A SURVEY OF COUNSELING TECHNIQUES AS USED BY THE CLERGY

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A SURVEY OF COUNSELING TECHNIQUES AS USED BY THE CLERGY A D is s e r ta tio n S u b m itte d t o t h e F a c u l t y of P u rd u e U n i v e r s i t y by R o la n d V ern o n H u d so n I n P a r t ia l F u lfillm e n t o f th e R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e D e g r e e of D o cto r o f P h ilo s o p h y Ju n e, 1950

a c k iim e n t s

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

The writer wishes to make grateful acknowledgment of his tremendous debt to his major professor, Dr, John M, Hadley, for his careful guidance, clear advice, and constant help

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT TH E TH ESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION

in the formulation of the problem, the prosecution of the sur­ by

Roland V, Hudson

vey, and the evaluation of the findings, Too, the writer wishes to express his profound apprecia­

e n t it l e d

A SURVEY OF C O M I N G TECHNIQUES AS T O

tion to each member of his Advisory Committee for their in* valuable suggestions, critica l evaluations, and continual in­

BY THE CLERGY

terest, The members are the following: Dr. John M. Hadley, Chairman, Dr, Kenneth S, Davenport, Dr, Einar R, Ryden, Dr,

COMPLIES WITH THE UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS ON GRADUATION T H E S E S

Lawrence M. Baker, and Dr, Edith Weisskopf, Acknowledgment and thanks are also expressed to Dr,

AND IS APPROVED BY ME A S FU LFILLIN G THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS

Stanley C, Benx for permission to use his invention, "How I FOR THE DEGREE OF

Counsel", for purposes of the present survey, and to the Protestant clergymen who consented so graciously to answering

..Doctor of P h ilo s o p h y

our queries. Without their fu ll cooperation, the survey could not have been accomplished,

P r o f e s s o r in C h a r g e o f T h e s is

I am sincerely grateful to my wife for her patient for­

J,

of

S chool ob D e p a b t m t

bearance and constant encouragement throughout this trying period of study,

f

1» f p

R, V, H.

TO THE LIBRARIAN:— IS -

THIS THESIS IS NOT TO B E REGARDED AS CONFIDENTIAL,

r a o m s o n or ohabgb

ii

G R A D , S C H O O L FO R U 9 - 3 . 4 H M

A

4

VITA A0 ”

ROLAJND v / ’HUDSON D a te an d P l a c e o f B i r t h : E d u c a t io n :

M arch 3» 1 9 1 3 *

E le m e n t a r y : P u b l i c S c h o o l s ,

T o l e d o , O h io . T o l e d o , O h io .

G r a d u a te d fr o m W a ite H ig h S c h o o l ,

T o le d o ,

O h io ,

C o l l e g e , W ilm o r e , K e n t u c k y ,

1936.

June, 1931. A. B A s b u r y

B . D . , A s b u r y T h e o l o g i c a l S e m in a r y , W ilm o r e , K en ­ tu c k y , M. A . ,

1938.

O h io S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,

C o lu m b u s , O h io ,

1939. P h . D ., P urdue U n iv e r s it y , L a f a y e t t e ,

I n d ia n a ,

1950. E x p e r ie n c e :

M e t h o d i s t P a s t o r , C o lu m b u s , O h io ,

1 9 3 9 -1 9 4 2 .

U . S . Army C h a p la in , U n i t e d S t a t e s ,

I n d ia ,

and

Burm a, 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 4 6 . A c a d e m ic D ean and P r o f e s s o r o f P s y c h o l o g y an d T h e o l o g y , B e t h e l C o l l e g e , M ish a w a k a ,

I n d ia n a ,

1 9 4 7 -1 9 4 8 . G r a d u a te S t u d e n t i n C l i n i c a l P s y c h o l o g y , P u r d u e U n iv e r s ity , L a fa y e tte ,

iii

I n d ia n a ,

1 9 4 8 -1 9 5 0 .

THE ABSTRACT T h is i s a su r v e y o f c o u n s e lin g t e c h n iq u e s a s u s e d b y t h e c le r g y .

The su rv e y was a cc o m p lish e d by u s e o f an i n v e n t o r y

in two fo rm s.

Form A i s an o r i g i n a l in v e n t o r y o f s i x

o p e n -e n d

q u e s t io n s , v a lu a b le m a in ly i n t h e e l i c i t i n g o f i n f o r m a t i o n

of

a g e n e r a l n a tu r e u s e f u l i n th e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n sam pled.

Form B, prep ared by D r. S t a n le y C . B en z f o r u s e w i t h

h ig h s c h o o l c o u n s e lo r s , h a s f i f t y c h i e f l y f o r co m p a ra tiv e p u r p o s e s .

ch eck it e m s and i s

v a lu a b le

Two h u n d red f u l l - t i m e

P r o t e s t a n t p a s to r s l i v i n g i n th e M idw est f i l l e d

o u t th e com ­

p le t e in v e n to r y . The i n v e s t i g a t i o n a tte m p ts t o a s c e r t a i n f a c t s a s t o (1 ) th e p r e p a r a tio n , b oth a c a d e m ic a lly , o c c u p a t i o n a l l y , a n d p s y c h o lo g ic a lly , o f t h e p a s t o r a l c o u n s e lo r ;

(2 ) t h e p r o b le m s

en cou n tered by th e p a s t o r a l c o u n s e lo r , w it h c o n s i d e r a t i o n th e c o n d it io n s under w h ich c o u n s e lin g t a k e s p l a c e ;

(3 )

of

th e

p ro ced u res employed in p a s t o r a l c o u n s e lin g w h ic h r e f l e c t h i s u n d er ly in g p h ilo s o p h y , h i s aw a ren ess o f som e o f t h e b a s i c p r in c ip le s o f human b e h a v io r , and t h e p r a c t i c e s w h ic h a r e u t i l i z e d or a v o id ed ; and ( 4 ) t h e p r o f i c i e n c y o f t h e p a s t o r

as

a c o u n s e lo r as in d io a t e d by th e "How I C o u n se l" s c a l e . The su rv ey showed t h e c le r g y r e s p o n d in g t o t h e

q u e s tio n * ,

n a ir e t o be a w e ll-p r e p a r e d group a s com pared t o t h e g e n e r a l p o p u la tio n . 7 or 8 y ea r s.

The modal le n g t h o f s tu d y b ey o n d h ig h s c h o o l w a s T h ir ty - s e v e n p e r c e n t r e p o r t e d h a v in g h a d 3 o r

4 c o u r s e s i n p s y c h o lo g y .

The modal l e n g t h o f p a s t o r a l e x p e r i -

iv

ence was from 10 t o 19 y e a r s .

T h ir ty -th r e e

p e r c e n t had n ever

engaged ini any o th e r t y p e o f w o r k . The p a s to r s r e p o r te d m e e t i n g presented to t h e p s y c h i a t r i s t o r

a ll

P a sto rs

t iv e and n o n - d ir e c t iv e t e c h n i q u e s , to be placed on t h e fo r m e r .

The

pastors p o s s e s s e d some i n s i g h t

h u t

obtained s c o r e s on the p a r t o f t h e

s c a le n o te d

p a sto r s

( 3)

th e

members in a p a r is h .

in d ic a te d

teachers.

v

s c a le

o f p sych ology.

i n t h e su rv ey r e ­

There was

b e t w e e n th e h ig h er

o f psychology c o u rses t a k e n , a n d

low er on t h e B e n z

and a degree

( F o rm B ) .

h ig h

rated a l i t t l e

t h a t th e

t o h i g h e r o b tain ed

o f years o f academ ic t r a i n i n g b e y o n d

The s u r v e y

e m p h a s is appeared

p r in c ip le s

o b ta in e d

a p o sitiv e r e c t i l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p

u s i n g both d ir e c ­

n a tu r e

r e la tiv e

scores on th e e f f e c t i v e c o u n s e l i n g

p e r s o n a l , and

su g g este d

hum an

b a s ic

T h e co u n selin g

g r e a te r

su rv ey

An a n a ly s is o f th e t o t a l d a t a vealed th ree s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r s

b a s i c problem s

p r iv a te , r e p o r te d

in to

o f understanding o f some o f t h e

th e

p s y c h o lo g is t.

situ ation ! d e s c r ib e d te n d s to w a r d , t h e fa c e -to -fa c e r e l a t i o n s h i p .

of

and ( 1 ) s c h o o l,

th e number ( 2 ) th e number

n u m b e r o f a c t iv e th a t

(F o r m B)

t h e c le r g y t h a n did th e

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................

iv

THE INTRODUCTION........................................................................................

1

THE P U R P O S E .............................................

6

THE PROCEDURE............................................................................................

7

THE FINDINGS

............................................................................................

17

THE COMMENTS

............................................................................................

60

THE CONCLUSIONS . * ..............................................................................

66

BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................

71

APPENDIX...........................................................................................................

75

vi

LIST OF TABLES T a b le

Page

1

Norms f o r "How I C ounsel" ( F o r m B ) .....................

2

B a s ic P r i n c i p l e s o f C o u n s e lin g and T e s t I te m s W hich R e fe r t o T h ese P r i n c i p l e s . • • , •

12

3

C a t e g o r ie s o f P rob lem s P r e s e n te d to P a s t o r s .

.

36

4

F r e q u e n c y D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Raw S co re s Made by P a s t o r s and T h eir P e r c e n t i l e R a n k in g . .

.

43

5 6

10

C om p a riso n o f P e r c e n t i l e s o f T ea ch ers an d C le r g y .............................................................................

44

C o n t r a s t in g Agreem ent o f P a s t o r s w it h J u d g e s on Item s (Form B ) ................................................

54

7

G ro u p in g o f Ite m s by P e r c e n ta g e o f A g r e e m e n t

8

E f f e c t i v e C o u n se lin g Ite m s and P a s t o r a l R e a c tio n t o T h e m ................................................

v ii

.

56 58

LIST OF FIGURES Figure

Page

1

C hildren o f P a s t o r s ...............................................................

2

Age o f P a s to r s .

3

Number o f Y ears o f P a s t o r a l E x p e r i e n c e

k

Other O ccu p ation al E x p e r ie n c e o f P a s t o r s

18

..........................................................................

19

. . . .

20

. . .

22

5

Types o f D egrees P o s s e s s e d by P a s t o r s . . . . .

23

6

Types o f Earned D e g r e e s P o s s e s s e d b y P a s t o r s

7

Academic T ra in in g b eyon d H igh S c h o o l A t t a i n e d by P a s to r s .............................................................2 7

8

Number o f P sy c h o lo g y C o u rses T a k en b y P a s t o r s

.

29

9

Responses by D en o m in a tio n s I n c lu d e d

.

30

.

in S a m p le

25

10

A c tiv e Membership o f C hurches S t u d i e d ...............................3 2

11

P o p u la tio n o f Church L o c a l i t i e s ............................................... 33

12

P a s t o r s ’ S co res and Number o f C h i l d r e n

13

P a sto r s’

S core and A g e .........................................................

14

P a sto r s '

S co re and Y e a r s in P a s t o r a t e

15

P a s to r s '

S core and T r a in in g b ey o n d H ig h S c h o o l .

49

16

P a s t o r s ’ S core and Number o f P s y c h o l o g y C o u r s e s T a k e n .......................................................................................

50

17

P a sto rs’

S core by D e n o m in a tio n s R e p r e s e n t e d

.

.

51

18

P a s to r s ’

S core and Number o f A c t i v e M em bers .

.

52

19

P a s to r s ’ S co re and P o p u la t io n o f C h u rch L o c a l i t i e s .............................................................................

. 53

v iii

. . . .

46 .

. . . . .

47 48

THE INTRODUCTION The P la c e f o r P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l i n g I f one s u f f e r s from p e r s o n a l i t y p r o b le m s w h i c h a r e

p sy­

c h o lo g ic a l and n o t due t o any d i s c o v e r a b l e p h y s i c a l c a u s e , a c o n s u lt in g p s y c h i a t r i s t o r p s y c h o l o g i s t i s as t a x as one i s im m ature o r u n i n s t r u c t e d , te a c h e r i s n eed ed .

in d ic a te d ;

an e d u c a to r

E r n e s t M. L ig o n ( 2 3 ) p o i n t s

in or

out th a t

f i e l d o f th e p a s t o r a l c o u n s e lo r l i e s b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o and t h a t th e p a s t o r a l c o u n s e lo r u s e s p a r t o f t h e

th e

groups

e q u ip m e n t

of e a c h . C oun selin g i s a te r m used t o a s s is ta n c e i s p r o ffe r e d t o

d e n o te th e p r o c e s s

b y w h ic h

i n d i v i d u a l s who f e e l t h e m s e l v e s

to b e in some d e g r e e o f m a la d j u s tm e n t .

L e s lie

W e a th e r h e a d

has d e fin e d c o u n s e lin g a s " th e u n t w i s t i n g o f

a ta n g le d

a l i t y .."

a

C o u n selin g i t s e l f

is , how ever,

le s s

w hose c h ie f con cern i s w i t h i n d i v i d u a l p e r s o n s .

T oo,

q u ite i n c l u s i v e ,

in a s m u c h

it

d i f f i c u l t s t r i c t l y t o c l a s s i f y som e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a s The term , i s

th a n

p r o fe s s io n s

as c o u n s e lin g i s a m a tt e r o f d e g r e e , o n e w o u ld f i n d

and o t h e r s a s n o t..

p erson ­

p r o fe s s io n

a te c h n iq u e w hich i s em ployed i n e v i t a b l y i n t h o s e

( 4 -1 )

very

c o u n s e lin g

e m b r a c in g

many te c h n iq u e s , and f r e q u e n t l y h a s b e e n r e f e r r e d t o

a s g u id a n c e .

In r e fe r e n c e to t h e l a t t e r term , H am rin a n d E r i c k s o n

(1 6 )

sta te :

"Guidance i s t h a t c o n t in u o u s , u n i t a r y p r o c e s s b y w h i c h h e l p i s s y s t e m a t ic a lly o f f e r e d t o i n d i v i d u a l s i n s i t u a t i o n s w h e r e a d ju stm en t, p la n n in g ,

in te r p r e ta tio n ,

or c h o ic e

is

c a lle d

fo r ,

and b y which in d iv id u a l d i f f e r e n c e s an d n e e d s a r e e f f e c t i v e l y

2 r e la t e d t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s ,

d em an d s,

an d o p p o r tu n itie s o f

s o c ia l s it u a t io n s ." P a s to r a l c o u n s e lin g

s u g g e s ts t h e r e la t io n s h ip o f p a sto r

t o p a r is h io n e r im t h e c o u n s e l i n g

e x p e r ie n c e .

rem inds u s t h a t th e p a s t o r i s

a u n i q u e p o s i t i o n t o do

c o u n s e li n g c o n f id e n c e , fa m ilie s .

H is r o l e

in

in

s o c ie ty

a ffo r d s

and g i v e s h i m e a s y a c c e s s t o By v i r t u e o f t h e o f f i c e

t o him b e f o r e t h e y w i l l

c o n fid e

F u rth erm o re, th e p a s t o r

in v io la b ility is

in s p ir e s

t h e h e a r t h s o f m any m any p e o p le t u r n

a n y o t h e r p e r s o n and w hen

t h e y w i l l c o n f id e i n n o o t h e r c o u n s e l o r n iz e d and g u a r a n te e d t h e

p r e s tig e ,

he f i l l s ,

in

R o l l o May ( 2 6 )

E ven la w h a s r e c o g ­

o f su ch a r e la t io n s h ip .

p r a c tic a lly

an d i d e a l l y th e c o n fid a n t

o f p e r so n s o f a l l a g e s * Many l e a d e r s i n

th e f ie ld

of

p a s t o r a l c o u n s e lin g have

em phasized t h a t th e p a s t o r a l p r a c t i e u m c o u n s e lin g .

E very m i n i s t e r

h e would o r w ould n o t .

is

c a lle d

U n le s s h e i s

human n e e d , p e o p le o f a l l

ages w ill

u n d e r s ta n d in g and g u i d a n c e .

i n e v i t a b l y in v o lv e s upon to

c o u n s e l w h e th e r

c o m p l e t e l y i n s u l a t e d fr o m co m e t o h im s e e k in g s e l f -

T h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e an e v e r i n ­

c r e a s in g number o f p e r s o n s w ho a r e l o o k i n g f o r som eone t o in t e r p r e t t h e i r n eed a n d t o i v e a d ju s tm e n ts .

B o th t h e

e n c o u r a g e t h e m i n m a k in g c o n s t r u c t ­ lim ite d

num ber o f p s y c h o lo g ic a lly

t r a in e d a n d q u a l i f i e d w o r k e r s a v a i l a b l e o f t h e ir d i f f i c u l t i e s

a n d t h e f a c t t h a t many

a r e o f a c o m p a r a t i v e l y m in o r n a t u r e ,

im p e l t h e s e p e r s o n s t o w a r d t h e p a s t o r s f o r c o u n s e l i n g h e l p . The p a s t o r a l c o u n s e l o r ♦ s i n s i g h t s

and s k i l l s

h e may b e e i t h e r an e x p e r t o r a b u n g l e r .

d e te r m in e w h e th e r

Thus t h e p a s t o r a l

3 c o u n s e lo r needs to ity

s e e k c o n s t a n t l y t o u n d er sta n d b oth C h r is tia n ­

and p e r s o n a lity * The P r o g r e s s i n P a s t o r a l C o u n s e lin g T w e n t y - s i x y e a r s a g o , R ich a rd C - Cabot ( 8 ) , p r o f e s s o r o f

c l i n i c a l m e d i c i n e i n H a rv a rd U n i v e r s i t y , made "A P le a f o r a C l i n i c a l Y ear in

t h e C o u r se o f T h e o l o g i c a l S tu d y ."

Cabot

t h o u g h t t h a t s u c h e x t e r n s h i p w ould p rom ote t h e p r a c t ic e o f th e o lo g y

in

a m a n n e r a n d a t l o c a t i o n s w here h e lp i s m ost needed—

in h o s p i t a ls ,

p r is o n s ,

a lm sh o u s e s ,

and a sy lu m s— as w e l l as in

t h e h o m e s and h a u n t s o f t h e a p p a r e n t ly b e t t e r - a d j u s t e d . m i n i s t r y w o u ld b e b o t h c l i n i c a l and C h r i s t l i k e . w e ll to to

r e c a ll th a t

Such

I t m ight be

t h e word c l i n i c a l was u se d in m e d ie v a l tim e s

i n d i c a t e t h e b e d s i d e m in i s t r y o f t h e sacram en ts and l a s t

r ite s

by th e c le r g y .

th a t th e o f th e

C h r is tia n

I t w ould seem o n ly r e a so n a b le t o suppose

c le r g y ,

eq u ip p ed w it h t h e in s ig h t and s k i l l

s c i e n c e o f hum an b e h a v io r , w o u ld h ave a much more s i g ­

n ific a n t

a n d u n iq u e c o n t r i b u t i o n i n t h i s modern day.

P a u l E . J o h n so n

( 1 9 ) o f t h e B o s t o n U n iv e r s it y S c h o o l o f

T h e o l o g y t r a c e s t h e n e w movement t h a t h a s come in t h e o l o g i c a l e d u c a tio n

and e x e r c i s e

a s a r e s u l t o f t h e s e emphases a s fo llo w s .

I n 1 9 2 5 > R e v . A n t o n T . B o is e n e s t a b l i s h e d c l i n i o a l t r a in in g fo r

t h e o l o g i c a l s t u d e n t s a t t h e W o r c e s te r S t a t e H o s p it a l in

M a ssa c h u se tts.

I n 1 9 3 0 , t h e C o u n c il f o r C l i n i c a l T r a in in g

o f T h e o l o g i c a l S t u d e n t s ( 2 E a s t 1 0 3 r d S t r e e t , New Y o rk , N .Y ,) w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h D r . R ich ard C . Cabot a s i t s f i r s t p r e s i­ d e n t a n d D r . H e l e n F l a n d e r s Dunbar a s d i r e c t o r .

T r a in in g

4 c e n t e r s w e r e o p e n e d in many m e n ta l and p e n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s w here

t h e o l o g i c a l s t u d e n ts w h ile a t t e n d in g s e m in a r ie s a c t u a l l y

w o r k e d w ith by

s u b j e c t s and w r o te c l i n i c a l r e p o r t s f o r c r i t i c i s m

co m p eten t

s u p e r v is o r s .

The I n s t i t u t e o f P a s t o r a l C are

( M a s s a c h u s e t t s G en era l H o s p i t a l , B o s to n , M a ss.) w ith Rev. R o ll in

J.

tr a in in g of

F a ir b a n k s a s d i r e c t o r w as form ed t o con d uot o l i n i c a l in

C h r is t

has

g e n e r a l h o s p ita ls *

The F e d e r a l C o u n c il o f C hurches

i n A m e ric a (2 9 7 F o u r th A venue, New Y ork, N. Y . )

a v e r y a c t i v e Comm ission o n R e l i g i o n and H e a lth d ir e c t e d

by R ev.

S e w a r d H iltn e r .

S c h o o ls

( C o u n c i l o f Church B oard s o f E d u c a tio n , W ashington,

D.

The A m erican A s s o c ia t io n o f T h e o lo g ic a l

C . ) h a s e n d o r s e d such t r a i n i n g .

Many t h e o l o g i c a l s c h o o ls

n o w h a v e n o t o n l y c l i n i c a l c o u r s e s b u t a ls o i n s t i t u t i o n a l a ffilia tio n s It c lin ic a l

is

t o p ro v id e su ch h i g h l y d e s ir a b l e e d u c a tio n *

n o t e a s y t o a s s e s s t h e v a lu e s d e r iv e d from th e

o r i e n t a t i o n p r o v id e d p a s t o r s .

A survey by th e

C o u n c i l o f C l i n i c a l T r a in in g ( 1 9 ) a s f a r back a s 1937 o f 192 th e o lo g ic a l w ere

in

s t u d e n t s who had c l i n i c a l t r a i n i n g showed t h a t 75$

t h e p a s t o r a t e , 6$ w ere t e a c h in g , 6$ s e r v in g a s h o s p i t a l

c h a p la in s ,

3% a s s o c i a l w o r k e r s, 2 $ in m is s io n a r y w ork, 2$ in

Y .M .C .A . w o r k , e x p e r ie n c e , c o u n s e lin g c a llin g ,

and 1$ in m e d ic in e .

B ecau se o f t h i s c l i n i c a l

9 3 $ r e p o r te d g a in s i n p e r s o n a l i n s i g h t , 86$ in s k i l l s , 70$ in m i n i s t r y t o th e s i c k , 68$ in p a s t o r a l

6 1 $ i n c o o p e r a tio n w it h p r o f e s s i o n a l g r o u p s, 59$ in

u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f th e o lo g y and r e l i g i o n , 57$ in p r e a c h in g , 33$ in and

w ork w ith 25 $ in

g r o u p s , 32$ in r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t io n , 27$ in w o rsh ip ,

o h u r o h a d m in is t r a t io n .

A cco rd in g t o t h i s su r v e y ,

5 t h e c l i n i c a l o r i e n t a t i o n w o u ld se e m t o h e a g r e a t a s s e t t o th e m in is tr y *

6 TEES PURPOSE T h is i n v e s t i g a t i o n a t t e m p t s t o to (1 ) th e p r e p a r a tio n , and p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y *

a s c e r ta in

s o m e t h in g a s

b o th a c a d e m ic a lly , o c c u p a t io n a l ly ,

o f th e p a s to r a l c o u n s e lo r ;

lem s e n c o u n t e r e d b y t h e p a s t o r a l c o u n s e l o r , w it h

(2 )

th e prob­

c o n s id e r a tio n

o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h ic h c o u n s e l i n g t a k e s p l a c e ;

(3 ) th e

p r o c e d u r e s em p lo y ed i n p a s t o r a l c o u n s e l i n g w h ic h r e f l e c t h i s u n d e r ly in g p h i l o s o p h y , h i s a w a r e n e s s o f som e o f t h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f human b e h a v i o r , u t i l i z e d o r a v o id e d ;

an d t h e p r a c t i c e s w h ic h a r e

a n d ( k) t h e p r o f i c i e n c y o f t h e p a s t o r

a s a c o u n s e l o r a s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e "How I C o u n s e l" s c a l e *

7 THE PROCEDURE The I m p le m e n ts E m p lo y ed The O p en-E nd Q u e s t i o n n a i r e Two i n v e n t o r y fo r m s w e r e u t i l i z e d The f i r s t

i n m a k in g t h e s u r v e y .

(F orm A) w a s a n o r i g i n a l l y p r e p a r e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e

a b o u t m i n i s t e r i a l c o u n s e l i n g , v a l u a b l e m a in ly in , e l i c i t i n g in f o r m a t i o n o f a g e n e r a l b a c k g r o u n d n a t u r e . Form A i s

A sa m p le o f

a p p e n d ed a t t h e b a c k o f t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n .

T he f i r s t p a g e o f Form. A d e a l t e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h b io g r a p h ­ i c a l and i d e n t i f y i n g d a t a s u c h a s f u l l name an d a d d r e s s o f th e p a sto r ,

a g e and s e x ,

o c c u p a tio n a l e x p e r ie n c e ,

m a r ita l s t a t u s

b o th m i n i s t e r i a l an d s e c u l a r ;

a c a d e m ic t r a i n i n g b e y o n d h ig h c o u r se s s tu d ie d .

an d num ber o f c h i l d r e n ,

s c h o o l,

and

i n c l u d i n g p s y c h o lo g y

I n s t r u c t i o n s f o l l o w e d r e g a r d in g t h e o p e n -

end q u e s t i o n s t o b e a s k e d . The r e m a in d e r o f Form A i n c l u d e d o p e n -e n d q u e s t i o n s . q u e s tio n s th e m s e lv e s , 1.

o n ly s i x

The

i n n u m b er, w e r e a s f o l l o w s :

Do y o u a t t e m p t c o u n s e l i n g s e r v i c e i n y o u r p a s t o r a t e

a t th e p r e s e n t tim e ;

and,

if

s o , how i s

it

g iv e n ?

2.

What c a t e g o r i e s o f p r o b le m s a r e p r e s e n t e d ?

3*

I n w h a t p l a c e d o e s t h e c o u n s e l i n g t a k e p la c e ?

4*

W ith w h a t co m m u n ity a g e n c i e s o r s e r v i c e s a r e y o u

in c o n ta c t? 5*

W h ich p r o c e d u r e s do yo u u s e a s a c o u n s e lo r ?

6.

B r i e f l y , w h a t s o r t s o f t e c h n i q u e s do y o u u s e ,

and

w h a t o n e s do y o u t h i n k o u g h t n o t t o b e u se d i n y o u r

8 p a s t o r a l c o u n s e lin g ? In each in s t a n c e ,

a num ber o f p h r a s e s w e r e l i s t e d

p o s s i b l e s u g g e s t i v e a n sw ers* .

as

S p a c e w a s a l s o p r o v id e d f o r

o th e r an sw ers t o be v o lu n t a r ily l i s t e d .

I t w as f e l t

th a t

t h i s t y p e o f q u e s t i o n n a i r e w o u ld m o st e f f e c t i v e l y an d f a o i l e l y g e t a t th e d e s ir e d d a ta . i n m e r e ly g i v i n g t e s t s .

T here i s ,

In t h i s

f e l t t h a t o u r en d j u s t i f i e d

o f c o u r s e , no v i r t u e

in s ta n c e ,

o u r m ean s.

t h e r e f o r e , we

Our end w a s n o t t o

grade a s e r v ic e b u t to g ra sp a s it u a t io n . T he B e n z Q u e s t i o n n a i r e The s e o o n d p a r t o f t h e i n v e n t o r y (Form B) w a s a t e s t e n title d

"How I C o u n s e l" ,

p r e v i o u s l y p r e p a r e d and c o p y r i g h t e d

b y D r . S t a n l e y C. B en z and D r . Herm an H . Remmers (/*>)• s a m p le o f Form B o f t h i s t e s t d is s e r ta tio n .

is

A

a p p en d ed a t t h e en d o f t h e

I t c o n s is ts o f f i f t y

ite m s r e l a t i v e t o t h e

t e c h n i q u e s an d p h i l o s o p h i e s o f c o u n s e l i n g . e v e r y it e m w i t h an "A" in i c a s e o f a g r e e m e n t,

E ach t e s t e e

checked

a"?" i n c a s e o f

u n c e r t a i n t y * and a "D" i n c a s e o f d i s a g r e e m e n t . V a l i d i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y .

In p r e p a r in g h i s t e s t ,

D r. B enz

b a s e d h i s i t e m s om s u g g e s t i o n s o f h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s , g r a d u ­ a t e s t u d e n t s m a j o r in g im p s y c h o l o g y ,

se v e r a l p ro fesso r s o f

p s y c h o l o g y , and t h e l i t e r a t u r e i n t h e f i e l d

o f g u id a n c e and

c o u n s e lin g .

i n c l u d i n g tw o

T en a u t h o r i t i e s o n c o u n s e l i n g ,

p s y c h ia tr is ts ,

tw o v o c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e e x p e r t s ,

c o u n s e lo r s in e d u c a tio n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , p s y c h o lo g is ts ,

th r e e s u c c e s s fu l

and t h r e e c l i n i c a l

s e l e c t e d t h e t e s t it e m s f r o m a much l a r g e r l i s t

9 s u b m it t e d t o th e m .

A t l e a s t s e v e n o f t h e t e n a u t h o r i t i e s h ad

t o a g r e e o n t h e a n sw e r t o t h e i t e m f o r i t

to be r e ta in e d fo r

u s e i n t h e e x p e r im e n t a l e d i t i o n o f t h e t e s t . I t e m s w e r e b a s e d on v a r y i n g p h i l o s o p h i e s o f c o u n s e l i n g and o n a v a r i e t y o f t y p e s o f p r o b le m s .

A group o f f u l l - t i m e

p r o f e s s io n a l v e t e r a n ’ s c o u n s e lo r s sc o r e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r on an e x p e r im e n t a l e d i t i o n th a n d id a g r o u p o f s c h o o l t e a c h e r s . O n ly t h o s e t e s t it e m s w h ic h m o st h i g h l y d i s c r i m i n a t e d b e tw e e n p e r s o n s m a k in g h i g h s c o r e s and t h o s e m a k in g lo w s c o r e s w e r e u se d a s f i n a l i t e m s .

" F u r th e r m o r e ,

th e t e s t in c lu d e d th e

p r o p e r p r o p o r t i o n o f it e m s o f ea ch o f f o u r t y p e s o f n a m e ly , 23% k n o w le d g e i t e m s , ite m s ,

25% b e l i e f

and 41% t e c h n i q u e i t e m s . "

ite m s ,

T hus t h e t e s t

s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f s u b j e c t m a t t e r , and d i f f i c u l t y .

q u e s tio n s ,

11% v o c a t i o n ite m s w ere

d i s c r i m i n a t i n g p o w e r,

The c o e f f i c i e n t o f r e l i a b i l i t y f o r t h i s t e s t

w as c a l c u l a t e d by t h e s p l i t - t e s t m e th o d .

The s c o r e s (N s 1 2 0 )

y i e l d e d a r e l i a b i l i t y o f .7 3 -2 . N orm s.

P r e l i m i n a r y norm s f o r t h e B en z t e s t ,

"How I C o u n s e l,"

w e r e o b t a in e d fro m a sa m p le o f 346 h ig h s c h o o l t e a c h e r s . norm s make i t

p o s s ib le to

T h ese

com p are s c o r e s made b y i n d i v i d u a l s

w it h s c o r e s made b y t e a c h e r s who a r e c o u n s e l o r s o r who a r e i n a p o s i t i o n t o do c o u n s e l i n g .

The n orm s g i v e n b e lo w i n d i c a t e

t h e p e r c e n t i l e e q u i v a l e n t s f o r t o t a l raw s c o r e s o n Form B . The p e r c e n t i l e v a l u e w h ic h c o r r e s p o n d s t o a g i v e n t e s t

score

i n d i c a t e s w h a t p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e p e o p l e t e s t e d may b e e x p e c t e d t o make s c o r e s lo w e r them t h a t s c o r e . o f 33 f a l l s

a t t h e 3 0 th p e r c e n t i l e .

F o r e x a m p le : A s c o r e T h is m ean s t h a t t h i s

10 p e r s o n * s s c o r e I s h i g h e r t h a n t h e s c o r e s made b y 3 0 # o f an a v e r a g e g r o u p o f t e a c h e r s and t h a t 7 0 # o f t h e t e a c h e r s s c o r e d h ig h e r t h a n h e d i d . p e r c e n tile .

L ik e w is e a s c o r e o f 42 f a l l s

a t th e 9 5 th

T h i s m ea n s t h a t 9 5 # o f an a v e r a g e g r o u p o f s c h o o l

t e a c h e r s w o u ld s c o r e lo w e r t h a n 4 2 .

P e r c e n tile s fo r t e s t

s c o r e s w h ic h f a l l b e t w e e n t h e v a l u e s g i v e n b e lo w c a n b e o b t a i n e d by i n t e r p o l a t i o n . TABLE 1 NORMS FOR "HOW I COUNSEL" (FORM B) (N - 3 4 6 HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS)

P e r c e n t ile E q u iv a le n t

Raw S c o r e

99 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 1

45 42 41 40 38 37 36 35 33 31 29 26 23

U s e s and p r e c a u t i o n s i n i n t e r p r e t i n g r e s u l t s . p o s s ib ilitie s

O n ly w hen t h e

and l i m i t a t i o n s o f a t e s t a r e u n d e r s t o o d c l e a r l y

can th e s c o r e s be u s e f u l . 1*

T h is t e s t

is

o b v i o u s l y n o t a c u r e - a l l f o r t h e p r o b le m s

and d i f f i c u l t i e s w h ic h a r e e n c o u n t e r e d i n a t o t a l g u id a n c e p ro g ra m .

H ow ever,

it

c a n h e l p i n an e v a l u a t i o n o f t h a t p o r ­

t i o n o f t h e g u id a n c e p ro g ra m w h ic h i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e f a c e -

11 t o - f a c e , p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f c o u n s e l o r an d o o u n s e l e e * By d i s c o v e r i n g t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s who a l r e a d y p o s s e s s c o n s id e r * ' a b le k n o w led g e a b o u t c o u n s e l i n g , , a b e t t e r s e l e c t i o n l y s u c c e s s f u l c a n d id a t e s m ay b e made* be c o n s id e r e d a s an a id i n t h e

T h is

s e le c tio n

o f p o te n tia l­

In str u m e n t sh o u ld

o f c o u n s e lo r s and

a s an e v a l u a t i n g d e v ic e * 2.

The d e v i c e h e l p s i n d i v i d u a l c o u n s e l o r s t o

e v a lu a te t h e ir

know ledge o f a fe w b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s o f human b e h a v i o r a n d t o ch eck t h e t e c h n iq u e s t h e y u s e a g a i n s t t h e t e c h n i q u e s a g r e e d upon by e x p e r t s i n t h e f i e l d

o f c o u n s e lin g *

K n o w in g b a s i c

p r i n c i p l e s o f human n a tu r e a n d a c c e p t e d t e c h n i q u e s

i s no

g u a r a n te e t h a t t h e c o u n s e l o r w i l l p r o f i t a c c o r d i n g l y ;

b u t th e

c o u n s e lo r who d o e s n o t h a v e s u c h k n o w le d g e m ig h t b e a s s u m e d t o be l e s s a p t t o do good c o u n s e l i n g *

T a b le

2 lis ts

p r in c ip le s o f c o u n s e lin g t o g e t h e r w ith t h e t e s t

so m e b a s i c

i t e m s w h ic h

r e fe r to t h e s e p r in c ip le s * 3.

O utcom es o f a t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m c a n b e m e a s u r e d b y g i v i n g

th e t e s t a t t h e b e g in n in g a n d a r e t e s t c a s e , th e in d iv id u a l a n sw ers t o be d i s c u s s e d w it h him * s p u r io u s ly h ig h * m easu rem ent.

a t t h e en d *

th e f i r s t t e s t i n g

In su c h s h o u ld n o t

O t h e r w is e t h e g a i n s r e c o r d e d m ay b e

A ll t e s t in g

in v o lv e s a c e r t a in

Thus t h e s c o r e m ay b e e x p e c t e d t o

error o f vary a b it

on s u c c e s s i v e t e s t i n g s * The C o l l e c t i o n o f D a t a F or t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e p r e s e n t s u r v e y , m e n ta l c o n t r o l o f t h e v a r i a b l e s w as n e i t h e r

s tr ic t

e x p e r i­

p r a c tic a l nor

12 TABLE 2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING AND TEST ITEMS WHICH REFER TO THESE PRINCIPLES ADAPTED FROM BENZ ( 4 )

B a s ic P r i n c i p l e

T e s t I te m

1. C a p it a liz e on t h e o o u n s e le e ’ s s u c c e s s e s . P r a i s e i s a b e t t e r i n c e n t i v e f o r a c h ie v e m e n t them b la m e .

13 16

2 . U n d e r s t a n d t h e r o l e o f e m o t io n s i n human b e h a v io r . E m o tio n o f t e n o v e r r u l e s i n t e l l i g e n c e and d i c t a t e s b e h a v i o r . P e r m it f r e e e x p r e s s i o n o f e m o t io n s d u r in g an i n t e r v i e w .

4 11 14 19

21 34 3* A v o id b e in g ju d g m e n t a l a b o u t b e h a v io r * D on ’ t p a s s ju d g m e n t. Be i n t e r e s t e d . L is te n * E v a lu a t e m e n t a l l y w h a t t h e c o u n s e l l e e s a y s , b u t d o n ’ t l a b e l h im ’’good " o r ’’b a d . ”

28 45

4* U n d e r s ta n d t h e d y n a m ic m ech a n ism s o f b e h a v io r . ’’N o rm a l” i s a p p l i e d t o common w a y s o f s a t i s f y i n g n e e d s ; " a b n o rm a l” o r " d i f f e r e n t ” i s a p p l i e d t o e x a g g e r a t e d w a y s . U n d e r s ta n d t h e c a u s e and e f f e c t p r i n c i p l e s .

15 17 18 20 22

5* C o n s id e r e f f e c t o f e n v ir o n m e n t on c o u n s e l e e ’ s b e h a v io r . Some p r o b le m s d is a p p e a r i f t h e r e i s t h e p r o p e r e c o n o m ic , s o c i a l , e d u c a t i o n a l , and s p i r i t u a l c lim a te .

2 23

6. Remember n e a r l y e v e r y o n e b e n e f i t s fro m g o o d c o u n s e lin g . I t i s j u s t a s im p o r ta n t t o s t im u ­ l a t e t h e s u p e r io r - e n d o w e d an d w e l l - a d j u s t e d a s t h e l e s s t a l e n t e d and p o o r l y - a d j u s t e d .

1

7* E n d e a v o r t o b e p e r s o n a l l y w e l l - a d j u s t e d . One can n ot sh a re w hat h e d o es n o t h a v e .

8 48

8. C o n s id e r t h e c o u n s e l e e a s a t o t a l p e r s o n We a r e t h e p r o d u c t o f o u r y e s t e r d a y s . A p a r tic u l a r b e h a v i o r p a t t e r n may b e o n l y a sym ptom o f t h e r e a l p r o b le m .

3 9 12 35 46

9* D i s t i n g u i s h b e tw e e n c o u n s e l i n g and t e a c h i n g (o r p r e a c h in g ). T h ey a r e n o t y e t i d e n t i c a l

5 6

13 TABLE 2 (C o n t in u e d )

B a s ic P r i n c i p l e

T e s t I te m

th o u g h b eco m in g i n c r e a s i n g l y s i m i l a r * T e a c h in g e m p h a s iz e s i n s t r u c t i o n ; c o u n s e l i n g e m p h a s iz e s in c o r p o r a t io n * 10* B e s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d and o b j e c t i v e * Be j u d i c i o u s i n h a n d lin g f a c t s , b u t t h e y m u st b e o b t a in e d an d d e a l t w ith *

7 36 37 41 43 44 47

11* C e n te r t h e i n t e r v i e w aro u n d t h e p r o b le m e x p r e s s e d by t h e o o u n s e l e e . He h a s a p r o b le m i f h e s a y s so * He m u st s o l v e i t * B e lie v e t h a t h e ca n * T a lk h i s la n g u a g e . S et p roper e n v ir o n m e n t* K eep c o n v e r s a t i o n a lo n g l i n e h e l p i n g hiEL t o b r i n g h i s p r o b le m t o t h e f o r e grou n d and e v e n t u a l l y t o d i s c o v e r t h e m ea n in g o f h i s o w il b e h a v io r .

10 24 25 26 27 29 30

31 32 33 38 39 40 42 49 50

14 n ecessary*

The v e r y n a t u r e o f a q u e s t i o n n a i r e t y p e o f s t u d y

s u g g e s t s m any i n c o m p a t i b i l i t i e s w i t h s t r i c t e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n tr o ls .

Of c o u r s e ,

e v e r y p o s s i b l e e f f o r t w as e x e r c is e d

to w a r d t h e e q u a l i z a t i o n o f a l l i n f l u e n c i n g f a c t o r s ,

but s t i l l

t h e r e e x i s t e d t h e v a r i o u s s h o r t c o m in g s i n c i d e n t a l t o t h e u s e o f t h e p e r s o n a l i n v e n t o r y m e th o d . The c o m p le t e i n v e n t o r y w as s u b m it t e d t o f i v e h u n d r e d c le r g y m e n .

T h ey w e r e a l l P r o t e s t a n t s .

A l l w ere a c t i v e l y

e n g a g e d i n s e r v i n g p a r i s h e s on t h e f u l l - t i m e b a s i s . in t h e M id w e s t.

A l l w e r e m a r r ie d , m a le s ,

A l l r e s id e d

and w h i t e s .

C a u t io n

w as e x e r c i s e d s o a s n o t t o e x e r t undue o r u n e q u a l p r e s s u r e upon an y o n e c le r g y m a n a s o v e r a g a i n s t t h a t u s e d w i t h a n y o t h e r . I n e v e r y c a s e , t h e i n v e n t o r y w as m a ile d a l o n g w i t h an e n c l o s e d r e t u r n e n v e l o p w h ic h w a s c o r r e c t l y a d d r e s s e d and w h ich h a d o n i t sta n c e ,

t h e p r o p e r am ount o f p o s t a g e .

In e v e r y in ­

e a c h c le r g y m a n , who d i d n o t r e s p o n d b e f o r e tw o w e e k s

a f t e r h a v in g b e e n s e n t t h e p o sta l card .

in v e n t o r y , w as s e n t on e t r a c e r

Two h u n d r e d p a s t o r s r e s p o n d e d w i t h p r o p e r l y

a c c o m p lis h e d i n v e n t o r i e s i n

t im e t o b e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s s u r v e y .

B ecau se o f v a r io u s i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s ,

a num ber o f i n v e n t o r i e s

w h ic h w e r e r e c e i v e d a l o n g w i t h t h e o t h e r s w e r e n o t in c l u d e d in t h e r e s u l t s .

T he o n l y i n v e n t o r i e s n o t i n c l u d e d w e r e t h o s e

w h ic h w e r e i n c o m p l e t e l y o r i n a c c u r a t e l y c o m p le t e d . fe w m ore w h ic h h a v e s t r a g g l e d n o t been in c lu d e d .

In a l l ,

T oo, a

in s in c e th e ta r g e t d a te have

p e r h a p s , n o t m ore t h a n t w e n t y

in v e n to r ie s f e l l in to th e s e c a t e g o r ie s .

A bout f i f t e e n

o th e r

15 p a s t o r s r e tu r n e d t h e u n an sw ered q u e s t i o n n a ir e s .

T he r e m a in in g

265 c le r g y m e n r e t u r n e d n e i t h e r t h e fo r m s n o r t h e p o s t a g e . cou rse,

Of

t h e y w e r e n o t u n d e r a n y c o n s t r a i n t t o do s o .

O b v io u s ly ,

i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e f o r t h e a b o v e - m e n t io n e d

r e a s o n s t o s e c u r e an e x a c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a t e num ber o f r e s p o n s e s t o t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e d e n o m in a t io n s r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e s a m p le ,. N or w e r e a l l d e n o m in a t io n s w it h in , t h e a r e a s t u d i e d r e p r e s e n t e d in th e s a m p le .

A l l o f t h e s t r o n g e r d e n o m in a t io n s w e r e r e p r e ­

s e n t e d and many o f t h e l e s s e r o n e s a s w e l l . c o m m u n io n s w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d

in th e su r v e y .

s e l e c t e d fro m . P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s l i s t e d

T w e n ty -fiv e ch u rch The s a m p le w as

on S a tu r d a y n ig h t s

i n t h e c h u r c h s e c t i o n o f s e v e r a l m id w e s te r n n e w s p a p e r s .

It

w as f e l t

t h a t su c h w o u ld p r o v i d e a som ew h at r e p r e s e n t a t i v e

s a m p le .

The e x t e n t t o w h ic h t h e s a m p le i s

r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f

t h e c l e r g y i n g e n e r a l o r o f a n y p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p o f c le r g y m e n is

c e r t a i n l y open t o

lim ite d

q u e s tio n .

H ow ever, a l l c o n c lu s io n s a r e

t o t h e p r e s e n t s a m p le and a s s u c h a r e o f s i g n i f i c a n c e . The A n a l y s i s o f D a ta

A f t e r t h e in v e n t o r ie s had b een r e tu r n e d f i l l e d fu ll,

o u t in

t h e d a t a c o n c e r n in g t h e p a s t o r s w as f i r s t g r o u p e d f o r

a n a l y s i s w it h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e a g e o f t h e p a s t o r , num ber o f c h i l d r e n i n t h e p a s t o r a l f a m i l y , num ber o f y e a r s o f p a s t o r a l e x p e r ie n c e ,

o th e r o c c u p a tio n a l e x p e r ie n c e o f p a s t o r s ,

t r a i n i n g b e y o n d h ig h s c h o o l r e p r e s e n t e d

a c a d e m ic

in y e a r s o f s c h o o lin g

and d e g r e e s p o s s e s s e d , an d num ber o f p s y c h o l o g y c o u r s e s t a k e n . In each in s t a n c e ,

th e r e la t io n s h ip

b e tw e e n t h e s e f a c t o r s and

16 t h e s c o r e s o b t a in e d on t h e it e m s o f t h e "How I C o u n s e l" t e s t w as o b s e r v e d . The d a t a c o n c e r n in g p a s t o r a t e s w a s a n a ly z e d a s t o t h e d e n o m in a t io n s r e p r e s e n t e d , t h e s i z e o f t h e a c t i v e m em b ersh ip o f t h e l o c a l c h u r c h e s , and t h e p o p u l a t i o n s o f t h e l o c a t i o n s o f th e p a r is h e s .

T h ese f a c t o r s ,

t o o , w e r e com p ared w i t h t h e

s c o r e s o b t a in e d on t h e it e m s i n Form B o f t h e i n v e n t o r y . The d a t a c o n c e r n in g p a s t o r a l c o u n s e l i n g t e c h n i q u e s w as s tu d ie d n e x t .

A t t e n t io n w as g iv e n t o t h e d e s c r ip t i o n o f

c o u n s e lin g te c h n iq u e s u sed a s o b ta in e d i n a n sw ers t o t h e s i x o p e n -e n d q u e s t i o n s a s k e d i n Form A .

T he a n s w e r s s u g g e s t e d

in t h e fo rm i t s e l f w er e h a n d le d i n an a r i t h m e t i c m anner w h e r e ­ a s o th e r an sw ers l i s t e d

v o lu n t a r ily by th e t e s t e e s w ere but

com m ented upon s u m m a r ily . A n a l y s e s o f r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d upon, t h e B e n z t e s t p r o c e d e d a lo n g f o u r l i n e s :

(1 )

s t u d y o f t h e s c a l e a s a w h o le b y com p ar­

i s o n o f t h e p e r c e n t i l e s o b t a in e d b y t h e c l e r g y w i t h t h o s e o f a g ro u p o f h ig h s c h o o l c o u n s e l o r s ;

(2 )

c h e c k in g o f t h e c o r r e c t

s c o r e s o b t a in e d a g a i n s t t h e c a t e g o r i e s m e n tio n e d a b o v e b o th w it h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t o t a l g r o u p and a l s o t h e h i g h e s t and lo w e s t q u a r t i l e s ;

(3 )

a n a l y s e s o f t h e it e m s f a l l i n g

in t o groups

w it h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e i r s u b j e c t m a t t e r and t h e r a t i o n a l e b e ­ h in d s u c h g r o u p in g ; and ( 4 )

c r i t i c a l d is c u s s io n o f th e in d iv id ­

u a l it e m s w it h r e f e r e n c e t o

s u b j e c t m a t t e r , w o r d a g e , and d e g r e e

ap rop os t o p a s t o r a l c o u n s e lin g *

17 THE FINDINGS The O pen- End Q u e s t io n n a i r e ( Form A) D a ta C o n c e r n in g P a s t o r s T hough t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n F ig u r e 1 i s to th e r ig h t ,

it

is

d is t r i b u t io n th a n i s

som ew h at sk ew ed

a c l o s e r approach t o t h e n orm al c u r v e o f s e e n i n an y o f t h e o t h e r f i g u r e s .

The

gra p h i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e m o d a l num ber o f c h i l d r e n f o r p a s t o r s i s tw o , w it h t h r e e co m in g n e x t an d t h e n , o n e .

S e v e n ty -o n e

p a s t o r s o r 3 5 £ # o f o u r sa m p le p o p u la t io n r e p o r t e d h a v in g tw o c h ild r e n .

S e v e n t y - s e v e n and o n e - h a l f p e r c e n t o f t h e p a s t o r s

r e p o r t e d a num ber o f c h i l d r e n w i t h i n t h e r a n g e fro m o n e t o th r ee. F ig u r e 2 , d e a l i n g w it h t h e a g e o f p a s t o r s , c u r v e w h ic h i s sk ew ed t o t h e r i g h t . t h e 40 t o 49 y e a r s o f a g e b r a c k e t , 200 p a s t o r s , w i t h t h e 30 t o by i n c l u d i n g 58 p a s t o r s ,

y i e l d s a n o th e r

The m o d a l i n t e r v a l i s in c lu d in g 62 o u t o f t h e

39 i n t e r v a l co m in g a c l o s e s e c o n d

and t h e 50 t o 59 i n t e r v a l n o t l a g g i n g

f a r b e h in d w i t h 4 8 o f t h e p a s t o r s .

E ig h ty -fo u r p er c e n t o f

t h e p a s t o r s f a l l w i t h i n a r a n g e o f fr o m 30 t o 60 y e a r s o f a g e . F ig u r e 3 sh o w s t h a t by f a r m ore p a s t o r s ( 3 9 % o f o u r sa m p le ) r e p o r t e d fr o m 10 t o

19 y e a r s o f p a s t o r a l e x p e r i e n c e

th a n a n y o t h e r p e r io d o f y e a r s .

The n e x t h i g h e s t p e r c e n t a g e

( 2 li% ) w as f o r t h e g r o u p w it h 30 o r m ore y e a r s o f e x p e r i e n c e . The 20 t o 29 y e a r s o f e x p e r i e n c e i n t e r v a l came n e x t ( 2 1 $ ) , and t h e 0 t o 9 i n t e r v a l l a s t .

It is

in t e r e s t in g to n o te th a t

GUOlSVd AO UaQMAN N umber

C hildren

of

op

C h il d r e n

Pa st o r s

F igure I

s u o i s v d l o u ia w n iH 20-29

of

Age

SO-69

Pa s t o r s

40-49

of

years

30-39

A ge

FIGURE I

60-0VO)

YEars

or Pastoral e x p e r ie n c e

f I6URE ]S

20

SDOlSVd HBQUnN

21 a l l t h e t h r e e la s t - n a m e d i n t e r v a l s h a d number o f p a s t o r s i n them*

j u s t a b o u t t h e se m e

The m ode i s ,

th e r e b y , h ig h ly

a c c e n tu a te d . F ig u r e 4 sh ow s t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e p a s t o r s r e p o r t e d o c c u p a t io n a l e x p e r i e n c e o t h e r th a n t h e m i n i s t r y .

A s w e p ass

from no o th e r o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e o n t h e p a r t o f p a s t o r s on up t o f i v e o r m o re, a d e c r e a s i n g n u m b er o f p a s t o r s

is

c lu d e d .

200)

The l a r g e s t num ber o f p a s t o r s

(6 ? o u t o f th e

in ­

r e p o r te d no o t h e r o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e s w h i l e t h e s m a l l e s t number o f p a s t o r s ( 5 o u t o f

th e 2 0 0 )

r e p o r t e d h a v in g f i v e

more o th e r o c c u p a t io n a l e x p e r i e n c e s .

I n term s o f p e r c e n ta g e ,

t h a t would be 33% a s o v e r a g a i n s t 2^%*

I t w a s s u r m iz e d t h a t

t h o s e r e p o r tin g o t h e r o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e many in s t a n c e s , som e q u i t e “t r a n s i t o r y o n e ’ s way th ro u g h s c h o o l .

or

in c lu d e d ,

in

j o b s h e l d w h i l e w o r k in g

S u b seq u en t p e r s o n a l in t e r v ie w h a s

v in d ic a t e d t h i s s u r m is e . F ig u r e 5 p r e s e n t s t h e t y p e s o f d e g r e e s p o s s e s s e d b y o u r sam ple p o p u la t io n . earn ed d e g r e e s .

Of t h e

200 p a s t o r s ,

1 6 8 o r 84% p o s s e s s

H o n o ra r y d e g r e e s a r e p o s s e s s e d b y 30 o f t h e

p a s t o r s or 15% o f t h e w h o le g ro u p . p o s s e s s e d no d e g r e e s .

Of c o u r s e ,

O n ly 3 2 p a s t o r s o r 16% it

is

n ot j u s t if ia b le to

t o t a l t h e p e r c e n t a g e s in i t h i s i n s t a n c e d u e t o t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e h on o ra ry d e g r e e s w h i c h o b v i o u s l y w e r e g r a n t e d t o d iv id u a l s who f a l l

in ­

in to o n e or o t h e r o f t h e o th e r c a t e g o r i e s .

The im p r e s s iv e t h i n g t h a t w e g a t h e r f r o m t h i s g r a p h i s

th a t

t h e m in is t r y i s a h i g h l y e d u c a t e d g r o u p a s co m p a red w i t h t h e g e n e r a l p o p u la tio n ^

H ow ever, a s oom pared w it h o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l

W

N umber

of

of

O ccupations

Other Occupational E xperience

Figure

P a st o r s

22

SU O X SV d 4 0 b39W A |S|

A

Types of Degrees

Y

P o sse sse d

FlGUftE by

Pa s t o r s

23

SttO lSV d ±0 B lB M n N

24 groups th e y do n o t compare a s fa v o r a b ly ,

W© w o u ld

expect

100 p ero en t o f a sample o f p s y c h o lo g is t s ,

p h y s ic ia n s ,

and

p s y c h ia t r is t s t o p o ssess ea rn ed d e g r e e s . F ig u re 6 p r e s e n ts th e r e s u l t s o f o u r s t u d y c o n c e r n i n g the ty p e s of earned d egrees p o sse s se d by p a s t o r s .

In asm u ch

as th e r e are so many kinds o f d egrees g i v e n i n s u c h w i d e l y d if f e r e n t f i e l d s and in v a r y in g e d u c a t io n a l e p o c h s ,

it

w as

decided to c a te g o r iz e in term s o f e q u i v a l e n t d e g r e e s .

E q u iv ­

alence was based upon th e d i f f i c u l t y o f t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r stu d ie d , the number o f y ea r s req u ired t o c o m p le t e t h e

cou rse

of stu d y , and t h e usual e v a lu a t io n p la c e d upon c e r t a i n

degrees

from p a r tic u la r sc h o o ls by f i r s t r a te e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u ­ t io n s .

Four c a te g o r ie s w ere f i n a l l y s e l e c t e d — t h e A . B .

or

e q u iv a le n t, th e M.A. or e q u iv a le n t , th e B .D . ( B a e h e l o r o f D iv in ity ) or e q u iv a le n t, and th e Ph.D. o r e q u i v a l e n t example, one p a sto r in th e random sam ple p o s s e s s e d d e g r e e ).

(fo r

t h e M .D .

The v a rio u s earned m i n i s t e r i a l o r t h e o l o g i c a l d e g r e e s

were much more d i f f i c u l t t o e v a lu a te th a n w e r e t h e

degrees

which w ere o r ie n te d more tow ard th e p h y s i c a l s c i e n c e s

su ch

as th e B .S . or M.D. d eg re es. E ig h ty -fo u r peroent o r 168 p a s to r s o f t h e s a m p l e p o s s e s s e d the A .B . or eq u iv a len t d e g r e e .

As we w o u ld e x p e c t

fo r

a m in ­

i s t e r i a l p o p u la tio n , the n e x t la r g e s t c a t e g o r y w a s t h e B .B * or eq u iv a len t d eg ree.

F i f t y - f o u r and o n e - h a l f p e r c e n t o r

109

p a sto r s had com pleted such m in iste r ia l g r a d u a t e w o r k r e p r e s e n t ­ ing a t le a s t t h r e e years o f advanced s t u d y .

T w e n ty -s ix p e r c e n t

or 52 p a sto r s had earned t h e M.A. or e q u i v a l e n t d e g r e e s

(m o s tly

II ? a §

2 s

SUOASVfJ 4 0 UMMRN T y pes pf

E^UIV.

D egrees

EQUIV.

E arned

EQUIV.

types or earned

P o ssessed

EQUtV.

rtauRE S I Degrees Possessed By P a s to r s

25

26 in th e o lo g y ).

The s m a l l e s t

b een p r e d ic te d , in c lu d e d

n a m e ly ,

c a t e g o r y w as a g a i n w hat m ig h t h a v e

t h e P h .D . o r e q u i v a l e n t d e g r e e w h i c h

13 p a sto r s o r 6£$.

A c tu a lly ,

t h e r e w e r e i n t h e s a m p le

1 2 P h .D .’ s and o n e M .B F ig u r e 7 i s

a b a r g r a p h su m m a rizin g o u r

stu d y o f t h e

y e a r 's o f a c a d e m ic t r a i n i n g b eyon d t h e h ig h s c h o o l l e v e l v f a ic h w as a t ta in e d b y th e p a s t o r s .

The m ode i s s e e n t o b e a t 7 t o

8 y e a r s o f s t u d y b ey o n d h i g h s c h o o l . th e

T h is ,

n o d o u b t, r e f l e c t s

i n c r e a s i n g e m p h a s is t h a t p a s t o r s b e b o t h

c o l l e g e and

s e m in a r y g r a d u a t e s w h ic h c a l l s f o r a m inim um o f s e v e n y e a r s o f a c a d e m ic t r a i n i n g b e y o n d h ig h s c h o o l .

N in e ty -o n e p a s t o r s

o r 45^ # o t "the g ro u p s u r v e y e d m et t h i s v e r y h i g h s t a n d a r d . O n ly 10 p a s t o r s o r 5 $ r e p o r t e d no y e a r s o f t r a i n i n g b e y o n d h ig h s c h o o l.

T hat i s

r a t h e r s u r p r i s i n g w h en w e remember t h e

num ber o f o l d e r p e o p le i n t h e m i n i s t r y and t h o s e who h a v e e n t e r e d t h e m i n i s t r y f romi som e o t h e r w a lk o f est

life .

The l o w ­

i n t e r v a l , h o w e v e r , w as t h e o n e r e p r e s e n t i n g o n ly f r o m

o n e t o tw o y e a r s o f s t u d y b eyon d s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l .

T h is m ay

b e a r e f l e c t i o n o f t h e f a c t t h a t a g r e a t n u m b er o f m i n i s t e r i a l c a n d i d a t e s s t a r t to w a r d t h e i r c a r e e r i n t h e i r t e e n s ; th e y g et t o g o to c o l le g e a t a l l ,

and i f

t h e y g e n e r a l l y r e m a in u n t i l

t h e y f i n i s h b o t h c o l l e g e an d s e m in a r y .

T he s e c o n d l a r g e s t

i n t e r v a l i s t h e one r e p r e s e n t i n g 3 t o 4 y e a r s o f t r a i n i n g b ey o n d h i g h s c h o o l .

I n t h e p r e se n t stu d y ,

t h e v a st m a jo r ity

o f p a s t o r s r e p o r te d f o u r r a t h e r th a n t h r e e y e a r s o f su ch tr a in in g .

In o t h e r w o r d s ,

p a sto r s o r 1 7 i# f e l l

th e y f in is h e d

c o lle g e .

T h ir ty -fiv e

i n t o t h i s i n t e r v a l w h i l e a lm o s t a s m any

Years

A cademic T raining

beyond

Hmm S chool

High School Attained

o f T rawms

beyond

fteiM E H L

by

Pa st o r s

27

S

SUOLSV^ 40H 39H O N

3

3

28 f e l l in to th e 5 to 6 y e a r s i n t e r v a l . work e i t h e r on th e M .A .

A g a in ,

o r to w a rd t h e B .D .

th is

m ay r e f l e c t

o r P h .D .

(o r

th e ir

e q u iv a le n ts ). F ig u r e 8 p i c t u r e s g r a p h i c a l l y c o u r s e s ta k e n by p a s t o r s .

t h e num ber o f p s y c h o lo g y

The m o d e

is

co u rse i n d i c e , i n c l u d i n g 6 1 p a s t o r s

at th e

none t o

o r 30^% o f

th e

The n e x t l a r g e s t num ber o f c l e r g y m e n ,

33 p a s t o r s

h a v in g had th r e e p s y c h o l o g y c o u r s e s .

A lm o s t

36 p a s t o r s or 1 8 $ ,

c h e c k e d fo u r c o u r s e s .

p ro b a b ly r e f l e c t c u r r i c u l u m r e q u i r e m e n t s ary.

O n ly 14 p a s t o r s o u t o f t h e

as

in

s a m p le .

or

a group,

tw o g r o u p s

c o lle g e

2 0 0 s tu d ie d

19% c h e c k e d

la r g e

T h ese

one

(7% )

and

s e m in ­

lis te d

seven

or more p sy c h o lo g y c o u r s e s w h ich t h e y h a d t a k e n . D a ta C o n c e r n in g P a s t o r a l C h a r g e s F ig u r e 9 d e a l s w i t h t h e r e s p o n s i v e n e s s d en o m in a tio n s t o t h e s u r v e y .

I n v e n to r ie s

in t w e n t y - f iv e d e n o m in a t io n s .

In

o f p a sto r s

w ere

th e fig u r e ,

sen t

The b a s i s

o f in v e n t o r ie s s e n t e a c h group h a s procedure*.

H ow ever, t h e f i g u r e

been e x p la in e d

and t h e number r e t u r n e d i n t h e i n s t a n c e s

b o th of

The h ig h r e s p o n s i v e n e s s

due t o t h e w r it e r h a v i n g b een t h e c o lle g e .

o f th e

grou p s.

M is s io n a r y

g r o u p m ay b e

d eem a t

Too, h e h a s h a d c o n s i d e r a b l e p u b l i c

th e

o f r e tu r n s w ere

la tte r

a c a d e m ic

num ber

num ber s e n t

seven

from t h e E v a n g e l ic a l U n i t e d B r e t h r e n an d t h e U n i t e d p a sto r s.

groups

th e

under

th e

th e

p e r c e n ta g e

p a sto r s

o r m ore

fo r d e te r m in in g

I n d ic a te s

I t w i l l be noted t h a t t h e h i g h e s t

to

o n ly t h o s e

are s p e c i f i c a l l y nam ed fr o m w h o s e m i n i s t r y f i f t e e n i n v e n t o r i e s w ere r e t u r n e d .

by

th e ir

r e la tio n s

o n ly w ith

Number of

P sychology C ourses

Takem by P a s t o r s

29

S ttO lS V d S O B 3 BM nf4

o th e rs

30

im

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to

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g X

meth.

M

w»

s ~

^ § § $ s $ s im o iit a M t i jo u ie u f t N

31 t h e fo r m e r g r o u p .

H o w e v e r , t h e s e i n f l u e n c e s may n o t h a v e h ad

a g r e a t d e a l o f w e ig h t.

It is

t o h e n o te d t h a t th e p e r c e n ta g e s

o f r e t u r n s fr o m t h e s i x d e n o m in a t io n s named f a l l s w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f fr o m 32% t o

63%.

F i g u r e 1 0 p i c t u r e s t h e num ber o f a c t i v e m em bers o f t h e p a s t o r a t e s s tu d ie d a te ly .

in th e su r v e y .

The f i r s t f a c t i s

s p e a k in g ,

Two f a c t s g r i p u s im m ed i­

t h a t t h e r e seem s t o b e , r o u g h ly

a b o u t f o u r s i z e s o f a c t i v e m e m b e r s h ip s ; ( 1 )

w it h a n a c t i v e m e m b e r sh ip o f fr o m o n e t o

500 p e r s o n s ,

w i t h a n a c t i v e m e m b e r sh ip o f fr o m 5 0 0 t o 1 0 0 0 , fr o m 1 0 0 0 t o 1 5 0 0 , a n d ( 4 ) b ers. w it h

The se co n d f a c t i s

t h o s e w ith

th o se

t h o s e w ith

t h a t t h e r e a r e f a r m ore c h u r c h e s

1 3 6 c h u r c h e s o r 67% ( t h a t i s t o

su rv ey ed ) f e l l w ith in th e f i r s t gro u p , 16 in t o t h e t h i r d ,

(2 )

1 5 0 0 o r m ore a c t i v e mem­

s m a l l a c t i v e m e m b e r sh ip s t h a n l a r g e o n e s .

su rv ey ,

(3 )

churches

sa y,

In t h e p r e s e n t

2 /3 o f th e ch u rch es

36 f e l l i n t o

th e secon d ,

a n d 1U im t h e l a s t .

F ig u r e 11 i n d i c a t e s t h e p o p u la t io n o f t h e ch u rch l o c a l i t i e s in r e f e r e n c e t o

o u r s a m p le .

In a sm u c h a s t h e t o t a l num ber w as

s m a l l , t h e f u r t h e r b rea k d o w n i n t o e l e v e n g r o u p s d rew o u t o u r num ber t o

te n u o u s p r o p o r tio n s a s f a r a s s t a t i s t i c a l p ro c e d u re s

or u se s w ere o o n cern ed . e v id e n t: is

o u r s a m p le i s

One t h i n g , h o w e v e r , la r g e ly

is

im m e d ia t e ly

u rb a n r a t h e r t h a n r u r a l .

T hat

a s w o u ld b e e x p e c t e d i n v ie w o f t h e p r o c e d u r e f o l l o w e d i n

th e s e l e c t i o n o f r e c i p i e n t s f o r th e in v e n to r y . i n t h e 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 t o

The mode f e l l

5 0 0 ,0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n i n t e r v a l w i t h 7 8 c h u r c h e s

r e p r e s e n t e d o r 39% o f t h e t o t a l . s t r o n g l y sk e w e d t o t h e r i g h t .

T he w h o le d i s t r i b u t i o n w as

The grap h r e v e a ls t h a t th e

s a i o b n i o 40 a a e w ftN 100

201-300

or

301-400

M e m b e rsh ip

101-200

A c tiv e

401-300

1001-1500

S tu d ie d

501-1000

C h u rc h e s

F igure X

1501-OVER

if if n II i( H

points and techniques in pastoral counseling, we want your own candid opinion.

Different people hold various standpoints, but

we want an expression of your own experience.

Therefore, please

neither idealize nor theorize; give us your won realistic re­ sponses.

73 T hree v a lid

c a u tio n s are

an d w o r th w h ile r e s u lt s : 1.

b le

s u g g e s t e d in t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e m o s t

Do n o t omit a n y i t e m .

under

each

ite m .

A number o f c h o i c e s a r e p o s s i ­

F u r th e r m o r e , i f t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s do n o t

exp ress

h ow y o u f e e l a b o u t th e s it u a t io n , p le a se f e e l f r e e t o

u se

b la n k

th e 2-

tr ic k

of

lim it. out

th is

l i n e s o r t o ap p en d e x t r a p a g e s as y o u may w i s h .

Do n o t any

f e e l under p ressu re.

k in d .

No u s e

It

T h is i s n o t a t e s t n o r a

i s sim p ly a survey.

There i s

no t i m e

w i l l be made o f th e name o f any p e r s o n : f i l l i n g

in v e n to r y .

3.

Do n o t d i s c u s s t h e it e m s w ith anyone b e f o r e you f i l l

out

th e

in v e n to r y .

any

ite m s.

Do n o t ch a n g e an sw ers a f t e r h a v i n g d i s c u s s e d

W e want o n l y yo u r own a n sw e r s , u n b ia s e d by t h e

e x p r e ssio n o f

th e

e x p r e s s i o n o f the o p i n i o n s o f o t h e r s .

1. D o y o u a t t e m p t c o u n s e l i n g s e r v i c e i n your p a s t o r a t e a t t h e p r e s e n t tim e ? a.

Y es

. . . . .

N o ...........

b. I f t h e above a n s w e r i s v i c e g iv e n ?

y e s , how i s t h e c o u n s e l i n g s e r ­

W ith in d i v id u a ls In

s m a ll g r o u p s

I n la r g e r groups O n ly in t h e c o n g r e g a tio n a l s e r v ic e s O th ers ( s p e c if y )

..........................................................................

79 2. W hat c a t e g o r i e s o f p r o b l e m s a r e p r e s e n t e d ? (C h eck once f o r h a v in g had s u c h c a s e s in your c o u n s e lin g e x p e r ie n c e s* P la c e a s e c o n d c h e c k i n f r o n t o f t h e f i v e m ost f r e q u e n t ly o c c u r r in g c a te g o r ie s* ) ___

R e lig io u s c o n f lic t s

I n f i d e l i t y _____________________ ___

C h i l d r e n * s p r o b le m s

D iv o r c e

___

V o c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e

S e p a r a tio n

___

E d u c a t i o n a l g u id a n c e

E r o tic ism

___

P e r s o n a l i t y p r o b le m s

E x tr a m a r ita l r e la tio n s

M a s t u r b a t i o n __________________ ___ P e r v e r s io n

_____ C h a n g in g m o r e s

B o y - g ir l r e la tio n s h ip s

_____ C om m unity p r o b le m s

M a r ita l c h o ic e s

_____ M i l i t a r i s m a n d p a c i f i s m

(P le a se

3.

4*

W o rld a f f a i r s

In w h at p l a c e In

a

In

th e

does th e

lis t

oth ers)

c o u n s e lin g tak e p la c e ?

church o f f i c e p arson age

stu d y

At th e

c o u n s e l e e ' s home

O th ers

( s p e c i f y ) ............................................................................................

W it h w h a t c o m m u n it y a g e n c i e s o r s e r v i c e s

a r e you i n c o n t a c t ?

P s y c h ia tr is t C o n s u ltin g p s y c h o lo g ist P u b lic

h e a lth agency

S o c ia l w e lfa r e O th ers

group

( s p e c i f y ) .............................................................................

*

A

80 5.

W hich o f t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e s d o y o u u s e a s a c o u n s e l o r ? G iv in g t e s t s - - i n t e l l i g e n c e , a p titu d e , i n t e r e s t , a lity , etc. ( i . e . , a s a p sy c h o m e tr ic ia n d o e s) G iv in g p s y c h o lo g ic a l a s s i s t a n c e p s y c h o lo g is t d oes) G iv in g m e d ic a l a d v ic e ( i . e . , a t r i s t d oes)

(i.e.,

p erson ­

as a c l i n i c a l

as a p h y sic ia n or a p s y c h i

O t h e r s ( s p e c i f y ) ..............................................................................................

6 a . B r i e f l y , w h a t s o r t o f t e c h n i q u e s do y o u u s e ( e . g . , t e l l i n g th e c o u n se le e w hat to do, s u g g e s tin g p o s s ib le a l t e r n a t i v e s , h e l p i n g him- d e c i d e f o r h i m s e l f u p o n a c o u r s e o f a c t i o n , e t c . )

b. B r ie f ly , w hat c o u n se lin g or th e r a p e u tic te c h n iq u e s do y o u t h in k o u g h t n o t t o b e used in your p a s t o r a l c o u n s e lin g ? (P le a se l i s t th e m .)

(T h a n k y o u {

Now p l e a s e p r o c e e d t o Form B . )

81 Form B (The f o l l o w i n g i n v e n t o r y i s t a k e n from "How I Counsel" by D r. S t a n l e y C. B e n z a n d i s u s e d by perm ission o f t h e a u th o r f o r p u r p o s e s o f t h e p r e s e n t su rvey.) H ere a r e some s t a t e m e n t s p h ie s o f c o u n s e l i n g .

T here

are

P le a s e i n d i c a t e y o u r o p i n i o n an A i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e

D ? A

and

A m in iste r s h o u ld

e a c h statem ent by p l a c i n g

b efo re

the statem ent i f you a g r e e ,

a D if

you d isa g r e e .

never

The l i s t

fr e q u e n tly

o f sta tem en ts

v e n to r y h a s b e e n d e v i s e d C o n s e q u e n t ly ,

E x am p le:

c o u n se l.

S u g g e stio n and p e r s u a s i o n P a r is h io n e r s

t h e tech n iq u es and p h i l o s o ­

d i f f e r e n t op inions about t h e m .

about

sp ace

a ? i f you a r e u n c e r t a i n ,

about

a r e p r a c t i c a l l y synonym ou s. ask

p a sto r s f o r c o u n s e l.

c o m p r i s i n g t h i s portion o f t h e i n ­

fo r

c o u n s e l o r s in the sc h o o l s i t u a t i o n .

t h e w ord " s t u d e n t ” h a s been used in many i n s t a n c e s .

R ather th a n f o r u s t o c h a n g e

so

su b s titu te m e n ta lly t h e w o r d

" p a r i s h i o n e r " in stead o f t h e w ord

stu d en t.

a lw a y s

P l e a s e rem em ber t o

o f your e x p e r i e n c e w i t h somebody e l s e ' s

m a n y item s, w i l l you p l e a s e

p a r is h io n e r s

e x p e r ie n c e w i t h

A g a in , t h r e e c a u t i o n s

are

t h in k o f each item i n term s r a th e r than in term s o f

stu d en ts.

s u g g e s t e d in the i n t e r e s t o f

th e

most v a l i d an d w o r t h w h i l e r e s u l t s : 1.

Do n o t o m it a n y

2.

Do n o t f e e l u n d e r

t r i c k o f a n y k in d :

it

ite m .

is

p ressu re. sim p ly

a

This i s not a

survey.

test nor

Nor i s th e r e a n y

tim e l i m i t . 3. out t h e

Do n o t d i s c u s s t h e in v e n to r y .

We w a n t

i t e r a s w i t h anyone b efo re you f i l l th e

a n s w e r s to r e fle c t

your own

a

82 p h i l o s o p h y and t e c h n i q u e s o f c o u n s e l i n g . .

1 . F ew s t u d e n t s c a n make s u c c e s s f u l v o c a t i o n a l o r e d u c a t i o n a l c h o ic e s w ith o u t th e b e n e f it o f c o u n s e lin g . 2 . A c o u n s e l o r n e e d s t o know o c c u p a t i o n a l t r e n d s b o t h n a t i o n a l l y and l o c a l l y . 3* T h e t e c h n i q u e s u s e d i n c o u n s e l i n g on t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l a r e f u n d a m e n t a l l y no d i f f e r e n t fro m t h e t e c h n i q u e s u s e d i n . c o u n s e l i n g on t h e h i g h s c h o o l l e v e l . 4.

I f c o u n se lin g i s to be e f f e c t i v e , th e p u p il-v e r s u s c o u n s e l o r a t t i t u d e m u st b e c o m p l e t e l y a v o i d e d -

5 . T h e f u n c t i o n s o f c o u n s e l i n g and t e a c h i n g a r e b e c o m in g in c r e a s in g ly sim ila r . 6.

I n d i v i d u a l i z e d t e a c h i n g m akes c o u n s e l i n g u n n e c e s s a r y .

7.

I n g a t h e r i n g d a t a a b o u t a s t u d e n t , on e s h o u l d n e v e r a c c e p t a s c o n c l u s i v e t h e r a t i n g s o f an y o n e p e r s o n r e ­ g a r d l e s s o f how w e l l t h a t p e r s o n know s t h e s t u d e n t .

8 . A p r im e r e q u i s i t e f o r a c o u n s e l o r i s lik in g fo r p ersons.

a fu n d a m en ta l

9 . H i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s s e ld o n r c h a n g e t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n a l g o a l s a f t e r h a v i n g o n c e made a d e c i s i o n . 1 0 . No o n e i s

e f f e c t i v e l y c o u n se le d a g a in s t h i s w i l l .

1 1 . W hat a s t u d e n t s a y s i s n o t n e a r l y a s im p o r t a n t a s how h e f e e l s a b o u t w h at h e i s s a y i n g . 1 2 . A s i n g l e b e h a v i o r p a t t e r n w h ic h r e c u r s a g a i n and a g a i n i n d i c a t e s a s i n g l e c a u s e f o r su c h b e h a v i o r . 1 3 . F e e l i n g s o f b e in g s o c i a l l y i n f e r i o r a re o f t e n due t o t h e la c k o f r e c o g n i t i o n o f a c h ie v e m e n t., 14.

T h e s o c i a l n e e d s o f b o y s a r e d i f f e r e n t from ' t h e s o c i a l needs o f g i r l s .

1 5 . M a l a d j u s t m e n t p r o b le m s a r e m o st o f t e n f o u n d among i n ­ d i v i d u a l s o f a v erage or l e s s th a n a v era g e i n t e l l i g e n c e . 1 6 . O ne o f t h e l i k e l y c a u s e s o f t i m i d i t y fa ilu r e .

i s p e r s iste n t

83 .17* S o m e t im e s a v o c a t i o n a l p r o b l e m w i l l c l e a r up when c o u n s e l i n g i s b e i n g d o n e p r i m a r i l y t o r e s o l v e an emo­ tio n a l c o n flic t, 18* I t i s c a lly

p o s s i b l e f o r a p e r s o n a c t u a l l y t o becom e p h y s i­ i l l i n o r d e r t o a v o i d an u n p l e a s a n t s i t u a t i o n , .

1 9 • A h a r m l e s s m e th o d f o r a c h i l d t o d a y -d r e a m in g ,

r e so lv e te n sio n i s

.20. P r o b le m s w h i c h f r e q u e n t l y l e a d t o a n i n i t i a l i n t e r v i e w a r e s e ld o m sym ptom s o r c l u e s t o d e e p e r , m ore i n v o l v e d p erson al need s. 2 1 . S hy, r e t i r i n g , s o c i a l l y in a d e q u a te c h ild r e n a r e l i k e l y t o h a v e p a r e n t s who d o m i n a t e t h e h om e. 2 2 . C a s e r e c o r d s o f c h i l d r e n r e f e r r e d t o c l i n i c s an d c o u r t s u s u a l l y sh ow a much l a r g e r p e r c e n t a g e o f b r o k e n h om es th an c a se r e c o r d s o f th e g e n e r a l s c h o o l p o p u la tio n . 2 3 . A s t u d e n t ’ s home e n v i r o n m e n t a f f e c t s h i s a b i l i t y t o le a r n a t se h o o l, 2 4 . A c o u n s e l o r ' s o h i e f j o b i s t o o b t a i n f a c t s and p e r s u a d e t h e s tu d e n t t o u n d erta k e a p r o p o se d p la n o f a c tio n * 2 5 . A s ta te m e n t such a s th e f o l l o w i n g w i l l u s u a lly h e lp a s t u d e n t make a d e c i s i o n : "You m u s t make t h e d e c i s i o n y o u r se lf. I f I w e r e i n y o u r p l a c e , I know w h a t I w o u ld d o ; b u t t h i s d e c i s i o n i s y o u r s t o m ake, n o t m i n e . ” 2 6 . A f t e r g a t h e r in g in fo r m a tio n ; a b o u t t h e s t u d e n t ’ s a b i l i t i e s , i n t e r e s t s , and d i f f i c u l t i e s , t h e c o u n s e l o r s h o u l d t e l l h im a s c l e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e w h a t h e t h i n k s h i s p r o b le m is. 27.

In th e I n i t i a l s t a g e s o f th e c o u n s e lin g s i t u a t i o n , i t i s b e t t e r f o r th e c o u n s e lo r t o s a y so m eth in g l i k e , ’’S o m e t im e s p e o p l e f i n d t h a t b y t a l k i n g o v e r t h e i r p r o b l e m s w i t h so m e o n e e l s e t h e y g e t a much b e t t e r p i c ­ t u r e ” t h a n t o s a y , ” 1 d o n ’ t k now w h a t y o u r t r o u b l e i s , h u t b y t e s t s and t a l k s t o g e t h e r w e c a n p r o b a b l y g e t a t t h e b o tt o m o f t h i n g s . ”

28.

I t i s b e t t e r to g iv e r e c o g n it io n t o an e x p r e sse d f e e l i n g b y s u c h a s t a t e m e n t a s , ”Y e s , and t h a t m a k es y o u f e e l p r e t t y lo w , d o e s n ’ t i t ? ” t h a n t o s a y , ”W e l l , i t s e e m s t h a t y o u h a v e n o t h ad t h e sa m e c h a n c e t h a t m o s t o f u s h a v e .”

2 9 .. G e t t i n g t h e s t u d e n t t o p r o m i s e t h a t h e w i l l a l t e r h i s b e h a v io r i s a n e c e s s a r y s te p in th e c o u n s e lin g p r o c e s s .

84 30*. A g o o d w a y t o g e t t h e s t u d e n t t o " o p e n up" i s c o u n s e lo r to a sk s p e c i f i c q u e stio n s*

fo r th e

31* A c o u n s e l o r s h o u l d n o t a r g u e w i t h a s t u d e n t e v e n t h o u g h h e i s p o s i t i v e t h a t t h e s t u d e n t i s w rong* 32* An i n t e r v i e w s h o u l d b e a n i n f o r m a l ,

f r ie n d ly d isc u ssio n * .

3 3 . A s t u d e n t ' s own p l a n s and a m b i t i o n s f o r h i s e d u c a t i o n s and o c c u p a t i o n ! g i v e c l u e s t o h i s p e r s o n a l i t y and s h o u l d b e t h e b a s i s f o r t h e c o u n se lin g * . 3 4 . A s t u d e n t ' s c o m p o s i t i o n s en d d r a w in g s f r e q u e n t l y a r e o f d i a g n o s t i c o r t h e r a p e u t i c v a lu e * 3 5 - T he u s e o f t h e c a s e h i s t o r y m e th o d o f c h i l d s t u d y i s t h e m o s t w i d e l y a p p l i c a b l e m e th o d a v a i l a b l e f o r s t u d y ­ i n g t h e w h o le c h i l d . 36* O n ly i n r a r e c a s e s s h o u l d t h e r e s u l t s t e s t s be g iv e n t o p a r e n ts .

o f in te llig e n c e

3 7 . I n v o c a t io n a l g u id a n c e , a s a f e r u le i s t o en cou rage a s tu d e n t t o e n te r th e o c c u p a tio n o f h i s f a t h e r . 3 8 . A f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s h i p can b e e s t a b l i s h e d m ost q u ic k l y by a l l o w i n g a t t e n t i o n t o b e f o c u s e d on so m eth in g i n w h ich t h e s t u d e n t i s i n t e r e s t e d . 3 9 . To h e l p t h e s t u d e n t make a d e c i s i o n and t a k e t h e r e ­ s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r i t , t h e c o u n s e lo r sh o u ld f o c u s a t t e n ­ t i o n om t h e s t u d e n t ' s e x p r e s s i o n o f h i s own o p i n i o n r a th e r th a n th e o p in io n o f o th e r s . 4 0 . A c o u n s e l o r s h o u l d s e ld o m ; g i v e h i s own o p i n i o n w hen a s t u d e n t a s k s "What do y o u t h i n k a b o u t i t ? " b u t s h o u l d r e f l e c t th e s t u d e n t 's a t t i t u d e by r e p h r a s in g th e s t u ­ d e n t's th o u g h ts. 4 1 . C o u n se lo r s sh o u ld n o t h e s i t a t e t o r e f e r s t u d e n t s t o o t h e r t e a c h e r s o r a g e n c i e s when t h e y f e e l i n a d e q u a t e to g iv e th e proper a id . 4 2 . One o f t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e t h i n g s a c o u n s e l o r c a n do f o r an e m o t io n a lly m a la d ju ste d i n d i v i d u a l i s t o l i s t e n t o h is tr o u b le s. 4 3 .. A c o u n s e l o r ’ s r e c o r d o f an i n t e r v i e w s h o u l d c o n t a i n o n l y s t a t e m e n t s o f f a c t and n o t i n c l u d e t h e c o u n s e l o r ' s o p i n i o n o r re c o m m e n d a tio n s. 4 4 . A c o u n s e l o r m u st n e v e r a l l o w h i m s e l f t o b ecom e e m o t i o n a l ­ l y in v o lv e d w ith th e stu d e n t.

85 45* A c o u n s e l o r s h o u l d n e v e r h a v e a m o r a l i s t i c o r j u d g m e n t a l a t t i t u d e tow ard h i s s t u d e n t , 4 6 . V o c a t io n a l c o u n s e l i n g s h o u ld n o t be a tte m p te d u n t i l th e stu d e n t h a s ta k e n a v o c a t io n a l i n t e r e s t in v e n to r y o f some k i n d . 47* A s t u d e n t s h o u l d b e made a w a r e o f t h e l e n g t h o f t i m e a v a ila b le fo r h is in te r v ie w .

4 8 . I f a s t u d e n t i n d i c a t e s u n c e r t a in t y c o n c e r n in g t h e c o u n s e l o r ' s a b i l i t y , t h e c o u n s e lo r sh o u ld a tte m p t t o " s e l l h im s e lf" to th e s tu d e n t. 49.

I n t e r v i e w s s h o u ld be h e ld o f t e n enough t o in s u r e c o n ­ t i n u i t y o f g u i d a n c e an d t o k e e p t h e c o u n s e l o r i n f o r m e d o f th e stu d e n t's p ro g ress.

5 0 . A c o u n s e l o r s h o u l d u s e t h e s t u d e n t ' s own t e r m i n o l o g y d u r in g th e in t e r v ie w s even th ou gh th e c o u n s e lo r 's m i g h t b e m ore a c c u r a t e .

86

Key for "How 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

D A A A A D A A D A A D A D D A A A D D A A A D D

Counsel" (Form B) 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 25. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 4 1 .. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

D A A D D A A A A A A D A A A A A D A A D A D A A

Tracer P o sta l

Dear Fellow Pastor: It was a pleasure to send to you "A Survey of Counseling Techniques as Used by the Clergy"; because we are sure that you can make a great contribution by filling out the inventory. Being a pastor myself, I realize how easy it is to lay aside less imperative matters in the midst of pressing demands. However, the writer would very deeply appreciate it if you would fill out the inventory and return it as soon as possible. Very appreciatively,