant summer of 1940 and his work at the vegetable plot which washed his soul clean of its moribund accretions. + Np + ADV« Β Sometimes you may need to wash the mud off your horse's feet. Once your heavy work is done, wash off the remainder of the cream. D The rain fell steadily on the whole scene, doing its best to wash the colour out of everything but not quite succeeding. Over an 80 million-year period, the amount of salt washed into the sea has remained constant, safely below the limits at which sea life is threatened.

938

waste

The pounding waves, climbing ever higher, could accelerate cliff erosion, sweep away levees and dykes, wash over and poison reclaimed land and destroy the spawning grounds of fish. Farmer Billy Dass could not believe his eyes

when the colourful creature was washed ashore near his home on Orkney. Oily waves washed ashore seaweed and general decomposition. Two weeks of heavy rain have washed away roads, railways and bridges.

WMtàBt^-W· '¿üijüáí;: If a person 1 washes, they clean themselves wit' I η (i¡) A person' can also wash another person 1 ' -> M1 D1 Wash can mean 'clean with water' -» M1 D1 ι D2 T1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: wash up Something such as an idea or explanation' will not wash means that it is not going to be accepted. (i)

The sea, waves, floods, a river, rain etc. 1 can wash things 11 somewhere 111 , i.e. carry them there. T2 also in phrasal verbs: wash up

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down Np He exists on a diet of omelettes, washed down with beer, whisky or Coca Cola. (= consumed with lots of) + out + Np Rain washed out the LancashireHampshire cricket match, with Lancashire having scored a competition record of 352 for 6. (= prevented from continuing) + up Np A ghost's foot doesn't trample grass or wear down the ground like this. (= damage) Too much hassle will wear you down. (= depress you) He therefore felt confident enough to tell Joffre on 10 April that, since the Verdun action had served the purpose of wearing down the German Army, the Somme offensive would be a 'decisive attack'. (= weaken)

+ off The drug began to wear o f f . (= lose its effectiveness) The thrill wears off after years of marriage. (= is reduced) + on It is clear that, as the 1920s wore on, the naval officers of every branch regarded themselves increasingly as members of a single corps. (= towards the end of the 1920s) The afternoon wears on and the bag of blackberries grows heavier. (= continues slowly) + out In May this year, Network South Central found the wheels on its trains wearing out much quicker than expected. (= becoming nonfunctional) + out +•» Ν Come on. Rest. You're wearing yourself out. (= exhausting yourself)

942

weary

weary P1

P2 P3

P4

adjective

attr She said simply that she had decided to go home; weary resignation was all she demonstrated as she climbed into the police car. pred They know when parents are weary, overworked or straining to make ends meet. + from N/V-ing I want to talk to Lindop while he's still weary from today. Marta in white communion lace, her mother in black, weary from tending the men by the radio + of N/V-ing (frequent) He gave a sigh, as if he were getting a little weary of so many problems.

P5

At which point Mr Merrion, perhaps weary of parrying all this undercover interrogation, said, 'Have you ever done terrorism?' + with N/V-ing The man's eyes, weary with caution, gazed at him without response. I felt that my life had been utterly blighted. I couldn't think about anything else, and I began to feel so weary with thinking about this one awful thing.

A person who is weary of something or of doing something is tired of it or has lost all enthusiasm for it.

weigh A

verb

MEASURE Active: 1/3

D

Passive: 1/3

ι [ N ] a / [by N] AGENT iicont [N]p /EFFECTED ill

Β

HI IV

C

D1

[N: Q U A N T ]

D1

T2

[Ν]A

[V-ing] A [that-CL] A Il obi [on N] [upon N]

D5-6 D5-6 D5

D6

Further uses

[ N ] a / [by N] [N]p [wh-CL] [against N/V-ing] [ADV] 'be disadvantageous'

[into N]p [with N] D1

D4 D7

T1.3

D2 T1 T3

m i ffflffffffffp WÊ

[Ν] A

D3 D3 D3 D3

A He returned the perfect-condition fish after weighing and photographing, (only if clear from context)

• Fish were topping but not feeding and many anglers did not weigh. (= did not choose to have their catch weighed) D1

II ν '

'trouble' Active: 2 / 2

Passive: 1/3

[V-ing] [that-CL] A(it) [to-INF] A(lt) il obi [against N/V-ing] M

T2

evaluate'

Active: 2 / 2 lobi

issa&M lobi

D1

[N]A [at N : Q U A N T ]

Active: 2 / 3 Ι II obi

General: 0

D2

+ Np

A When I weighed myself on some scales in a shopping centre I watched the dial go right up to the top and back down again. The scales can be used to weigh other items such as parcels. Farrell is 6ft 4ins, weighs 16 stone and is going places. All my boys were bigger than the girls - Benjamin was the heaviest at 91b 4oz - and both girls weighed just 61b 14oz. "Ferry" didn't seem a large enough word to

D3

describe the ship, which was 457 feet long and weighed 6,500 tons. Β She was studying him carefully with those damnably acute eyes, weighing his words, assessing his reasons. + wh-CL B The secretary considered the question for a second, carefully weighing whether the answer could in any way be deemed treasonable. + against N/V-ing C And the financial risks weigh against commercial development of a foundry. Young women doctors leaving medical school can now expect their gender to weigh against them, probably throughout the rest of their careers. The FCC ruled that the public interest weighed

943

D4

D5

D6

D7

weigh

against imposing on Fox the tax consequences of restructuring. + into Np • That Theo Waigel, the finance minister, should weigh into the debate by underlining the authority of the Maastricht fiscal criteria should come as a surprise to no one. (= make a forceful contribution to) + on Ν (frequent) D It's difficult to know which weighs heavier on my mind - the exhaustion from trying to keep the years at bay or the guilt from not. The pressure to succeed is weighing heavily on clubs and players. That heavy thought did not weigh on Sonia too long. + upon Ν D An overwhelmingly vulgar influence weighs upon their shoulders. + with Ν • The stakes are high - parliamentary seats, political careers, the future of the party and the country will all weigh with MPs. (= be considered important by)

T1

T2

T3

+ Np + against N/V-ing Β The advantages have to be weighed against the disadvantages before you begin. And keener prices must be weighed against having to wait to buy or sell, which is worrying when markets move fast. + Np + at N: QUANT A The fish was weighed on two sets of scales last week at 49 lb. + Np + ADV Β Historians often underestimate the value of successful efforts to prevent worse things from happening, and weigh achievements too lightly by comparing them with the many desires that remain unfulfilled.

II

TIT

A person or a thing" can be weighed or can weigh a certain amount , i.e. it can be measured how they are. M D1 T2 also in phrasal verbs: weigh in; weigh out ί . . . . IT . . . » πιΑ person* can weigh an idea or a person" against another idea or person" 1 , i.e. evaluate them. D1 D2 T1 T3 also in phrasal verbs: weigh up Something 1 can weigh against a person or an idea11, i.e. be seen as something negative when assessing them. -» D3 Τ

II

Something 1 can weigh on or upon a person or a person's m i n d , i.e. trouble them. -> D5 D6 also in phrasal verbs: weigh down Idiomatic phrasal verbs + down Np The ceiling had been weighed down by hundreds of bottles, cans of food, and boxes of detergent which were stored above it. (= made heavier) It's such a team effort that I don't get weighed down by a feeling of responsibility. (= get depressed) + in + against NP Heseltine weighs in against fish rebels. (= speaks out against) + in (+ at N) He weighed in at his normal 194 pounds. (= be weighed for a sporting event, especially a boxing match) The big magazines soon felt the need to weigh in. (= contribute to the debate) + in + (with N) Weigh in with your opinions and you could win a Shakespeare Sigma SLS reel. (= contribute) India too has weighed in with a trade ban. (= added its contribution) + out Np If, after weighing up the risks and the advantages, you decide the Pill is not for you, what are the alternatives? (= assessing) You need to weigh up the odds. (= assess) I remember he

used to look hard at you as if he were weighing you up. (= trying to form an oppinion about you) + up + wh-CL Soviet officials will have to weigh up whether issuing invitations might not be counter-productive. (= consider carefully)

944

welcome

welcome

verb

Active: 2 / 3

ι

Passive: 1 / 3

Il Obi [N]p

m IV D1

D2

T1

D1

[V-ing]p [as Ν] [ADV]«

P2

P3

T1-2

D2 η Τ2

+ Np On the question of Europe, the New York Times writes America can only welcome a turn-away from Mrs Thatcher's little England nationalism which so divided her from her Tory colleagues. The delegates' decision has been welcomed by the union's General Secretary. I'd welcome competition in this area. The Soviet President and his wife were welcomed by the American Secretary of State, James Baker. + V-ingp They seem not to mind how they look and positively welcome being photographed.

T2

+ Np + as Ν But the film has been warmly welcomed as the first in what is expected to be a wave of films examining the difficult years after the Prague Spring. Mr Gorbachev was welcomed in Bonn as the man who paved the way i

well-informed P1

General: 0

[N] a / [by Ν]

for German unification by allowing the Berlin Wall to fall. But the treaty has now been concluded and welcomed by West Germany as an historic moment for Europe. + Np + ADV«, (often: to N) Large numbers of friends and journalists gathered at the airport to welcome him home. The Harbour Master, R. M. Bullen, tells me that he and his staff are looking forward to welcoming old and new visitors to the marina. Theatre management is the art of welcoming theatre goers into the theatre. We always enjoy welcoming so many people to Burghley every year. A blazing log fire welcomes you to the dining-room. Britain has been welcomed back into the European family after a long period sulking on the sidelines.

be used to say that someone approves of or is

adjective

attr Well-informed sources say the government has proposed a wage freeze in some areas of federal administration as well as other budgetry cuts. pred He is well-informed and willing to share updated medical research on issues relevant to today's woman. + about Ν (frequent) 56 percent of Japanese employees considered themselves well- informed about their company, contrasting with

P4

P5

only 7 percent in Germany. But it is the Chair's role, I think, to be in tune and certainly to be well- informed about what's happening day-today. + of Ν The impression Pope Paul gave is of a man who is on top of his job, well-informed of the realities of his time. + on Ν Crosby was well-informed on the American Constitution.

If a person is well-informed about or on a particular topic, they know a lot about it. There is no difference in _meaning . Lbetween ! i these prepositions, but about ·is most frequent.

well-known P1

P2 P3

adjective

attr The candidate was unexceptionable - a well-known travel writer and TV personality. It is a well-known fact that although it is known how a woman gets pregnant, that knowledge in no way alleviates the condition. pred Is she well-known? [it] + that-CL (frequent) Although it is wellknown that a reduced level of oxygen can cause

P4 P5

tiredness and fatigue, there are other air quality problems which may not be so readily apparent. + as Ν (frequent) Benedict was well-known as a scholar, but was that his real occupation? + for N/V-ing (very frequent) Morris was wellknown for his readiness to deal, to get into cahoots with all sorts of people. The great chef

945

P6

whisper

Escoffier was well-known for naming dishes after famous people. + from Ν Mercury and Hermes were one and the same - the winged helmet and sandals and the Caduceus Staff are well-known from statues and paintings.

P7

+ to Ν (frequent) Michael Moorcock is a name well-known to readers of fantasy.

Someone or something can be well-known (i) for a particular characteristic feature they have or for doing something, i.e. be famous for it. (ii) to someone, i.e. very familiar to them. (iii) from a source.

well-off P1

adjective

attr So, for example, a not very well-off family of 4 living in a small flat paid less than one individual living alone in a large house in the same area.

P2 P3

pred I hope to be quite well off in the future. + for Ν In the UK we are comparatively welloff for energy resources.

Someone who is well-off is 'rich'. A person, a country, an area can be well-off for some resource, i.e. have a very good supply of it.

whisper

verb

Active: 1 / 3

ι III

ill IV

M

D1

D2

D3

D4

[N]A

Passive: 1 / 3

Further uses [with N]

General: 0

/ [by N ]

[N]p [that-CL]p(¡,) [Q/S] P(it) [about N]p [at N]p [to N]p

D1 D2 D3 D4 05 06

T1 T2

T1-2

But don't forget to whisper. A job in the civil service can mean anything from clerical work to whispering in the ear of prime ministers. + Np She whispered his name several times. She bent to whisper secret nothings in Gustafs ear. Making love involves looking (with love), smiling, intimate conversation, whispering words of tenderness, hugs. + that-CLp(it) He whispered that he was seventeen years old. If the MOD decides, as rumour whispers that it may, to pack up its equipment one fine day soon and find another playground, then the whole lot might be up for grabs. It was whispered that on the previous Saturday the enemy had first crossed the frontier in Silesia. QUOTEp(it) / SENTENCEp( i t )

W Ê K K Ê S S i ^ ^ Ê I ^ ^ D7

"You

have

D5

D6 D7

T1

to

leave," she whispered. 'What time is it?' Nick whispered into her hair. 'Please help me', Silverman whispered through clenched teeth. + about Np Editor's note: no, menstruation is certainly not a subject to be hidden or whispered about which is why this is the first magazine to

T2

put together a comprehensive and explicit guide to the subject. It can be a little wearing sometimes, when people are turning their heads and whispering about you. + at Np (rare) Girls whisper at each other theatrically, then shriek with implausible bursts of laughter. + to Np Harry began whispering solemnly to Grace. + with Ν

• The landscape whispered with sound, the blades of the lawnmower clattering in interrupted bursts of action, while the wires of the rakes clicked in more or less constant exchanges. (= slight sounds could be heard) + Np + to Ν I saw him whisper something to one of the men sitting there. + to Ν «-> QUOTEp(it) / + t o Ν SENTENCEp(it)

"I think I'd better go powder my nose now," she whispered to her table companions.

whistle

946 I

II

IV

Whisper means 'say something in a very low voice': A person 1 can whisper something" to another person'*. The word can also be used to refer to rumours, especially in the patterns it is whispered that and whisper at. M D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 T1 T2 whistle A

verb

... tune Active: 1 / 3

ι II ill IV

ν vi M D1

D2

D3

D4

A

:tive: 1 / 2

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p /EFFECTED [N]p BEN/REC [at N]p [for N]p [to N]p [ADV]

lobi D1

II

General: 0

[N]a

[ADV]

D5

D1 D2 D3 D4

A He began to whistle. Β The kettle began to whistle. + Np A Lenny could hear someone whistling a cheerful tune. He said that he'd whistle every song. The crowd whistles its approval. When I hear opposing fans jeering and whistling me I sometimes wonder why denouncing a scandal is considered worse than the scandal itself? + at Np A I've had enough of seeing my friends whistled at and abused by men in the street. + for Np A When Freddy came to the house he would whistle for my mother. + for Ν • He could whistle for his vote in the future. (= would have no chance of getting) + to Np A He was whistling to himself. Joanna watched as Grufydd whistled to his dog.

D5

Τ

ADV Β But when the local rebels opened fire and when high velocity rifle shots whistled into the residence walls, there was no doubt that it was the British diplomats who were now the target. The bullets whistled past our ears. Icy winds whistled through shattered windows covered with boards. + Np + ADV A He whistled me across. +

Whistle generally means 'produce sound by blowing air through the lips'. A person 1 can whistle (i) a tune or a song u Y

(ii) (Hi) M (i) (ii)

to their dog or another person to signal something to them. at someone 111 or (rarely) whistle someone 1 D1 D2 D3 D4 Τ Something such as a kettle or other things producing steam 1_ can whistle, i.e. produce a whistling

Fast-moving objects 1 can whistle somewhere 11 , i.e. produce that sound by so moving. MD5

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up μ Ν Maybe you can whistle up some helicopter support. (= contact and get; an informal use) Benfica, former European champions, able to whistle up the 4 million needed in the mid-season to bring Paulo Futre home, suddenly ran out of money. (= produce; an informal use)

947

will

wicked P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6

adjective

attr The Sheriff was a wicked character, no question. pred Oh, Nitaka is clever, but wicked. + to-INF (rare) Perhaps I was wicked to write that note. [it] + to-INF It's wicked to tell lies, isn't it? + of Ν Wasn't it wicked of me? + to Ν After all. if you can be deliberately wicked to other people and feel no regret then

Ρ7

P8

it's quite possible that, given time, you too will become the recipient of a nasty piece of meanness. [it] + for Ν to-INF (rare) I am not a child batterer, nor am I a child abandoner, and it is wicked for anyone to suggest otherwise, [it] + of Ν + to-INF It's so cruel and wicked of someone to do this to us.

Wicked is used to say that actions or behaviour are bad or wrong.

wild P1

P2

P3

SiËËÊ

A

adjective attr A At any moment, I expected him to shrug monumentally, cast his eyes around his colleagues, the wild crowd, the feuding millionaires, and say: 'Ils sont fous les anglais.' pred A I myself was getting wild. Β They went wild and she ran off in embarrassment. + about N/V-ing (frequent) Β Just why Harry is wild about a story, which, however sensational its effect on Queensland politics, would be of limited interest in other states, is a mystery. I wasn't wild about the

noun

P1

He willingly submitted his will to hers. Steve Hampson, another Wigan old boy, made an outstanding defensive contribution in an overall display of superb collective will. It was a mess of a film. The only people you felt any sympathy for were the totally absent Vietnamese mothers, who'd had their babies snatched against their will. + to-INF (frequent) He had no will to live. Most of the youth of the party did not know how to handle arms but they had the will to win and that was the most important thing. [it] + to-INF It wasn't my will to get married, was it? + that-CL (rare) A second Jewish approach to the Holocaust is to see in the death camps a manifestation of God's will that his chosen people survive. The reason why we expect the allied

P3 P4

P5 P6

Wild can mean 'very angry'. h> P1 P2 P4 P6 Wild can mean 'very enthusiastic'. P2 P3 P5

will

P2

P4

plan, because Stefanovic didn't sound like the type to let his niece talk him into a damn thing. He wasn't particularly wild about gambling. + at N/V-ing A They were wild at the way the fugitives were killed with the lance. Policemen and building security guards were attempting to establish some semblance of order among a press of furious drivers, wild at being delayed on their way to the golf course or that first evening martini, [go] + over Ν (frequent) Β Literary London went wild over Wilde. + with Ν A I just felt wild with envy.

A person's will to do something is their determination

P5 P6

P7

forces to remove these threats is because they have expressed a will that we will not do it ourselves. [it] + that-CL She and Don were certain that it was God's will that she be healed. + for N/V-ing In a fierce two-page attack recently he accused him of a "ruthless will for power" and a "complete lack of imagination and knowledge of what a democratic state of law is". As today's meeting in Brussels of European finance ministers will confirm, the political will for launching a single currency by the target date of January 1999 remains strong. + toward(s) Ν (rare) At bottom his politics went back to the American Founding Fathers, a congregation of sincere men acting together with a common will towards order.

948

win

win

noun

P1

On a course where she admitted she was vulnerable, Juli Furtado enjoyed another easy win. + against Ν Jerry Brown is hoping for an upset win against front-runner Bill Clinton. + as Ν The putt took him to 18-under for the tournament and solid pars on the last two holes gave him his first win as a professional. + by Ν A surprise win by the Toulston Team, Leolene Lions, in the quarter-finals left Woodchester to contest for the subsidiary Pilgrims Cup Trophy. The Midlanders ended a run of three successive defeats by bowling the visitors out with 6.5 overs to spare at New Road, giving them a win by 134 runs.

P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

+ over Ν Harragon lasted just 17 minutes after opting to play with a cracked cheekbone in Tuesday night's record-breaking win over South Africa. + by Ν + against Ν Alex King and Phil Greening made good impressions during the 55-0 win by England A against the Samoans on Tuesday night. + by Ν + over Ν The upset of the night was a five-nil win by Brondby of Denmark over Eintracht Frankfurt in the UEFA Cup. + by N: QUANT + to N: QUANT A third vote resulted in a Brisbane win by 182 votes to 165.

mil pmm

A win is a victory in a contest or competition. There can be a win (i) by a person or team (ii) against or over an opponent (iii) by a certain score or margin of victory.

win

verb Active: 1 /4

ι

II

M

D1

Passive: 1 / 4

[N]p.2

IV

General: 0

[N]A/[byN] [V-ing] A [that-CL] A

V

T1 T1 D1

T1-4

[N]i

T1

[for N]

T3

WÊ Q

He won at Oulton on 26 June, overtaking Andrews on the first lap. The Christian Democratled government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl who came to power in West Germany eight years ago - is widely expected to win. + Np The Basque Nationalist Party and the socialists who have formed the governing coalition since 1986 were predicted to win most votes, but none of the nineteen parties fielding candidates was expected to win an outright majority. Rajiv Gandhi had publicly stated that no middle men were involved in this deal - the largest industrial military export contract ever won by Sweden. The Tories have held on to Thatcher because she wins elections, not because she is a great leader. Congratulations to Annita Gibson of Leek, Staffs, who won first prize in our Garden Plan competition. Dame Janet says she hopes registration will now win support in the Lords when the Environmental Protection Bill has passed through its Commons stages. But his supporters know that the political reality of the situation is that they first have to win the argument within their own par-

VII

D2

D3

D4

D5

[against N] P [at N]p [by N/SCORE] [SCORE] [from N]

D2

T5-6

Q

D4

T2.6

Q

D5

T5

D3

T4

liamentary party. The victor over the gruelling twenty-six-mile course was Alistair Hutton, the first Scot ever to win the race. The order was won against competition from the US manufacturer, Macdonald Douglas + against NP But we had to win against Rangers to win the title in 1979 and it was a momentous occasion. + at Np New Zealanders are just Scots at heart who have learned to win at Rugby. We can't win at angling so we're trying to at supping. + by N/SCORE Keith Brown, who made an unbeaten 79, helped Gower to put on 109 for the fourth wicket as the M. C. C. won by six wickets with more than four overs to spare. After pacing the leading Ferrari and Cunningham early on, we went ahead and won by four laps. Surveys predict that if the two Gaullists face each other in the run-off in May, Mr Balladur would win by 60 per cent to 40 per cent. + SCORE Cambridge drew ahead and went on to win 238 to 215. And then in a junior game, the manager there played me at left-back, and because we won 5 - 0 and I did alright, all of

wise

949

T1

T2

T3

a sudden I was playing at left-back. There was an 8,000 crowd and United won 3 - 2 . + Ν + Np Joy's new artistic skills soon won her much praise. His performance in the film version won him an Oscar. + Np + by N/SCORE Australia won the first test against England by ten wickets. Miss Garrison won a hard fought match by 6 - 3 , 3 - 6 , 6 - 4 Australia, who won the first match by 21 points to 12, will be without Tim Gavin, who has a knee injury.

T4

T5 Τ6

+ Np + for Ν The Polish people have managed to win for themselves a greater degree of freedom than has ever before been enjoyed in a country of the Soviet bloc. There was evidence he had used his proximity to the president to win business favours for friends.

+ Np + from Ν By saying 'No to Brussels', the Conservatives might win a few votes from older Labour supporters. For the Conservatives to lose their overall majority and a hung parliament to occur, Labour must win 50 seats from the Conservatives. + SCORE + against Np Manchester United won two-nil against Pecsi Munkas. + by N/SCORE + against N P In the Champions Cup, Bayern Munich won at home by four goals to nil against CSKA Sofia. + Ν + by N/SCORE + against Ν (invented example) They won the final against Arsenal by three clear goals.

A person or a group of people 1 can win IV VÏ (i) a contest or competition 1 1 against someone else by a certain score , i.e. defeat the other competitor(s). (ii) something that they want such as support, money or an award 1 1 , i.e. get it.

•

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + Np « back (+ from N) La República, which recently lost its position as Italy's best-selling newspaper to the Corriere, is now anxious to win it back. + over Np (+ to N/V-ing) The Chancellor laughed off suggestions that he was too dull or diffident to win over voters. (= convince) I have won Wexley over to writing with me at my house in the evenings.

wise P1

P2 P3

P4

P5

P6

+ through (+ to N) Your stamina will be tested, but you'll win through because your determination is second to none. (= be successful) Huber was reasonably confident of defeating reigning Wimbledon champion Conchita Martinez, should Spain win through to the semi-finals. (= succeed in reaching)

adjective attr He was a very wise man. I thought of those wise words recently. It must surely be a wise move to follow their example, pred But is that wise? + to-INF (frequent) Single persons are wise to be cautious about venturing into a sexual relationship. [it] + to-INF (very frequent) Second-hand smoke is as toxic as smoking the cigarette itself, so it is wise to avoid smoky atmospheres. It is wise to be prepared. [it] + that-CL Well, I think it was wise that the administration backed off of the rather strong and, I think, unsupportable statement that Marlin Fitzwater had come out with earlier in the week. + in N/V-ing He started China News Analysis, an idiosyncratic periodical which is informa-

P7 P8

P9

tive, wise in judgement and caring for the Chinese people if not for Marxism. Do you think they're wise in doing so? + of Ν 'Very wise of you, my dear,' Cynth approved. [it] + for Ν to-INF In view of the uncertainty about the toxicity of aluminium, it would be wise for pregnant women to avoid using cooking utensils made of aluminium and to test tap water for the presence of the metal. [It] + of Ν + to-INF How wise of Stella Rimington to stick just to spying; that, and amateur dramatics.

A wise person knows a lot and makes sensible decisions. A wise action is a sensible one.

950

wish wish

verb Active: 112

I il

ill

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5 D6

General: 0

Passive: 1 / 2

[N] A / [by N] [N] [that-CL] [to-INF] [N ADJ] [N to-INF] [for N]p [for Ν to-INF]

Active: 3 / 3

D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 D4 D4

[if] Any woman can have her pregnancy terminated if she wishes in the first three months. + Ν You would not wish Mr Winter's enmity, (an old-fashioned use) + (that)-CL (> 30 %) I do wish BR was in better shape to face the challenges ahead with the advent of the privatisation process. I wish I could see you alone. And I wish I could remember his name. She wished Gunther were with her. + to-INF (>30%) He said the West does not wish to advance NATO's forces beyond the present West German border. She said the Commons might wish to discuss the matter again. I think we will find in future more and more people will wish to vote. + for Np /for Ν to-INF Being a schoolboy, you didn't wish for anything else. They say that they would wish for a neutral and non-aligned Cambodia in the long term. I couldn't wish for anybody more attractive. This form of theorizing is distinct from that of the empirical theorist who wishes for theory to correspond with the world. + Np ADJ And you say you had no reason to wish him dead? + Ν to-INF He wished me to attack and do the

Passive: 2 / 3

ι [N]a / [by N ] il obi [N]p_2 [ADV] /EFFECTED BEN/REC III obi [NJp.!

T1 T3 T1.3

ß

• S ® Active: 3 / 3

[N]A/[byN] I II obi [N]p III obi [on N]

Passive: 2 / 3

T2 T2

best I could with the troops available. We wish the present government to know that we are not in any way ready to co-operate with a manipulated multiparty democracy. Their relationship was blissful as long as Mary-Anne was the woman Jonathan wished her to be. T1

+ Np + N P

α Now it's time for a new chapter to open and I wish John Major all the luck in the world. I wish you enormous courage. T2

+ Np + on Ν

β That pretty nurse probably thought him the dullest patient ever to be wished on her. T3

+ Ν + ADV

α We wish him well in his new post at the Amsterdam Hilton. • He had thought she wished him there for Alan's sake or his own; but it was something else that concerned her. (= wanted him to be there)

Wish means 'want something to be the case'. A person 1 can wish to do something 11 , i.e. want to do it. Note

β

A person 1 can wish another person11 they will have it. -> T1 T3 If you1 wish someone or something11 on someone111, you cause them to accept or look after someone or something they do not want. -> T2

witness P1

noun

The ceremony was performed within a matter of minutes with Jane's aunt and Malcolm as the witnesses. One witness said he heard about six shots. France was a prosecution witness at the

trial. It emerged that he had had an affair with a woman whose former husband - a witness in the case - subsequently had an affair with his wife.

951

wonder + against Ν Williams, then with Police Internal Investigations, was an investigator and witness against Wilkinson. A witness against Mr Inamura is Mr Kotani, who is himself facing securities and extortion charges. + for Ν A witness for one of the alleged Romanian baby sellers said the couple handed over £3,000, of which just half went to the child's parents. But she makes a formidable witness for the prosecution. + of Ν He has to find order in situations where almost everyone is traumatised, from the rape

Ρ2

P3

P4

victim to the bereaved parents of a murdered child to the witnesses of a knifing. His condition was a form of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder similar to that suffered by war veterans and witnesses of major disasters such as Hillsborough and Zeebrugge, the hearing was told. + to Ν (frequent) There were many witnesses to the killing, policemen and prison guards among them.

P5

A witness of or to something has seen or experienced it,

wonder

verb

Active: 1 /2

ι Η III M

D1

D2

Passive: 1 /2

General: 0

ex

[ N ] a / [by N ]

[wh-CL] P(it) [wh to-INF] [Q/S] [about X]p

Active: 2 / 2

D2 D3 D4

05

"I'm okay," I said. "I was just wondering. Listen, maybe you should get somebody over there to stay with you tonight." + (that)-CL a I shouldn't wonder that you have plans. We all wonder you're still alive. + wh-CLp(it) (> 30 %) One wonders just what his state of mind was at this particular point. I thought it was important to retrieve that file before it was found by somebody who might wonder how the new secretary could be so careless with confidential material. I wondered how he classified Eliot, the most famous of contemporary poets. At first, Susan had wondered how anyone could be so wrong. Was she wondering, too, whether they had met before? At times it made me wonder what on earth I was doing in the police force. She wondered if he knew about the baby or if she should tell him. "You don't really seem surprised," Helen said. "I wonder why. Did you guess, too?" • We're having a few friends for drinks on Saturday, and wondered if you could come. (= a way of inviting someone)

ι Il m

D3

D4

D5

D6

Passive: 1/2

[N]a / [by N]

[that-CL] [about X]p [at N]p

di D5 D6

+ wh to-INF As new waves of innovation have broken over industry and society faster and faster, we wonder how to stay in control. I wonder how to cheat to arrive at this outcome. Q U O T E / S E N T E N C E "Why am I trusting you?" she wondered. She wondered, are we back where we started? + about Np/V-ingp/about wh-CL P /wh to-INF P She began to wonder about the pills but her doctor assured her they were safe and non-addictive. She wondered about selling the villa. You worry and wonder about how you can possibly structure your Ufe without your husband, without a man. Steffin began to wonder about how to get Brecht's things from his apartment there. a I often wonder about John Major. + at Np α Atticus drew the blanket closer about them both and prepared himself for sleep, wondering at the strange ways of the Gods.

952

word

word

noun

P1

A Literature cannot be transferred to the screen without a loss to its values; the visual elements completely revalue the written word. It's a French word. Β Could I have a word?

P2

+Ν A The word 'religion' comes etymologically from root words meaning 'yoking together'. + that-CL Β The central Soviet bank ran out of money, and today there's word that the Russian republic is going to step in and help the central government to pay its bills, at least temporarily. + about N/V-ing / about wh-CL A Write up to 20 words about yourself to the person you are looking for. The guardians of the child also say some words about keeping the child's interests in mind throughout life. Β A final word about the island's airport at Heraklion. I need to warn you, it is hell. What did I miss out? Just a few words about how the local paper editor invited me out to the ballet, took me to his home.

P3

P4

P5

P6

A Β

work P1

+ against Ν A The big fella has been such a servant to Queensland cricket and you never hear a bad word against him. + for N/V-ing / for wh-CL A Early America also allows Muldoon to indulge his fondness for unusual words, as typified by the title of his fourth book, ' Q u o o f ' , taken from his family's word for a hot-water bottle. "The French word for being sorry is 'regretter'," said Tim, "and it's only ever used by the French in one phrase: Non, je ne regrette rien." 'Smug' might not be too strong a word for how I felt.

P7

+ from Ν Β There has been no word from the government of President Didier Ratsiraka, but a spokesman for the opposition has thanked the armed forces for what he calls their gesture of support. Three months had passed and there had been no word from Johannes.

P8

+ of Ν /of wh-CL Β Word of the ceremony had initially been passed only to friends, but then the event was announced in Le Monde. Another word of warning is in order. There's been no word of how the plan may have changed. • He spoke not a word of English when he arrived at Sussex in 1976. (= did not speak any English.)

P9

+ on Ν/on wh-CL/wh to-INF Β There has been no word on this from the Ethiopian government. There is no word on who was represented at the talks on the Chinese side. He would give no further word on if and when the two remaining British embassy officials in Kuwait would leave Kuwait City. That's the official word on how to look in Los Angeles.

P10

+ to Ν Β A word to the married among you: If the spice goes out of a marriage, new flavors are sure to crop up elsewhere. His final words to Mr Yeltsin in Vancouver, after the two had bear-hugged, were "You must win." + with Ν Β Mr Secombe, can I have a word with you in the vestry? I asked her to tell the doctor I was here and that I'd be glad of a word with him and a chance to see my patient.

P11

A word can be 'a unit of a language'. P1 P2 P4 P5 P6 A word can be 'a short statement', as in: (i) a word of warning, thanks, comfort (ii) a word from someone, i.e. a message. (iii) a word with someone, i.e. a short conversation. P1 P 3 P 4 P 7 P 8 P9 P 1 0 P 1 1

noun A There is no substitute for hard work. They all ought to pay me for keeping them in work for a year. Β The sculptor Brancusi admired her work, and the two formed a lifelong friendship. C Giotto's work also offered nearly perfect so-

lutions to many of the pictorial problems that Piero must have been pondering. His works are pure fiction without the pretence of being factual. He testified to his interest in the idea of organic historical development by publishing Lectures on the Philosophy of History (1856),

953

work and by editing the complete works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, published in seven volumes in 1853.

P2

Β Much of the original work on identity sought to find "positive images" for those who are outside of dominant culture. The Chicago professor was cited for his work on how "rational expectations" have transformed macroeconomic analysis, helping the understanding of economic policy. C This is a comprehensive work on how to deal with the chemistry of cholesterol so that it will enhance good health and avoid the diseases that are caused by clogged-up arteries.

+ to-INF

A Mr Fraser said the board "deeply appreciated" Mr Harris's work to establish and promote Care Australia. "Our hard work to promote Indy is paying off even though we still lack a naming sponsor for the race," Mr Gibbs said. P3

+ as Ν

A These eulogies were in recognition of Needham's work as an historian of science. And do you think there will be work for you as a freelance consultant? P4

+ by Ν

C Cynthia Baehr and Claudia Bloom, violin, Eleanor Angel, viola, and Kris Yenney, cello, perform works by Haydn and Shostakavich, July 9, 8 p.m. Work by sculptors, including Turner prizewinner Grenville Davey, is guaranteed to intrigue. P5

P8

+ with Ν

A The concert proved a wonderful experience for blind and sighted people, whilst raising funds which will help BRIB continue its vital work with Birmingham's 7000 blind and visually impaired people.

+ in N/V-ing

A There was a tremendous amount of work in planning and organizing this show as we had never done anything on this scale before. Β My own work in biology is an attempt to move towards a more holistic biology, seeing a kind of memory inherent in species and in nature. P6

+ of N/V-ing

A And even though, deep down, you are overjoyed at having produced a much-wanted and healthy baby, you might be in for a shock at the sheer hard work of keeping a baby clean and fed in the first few weeks. Β Kenya's foreign minister Mr Wilson Ayah has said the riots are not basically political but are the work of criminals and hooligans. Then we examine on foot and by helicopter the strange Nazca Lines - thought by some to be the work of ancient astronauts. C The Crescent complex is one of the most magnificent works of architecture conceived this century. P7

+ on N/V-ing/on wh-CL/wh to-INF

A The commission has started to publish a series of business guides to EC law, and will speed up work on codification. The reforms to the voting system are not yet in place, and the boundary commission has only just started work on redrawing the constituencies.

A Β C

Work can be 'the activity of working or the opportunity to work' . -> P1 P2 P3 P5 P6 P7 P8 Work can be 'the result of working in a particular field'. P1 P5 P6 P7 A work can be 'a piece of art, music, or literature'. -> P1 P4 P6 P7

954

work

work

verb

A

'do work'

'progress

Wmsm. Active: 1 / 3

Active: 2 / 3

ι il III IV

ν vi vu vin ix

[ N ] a / [by N ] [N]p [as N] [for N] [from N]p [in N] [on X]p [through N] P [with N]p

1 II III IV V VI VII

Vili

Passive: 1 / 3

[ N ] a / [byN] [to-INF] [at N/V-ing]ρ [for N]p [towards N/V-ing] P [N] [ADV] [into N] [REFL PRON]

D3 D6 D8 D14 T1.3 T1 T3 T3

'functionActive: 1 1 2

lobi h C

[V-ing] A [by N/V-ing] ... a mine etc. Active: 2 / 2

ι II obi

D

[N]A

II obi

M

D1

Passive: 1 / 2

[N]p ... loose Passive: 1 / 3

[N]A/[byN] [N]p [N] A [ADJ: free/loose]

Active: 2 / 2

Passive: 1 / 2

[N]A

[V-ing] A [N V-ing] A [that-CL] A(il) [that-CL] A II obi [against N/V-ing] P [in favour of N] Further uses [on N]

/ [by N]

Active: 2 / 3

ι

SISS I

[N]A

D4.11 D4.11 D4 D11 D4 D11

T4

D2 D2

T2

A So they look after the kids for me when I work, which is nice for me. "I couldn't afford not to work ", says Jane. We work on the assumption that these two conditions can be met. Β The machine wouldn't work. His fingers ran lightly over the keys. It worked. He was in. If the immune system is working properly, these cancerous cells are usually destroyed quickly. • A number of the narrow-gauge locomotives which worked among the slate quarries of North Wales also ended up in Canada or the United States. (= operated) + NR A I've found that the way to fit everything in during term time is to spend the summer reading - you have to work 52 weeks a year. He still works a six-day week. A very ancient lady called Fanny Gaylor kept the post office and sold stamps and humbugs and worked the telephone exchange unless she was busy. I couldn't rest my heel on the floor and work the brake at the same time. It's hardly surprising that so many young children should know how to work video recorders. C In 1991, the company got a thirty-year permit to work the mine. The plan has wide

D2

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support in the cities, but stirs concern across the countryside where farming families have worked the land for generations. + ADJ: free/loose D The chair may topple backwards when sat upon and the arm-rest can work loose. + to-INF E Food Research and Action Center, a nonprofit group which works to alleviate hunger, has serious reservations about merging the food stamp program with welfare payments. + against NP/V-ingP F What is working against them? The reason I suggest this is that any quick pickup of the clubhead, which is usually initiated with the right hand, works against building the wide arc you'll need if you're going to hit the ball powerfully. + as Ν A She was 26 and Scottish, but her adoptive parents had moved to New Zealand and she normally worked as a PA in television. + at Np/V-ingp E On a simple level, cultivating mystery can translate into working at keeping the relationship special. Over the years we have worked at making Crave Cottage a pleasant place to go

work

955

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to. Now you have to practise, to work at the tasks which have been set. + by N/V-ing Β The ERM does not work by magic. Antibiotics work by getting rid of the symptoms," says Dr David Owen. + for Ν (frequent) A By then I was working for a typical Birmingham firm. He's worked for a Republican Senator; he worked in the Reagan Administration, on civil rights in education. Young people who refuse to work for £ 1.50 an hour will lose their benefit. + for Np E It's one thing for an honest man to vote Conservative but another to form secret societies to work for the destruction of democratically elected government. + from Np A The osteopath will usually work from Xrays, and will manipulate the affected joints back into position. He prefers to work from sketches and photos when doing portraits. + in Ν A Obviously everyone who is working in cancer research hopes that what they are working on will contribute towards cures for their particular tumour type. When I worked in television I thought that if I acted out the part of a hardnosed investigative reporter I would become that person. • As well as painting in watercolour, Alwyn also works in oils, acrylics and occasionally pastels. (= uses) + in favour of Ν F This could work in favour of Iraqi defences. The recommendations work in favour of the players. + on Np/V-ingp/on wh-CLp/wh to-INFp (frequent) A I later found out he was working on a cure for cancer. We have started to re-think how we work on marketing planning with companies, and have developed an approach which is about managing the marketing. Birmingham New Street station was closed for 10 hours yesterday to allow engineers to work on replacing signalling cables damaged in Saturday's fire. Now he could begin to work on why this death had affected him so profoundly. Don't change the outcomes but be flexible about the route. And work on how best to describe the distance travelled and define the other services you offer. + through Np A Work through the exercises in your mind.

D14

D15

T1

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T5

It's important to actually work through your responses on paper. + toward(s) NP/V-ingP E President Alfredo Cristiani of El Salvador has repeated his willingness to work towards a peaceful settlement of the country's civil war. The five powers have pledged to work towards eliminating their nuclear stockpiles. + with Np (frequent) A They wouldn't be able to compete with imported processed products, so farmers had to give them a cheaper raw material to work with. Once you have learnt to work with semolina, however, you will find that it produces the best noodle. + N: way + ADV E If it is safe to do so work your way to the foredeck. + Np + ADJ: free/loose D Throwing down the spade she bent over it and gently worked the object free of the sand. She finally worked the stones loose and pushed it over. + N/REFL PRON + into Ν E I think everyone must work themselves into their roles at their own pace. You have worked your way into something important. Now Mega City Four have worked themselves into a position where they actually look forward to "a mere" seven months touring the globe this year. + Np + into Ν • I would expect him to work Cobuild into his introduction. (= include) + Np + on Ν • Let the market forces work their magic on the East German economy. (= have a very positive effect on) + for Ν + as Ν A (invented example) She used to work for B M W as an interpreter. He worked for 4 cents a day as a labourer in a Hong Kong shipyard.

956

work

can mean 'do work': A person 1 can work a length of time, especially work an eight-hour day or a 35-hour week etc, with a material or ingredient used to make something1® a machine 11 , i.e. cause it to operate, (cf. Β) on a project or a question^" from something used as the basis or starting point of their work. v in a fieldVI. D1 D5 D8 D9 D10 D12 D13 D15 T5 can mean 'function': A plan or an idea 1 can work, i.e. be successful. A machine 1 can work, i.e. function, (cf. A) M D7 can mean 'exploit a natural resource': A person 1 can work the land11, i.e. farm it to produce crops. Someone 1 can work a mine, quarry etc. n , i. e. obtain coal, etc. from it

A

Work (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) -> M Work (i) (ii) Work (i) (ii)

D E

Something 11 that works or is worked free or l o o s e m gradually becomes so. D2 T2 Work can be used to express the idea of making gradual effort towards achieving something: A person 1 can work (i) their way VI or themselves v m towards a goal v or into a particular position or r o l e v u at something they want to achieve111 -» D3 D6 D8 D14T1 T3 I

II

A person or something such as a force1 can work against or in favour of somebody 11 , i.e. prove to be a hindrance or a help. -» D4 D11 Idiomatic phrasal verbs + in Np Work it in with a small fork before planting. (= mix it in) + Np + in (+ with N) I knew you'd try and work that in. (= include) + off « Np Fitness fans can work off the hotel's fivestar calories in the cliff-top gym which has the finest view from any Stairmaster in the world. (= get rid of) Then I probably scrubbed the decks to work off tension. (= get rid of) + out It just worked out the wrong way. (= ended) But if you're open-minded, things tend to work out. (= end satisfactorily) + out Np/out + wh-CLp(it) I've never actually sat down and worked out how much money I make because I think if I worked it out I'd probably realize that economically it's, you know, it's not terribly lucrative. (= calculated) The cultural differences between societies mean that each nation has to work out a democratic system which accords with its own needs. (= develop) I never did work out why you got to become chairman. (= manage to discover) I tried to work out where I had gone wrong. (= discover) + over 30 %) My mother worries about my safety. While Tory Euro-sceptics worry about the effect of the Continent on the British economy, the European Commission and trade unions are beginning to worry about changes at a more global level. I'm sitting in Birmingham we don't actually worry much about London do we? So why should we worry

about Brussels? I always worry about getting it wrong. So employers in Britain should start to worry about not being able to fill their posts, especially in the less popular industries such as manufacturing and construction. I worry about herbeingonher own. Don' t worry about when they are doing their school work if they are doing OK at school. He won't need to worry about where to park his bags on arrival. House owners worry about how to sell crumbling houses. + at Ν These are all artists who worry at the similarity between what they do and what other people do.

T1 T2

+ over Np/over wh-CLp/wh to-INFp

Haig

saw little sense in worrying over the issue of rewards at this time. The disciples worried over where they could buy bread for lunch. And therein lies a big problem - and a big challenge for a community that is far more accustomed to worrying over how to continue offering music, language and art programs than how to maintain its school facilities. + Np + ADJ This is worrying him sick. + Ν + with Ν I didn't want to worry you with my personal troubles.

Worry means 'have certain concerns or anxieties.' (i) A person1 can worry about, at or over someone or something IV , i.e. be concerned and anxious, Someone or something1 can worry a person11, i e. make them concerned or anxious.

worth P1

adjective + Ν It's worth a lot of money, even though it's not perfect. She might have thought he was worth a little effort but not too much. Although it no longer has an overall roof, the Italian frontage at St Thomas Station is worth a

visit, while Exeter Central is a good example of its 1933 period. I'm not saying that just because a horse is worth a lot of money it should be treated better than a horse that's only worth two hundred pounds but naturally it's going to

958

worthy

P2

P3

P4

be looked after better. I think it's worth it. They don't know how much a deutschmark is worth. + V-ing Two other sets of photographs are well worth considering for important reasons. There didn't seem to be any comment worth making. [it] + V-ing Many of these cheeses are available by mail order, so it would be worth asking the British Goat Society or the British Sheep Dairying Association for information on them. Sometimes your employer will pay for the treatment - it is worth enquiring. [it] + Ν V-ing If I wanted to vote something else it wouldn't make any difference so it's not really worth me voting.

+ Ν + to Ν The degree of Harvard College is worth money to me in Chicago. If the bread commands a dollar and the paint sells for eight, then presumptively one more gallon of paint is worth more to society than one more loaf of bread. [it] + Ν + for Ν to-INF (rare) 'How much do you think it would be worth for you to know of a substance, easily available, which would increase your appetite, help digestion, protect you against nervous disorders, assure you freedom from constipation and generally promote your well-being?

P5

P6

Worth is used to say that something has a value. (i) Something that is worth a certain amount of money has that value. (ii) Something that is worth doing or worth an effort, a visit, etc. is so attractive or rewarding that the effort etc. should be made.

worthy P1

P2 P3

(i) (ii)

wrap

adjective

attr We may cite Celtic kingship customs whereby a blemished or maimed king was forced to abdicate in favour of a more worthy candidate from the tribe. In order to raise awareness of this worthy cause, a touring exhibition of designs for gardens and their architecture in the National Trust's care has now been conceived. pred My dear, we may all be equally worthy, but we are not all equally endowed. + to-INF Was he worthy to be anyone's godfather?

+ of N/V-ing (> 30 %) Sometimes the achievements claimed in CVs are 100 per cent true, but at all times they are worthy of closer examination. All of these wine villages north of Beaune are certainly worthy of extended exploration. And are such small-minded people really worthy of our respect and emulation? I hope he was worthy of her. These men decided rightly or wrongly that there was no longer anyone worthy of continuing the tradition. Further afield, in the haunted landscapes of Brittany, are several sites worthy of visiting.

If someone or something is worthv of something, they deserve it because they have the qualities required. If you say that a person is worthy of another person you are saying that you approve of them as a partner for that person.

verb Active: 2 / 3

Passive: 1 / 3

General: 0

ι [ N ] a / [by N] AGENT m di II imp [N]p /EFFECTED D1 [N]a

[in Ν] [with Ν]

D1

P4

ill

T1-3 T1-3

[N]p [around N]

D1

T2-3

D2

T1

D2 T2

T3

Divide the mixture and place on cabbage leaves, wrap, and secure with wooden toothpicks, (used in instructions) + Np Do you suppose you could wrap this for Alice?

D2

T1

+ around Ν Metres of tentacles from the lethal sea wasp had wrapped around his legs. + Np + around Ν Wrap a slice of bacon around each piece, thread on to skewers, and refrigerate until needed. Nowadays all too of-

write

959

T2

ten the timber has barbed wire attached to it or wrapped around it and a broken rail spells disaster because the wire will probably bring your horse down. • Mrs Early, drunk and driving, wrapped her car around a telephone pole. (= crashed into a telephone pole) + Np + in Ν And government scientists say foods wrapped in plastic clingfilm could pose a risk to health. They sat in silence, wrapped in their own thoughts, as the car headlamps cut

white slices through the dark lanes up to Henstone. + Np + with Ν Wrap it with spinach leaves, and then place this parcel over the piece of rolled brioche pastry.

T3

A person 1 can wrap (i) a thing 11 around another thing111, i.e. use it to cover something. a t h i n g m in another thing", i.e. cover it with something.

M

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + up « Np Must make it very difficult to wrap presents up. (= wrap) + up + ADJ DO IT! Wrap up warm and stroll along the lake shore, or check out the uptown shops and stores around Queen's Street. (= dress warmly)

write ι II III IV V

VI

VII Vili IX M

D1

verb Active: 1 /3 Passive: 1 /3 General: 0 [N]A/[byN] D1 T1-2 [N]p_2 /EFFECTED [N]p_i RECIPIENT T1 D11 T2.5-6 [to N]p [to-INF]p.it D2 [that-CL] P: ¡, D3 T5 [wh-CL] D4 T6 [Q/S] P(it) D5 [about X]p T3.7 D6 [of N]p D9 [on N] P D10 T4 [for N]p BENEFICIARY D7 T4 [for N]p PURPOSE 07 T8 [in N]p D8 T3 Telephone 0752-233983 or write. She never learned to read or write, but she had a natural eloquence and great personal magnetism. + Np Pupils need to be able to speak and write Standard English in order to enhance the communication skills necessary for social and professional development. I want to write a play and a story, a long poem in verse and some minor poems too. The research team selected 20 million words of authentic written and spoken English, entered it on to a computer, and used it to write a new dictionary of English aimed specifically at foreign learners of the language. Instead of making a phone call, write a letter.

a Active: 2/3 Passive: 1/3 [ N ] a / [by N] II obi [N]p_2 /EFFECTED D1 III [N]p_i BEN/REC I

D2

D3

Tt T1

The draft report written by the delegation says it seems clear that many people are affected by a climate of terror in the country, α Lloyds charge £ 1.95 for the first cheque you write if you are overdrawn by more than £ 100, and 50 ρ per subsequent transaction. + to-INFP:it I must write to tell you how thrilled I am with the results of using your Super-dug in the garden. A lot of people write to say they like "the warmth in my eyes". + (that)-CLp;it He writes that the new government faces a huge task in fulfilling the raised expectations it has aroused. The Guardian writes that the disagreement between Belfast

960

write

D4 D5

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D7

and Dublin which has bedeviled progress on talks for over a month is fundamental. He writes that during his journey he had to stop at nearly one hundred road blocks and pay the equivalent of nearly two hundred and fifty US dollars in taxes, duties and fees. She was upset when Adam wrote he wouldn't be home for the approaching spring break. + wh-CL (invented example) She wrote how I should react to her comments. QUOTEp(it) / SENTENCEp(it) "I cannot," he wrote, "compete as a man in this world." They write·. "Chomsky at the outset made a number of ill-justified idealisations." "I WILL PASS M Y Α-LEVELS", she wrote in capitals in her diary. + about Np/V-ingp/about Ν V-ingp/ about wh-CLp/wh to-INFP Tarkington was a generation older than Hemingway, but both men wrote about boyhood and adolescence. I didn't think I was well-versed enough in the subject to write about it myself. Why do you never write about James any more? Pears could write about doing the washing up. Michael thinks that he will write about his uncle teaching him to play the harmonica. Other contributors write about how cycling schemes can work in practice: Nottingham, Cambridge, Groningen in the Netherlands, Odense in Denmark are cited In my last article on breeding room hygiene I wrote about how to prevent feather mite and, in particular, Northern mite infestations. + for N P When you write for information, be sure to describe the type of accordion that interests you. Yesterday, while seven British news organisations were present in court, only a single reporter from Copenhagen was here to write for the Danish press. My ambition is to write for the theatre. If you want to use a tripod, re-

D8 D9

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member to write for permission, stressing your amateur status. + in Np Don't try to think in Spanish and write in English. + of Np In her memoirs, she writes of fainting spells, psychosomatic breakdowns, and bouts of public weeping. + on Np Newspapers can now write on some issues like corruption but political topics remain out of bounds. + to Np (frequent) After reading your News report on judges I wrote to the Lord Chancellor expressing my views. + Np + Np She wrote me a letter asking for help. Jung Lu wrote me a poem once, comparing me to a new moon. α He just wrote us a cheque and that was that. + Np + to Ν I wrote a letter to my sister this week. + in Ν + about N P Mr Wilson said the local material would help students to speak and write in German about Australia. + on Np + for Ν That was Judy Dempsey, who writes on Austria for the British newspaper the Financial Times. + to Ν + that-CLp i, I have written to Kurt that he will be a father, probably in late November. + to Ν + wh-CL (invented example) Did she write to you why she was rejecting the offer? + to Np + about N/wh-CL She wrote to me about her ailments. People don't write to me about my books. Labor M P Laurel Power wrote to Premier Goss about how badly affected her voters had been by the Government's handling of the matter. + to Ν + for Ν In fact, she was writing to me for suggestions.

Write means 'produce words on a page'. A person 1 can write, i.e. be able to use the alphabet to produce words. write (a) English etc. 11 i.e. be competent in that language, (b) in English etc. I X , i.e. use it on a particular occasion. (iii) write a letter, an article, a book etc. 11 VI

VT

(iv)

write (a) about someone or something \ i.e. deal with them (b) on a topic , i.e. deal with it at length1 as in a book, (c) 1of someone or something V I , i.e. deal with them or mention them. If a person writes a cheque 1 , they fill in the sum of money etc. D1 T1

Idiomatic phrasal verbs + away + at Ν She would write away at her novel with all her heart and soul, for till that was finished she could find no peace. (= write very intensely) + away (+ for N)P If considering disposables, write away for free samples or trial-size packs, or share the cost of buying a brand you want to try with a friend whose baby is the same sex and

weight as yours. (= write to get) + away (+ to N)P Recently, she even wrote away to the Environmental Protection Agency to get summaries of scientific studies on the hazards of power lines. (= wrote) + down 30% very frequent frequent rare

pattern occurs in more than 30 % of all uses of this word

Subscripts indicating active and passive uses A

Ρ A/P:it

A/P(it)

complement can occur as subject of a finite active clause (if no patterns are specified, this complement can act as subject in all patterns of that sense) complement can occur as subject of a finite passive clause when occurring as subject, extraposition with a dummy subject it is obligatory when occurring as subject, extraposition with a dummy subject it is possible

Degrees of optionality of complements obi cont imp marg

obligatory contextually optional not necessary with imperatives optional marginal complement

ADJ

an adjective phrase or a non-finite clause containing a V-ed-participle it + A D J - p a t t e r n a pattern with it and an adjective in which the it refers to a clause depending on the adjective ADV an adverbial which can be realized in various ways: as an adverb phrase, a noun phrase, a prepositional phrase or an adverbial clause ADV«. an ADV-complement that can be realised by a particle, i.e. an adverb such as in, over, up, which can precede or follow the N-complement ADVp.prep an ADV-complement that can be realised by a prepositional phrase whose noun phrase can be the subject of a passive sentence A D V : Q U A L I T Y an adverb (or, less commonly, a prepositional phrase) that - together with a verb - describes a property of the subject D E S C R I P T I O N a sentence or part of a sentence that is used as a kind of label or quotation INF infinitive-clause without to Ν a noun phrase, i.e. a phrase that has a noun or pronoun as its central or only element (+ Ν also covers clauses beginning with what, whoever or whatever) Ni if two noun phrase complements occur in the same pattern, this one precedes the one marked [Nfe N2 if two noun phrase complements occur in the same pattern, this one follows the one marked [N]i it + N-pattern a pattern with it and a noun in which the it refers to a clause depending on the noun Npi a noun phrase complement which can only be realised by a noun phrase containing a plural noun or pronoun Ν and Ν a noun phrase that consists of at least two noun phrases, which are coordinated by commas or/and and) Ngroup a noun phrase complement which can only be realised by a noun phrase expressing the meaning of 'group' N: Q U A N T a phrase expressing an amount, quantity or percentage (only specified in this way if no + Ν pattern exists) Ν to-INF a re-infinitive clause preceded by a noun phrase subject Ν V-ing an /'«^-clause preceded by a noun phrase subject Ν V-ed a clause containing a verb in the ed-form with a noun phrase subject Ν ADV a clause consisting of a noun phrase subject and an adverbial NUM a cardinal number ORDINAL an ordinal number QUOTE a sentence or part of a sentence in inverted commas, which is introduced by the verb, which may precede, follow or be inserted in the sentence PART a particle, i.e. an adverb which can normally precede or follow a noun phrase P R E P Ν etc. a prepositional phrase consisting of a preposition and a noun phrase etc. REFL PRON a reflexive pronoun (only specified in this way if no + Ν pattern exists) SCORE a sequence of numbers such as 3-1, usually from the domain of sport SENTENCE a sentence or part of a sentence, which is introduced by the verb, which may precede, follow or be inserted in the sentence; usually separated by commas that-CL clause introduced by that (that)-CL iAaf-clause where the that can be left out to-INF infinitive clause with to V-ing clause introduced by mg-form of a verb wh-CL clause introduced by a vWi-word: where, why, when, whether, who, what including how and if wh to-INF infinitive clause introduced by a wh-word