A study of public recreation in the Grant Union High School District

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A STUDY OF PUBLIC RECREATION IN THE GRANT UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT

A Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Education The University of Southern California

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Education

by Raymond E . Curry August 1950

UMI Number: EP46260

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

Dissertation Publishing

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18

the City of Sacramento, on the southwest by Howe Street, Pulton Avenue, Arden Way and El Camino Avenue, directly south by the Southern Pacific Railroad, Park Drive, Myrtle Avenue and Spruce Street, and on the north by f,U n and flQ rf Streets and the Sacramento County Line. There is ample evidence available to substantiate the statement that the population of the Grant Union High School District is rapidly increasing.

While there are no

accurate figures available to determine the total popula­ tion of the district, school enrollment can serve as a suitable yardstick for computing the population.

Table I

presents enrollments in the elementary districts comprising the Grant Union District, also high school enrollments from 1930 to date.

It will be noted that the total enrollment in the eight elementary districts of the Grant Union District has increased each and every year with an average gain of 6.79 per cent. The net average yearly gain for the high school is 11.7^ per cent. Data on average daily attendance are a more accurate record of the actual growth of pupil attendance in a school district.

Table II presents this data for each of the

elementary districts in the Grant Union High School District, also average daily attendance data for the Grant Union

19

TABLE I STATE ENROLLMENT (REGULAR DAY) IN THE GRANT UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT AND COMPONENT ELEMENTARY DISTRICTS 1930 TO 1948-49*

Years 1930-31 1931-32 1932-33 1 9 3 3 -3 4 1 9 3 4 -3 5 1 9 3 5 -3 6 1 9 3 6 -3 7 1 9 3 7 -3 8 1 9 3 8 -3 9 1 9 3 9 -4 0

1940-41 1941-42 1942-43 1943-44 1944-45 1 9 4 5 -4 5

Eight elemen­ tary schools 1825 2051 2079

2184 2284 2328

2455 2658

2927 2932 3126

3334 3589 4037 4173 4567 4885

Per cent increase 12.3 1.3 5.0 4.8 1.9 1.9

8 .2 1 0 .1 .0 1 7 6 .6 6 .6

7.6 12.4 3.3 9-4

1946-47 6 .9 1947-48 6103 24.9 6484 6 .2 1948-49 Average per cent gain 6 .7 9

Grant Union High School District No school No school 749 744 737 888 1029

^l9 1487 1735

1 80 5 2 01 7 1 62 0

Per cent Increase Loss

.0 6 6

.093 6.9 15.9 2 8 .2

12.7

1 6 .6

4.03 1 1 .1 1 9 .6

1.4

1596 1631 1778

9.0

1676 1813

8 .1

2 .2

1727 1 6 .5

* Transcript from County office records.

5-7 4.3 4.76

TABLE I I

AVERAGE DAILY ATTENDANCE BY ELEMENTARY DISTRICTS IN GRANT UNION DISTRICT, 1930-49 1948 1949

1947 1948

1946 1947

1945 1946

1944 1945

1943 1944

1942 1943

1941 1942

1940 1941

1939 1940

1938 1939

1937 1938

1936 1937

1935 1936

1934 1935

1933 1934

1932 1933

1931 1932

1930 1931

28

27

18

20

21

20

21

25

25

20

22

31

31

31

28

f37

39

49

48

- 42.8

Arden

562

324

229

201

178

170

167

179

153

146

192

168

174

163

166

152

136

129

87

473.4

Del Paso Heights

766

649

508

401

391

366

380

351

323

316

302

262

243

225

236

216

202

198

185

362.7

Jefferson

38

42

51

41

31

23

25

30

26

28

32

36

39

34

41

'36

41

42

39

- 2.6

44

48

53

53

61

62

40.3

1292 - 1248

1160

1081

1048

976

235.1

284

286

287

270

259

265

239.6

(143) (141)

(143) (143)

(143) (144)

(124) (146)

(123) (136)

(120; (145)

(250.8) (223.4)

Elementary District American Basin

LincolnElverta

f

Per cent Gain

87

71

65

60

53

40

39

29

44

54

57

45

49

North Sacramento

3271

2990

2659

2214

2093

2013

1827

1761

1685

1545

1558

1388

1305

Rio Linda Union

900

740

550

479

418

402

341

348

318

324

318

302

309

(431) .(469)

(333) (407)

(238; (312)

(236; (243)

(210) (208)

(204) (198)

(152) (189)

(147) (201)

(142) (176;

Robla

831

719

637

479

472

452

288

231

206

181

154

130

91

58

54

63

56

60

53

1467.9

Total

7383

5562

4717

3895

3657

3486

3088

2954

2780

2614

2365

2362

2241

2131

2107

2004

1878

1846

1727

275.3

1555

1492

1455

1442

1853

1710

1616

1230

968

822

662

656

Fruitvale Rio Linda

Grant Union High School

1727

1424

2285

2703

(142 ; (143; (142 ; (151) (182; (175 ; (160) (158)

615

New district organized 180.8

Elementary average gain per year High school average gain per year

15.3 11.3

21

High School from the year of its organization to date. The breakdown of the school districts will give a better . insight as to the respective growth in population of each area to be studied in this report.

It will be noted in

Table II that there has been a yearly large increase in school attendance in five of the eight elementary districts comprising the Grant Union High School District.

The .

American Basin School has decreased in school attendance since 1 9 3 0 * but the area is purely a farming community and no home building projects have been in operation since 1 9 3 0 . The Jefferson and Elverta Districts are for the most part in the same category.

The most rapid growth has been in

the Robla and Del Paso Heights School Districts.

In 1 9 3 0 -

31 the average daily attendance for Robla was fifty-three students; in 1948-49 it had increased to eight hundred and thirty-one students.

In the Del Paso Heights District the

average daily attendance in 1 9 3 0 -3 1 was one hundred and eighty-five pupils; in 1948-49 it had increased to seven hundred and sixty-six. It is interesting to note that more than one half of the elementary school attendance for each and every year is reported from the North Sacramento Elementary District. This gives conclusive- evidence that the greatest concentra­ tion of the population of the Grant District live in or on the fringe of the incorporated City of North Sacramento.

22 It is evident from the statistics reported thus far the Grant Union High School District is confronted with growth problems that will tax the area!s facilities and resources to the limit even under the most favorable organization and planning for community welfare. Further statistics2 reveal that Sacramento County has a growth rate of 34.3 per cent, which is higher than the United States growth rate of 16 per cent.

It is

approximately 10 per cent lower than the growth rate of the State of California, which is 43.7 pe** cent. The distribution of school age children within the district is worthy of Investigation as a factor in deter­ mining the recreational needs of the community.

Figure 2

gives the breakdown of school age children from the kinder­ garten through the twelfth year of high school.

The num­

bers In the circles represent the population of school age children in the respective communities.

The unincorporated

areas of Del Paso Heights, Hagginwood, Ben All, Dos Rios and Gardenland were totaled with the City of North Sacramento. Effort has been made by local school authorities, principally the high school officials, to create a unified school district. 2

Thus far, there has been too much

Statistics computed by the Census Bureau 1950*

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24 opposition by the elementary school districts who choose to remain self sufficient.

The attitude of the elementary

school authorities reflect the general feeling of the members of the community.

There is little cooperation

between the unincorporated areas in the district.

Each

area, has a sense of personal civic pride and is antagonis­ tic to any group which endeavors to unify the efforts of the district.

Improvement clubs can be found In each

locality, but. none of the clubs will plan any program that may involve anything more than their immediate area.

Later

chapters will give concrete proof of this autonomous atti­ tude when the organization of public recreation is fully discussed.

At this point, examination of the component

parts of the Grant District will serve to give a more complete picture of the various communities.

Actually,

there is very little choice between one community and another, but the psychological make-up of the people make it difficult for a unified action of area-wide planning. Contrast and comparison of each community is given below. North Sacramento City. The population of this incorporated city is 6,0l6 people, compared with 3,053 in 1940 and 2,097 in 1930. persons in ten years. per cent,

There has been a gain of 2 ,9 6 3 This represents an increase of 98

as compared with the County of Sacramento which

25 had a total increase in population of 1 0 5 ,^ 2 7 since 19^0 and now totals 2 7 5 ,7 6 0 people, an increase of 6 1 .8 9 per cent.^

North Sacramento is now classified as a city of

the sixth class.

The City is sometimes described as the

home site for the City of Sacramento which lies directly south of North Sacramento and across the American and Sacramento Rivers. plants.

It has very few major industrial

Most of the City’s revenue comes from a great

number of small business establishments.

The City serves

as the trading area for the entire North Sacramento area. It has a mayor and council plan of city government.

The

residences in the City are, for the most part, well estab­ lished homes of the middle class variety.

While there has

been several new building tracts in the City, most of the large tracts for home sites are being built outside the city limits.

The ;ity has a very small police force,

seventeen officers in all, and an up-to-date well-equipped fire department.

A great number of the residents of the

City are employed by the State Department in the City of Sacramento.

3 Statistics from Census Bureau 1950.

26 I.

UNINCORPORATED COMMUNITIES IN THE UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT

Dos Rios.

Just north of the City of Sacramento lies

the Dos Rios area.

It is the industrial area of North

Sacramento and due to the large influx of people, a Federal Housing Project was erected here. Homes.

It is named the Dos Rios

It houses below average wage earners who qualify

under the specifications established by the government. The Dos Rios Elementary School is located in the area.

It

was built in 1946 to house the children of the housing project.

It has a kindergarten and grades one through sixth.

Gardenland. What is informally referred to as the lowlands of the North Sacramento area is known officially as Gardenland.

This community is almost directly west of

the city of North Sacramento and is relatively isolated from the other communities in the district. of the population is Mexican.

Ninety per cent

The living quarters of these

people are far below average and, as is generally true in most poorer districts, the families are very large.

There

are two. elementary schools located in the area; the old Gar­ denland School which houses the kindergarten and first and second grade children is in the center of the community and the New Gardenland School built in 19^7 is located near the American River.

It has grades one through six.

The people

27 in this area, because they are relatively isolated, feel set apart socially from the rest of the district; as a result, many social problems exist in this locality. Hagginwood.

The unincorporated area of Hagginwood

lies directly north of the City of North Sacramento and south of Del Paso Heights.

It is an old residential area

that has an abundancy of community pride.

The total area

is larger than the City of Horth Sacramento, but it does not have the extensive business district of the incorporat­ ed city.

It has an up-to-date fire department and a very

active community club.

The Hagginwood Elementary School

is located in the area. six.

It has grades kindergarten through

In 1947 a recreation district was established in this

area to meet the needs of leisure-time activities for the community. Del Paso Heights.

While Hagginwood and Del Paso

Heights blend with respect to residences, there is a sharp contrast in their community planning.

In the west side of

Del Paso Heights is a large concentration of Negroes. Their homes are makeshift shacks and the area is an eye­ sore for the rest of the community.

Grant High School

separates the Negro section from the whites on the east. The east side has some very fine residences of the middle class scale.

A shopping center is located on the .

28 crossroads of Marysville Hoad and Grand Avenue.

Another

shopping center and a post office are located in the wes­ tern section near the Western Pacific Railroad.

A new

school with kindergarten through the sixth grades has been built across the street from Grant High School.

The older

school with a kindergarten and eight grades is located in the oldest section of Del Paso Heights which is the west side. Robla.

A rural area with a rapidly growing popula­

tion is the earmark of the unincorporated area of Robla. It is an area composed chiefly of one and two acre farms, although building tracts for home sites are cropping up in various sections of the area.

There is a Federal Govern­

ment Housing Project called Parker Homes

in the area.

This was built to ease the scarcity of housing for the war workers at McClellan Field during World War II.

The homes

are now occupied by wage earners in private industry. There are two schools in the district.

The old school Is

located in what is considered the center of the Robla community.

It has a kindergarten through eight

grades

while the new school built In 19^7 is located on the west side of the district.

It also is a K-8 school.

The busi­

ness district consists of a few stores across the Western Pacific Railroad tracks and opposite the old Robla school.

29 Ben All.

The area of Ben All is a rapidly growing

residential community east of the City of North Sacramento and across the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks. no business establishments in this district.

There are

It is a well-

planned residential area with better than average homes. Most of the home owners are relatively new to the community and community clubs are beginning to take shape in the area.

They are designed principally to improve the local

area. Jefferson and American Basin.

A considerable portion

of both the Jefferson and American Basin areas is owned by the Natomos Company.

This company has developed the re­

claimed land adjacent to the Sacramento River and farms it on a large-scale basis.

Consequently, there is an extreme­

ly small population distributed throughout this large farm­ ing area.

Plans are now under way to subdivide some of the

acreage for a residential development.

Two small elemen­

tary schools are located here; the American Basin School is located in the northern section of the district and the Jefferson School in the southern section.

The wealth per

capita in this area is far above the average and greatly exceeds the wealth per capita of the other communities in the district. Elverta.

Elverta is strictly a farming community.

30 Rice crops are the principal means of income while a large section is devoted to grazing.

The Lincoln Elementary

School and a few business stores are the landmarks of the area. Rio Linda. The area of Rio Linda is a nationally known poultry producing center.

It has a well-established

business district and two schools in the area.

The old

school is located in the center of the town while the new school is located near the McClellan Air Base.

There is

a concentration of wealth in the area held principally by the poultry producers.

There is a well-established resi­

dential section and many people who work in Sacramento reside in this desirable location.

The Chamber of Commerce

is a very active organization and acts as the hub of all activities in the district.

The town has its own post

office and fire department. Arden. What ten years ago was generally considered grazing lands is now the well-to-do community of Arden.

It

seemingly has sprung up over night and now has a very ele­ gant residential sector and business district.

At present

there is a thirty million dollar building program under way in this area.

Most of the people in this community work

in the City of Sacramento.

The homes in this area range

in price from eighty-five hundred dollars to thirty

31 thousand dollars.

There is an elementary school in the

district and plans are now being drawn for a new high school. There is a very small number of pioneer residents in the area. the area.

Most of the home owners are entirely new to

As a result of this, there is a conflict in

community planning between the pioneers and the new resi­ dents. The foregoing outline of the communities in the Grant High School District offers mute evidence that possi­ bilities for unified action of the district will be a long hard struggle.

It is, in some cases, the urban communities

versus the rural communities, in others,local civic pride versus area-wide enterprise.

There is also a steep contrast

in the wealth of the respective communities as can be noted in the assessed wealth per pupil of Robla, which is $1,178.00, and Arden with $9 ,8 9 0 .0 0 back of each pupil, or Jefferson with $27,316.00 per each pupil, or American Basin with $38,424.00 of assessed valuation per pupil. The only central unifying force of the district appears to be the Grant High School which serves as the focal point for many of what might be called joint communi­ ty activities. The weather in this section of the country is similar to most of the valley country in the state.

There is an

32 average rainfall of fourteen inches during the year.

The

months of December, January, and February are the rainy seasons of the year.

The spring of the year is very mild.

June, July, August, and part of September are extremely warm months and it isn!t uncommon for the mercury to rise above one hundred degrees.

II.

SUMMARY

The Grant Union High School District was formed in 1932.

There are eight elementary school districts within

the high school district.

The elementary school enrollment

of the district has increased from 1 ,8 2 5 students in 1 930 to 6,484 in 1949, an average per cent increase of 6 .79* The high school enrollment has increased from 749 in 1932 to 1,727 in 1949, an average per cent increase of 11.74. Attendance figures of the schools were used ,to determine with some degree of accuracy the total population of the area.

There is a definite relationship between school

enrollment and total population. The. greatest increase in population based on school enrollment has been in the unincorporated area of Robla and the greatest loss has been in the American Basin School District. A comparative analysis of the communities comprising

33 the school district shows that the area is a combination of rural and urban population.

The general make-up of

each community differs in varying degrees from the slum area of the west side of Del Paso Heights to the extremely well-planned community of Arden, from the purely rural community of Elverta, Jefferson and American Basin to the urban life of the City of North Sacramento, from the wealth per student in Robla which is $1,173.00, to the wealth per student of the American Basin School which is $33,424.00. The comparisons illustrate the complexities of the district and further throw light on the uncooperative spirit of one community to another.

The wide range of the

peoplefs occupation and interest make it difficult for any concerted plan for unified community planning within the district. The high school appears to be'the only point of com­ mon interest among the various communities.

A long-range

plan for area-wide community recreation could be the start­ ing point for unifying the school district.

Succeeding

chapters are devoted to the study of public recreation agencies in the district with a view of developing a more suitable plan for community recreation.

CHAPTER III ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OP PUBLIC RECREATION WITHIN THE HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT Public recreation in the Grant Union High School District is organized and administered by each unincor­ porated community in the district.

Each community main­

tains their recreational program entirely on its own and as yet has made no plans to pool its respective resources into an incorporated plan for public recreation.

Each

locality will be treated separately with respect to their recreational program.

The chapter will treat only the

pattern of organization and personnel in the respective communities.

Financial structure, facilities, and commu­

nity relations will be discussed fully In subsequent chapters. City of North Sacramento. The City of North Sacramento, as mentioned in Chapter II, has a population of 6,0l6 people, according to the 1950 census.

It is a

city of the sixth class, and has a mayor and council plan of municipal government. The City has no recreational agency as such and does not set aside any fund for public recreation with the exception of financial aid for the one park in the

35 City which is located in the heart of the Civic Center and has approximately four acres in turf. Under the legal authority of a city ordinance a park commission has been set up.

It is a seven-member

commission appointed by the City Council. sible for the maintenance of the park.

They are respon­

A gardener has

been employed by the park commission as a full-time employee and is paid out of the city funds budgeted for that pur­ pose . The only other form of public recreation afforded by the City has been volunteer help by the City Police Department.

The Chief of Police has organized a "pee-wee”

baseball league for boys fourteen years of age or younger. Members of the police force manage the teams and games are . played every Saturday during the summer months. Two elementary schools in the North Sacramento Elementary School District have organized recreation pro­ grams during the summer months and one carries the pro­ gram through the entire year. Hagginwood Elementary School has a year-round recreation program for elementary school children including kindergarten.

The recreation leader is on duty five days

a week, Monday through Friday, from nine o*clock in the morning to five o 1clock in the afternoon during the summer vacation.

She directs activities during the school year

36 from three o ’clock in the afternoon until five o ’clock. She is paid by the school district and is a part time librarian during the school months.

The program includes

games, handcraft and music. The Parent Teachers Association sponsors a summer program for elementary school children at the McClellan Elementary School.

Two teachers from the school volunteer

their services to the program.

The program is scheduled

for Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays during the summer vacation.

On Mondays the children are taught the skills

of puppet making from nine o ’clock until noon.

Wednesday

mornings from nine o ’clock until noon, folk dances are taught and in the afternoon from oneo’clock until four o 1clock,instrumental music lessons are given.

Friday

mornings from nine o ’clock until twelve o ’clock are devoted to story-telling and play acting.

The two teachers conduct

all the activities and both are well-trained for the job. Traffic tabulation for the summer months show that four hundred children each week attend the program. A comparison of organization patterns can be made of North Sacramento City with cities of a like size with respect to public recreation.

There are seventeen cities

in California with a population comparable to the City of North Sacramento that have public recreation agencies. Eight cities of a like size have a recreation commission or

board.

Three are organized with a recreation and park

department.

One city has a recreation, park, and music

department.

Two cities are organized for recreation sole­

ly "by the school district.

Three cities have a recreation,

park and parkway district.

Two areas are organized by a

county recreation district.

The city and school have

organized public recreation in two cities.

The housing

authority and school handle public recreation in another area which is unincorporated and in another, the city, county, and schools are responsible for public recreation. All the cities and unincorporated communities mentioned have a population that range from 1 ,6 8 2 people to 9>984 people.

The average population for the thirty-eight cities

and unincorporated areas mentioned is 6,420 people. 1

All

these agencies for public recreation provide a year-round recreational program for their respective communities. Financial aid is derived from taxes, in some cases directly for recreation, while in some cities and communities a portion of the government funds is set aside for the recreational program. The City of North Sacramento cannot be categoried in any one of the number of recreational agencies hereto­

1 Statistics based on a report from the California State Recreation Commission 1950.

38 fore mentioned.

Figure 3 gives the boundaries of the dis­

trict and depicts the location of public facilities that could be utilized for a city-wide recreation program. Del Paso Heights Elementary School. As mentioned in Chapter II there are two schools in the Del Paso Heights Elementary School District located a mile apart in the unincorporated area of Del Paso Heights. Under the administration of Leo Palmitter, Super­ intendent of the elementary school district, a year-round recreation program has been established at the old Del Paso Heights Grammar School located in the area populated predominantly by Negroes. A trained recreation leader is hired by the school district during the summer vacation.

He is on duty five

and one half days a week, Monday through Saturday morning;. All types of recreational activity are available, including swimming.

The boys and girls are organized into groups

and taken to the Grant Union High School swimming pool three afternoons each week.

The swimming pool is located only

one half mile from the grammar school. Adults use the elementary school auditorium two nights each week during the year for folk dancing which is sponsored by the Parent Teachers Association of the district. During the school months, a trained physical

39

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40 education instructor, who is one of the faculty members, supervises the playground from four o ’clock to six o ’clock. He receives extra compensation from the school district for this work.

Each Friday evening during the school year

there is a movie in the auditorium for all the children in the district.

There is no.admission cost for this activity.

Grant Union High School.

Grant Union High School

is the focal point for most of the recreational activities in the union high school district by virtue of the excel­ lent facilities that are available at this school plant. It is located in the center of the school district and is easily accessible for everyone of the district. The school district pays a faculty member from the Physical Education Department to direct the summer activi­ ties for all age groups.

Softball is the principal acti­

vity during the summer months.

Three softball leagues have

been organized to enliven interest in the program.

One

league plays every Monday night of the summer while the other two leagues play on Tuesday and Thursday nights. The age group served in these two leagues ranges from fourteen years of age through adults.

Every Tuesday night

during the summer the gymnasium is open to adults under the supervision of a trained member of the physical education staff.

Basketball is the principal activity for the group.

4l The swimming pool is open at twelve o ’clock noon to eight o'clock in the evening during the summer months from Wednesday through Sunday. .Elementary grade children are admitted for nine cents on Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays and for twenty-five cents on Saturdays and Sundays. Grant High School students are admitted any time for twenty-five cents while other high school students are admitted for thirty-five cents. fifty cents any time.

Admission for adults is

Spectators are charged ten cents

for admission and can use the area around the pool for picnics. On Mondays and Tuesdays of each summer week the Sacramento County Crippled Children’s Society is granted free use of the pool. During the school year hoth the girls' and boys’ gymnasium are used by the townspeople upon request.

They

are entitled to use the school facilities under the authori­ ty of the Civic Center Act.

There is no professional

supervision given these groups by the school authorities, but each group must have a moderator that will accept the responsibility of maintaining good order. At this point only the City of North Sacramento and the public schools have been discussed as public recreation agencies serving the community.

The expenditures for

42 recreation by the schools is derived from their respective community service funds. Two communities in the high school district have organized recreation districts.

Funds for maintaining

public recreation are made available by a direct tax levy for recreational purposes.

One of these agencies has yet

to receive its initial financial aid while the other has been organized since 1947*

A third district has .organized

a planning commission for a proposed recreational agency. The plans of this commission will be discussed.in succeed­ ing paragraphs. Hagginwood Park Recreation and Parkway District.

The Hagginwood Park Recreation and Parkway District was established in 194j under the legal authority of Article 2 four of the Public Resources Code which stipulates that any portion of the unincorporated area of any county not included in any other park, recreation and parkway district may be formed into a park, recreation and parkway district. The district is given the authority to acquire all neces­ sary and proper lands, buildings, and equipment and to do . any necessary and proper construction work, including the o

Public Resources Code, Chapter 3> Article 4. Section 5631, 1949.

43 planting of trees and shrubs, to secure and maintain an adequate system of parks, recreation grounds, and facili­ ties and parkways within the district. Section 3 6 6 0 ^ of the Public Resource Code gives the district power to levy a special tax on all taxable prop­ erty of the county lying within the district.

The tax can­

not exceed fifty cents on each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation. Figure 4 shows the boundaries of the district.

The

district is bounded on the east by the Southern Pacific Railroad, on the west by the Sacramento Northern- Railroad, and the City of North Sacramento, on the south by El Camino Avenue and the City of North Sacramento and on the north by South Avenue to Marysville Road thence to Magnolia Avenue and Raymond Street to the Southern Pacific Railroad. Within the boundaries of the district are two elementary schools, a junior high school, and a fifteen acre park purchased by the recreation commission. The board of which there are three members is elected hy popular vote to serve a period of three years.

The

board is so arranged so that each year one of the members goes out of office on the first Tuesday after the first

3 ibid., Section 5 6 6 0 .

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EL

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FIGURE 4

HAGGINWOOO PARK RECREATlOW

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Schools A. AAcCLe.Lt, a w

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PARKWAY DISTRICT

Q

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W O O D :

45

Monday of November.

The member with the longest remaining

period of time in office is appointed chairman while the person with the next to the longest period of time is the secretary.

The third member is designated as an alternate.

The district has used the maximum tax rate of fifty cents on one hundred dollars of assessed valuation since it has been established. What the district has done for the community in three and one half years can be limited to the purchase and maintenance of a fifteen acre park located on the Marysville Road in the heart of the unincorporated area of Hagginwood.

Eight acres of the park has been turfed;

a baseball diamond has been laid out and a number of playground facilities have been purchased and erected. Tables have been set up in the park for family picnics. There is no paid recreation leader for the park. All activities, if supervised, are done purely on a volun­ teer basis.

The district has not solicited for volunteer

recreation leaders. The board has leased a half acre of the park for an amusement center.

Merry-go-rounds, pony rides, and

other commercial rides are available for the amusement of the younger children.

The board receives a percentage of

the profits from the owners which will eventually be used to help build a youth center on the grounds.

46 Two caretakers are employed on a five day a week basis to maintain the park.

They are the only hired em­

ployees of the recreation district at present. There is no well-organized recreational program of activities at the park.

This shortcoming is due chiefly

to the lack of supervision. Arden Park Park District. The Arden Park Park Dis­ trict in the Grant Union High School District was activated in March 1950 under the same legal authority as the Haggin­ wood Park Recreation and Parkway District.

The district

will receive its initial financial aid two weeks after August 10th, 1950. The shaded area on Figure 5 is the extent of the park district.

It is bounded on the east by Watt Street,

on the south by Fair Oaks Boulevard, on the west by Eastern Avenue and on the north by Arden Way.

There is an

elementary school in the district and a seven acre park which was purchased by public subscription. The recreation district is in the developmental stage and has yet to organize any program.

One man has

been employed to landscape the area. There are three members on the board who are elected by popular vote for a term of three years.

Following the

legal procedure as stipulated in the Public Resources Code,

47

»♦//

-•(park I

w^

>5c

F IG U R E 5 ARDEN PARK

a u e

SHAOEO A R E A

AR D EN ©

PARK PARK DISTRICT

A R D E N SCHOOL K-Q

48 one manfs term of office must expire each year.

Since

these members are classified as First Trustees, they must follow the procedure as outlined in Section 5656 of the 4 Public Resources Code. At the trustees1 first meeting they shall classify themselves by lot that one of them goes out of office on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November of the year next succeeding the district organization election; one on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November of the second year next succeed­ ing such election; and one on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November of the third year next suc­ ceeding such election. The board has voted for a twenty cent tax levy upon each one hundred dollars of assessed

valuation.

This levy

was based on their initial budget and may increase or decrease in the next few years. Rio Linda District1s Proposed Plan for Public Recreation. The Chamber of Commerce of Rio Linda has appointed a committee to investigate the procedure for establishing a recreation district in their community. The investigation was completed and plans are now under 4

Division 5, Chapter 3, Article 4, Public Resources Code, 1949.

49 way to establish a recreation district under the legal authority of Chapter 3> Article 4 of the Public Resources Code, This is the same legal authority used by the Hagginwood and Arden communities. Proposed boundary lines have been tentatively set up as can be noted in Figure 6.

It is interesting to note

that the boundary lines include the unincorporated areas of Elverta and American Basin; however, the boundary lines are tentative and may be revised before the election date is set. The Chamber of Commerce, through public subscription, has purchased fifteen acres of land on the Dry Creek Road, indicated in blue on Figure 6, to be used as a public park. It is approximately one mile from the center of the com­ munity, and easily accessible by everyone included in the tentative boundary of the district.

A baseball diamond

has been laid out on the acreage and plans are under way to seed the field.

Tennis courts, horseshoe pits, picnic

grounds, a children!s playground and a swimming pool are part of the plans for the development of the park.

I.

SUMMARY

Organized public recreation agencies in the Grant Union High School District include three elementary schools,

ecu N T V

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FIGURE

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PROPOSED R 0 LINDA RECREATION DISTRICT

MILES _-i LSCALE

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Linda

L in c o ln

D. F R u i t v a l e

g youTw ce/^teh

51 one high school and two recreation districts.

Plans for

another recreation district in the Rio Linda area are now being formulated. Only two elementary schools, Del Paso Heights and Hagginwood employ a year-round recreation program for their respective communities. The high school has an organized recreation program in the summer months but does not offer any professional supervision for recreation during the school months, although the facilities of the school are available to the community upon request at any time during the year. Only one of the two recreation districts in the high school district is in operation at present.

The program

and facilities of the Hagginwood District are limited at the present time and as yet there has been no provision for hiring a trained recreation leader nor has there been any move to solicit volunteer recreation leaders. In March 1950, part of the unincorporated area of Arden organized a recreation district.

While a program has

not been initiated in the district as yet, it is safe to assume that even under the most favorable conditions the program will be limited because of the extremely small area of the district which does not allow for a substantial budget from such a limited tax levy.

The boundaries on Figure 4

illustrate the limited amount of area to be assessed for

52 taxes.

The fringe population of the district who will

undoubtedly use the new recreation district's facilities will increase the financial burden of the taxpayers in the Arden Park Park District. Rio Lindafs proposed boundaries for a recreation district, if no alterations are made, will offer consider­ able opportunity for a well-organized program of community recreation.

The plan to incorporate the areas of Elverta

and American Basin will serve to bolster the budget for recreation.

Within the proposed boundary are three ele­

mentary schools and a youth center owned by the American Legion Post 447.

The fifteen acres of land purchased by

the local Chamber of Commerce will take considerable time and money to develop and it will be necessary for the dis­ trict to enlist the aid of a professional recreation man to help plan the development of the park.

CHAPTER IV PUBLICLY OWNED RECREATION AREAS AND FACILITIES IN THE GRANT UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT Parent Teacher Associations, law enforcement offi­ cers and citizens groups all over the entire state of California are urging the full and complete use of school auditoriums, gymnasiums, playfields, music and social rooms, and other recreational equipment during out-of-school hours under trained supervisors.

School hoard members and

officials are becoming aware of this trend and in some localities they are providing lighting and extra janitor service to make these valuable tax-supported.properties more available to the staff of the recreation department and to leaders of voluntary clubs and groups.^ Most of the recreational areas and facilities in the Grant Union High School District are owned by the various elementary school districts.

There are only two

developed parks in the school district, one is the four acre park in the City of North Sacramento and the other is a fifteen acre site in Hagginwood.

Only the park in

Hagginwood offers any facilities for picnics and games.

David S. Milne, 11Study of Agencies Serving Youth in Tulare County,M California Youth Agency, August, 1946.

54 The woeful inadequacy of parks and playgrounds owned and operated by the city or communities in the district vir­ tually makes the school facilities the major recreational sites for the district.

A study of the school facilities

will reveal to what extent they can be made useful for community recreation.

Each school is treated separately

to determine the acreage of the play area and what facili­ ties are available.

X.

FACILITIES OF THE. SCHOOLS IN THE DISTRICT

Grant Union High School 1.

2

Size of play area: a. b.

Fifteen acres in turf Ten acres in asphalt

Outdoor activity facilities: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. 3.

Three baseball diamonds Two softball diamonds with floodlights Five tennis courts Eleven basketball courts Four handball courts One 440 foot cinder track Five volleyball courts One football field with floodlights One 120 by 50 foot swimming pool

Indoor activity facilities: a. b. 2

One 84 by 50 foot boys 1 gymnasium One 75 by 50 foot girls’ gymnasium

Elwood J. Keema, Superintendent, Grant Union High School District.

55 c.

One auditorium with stage— seating capacity 960 people

North Sacramento Elementary School P i s t r i c t 3 Hagginwood Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Five acres surfaced with asphalt

Outdoor activity facilities: a. One softball diamond b . Two basketball courts c. Six tetherball poles d. Four volleyball courts e. One 30 by 20 foot wading pool

3*

Indoor activity facilities: a.

One 30 by 15 foot game room with ping-pong table and various primary grade games

McClellan Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.. Eight acres all dirt surface

2.

Outdoor activity facilities: a. Four tetherball poles b . One 60 by 60 foot fenced-in kindergarten

3.

Indoor activity facilities: a.

None

3 Fred K. Robinson, Superintendent, North Sacramento School District.

56 Ben All Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Outdoor activity facilities: a.

3.

Seven acres all dirt surface

One tetherball pole

Indoor activity facilities: a . None

North Wood Intermediate School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Outdoor activity facilities: a. b. c. d.

3.

Eight acres all dirt surface except one the basketball courts

One baseball diamond Five volleyball courts Five basketball courts Ten, one half basketball courts

Indoor activity facilities: a.

One 69 by 48 foot dual purpose room— used as cafeteria and auditorium. A piano is avail­ able in the hall and the floor is suitable . for dancing. There is no stage.

North Sacramento Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Two acres surfaced with asphalt

Outdoor activity facilities: a. b. c.

One softball diamond One basketball court Two handball courts

57 d. e. 3.

Two volleyball courts Two tetherball courts

Indoor activity facilities: a.

None

Dos Rios Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Outdoor activity facilities: a. b. c. d.

3.

Five acres all dirt surface except one 45 by 72 foot fenced-in grassed area for kindergarten children

One Two One One

softball diamond volleyball courts basketball court tetherball pole

Indoor activity facilities: a . None

Gardenland Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Three quarters of an acre— one half is grass

Outdoor activity facilities: a.

One game room for primary school children

New Gardenland School 1.

Size of play area: a*.

2.

Seven acres of undeveloped surface

Outdoor activity facilities: a.

Two tetherball poles

58 3.

Indoor activity facilities: a . None

Rio Linda Union School District^ Fruitvale Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Twelve acres of undeveloped surface

Outdoor activity facilities: a . None

3.

Indoor activity facilities: a.

None

Rio Linda School 1.

Size of play area: a. b.

Ten acres surfaced with asphalt One 60 by 59 foot enclosed turfed area for kindergarten children

Outdoor activity facilities: a. One sand box b. One 8 foot metal bedway slide c . One baseball diamond d. Six softball diamonds e • One tennis court f . One goal hi g* Two horseshoe courts h. Two basketball courts i* One handball court 4

Warren A. Allison, District Superintendent, Rio Linda Union School District,

59 J. k. 1. 3.

Two volleyball courts Two shuffleboard courts One paddle tennis court

Indoor activity facilities: One auditorium with stage— seating capacity 600 people* It can also be used for dancing the size of the floor Is 40 by 70 feet.

«!•

a.

Del Faso Heights Elementary School District

R

Del Paso Heights Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Outdoor activity facilities: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. J. k.

3.

Six acres--one half of the acreage in turf

One baseball diamond Two softball diamonds Four horseshoe courts Four basketball courts One handball court Four volleyball courts One corquet field Three tetherball courts One 8 foot bedway metal slide Two climbing structures One football field in turf

Indoor activity facilities: a.

One 40 by 50 foot auditorium— seating capacity four hundred. Used for limited physical education.

^ Leo A. Palmiter, District Superintendent, Del Paso Heights School District.

60 North Avenue Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Outdoor activity facilities: a. b. c. d. e.

3.

Eight acres all dirt surface

Pour basketball courts Two tetherball poles One softball diamond One sand box One 8 foot metal bedway slide

Indoor activity facilities: a.

None

Arden Elementary School District Arden Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Outdoor activity facilities: a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

3.

Ten acres— two of which are in asphalt

Two sand boxes Three climbing structures Five softball diamonds Two basketball courts One handball court Two volleyball courts One 40 by 40 foot fenced-in area for kinder­ garten with manual merry-go-round.

Indoor activity facilities: a.

One auditorium with stage— seating capacity four hundred and fifty people. The auditorium

6 Herbert E. Winterstein, District Superintendent, Arden Elementary School District.

6l can also be used for dancing and limited physical education.

Robla Elementary School District Robla Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Outdoor activity facilities: a. b. c. d*

3.

Five acres, two of which have asphalt surface

Two softball diamonds Eight basketball courts Four volleyball courts Two swings

Indoor activity facilities: a . None

Bell Avenue Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

7

Six acres, one of which has asphalt surface

Outdoor activity facilities: a.

One 60 by 50 foot fenced-in kindergarten play lot b. One sand box c . One teeter, totter d. Two tetherball poles e • Four basketball courts f . Four volleyball courts S- One softball diamond

7 ' John S. Corbin, District Superintendent, Robla School District.

62 Lincoln Elementary School District

Q

(Elverta)

Lincoln Elementary School 1.

Size of play area: a.

2.

Three acres, one quarter of which is surfaced in asphalt

Outdoor activity facilities: a. b. c.

3.

Two volleyball courts Two softball diamonds One basketball court

Indoor activity facilities: a.

None

American Basin and Jefferson, both rural schools, have no facilities or developed playground areas for community recreation activities.

Each has approximately

an acre of play area space. Of the seventeen schools in the district that were studied, five have been built since 1 9 ^6 ; consequently, the development of their playground areas has yet to be com­ pleted.

Emphasis has been placed on the completion of

the school buildings.

These schools are Fruitvale, New

Gardenland, North Wood, Bell Avenue and North Avenue. Only the Grant High School, Del Paso Heights Ele­ mentary School, Hagginwood Elementary School and the o

Atilio Hopetti, Principal, Lincoln School District.

63 McClellan Elementary School have ‘after school or summer recreation programs with professional supervision.

The

thirteen remaining schools have no organized recreation program either after school or during the summer months. Four of the schools are equipped well enough to accommodate all age groups in a recreation program.

They

are Grant Union High School, Rio Linda Elementary School, Del Paso Heights Elementary School and North Wood Inter­ mediate School.

Of this group only Grant and Del Paso

Heights have an organized program both for adults and children. The old Gardenland School has an excellent play­ ground for children of the primary grades.

The area is

fenced in, and under competent supervision it would offer splendid opportunities for the young children of the com­ munity. Rio Linda Elementary School has one of the better equipped playgrounds in the district and could well serve the teen-age group as well as the elementary children with an organized and supervised summer and after school recrea­ tion program.

The playground and facilities are seldom

used during the out of school hours because of the lack of trained leadership. As reported by the recreation leaders of the four schools who have organized play, the facilities at these

64 schools are used to capacity.

This is in distinct con­

trast to the remaining schools who report that very few children or adults use their facilities during the out of school hours.

It can be concluded that the reason for

lack of participation is due to the lack of trained rec­ reation leadership. A study of the school traffic during the out of school hours and summer vacation revealed that only 23 per cent of the facilities of the schools were being used for recreational purposes. Although the study of the playground area and facilities of the schools was made chiefly to determine how they could be utilized; the apparent lack of facili­ ties and playground area for the school student indicate a complete disregard by some school officials for the need of adequate playground facilities for recreational activity of their students.

II.

COMMUNITY RECREATION AREAS AND FACILITIES

The district has been slow in developing public recreation and only since 1946 has there been any concerted effort on the part of the various communities to give the district some opportunity for recreation.

The City of

North Sacramento has yet to finance any type of recreation

65 program and what limited public recreation facilities exist in the City has, for the most part, been donated by private agencies.

The City has one four-acre park situated

in the Civic Center.

It was developed principally to

beautify the City and could hardly be called a mecca for those seeking leisure-time activity.

The Rotary Club has

built a splendid youth center on the park site.

The club

has donated it to the youth of the City with the provisions * that no adult group use it without special permission from the City Council.

It is a good sized building fifty-four

feet by forty-two feet.

There are kitchen facilities, a

piano, two ping pong tables, and fifteen portable lunch tables and thirty chairs.

It is used by all school age

boys and girls in the North Sacramento area.

The City has

purchased three acres of land in the east section of the City.

The park as yet has not been developed for recrea­

tion but plans are made to put in a baseball diamond on the acreage.

The City also owns a baseball park but has leased

it to the North Sacramento Merchants Baseball Team.

It is

an enclosed park with a seating capacity of two thousand people.

This is the extent of the public recreation facili­

ties in the City. Hagginwood Park Recreation and Parkway District. The Hagginwood Recreation District was established in 19^7

66 for the sole purpose of bringing public recreation to the Hagginwood Community.

Its sole accomplishment at

this date has been the purchase and development of a fif­ teen acre park located on the Marysville Road in the center of the community.

A portion of the park has been developed

for the elementary school children.

It has slides, a

sand box, climbing structures and swings for the youngsters. A baseball diamond with a splendid backstop has been built, also a softball diamond has been laid out. court has also been set up in the park.

A volleyball

There are twenty-

four picnic tables and plans are under way to purchase twelve stoves for the park. hired groundkeepers.

The park is well kept by two

The only shortcoming the park has is

that there are no trained recreation leaders, but the recreation board has intimated that one will be hired in 1951. Arden Park Park District.

Arden Park Park District

has purchased seven acres of land to be used as a park and playground but plans are being held up until their first budget is sent to them in November, 1950. Rio Linda Community. The Rio Linda Chamber of Com­ merce purchased fifteen acres for the express purpose of developing a park, playground, and playfield,

67 but as yet only a baseball diamond has been laid out.

The

community1s plans are to await the result of the election for a recreation district before continuing with the pro­ ject. Some of the accepted recreation standards set up by the National Recreation Association gives a clear indication that the high school district is extremely inadequate in all phases of public recreation.

The National Recreation

Association defines some of the Recreation standards as follows: There ought to be at least one acre of park and recreation space for every one hundred persons. This acreage should be divided among various kinds of areas to form a well-balanced park and recreation system. The areas should be distributed throughout the community to put recreation within easy reach of everyone. Neighborhood playgrounds are areas mainly for children from the ages of six to fourteen years though to some extent for young people and adults, too. Playground space throughout the community should average at least one acre for every eight hundred persons. Small neighborhoods need more than the average. A neighborhood of one thousand persons requires a playground of at least two and three fourths acres. There should be a playground within a quarter to a:'half mile of every home. Areas known as play fields provide varied forms of recreation for young people and adults though most of them have a section developed as a children’s play­ ground. One acre of play field space for every eight hundred persons is a reasonable standard for the community as a whole. Ten to twelve acres is the minimum area for an individual play field, and twenty acres are often needed to accommodate all the essen­ tial features. There should be a playfield within a

68 half mile to a mile of every home. Playfields and playgrounds should be floodlighted to extend their use, and especially to make them available to people who are free only in the evening. There should be a general recreation building with diversified facili­ ties for each twenty thousand persons. For adequate leadership there should be a trained full time, year-round superintendent of recreation for communities of five thousand persons or more. There should be trained leaders on each playground, playfield, and indoor recreation center.9 The Grant High School District has approximately one hundred and fifty-nine acres, which is a combination of all three types of recreation areas recommended by the National Recreation Association, for approximately fifteen thousand people.

The Grant High School District lacks twenty-seven

acres to meet recognized standard acreage which is one hundred and eighty-six acres for every fifteen thousand people. There is no year-round superintendent of recreation within the district and there are only four trained recreation leaders hired in the district which has a total of seventeen playgrounds, two parks, and two youth centers. There is no indoor recreation center, as described by the National Recreation Association, in the district.

The

Grant High School has the only playfield with floodlights

^ Know Your Community (New York: National Recreation Association, 1 9 5 0 7 .

69 in the district.

The' City of North Sacramento owns a

baseball park with a three hundred and fifty foot center field, fence, and bleachers.

The park is equipped with

floodlights for night baseball games. Further findings reveal that in a district embracing approximately fifteen thousand people, there is only one piiblic swimming pool. High School.

The pool is located at the Grant

For such a widely popular game as tennis is

for all age groups, there are only six public tennis courts; five courts are located at the high school and one at the elementary school in Rio Linda.

III.

SUMMARY

The schools of the Grant High District have a com­ bined total of one hundred and sixteen acres that are utilized as playgrounds.

The acreage is distributed over

nineteen schools in the district ranging from one-acre playgrounds at Jefferson, American Basin and Gardenland schools, to twenty-five acres at the high school. Grant, Del Paso Heights, North Wood and Rio Linda are the four schools that have adequate facilities to organize a recreation program that would meet all age groups.

The remainder of the schools are suited for the

age group between six and fourteen years.

70 There are only two developed public parks in the high school district.

The Hagginwood Park is a fifteen

acre site with diversified facilities for all age groups. It has a playground, playfield,^and picnic grounds.

The

North Sacramento City Park is a' four acre site that was desighed for the express purpose of beautifying the Civic Center rather than for purposes of recreational activities. The communities have only nineteen acres of developed ground for recreation as compared to the one hundred and sixteen acres of school playgrounds.

Rio Linda has pur­

chased fifteen acres for a future park and playground and Arden has purchased seven acres for the same purpose. At present there exists a grand total of one hundred and thirty-five acres of developed property for recreation in the Grant High School District which has approximately fifteen thousand people living in the district.

The dis­

trict falls far below the standards as set forth by the National Recreation Association which maintains that there should be one acre of recreation area for every one hundred persons, one acre of playgrounds for every eight hundred persons and one acre of playfields for every eight hundred persons. Some of the glaring shortcomings of the district are the inadequacy of lighting facilities for outdoor activities, the lack of auditoriums, recreation buildings, the small

71 number of tennis courts and picnic grounds and one public swimming pool to serve the needs of an estimated popula­ tion of fifteen thousand people.

CHAPTER V FINANCIAL STATUS OF THE GRANT UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT The total assessed valuation of the Grant Union High School District is $28,485,730.00.

It has a school dis­

trict tax rate of one dollar and forty cents.

A special

tax election in 1949 raised the school tax rate from one dollar and ten cents to one dollar and forty cents.

This

special thirty cent tax levy was voted to be in effect for three years.

Its expiration date is June of 1952.

Table

III gives a breakdown of the total assessed valuation in each of the elementary school districts in the union high . school district and its present tax rate. Total assessed valuations do not take into account variations in the number of pupils in the schools.

A

measure of locally taxable wealth per pupil can be employed to determine more accurately the financial ability of the school districts.

The amount of assessed valuation per

pupil in each of the elementary school districts is as follows:

American Basin $3 7 ,6 5 0 .0 0 , Arden $8,162.00,

Jefferson $26,240.00, Lincoln $7,084.00, Del Paso Heights $1,370.00, North Sacramento $4,337.00, Robla $1,069.00, and Rio Linda $3,219.00.

73

rpATiT'K’ TX TT X.BJd .Lu-4 X X

TOTAL ASSESSED VALUATION OP THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND THE TAX RATE UPON EACH ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS OP ASSESSED VALUATION ON SECURED ROLLS* District American Basin

Total Assessed Valuation $ 1 ,0 8 3 ,1 4 0 .0 0

Tax Rate $

.6 6

Arden

4 ,5 2 6 ,6 6 0 .0 0

.9 5

Del Paso Heights

1 , 1 5 0 , 6 1 0 .0 0

.9 8

Jefferson

1 ,1 7 7 ,9 7 0 .0 0

.5 3

6 0 4 ,8 5 0 .0 0

CO 00 •

1 5 , 9 8 1 , 8 6 0 .0 0

.9 6

Rio Linda Union

2 ,9 2 2 ,4 4 0 .0 0

1 .0 0

Robla

1 , 0 3 8 , 2 0 0 .0 0

x .3 3

$ 2 8 , 4 8 5 ,7 3 0 .0 0

$ 6 .7 4

Lincoln North Sacramento

Totals

* Statistics from County Superintendent of Schoolfs office.

74 The breakdown of assessed valuation per pupil in each of the elementary school districts indicate clearly the weak financial structure of some districts as compared to better than average financial status of others.

The

financial stress of the school districts of Del Paso Heights and Robla as compared to American Basin and Jeffer­ son indicates the inequality of educational opportunity within the high school district.

A basis of comparison can

also be made from the standpoint of public recreational opportunities for the youths of the district as it takes considerable financial backing to organize a community program for recreation. School authorities contend that equal educational opportunities for all can be best met when schools in a rural area unify their resources into a unified school district.

The same stand can be made for community

recreation where everyone carries an equal share based on community wealth for an area-wide recreation program under a central recreation commission. The total expenditures expressly for community play and recreation for the high school district are tabulated in Table IV.

All expenditures are given in round figures.

It is interesting to note in Table IV that Del Paso Heights School District, which has next to the lowest amount of wealth in back of each pupil, as indicated in

75

TABLE IV EXPENDITURES FOR COMMUNITY RECREATION BY SCHOOL DISTRICTS 19^8-49* School District

Expenditure

Grant High School

$ 6 0 0 .0 0

Arden

1 0 0 .0 0

American Basin Jefferson

--

Robla

—

Rio Linda

--

Del Paso Heights

1 ,6 0 0 .0 0

North Sacramento

8 0 0 .0 0

Lincoln Total

—

$3 ,1 0 0 .0 0

* Data reported from respective school district’s office.

76 Table III expends more for community recreation than any other school in the district.

Five elementary school dis­

tricts in the union high school district do not set aside any community service funds for recreation in their present budget.

Two of these schools, namely Jefferson and

American Basin, are the wealthiest in the high school district.

The lack of financial support by the school

districts shows one of the chief causes for the woeful inadequacy of community recreation in the high school dis­ trict. Hagginwood Park Recreation and Parkway District. The recreation district of Hagginwood, which has been men­ tioned in previous chapters, was organized in 19^7.

In

19^ 9 it had a general fund of $2 6 ,0 0 0 .0 0 raised principally

by a fifty cent tax levy upon each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation in the district.

The total assessed

valuation of the district is $3 ,9 5 6 ,5 3 0 .0 0 which raises an estimated amount of $1 8 ,8 1 5 .0 0 each year supported by a fifty cent tax rate.

Expenditures for the year 19^9

amounted to $1 8 ,0 0 0 .0 0 .

$5 ,2 8 0 .0 0 was paid for the ser­

vices of two groundkeepers.

They each are paid $220.00

per month on a twelve month basis.

The purchase of mater­

ials and supplies for the park amounted to $3 ,0 0 0 .0 0 . Additional repairs and construction totaled $5,000.00.

The

77 balance of expenses were made on the payments of the park which was purchased in 1 9 ^8 . One acre of the Hagginwood Park has been leased to a private concern which has erected a commercial amusement center.

The district realizes approximately $1,000.00 a

year on the lease. None of the budget has been used to hire any pro­ fessional recreation leaders or directors.

The park com­

mission which has three members elected by the people of the district manage all the public recreation functions of the district. North Sacramento City. The City of North Sacramento has no budget for public recreation.

Approximately

$3*000.00 is expended each year from the Cityfs general fund to maintain the four acre park located in the Civic Center of the City.

No facilities are available on the

park with the exception of a youth center which was donated to the City by the North Sacramento Rotary Club.

Youth

clubs and organizations are free to use the center at any time when volunteer supervision is available.

The North

Sacramento Merchants have donated $600.00 to the City Police Department to outfit the "pee-wee” baseball league that has been organized by the Chief of Police.

78 Rio Linda Community. The Rio Linda Chamber of Commerce has purchased fifteen acres of land for the purpose of developing a playground, playfield and park for the community.

Plans are now under way to organize a

recreation district with a special tax levy to finance the development of the park. The American Legion Post 44-7 in Rio Linda has built a youth center for the teen-agers in the community.

At

present the Post is $6,000.00 in debt and is not able to carry on the maintenance of the building. Arden Park Community.

The people in Arden Park

under the leadership of the Arden Improvement Club have purchased a seven acre for the purpose of eventually developing a playground and park.

In March, 1950* an

election carried for a recreation district in the area. The recreation district is officially known as the Arden Park Park District.

The district will receive its initial

budget from the County In November, 1950.

The budget was

based on a twenty cent tax upon each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation.

The budget will be used to develop

the planned playground and park on the seven acre site. A comparison of expenditures for public recreation services in the Grant Union High School District with other cities, school districts, and recreation districts can be

79 made by a study of Tables V, VI, and VII. Table V gives the budget, the sources of finance, and the amount spent in 1948-49 for public recreation services in the cities of California with a population between 5*001 and 10,000 people as compared to the City of North Sacramento which has a population of 6,016 people. It is interesting to note in Table V that Needles was the only city that spent less for recreation services than North Sacramento City.

The average expenditure of the

cities reported was $11,000.00 computed in round figures. The City of North Sacramento falls approximately $7*500-00 short of the average. The school districts listed in Table VI were selected because they compare favorably in size with the Grant Union High School District.

It must be noted that

these school districts have an organized system for commu­ nity recreation services whereas the Grant High School District’s community recreation services are organized by individual school districts.

The figure listed in the

column for the amount spent in 1948-49 is the reported combined figure for the district given in round figures. In actual practice each school district in the union high school district establishes its own budget and makes its own expenditures as the officials of the respective school

TABLE V THE BUDGET, SOURCES OP FINANCE AND EXPENDITURES FOR RECREATION SERVICES IN CALIFORNIA CITIES WITH A POPULATION BETWEEN 5,000 AND 10,000 PEOPLE* 1949-50 Budget

City Corona El Segundo Hanford La Mesa Lompoc Martinez Menlo Park Mountain View Needles Oroville Pacific Grove Palm Springs Petaluma Redding Roseville San Carlos Selma Woodland North Sacramento

.(e) (e)

(e)

(e)

12,757.50 21,5 2 8 .0 0 9,850.00 14,000.00 1 4 ,5 0 9 .0 0 10,7 5 0 .0 0 1 8 ,0 0 0 .0 0 1 0 ,2 5 2 .0 0 5 ,9 6 0 .0 0 1 0 ,5 2 0 .0 0 1 6 ,6 6 5 .0 0 2 7 ,8 1 8 .0 0 18 ,1 1 3 .0 0 12,000.00 10 ,5 1 3 .2 2 10,6 6 2 .5 0 5,5 0 0 .0 0 10,0 5 1 .0 0 2,6 0 0 .0 0

G.F.

Rec.Levy per $100.00

Fees and Charges

Schools

X

X

X

X

E,H

X X

H

County

1/2^ Sales Tax X X X

E .50

X X

.14

X X

X X X X X X X X X X

E,H

X X X X X

* Statistics from State Recreation Commission of California. G.F.— General Fund (e) — Estimate

E,H E,H E E,H

X

Other

1948-49 Amount Spent

Comm. Chest $20,000.00 18,9^5.94 9,000.00 11,000.00 14,577.2? 11,3 3 0 .0 6 8.254.00 Donations 6.704.00 3.1 6 3 .0 0 1 0 .5 2 0 .0 0 11,211.94 9,001.12 2 3 .8 0 0 .0 0 Donations 12,000.00 11,998.11 10,1 5 0 .0 0 5,696.00 Comm.Chest 10,151.97 Donations (e) 3,600.00

00

o

TABLE VI THE BUDGET, SOURCES OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURES OF SELECTIVE SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN CALIFORNIA FOR PUBLIC RECREATION SERVICES*

School Districts

1949-50 Budget

Rec.Levy General per $1 0 0 .0 0 Fund

Coalinga

(e)$25,595.00

El Monte

25,258.00

.1 5

Monterey

40,000.00

.1 0

Watsonville Grant Union Elem. Sr. H.

(e) 20,000.00

Fees and Charges Schools County Other X

X

1948-49 Amount Spent $19,000.00

E

16 ,5 0 0 .0 0

E,R

X

1 9 ,000.00

E,H

1 7 ,8 2 7 .0 0

E,H

3,100.00

Not determined

* Statistics from the State Recreation Commission of California.

oo

H

TABLE VII FINANCIAL STATUS OF SELECTED RECREATION DISTRICTS IN CALIFORNIA*

Recreation District

1 9 4 9 -5 0

Budget

G.F.

Ree.Levy Fees per and $100.00 Charge s

Schools

County

Other

1948-49 Amount Spent

$24,880.31

.17

X

$15,672.76

6,436.00

.12

X

5 ,3 9 1 .6 7

Livermore Area

17,136.29

.12

X

Paradise

1 2 ,5 0 0 .00 . .

.195

X

Auburn Dunsmuir

Mount Shasta Victorville Hagginwood Area

Comm.Chest

8,374.34 Not reported

5,945.00

.11

431.91

(e) 15,650.00

.31

12,460.00

2 6 ,0 0 0 .0 0

.50

X

1 8 ,0 0 0 .0 0

* Statistics from the State Recreation Commission of California.

oo

ro

83 districts see fit. While several factors have not been considered in the tabulations in Table VI, such as the comparison of assessed wealth of each district, the figures give evidence of the distinct lack of financial aid for recreation ser­ vices in the Grant High School District.

El Monte School

District, which has a special fifteen cent tax, gives five times as much financial aid as the Grant Union High School District. The recreation districts in California that compare favorably in size with the unincorporated area of Haggin­ wood and its recreation district were used in Table VII in order to compare the financial structure of the Haggin­ wood Recreation District with other districts of a like size in the State.

The Hagginwood District has a greater

tax levy than any of the other six districts reported.

It

also spent a greater amount of money in the fiscal year 1948-49 than any other district reported.

The average •

expenditure for six districts reported is approximately $7,000.00 which is $11,000.00 less than the amount spent by the Hagginwood District.

The average tax rate of the

districts reported is twenty-two cents upon each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation, which is eighteen cents lower than the tax rate of the Hagginwood Recreation District which allows for the district’s greater budget and

84expenditure as compared to the other six districts reported.

I.

SUMMARY

The financial status of the Grant Union High School District and a breakdown of the elementary districts within the high school reveal that the area is decidedly below the average wealth of the State as adjudged by the low assessed valuation behind each pupil in the North Sacramento Area. The average assessed valuation per pupil in the elementary schools of the State is $10,400.00.

Jefferson

and the American Basin school districts are the only schools in the district that exceed this figure, both by more than $20,000.00.

The remaining six elementary school

districts fall considerably below the State average.

Robla

and Del Paso Heights school districts are approximately $9,000.00 below the State average. The average assessed valuation per pupil for high schools in the State is $28,649.00.

Grant Union High

School is $12,445*00 short of the average for the State. Comparison of the assessed wealth per pupil by schools gives clear indication that there exists within the high school district inequality of educational oppor­ tunity.

A like comparison can be made between districts

for recreational opportunities.-

■

85 Authorities maintain that the unification of the school district will serve to alleviate most of the educa­ tional problems that now exist in the .high school district. The same stand can be taken for an area-wide program of recreation since both the opportunities for education and recreation can only be accomplished by sound financial aid. The total expenditure for public recreation by the school districts during 19^9-50 was $3*100.00.

Expenditures

were made by only four of the nine school districts.

Jeff­

erson and American Basin, the two wealthiest school dis­ tricts, made no expenditures for public recreation.

Del

Paso Heights School District contributed the most, finan­ cially, for recreation although it is the second poorest district in the area. These data indicate almost a complete disregard by some school officials for the part they should take in affording recreation for the community. The organized recreation district of Hagginwood expended approximately $1 8 ,0 0 0 .0 0 for the maintenance of their fifteen-acre playground and park.

The district

receives an estimated amount of $1 8 ,8 1 5 .0 0 per year by the support of a fifty cent tax levy upon each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation in the district.

The general

fund for the fiscal year 1 9 ^9 - 5 0 totals $2 6 ,0 0 0 .0 0 .

86 The City of North Sacramento expends approximately $3,000.00 annually for the upkeep of their four-acre city park.

No additional funds are budgeted for public recrea­

tion.

The Rotary Club of North Sacramento has built a

youth center on the park site and donated the building to the city for youth activities.

The North Sacramento

merchants donated $600.00 to outfit the 11Pee Wee11 baseball league that has been organized by the City Police Department. The Rio Linda Chamber of Commerce purchased a fifteen acre site for the community that will be developed into a playground, playfield, and park if the people vote and pass the proposed measure for a recreation district.

The recreation district affords provisions for

a special tax levy which can be used for the development of the park. The Arden Park District has organized a recreation district under the provisions of the Public Resources Code and has levied a tax of twenty cents upon each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation for the district.

The funds

which will be appropriated to the district in November, 1950, will be used to develop a seven-acre park that has been purchased through public subscription. The expenditures for public recreation services in

the Grant Union High School which includes the schools, North Sacramento City, and the Hagginwood Recreation Dis­ trict, as compared to comparable school districts, cities and recreation districts in the State falls below the average except for the Hagginwood Recreation District which has a greater budget and expends approximately $11,000.00 more than the average recreation district reported.

This

is due chiefly to the very high tax rate of fifty cents upon each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation as compared to the average tax rate of twenty-two cents report­ ed by the other recreation districts of a similar size.

CHAPTER VI •SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS I. 'SUMMARY The area of the Grant Union High School District is approximately one hundred and twenty-five square miles. Within this area reside an estimated 15,000 people based on the enrollment figures of the schools in the district. The people in the area are distributed in eight unincor­ porated communities and the City of North Sacramento, which has the largest concentration of population, 6 ,0 1 6 people. School enrollment figures since 1930 show a yearly average gain of 6.79 per cent in the elementary schools and 11.7^ pe** cent in the high school. The City of North Sacramento has had a 98 per cent Increase in population since 1930, while the entire County of Sacramento has had an Increase of 6 1 .8 9 per cent in population since 1930.

The tremendous development of new

residential tracts in the district will swell the popula­ tion figures during the next five years. The unincorporated communities of Robla, Rio Linda, Elverta, Jefferson, and American Basin, are for the most part farming areas.

The residents of Del Paso Heights,

Hagginwood, Arden and North Sacramento City earn their

89 livelihood in the small businesses in North Sacramento or in industry in the City of North Sacramento..

Many of the

residents are State employees and commute daily to their jots in the State Capitol. The entire area is one experiencing the conflicts between expansion and maintenance of the status quo and between the established procedures of pioneer communities and pressure of the education, housing, protection, sanitation, and living requirements of the new residents. In some cases it is the conflict between the "have” and the "have not s.11 In an area suffering from rapid expansion, community planning has been haphazard.

The effect has been parti­

cularly felt by the school districts.

The overwhelming

increase in school enrollment coupled with the low assessed valuation of the district has caused overcrowding in most of the schools of the district.

Many school build­

ings are obsolete and their facilities woefully inadequate. The general attitude of the residents in the dis­ trict is reflected in their fight against unification. Instead, they choose to keep the pioneer elementary school - district within the union high school district, thus block­ ing the development of a modern educational program. In spite of the fact that school housing and

90 facilities are at a low ebb in the district, the schools own most of the facilities and area that is used or could be used for community recreation services.

There are only

two public parks in the entire area and only one of these is used as a picnic ground, playfield, and playground. The Grant High School furnishes the only public swimming pool in the district.

Although the schools are generally

inadequately equipped, an area-wide recreation program could only be established by the use of the school's facilities and play area. There are only four schools in the area that offer public recreation services with supervision during the summer months.

Two of these schools extend the services

on a year-round basis.

The Hagginwood Park Recreation and

Parkway District is the only public community agency that is organized at present to afford recreation opportunities for the community.

Two other communities are in the pro­

cess of organization for community recreation services. The total assessed valuation of the Grant Union High School District is $28,485,730.00.

The combined

expenditures of the schools and community agencies with tax-supported funds amounted to an estimated total of $24,100.00 during the fiscal year of 1948-49 for public recreation.

91 II.

CONCLUSIONS

Problems which affect the growth and development of the educational program of the Grant Union High School District are common to the problems of providing recreation services on an area-wide basis.

What can be concluded as

a solution to the problems for the schools can also be made for community recreation. The problem of unifying the Grant High School Dis­ trict is now one of great controversy in the various com­ munities in the district.

The wealthier districts are

against unification for purely economic reasons while other groups do not relish giving up the authority that they now have in maintaining the schools in their respec­ tive districts.

These functions that are blocking unifi­

cation are violating two fundamental principles of a democratic society, namely (l) equality of educational opportunity, and (2) that wealth shall be taxed where found and the proceeds distributed where the children are.

In

principle it is Just as important to the wealthier dis­ tricts that the many children In the poorer districts be well educated as it Is that the few in the wealthier districts be educated.

Unification will not create more

wealth but it will make possible very substantial economies in operation cost, thus making available more funds for a

92 better educational program.

If the district were unified,

the assessed wealth back of each pupil would be raised in three districts, namely Del Paso Heights, Robla and Rio Linda, while the assessed wealth per pupil in the remain­ ing districts would be slightly lower but not enough to effect a greater burden on the schools. If public education is public, if education is essential to the general welfare, if equality of educational opportunity is a fundamental principle of Democracy, the variation that now exists in

tax burdens among the

several school districts in the area is a gross injustice to the taxpayers and a discrimination against children. The school tax rate ranges from a low of fifty-three cents upon each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation in the Jefferson district to a high of one dollar and thirty cents in the Robla district.

Unification is the only means by

which such unjust distribution of the tax burden can be corrected. There exists an interdependence between wholesome recreation and education.

If everyone should be afforded

equal educational opportunities, the same should hold true for recreational opportunities.

Herbert S. Jennings of

John Hopkins University maintains that the young child learns more and develops better through its play than

93 through any other form of activity.

i

Therefore the educa­

tional problems that exist in the school district of Grant High School are, in turn, problems peculiar to the develop­ ment of public recreation in the district. Community recreation in the Grant High District has followed the same pattern as the schools.

What little

recreation services that have been afforded in the district has been done by individual communities and schools.

No

effort has been made to pool the recreational resources of the district and, as a result, the programs in effect only serve the needs of a very small number of people.

The

programs are inadequately financed because of the disunity of the district.

The Hagginwood district is carrying a

heavy tax burden to finance a recreational program that is extremely limited because of the inadequacy of facilities and play area.

The new Arden Park recreation district will

also serve a very small number of people. in tax rates of these two districts show inequality within the districts.

The differences the lack of

Arden has a tax rate of

twenty cents while the Hagginwood carries a tax burden of fifty cents.

1

The comparison is much the same as the Robla

Recreation is Everybody1s Business (San Francisco: General Electric Company, 1950).

School District and the Jefferson School District as men­ tioned in preceding paragraphs, A worthy program of public recreation in the high school district can only be maintained when the communities consolidate to form a central agency for community recrea­ tion.

The same arguments for the unification of the school

district can also be used as a basis for the unification of public recreation services in the district.

It will

provide for a well-balanced program where everyone will be carrying an equal load in maintaining the program.

The

development of a recreation program by any one community places that community in the position of operating and financing activities that will be used by a fringe popu­ lation without sharing the coats and no one community in the district is able to carry on a successful program under these conditions.

The survey has revealed that the

individual programs now in operation are extremely inade­ quate and the services rendered meet the needs of a very small portion of the population.

III.

RECOMMENDATIONS

It is recommended that the area comprising the Grant Union High School District form a consolidated recreation district.

Such a move would not only be

95 beneficial for public recreational services but be a big step toward the eventual unification of the school dis­ tricts. The procedures for the development of a consolidated recreation district are outlined as follows: FIRST STEP In order to form a consolidated recreation district which would include both incorporated and unincorporated areas, the following legal requirements must be followed: 1.

The Recreation Park and Parkway District of

Hagginwood would be dissolved under the legal authority of Section 5664 of the Public Resources Code. a.

The same procedure would be used for the Arden

Park Park District. SECOND STEP 2.

A joint resolution of the governing bodies of

the incorporated and unincorporated areas creating a consolidated district. a.

The governing bodies of the incorporated areas

may designate the governing body of the unincorporated

2

Public Resources Code, Section 5664, Division 5, Chapter 3, Article 4. California, 1950.

96 area of the county as the governing body of the district.

■3

THIRD STEP 3.

The governing body of the City or County shall

fix a time and place for

the hearing and determination of

the matter and direct its clerk to public a notice (1) once a week for (2) two successive weeks in a newspaper circulated in the territory which it is proposed to organize into a district. a.

The newspaper

shall be one which the governing

bodydeems

most likely to give notice to the inhabitants 4 of the proposed formation of the district.

FOURTH STEP 4.

The notice referred to in the preceding para­

graph shall be as follows: The notice shall be in large type and shall be headed “Notice of the Proposed Formation of ________ (County or City) Park Recreation and Parkway District in___________ County•" The notice shall: a. State the name of the proposed district and the name of the county or city in which the proposed district is located. b. State the fact that the governing body of the city or county has fixed the time and place, which shall be stated in the notice for a hearing on the formation of the district. c. Describe the territory or specify the exterior boundaries proposed in the district. ^ Ibid., Section 5404, Div. 3 , Chapter 3, Article 1. ^ ihid., Section 5^05.

97 d. State that the question of whether a tax ceiling shall be set for the district and submitted to the electors for approval will be determined at the hearing.5 At the conclusion of the hearing the governing body may abandon or proceed with the establishment of the district. FIFTH STEP If the governing body decides to proceed with the establishment of the district, an election shall be called by a resolution in which the governing body shall set forth the date of the election, which shall be the last twenty days after the adoption of the resolution. In all particulars the election shall be held as provided by law for holding general elections in the county, except that no notice of the election other than by publication of the resolution need be given. SIXTH STEP The resolution ordering the holding of the election shall, prior to the date of the election, be publicized once a week for two successive weeks In a newspaper of

^ Ibid., Section 5^06. 6 Ibid., Section 5^08.

98 7

general circulation in the proposed district.1 SEVENTH STEP If at the election a majority of the votes cast ratify the establishment of the district, the governing body shall enter a finding to that effect upon its minutes, 8 and thereafter the district is established and organized. EIGHTH STEP The governing body of the district shall be the governing body of the city or county In which the district lies unless the voters of the district by majority vote determine to elect their own board of directors.^ It is recommended that the recreation district could levy an annual tax of fifteen cents upon each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation based on a total valuation of $28,485,730.00 which would raise approximately $42,728.00 annually and be sufficient to finance the operating expense of the recreation district.

This would

lessen the load of those agencies not maintaining a rec­ reation program and would certainly be far more reasonable than the present tax rate of fifty cents levied by the

7 Ibid.. Section 5^09. 8 Ibid.. Section 5^10. ^ Ibid., Section 5^10.1.

99 Hagginwood Park Recreation and Parkway District. The elementary schools and the high school could contribute a nominal amount of money each year to the recreation district to help finance the operating expenses. In turn, an official from each school district should be appointed as an ex-officio member of the recreation board. The recreation district should hire a trained rec­ reation man as the Superintendent of Recreation.

His

starting salary should be no less than $3 ,5 0 0 .0 0 per year. His duties would be chiefly administrative and supervisory. Every school playground in the area should have a recreation leader employed for full time duty during the summer months and part time during the school year. Physical Education Majors from, nearby Sacramento State College would be suitable for these Jobs. The parks in the district should have a trained recreation leader full time during the summer months, and part time during the school year.

He should be trained to

handle any age group. Provisions should be made to recruit volunteers who could help supervise the playgrounds and youth centers. Voluntters would most likely be found among the students majoring in social work at Sacramento State College. Plans should be made immediately to furnish the

100 area with another swimming pool.

A long-range program

would eventually include four or five public swimming pools. All agencies serving youth should be made to feel that they are part of the long-range program which the recreation district should adopt.

Their services would be

invaluable in the development of an area-wide recreation service.

Service clubs should be consulted and their

suggestions and help should be considered.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

BIBLIOGRAPHY A. BOOKS Burns, C. Delisle, Leisure in the Modern World. New York: The Century Company, 1932. 230 pp. Butler/ George D., Introduction to Community Recreation. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1940.

547 PP. Hjelte, George, The Administration of Public Recreation. New York: The Macmillan Company, 19W * 4l6 pp. ~~ Lundberg, George A., Mirra Komarovsky and Mary Alice Mclnerny, Leisure. New York: Columbia University Press, 193^ 396 pp. Meyer, Harold D., and Charles K. Brightbill, Community Recreation. Boston: D. C. Heath and Company, 19'4o. 704 pp. Mitchell, Elmer D., and Bernard S. Mason, The Theory of Play. New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1934.

WT PP.

Nash, Jay B ., The Organization and Administration of Playgrounds and Recreation. New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1928"! 547 pp. Neumeyer, Martin, and Esther Neumeyer, Leisure and Recreation. New York: A. S. Barnes and Company, 1949. 411 pp. Rainwater, Clarence E., The Play Movement in the United States. Ghicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1922. 371 pp. Steiner, Jesse Frederick, Americans at Play. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1933. 201 pp. _______, Community Recreation. New York: The Century Company, 1930. 453 pp.

102 B.

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

Emrick, Lillian, 11A Survey of the Recreational Interests of High School Pupils in Nogales, Arizona.” Unpublished Master’s thesis. The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 19W . 88 pp. Grant, Harold, "A Proposed Community Recreation Program for the City of Redondo Beach.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 19^0. 119 PP* Hammatt, L. D., “The Organization and Administration of Community Recreation and Playgrounds.11 Unpublished Master’s thesis, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 193^* 9^* pp. Kaufman, Raymond, “A Survey of Recreational Opportunities in Kings County, California.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 19^1. 107 PP* Landreth, V. S., ”A Survey of Public Recreation Facilities in California Communities with a View of Developing a Standard.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1938. 99 PP* Noble, Orland ¥., ”A Survey of Recreation in Kern County." Unpublished Master’s thesis, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1938. 75 pp. Pierce, Esther R., "A Survey of the Present Status of thePlay and Recreation Movement in the United States." Unpublished Master’s thesis, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 193^* 112 pp. Reynolds, Flora B., "The Community Recreation Movement in the United States." Unpublished Master’s thesis, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 193^* 97 PP*

103 C.

PUBLICATIONS OP ORGANIZATIONS

Compilation of Laws Relating to Recreation. Publication No. 2, State of California Recreation Commission on Recreation in California. Know Your Community. 315,Pourth Avenue, New York 10, New York: National Recreation Association, 1950. Milne, David, A Study of Agencies Serving Youth in Tulare County. California: California Youth Authority, August, 19^6, Publications on Play and Recreation. 315 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, New York, National Recreation Association, 1950. Recreation is Everybody1s Business. Electric Company, 1950.

San Francisco: General

Recreation Salaries. 315 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, New York: National Recreation Association. Rural Recreation. 315 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, New York: National Recreation Association, 1950. Schedule for the Appraisal of Community Recreation. Fourth Avenue, New York 10, New York: National Recreation Association, 1950.

315

School Grounds Designed for Community Use. 315 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, New York: National Recreation Association, 1950. Second Annual Report to the Honorable Earl Warren, Governor of the State of California. California Recreation Commission on Recreation in California, March, 1950. Standards for Municipal Recreation Areas. 315 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, New York: National Recreation Association. Standards for Neighborhood Recreation Areas and Facilities. 315 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, New York: National Recreation Association.

104 Standards for Playground Apparatus. 315 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, New York: National Recreation Association . Standards for Professional Recreation Personnel. Publica­ tion No. 5, State of California Recreation Commission on Recreation in California. Standards--Playgrounds, Playfields, Recreation Buildings, Indoor Recreation Facilities. 315 Fourth Avenue, New York 10, New York: National Recreation Association.

A P P E N D I X

APPENDIX Much of the data reported in this study were secured through the medium of interviews. The following indivi­ duals and agencies were an invaluable aid In helping to make possible uThe Study of Public Recreation in the Grant Union High School District.*1

INDIVIDUALS INTERVIEWED Allison, Warren A., Superintendent, Rio Linda Union School District, Rio Linda, California. Boothman, Fred A., Secretary, Chamber of Commerce,- North Sacramento City, California. Buchler, Lloyd, Chairman, Arden Park Park District, Sacramento County California. Corbin, John S., Superintendent, Robla Elementary School District, Robla, California. Desimone, Raymond J., Director of Athletics, Grant Union High School, Del Paso Heights, California. Gehris, Leroy, Secretary, Chamber of-Commerce, Rio Linda, California. Keema, Elwood J., Superintendent,-Grant Union High School District, Del Paso Heights, California. Kollenborn, Richard P., Recreation Director, Grant Union High School, Del Paso Heights, California. Lardie, Francis A., Fire Chief, Hagginwood Fire Department, Hagginwood, California. Palmiter, Leo A., Superintendent, Del Paso Heights Elementary School District, Del Paso Heights, Califor­ nia. Schneider, Thomas R., Principal, McClellan Elementary School, North Sacramento School District, North Sacramento City, California.

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Smedburg, T. R., Acting County Superintendent of Schools, County Court House, Sacramento City, Sacramento County, California, Winterstein,' Herbert E., Superintendent, Arden Elementary School District, Sacramento County, California,

AGENCIES INTERVIEWED State of California Recreation Commission, 909 1/2 Eighth Street, Sacramento 14, California. Office of the Sacramento County Superintendent of Schools, County Court House, Sacramento 14, California. Office of the Sacramento County Auditor, County Court House, Sacramento 14, California. Office of the Sacramento County Assessor, County Court House, Sacramento, 14, California. California State Department of Education, Sacramento 14, California. Hagginwood Park Recreation and Parkway District, Hagginwood, California.

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