A survey of California court cases concerning school administration.
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A SURVEY OP CALIFORNIA COURT CASES CONCERNING SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION
A P ro je c t P re s e n te d to th e F a c u lty o f th e S c h o o l o f E d u c a tio n The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a
In P a r t ia l F u lfillm e n t o f t h e R e q u ir e m e n t s f o r t h e D e g re e M a s te r o f S c ie n c e i n E d u c a tio n
by R o b e rt R . F o rd A u g u st 1950
UMI Number: EP46310
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1= J
'S I
F i n
T h is p r o j e c t report, w ri t te n under the direction of the candidate's adv is e r a n d a p p r o v e d by him, has been p r ese nt ed to an d a c c e p te d by the F a cu lt y of the S c h o o l of E d u c a ti o n in p a r t i a l fu lfillment of the requirements f o r the de gre e of M a s t e r of Science in Education.
Adviser
Dean
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I.
PAGE ......................................................1
THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEK D e s c r ip t i o n o f th e
s itu a tio n
................................................
S t a t e m e n t o f t h e p r o b l e m .........................................................
1 1.
A u th o r ity f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e s c o p e an d im p o r ta n c e o f th e p ro b le m
...................................................
T he s c o p e a n d d e l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e
p ro b le m
3
T he i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e p r o b l e m ..................................... The o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e II.
5
THE DEVELOPMENT AND METHODOLOGY OF LEGAL RESEARCH
7
...........................
The m e th o d o lo g y o f l e g a l r e s e a r c h A c h ie v e m e n t o f v a l i d i t y D e fin itio n s o f le g a l
a n d r e l i a b i l i t y ....................
t e r m i n o l o g y .......................
S ta n le y
S tu a rt v .
The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n
10
12 13
16
...............................
T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n .....................
8
10
..............................................................
F a i r c h i l d v . T h e B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ............... W e b s te r v .
7
.............
THE LEGAL AUTHORITY OF GOVERNING BOARDS ....................... T he P e o p l e v .
19
21
K n i c k e r b o c k e r v . R e d l a n d s H ig h S e h o o l D i s t r i c t .
24
O th e r l e g a l a s p e c t s
27
........................................................
Summary ......................... IV .
4
c h a p te rs o f t h is r e p o r t
The d e v e l o p m e n t o f l a w r e p o r t i n g
III.
2
31
THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF CERTIFICATED PERSONNEL
...................................
C l o v e r d a l e U n io n H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t v . P e t e r s
33 3^
CHAPTER
PAGE L o e h r v . T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ....................................... M a llo y v." The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n
.............................
^0
M cG inn v . W i l l e y a n d J a c o b s ...............................................
^3
H o p k in s v .
S a n d e r s o n ................................... ............................
^6
O t h e r l e g a l a s p e c t s ...................................................................
**8
Summary V.
37
.............................................................
».
THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE DISMISSAL OF CERTIFICATED PERSONNEL............................... ................. . .........................................
53
V a l l e j o H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t v . W h i t e .....................
5^
B a rth e l v .
56
C h a m b e rs v . B rin t i e
v.
T he B o a rd o f E d u c a t i o n ................................ T he B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s
.....................
T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n .......................... . .
58 60
F r e s n o C i t y H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t v . D e C a r i s t o . .
62
T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n v . M u l c a h y ...............................
6 i*
................................................................
66
.......................................................................................
68
BIBLIOGRA PHY.......................................................................................................
70
O th e r l e g a l a s p e c t s Summary
51
CHAPTER I THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM A ll la w s an d s t a t u t e s th e I n t e r p r e t a t i o n
t h a t a re e n a c te d a r e s u b j e c t to
o f th e c o u r ts *
I t is in
th e c o u rts
th a t
s t a t u t e s fa c e th e B essem er o f J u r is p r u d e n c e and r e c e iv e te m p e rin g o f J u d i c i a l o p in io n . o f th e
T he t e s t i n g
th e
and I n t e r p r e t i n g
s t a t u t e s b y t h e c o u r t s m ay b e l i k e n e d i n i m p o r t a n c e
to
t h e a c t u a l p r o m u l g a t i o n o f th e m i n t h e l e g i s l a t u r e . An i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a s b e e n m ade o f t h e r o l e o f t h e c o u rts a s i t
In flu e n c e s sch o o l a d m in is tra tio n .
fo llo w in g p a ra g ra p h s o f t h i s
c h a p te r,
t h e p r o b l e m , w i t h com m ent o n I t s im p o r ta n c e o f th e p ro b le m ,
In
th e
th ro u g h a s ta te m e n t o f
sco p e and d e l i m i t a t i o n ,
th e
and th e o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e r e p o r t ,
th e r e a d e r w i l l b e o f f e r e d an o v e rv ie w o f th e s p e c i f i c t
q u e s t i o n s o r p r o b l e m s w i t h w h ic h t h e w r i t e r i s
c o n o e rn e d and
t h e m e th o d b y w h ic h t h i s r e p o r t h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d . D e s c rip tio n o f th is
th e s i t u a t i o n .
s u r v e y h a v e a r i s e n fro m
T he p r o b l e m s t r e a t e d i n
th e I m p o s s i b i li t y o f l e g i s l a t i n g
f o r t h e m a n i f o l d p r o b l e m s o f s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a t t h e tim e th a t a s ta tu te i s
e n a c te d .
Human n a t u r e , w i t h i t s
p o te n tia li
t i e s f o r m is u n d e rs ta n d in g a n d m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , d i c t a t e s t h a t a r e f e r e e b e a p p o in te d to g iv e d e c is io n s and th e re b y le n d th e w e ig h t o f p re c e d e n c e to l e g i s l a t i o n . p l a y e d b y t h e c o u r t s w i t h w h ic h t h i s S ta te m e n t o f t h e p r o b le m .
T h is i s
su rv e y i s
th e r o l e
c o n c e rn e d .
T he w r i t e r h a s e l e c t e d t o
d e a l w i t h t h r e e p h a s e s o f t h e e n c o m p a s s in g s u b j e c t o f s c h o o l a d m in is tra tio n .
A p re lim in a ry
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s m ade i n
su rv e y o f th e p h a s e s o f sc h o o l
s e a r c h o f p ro b le m s o r t o p ic s
w h ic h w e r e o f i m p o r t a n c e t o a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d p r o s p e c t i v e a d m in is tra to rs ,
a lik e ,
e m p lo y e d a s t e a c h e r s .
th o u g h th e l a t t e r m ig h t s t i l l b e A f u r th e r s ta n d a rd
t h a t w as u s e d f o r
th e s e l e c t i o n o f t o p i c s w as t h a t th e y s h o u ld b e i n t e r r e l a t e d and c o h e s iv e .
W ith t h e s e c r i t e r i a i n m in d ,
t o p i c s w e re s e l e c t e d a s th e b a s e s f o r t h i s
th e fo llo w in g su rv e y :
1.
The L e g a l A u t h o r i t y o f G o v e r n in g B o a r d s .
2.
The L e g a l A s p e c t s o f t h e E m p lo y m e n t o f C e r t i f i c a t e d P e rs o n n e l.
3.
The L e g a l A s p e c t s o f t h e D i s m i s s a l o f C e r t i f i c a t e d P e rs o n n e l.
A u t h o r i t y f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e s c o p e a n d im p o rta n c e o f th e p ro b le m .
T h re e o f th e o u ts ta n d in g a u th o r s
on t h e s u b j e c t o f s c h o o l la w m ay b e r e f e r r e d in s ig h t in to
to f o r an
th e sc o p e and im p o rta n c e o f th e p ro b le m .
E d w a rd s h a s s t a t e d : "T h e c o u r t s h a v e b e e n c a l l e d u p o n r e p e a t e d l y t o d e f i n e th e f u n c tio n o f th e p u b l ic s c h o o l i n o r g a n iz e d s o c i e t y . W h a te v e r v a g a r i e s m ay h a v e b e e n e n t e r t a i n e d b y e d u c a tio n a l re fo rm e rs o r o th e r s , th e c o u r ts have been f o r c e d , by n e c e s s i t y , to fo rm u la te a th e o ry o f e d u c a t i o n b a s e d u p o n w h a t t h e y deem t o b e f u n d a m e n t a l p r in c ip le s o f p u b lle p o lic y . L N ew ton E d w a r d s , T h e C o u r t s a n d t h e P u b l i c S c h o o l s (C h ic a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s , 1 9 3 3 )* P* 1*
;
3 H a m il t o n a n d M o r t, i n
t h e i r h o o k w h ic h h a s b e e n u se d
a s a t e x t a t th e U n iv e r s ity o f C a lif o r n ia , lik e w is e i n d ic a t e th e im p o rta n c e o f th e c o u r t s i n
s u p p l e m e n t i n g o u r s y s te m o f
s c h o o l la w : "T h e s t o r y o f t h e e v o l u t i o n o f t h e s o h o o l s y s te m h a s b e e n o n e o f b ro a d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f Im p lie d p o w e rs on th e p a r t o f l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s i n m ost s t a t e s . . . . I n m any i n s t a n c e s t a x p a y e r s * s u i t s h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t to s to p th e a c t i v i t y . In p r a c tic a lly a l l i n s t a n c e s th e c o u r t s h a v e u p h e ld th e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t . W hen t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t ' s I n n o v a t i o n h a s b e e n u p h e l d , th e c o u r t 's r u l i n g i s th e e q u iv a le n t o f p e r m is s iv e l e g i s l a t i o n ." 2 T he s c o p e a n d d e l i m i t a t i o n
o f th e p ro b le m .
T he
b ro a d sc o p e o f su c h an e n d e a v o r a s th e stu d y o f a l l p h a s e s o f e d u c a t i o n a l la w i s
s u g g e s te d by su c h q u e s tio n s a s :
1. How i s o u r e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m a f f e c t e d b y c o u r t d e c i s i o n s r e g a r d in g th e C o n s titu tio n o f th e U n ite d S ta te s ? 2. How i s o u r e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m a f f e c t e d b y c o u r t d e c is io n s c o n c e rn in g th e C o n s titu tio n o f th e S ta te o f C a l i f o r n i a , th e E d u c a tio n C ode, an d t h e A d m i n is tr a t iv e C o d e? 3. How h a v e c o u r t a c t i o n s a f f e c t e d and u se o f sc h o o l p ro p e rty ?
th e a c q u i s i t i o n
4. W hat a r e t h e r e g u l a t i o n s f o r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f s c h o o l m oney a s i n d i c a t e d b y o p i n i o n s o f t h e c o u r t ? 5. W hat i s t h e d e g r e e o f l i a b i l i t y a c c o rd in g to th e c o u rts ?
o f school d i s t r i c t s
6 . W hat i s t h e g e n e r a l a u t h o r i t y o f g o v e r n i n g b o a r d s a s a d ju d ic a te d by th e c o u rts ? 2 R o b e r t R . H a m ilto n a n d P a u l R . M o r t , T he Law a n d P u b l i c E d u c a tio n (C h ic a g o : The F o u n d a tio n P r e s s , I n c . , 1 9 4 l ) , p. 86.
7. W hat a r e t h e c o u r t d e c i s i o n s g o v e r n i n g t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f s c h o o l p e r s o n n e l ? 8 . W hat h a v e b e e n t h e o p i n i o n s o f t h e c o u r t s c o n c e rn in g th e d is m is s a l o f sc h o o l p e rs o n n e l? The a b o v e l i s t o f q u e s t i o n s , w h ic h i s e x h a u s tiv e ,
is
illu s tra tiv e
k n o w le d g e w h ic h i s s y s te m .
o f th e
f a r fro m b e i n g
t e c h n i c a l a n d c o m p le x
r e q u ir e d f o r th e o p e r a tio n o f a s c h o o l
The n e c e s s i t y
fo r d e lim itin g
t h e p r o b le m
to m eet
th e s c o p e o f t h i s r e p o r t im m e d ia te ly b eco m es a p p a r e n t . A c c o rd in g to th e c r i t e r i a p r e v i o u s l y
s ta te d ,
th e l a s t
q u e s tio n s o f th e above l i s t w i l l be tr e a te d in re p o rt.
I t may b e n o t e d i n
th re e
th e f o llo w in g
C h a p t e r s IV a n d V t h a t t h e l a s t
tw o q u e s t i o n s h a v e b e e n f u r t h e r d e l i m i t e d
to c o n s i d e r o n ly
c e r t i f i c a t e d p e rs o n n e l. T he i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e p r o b l e m . th is
It is
th e p u rp o se o f
s u r v e y t o p r e s e n t a r e p o r t on t h e s a l i e n t p o i n t s o f la w
a ffe c tin g
school a d m in is tra tio n .
As may b e n o t e d h e r e i n ,
som e o f t h e c o u r t c a s e s t h a t h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d c o u r t s o f th e s t a t e ,
a n d , in d e e d ,
to th e h i g h e s t
some o f t h e l i t i g a t i o n
th a t
h a s r e a c h e d t h e S u p re m e C o u r t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , h a s a r i s e n fro m w h a t m i g h t h a v e a p p e a r e d t o b e m i n o r , c o m m o n p la c e in c id e n ts in
sch o o l a d m in is tra tio n .
E v e r y s c h o o l a d m i n i s t r a t o r , a n d e v e r y m em ber o f a g o v e rn in g b o a rd ,
a s w e ll,
s h o u l d b e a w a re o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a l
la w w h ic h a f f e c t s n e a r l y e v e r y p h a s e o f t h e o p e r a t i o n o f o u r
p u b lle
s c h o o ls .
T he i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s a s p e c t b e c o m e s l a r g e r
a s we c o n s i d e r t h e c u r r e n t i n f l u x o f p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e r a p i d e x p a n s i o n o f o l d c o m m u n i ti e s ,
o r th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f e n t i r e l y
new o n e s , w i t h t h e u n p r e c e d e n t e d d e m a n d w h ic h s u c h s t a t e - w i d e g ro w th h a s p l a c e d u p o n o u r s c h o o l s y s te m s .
A th o ro u g h
k n o w le d g e o f e d u c a t i o n a l l a w a n d t h e m e t h o d o lo g y o f l e g a l r e s e a r c h i s m a n d a to ry f o r a d m i n i s t r a t o r s o p e ra te our p u b lic
to e f f i c i e n t l y
s c h o o ls .
The o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e c h a n t e r s o f t h i s r e p o r t . q u a lifie d
school a d m in is tra to r,
in a d d itio n
A
to h a v in g a
w o r k i n g k n o w le d g e o f t h e r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e r n i n g h i s p o s itio n ,
is
e x p e c te d
t o b e a b l e t o p e r f o r m r e s e a r c h on t h e
p r o b l e m s w h ic h do n o t h a v e p r e c e d e n t w i t h i n t h e r e a l m o f h i s e x p e rie n c e .
For t h i s rea so n ,
a b r i e f r e p o r t o f th e d e v e lo p
m en t o f th e r e p o r t i n g an d c o m p ila tio n o f c o u r t c a s e s w i l l b e g i v e n i n C h a p te r I I
a s a b a c k g r o u n d f o r t h e m e th o d o lo g y o f
l e g a l r e s e a r c h an d th e
te rm in o lo g y in v o lv e d i n
t h e m a in
c h a p te r s o f th e r e p o r t . C h a p te rs I I I ,
IV , a n d V o f t h i s
su rv e y w i l l c o n ta in
b r i e f s o f c o u r t a c t i o n s w h ic h i l l u s t r a t e p r o b l e m s a n d c a s e s in e d u c a tio n a l la w .
By t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t ,
t h e r e a d e r may
b e co m e f a m i l i a r w i t h l e g a l i s s u e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s b y w h ic h a c o u rt a rr iv e s a t a d e c is io n . To m ake t h i s
s u r v e y m o re m e a n i n g f u l f o r
p a rtic u la rly in te re s te d
in
t h o s e who a r e
t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s y s te m f o r
p u b lic i n s t r u c t i o n w ith in t h i s
s ta te ,
have b een s e le c te d to i l l u s t r a t e
C a lifo rn ia c o u rt c a se s
th e p o i n t s o f la w i n v o lv e d .
H o w e v e r, t h i s p r i n c i p l e h a s n o t b e e n e m p lo y e d t o t h e e x c lu s io n o f a l l re fe re n c e
to c o u r t c a s e s o f o th e r s t a t e s o r
o f t h e f e d e r a l c o u r t s w hen s u c h r e f e r e n c e p r e s e n t s a p o i n t th a t h a s n o t b e en d e c id e d in
th e C a lif o r n ia c o u rts o r a
p o i n t w h ic h h a s e s t a b l i s h e d n a t i o n a l p r a c t i c e . A t t h e e n d o f e a c h c h a p t e r w i l l b e f o u n d a sum m ary o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f la w w h ic h c o n t r o l t h e p a r t i c u l a r p h a s e o f s c h o o l o p e ra tio n c o n s id e re d i n n o t i l l u s t r a t e d by b r ie f s
th e c h a p te r.
P o i n t s o f la w
i n t h e c h a p te r h a v e b e e n c o m p ile d
b y t h e s t u d y o f t e x t s o n e d u c a t i o n a l l a w w h ic h a r e l i s t e d
in
th e b i b lio g r a p h y . I n t h i s c h a p t e r a n a t t e m p t h a s b e e n m ad e t o a c q u a i n t t h e r e a d e r w i t h t h e s c o p e a n d i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e p r o b le m a n d to o f f e r a n o v e r v i e w o f t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w h ic h t h e d e v e l o p m en t o f t h i s s u r v e y dem and s.
H o w e v e r, p r i o r t o
e n te rin g
th e
c h a p te r s c o n ta in in g th e e sse n c e o f t h i s su rv e y , i t h a s b een c o n s id e re d a d v is a b le to i n d ic a t e re p o rtin g
th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f la w
a n d t h e m e th o d o f d e v e l o p i n g t h i s r e p o r t .
CHAPTER II THE DEVELOPMENT AND METHODOLOGY OF LEGAL RESEARCH As p o i n te d o u t i n tr e m e n d o u s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
th e f i r s t c h a p te r , fo r
th e c o u r ts h av e
th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n
o f s ta tu te s ,
w h ic h a r e o f t e n s t a t e d i n b r o a d t e r m s b y t h e l e g i s l a t u r e . T he o p i n i o n s o f t h e c o u r t s a r e tio n .
In asm u ch a s J u d i c i a l o f f i c e r s l e a n h e a v i ly u p o n th e
o p in io n s re n d e re d in it
ta n ta m o u n t to im p lie d l e g i s l a
fo llo w s
c a s e s w h ic h h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d p r e c e d e n t ,
t h a t a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e s y s te m
in g and c a se r e f e r e n c e i s n e c e s s a ry f o r
o f la w r e p o r t
th e s o lu tio n o f le g a l
r e s e a r c h p ro b le m s . T he d e v e l o p m e n t o f la w r e p o r t i n g .
When t h e c o l o n i e s
a c h ie v e d t h e i r in d e p e n d e n c e , i t l o g i c a l l y
fo llo w e d t h a t t h e i r
s y s te m o f la w s s h o u l d b e , e v o l v e d fro m t h e B r i t i s h common la w w h ic h d a t e d b a c k t o W il l ia m o f I n t e r e s t to n o te lo e a i s ta tu te s .
th e C o n q u e ro r.
t h a t common l a w h e l d i n
T h is i s
a n tith e tic
s y s te m o f I t is
th e a b se n c e o f
to p r e s e n t - d a y p r a c t i c e
w h e re in l o c a l s t a t u t e s a r e v a l i d o n ly i n s o f a r a s th e y d o n o t c o n f l i c t w ith s t a t e I t is
o r f e d e r a l la w s .
e a s i l y u n d e rs to o d t h a t ,
In
th e
tra v a il of
e s t a b l i s h i n g a g o v e r n m e n t a n d c r e a t i n g a new n a t i o n ,
th e
r e p o r t s o f c o u r t a c t i o n s w e re n o t s y s t e m a t i c a l l y c o m p i l e d a s th e y a r e
to d a y .
D a l l a s a n d C ra n c h w e re p i o n e e r s i n
th e f i e l d
o f t h o s e who g a v e t h e i r n a m e s t o t h e v o lu m e s o f c a s e r e p o r t s w h ic h th e y p u b l i s h e d .
I t w a s n o t u n t i l 1 8 7 5 t h a t t h e v o lu m e s
o f r e p o r t s cam e t o b e n u m b e re d c o n s e c u t i v e l y . T he m e th o d o lo g y o f l e g a l r e s e a r c h .
A t th e p r e s e n t
t im e we h a v e a n u m b e r ' o f v a r i o u s c a s e r e f e r e n c e s s u c h a s A m e ric a n J u r i s p r u d e n c e .
C a lif o r n ia J u ris p ru d e n c e .
C o rp u s
J u r i s , a n d t h e New C a l i f o r n i a D i g e s t : a n d t h e r e a r e y e t o t h e r r e f e r e n c e s w h ic h l i s t a l p h a b e t i c a l l y
th e c o u r t c a s e s upon
w h ic h d e c i s i o n s h a v e b e e n r e n d e r e d . T he r e f e r e n c e s nam ed a b o v e a r e n o t t o b e c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e s e v e r a l s y s te m s o f e o u r t c i t a t i o n s w h i c h a r e a c tu a l c ase r e p o rts . S ta te ,
50 O h io 1 7 5 r e f e r s
p ag e 175 o f th e O f f i c i a l
t o V olum e 50»
th e O hio
S ta te R e p o rts .
I n s i m i l a r m a n n e r , 1 4 2 N. E . 80 m e a n s V olum e 1 4 2 , N o r t h E a s t e r n , p a g e 80 i n
t h e N a t i o n a l R e p o r t e r S y ste m w h ic h
c o n s i s t s o f th e fo llo w in g d i v is i o n s : N o rth W e s te rn , P a c i f i c , W e s te rn ,
A tla n tic ,
S o u th E a s t e r n ,
S o u th e rn ,
N o rth E a s te r n , S o u th
and U n ite d S t a t e s .
20 A .L .R . 9 5 0 m e a n s V olum e 2 0 , A m e ric a n Law R e p o r t s , page 950. F or th e p r e p a r a tio n o f t h i s su rv e y , r e f e r e n c e s w e re u s e d a s i n d i c e s o f s c h o o l la w ; la w ,
th e a fo re m e n tio n e d
to c a s e s i l l u s t r a t i n g p o i n t s
and s in c e i n t e r e s t i s
c e n te re d in
C a lifo rn ia
C a l i f o r n i a J u r i s p r u d e n c e a n d t h e New C a l i f o r n i a D i g e s t
w e re c o n s u l te d f o r th e m o s t p a r t . C a lifo rn ia c ase s in
E x a m p le s o f r e f e r e n c e s
to
th e O f f i c i a l S t a te R e p o rts r e f e r e n c e a r e
l i s t e d b e lo w f o r t h e r e a d e r ' s c o n v e n i e n c e .
193 C a l. 31 C a l. 3 8 C a l.
428 A pp. l 4 l A p p .( 2 d ) 5 6 l
V o l. 1 9 3 C a l i f o r n i a p a g e 42 8 V o l. 31 C a l i f o r n i a A p p e lla te l 4 l V o l. 38 C a li f o r n ia A p p e lla te (S e c o n d S e r i e s ) p a g e 5 6 1 .
T he c a s e s w h ic h h a v e b e e n b r i e f e d c o n t a i n t h e t i t l e th e c a s e ,
a b rie f
sum m ary o f t h e f a c t s w h ic h h a v e b e e n
p r e s e n te d in a lo w e r c o u r t; in v o lv e d ;
of
t h e i s s u e o r p o i n t o f l a w w h ic h i s
th e c o u r t ’ s d e c is io n ;
and th e r e a s o n i n g o f th e c o u r t .
T he p l a c e i n w h ic h t h e o r i g i n a l a c t i o n i s b r o u g h t t o tria l
i s know n a s t h e
t r i a l c o u rt.
c o u r t m ay b e a l o c a l j u s t i c e s u p e rio r c o u rt. a p p e a le d
to
c o u rt,
In C a lifo rn ia ,
th e t r i a l
a m u n ic ip a l c o u r t,
Prom a n y o f t h e t r i a l c o u r t s ,
th e A p p e lla te D iv is io n o f t h e
or a
a c a s e m ay b e
S u p e rio r C o u rt,
th e
D i s t r i c t C o u r t o f A p p e a l s , a n d t h e S u p rem e C o u r t o f C a l i f o r n i a . When a c a s e i s
a p p e a l e d fro m a t r i a l c o u r t ,
th e
a p p e l l a t e c o u r t d o e s n o t h o l d a c o m p l e t e l y new t r i a l . c o n s id e rs g e n e ra lly
t h e f a c t s o f t h e lo w e r c o u r t a n d h e a r s t h e
a r g u m e n t o f c o u n s e l who r e p r e s e n t t h e p a r t i e s d e c is io n o f an a p p e lla te c o u r t r e p r e s e n ts a m a jo rity
It
In v o lv e d .
The
th e c o n c u rre n c e o f
o f t h e j u d g e s o f t h e c o u r t , who b a s e t h e i r o p i n i o n
on la w and th e p r e v i o u s d e c i s i o n s o f s t a t e
and f e d e r a l c o u r ts .
A c a s e w h ic h I n v o l v e s a c o n t r o v e r s y o f la w m ay p r o c e e d t o t h e S u p rem e C o u r t o f C a l i f o r n i a . -c o n s titu tio n a l q u e s tio n ,
H o w e v e r, i f
th e c a s e m ig h t,
th e
e a se in v o lv e s a
u ltim a te ly ,
re a c h
t h e S u p re m e C o u r t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . I n o n l y a v e r y fe w i n s t a n c e s h a s a t r i a l a w r itte n d e c is io n .
c o u rt ren d e red
T h e c a s e s w h ic h a r e r e p o r t e d a r e
th o s e
10 w h ie h a r e r e f e r r e d
to an a p p e l l a t e
c o u rt,
t y p e o f c a s e w h ie h h a s h e e n b r i e f e d i n A c h ie v e m e n t o f v a l i d i t v
and i t
th is
is
th is
su rv e y .
and r e l i a b i l i t y .
To a s s u r e
t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n w a s g i v e n o n l y t o c a s e s w h ic h i l l u s t r a t e c o n c l u s i v e l y a p o i n t o f la w , an d to a t o n c e p r o t e c t th e v a lid ity
and r e l i a b i l i t y
o f t h is su rv e y ,
e a c h c a s e u s e d w as
i n v e s t i g a t e d i n S h e p a rd s C a l i f o r n i a C o u rt C a se s.
T h is i s
an
i n d e x w h ic h c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n o f s i m i l a r c a s e s a n d g i v e s n o t i f i c a t i o n o f s u p e r s e d i n g a c t i o n w h ic h a n y c a s e m i g h t h a v e su ffe re d .
A ll c a s e s b r ie f e d in
h a v e b e e n ta k e n t o
th is
s u r v e y a r e c a s e s w h ic h
a c o u r t o f a p p e a l s o r t o t h e S u p rem e C o u r t
o f C a l i f o r n i a , a n d f o r w h ic h no r e f e r r a l h a s b e e n m ade.
In
to a h ig h e r c o u r t
t h is m anner i t h a s b een e s ta b lis h e d
each c o u rt case re p o rte d i s
th a t
c o n c lu s iv e o f a p o in t o f sc h o o l
la w . 1 D e f in i t io n s o f l e g a l te rm in o lo g y .
P a u l,
A p p e lla n t:
T he p a r t y who t a k e s a n a p p e a l fro m o n e c o u r t o r J u r i s d i c t i o n to a n o th e r. The p a r t y who a p p e a l s .
A v e rm e n t:
A p o s i t iv e s ta te m e n t o f f a c t s in t o a r g u m e n t.
C y o .:
C y c l o p e d i a o f Law a n d P r o c e d u r e , 13. I .
o p p o s itio n
L B l a c k , H e n ry C a m p b e ll, B l a c k s Law D i c t i o n a r y , W est P u b l i s h i n g C o ., 1933*
S t.
11 D e fe n d a n t:
The p e r s o n a g a i n s t whom r e l i e f o r re c o v e ry i s so u g h t in an a c tio n o r s u i t .
D e m u rre r:
An o b j e c t i o n m ade b y o n e p a r t y t o h i s o p p o n e n t 's p l e a d i n g , a l l e g i n g t h a t h e o u g h t n o t to an sw er i t , b e c a u se o f som e d e f e c t i n l a w a n d p l e a d i n g .
S t a l:
And o t h e r s .
P e titio n e r:
T he p a r t y who p r e s e n t s a p e t i t i o n c o u rt f o r le g a l a c tio n .
P la in tiff:
T he p a r t y who b r i n g s a n a c t i o n ; t h e p a r t y who c o m p l a i n s o r s u e s i n a p e rs o n a l a c tio n .
Q uantum m e r u i t : R e s p o n d e n t:
to
a
As m u ch a s i s d e s e r v e d .
T he p e r s o n a g a i n s t whom a c t i o n i s b ro u g h t in one o f th e h ig h e r c o u rts .
W r i t o f m an d a m u s, m a n d a t e : A J u d i c i a l com m and fro m a c o u rt o r J u d ic ia l o f f ic e r , d ire c tin g th e p r o p e r c o u r t o r o f f i c e r to e n fo rc e a J u d g m e n t, s e n t e n c e , o r d e c r e e . Law r e p o r t i n g h a s d e v e l o p e d i n o u r c o u n t r y fro m a s i t u a t i o n w h e r e i n i n d i v i d u a l a u t h o r s m ade s c a n t y r e p o r t s o r o m itte d c a s e s a c c o rd in g to s y s te m a tic ,
t h e i r w him an d f a n c y ,
c o m p re h e n s iv e , r e l i a b l e
in d ic e s and c r o s s i n d i c e s .
t o m any
r e p o r t e r s y s te m s w ith
T he b r i e f e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e
d e v e l o p m e n t , m e th o d , a n d t e r m i n o l o g y o f l e g a l r e s e a r c h h a s b een o f f e r e d w ith th e b e l i e f c h a p t e r s m o re m e a n i n g f u l .
t h a t i t w i l l m ake t h e f o l l o w i n g
CHAPTER III THE LEGAL AUTHORITY OF GOVERHIHG BOARDS T he p u r p o s e o f t h e p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r w a s t o o f f e r an In s ig h t in to p ro b le m s .
t h e m e th o d s e m p lo y e d i n
H a v in g c o n s i d e r e d t h e m e th o d o lo g y a n d t e r m i n o l o g y
n e e d e d f o r a s u r v e y o f la w c a s e s , in
th e s tu d y o f l e g a l
i t Is
t h i s c h a p te r , w ith th e f i r s t o f th e
a p p ro p ria te
to d e a l,
th r e e p ro b le m s to b e »y
tre a te d in
t h e s t u d y , n a m e ly ,
"W hat i s
th e g e n e ra l a u th o r ity
[ /
o f th e g o v e rn in g b o a rd s a s a d ju d ic a te d b y th e c o u r ts ? " The d e g r e e o f a u t h o r i t y w h ic h m ay b e e x e r c i s e d i s © ne o f th e m o st p e r p le x in g p ro b le m s f a c e d by g o v e rn in g b o a rd s . The s t a t u t e s u s u a l l y
c o n fe r upon th e g o v e rn in g b o a rd s b ro a d
p o w e rs w ith r e s p e c t to m anagem ent and e o n d u e t o f th e
s c h o o ls .
B u t t h e s t a t u t e s w h ic h c o n f e r a u t h o r i t y u p o n s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s m u st n e c e s s a r ily b e p h ra s e d in i s Im p o s s ib le , s p e c ific
o f c o u rse ,
so m e w h a t g e n e r a l t e r m s .
fo r le g is la to rs
to f o r e s e e
It
a l l th e
a c t s w h ic h s c h o o l b o a r d s m ig h t w i s h t o u n d e r t a k e .
E v en i f i t w e re p o s s i b l e w o u ld b e i m p r a c t i c a b l e
to f o r e s e e
th e s e s p e c if ic
a c ts ,
it
t o m ak e a n e x h a u s t i v e e m m e r a t i o n o f
th e m . S In o e i t a te in d e t a i l
i s I m p r a c tic a b le f o r th e s t a t u t e s
t o e n u m e r
t h e p o w e r s w h ic h a b o a r d m ay e x e r c i s e ,
th e
c o u r t s a r e f r e q u e n t l y c a l l e d upon to d e c id e w h e th e r a b o a rd has exceeded i t s p a r tic u la r ru le
a u th o rity
in
o r re g u la tio n .
a tte m p tin g to e n fo rc e a
13 THE PEOPLE, E T C ., APPELLANT, V. GRACE C.
STANLEY, AS COUNTY
SUPERINTENDENT, E T C ., RESPONDENT 1 9 3 CAL 428 FACTS:
T h i s w a s an a p p e a l fro m a J u d g m e n t o f t h e S u p e r i o r C o u r t o f t h e C o u n ty o f S a n B e r n a r d i n o , a n d fro m a n o r d e r i n f a v o r o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t , s u s ta in in g h e r d e m u rre r to
th e p l a i n t i f f 's
p e t i t i o n f o r a w r i t o f m a n d a te r e q u i r i n g h e r , c o u n ty s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s ,
as
to a p p ro v e a
w a r r a n t i s s u e d b y t h e A l t a Lom a s c h o o l d i s t r i c t to
t h e N o r t h w e s t e r n M u tu a l F i r e A s s o c i a t i o n .
T h i s w a r r a n t w a s i n p a y m e n t o f a n a n n u a l p rem iu m upon a p o l ic y o f f i r e I n s u r a n c e ta k e n o u t by s a id d i s t r i c t to co v er c e r ta in p ro p e rty
o f th e
d is tric t. IS S U E :
The i s s u e I n v o l v e d w a s w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e N o r t h w e s t e r n ,M u t u a l F i r e I n s u r a n c e A s s o c i a t i o n m et th e r e q u ire m e n ts s e t f o r t h i n o f th e P o l i t i c a l th a t i t fu rn is h ,
is
S e c tio n 1608
Code o f C a l i f o r n i a , w h ic h s t a t e s
th e d u ty o f g o v e rn in g b o a rd s “ to
r e p a ir and In s u re . . .
such In su ra n c e
t o b e w r i t t e n i n a n y s o l v e n t i n s u r a n c e com pany d o in g b u s in e s s i n
th is
s t a t e o r i n a n y m u tu a l
i n s u r a n c e com pany o r g a n i z e d u n d e r t h e l a w s o f th is
s ta te ."
lb DECISION:
T he J u d g m e n t i n f a v o r o f t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o ls w as a ff ir m e d .
REASONING:
T he p l a i n t i f f i n c o r p o r a t e d i n i t s fo r
b ill
t h e i n s u r a n c e p re m iu m c o n c e r n i n g t h e w a r r a n t
w h ic h t h e r e s p o n d e n t f a i l e d d e s c rip tio n o f i t s e l f
to a p p ro v e ,
a s th e
th e
" N o rth w e s te rn
M u tu a l F i r e I n s u r a n c e A s s o c i a t i o n o f S e a t t l e , W a s h in g to n ."
In
t h e o p e n in g b r i e f o f t h e 0
a p p e lla n t i t s s e t fo rth
co u n sel a s s e rte d
th a t " th e p e t i t io n
t h a t t h e N o r t h w e s t e r n M u tu a l F i r e
I n s u r a n c e A s s o c ia tio n w as a m u tu a l f i r e
in s u ra n c e
com pany o r g a n i z e d tin d e r t h e l a w s o f t h e S t a t e o f W a s h i n g t o n ," a n d i t w a s n o w h e re s t a t e d i n b rie f
th is
t h a t th e p e t i t i o n e r w as o t h e r th a n a
m u t u a l i n s u r a n c e com pany o r g a n i z e d u n d e r t h e la w s o f a n o th e r s t a t e . T he d e c i s i o n o f t h e
tria l
c o u rt g ra n tin g
a Ju d g m en t i n f a v o r o f th e r e s p o n d e n t w as b a s e d u p o n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p e t i t i o n e r w as n o t a m u tu a l I n s u r a n c e of th is
s ta te
com pany o r g a n i z e d u n d e r t h e l a w s
a n d f o r t h a t r e a s o n d i d n o t come
w ith in th e p e r m is s iv e a u t h o r i t y g iv e n to d is tric ts
school
to p l a c e I n s u r a n c e upon t h e s c h o o l
p r o p e r ty o f t h e i r r e s p e c t iv e d i s t r i c t s u n d e r th e p r o v i s i o n s o f S u b d i v i s i o n 3* S e c t i o n 1 6 0 8 o f t h e
15 P o l i t i c a l C ode, p r e v i o u s l y r e f e r r e d
to
in
th is
b r i e f u n d e r th e e a p tio n o f I s s u e . G o v e r n in g b o a r d s o f s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s p o s s e s s no a u t h o r i t y
to p la c e in s u r a n c e o f th e
so h o o l p ro p e rty o f t h e i r r e s p e c tiv e d i s t r i c t s o th e r th a n g ra n te d to
th em b y t h e f o r e g o i n g
s e c t i o n o f th e P o l i t i c a l C ode. I n s u r a n c e co m p an y i s
s e le c te d ,
I f a m u tu a l it
m u st b e a
c o m p an y o r g a n i z e d u n d e r t h e l a w s o f t h i s
s ta te .
The p e t i t i o n e r d i d n o t m e e t t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t a n d i t f o llo w s t h a t th e re s p o n d e n t,
in h e r c a p a c ity
a s c o u n t y s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f S c h o o l s o f S an B e r n a r d i n o C o u n ty , p r o p e r l y r e f u s e d
to a p p ro v e
t h e p e t i t i o n e r ' s w a r r a n t f o r t h e p re m iu m u p o n i t s v o id In s u ra n c e p o l ic y .
HARRIET M. FAIRCHILD, RESPONDENT, V. THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO ST A L ., APPELLANTS. 1 0 ? GAL. 9 2 FACTS:
An a p p e a l w a s m ad e b y t h e B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n fro m
th e Judgm ent o f th e S u p e r io r
C o u r t o f t h e C i t y a n d C o u n ty o f S an F r a n c i s c o i n m andam us a n d fro m a n o r d e r d e n y i n g a n ew t r i a l . The p l a i n t i f f ,
a t t h e t im e o f h e r r e q u e s t f o r a
le a v e o f a b se n c e f o r one s c h o o l y e a r , e m p lo y e d b y t h e p u b l i c
had been
s c h o o l s o f S an ^ r a n c i s c o
f o r m o re t h a n t e n y e a r s a s a p r i n c i p a l t e a c h e r , e l e e t e d f o r no d e f i n i t e U pon t h e ab sen ce,
te rm .
e x p ira tio n o f h e r le a v e o f
sh e r e p o r te d f o r d u ty and a sk e d
to b e
a llo w e d to re su m e th e p o s i t i o n o f p r i n c i p a l o f th e P o t r e r o S c h o o l, h e ld p r i o r to
t h e p o s i t i o n w h ic h s h e h a d
t h e t im e o f h e r l e a v e o f a b s e n c e .
The p o s i t i o n h a d b e e n f i l l e d a n o th e r te a c h e r .
by th e e le c tio n o f
H er r e q u e s t w a s,
th e re fo re ,
r e f u s e d and sh e w as a s s ig n e d
to
o f th e d ay sc h o o l s u b s titu te
c la s s as p e r ru le
1 2 k o f th e b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n . p o rtio n
o f th is ru le i s
th e Jo b o f h e a d
The a p p l i c a b l e
c i t e d b e lo w :
"When a p r i n c i p a l o r a s s i s t a n t h a s b e e n e m p lo y e d i n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s o f S a n F r a n c i s c o
17 f o r a p e r i o d o f n o t l e s s th a n te n y e a r s , th e b o a r d m ay g r a n t s u c h p r i n c i p a l o r a s s i s t a n t a le a v e o f a b se n c e f o r a p e r io d n o t e x c e e d in g one y e a r , a n d t h e t e a c h e r t o whom s u c h l e a v e i s g r a n te d s h a l l , a t th e e x p i r a t i o n o f th e le a v e o f a b s e n c e , b e e n t i t l e d to a p o s i t i o n o f th e sam e g r a d e a s h e o r s h e h e l d w h en t h e l e a v e w a s g ra n te d . When a t e a c h e r r e t u r n s f ro m a l e a v e o f a b se n c e , I f th e r e b e no s u i t a b l e v a c a n c y , th e t e a c h e r s h a l l b e a s s i g n e d to th e h e a d o f d a y s c h o o l s u b s t i t u t e c l a s s . 11 T he c o m p e n s a ti o n o f t e a c h e r s i n school s u b s titu te
c l a s s w a s m u ch l e s s
s a l a r y w h ic h s h e h a d r e c e i v e d i n
th e day th a n th e
th e p o s itio n o f
p r in c ip a l t h a t she had h e ld p r i o r to h e r le a v e o f ab sen ce. IS S U E :
Is fo u n d in re d u c e
th e re
any a u t h o r i t y an d v a l i d i t y . t o
be
s c h o o l b o a r d r e g u l a t i o n s w h ic h m ay
t h e s t a t u s a n d c o m p e n s a ti o n o f a t e a c h e r
a f t e r a le a v e o f ab sen ce? DECISION:
T he ju d g m e n t a n d o r d e r a p p e a l e d fro m w e r e a f f ir m e d i n f a v o r o f th e t e a c h e r .
REASONING:
T he b o a r d o f e d u c a t i o n i n r e g u l a t i n g v a c a t i o n s c o u l d p a s s no r u l e s i n c o n t r a v e n t i o n o f th e s t a t u t o r y p r o v is io n s . fro m h e r l e a v e ,
U pon r e t u r n i n g
th e p l a i n t i f f w as e n t i t l e d
to
e n te r upon th e p e rfo rm a n c e o f th e d u t i e s o f h e r fo rm e r p o s i t i o n
o r one o f s i m i l a r g ra d e and to
re c e iv e
t h e c o m p e n s a ti o n b e l o n g i n g
to h e r g r a d e .
To f i l l
h e r p o s i t i o n b y e l e c t i o n w hen s h e w a s i n
18 t h e e n jo y m e n t o f h e r l e a v e o f a b s e n c e ,
an d to
a s s ig n h e r w ith l e s s p a y , w as th e p e r p e t r a t i o n , i n a n o th e r fo rm ,
o f w h at th e c o u r t d e c la r e d
u n l a w f u l w hen K a t e K e n n e d y , u p o n h e r r e t u r n , re m o v e d t o a p o s i t i o n
w as
i n a s c h o o l o f lo w e r g ra d e
a t le s s s a la r y .1 T he b o a r d o f e d u c a t i o n m ay m ake a l l re a s o n a b le r u l e s r e g u la tin g v a c a tio n s and le a v e s o f ab sen ce, b u t I t im p lic a tio n ,
c a n n o t p ro v id e ,
even by
t h a t th e te a c h e r s h a ll ru n
o f f o r f e itin g g ra d e o r s a la ry
th e r i s k
and th e r e b y
a c c o m p lis h t h a t w h ic h t h e s t a t u t e h a s p r o h i b i t e d . 1 K e n n e d y V. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , 8 2 C a l .
*183.
2 P o l i t i c a l C ode o f C a l i f o r n i a , S e c t i o n 1 7 9 3 , S u b s e q u e n tly r e p l a c e d by t h e E d u c a tio n C ode, S e c tio n s 1 3 0 4 4 , 13045, 14027.
2
REGINALD H. WEBSTER, APPELLANT, V. BOARD OP EDUCATION ET A L ., RESPONDENTS. 1 ^ 0 CAL. 331 PACTS:
T he c a s e w a s a p p e a l e d fro m a J u d g m e n t o f t h e S u p e r i o r C o u r t o f t h e C i t y a n d C o u n ty o f San F r a n c i s c o .
A p e t i t i o n w a s m ade f o r a w r i t
o f m a n d a te w h ic h w a s com m enced i n c o u rt.
th e lo w e r
A d e m u rre r t o th e p e t i t i o n w as s u s t a i n e d
a n d i t w a s fro m
t h e J u d g m e n t t h a t W e b s te r
a p p e a le d . The a p p e l l a n t w a s t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s o f t h e C i t y a n d C o u n ty o f San F r a n c i s c o , a n d a s s u c h w a s a n e x o f f i c i o m em ber o f t h e b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n w ith a l l
th e r i g h t s
and
p r i v i l e g e s o f th e b o a rd e x c e p t th e r i g h t to v o te . The a p p e l l a n t d e m a n d e d t h a t h i s d e p u t y b e p e rm itte d
t o s i t a n d a c t a s s u c h a m em ber f o r t h e
p e t i t i o n e r d u rin g h is a b sen c e. IS S U E :
T he i s s u e p o s s ib ility
In v o lv e d c o n c e rn e d th e
o f c o m p e llin g th e b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n
to a c c e p t th e d e p u ty s u p e r in te n d e n t a s an e x o f f i c i o m em ber o f t h e b o a r d o f e d u c a t i o n d u r i n g th e a b se n c e o f th e DECISIO N:
s u p e rin te n d e n t o f s c h o o ls .
T he J u d g m e n t i n f a v o r o f t h e b o a r d w a s a ffirm e d .
20 REASONING:
T he d u t i e s o f t h e h o a r d o f e d u c a t i o n w e re d eem ed t o b e l e g i s l a t i v e
and q u a s i - j u d i c i a l
an d a s su c h c o u ld n o t b e d e le g a te d .
T he
s u p e r in te n d e n t o f s c h o o ls h a s th e pow er to a p p o in t d e p u tie s
to a s s i s t i n d i s c h a r g in g th e
d u t i e s o f s u c h o f f i c e , b u t a m em ber o f t h e b o a r d o f e d u c a tio n i s
n o w h e re g i v e n a u t h o r i t y
to a c t
by d e p u ty , and th e e x e r c is e o f su c h a u t h o r i t y w o u ld b e e n t i r e l y i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e n a t u r e o f th a t o ffic e .
N o tw ith s ta n d in g th e f a c t t h a t
t h e s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s b e c o m e s a m em ber o f th e b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n u n d e r a p r o v is io n o f t h e l a w d i f f e r e n t fro m m em b ers h o l d , d is tin c t.
th e
t h a t u n d e r w h ic h t h e o t h e r
tw o o f f i c e s w e r e h e l d
to be
21 MARGARET M
STUART, RESPONDENT, V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE
CITY AID COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO ET AL. APPELLANTS l6 l
CAL. 210
FACTS:
The a c t i o n i n t h e e n jo in th e d e fe n d a n ts,
S u p e rio r C o u rt w as to
th e C i t y an d C o u n ty o f
San F r a n c i s c o and t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f S c h o o ls , fro m e n f o r c i n g a r e g u l a t i o n p a s s e d by t h e b o a r d r e q u i r i n g t e a c h e r s and o t h e r e m p lo y ees o f th e school d i s t r i c t
to r e s id e w ith in th e c i t y
c o u n ty d u r i n g t h e i r te r m o f e m p lo y m en t. d e fe n d a n ts re fu s e d
and When t h e
to answ er, t h e i r d e m u rre r
w as o v e r r u l l e d and th e ju d g m en t p a s s e d f o r th e p l a i n t i f f , M a r g a r e t M. S t u a r t .
The b o a r d o f
e d u c a tio n a p p e a le d . ISSU E :
C o u l d t h e G o v e r n i n g B o a r d o f t h e C o u n ty a n d C i t y o f San F r a n c i s c o l a w f u l l y r e q u i r e
school
e m p lo y ee s to r e s i d e w i t h i n th e b o u n d a r ie s o f th e d i s t r i c t d u rin g DECISION:
t h e t e r m o f t h e i r e m p lo y m e n t?
The J u d g m e n t a p p e a l e d fr o m w a s r e v e r s e d i n f a v o r o f th e b o a rd .
REASONING:-
The c h a r t e r o f S a n F r a n c i s c o
co n ferred
upon th e b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n f u l l pow er to p a s s th e r e s o lu tio n u n d er c o n s id e r a tio n . th a t " in a d d itio n
I t s "fetes
to th e p o w ers c o n f e r r e d by th e
22 g e n e r a l la w s o f th e s t a t e ; tio n
th e b o ard o f educa
s h a l l have pow er to e s t a b l i s h and e n fo rc e
a ll n ecessary ru le s
and r e g u l a t i o n s f o r
th e
g o v e rn m e n t and e f f i c i e n c y o f th e s c h o o l s and f o r c a rry in g in to
e f f e c t th e sc h o o l s y s te m ."
I n c o n s id e r a tio n o f th e f a c t
t h a t th e
C h a r t e r o f t h e C i t y a n d C o u n ty o f San F r a n c i s c o re q u ire s a ll of i t s
o ffic e rs,
and o t h e r em p lo y ee s,
c le rk s
i n c l u d i n g t h e m e m b e rs o f
th e b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n i t s e l f , o f th e
d e p u tie s ,
to be r e s i d e n t s
c i t y and c o u n ty , I t c o u ld n o t be s a id t h a t
th e r e s o l u t i o n o f th e b o ard o f e d u c a tio n r e q u i r in g a re s id e n c e o f te a c h e rs w ith in th e m u n ic ip a li ty w as u n r e a s o n a b le . To t h e c o n t r a r y , w i t h d u e r e g a r d f o r t h e f a c t t h a t th e te a c h e r sta n d s i n lo c o p a r e n t i s , t h a t i t m ay b e c o m e h e r d u t y t o d e v o t e h e r t i m e t o th e w e lf a r e o f i n d i v i d u a l p u p i l s even o u t s i d e o f school h o u rs,
I t w as s t a t e d
p u p i l s and r e s u l t i n g and to
t h a t th e b e n e f i t o f
" b e n e fits
t h e c o m m u n ity a t l a r g e ,
o f te a c h e rs,
to t h e i r p a r e n t s and n o t th e b e n e f i t
I s th e re a s o n f o r th e c r e a t i o n and
su p p o rt o f th e p u b lic
s c h o o ls ."
3
y B a t e s V. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n 1 3 9 C a l . 1 ^ 5
23 N or c o u l d i t b e s t a t e d tio n in
t h a t th e r e s o l u
q u e s t i o n w as an I m p o s i t i o n o f a n a d d i t i o n
a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n w h i c h w o u ld n o t b e w i t h i n
th e
pow er o f th e b o a rd o f e d u c a ti o n to dem and.
In
r e g a r d to th e r e s p o n d e n ts arg u m e n t t h a t
th e
b o a r d o f e d u c a t i o n h a d no p o w e r t o d i s m i s s a te a o h e r ex cep t f o r S e c tio n 1793 reaso n ed th a t th is
th e re a s o n s p r e s c r i b e d In P o l i t i c a l Code,
th e c o u rt
s e c tio n c o n te m p la te d d is m is s
a l fo r In su b o rd in a tio n ,
and c le a r ly
a re fu sa l of
a t e a c h e r t o c o m p ly w i t h a r e a s o n a b l e r e g u l a t i o n o f t h e b o a r d w o u ld b e s u c h i n s u b o r d i n a t i o n . ^ 4 S u b s e q u e n tly th e E d u c a tio n a l Code, 13045, 14027.
S e c tio n s 13044,
LULU KNICKERBOCKER, APPELLANT, V. REDLANDS HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT ET A L ., RESPONDENTS k 9 CAL. APP (2D ) 7 2 2 FACTS:
T h is c a s e w as a n a p p e a l fro m a Judgm ent o f t h e S u p e r i o r C o u r t o f San B e r n a r d in o C o u n ty . A f f i r m e d w a s a p r o c e e d i n g i n m andam us t o c o m p e l th e r e s t o r a t i o n
o f a school te a c h e r to h e r
p o sitio n . The p e t i t i o n e r i n t h e l o w e r c o u r t , w as th e a p p e l l a n t i n p e titio n
th e c a se a t b a r ,
who
file d
f o r a w r i t o f m a n d a te o r d e r i n g
a
th e
r e s p o n d e n t B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s o f R e d la n d s H ig h S chool D i s t r i c t to r e s t o r e p o sitio n
of te a c h e r in
d is tr ic t fo r her
th e p e t i t i o n e r
th e
th e a fo re m e n tio n e d sc h o o l
th e y e a r 1940-19*H an d a l s o
th e a c c ru e d s a l a r y
to
to pay
th e re o f.
On A p r i l 30* 1 9 ijO, a t a m e e t i n g o f t h e b o ard o f tr u s te e s ,
a t t e n d e d b y a l l m em b ers, and
a b o u t w h i c h a l l m e m b e rs h a d b e e n n o t i f i e d ,
a
r e s o l u t i o n w as a d o p te d b y t h e u n a n im o u s v o t e o f th e b o a rd t h a t th e s e r v ic e s o f th e a p p e lla n t as a te a c h e r fo r
t h e R e d la n d s H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t
w o u ld n o t b e r e q u i r e d f o r th e e n s u in g s c h o o l y e a r o f 1940 -19 ^1.
T he b o a r d a u t h o r i z e d a n d
25 d i r e c t e d Jo h n B ra n ig a n ,
S u p e rin te n d e n t o f
R e d la n d s H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t , o f t e r m i n a t i o n o f e m p lo y m e n t t o
to send a n o tic e th e a p p e lla n t.
T he f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r w a s s e n t t o t h e a p p e l l a n t b y r e g i s t e r e d m a il and r e c e iv e d by h e r p r i o r to May 1 5 , 1 9 ^ 0 : R e d la n d s P u b l i c S c h o o ls John B ra n ig a n , S u p e rin te n d e n t R e d la n d s, C a l i f o r n i a A p r il 30, 1940 M rs, L u lu K n ic k e rb o c k e r 105 C e n te r S t r e e t R e d la n d s, C a l i f o r n i a D e ar M rs. K n ic k e r b o c k e r : A t a s p e c i a l m e e tin g o f th e B oard o f T r u s t e e s o f th e R e d la n d s H ig h S ch o o l D i s t r i c t , w i t h a l l m e m b e rs p r e s e n t , h e l d t h i s 3 0 t h d a y o f A p r i l , 1 9 4 0 , a t 1 1 : 0 0 A .M ., a t i t s r e g u l a r m e e ti n g p l a c e , t h e H ig h S c h o o l A u d ito riu m B u i l d i n g o f R e d la n d s H ig h S c h o o l, th e B o a rd t h i s day p u r s u a n t to S e c tio n 5 .6 8 1 o f A r t i c l e 4 o f C h a p t e r 7* p a g e 3©5» S c h o o l Code o f t h e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a , d i d u n a n im o u sly p a s s a m o tio n to th e e f f e c t t h a t th e y g iv e you th is n o tic e in w ritin g th a t your se rv ic e s fo r th e s c h o o l y e a r 1 9 40-1941 and s u b s e q u e n t y e a rs w ill no lo n g e r b e needed. T h is n o t i c e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o r e g o i n g s e c t i o n s h a l l b e deem ed s u f f i c i e n t and c o m p le te . w hen d e p o s i t e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s r e g i s t e r e d m a il w ith p o s ta g e p r e p a id , a d d re s s e d to you a t y o u r l a s t know n p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e , v i z . 1 0 5 C e n te r S t r e e t , R e d la n d s, C a l i f o r n i a . V ery s i n c e r e l y y o u r s , Jo h n B ra n ig a n ,
S u p t.
o f S c h o o ls.
26 Was t h e m e e t i n g o f t h e b o a r d o f t r u s t e e s ,
ISS U E ;
a t w h ic h th e a c t i o n i n le g a l n a tu re , a c tio n DECISION;
q u e s t io n w as t a k e n , o f
a n d w as e f f e c t i v e d i s m i s s a l
tak e n ? The ju d g m e n t o f th e S u p e r i o r C o u r t w as
a ffirm e d .
The a p p e l l a n t 's p e t i t i o n
f o r a h e a rin g
b y t h e S u p re m e C o u r t w a s d e n i e d t h e t e a c h e r . REASONING:
In re p ly
to
th e a p p e l l a n t 's c la im
th a t
t h e b o a r d m e e ti n g w as a s p e c i a l m e e ti n g an d w as n o t c a l l e d i n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e S c h o o l Code w h ic h s t a t e d
t h a t a l l m e m b e rs s h o u l d h a v e
w r i t te n p r i o r n o t ic e o f a s p e c i a l m e e tin g ,
th e
C o u r t r e a s o n e d t h a t t h e u n a n im o u s a c t i o n o f t h e b o a rd o f t r u s t e e s a t a s p e c ia l m e e tin g ,
reg ard
l e s s o f t h e ty p e o f n o t i c e g i v e n , w as v a l i d and b in d in g .
Any i r r e g u l a r i t y
in re fe re n c e
to
th e
g i v in g o f n o t i c e o f th e s p e c i a l m e e tin g w as deem ed to h a v e b e e n w a iv ed by t h e f a c t t h a t a l l o f t h e b o a r d m e m b e rs w e r e p r e s e n t a n d a l l o f t h e m e m b e rs d i s c u s s e d
th e q u e s tio n o f th e
o f th e p e t i t i o n e r 's
te rm in a tio n
e m p lo y m e n t.
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is
fo u n d i n
th e fo llo w in g p a ra g ra p h ;
2? "Such n o t i c e i s , how ev er, f o r th e b e n e f i t o f t h e m e m b e rs o f t h e b o a r d r a t h e r t h a n t h a t o f . th e p u b l i c , and so , even w here i t i s r e q u i r e d b y s t a t u t e t o b e g i v e n , i t may b e w a i v e d b y t h e p e r s o n s e n t i t l e d to r e c e i v e i t ; and w h ere a l l t h e m e m b e rs o f a b o a r d a r e p r e s e n t a n d p a r t i c i p a t e i n a m e e t i n g t h e r e o f , t h e y may t a k e o f f i c i a l a c t i o n , and th e f a c t t h a t no n o t i c e o f s u c h m e e t i n g w a s g i v e n , o r n o f o r m a l c a l l w as i s s u e d , o r t h a t th e n o t ic e o r c a l l w as i r r e g u l a r o r I n s u f f i c i e n t i s im m a te ria l to th e v a l i d i t y o f t h e p r o c e e d i n g s . "5 O th e r l e g a l a s p e c t s .
I n d e a l in g w i t h a re v ie w o f th e
p o w ers o f sc h o o l b o a rd s , p e rh a p s is
t h a t th e y a re h e ld
th e f i r s t
f a c t to b e n o te d
to b e s t a t e and n o t l o c a l o f f i c e r s .
R e g a r d l e s s o f t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h s c h o o l o f f i c e r s may b e e le c te d , s ta te
once e le c te d ,
th e y becom e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f th e
and h av e o n ly su ch p o w ers a s th e s t a t u t e s
c o n fe r upon
them a n d t h o s e a d d i t i o n a l p o w e r s n e c e s s a r i l y i m p l i e d e n a b le
them t o c a r r y
o u t th e e x p r e s s p o w ers g r a n te d .
Due t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b o a r d i s
t r e a t e d a s an e n t i t y ,
t h e i n d i v i d u a l m e m b e rs h a v e n o l e g a l a u t h o r i t y in d iv id u a ls fo r
to
th e d i s t r i c t .
to a c t a s
T here m u st b e a m e e tin g o f a
q u o ru m o f t h e b o a r d i n o r d e r t h a t a n y a c t i o n t a k e n b y i t 6 s h a l l b e l e g a l a n d b i n d i n g on th e d i s t r i c t . A sim p le m a j o r i t y o f a s c h o o l b o a rd c o n s t i t u t e s a l e g a l q u o ru m .
Even w h ere a s t a t u t e
a u th o riz e s a b o ard of
5 56 C o r p u s J u r i s 3 3 7 , S e c t . 2 1 0 . S e e a l s o , C a l i f o r n i a E d u c a t i o n C o d e, S e c t i o n 1 3 5 2 7 . ^ M a l l o y V. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ,
C f.p o s t. p p .
th e 29.
e d u c a tio n to e s t a b l i s h i t s
own r u l e s o f p r o c e d u r e ,
th e
e o m m o n -la w q u o ru m o f a s i m p l e m a j o r i t y h o l d s a n d c a n n o t b e m o d ifie d .
The a c t o f a m a j o r i t y o f t h e q u o ru m , w h e t h e r
f i x e d b y common l a w o r b y s t a t u t e ,
is
th e a c t o f th e b o a rd .
7
J u s t i c e B re w er o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S tp rem e C o u rt h a s s a i d , “The g e n e r a l r u l e o f a l l p a r l i a m e n t a r y b o d i e s i s a q u o ru m i s p r e s e n t , th e a c t o f th e body.
t h a t , w hen
t h e a c t o f a m a j o r i t y o f t h e q u o ru m i s T h is h a s b e en th e r u l e
fo r a ll
tim e ,
e x c e p t so f a r a s i n any g iv e n c a s e th e te rm s o f t h e o r g a n ic a c t u n d e r w h ic h t h e bod y i s a s s e m b le d h a v e p r e s c r i b e d s p e c i f i c l i m i t a t i o n s . 11® m ig h t e x i s t on t h e b o a rd ; e n tity
I t does n o t m a tte r
th a t a vacancy
su c h a body d o e s n o t l o s e
its
a s l o n g a s t h e r e e x i s t s a l e g a l quorum . In C a lifo rn ia ,
th e g e n e r a l pow ers o f th e g o v e rn in g
b o a r d a r e s t i p u l a t e d i n t h e E d u c a tio n Code: “ The g o v e r n i n g b o a r d o f a n y s c h o o l d i s t r i c t
sh a ll:
a.
P r e s c r ib e and e n fo rc e r u l e s n o t I n c o n s i s t e n t w ith . la w o r w i t h th e r u l e s p r e s c r i b e d by th e S t a t e B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , f o r i t s own g o v e r n m e n t a n d f o r th e g o v ern m en t o f th e s c h o o ls u n d e r i t s Ju risd ic tio n .
b.
T ran sact i t s b u sin e ss a t re g u la r o r sp e c ia l m e e tin g s c a l le d f o r th e p u rp o s e .
c.
F ix th e tim e f o r i t s r e g u l a r m e e tin g s . Such a c t i o n s h a l l b e p r o p e r n o t i c e to a l l m em bers o f th e b o a rd o f th e r e g u la r m e e tin g s.
X T N ew to n E d w a r d s , The C o u r t s a n d t h e P u b l i c S c h o o l s (C h ic a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ica g o P r e s s , 1 9 3 3 ), p . 1 5 2 . ® U n i t e d S t a t e s V. B a l l l n , S e c tio n 2 2 0 M d ).
i k k U .S . 1 ,
E d u o a tio n Code,
29 d.
C a ll s p e c i a l m e e tin g s b y w r i t t e n n o t i c e w h ic h s h a l l b e g i v e n t o e a c h m em ber o f t h e b o a r d a t l e a s t t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r s p r i o r t o t h e tim e f o r th e m e e tin g , u n l e s s a t th e tim e o f th e m e e tin g e a c h m em ber o f t h e b o a r d w a i v e s w r i t t e n n o t i c e . "
As f u r t h e r
s ta te d in
q
th e E d u c a tio n C ode, no a c t i o n
a u th o r iz e d o r r e q u i r e d by la w s h a l l b e ta k e n b y th e g o v e rn in g b o a rd o f a s c h o o l d i s t r i c t e x c e p t i n a m e e tin g open to th e p u b lic . The b o a r d o f e d u c a t i o n may m ak e a n d e n f o r c e re a so n a b le r u le s
a n d r e g u l a t i o n s a s may b e n e c e s s a r y f o r
e f f i c i e n t o p e ra tio n o f th e sc h o o ls. p r e t i n g t h e w ord " r e a s o n a b l e " i s d iffic u lty .
It
is
The n e c e s s i t y o f i n t e r
one w h ic h c r e a t e d g r e a t
a g a in s t a r u l e o r r e g u l a t i o n o f th e
I t has been g e n e ra lly h e ld th a t i t
i s n o t an
in f r in g e m e n t upon th e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l o r p e r s o n a l r i g h t s an i n d i v i d u a l
th e
a q u e s tio n o f f a c t w h ic h i s r a i s e d in
n e a r ly ev ery l i t i g a t i o n b o ard .
such
t o d e n y him a d m i s s i o n t o t h e p u b l i c
of
sc h o o ls
u n t i l he su b m its to a l l r e a s o n a b le r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s o f th e b o a rd .
T h is , o f n e c e s s i t y , p l a c e s a m easu re o f
r e s t r a i n t u p o n t h e f r e e d o m o f an i n d i v i d u a l , b u t t o h o l d t h a t he w ere n o t r e q u i r e d
to s u b m it to su c h r u l e s
and r e g u l a t i o n s
w o u ld r e s u l t i n c o n d i t i o n w h e re a t o t a l l a c k o f o r g a n i z a t i o n e x i s t e d . 10 9 C a l i f . E d u c a tio n Code,
S e c t i o n ZZOk.
10 R o b e r t R. H a m i l t o n a n d P a u l R . M o r t , The Law a n d P u b l i c E d u c a tio n (C h ic a g o : The F o u n d a tio n P r e s s , I n c . , 1 9 ^ 1 ) p75ST
A n o t h e r s o u r c e o f m u ch l i t i g a t i o n h a s b e e n t h e q u e stio n a b le a u th o r ity
o f a b o a rd to e n t e r i n t o c o n t r a c t s
w h ic h e x t e n d b e y o n d t h e term o f o f f i c e T e c h n ic a lly ,
th e b o ard i s
o f a c o rp o ra tio n .
a c o n tin u in g e n t i t y ,
in
The b o a r d c o n t i n u e s t o e x i s t ,
m e m b e rs m i g h t c h a n g e . l o g ic a l c o n c lu sio n ,
o f th e p r e s e n t b o a rd .
H ow ever,
to fo llo w
th is
a b o a rd c o u ld e n te r i n t o
th e n a tu re th o u g h i t s
to i t s
o b lig a tio n s
w h ic h m ig h t p r e v e n t f u t u r e b o a r d s from b e i n g a b l e th e b e s t i n t e r e s t o f th e s c h o o ls . th e c o u rts h o ld c o n s i s te n t l y u n l i m i t e d pow er to b i n d i t s g en eral ru le
is
to
a ct in
R e c o g n iz in g su ch d a n g e rs ,
th a t a b o ard does n o t have su ccesso rs in o ffic e .
t h a t a b o a r d m ay e n t e r i n t o
T he
c o n t r a c t s w h ic h
e x te n d f o r a r e a s o n a b l e l e n g t h o f tim e b ey o n d th e p r e s e n t term o f t h e b o a r d .
If
m ade l i e s w h o l l y w i t h i n th e c o n t r a c t i s
th e p e r i o d f o r w h ic h a c o n t r a c t i s th e p e r io d o f a su c c e e d in g b o a rd ,
i n v a l i d . 11
The d e l e g a t i o n o f a u t h o r i t y
and t h e d e g re e
to w h ic h i t
may b e d e l e g a t e d a r e p o i n t s o f l a w w i t h w h i c h e v e r y b o a r d m em ber s h o u l d b e f a m i l i a r .
W h ere t h e l a w r e s t s
o f Judgm ent and d i s c r e t i o n i n
a b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n ,
e x e r c i s e o f t h a t ju d g m en t c a n n o t b e d e l e g a t e d body o r p e r s o n .12 11 I b i d . . p .
th e e x e r c is e th e
to any o t h e r
B o a rd s m ay, h o w e v er, d e l e g a t e
to
th e ir
87.
1 2 L l n d b l a d V. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ,
2 21 1 1 1 .
2 6 l.
31 a g e n ts o r e x e c u tiv e o f f i c e r s ,
th e p e rfo rm a n c e o f p u re ly
m i n i s t e r i a l d u t i e s w h ic h a r e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t o n l y t h e b o a r d may p e r f o r m
in c h a ra c te r. th e f i n a l a c ts
o f m ak in g p u r c h a s e s ,
e m p lo y in g o r d i s m i s s i n g p e r s o n n e l ,
p r e p a r in g th e b u d g e t,
an d d e c i d i n g u p o n p o l i c y o f t h e
d is tric t.
I t f o l l o w s t h a t t h o s e who d e a l w i t h a b o a r d o f
e d u c a tio n a re c o n fro n te d w ith th e n e c e s s i t y th e a u t h o r i t y o f th e b o a rd to a c t , u ltr a v ire s,
b e c a u s e a c t s w h ic h a r e
o r in e x cess o f a u th o r ity , b in d n e ith e r th e
d i s t r i c t nor i t s Summary. in d ic a te s
o f a sc e rta in in g
o ffic e rs. T h e c a s e o f T h e P e o p l e V. S t a n l e y
t h a t g o v e r n i n g b o a r d s a n d t h e i r o f f i c e r s may n o t
ex ceed th e a u th o r ity
s p e c if ic a lly g ra n te d by s t a tu t e .
b o a r d m ay n o t a s s u m e t h a t a u t h o r i t y i s re s tric tio n .
E d u c a tio n i s
A
g ra n te d by la c k of
c o n s id e re d to be a f u n c tio n o f
th e s t a t e and a u t h o r i t y f o r a c t i o n s o f th e b o a r d m u st b e fo u n d i n
th e s ta tu t e s .
F a i r c h i l d V. The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n p r e s e n t s p o in t th a t,
i n n o c a s e o r s i t u a t i o n , m ay a g o v e r n i n g b o a r d
m ake a n y r u l e o r r e g u l a t i o n w h i c h i s sta tu te . is
In
th e
th is case,
in
c o n tra v e n tio n
th e c o u rts r e i t e r a t e
to a
t h a t e d u c a tio n
a s t a t e f u n c t i o n and th e r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s o f th e
d i s t r i c t s w ith in a s t a t e m u st b e g o v ern ed by
th e s t a t u t e s
th e re o f. The c o u r t s r u l e d ,
in
t h e c a s e o f W e b s t e r V. T he B o a r d
32 o f E d u c a tio n ,
th a t th e d is c r e tio n a r y d u tie s o f a b o a rd ,
a s t h e m ak in g o f p o l i c y , may n o t b e d e l e g a t e d .
s p e n d in g o f d i s t r i c t m oney,
such
e tc .,
O n ly m i n i s t e r i a l d u t i e s w h i e h i n v o l v e
t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f p o l i c y d e c r e e d b y t h e b o a r d m ay b e d e le g a te d
to
th e o f f i c e r s o f th e d i s t r i c t .
A g o v e r n i n g b o a r d may m ake a n y a n d a l l r e a s o n a b l e ru le s
t h a t i t deem s n e c e s s a r y f o r th e o p e r a t i o n o f i t s
school d i s t r i c t , to
p ro v id e d such r u l e s a re n o t i n
th e s t a t u t e s o f th e s t a t e .
w o rd w h i c h o f t e n g i v e s r i s e " re a s o n a b le ." not a ru le
o p p o sitio n
In t h i s p o in t o f la w
to l i t i g a t i o n
is
th e key
th e w ord
The o n l y r e c o u r s e f o r d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r o r
i s re a so n a b le i s
to ta k e
th e p a r t i c u l a r
case in to
th e c o u rts . K n i c k e r b o c k e r V. The R e d l a n d s H i g h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t f u r n i s h e s a num ber o f i m p l i c a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g
th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r a v a l i d m e e tin g o f th e g o v e rn in g b o a rd .
A m e e tin g m ust
be h e ld a t a re g u la r h e ld ,
tim e a n d p l a c e .
a t l e a s t 2k h o u rs*
If
a s p e c ia l m e e tin g i s
n o t i c e m u s t b e g i v e n t o a l l m e m b e rs
o r a l l m e m b e rs m u s t w a i v e t h i s r i g h t w h e n t h e y a s s e m b l e f o r th e m e e tin g . v a lid a te
A q u o ru m o f a s i m p l e m a j o r i t y i s
a c tio n o f th e b o a rd .
s u f f i c i e n t to
A c tio n c a n b e ta k e n w h ic h
e x t e n d s f o r o n l y a r e a s o n a b l e l e n g t h o f tim e b e y o n d t h e o f a b o ard ;
and,
fin a lly ,
an u l t r a v i r e s a c t i o n i s reco u rse in
th e c o u r ts .
te r m
t h o s e who d e a l w i t h a b o a r d w hen t a k e n h a v e f o u n d t h a t t h e y h a v e no
CHAPTER IV THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF CERTIFICATED PERSONNEL In th is
C h a p te r* I t i s
th e I n t e n t i o n o f th e w r i te r to
d e a l m ore c o m p r e h e n s iv e ly w ith one o f t h e p o w e rs an d d u t i e s
~|
o f t h e g o v e r n i n g h o a r d w h i c h w as h u t b r i e f l y m e n t i o n e d I n t h e p re v io u s c h a p te r,
n a m e ly ,
‘•What a r e
th e c o u r t d e c is i o n s
g o v e r n i n g t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f c e r t i f i c a t e d p e r s o n n e l ? •*
An
i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l h e m ad e o f t h e a s p e c t s i n w h i c h t h e d e c is io n s o f th e c o u r t s have a f f e c t e d
th e c o n tr a c tu a l
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e g o v e r n in g h o a r d s o f s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s and t h e i r c e r t i f i c a t e d em p lo y ee s, w h e th e r th e y h e t e a c h e r s o r a d m in istra to rs.
The e m p lo y m e n t o f c e r t i f i c a t e d p e r s o n n e l I s
a d is c re tio n a ry fu n c tio n h a s g iv e n r i s e
o f th e g o v e rn in g h o a rd ,
and,
to a c o n s i d e r a b l e am ount o f l i t i g a t i o n .
as such, >
CLOVERDALE UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT OP SONOMA COUNTY, RESPONDENT, V. W. J .
PETERS, APPELLANT.
8 8 CAL. APP ? 3 1 FACTS:
The e a s e w a s a p p e a l e d fro m a J u d g m e n t o f t h e S u p e r i o r C o u r t o f Sonom a C o u n t y . T he d e f e n d a n t w a s r e g u l a r l y e m p l o y e d b y t h e p l a i n t i f f on May S» 1 9 2 4 , h ig h sch o o l f o r
a s p r i n c i p a l o f th e
th e f i s c a l y e a r a t a s a l a r y o f
$ 2 4 0 0 , a n d i t w a s f o r t h i s sum t h a t a c t i o n w a s b e in g b ro u g h t a g a i n s t th e p l a i n t i f f . On May
1924,
th e b o a rd s o f th e C lo v e rd a le
U n io n H i g h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t a n d t h e C l o v e r d a l e U n io n E l e m e n t a r y D i s t r i c t ,
e a c h com posed o f f i v e
m e m b e r s , m e t a t t h e sam e p l a c e .
A m o tio n w as p u t
and c a r r i e d by a v o te o f s i x to f o u r t h a t b o a rd s sh o u ld a c t a s a J o i n t b o a rd .
t h e tw o
A m o tio n was
t h e n p u t a n d c a r r i e d b y t h e sam e c o u n t t h a t P e te rs
s h o u ld b e e m p lo y ed a s p r i n c i p a l f o r b o t h
t h e h i g h and gram m ar s c h o o l s a t t h e s a l a r y above.
s ta te d
T he n o t i c e o f e m p lo y m e n t w a s t h e n d u l y
sig n e d by th e p r o p e r o f f i c e r s
o f e a c h b o a r d and
th e d e fe n d a n t p la e e d h i s a c c e p ta n c e th e re o n , f o r m in g a c o n t r a c t o f em p lo y m en t. On J u n e 3 , 1 9 2 4 ,
th e h ig h sc h o o l b o a r d a d o p te d
a re s o lu tio n
to
th e e f f e c t t h a t th e s e r v ic e s o f
t h e a p p e l l a n t w o u ld n o t b e r e q u i r e d f o r e n su in g y e a r,
th e
a n d s e r v e d n o t i c e u p o n h im t o t h a t
e ffe c t. IS S U E :
I t was to b e d e te r m in e d w h e th e r o r n o t th e e m p lo y m e n t o f t h e d e f e n d a n t w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d i n a m a n n e r w h i c h m ad e h i s c o n t r a c t v a l i d .
DECISION:
T he j u d g m e n t
w as a f f ir m e d and th e lo w e r c o u r t
w as deem ed to h a v e b e e n j u s t i f i e d
in fin d in g
t h a t th e a l l e g e d c o n t r a c t was i n v a l i d . REASONING-:
I t o o u ld n o t b o ard a u th o riz e d two b o a r d s .
be h e ld t h a t th e h ig h sch o o l th e a ll e g e d j o i n t m e e tin g o f th e
When t h e s e c r e t v o t e w a s t a k e n
c o n c e rn in g th e o r g a n iz in g o f a j o i n t b o a rd ;
th e
m e m b e rs w e r e . t o g e t h e r a n d i t w a s i m p o s s i b l e t o d e te rm in e t h a t a m a jo r ity o f th e h ig h sc h o o l b o a rd v o te d In f a v o r o f th e J o i n t m e e tin g . th e h ig h sc h o o l b o a rd c o u ld n o t d e le g a te pow er o f d e te rm in in g th a t q u e s tio n to
C le a rly ,
th e
t h e m em b ers
o f t h e e l e m e n t a r y b o a r d . '1' As s t a t e d a b o v e ,
th e v o te w as s i x to f o u r i n
f a v o r o f e m p lo y m e n t o f t h e a p p e l l a n t , b u t t h r e e o f t h e f i v e m e m b e rs o f t h e h i g h s c h o o l b o a r d te s tifie d
th a t
t h e y v o t e d a g a i n s t t h e e m p lo y m e n t
o f th e a p p e lla n t. _
The c o u r t a c c e p t e d s u c h
1 W e b s t e r V. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ,
140 C a l . 331
36 stip u la tio n
a s p r o o f t h a t s u c h m em b ers s o v o t e d .
The l a w w a s h e l d
to c o n te m p la te
th a t each
b o a rd sh o u ld d e te rm in e f o r i t s e l f w h e th e r o r n o t i t w o u ld a g r e e t o
t h e sam e p e r s o n a s p r i n c i p a l
o f b o th sc h o o ls. I t w as f u r t h e r h e l d t h a t i f
th e c o n t r a c t
c o n ce rn e d had b e e n s ig n e d by a m a jo r ity o f b o th b o a r d s i t w o u ld h a v e b e e n s u f f i c i e n t c o m p lia n c e w ith th e la w .
In
t h i s p a r t i c u l a r c a s e th e
c o n tr a c t w as p ro d u c e d and sig n e d a f t e r
th e m e e tin g .
T he c o n t r a c t w a s n e i t h e r a u t h o r i z e d n o r s i g n e d a t a s e s s i o n o f t h e h i g h s c h o o l b o a r d and t h e r e f o r e i t was n e i t h e r v a l i d
n o r b in d in g on th e p l a i n t i f f ,
th e h ig h sc h o o l d i s t r i c t . W here p o w e r t o e m p lo y a t e a c h e r i s school b o ard ,
in a
a v a lid c o n tr a c t w ith a te a c h e r
c a n n o t b e m ade b y m e m b e rs o f t h e b o a r d w i t h o u t a m e e tin g and fo rm a l a c t io n .
H ow ever, w h e re th e
te rm s o f a t e a c h e r 's c o n t r a c t a s p r o p e r l y a g re e d t^>on a t a r e g u l a r l y b o ard ,
it
convened m e e tin g o f th e sc h o o l
i s u n n e ce ssa ry th a t th e c o n tr a c t be
e x e c u t e d a t s u c h m e e t i n g , b u t i t may b e s u b s e q u e n tly s ig n e d and e x e c u te d b y th e p a r t i e s th e re to ,
and i t
is
im m a te ria l t h a t th e o f f i c e r s
o f th e b o a rd s ig n a t d i f f e r e n t tim e s.
ADELINE M. LOEHR, RESPONDENT V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO ET A L ., APPELLANTS. 1 2 GAL APP 67 1 FACTS:
T h is w as an a p p e a l b y t h e b o a r d o f e d u c a t i o n from a Judgm ent o f t h e S u p e r i o r C o u r t i n f a v o r o f th e r e s p o n d e n t by w h ic h th e b o a rd o f e d u c a t i o n o f t h e C i t y and C o u n ty o f San F r a n c i s c o w a s com m anded t o a d m i t p l a i n t i f f
to
th e p o s i t i o n
o f t e a c h e r o f a c l a s s d e s i g n a t e d a s “A - F i r s t G r a d e M i n a common p u b l i c s c h o o l o f t h e a f o r e m en tio n e d sch o o l d i s t r i c t . T he b o a r d o f e d u c a t i o n saw f i t t h e r e s p o n d e n t , who h a d a t t a i n e d re g u la r te a c h e r,
to
tra n sfe r
s ta tu s as a
fro m a p o s i t i o n a s a t e a c h e r o f
f i r s t a n d s e c o n d g r a d e p u p i l s i n t h e S h e r i d a n A nnex S chool to a p o s i t i o n G rade i n
a s te a c h e r o f th e B -T h lrd
th e M a r s h a ll P rim a ry S c h o o l.
T h is t r a n s f e r
In c u rre d a re d u c tio n in
sa la ry .
a c c e p t t h i s a ssig n m e n t,
a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y m ade a
num ber o f dem ands t o b e a s s i g n e d G ra d e c l a s s i n
She r e f u s e d t o
to a n A - F i r s t
th e S h e rid a n A nnex S c h o o l o r t o a
c l a s s o f s i m i l a r r a t i n g i n any o t h e r s c h o o l p a y in g a lik e
sa la ry ,
dem ands.
b u t no c o m p l i a n c e w a s m ade w i t h s u c h
She s u b s e q u e n t l y r e f u s e d
to a c c e p t a s s i g n
m ent t o any c l a s s h a v in g a d i f f e r e n t r a t i n g ,
o r to
38 a d iffe re n t,
o r to any c la s s o r g rad e c a r r y in g a
d if f e r e n t sa la ry . ISS U E :
D id th e b o a r d o f e d u c a tio n h a v e t h e pow er to
tra n sfe r
t h e r e s p o n d e n t fro m a t e a c h i n g p o s i t i o n
I n one sc h o o l g ra d e to a te a c h in g p o s i t i o n in a n o th e r sch o o l g ra d e , b o th sch o o l g ra d e s b e in g w ith in
th e c o n fin e s o f th e te a c h in g c r e d e n t i a l
h e ld by th e te a c h e r in v o lv e d . DECISION:
The j u d g m e n t w a s r e v e r s e d w i t h d i r e c t i o n s to th e t r i a l c o u r t to e n te r Judgm ent in a c c o rd ance w ith th e S u p e rio r C o u rt. A p e titio n
to have th e c a u se h e a rd i n
th e
S u p re m e C o u r t w a s d e n i e d b y t h e S u p re m e C o u r t . REASONING-:
I t w o u l d seem t o b e d i c t a t e d b y t h e n e c e ssity
o f m a in ta in in g th e e ffic ie n c y
o f th e
d e p a r tm e n t t h a t a b o a r d o u g h t t o h a v e w id e d is c re tio n in
th e a ssig n m e n t o f t e a c h e r s .
I t w as
r e a s o n a b le to
suppose th a t th e l e g i s l a t u r e
in te n d
ed t h a t th e b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n sh o u ld b e v e s te d w ith d is c r e tio n
t o m ake a r e a s s i g n m e n t o f t h e
te a c h e r w ith in th e l i m i t s o f h e r c r e d e n tia l,
and,
in
th e
th e absence o f a s t a t u t e
to
th e c o n tr a r y ,
c o u rt e x p re sse d r e lu c ta n c e to d e c id e t h a t b o a rd s o f e d u c a tio n do n o t p o s s e s s
t h i s pow er.
I t w as n o t p r e t e n d e d t h a t th e a s s e r t e d
r i g h t o f th e t e a c h e r to t e a c h a p a r t i c u l a r w ith in a p a r t i c u l a r g rad e,
in p re fe re n c e
c l a s s w i t h i n t h e sam e g r a d e , o u t ex p ress
s ta tu to ry
th is
th e a b se n c e o f a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l o r lim ita tio n ,
to a n o th e r
c o u ld he u p h e ld w ith
a u th o rity .
i t h a s h een u n ifo rm ly h e ld in
c la a s
To t h e c o n t r a r y , sta te
th a t,
in
sta tu to ry
b o a r d s o f e d u c a t i o n m ay e x e r c i s e a n
u n l i m i t e d d i s c r e t i o n i n t h e e m p lo y m e n t a n d d i s m is sa l o f te a c h e r s , and a s s ig n m e n t.
as w e ll as in
th e ir
tra n sfe r
ALICE B . MALLOY, RESPONDENT, V. THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF SAN JOSE, APPELLANT. 1 0 2 GAL. 6A2 FACTS:
An a p p e a l w a s m ad e fr o m a J u d g m e n t o f t h e S u p e r i o r C o u r t o f S a n t a C l a r a C o u n ty ,
a n d fr o m a n
o r d e r d e n y i n g a new t r i a l . The C h a r t e r o f t h e C i t y o f San J o s e p r o v id e s t h a t th e h o a rd o f e d u c a tio n o f th e c i t y s h a l l c o n s i s t o f e i g h t m em bers, a n d t h a t m a jo rity o f th e b o a rd s h a ll c o n s titu te
"a
a q u o ru m
f o r th e t r a n s a c t i o n o f b u s in e s s , b u t any s m a lle r n u m b e r may a d j o u r n fro m may e n a c t r u l e s f o r p ro c e e d in g s,
tim e to
tim e .
th e c o n d u c t o f i t s
The b o a r d own
t o e m p lo y a n d d i s m i s s t e a c h e r s a n d t o
f i x and o rd e r p a id
t h e i r s a l a r i e s o r com pensa
t i o n . 1,2 P r i o r to Ja n u a ry 5, a d o p te d by th e b o a rd ,
1 8 9 3 , a r u l e w as
an d w as t h e n i n f o r c e ,
p r o v i d i n g t h a t no m e a s u r e o r p r o p o s i t i o n v a l i d u n le s s p a s s e d by f iv e v o te s , to a d jo u rn ,
to p o s tp o n e ,
sh o u ld b e
e x c e p t m o tio n s
to r e c o n s i d e r a n d o t h e r
m o tio n s o f a s i m i l a r n a tu r e . On J a n u a r y 5* 1 8 9 3 ,
th e r e w as a r e g u l a r
m e e tin g o f th e b o a rd w ith sev en o f th e e i g h t 7
S ta ts .
1873, p.
395,
Secs. 3,
50, 52.
m e m b e rs p r e s e n t .
T h e m e m b e rs p r o c e e d e d I n a
r e g u l a r m anner to b a l l o t f o r te a c h e r
to f i l l
Four o f th e
th e e l e c t i o n o f a
a v a c a n c y w h ic h th e n e x i s t e d .
sev en b a l l o t s c a s t w ere i n f a v o r o f
th e re s p o n d e n t,
A lic e B. M a llo y .
H ow ever, d u e t o
t h e f a c t t h a t t h e num ber o f b a l l o t s c a s t i n f a v o r o f th e r e s p o n d e n t w as l e s s
th a n th e num ber
d e s ig n a te d by th e b o a rd , i n i t s
own r e s o l u t i o n
f o r th e a p p ro v al o f such a p r o p o s itio n ,
th e b o a rd
th en and th e r e r e f u s e d to d e c l a r e h e r e l e c t e d fill
to
th e v acancy o r to p e r m it h e r to engage i n
k e e p in g th e s c h o o l. On F e b r u a r y 3 , 1 8 9 3 , com m enced t h i s p r o c e e d i n g ,
th e re sp o n d e n t a sk in g th a t a w r it o f
m a n d a t e b e I s s u e d co m m an d in g t h e b o a r d o f e d u c a tio n t o im m e d ia te ly m eet and d e c l a r e h e r to b e e le c te d as a te a c h e r. T he l o w e r c o u r t r u l e d g iv e n th e b o ard its
th a t th e a u th o r ity
to e n a c t r u l e s f o r
th e c o n d u c t o f
own p r o c e e d i n g s d i d n o t a u t h o r i z e i t
th ro w o r ch an g e th e r u l e , sta tu te ,
to o v er
w h ic h w as d e c l a r e d by
t h a t a m a jo r ity o f th e b o a rd sh o u ld
c o n s t i t u t e a q u o ru m f o r t h e t r a n s a c t i o n o f b u s i n e s s . A m a j o r i t y o f t h e m e m b e rs p r e s e n t a t t h e m e e t i n g referred
to had a u th o r i ty ,
g ra n te d by s ta tu te ,
t r a n s a c t an y b u s i n e s s b e f o r e th em .
to
S in c e f o u r o f
b2 th e se v e n b a l l o t s w ere I n f a v o r o f th e r e s p o n d e n t, she w as e l e c t e d
to
th e p o s i t io n o f te a c h e r ,
th e
lo w e r c o u r t d e c r e e d ,
and th e b o a rd h ad no r i g h t
to r e f u s e
th e r e s u l t .
ISS U E :
to d e c l a r e
D id th e b o a rd , by th e b a l l o t s c a s t ,
e m p lo y
th e re s p o n d e n t a s a te a c h e r? DECISION:
T he o r d e r o f t h e l o w e r c o u r t w a s r e v e r s e d , and th e c a u se rem anded, w ith d i r e c t i o n s d is m is s th e a c tio n .
to
The t e a c h e r h a d n o t b e e n
e le c te d . REASONING:
E m p lo y m e n t i m p l i e s a c o n t r a c t on t h e p a r t of th e
e m p lo y e e t o p e r f o r m
se rv ic e s,
su c h a c o n t r a c t w as m u tu a lly
and u n t i l
e n te re d in to ,
it
c o u ld h av e no b in d in g o b l i g a t i o n upon e i t h e r p a r t y . The b a l l o t s o f t h e b o a r d ,
a t m o st,
o n ly
a m o u n ted to a n o f f e r o f e m p lo y m en t, w h ic h th e re s p o n d e n t had a r i g h t to r e f u s e b o ard had a r i g h t p rio r
to re v o k e o r c a n c e l a t any tim e
to a c c e p ta n c e .
th e tim e o f b a l l o t i n g , e le c te d ,
and w h ic h th e
When t h e b o a r d r e f u s e d , to d e c l a r e
th e re s p o n d e n t
i t rev o k ed and c a n c e le d th e o f f e r ,
l e a v in g n o th in g f o r h e r to a c c e p t.
at
th e re b y
W h eth er th e
b o a rd a c te d u nder th e supposed re q u ire m e n t o f i t s own v o t i n g r u l e o r i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f i t im m a te ria l.
is
q u ite
ANNIE McCINN, APPELLANT, V. CHARLES WILLEY AND ADOLPH A. JACOBS, RESPONDENTS. 6 CAL. APP 1 1 1 FACTS;
An a p p e a l w a s m ad e f r o m a J u d g m e n t o f t h e S u p e r i o r C o u r t o f T u o lu m n e C o u n t y . The c o m p l a i n t a l l e g e s
t h a t th e re s p o n d e n ts ,
as t r u s t e e s o f th e P o v e rty H i l l School D i s t r i c t , p r o m i s e d a n d a g r e e d t o e m p lo y t h e a p p e l l a n t a s a te a c h e r o f th e p u b l ic sc h o o l o f th e d i s t r i c t ,
and
she su b m itte d h e r a p p lic a tio n to th e b o a rd o f t r u s t e e s f o r th e p o s i t i o n upon w h ic h t h e
ag ree
m ent h ad been r e a c h e d . At a su b se q u e n t r e g u l a r m e e tin g o f b o ard ,
th e
th is body, w ith o u t a p p a re n t re a so n ,
re p u d ia te d
t h e i r p r e v io u s a g reem en t w it h th e
p la in tiff,
and th e d e f e n d a n ts th e n and t h e r e
a p p o in te d one L a u ra H a r tv l g
to th e p o s i t i o n o f
te a c h e r. IS S U E ;
C o u ld t h e b o a r d b e b o u n d by an a g re e m e n t t h a t w a s m ad e p r i v a t e l y
and n o t a t th e
tim e o r
p la c e o f th e r e g u l a r b o a rd m e e tin g s? DECISION:
T he d e c i s i o n o f t h e l o w e r c o u r t w a s a f f i r m e d and t h e p l a i n t i f f w as h e l d n o t to h a v e b e e n d u ly e le c t e d by th e b o a rd o f t r u s t e e s .
BEASONINGi
T h e a g r e e m e n t tqpon w h i c h t h e p l a i n t i f f r e l i e d was h e l d to h e a g a i n s t p u b l i c p o l i c y an d th e r e f o r e v o id .
If
th e t r u s t e e s o f a p u b l ic
school d i s t r i c t ,
a s I n d i v i d u a l s , m ake a n a g r e e
m ent w ith a p e r s o n to
e m p lo y h im a s a t e a c h e r ,
th ey have th e l e g a l r i g h t to l a t e r d i s r e g a r d
such
p r i v a t e ag reem en t a t a r e g u l a r s e s s io n o f th e b o ard o f t r u s t e e s .
If
so m e o n e e l s e i s
th e fo rm er p a r t y i s
c o m p le te ly w ith o u t r e d r e s s .
"C lo th e d w i t h su c h p o w e rs,
e m p lo y ed ,
and c h a rg e d
w i t h su c h d u t i e s and su c h r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , w i l l n o t b e p e r m itte d to b o ard )
it
th e m ( t h e g o v e r n i n g
t o m ake a n y a g r e e m e n t among t h e m s e l v e s ,
w i t h o t h e r s , b y w h ic h t h e i r p u b l i c a c t i o n i s be,
o r m ay b e , r e s t r a i n e d o r e m b a r r a s s e d ,
freed o m I n an y w ise a f f e c t e d o r i m p a ir e d . p u b lic
or
to
or its The
f o r whom t h e y a c t h a v e t h e r i g h t t o t h e i r
b e s t Judgm ent a f t e r f r e e and f u l l d i s c u s s i o n and c o n s u l t a t i o n am ong t h e m s e l v e s o f a n d u p o n t h e p u b lic m a tte rs in tr u s te d
to
p ro v id e d f o r by th e s t a t u t e .
them I n t h e s e s s i o n T h i s c a n n o t b e w hen
t h e m em bers, b y p r e - e n g a g e m e n t,
are under c o n tra c t
to p u r s u e a c e r t a i n l i n e o f arg u m en t o r a c t i o n , w h e t h e r t h e sam e b e c o n d u c i v e t o or n o t.
It
th e p u b l ic good
i s one o f th e o ld e s t r u l e s o f th e
4-5 common l a w t h a t c o n t r a c t s t h a t a r e c o n t r a r y
to
sound m o ra ls o r a g a i n s t p u b l i c p o l i c y , w i l l n o t be e n fo rc e d by c o u r t s o f J u s t i c e ,
and t h e c o u r t
w i l l n o t e n t e r on t h e i n q u i r y w h e t h e r s u c h c o n t r a c t w o u ld o r w o u ld n o t , in ju r io u s in i t s
in
consequences i f
a g iv e n c a s e , be en fo rced .
It
b e in g a g a in s t th e p u b lic i n t e r e s t to e n fo rc e i t , th e la w r e f u s e s to re c o g n iz e i t s v a lid ity . J M c C a r t l e V. B a t e s ,
29 O h io *0.9
c la im
to
GrWYNN E . HOPKINS, RESPONDENT, V. CHARLES L .
SANDERSON ET A L . ,
APPELLANTS'. 3 1 CAL. APP. - I k l PACTS:
T h is c a s e w as a p p e a l e d fro m a ju d g m e n t o f th e
S u p e r i o r C o u r t o f L o s A n g e le s C o u n ty .
th e r e s p o n d e n t, w as aw ard ed ,
in
H o p k in s,
th e t r i a l c o u r t ,
a w r i t o f m a n d a te c o m p e llin g t h e p a y m e n t o f t h r e e m o n th s’ s a l a r y
as th e l i b r a r i a n o f th e W h ittie r
U n io n H i g h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t .
She c o n te n d e d t h a t
sh e h a d b e e n h i r e d by t h e b o a r d i n a m e e ti n g a t w h i c h t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f p e r s o n n e l f o r t h e e n s u i n g s c h o o l was r e c o r d e d . w ere p ro d u c e d to
The m in u te s o f t h e b o a r d
s u p p o rt th e c o n te n tio n o f th e
p la in tiff. The p r e s i d e n t o f t h e b o a r d t e s t i f i e d , h ow ever,
t h a t th e a c t i o n o f th e b o a r d w as ta k e n
w ith th e p ro v is io n
t h a t n o t i f i c a t i o n o f a c c e p ta n c e
o f em p lo y m en t s h o u l d b e g i v e n t h e b o a r d w i t h i n tw e n ty d a y s and t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f th e a p p e l l a n t c e a s e d w h en n o t i f i c a t i o n o f a c c e p t a n c e w a s n o t re c e iv e d b y th e b o a rd w ith in U p e rio d .
th e
th e p r e s c r ib e d
^ C a l i f o r n i a E d u c a tio n Code, S e c tio n 13003, C a l i f o r n i a S c h o o l C ode, S e c t i o n 1 6 1 7 .
fo rm e rly
h? ISS U E :
Is
i t n e c e s s a r y f o r s c h o o l em p lo y ee s to
g iv e n o t i f i c a t i o n
o f a c c e p ta n c e o f a c o n tr a c t
w ith in a s p e c i f i e d p e r io d o f tim e i n o r d e r f o r such a docum ent to b e v a l i d and b in d in g ? DECISION:
The j u d g m e n t w a s r e v e r s e d i n f a v o r o f t h e b o ard .
REASONING:
T he t r i a l
c o u rt had b ased i t s
d e c isio n in
f a v o r o f t h e p l a i n t i f f on t h e r e a s o n i n g t h a t th e s e c t i o n o f t h e S c h o o l Code w h i c h r e q u i r e d
th e
a c c e p t a n c e o f a n o f f e r o f e m p lo y m e n t w i t h i n t w e n t y d a y s a p p lie d o n ly to te a c h e r s , th e l i b r a r i a n
th e re b y e x c lu d in g
from su c h n e c e s s i t y .
The C o u r t o f A p p e a l s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t o e x c lu d e a l l n e c e ssity o b v ia te
e m p lo y ee s,
except te a c h e rs,
fro m th e
o f c o m p ly in g w i t h t h e r u l e w o u ld b e to
t h e n e c e s s i t y o f h a v i n g two p a r t i e s
to th e te rm s o f a c o n t r a c t .
ag ree
I t w a s t h e b o a r d 1s
i n t e n t w hen t h e n o t i c e o f s e l e c t i o n w as s e n t t o th e p l a i n t i f f
t h a t t h e e m p lo y m e n t w o u l d n o t b e
c o m p le te d u n t i l th e p l a i n t i f f had n o t i f i e d
th e
b o a rd t h a t sh e w o u ld a c c e p t th e o f f e r .
th e
In
absence o f a c c e p ta n c e w ith in th e re a s o n a b le p e rio d o f tw e n ty d a y s , w as n o t e n t i t l e d p o sitio n .
t h e p l a i n t i f f w as n o t e m p lo y ed a n d to
th e s a l a r y o f th e c e r t i f i c a t e d
^8 O th e r l e g a l a s p e c t s . a s r e q u ir e d by law ,
T he a c q u i s i t i o n o f a c e r t i f i c a t e ,
a t t e s t i n g to a t e a c h e r 's q u a l i f i c a t i o n s ,
i s m a n d a t o r y b e f o r e a t e a c h e r may e n t e r i n t o to te a c h .
The g e n e r a l r u l e g o v e r n i n g c o n t r a c t s t h a t i f
s e r v ic e s a re a c c e p te d , paym ent i s o b lig a to r y , in
a v a lid c o n tra c t
th e case o f te a c h e rs .
In
does n o t h o ld
th e w ords o f th e c o u r t :
••T here i s n o f o r c e i n t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e d e f e n d a n t ( t h e g o v e rn in g b o a r d ) , h a v in g r e c e i v e d th e b e n e f i t o f th e t e a c h e r 's s e r v ic e s , i s l i a b l e . Such a d o c t r i n e w o u ld d e f e a t t h e p o l i c y o f t h e la w , w h ic h i s to g iv e th e p e o p le o f th e s t a t e th e b e n e f i t o f t r a i n e d and c o m p e te n t t e a c h e r s . The l a w r e c o g n i z e s o n ly one e v id e n c e t h a t s u c h p o l i c y h a s b e e n r e g a r d e d , th e c e r t i f i c a t e o f q u a lif ic a ti o n . I f th e d e fe n d a n t c o u ld b e m ade l i a b l e by th e m ere r e c e i p t o f th e b e n e f i t o f t h e s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d , th e la w p r o h i b i t i n g t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f t e a c h e r s w i t h o u t c e r t i f i c a t e s , a n d d e c l a r i n g v o i d a l l c o n t r a c t s m ad e i n c o n t r a v e n t i o n t o t h a t p r o v i s i o n , w o u ld b e , i n e f f e c t , r e p e a l e d , and th e p r o t e c t i o n o f th e p e o p le a g a i n s t in c o m p e te n t and u n f i t t e a c h e r s , w h ic h su c h a s t a t u t e w as e n a c te d to a c c o m p lis h , w o u ld b e d e s t r o y e d . The s t a t e s v a r y i n t h e r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e r n i n g e m p lo y m e n t o f c e r t i f i c a t e d p e r s o n n e l . i s re q u ire d
some s t a t e s i t
th a t a te a c h e r p o s s e s s a te a c h in g c re d e n tia l a t
th e tim e o f s ig n i n g a c o n t r a c t . C a lifo rn ia ,
In
th e
In o th e r
sta te s,
as in
t h e s t a t u t e s p e r m i t t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f t e a c h e r s a t
a n y t i m e a f t e r May f i r s t a n d t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e c o n t r a c t d ep en d s upon th e is s u a n c e o f a te a c h in g c r e d e n t i a l h a v in g been m ad e p r i o r
Wt
to th e f i r s t day o f s c h o o l.
6
5 G o o se R i v e r B a n k V. W il l o w L a k e S c h o o l T o w n s h i p , N.W. 10G2. ^ C a l i f o r n i a E d u c a tio n Code,
S e c tio n 1 3 0 3 1 -1 .
A p a r t fro m t h e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r t h e p o s s e s s i o n te a c h in g c r e d e n t i a l by th e te a c h e r ,
th e
of a
e m p lo y m e n t c o n t r a c t
i s g o v e rn e d by th e la w s g o v e rn in g c o n t r a c t s i n g e n e r a l . The c o n t r a c t m u s t b e b e t w e e n c o m p e t e n t p a r t i e s ,
su p p o rte d
by a d e q u a te c o n s i d e r a ti o n , b e s u f f i c i e n t l y d e f i n i t e
to
I n d i c a t e w h a t t h e p a r t i e s i n t e n d e d a n d c o n fo rm to an y s p e c i a l s t a t u t o r y p r o v i s i o n s t h a t may b e a p p l i c a b l e . an o f f e r and an a c c e p ta n c e , to t h e o f f e r o r ,
and,
if
T here m u st be
c o m m u n ic a tio n o f th e a c c e p t a n c e
th e s t a t u t e r e q u ir e s i t ,
th e c o n tr a c t
m ust b e i n w r itin g ,? The C a l i f o r n i a E d u c a t i o n C ode p l a c e s t h e p o w e r t o e m p lo y w i t h t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d a n d t o d i s p a t c h t h i s d u t y th e b o a r d m u st m ee t i n o f f i c i a l c a p a c i t y a t t h e r e g u l a r tim e 8 a n d .p la c e o f m e e tin g . I n o r d e r f o r a c t i o n ta k e n a t s p e c i a l m e e tin g s to be v a l i d ,
t h e m e m b e rs m u s t h a v e r e c e i v e d p r i o r ,
a d v an c e n o t i c e o f th e m e e tin g o r m u st h a v e w a iv e d t h e i r 9 r i g h t to su c h n o t i c e a t th e m e e tin g . S i n c e t h e E d u c a t i o n Code p l a c e s t h e p o w e r t o e m p lo y w ith th e b o a rd ,
t h i s d u t y may n o t b e d e l e g a t e d t o a n y o t h e r
b o d y o r in d iv id u a l.* * * ®
The s u p e - r l n t e n d e n t ,
or any o t h e r
( N ew to n E d w a r d , The C o u r t s a n d t h e P u b l i c S c h o o l e (C h ic a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1 9 3 3 ) * P» 3 2 $ . 8 C a l i f o r n i a E d u c a tio n Code, 9 Ib id .* 10 I b i d . *
S e c tio n 13031.
S e c tio n 3193 S e c tio n 1 3 0 3 1 , C f.
a n te p . 13
50 school o f f i c i a l ,
may b e d e s i g n a t e d t o i n t e r v i e w a p p l i c a n t s
f o r e m p lo y m e n t a n d t o m ake r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s th e b o a rd ,
i t s e l f , m ust ta k e
to th e b o a r d , b u t
th e f i n a l a c tio n
in
t h e e m p lo y
m ent o f a l l p e rs o n n e l. When t h e
s t a t u t e s do n o t r e q u i r e
re d u c e d to w r i t in g , a b le .
T h is i s
an o r a l o o n t r a c t i s v a l i d a n d e n f o r c e
th e c a se i n
th e
S ta te o f C a lif o r n ia ,
p e r m its th e u se o f o r a l c o n t r a c t s . w ritte n
a c o n tr a c t to be
H o w e v e r,
c o n tra c t i s d ic ta te d by s ta tu te ,
w h ic h
i f th e use o f a
an o ra l c o n tra c t
w o u ld b e f o u n d t o b e i n v a l i d w i t h no r e c o v e r y p o s s i b l e , e i t h e r f o r b r e a c h o f c o n t r a c t o r on t h e p r i n c i p l e
o f q u a n tu m
m e ru it. ^ A n o th e r p o i n t o f la w w h ic h h a s i n c i t e d
co u rt cases
h a s b e e n th e p r i v i l e g e o f g o v e rn in g b o a rd s to r e q u i r e
te a c h e r
q u a l i f i c a t i o n s w h ic h a r e o v e r a n d above t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s n e c e ssa ry to o b ta in a te a c h in g c r e d e n tia l. b o ard i s
i n no m e a su re r e q u i r e d
to g iv e r e a s o n f o r t h e
r e f u s a l to h i r e a p a r t i c u l a r c a n d id a te . by th e p re m ise h ire it
A g o v e rn in g
T h is h a s b e e n u p h e ld
t h a t a s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s h o u ld b e p e r m i t t e d to
te a c h e rs w ith s p e c ia l o r a d d itio n a l q u a lif ic a tio n s i f
i s fin a n c ia lly
a b le to do s o .
L e i a n d V.
School D is t.
2 8 , 7 ? M in n . 4 6 9 ,
O f.
a n te p . 6
1 2 B o a r d . o f E d u c a t i o n , M o n tg o m e ry C o u n ty V. M e s s e r , 79 S.W. ( 2 d ) 7 7 4 ; S e a t t l e H i g h S c h o o l C h a p t e r # 2 0 0 o f t h e A m e r i c a n F e d e r a t i o n o f L a b o r V. S h a r p i e s e t a l . 2 9 3 P a c . 9 9 4 .
51 Summary. acco rd an ce w ith
A c t i o n t o e m p lo y a t e a c h e r m u s t b e t a k e n I n th e r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e rn in g sc h o o l b o a rd
m e e ti n g s w h ic h a r e " s t i p u l a t e d i n c h a p te r.
It
fo llo w s
th e r e g u l a ti o n s
t h e sum m ary o f t h e p r e v i o u s
th a t any a c tio n
ta k e n m u s t c o n fo rm to
o f t h e E d u c a t i o n Code o r s u c h a c t i o n s w i l l b e
deem ed to be i n v a l i d .
It
sh o u ld be n o te d , how ever,
w o r d ,,i n v a l i d ,, p e r m i t s r a t i f i c a t i o n
t h a t th e
o f an a c tio n a t a
su b se q u e n t m e e tin g h e ld a c c o rd in g to th e r e g u l a t i o n s . The s i g n i f i c a n c e o f L o e h r V. T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n re sts
in
t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e e m p lo y m e n t
and t r a n s f e r o f te a c h e r s i s
a d is c r e tio n a r y f u n c tio n o f th e
b o a rd w i t h w h ic h t h e c o u r t s a r e r e l u c t a n t to g o v e r n i n g b o a r d m ay r e f u s e
in te rfe re .
A t e a c h e r , w h en h i r e d b y
i s e m p lo y ed n o t f o r a p a r t i c u l a r p o s i t i o n b u t r a t h e r
f o r d u t y anyw here w i t h i n
th e sc h o o l d i s t r i c t .
The g e n e r a l la w s g o v e r n i n g c o n t r a c t s a p p ly a l s o t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f c e r t i f i c a t e d p e r s o n n e l . o ffer
o f e m p lo y m en t,
c o n s id e ra tio n in v o lv e d . B oard o f E d u c a tio n , a c c e p ta n c e ,
j
to
T here m u st be an
a n a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e o f f e r m u s t b e m ade
w ith in a re a s o n a b le l e n g t h o f tim e , If,
as in
and t h e r e m u st b e t h e e a s e o f M a l l o y V. The
th e b o ard re s c in d s th e o f f e r p r i o r to i t s
t h e r e i s no m e e tin g o f t h e m in d s an d no c o n t r a c t .
In C a lifo rn ia , p rio r
A
t o h i r e a t e a c h e r and no r e a s o n
f o r th e r e f u s a l n e ed b e g iv e n . a b o ard ,
j
e m p lo y m e n t a g r e e m e n t s m ay b e m ad e
to th e r e c e i p t o f a te a c h in g c r e d e n t i a l by th e
p ro sp e c tiv e
te a c h e r.
In o rd er fo r
and to p e r m it th e te a c h e r t o
th e c o n t r a c t to b e v a l i d
re c e iv e sa la ry fo r h is
th e c r e d e n t i a l m u st have b e e n .g ra n te d p r i o r t o day o f sc h o o l.
se rv ic e s,
th e f i r s t
CHAPTER V
THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE DISMISSAL OF CERTIFICATED PERSONNEL The p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e l e g a l a s p e c t s o f t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f c e r t i f i c a t e d p e r s o n n e l . c o r r e la tio n o f th e q u e stio n ,
The
ttW h at h a v e b e e n t h e o p i n i o n s o f
th e c o u r ts c o n c e rn in g th e d is m is s a l o f c e r t i f i c a t e d p e rso n n e l? ® becom es im m e d ia te ly a p p a r e n t.
S in c e n u m ero u s
c o u r t a c tio n s have b e e n b ro u g h t by th e p o s s i b i l i t y in g a p o s i t i o n , p o s itio n a lre a d y
a s m ig h t b e e x p e c te d ,
th e d e s i r e
a c q u ire d h a s g iv e n r i s e
num ber o f l i t i g a t i o n s .
of o b ta in
to r e t a i n
to an even g r e a t e r
C o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h was n e c e s s a r y
to s e l e c t th e c a s e s , p r e s e n te d i n fro m t h e m any t h a t w e r e a v a i l a b l e .
th e fo llo w in g c h a p te r,
a [
VALLEJO HIOH SCHOOL DISTRICT OP SOLANO COUNTY, V. DAN H. WHITE, AS COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, RESPONDENT. k 3 CAL. APP. 3 5 9 One C a r l H. N i e l s e n f o r som e y e a r s h a d
PACTS:
been p r i n c i p a l o f th e h ig h sc h o o l o f th e V a lle jo H i g h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t u n t i l s o m e ti m e b e t w e e n t h e f i r s t and th e t e n t h o f Ju n e ,
1 9 1 9 » w hen t h e
p e t i t i o n e r n o t i f i e d h im t h a t h i s not he re q u ire d N ie ls e n
s e r v i c e s w o u ld
a f t e r Ju n e 30, 1919. s u b s e q u e n tly a p p e a le d h i s
th e c o u n ty s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f s c h o o l s , r e s p o n d e n t , . who r e v e r s e d
c a se to
th e
th e -d ism issa l a c tio n of
th e d i s t r i c t and r e i n s t a t e d N ie ls e n on th e b a s i s o f th e C h a rte r o f th e C ity o f V a lle jo . The s c h o o l d i s t r i c t
c la im e d t h a t th e
c o u n ty s u p e r i n t e n d e n t had no a u t h o r i t y
to c o u n te r
m and t h e i r a c t i o n a n d a p p e a l e d t h e c a s e . ISS U E :
Does th e s t a t e la w o r m u n ic ip a l la w and c h a r te r p r e v a i l in c o n tro v e rs y o v er th e d is m is s a l o f a te a c h e r?
DECISION:
T he c o u r t o r d e r e d t h e r e i n s t a t e m e n t o f N ie lse n
to be s e t a s id e
an d f u r t h e r o r d e r e d t h a t
t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t w o u ld r e c o v e r i t s REASONING:
c o sts.
T he P o l i t i c a l C ode a t t h a t t i m e s t i p u l a t e d th a t a tea ch e r,
n o t re -e le c te d fo r
th e f o llo w in g
55 y ear,
sh o u ld b e n o t i f i e d p r i o r
to June te n th .
The c h a r t e r o f t h e C i t y o f V a l l e j o r e q u i r e d a t e a c h e r who f a i l e d
th a t
to r e c e i v e r e - e l e c t i o n
s h o u l d b e n o t i f i e d a t l e a s t tw o m o n t h s p r i o r t o th e b e g in n in g o f th e f i s c a l y e a r . The C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e ( A r t i c l e X I,
S ta te o f C a lif o r n ia
S e c tio n 8 ) s t a t e s t h a t m u n ic ip a li
t i e s may m ak e l a w s e x c e p t t h a t t h e y a r e b o u n d b y th e ir
c h a r te r s and s h a ll be
su b je c t to
th e
g e n e r a l la w s. “The g o v e r n m e n t o f s c h o o l s a n d t h e e m p lo y m e n t a n d d i s c h a r g e o f t e a c h e r s a r e n o t m u n ic ip a l a f f a i r s
and th e s t a t e la w c o n t r o l s
w h e n e v e r a c o n f l i c t a r i s e s ." 1 " I t i s n o t,
and c a n n o t,
be c la im e d t h a t
th e e l e c t i o n and d is m is s a l o f t e a c h e r s In th e p u b l ic sc h o o ls a re m u n ic ip a l a f f a i r s ,
w h i c h m ay,
by a f r e e h o l d e r 's c h a r te r , b e r e g u la te d in a m anner i n c o n f l i c t w ith t h a t p ro v id e d by th e „2 g en eral la w .■ The c o u r t r u l e d t h a t t h e c o n f l i c t i n g p r o v is io n o f th e c it y
c h a r t e r w as to b e s e t
a s i d e , w i t h th e r e s u l t t h a t N ie ls o n w as h e l d to h ave b e e n l e g a l l y d ism is se d . 1 V a l l e j o V. W h i t e , o p . 2 K e n n ed y V. M i l l e r ,
c i t . , pp.
97 C a l. 4 2 9 .
3^2.
F . K. BARTHEL, RESPONDENT, V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF SAN JOSE ET A L . , APPELLANTS. 1 5 3 OAL. 3 7 7 FACTSj
T he a p p e l l a n t s m ade t h e i r a p p e a l fr o m t h e ju d g m e n t o f t h e S u p e r io r C o u rt o f S a n ta C l a r a C o u n ty ,
from w h ic h t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t s w e re
re p o rte d . The p l a i n t i f f , p o sitio n Ju ly 2,
w as e l e c t e d
to a
o f p r i n c i p a l s h i p on Ju n e 30, 1902. 1902, he w as g r a n t e d a c i t y
c e rtific a te . a c tio n
B a rth e l,
On J u l y 3 0 , 1 9 0 2 ,
t o d i s m i s s h im .
On
te a c h in g
th e b o a r d to o k
No p r e v i o u s n o t i c e w a s
g i v e n , n o r w e r e a n y c h a r g e s b r o u g h t a g a i n s t h im . The p l a i n t i f f i n
th is a c tio n
sued f o r a w r i t
o f m a n d a t e t o p e r m i t h im t o p e r f o r m o f h i s o f f i c e and to r e c e i v e ISS U E ;
th e d u tie s
th e s a la r y
th e re o f.
Was t h e e m p lo y m e n t o f t h e p l a i n t i f f g o v ern ed by th e
s t a t u t e s of th e s t a t e
o r by th e
C h a r t e r o f San J o s e ? DECISION:
The p l a i n t i f f w a s n o t l e g a l l y r e m o v e d fro m h i s p o s i t i o n
and,
th e re fo re ,
a ju d g m e n t w as
m ade i n h i s f a v o r . I t has n o t,
REASONING: th e
and c a n n o t, be c la im e d t h a t
e l e c t i o n and d i s m i s s a l o f t e a c h e r s i n
th e
p u b l i c s c h o o l s a r e m u n i c i p a l a f f a i r e w h i c h m ay,
57 by a c ity
c h a rte r, be re g u la te d in
a m anner in
c o n f l i c t w ith t h a t p r o v id e d by th e g e n e r a l la w .^ H o w e v e r,
th e g e n e r a l la w d i d n o t p r o h i b i t
t h e d i s m i s s a l o f a t e a c h e r who d i d n o t h o l d a c ity c e rtific a te
so i t was t o
th e c i t y
t h a t th e c o u rt lo o k e d f o r d i r e c t i o n i n m a tte r. in th e
c h a rte r th is
T he c h a r t e r d e c l a r e d t h a t a n e m p l o y e e s t a t u s o f th e p l a i n t i f f c o u ld b e d i s
c h a rg e d o n ly on th e a d v e rs e r e p o r t o f t h e fic a tio n
c o m m itte e .
had b een ta k e n ,
c la ss i
S in e ® n o c o m m i t t e e a c t i o n
th e d is m is s a l o f th e p l a i n t i f f
w as h e l d to b e i l l e g a l . 3 M i t c h e l l V. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , 1 3 ? C a l .
372.
58 MARIE D. CHAMBERS, RESPONDENT V. BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF CITY OF MADERA SCHOOL DISTRICT ET A L ., APPELLANTS 38 CAL. APP.
(2D) $ 6 l
FACTS:
In
t h e S ^ e r i o r C o u r t o f M a d e r a C o u n ty
t h e c o u r t i s s u e d a w r i t o f m a n d a te r e s t o r i n g th e p l a i n t i f f to h e r p o s i t i o n and th e b o a rd a p p e a le d . The r e s p o n d e n t , p r e v i o u s d i s m is s a l, had b e en ask ed to
to h e r
ta k e a re d u c tio n in
s a l a r y w h ic h sh e r e f u s e d to a c c e p t .
On M a r c h 7*
1939* th e b o a rd v o te d to d is c o n tin u e
th e p o s itio n
o f th e a p p e lla n t,
and d u ly n o t i f i e d h e r o f t h i s
a c tio n . I n th e c o u rs e o f th e a p p e a le d a c tio n , M abel Jo h n so n ,
a w itn e ss,
te s tifie d
t h a t she had
a t t e n d e d a m e e ti n g o f t h e b o a r d w hen one o f t h e a p p e lla n ts s ta te d
t h a t sh e h a d b e e n to S a c ra m e n to
a b o u t th e m a tte r ,
a n d t h a t t h e o n l y w ay - t h e y c o u l d
get rid
o f th e re s p o n d e n t w as to a b o li s h th e
p o s i t i o n f o r one y e a r . ISS U E :
C o u ld th e t e a c h e r b e d i s m i s s e d by th e a b o l i t i o n o f h e r p o s i t i o n f o r t h e p e r i o d o f one year?
DECISION:
T he c o u r t f o u n d t h a t t h e d i s m i s s a l w a s n o t m ade i n g o o d f a i t h ,
b u t w a s m ade f o r t h e p u r p o s e
o f e v a d in g th e te n u re p r o v is io n s o f th e
School
Code. w as,
The Ju d g m e n t i n th e re fo re ,
REASONING:
fa v o r o f th e re s p o n d e n t
a ffirm e d .
The c o u r t i n d i c a t e d t h a t g o v e r n i n g h o a r d s h a v e w id e d i s c r e t i o n a r y p o w e rs i n s e l e c t i n g e m p lo y e e s; b u t ,
as in
th e m a tte r o f
th is case,
once
t h a t p o w e r h a s b e e n e x e r c i s e d an d t h e e m p l o y e e co n cern ed h a s m et a l l th e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s p e r m a n e n t e m p lo y m en t,
fo r
th e h o a rd do es n o t have
f u r t h e r d i s c r e t i o n a r y pow er to d i s m i s s th e e m p lo y ee f o r
th e s o le p u rp o se o f h i r i n g a p e rs o n
w h o s e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s m i g h t seem m o r e d e s i r a b l e . T he c o u r t c i t e d
t h e S c h o o l Gode w h i c h
sta te s: “W h e n e v e r I t b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y t o d e c r e a s e th e num ber o f p e rm a n e n t e m p lo y e e s i n a s c h o o l d i s t r i c t on a c c o u n t o f t h e d i s c o n t i n u a n c e o f a p a r t i c u l a r k in d o f s e r v ic e in such d i s t r i c t , t h e g o v e r n i n g b o a r d m ay d i s m i s s s o m any o f s u c h e m p l o y e e s a s may b e n e c e s s a r y a t t h e c l o s e o f th e sc h o o l y e a r . I n m ak in g su c h d i s m i s s a l s , e m p lo y ee s s h a l l be d i s m is s e d i n t h e i n v e r s e o f th e o r d e r i n w h ic h th e y w ere e m p lo y e d ." ^ Due t o
th e f l a g r a n t e v a s io n of th e
T e a c h e r s T e n u r e Law a n d n o n c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e above r e g u la tio n ,
th e c o u rt a ffirm e d th e d e c is io n
i n f a v o r o f th e re s p o n d e n t. ^ C a l i f o r n i a S c h o o l Code, S e c tio n 5 ,7 1 1 , c o n t e x t o f w h i c h i s now l o c a t e d i n t h e C a l i f o r n i a E d u o a t i o n C o d e , S e c tio n 13651.
SHIRLEY LANCE BRINTLE, APPELLANT, V. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF LONG- BEACH ET A L . , RESPONDENTS. 43 CAL. APP. 8 4 FACTS:
T h i s c a s e w as an a p p e a l by B r i n t i e t h e S u p e r io r C o u rt o f Los A n g e le s C o u n ty , re s p o n d e n t h a v in g f i l e d p e t i t i o n in th e p o s itio n
of a s s is ta n t to
o f e d u c a tio n a l re s e a rc h in
fro m th e
to b e r e i n s t a t e d th e s u p e r v is o r
t h e Long B each J u n i o r
C o lle g e . The a p p e l l a n t w as em p lo y ed by t h e Long B each School D i s t r i c t i n v a rio u s c a p a c i t i e s as c o u n se lo r,
c o u n se lo r-re g istra r,
such
and v ic e
p r i n c i p a l fro m 1 9 3 0 u n t i l D ecem ber 6 , 193?* th e l a t t e r
d a t e h e w as a s s i g n e d t o
of a ssista n t research .
to
On
th e p o s i t i o n
th e s u p e rv is o r o f e d u c a tio n a l
On May 9 , 1 9 3 8 , h e w a s n o t i f i e d
th a t
h i s s e r v i c e s w o u ld n o t b e n e e d e d f o r t h e e n s u i n g school y ear. D u rin g t h i s tim e he h a d h e l d a s p e c i a l seco n d ary r e s e a r c h c r e d e n tia l.
I t w as n o t u n t i l
D ecem ber 1 0 , 1937 t h a t tie a p p e l l a n t r e c e i v e d g e n e r a l se c o n d a ry and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c r e d e n t i a l s . The a p p e l l a n t c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f h i s w ork c o n c e r n e d e d u c a t i o n a l r e s e a r c h f o r w h ic h h e h e ld a c r e d e n t i a l and t h a t h e t h e r e f o r e had
61 a tt a i n e d te n u re
in
th e d i s t r i c t .
H ad t h e a p p e l l a n t a t t a i n e d t e n u r e b y
ISSU E S
p o s s e s s io n o f a s p e c ia l seco n d ary r e s e a r c h c r e d e n t i a l and c o n tin u o u s s e r v ic e w ith th e d is tric t
f o r t h e num ber o f y e a r s r e q u i r e d by th e
S c h o o l Code? The j u d g m e n t i n
D E CISIO N:
f a v o r o f t h e b o a r d w as
a ffirm e d . REASONING:
T he C o u r t d e c r e e d t h a t t h e a p p e l l a n t p rio r
t o D ecem ber 6 , 1 9 3 7 , b a d n o t b e e n e m p lo y ed
in p o s itio n s p r im a r ily re q u irin g e d u c a tio n a l r e s e a r c h w o rk a n d s u c h p o s i t i o n s d i d n o t r e q u i r e c e rtific a tio n
q u a lific a tio n s.
The C o u rt t h e n s t a t e d , th a t, fo r
i n l o g i c a l m an ner,
s i n c e t h e a p p e l l a n t h a d n o t b e e n e m p lo y e d
th re e c o n s e c u tiv e y e a rs in
re q u irin g c e r tif ic a tio n c o n se q u e n tly ,
a p o sitio n
q u a lific a tio n ,
and,
c o u ld n o t h av e b een r e - e l e c t e d
fo r a fo u rth y ear,
he h a d n o t a c q u i r e d t e n u r e and
w as n o t c l a s s e d a s a p e rm a n e n t e m p lo y e e .
FRESH0 CITY HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT, RESPONDEHT, V. MARIETTA DEOARISTO, APPELLANT 33 GAL. APP. (2D) 666 FACTS:
An a p p e a l w a s m ade f r o m a J u d g m e n t o f t h e S u p e r i o r C o u r t o f F r e s n o C o u n ty b y M a r i e t t a De C a r l s t o . On D e c e m b e r 9 , 1 9 3 7 , d e liv e re d
to th e a p p e lla n t,
th e re s p o n d e n t n o tic e o f in te n tio n
to
d i s m i s s h e r a t th e end o f t h i r t y d a y s f o r th e fo llo w in g r e a s o n s :
IS S U E :
1.
F a ilu r e to f a m ilia r iz e h e r s e l f w ith r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s .
2.
F a i l u r e to p r e s e r v e th e c la ss ro o m .
3.
R e fu sa l to p e rm it a s u b s ti t u t e to a c t a f t e r a r e q u e s t f o r a s u b s t i t u t e h a d b e e n m ad e ;
A.
F a i l u r e to m a in ta in p r o f e s s i o n a l c o n d u c t as e x h ib ite d by s t a r t i n g d is p u te s w ith o th e r t e a c h e r s , c r i t i c i z i n g them w i t h i n t h e ' h e a r i n g o f p u p ils .
5.
E x h ib itio n o f f i t s o f tem p er. D id th e b o a rd ta k e t h e p r o p e r m e a s u re s
to l e g a l l y DECISION:
o r d e r and d i s c i p l i n e i n
d is m is s th e a p p e l la n t in
t h i s case?
The j u d g m e n t w a s r e v e r s e d i n f a v o r o f t h e sp p e lla n t.
REASONING:
I t w as th e r e a s o n in g o f th e c o u r t t h a t a l l of th e f a u lts
s ta te d in
th e c o m p la in t a g a in s t th e
a p p e l l a n t w e r e o f s u c h n a t u r e t h a t t h e y m i-g h t.,b e
c o r r e c t e d and o v erco m e an d t h a t th e y , f e l l w ith in th e p r o v is io n s o f th e w h ic h s t a t e s
th a t th e n o tic e
be g iv e n u n t i l th e n o tic e ,
th e re fo re ,
S c h o o l Code
to d is m is s c a n n o t
th e la p s e o f n in e ty d ay s a f t e r
t o g i v e an e m p lo y ee tim e t o c o r r e c t
h i s f a t i l t s a n d o v erco m e h i s i n c o m p e t e n c i e s . No s u c h n o t i c e w a s g i v e n t h e a p p e l l a n t and sh e w as, c o n s e q u e n tly , i l l e g a l l y d ism is se d .
d e c la r e d to have been
6k THE BOARD OP EDUCATION OF THE SAN FRANCISCO UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT ET A L ., RESPONDENTS, V. MARGARET CLARE MULCAHY, APPELLANT. 50 CAL. APP.
(2 D ) 4 l 8
FACTS:
A ju d g m en t I n f a v o r o f th e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t and i t s
d i s m i s s a l a c t i o n w a s h a n d e d down i n
S u p e r i o r C o u r t o f t h e C i t y a n d C o u n ty o f F ra n c isc o .
th e
San
I t w as fro m t h i s ju d g m e n t t h a t
M u lc a h y a p p e a l e d . T he s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f t h e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t f i l e d c h arg es w ith th e b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n a g a in s t t h e a p p e l l a n t on S e p t e m b e r 1 ^ , 1 9 3 7 . th is
tim e
P r i o r to
she had a t t a i n e d th e s t a t u s o f a
p e rm a n e n t e m p lo y ee w i t h t e n u r e . A h e a r i n g w as h a d and th e t e a c h e r E le c te d to ta k e
th e e a s e
to c o u r t .
T he j u d g m e n t w as
d e c i d e d a g a i n s t h e r on t h e f o l l o w i n g g r o u n d s : 1.
M e n tal c o n d i t i o n u n f i t t i n g h e r to I n s t r u c t a n d /o r a s s o c ia te w ith c h ild r e n .
2.
U n p ro fe s s io n a l c o n d u c t.
3.
E v id e n t u n f i t n e s s f o r s e r v ic e .
k.
R e f u s a l to obey a r e a s o n a b le r e g u l a t i o n p ro m u lg a te d by th e b o a rd o f e d u c a tio n .
IS S U E S :
l. of th is
Was t h e s u s p e n s i o n a n d d i s m i s s a l
t e a c h e r c o n d u c te d i n
a l e g a l m an n er?
65 2.
Was I t
le g isla tu re
to in c lu d e i n
p ro ced u re fo r DECISION;
c o n s titu tio n a l fo r th e t h e E d u c a t i o n Code t h e
th e d is m is s a l o f p erm an en t te a c h e r s ?
T he p r e v i o u s J u d g m e n t a g a i n s t t h e a p p e l l a n t w as a f f ir m e d .
The c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y
o f th e te n u r e l e g i s l a t i o n w as u p h e ld . REASONING:
The c o u r t r e a s o n e d t h a t t h e a p p e l l a n t been r ig h tf u lly w as draw n t o
and l e g a l l y d i s m is s e d .
had
A tte n tio n
th e E d u c a tio n Code, w h ic h p e r m i t s
im m e d ia te s u s p e n s io n p r i o r
to d is m is s a l o f a
te a c h e r on g ro u n d s o f m e n ta l d i s a b i l i t y . T he c o u r t a l s o r u l e d o n t h e c o n t e n t i o n o f th e a p p e l l a n t t h a t th e m a c h in e ry f o r d i s m i s s a l o f p e rm a n e n t t e a c h e r s w as e s t a b l i s h e d i n c o n tra v e n tio n
to th e s t a t e
c o n stitu tio n .
T h is
p o i n t h a d p r e v i o u s l y b e e n d e c id e d i n G rig sb y V. K i n g i n w h i c h c a s e i t w a s r u l e d t h a t t h e s c h o o l b o a r d s w ere m e r e ly a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t a t e and d e riv e d a l l s ta tu te s .
t h e i r p o w e r fro m t h e
A te a c h e r, b e in g f r e e
m en t anyw here i n
a g e n c ie s o f th e
th e s t a t e ,
i n c i d e n t a l l y by th e s t a t u t e ,
is
t o s e e k e m p lo y
a f f e c t e d o n ly
and such i n c i d e n t a l
o p e r a t i o n c o u ld n o t b e c o n s id e r e d g ro u n d s f o r c o n s titu tio n a l p ro h ib itio n . ^ C a l i f o r n i a E d u c a ti o n Code,
S e c tio n 13526.
66 O th e r l e g a l a s p e c t s .
A g o v e r n i n g b o a r d m ay r e f u s e
to ren e w th e c o n t r a c t o f a te a c h e r f o r ,
or p rio r
to ,
th e
f o u r t h c o n s e c u t iv e y e a r w i t h o u t b e in g c o m p e lle d to g iv e a re a s o n .^
H o w e v e r,
u n d e r t h e T e a c h e r s ’ T e n u r e Law,
a te a c h e r
who h a s a t t a i n e d t e n u r e b y r e a s o n o f h a v i n g com m enced s e r v i c e in
th e f o u rth c o n se c u tiv e y e a r,
c a n b e d i s m i s s e d o n ly f o r th e
r e a s o n s s t i p u l a t e d b e lo w : ”a.
Im m o ral o r u n p r o f e s s i o n a l c o n d u c t.
b.
C o m m is s io n , a i d i n g , o r a d v o c a t i n g t h e c o m m i s s i o n o f a c t s o f c rim in a l sy n d ic a lis m .
o.
D ish o n e sty .
d.
In c o m p e te n c y .
e.
E v id e n t u n f i tn e s s f o r
f.
P h y s i c a l o r m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n u n f i t t i n g h im to i n s t r u c t o r a s s o c ia te w ith c h ild re n .
g.
P e r s i s t e n t v i o l a t i o n o f o r r e f u s a l to obey th e s c h o o l la w s o f th e s t a t e o r r e a s o n a b le r e g u l a t i o n s p r e s c r i b e d f o r th e g o v ern m en t o f th e p u b l ic s c h o o ls by th e S t a te B o ard o f E d u c a tio n o r by th e g o v e rn in g b o a r d o f th e s c h o o l d i s t r i c t e m p lo y in g h im .
h.
C o n v ic tio n o f a f e l o n y o r o f an y c rim e in v o lv in g m o ral t u r p i t u d e . ” '
se rv ic e .
The E d u c a t i o n Code f u r t h e r p r o v i d e s t h a t a p e r m a n e n t t e a c h e r who h a s b e e n g i v e n n o t i c e o f t e r m i n a t i o n may d e m a n d a h e a rin g .
I f he d o e s so ,
t h e b o a r d may e i t h e r r e s c i n d i t s
^ C a l i f o r n i a E d u c a tio n Code, 7 Ib id ,,
S e c tio n 13581.
S e c tio n 13582-
d ism is sa l a c tio n The l a t t e r
or f ile
a c o m p la in t in
th e S u p e rio r C o u rt.
a c t i o n i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e l a r g e num ber o f
c o u rt c a se s d e a lin g w ith d is m is s a l a c tio n s . I t may b e n o t e d i n
t h e ab o v e q u o t a t i o n fro m
th e
E d u c a t i o n Code t h a t a t e a c h e r m u s t e x h i b i t p e r s i s t e n t v i o l a t i o n o f o r r e f u s a l to o b ey s c h o o l la w s b e f o r e
th e re i s
a n y b a s i s f o r c o u r t a c t i o n a g a i n s t a t e a c h e r on t h e b a s i s o f th is
se c tio n
o f t h e G ode.
H o w e v e r , i t may b e f o u n d t h a t
d is m is s a l f o r any of th e o th e r re a s o n s does n o t r e q u ir e a re p e a te d o ffe n se . E d u c a tio n ,
th e
In
t h e c a s e o f G o l d s m i t h V. B o a r d o f .
t e a c h e r was d is m is s e d f o r
sp e ak in g i n f a v o r
o f a p o l i t i c a l c a n d i d a t e on o n l y o n e s p e c i f i c
in sta n c e , Q w h ic h h e w as a c c u s e d o f u n p r o f e s s i o n a l c o n d u c t. In th e p r e v io u s c h a p te r i t w as i n d i c a t e d g o v e r n i n g b o a r d m ay e x e r c i s e i t s re fu s in g
to h i r e
fo r
th a t a
d i s c r e t i o n a r y pow er even to
a t e a c h e r who i s
a u n i o n m e m b e r.
t e a c h e r j o i n s a u n io n a f t e r b e i n g em p lo y ed ,
But i f
a
t h e b o a r d may n o t
ta k e any a c t i o n w h ic h m ig h t im p a ir a c o n t r a c t a l r e a d y 9 fo rm ed . M a rria g e c a n n o t b e a i t e d because i t i s n o t l i s t e d
in
as a re a so n fo r d ism is sa l
th e s t a t u t e s a s one o f th e
a c c e p t a b l e r e a s o n s f o r d i s m i s s a l .'3'0 ...........n
.
G o l d s m i t h V. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n o f S a c r a m e n t o C i t y H i g h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t e t a l . , 6 6 C a l . A pp. 1 5 7 . 9 S e a t t l e H ig h S c h o o l C h a p te r # 2 0 0 o f A m e ric an F e d e r a t i o n o f T e a c h e r s e t a l . , V. S h a r p i e s e t a l . , 2 9 3 P a e . 9 9 ^ . J a m e s o n V. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ,
7 ^ W. V a. 3 ^ 9 .
68 Sum m ary. c e rtific a te d sin c e
The c o u r t s h a v e h e l d t h a t t h e d i s m i s s a l o f
e m p lo y ee s i s n o t a m a t t e r o f m u n i c i p a l c o n c e rn
s t a t e la w g o v e rn s th e r e a s o n s f o r and th e m e th o d s o f
th e d is m is s a l o f te a c h e r s .
T h is h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t i n
th is
C h a p t e r i n b o t h V a l l e j o H i g h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t V. W h i t e a n d B a r t h e l V. T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n . T he T e a c h e r s 1 T e n u r e Law i s c o u rts.
fo llo w e d by th e
I t w as deem ed to b e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l on t h e b a s i s
i t w as l e g i s l a t i o n th a n
stric tly
e n a c te d f o r
th e te a c h e r s .
th a t
th e good o f th e p u p i l s r a t h e r
Any a t t e m p t t o c i r c u m v e n t t h e l a w b y t h e
te m p o ra ry a b o l i t i o n o f a p o s i t i o n i s w as t h e a p p e l l a n t i n
sh a rp ly d e a l t w ith a s
C h a m b e rs V. T he B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s , w h i c h
has been b rie fe d h e re in . B r i n t l e V. The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n p o i n t s o u t t h a t t e n u r e may o n l y b e a t t a i n e d b y b e i n g e m p l o y e d i n a p o s i t i o n re q u irin g
t h e t y p e o f c r e d e n t i a l w h ic h t h e e m p lo y ee h o l d s .
A c e rtific a te d
e m p l o y e e m ay n o t a t t a i n
te n u r e by p e rfo rm in g
th e d u t i e s o f a p o s i t i o n w h ic h do n o t r e q u i r e c e r t i f i c a t i o n . As t h e c o u r t s d e t e r m i n e d i n E d u c a t i o n V. M u l e a h y ,
t h e c a s e o f T he B o a r d o f
im m e d ia te s u s p e n s io n , p e n d in g d i s m i s s a l ,
i s p e r m i s s i b l e w h e r e a t e a c h e r sh o w s a m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n o r w h ere a q u e s tio n o f m o ral t u r p i t u d e i s
in v o lv e d .
p r e v i o u s c a s e o f F r e s n o V. De C a r i s t o ,
how ever, n i n e t y d a y s ’
n o tic e
sh o u ld have been g iv e n
c o r r e c t h e r in c o m p e te n c ie s.
to p e r m it th e
In th e
te a c h e r to
A g o v e r n i n g b o a r d may r e f u s e of a p ro b a tio n a ry
t e a c h e r , w ho , b y d e f i n i t i o n ,
who h a s n o t a t t a i n e d need be c ite d .
to ren ew th e c o n t r a c t
ten u re ,
is
a te a c h e r
an d no r e a s o n f o r t h e d i s m i s s a l
Once a t e a c h e r h a s
te n u re ,
th o u g h ,
th e
p ic tu re
c h a n g e s , d i s m i s s a l may b e o n l y f o r r e a s o n s s e t f o r t h
by la w ,
a n d a t e a c h e r may d e m a n d a h e a r i n g a n d s e e k r e c o u r s e
in
th e c o u rts .
A g o v e r n i n g b o a r d m ay n o t ,
th e re fo re ,
d ism is s a te a c h e r w ith te n u re fo r re a so n s o f m a rria g e , p o litic a l a c tiv ity ,
o r any o t h e r a c t i v i t y w h ic h d o e s n o t
i n te r f e r e w ith h e r jo b .
BIBLIOGRAPHY 70 A. BOOKS B l a c k , H e n r y C a m p b e l l , B l a c k s Law D i c t i o n a r y . S t . P a u l , W est P u b l i s h i n g G o ., 1 9 3 3 . B r a n d t . H e n r y J . , How t o F i n d t h e L aw . W e s t P u b l i s h i n g G o . , 1 9 4 0 , 923 p p . E d w a r d s , H e w to n , The C o u r t s a n d t h e P u b l i c S c h o o l s . U n i v e r s i t y o f C h ica g o p r e s s , 1933599 p p .
C h icag o : •
G a rb e r, L. 0 . , L e g a l I m p l i c a t i o n s o f th e C o n c e p ts o f E d u c a tio n a s a F u n c t i o n o f t h e S t a t e . U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o .. _ ^ P re s s , 1932. 325 PP. H a m i l t o n , R o b e r t P . a n d M o r t , P a u l R . , The Law a n d P u b l i c E d u c a tio n . C h ica g o : F o u n d a tio n P r e s s , I n c . , 1941. 579 p p . M c K in n e y , W i l l i a m M ., Hew C a l i f o r n i a D i g e s t . B a n c r o f t - W h i t n e y C o . , San F r a n c i s c o , 1933* V o l . 2 1 , a n d S u p p l e m e n t s 19^1 and 1946. B.
COURT CASES
B a r t h e l V. The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n B a t e s V. T h e B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , 1 3 9 G a l . 1 4 5 The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n V. M e s s e r ,
79 S. W.
(2d) 77^
T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n V. M u l c a h y B r i n t l e V. The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n C h a m b e r s V. The B o a r d o f T r u s t e e s C l o v e r d a l e U n io n H i g h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t V. P e t e r s F a irc h ild
V. T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n
F r e s n o C i t y H ig h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t V. De C a r l s t o G o l d s m i t h V. The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ,
66 C a l .
App. 1 5 7
G o o se R i v e r B a n k 7 . W i l l o w L a k e S c h o o l T o w n s h i p , 4 4 N .W .1 0 0 2 H o p k i n s V. S a n d e r s o n
K e n n e d y V. T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ,
82 G a l . ^ 8 3 .
K n i c k e r b o c k e r V. R e d l a n d s H i g h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t L e i a n d V.
S c h o o l D i s t r i c t 2 8 , 7 7 M in n . ^69
L i n d b l a d V. T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n ,
221 1 1 1 .
Z6l
M i t c h e l l T. T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , 1 3 7 G a l .
372
L o e h r V. The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n M c C a r t l e V. B a t e s ,
29 O h io 4 1 9
M cG inn V. W i l l e y a n d J a c o b s M a l l o y V. The B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n
T he P e o p l e V.
S ta n le y
S e a t t l e H ig h S c h o o l C h a p te r # 2 0 0 o f t h e A m erican F e d e r a t i o n o f L a b o r V. S h a r p i e s , 2 9 3 P a c . 9 9 ^ S t u a r t V. T he B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n U n i t e d S t a t e s V. B a l l i n ,
i b k U .S . 1
V a l i k o H i g h S c h o o l D i s t r i c t V. W h it e W e b s t e r . V. T h e B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n G.
PERIODICALS
C l o u d , R . W ., " R e p o r t o n T e a c h e r T e n u r e i n C a l i f o r n i a , " S i e r r a E d u c a t i o n a l N ew s. *K): 1 7 - 1 8 , May 1 9 ^ . E d i t o r i a l , " L i t i g a t i o n F o llo w in g D is m is s a l o f T e a c h e rs,:" A m erican S c h o o l B o a rd J o u r n a l . 1 1 1 : 5 3 , S e p t . 19^5* H a l l , R . K . , " R e c e n t C o ta rt D e c i s i o n s o n t h e D i s m i s s a l o f T e a c h e r s , " A d m i n i s t r a t i o n an d S u p e r v i s i o n 2 3 : 2 1 - 3 ^ , l a n .
1937. H a r r i n g t o n , E. M ., " S c h o o l B o a r d s a n d S c h o o l L a w ," A m e r i c a n S c h o o l B oard J o u r n a l , 1 0 5 :5 2 , S e p t. 1 9 ^ 2 . L e n t z , H. E. ^ R e s t r i c t i o n s on T e a c h e r s ," S i e r r a E d u c a t i o n a l New s, 3 2 : 1 5 , A p r i l , 1 9 3 6 .
72
Moore, Clyde B., “ Some Functions and Responsibilities of Boards of Education,H American School Board Journal. February 1935. D.
UNPIJBLISHED MATERIALS
Edwards, John D., "A Review of C alifornia Court Cases Involving Teachers and Governing Boards of School D is tric ts ." ' Unpublished Master's project, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 19*7, 67 P P . Nelson, D. Lloyd, “Legal Administration of State and D is tric t School Systems." Unpublished syllabus prepared for the instruction of a course at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 35 pp. Werb, Neil N., “An Analytical Survey of Social Trends in Education Law." Unpublished Master‘ s thesis, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 19*9, 121 pp.