A Short History of Byzantium 0679772693

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49-5° Eudoxia, wife of Emperor Arcadius, 36-9 Eugenius III, Pope, 276, 280-1 Eugenius IV, Pope, 370 Eugenius, Augustus, henchman of Arbogast, 34-; Eulogia Palaeologina, Princess, 316 Euphemius, Admiral, 134 Euphemius, Patriarch of Constantinople,

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INDEX

Eutropius, eunuch, 36-8 Eutyches, Archimandrite, 48 Fatimids, 174, 202, 211-12, 236-7, 239, 242 Fausta, second wife of Constantine 1,4, 6, 18; death, 10-11 Felix III, Pope, 37 Ftlioque (doctrine), 150,321, 324, 369 Flavius Anastasius see Anastasius, Flavius Formosus, Pope, 182 France: and Second Crusade, 276—8; Manuel II seeks help from, 360-1 Franciscan Order, 350 Franco, Cardinal Deacon see Boniface VII, Pope Frederick I Barbarossa, Western Emperor: succeeds Conrad, 280-1; appearance and character, 281; coronation, 281; in Rome, 281-2; and expeditions against William of Sicily, 283; reconciliation with Pope Alexander III, 288; leads Third Crusade, 296-7; death, 297 Frederick II, Western Emperor (Stupor Mundi), 312, 319 Frederick, King of Sicily, 334 Fulk of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, 269-70 Gainas the Goth, 37 Gaiseric, King of Vandals, 50-1, 66, 68 Galata (or Pera): Genoese settle in, 287; Fourth Crusade at, 301, 303; ceded to Genoese, 321; Venetian-Genoese conflicts at, 3 3 3; Andronicus III destroys defences, 340; customs revenues, 346; Andronicus IV in, 3 54; and Ottoman capture of Constantinople, 377 Galerius Augustus, 4-5 Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great, 44,46 Galla, wife of Theodosius the Great, 32 Gallipoli, 33;, 351, 353 Ganzac, 91 Gelimer, King of Vandals, 66-8

Gennadius II, Patriarch of Constantinople (George Scholarius), 367-8 Genoa and Genoese: fleet threatens Ionian coast, 263; relations with Manuel I, 286; at Galata, 287, 321; Byzantine trading concessions to, 301; excluded from Constantinople, 305; treaty with Michael VIII (1261), 31;; excommunicated by Urban IV, 319; Michael VIII dismisses and ends alliance, 319; naval defeat at Spetsai (1263), 319; 1267 agreement with Michael VIII, 321; treaty with Charles of Anjou, 322; and Andronicus H’s abolition of Byzantine navy, 552; conflicts with Venetians at Constantinople, 335, 546; activities in eastern Mediterranean, 340; customs revenues, 346; supplies to Thrace, 346; conflict with John VI, 349; in Tenedos, 3 5 3-4; reconciliation with Venice, 354; and 1395 Crusade, 3 5 9; at final siege and fall of Constantinople, 375-6; ships escape from Constantinople, 3 80; see also Galata Geoffrey de Villehardouin, Marshal of Champagne, 299 George Acropolites, Grand Logothete, 5M George of Antioch, 277-8, 279 George Maniakes, 221, 227—8 George Muzalon, 313—14 George Palaeologus, husband of Anna Ducas, 247-8

George Scholarius see Gennadius II, Patriarch of Constantinople George Sphrantzes see Sphrantzes, George George Sursubul, 175 George of Syria, 107 Germanus, father-in-law of Maurice, 87—8 Geza II, King of Hungary, 287 Ghazi II, Danishmend Emir and Malik, 267—8 Ghibellines, 320 Gibamund the Vandal, 67

4M

INDEX

Gibbon, Edward, 11, 17, 26, 29, 46,382 Giustiniani Longo, Giovanni, 375,379 Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 257-8, 260 Golden Horn, 3, 301,318, 373 Goths: Valens fights, 30; serve with Theodosius, 31-2, 34; revolts, 36-7; invade Italy, 3 8-9; make demands on Honorius, 41; sack Rome, 42; Justinian struggles with, 68-70, 72; Belisarius attacks and defeats, 69, 72-3; revival in Italy, 75—9; defeated by Narses, 80; see also Ostrogoths Gozzoli, Benozzo, 371 Gratian, Emperor, 31-2 Greece: settled by Slavs, 12 3 Greek fire, 101, 111, 176, 184, 201, 209, 286 Greek language: Heraclius makes official language of Empire, 97; in Constantinople, 159 Greens (deme): as faction, 58, 60; riots, 63-4; Tiberius Constantine and, 86; and Leontius, 104 Gregorius, brother of Exarch Heraclius, 89—90 Gregory III, Patriarch of Constantinople, 572 Gregory II, St, Pope, 112 Gregory III, Pope, 112 Gregory V, Pope, 213 Gregory VII, Pope, 253-4 Gregory VIII, Pope, 296 Gregory IX, Pope, 311 Gregory X, Pope (Teobaldo Visconti), J23-5 Gregory Asbestas, Archbishop of Syracuse, 142-3 Gregory Nazianzen, St, 22 Gregory of Sinai (monk), 341 Guelfs, 320 Guercio, Guglielmo, 319 Guiscard, Robert see Robert Guiscard Guy of Lusignan, King ofJerusalem, 296

415

Hadrian I, Pope, 116, 119 Hadrian II, Pope, 15 3-4 Hadrian (or Adrian) IV, Pope (Nicholas Breakspear), 281-3, 288 Hadrian (or Adrian) V, Pope, 3 2 5 Hannibalianus, King of Pontus, 16, 20 Harald Hardrada, 221 Harmatius, 5 3-4 Harran, near Edessa, 260 Harun-al-Rashid, Caliph, 117-18, 123-4, 135-6 Hattin, Homs of (hill), 296 Hedwig of Bavaria, 193 Helena, Empress, wife of Constantine VII, 171, 178, 181,183 Helena, Empress, wife ofJohn V, 345 Helena, Empress, wife ofJulian, 25 Helena, Empress, wife of Manuel II, 3 j 8 Helena, Empress, wife of Theodore II, 310 Helena of Epirus, wife of Manfred of Sicily, 31; Helena Palaeologina, wife ofJohn VIII, 372 Helena, daughter of Robert Guiscard, 250-1 Helena, St, mother of Constantine I: background, 3-4; recovers True Cross, 4, 12, 14, 66; accompanies Constantine to Rome, 10; pilgrimage to Holy Land, 14; as Augusta, 21 Helena, wife of Tsar Stephen Dushan, 339 Hellespont (Dardanelles), 3 Henry III, King of England, 312 Henry IV, King of England (Bolingbroke), 361 Henry IV, Western Emperor, 25 3, 25 5 Henry VI, Western Emperor, 296-8 Henry of Champagne, Count of Troyes, 299 Henry, Duke of Austria, 279 Henry of Hainault, Latin Emperor of Constantinople, 308 Heraclea, 332 Heraclian, governor of Africa, 42

INDEX

Heraclius, Emperor: accession and early reign, 90—1; first marriage, 90; overthrows Phocas, 90; campaign against Persia, 91-3; marriage to Martina, 91, 96; reorganizes and reforms Empire, 90—1; courage in batde, 92-3; march against Chosroes, 93; triumphant homecoming, 93—4; and death of Chosroes, 94; recovers True Cross, 94-;; opposes Saracens, 95—6; religious doctrines, 9;, 97, 113; decline, 96, 102; achievements, 97; death and burial, 97-8 Heraclius, General, brother of Tiberius, 106 Heraclonas, co-Emperor, 96, 98 hesychasm and hesychasts, 341, 348 Hexamilion (defensive wall), 367 Hieropolis (nowMambij), 241 Hildebad, King of Goths, 75-6 Himerius, Logothete of the Course, 161, 164, 166 Holy Roman Empire: established, 115; disintegrates, 126; see also individual Emperors Homs see Emesa Honoria, Princess, 46 Honorius, Roman Emperor, 35, 38—41; death, 44 Hormisdas, Great King of Persia, 87 Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, 182-3 Hugh, Count of Vermandois, 257 Humbert, Cardinal of Mourmoutiers, 229-31 Hungary and Hungarians, 280, 311,350—1, 37° Huns: as threat, 31-2, 46-7, 49; in Belisarius’s army, 67 Hunyadi, John rrrjohn Hunyadi Hypadus, nephew of Anastasius, 64—5 hyperpyron (coin), 262 Ibuzir, khagan of Khazars, 105 Iconium (»os'Konya), 288, 336 iconoclasm: Leo III instigates, 111-12;

Constantine V supports, 113-15, 126; discussed at 7th Ecumenical Council, 116-17; Irene opposes, 116; under Leo V, 129-30; Theophilus and, 132, 138; Thomas the Slav opposes, 133; Michael II and, 134—5; Theodora reverses, 139-40 Ignatians, 165, 166—7 Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople (formerly Nicetas): differences with Photius, 142-5; hostility to university, 148; reinstated by Basil, 153; consecrates Bulgarian bishop, 154; death, 15; Igor, Grand Prince of Kiev, 176-7 Ulus, Isaurian general, 52-5 Innocent I, Pope, 39 Innocent III, Pope, 299—300, 308 Innocent IV, Pope, 312 Innocent V, Pope (Pierre de Tarentaise), 3*5 InstitHtes ofJustinian, 63 Irene Ducas, Empress, wife of Alexius Comnenus, 247, 249, 264—6 Irene, Empress, wife of John III, 313 Irene, Empress, wife of Leo VI: assumes Regency, 115; character and background, 115; exercise of power, 116—17; opposes iconoclasm, 116; struggle with Saracens, 116; has Constantine VI killed, 117-18; as sole ruler, 118; and Charlemagne, 119-20; overthrow and death, 120; Nicephorus I countermands, 123 Irene (formerly Bertha of Sulzbach), Empress, wife of Manuel I, 27;, 286 Irene formerly Yolanda), Empress, wife of Andronicus II, 531, 336 Irene, Tsarina, wife of Constantine Tich of Bulgaria, 313 Irene, Tsarina, wife ofJohn II Asen of Bulgaria, 311 Irene Cantacuzena, wife of Matthew, 341, 348 Irene (nie Maria Lecapena), wife of Peter of Bulgaria, 175

416

INDEX

Irene Angelina, Queen, wife of Philip of Swabia, 298 Isaac I Comnenus, Emperor, 255-6 Isaac II Angelus, Emperor, 294-8,502 Isaac, Armenian general, 77-8 Isaac Comnenus, John IPs son, 272,

274 Isaac Comnenus, Manuel I’s great nephew, 292, 297 Isaac Comnenus, sebastocrator, Alexius I’s •brother, 247-9, 2 5 3 Isaac Comnenus, sebastocrator, Alexius I’s third son, 274 Isabella, Princess, wife of Philip of Anjou, 32* Isaurians, 51-2, 5;, 58, 79 Isidore, Cardinal {earlier Metropolitan of Kiev), 567-8 Isidore of Miletus, 6 5 Islam: rise of, 94-5; see also Mohammed the Prophet; Saracens Italy: Justinian reconquers (Belisarius’s first campaign), 68-9; Belisarius’s second campaign in, 75—7; Narses defeats Goths in, 78, 80; Lombards settle in, 8 5, 115; Constantine VII and, 181; Barbarossa in, 281 Italy, southern: Saracens advance in, 165, 215; Normans in, 227, 250, 255; Alexius fails to regain, 26 5; Manuel I’s campaign against, 279-80; French dominate, 5 20; see also Sicily Izmir see Smyrna Jacob Baradaeus, 79 Janissaries, 579-81 Jean le Maingre see Boucicault, Marshal Jean, Seigneur de Chateaumorand, 561 Jerusalem: Church of Holy Sepulchre, 14—15; Constantine’s tricennalia celebrations in, 15-16; capture and massacre by Persians, 90; Heraclius returns True Cross to, 9;; Arabs capture, 96; captured and occupied by First Crusade, 260; falls to Saracens

(1187), 295—6; kingdom collapses, 298; Gregory X and, 5 2 5 Jesus Christ: theological disputes over, 4;, 48, 57, 95» 97, i°2; relics, 66, 512; transfiguration, 540; see also Christianity; True Cross Jews: reclaim menorah, 68; persecuted by Phocas, 89 jihad, 552 Joannina, daughter of Belisarius, 75 Joasaph re« John VI Cantacuzenus Johannes, Roman Emperor, 44-5 John I Tzimisces, Emperor: campaigns against Saracens, 181; ambition, 187; loyalty to Nicephorus, 188; made Domestic of the Schools, 190; in assassination of Nicephorus, 196—7; relations with Empress Theophano, 196; accession, 197—8; character, 198, 268; threatened by Svyatoslav, 198-9; and Bardas Phocas’s rebellion, 199-200; marriage to Theodora, 200; leads expedition against Svyatoslav, 201-2; and Fatimid invasion, 202-5; death, 204-5 John II Comnenus, Emperor: mother intrigues against, 264-5; sister Anna hates, 264, 266; succeeds on father’s death, 264; appearance and nickname (‘the Beautiful’), 266; character and temperament, 266; campaigns in Asia Minor, 267; concessions to Venetians, 267-8; subdues Pechenegs, 267; expeditions against Danishmends, 268; campaign against Cilicia, 269; and Norman threat, 269; takes Antioch, 269—70; at Shaizar, 271; death and succession, 272-5, 274; final Syrian campaign, 272 John III Ducas Vatatzes, Emperor, 507, 509-15 John IV Lascaris, Emperor, 514-15, 316-17,33° John V Palaeologus, Emperor: Regency and succession question, 542; crowned, 417

INDEX

545; and John Cantacuzenus’s crowning, 544-5; marriage to Helena, 345; returns to Constantinople, 547-8; conflict with Matthew Cantacuzenus, 347; John VI declares deposed, 347; proposes joint rule with John VI, 348; held by Bulgars, 350-1; personal mission to Hungary, 350; and Turkish threat, 350; encourages church union and converts to Roman Church, 3; 1-2; freed by Amadeus VI, 351; visits Venice, 3 5 2; conflicts with son Andronicus, 353; imprisonment and release, 3 5 3-4; as Ottoman vassal, 353; jurisdiction, 554, 556; banishes son Manuel, 355; death, 3 5 6; John VII rebels against, 3 ;6 John VI Cantacuzenus, Emperor {later known as monk Joasaph): supports and advises Andronicus III, 337-9; at Pelekanos, 339; alliance and friendship with Umur Pasha, 340; campaigns in Balkans, 342—3; position at death of Andronicus III, 342; outlawed in civil war, 343; proclaimed basileus, 343; first crowning (1346), 344; agreements over rule, 345; returns to Constantinople, 345; second crowning (1347), 345; and state of Empire, 34;; declining reputation, 347-8; and son’s conflict with John V, 347; abdication and retirement to monastic life, 348; achievements, 349; negotiates on church reunion, 351; and Mistra, 367; Histories, 349 John VII Palaeologus, Emperor, 3 5 3—4, 556, 358, 559, 361-2 John VIII Palaeologus, Emperor, 359, 364-72 John Alexander, Tsar of Bulgaria, 339, 543, 351 JohnAplakes, 126 John II Asen, Tsar of Bulgaria, 309-11 John Axuch see Axuch,John John the Bastard of Thessaly, 325, 329

John Beccus, Patriarch of Constantinople, 3*4, 331 John Bogas, 170 John of Brienne, ex-King ofJerusalem, 3i° John Calecas, Patriarch of Constantinople, 342-3 John of Cappadocia, 62-5, 67, 70-1, 75-7 John Chrysostom, St, 38-9,45 John Curcuas (Gourgen), 176-7, 179 John, Despot of Thessalonica, 311 John Ducas, ambassador to Barbarossa, 297 John Ducas, Caesar, 241, 247 John II Ducas, Despot of Thessaly, 332 John Ducas, General, 282-3 John Eladas, magster, 168 John, General Logothete, 109 John the Grammarian (John Morocharzamius), Patriarch of Constantinople, 129, 136,139 John Hexabulios, 127 John Hunyadi, Voyevod of Transylvania {then Regent of Hungary), 370 John Mauropous, Archbishop of Euchaita, 230 John the Orphanotrophus: and Empress Zoe, 218—19; and brother Michael IV’s reign, 220; character, 220; and adoption of Michael Calaphates as successor, 221; and death of Michael IV, 222; exiled, 223; exiles Constantine IX, 226 John the Oxite, Patriarch of Antioch, 262 John Palaeologus, Despot, 325 John Palaeologus, sehastocrator, 315 John, Patriarch of Constantinople, 60 John IV, Pope, 97 John VIII, Pope, 155, 182 John X, Pope, 182 John XII, Pope, 193 John XIII, Pope, 200 John XTV, Pope, 203 John XVI, Pope (John Philagathus), 213 John XXI, Pope, 32; John XXII, Pope, 340

418

INDEX

John Scylitzes, 242 decline, 82; and Kotrigur invasion, 82; assessed, 83-4; death and burial, 83; John Xiphilinus, Patriarch of Constantinople, 230, 257 depicted, 83; ecclesiastical laws, 83; encourages trade, 84 Joscelin I of Courtenay, Count of Edessa, Justinian II, Emperor, 102-9 261 Joscelin II of Courtenay, Count of Edessa, Kaikosru II, Sultan of Iconium, 311,332 271-2 Kalojan, Tsar of Bulgaria, 308-9 Joseph I, Patriarch of Constantinople, 5 31 Joseph II, Patriarch of Constantinople, Karamans, 334,336 Kastoria, 2 5 3 368 Kavadh-Siroes see Siroes, KavadhJoseph Bringas, 184-;, 187-90, 232 Keduktos, plain of, 133 Joseph Tarchaniotes, 238 Khaireddin (“Torch of the Faith”), Grand Jovian, Roman Emperor, 29-30 Vizier, 3 5 5 Julian the Apostate, Roman Emperor; Khalid, Muslim general, 96 appointed Caesar, 21-2; background Khazars, 92-3, 105,107, 146 and character, 21-2; appearance and Kilij Arslan II, Seljuk Sultan, 286, 288-9 manner, 22; military successes, 22-3; Korsun see Cherson renounces Christianity, 22, 24; in Gaul, Kosedag, batde of (143), 311,3 3 2 23; summoned to East, 23-4; Kosovo, first batde of (13 89), 3 5; proclaimed Augustus, 24; austerity, 2 5; Kotrigurs, 82 edict against Christian faith, 23-6; Krum, Bulgar Khan, 124,126-8,168,174 paganism and mysticism, 25, 27; reforms, 25; Persian expedition, 26—7; Lactantius, 6 killed, 27; assessed, 28; burial, 29 Ladislas, King of Hungary and Poland, Julius Constantius, 20-1 37^1 Justin I, Emperor, 59-60, 62 Larissa, batde of (1083), 253 Justin II, Emperor, 83, 85-6 Lazar Hrebelianovich, Serbian Prince, 3 5 5 Justin, General, 71 Lazarus, icon painter, 138 Justina, mother of Valentinian II, 32 Lemnos, 3 5; Justinian I, Emperor: building Leo I, Emperor, 51-2 programme, 19, 62, 65—6, 83; and Leo III, Emperor, 110-13 reconquest of Italy, 54, 68-9, 72; and Leo TV, Emperor, 115 religious unity and controversies, 60—1, Leo V (the Armenian), Emperor, 126-31; 79—82; supports Justin, 60; meets and killed, 13 2 marries Theodora, 61-2; law code, 63; Leo VI (the Wise), Emperor; paternity, and Nika revolt, 63-5; war against 149; birth of son Constantine, 15 2; Vandals, 66-8; rewards Belisarius, 67-8; death, 154—5; loathed by Basil 1,156, returns menorah to Jews, 68; mistrust 158; imprisoned and released, 157-8; and jealousy of Belisarius, 73, 76, 82; ill marriage toTheophano, 157-8, 161; in plague, 74—;; succession question, mistress, 157—8; character, intelligence 74; and threat from Chosroes, 74; and and learning, 15 8; and death of Basil I, Belisarius’s second Italian campaign, 158; and succession, 15 8-9; reign, 15 9; 76—7; and Totila’s revolt, 76; and death and Saracens, 159; war against Bulgars, of Theodora, 78; reconciliation with 159-60; later marriages, 161-5, 172 Belisarius, 78; calls Church Council, 81;

419

INDEX

Leo Balantes, 197 Leo, grandson of Leo I, ; 2 Leo, King of Lesser Armenia, 269, 284 Leo the Philosopher (or, the Mathematician), 148 Leo Phocas, Domesticus, 170-2 Leo Phocas, son of Bardas, 181, 185-6, 188, 190, 193, 199 Leo I (the Great), Pope, 48-50 Leo III, Pope, 118-19, 145 Leo IX, Pope, 229-30, 250 Leo of Tripoli, 160,164, 176 Leontia, wife of Phocas, 88 Leontius, Emperor, 104-; Leontius the Syrian, 54-; Lesbos, 268, 340,358 Levunium, battle of (1091), 255 Lewis I (the Pious), Holy Roman Emperor, 138 Lewis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 150—1, 15 3-5 Lewis the German, King of the Eastern Franks, 145-6 Libanius, 22 Licinianus, son of Licinius, 10 Licinius Augustus, Roman Emperor, 5, 7—8,10

Liudprand, Bishop of Cremona: missions to Constantinople, 182, 193—4 Logothetes, 76 Lombards, 85, 114-15 London: Manuel II visits, 360 Longinus, brother of Emperor Zeno, ;;, 57-8 Longo, Giovanni Giustiniani see Giustiniani Longo, Giovanni Lontius the Syrian, 54-5 Lothair II, King of Lorraine, 150 Lothair III, Western Emperor, 269 Louis I (the Great), King of Hungary, 35o-i Louis VII, King of France, 276-80 Louis IX, St, King of France, 312,319, 3“ Lupicina, wife ofJustin, 59

Lupicinus, Count of Thrace, 31 Lusignan family (of Cyprus), 340 Macarius, Bishop ofJerusalem, 14 Macedonia, 309, 313, 339,344 ‘Macedonian Renaissance’, 181 Macedonius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 18, 59 Magnaura, university of the see Constantinople: university Magnentius, Roman Emperor, 21 Magnesia (now Manisa), 332,334; battle of (13°*), 333 Magyars, 160, 23; Maingre, Jean Le see Boucicault, Marshal Malik-Shah, Seljuk Sultan, son of Alp Arslan, 242 Malik-Shah, Sultan of Iconium, 264 Mameluke dynasty, 298 Mamun, Caliph of Baghdad, 128, 133-4, 136-7,148 Manfred of Sicily, 315,318—20 Maniakes, George see George Maniakes Manuel I Comnenus, Emperor: Constance offered in marriage to, 270; accession, 272-4; appearance and character, 274-5; expedition against Antioch, 275; first marriage (to Irene/Bertha), 27;; relations with Church, 27;; sexual activities, 275; learns of Second Crusade, 276-7; hostilities with Sicilians, 277-8; treaty with Turks, 277; friendship and alliance with Conrad, 278-9; and Serb revolt, 279; and Barbarossa, 282; and Norman revolt in Apulia, 283; treats with William of Sicily, 283; campaigns in Cilicia, 284-;; recovers and enters Antioch, 28;; truce agreement with Nureddin, 285; receives Seljuk Sultan, 286, 288; remarries (Mary), 286; acts against Venetians, 287; dominance, 288; failed campaign against Kilij Arslan II, 288-9; negotiates with Pope Alexander III, 288; achievements, 289-90; decline and death, 289

420

INDEX

Manuel II Palaeologus, Emperor: accompanies father to Hungary, 3 51; as Governor of Thessalonica, 353; secures father’s release, 3 5 2; crowned, 353; imprisonment and release, 3 5 3-4; jurisdiction, 354; exile on Lemnos, 355; resists Ottomans, 355; forced to support Bayezit, 3 56; rescues father from John VII, 356; character and appearance, 358; marriage and second coronation, 3 5 8-9; relations with Bayezit, 359; and siege of Constantinople, 359-60; personal embassy to Paris and London, 360-1; seeks Western help, 360; returns to Constantinople, 361-2; and Siileymans’s terms, 363; and Mehmet’s succession to Sultanate, 364; and Ottoman pretender Mustafa, 365; monastic vows and death, 366; on Empire’s leadership, 370 Manuel Angelus Ducas Comnenus, Despot of Thessalonica, 310—11 Manuel Apocaucus, 343 Manuel Cantacuzenus, Despot of the Morea, 367 Manuel Comnenus, son of Andronicus, 308 Manuel Palaeologus, son of Michael IX, 337 Manzikert («owMalazgirt): Alp Arslan takes, 238; batde of (1071), 239—40, 242, 244,256 Martian, Emperor, 48-50 Maria Comnena, Manuel I’s daughter, 292 Maria, daughter ofJohn of Brienne, 310 Maria Traiana Ducas, 247 Maria of Trebizond, wife of John VIII, 369 Maria, wife of Nicephorus, 312—13 Maria, wife of Roger de Flor, 334-5 Maritsa river see Chemomen, battle of Mark Eugenicus, Metropolitan of Ephesus, 368—9 Marozia, Senatrix of Rome, 182

Martin I, Pope, 99—100 Martin IV, Pope (Simon de Brie), 328 Martin V, Pope, 368 Martina, wife of Emperor Heraclius, 91, 94, 96, 9M Mary, Empress, wife of Theodore I, 309 Mary of Alania, Empress, wife of Michael VII, 247, 249 Mary of Amnia, wife of Constantine VI, 117 Mary of Antioch, Empress, wife of Manuel I, 286, 291-2 Maslama, Prince, 110-11 Matthew Cantacuzenus, co-Emperor, 340, 344, 347—8 Maurice, Emperor, 87-9 Maurus, Patrician, 107 Maxentius, son of Maximian, 5-6 Maximian ‘August?, joint Emperor, 4-5, 10 Maximin Daia Caesar, 5 Maximus, Magnus Clemens, 32 Mehmet I, Ottoman Sultan, 364 Mehmet II (the Conqueror), Ottoman Sultan: accession, 372-3; character and background, 572; threatens Constantinople, 575-4; siege and final conquest of Constantinople, 375-9,381 Melchiades, Pope, 6 Meletian Church, 8 Melisende, wife of Fulk of Anjou, 270 Melitene (now Malatya), 176; see also Omar ibn Abdullah Mennas, Patriarch of Constantinople, 79 Mesembria (now Nesebur), 126,3; 1 Messina (Sicily), 221, 227, 292-3, 298, 328-9; battle of (1157), 283 Methodius, brother of Cyril, 146,15 5 Methodius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 139-40, 142 Michael I Rhangabe, Emperor (later Athanasius), 125-7 Michael II, Emperor, 131-5 Michael III, Emperor marriage, 141; and killing of Theocritus, 141; and Ignatius,

421

INDEX

144; military expeditions, 144, 147; and Photius’s patriarchate, 145; expedition to Bulgars, 146; weakness and drunkenness, 147; relations with Basil the Macedonian, 148-9, 151; and paternity of Leo VI, 149; and plot against Bardas, 149; and crowning of Basil 1,150; and Lewis II, 1J1; murdered, 151-2 Michael TV, Emperor: affair with Zoe, 219; guilt, 219-20; ill-health, 219; marriage to Zoe and accession, 219; administration, 220; expedition against Sicily, 220-1; death, 222; leads army against Bulgars, 222; exiles Constantine Monomachus, 226 Michael V Calaphates, Emperor, 221-3, 224-6 Michael VI Bringas (Stratiocus), Emperor, 232-4 Michael VII Ducas, Emperor (‘Parapinaces’), 241-4, 247, 250-1 Michael VIII Palaeologus, Emperor: relations with Theodore II, 314; campaigns against Epirus, 314—15; regency and accession, 314; treaty with Genoa (1261), 315; enters and recovers Constantinople, 316, 318; reorganization and reforms, 318; encourages union of Churches, 319-21, 323-4,326; ends Genoese alliance, 319; negotiations with Urban IV, 319-20; threatened by Charles of Anjou, 320-3, 328; 1267 alliance with Genoa, 321; alliance with Venice (1268), 321-2; negotiations with Clement IV, 321; approaches Louis IX, 322; Gregory X negotiates with, 323-5; campaigns in Balkans, 325-6; Nicholas Ill’s embassy to, 326; Berat victory over Angevins, 3 27; excommunicated by Martin IV, 328; campaign against Turks, 329; death and burial, 3 29; and Sicilian Vespers, 329; reign and achievements, 35°

Michael IX Palaeologus, co-Emperor, 333-7 Michael Asen, Tsar of Bulgaria, 311,313 Michael Attaleiates, 238, 240 Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, 228-31, 233-5 Michael II Comnenus Ducas, Despot of Epirus, 307 Michael Curcuas, Patriarch of Constantinople, 274 Michael Palaeologus, General, 282-4 Michael Palaeologus, son ofJohn V, 3 51 Michael Psellus, 225-6, 230-2, 234-5, 237, 242 Michael Sisman, Bulgar Tsar, 338 Michael Tarchaneiotes, 327 Michiel, Domenico, Doge of Venice, 268 Michiel, Vitale, Doge of Venice, 287-8 Milan, 281; siege and sack of (5 38-9), 71-2 Milan, Edict of (313), 7 Miliutin see Stephen Urosh II, King of Serbia Milvian Bridge, batde of the (312), 5—7 Minotto, Girolamo, 375, 377 Mistra, 354,363,367, 372 Mohammed the Prophet, 94-5 money: devaluation of, 262; see also coinage Mongols: Kosedag victory over Seljuks, 311,332; reach Danube basin, 311; Michael VIII and, 530; defeat Ottomans (1402), 361; advance, 362; see also Tamburlaine monophytism, 48, 57-8,79, 86, 95-6 monothelitism, 99, 102 Monte Cassino, Abbot of, 323 Monte Cassino, batde of (115 8), 284 Moravia, 145, 155 Morea (Peloponnese), 322, 327,354, 363, 367-8 Mosynopolis, batde of (1185), 295 Mount Athos, 347,363 Muawiya, Caliph, 99,101-2 Mundus, General, 64

422

INDEX

Murad I, Ottoman Sultan, 350, 353-; Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, 364-8, 369, 375 Murzuphlus see Alexius V Ducas Musa, Prince, son of Bayezit, 361,363-4 Muslims see Islam Mustafa, Prince, son of Bayezit, 361; pretender, 364—5 Mustafa, Prince, son of Mehmet I, 365 Mutasim, Caliph, 137-8 Myriocephalum, battle of (1174), 288-9 Naples, 69,76,100 Narses, commander of imperial bodyguard, 64,70-1, 78, 80 Narses, General, 89 navy (Byzantine): Andronicus II abolishes, 3 51; Ahdronicus III rebuilds, 340 Neopatras, 325 Nepotianus, Popilius, 20 Nestorius, Bishop of Constantinople, 45-6.48, 79 Nicaea: surrenders to Isaac I, 235-4; captured by Crusaders, 259-60; Turks besiege (1113), 263; emperor in exile in, 307-8; treaty with Franks (1214), 308; treaty with John Asen (1235), 311; cultural revival under Theodore II, 313; and Turkish occupation of Anatolia, 332, 336; Ottomans capture, 339 Nicaea, Councils of see Church Councils Nicephorus I Phocas, Emperor, 123-4, 160 Nicephorus II Phocas, Emperor: campaigns against Saracens, 181, 192; character, 184; expedition against Crete, 184-5; Theophano recalls on death of Romanus II, 187-8; proclaimed Emperor of the Romans, 189-90,198; appearance, 190; marriage to Theophano, 190-1; debarred from sacrament because of marriage, 191; acts against Bulgars, 192; diplomatic blunders, 192-3; Liudprand’s embassy to, 193-4, 203; declining popularity,

194-;; severity towards Church, 195; assassinated, 196-7 Nicephorus III Botaneiates, Emperor, *43-4. 247-8 Nicephorus Bryennius, Caesar, husband of Anna Comnena, 264, 266 Nicephorus Bryennius, General, 238-9, 243-4 Nicephorus Caesar, 117 Nicephorus, Patriarch of Constantinople, 125-6,129-30 Nicephorus, son of Michael II of Epirus, 312-13,332 Nicetas, Admiral, 154 Nicetas Choniates, 294, 304 Nicetas, son of Gregorius, 89-90 Nicholas, Patriarch of Constantinople, 165-9, ’74-5 Nicholas I, Pope, 144—5,147,150—1, 153, 182 Nicholas II, Pope, 250 Nicholas III, Pope (Giovanni Gaetani Orsini), 325-7 Nicholas V, Pope, 374 Nicholas, Bishop of Crotone, 319-20 Nicholas, comes, 207 Nicomedia (nowIzmit), 233,332-3,336, 339 Nicopolis, battle of (1396), 360 Nika revolt (5 32), 63-; Nish, 256, 292,355 Nisibis, 29 Normans: in Italy and Sicily, 227, 250-1, 253; capture Bari, 241; attack Roman Empire, 250-4; suffer epidemic, 254; revolt against William the Bad, 282-4; rule in Sicily ends, 299 Norsemen (Vikings), 144; see also Varangian Guard Nureddin, Atabeg of Mosul, 278, 284-6, 288 Nymphaeum (now Kemalpasa), 307, 319 Ochrid, 354 Odoacer (Odovacer), Patrician, 5 3-6

423

INDEX

Oleg (Viking), 176 Olga, Princess, Regent of Kiev, 196 Olympius, minister of Honorius, 40 Omar, Caliph, 95-6 Omar ibn Abdullah, Emir of Malatya, 140-1 Omayyad Caliphate, 101,114 Omortag, Bulgar Khan, 128, 133 Opsikion Theme, 109 Orhan, son of Emir Othman, 339-40, 345-4. 347, 3 5° Orseolo, Pietro II see Pietro Orseolo II Orvieto, Treaty of (1281), 328 Oryphas, Prefect, 144 Ostia, 14 Ostrogoths, 12, 31, 55, 68; see also Goths Othman, Caliph, 99 Othman, Ghazi Emir, 333, 336 Otranto, 1; 5 Otto I (the Great; earlier the Saxon), Holy Roman Emperor, 181,193-4, 200, 203 Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, 194, 200, 213-14 Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, 201, 213-14 Ottoman Turks: establish Empire, 333; advance, 336,341, 350; blockade Nicaea, 539; in Thrace and Macedonia, 342; in Gallipoli, 348, 353; Chemomen victory (1371), 552—3; support John VI, 3 5 3-4; conquests and administration in Europe, 354-5; Kosovo victory (1389), 355; defeat Sigismund’s 1396 Crusade, 359-60; siege of Constantinople (1394-5), 359; defeated by Mongols, 561-2; treaty with Byzantines (1403), 362- 3; Sultanate succession struggle, 363- 5; in the Morea, 367; conquests in Balkans, 370; and Crusade of Varna, 370; threaten Constantinople, 373-4; naval superiority, 374-5; final siege and conquest of Constantinople, 375;!« also Turks Outremer (Crusader lands), 260, 275-6, 284-5, *88

Palermo, 250, 328-9 Pandects (of law), 63

Papacy: rise of, 54; see also individual popes Paris: Manuel II visits, 360-1 Paschal II, Pope, 261 Patricius, Master of the Offices, ; 2 Paul, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, 35i Paul, Patriarch of Constantinople, 99 Paul VI, Pope, io8n Paul the Stammerer, Patriarch of Alexandria, 57 Paulicians, 140-1, 15 ;-6 Pechenegs, 160, 170, 199, 23;, 254-;, 266, 269 Pegae {notv Karabiga), 308, 334 Pelagonia {now Bitolj or Monastir), battle of(IZ59). 30 Pelekanos {now Manyas), battle of (13 29), 559 Pepin the Short, Frankish King, 11;, 118 Pergamum, 12 Persia: as threat to Rome, 12; wars with, 21, 23; Julian’s expedition against, 26-7; treaty with Rome, 29; annexes Armenia, 30; ‘Everlasting Peace’ (532), 62; threat to Justinian, 74; annihilates imperial force in Armenia, 75; control of trade, 84; war resumes (572), 86; Maurice and, 87; war ends (591), 87; invasion by, 89-90; Heraclius campaigns against, 91-2; besieges Constantinople, 92-3; Heraclius defeats, 93; peace treaty (628), 94 Peter I, King of Cyprus, 3 50 Peter III, King of Aragon, 328-9 Peter, Archbishop of Amalfi, 229 Peter of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople, 309 Peter Deljan, 222 Peter the Hermit, 256—7 Peter Phocas, 199 Peter, Tsar of Bulgaria, 175-6,196 Petronas, Patrician, 167

424

INDEX

Petronius Maximus, Roman Emperor, 49-5° Philadelphia («a»'Ala§ehir), 552,334, 354, 556 Philip I, King of France, 257 Philip Augustus, King of France, 296-8 Philip, Count of Anjou, son of Charles I, 3*b 3*7 Philip, Count of Anjou, Prince of Taranto, son of Charles II, 332, 336 Philip of Courtenay, Latin Emperor of Constantinople, 321,325, 328 Philip of Swabia, King of the Romans, *97-8, 500-1 Philippa of Antioch, sister of Empress Mary, 291 Philippicus Bardanes (Vardan), Emperor, 107-9 Philippopolis (»«»'Plovdiv), 196 Philomelion, 264 Philotheus (Coccinus), Patriarch of Constantinople, 347, 351 Phocas, Emperor, 87-90 Phocas Tzimisces, 187

Photians, 163, 167 Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople: opposes Ignatius, 142; qualities and scholarship, 142-3, 148; dispute with Pope over Patriarchate, 144-5,150; on Russian raid, 144; and Cyril, 146; refuses Boris of Bulgaria, 146-7; and killing of Bardas, 149; and Lewis II, 151,153; dismissed, 153; return from exile and reinstatement, 155; comforts Basil I, 157; abdicates under Leo VI, 158 Pietro Orseolo II, Doge of Venice, 214 Pisa, 263, 287, 30; Placidia, Galla see Galla Placidia Plethon, George Gemistos, 367-8 Pliska, 124 Poimanenon, battle of (1204), 308 Polyeuctus, Patriarch of Constantinople, 183, 188,190-2,198 Preslav (Ioannopolis, Bulgaria), 201

4*5

Prilep, 354 Prinkipo (»3°, 135

428

INDEX

Theodore Angelus Ducas Comnenus of Thessalonica, Despot of Epirus, 307, 309-12 Theodore, brother of Heraclius, 92-3 Theodore, Domestic of the Schools, 233 Theodore Metochites, Grand Logothete,

Theophilus, Emperor, 132, 135-6, 138, 147-8 Theophylact, Patriarch of Constantinople,

337-8, 348 Theodore Muzalon, 313 Theodore I Palaeologus, co-Emperor and Despot of the Morea, 354, 359, 363 Theodore II Palaeologus, Despot of the Morea, 363,372 Theodore, Patrician, 106 Theodore I, Pope, 99 Theodore Svetoslav, Tsar of Bulgaria, 334, 336 Theodore, tutor of Constantine VII, 171-2 Theodoric, King of Ostrogoths, 3 5-6, 68, 76 Theodosia, Empress, wife of Leo V, 131-2 Theodosius I (the Great), Emperor, 31-6 Theodosius II, Emperor, 40,42-;, 47 Theodosius III, Emperor, 110 Theodosius, son of Maurice, 87—8 Theodote, second wife of Constantine VI, 117-18 Theodotus Cassiteras, Patriarch of Constantinople, 130 Theodotus, Grand Logothete, 104 Theognostus, 145 Theophanes,/>»i»or, 176—7 Theophanes, St {calledIsaacius), 123 Theophano, wife of Leo VI, 157-8, 161 Theophano, wife of Otto II, 200, 213 Theophano, wife of Romanus II, then of Nicephorus Phocas: character, 183; marriage to Romanus, 185, 191; welcomes Nicephorus, 185; and death of Romanus, 187; recalls Nicephorus, 187-8; marriage to Nicephorus, 190-1; and assassination of Nicephorus, 196-7; love for John Tzimisces, 196; and accession ofJohn Tzimisces, 198; exiled, 198

173, 175,178 Theophylact the Unbearable, 173 Thessalonica: massacre (390), 33, 36; Saracens sack (904), 160; Manuel I in, 278; Sicilians besiege and capture (1185), 293; Sicilians evacuate, 295; Boniface of Montferrat establishes kingdom, 307; Theodore Angelus Ducas captures (1224), 309; power broken, 311; Epirots campaign against, 312-13,315; hostility to Michael VIII, 518, 326; Charles of Anjou and, 321; Andronicus II assumes tide to, 3 31; Catalans at, 3 3; —6; Michael IX in, 3 36; Andronicus III occupies, 338; Serbs threaten, 342; Zealots in, 343, 346; as Byzantine enclave, 345; Manuel II and, 3 34; falls to Ottomans, 353; Suleyman restores to Byzantium, 563; besieged by Murad II, 36;; offered to Venice, 36;; Ottomans recapture and pillage (1430), 367-8 Thessaly, 207, 307,336,343 Thomas Palaeologus, Despot of the Morea, 372 Thomas the Slav (of Gaziura), 13 5—4 Thoros, son of Leo the Rubenid, 284-5 Thrace: settlers in, 31-2; Turks in, 263; Bulgarians expand into, 309; Alexius Strategopulus in, 315; Catalans ravage, 334—5; armies traverse, 337; Otomans in, 342,3 50; remains in Empire, 345-6; earthquake (1354), 348; Suleyman in, 348; Mehmet Il’s army in, 374 ‘Three Chapters’(heresy), 79-80 Tibald, Count of Champagne, 299—300 Tiberias, 296 Tiberius III, Emperor, 104-; Tiberius, co-Emperor, 106, 108 Tiberius Constantine, Emperor, 86 Timur see Tamburlaine Titus, Roman Emperor, 68

429

INDEX

Tokat, battle of (838), 137 Tortona, 281 Totila, King of Goths, 75-80 Trajan’s Gate (pass), 207, 216 Trebizond, 92, 307-8, 317 Tribonian, Quaestor of the Sacred Palace, 63-5 Trinity, Holy, 150;/« also Filioque Tripoli, 296 Tmovo, 351 True Cross: Helena recovers, 4,12, 14, 66; Heraclius takes to Constantinople, 94; returned to Jerusalem, 95-6 Tunis, 323 Turks: revive hostility against Alexius, 263; John II subdues, 268; Michael VIII and, 329; establish navy, 332; expand into Anatolia, 532—3; Catalans defeat, 334; see also Ottoman Turks; Seljuk Turks Tyana, 106 Tyre, 299 Tyre, Synod of (335), 15—16 Tzazo the Vandal, 67 Umur Pasha, Emir of Aydin, 340, 343-4 Urban II, Pope, 2; 5—6, 2; 8 Urban III, Pope, 296 Urban IV, Pope (Jacques Pantaleon), 318—20 Urban V, Pope, 350, 352 Urban, German engineer, 374 Uz mercenaries, 238 Valens, joint-Emperor, 30-1 Valentinian I, Roman Emperor, 30-1 Valentinian II, co-Emperor, 31-5 Valentinian III, Roman Emperor, 44-6, 49 Valerian, Roman Emperor, 242 Vandals, 50—2, 66 Varangian Guard, 86,184, 197, 208-10, 221, 241, 248, 252,302 Varna, 351; Crusade of (1444), 369-70 Varronianus, son ofJovian, 29 Venice and Venetians: and Dalmatian

coast, 214; and Norman threat, 251, 253-4; aggression towards John II, 267-8; support Manuel I against Sicilians, 278; and Manuel’s annexation of Dalmatia, 286; expedition against Manuel, 287; supply ships for Fourth Crusade, 299—301; at siege of Constantinople (1205), 301-2; policy towards Byzantium, 303-4; plunder Constantinople, 305; territorial claims and benefits from Fourth Crusade, 306; Crown of Thoms pawned to, 312; and Michael Vffi’s occupation of Constantinople, 315-16; Spetsai victory over Genoese (1263), 319; support Urban IV against Michael VIII, 319; agreements with Michael VIII, 321—2; Charles of Anjou and, 521,328; conflicts with Genoese at Galata and Constantinople, 333,346; raid Constantinople, 333; activities in eastern Mediterranean, 340; Byzantine crown jewels pawned to, 344, 352, 358; reject Serbian alliance, 345; and John VI, 349; John V visits, 3 5 2; Tenedos offered to, 3 5 2-4; aid restoration of John V, 3 5 3-4; reconciliation with Genoa (13 81), 354; Manuel II seeks aid from and visits, 360,362; and siege of Constantinople (1394—8), 360; support pretender Mustafa, 364; govern Thessalonica, 36;, 367; and Ottoman capture of Thessalonica, 367-8; and Crusade of Varna, 370; and Mehmet H’s position at Rumeli, 373; and final siege and fall of Constantinople, 37;, 377; ships escape from Constantinople, 380 Verina, Dowager Empress, ; 1-2, 54-5 Versinicia, battle of (813), 126,128 Vezelay (Burgundy), 276 Via Egnatia, 256,352 Vidin, 350 Viesti, 282 Vigilius, Pope, 79-82; Judicature!, 81 45°

INDEX

Vitalian, Pope, ioo Viterbo: Second Treaty of (i 267), 3 27; Church reunion discussed at, 3 5 2 Vitiges, King of Ostrogoths, 69-73 Vladimir, Bulgar Khan, 159 Vladimir, St, Prince of Kiev, 208, 210-11 Walter of Brienne, Duke of Athens and Thebes, 356 Welf, Count of Bavaria, 279-80 William I (the bad), King of Sicily, 280, 282-4 William II (the good), King of Sicily, 292, 296 William V, Marquis of Montferrat, 3 31 William IX, Prince of Antioch, 270 William, Duke of Achaia, 321,327 William, Duke of Apulia, 267 William of Villehardouin, Prince of Antioch, 31 ;, 367 Yarmuk River, batde of (636), 96 Yolanda, Latin Empress Regent of Constantinople, 309 Yolanda, wife of Andronicus II see Irene, Empress Zaccaria family, 340 Zacharias, Exarch of Ravenna, 103—4 Zachary of Anagni, 144

Zara (»»»’Zadar), 300 Zealots (Thessalonica party), 343, 345 Zengi, Imadeddin, Atabeg of Mosul, *70-1,275,278 Zeno, Emperor, 51-7, 61 Ziani, Sebastiano, Doge of Venice, 288 Ziebil, khagatt of Khazars, 92 Zoe Carbonopsina, fourth wife of Leo VI: relations and marriage with Leo, 162, 164; turned out by Alexander, 166; denied Regency and banished to convent, 167-9; takes over Regency, 169; and Armenia, 170; war with Bulgars, 170; deposed, 171; final banishment, 172 Zoe, Empress, wife of Romanus III, then of Michael TV, then of Constantine IX: as prospective bride for Otto III, 213, 214; and succession to father (Constantine VIII), 217; marriage to Romanus, 218; affair with and marriage to Michael IV, 219; and Romanus’s death, 219; and Michael V’s succession, 222; Michael V ill-treats and banishes, 223; reign as joint Empress with Theodora, 223-6; and riot against Michael V, 223-4; character and appearance, 226; marriage to Constantine, 226-7; death, 232 Zoe Zautsina, wife of Leo VI, 157, 161 Zosimus, 11