A Thousand Words of Mohawk 9781772821673

Table of contents :
Cover
A THOUSAND WORDS OF MOHAWK
OBJECT OF THE MERCURY SERIES
PUBLICATIONS DE LA COLLECTION MERCURE
MERCURY SERIES - PUBLICATIONS
FOREWORD
ABSTRACT
SOMMAIRE
PART I: INTRODUCTION
PREFACE
THE SOUNDS OF MOHAWK
Grammatical overview of Caughnawaga Mohawk
Pre-pronominal prefixes
Pronominal Prefixes
Reflexive and Reciprocal
Incorporated Noun Root
Verb Root position
Suffixes
PART II : PARTICLE AND ROOTS LIST
PART III : ENGLISH TO MOHAWK LIST

Citation preview

MUSEES NATIONAUX DU CANADA CONSEIL D'ADMINISTRATION

BOARD OF TRUSTEES NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA Mr. George W.P. H e f f e l f i n g e r Mr. M i c h a e l C D . Hobbs Dr. J . Tuzo W i l s o n P r o f e s s o r K i y o s h i Izumi Dr. S a l l y Weaver M. Leon S i m a r d Mme M a r i e - P a u l e LaBreque M. J e a n des G a g n i e r s Mme M a r i e T e l l i e r M. Andre F o r t i e r Dr. W i l l i a m S c h n e i d e r Mr. George S z e k e r e s

Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member SECRETAIRE GENERAL

SECRETARY GENERAL Mr. C . J . M a c k e n z i e

DIRECTEUR MUSEE NATIONAL DE L'HOMME

DIRECTOR NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN

Dr. W i l l i a m E. T a y l o r , J r . CHIEF ETHNOLOGY DIVISION Dr. B a r r i e

CHEF DIVISION D'ETHNOLOGIE Reynolds

MERCURY SERIES

COLLECTION MERCURE

ETHNOLOGY DIVISION PAPER NO. 5

DIVISION D'ETHNOLOGIE DOSSIER NO. 5

A THOUSAND WORDS OF MOHAWK

GUNTHER MICHELSON

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN

MUSEE NATIONAL DE L'HOMME

NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA

MUSÉES NATIONAUX DU CANADA

OTTAWA, JUNE 1973

OTTAWA, JUIN 1973

OBJECT OF THE MERCURY SERIES

The Mercury Series i s a publication of the National Museum of Man, National Museums of Canada, designed to permit the rapid dissemination of information pertaining to those d i s c i p l i n e s f o r which the National Museum of Man i s responsible. In the interests of making information available quickly, normal production procedures have been abbre­ v i a t e d . As a r e s u l t , e d i t o r i a l errors may occur. Should that be the case, your indulgence i s requested, bearing i n mind the object o f the Series.

BUT DE LA COLLECTION MERCURE

La c o l l e c t i o n Mercure, publiée par l e Musée national de l'Homme, Musées nationaux du Canada, a pour but de d i f f u s e r rapidement l e résultat des travaux qui se font sous l a d i r e c t i o n du Musée national de l'Homme. Pour assurer l a prompte d i s t r i b u t i o n des exemplaires imprimés, on a abrégé les étapes de l'édition. En con­ séquence, certaines erreurs de rédaction peuvent subsister dans les exemplaires imprimés. S i c e l a se présentait dans les pages qui suivent, l e s éditeurs réclament votre indulgence étant donné les o b j e c t i f s de l a c o l l e c t i o n .

PUBLICATIONS DE LA COLLECTION MERCURE

Chaque d i v i s i o n du Musée national de l'Homme (l'Ethnologie, l ' H i s t o i r e , l e s Communications, l a Commission archéologique du Canada, le Centre canadien d'Études sur l a Culture t r a d i t i o n n e l l e et l e Musée de Guerre), fournit des a r t i c l e s à l a C o l l e c t i o n Mercure. On peut l e s commander de l a source ci-dessous, en adressant une demande accompagnée d'un chèque libellé au nom du Receveur général du Canada. La marge de p r o f i t étant très mince, i l est impossible d'accorder des escomptes de quantité ou d'établissement. Service du Marketing, Musées nationaux du Canada, 360, rue Lisgar, Ottawa, Ontario. K1A OM8 La d i v i s i o n d'Ethnologie a déjà contribué à l a C o l l e c t i o n Mercure l e s numéros suivants: No

1

-

"Preliminary Study of T r a d i t i o n a l Kutchin Clothing i n Museums", par Judy Thompson, 92 p.; $1.00

No

2

No

3

-

"Gambling Music of the Coast S a l i s h Indians", par Wendy Bross Stuart; 114 p.; $1.25

No

4

-

"Ethnology D i v i s i o n : Annual Review, 1972", éditeur responsable: Barrie Reynolds, 52 p.; sur demande

No

5

-

"A Thousand Words of Mohawk", par Gunther Michelson, 186 p.; $2.00

"Sarcee Verb Paradigms", par Kung-Do Cook, 51 p.; $1.00

MERCURY SERIES - PUBLICATIONS

Each component o f the National Museum o f Man, (the Ethnology, History, and Communications D i v i s i o n s , and the Archaeological Survey o f Canada, the Canadian Centre f o r Folk Culture Studies and the Canadian War Museum), provides papers f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n the Mercury S e r i e s . These are a v a i l a b l e from the following address on r e c e i p t o f a cheque made payable to the Receiver General o f Canada. Since the mark-up on these publications i s n e g l i g i b l e no discount i s allowed f o r bulk or i n s t i t u t i o n a l sales. Marketing Services D i v i s i o n , National Museums o f Canada, 360 Lisgar Street, Ottawa, Ontario. K1A 0M8 At present the Ethnology D i v i s i o n Mercury Series consists o f the following papers: No. 1

-

"Preliminary Study o f T r a d i t i o n a l Kutchin Clothing i n Museums", by Judy Thompson, pp. 92; $1.00

No. 2

-

"Sarcee Verb Paradigms", by Kung-Do Cook, pp. 51, $1.00

No. 3

-

"Gambling Music of the Coast S a l i s h Indians", by Wendy Bross Stuart; pp. 114; $1.25

No. 4

-

"Ethnology D i v i s i o n : Annual Review, 1972", edited by Barrie Reynolds, pp. 52; on request

No. 5

-

"A Thousand Words o f Mohawk", by Gunther Michelson, pp. 186; $2.00

FOREWORD

This i s the f i r s t of s e v e r a l monographs planned f o r the Mercury Series i n the renascent f i e l d o f Iroquoian l i n g u i s t i c s . Readers w i l l f i n d a b r i e f , r e l a t i v e l y non-technical i n t r o d u c t i o n to Mohawk grammer at the beginning followed by a root l i s t from Mohawk-to-English and an English-to-Mohawk l i s t . The author has modestly r e s i s t e d having his work c a l l e d a grammar or d i c t i o n a r y . So be i t . But under any guise the monograph should prove h i g h l y u s e f u l as a source of data f o r comparative work and as a teaching reference f o r courses i n the language. M.K. Foster Iroquoian E t h n o l o g i s t

ABSTRACT

This b r i e f grammatical introduction and l i s t of 1000 Mohawk words was compiled by the author at the Caughnawaga Reserve, P.Q., from work done over the l a s t ten years. The purpose of the introduction i s to explain the system by which words i n the l i s t are segmented and arranged. The Mohawk noun and p a r t i c l e are b r i e f l y discussed and the greater part of the introduction i s devoted to the verb which has a highly complex structure. The approach i s e s s e n t i a l l y the " p o s i t i o n a l " one Floyd Lounsbury used i n w r i t i n g h i s Oneida grammar. The s i x p o s i t i o n a l classes are treated i n the order of t h e i r occurrence i n the verb.

SOMMAIRE

Le présent t r a v a i l est une l i s t e de 1000 mots de l a langue Mohawk, leur définition et leur traduction. Les données nécessaires à sa rédaction ont été r e c u e i l l i e s par l'auteur au cours des dix dernières années sur l a réserve de Caughnawaga, P.Q. La première p a r t i e , qui sert d'introduction est une grammaire abrégée dont l e but premier est d'expliquer l a segmentation et l a composition des mots de l a l i s t e ; l e nom Mohawk a i n s i que l a p a r t i c u l e y sont discutés mais l a majeure p a r t i e de cette introduction est consacrée au verbe dont l a structure est de beaucoup plus complexe. L'approche adoptée est c e l l e mise de l'avant par Lounsbury dans sa grammaire Oneida s o i t une approche "postionnelle". Les s i x classes p o s i t i o n n e l l e s sont traitées par ordre de venue dans l e verbe.

PART I : INTRODUCTION

PREFACE

The following i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the Mohawk language i s based on f i e l d work c a r r i e d out i n the community of Caughnawaga i n the Province of Quebec between the years 1961 and 1971. P r i n c i p a l informants who p a t i e n t l y and i n t e l l i g e n t l y acquainted the author with t h e i r native tongue were Mrs. Mae Montour, Mr. Frank Natawe, Mr. Mike Norton and Mr. Louis Curotte. The study has two parts: an Introduction to some of the grammatical processes of t h i s complex language, and a l i s t of some 1000 verb and noun roots and p a r t i c l e s that comprise, as a whole, a short d i c t i o n a r y . If every word were to be l i s t e d i n i t s n a t u r a l l y occurring form rather than by i t s root elements, many hundreds more entries would be required to cover the same ground. This i s because noun and verb roots are preceded and followed by numerous prefixes and s u f f i x e s which may be combined i n dozens of ways. I t would be d i f f i c u l t to locate the p a r t i c u l a r root one was searching f o r . In order to produce a more manageable approach, Iroquoian scholars have tended to l i s t forms a l p h a b e t i c a l l y as roots, and to explain the prefixes and s u f f i x e s separately. The accompanying grammatical sketch i s intended to a i d the reader i n understanding the segmentation forms given i n the l i s t . In order to " l o c a t e " a word, one should f i r s t attempt to i s o l a t e the prefixed elements explained i n the introduction and then look up the remaining stem (verb root plus i t s s u f f i x e s ) i n i t s place a l p h a b e t i c a l l y . More simply, one can look up English forms i n the English-to-Mohawk l i s t that follows the roots and p a r t i c l e s l i s t (p. 134). I should l i k e to mention that i n understanding the complexities of the Mohawk language, I found Floyd Lounsbury's Oneida Verb Morphology (Tale U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1953) of immense help. I should also l i k e to express my appreciation for the many valuable suggestions which Michael Foster of the National Museum of Man i n Ottawa made to improve upon the c l a r i t y of the manuscript.

THE SOUNDS OF MOHAWK

The following symbols are used:

i

u

Vowels e

o

V a

k

t Consonants

f

s

n

r

h w

y

Diacritics

\

Vowels are pronounced: a

as i n "father"

e

as i n " l e t "

i

as i n " f e e t "

o

as i n "note"

v

nasal sound as i n "song"

u

nasal sound "oong"

The nasal vowels /v/ and /u/ lose t h e i r n a s a l i z a t i o n before consonant c l u s t e r s involving k, s, t , or h. vowel becomes /y/.

/ i / preceding another

2.

Consonants

k

t

s

as i n " k i l l "

before k, s, t , or h

as i n "get"

before a vowel, w or y

as i n "top"

before k, s, t , or h

as i n "duck"

before a vowel or y

as i n "set"

before or a f t e r k, t , or h

as i n " z e a l "

word i n i t i a l before a vowel between vowels between a g l o t t a l stop and a vowel

f

as i n " f i l l "

occurs only infrequently and i s the r e s u l t of a merger between w and h.

h

as i n "hot"

i f before a vowel before a consonant sounds l i k e a small pause.

?

n

g l o t t a l stop

produced by abruptly closing the throat, as i f holding one's breath.

as i n "not"

r

a sound somewhat between English r and 1. I t i s produced with the t i p of the tongue touching the palate. In word-final posit: i t i s strongly aspirated.

n

as i n "well"

n

as i n "yes"

The consonant c l u s t e r s t and h, and s and h, are pronounced separately (t-h, s-h). In Caughnawaga, the consonant cluster / t y / i s pronounced as the " J " i n "John", and the cluster /hsy/ i s pronounced as the "sh" i n "shy".

3.

D i a c r i t i c s used:

:

vowel length

/

stress

\

f a l l i n g tone under stress

Vowel length always c a r r i e s accent. tone i s added to a stressed vowel before

Vowel length plus f a l l i n g

1)

a g l o t t a l stop

2)

an /h/ preceding a resonant h, r , w, or y.

Grammatical overview of Caughnawaga Mohawk We may d i s t i n g u i s h three parts of speech: the verb, the noun, The noun and the p a r t i c l e and the p a r t i c l e . A l l three appear i n the l i s t . are the least complex forms and may be dealt with f i r s t . In i s o l a t i o n , the noun occurs either with or without a prefixed pronominal element, and with or without a noun s u f f i x : root alone p r e f i x + root root + s u f f i x p r e f i x + root + s u f f i x

áhta

shoe

káhi

fruit

áhsire

blanket

kanúhsa

house

The e a s i e s t way t o d e f i n e p a r t i c l e s i n Mohawk i s t o g i v e a few

examples :

kv:tho

here

kátke

when?

ne

the,

nó:nv

the

táhku

and

that time when

The verb i s the most complex of the parts of speech, and the r e s t of the overview i s devoted to i t .

The verb can include a subject and

4.

an object, expressed by pronominal prefixes, a verb root and an incorporated noun root. There are a number of prefixed and suffixed elements for aspect, tense, and adverbial functions. Frequently an entire E n g l i s h sentence can be expressed by a single Mohawk verb form. Minimally, the verb consists of

verb root

pronominal prefix

Example:

verbal suffix

kató:rats 'I hunt'

k-

-atorat-

I

hunt

-s habitually

Frequently, however, the verb consists of a longer series of elements as i n the following example which we segment grammatically: = he looked for a camp (for himself)

wahatenakti:sake?

wa-

-h-

-ate-

-nakt-

did

he

-self

camp

-isaklook f o r

-e? once

Each of the blocked-off segments i s a p o s i t i o n i n the verb, and each may be f i l l e d by a v a r i e t y of forms. There are s i x p o s i t i o n a l classes:

pre-nronominal prefixes

pronominal prefixes

r e f l e x i v e and reciprocal

incorporated noun root

verb root

We now take up each class separately, i l l u s t r a t i n g some, but not a l l , the variant forms possible.

Pre-pronominal prefixes

Partitive:

/n-/

of, where, what ( r e l a t i v e )

áhsv nikaráhkwake

three moons

nayutó:rate?

where one could hunt

naná:yere?

what he d i d

suffixes

5.

Negative:

/te/

yáhtv kv:tho tetyawé:nu

Translocative;

/y-/, /yah/

not i t does not come from here

away, over, up

yékhreks

I push i t away

yahá:kewe?

I arrived over there

yehonutsistóhare

up to where h i s head i s suspended

Dualic: / t - /

two, involving two elements, change

tekahwistake

two d o l l a r s

tekasvthos

I cry

tekté:nyes

I change something

Locative : / t - /

movement towards speaker, there, most

tesatáweya?t

come i n

tahyahtv:ti?

they l e f t there

auhá:?a tkowá:nv

the biggest

Iterative :

again, back, one, the one who, beyond

/s/

sahahneki:rv?

he drank again

vskahtv:ti?

I s h a l l go back

skahwista

one d o l l a r

ska?nyuhsa

the one with the nose (moose)

skahnéhtati

beyond the Dines

Future tense : /v/

shall, w i l l

vteneke?

we s h a l l eat i t

Aprist tense: wahá:rite?

/w/

(indicating a single event i n the past) he cooked i t

6.

Conditional aspect

/a/

should, would, could

ahonyatáthv?

he would get t h i r s t y

Several prefixes can occur i n sequence with one verb form, e.g., nya?tvshayà:ya?ke?

where he w i l l cross over again from here to there.

n-

p a r t i t i v e : where

-ya?-

t r a n s l o c a t i v e : over

-t-

dualic:

here to there

-v-

future:

will

-s-

iterative :

-ha-

he

-yahya?k-

verb root:

-e?

suffix

again

cross

However, not a l l forms can co-occur: e.g., the translocative and l o c a t i v e are l o g i c a l l y exclusive, as are the future and a o r i s t tenses. The chart which follows shows the r e l a t i v e positions of the pre-pronominal prefixes, without, however, showing which are mutually exclusive. Only the forms of the prefixes which occur i n the l i s t are given.

partit n(a)(i)

transl. ye ya?

aorist

dualic

wa(?)

t(e)

future V

cond. a

iterat.

aorist

s(a)

a

u

yaha negat.

locat.

te(?)

t(a)(e)

Pronominal Prefixes Mohawk has a f u l l e r , more precise system of pronominal forms than English. In addition to the factors of number, person and gender there

7.

i s the d i s t i n c t i o n between i n c l u s i v e (including the person addressed) and exclusive (excluding the person addressed). Number includes a dual as w e l l as singular and p l u r a l , and gender has an " i n d e f i n i t e " (equivalent to English 'some' or 'one'). The approximate equivalents i n English of the Mohawk categories are as follows:

f i r s t person singular

I

second person singular

you

masculine singular

he

non-masculine

she or i t

singular

indefinite

someone, people, an e l d e r l y woman, a young g i r l

f i r s t person dual i n c l u s i v e

you and I (the two of us)

f i r s t person dual exclusive

he and I or she and I

second person dual

you (two)

masculine dual

they (two males or two mixed)

non-masculine dual

they (two females or things)

f i r s t person p l u r a l i n c l u s i v e

you and I (more than two)

f i r s t person p l u r a l exclusive

they and I

second person p l u r a l

you (more than two)

masculine p l u r a l

they (three or more males)

non-masculine

they (three or more females or things)

plural

There are three series of pronominal forms, a subjective, an objective, and--combining these two--a t r a n s i t i v e s e r i e s . A large number of verbs expressing a c t i v i t i e s take the subjective forms while most verbs expressing a state have objective forms. So, as a subjective p r e f i x we get keró:roks 'I c o l l e c t something' and as an objective p r e f i x wakenuwáktani 'I am sick.' The l a t t e r example i l l u s t r a t e s a form also found i n German, as, for example i n Mich duenkt 'I have the f e e l i n g , ' and Mir traeumte 'I dreamed.' We begin by explaining variations i n the subjective and objective series and then we take up the t r a n s i t i v e series. Forms vary depending upon the i n i t i a l sound of the stem that follows. There are f i v e types:

8.

consonant

: c-stem class

"

i

: i-stem

"

"

a

: a-stem

"

"

e or v

: e-stem

"

"

o or u

: o-stem

"

verb stems s t a r t i n g with a

The table which follows shows how t h i s v a r i a t i o n works f o r both the subjective and objective s e r i e s .

consonant class

i-class

a-class

e/v-class

o/u-class

k- = I

wak- = I

subjective

objective

kkwitha

wákthare

I move i t

I speak

ki:tvhre

waki:ta?s

I have p i t y on i t

I sleep

kató'trats

wakáhta ?s

I hunt i t

I have my f i l l

ké:saks

waké:ka?s

I look f o r i t

I f i n d i t tasty

kvtórha

wakvnitvhtu

I am lazy

I am humble

kotárhos

wakotá : se

I hook i t

I receive i t

kú:ni

wakuwéskwani

I make i t

I enjoy i t

9.

The s u b j e c t i v e s e r i e s o f forms may now be summarized w i t h a breakdown by stem c l a s s i n v e r t i c a l columns.

c-stem

i-stem

a-stem

e-stem v-stem

o-stem u-stem

1.

k (e)

k

k

k

k

2.

s (e)

s

s

s

s

Singular

3.

masculine

ra

r (v)

r

r

r

3.

non-masculine

ka

k (v)

w

w

y

3.

indefinite

ye

y (e)

y (u)

yak

yak

1.

incl.

teni

ten

ty

ten

ten

1.

excl.

yakeni

yaken

yaky

yaken

yaken

seni

sen

tsy

sen

sen

Dual

2. 3.

masculine

hni

hn

hy

hn

hn

3.

non-masculine

keni

ken

ky

ken

ken

tew

tew

ty

Plural 1.

incl.

tewa

tew ( v )

1.

excl.

yakwa

yakw ( v ) yakw

yakw

yaky

sewa

sew ( v )

sew

sew

tsy

2. 3.

masculine

rati

rat

r (u)

ron

ron

3.

non-masculine

kuti

kut

k (u)

kon

kon

10.

The following table shows the objective pronominal forms. As w i l l be noted, several forms i n the dual and p l u r a l are i d e n t i c a l , such as the dual i n c l u s i v e and dual exclusive, the masculine dual and p l u r a l , and the non-masculine dual and p l u r a l .

c-stem

i-stem

a-stem

e-stem v-stem

o-stem u-stem

1.

wak (e)

wak

wak

wak

wak

2.

sa

s (v)

s

s

s

3. masculine

ro

r (o)

r (o)

raw

ra

3.

yo

y (o)

y (o)

yaw

ya

indefinite

yako

yak (o)

yak (o)

yakaw

yaka

1.

incl.

yukeni

yuken

yuky

yuken

yuken

1.

excl.

yukeni

yuken

yuky

yuken

yuken

2.

seni

sen

tsy

sen

sen

3. masculine

roti

rot

ron

ron

ron

3.

yoti

yot

yon

yon

yon

Singular

non-masculine

3.

Dual

non-masculine

Plural 1.

incl.

yukwa

yukw (v)

yukw

yukw

yuky

1.

excl.

yukwa

yukw (v)

yukw

yukw

yuky

2.

sewa

sew (v)

sew

sew

tsy

3. masculine

roti

rot

ron

ron

ron

3.

yoti

yot

yon

yon

yon

non-masculine

11.

Explanation. I n t h e consonant stem c l a s s o f t h e two paradigms, an " e " i n t e r v e n e s between pronoun and v e r b stem i n i t i a l i n t h e f i r s t and second p e r s o n s s i n g u l a r , i f t h e v e r b b e g i n s w i t h n, r , w, o r ?. I n t h e i - s t e m c l a s s o f t h e two p a r a d i g m s , v , e, o r o r e p l a c e t h e i n i t i a l i o f t h e stem a s i n d i c a t e d by p a r e n t h e s e s . I n t h e a-stem c l a s s , u o r o r e p l a c e t h e i n i t i a l a o f t h e stem. L a s t l y , a v e r b form i n Mohawk must c o n t a i n more t h a n one s y l l a b l e . I f i t does n o t , an i - appears b e f o r e t h e form. F o r example: /ke/

+

/ k s / 'I chew'

becomes

/i:keks/.

S u b j e c t i v e and o b j e c t i v e forms a r e used when o n l y an agent o r a However, when a r e l a t i o n s h i p i s d e s i g n a t e d p a t i e n t i s designated. between some agent and some p a t i e n t , a whole o t h e r s e r i e s o f f o r m s , c a l l e d t r a n s i t i v e , i s used. I n some c a s e s t h e s e forms a r e p r e d i c t a b l e on t h e b a s i s o f t h e known s u b j e c t i v e and o b j e c t i v e e l e m e n t s ; i n o t h e r c a s e s t h e y a r e n o t p r e d i c t a b l e . The number o f forms t h a t t h e o r e t i c a l l y c o u l d o c c u r i s q u i t e l a r g e when one c o n s i d e r s t h e numerous p e r m u t a t i o n s o f p e r s o n , number and gender t h a t a r e p o s s i b l e . However, many o f t h e d i s t i n c t i o n s a r e n e u t r a l i z e d . There i s one o t h e r f a c t o r w h i c h i n f l u e n c e s c h o i c e o f a p a r t i c u l a r f o r m and t h a t i s t h e i n i t i a l sound o f t h e stem w h i c h f o l l o w s . S i n c e t h e most common t y p e o f stem i s t h a t b e g i n n i n g w i t h a consonant, we w i l l , i n t h e paradigm t h a t f o l l o w s , draw on a consonant-stem v e r b - - -noruhkw- ' t o l o v e ' :

Singular ku-norúhkwa.

I l o v e you

(singular)

ri-norúhkwa

I love him

ke-norúhkwa

I love her o r i t

khe-norúhkwa

I l o v e p e o p l e o r someone or a r e s p e c t e d female

keni-norúhkwa

I l o v e you

kwa-norúhkwa

I love you

(plural)

khe-norúhkwa

I l o v e them

(dual o r p l u r a l

(dual)

males and/or females)

12.

take-norúhkwa

you love me

hetse-norúhkwa

you love him

se-norúhkwa

you love i t

she-norúhkwa

you love people

takeni-norúhkwa

you love us

(dual)

takwa-norúhkwa

you love us

(plural)

she-norúhkwa

you love them

(dual or p l u r a l , males and/or females)

rake-noruhkwa

he loves me

hya-norúhkwa

he loves you

ro-norúhkwa

he loves him

ra-norúhkwa

he loves i t

shako-norúhkwa

he loves people

shukeni-norúhkwa

he loves us

(dual)

shukwa-norúhkwa

he loves us

(plural)

hetsiseni-norúhkwa

he loves you

(dual)

hetsisewa-norúhkwa

he loves you

(plural)

shako-norúhkwa

he loves them

(dual or p l u r a l , males and/or females)

wake-norúhkwa

i t or she loves me

sa-norúhkwa

i t loves you

ro-norúhkwa

i t loves him

yo-norúhkwa

i t loves i t

yako-norúhkwa

i t loves people

yukeni-norúhkwa

i t loves us

(dual)

yukwa-norúhkwa

i t loves us

(plural)

(singular)

(singular)

13.

seni-noruhkwa

i t loves you

(dual)

sewa-norúhkwa

i t loves you

(plural)

roti-noruhkwa

i t loves them

(dual or p l u r a l , males, males and females)

yoti-norúhkwa

i t loves them

(dual or p l u r a l , females)

yuke-norúhkwa

people love me

yesa-noruhkwa

people love you

ruwa-norúhkwa

people love him

kuwa-noruhkwa

people love i t

yutate-norúhkwa

people love themselves

yukhi-norúhkwa

people love us

(dual or p l u r a l )

yetsi-noruhkwa

people love you

(dual or p l u r a l )

ruwati-noruhkwa

people love them

(dual or p l u r a l , males, males and females)

kuwati-norúhkwa

people love them

(dual or p l u r a l , females)

we

(dual, i n c l u s i v e )

hetsiteni-norúhkwa

we love him

teni-noruhkwa

we love i t

yethi-norúhkwa

we love people

yethi-noruhkwa

we love them

we

(singular)

(plural, inclusive)

hetsitewa-norúhkwa

we love him

tewa-norúhkwa

we love i t

(dual or p l u r a l , males and/or females)

14.

yethi-norúhkwa

we love people

yethi-norúhkwa

we love them

(dual or p l u r a l , males and/or females)

keni-norúhkwa

we love you

(singular)

shakeni-norúhkwa

we love him

yakeni-norúhkwa

we love i t

yakhi-norúhkwa

we love people

keni-norúhkwa

we love you

(dual)

kwa-norúhkwa

we love you

(plural)

yakhi-norúhkwa

we love them

(dual or p l u r a l , males and/or females)

kwa-norúhkwa

we love you

(singular)

shakwa-norúhkwa

we love him

yakwa-noruhkwa

we love i t

yakhi-norúhkwa

we love people

kwa-norúhkwa

we love you

(dual or p l u r a l )

yakhi-norúhkwa

we love them

(dual or p l u r a l , males and/or females)

we

we

you

(dual, exclusive)

( p l u r a l , exclusive)

(dual)

takeni-noruhkwa

you love me

hetsiseni-norúhkwa

you love him

seni-noruhkwa

you love i t

yetsi-norúhkwa

you love people

15.

takeni-norúhkwa

you love us

(dual)

takwa-norúhkwa

you love us

(plural)

yetsi-norúhkwa

you love them

(dual or p l u r a l , males and/or females)

you

(plural)

takwa-norúhkwa

you love me

hetsisewa-norúhkwa

you love him

sewa-norúhkwa

you love i t

yetsi-norúhkwa

you love people

takwa-norúhkwa

you love us

(dual or p l u r a l )

yetsi-norúhkwa

you love them

(dual or p l u r a l , males and/or females)

they

(dual or p l u r a l , males and/or females)

yuke-norúhkwa

they love me

yesa-norúhkwa

they love you

ruwa-norúhkwa

they love him

kuwa-norúhkwa

they love i t

yukhi-norúhkwa

they love us

(dual or p l u r a l )

yetsi-norúhkwa

they love you

(dual or p l u r a l )

ruwati-noruhkwa

they (males and/or females) love them (males)

kuwati-norúhkwa

they (males and/or females) love them (females)

shakoti-norúhkwa

they (males) love them (males and/or females)

yakoti-norúhkwa

they (females) love them (males and/ or females)

(singular)

16.

Reflexive and Reciprocal Much more often than i n English, the Mohawk pronoun i s accompanied by either a r e f l e x i v e or a r e c i p r o c a l element which corresponds to the English form " - s e l f " or "each other" respectively. The r e f l e x i v e i n Mohawk, /-ata-/, /-ate-/, /-atv-/, / - t e - / , / - t - / , or /-an-/, has the following functions: 1.

the action r e f l e c t s on the subject (middle voice), wahatenaktatsv:ri? - he found himself a camp

2.

to render a t r a n s i t i v e verb i n t r a n s i t i v e , ikyvs - I set i t down - kátyvs - I s i t down

3.

to change the active mood into passive. wakerhó:ru - I have covered i t - wakaterhó:ru - I am covered

4.

t o reverse the d i r e c t i o n of an action. khni:nus - I buy i t - kathni:nus - I s e l l i t

The f u l l r e f l e x i v e , /-atat-/, denotes an action of an agent towards i t s e l f . katátkvs - I can see myself

(ikkvs - I can see i t )

The r e c i p r o c a l , /-atat-/, describes a r e c i p r o c a l action tehyatátkvs - the two of them can see each other.

Incorporated Noun Root Verbal constructions often incorporate noun roots. This sometimes r e s u l t s i n the adding of an increment: -a-, -hkwa-, -ahsa-, or -htshera-: Prefix wak-

Noun Root I

-ahsir-

wakahsi:rayv ka-

it

blanket

Increment

Verb base

-a-

-yv-

have

-ra:kv-

white

I have a blanket

-tsisto-

katsistohkwará:kv

star

-hkwa-

A white star

Verb Root p o s i t i o n The p o s i t i o n of the verb root can be f i l l e d by a single verb root : waki: ta ?s

-

I sleep

or, much less frequently, by two verb roots: wakyenawáf: ku

-

I grab and hold

(/yena/ - "grab", /waku/ - "hold")

Suffixes* The d i f f e r e n t aspects of a c t i v i t y and state i n verbs r e s u l t from the combination of pre-pronominal prefixes (tense and mode) with various s u f f i x classes. The combinations are too complex to go into here, but an example i s that the future and a o r i s t tenses co-occur with the momentary aspect s u f f i x . The habitual, which mostly has the forms /ha?/, / s / or /as/, indicates that an a c t i v i t y takes place habitually or repeatedly. kató:rats

-

I hunt

(habitually)

The momentary. /ne?/, /e?/, /v?/ or /a?/, indicates that a single event took or w i l l take place at a c e r t a i n point i n time.* wa?kenutá:ra?ne? - I went u p h i l l (The p r e f i x wa?- i s an a o r i s t tense form.) The s t a t i v e . most frequently /u/ or /v/, indicates either a state, or an a c t i v i t y which has been concluded. tewakatskà:u - I am eating, or I have eaten The habitual s u f f i x can be expanded by another s u f f i x /kwe?/. These two s u f f i x e s together, indicate that an a c t i v i t y used to take place habitually or repeatedly i n the past. kenù:we?skwe? - I used to l i k e i t

* I was unable to determine i n the speech patterns of the Caughnawagans i n every case the presence or absence of the g l o t t a l stop i n f i n a l p o s i t i o n . In order to avoid inconsistencies I have, as a r u l e , omitted marking i n my notes the g l o t t a l stop i n t h i s p o s i t i o n — with the exception of the "momentary" s u f f i x which always ends i n a g l o t t a l stop, as w e l l as the habitual past and the stative past.

18.

The stative s u f f i x can be expanded by another s u f f i x /(h)ne?/. These two suffixes together, indicate that an a c t i v i t y took place i n the remote past. wakhyatù:ne?

I had written

Here i s a summary paradigm of aspect prefixes and s u f f i x e s , based on the verb root /natahr/ = "to make a v i s i t " . senatà:res

you (singular) make v i s i t s

senatà:reskwe?

you used to make v i s i t s

senatà:ra?

Make a v i s i t !

wahsenatà:ra?

you made a v i s i t

vsenatà:ra?

you w i l l make a v i s i t

asenatà:ra?

you should make a v i s i t

sanatà:ru

you are v i s i t i n g , or you have v i s i t e d

sanatahrù:ne?

you were v i s i t i n g , or you hadv i s i t e d

vsanatà:ru

you s h a l l have made a v i s i t

a?esanatà:ru

you should have made a v i s i t

The p o s i t i o n a l arrangement of the aspect prefixes and aspect suffixes f o r the verb root /natahr/ i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n the following table: prefixes

pronoun

verb root

suffixes

habitual

-

se-(subj.)

-natahr-

-es

habitual past imperative

-

sese-

-natahr-natahr-

-es

se-

-natahr-

-a?

momentary

wa?-

future

V-

se-

-natahr-

-a?

conditional

a-

se-

-natahr-

-a?

stative

sa-(obj.)

-natahr-

-u

sa-

-natahr-

-u

future past

V

sa-

-natahr-

-u

conditional past

a?e-

sa-

-natahr-

-u

stative past

kwe?

-a?

hne?

19.

NOTE:

In the s t a t i v e , the s t a t i v e past, the future past, and the conditional past, the subjective pronouns are, as a r u l e , replaced by objective pronouns.

In the main body of t h i s study, the verb forms l i s t e d include, i f possible, the habitual, the momentary, and the s t a t i v e aspect s u f f i x e s . Example:

-nuhwe?-

-

to l i k e

kenù:we?s (-ne?, -u)

I like i t

There are two more aspect s u f f i x e s . One i s the continuative. Its meaning i s that an a c t i v i t y or a state w i l l or would be continued. The continuative, /hake?/, or /heke?/, occurs i n at l e a s t four combinations: 1.

habitual plus continuative, with a future aspect p r e f i x : vkenatahrésheke?

2.

-

habitual plus continuative, with a conditional aspect p r e f i x : akenatahrésheke?

3.

-

I should continue to make v i s i t s

s t a t i v e plus continuative, with a future aspect p r e f i x : vwakenatahrúhake?

4.

I s h a l l continue to make v i s i t s

-

I s h a l l continue my (present)

visit

s t a t i v e plus continuative, with a conditional aspect p r e f i x : aukenatahrúhake?

-

I should continue my v i s i t

The other i s the progressive.

Its form /(h)atye?/, which

corresponds to the English term "along", i s added to the s t a t i v e : wakenatahruhátye ?

-

I go along v i s i t i n g

There are a number of root s u f f i x e s which are added to the verb root and which express ideas l i k e instrumentality or purpose. Here are the most important ones: 1.

reversive: I t reverses the o r i g i n a l meaning of an action, and i t s forms are /kw/ or /hsy/. katitakwas kotarihsyus

2.

-

I dismount

From katita?s

-

I mount

I undrape

From kotárhos

-

I drape

d i s t r i b u t i v e : I t indicates that an action takes place several times or that i t i s directed towards several objects. Its forms are /hseru/ or /nyu/ or / t u / .

20.

3.

yekhréhserus

-

I push intermittently

kka?vyú:nyus

-

I look at i t c l o s e l y (several times)

kayv:tu

-

i t i s available ( a l l the time)

instrumental I: Its meaning i s about the same as that of the English preposition "with". I t s forms are / h t / or / s t / . karahkwaka ?yúhtha?

-

yenahkwakuhrékstha? 4.

a clock (to look at the sun with) a drum s t i c k (one h i t s the drum with i t )

instrumental I I : I t s meaning i s that of the English verb "to use". Its forms are /khw/ or /hkw/. yekaratúkhwa

-

a legend (one uses i t to t e l l a story)

Instrumental I and II are often combined: yuterakahrerasthákhwa

5.

-

I scatter something (I cause something to scatter)

yakotiyanerúhstha?-

7.

a r a t t l e (one uses i t to make noise with i t )

causative : Its function i s to express the meaning of "causing something" or "making somebody do something". Its forms are / ( h ) t / or / s t / . tekatokwátha?

6.

-

a ghost ( i t makes people f e e l spooky)

dative : Its function corresponds roughly to that of the English prepositions " f o r " or "to". Its forms are /(?)se/ or / n i / or /vni/. ya?tewatyerihse

-

i t i s enough f o r me

khenatú:ni

-

I show something to someone

wakahteruyvhtv:ni

-

I get frightened ( i t becomes dangerous f o r me)

purposive : I t expresses the purpose of an action or an intention. Its forms are /hser/ or /h/. sekkwathóhsere

-

I come back with the purpose of going again

kitsatorátha

-

I go spearing f i s h

The preceding examples i n t h i s section show that the root suffixes can, and i n most cases are, followed by aspect s u f f i x e s .

21. Differences i n Pronunciation There are c e r t a i n differences i n pronunciation between one Mohawk community and the other. These differences occur mainly i n phoneme clusters with /y/ or / i / . /ky/ and / t y / . The o r i g i n a l d i s t i n c t i o n between /ky/ and / t y / i s preserved only at the Six Nations and Deseronto reserves. At St. Regis, both merge to /ky/. At Caughnawaga, on the other hand, both merge to / t y / and become f i n a l l y / j / , as i n English " j a r " . Example:

Six Nations

St. Regis

Caughnawaga

I am working

wakyóhte

wakyóhte

wajóhte

nine

tyóhtu

kyóhtu

jóhtu

/tsy/ and / t s i / . At Six Nations and St. Regis, the clusters / t s y / and / t s i / are pronounced [ j ] and [ j i ] respectively. At Caughnawaga, the y i n / t s y / i s dropped, while / t s i / remains / t s i / . They are pronounced [dz] and [ d z i ] respectively. Example:

Six

Nations

flower

oji:ja

St. Regis

Caughnawaga

oji:ja

otsi:tsa

/hsi/. At Six Nations, the hs i n / h s i / i s pronounced [š], as i n English "ash", while at St. Regis and Caughnawaga i t remains [hs]. Example :

Six

leg

ohši:na

Nations

St.

Regis

ohsi:na

Caughnawaga ohsi:na

However, /hsy/ i s pronounced [š] i n a l l Mohawk communities.

PART I I : PARTICLE AND ROOTS LIST

22.

-a

to be of a c e r t a i n size

with p r e f i x /kv?/, p a r t i t i v e , pronoun and verb root /?a/: kv?niwa:?a

i t i s small

-ahi

f r u i t , berry

káhi

with i t e r a t i v e and verb stem /kowanv/: sewahyó:wane

apple

ahkiwe

dance f o r the dead

-ahra?-

to go up

with noun root /nut/: kenutà:ra?s (-ne?, -u)

I go u p h i l l

-ahsaw-

to begin something

with locative and r e f l e x i v e and purposive: tkatahsáfas (-v?, -e)

I begin something

tyotáhsawe

at the beginning

-ah3e

to be a pair

with dualic and p a r t i t i v e : tenyáhse

two males

tekenyáhse

two females or animals

tekenyáhse okwáho

two wolves

áhsv nihá:ti

3 males

áhsv nikú:ti

3 females

ahsv

three

ahsvyawv:re

thirteen

ahsvniwahsv?áhsv

t h i r t y three

ahsvhatu

third

ahsvnyaká:yvhte

thrice

ohki:we

23.

-ahsir-

blanket

tewahsi:rake

two blankets

áhsire

with an a l t e r n a t i v e root - h s i r - . r e f l e x i v e and verb root / t / o t / : wathsirótha

s a i l boat

kuthsirótha

dragon f l y

ahsis-

pestle

tewahsi:sake

two pestles

ahskw-

bridge

tewáhskwake

two bridges

-ahsohkw-

colour

wasóhu

it

-ahsuht-

p a r t i t i o n , w a l l , room

ahsuth-

midnight, nighttime, moon

ahsúthv

midnight

ahsuthv:ne

nighttime

ahsuthvhkha

moon

-aht-

sugar maple

ahsi:sa

áhskwa

ohsóhkwa

i s dyed

wáhta

see a l s o : ?ta

ahta

shoe, boot

áhta

with verb root/uwe/: ahtakwa?ú:we

mocassin

-ahta?-

to

wakáhta?s(-ne?, -u)

I have my f i l l

have one's f i l l

ahsúhta

2k.

-ahteru

to be dangerous

yóhteru

i t i s dangerous

with dative: wakahteruyvhtv:ni

I get frightened

-ahtvti-

t o go out, leave

kahtvtyes (-?, -)

I go out

wakahtv:ti

I have l e f t , I am t r a v e l l i n g

sahtv:ti?

go out!

-ahtu-

to disappear

wáhtus

i t disappears

úhtu?

i t disappeared

yohtù:?u

i t has disappeared

with dative: wakahtú:ni

I lose something

-ahuhs-

sense of hearing

ahúhsa

inner ear

with r e f l e x i v e : katahúhsatats

I always l i s t e n

vkatahúhsatate?

I shall listen

wakatahúhsate

I am l i s t e n i n g

satahúhsatat

listen!

-ahuht-

ear (exterior)

with dualic and verb root /nekv/: tahuhtané:kv

rabbit

ohúhta

25.

-ahwe?eh-

to pierce

with dualic and instrumental: tekahwe?éhstha

I pierce

vtkáhwe?ste?

I s h a l l pierce

tewakahwe?éhstu

I have pierced

with d u a l i c , r e f l e x i v e and instrumentais: tsarahwesthákhwa

fork

-akan-

to speak a foreign language

tewakánha

Western Algonkians

atshakánha ronatshá:kanv

) ) )

-akara ?-

Eastern Algonkians

to be dark

with dualic and l o c a t i v e : tetyo:kara?s (-we?, -u)

i t i s dark

with verb root /neha/: okara?snéha

evening

-akarvhre

to be leaning

wakarv:re

i t i s leaning

-akarite-

to be i n good health

with r e f l e x i v e : wakatakari:te (-ke?, -kwe?)

I am i n good health

-akayvhte

.... times

with p a r t i t i v e : ahsvnyaka:yvht e y

three times

26.

-akavu

old, ancient (inanimate)

with noun root /nat/: kanataká:yu

old

-akera-

to stink, smell

wákeras

i t smells

vwákera?ne?

i t w i l l smell

village

with noun root /ya?t/: kaya?tákeras

goat

akvha

summer

with postposition /?ke/: akvhà:ke

i n the summer

-akvyat-

to be at the end, edge, top...

with noun root /kwir/: okwirakv:yate

at the top of the tree

-akotar-

A c h i l l e s tendon

tewakotarà:ke

two A c h i l l e s tendons

-aksv-

to be bad, e v i l

yotáksv, -?ne?, -?v

i t i s bad

(the

okó:tara

" t " f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n ) ; with noun root /rihw/:

karihwák sv

a bad thing

-akta

near

with noun root /nuns/: kanuhsákta

near the house

27.

-aku

i n , within, inside

with noun root /nat/: kaná: taku

i n the v i l l a g e

akwa

very, quite, r e a l l y

akweks

eagle

akweku

every, each, a l l , the whole

akwé:ku nú:kwe

every man

ákwa

á:kewks

with noun root /uhwvtsy/: yuhwvtsyakwé;ku

the whole world

-akwes-

partridge

akwé:sahs

to drum l i k e a partridge

akwesáhsne

where the partridge drums

(St.

okwé:sv

Regis Mohawk Reservation)

to be f l a t

-akwvhtvwith d u a l i c and r e f l e x i v e :

tewatakwvhtv

it is flat

-akwvte-

opening, c l e a r i n g

with dualic and noun root /hah/: teyohahkwv:te

There i s an opening i n the road

(name of Oneida t i t l e holder); with noun root /rha/: tyorhakwv:te

an opening i n the forest

28.

-akwisru-

to use one's strength

kakwisrus (-?, -)

I use my strength

with d u a l i c , an a l t e r n a t i v e root /hwish/ and verb root /ihey/: tekhwishvhé:yus

I t i r e easily

tvkhwishvheye?

I shall tire

tewakhwishvhé:yu

I am t i r e d

kahwishvheyuhtshera

tiredness

-anha-

to t i e around

with noun root /kahr/ : atkahránha

glasses

with noun root /nvtsh/: atenvtshánha

bracelet

-anot-

to t e l l about, i n t e r p r e t , describe

kyatanótha

I t e l l about

vkyatanó:tu?

I shall t e l l

wakyatá:note

I have t o l d

("yat" f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n ) ; with noun root /wvn/: kewvnanótha

I read

ano?tyv

muskrat

-anutunyu

to think, use one's brain

kanutúnyu (-?, -)

I think

-anuwet-

to sleep over

kanuwéthe (-e?, -e)

I sleep over

anò:tyv

29.

-ara?se-

to be cousins

utyara?sé:?a

my cousin (we two are cousins)

are

again, repeatedly

-ari-

to be sisters-in-law

utyariha

my sister-in-law

a:re

(we two are sisters-in-law)

arosv

red s q u i r r e l

ase

new, fresh

wá:se

i t i s fresh

aséhtsi

very fresh

aró:sv

with noun root /hsvn/: kahsv:nase

new name;

also

seskéha

August (time of freshness)

seske?ko:wa

September (time of much freshness)

ase?kv

because

ashar-

burden strap

-ashet-

to count, to number something

kashé:tas

I count

vka'shete?

I s h a l l count

wakashétu

I have counted

-ashvnv

half

ase?kv

with p r e f i x /sha?/: wisk sha?tewashv:nv

half past f i v e

ashá:ra

30.

-ashvt-

to cry, weep

with dualic: tekashvthos (-ho?, -u)

I cry

-askanek-

to hope, wish f o r

kaská:neks (-e?, -u)

I hope

-atak-

to be dark-coloured

yotá:ku

i t i s dark-coloured

-atati-

to talk

katá:tis (-?, -)

I talk

-ataweya?t-

to enter

with l o c a t i v e : tkatáweya?t (-e?, -u) with

I come i n

translocative:

yekatáweya?t

I go i n

-ata?kerahkw-

to f l o a t

kata?keráhkwa

I float

vkatà:kerahkwe?

I shall float

wakata?kerahkwv

I have floated

-atehv-

to be embarrassed, ashamed

katéhvs

I am (always) embarrassed

vkatéhv?

I s h a l l be embarrassed

wakatéhv

I have been embarrassed

atehvhsera

embarrassment

31.

-atek-

to be burning

with causative: katekà:tha

I start a f i r e

vkaté:ka?te?

I shall start a f i r e

wakatekà:tu

I have started a f i r e

with instrumental: yutekatákhwa

matches

tsiyutekatákhwa

f i r e place

yotékha (-e?, -v)

i t i s burning

with noun root /ruhy/: oruhyatékha

Burning sky (personal name)

atenati

elk

-ateno?sv-

to be brothers and s i s t e r s

ruteno?svha

they are brothers and s i s t e r s

kuteno?svha

they are s i s t e r s

tewatenò:sv

sisters!

-atere-

to have as grandchild

ryatere:?a

my grandson (I have him as grandson)

kheyateré:?a

my granddaughter (I have her as grandchild)

kheyatere?okú:?a

my grandchildren

ateré:sera

grandchildren ( i n general)

kwátere

grandchild !

-atetshv

to be greedy

wakatétshv

I am greedy

atetshvhsera

a dream

atená:ti

women!

(affectionately)

32.

-ate?kw-

to run away

katè:kwas

I run away

vkaté:ko?

I s h a l l run away

wakaté:kwv

I have run away

-atvro-

to be compatible, to be friends

kyatv:ro

we two are friends

atvro': sera

friendship

athahsterv

trousers

wathahstervhsherowá:nv

big

-athe

to become l i g h t , bright

atháhsterv

trousers

with d u a l i c : teyoswáthe (-ne?, -kwe?) ("sw" f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n ) ;

i t i s bright with /?nikuhr/:

teho?nikuhráthe

Bright mind (personal name)

athehsa

brown

ather-

basket

tewathé:rake

two baskets

-athv

to be dry

yostáthv

i t i s dry

athéhsa

á:there

("st" f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n )

athvno

ball

tewathvnotsherá:ke

two b a l l s

athv:no

33.

-athutat-

to consent, obey

kathú:tats (-e?, -u)

I consent

-athute

to hear

wakathú:te (-?ne?, -?u)

I hear

-athuwisv

to be a woman

with i t e r a t i v e : sewakathuwi:sv

I am a woman

sisathuwí:sv

you are a woman

tsothuwi:sv

she i s a woman

-ati-

to get r i d of something

wakátye?s (-?, -?u)

I get r i d of

-ati

side

with p r e f i x /ka?/: ka ?nekwá:ti

which side, which way

with i t e r a t i v e : skanekwá:ti

the other side, l e f t side

with noun root /nat/: skaná:tati

the other side of the v i l l a g e

atihru

raccoon

-atirut-

to draw, p u l l

katirútha (-hv?, -e)

I pull

ati:ru

with noun root /nvtsh/: kanvtshatirútha

notched stick

( i t p u l l s by the arm)

34.

-atit-

to mount, embark

katíta?s (-a?, -v)

I mount

with reversive: katitákwas (-ahko?, -akwv)

I alight

satita?

hop i n !

satitáhko?

get out!

-atkatstu-

to make soup

katkátstus (-?, -)

I make soup

atku

d e v i l , demon, s p i r i t

otku

with verb root / s t / : katkúhsta (-ste?, -stu) with r e f l e x i v e and noun root

I bewitch, I make a witch brew a?t/:

rotya?tátku

he i s a witch doctor

-atkuhv-

to put one's head down

katku:hvs

I put my head down

vkatkurhv?

I s h a l l put my head down

wakatku:hv

1 have put my head down

atku:sera

pillow

atokv

axe

tewatokvhserá:ke

two axes

atokwa

spoon, l a d l e

tewatokwahtsherá:ke

2 spoons

ató:kv

atókwa

35.

-atorat-

to hunt

katótrats (-e?, -u)

I hunt

with purposive : katoráthe

I go hunting

vkatorátha?

I s h a l l go hunting

wakatoráthu

I have gone hunting

ato?wi

wooden face

ato?wihtshera

Society of faces

atsa

riverside

with postposition /akta/: atsà:kta

by the r i v e r s i d e

-atsa?aht-

to burn something

katsa?ahtha

I burn something

vkatsá?ahte?

I s h a l l burn something

wakatsa?áhtu

I have burned something

atsher-

clothing, to dress

with verb root / u n i / : atsheru:nya

clothing

with instrumental: katsherunyà:tha (-a?te?, -à:tu) I dress myself

-atshvnuni-

to become happy

katshvnú:nis

I become happy

vkatshvnú:ni?

I s h a l l become happy

wakatshvnú:ni

I am happy

atshvnúnya

happiness

wakatshvnunya:tsku

I become happy e a s i l y

36.

-atsho?kw-

to have a smoke

katshò:kwas (-o?, -v)

I smoke

tóhsa sewatshò:ko? ne kv:tho

no smoking i n here!

-atsist-

f i r e (Onondaga)

with verb root /yv/: ronatsistayv

f i r e keepers (Onondagas, as referred t o i n Council)

-atskahr-

to be b i t t e r

yotskà:ra

i t i s bitter

otskà:ra

a b i t t e r - t a s t i n g l i q u i d or s o l i d , also whiskey

-atskahu-

to eat, have a meal

with d u a l i c : tekatskáhus (-?, -)

I eat

-atsnvht-

to go down, descend

with translocative: yekatsnvhtha (-e?, -u)

I go down

-attok-

to f e e l , perceive

katto:kas (-e?, -v)

I feel

attokháhtshera

wisdom

-atu

to say

(irreg.)

ká :tu

I say

wa?ki:ru?

I said

wá:kv

I have said

with d u a l i c : taki:ru?

I replied

37.

with t r a n s l o c a t i v e : ya?ki:ru?

I ordered

-atu-

to become, to be possible

ká:tus (-?, -hu)

I become

wá:tus

i t i s possible

a?ú:tu?

i t should be possible

-atukarya?k-

to be hungry

katukárya?ks (-e?, -u)

I am hungry

atukaryà:ku

hunger

-aturi-

to breathe

katúrye (-?, -)

I breathe

-atutarikt-

to laugh loudly

with d u a l i c : tekatutariktha

I laugh loudly

wa?thatú:tarikte?

he laughed loudly

tehotutariktu

he i s laughing loudly

-atuwvtso-

to want, need

with d u a l i c and dative: tewakatuwvtsó:ni

I want, need i t

atvarv?ta

orange colour

atyarv:ta

with verb root /?a/: atyarv?tá:?a

canary

atya?tawi

dress, s h i r t , jacket, overcoat

atyà:tawi

38.

with verb root /rakv/: watya?tawihtshera:kv

i t i s a white dress

atyehwa?ta

butternut

-atyesv

to be easy

watyé:sv

i t i s easy

vwatyé:sv?ne?

i t w i l l be easy

yotyesv:ne

i t has been easy

-atyo-

to be brothers-in-law

utyatyoha

my brother-in-law

auha?a

most

atyehwà:ta

(with following l o c a t i v e ) auhá:?a tkowa:nv

biggest

-aweru

thick, s o l i d

with noun root /nuhwar/: anuhwáraweru

-awv-

woodchuck

to swim; water

with r e f l e x i v e : katá:wvs (-?, -hu)

I swim

with s u f f i x /?ke/: awv:ke

i n the water

-awv

property

aká:wv

i t i s mine

(we are brothersin-law)

39.

-awvhe-

to choke

with d u a l i c : tekwawvheks (-ke?, -) ("w"

I choke

f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n ) ;

with noun root /nya?t/: teyakonya?tawvheks

choke cherry

-awvrye

to s t i r something

with d u a l i c : tekawvrye (-?, -)

I s t i r something

-awi-

to give

kuyá:wi?

I gave i t to you

with locative : tkuyá:wi?

I gave i t to you temporarily

with noun root /hwist/: khehwistawis

I give them money

-a?as

to stab

ka:?as (-e?, -u)

I stab

a?vn-

bow

(weapon)

a?v:na

also: rata?v:neras

witch (male)

wata?v:neras

witch (female)

-a?ker-

snowflake

with verb root /v?/: wà:kerv?s (-v?ne?, -v:?u)

i t snows

ò:kera

40.

-a?kvr-

ashes, dust, s o i l , powder

also: ata?kvróhkwa

grey

-a?ktu

to be bent or crooked

with d u a l i c : teyotshà:ktu

i t i s bent

("tsh" f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n ) ; with noun root /a?vn/: teyotá?vnà:ktu

crooked arrow

-a?nvtak-

to attach t o , to s t i c k on

yora?nv:taks

i t s t i c k s on

vyora?nv:take?

i t w i l l be attached

yora?nvtá:ku

i t has been attached

("r" f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n ) ; with noun root /ya?t/: ruwaya?ta?nvtaktù:ne

Friday

-a?nya

hand

with verb root /nawv/: a?nyá:nawv

gloves

-a?sv-

to bring down

ka?svtha

I bring i t down

vkà:svhte?

I s h a l l bring down

waka?svhtu

I have brought down

a?shar-

knife

with verb root /kowa/:

à:share

o?kv:ra

41.

a?share?kó:wa

war chief

-a?tarih-

to be warm, hot

yo?tarihv

i t i s warm, hot

42.

-e-

walk, come, go

i:ke?s

I walk around, pace

•with l o c a t i v e : tà:ke?

I came

vtke?

I s h a l l come

tewakè:nu

I have come

tyawè:nu

i t has originated

with t r a n s l o c a t i v e : wà:ke?

I went, I am going

wahse?

you went

wá:hs

go!

yv:ke?

I s h a l l go

yewakè:nu

I have gone

ehnekv

west; up

-ehr-

to want t o , to be of the opinion

i:kehre

I want to

i:rehre

he wants to

v:kehre?

I s h a l l want to

wakè:ru

I have wanted

ehsa

black ash

-ehsvrat-

pink

wehsv:rate

i t i s pink

-eka?-

to f i n d tasty

waké:ka?s (-we?, -u)

I f i n d tasty

è:nekv

éhsa

43.

-eku

to be delicious

yawéku (-?ne?, -?ù:ne)

i t i s delicious

-enus-

to have as son-in-law or daughterin-law

rakwenúsa

my father-in-law (he has me as son or daughter-in-law)

yukwenúsa

my mother-in-law

ryenúsa

my son-in-law (I have him as sonin-law)

khe?enúsa

my daughter-in-law

-erahs-

moss

erv?

else

é:rv?nú:we

elsewhere

-erh-

hair of an animal

aweráhsa

with verb root / i y o / : rerhi:yo

he (dog or cat) has nice hair

-eri-

heart

awé:ri

i t s heart

aweryáhsaku

i n i t s heart

-es/-vs

to be of length

with required prefixed vowel and exceptional pronominal p r e f i x /y/: i:yvs

i t i s long

with p r e f i x /kv?/, p a r t i t i v e and verb root /?a/: kv?niyvsha

i t i s short

with noun root /nuns/: kanúhses

Longhouse

44.

with noun root /rihw/: kari:wes

long a f f a i r

with p l u r a l s u f f i x /us/: yonuté:sus

high mountain

-esak/-isak

to look f o r

ké:saks (-e?, -u)

I look f o r

with noun root /yvt/: rayvti:saks

he looks f o r wood

eso

many

é:so

with i n t e n s i f i e r / t s i / : sòtsi

too much

s ó t s i kanó:ru

i t i s too expensive

-etar-

to peel something o f f

khwé:tarus

I peel i t o f f

(-e?, -u)

("hw" f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n )

e?rhar

dog

e?tho

there

e?thó:ne

then, there upon

e?thoni:yot

i t i s like

è:rhar

e?thó: (ne?thó:)

45.

-v-

to happen

tsinyá:wvs (-?v?, -?u)

as i t happens

-vhniser-

day

uwa?wvhniserá:te

today

vhnit-

moon, month

-vhre

to be over ten

wiskyawv:re

fifteen

-vnakerat-

to be born

kvnákerats (-e?, -u)

I am born

vneker-

hay

-vnisk-

tardiness

vniskha

tardiness, February

awvhnisera

vhni:ta

yawv:re

vnékeri

with verb root /kowa/: vnis?kó':wa

March

with r e f l e x i v e and instrumental: katvniskwátha (-e?, -u)

I take my time

-vnitvhtu-

to be humble, to beg f o r

wakvnitvhtu (-?, -?u)

I am humble

vnitvhtu

humility

vska

one

vskayawv:re

eleven

tewahsv?vska

twenty-one

vskatewv?nyawe

one hundred

vskak

once

vska

46.

skátne

together

-vt-

feast, day; to be daylight

vtye

south

vtyehkè:ne

day time

vtyeni:kare

at noon

with postposition /akta/: vtákta

Saturday

with verb root /tokv/: awvtatokvhti

Sunday

with verb root /vta?/: awvtvtá:?u?ke

Monday

wv:te

i t i s daylight

-vta?-

to wear out

with noun root /rihw/: karihwv:ta?s

i t wears out

vkarihwv:ta?ne?

i t w i l l wear out

yorihwvtá:?u

i t has worn out

-vtor-

to be d i f f i c u l t

wvtó:re (-eke?, -ekwe?)

it is difficult

with p r e f i x / t s i / and verb root /?a/: tsiyotórha

December

with verb root /kowa/: tsiyotor?kó:wa

January

-vtorha

to be lazy

kvtórha (-ke?, -?u)

I am lazy

47.

-v?-

to f a l l down

with progressive: yo?svhátye

i t i s presently f a l l i n g down

with l o c a t i v e : tù:sv?ne?

i t f e l l down

yo?sv:?v

i t has f a l l e n down

tasà:sv?t

knock i t down!

("?s" f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n with noun root /a?ker/: vwà:kerv?ne?

i t w i l l snow

with noun root /nv?t/: kanv:tv?s

Jackpine, Tamarack

-v?nahs-

tongue

awv?náhsu

i t s tongue

wv?nahsà:ke

on i t s tongue

-v?nyawe

to be hundred

with l o c a t i v e : vskatewv?nyáwe

one hundred

-v?t-

to be hanging

yohrv: t u

i t i s hanging

yohrv?túnyu

they are hanging

vyohrv?tóhake?

i t w i l l be hanging

yohrv?tóhakwe?

i t was hanging

48.

-ha

to inhabit

with noun root /rha/ and s u f f i x /aku/: è:rhar karhakúha

wild dog

with noun root /nvy/ and s u f f i x /o?ku/: onvyo?kúha

rock bass

with noun root /styv/ and s u f f i x /aku/: ostyvtakúha

-hah

marrow

t r a i l , road

oháha

-hahs-

hip

khahsà:ke

onrayhip

-hahser-

lamp, l i g h t

-haka

people, inhabitants, nation

oháhsa

oháhsera

with noun root /nyv/: kanyv?kehá:ka

Mohawk nation

-har-

to hang up

khárha (-v?, -e)

I hang up

-hatu

(indicates o r d i n a l numbers)

tekenihatu

second (2nd)

-hawe/vhawe

to hold

ikhawe (-?, -)

I hold

with noun root /hwist/: khwistvhawe

I have money with me

49.

-hawi/vhawi

to bring, to carry around

khá:wi (-?,-)

I carry around

with d u a l i c , noun root / v t / and causative: thrvtvhawitha

"He brings daylight", Planet Venus.

"Forbidden" personal name i n Caughnawaga. (Retention of " r " i n masculine pronoun may indicate a tabu.)

-heht-

planted land, f i e l d , garden

-her-

to put on the surface

khérha

I put i t on

rahérha

he puts i t on

vkherv?

I s h a l l put i t on

wákhere

I have put i t on

káhere

i t i s there on the surface

kahéhta

with noun root /hnawa/: kahnawáhere

there i s a rapid

w i t h d u a l i c , pronoun and r e f l e x i v e :

tekyáthere

between

khehérha

I cover her (with a blanket)

wákhere

I am covered

yóhere

she i s covered

-her-

corn stalk

tekahé:rake

two cornstalks (personal name)

oherà:ke

on the corn stalk

óhere

50.

-hetkv/ahetkv

t o be u g l y

kahétkv

she i s u g l y

wahétkv (-?ne?, - ? v )

i t i s ugly

wahétkvs

they ( t h i n g s ) a r e u g l y

khétkv

I am u g l y

hv

yes

-hvreht-

to

with

hv

yell

dualic:

tewakhvréhtha (-e?, -u)

I am y e l l i n g

-hvt-

t o go ahead

khv:te

I go ahead

vkhv:te?

I s h a l l go ahead

wakhv:tu

I have gone ahead

with causative: khvtéhtha

I p u t i t ahead

vkhv:tehte?

I s h a l l p u t i t ahead

wakhvtéhtu

I have p u t i t ahead

-hvt-

meadow, p r a i r i e

-hi(u)-

river

kahvtta

w i t h verb root / ? a / : c r e e k , brook

kahyúha w i t h verb root ohi:yo

/iyo/: beautiful

r i v e r , Ohio

51.

-hikt-

thornbush

ohi:kta

-hkar-

l i t t l e piece of wood

-hkhwa-

place, spot

ohká:ra

with p r e f i x / t s i / : tsiyuterihwayvstáhkhwa

school

tsiyakvheyutayvtáhkhwa

morgue, h o s p i t a l

-hkwari

a bear

ohkwá:ri

(-hkwari?t-)

-hnats-

buttocks (vulgar)

ohná:tsa

buttocks

khnatsà:ke

on my buttocks

-hnawa

rapid, strong current

ohná:wa

with p o s t p o s i t i o n /?ke/: kahnawà:ke

at

the rapid, Caughnawaga P.Q.

with noun root /hronu/: kahnawa?kehró:nu

Caughnawaga Nation

-hnawer-

w e l l , fountain

ohnáwera

w e l l (man made)

with verb roots / t / and /uwe/: yohnawerote?ú:we

w e l l , spring

with r e f l e x i v e and verb root / t / : ronathnáwerote

Mohawks and Senecas, as referred to i n council.

-hne

at,

kanuhséshne

at

on the Longhouse

52.

-hneht-

pine

-hnek-

l i q u i d , water

ohné:kanus

fresh, cold water

ohnéhta

ohné:ka

with p a r t i t i v e and verb root / ? a / : nikahneká:?a

L i t t l e Water Medicine

with d u a l i c , r e f l e x i v e , verb root / u t / and reversive: tyuthnekutákwa

cup

ohné:kari

maple syrup

-hnv

a seed

tekahnvhake

two seeds

-hnvnat-

potato

kà:nv

ohnvná:ta

also: tsikhnvná:tak

toad

-hnvy-

to be t a l l

with verb root /es/: khnv:yes

I am t a l l

vkhnvyé:sv?

I s h a l l be t a l l

-hnha?t-

branch of a tree

-hnhes

rawhide, s i l k

ó:nha?te

kà:nhes

with verb root /rakv/: kahnheshará:kv

white s i l k

-hnhy-

lacrosse s t i c k , rod

with verb root /yv/: wakè:nhyayv

I have a rod

kà:nhyv

53.

-hninukhni:nus

to buy (-?, -)

I buy

with r e f l e x i v e /atv/: katvhni:nus

I

-hnir-

hard, s o l i d , stable

yohnirhas

i t gets hard

vyohnirha ?

i t s h a l l get hard

yohnirru

i t i s hard

-hnits-

thigh

-hnot/ehnot-

to flood over

wehnótha

i t floods over

vwehnó:tu?

i t w i l l flood over

yawehnó:tu

i t has flooded over

sell

ohnitsha

with verb root /es/: yohnó:tes

i t i s deep

with p r e f i x /kv?/, p a r t i t i v e and verb roots /es/ and /?a/: kv?niyohnotésha

i t i s shallow

-hnyare

snake

ò:nyare

with verb root /kowa/: ohnyare?kó:wa

serpent

-hnyokw-

a hook

-hnyot-

to stand something up

khnyótha (-v?, -e)

I stand something up.

see a l s o : - t - / - o t -

kahnyó:kwa

54.

-hokser-

s l i p p e r y elm

ohó:ksera

-hokw-

buttocks

khokwà:ke

on my buttocks

-hoser-

basswood

-hra-

to place upon ....

ohó:kwa

ohó:sera

with r e f l e x i v e and noun root /khw/: atekhwà:ra

table

with reversive: khrákwas

I take something from ...

-hre-

to push

with translocative and d i s t r i b u t i v e : yekhréhserus (-hseru?, -hseru)

I poke, I push i n t e r m i t t a n t l y

with noun root /tsvh/: ketsvhahréhserus

I poke the f i r e

-hrek-

to push

with translocative: yékhreks

I push

yvkhreke?

I s h a l l push

yewakhré:ku

I have pushed

-hren-

to make an i n c i s i o n

khré:nas

I make an i n c i s i o n

rahré:nas

he makes an i n c i s i o n

kahré:nas

she/it makes an i n c i s i o n on her

yohré:nas

she/it makes an i n c i s i o n on i t

55.

vkhrene?

I s h a l l make an i n c i s i o n

wakhré:nu

I have made an i n c i s i o n

-hrv

somebody else, another one

-hrirhu

to be a spend t h r i f t

with r e f l e x i v e : wakathrirhu

I am a spend t h r i f t

also : ahrirhu

Onondaga t i t l e holder

-hronu

people, nation

sita?ehró:nu

I s r a e l (people of Judah)

-hrori

to

tell

with r e f l e x i v e : kathró:ri (-?, -)

I tell

-hryokv

chipmunk

-hs-/-ihs-

to create, complete, f i n i s h

ikhsa?s (-a?, -u)

I create

ohryó:kv

with noun root /ya?t/: shukwaya?tihsu

Our creator

-hs(a)-

l i p , spout

óhsa

with verb root /nuwak/: wakhsanú:waks

I have sores on my l i p

with p r e f i x / t s i / and verb root /kahrut/: tsiyehsakà:rute

one's mouth

akò:rv

56.

-hsatv-

to carry a person on the back

khehsá:tvs (-?, -)

I carry someone

akohsá:tva

horse

-hser-

to follow, chase

ikhseres

I follow her

séhseres

you follow her

ráhseres

he follows her

wákhseru

I have followed her

itsher

follow her!

vkhehseréhsu

I s h a l l follow her around

-hsvn-

name, signature, reputation fame ohsv:na or kahsv:na

with verb root /kehte/: rohsvnakéhte

he i s of the calumet clan

-hsikw-

spear

-hsin-

leg

áhsikwe

ohsi:na

with r e f l e x i v e and verb root /ohr/: athsinò:ru

leggins

with r e f l e x i v e and verb root /or/ : athsinó:ru

blanket to cover the legs

-hsineko?t-

ankle

-hsi?t-

foot

-hskats

to be b e a u t i f u l

yóhskats

i t i s beautiful

ohsinekò:ta

ohsi:ta

57. vyohskátstu?

i t s h a l l be b e a u t i f u l

yohskatstù:ne?

i t was b e a u t i f u l

-hskv?r-

an a r c h a e i c noun r o o t f o r weapon; found i n :

rohskv?rakéhte

warrior

rohskv?ré:wakv

he i s o f t h e bear c l a n

-hsohkw-

spout

-hso?kw-

nut

-hsyvhut-

stomach

-hter-

root

-hteru-

t o p u t down

khéhterus (-?, -)

I am p u t t i n g someone down

-hur-

rifle

-huro?t-

tube

-hut-

g r a s s , green

kv?niyohutésha

strawberry

-hutsy-

earth, world

-huw-

boat

ohsóhkwa ohsò:kwa

ohsyvhú:ta

ohté:ra

káhure

ohurò:ta óhute

ohútsa

kahuwé:ya

w i t h r e f l e x i v e and v e r b r o o t /hrek/: kathuwà:reks (-ahreke?, -ahreku) I go b o a t i n g tekahú:wake

2 boats

-hu?tsi

be b l a c k , negro

58.

kahù:tsi

i t i s black

rahù:tsi

he i s a negro

-hwatsir-

family

ohwá:tsire

maternal family, lineage

kahwá:tsire

nuclear family

-hwesv

wood shavings

-hwv?kar-

snowshoe

-hwish-

muscle

tekawisha?ke or tekawishà:take

two muscles

-hwist-

metal, b e l l , money

kahwé:sv

kahwv:kare

ohwisha

ohwista

with verb root /noru/ : gold

ohwistanó:ru with verb root /rakv/: kahwistará:kv

silver

with p r e f i x / t o / , p a r t i t i v e and verb root /-?e/: tonitsohwistá:?e

what time i s i t ? (how many s t r i k e s o f the b e l l ? )

with i t e r a t i v e : skahwista

one d o l l a r

vska wa?kahwistá:?eke?

i t struck one o'clock

-hyar-

pouch, bag

-hyatu-

to mark, write

k h y á : t u s (-?,

-)

I write

kà:yare

59.

kahyá:tu

i t i s written

with nominaliser: kahyatúhsera

book, paper

with instrumental: kahyatúhkwa

pencil

-hyo?tsis

be sour, s a l t y

with d u a l i c : teyohyò:tsis

i t i s sour, s a l t y

tyohyò:tsis

salt

60.

-i-

to be i n or on something

with noun root /ya?t/: kyà:ti

I am i n or on

vkya?ti:take?

I s h a l l be ...

wakya?ti:tv

she has put me i n i t

-ifhar-

fur

ófhare

with verb root /es/: yófhares

long-haired f u r

kvfhares

long-shaped f u r

with dualic and verb root / r h / : tekakvfharárhu or tekakvfhara:ru

peach

-ihey-

to die

kihé:yus (-e?, -u)

I die

kvhé:yu

death

with p r e f i x / t s i / and verb roots /yv/ and /hkhwa/: tsiyakvheyutayvtáhkhwa

morgue, h o s p i t a l

-ihv

to be i n the middle of

with p r e f i x /sha?/, dualic and noun root /nat/: sha?tekanati:hv

i n the middle of the v i l l a g e

-ihn-

skin, f l e s h (human)

with verb root /or/: ohnó:ru

phallus

akihnoruhtsherà:ke

on my phallus

with verb roots /ner/ and / i / and nominaliser: ohnaneri:ta

vagina

óhna

61.

yehnaneri?tà:ke

on her vagina

with verb root /rakv/: kihnará:kv

I am a white man

-iht-

p r a i r i e meadow

kvhta

with s u f f i x /?ke/: kvhtà:ke

Laprairie,

-ihtyak-

to put around the neck

with

P.Q.

reflexive:

kanihtyaks (-e?, -ihtyv)

I put i t around my neck

with instrumental: yunihtyákstha

necklace

-ihve-

fat, lard, o i l

ikv

indeed

iksha

term used instead of the name when greeting a female person

shé:ku iksha

helloh, there!

-ikwite-

Spring Season

kvkwitè: ne

i n the spring

-inv

to be w e l l , to be a t peace

kv:ye (kvhyena)

i:kv

with i t e r a t i v e : skv:nv

i t i s w e l l , i t i s peace

with verb root /?a/: skvnv:?a

slowly

62.

-inu

far

i:nu

with s u f f i x /?a/: rather f a r

inúha

with noun root /rihw/ and verb root /es/: inúha nikari:wes

rather f a r i n time

-ir-

to drink

with noun root /hnek/: khnekirha (-a?, -v)

I drink

-ireks-

lion

ise

you

kvrreks

i:se

(sing., dual, p l u r a l ) -istv-

to be mother

akenistv:?a

she i s my mother

sanistv:?a

she i s your mother

istv:

mother!

-itahs-

tail

-ita?-

to sleep, go to sleep

waki:ta?s

(-we?, -u)

-itv waki:tv

otáhsu

I sleep

to be i n poverty (-htane?, -htu)

I am i n poverty

with verb root /?a/: kvtvha

October (time of some poverty i n nature)

with verb root /kowa/: kvtv?kó:wa

November (time of much poverty)

63

with noun root /?nikuhr/: wake?nikuhrv:tv

I am depressed

-itvhr-

to f e e l p i t y

ki:tvhre (-e?, -u)

I feel pity

with

reciprocal:

atatitv:ru

pity, charity

-its-

fish

with verb roots /o/ and kvtsókwas

kvtsu

/kw/: Heron

with verb root /atorat/ and purposive: kitsatorátha

I go spearing

raórtsu

his penis (slang)

-itshat-

cloud

-itshe:nv

domestic animal

akitshé:nv (-itshenv?t-)

my animal

-itskar-

to put a cover on something, to l a y a f l o o r

kitskarus (-u?, -u)

I put on a cover on something

kvtskare

cover, sheet, mat, carpet, f l o o r , sole

-itskw-

seat

otshá:ta

with verb root / t / : kitskote (-o:tv?, -ote)

I am seated

with r e f l e x i v e and verb root /hra/: anitskwà:ra

chair

katshé:nv

64.

-itstvrwith i t e r a t i v e and verb root

rock

otstv:ra

/i/:

skvtstv:ri

buffalo carp

-ityohkw-

band, group

-iyo-

to be b e a u t i f u l , nice, handsome good

otyóhkwa

with noun root /rihw/: karihwi:yo

good message

with noun root /nuns/: kanuhsi:yos

nice houses

i?i

I, me, we, us

-i?ta-

excrement

i:?i

ó?ta

with r e f l e x i v e : ani:tas

skunk

with locative and verb root /ke?tot/: tyo?takè:tote

a squash

-i?tar-

chimney, clan

o?ta:ra

-i?teru

to l i v e , reside

k i : t e r u (-?, -)

I reside

tyakeni:teru

we (excl.) l i v e together; my wife, my husband

-i?tuhkw-

flame, fever, phantom l i g h t

with verb root / r h / : waki?tuhkwárhos (-arho?, -arhu)

I have fever

o?tuhkwa

65.

-k-

to eat, chew

i:keks

I eat

ihseks

you eat

i:raks

he eats

i:waks

she eats

wà:keke?

I ate

waké:ku

I have eaten

-kahkwv?t-

wheel

tekakahkwv: take

two wheels

-kahr-

eye

okahréhta

eyelash

-kahrut-

i t has an opening or hole i n i t

yokà:rute

i t has a hole

yokahrú:tu

i t has holes

-kahser-

tear (of the eye)

wakkahserari:?u

I have shed tears

-kahth-

to look

okahkwv:ta

okà:ra

v/ith r e f l e x i v e : katkáhthos (-o?, -u)

I look

-kaner-

to look a t

with d u a l i c : tekká:nere (-ake?, -akwe?)

-kar-

I look a t

story, t a l e

oká:ra

okáhseri

66.

with verb root /atu/: kká:ratus (-?, -)

I t e l l a story, narrate

with instrumental: yekaratúkhwa

legend

-karewat-

to damage, i n j u r e , hurt

with causative: kkarewátha

I damage i t

khekarewátha

I injure them

vkkaré:wahte?

I s h a l l damage i t

wakkarewáhtu

she has hurt me

-karhat-

to turn something over

kkarháthos (-ho?, -hu)

I turn i t over

with dualic and r e f l e x i v e : tekatkarhatényes (-eni?, -enyu

I turn around

-kari-

to b i t e

kheka'ryas (-?, -u)

I bite someone

with verb root /ahta?/: okaryahtà:ne

mosquito

-karohst-

intestine

kati

therefore, then

katke

when?

katu

or

-kawe-

to paddle, oar, paddle

okaróhsta

ká:ti

kátke

kátu

67.

kká:wes (-?, -)

I paddle

aká:we

paddle, oar

kayeri

four

kayeriyawv:re

fourteen

kayeriniwahsvkayé:ri

forty-four

kayerihatu

fourth

kayerinyaká:yvhte

four times

ka?-

(-káwehtsher-)

kayé:ri

where?

ka?-ka?nú:we

where?

-ka?vyu

to look a t i t c l o s e l y

kka?v:yu (-?, -)

I look at i t c l o s e l y

with d i s t r i b u t i v e : kka?vyú:nyus

I look a t i t c l o s e l y

with noun root /rahkw/ and instrumental: karahkwaka?yú:tha

clock

("v" i s usually omitted) haka?v:yu

name of Cayuga t i t l e holder

-ke

pluraliser

with d u a l i c : tekanúnsake

two houses

-keha

the way of ...

with noun root /nyv/: kanyvkéha

the Mohawk language

68.

-kehr-

to be here and there on the ground

kakè:ru

i t i s here and there

with noun root /neraht/: kanerahtaké:ru

here and there i s a l e a f on the ground

-kehtat-

to put a load on somebody

kkéhtats (-e?, -u)

I put a load on somebody

with r e f l e x i v e : katkéhtats

I

-kehte-

to carry an object of a material or abstract nature

wakkéhte

I

carry

vwakkéhte?

I

s h a l l carry

wakkéhtene?

I carried

carry an object on my

shoulders

with noun root /hsvn/: rohsvnakéhte

name-carrier, Calumet clan

he i s of the

with noun root /hskv?r/: rohskv?rakéhte

warrior, man

-ker-

bowl, plate

-kerhar-

to have r u f f l e d hair

aké:ra

with d u a l i c : tekkérhare

my hair i s r u f f l e d

tehakérhare (-ane?, -v)

his hair i s r u f f l e d

-ket-

to scratch

69.

with r e f l e x i v e : katké:tas

I scratch something

vkátkete?

I s h a l l scratch something

wakatké:tu

I have scratched something

-ketskw-

to raise from a horizontal to a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n

kkétskwas

I raise i t

vkkétsko?

I shall raise i t

wakkétskwv

I have raised i t

khekétskwas

I make people get up

kerutakétskwas

I r a i s e a tree (of peace)

ka?nikuhrakétskwv

condolence

-ke?tot-

to emerge, appear, protrude

wakke?tótha (-e?, -u)

I emerge

with subjective

unintentionally

p r e f i x and r e f l e x i v e :

katke?tótha

I emerge i n t e n t i o n a l l y

yokè:tote

i t i s protruding

-kv-

to see

ikkvs (-?, -)

I see i t

with dualic and r e c i p r o c a l : tetyatátkvs

we meet

with r e f l e x i v e and dative: katkv:se

I taste

vkátkv?se?

I s h a l l taste

wakatkv:se

I have tasted

with r e c i p r o c a l :

70.

atátkv

mirror

with noun root /ya?t/: royà:takv

he i s a conspicuous person

-kvh-

f e l t (material)

-kvnor-

to

rain

yokvnó:res (-e?, -u)

it

(always) rains

yokvnó:ru

i t i s raining now

-kvra

white

okvha

with noun root / r i s t / : karistakv:ra

tin

with noun root /skvhr/ and verb root / t / : roskvhrakv:rate

he i s blond

with noun root /?nas/: o?nashakv:ra

swan

kvtho

here

kv?-

only, a l i t t l e , a c e r t a i n , some, so, thus

kv:tho

with p a r t i t i v e , pronoun and verb roots /a/ and /?a/: kv?niwá:?a

i t i s (only) small

with noun root /rihw/ and verb root /es/: kv?nikari:wes

sometime l a t e r

with p a r t i c l e /nahe/: kv?náhe

sometime a f t e r or ago

-kv?kwar-

forehead

okv:kwara

71.

-kv s t a r -

bald forehead

-khw-

food

with r e f l e x i v e and verb root

kákhwa

/hra/: table

atekhwà:ra

okv:stara

(atekhwarahtshera)

with verb root /kw/: I take a b i t e

katekhwákwas with verb root /uni/ kekhú:nis

: I prepare a meal

with r e f l e x i v e : katekhú:nis

I

-khw-/-hkw-

to

l i f t , to r a i s e

tekékhwa

I

lift

tv:kehkwe?

I shall l i f t

tewakéhkwv

I have l i f t e d

ki-

probably, however, also

kiná:?a

probably

kinv?nè:?e

however

kini?ni:?i

also I

-ki

but, and, so, then

nékki

but

yáhki

but not

e?thó:neki

but then

e?thó:ki

and there

shé:kuki

and again

relish

with d u a l i c :

72.

sókki

so then

ó:nvki

now then

kikv

this

ki:kv

kok

only

kók

wisk kok yawv:re

only f i f t e e n

kowa

great, grand, supreme, the large (see a l s o : -kowanv) kind

kanuhsa?kó:wa

Parliament

-kowanv/-owanv/-owane

large, b i g , great

kkowá:nv

I am b i g

with noun root /nuhs/: kanuhsowá:nv

large house

with i t e r a t i v e and noun root / a h i / : sewahyó:wane

apple

(see also:-kowa)

-ksa-

to be a c h i l d

raksá:?a

boy (he i s a c h i l d )

eksá:?a

g i r l (she i s a c h i l d )

with p l u r a l i s e r /?oku?a/: ratiksa?okú:?a

children ( s p e c i f i c )

eksa?okú:?a

children ( i n general)

-kst-

to be heavy

yókste

i t i s heavy

with negation: yahteyókste

i t i s light

73.

-kstvha

to be o l d , aged

rokstvha

he i s an old man

akokstvha

she i s an old woman

-ku(t)-

always, forever, again and again

with d u a l i c : tyó:kute

forever

tyótku

always

tyateká:kute

again and again

-kuhre-

to beat, to h i t

kkú:reks (-ke?, -)

I beat, h i t

-kuhs-

face

okúhsa

with verb root /es/: tsikúhses

pike

also: okuhstúrha

beard, whiskers

tehokuhstúrhute

he has a beard

-kuhwar-

d e r i s i v e expression f o r "face"

kakù:wara -kw-

to pick, pluck, take, harvest

ikkwas (-o?, -v)

I pick, etc.

-kwaho

wolf

rokwáho

he i s of the wolf clan

(Oneida : tayú:ni)

okwáho

74.

-kwarut-

to have a bulge i n i t

yokwá:rute

i t has a bulge

wa?okwarú:ta?ne?

i t had a bulge

yokwarú:tu

i t has bulges i n i t

-kwath-

to come or go

kkwáthos (-o?, -u)

I come or go

with i t e r a t i v e and purposive: sekkwathóhsere

I come back with the purpose of going again

kwe

helloh, h i

-kwek-

to shut i t o f f , close i t i n

ikkweks (-e?, -u)

I shut i t o f f

-kweny-

to be able to do

kkwényes

I am able to do

vkkweni?

I s h a l l be able

wakkwényu

I have been able

kweskwes

pig

-kwvnyvs

to be very clean

rokwvnyvs

he i s very clean

with

kwé

kwéskwes

reflexive:

rotkwvnyvs

he has high standards

-kwir-

sapling, branch, rod

-kwit-

to move something

kkwitha (-e?, -u)

I move something

ó:kwire

75.

with d u a l i c : tekakwitha

" l i l y of the Mohawks"

-kwitsh-

knee

okwitsha

76.

-nahe

since, a f t e r

tonáhe

since when?

tsináhe

since then

kv?náhe

sometime a f t e r

-nahkw-

marriage, spouse

kanáhkwa

marriage

with verb root / i y o / and d u a l i c : teyakeninahkwi:yo

she and I have a good marriage

ronáhkwa

h i s wife

yonáhkwa

her husband

-nahst-

frame, r a f t e r s

onahstúhkwa

window

-nak-

birchbark, birchbark canoe, birchbark container oná:ke

onáhsta

with r e f l e x i v e and verb root /etar/: watenaké:tarus

white birch

-nakar-

a stick

-nakere-

to reside, dwell

kenákere (-ke?, -kwe?)

I reside

-nakt-

bed, camp

-naskw-

burden animal, captive, slave employee kanaskwa

-nat-

village

-natahr-

to

kenatá:res (-a?, -u)

I

visit visit

kaná:kare

kanákta

kaná:ta

77.

-natar-

bread

-nato

a black snake

-natsot-

sled

-natu-

to c a l l , name, point out

khená:tus (-?, -)

I c a l l one's name

kaná:taro

oná:to

kanatsó:tu

with instrumental: khenatúkhwa (-hkwe?, -hkwv)

I give someone the name o f . . .

with dative: khenatú:ni (-hse?, - n i )

I show something to someone

-naw-

swamp

kaná:waku

i n the swamp

-nawv

mild, warm

with noun root / v t a / : yawvtaná:wv

i t i s a mild day

with noun root /a?nya/: a?nyá:nawv

gloves

-nawir-

tooth

-naye-

to be conceited

kená:ye

I am conceited

vkenayéhake?

I s h a l l be conceited

wakatenayésthu

I am p r a i s i n g myself

s

with i t e r a t i v e : skanaye?kó:wa

peacock

onawi:ra

78.

-na?aht-

rib

-na?kar-

horn, a n t l e r

tehana?kari:ne

"He i s leading i t by the horns" (Mohawk t i t l e 7)

-na?ku

down, east

nà:ku nakwá:ti

east (side), down towards the sea

-na?tsy-

ona?ahta

onà:kara

nà:ku

k e t t l e , pot, p a i l

kanà:tsyu

ne

the, that, who

ne

the

nè:ne

that

ne:?e

that i s

-neh-

skin of an animal, hide

kanéhu

with verb root /or/: kaneho:ru

Skin Dance, water drum

-neha

the way of ...

ukwehuwenéha

the way of the Indian

-nehs-

sand

onehsarúkwa

with verb root / i y o / : ronehsi:yo

he i s of the snipe clan

kanehsanta:ke

Oka Reserve (there i s plenty of sand)

-nekv

side by side

with dualic and noun r o o t / t s i ? t s y / : t e k a t s i ? t syané:kv with noun root /ahuht/:

two flowers side by side

79.

tahuhtané:kv

rabbit

-nekw-

pea, p i l l

onékwa

w i t h verb root /owih/: tekanekowihv

s p l i t pea

-nekwvh-

blood, red

onekwvhsa

blood

onekwvhtara

red

-nekwv?t-

belly

onekwvtta

skanekwv?tará:nu

raspberry

-ner-

t o make p r e g n a n t

khenérha (-u?, -u)

I make h e r p r e g n a n t

yené:ru

she i s pregnant

kané:ru

i t i s pregnant

-neraht-

leaf

onerahtú:ta

p o p l a r (many l e a v e s )

yoneráhtute

t h e r e a r e some l e a v e s

-neru

white ash

-nvh-

urine

-nvhs-

shoulder

-nvnawv

tobacco p i p e

onerahte

w i t h verb root /es/: kanvnawv:tes

long pipe

káneru

onvha

onvhsa

kanv:nawv

80.

with i t e r a t i v e and verb root /kowanv/: shotinvnawvtó:wane

Cayugas, as referred to i n Council

-nvna?ke-

autumn

kanvna?kè:ne

i n the autumn

-nvr-

community

-nvst-

corn

kanv:ra

ó:nvste

with verb root /o/: onvstho

corn soup

(-nvsthohkw-)

-nvtsh-

arm

onvtsha

with verb root /anha/: atenvtshánha

bracelet

with verb root / a t i r u t / : stick

kanvtshatirútha

notched

-nvy-

stone, boulder

onv:ya

with verb root / o t / : onv:yote

Oneida

with suffixes /o?ku/ and /ha/: onvyo?kúha

rock bass

with noun root /hronu/: ronvyethró:nu

he i s of the rock clan or deer clan

with verb root / r i / : kanvyarihtu

brick

81.

-nv?t-

evergreen, conifer

onv:ta

with verb root /k/: anv:taks

porcupine

with verb root /akwvhtv/: onv?takwvhtvhtshera

cedar

with verb root /uwe/: onv?ta?ú:we

hemlock

with verb root /v?/: kanv:tv?s

jack pine, Tamarack

-nhoh-

door

-nhr-

sickness, disease

-nhra?thv

to have grey hair

ronhrà:thv

he has grey hair

-nhuhs-

egg

-nhy-

flint

-no-

to have as stepchild

rakenó:?a

my stepfather (he has me as stepchild)

yukenó:?a

my stepmother

rinó:?a

my stepson (I have him as stepchild)

khenó:?a

my stepdaughter

-noha-

to be uncle

rakenohá:?a

he i s my uncle

-nohohs-

urine

kanhoha

kánhra

onhúhsa

kánhya

onohóhsa

82.

nok/ok

and, also

nók

-nokwitsher-

boiled and sweetened corn

-nor-

braided corn

tekanó:rake

two bunches of braided corn

kanorowá:nv

a large bunch of braided corn

onokwitshera

onó:ra

with l o c a t i v e : tkanó:ra

corn husk mattress

-noru-

dear,

kanó:ru

i t i s expensive

kunorúhkwa

I hold you dear, I love you

kanoruhkwáhtshera

love

-notay-

teeth, denture

-nuhkw-

medicine

expensive

onò:tsya

onúhkwa

with l o c a t i v e , crement and verb root /o/: tyonuhkwà:tsheros

pepper

-nuhkwv-

corn cob

tekanuhkwv:?ake

two corn cobs

onuhkwv?u

with verb root /anha/: tekanuhkwv?ánherv

corn cob

game

(2 cobs joined by a s t r i n g are hurled and caught with a bent s t i c k )

-nuhkwis

h a i r (on head)

onúhkwis

with crement and verb root / h u ? t s i / : ronuhkwisherahù:tsi

he has black hair

with verb root /es/: rotinuhkwisheres

the long-haired ones (conservative group i n Oka)

83.

-nuhn-/-nun

to guard, protect

i:kenuhne

I guard i t (neuter)

vkenù:na?

I s h a l l guard i t

ké:nuhne

I guard her (fem/zoic/)

kenúnha

I guard h e r / i t

-nuhs-

house

(fem/zoic/neuter)

kanúhsa

with verb root /es/: Longhouse

kanúhses with verb root /tokv/: onuhsatokvhti

church

with verb root /kowa/: Parliament

kanuhsa?kó:wa with verb root / u n i / : kenuhsú:ni

I build a house

rotinuhsú:ni

the Iroquois

-nuhwak-

to be sick

with dative: wakenuhwáktani (-tv?, -tani:?u) I am sick with noun root /hsa/: wakhsanù:waks (-e?, -u)

I have sores on the l i p

-nuhwar-/-anuhwar-

brain

onù:wara

with verb root /awvrye/ and d u a l i c : tekanuhwarawvrye

(-?, -)

I am crazy

with verb roots /o/ and / r i / : wakenuhwaró:ri

I am f o o l i s h

kanuhwaro:ri

midwinter

ceremony

84.

with verb root /or/: anù:warore

hat

-nuhweratu-

to greet, welcome, give thanks

with dualic and r e f l e x i v e : tekatenuhwerá:tus (-?, -)

I greet, etc.

atenuhweratúhtshera

welcome ceremony, thanksgiving, salutation

-nuhwe?-

to l i k e

kenù:we?s (-ne?, -u)

I like i t

-nuhyaniht-

to be fearsome, extreme

with dualic and r e f l e x i v e teyotenuhyanihtu

i t i s fearsome

-nuk-

weasel

-nuko-

sumac

-nukwe

kinsmanship

-nuno-

New York C i t y

-nuny-

dance, to dance

kanúnya

dance (noun)

with dualic and verb root /khw -

onú:kote

kanuko?ohárha

ká:nukwe

kanú:no

hkw/:

tekenunyákhwa

I dance

-nuskwarh-

hip

-nut-

h i l l , mountain

onuskwárha

onú:ta

85.

with s u f f i x /?ke/: onutà:ke

on the h i l l , Onondaga

with verb root / i y o / : onuti:yo

name of any governor of New France

with verb root /ahra?/: kenutà: ra ?s

I go u p h i l l , upstream

with i t e r a t i v e verb root /kowanv/ and s u f f i x /haka/: shotinutowane?á:ka

Senecas

-nutar-

soup

onú:tara

-nutsi

head

onú:tsi

(-nutsist-)

-nuwa

bottom of water, muddy water

onurwa

with r e f l e x i v e and verb root /yv/: katenú:wayvs

I dive, sink

-nuwa

pattern, mode

-nuwe

object f o r witchcraft

yonuwéhtayv

she has an object f o r witchcraft

-nuwerh-

(body) hair (human or animal)

onuwérhu

hair, a hair

tekanuwérhake

two hairs

-nuwvtu

ever

with negation /yah/: yahnuwv:tu

never

with s u f f i x /?kv/: nuwv:tu?kv

i s there ever?

onú:wa

onú:we

86.

-nuwire-

to disappear, get out of sight

with translocative and causative: yewakenuwirétha

I disappear

yvwakenuwi:rehte?

I s h a l l disappear

yewakenuwiréhtu

I have disappeared

honuwiréhtu

Onondaga T i t l e name

-nu?t-

milk

-nu?user-

squash

onù: ta

onu?úsera

with verb root /kowa/: onu?usera?kó:wa

pumpkin

-nyahes-

to t r u s t , go f o r help

kunyahéshas

I trust you

vkunyáhese?

I s h a l l trust you

kunyahé:sv

I am t r u s t i n g you

vkunyahesvhake?

I s h a l l always t r u s t you

-nyak-

to get married

wakényaks (-e?, -u)

I get married

-nyakvht-

to save someone

khenyakvhtha (-e?, -e)

I am saving someone, I am helping someone to escape

-nyatar-

r i v e r , lake, body of water

with verb root /kowa/: kanyatara?kó:wa

ocean

with i t e r a t i v e and verb root / i y o / : skanyatari:yo

Handsome Lake

onyá:tara

S7.

with verb root /vs/: skanyá:tares

Skaneateles, N.Y. (Long Lake)

with verb root /v?tu/: tsyonyatarv:tu

loon

with verb root /?a/: onyatará:?a

flag, cloth

utari:yo

Ontario

(-utar-

Huron root f o r "lake")

-nyatstar-

ribbon f o r a braid

nyawv

thanks

yó:

you are welcome!

-nya?kw-

throat

-nya?r-

neck

onyatstara

nyá:wv

onyà:kwa

onyà:ra

with verb root /ahtu/: ranyáhtu

he i s of the t u r t l e clan

-nya?t-

throat, neck, pharynx

onyà:ta

with verb root /athv/: wakenya?táthvs

I have a dry throat, I am t h i r s t y

onya?tathvhsera

thirst

-nyeht-

snow

-nyv-

Mohawk

óonyehte

with s u f f i x /?ke/: kanyv:ke

any Mohawk Reserve; but e s p e c i a l l y Deseronto

88.

with noun root /haka/: kanyv?kehá:ka

Mohawks

with verb root /keha/: kanyvkéha

Mohawk Language

-nyv?t-

to come f o r a purpose

kenyv: te

I come ...

vkényv?te?

I

wakenyv: t u

I have come

s h a l l come

89.

-o-

to be i n water, put i n water

with t r a n s l o c a t i v e : yè:kos (-we?, -hu)

I put i t into the water

with translocative and r e f l e x i v e : yeká:tos

I get into water

ya ?ká:towe ?

I went into water

yewakatóhu

I have gone into water

oh-

what?

ohnahò:tv

what kind?

ohni:yot

what manner, how?

ohniyotyé:rv

what i s the matter, why?

-ohar-

to attach at the end

kohárha (-v?, -e)

I attach

-ohare-

to wash something

kenóhares (-?, -)

I wash something

("n" f i l l s the noun position) with instrumental: onoharè?tha

soap

-ohetst-

to outdo, to pass

kohétstha (-e?, -u)

I outdo

with r e f l e x i v e : katohétstha

I pass

with d u a l i c : tekatohétstha

I pass through

90.

-ohkvfat-

to d i g

kóhkwats

I dig

vkohkwate?

I shall dig

wakohkwá: tu

I have dug

ohnakv

l a t e r , l a s t , behind

with p a r t i c l e s /kv?/ and /nahe/: kv?náhe ohná:kv

sometime l a t e r

-ohr-

to i n s e r t

kò:roks (-oke?, -u)

I insert

-ohser-

year, winter

akohserà:ke

i n the winter

-ok-

to leak

yó:kas

i t leaks

vyókha?

i t w i l l leak

yokà:u

i t has leaked

óhsera

with noun root /neraht/ and verb root /?a/: onerahtókha

A p r i l (leaves are leaking a l i t t l e )

with verb root /kowa/: onerahtokkó:wa

May

okarist

Eucharist

okaristiyáhne

Thursday

-okv

to be merging or forking

i t requires dualic. with noun root /nyatar/:

(leaves are leaking very much)

91.

tekanyataró:kv

two waterways merging or forking, between two waterways

with noun root /rihw/: tekarihó:kv

"Between two issues" (Mohawk T i t l e )

okni

also

oksa

hurry!

oksa?ók

immediately

-okwa-

to scatter something

ókni

óksa

with d u a l i c , r e f l e x i v e and causative: tekatokwátha (-te?, -tu)

I scatter something

with noun root / t s i r / : tekatsirókwas

" I t scatters the embers" (personal name)

onv

now, at the time

ó:nv

now

with d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e /n/: nó:nv

the time when

ó:nv

good-bye !

onvkiwáhi

good-bye indeed!

ó:nvk

immediately

kare?ó:nv

finally

-or-

to cover something

kerhó:roks (-oke?, -u)

I cover

("rh" f i l l s the noun position)

-orarak-

to press

92.

któ:raraks

I press

vktó:rarake?

I s h a l l press

waktorará:ku

I have pressed

("t" f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n ) ; with dualic and noun root / r i s t / : tewakeristorará:ku

I have printed, typed

tekaristó:raraks

p r i n t i n g machine

with instrumental: tyeristoraráktha

typewriter

-orv-

to s p l i t open

with d u a l i c : tekó:rvs

I split

tvkó:rv?

I shall split

tewakó:rv

I have s p l i t

with noun root /hneht/: tehahnehtó:rvs

Pine S p l i t t e r (personal name)

orye

term used instead of the name when greeting a male person

shé:ku órye

helloh

-otarh-

to drape, to hook

kotárhos (-o?, -u)

I drape

there!

(see Colden 64)

with r e f l e x i v e : atotárho

He got entangled (Onondaga T i t l e name)

with reversive: kotarihsyus

I undrape

93.

with r e f l e x i v e , reversive and dative: wakatotarihsyv:ni

I lose my grip

-ota?se

to receive

wakotà:se (-?, -)

I receive

ukó:ta?se?

I received

othenu

something

with

othé:nu

negation:

yahothé:nu

nothing

-otuni

paternal family, Godfather

akotú:ni

my Godfather, my paternal family

-owane/-owanv

see:

-owih-

to s p l i t i n two

-kowanv

with d u a l i c : tekowihas (-a?, -v)

I split

oya?-

another

oya?yvtsórhv?ne?

the day a f t e r tomorrow

-oya?k-

to throw

kóya?ks

I throw

vkóya?ke?

I s h a l l throw

wakóyv ( i r r e g . )

I have thrown

with noun root /nvy/: shakotinvyóya?ks

L i t t l e People

oyeri

ten

oyé:ri

94.

oyerihatu

tenth

oyerinyaká:yvhte

ten times

oyeritewv?nyáwe

thousand

-o?kt-

to f i n i s h i t , come to the end of i t

kò:ktha

I finish i t

wa?kò:ktv?

I finished i t

wá:ko?kte

I have finished i t

with r e f l e x i v e : yó:to?kte

i n the end

with l o c a t i v e : tyó:to?kte

less than

-o?ku

under, beneath

kanaktò:ku

under the bed

-o?tv

kind, condition

with p r e f i x /oh/ and p a r t i t i v e : ohnahò:tv

what?

with noun root / i ? t a r / : ohnesv?tarò:tv

what clan are you?

onekwvhtara niwahsirò:tv

a red (kind o f ) blanket

95.

-r-

t o f i l l o r put

in

kérha

I fill

rárha

he f i l l s

vkerv?

I shall f i l l

wákere

I have f i l l e d

katatérhas

I s e r v e m y s e l f a t a meal

-rahki

s t o c k i n g , sock

in in in in

with reflexive: ateráhki

s t o c k i n g , sock

tekarahkihtsherá:ke

a p a i r of socks

-rahkw-

sun

w i t h verb root

karáhkwa

/t/:

yoráhkote

t h e sun s h i n e s

-rakahre

t o be n o i s y

yorá:kahre

it

i s noisy

w i t h r e f l e x i v e , c a u s a t i v e and i n s t r u m e n t a l : yuterakahrerasthákhwa

rattle

-rakv

t o be w h i t e

kará:kv

it

-rat-

h e e l o f a shoe

k e r s á : t a ? s (-a?ne?, -au)

I s t e p on something

raurau

humming b i r d

-ra?-

to

is

white

enter

orá:ta

rauráu

96.

with noun root /nat/: aná: tara?s

He enters the v i l l a g e (name)

-rvh-

tree

karvha

with verb root /o?kt/: arvhò:ktha

Going up the tree (name)

with i t e r a t i v e and verb root /kowanv/: sharvhó:wane

"Big Tree" (Mohawk T i t l e )

with verb roots / r e / and /kowa/: orvhre?kó:wa

"Great leaning Tree" (Mohawk T i t l e )

-rvhs-

bead, rosary

-rvn-

music

karvhsa

karv:na

with r e f l e x i v e and verb root /yv/: aterv:nayv

prayer

-rvt-

limbs, lower body

orv:ta

with dualic and verb root /okv/: tekarvtó:kv

Ginseng

-rh-

to coat something

kérhos

I coat

wa?kérho?

I coated

wakérhu

I have coated

with noun stem /nvy/: atenvyárhu

Stone coat, Stone giant

-rha

forest,

karhá:ku

i n the forest,

farm

kárha on the farm

97.

-rha?t-

hedge

karha?tákta

near the hedge

-rhenyohkw-

shrub

orhà:ta

with verb root / u t / : yorhenyóhkute

shrub

-rhv-/-rhu-

to become day

vyórhv?ne?

tomorrow

with p a r t i c l e /oya?/: oya?yvtsorhv?ne?

the day a f t e r tomorrow

with s u f f i x /hne/: orhukè:ne?

i n the morning

-rhokw-

tobacco pipe

-rhu

cradleboard

tekarhuhsherà:ke

two cradleboards

-rhye?n-

a bunch of lengthy objects

karhókwa

kárhu

orhyè:na

-ri-

to ripen

ká:ris

i t ripens

vká:ri?

i t w i l l ripen

yó:ri

i t i s r i p e , i t i s done

with causative: keritha (-hte?, -htu)

I cook

karihtu

i t i s cooked

with noun root / a h i / : yohyá:ri

the f r u i t i s r i p e

98.

with verb root /?a/: ohyariha

month of June ( f r u i t s ripen a l i t t l e )

with verb root /kowa/: ohyari?kó:wa

month of July ( f r u i t s ripen much)

-rihtu

black oak

-rihtu

police

karihtu

karihtu

with verb root /yv/: yukwarihtuhtsherá:yv

we have p o l i c e

-rihw-

matter, a f f a i r , thing

ori:wa

with verb root /ase/: ori:wase

news

with verb root / i y o / : karihwi:yo

Good message

plus causative: karihwiyóstu

Religion (Christian)

with verb roots /waku/ and /nena/: arihwawakunéha

purple

with dualic and verb root /khw/: tekerihwákhwa

I sing

with verb root /ut/ and reversive: kerihutákwas

I accomplish something

with contrastive and s u f f i x /aku/: okthiyori:waku

i t i s of no use

ori:ma

St. Regis term f o r vagina

karihmà:ke

on her vagina

(the

replacement of "w" by "m" [Wyandot?] perhaps points to a tabu word?)

99.

-rik-

to put together, j o i n together

with d u a l i c : tékeriks (-e?, -u)

I j o i n together

-ris

stocking (slang)

karisé

wool

-rist-

iron,

karistatsi

stove

ká:ris

steel

with verb root /kvra/: karistakv:ra

tin

yuteristayvtáhkwa

trap

-riyo-

to k i l l , to f i g h t

keri:yos (-?, -)

I kill

with r e f l e x i v e : kateri:yos

I fight

wateri:yo

war

-ri?t-

pidgeon

-ro-

to chop with an axe

kéroks (-ke?, -)

I chop

-ror-

to c o l l e c t something

keró:roks (-oke?, -u)

I collect

with

ori:te

reflexive:

katerd:roks

I gather, I watch something going on

-ruhkwe?n-

spine, back, roof

oruhkwè:na

100.

-ruhy-

sky, heaven

orù:ya

blue

karù:ya

with dualic and verb root /waku/: tharuhyawá:ku

Holder of the Heaven

with s u f f i x /?ke/ and noun root /hronu/: eruhya?kehró:nu

angels

ratiruhya ?kehronù:ke

Tuesday

with verb root /kv/: keruhyá:kvs

I suffer (constantly)

vkeruhyá:kv?

I s h a l l suffer

wakeruhyá:kv

I am s u f f e r i n g

-rukwahs-

chain

tekarukwáhsake

two chains

-rut-

tree, tree trunk, l o g

karú:to

wooden cabinet

karú:to

a tree i n the water

orukwáhsa

karú:ta

with r e f l e x i v e : aterú:to

Toronto

with verb root /k/: atirú:taks

Algonquins

with s u f f i x /kowa/: ratiruta?kó:wa

Oneidas, as referred to i n Council.

-ryo

wild animal

kutiryo

animals

-ryoht-

to d i e from

wakeryóhtha (-e?, -v)

I d i e from

yakoryóhtha

poison

káryo

101.

-sahe?t-

bean

sawiskera

e v i l s p i r i t , twin brother of Tharoniawakon

-se

willow

tekasehtsherà:ke

two willows

-senun-

c a l f , lower l e g

svha

more

svha kowá:nv

bigger

-sharakw-

upper part of a boot

-sharh-

b u l l rush

tekashárhake

two b u l l rushes

osharhè:?u

Chateauguay, P.Q. ( t h i c k l y covered with b u l l rushes)

sha?-

same, equal

osahè:ta

o : se

osenú:na

osharákwa

oshárha

always followed by d u a l i c . with verb root / a / : sha?té:wa

i t i s of the same size

with verb root /ashvnv/: sha?tewashv:nv

h a l f past ...

with verb root /u/: sha?té:ku

eight

with noun root /nat/ and verb root / i h v / : sha?tekanati:hv

i n the middle of the v i l l a g e

with noun root /rihw/ and verb root / t / : sha?tekari:wate

The issues come to the same end (Mohawk T i t l e )

102.

sheku

again, helloh

shé:ku

shé:ku órye

helloh! (said to a man)

shé:ku iksha

helloh! (said to a woman)

-sherh-

dough

tekashérhake

two doughs

-shew-

bud

-shuw-

cave, cavity

yoshuyowá:nv

b i g cave

oshérha

oshé:wa

yoshu:we

-skenutu

deer

oskená:tu

-skvhr-

rust

oskv:ra

-skohar-

dead tree, dead wood, skeleton oskóhara

with i t e r a t i v e and verb root /kowanv/: shoskoharó:wane

Big Skeleton (Mohawk T i t l e )

-skutar-

f l a t piece of bark, sheet

-skwv?t-

lower l i p

kskwv?tà:ke

on my l i p

-snor-

to be fast

yosnó:re

i t i s fast

-snuhs-

finger, hand

sok

then

sókki

so then

sok

oskwv:ta

osnúhsa

oskú:tara

103.

sora

duck

sose

Joseph

só:ra

só:se

with s u f f i x /hne/: soséhne

Wednesday

-sot-

to be grandparent

raksótha

he i s my grandfather

aksótha

she i s my grandmother

-st-

to be useful, to be good a t , to serve

ikstha (-e?, -u)

I am good at ...

with

reflexive:

kátstha

I use

-star-

a drop, drip

with

ostá:ra.

reflexive:

katstárha (-v?, -v)

I cry, I weep

also: tsistá:rare

grasshopper

-stawv

a rattle

ostá:wv

with verb root / u t / : rastawvhserú:tha

He attaches r a t t l e s (Mohawk T i t l e )

-stho?ser-

small feather

-stowa

feather crown

osthò:seri

with verb root /kowa/: ostowa?kó:wa

Great Feather Dance

104.

-sto?kw-

beak

-stu-

a

little

ostúha

a

little

-styv

bone

ostò:kwa

with verb root /?a/:

óstyv

with crement and suffixes /aku/ and /ha/: ostyvtakúha

marrow

-su?a

diverse

with noun root /nuns/: kanuhsasú:?a

(diverse) houses

-sw-

to smell something

wakéswas

I smell something

vwakésho?

I s h a l l smell something

wakesóhu

I have smelled something

-swv-

to d i s l i k e , to hate

ikswvs (-?, -hu)

I dislike

with r e c i p r o c a l and crement: atatswvhsera

hatred

-swvhkar-

upper l i p

kswvhkarà:ke

on my l i p

-swv?kar-

board, plank

oswvhkara

oswv:kare

105.

-t-

to put i n

kétas (-a?, -v)

I put i n

with reversive: ktákwas (-ahko?, -akwv)

I take out

-t-/-ot-

to be standing, to be there

i:kete

I am standing

vktake?

I s h a l l be standing

khnyótha (-v?, -e)

I stand something up

("hny" f i l l s the noun p o s i t i o n ) ; with noun root /kwir/: yokwi:rote

a tree i s standing

yokwiró:tu

trees are standing

yò:nyote

i t i s standing, growing

kà:nyote

i t i s standing, stood up

-tahk-

to be moving

with noun root /ya?t/ and verb root / i / : kya?titáhkhe

I am i n a moving v e h i c l e

vkya?titáhkhehne?

I s h a l l be ...

tahnu

and, but

tako?s

cat

táhnu

takò:s

with verb root /kowa/: tako?skó:wa

wild cat, panther

-takwar-/-akwar-

with reversive: to straighten

ktakwarihsyus

I straighten i t

vktakwarihsi?

I s h a l l straighten i t

106.

waktakwarihsyu

I have straightened i t

stakwarihsi?

straighten i t !

with r e f l e x i v e : yottakwarihsyu

i t i s straight

with noun root /hah/ : yothahakwarihsyu

the road i s straight

with translocative: ya?sattakwarihsyat

go straight!

-tar-

brim of hat, eaves of a house

taraktarak

cricket

-tat-

to o f f e r , to present

iktats

I offer

wà:ktate?

I offered

waktá:tu

I have offered

taráktarak

with r e f l e x i v e : káttats

I get close

tawine

otter

tawi:ne

tawistawis

snipe

tawistawis

-ta?-

to get up on one's two feet, to stop doing something

with d u a l i c : tékta?s (-ne?, -u)

I stop doing something

-te-

two

with non-mase. pron., and verb root / i / :

otá:ra

107.

tékeni

two

tekeniyawv:re

twelve

tewahsvtékeni

twenty-two

tekenihatu

second

tekeniyatká:yvhte

twice

-teni-

to change something

with d u a l i c : tekté:nyes (-?, -u)

I change something

-thar-

to be speaking

wákthare

I am speaking

vwakthárake?

I s h a l l be speaking

thetvre

yesterday

oya?tsthetv:re

the day before yesterday

-thvth-

aunt (from French: tante)

akwathvrth

my aunt

thikv

that there

thikvha

less

thikvha kowá:nv

smaller, less b i g

-thor-

to be cold (weather)

yothó: re

i t i s cold

vyothó:reke?

i t w i l l be cold

uthoráthu

i t has been cold

othorè:ke

north

thetv:re

thi:kv

108.

-tih-

to be d i f f e r e n t

with dualic and r e f l e x i v e : naho:tv tekyattihv

what i s the difference?

teyakwattihv?ne ?

we used to be d i f f e r e n t

tvkattiha?

I s h a l l be d i f f e r e n t from others

-tihsu

husk face katihsu (loan word?)

to-

how much, how many?

toni:ku

how much?

toni:wa

how Large?

tonáhe

how long, since when?

tohka-

several

with p a r t i t i v e and noun root /nuhs/: tohkanikanúhsake

(several) houses

tohsa

do not, not to

tóhsa taketshá:ni?k

don't be a f r a i d

toka

I don't know

toka

perhaps

-tokv

to be s p e c i f i c

kató:kv

a s p e c i f i c thing

tóhsa of me

tó:ka

tóka

with noun root /hwa/ ( ? ) : khwató:kv

a s t a t i c thing

with noun root /rihw/: rorihwató:kv

he i s a r e l i a b l e person

109.

with dualic: tyorihwa tokvhtu

a parable

w i t h verb root /hyatu/: kahyatuhsheratokvhti

h o l y book, b i b l e

-tokvh-

w h i t e oak

tokvske

i t i s true, certainly

sometimes a b b r e v i a t e d t o :

-tsvh-

otokvha

tó:kvske

tó:ske

f i r e (man-made)

otsvha

w i t h verb r o o t /yv/: ratsvhayvs

he i s a c o u n c i l l o r

-tsv?t-

to cure, p r a c t i c e

with

medicine

reflexive:

katétsv?ts (-e?, -u)

I

ratétsv?ts

he i s a d o c t o r

-tshani-

to fear

ketshá:nis (-?ke?, -ku)

I am a f r a i d

-tshanih-

t o be e n e r g e t i c , brave

waketshá:nih

I am e n e r g e t i c

vwaketshanihta?ne?

I s h a l l become e n e r g e t i c

waketshanihtù:ne

I had been e n e r g e t i c

-tshe (-tsheht-)

bottle, j a r

cure

w i t h noun r o o t / a h i / : kátshe káhi

a pear

kátshe

110.

-tshvrl-

to f i n d

ketshvryes ( - ? , -u)

I

-tsi-

to be an older s i b l i n g

raktsi:?a

my o l d e r brother

aktsi:?a

my o l d e r s i s t e r

tsi-

that

tsini:wa

that l a r g e , the extent of thereabouts

tsini:ku

that much, quantity

tsinú:we

that p l a c e , that i s where

tsináhe

since that time, since then

tsini:yot

a s , l i k e , than

tsiniyó:re

during, while, after,

tsinikari:wes

as long as

tsi kanó:ru

i t i s so expensive

ákwa tsinihawv:na

w i t h a l l h i s voice

tsi

when, where

tsisahó:kv

when he saw him again

tsi?i:ne

where they go

wakatshvnutni t s i wa?kuyvtérhane?

I am glad (now t h a t ) I got to know you

-tsihlcw-

knot of a t r e e , warclub, button otsihkwa

find

(demonstrative)

(or: a t s i h k w á : ? e )

till

(relative)

w i t h d u a l i c and verb root / ? e / : teyutsihkwá:?eks

it,

Lacrosse game

111.

-tsihnekwar

yellow

tsikenvstokhwi

ant

-tsikhe?t-

sugar

otsi:nekwar

tsikenvstókhwi

otsikhè:ta

w i t h l o c a t i v e and v e r b r o o t / r h / : teyotsikhè:tarhe

i t i s sweet

-tsinakw-

nest

otsinákwa

-tsina?kw-

lung

otsinà:kwa

-tsinowv

mouse

otsinó:wv

w i t h v e r b r o o t /kowa/: otsinowv?kó:wa

rat

-tsir-

f i r e , embers

-tsisher-

glass, lens

tekatsisherà:ke

two

tsiskekek

p r a y i n g mentis, grasshopper

tsiskoko

robin

tsistekeri

owl

-tsisto-

star

tekatsistóhkwake

two

tsitekeriya?ku

buffalo

-tsith-

bird

ó:tsire

otsishera

lenses

tsiskd:ko

tsistékeri

otsisto stars

tsitekeriyà:ku

tsitha

tsiské:kek

112.

tsitsho

tsitsho

fox

-tsi?er-

f i n g e r n a i l , claw, new moon

-tsi?nu-

bug,

-tsi?tsy-

flower

insect

otsi?nú:wa

otsi:tsya

w i t h verb root / e s / : katsi:tsyes

long-drawer mouth

-tsi?yo

to be weak, feeble

waktsi?yó:ha

I am weak

vwaktsityoske?

I s h a l l be weak

-tskwahr-

frog

-tsohkotu

balsam f i r

-tsyanitu

beaver

tsyata

seven

tsyatayawv:re

seventeen

tsyataniwahsvtsá:a

seventy-seven

tsyatáhatu

seventh

tsyatanyaká:yvhte

seven times

-tsyoka?we

crow

tsyotsyoru

Yellow b i r c h

tyaweruko

eel

otskwà:re otsohkó:tu tsyani:tu tsyá:ta

tsyó:ka?we tsyotsyó:ru

tyawerú:ko

otsi?é:ra

113.

-tye-/-itye-/-utye-

t o f l y b y , f l o a t by

kitye?s

I f l y around

tsitye?s

you f l y around

rátye?s

he f l i e s around

kátye?s

i t f l i e s around

kátye

i t i s flying

vkitye?

I shall f l y

w i t h noun r o o t /rahkw/: karahkútye

F l o a t i n g Sun ( P e r s o n a l name)

tyohtu

nine

tyohtuyawv:re

nineteen

tyohtuniwahsvtyóhtu

ninety-nine

tyohtúhatu

ninth

tyohtunyaká:yvhte

nine times

tyóhtu

114.

-u

to give away

kú:yu (-?, -)

I give you

-u

to be of a c e r t a i n amount

with p r e f i x / t o / , p a r t i t i v e and exceptional form of neuter pronoun /k/: toni:ku

how much?

tsini:ku

that much

sha?té:ku

eight

-uhaw-

to be brother-in-law or sister-in-law of the opposite sex

rakuháfa

my brother-in-law (said by a female)

akuháfa

my sister-in-law

uhka

who?

úhkak

(said by a male)

úhka

anyone

uhwa

now

uhwa?nù:wa

now i s the time

uhwvtsy-

earth, world, country

-ukoht-

to penetrate

ù:wa

with dualic and r e f l e x i v e : tekatukóhtha

I penetrate

tvkatú:ko?te?

I s h a l l penetrate

tewakatukóhtu

I have penetrated

ukweh

human being

rú:kweh

a male

yú:kweh

a female

uhwvtsya

115.

with verb root / i y o / : rukwehti:yo

he i s a good man

yukwehti:yo

he or she i s a good person

with verb root /uwe/: ukwehú:we

an Indian

with verb root /neha/: ukwehuwenéha

the Indian way

also: aukwehtá:ku

grey s q u i r r e l

-unhe-/-unh-

to be a l i v e

kunhe (-ke?, -kwe?)

I am a l i v e

atúnhets

l i f e , soul

with dualic and verb root /khw/hkw/: teyunhéhkwv

Two l i f e sources (Mohawk T i t l e )

with verb root /áksv/: kunháksv

I f e e l sick

-unhoskw-

lower h a l f of the face, jowls, a mouthful (also: upper part of buttocks)

teyunhóskwaru

cow

unhya

point of land, cape

with r e f l e x i v e and verb root / t / : yotú:nhyate

peninsula

-uni-/-unya ?-

to make

kú:ni (-?, -)

I make

with r e f l e x i v e :

unhóskwa

ú:nhya

116.

katú:ni

I am born

with instrumental: kunyà:tha (-te?, -tu)

I make i t with something

yunyà: tu

i t i s made of, with ...

-ut-

to attach something

kutha

I attach

vkú:tv?

I s h a l l attach

wá:kute

I have attached

with noun root / n u t s i / : kenutsistute

I have a head

with reversive: kutákwas (-ahko?, -akwv)

I detach, remove from the f i r e

with noun root /rihw/: rarihute

he has been appointed

uta

p a i l , k e t t l e , pot

utahkó:wa

cauldron

utahtsheró:ku

under the p a i l

-utskwe?n-

chest

autskwè:na

i t s chest

-uwatv-

to have as nephew or niece

ryuwatv: ?a

my nephew

kheyuwatv:?a

my niece

ú:ta

with r e c i p r o c a l : hyatatuwatv:a

(they have each other as) uncle and nephew, uncle and niece, aunt and nephew, aunt and niece.

117.

-uwe

to be native, o r i g i n a l , genuine

with noun root /ukweh/: ukwehú:we

native people, Indians

with noun root /yv?kw/: oyv?kwa?ú:we

native tobacco

-uweskw-

to enjoy

wakuwéskwani

I enjoy

vwakuwéskwv?

I s h a l l enjoy

118.

-w-

to a r r i v e

with locative: tá:hawe ?

he arrived

vthawe?

he w i l l a r r i v e

wahi

indeed, r e a l l y

-wahsv

'ty

tewáhsv

twenty

wiskniwáhsv

fifty

-waku

to hold, support

wáhi

with dualic and noun root /ruhy/: tharuhyawá:ku

Holder of the sky, the Creator

-wehno-

island

with verb root / t / : kawè:note

island

with s u f f i x /?ke/: kawehnò:ke

on the island

-wer-

wind, thunder, a i r

yowé:re

it

rawé:ras

Thunderer

ówera

thunders

with i t e r a t i v e and verb root /kowanv/: skaweró:wane

turkey (?)

-wey-

wing

tekaweyá:ke

two wings

óweya

with verb root /yv/: tekaweyá:yv

Resting Wings (Personal name)

119.

-weyv-

to know how

keweyv:te (-?, -)

I know how

with noun root /khw/: kekhwaweyvhv

I know how to cook

with r e f l e x i v e and causative: kateweyvstha

I learn

also: tsikaweyvtetáhkwv

r i g h t side, r i g h t d i r e c t i o n

-weyvn-

manner, mode of action

akeweyv:na

my ideas

-wvn-

voice, word

owv:na

voice

kawv:na

word

with verb root / i y o / : rawvni:yo

God

with verb root /anot/: kewvnanótha

I read

-wir-

a young being

owi:ra

young animal

with verb root /?a/: owirá:?a

baby

-wis-

i c e , glass

kawi:saku

i n the glass

wisk

five

wiskyawv:re

fifteen

wisk

ó:wise

oweyv:na

120.

wiskniwahsvwisk

fifty-five

wiskhatu

fifth

wisknyaká:yvhte

f i v e times

-wisto-

to be cold

yowisto

i t i s cold

owistóhsera

butter

-wiyuhkar-

thumb

(material)

owiyúhkara

121.

ya/yante/yahtv

no, not

yáhtv

no, not

yáhki

but not

yáhse

because not, i t i s not so

-yahe?t-

perch

-yahya?k-

to cross over

oyahè:ta

with d u a l i c : tekyà:ya?ks (-e?, -u)

I cross over

yà:ya?k

six (when counting, one crosses over from one hand to the other)

ahyà:kshera

week (six working days)

-yakv-

to go out

kyá:kvs (-we?, -hu)

I go out

with objective p r e f i x and purposive: wakyakv: sere

I go out f o r something

-yakwir-

toe

-yaner-

to be good, noble

yoyánere

i t i s good

royá:ner

he i s confederate chief

kayanervhsera

law

kayanerv?kó:wa

The Great Law of Dekanawidah

yánere

good!

-yaneru-

to f e e l spooky

with r e f l e x i v e :

oyakwi:ra

allright!

122.

wakatyánerus (-hne?, -hu)

I f e e l spooky

with causative: yakotiysnerúhstha

ghost, phantom, the unexpected

-yar-

an object one i s deeply attached t o , a small container f o r valuables, amulet

-yat-

to c a l l by the name

yúkyats (-e?, -u)

my name i s ...

-ya?k-

to cut down

ikya?ks (-, -u)

I cut down

oyá:ru

with d u a l i c : tékya?ks

I break i t

-ya?kar-

upper part of the body, blouse, s h i r t

tekaya?kará:ke

two s h i r t s

-ya?ser-

to stack, put one thing over the other

with d u a l i c : tekya?sérha

I stack

tehya?sérha

he stacks

tvkyà:serv?

I s h a l l stack

tewakyà:sere

I have stacked

-ya?t-

body, person

with verb root /akera/: kaya?tákeras

goat

with dualic and instrumental: tyakoya?tákhwa

hawk

oyà: ta

oyà:kara

123.

with verb root /hs/: shukwaya ?tihsu

The Creator

with p a r t i c l e / t s i / : tsiyeyà:ta

grave

with verb root / u n i / : kaya?tú:ni

d o l l , statue

with verb root /kv/: royú:takv

he i s a conspicuous

-yehwat-

to be awake, to r i s e early

kyè:wate (-u?, -u)

I am awake

with r e f l e x i v e : wakatyehwá:tu

I keep myself awake

-yena-

to grab, hold

kyé:nas (-?, -)

I grab

wakyé:nas

I am an e p i l e p t i c

with verb root /waku/: wakyenawá:ku

I grab and hold

-yer-

to do

t s i n i kyérha (-e?, -v)

as I do

with r e f l e x i v e : t s i n i katyérha

as I am doing

yotyé:rv

it

ohniyotyé:rv

what i s the matter?

-yervhtu

first

matters

with locative and r e f l e x i v e : tyotyervhtu

first

person

124.

-yeri-

to complete, execute, achieve, to be proper, r i g h t , enough

kyé:rits (-te?, -tu)

I complete

with noun root /rihw/: kerihwayé:rits

I do things r i g h t

with translocative, dualic and dative : ya ?tewakyerihse

I have or get enough

with l o c a t i v e : tkayé:ri

i t i s proper, r i g h t

with negative: yahtetkayé:ri

i t i s wrong

-yeru?t-

body (physical structure)

-yeshu

to laugh, smile

wakyéshu (-?, -hakwe)

I laugh, smile

-yest-

to mix something

oyerù:ta

with d u a l i c : tekyéstha (-e?, -u)

I mix something

-yewa-/-yoha-

to look f o r i n vain

wakyé:was

I can't f i n d i t

vwakyóha ?

I s h a l l not f i n d i t

wakyohà:u

I have not found i t

with causative: shakoyewátha

Red Jacket (he makes them look for i t i n vain) [ ? ]

-yv-

to put, to have

125.

ikyvs

I put

vkyv?

I s h a l l put

wá:kyv

I have put, I have, I possess

with locative or p a r t i t i v e respectively: tká:yv

there i s ( i n a d e f i n i t e place)

niká:yv

there i s ( i n an i n d e f i n i t e place)

with d i s t r i b u t i v e : kayv: tu

i t i s available a t d i f f e r e n t places

vkayv:take?

i t w i l l be present

with r e f l e x i v e : kátyvs

I s i t down

-yv-

to have as a c h i l d

r i y v : ?a

my son (I have him as a c h i l d )

kheyv:?a

my daughter

kheyv?okú:?a

my children

(I have her as c h i l d )

with p r e f i x /kv?/, p a r t i t i v e , locative and pronoun: kv?nityoyv:?a

young (woman or animal)

kv?nithoyv:?a

young (man)

-yvkwir-

arrow

-yvt-

wood (fuel)

also: teyotyv:taru

sturgeon

-yvta-

Bowl game

with verb root /kowa/: kayvta?kó:wa

Bowl game

kayv:kwire

ó:yvte

126.

-yvta?-

to acquire

wakyv:ta?s (-ne?, -u)

I acquire

-yvter-

to recognize, know

khyv:tere?s (-ene?, -ehu)

I recognize (items)

kuyvté:ri (-i?, - i )

I know you

kuyvtérha (-hane?, -hau)

I make your aquaintance

-yvth-

to plant

kyvthos (-o?, -u)

I plant

-yv?kw-

tobacco

oyv:kwa

with verb root /uwe/: oyv?kwa?ú:we

Indian tobacco

-yv?kwar-

smoke (noun)

yo

exclamation of affirmation

-yoht-

to work

wakyóhte (-v?, -vhv)

I work

kayohtvhshera

work

-yore

distance i n time or space

tsiniyó:re

during, while, a f t e r , a l l the way, up to

-yuhwa-

wampum

oyv:kwara

yô:

found i n : ayuhwátha

He makes Wampum (Mohawk t i t l e )

also, with verb root / u n i / : kayù:ni

Wampum belt

(kayuhwuni)

127.

-yukwe-

Cayuga

with noun s u f f i x /haka/: kayukwehá:ka

Cayuga

128.

-?a/-ha

to be small

with p r e f i x /kv?/, p a r t i t i v e , pronoun, and verb root /-a/: kv?niwá:?a

i t i s small

-?e-

to s t r i k e , h i t

(-?eks, -?eke?, -?e) with noun root /tsihkw/: teyutsihkwá:?eks

Lacrosse game

with noun root /hwist/: tonitsohwistá:?e

what time i s i t ?

-?fahs-

skirt

teka?fáhsake

two s k i r t s

-?kar-

p l i a b l e bark, inner bark

o?fáhsa

ò:kare

also: a?ká:ratsi

American elm

-?ke

on, a t , i n

onutà:ke

on the mountain, Onondaga

-?kv-

to have as younger s i b l i n g

ri?kv:?a

my younger brother (I have him as

khe?kv:?a

my younger s i s t e r (I have her as ...)

with r e c i p r o c a l : rutate?kv:?a

they are brothers

tewatatè:kv

brothers!

-?kv

question marker

sayóhte?kv

do you work?

brethren!

...)

129. -?khar-

skirt

kà:khare

teka?khá:rake

two s k i r t s

-?nas

plume, feather, q u i l l

ò:nas

with verb root /kvra/: o?nashakv:ra

swan

with verb root /atek/: o?nashaté:kv

Burnt feather (Personal name)

-?nahkw-

b a r r e l , drum

with verb root /kuhrek/ and instrumental: ye?nahkwakuhrékstha

drum s t i c k

-?neko

nakedness

akèrneko

I am naked

sà:neko

you are naked

raò:neko

he i s naked

-?nekorh-

Wampum (string)

o?nekórha -?nvhr-

twig

o?nv:ra

also: o?nvhare

grape vine

skanvhara

a single grape

-?nhetska

to be soft

yo?nhétska

i t i s soft

vyo?nhétska?ne?

i t w i l l be soft

yo?nhetskáhne?

i t was soft

ka?náhku

130.

-?nhy-

rainbow

with verb root / t / : yò:nhyote

there i s a rainbow (Onchiota,

-?ni-

to be father

rake?niha

he i s my father

-?nika

corn mortar

teka?nikathà:ke

two mortars

-?nikuh-

bark shavings, often used f o r medicinal purposes

-?nikuhr-

mind

N.Y.)

ka?ni:ka

o?nikúha

o?nikù:ra

with verb root /tshanih/: wake ?nikuhra tshá: nih

I am brave

with verb root / t s i ? y o / : wake ?nikuhratsi?yóha

I am a coward

with verb root /aksv/: wake?nikuhráksvs

I f e e l sad, sorry, disappointed

with verb root /yvta?/: wake ?nikuhrayv: ta ?s

I understand

also: wake ?nikù:rvs

I am depressed

wake?nikúrhvs

I forget

-?nos-

to envy

ke?nóshas (-a?, -au)

I am envious

ka ?nosháhtshera

envy

131.

-?notst-

nudity

o?notsta

-?now-

rounded back

a?nó:wara

turtle

o?nó:wa

with verb root / ( i ) y a ? k / and d u a l i c : tewake?nowiyà:ku

I am a hunch back

-?nuhkw-

bottom

ka?nuhkwà:ke

at the bottom

-?nun-

s p l i n t f o r basketry

o?nunóhkara

hickory

-?nyuhs-

nose

o?núhkwa

o?nú:na

o?nyúhsa

with i t e r a t i v e : ska?nyúhsa

moose

-?oku?a

pluraliser

with verb root /ksa/: eksa?okú: ?a

children

-?ser-

to drag, draw, p u l l

kè:sere

I drag

sè:sere

you drag

kà :sere

she drags

vkè: sere?

I s h a l l drag

wakè:seru

I have dragged

kà:sere

vehicle, car

-?shatst-

to be strong

ke?shátste (-eke?, -v)

I am strong

( i n general)

(-?sereht-)

132. ka ?shatstvhsera

strength, power

-?skoh-

to be drowning

kè:skohs (-ne?, -u)

I am drowning

with r e f l e x i v e : katè:skohs

I get myself into water

with p r e f i x / t s i / and verb

/kowanv/:

tsy0?akohyó:wane

aspen

-?sor-

spruce

-?ta

maple

o?só:ra

with verb root /kvra/: ka?takv:ra

soft maple

-?tvs

to be thick, dense

kà : tvs

i t i s thick

ka?tvshus

they are thick

-?tkate

to be often

yo?tká:te

i t i s often

vyo?tká:teke?

i t w i l l be often

yo?tká:tekwe?

i t was often

-?tsin

to be male

rà:tsin

i t i s a male

tehni:tsin

they are two males

-?u

trough, tray

teka?ú:wake

2 troughs

kà:?u

133.

-?watsist-

o u t e r bark o f a t r e e

o?wa:tsiste

d r y , u s e l e s s bark

-?wa?r-

meat

o?wà:ru

PART I I I

: ENGLISH TO MOHAWK LIST

134.

accomplish

see :

-rihw-

achieve

see:

-yeri

a c h i l l e s tendon

-akotar-

acquire

-yvta?-

actually

uhwa

affair

-rihw-

affirmation

yo:

afraid

-tshani-

after

see:

-yore

afterwards

see :

-nahe sheku

again

are again and again

see:

-ku(t)-

aged

-kstvha

air

-wer-

Algonkian t r i b e s

-akan-

Algonquins

see:

alight

see:

-rut-atit-

alive

-unhe-

all

akweku

also

okni ninv?ne?e

also I

see:

ki-

always

-ku(t)-

amount

-u

amulet ancient

see :

-yarakayu

135.

and

tahnu nok

angels animal

see : (domestic)

-ruhy-itshenv -naskw-

animal

(wild)

-ryo

ankle

-hsineko?t-

another

oya?-

ant

tsikenvstokhwi

antler

-na ?kar-

anyone

see:

appear

uhka -ke?tot

apple

see :

-ahi

appoint

see :

-ut-

April

see:

-ok-

aquaintance

-yvter-

arise

-yehwat-

arm

-nvtsh

arrive

-w-

arrow

-yvkwir-

ash

(black)

ehsa

ash

(white)

-neru

ashamed

-atehv

ashes

-a?kvr

aspen at

see:

-?skoh-Tke -hne

136.

-ut-

attach

-a?nvtak-ohar-

a t t a c h a t t h e end August

see:

ase

aunt

-thvth-

autumn

-nvna?ke-

available

see:

-yv-

awake

-yehwat-

axe

atokv

baby

see:

-wir-

back, the

-ruhkwe ?n-

back

-?now-

(rounded)

bad

-aksv-

bag

-hyar-

ball

athvno

balsam f i r

-tsohkotu

band o f p e o p l e

-ityohkw-

bark ( i n n e r )

-?kar-

bark (outer)

-?watsist-

bark

-?nikuh-

shavings

barrel

-?nahkw-

basket

ather-

bass ( r o c k b a s s )

see:

-hoser-

basswood be be here and t h e r e

-nvy-

see:

-yv-kehr-

137.

be i n o r on something

-

be i n w a t e r be s e a t e d

i

-o-

see:

be t h e r e

-itskw- t -her-

bead

-rvhs-

beak

-sto?kw-

bean

-sahe?t-

bear, a

-hkwari-

bear c l a n

see:

beard

see :

-hskv?r-kuhs-

beat

-kuhre-

beautiful

-hskats-iyo-

beaver

-tsyanit-

because

ase?kv

because

not

see:

yah

become

—atu­

bed

-nakt-

beg f o r

-vnitvhtu-

begin

-ahsaw

behind

ohnakv

bell

-hwist-

belly

-nekwv?t-

beneath

-o?ku

bent

-a?ktu

138.

berry

-ahi

between

see :

-her-

bewitch

see:

atku

bible

see :

-tokv

big b i r c h (white)

-kowanv see:

-nak-

b i r c h (yellow)

tsyotsyoru

birchbark

-nak-

bird

tsith-

bite

-kari-

bitter

-atskahr-

black

-hu?tsi

blanket

-ahsir-

blond

see:

-hsin-

see :

-kvra-

blood

-nekwvh-

blouse

-ya?kar-

blow gun

-hur­

ta l u e

-ruhy-

board

-swv?kar-

boat

-huw-

body ( p e r s o n )

-ya?t-

body ( p h y s i q u e )

-yeru?t-

body ( l o w e r p a r t )

-rvt-

body (upper p a r t )

-ya?kar-

bone

-styv-

book

see :

-hyatu-

139.

boot

ahta

b o o t , upper p a r t

-sharakw-

b o r n , t o be

-vnakeratsee :

-uni

bottle

-tshe

bottom

-?nuhkw-

boulder

-nvy-

bow

a?m-

(weapon)

bowl

-ker-

Bowl game

-yvta-

box, a

-?nerohkw-

boy-

-ksa-

bracelet

see:

-nvtsh-

brain

-nuhwar-

b r a i n , t o use one's

-anutunyu

branch o f a t r e e

-hnha ? t -

brave

see:

?nikuhr-

see:

-tshanih-

bread break

-natarsee:

breathe brick

-ya?k-aturi-

see:

-nvy-

bridge

-ahskw-

bright

-athe-

brim of a hat

-tar-

bring

-hawi

b r i n g down

-a?sv-

140.

see:

brook

-hi(u)-

brother

(older)

-tsi-

brother

(younger)

-?kv-

brother-in-law (opposite sex)

-uhaw-

brother-in-law (same s e x )

-atyo-

b r o t h e r s and s i s t e r s

-ateno?sv-

brown

athehsa

bud

-shew-

buffalo

tsitekeriya?ku

bug

-tsi?nu-

bulge

-kwarut-

bull

-sharh-

rush

bunch (of length objects)

-rhye?n-

burden s t r a p

ashar-

b u r n something

-atsa?aht-

burning, to be

-atek-

but

tahnu see:

-ki

but not

see :

yah

butter

see:

-wisto-

butternut

atyehwa?ta

buttocks

-hokw-hnats-

button

-tsihkw-

buy

-hninu-

141.

c a b i n e t (wooden)

-rut-

calf (leg)

-senun-

call

-natu-

calumet- c l a n

see:

camp

-hsvn-nakt-

canary

see:

atyarv?ta

Canassetego

see:

-?nas-

canoe

-nak-

cape

unhya

captive

-naskw-

car

-?ser-

carp

see:

-itstvr-

carpet

-itskar-

c a r r y around

-hawi

c a r r y an o b j e c t

-kehtat-

c a r r y an object of a m a t e r i a l or a b s t r a c t n a t u r e

-kehte-

carry a person

-hsatv-

cat

tako?s

Caughnawaga

see :

-hnawa

cauldron

see:

uta

cave

-shuw-

Cayugas

-yukwe-

Cayugas

see:

-nvnawv-

see:

-nv?t-

c o u n c i l name cedar certainly

tokvske

chain

-rukwahs-

chair

see:

itskw-

1U2.

change something

-teni-

charity

-itvhr-

chase

-hser-

Chateauguay

see :

-sharh-

chest

-utskwe?na

chew

-k-

child

see :

-ksa-

see:

-yv-

chimney

-i?tar-

chipmunk

-hryokv

choke

-awvhe-

choke cherry

see:

chop church

-awvhe-ro-

see :

-nuhs-

clan

-i?tar-

claw

-tsi?er-

clean

-kwvnyvs

clearing clock

-akwvte see:

close i n cloth

-ka?vyu-kwek-

see :

-nyatar-

clothing

atser-

cloud

-itshat-

coat something

-rh-

cold (material)

-wisto

cold (weather)

-thor-

collect

-ror-

143.

colour

-ahsohkw-

come

-kwathsee:

come i n

see:

-e-ataweya?t-

come f o r a purpose

-nyv?t-

community

-nvr-

compatible

-atvro-

complete, t o

-hs-

c o m p l e t e , t o be

see:

-yeri

conceited

-naye-

condition

-o?tv

condolence

see :

-ketskw-

confederate c h i e f

see:

-yaner-

conifer

-nv?t-

consent

-athutat-

conspicuous

see:

cook, t o

see: - r i -

ya?t-

corn

-nvst-

corn, b o i l e d and sweetened

-nokwitsher-

corn, braided

-nor-

c o r n cob

-nohkwv-

a l s o : c o r n cob game c o r n husk f a c e

-tihsu

c o r n husk m a t t r e s s

see:

c o r n soup

see:

corn stalk counciller

-nor-nvst-her-

see:

-tsvh-

144.

count, t o

-ashet-

country

uhwvtsy-

cousin

-ara?se-

cover, a

-itskar-

cover, t o

-or-

cover w i t h a blanket

see:

cow coward

-unhoskwsee:

cradleboard crazy

-her-

-?nikuhr-rhu

see :

create

-nuhwar-hs-

Creator

see:

-ya?t-

creek

3ee:

-hi(u)-

cricket

taraktarak

crooked

-a?ktu

cross over

-yahya?k-

crow

tsyoka?we

cry

-ashvt-star-

cup

see:

-hnek-

cure

-tsv?t-

current

-hnawa

c u t down

-ya?k-

damage

-karewat-

dance

-nuny-

dance f o r t h e dead

-ahkiwe

145.

dangerous

-ahteru

dark

-akara?-

dark coloured

-atak-

daughter

-yv?-

daughter-in-law

-enus-

day

-vhniser-

day, t o become

-rhv-

day a f t e r tomorrow

see:

day b e f o r e y e s t e r d a y

see:

daylight

see:

-rhvthetvre-vt-

dead t r e e

-skohar-

dear

-noru-

death

-ihey-

December

see:

-vtor-

deep

see:

-hnot-

deer deer c l a n

-skenutu see :

-nvy-

delicious

-eku

demon

atku

dense

-?tvs

depressed

see : see :

-itv -?nikuhr-

depth

-hnot-

descend

-atsnvht-

describe

-anot-

detach devil

see:

-utatku

146.

-ihey-

die

-ryohtd i f f e r e n t , t o be

-tih-

difficult

-vtor-

dig

-ohkwat-

disappear

-nuwire-ahtu-

disappointed

see:

-?nikuhr-

disease

-nhr-

dislike

-swv-

distance

-yore-

dive

see :

-nuwa-

diverse

-suha

do

-yer-

do r i g h t

see:

do, t o be a b l e t o doctor

-yeri -kweny-

see:

-tsv?te?rhar

dog dog ( w i l d )

see :

-ha

doll

see:

-ya?t-

dollar

-hwist-

done, t o be

-ri-

don't

tohsa

d o n ' t know

toka

door

-nhoh-

dough

-sherh-

down

-na?ku

147.

-?ser-

drag dragon f l y

see:

-ahsir-atirut-

draw

-?serdream

see:

dress dress, to

-atetshv atya?tawi

see:

atsher-

drink

-ir-

drip

-star-

drop

-star-

drown

-?skoh-

drum

-?nahkw-

drum l i k e a partridge

-akwes

drum s t i c k

see:

dry during

-?nahk-athv

see:

-yore

duck

sora

dust

-a?kvr-

dwell

-nakere-i?teru

dye

see:

-ahsokw-

each

akweku

eagle

akweks

ear

-ahuhs-ahuht-

earth

uhwvtsy-hutsy-

148.

east

see:

-na?ku

easy

-atyesv

eat

-k-atskahu-

eaves

-tar-

edge o f something

-akvyat-

eel

tyaweruko

egg

-nhuhs-

eight

see:

sha?-

eleven

see:

vska

elk

-atenati

elm (American)

-?kar-

elra ( s l i p p e r y )

-hokser-

elsewhere

see:

erv?

embark

-atit-

embarrassed

-atehv-

embers

-tsir-

emerge

-ke?tot-

employee

-naskw-

end

-o?kt-akvyat-

endless

see:

-ku(t)-

energetic

-tshanih-

enjoy

-uweskw-

enough

see :

entangled, t o get

see:

enter

-yeri -otarh-ra?-ataweya?t-

149.

envy

-?nos-

epilepsy

-yena-

equal

sha?-

evening

see:

-akara?-

ever

-nuwvtu

evergreen

-nv?t-

every

akweku

evil

-aksv

excement

-i?ta-

e x e c u t e (a t a s k )

see:

-yeri

expensive

-noru

extent

-a

extreme

-nuhyaniht-

eye

-kahr-

eyelash

see :

-kahr-

face

-kuhs-

face ( d e r i s i v e )

-kuhwara

face (lower p a r t )

-tmhoskw-

fall fame

-v?-hsvn-

family (maternal or nuclear)

-hwatsir-

family (paternal)

-otuni

far

inu

farm

-rha

150.

fast

-snor-

father

-?ni-

father-in-law

see:

-enus-

fear

-tshani-

fearsome

-nuhyaniht-

feast

-vt-

feather (large)

-?nas-

feather (small)

-stho?ser-

f e a t h e r crown

-stowa

February

-vnisk-

feeble

-tsi?yoha

feel

-attok-

felt

-kvh-

fever

-i?tuhkw-

field

-heht-

fight fill

see: something

fill,

-r-

t o save one's

finally

-riyo-

-ahta?see:

onv

find

-tshvri-

finger

-snuhs-

finger-nail

-tsi?er-

finish, to

-hs-o?kt-

fire

-tsir-tsvh-atek-

151.

see :

fireplace

-atek-

first

-yervhtu

fish

-its-

five

(etc.)

wisk see :

flag

-nyatar-

flame

-i?tuhkw-

f l a t , t o be

-akwvhtv

flesh

-ihn-

flint

-nhy-

float, to

-ata?kerahkw-

f l o a t by

-tye

f l o o d over

-hnot/ehnot-

floor

-itskar-

flower

-tsi?tsy-

f l y by

-tye

follow

-hser-

food

-khwsee:

foolish

-nuhwar-

foot

-hsi?t-

forehead

-kv?kwar-

forehead

-kv?star-

(bald)

forest

-rha

forever

-ku(t)-

forget

see:

-?nikuhr-

fork, a

see:

-ahwe?eh-

fork, to

-okv

fountain

-hnawer-

152.

four, etc.

kayeri

fox

tsitsho

frame

-nahst-

fresh

ase

Friday

see:

f r i e n d s , t o be

-a?nvtak-atvro-

friendship

see:

atvro-

frightened

see :

ahteru

frog

-tskwahr-

fruit

-ahi

fvir

-ifhar-

garden

-heht-

gather

-ror-

genuine

-uwe

get c l o s e

see:

-tat-

get i n t o water

see:

-o-

see:

-?skoh-

see:

-atit-

g e t out g e t r i d o f something

-ati

g e t up

-ta?-

ghost

see :

ginseng

see :

-yaneru-rvt-

girl

-ksa-

give

-awi-u-

153.

glass

-wis-tsisher

glasses

see:

-anha

gloves

see:

a?nya

go ahead

-hvt-

go away

-ahtvti-kwathsee:

go down go i n

-e-atsnvht-

see:

go o u t

-ataweyait-yakv-

go up

see:

-ahra?-

goat

see:

-yait-

God

see :

-wvn-

godfather gold

-otuni see :

good

-hwist-iyo-yaner-

goodbye goose

onv see :

-wvn-

grab

-yena-

grand

kowa

grandchild

-atere-

grandparent grape

-sotsee :

grass grasshopper

-?nvhr-hut-

see:

-star-

154.

grave, the

see:

-ya?tkowa

great

-kowanvG r e a t f e a t h e r dance

see:

-stowa-

greedy-

-atetshv

green

-hut-

greet

-nuhwer a t t i ­

grey

sée:

-a?kvr-

grey-haired

-nhra?thv

group

-ityohkw-

growing

-hnyot-

guard

-nuhn-/-nun-

hair

-erh-

(animal)

h a i r (body) (human o r a n i m a l )

-nuwerh-

hair

(head)

-nuhkwis

hair

(ruffled)

-kerhar-

half

-ashvnv

hand

-snuhsa?nya

handsome Handsome Lake

-iyosee:

-nyatar-

hang down

-v?t-

hang up

-har-

happen

-v-

happiness

see:

atshvnuni

155.

happy

atshvnuni

hard

-hnir-

harvest, to

-kw-

hat

see:

hate

-nuhwar-swv-

have

see :

-yv-

have enough

see:

-yeri

have high standards

see:

-kwvnyvs

hawk

see:

-ya?t-

hay

vneker-

head

-nutsi

health, to be i n good

-akarite-

hear

-athute

hearing, sense of

-ahuhs-

heart

-eri

heaven

-ruhy-

heavy

-kst-

hedge

-rha?t-

heel (of a shoe)

-rat-

helloh

kwe sheku

help to escape

-nyakvht-

help, to go f o r

-nyahes-

hemlock

see:

here

-nv?tkvtho

heron

see :

hickory

see :

-its-?nun-

156.

-neh-

hide (skin) high

see:

hill

-es -nut-

hip

-huskwarh-hahs-kuhre-

hit

-?ehold

-have -waku -yena

Holder of the Heaven

see:

hole holy

-ruhy-kahrut-

see :

-tokv

hook, a

-hnyokw-

hook, to

-otarho-

hop i n

see:

-atit-

hope

-askanek-

horn

-na?kar-

horse

-hsatv-

hospital

see:

-ihey-

hot

-a?tarih-

house

-nuhs-

how

see:

oh-

however

see :

ki-

how much, many, etc.

to-

human being

ukweh

humble

-vnitvhtu-

157.

humility

vnitvhtu

humming bird hunchback

raurau see :

hundred

-?now-v?nyawe

hungry

-atukarya?k-

hunt

-atorat-

hurry!

oksa

hurt

-karewat-

husband

see :

I

i?i

ice immediately

-i?teru

-wissee :

oksa

see :

onv

in

-aku

incision

-hren-

indeed

wahi ikv

Indian

see :

ukweh

inhabit

-ha

inhabitants

-haka -hronu

injure

-karewat-

insect

-tsi?nu-

insert

-ohr-

inside

-aku

interpret

-anot-

158.

intestine

-karohst-

iron

-rist-

Iroquois

see:

-nuhs-

Iroquois constitution

see:

-yaner-

island

-wehno-

Israel

see :

jack pine

see:

jacket January Jar j o i n together jowls

hronu

-v?atya?tawi

see:

-vtor-tshe -rik-unhoskw-

July

see : - r i -

June

see : - r i -

kettle

-na?tsyuta

kill

-riyo-

kind, the

-o?tv

kinsmanship

-nukwe

knee

-kwitsh-

knife

a?shar-

knot of tree

-tsihkw-

knowhow

-v/eyv-

know somebody

-yvtar-

159.

lacrosse game

see:

-tsihkw

lacrosse s t i c k

-hnhy-

ladle

atokwa

lake

-nyatar-

lamp

-hahser-

Laprairie

-iht-

lard

-ihye-

large

-kowanv

l a s t , the

ohnakv

later

ohnakv

laugh

-yeshu

laugh loudly

-atutarikt-

law

see :

-yaner-

lazy

-vtorha

leaf

-neraht-

learn

see:

-weyv-

leak

-ak-

leaning

-akarvhre

leave

-ahtvti-

leg

-hsin-

legend

see:

-karatu-

leggins

see:

-hsin-

length

-es

lens

-tsisher-

less

thikvha -o?kt-

life

see:

-unhe

160.

lift

-khw/hkw

l i g h t , the

-hahser-

l i g h t , not heavy-

see:

-kst-

like

see:

e?tho

(comparative)

l i k e , to

-nuhwe?-

limbs

-rvt-

lineage

-hwatsir-

lion

-ireks

lip

-swvhkar-skwv?t-hs(a)-hnek-

liquid listen

see:

-ahuhs-stu-

little, a L i t t l e people

see:

-oya?k-

L i t t l e Water Medicine

see:

-hnek-

log

-rut-

(tree)

-es

long Longhouse

see:

-nuhs-

look

-kahth-

look at

-kaner-

look c l o s e l y

-ka?vyu

look f o r

-esak

look f o r i n vain

-yewa-

loon

see:

-nyatar-

lose one's grip

see :

-otarho-

lose something

-ahtu -ati-

161.

love

see :

lower body

-noru-rvt-

lung

-tsina?kw-

make

-uni

male

-?tsin-

man

ukweh see :

-kehte

manner

-weyvn-

many

eso

maple, hard

-aht-

maple, soft

-?ta

maple syrup

see :

-hnek-

March

see:

-vnisk-

mark

-hyatu-

marriage

-nahkw-

marrow

see:

-styv-

marry

-nyak-

mat

-itskar-

matches

see:

matter matter, to

-atek-rihw-

see:

-yer-

May

-ok-

me

i?i

meadow

-hvt-iht-

meal, to have a

-atskahu-

162.

meat

-?wa?r-

medicine

-nuhkw-

medicine, to practice

-tsv?t-

meet

see :

merge

-kv-okv

message

-rihw-

metal

-hwist-

middle, to be i n the

-ihv

midnight

see :

ahsuth-

midwinter ceremony

see:

-nuhwar-

mild (weather)

-nawv

milk

-nu?t-

mind

-?nikuhr-

mine

-awv

mirror

see:

mix

-kv-yest-

mocassin

see :

mode

ahta -nuwa -weyvn

Mohawk Mohawk t i t l e names

-rtyvsee:

-okv

(1)

-yuhw-

(2)

-sha?-

(3)

-rvh-

(4)

-unhe

(5)

-rvh-

(6)

163.

-na?kar-

(7)

-stawv-

(8)

-skohar-

(9)

Mohawks and Seneca council name

see:

Monday

see :

-hnawer-

-vt-

money

-hwist-

month

vhnit-

moon

vhnitsee:

moon (new) moose

-tsi?ersee:

more morgue

ahsuth-

-?nyuhssvha

see :

-ihey-

morning

-rhv-/-rhu-

mortar

-?nika

mosquito

see :

-kari-

moss

-erahs-

most

auha?a

mother

-istv-

mother-in-law

see :

mount, to

-atit-

mountain

-nut-

mouse mouth

-enus-

-tsinowv see:

-hs(a)-

see:

-tsi?tsy-

mouthful

-unhoskw-

move something

-kwit-

164.

multiply

see:

-akayvhte

muscle

-hwish-

rausic

-rvn-

muskrat

ano?tyv

nakedness

-?neko

name, the

-hsvn-

name, to

-yat-natu-

narrate

see :

nation

-kar-hronu -haka

native, to be

-uwe

near

-akta

neck

-nya?r-nya?t-

necklace

-ihtyak

need

-atuwvtso-

negro

-hu?tsi

nephew

-uwatv-

nest

-tsinaku-

never

see :

new news New York C i t y nice niece

-nuwvtu ase

see :

-rihw-nuno -iyo-uwatv-

165.

night-time

see:

nine (etc.)

ahsuthtyohtu

no

yah

noble

-yaner-

noisy

-rakahre

noon

see :

north

see :

nose

-vt-thore -?nyuhs-

not

yah

not to

tohsa

notched s t i c k

see:

-nvtsh-

nothing

see:

othenu

November

see :

now

-itv onv uhwa

nudity

-?notst-

number, to

-ashet-

nut

-hso?kwa

oak

(black)

-rihtu-

oak

(white)

-tokvh-

oar

-kawe

ocean

see:

-nyatar-

o'clock

see:

-hwist-

October

see:

-itv

obey offer

-athutat-tat-

166.

-?tkate

often Oka Reserve, P.Q.

see:

-nehs-

old

(aged)

-kstvha

old

(ancient)

akayu

on

-?ke -hne

once

see:

vskak vska

one Oneida

see:

-nvy-

Oneidas, council name

see:

-rut-

only Onondaga

kok see:

-nut-

Onondagas, council name

-atsist-

opening

-kahrut-akwvte-

opinion, be of the

-ehr-

or

katu

orange (colour)

atyarv?ta

order, to

see :

-atu(irr.)

o r d i n a l numbers

-hatu

original

-uwe

originate

see:

-e-

other

tawine

outdo

-ohetst-

overcoat

atya?tawi

owl

tsistekeri

167.

paddle

-kawe

pace

-e -

pail

uta

panther

see:

tako?s-

paper

see:

-hyatu-

parable

see:

-tokv

parliament

see :

-nuhs-

partition

-ahsuht-

partridge

-akwes

pass, to

-ohetst-

pattern

-nuwa

pea

-nekw-

peace, to be at

-inv

peach

see:

-ifhar-

peacock

see :

-naye-

pear

see:

-tshe

peel o f f

-etar-

penetrate

-ukoht-

pencil

see :

-hyatu-

peninsula

see :

unhya

people

-haka -hronu

pepper

see:

-nuhkw-

perceive

-attok-

perch

-yahe?t-

perhaps

toka

person

-ya?t-

168.

pestle phallus

ahsissee :

-ihn-

phantom

-yaneru-

phantom l i g h t

-i?tuhkw-

pharynx

-nya?t-

pick

-kw-

piece of wood

-hkar-

pierce

-ahwe?eh-

pig

kweskwes

pigeon pike

-ri?tsee:

pill pillow

-kuhs-nekw-

see:

-atkuhv-

pine

-hneht-

pink

-ehsvrat-

pipe (tobacco)

-nvnawv -rhokw-

pity

-itvhr-

place, a

-hkhwa

place upon

-hra-

plank

-swv?kar

plant, to

-yvth-

plantation

-heht-

plate

-ker-

pluck

-kw-

plume

-?nas

pluraliser

-ke -?oku?a

169.

point of land point out

unhya see:

poison poke

-natu-ryoht-

see:

police

-hre-rihtu

poplar

see :

-neraht-

porcupine

see:

-nv?t-

possess

see:

-yv-

possible

-atu-

pot

-na?tsy uta

potato

-hnvnat-

pouch

-hyar-

poverty-

-itv

powder

-a ?kvr-

power

see:

prairie

-?shatst-hvt-iht-

prayer

see:

-rvn-

praying mantis

tsiskekek

pregnant

-ner-

prepare a meal

see:

present, to present, to be

-khw-tat-

see:

press

-yv-orarak-

print

see:

probably

see:

-orarakki-

170.

proper

see :

-yeri

property-

-awv

protect

-nuhn-/nun

protrude

-ke?tot-

_

-ut-?ser-

pull

-atirutpumpkin

see:

-onu?usera-

purple

see:

-rihw-hrek-

push

-hre-yv-

put put

ahead

-hvt-

put around the neck

-ihtyak-

put down

-hteru-

put i n

-t-r-

put

i n water

-o-

put on

-her-

put

one thing over the other

-ya?ser-

put

one's head down

-atkuhv-

put

together

-rik-

quill

-?nas

quite

akwa

171.

see :

rabbit

-ahuht-

raccoon

atihru

rafters

-nahst-

rain

-kvnor-

rainbow

-?nhy-

raise

-khw/hkw -ketskw-hnawa

rapid, a see:

raspberry

nekwv?t-stawv

rattle see :

-rakahre -hnhes

rawhide read

see :

ready

see:

-wvn-hsakwa

really

wahi receive

-ota?se

recognize

-yvter-

red

-nekwvh-

Red Jacket

see:

-yewa-

reliable

see:

-tokv

see:

-rihw-

relish

see:

-khw-

remove

see:

reply

see:

religion

(Christian)

-ut-atu ( i r r . )

reputation

-hsvn-

reside

-i?teru -nakere

172.

rifle

-hur-

right (direction)

see:

-weyv-

r i g h t (thing)

see:

-yeri

rib

-na?aht-

ribbon

-nyatstar-

ripen

- r i -

r i d e i n a vehicle

-tahkhe-

river

-nyatar-hi(u)-

riverside

\atsa

road

-hah-

robin

tsiskoko

rock

-itstvr-

rock clan

see:

rod

-nvy-kwir-hnhy-

roof

-ruhkwe?n-

room

-ahsuht-

root

-hter-

rosary

-rvhs-

ruffled

see :

run away

-ate?kw-

rust

sad

-kerh-

-skvhr-

see:

-Tnikuhr-

173.

sailboat

see:

-ahsir-

Saint Regis Reservation

see:

-akwes

salt

-hyo?tsis

same

sha?-

sand

-nehs-

sapling

-kwir see :

Saturday

-vt-

save someone

-nyakvht-

say

-atu

scatter

-okwa-

something

school

see:

-hkhwa

scratch

-ket-

seat

-itskw-

see

-kv-

seed, a

-hnv

sell

see:

Sénecas

see:

-nut-

September

see:

ase

serpent

see :

serve oneself

see :

-hninu-

-hnyare -r-

seven (etc.)

tayata

several

tohka-

shallow

see:

-hnot-

shame

see:

-atehv

sheet of bark

-skutar-

sheet of c l o t h

-itskar-

shirt

atya?tawi -ya ?kar-

174.

ahta

shoe short

see:

shoulder show, to

-es -nvhs-

see :

-natu-

shrub

rhenyohkw-

shut o f f

-kwek-

sick, to be

-nuhwak-

sick, to f e e l

see:

-unhe

sickness

-nhr-

side

-ati

side by side

-nekv

signature

-hsvn-

silk

-hnhes

silver

see:

-hwist-

since

see :

-nahe

sing

see:

-rihw-

sink, to

see :

-nuwa

sister

(older)

-tsi-

s i s t e r (younger)

-?kv-

sister-in-law (opposite sex)

-uhaw-

sister-in-law (same sex)

-ari-

s i s t e r s , to be

-ateno?sv-

sit

-itsksee:

six sise

(etc.)

-yv-yahya?k-a

175.

skeleton

-skohar-

skin

-ihn-

Skin Dance

see:

skirt

-neh-?fahs-?khar-

skunk

see:

-i?ta-

sky

-ruhy-

slave

-naskw-

sleep

-ita?-

sleep over

-anuwet-

sled

-natsotu

slowly

see :

inv-

small

-?a

smell

-akera-

smell something

-sw-

smile

-yeshu

smoke, to have a

-atsho?kw-

smoke (noun)

-yv?kwar-

snake

-hnyare-

snake

(black)

-nato

snipe snipe clan

tawistawis see :

-nehs-

snow

-nyeht-

snowflake

-a?ker-

snowing, to be

see:

snowshoe

-a?ker-hwv?kar-

so then

see:

soap

see :

-ki -ohare-

176.

society of faces

ato?wi-

sock

-ris-rahki

soft

-?nhetska

soil

-a?kvr-

sole (of a shoe)

-itskar-

solid

-hnir-aweru

somebody else

-hrv

something

othenu

sometime

see:

kv?-

son

-yv?-

son-in-law

-enus-

sorry

see:

-?nikuhr-

soul

see:

-unhe

soup

-nutar-

soup, to make

-atkatstu-

sour

-hyo?tsis

south

see:

-vt-

speak

-thar-

spear

-hsikw-

specific

-tokv

spendthrift

-hrirhu

spine

-ruhkwe?n-

spirit

atku

s p l i n t f o r basketry

-?nun-

split

-owih-orv-

177.

spooky

-yaneru-

spoon

atokwa

spot, a

-hkwa

spouse

-nahkw-

spout

-hsohkw-hs(a)-

spring (water)

see:

-hnawer-

spring season

-ikwite-

spruce

-?sor-

squash, a

-nu?usera

s q u i r r e l , grey

see:

-i?ta-

see:

ukweh

s q u i r r e l , red

arosv

stab

-a?as

stable, to be

-hnir-

stack

-ya?ser-

stand something up

-hnyot-

standing, to be

-t-/-ot-

star

-tsisto

static

see:

-tokv

statue

see:

-ya?t-

steel

-rist-

step on something

-rat-

step-relationship

-no-

stick, a

-nakar-

stick on

-a?nvtak-

stink

-akera-

178.

s t i r something

-awvrye

stocking

-ris-rahki

stomach

-hsyvhut-

stone

-nvy-

stone giant

see :

-rh-

stop doing something

-ta?-

story

-kar-

stove

-rist-

straight, straighten

-takwar-

strawberry

see:

-hut-

strength

see:

-?shatst-

strength, to use one's

-akwisru

strike

-?e -kuhrek-

strong

-?shatst-

sturgeon

see:

-yvt-

suffer

see:

-ruhy-

sugar

-tsikhe?ta

sumac

-nuko-

summer

akvha

sun

-rahkw-

Sunday

see :

-vt-

sunshine

see :

-rahkw-

support

-waku

supreme

kowa

swamp

-naw-

179.

sweet

see:

swim

-tsikhe?ta -awv-

table

see :

-khw-

tail

-itahs

take

-kw-

take from

see:

hra-

take from the f i r e

see :

ut-

take one's time

see:

-vnisk-

take out

see:

-t-

tale

-kar-

talk

-atati-

tall

-hnvy-

tardiness

-vnisk-

taste, to

see :

tasty, to find take a b i t e

-eka?see :

tear (of the eye) t e l l a story

-kv-

-khw-kahser-

see:

-kar-

t e l l about

-anot-

t e l l somebody

-hrori-

ten

oyeri

thank

-nuhweratu-

thanks

nyawv

that (conj.)

tsi

that

thikv

the

(demonstrative)

ne

180.

sok

then

kati see:

e?tho

there thereabouts

see:

therefore thereupon thick

e?tho

tsikati

see:

(dense)

e?tho -?tvs

thick ( s o l i d )

-aweru

thigh

-hnitsh-

thing

-rihw

think

-anutunyu

think

(believe)

-hre-

third

see :

ahsv

thirsty

see:

-nya?t-

this

kikv

thornbush

-hikt-

thousand

see:

oyeri

three, e t c .

ahsv

throat

-nya?kw-nya?t-

throw

-oya?k-

thumb

-wiyuhkar-

thunder

see:

-wer-

thunderer

see:

-wer-

Thursday

see:

okarist

t i e around

-anha

181.

time

see:

-hwist-rist-

tin tired

see:

-akwisru-

toad

see:

-hnvnat-yv?kw-

tobacco today

see:

-yakwir-

toe together

-vhniser-

see:

vska

tomorrow

-rhv-

tongue

-v?nahs-

too much

see:

tooth

eso -nawir-no?tsy-

top of something Toronto

-akvyatsee:

-rut-

trail

-hah-

trap

-rist-

travel

see :

-ahtvti-

tray

-?u-

tree

-rut-kwir-rvh-

trough

-?u-

trousers

athahsterv

true, i t i s

tokvske

trunk (tree)

-rut-

trust

-nyahesv

tube

-huro?t-

182.

Tuesday

see:

-ruhy-

turkey

see:

-wer-karhat-

turn turtle

see:

-?now-

t u r t l e clan

see:

-nya?r-

twelve

see:

te-

twice

see:

te-

twig

-?nvhr-

two (etc.)

te-

typewriter

see:

-orarak-

ugly

-hetkv

uncle

-noha-

under

-o?ku

understand

see :

-?nikuhr-

up

ehnekv

urine

-nvh-nohohs-

us

i?i

use

-st-

useful

-st-

useless

see:

-rihw-

vagina

see:

-ihn-

see also:

-rihw-

vehicle

-?ser-

very

akwa

183.

village

-nat-

visit

-natahr-

voice

-vrvn

walk

-e-

wall

-ahsuht-

wampum b e l t

see:

-yuhw-

wampum s t r i n g

-?nekorh-

want

-atuwvtso-ehr-

war

see:

warclub war chief

-riyo-tsihkw-

see:

-a?shar-

warm

-a?tarih-

warm (weather)

-nawv

warrior

see :

wash something watch, to

-kehte -ohare-

see:

water

-ror-hnekawv-nuwa

water drum way, the .... o f

see:

-neh-neha-keha

we

i?i

weak

-tsi?yoha

weasel

-nuk-

184.

Wednesday

see :

sose

week

see :

-yahya?k-ashvt-

weep

-starwelcome

-nuhweratu-

well, a

-hnawer-

west

ehnekv

what?

see:

oh-

what ( r e l . )

see:

tsi

wheel

-kahkwv?t-

when?

katke

when ( r e l . )

tsi see :

onv

where?

ka?-

where ( r e l . )

tsi

while

see:

-yore

whiskers

see:

-kuhs-

Whisky

-atskahr-

white

-rakv -kvra

White Man

see :

-ihn-

who?

uhka

who ( r e l . )

ne

whole

akweku

why?

see :

oh-

wife

see:

-i?teru

wildcat

see:

-tako's-

185.

willow

-se

wind, the

-wer-

window

-nahst-

wing

-wey-

winter

ohser-

v i t c h doctor

see:

witchcraft object wisdom

-nuwesee :

wish witch

atku

-attokska nek-

see:

a?vn-

within

-aku

wolf

-kwaho

woman

-athuwisv see :

-ukweh

see:

-kstvha

wood (fue1) woodchuck

-yvtsee:

wood shavings

-aweru -hwesv-

vool

-ris-

word

-wvn-

work

-yoht-

world

-uhwvtsy-

-hutsywrite wrong

year

-hyatusee :

-yeri

ohser-

186.

yell

-hvreht-

yellow

-tsihnekwar

yes

hv

yesterday

thetvre

you

ise

young

see :

-yv-