A Regional Survey and Analyses of the Vrokastro Area, Eastern Crete, Volume 1: Catalogue of Pottery from the Bronze and Early Iron Age 9781934536209

Table of contents :
Contents
Illustrations
Abbreviations
Chronology
Acknowledgments
Preface
1. Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery
2. Pottery Catalogue
Tables
Bibliography
Map
Plan
Figures
Plates
Index

Citation preview

REPORTS ON THE VROKASTRO AREA, EASTERN CRETE VOLUME 1: CATALOGUE OF POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VROKASTRO

University Museum Monograph 113

REPORTS ON THE VROKASTRO AREA, EASTERN CRETE VOLUME 1: CATALOGUE OF POTTER Y FROM THE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGE-SETTLEMENT OF VROKASTRO IN THE-COLLECTIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA MUSEUM OF-ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY AND-THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM, HERAKLEION, CRETE

Barbara J. Hayden

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Philadelphia

Copyright © 2002 By the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology 3260 South Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 All Rights Reserved First Edition

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data University of Pennsylvania. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Reports on the Vrokastro area, eastern Crete : catalogue of pottery from the settlement of Vrokastro in the-collections of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and-the Archaeological Museum, Herakleion, Crete / Barbara J. Hayden. p. cm. ISBN 1-931707-26-X (alk. paper) 1. Vrokastro Site (Greece)—Catalogs. 2. Crete (Greece)—Antiquities— Catalogs. 3. University of Pennsylvania. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology—Catalogs. 4. Archaiologikon Mouseion Håerakleiou— Catalogs. I. Hayden, Barbara J. II. Archaiologikon Moseion Håerakleiou. III. Title. DF261.V74 U65 2002

Manufactured in the United States of America

To Edith Hall Dohan

Contents

1

2

ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHRONOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix ix ix ix x xi xiii xv xvii xix

INTRODUCTION: DESCRIPTION OF THE SETTLEMENT, TOPOGRAPHY, TOMBS, AND POTTERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronology and Regional Context for Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle Minoan Through Late Minoan IIIC Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . The Subminoan Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tomb Groups: Pithos Burials and Corbel-Vaulted Tombs . . . . . . . . The Pottery Style of the Corbel-Vaulted Tombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Bone Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Settlement After LM IIIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fabrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 14

POTTERY CATALOGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description of Catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Middle Minoan Through Late Minoan I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Late Minoan III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Late Minoan III Through Subminoan or Later . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subminoan Through Protogeometric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Protogeometric Through Geometric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geometric Through Orientalizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Late Geometric Through Orientalizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 20 20 25 32 36 48 60 69

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

00

Illustrations Maps 1

2

Isthmus of Hierapetra area, showing the location of the Early Iron Age settlements of Vrokastro, Kastro and Vronda, Kavousi, Katalimata, and Khalasmenos Vrokastro area, showing the settlement and tombs excavated by Edith Hall

Plans 1 2

Plan of the excavated upper settlement area, Vrokastro Plan of the excavated lower settlement area, Vrokastro

Figures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Profiles of clay vases and sherds 1–5 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 6–13 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 14, 15 Profiles of sherds 16–22 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 23–30 Profiles of sherds 31–39 Profiles of sherds 40–49 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 50–56 Profiles of clay vases 57, 58 Profile of clay vase 59 Profile of clay vases 60–62 Profiles of clay vases 63–65 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 66–69 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 70, 71 Profiles of clay vases 72, 73 Profiles of clay vases 74–77 Profiles of clay vases 78–80 Profiles of clay vases 81–83 Profiles of clay vases 84–87 Profiles of clay vases 88–94 Profiles of clay vases 95–100 Profiles of clay vases 101, 102 Profiles of clay vases 103, 104 Profiles of clay vases 105, 106 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 107–110

x

Illustrations

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Profiles of clay vases and sherds 111–115 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 116–119 Profiles of clay vases 120, 121 Profile of clay vase 122 Profiles of clay vases 123–125 Profiles of clay vases 126, 127 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 128–132 Profiles of sherds 133–137 Profiles of sherds 138–142 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 143–148 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 149–155 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 156–159 Profile of clay vase 160 Profile of clay vases and sherds 161–163 Profile of clay vase 164 Profiles of clay vases and sherd 165–168 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 169–176 Profiles of clay vase and sherds 177–182 Profiles of clay vases 183–186 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 187–190 Profiles of sherds 191–198 Profiles of clay vases and sherds 199–205 Profiles of clay vases 206, 207

Plates 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Clay vases and sherds 1–5 Clay vases and sherds 6–10, 12–17 Clay vases and sherds 18, 19, 21–23, 25–30 Clay vases and sherds 31–42 Clay vases and sherds 43–47, 49–56 Clay vases 57–59 Clay vases 60–62 Clay vases and sherds 63–66 Clay vases and sherds 67–71 Clay vases and sherds 72–77 Clay vases and sherds 78–82 Clay vases and sherds 84–87, 90–92 Clay vases and sherds 93–98 Clay vases 99–101, 103 Clay vases 104, 105 Clay vases and sherds 106–110 Clay vases and sherds 111–116 Clay vases 117, 119–121 Clay vases 122, 123, 125

Illustrations

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Clay vases 126–129, 131, 132 Clay sherds 133–138 Clay vases and sherds 139–145 Clay vases and sherds 146, 147, 149–155 Clay vases and sherds 156–159 Clay vases 160, 161 Clay vases 163, 164 Clay vases and sherds 165, 167–172 Clay vases 173–182 Clay vases and sherds 183–190 Clay vases and sherds 191–194, 196–200 Clay vases and sherds 201, 202, 204–207

Tables 1 2 3

Vrokastro Pottery Concordance Vrokastro Vases and Sherds Not Catalogued Findspots of Vases and Sherds

xi

Abbreviations BE  bone enclosure CT  corbel-vaulted chamber tomb diam  diameter EG  Early Geometric EIA  Early Iron Age EPG  Early Protogeometric G  Geometric H  height LG  Late Geometric LM  Late Minoan LPG  Late Protogeometric LS  lower settlement MG  Middle Geometric MM  Middle Minoan MPD  maximum preserved dimension MPG  Middle Protogeometric MPH  maximum preserved height O/Or  Orientalizing PG  Protogeometric period PGA  Protogeometric A PGB  Protogeometric B SM  Subminoan SPG  Subprotogeometric th  thickness US  upper settlement

Chronology Minoan Chronology Based on Egyptian Chronology (from P. Warren and V. Hankey, Aegean Bronze Age Chronology [Bristol 1989] 169, Table 3.1) MM I–II MM IIIA MM IIIB LM IA LM IB LM II LM IIIA:1 LM IIIA:2 LM IIIB LM IIIC Subminoan (SM)

2160/1979–1700/1650 1700/1650–1640/1630 1640/1630–1600 1600/1580–1480/ 1480/ to 1425 1425–1390 1390–1370/1360 1370/1360–1340/1330 1340/1330–1190/ 1190/ to 1070/ 1070/after 1015/970

Minoan Chronology Based on C14 Dates MM III–LM I 1800/1750–1525/1500 (late 17th c. mature/late LM IA) LM II, IIIA–IIIB 1525/1500–1200/1190 Kamares Style (from G. Walberg, Kamares, A Study of the Character of Palatial Middle Minoan Pottery [Göteborg 1987] 125) Pre-Kamares Early Kamares Classical Kamares Post-Kamares

MM IA MM IB–IIA MM IIA-B–IIIA MM IIIA–IIIB

For a summary of existing chronologies for the Early Iron Age, see M. Mook, The Northwest Building: Houses of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages on the Kastro at Kavousi, East Crete (Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota 1993) 24–29. EPG MPG LPG PGB EG MG LG Trans EO

970–920 B.C. 920–875 875–840 840–810 810–790 790–745 740–710 710–700 700–660 B.C.

Acknowledgments I

would like to thank the staff of the American School of Classical Studies for assistance in obtaining the necessary permits for this study, in particular the former Directors Stephen G. Miller and the late William D. E. Coulson, and Maria Pilali, administrative assistant, for processing the permit applications. I would also like to express my gratitude to the former and present staff of the Herakleion Archaeological Museum, Crete, including Ioannis Sakellarakis, Charalambos Kritsas, Eleni Banou, Despoina Xatzi-Vallianou, and Alexandra Karetsou, for their assistance in the study of these artifacts recovered through excavation of the settlement and cemeteries of Vrokastro. I owe a-debt of gratitude to David Romano and Ann Blair Brownlee, and especially G. Roger Edwards, for facilitating this study within the Mediterranean collection at the University of Pennsylvania Museum. Julie Lawson was responsible for conservation of some of the Vrokastro vases in the University of Pennsylvania Museum collection. Funding for research was provided by two National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) Travel to Collections grants, the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, the American Philosophical Society, and the Institute for Aegean Prehistory. My special thanks go to Philip P. Betancourt, who allowed me to study the pottery and other artifacts from Vrokastro in the collection of the Mediterranean Section of the University Museum, and then publish this material. I would also like to thank Jennifer Moody and Margaret Mook for reviewing the pottery in the Pennsylvania and Herakleion collections with me. Leslie Day, Philip Betancourt, Cheryl Floyd, L. Vance Watrous, and Jack Davis also read and commented on portions of the text. Special thanks go to Professor J. N. Coldstream for permitting me to use his notes, which were taken when he reviewed some of the Vrokastro pottery in the collection of the University Museum in 1982.

Preface E

dith Hall’s pioneering work resulted in the 1914 publication of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age settlement on the peak and north face of the mountain of Vrokastro, in eastern Crete. The results of this excavation were illustrated by Hall’s excellent drawings of many of the sherds and mended vases. Many of the artifacts from the site (including jewelry, weaponry, tools, pottery, as well as some human bone) remain in the collection of the Herakleion Archaeological Museum in Crete. Some 60 objects (including pottery, metal artifacts, and jewelry of stone and faience), however, were sent by Hall to the University Museum in Philadelphia after the last excavation season in 1912. This study was initiated in the early 1980s in the Herakleion Museum with the intention of publishing the Vrokastro pottery with new profile drawings and photographs. Later in the 1980s, permission was granted to study and then publish the Vrokastro artifacts within the collection of the University of Pennsylvania Museum. This volume contains a complete catalogue of Vrokastro pottery from the University of Pennsylvania collection. In 1986, the preliminary season of the Vrokastro Archaeological Survey Project was undertaken. At the suggestion of Dr. P. Betancourt, it was decided to incorporate the new publication of Hall’s excavated material with publication of the systematic and intensive survey of the Vrokastro region. The settlement history and environment of the Vrokastro area will be detailed in Volume 2. Volume 3 in the series will present the site and pottery catalogues of the survey area. The Vrokastro pottery illustrated in 1914 by Hall did not include profile drawings, nor were many photographs of the vases published. New profile drawings and photographs are therefore included in this catalogue. A few vases within the collections of both museums were mentioned in text but not illustrated by Hall; many of these are included in this volume. The corpus of material published here is not complete; however, since some artifacts illustrated by Hall were not located or identified within these two collections, and a few other vases could not be studied because of their condition or because they were inaccessible (that is, on display within the Herakleion Museum) at the time the work was done. The figurines from the settlement have been published elsewhere (Hayden 1991:103–144). We hope to publish small finds from the settlement and its tombs, which include bronze, iron, and stone tools and jewelry, in a subsequent volume of this series.

1

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

T

he most important feature concerning the Bronze and Early Iron Age site of Vrokastro is its setting in the landscape. The settlement is located on a prominent, 313-meter high peak, almost a “coastal” peak, flanking the Gulf of Mirabello in eastern Crete. In spite of the steep terrain, the fertile coastal area and valleys beneath the mountain to the north and west were reasonably accessible from the settlement on the summit of Vrokastro, and the site itself was approachable to those familiar with the landscape. The summit and north face of the mountain also provided an excellent view of the Mirabello coast from the modern port town of Aghios Nikolaos (ancient Lato pros Kamara) to the Isthmus of Hierapetra (Map 1). This long view to the coast and across the Gulf of Mirabello must have provided additional protection to the settlement on the mountain. The topographical duality involving both remoteness and accessibility encouraged long-term settlement of the Vrokastro area in the Middle Bronze Age and during the 12th through 8th centuries B.C., and may also account for traces of later activity manifest in the presence of Classical- through Turkish-period sherds scattered across the site. The settlement was initially explored when Richard Seager and Harriet Boyd visited in 1903; the presence of numerous walls, sherds, and apparent soil depth indicated that the site was worthy of excavation.1 Two seasons followed in 1910 and 1912, equaling almost three months in which Edith Hall,2 with 25 to 60 workmen, excavated a Middle Bronze Age and LM IIIC-

Early Iron Age settlement on the summit and north slope of Vrokastro. Hall and her workmen also found several tombs interspersed with apparent habitations along the Karakovilia ridge, which extends southwest from the summit of Vrokastro (Map 2). Tombs and possible houses were also identified south of the Karakovilia ridge, in Amigthali, and west, in an area known as Mazikhortia (Map 2: BE = bone enclosure; CT = corbel-vaulted chamber tomb; H = house). The main settlement area that Hall excavated in 19103 was located on the summit of Vrokastro (Plan 1), and approachable by routes that led up the east and west slopes of the mountain from the coastal zone, to the north. These steep paths are somewhat hidden in the landscape, so that the site remained relatively inaccessible; yet, anyone approaching along these routes was visible from the settlement on the summit, above. This advantage reinforced the defensive aspects of this location. The settlement that Hall excavated on the summit consisted of a number of rubble-built, small, one-room structures; axial building plans comprised of two or three rooms; and small, multiroom rectangular structures that lack a central court or internal corridor. Many of these buildings have been terraced into the steep slopes of the mountain side and summit (see also Vrokastro and the Vrokastro area in the chapter concerning the settlement history of the LM IIIC-Early Iron Age period, vol. 2). Building units are contiguous, and structures have been crowded into the available space.

2

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

The two main routes (see Plan 1) through the upper settlement consisted of a narrow east-west road (2) along the southern edge of the excavated portion of the site, found with a built drain, and a north-south path through the center of the settlement (24). The southern road 2 extends west to join a narrow path that turns south and descends across a steep slope toward a pass that separates the peak of Vrokastro from the long Karakovilia ridge. It is difficult to determine room function amid the maze of small buildings on the summit.4 The larger and better built of these structures (e.g., rooms 16–17; 19–20; 22; 34) were probable habitations. Some of these rooms may also have been used for storage, cultic activity, or for other purposes. A small room (8a,b) that flanks road 2, containing a bench and associated figurines, a triton shell, and animal bones, is a probable shrine.5 Directly north of this, in room 11, Hall found a cache of bronze weapons and more figurines, also associated with this small cult-place that flanks the southwest entrance to the village.6 The largest complex in the middle of the settlement, rooms 16–17, may have been a habitation, but fragments of animal figurines and a clay human head on a columnar neck found against the south wall of room 177 suggest the presence of a house shrine, or that the entire structure served as the primary sanctuary of the community.8 Other rooms along the northeast edge of the summit appear to be little more than small oval areas dug into the earth and surrounded by walls; these may have been used for storage. Judging by the pottery found in the highest strata on the summit associated with these buildings, this last phase of building activity probably belongs to the 9th or 8th centuries B.C. A few earlier walls of unknown date were reported by Hall and can still be seen underlying this last construction phase. From lower levels on the summit, Hall also retrieved LM IIIC sherds and Middle Minoan pottery; as discussed below, this pottery was not accompanied by any surviving architectural evidence. The lower settlement area (Plan 2) is located on the north face of the mountain, approximately 55 meters below the summit. It consisted of a series of rooms built behind a long enclosure wall that extends across the face of the mountain, from east to west. This enclosure served to buttress the lowest level of rooms against the steep slope, and must have provided some protection against the northwest wind. It also presented a solid barrier to anyone approaching the lower settlement area from the steep northern slopes of the mountain. The rooms behind this wall were also terraced or cut into the steep, 20 to 30 degree slopes of the mountain. The most elaborate building plan in the lower settlement is a two-room axial building (3–5) that faces east and opens onto a large enclosed court (6). This court is flanked by small rooms on the south that

might have been used for storage; these are located at a higher level and were approached by means of a crude stair. Rooms south of this complex have been cut into a steeply rising slope on three to four terrace levels and ladders must have been used to gain access to several of these rooms from above or below. Some rubble-built walls partially enclose areas with massive bedrock outcrops, and these areas may not have been used (e.g., area 56). The pottery Hall recovered from excavation in this area in 1912 indicates that this portion of the settlement may have been built in the 8th century B.C., and when abandoned, rooms were emptied of contents, as she reported finding sherds, but few intact vessels were identified.9 Some of the tombs excavated by Hall in 1912 were identified through a recent systematic survey of the upland area west and south of the Vrokastro summit (see subsequent volumes of this report). These tombs cannot be certainly identified, however, with any specific burials that Hall excavated and published. One dominant type at Vrokastro consists of a stonelined, corbel-vaulted chamber tomb (CT) dug into the earth, with foundations that are more often rectangular, square, or oval, rather than round. These are often accompanied by a short corridor or dromos that leads to a door in the tomb. This tomb type, often referred to as a “tholos,” appears toward the end of the LM IIIC period (ca. 1100/1070 B.C.) and may continue in use until the 9th/8th century B.C. or even later. The Vrokastro corbel-vaulted tombs contained inhumations, but cremations were also identified by Hall, and these occurred in some of the earliest tombs in this series.10 During the 9th and 8th centuries B.C., another tomb type, which Hall described as a ‘bone enclosure’ (BE), comes into use. These were small, poorly built rooms with low walls (one to three courses of stone) that contained cremations. Several were identified through recent intensive survey of the area contiguous to the Vrokastro settlement (Map 2, at VK2, KP7, VK10, and see also vol. 2 of this series); these burials can be isolated or occur in clusters. The remnants of corbel-vaulted tombs excavated in 1912 have been found on the upper north slopes of Kopranes (Map 2: KP7), directly south of the small peak Vouno. The steep north-facing range of Kopranes extends to the west and south away from the Vrokastro peak, and leads up to the Karakovilia ridge. Traces of corbel-vaulted tombs can still be seen on the long, broad back of Karakovilia from its northeastern tip (VK2) to VK9, in a field at the center of the ridge. The bone enclosures are more numerous; many more await mapping and excavation. Clusters of these were found at KP7, on the upper slopes of Kopranes, and at VK2 and VK10, at opposite ends of the Karakovilia ridge. Other possible tombs are located in distant Mazikhortia, at VK12, and at VK4, near a goat path

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

that leads south to a spring that must have served the Vrokastro community. Other types of burials were also identified, including late LM IIIC inhumations in pithoi found in the Chavga ravine, and a few burials in rock shelters or caves. Two examples of child burials,11 inhumations, were found beneath the floors of rooms in the upper settlement on the summit, and inhumations of children were also identified from some of the corbelvaulted tombs and bone enclosures.12 Hall’s 1914 publication of her excavation of Vrokastro included sherds and vases from the settlement and the associated cemeteries. These artifacts were described briefly, and accompanied by inked drawings. Only a few photographs were published. Several vases mentioned in text were not illustrated, no pottery catalogue or profile drawings were included, or any commentary concerning the clay fabrics. This first volume of the Vrokastro reports attempts to supplement Hall’s early publication of the site by presenting in catalogue form the unpublished pottery from the settlement and its tombs, accompanied by profile drawings and photographs. Most of the vases that Hall illustrated, which are in the collections of the University of Pennsylvania and Herakleion Museums, are also presented, although a few objects published by Hall could not be identified in these collections, or were not accessible for study (see Table 2 for these; for a complete list of sherds and vases presented in this volume, see Table 1; Table 3 presents a list of findspots for these vases).

Chronology and Regional Context for Settlement Before the pottery from the settlement and its cemeteries is discussed, brief mention should be made of the chronological range of the site and its place within a regional context (see also Chronology in the front matter, and the pottery discussion found below). The earliest vase from the site published by Hall13 could belong to the MM I period, and Kamares style pottery that is inclusive of MM IIIA was recovered from the summit. Although a few LM I–IIIB sherds were found as a result of Hall’s excavation and the recent intensive survey of the area, the next main phase of settlement on the summit is LM IIIC (ca. 1200–1100/1070 B.C.). This probably encompasses all three phases of this period as defined by the Kastro, Kavousi sequence. Although it is probable that occupation continues on the summit of the mountain after the LM IIIC period, the next major phase of occupation is Protogeometric B or PGB, dated to the last half of the 9th century B.C.-(Brock: 850–820 B.C.; Coldstream: 840–810 B.C.; Snodgrass for eastern Crete: 810–785 B.C.),14 while the Middle and Late Geometric styles of the settlement belong to the 8th century. The Subminoan or SM style of

3

much of the pottery from the Vrokastro corbel-vaulted tombs begins to be produced after 1100/1070 B.C.. This style precedes the appearance of the Protogeometric style during the 10th century in central Crete. Subminoan continues to appear in the eastern part of the island, at least in tomb pottery, while Protogeometric pottery is being manufactured in central Crete. It is a style primarily associated with vases dedicated in tombs, and is not often found in settlement pottery.15 Desborough defined Subminoan as having “simplicity in its general design and linear motifs”; the shapes employed look to the Minoan and Mycenaean past, and at Vrokastro include bird askoi, stirrup jars, cups, and large bowls or kraters. Vrokastro was one of the earliest of the Cretan Early Iron Age high sites excavated within the island, but its existence is paralleled by other contemporary settlements in eastern Crete, many of which are in mountainous locations. Several Postpalatial or LM IIIB sites did not survive beyond the mid-13th century B.C. Disruptions toward the close of the Bronze Age in the Aegean resulted in a change in settlement patterns throughout the island, with several sites established away from the coast, in more remote, defensive locations. A number of these settlements, however, do not span the entire period between 1200 and 700/650 B.C., as Vrokastro does. The nearest excavated contemporary settlements that have been published consist of Vronda and the Kastro at Kavousi, on the eastern side of the Isthmus of Hierapetra, a narrow corridor that links the north and south coasts of the island. Two sites have also been identified along the east side of the Isthmus, within (Katalimata) and at the base (Khalasmenos) of the great gorge Kha (Map 1), at the western edge of the Siteia Mountains.16 The excavated site on the Kastro at Kavousi remains the largest of these settlements, with a life span comparable to that of Vrokastro. The settlement is located on a 700-m high ridge or peak at the northern and western edge of the Siteia Mountains, which extend eastward from the Isthmus of Hierapetra. The Kastro was established in very early LM IIIC, although sherds in a LM IIIB:2 style were also found. Late Minoan IIIC pottery from this settlement has been divided into three habitation phases.17 The site continues into the Protogeometric and has a Subprotogeometric and Late Geometric phase,18 with considerable evidence for remodeling of buildings, which are in size, range of plans, and construction techniques very similar to the settlement architecture of Vrokastro. The development of the Kastro is part of a pattern of growth in the number of LM IIIC sites in the Kavousi-Thriphti area.19 These contemporary communities are associated with water sources, arable pockets or basins in the mountainous terrain, and steeper tracts ideal for pastoralism.20 One of these communities is Vronda, which lies

4

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

to the west and below the Kastro, near a spring. It was settled in the 12th and 11th centuries B.C. and then abandoned. The settlement, with its shrine, was found near a number of corbel-vaulted tombs; these are also found near the higher settlement on the Kastro, and at Vrokastro. Unlike the Vrokastro tombs, most of the Vronda burials excavated by Harriet Boyd at the beginning of this century had been plundered, although one corbel-vaulted tomb was found intact. This tomb was described by Boyd21 as containing inhumations accompanied by-40 vases, a large pithos, bronze jewelry, and iron weapons.22 These burial gifts were similar to those found within the Vrokastro tombs a decade later by Hall. Later cleaning of the Vronda tombs in the 1980s revealed flat slabs placed near entrances, associated with drinking vessels and large mixing bowls or kraters; these suggested a ritual at the tomb. Similar vessel shapes also occur within the Vrokastro corbel-vaulted tombs (see below). The corbelled tombs or tholoi at Vronda and those near the Kastro show a long period of use (ca. 1100–700 B.C.), similar to the Vrokastro sequence.23 After the LM IIIC settlement at Vronda was abandoned, Geometric cist burials were placed within the settlement; these burials were primarily cremations. They also contained drinking vessels, and sufficient metal jewelry, tools, and weaponry, especially in some graves, to suggest a structured aristocratic society in which display was important, and some families or individuals with greater status based on the wealth of artifacts recovered from the tombs.24 These cists appear to be generally comparable in date, contents, and the predominance of cremation to the ‘bone enclosures’ Hall excavated at Vrokastro. Southwest of the Kastro and Vronda, recent excavation at two sites revealed a settlement and tombs at Khalasmenos, ca. 200 m. above sea level along the eastern side of the Isthmus of Hierapetra, accompanied by a-higher settlement, Katalimata, built on a series of bedrock ledges within the Kha gorge. Access to this second site today involves a steep climb, although part of the original path to the site may have fallen away. Preliminary results of the Khalasmenos excavation indicate that this settlement was founded in late LM IIIC and possibly continued until Early Protogeometric.25 Construction within the settlement is again contiguous, and appears most similar to Vronda in terms of size, topography, building plans and possibly population levels.26 An associated burial was again of the tholos type found at Vrokastro and in the Kavousi area.27 Katalimata, which at an elevation of 350 meters is halfway up the northern side of the Kha gorge, was also occupied in LM IIIC, possibly at the beginning of this period. Because of its location, the settlement must have been a refuge. Unlike the Kastro or Vrokastro, this site is a dead-end; it does not flank or open onto any areas that could be cultivated, and the nature of the relationship between these two settlements has yet to be fully explicated.28

Other important excavated settlements in eastern Crete include the small LM IIIC site on the hill Kastri above the abandoned Minoan town at Palaikastro, at the eastern tip of the island, and Karphi, a settlement established during LM IIIC, possibly as early as the foundation of Vrokastro and Kastro, Kavousi.29 This settlement overlooks a pass into the northwest edge of the Lasithi Plain. The two settlements of Kastri and Karphi did not survive the entire 500-year span from LM IIIC to the end of the Geometric period (at ca. 700 B.C.), although Karphi produced similar corbel-vaulted burials. The stability and growth witnessed in the LM IIIC settlement pattern in some areas of eastern Crete may not duplicated elsewhere in the island, but a few of the primary centers of the Minoan period, such as Chania,30 Phaistos,31 and Knossos, do retain important LM IIIC settlements, with links to mainland Greece manifest in some of the LM IIIC pottery from these sites.32 These settlements have various histories; some survive until the 8th century, others are abandoned and later reoccupied. A few areas, such as the region around Knossos, demonstrate continuity of occupation from 1200 B.C. to 700 B.C. This continuity may or may not be manifest in one community,33 however, as the Knossos cemeteries are dispersed throughout the area. Vrokastro remains one of the few excavated settlements that spans the entire 500-year sequence, from the inception of LM IIIC until the early 7th century. It remains significant for its long life span, size, wealth of artifacts, variety of tomb types, and evidence for external contacts.

Middle Minoan-Late Minoan IIIC Periods The body of evidence for Bronze Age settlement on-the summit and north slope of Vrokastro belongs to the MM I–III periods. This accords with the regional settlement pattern established through intensive survey. Settlement in the Vrokastro area expands into the mountains in the Protopalatial period, and begins to contract during the Neopalatial period (see the discussion in volume 3: Protopalatial and Neopalatial chapters). There is little evidence for continuity of settlement at Vrokastro into LM I or IIIA–IIIB (early), although, as mentioned, a few sherds within the Herakleion collection do belong to these periods (cat. nos. 20, 21). These can be included in the category of stray or isolated finds, testifying to activity on or near the prominent peak, if not settlement. The range of MM I–III wares and shapes from the site recovered through survey included storage jars decorated with tangential blobs,34 and a cooking fabric tempered with granodiorite (a term used to denote an igneous rock in the diorite/granodiorite/granite series), limestone, biotite mica, and possibly quartz or

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

feldspar.35 These sherds indicate that during the Protopalatial period, a settlement was established on the summit and north slope of the mountain. Hall’s excavated pottery of Middle Minoan date, most of which remains in the Herakleion collection, consists primarily of decorated cups, with the predominant period being MM II. The chronological range is inclusive of MM IIIA, however, and the earliest vase from the site published by Hall may date to MM I (Hall illustrates a baggy askos or jug of this date of a type known from eastern Crete; this vase was not seen within the Herakleion collection36). A workshop has been identified at Malia that produced this shape.37 Possible connections with the Malia region are also manifest in the presence of other sherds in the Herakleion collection; see cat. no. 18 (“featherwave ware”38). Many of the Kamares-ware shapes are well thrown and carefully decorated, identical to the high-quality Minoan pottery found at the nearby coastal site of Priniatikos Pyrgos.39 The majority of these ceramics could have been locally manufactured, possibly at this coastal site, although the characteristic inclusion of the area, granodiorite, is often not found in these fine-ware fabrics. Hall excavated these Minoan vases from the lowest levels above bedrock; some vases were preserved reasonably intact tucked into crevices, or below walls of the Geometric period, and their location suggested abandonment to Hall.40 Reoccupation of the peak, which must have included building activity and terracing, destroyed much of the evidence for this earlier phase. The next major period is represented by sherds that Hall recovered during excavation of the Geometric settlement on the summit. Although Hall described the depth of deposit within the settlement as up to 3-meters, the LM IIIC pottery, or sherds she described as characteristic “of the very end of the bronze age” was found largely in a reddish soil that she suggested was used as fill during construction of the later Geometric phase of settlement.41 In room 34, for example, Hall described a stratum of LM III sherds at the level of a flat stone supporting a stone column base; this room was in use during the 8th century B.C.42 Generally, however, she found LM III sherds in a middle stratum between geometric or “quasi-geometric” pottery in the upper stratum, and Middle Minoan pottery at a lower level. Although Hall describes the “level” of a Geometric period floor as being indicated by broken pottery, or an unusual amount of pottery,43 no LM III floor was specifically identified, indicating that later rebuilding at the site had obliterated traces of this phase of settlement. In a few cases LM III pottery overlay Geometric sherds, indicating later disturbance, including wash down, which had occurred, for example, in room 17.44 Hall’s excavation technique, which consisted of removing soil in rooms in three 0.50 meter-thick strips, produced most of the LM III sherds in the second, or

5

intermediate, pass. Some few sherds may be assigned tentatively to very late LM IIIB, or were manufactured in early LM-IIIC, but look back to the earlier tradition.45 Although there is no stratification present to verify the three main phases of LM IIIC that have been assigned to the pottery from the Kastro at Kavousi,46 it is evident that Vrokastro pottery production includes early IIIC and late IIIC,47 with parallels to Karphi in some shapes and motifs. A middle phase may also be present. The very latest stage of LM IIIC is reflected in the pithoi burials in Chavga and in pottery from a few of the corbel-vaulted tombs (see below). Both Close and Open Styles are represented amid the sherds Hall excavated from the summit. As with the Protopalatial pottery, a number of LM III small bowls or cups were recovered by Hall from the upper settlement on the summit, also kraters and a few stirrup jar sherds, kylix fragments, and possibly a few jar sherds. No pithoi of this period were found in either the University of Pennsylvania or Herakleion collection, although Hall illustrates examples from the site.48 No cooking vessels were retained from the excavation (with the exception of cat. no. 125, a lamp in a cooking fabric, which may date to the LM IIIC-Protogeometric period). Overall, the LM IIIC assemblage of decorated fine ware appears to have been strongly influenced by mainland shapes and motifs. These were generally present in Crete throughout this period, thus no direct links need be implied.49

The Subminoan Period Although the term Subminoan50 is problematic, in that it has been used to denote either a style or a chronological period,51 it is retained here because much of the Vrokastro pottery, especially from the corbel-vaulted tombs, has been previously discussed with this term applied. These tombs contain many vases that appear in shape and decoration to look to the past, or represent a mixed tradition, rather than being purely Protogeometric in character. The term Subminoan (SM) has been applied to pottery from central Crete, especially from the Knossos area.52 Subminoan material at Knossos was recovered from the Spring Chamber, Royal Road, Stratigraphical Museum excavation, Tomb  at Fortetsa, from Aghios Ioannis, as well as from the North Cemetery. Popham, however, does question the continued use of the term, noting that at Knossos there is a fine distinction between SM and EPG.53 In eastern Crete, the term is also used to describe some of the material from the tholos tombs at Vronda.54 Stratified pottery from the settlement on the Kastro at Kavousi has been labeled “transitional to Protogeometric.” The phase includes pottery that

6

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

is completely LM IIIC in shape and decoration and also vases that are Protogeometric, with vases of both traditions occurring together in the same deposits.55 Mook describes a few examples from the Kastro as of mixed parentage, combining elements from the new Protogeometric tradition with the Minoan past. This third group is described as rare on the Kastro, and to this group she applies the term Subminoan, but again denoting only a style, not a chronological range.56 As said, this Subminoan-style pottery from the Kastro belongs to a phase transitional to full Protogeometric at the site. In the case of Vrokastro, the tombs present significant evidence for the Subminoan style, begging the question as to whether Subminoan does not evidence a chronological range at this site, one that precedes and/or overlaps part of the Protogeometric period and style at Knossos.57 A second question pertains to the possible existence of a local style at Vrokastro, evidenced primarily in the pottery from the tombs. The most that can be said at present is that at Vrokastro, the Subminoan style is probably concurrent with not just the early, but possibly much of the Knossian Protogeometric period,58 and there is some evidence for the influence of Protogeometric in the motifs found on a few Vrokastro vases from the tombs. Further exploration and excavation at other contemporary settlements and cemeteries might help resolve some of these issues.59

Tomb Groups: Pithos Burials and Corbel-Vaulted Tombs A few of the corbel-vaulted tombs (CT) and one of the Chavga pithos burials may belong to the very last part of LM IIIC.60 Tombs that contain burials that may belong to IIIC (late) are corbel-vaulted tombs 5 and 6.61 Furumark followed by Desborough identified CT 5, 6, and 7 as the earliest in the series of built roofed tombs, and defined these three as Subminoan.62 One of the two pithos burials Hall excavated was found on the side of a ravine called Chavga flanking the eastern edge of the mountain. It contained a stirrup jar with globular biconical body, disk foot, air hole, with a slightly undercut base (cat. no. 57).63 The spiral on the false spout surrounds a slight knob, and on the shoulder wide crescents frame panels that are hatched or contain zigzags. This vase is close in shape and treatment to a LM IIIC Close Style stirrup jar from Kera, Pediada (north of Lasithi), illustrated by Kanta.64 Much of the pottery Hall illustrates from CT 5 is probably very late in LM IIIC. This and two other tombs were found on the lower slopes of Kopranes, west of Vrokastro. Corbel-vaulted tomb 5 is the only one of the three early tombs that provided some ev-

idence for cremation.65 The small kylikes from this tomb with swollen stems,66 for example, are very close to the end of LM IIIC (cat. no. 53). A Close Style biconical stirrup jar with a long spout touching the false spout and a trimmed, undercut conical foot could also be IIIC late (cat. no. 58). This has a motif of “kissing” fish framed below wide crescents behind the false spout and hatched lozenges on the front shoulder. Another large biconical stirrup jar from CT 5 (cat. no. 59) with a flat base has a swirl on the false spout, a series of curved triangles (or chevrons) on the front shoulders,67 and a thin crosshatched curved panel stretching from handle to handle behind the false spout. A series of curls descends from this crosshatched panel, but these curls do not fill all of the framed space above the body banding. Although there are Vrokastro parallels for the biconical/globular shape, these stirrup jars are footed and smaller. The shoulder decoration on this vessel is also unique at the site. On the other hand, the small flask with a rather flat, lentoid profile from CT 5 (illustrated by Hall, fig.-89f, cat. no. 146) has a longer neck than the larger flasks seen in these tombs, and a wide, round, flaring mouth. This type may be related to the appearance of Cypriote flasks, which are later.68 A large, more globular flask is a type known from several of the corbel-vaulted tombs and is dated generally to Subminoan; there are few published parallels for flasks of this shape and size from central Cretan burials. Kanta cites one example from Chamaizi with concentric circles and compares it to CT 5; the Chamaizi tomb is dated to LM IIIC-Subminoan.69 The small baggy trefoil-mouthed oinochoe (Hall’s fig. 89b) from CT 5 was compared by Desborough to a Subminoan example from the Spring Chamber,70 but the accumbent triangle on the shoulder with the laddered outer band falls within a category of motifs Brock places in LGP–MG.71 A small jug from the settlement has a similar shape, although less baggy, and can be dated to PGB or later (Herakleion cat. no. 6728; cat. no.-112). A small banded oinochoe from one of the Vronda tombs has a similar shape and is dated to PGB.72 The small footed cups or miniature skyphoi that Hall mentions as coming from CT 573 have been identified. One is tall and has a slightly rounded profile (MS 4798b; cat. no. 91). This is actually the closest Vrokastro cup shape to the bell cup form, although it has a high, somewhat rounded belly, and the rim is not as everted as the rims of many bell cups.74 A bell skyphos or krater as defined by the Knossian examples has a fairly straight, deep profile and an everted rim.75 Coldstream uses the term skyphos for the more globular, rounded shape, and for the shape with straighter walls, he also reserves the term bell krater or skyphos, a shape that did not endure past PGB at Knossos.76 By contrast, another Vrokastro footed cup from this tomb is squat with a round to globular shape and

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

two unusual vertical handles from belly to lip (MS 4798A; cat. no. 90). The third cup from CT 5 has a round body, everted lip, and the standard round-insection horizontal handles on upper belly (MS 4798C; cat. no. 92). The widest part of these cups is set below the middle of the vase (cat. no. 92), at the midpoint (cat. no. 90), or just above (cat. no. 91). Their low conical feet are fairly high-rooted, that is, the undercut foot is separated from the interior of the vase by a thick area of clay.77 Although most of these cups are probably early in the series (EPG or slightly later78), this round local variant could continue into LPG or PGB.79 All cups are dipped, although the taller one has only a band of paint along its interior rim. Two cups have a slightly irregular ridge trimmed onto the exterior of the small conical, undercut foot.80 Paint is often dull brown to black.81 Examples of these small cups from the site are frequently slipped; burnishing, where preserved, is often on the paint, and the clay is fine and pastelike. In eastern Crete, one example of a LM IIIC–PG transitional bell skyphos from the Kastro at Kavousi has broad, top-heavy proportions, with a rim diameter equal to or greater than the height of the vase. This vessel does not have the deep round belly of the Vrokastro cups, however.82 A slimmer version, which Mook describes as absent from the Northwest Building assemblage on the Kastro, is found at Knossos and at Vrokastro;83 MS 4798b (cat. no. 91) may be in this category. This type belongs to an early stage of Protogeometric. Later the bell skyphos in central Crete is not as tall, and height approximates rim diameter.84 The date-range for these miniature bell kraters or cups is Subminoan to PGB at Knossos, according to Desborough.85 Thus use of CT 5 extends from late IIIC to Subminoan, as Desborough indicated, and probably beyond.86 Although CT 5 may have been among the first of the corbelled tombs, there is some evidence that it continued to be used into Protogeometric. This long period of use is typical of this tomb-type at Vrokastro. A stirrup jar (cat. no. 62) located in the Herakleion collection labeled “K I” may come from CT 5, but Hall does not illustrate or describe it.87 It has a round, biconical body that sits on a high conical foot. The wide spout bends back and touches the false spout, which is decorated with concentric circles and has a small projection. Handles and spout are decorated with bands of paint, and the shoulder decoration consists primarily of triangles filled with opposed lines. Kanta gives this shape a SM date; examples from Knossos with similar shapes are dated EPG.88 No cremations were evidenced in corbel-vaulted tomb 6, which was also located on the lower western slopes of Kopranes.89 Only four of the vases Hall illustrates from CT 6, another early tomb, could be found and drawn in the Herakleion collection. These include one askos, biconical in shape (cat. no. 98),

7

placed on a raised undercut conical foot. Its biconical body with long narrow spout is quite similar in shape to several of the stirrup jars found in the Vrokastro corbel tombs, indicating that the potter was probably accustomed to throwing this shape. The bird askos (cat. no. 97; Herakleion 6726) has a spout, three peg feet, and a handle placed along the back. The last vessel catalogued is a large kalathos with horizontal handles (cat. no. 65), round in section, placed under the slightly offset ledge rim. These handles are joined to the rim with a vertical piece of clay, forming a lug. In Hall’s drawing the kalathos appears to be banded, but the surface is too worn to confirm this.90 From visual inspection, the clay and paint of the two askoi appear so similar as to suggest the same workshop, or even the same hand. A small wing-shaped panel is located high up on the bird’s back and filled with a zigzag pattern, which also may occur under the tail (this cannot be seen today, but Hall drew it; her fig. 92). The bands below follow the form of the bird’s body. Two askoi from Vronda are somewhat similar in shape.91 One has a more rounded body and higher foot, with a slightly more complex hatched triangular motif on its shoulder. The Vronda bird askos has a conical foot, but the body shape is similar; it too has a spout and a handle oriented lengthwise on the back. The decoration on the bird consists of a large panel on the side, framed in double bands, echoing the shape of the vase, and filled with three sets of double triangles between vertical bands. This is a less naturalistic, more formal presentation than the treatment of the Vrokastro vase. A plumper, more compact birdvase from Karphi has pellet feet, and probably belongs to SM/EPG.92 A Subminoan date was initially suggested for this Vrokastro tomb93 and the Vronda examples were similarly dated, although it was noted that one Vronda askos had LM III characteristics.94 Kanta suggests a LM IIIC date for CT 6, however, comparing its contents with the LM IIIC cemetery material from Atsipades.95 Thus a date late in IIIC may be appropriate for these vessels. Only the kalathos shape was recovered from the settlement; the fine askoi were probably special products, made for the tomb.96 Another small biconical one-handled pitcher (cat. no. 86) on a high conical foot may come from this tomb, as it was labeled by Hall Kopranes II; this accords with her description of this tomb as the second excavated.97 It is dipped, has a high-swung handle and probably a trefoil lip, and there are parallels for this shape in SM/EPG. Corbel-vaulted tomb 7 provided no evidence for cremations and is the third in the series labeled Subminoan by Furumark and Desborough.98 Catalogued in this volume are two of the three stirrup jars from the tomb (cat. nos. 61, 63), with airholes on shoulders, knobs on false spout, and slightly raised conical feet.

8

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

The small jug (cat. no. 87) illustrated by Hall was catalogued in this volume. The tomb also contained only one footed cup or miniature skyphos, not illustrated by Hall (this shape was discussed with CT 5, above).99 The decoration on the stirrup jars is primarily linear. One stirrup jar from the Herakleion collection (cat. no. 63) has four leaf-shaped areas extending from the false spout and framed by double lines. The quadrants are filled with opposed groups of strokes. The top of the false spout is decorated with a spiral; spout and handles are banded, and the lower body is decorated with one thick band framed by two thin bands top and bottom and the foot is painted. The second stirrup jar (cat. no. 61; MS 4796) has a more prominent knob on the false spout, with a circle of paint around the knob and banded handles and spouts. Immediately behind the false spout the shoulder is divided into two wide crescents framed by a fringed line, and below are short vertical strokes. The two front quadrants contain a crosshatched triangle and groups of opposed strokes. The lower body has two thick bands, the upper surrounded by thin bands, and a solid band below on the foot. A stirrup jar from a Vronda tomb (IV) has a round body, conical foot, long spout tilting to the false spout, a knob on the false spout, and crosshatched triangles on the shoulder. This vase was compared by the excavators of that site with the stirrup jars from CT 7 and called SM/EPG;100 the parallels for the linear motifs seen on these vessels are dated by Brock to EPG.101 The small one-handled jug Hall illustrates (cat. no.-87) is poorly thrown, with a thick body and a thick crude handle decorated with a curl of paint. This handle treatment is dated by Coldstream to SM–PG on hydria.102 The small body is again round to biconical, and the conical foot is undercut and higher than the feet of the stirrup jars. The hatched triangle above the banded body is a motif generally dated by Brock to LPG, but there are good parallels for the shape at Fortetsa in EPG.103 In general, pottery indicates that these three tombs on the lower slopes of Kopranes span a period from late in IIIC until EPG, but some vases appear to be later in Protogeometric.104 Corbel-vaulted tomb 4 in Amigthali, southwest of the summit of Vrokastro, is represented by five vases in this volume, with two vases illustrated in Hall’s publication (her fig. 86a,c; see Table 2, this volume) not catalogued here. These two are a small kalathos the size of a cup with a large zigzag pattern on the upper body, a motif found on Protogeometric kalathoi;105 also a small, apparently unpainted biconical stirrup jar on a high conical foot. The handles of the kalathos are very large and this small vase appears crudely made.106 The tomb is in overall character slightly later than those discussed above, although the earliest vases may be Subminoan or transitional to Protogeometric in character. Burials appeared to be cremations.107 Hall men-

tions that one of the three stirrup jars found contained burned bones,108 and another unpainted jug also contained bones. Many of the coarse-ware vases found within the tomb had completely disintegrated.109 A round and slightly depressed trefoil pitcher with a flat base could be SM/EPG (cat. no. 85).110 It has a panel of linear decoration (opposed short strokes between verticals) from neck to midbelly, and one horizontal band around the midbelly. The vase is thickwalled and worn, but has a solid, pleasant shape. An amphoriskos (cat. no. 89) from the tomb also has a round to globular belly and almost vertical neck, with a simple rim, conical undercut foot, and two horizontal handles, round in section, on the shoulder.111 A similar but taller EPG shape is published by Brock.112 The simple decoration consists of bands of paint on the handles, three at mid-belly, and a zigzag at the base of the vertical neck. A small bowl or skyphos (cat. no. 167) has two round horizontal handles on the upper belly, with an-erect rim, squat body, and a flat base. Bands occur above the base and slightly curved, wavy vertical strokes descend from the black-painted rim. Somewhat similar shapes occur in PG–MG, and the chronological range for the decoration is wide, from LPG to Orientalizing.113 No exact parallels occur, but the vase could certainly be Protogeometric, if not Geometric. The date-range is equally broad at Knossos for joined cups or double/triple vases, or tripod vases, which are dated PG–EG, although the Knossos examples have higher, more developed rims.114 This particular example from Vrokastro (cat. no. 126)115 is handmade in a cooking fabric with distinct traces of burning. Each cup has a rounded bottom and a vertical handle; each was supported by one tripod leg, round in section. It is probable that this vase was used in a rite at the tomb. The last vase from CT 4 is a thick-walled, wide, low, carinated bowl or lid (cat. no. 94; MS 4795) on a trimmed foot that has an almost flat base. The fabric is medium-coarse. It was probably painted (redbrown monochrome). There are no other parallels for this shape within the Vrokastro tombs and possibly the shape is more common in domestic contexts. It might have held offerings of food, or perhaps served as a jar lid, and a jar containing cremated bones was mentioned by Hall as found in the dromos.116 (Brock presents a somewhat more shallow and less carinated parallel for this shape in a lid.117) Corbel-vaulted tomb 1 appears to be the largest and best built of the corbel-vaulted tombs that Hall excavated, with a rectangular plan, short dromos, and circular flat stone placed near the center of the back wall she interpreted as a table of offerings.118 The tomb contained cremations, with some bone reduced to charcoal, and two cremations within jars (a burial [cremation?] within a jar also occurred in

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

CT 5 on Kopranes).119 Hall described and illustrated many of the 33 vases she recovered from this tomb, including a large cylindrical pyxis and a three flasks, two of which are illustrated here. Two open-work thrown kalathoi were recovered120 that Coldstream places in LPG, based on comparisons with Knossian examples.121 The last vase mentioned by Hall is actually one of the more important for establishing first use of the tomb. It is a stirrup jar that she compares with a LM IIIC (late)-Subminoan example from one of the pithos burials in Chavga.122 Both stirrup jars have decorative fields consisting of zigzag lines. (This important vase was not found in either collection.) Another early vase from this tomb is a deep kalathos in the University Museum, MS 4913 (cat. no. 66).123 This vase was burned and mended from many small pieces; its base is not preserved. It has a small ledge rim, the top of which is banded, and a small exterior rib where the rim rises from the flaring wall. The change in direction from wall to rim creates a slight internal ledge where a lid could have rested. The upper-body decoration consists of groups of opposed diagonal lines; the exterior group is fringed, and toward the base, there are more thin horizontal bands. This fine-ware kalathos has a surface upon which the burnish is preserved, but it is very soft, and very poorly fired. Kalathoi with this deep a shape are generally early; it is probably SM/EPG.124 Many of the intact small kraters or skyphoi from CT 1 are ca. 15- to 16-cm. tall. Some are dipped like the footed cups, whereas others have a triglyph decoration on the shoulder that consists of groups or clusters of thin, vertical, widely spaced lines. A slip is detectable on at least one-half of these open shapes from this tomb. The bellies of these vases are banded, the handles sometimes covered with a long stroke of paint or they are barred. Rims are usually painted; interiors are often monochrome painted. This shape was described by Desborough and has been mentioned above (CT 5). The feet are conical, but those preserved are not especially high rooted,125 like the footed cups. One shape preserves a ridge on the exterior foot (cat. no. 82; see CT 5, above). The shapes are round, with the greatest width either at the belly or approaching the shoulder. In many instances, the profile does not rise to the shoulder very steeply from the foot; the two bowls with the most pronounced shoulders and steeper profiles are MS 4902A,B (cat. nos. 81, 82).126 Both of these have triglyph decoration. The other footed bowls have more rounded, pronounced bellies and handles are sometimes placed slightly lower on the vase (cat. nos. 83, 84). For the group, rims are high, slightly everted, and are slightly rounded or pointed at the tip. The horizontal handles located above the belly are round in section. As men-

9

tioned, this Vrokastro shape is too round to qualify as a true bell krater, with its straighter, deeper profile.127 This is a “vase of curves,” as Desborough described it.128 The one vase that has fringed triglyphs (cat. no. 78) is a jar with a biconical belly and conical foot. Its vertical handles on the upper body rise to the outer rim, which is a ledge. The interior has a wide band on the neck and splatters of paint in the lower body.129 A wide band occurs on the outer vertical neck and groups of vertical-line triglyphs were added below. This decorative panel is framed at the base with five thin bands, and four more bands occur on the lower belly and base. Desborough described these vases as generally Subminoan in character, while pointing out that the footed cups (or its relative, the bell skyphos/ krater) could continue to PGB at Knossos.130 It is quite likely that the entire group was made by one workshop, as shape, fabric, and paint suggest. These footed bowls, accompanied by the larger kraters or jars, appear to form sets, and may have been made for the tomb.131 The four small footed and dipped cups recovered from this tomb survive in only one example (cat. no. 93; the cups from CT 5 discussed above were labeled as being from that tomb).132 This example is similar to one of the small shapes from CT 5 (no. 92). Fairly close in round-to-globular shape to the decorated jar (cat. no. 78) are two large lidded jars or pyxides from the same tomb. These are placed on conical feet, but they are higher than that of the jar.133 The necks are less articulated, ending in one case in a simple rim (cat. no. 105) with a raised molding below it, applied to hold the lid. The neck of the other pyxis is pinched out to form a ledge for the lid. Both lids were decorated with compass-drawn concentric circles and are slightly conical in shape. One vase is decorated to midbelly with solidly painted pendent triangles and narrow butterfly or axe motifs, whereas the lower belly is banded and the base is painted solid black. The vertical handles, oval in section, are banded and rise from upper belly to just below the rim. The other jar has a wider internal rim band and the exterior is decorated from rim to upper belly with pairs of vertical lines that enclose short diagonals. The outer vertical lines of the central panel are fringed, and vertical lines near the handles also have a fringe. Between the central motif and the edge of the panel, a horizontal series of small V shapes, formed with the tip of the brush, has been added. The lower vase is banded and painted a solid black on the foot. The motifs on these two vases, including solidly painted pendent triangles, could be PG–LPG. Desborough also points out that these motifs are linked to the decoration on the large cylindrical pyxis from the tomb (not catalogued in this volume),134 and they are also related to the solidly painted lozenges and accumbent triangles on the fine-ware stemmed

10

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

bowl or chalice (cat. no. 113, Herakleion 6723) from the tomb.135 The inward-turning, angled flat rim of the chalice is similar to the krater or cauldron shape described below. According to Brock, pendent solid triangles do not occur at Knossos after MG, while groups of verticals are dated to EPG–MG.136 If the two lidded pyxides/jars and the large cylindrical pyxis belong to EPG or later in PG, then the simpler footed skyphoi from the same tomb may as well (e.g., cat. nos. 78, 80–84). Indeed, the entire group could have been produced within the Protogeometric period as defined by developments in central Crete, rather than to a period transitional to it.137 Other large shapes from CT 1 include a necked jar or large pyxis and krater/cauldron138 (cat. nos. 72, 73), small painted bowls (cat. nos. 74, 75), and miniature bowls139 that have trimmed bases (cat. nos. 76, 77). These from largest to smallest are characterized by an inward turning rim that is flat and angled into the vase, a globular body with prominent shoulder (especially in the bowls), low trimmed and undercut foot, and spool handles attached under the rim. The kraters and bowls also have a vertical attachment to the center of the spool that begins under the handle and links belly to shoulder. The large vases have a panel under the rim that contains triglyphs of fringed erect arcs or crescents flanking vertical lines, the outer ones fringed. As mentioned, Brock dates this motif to Protogeometric.140 The two large vases (cat. nos. 72, 73) have monochrome painted interiors. The smaller bowls in this series (cat. nos. 74, 75) have traces of possible banding on the exterior, and possibly painted interiors. The miniature vases are tool-trimmed, both have pointed bases and highly burnished exteriors. This series is in fine clay, similar to that of the chalice or stemmed bowl (cat. no. 113). The same workshop is probably responsible for the series, and a related shape in metal may be the bronze cauldron.141 Another vase Hall published from CT 1142 is a small neck-handled amphora with a raised, trimmed, undercut foot and ovoid body (cat. no. 124). Most of the neck is gone, and the decoration is not as well preserved as when Hall drew it. Handles that are oval in section rise from the body and are attached below the rim; these are decorated with bands of paint. Compass-drawn semicircles with central billet are in a decorative panel on the shoulder separated by three wavy vertical lines.143 The lower body is painted black, and this area is broken by three reserved bands. Hall drew more horizontal wavy lines on the neck between bands. Desborough could claim this vessel for Protogeometric, a local product reflecting Attic style, rather than derivative of central Crete.144 The long, narrow-necked jug with twisted handle mentioned by Hall is very poorly fired (cat. no. 129), as is the kalathos (no. 66) from this tomb, but the jug

retains a complete profile. The handle is made of three strips of clay, twisted together. The spout is not trefoil, and a very slender and long neck meets a round body on a low trimmed foot, with a flat base. A trace of reddish paint can still be seen on the surface. This is another example of a vase so poorly fired that it may have been made for the tomb. The closest parallels for this shape appear to be PGB–EG (see cat. no. 127). The two large flasks catalogued here from this tomb are similar to the one example that Hall illustrates (cat. nos. 101, 103, MS 4907, Herakleion 6715). They are both over 40 cm. in height and decorated with concentric circles, and both have two handles from shoulder to neck. The sides of these vessels have a central boss; it appears that the two sides may have been thrown separately with the same rim diameter, trimmed on the exterior, and joined. Both have bands of paint down the side, and the painted spout and neck of one is trimmed with a fringe. Desborough described the contents of CT 1 as within the Subminoan tradition, but possibly later than the three Kopranes tombs (CT 5–7), and CT 4.145 Earliest in the series of gifts placed in this tomb might be the stirrup jar that Hall describes as comparable with the one from the Chavga pithos burial, and possibly the deep kalathos with fringed decoration. In central Crete, the bell krater belongs to the Subminoan through PGB periods. These round-to-globular Vrokastro small kraters and skyphoi cannot be defined as bell shaped, but the chronological range could be as great, and the motifs on many of these vessels fall within the Protogeometric period. In several instances, shape, paint, and fabric indicate that sets of vases may have been made by the same workshop (e.g., the large and small cauldron-shaped vessels and bowls with dowel handles, or the small footed kraters or skyphoi). Corbel-vaulted tomb 3 was one of two found in Mazikhortia, west of Karakovilia and Amigthali. Seven inhumations were recovered in this tomb, but Hall did not rule out the possibility of cremations.146 Those vases from the tomb Hall illustrates include an oinochoe (cat. no. 127; MS 4794) with ovoid body, trefoil rim on a thin neck, and a trimmed, offset, and slightly undercut foot. Compass-drawn concentric accumbent half circles are on the shoulder (actually full circles overpainted in black); the handle is banded and a thin band of paint defines the rim and join of neck to shoulder. The solid black painted body under this zone is broken by three thin bands in a washy white paint.147 This vase at the earliest is LPG–PGB; the narrow neck suggested to Desborough that it might be later than Protogeometric.148 Hall mentioned another small oinochoe in soft yellow clay (possibly a similar fabric to MS 4915 from CT 1), which she compared with a vase Desborough later described as Protogeometric.149 The large neckhandled amphora from the tomb that was illustrated by

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

Hall150 was not found in either collection. The amphora was of poor buff clay and incomplete. It had a trimmed and offset foot, bands of black paint on the foot, lower body, rim, handles, and on its shoulder, three separate compass-drawn concentric circles framing a hatched triangle. Its thin neck and decoration suggested to Desborough a date later than Protogeometric (probably PGB– EG), and it is similar in shape to amphoras found in the 9th- and 8th-century bone enclosures.151 Two footed cups (this type is discussed above) were also found (not illustrated by Hall). A small hydria (cat. no. 118) with a biconical-to-ovoid body , found in the Herakleion collection, probably belongs to this tomb.152 It has a flat base, two bands on the body, with rim and handle missing.153 Similar but more generally ovoid shapes occur from Subminoan to Protogeometric; this small vase may be slightly later, as the chronological range of the tomb pottery would indicate. A coarse-ware flask in the University of Pennsylvania Museum collection is identified as coming from this tomb (cat. no. 100; MS 4797B).154 It is rather small compared with other examples found in these tombs, very worn, and has a fairly flat profile, with worn dimple in the center of one side, indicating that it may have been thrown. The clay is close to a cooking fabric, which is unusual, as the large flasks found in these tombs are usually of a fine- to medium-coarse buff clay. These flasks have been generally dated to Subminoan through Protogeometric,155 but some from this site could be slightly later. Hall does not publish either of the two bowls mentioned as recovered from the tomb; one had two horizontal handles with decoration confined to two horizontal bands and a waved line on the “shoulder.” This is similar to the decoration on the small jar or pyxis, cat. no. 88, which has a flat base and a carinated biconical body. The wall slopes inward to the neck from the carination, and the wall slopes out slightly to a simple rim. This vase has a wavy line on the belly, not the shoulder, and two bands above and two below, not in exact accord with Hall’s description,156 but it was the only vase within either collection that comes close, and although mended, it is complete, indicating that it was probably found in a tomb. A similar shape, but taller with a higher carination, is identified at Knossos and placed in the Subminoan through Protogeometric periods.157 The second bowl Hall found in this tomb, also not illustrated, is described as having vertical “handles” and a zigzag pattern in paint on the neck and an incised pattern of lines and dots on the shoulder.158 This description matches fairly well a large onehandled cup (cat. no. 95) with no findspot, which has a painted zigzag below a rim band (covered with diagonal strokes) and incised lines and dots below, on the belly. The interior is also painted, and the cup sits on a low conical foot. It has only one handle, however. This large cup could be EPG or later. Although this one-

11

handed cup may not be the vase from this tomb that Hall referred to, it is similarly decorated. A pyxis from the tomb illustrated by Hall was found with a knobbed lid pierced by two holes for attachment, and decorated with concentric circles (cat. no. 110). The pyxis has a low everted rim, pierced, over a globular body and a slightly undercut foot. Two handles, round in section, are placed on the shoulder. Decoration on the upper belly consists of lozenges, fringed, hatched, and filled with a checkerboard, whereas the lower belly and the shoulder to rim are painted black. Thin lines occur near the base, and the base has a band of paint. Similar vases are generally late in Protogeometric, or LPG–PGB, or even Early Geometric. Based on this assemblage, CT 3 belongs to the Protogeometric period, and may be primarily late in that period, or early in Geometric.159 Corbel-vaulted tomb 2 was located almost one kilometer to the south of Karakovilia, on the western side of the Mazikhortia ridge (possibly near VK12, see Map 2). This is a tomb from which Hall recovered only three vases, two of which are illustrated in this volume; the third was a cup with two vertical handles and a broad band on the body, described as in poor condition. This tomb contained 24 burials, with skulls arranged around the outside of the tomb. Masses of uncremated human bone were found in the tomb, and in an upper stratum, cattle bones and teeth. Hall suggested a sacrifice for a mass interment that must have been the result of war or plague.160 The two vases, however, suggest a long period of use,161 or that the tomb was reopened after a long period of disuse, rather than a single mass burial. A bird vase (cat. no. 96; MS 4899) in the University of Pennsylvania collection is probably the one Hall excavated from the tomb, as she compares it with a bird vase from CT 6, and this vase is a close approximation (see above, CT 6). The Subminoan (or even IIIC late) date for this vase type was discussed above. A round aryballos from the tomb (for a similar example, see cat. no. 204), decorated with at least five small concentric circles and thin bands on the body, is LG–EO.162

The Pottery Style of the CorbelVaulted Tombs According to Desborough, there is little evidence for the influence of the Protogeometric style in the corbelvaulted tombs except for the one small amphora (cat. no. 124) from CT 1.163 A good parallel exists in Tomb III from Knossos for the lidded round pyxis from CT 3. Tomb III contents are described by Brock as developed Protogeometric,164 and the decoration could be LPG–PGB. The oinochoe (no. 127)165 from CT 3, decorated with compass-drawn concentric circles on its shoulder, is also probably EG rather than LPG. Some of the smaller vases that might be found in a settlement

12

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

context as well as from these tombs also bear hints of contact with the Protogeometric style, not in their biconical or baggy to round shapes, but in the decorative motifs chosen by the potter.166 This may demonstrate that it was easier to modify decorative elements than to throw a new shape. There are also examples from the Vrokastro corbel-vaulted tombs of vases with paintsplattered interiors; this treatment is Protogeometric and continues into the Geometric period.167 Common local shapes include the round to globular small krater, footed bowls and cups, most with strong S-shaped profiles. These are especially numerous in the large tomb 1, but the cups are a frequent find elsewhere.168 A globular to biconical profile is also common within the Vrokastro repertoire. This typically round shape of curves for small kraters, footed cups, jugs, stirrup jars, and pyxides has a long life span at Vrokastro, as does the bell skyphos at Knossos, and the span is probably Subminoan to PGB. In CT 1, the family of vases belonging to this shape category include a few examples that have late decorative parallels in Protogeometric (cat. no. 105). Coldstream suggests that the latest burials from the corbel-vaulted tombs at Vrokastro probably are concurrent with the central Cretan Protogeometric style, with the exception of CT 2, with its Geometric pottery.169 The bird askos from this tomb suggests one early burial, however, so its period of use (or reuse) could have spanned the 11th to 8th centuries B.C. If Subminoan does exist as a discrete chronological period, not just as one style produced in eastern Crete while Protogeometric pottery is made in central Crete, then it exists as a period, possibly a rather short one, during a transitional time from IIIC (late) to Protogeometric. A stratum identified by Warren as Subminoan in the settlement near the Knossos Stratigraphical Museum excavations may lend some support to this view.170 In practical terms, however, the Subminoan style that dominates the corbel-vaulted tomb groups at Vrokastro spans a considerable period, probably coeval with most of the Protogeometric period/style elsewhere. So this chronology/style conundrum is, in part, a matter of semantics. In places like Vrokastro, the Subminoan pottery of the tombs simply continues to be the dominant style concurrent with part or most of the central Cretan Protogeometric period, with small indications, sometimes in shape, more often in decoration, of the world outside of eastern Crete. Desborough believed that if a local style at Vrokastro could be identified, it would be drawn from a common repertoire of the earlier pottery tradition.171 Part of a local style at Vrokastro may be manifest in the preference for round or biconical forms in the closed vessels, round to globular shapes (or dumpy), and strongly curved profiles in the small kraters, cups, and bowls. These shapes are frequently associated with

a simple triglyph decoration in panels that often consists of groups of vertical lines, sometimes fringed. How long did this local tradition endure at Vrokastro? Possibly to the middle or end of the 9th century, judging by the contents of CT 1, in which a few LPG motifs appear on these round, strongly curved shapes. It may be that this style, which looks to the past, was one particularly manifest in the tombs, where traditional shapes were preferred. These questions concerning the nature of Subminoan, and the existence of a regional style, may best be answered by excavation of an Early Iron Age settlement in eastern Crete along with its cemeteries.

The Bone Enclosures The bone enclosures at Vrokastro were found along the Karakovilia ridge and on the upper north face of Kopranes (see KP7, Map 2, and the LM IIIC–Early Iron Age chapter, vol. 2). They are frequently located near the corbel-vaulted tombs. These are small rooms, either isolated or clustered in groups, constructed of poorly built low walls around a cremation burial. Charred bits of wood were noticed with some of these burials, and depth of the burned deposit was sufficient in some instances to suggest cremation “on the spot.”172 Associated with these tombs were abundant sherds, and shapes favored include hydrias, amphoras, small jugs, skyphoi, and small cups, including the footed cups seen in the corbelled tombs.173 Coldstream associates Bone Enclosure (BE) 6, room-2,174 with PGB, and Early Geometric with BE 12, room 1.175 This marks the earliest use of this tomb and burial type. A small hydria from BE 12 is also PGB/EG (cat. no. 147), as is a large belly-handled amphora (cat. no. 121; MS 4905). Thus the first use of the bone enclosures does overlap continued use of the corbel-vaulted tombs. The round-mouthed jug from BE 6 with round belly illustrated in Hall 1914: fig. 99c, is labeled PGB by Coldstream because of a complicated triangular motif on its shoulder. Coldstream also notes, however, that some of the vase shapes from the bone enclosures are probably survivors, looking back to an earlier tradition, but not belonging to it (for example, the deep PGB[?] kalathos from BE 6, cat. no. 128; Herakleion 6725).176 After the Early Geometric period, the Vrokastro population is in contact with Attica, either directly, or more probably by way of the Cyclades, as demonstrated by imports and local imitations (see also pottery from the settlement, below).177 The amphora from BE 3 (cat. no. 165, Herakleion 6719), for example, was made under direct influence from Attica, according to Coldstream, as the shape is not known at Knossos.178 Another example of this contact is demonstrated by the large stemmed krater (cat. no. 159, Herakleion 6716) from an isolated one-room building, a possible shrine, found in the same area as the bone enclosures

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

(that is, on and south of the Karakovilia ridge southwest of the peak). It has been referred to as Attic, or Atticizing, and is MG II. Straight-sided jars (for example, cat. no. 161, Herakleion 6724, MG–LG, from BE 5) occur in the settlement and in these tombs. In this period, there seem to be fewer specialized shapes for the bone enclosures, and generally, less pottery used with the burials (although this may be due in part to more breakage during cremation). Use of the bone enclosures extends at least into the Early Orientalizing period, as several of these LG–EO aryballoi and alabastra indicate (cat. nos. 200–205; also see BE 4).

Settlement After LM IIIC There are a few sherds that Hall illustrates from the settlement that may actually belong to LM IIIC (late) or be early Subminoan (this includes the krater with double axe motif, cat. no. 68). The Protogeometric period within the settlement is represented by a few kalathoi and jars that in shape and decoration could be EPG–LPG and PGB (cat. nos. 108, 139, 141, 144, etc.).179 Although Hall’s publication, and the results of intensive survey, do not indicate that an extensive settlement existed on the summit during the Protogeometric period (which must overlap, at least in part, the Subminoan style of the tomb groups), there is sufficient evidence to indicate some occupation on the mountain during Protogeometric. The widespread distribution of the corbel-vaulted tombs also suggests that the Protogeometric population of Vrokastro was scattered in farms and small settlements over neighboring hills, basins, and ridges (see also vol. 2, the LM IIIC–Early Iron Age chapter).180 Desborough also believed that the settlement was continuous from LM IIIC or Late Minoan.181 Coldstream described Vrokastro, through its pottery tradition, as being at the eastern edge of the influence of central Cretan styles in the mid-ninth century and later.182 Many of the sherds in the collection of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, which are from the settlement, were examined by Coldstream after his initial publication.183 He dated sherds in this collection to the Protogeometric B period, and a few to Early Geometric.184 Protogeometric B in Crete is the chronological equivalent of Early to Middle Geometric elsewhere in the Aegean.185 Many of the PGB sherds from the settlement are from large kraters or jars.186 Protogeometric B is now better defined because of the Unexplored Mansion deposit, and is typified by freehand curvilinear motifs. These include hatched cables, scale patterns, running spirals, massed triangles, and occasional hatched backgrounds.187 It has proved difficult, however, to separate PGB from EG. The PGB period is consistent with Attic imports no later than MG I, according to Coldstream.188 The amount of PGB pottery also indicates that the

13

Vrokastro region may have been in closer contact with central Crete than was recognized, although this style may endure longer here than in central Crete, and be initiated at a date slightly later than its inception in central Crete. Coldstream’s observations indicate that a major phase of settlement, or perhaps resettlement of the mountain, belonged at the earliest to the mid-9th century B.C. Vrokastro still remains at the eastern edge of the influence of this style, since PGB pottery is apparently not present at Kavousi. Mook speaks of possible outside influences at this time from Attica and Euboea,189 however, and the settlement on the Kastro at Kavousi is described as “thriving”190 in the 9th century. As to the Geometric period, there is more evidence for Middle through Late Geometric within the Vrokastro settlement than there is for the Early Geometric style (which is represented at Vrokastro by PGB). Coldstream believed that the Geometric skyphos shape at Vrokastro, which is a common one, was influenced by Attic developments.191 Some of these are rather deep, with outturned simple rims and flat bases or low-trimmed feet. Other shapes that occur within the settlement include decorated lekythoi, cups, straight-sided jars, amphoras, pithoi, basins, pyxides and trays with lugs, and kantharoi.192 Attic imports or vases influenced by the Attic style occur from the MG II period and into Late Geometric, in both the settlement and the tombs. These imports or vases inspired by imports include pyxides, kantharoi, stemmed kraters, and amphoras.193 Coldstream believed that this influence was direct or through the Cyclades, rather than from central Crete, as shapes from this area are missing from the Vrokastro series. The presence of a few Naxian and possibly Theran sherds (cat. no. 192) at Vrokastro also suggests connections through the Cyclades.194 Contact with Cyprus and Euboea is also possible; this appears to correspond to the Kavousi data cited above.195 According to Coldstream, the central Cretan style in Late Geometric is represented by a few globular aryballoi at the site; these Hall recovered from the corbel-vaulted tombs and bone enclosures.196 The white-on-dark decoration mentioned as occasional at the site also reflects influence from Knossos.197 As to the 7th century B.C., pottery from the settlement area on the mountain indicates that occupation at Vrokastro did overlap with the foundation of what was to become a large Greek settlement (the town of Istron) on the promontory of Nisi Pandeleimon, at the base of the mountain. A few vases do belong to either the Late Geometric or early Orientalizing period, but some few sherds appear to be slightly later than this (cat. no. 190). The vases of this period include cups, aryballoi, lekythoi, jars, and a possible pyxis. The cups with thin bands reported from the bone enclosures and settlement (no. 189) are also seen at the Greek

14

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

coastal site (i.e., NP1 or Istron town; see the history of settlement in the Orientalizing through Hellenistic periods, vol. 2).

Fabrics No petrographic analysis of clay fabrics has yet been undertaken for the material excavated by Hall. One fabric seen in the Protogeometric and Geometric vases in the collection of the University of Pennsylvania Museum is fairly standard, however. The fabric demonstrates a surprising lack of granodiorite (that is, a rock in the diorite/granodiorite/granite series), an inclusion which is the hallmark of cooking and jar fabrics produced within this region for the Bronze Age through the Archaic periods. Occasionally, however, a small and isolated piece of this inclusion may be seen, indicating local manufacture. This clay is typified primarily by the presence of blown soft chalky-white-to-yellow inclusions (probably calcareous or limestone), which are seen in almost every vessel in the collection. Gold or silver mica also occurs; this inclusion is usually small and infrequent but fairly constant in the clay. Tan, flat, subangular inclusions that vary in color (tan, orange, red, redbrown, or gray) are very common in many shapes, and dominate in a few vessels. These inclusions appear rather soft if the vessel has not been hard-fired (although most of the Protogeometric and Geometric vessels have been fired at a high temperature). Although this inclusion is not phyllite, it is probably siltstone or claystone/mudstone, in the phyllite series. The larger, harder, cherry red, red, brown, or gray angular pieces of phyllite that occur in a few jars indicate that these were manufactured outside the survey area, to the east, where phyllite occurs in the local geology and traditionally the use of phyllite is much more common in pottery manufacture. A hard angular white to gray inclusion that is probably quartz/feldspar occurs, but is not frequent, except in a brown or orange-brown cooking ware that belongs to the Early Iron Age and is known from other contemporary sites in the Vrokastro survey area.

Treatment Many of the hard-fired, medium- to large-sized vases (kraters, amphoras) from the PGB and later periods are in a clay with orange surface tone that appears to correspond to the description of Knossian clay during this time period.198 If burnishing occurs, it is on the paint, rather than on surface, but paint is more often dull than lustrous. Paint is also frequently washy and black to brown to gray in color, although red does occur, especially in LM IIIC. A thin white overpaint or washy cream slip is possibly used for minor decorative

elements on the large Protogeometric and Geometric jars, and decorative incision is rare and generally early.

Notes 1. Hall 1914:80. 2. Ibid., 80–81; Hall became curator of the Mediterranean Section of the University Museum during this period and directed field work and camped at the site. Seager visited the excavation occasionally, and supplied logistical support and equipment. The Vrokastro excavation was funded through the auspices of the University Museum, Philadelphia; for this background see Becker and Betancourt 1997:117–132. 3. Hall 1914:86–88. 4. For this and further discussion, see Hayden 1983:376– 384. 5. Hayden 1991:103–144. 6. Hall 1914:100, 101–106. 7. Ibid., 101, fig. 55; 108–109. 8. See Mazakaris-Ainian 1997:213–214, n. 1683. 9. Hall 1914:116. 10. Ibid., 175. 11. Ibid., 106–107, 112–113, rooms 6, 26. 12. Ibid., 125, 163. 13. This is a baggy askos or jug with one handle, round in section, with a thick plastic band around a neck decorated with incised Xs. Hall 1914:115, 117, fig. 67. The shape is known from eastern and southern Crete: Trapeza, Lasithi, Malia, Chamaizi, Patrikies, etc. See Xanthoudides 1906:145–148, pl. 9: 1,2, and 3; also Zois 1969:5–6, n. 1, pl. 24; Watrous 1994:722, n. 226; and van Effenterre 1976:66–84. 14. Mook 1993:25–27. 15. Subminoan pottery has been identified within a settlement on the acropolis hill at Knossos, near the Stratigraphical Museum; see Warren 1982–1983:76, 79. Subminoan vases were found in a pit, and toward the southeast part of the excavation; walls and other features were also associated with pottery of this period. 16. Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994:65–91. Nowicki 1994: 94–97. Haggis and Nowicki 1993:303–337. 17. Mook and Coulson 1997:337–370. 18. Mook 1993:169–243. Occupation continues to the middle of the 7th century B.C. 19. Haggis 1993:131–174. 20. Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994:67. 21. Boyd 1901:133–134. L. P. Day (pers. comm.) believes that the Vronda corbel–vaulted tombs were in use after the Vronda settlement was abandoned. 22. Gesell, Day, and Coulson 1990:23. 23. Ibid., 25. 24. Ibid., 25–30. 25. Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994:84. 26. Haggis and Nowicki 1993:310. 27. Coulson and Tsipopoulou 1994:86. 28. Nowicki 1994:97; Haggis and Nowicki 1993. 29. H. W. Pendlebury, J. D. S. Pendlebury, and Money–Coutts

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

1937–1938b:57–148. Sackett and Popham 1965:248–315. L. P. Day (pers. comm.) reports early LM IIIC from Karphi, which has traditionally been regarded as postdating this phase of the IIIC period. 30. Andhreadhaki Vlasaki 1991:403–423. 31. For LM IIIC at Phaistos, see Borgna 1997:273–298. For the later periods, see Rochetti 1969–1970:41–70; idem, 1973– 1974:149–152. 32. Borgna 1997:287. 33. Coldstream does believe that there was a nucleated 11th century town at Knossos; see Coldstream 1991:287–289. 34. Hall 1914:91 and cat. no. 1386, vol. 3 of the Vrokastro Reports; also Hayden, Moody, and Rackham 1992:325, n. 92; Betancourt 1977:347–348. 35. Hayden, Moody, Rackham 1992:325, n. 90. 36. See note 13. 37. van Effenterre 1976:66–84. 38. See cat. no. 1380, vol. 3; Catling 1978:75, fig. 16, p. 76. This ware is mentioned by C. Knappett, who describes it at Malia as belonging to the MM II period, while it dates to MM IIIA at Knossos; Knappett 1997:306. 39. Hall 1914:84–85, fig. 46; idem, 1914–1915:33–36. Pottery from this site is also discussed by Betancourt 1985:130–131, fig. 99; idem, 1978:381–387. See Niemeier 1979:21–22, fig. 7 and Popham and Coldstream 1980:389–390. 40. Hall 1914:89–90, 114–115, fig. 66, pl. 25, rooms 27, 36, lower settlement. 41. Ibid., 89. 42. Ibid., fig. 47 and pl. xviii for the room; also Hayden 1983: figs. 3, 4. 43. The text read carefully does indicate that she probably did find floors evidenced by the density and distribution of Geometric pottery, but no specific prepared surface she could identify as a floor; 1914:89. 44. Hayden 1983: figs. 3, 4; Hall 1914:90. 45. Davaras 1979:114–117. 46. Mook and Coulson 1997:337–370. 47. See Kanta 1980:133, n. 1, and 176, in which she suggests that CT 5 and duck vases from CT 6 are LM IIIC (late), rather than Subminoan, and compares tomb contents to pottery from Chamaizi, Tylissos, and Karphi. Rethemiotakis describes Hall 1914: fig. 49 as sherds representing an advanced and homogeneous stage of IIIC, which he identifies at other Cretan sites (Karphi, Phaistos, Knossos, Archanes, Chania). This corresponds with his second phase at Kastelli; see Rethemiotakis 1997:417, n. 22. 48. Hall 1914: fig. 48, p. 91. See the catalogue of Greek pottery, cat. no. 2540, vol. 3, for a similar example from the nearby seasonal settlement or metochi of Kavousanida (VK6/8). Kavousanida is ca. 1 km south of Vrokastro and the spring here is one of the main water sources for the area. 49. Desborough notes that the mainland motif of pendent netted semicircles was not known elsewhere in Crete and describes it as “reminiscent” of LH IIIB/C. Many other motifs have a mainland origin, and can be traced in Furumark’s publications. See Desborough 1964:185, n. 9. Kanta 1980:175, described the two tombs at Mouliana as having contents that were similar overall to those of the Vrokastro corbel-vaulted tombs.

15

She also says the tombs in eastern Crete reflect many contacts with the mainland. 50. Mook 1993:25–27 lists a range of dates provided by pottery specialists for this term; the broadest range suggested by Snodgrass for eastern Crete is 1100–800 B.C.; Snodgrass 1971:134–135. See also the brief discussion on chronology, above. 51. Mook 1993:169, n. 103 for references to use of the term. 52. Popham 1992:60, for a list of Subminoan sites or deposits from the Knossos area. Most Subminoan vases from Knossos are from closed shapes, i.e., not settlement material. For the Subminoan of the North Cemetery, see Catling 1996:295–318; he notes that his Subminoan pottery is sometimes found with Protogeometric vases. He defines his Subminoan group by the presence of preserved Minoan characteristics. He acknowledges the difficulty, as does Popham, of judging the end of LM IIIC and the beginning of PG at the “outer limits” of Subminoan. In any case, his definition seems primarily stylistic, not chronological. 53. Popham 1992:59–60. 54. For Subminoan Kavousi pottery see Gesell, Day, and Coulson 1990:23, 28. Gesell, Day, and Coulson 1983:399, 401, 403, 405, 408; Day, Coulson, Gesell 1986:363. 55. Mook 1993:169–170. 56. Mook uses the term “Protogeometric transitional” in place of Subminoan for pottery excavated from the settlement on the Kastro at Kavousi; Mook 1993:169–170. 57. Coldstream 1968:259, n. 10 suggests that some of the kraters from CT 1, with straight upper profile and walls that move abruptly toward a small raised base, are contemporary with Knossian Protogeometric. 58. Snodgrass 1971:134–135 suggests 800 B.C. for the close of the Subminoan period in eastern Crete, and dates PGB to 810–785; this is followed by MG and LG, to 715 B.C. Protogeometric in central Crete extends to 840/825 (these are the final dates for LPG suggested by Coldstream and Snodgrass). Coldstream 1968:330. 59. Hall excavated much of the Vrokastro settlement extensively, with a large staff, thus it is questionable as to whether further excavation could shed more light on the relationship between settlement and cemetery, or the interpretation of the Subminoan style. 60. Hall 1914:123, 172–173, pl. xxvii:1. 61. Kanta 1980:176. 62. Furumark 1944:228; Desborough 1952:262–263; idem, 1964:186; idem, 1972:117. 63. Hall 1914:pl. 27:1, pp. 172–173. 64. Kanta 1980: fig. 33: 8, 9; pp. 71, 346. Dated by Furumark in 1944:228, to LM IIIB:2c. 65. For IIIC date, Kanta 1980:176. For cremations, Hall 1914:149; she also says that overall, 50% of the burials in the corbelled chamber tombs were cremations, p. 176 (these were CT 1, 4, and 5). Tomb 5 had one burial in a pithos in the dromos with clear signs of burning; this was apparently an early cremation placed in a jar. Snodgrass also points to the presence of cremations in the earliest tombs at Vrokastro; 1971:168, whereas those at nearby Olous may be even earlier (LM IIIA:2); see Kanta

16

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

1980:129. The location of this Vrokastro tomb, on the lower slopes of Kopranes, indicates that some of the IIIC population at this period is still settled in more vulnerable areas near the coast. See vol. 2, LM IIIC–Geometric settlement history. A LM IIIC tomb was also found at KP5, at the western base of Kopranes in the Aphendi Christos Valley (pers. comm. S. Apostolakou), and a small settlement may be located on the hill Kato Arniko, at the northern end of this valley (KA1/3). See also the site catalogue, vol. 3. 66. Desborough 1952:263; the decoration on one kylix from Vronda, Kavousi, was compared with these Vrokastro kylikes, whereas the shape of another Vronda kylix was also compared with examples from CT 5; Day, Coulson, Gesell 1986:368, fig. 7: 10, n. 24; 368, n. 31; 371, fig. 7: 11. A Subminoan date is suggested for this Vronda example, and the Vrokastro kylix must be very close to the end of LM IIIC, if not slightly later. 67. This motif can be as late as LPG–PGB; see Brock 1957:171, motif 3ad. 68. For example, the neck and spout of Coldstream and Catling 1996: fig. 136:63, which is Early Geometric. 69. Kanta 1980:176. 70. Desborough 1952:263. 71. Brock 1957:171, motifs 4h (chevron), 4l, LPG–MG. For the shape see pl. 17:237, Tomb V, developed PG, p. 26, and for motif and shape, pl. 96:1393, Tomb P, pp. 101, 121; the tomb dates to LPG and later. 72. Coulson, Day, and Gesell 1983: fig. 8: V19; pl. 77g, and p. 404, n. 40. 73. Hall 1914:151 (three cups). 74. The closest example in shape is Coldstream 1972: fig. 2: 72, B24, EPG. For references to the early type of bell skyphos from central Crete, Mook 1993:173, n. 108. See also Brock 1957: pl. 3:2. 75. As in Coldstream 1992: pl. 51: GA1, a later PG version of the bell skyphos shape. Desborough does not use the term for these shapes from Vrokastro; 1952:264. The bell krater shape is illustrated by Popham 1992: pl. 43:14. Warren describes bell kraters from Subminoan strata at the Stratigraphical Museum, Knossos, as being broader with a “more curvaceous profile” than Protogeometric kraters, but even his examples are not as globular or rounded as those from Vrokastro; Warren 1982–1983:76, figs. 62, 64, 65, p. 86. 76. Coldstream 1992:81; see pl. 51: GA2, for an example of a high-footed skyphos (p. 68) that is close in globular/round shape to some of the Vrokastro footed cups. 77. Mook 1993:174. 78. A more elongated example of this shape is called Subminoan by Warren 1982–1983: fig. 64, p. 81. 79. Hall 1914:177 claims that these cups appear in the 9th century and later bone enclosures. A round bell SM–EPG skyphos is illustrated in Coldstream and Catling 1996: fig. 126: 49, Tomb 49, p. 198. The belly of this small vase is not as low as the Vrokastro cups, and the foot is higher. But in its round-toglobular form, the early date for the Knossos example suggests an equally early date for the Vrokastro cups. On the other hand, MS 4798A (cat. no. 90) is quite similar, at least in body shape (although not in foot) to much later miniature MG skyphoi such as Coldstream and Catling 1996: fig. 76: 29. 80. An irregular spiral ridge is also mentioned on the out-

side foot of a bell skyphos from Knossos, but it does not appear in the profile drawing. Coldstream 1972:67; idem, 1992:68, and pl. 51: GA1; Mook 1993:173, n. 109. 81. Mook 1993:172; one example of this shape is fig. 121: P3.25. 82. See for example Mook 1993: fig. 121: P3.25, in her LM IIIC–PG transitional category. This vessel rises steeply from foot to a high belly or shoulder. 83. Mook 1993:174, ns. 113, 114, and Hall 1914: fig. 79. 84. Coldstream 1992: pl. 51: GA1; 58: GH4; and for other examples Mook 1993:174, n. 115. 85. Desborough 1952:264. 86. Desborough 1952:263 and Hall 1914:177. 87. Other vases similarly labeled come from this tomb. Hall 1914:153. On the other hand, one stirrup jar from CT 7 was not found in the Herakleion collection; this is illustrated in Hall’s fig. 93, upper right. The decoration and shape of cat. no. 62 do not accord with this vase, however. 88. Kanta 1980: fig. 83: 8–9, 201, SM; Coldstream and Catling 1996: fig. 85: 45.l7, EPG; this last example is close in shape. 89. As noted above (n. 65), another LM IIIC burial was found during house construction and excavated within the last decade. This burial was located on the floor of the Aphendi Christos Valley, near the western end of Kopranes, and the burial is associated with KP5 (see the site catalogue, vol. 3). 90. She describes the outside, however, as unpainted and the inside as monochrome; Hall 1914:152. I observed black paint on the interior, and possibly the exterior. 91. Coulson, Day, and Gesell 1983:399, fig. 4: V4. 92. Seiradaki 1960:27, fig. 20. The date was provided by L. Day (pers. comm.). 93. Furumark 1944:228; Desborough 1952:262–263. 94. Coulson, Day, and Gesell 1983:399. 95. Kanta 1980:176. 96. As for the stirrup jars, a few small false spouts with knobs were recovered from one of Hall’s pottery dumps located directly above the lower settlement area on the north slope. This probably indicates that small stirrup jars were also manufactured for domestic use, although all of those published by Hall were from tombs. 97. Hall 1914:152. 98. See above, n. 93. 99. Hall 1914:153. 100. See Coulson, Day, Gesell 1983: fig. 4: 6, p. 399, n. 28, EPG. L. Day suggests a SM date for this vase (pers. comm.). 101. Triangles hatched in different ways are dated by Brock 1957:171: motif 3ac, to LPG–PGB. The Vrokastro stirrup jars from this tomb have a slightly more rounded form than those illustrated by Brock, pl. 15: 220; pl. 78: 1482. These Fortetsa vases are from PG tombs (pp. 26, 101, n. 1; the earliest vase in tomb P is EPG). 102. Coldstream 1972: fig. 1: A1. 103. Brock 1957: pl. 7: 76, and pp. 11, 142: EPG; and motif 4l: p. 171, mainly LPG. 104. Desborough 1964:186 notes that the small finds, including iron, also indicate the PG date of these tombs. 105. Coldstream 1972: pl. 19:37. 106. Hall 1914: fig. 86a, c. 107. Ibid., 145; she did say, however, that it was frequently

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

hard to determine whether bones had been burned. 108. Ibid., 142; the side of the stirrup jar was broken off and she describes the contents as possibly “due to chance.” 109. Ibid. Coarse wares in the corbel-vaulted tombs are not common, but would occur if pithoi or jars were present; it is odd that these vases, which are usually thicker and harder fired, are described as disintegrated. One example of a coarse-ware vase from this tomb is the tripod kernos vessel (cat. no. 126), discussed below. 110. Ibid., fig. 86e, p. 146. 111. Ibid., fig. 86d. 112. Brock 1957: pl. 6: 60, pp. 13, 142. This has a taller rim and a smoother transition to the rim, and the body is not as globular; he calls it a krateriskos. 113. Brock 1957:175, motif 8c. 114. Coldstream and Catling 1996: fig. 60: 68, and 102: 9. 115. Hall 1914: fig. 86f. 116. Ibid., 145. 117. Brock 1957: pl. 156, no. 752, Tomb F, which is PGB–O (p. 67). 118. Also a rectangular hole in a corner described as possibly for libations; Hall 1914:123; for entire description, pp. 123–139. 119. Hall 1914:123–125, 149. 120. Coldstream 1972:76: no. 33, mentions openwork kalathoi in conjunction with one from Fortetsa of PGB date. Hall 1914: pl. xxxi, p. 127, nos. 3, 4. 121. Coldstream 1972:76, no. 33; Desborough suggested a Geometric date; 1952:265. 122. Hall 1914:132, compared with stirrup jar in pl. xxvii:1. Desborough 1952:264, comments on the Subminoan character of many of the vases from this tomb. 123. Ibid., 131, no. 24. 124. For a similar rim recovered from the site through survey, see vol. 2, cat. no. 1379. 125. Mook 1993:173, n. 112, and Coldstream 1992:81. 126. Desborough 1952:264, describes this example as rising fairly steeply from the foot. 127. Ibid., 264–265. 128. Ibid., 264. 129. Coldstream 1992:69, no. 30, splatter on lid, LPG–PGB; p. 81 for interior splatters on 9th-century bell kraters. Vlasaki suggests that splattered interiors are seen though the transition to LG II; see Andreadaki-Vlasaki 1997:232. 130. Desborough 1952:264. L. Day (pers. comm.) points out that the conical foot of these vases is a Protogeometric characteristic, however, indicating their manufacture to be coeval with this style of central Crete. 131. For mention of banqueting rituals at the tomb, see Coldstream 1991:291, 293. 132. For reference to 4 intact cups from this tomb out of a total of 33, Hall 1914:130, nos. 19–22, and her fig. 79, which may have a slightly straighter profile. 133. Ibid., pl. xxxii: 1, 2 and pp. 127–128, nos. 5, 6. 134. Desborough 1952:265. 135. Ibid., 1952:266; he had difficulty finding parallels for this shape: “I cannot place this vase.” In terms of workmanship, paint, fabric and motifs, it is related to the cylindrical pyxis and

17

the lidded jar with lozenges and triangles. 136. Brock 1957:168, and motif 4a, not after MG, p. 171. 137. Desborough 1952:264, suggests a Subminoan date/ style for the dipped footed bowls from this tomb. Because of the raised foot on these vases, L. Day would describe this group as Protogeometric. 138. Hall 1914:128, no. 7 and fig. 76 for cat. no. 73; she describes the shape as a krater. One mended example in Herakleion, cat. no. 6717, is the one she illustrated. The University Museum collection has part of another example, MS 6039, and though Hall mentions no second example from this tomb, this may be the findspot for the University Museum vase. 139. Ibid., 132, nos. 30–32. The last two mentioned by Hall might be MS 4908A, B. 140. Brock 1957:185, motif 19a,b. 141. Brock publishes three lebetes, two bowl-sized and one large cauldron, from an EPG tomb (XI); 1957: pl. 13: 185, also nos. 183, 190, with date for this tomb discussed on pp. 213–214. The bucket handles of these vessels are attached with a loop to riveted plaques on the upper body, but in one case a “reel” handle is described (1957: 121 for no. 183) that may be the equivalent of the spool handles of the Vrokastro vases. This early 10th-century date for this shape from Knossos is in accord with the EPG–PG date assigned to the Vrokastro shape. There is also evidence for tripods, possibly of this date, from Lefkandi 1980:96–97, with links cited between Cyprus, Euboea, Crete, and possibly Olympia for the development of this form. 142. Hall 1914:131, no. 25, pl. xxxiii. 143. The thin white line below the semicircles as drawn by Hall could not be seen. 144. Desborough 1952:266. 145. Ibid., 265–266. 146. Hall 1914:141. She did find bits of charcoal. 147. Hall 1914: pl. xxvii: 4 and p. 141. Added white appears in PGB at Knossos, but is considered an early feature in this period; Coldstream and Catling 1996: p. 5, no. 6 (small skyphos). Brock 1957:143, says that the first consistent use of white paint on black is MPG. 148. Desborough 1952:264. 149. Ibid., 1952:264; Hall 1914:141. 150. Hall 1914: fig. 84, p. 143, mentioned on p. 142, n. 8. 151. These amphoras are illustrated in Hall 1914:169, fig. 102. Desborough 1952:264 suggests a date later than PG and compares Payne 1929: pl. V: 6. See Brock 1957: pl. 8: 120 for shape, from a PG tomb, but the Knossos vase lacks the offset base. The shape is quite similar to a belly-handled amphora of PGB date from Knossos; see Catling and Coldstream 1996: fig. 58:14, p. 5. 152. Hall 1914:142, no. 5. The clay is not really brown, as Hall describes, but the condition of this vessel is in accord with her description, and the height is close to her measurement, 17.1 cm. (16.8/17.1 cm.; the top of the vessel is broken). 153. This shape is not known in cemeteries at Knossos before LPG; Coldstream 1972:66. 154. The findspot is indicated on the original catalogue card. Hall 1914:141, no. 3. Height is identical to Hall’s measure-

18

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

ment, at 28 cm. 155. See, for example, Gesell, Day, and Coulson 1983:397, fig. 4: 2, pl. 76a, p. 398, SM, but this flask is much thicker through the body than Vrokastro examples, and is asymmetrical when seen in profile, suggesting it was handmade. 156. Hall 1914:142, n. 6, “...two horizontal bands and a waved line on the shoulder.” Brock 1957: motif 8a, SM–PGB. 157. See Coldstream 1963:37, pl. 11c, SM–EPG; Coldstream and Catling 1996: fig. 103:23, E–MPG; this is described as a straight-sided pyxis from tomb 100. 158. Hall 1914:142, n. 7. 159. Desborough 1952:264; his date for CT 3 is PGB. 160. Hall 1914:139–140. 161. Also Desborough 1952:264. 162. Hall 1914:140, fig. 68a for aryballos, p. 118. None of the aryballoi catalogued have five concentric circles on the shoulder. Another sign of its lateness might be the presence of an iron fibula in this context, although it has a simple arch; pl. xixd. 163. Desborough 1952:267. 164. Brock 1957: pl. 18: 246, p. 28. 165. Hall 1914: pl. xxvii: 4 and p. 141, no. 2. 166. I.e., Hall 1914:150, fig. 89b, where the simple motif on the shoulder of a small trefoil-mouthed jug has Protogeometric parallels. 167. See n. 129, above. Also Coldstream and Catling 1996: 5, nos. 2, PGB–EG; 5, LPG; 256, nos. 10, 24, LPG–PGB. This seems to occur more often in LPG and beyond. 168. Hall noted that the small footed cups that were a frequent find in the corbel-vaulted tombs also occurred in the bone enclosures, which indicate the continued presence of this shape in the 9th century B.C. at the site; 1914:177. 169. Coldstream 1977:50. 170. Warren 1982–1983:76–87. 171. Desborough 1952:266–267. 172. Hall 1914:155. Hall does not record whether the walls were constructed before the cremation (and would show traces of burning), or after the fact. 173. Ibid., 176–177. 174. For contents of BE 6: Hall 1914: fig. 99, p. 164. Coldstream 1968:235; idem, 1977:102. 175. Coldstream 1968:239; idem, 1977:102. For contents of BE 12, see Hall 1914: figs. 101, 102, pp. 168–169. Protogeometric B in Crete is the chronological equivalent of Early to Middle Geometric elsewhere in the Aegean. The chronology could go later, as the cups described with horizontal bands are probably LG–EO. 176. See the catalogue entry for dates; this shape could have been used as a lid. 177. Coldstream 1977:102. 178. Coldstream 1968:258. 179. This includes a jar Hall illustrates, 1914:112 and fig. 64, from room 26 of the upper settlement, with a biconical shape and two handles from shoulder to neck. The jar has seven bands on its body and a horizontal double spiral on its shoulder; the motif is dated to EPG in Brock 1957:11f. The shape approaches Coldstream 1960:129, Tomb 1: 1, MPG, but this is slightly more ovoid, with only one band at the base of the neck. A horizontal

spiral also occurs on the shoulder of a jug from Vronda that has a banded body and a slightly more ovoid shape and is dated to EPG: Day, Coulson, and Gesell 1986: fig. 13: 33, and p. 381. Additionally, survey pottery recovered from the north slope and summit of Vrokastro comprises LM IIIC sherds (ca. 15% of total) and PG sherds (ca. 15% of the total assemblage). 180. Hall 1914:83–84, “Trial trenches sunk in the neighborhood of this tomb [CT 1 on Karakovilia] revealed nothing but house-walls, and subsequent experience pointed also to the conclusion, that tombs had been interspersed among houses.” 181. Desborough 1952:262 cites LM IIIC (late)-SM sherds from the settlement, Hall 1914:94, fig. 50a,h and SM/EPG, fig. 51k, p. 95. 182. Coldstream 1968:258. 183. The material was examined by Coldstream in 1982, who kindly left a list of the sherds he had examined, along with possible shape and date. The mention of “reminiscences” of PGB occurring at Vrokastro (1968:258) was then strengthened in his later publication, in which the site (burials) is described as having a PGB phase; idem, 1992:102. For findspot of these sherds, see comment about sherd labels at the beginning of the catalogue and n. 192, below. 184. Personal communication 1982; he also tentatively dates Hall 1914: fig. 52 to PGB (Coldstream 1968:238, n. 4), and this is also from the town. This is a possible bell? krater with a ‘kangaroo’ bird, a distinctive local type. 185. Coldstream 1977: fig. 116, p. 385. More specifically, it equates to Attic MG I and Boeotian and Thessalian EG. 186. Also from the settlement a PGB hydria in Hall 1914: pl. xxvii: 3; and PGB motifs on an amphora of Attic shape in fig.-102, p. 169. Coldstream 1968:258 and Desborough 1952:245. 187. Coldstream 1992:81–82. 188. Ibid., 80. 189. This is during Subprotogeometric at the site, the long interval between Protogeometric and Late Geometric; Mook 1993:194. 190. Day, Coulson, and Gesell 1986:387. Mook 1993:195. 191. Illustrated by Hall 1914:95, fig. 51g; 106, fig. 60a; 118, fig. 68a; Coldstream 1968:259, n. 11. Elsewhere, however, he describes this skyphos shape as within a local east Cretan Geometric style termed Eteocretan; p. 258, n. 8. 192. Some of these identifications are based on her grid labels on the vases; as noted, those pots identified with a Roman numeral, often “I” followed by a number, are probably from the town. Published vases identified by Hall as from the town are labeled (in pencil) in a similar manner. 193. These include Hall 1914:173, fig. 106 (stemmed krater, cat. no. 159, Herakleion 6716); also a jar (cat. no. 165) p. 159, fig. 96; a pyxis, pl. xxvi; a neck-handled amphora (cat. no. 164), pl. xxviii; a neck-handled jar (cat. no. 124), pl. xxxiii; Coldstream 1968:258, ns. 3–5 and Desborough 1952:266. 194. Coldstream describes a few sherds that Hall illustrates (1914: fig. 53a–d,f,g; p. 98) from a krater with a chariot scene as related to the Naxian School. Coldstream 1968:172, n. 11; Hall’s description of the clay (green, covered with a buff slip), is interpreted as “misfired” by Coldstream. These sherds were seen in the Herakleion collection, but not catalogued for this monograph

Introduction: Description of the Settlement, Topography, Tombs, and Pottery

due to lack of time. At a later date, they could not be relocated. See also cat. no. 192. Several of the sherds with double-outlined compass-drawn circles may be from vases imported from the Cyclades, based on visual inspection of the clay fabric. 195. A few possible Euboean imports to Vrokastro are also mentioned by Coldstream 1977:199. For Euboean pottery at Vrokastro, he refers to Hall 1914: fig. 106, p. 173 (cat. no. 159), which is a stemmed krater described as Atticizing in his chapter on Euboean Geometric (1968:167, 169, n. 15, and possibly Attic (same volume, p. 258, n. 3). Contact with Cyprus may be indicated by the presence of a rod-tripod stand from CT 1 at Vrokastro (Hall 1914: pl. xxxiv, left), although Matthäus believes

19

most tripods found in Greece during this period are from Greek workshops; see Matthäus 1998:285–300. Catling posits a Cypriote origin; see Catling 1984:69–91. Also Coldstream 1977:284; Catling 1964:199, no. 19. Mook 1993:197. 196. Hall 1914:118, fig. 68a and 160, fig. 97c (cat. nos. 200–205). See also Tsipopoulou 1987:262–282, esp. figs. 3, 4, pl. IA’. 197. White-on-dark decoration, or a thin white-to-pink paint that differs little from the slip, appears to be used on some of the large decorated amphoras to render thin bands on a blackpainted ground, or for other minor decorative features, such as dots in the center of small circles. See Treatment in catalogue,

2

Pottery Catalogue

Description of Catalogue First line: Description of shape if complete vessel and Museum catalogue number if one exists; MS number for the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Mediterranean Section, and Herakleion, followed by number, for sherds and vases in the collection of the Herakleion Archaeological Museum, Crete. Corresponding fig. and plate numbers. Second line: Measurement of shape: MPD  maximum preserved dimension; H = height; MPH maximum preserved height; th. = thickness; diam. = diameters taken where possible: rim, base, sometimes belly. Shape and treatment: Description of shape, preservation, decoration, clay, and paint. Date: LPG–EG (dash means “to”); SM/PG (slash indicates overlap or equivalent to—for example, Subminoan in eastern Crete is, for the most part, the likely chronological equivalent to the Protogeometric style of central Crete, hence SM/PG). For Middle Minoan, based on Walberg 1987:MM IB/IIA = Early Kamares; MM IIB–IIIA = Classical Kamares; MM IIIB = PostKamares. Other abbreviations: SM = Subminoan; PG = Protogeometric period, G = Geometric; E = Early; M = Middle; L = Late; SPG = Subprotogeometric; PGA = Protogeometric A; PGB = Protogeometric B; O/Or = Orientalizing. Commentary: Chronological parallels for shape and decoration, and citations with author name and date (see Bibliography). Inclusions: Chalky white, white, yellow-white, and round, rather soft: calcareous/calcite, probably limestone. This is also blown out of the clay, leaving the surface pitted. Orange-red: in fine wares, this is usually subangular to round, soft, and could be clay (terra rossa or claystone/mudstone/siltstone).

Phyllite: The angular to subangular inclusions in medium-coarse and coarse wares could be phyllite, an inclusion that is not in the local geology and indicates the presence of an import. These phyllite inclusions fire a range of colors, most frequently cherry red to orange or tan, but also white, black, gray, or reddish purple. Chert: Round to angular rock, usually black or redbrown. Mica: gold and/or silver. “Granodiorite”: Used to indicate a igneous rock, usually black and white in appearance and subangular, that is in the diorite/granodiorite/granite series. Abbreviations: FW = fine ware; MC = medium coarse; CW = coarse ware. If not indicated, vase is FW. The term Local indicates pottery produced in or near the Vrokastro survey boundaries, that is, eastwest: from Gournia to Lato area; north-south: the Gulf of Mirabello to the Meseleroi Valley. Label: What Hall wrote, usually in pencil, on the vessel or on a paper label still located in the vase. Roman numerals may refer to level where vase was found within the upper settlement area; arabic numeral refers possibly to order in which they were excavated or accessioned in field. The Greek is usually a toponym denoting location (these labels are found on pottery from the tombs). Bibliography: Citation included if sherd or vase has been published. The inked profiles (figs.) are illustrated at 1:2 unless otherwise indicated.

Middle Minoan Through Late Minoan I Periods 1

Bridge-spouted jug Pl. 1

Herakleion 26406 Fig. 1;

Pottery Catalogue

H 8.6; diam. rim 9.8–10.1; diam. base 6.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Handmade spouted cup with two vertical handles, round in section, placed on opposite sides of the vessel and extending from rim to lower body. Mended from five pieces. Base coat on the vessel exterior and bottom is cherry-red to brown crackled with decoration in white overpaint. Thin black band on interior rim. Motif in white is similar to antithetical J-spiral (lacking the enclosed small circle) and is placed on upper half of vessel, framed by two horizontal bands above and three below. Date: MM IA–II, probably MM I. Commentary: For placement of handle and shape see Demargne 1945:1–2, 8, pl. IV:8607, 8609, 1st period, EM III–MM I. The shape is dated by Andreou 1978:93, fig. 15 to EM III–MM IIB/IIIA. Shape somewhat similar to wheelmade bridge-spouted jug, MS 4259, from Vasilike; Betancourt 1983: fig. 20:261. The motif continues into Middle Minoan and is more developed; Walberg 1987: fig. 36:13, pp. 181, 49–50. The motif (13), framing a disk, is dated by Walberg to Classical Kamares. It could be a development of an EM III motif, Betancourt 1984:31, fig. 3:14:1 (miscellaneous) and Walberg 1987: fig. 36:6. Inclusions: Small, frequent biotite mica (gold) and blown white, probably calcium carbonate (limestone). Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 7/3–7/4. Labeled: KK written on base of vase in pencil. Provenience: Vrokastro(?); KK could mean Kalo Chorio, although the vase was found with Vrokastro pottery in storage, second floor Herakleion Museum. 2

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 1; Pl. 1 MPD 10.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd from large jar, preserving base of horizontal handle. Preserved decoration of horizontal overlapped white wavy lines over two thin horizontal bands in thin paint, possibly on thin dark wash, although white paint may be on clay ground. Arc of paint indicates beginning of handle. Clay: brittle, overfired, very coarse, pitted, brick-red surface. Date: EM III(?)–MM II. Commentary: This motif is paralleled on cup fragments from the North Trench, Gournia, middle phase of EM III. It does occur later, however, and the EM III date may be too early for this site (although a few early sherds could relate to nearby early sites, such as KP6; see vols. 2 and 3, FN–EM I). In Walberg 1987: fig. 44:16, iii:7, it occurs as a vertical motif on cups, Classical Kamares, p. 60. The entire chronological range for this motif is EM III–MMIIB/IIIA. Betancourt 1984: fig.-2–7:22, 23, 24 (EM III cup fragments); also p. 25, fig. 3–4:6:3 (North Trench, Gournia). Betancourt and Silverman 1991: fig. 3:348, EM III, p. 13. Hall 1904– 1905: pl. 28:22. Hall mentions that on jars decoration

21

is sometimes placed directly on the clay ground. Andreou 1978:156, fig. 8:22, mentions a red fabric from the Malia Town Group (MM IIA–IIIA) that may be similar; and this sherd from the North Trench has overlapping wavy lines. Inclusions: Numerous large inclusions of biotite mica (silver), angular hard white-gray. Munsells: Surface: 2.5YR 4/6. Labeled: I 15 (Roman numerals probably refer to upper settlement on the summit). 3

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 1; Pl. 1 MPD 6.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Convex, thin-walled shoulder fragment of possible bridge-spouted jar preserving part of horizontal handle, round in section, placed high on shoulder. The upper shoulder turns inward to rim, which is not preserved. Decoration on flaky brown matt paint consists of two thin horizontal white bands below the handle with part of a spiral(?) preserving three hand-drawn concentric lines below. Clay: soft pale brown; surface pitted. Date: MM IIA–III(?). Commentary: For shape see Walberg 1987: fig. 25:97, globular-conical, Post-Kamares, but closer to Betancourt 1990: fig. 60:1732, MM III, or a more erect, flatter profile, fig. 38:791, MM III. For motif, running(?) spiral, a wide range of dates from Walberg 1983: pl. 32:7 (iii) 2, p. 42: phase 1, Pre-Kamares to idem, 1987: fig. 35: iii:2, fig. 37:ii:2, p. 51, Post-Kamares. Overall, shape-and thinness of wall suggests a date later than Pre-Kamares. Inclusions: Small to large chalky white, probably limestone; MC–CW. Munsells: Surface: 10YR 8/4. Labeled: I 3. 4

Two joining sherds Herakleion Fig. 1; Pl. 1 Est. diam. rim 9; H 5.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Two joining sherds preserving portion of narrow-necked globular jar; outturned rim with interior ledge for lid and lug handles on rim, possibly for securing the lid. Slipped. Lustrous black paint on exterior, black band below rim on interior. Two white bands and two orange-red on exterior rim. Below bands, part of curved motif in orange-red outlined by dots; diagonal band of dots below this. Clay: highly burnished reddish-yellow surface, hard-fired. Date: MM IIB–IIIA. Commentary: For somewhat similar shape, see Walberg 1987: globular jar, fig. 27:56, p. 23. This is Pre-Kamares, however, and too early. The other globular jars illustrated by Walberg have more erect rims. Also Andreou 1978: Malia Town Group, 159, fig. 21:9, or Vasilike, House A (contemporary), fig. 16:9; Levi 1976: pl. 169:d, e; 53c (Phaistos Ib/II); van Effenterre 1976: pl.-71a. These are in Andreou’s red-ware group.

22

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

For motif, Walberg 1987: fig. 46:20:20, repeat circle band (solid white disks surrounded by small dots), p.-63, Classical Kamares. Inclusions: Small gray-black, small soft white; reddish brown rounded. Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 7/6. Labeled: I 2. 5

Globular pitcher Herakleion 6691 Fig. 1; Pl. 1 H 14.1; diam. belly 14.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Globular pitcher with spout, which is two-thirds restored. Vertical handle, round in section, opposite spout. Nine holes punched from the exterior into the vessel wall at the spout for straining. Underpaint has a green metallic quality (overfired?) with darker painted (brush-stroked) swatches on the underpaint. These swatches may have been fugitive white paint (as restored in the drawing by Hall). Interior band of paint at rim. Parallel striations across base (string-cut). Clay: unusually fine, pastelike fabric; pinkish white. Date: MM II–III. Commentary: For imitation stone treatment see Betancourt 1990: fig. 30:644, MM III–LM IA, p. 111. These are spattered paint drops or speckles, not painted as on the Vrokastro example. Levi 1967–1968: fig. 15; idem, 1976: pl. 201h. See also Schiering 1960: 17–36. Shape is close to that of a globular bridgespouted jar except for the closed neck. Similar profile for body to Betancourt 1990: fig. 18:204 (hydria) MM IIA. Body is somewhat similar to Walberg 1987: fig. 27: 120, p. 24; Classical Kamares. Inclusions: Very small white, probably limestone. Munsells: Core: 7.5YR 8/2. Gray-tan surface, crackled: 2.5Y 6/2. Swatches of darker color: 2.5Y N3. Labeled: Lower level, 27 Bibliography: Hall 1914: pl. xxv left. 6

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 2; Pl. 2 MPD 6.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd of possible bridgespouted jar; belly and shoulder, approaching the rim. One handle stub is preserved, horizontal, round in section. The sherd has no concentric throwing rings and might be handmade. Paint is reddish brown to black, flaking. A broad band under rim on interior; thick white circles on exterior shoulder above white horizontal band, at level of handle base. The handle circumference has been smoothed into five planes by a tool. Clay: hard pink-buff with buff core. Date: MM II. Commentary: This is a probable depressed globular bridge-spouted jar, although Andreou 1978:149, describes his from Malia town group as having a rolled, everted, S-shaped or ledged rim. For shape, Walberg 1987:23–24, fig. 27:90, Classical Kamares. Also Wal-

berg, 1983: pl. 12:81, p. 15, phase 2; she provides a date of-Early Kamares, MM IB/IIA. This seems closest in shape. Inclusions: Large white (calcium carbonate/limestone?), small reddish brown angular. Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 8/4. Labeled: on base, X or X, lowest level II, 1. 7

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 2; Pl. 2 MPD 5.2; est. diam. rim 11 cm. Shape and treatment: Rim and upper profile of large carinated cup with very thin wall. Black-painted interior and exterior; thin line of white overpaint on interior rim. On exterior thin line in white paint slants up toward rim. Two areas of white paint are preserved under the oblique line, one a crude chevron. Decoration in chalky white; base color (underpaint) is reddish brown. The clay is hard-fired, yellowish red. Date: MM II. Commentary: Andreou 1978: fig. 19:16, Malia Town Group EI. Parallels with Vasilike, House A; similarities to Classical Kamares, Phaistos, Knossos, pp. 134– 145, 144, 147; cup described (p. 147) as always dark coated with upper part usually higher than cup wall below carination; p. 157; sometimes the cup bears a white festoon, but otherwise it is just monochrome coated. His Town Group dated MM IIA/IIB–IIIA; apparently the carinated cup is early in this period. Also Demargne et al. 1953:15, pl. viii:8497; Van Effenterre 1969: pl. xlviii:156; Betancourt 1990: fig. 17:192, MM IIA, but wall thickness is close to fig. 21:351, MM IIB, p. 89, carinated cup or bowl with diam. of 18–20 cm.; also fig. 21:353, which is carinated or straight-sided with similar rim diam. Munsell: Core: 5YR 5/6. Labeled: On base: identified as “X,” lowest level of II, 1. 8

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 2; Pl. 2 MPD 5.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Wall of straight-sided cup, preserving rim. Band of white paint below rim, interior, and black band below it. Lustrous black painted exterior with two lines of interlaced, white-painted quirks below rim and near base, separated by red horizontal band, with two more red bands at rim and base of sherd. Slightly concave profile. Throwing marks on inside but smoothed over. Clay: very hard pink-buff. Date: MM II–IIIA, probably MM II. Commentary: For decoration, Walberg 1987: fig. 39: 30, 37, spiral derivatives, closer to no. 37 that is in her Post-Kamares group, also to no. 29, same group, p. 53. Also idem, Post-Kamares cup 24b, fig. 21; for shape, fig.-30:201, 205, pp. 148–149. She puts this shape, pp.-28–29, in Classical Kamares. Number 207

Pottery Catalogue

is a narrower shape, perhaps more appropriate; this too is Classical. Based on motif, Walberg 1983:44, pl. 34:8 (ii) 29, phase 4, Post-Kamares date is appropriate; also pl. 35:8 (ii) 56, spiral derivative between bands of red. They may be Classical to late Kamares because Walberg says (p. 43) thin and spread-out motif is late. Betancourt 1983: fig. 19:256, MM II straight-sided cup with interior black band (but no white band) and thicker walls. A straight-sided cup with thin walls from Pseira is dated by Betancourt to MM III–LM IA; see idem, 1983: fig. 8:44; Betancourt and Silverman 1991: fig. 12:460, MM III. Also Betancourt 1990: fig. 34:722, MM III. Inclusions: Soft white. Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 8/4. Labeled: II, 4. 9

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 2; Pl. 2 MPH 4.9; est. diam. base 11 cm. Shape and treatment: Base and wall of large straightsided cup. Slightly concave profile. Black-painted exterior. Decoration in white on exterior consists of two horizontal rows of quirks framed by red bands at base and one at or near the rim. Base painted black with trace of white decoration. No paint on interior; motifs and paint similar to preceding cup, although wall of this vase is slightly thicker and there are no interior bands. Clay: very hard-fired pink-buff. Date: MM II–IIIA, probably MM II. Commentary: Same as cat. no. 8; shape seems close to Walberg 1987: fig. 30:207, Classical Kamares. Also idem, Post-Kamares, fig. 21:24b. Again the extended chevron indicates a late date; see Walberg 1983:44; wide shape could be pl. 15:186. For trimmed base Betancourt and Silverman 1991: fig. 12:461–463, 470, MM III. Inclusions: Small, rounded reddish brown (clay?). Munsells: Clay 5YR 7/3. 10

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 2; Pl. 2 MPD 5.4; est. diam. base 13 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from large, straight-sided or cylindrical cup base with slightly concave wall profile. Lustrous black-painted exterior with row of white interlaced quirks near base above a white band at base. A thin red-orange horizontal band above quirks, with trace of more white decoration above this band. Faint curvilinear white decoration on cup bottom. The fine clay is hard-fired, pink-buff. Date: MM II–IIIA, probably MM II. Commentary: See cat. nos. 8, 9 for decoration. Closest in cup shape is Walberg 1987: fig. 30:205, although this is only a 8-cm. diam. base (p. 28; this shape is Classical Kamares, most common are narrow bases). Walberg 1983: pl. 15:188, with comparanda p. 181; this occurs in Classical Kamares, p. 33. For motif, see Walberg 1983:

23

pl. 35:8 (ii) 31, elongated running S-spiral; Walberg’s phase 4 are thin and widely spaced. These are probably Classical Kamares, but this motif is found from EM III. Also Levi 1957–1958:310, fig. 153b:F1924, H 9.1 cm., diam. rim 10.3 cm. Inclusions: Small, rounded reddish brown. Munsell: Core: 5YR 7/4. 11

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 2 MPD 7; est. diam. rim 7 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd from cylindrical cup preserving upper concave profile and rim. The interior and exterior are painted lustrous black; the exterior has two panels of interwoven loop decoration framed by two thin white lines above and below with a thicker red band between the loops. Small blobs extend upward from the higher thin white line. Pendent from the rim are large solid white arcs; the base of the sherd preserves the tops of similar(?) curved motifs. The fine, hard-fired clay is pink-buff. Date: MM II–IIIA, probably MM II. Commentary: Similar motifs, but oriented vertically, are catalogued by Walberg as Classical Kamares: 1987: fig. 44:iii:7, p. 60, Classical Kamares, and, for joined semicircles, fig. 45:17:2–3, p. 61, Classical Kamares. Also Betancourt, 1985:98, pl. 70:AE, MM IIB, but these overlapped wavy lines are vertical. A similar shape, although larger, is Walberg 1983: fig. 16:229, phase 1 and 3, latter being Classical, MM IIA–IIIA. Shape may come closest to deep concave shape in Walberg 1987: fig. 30:207, Classical Kamares. Inclusions: Gold mica, soft white and a few hard angular gray. Munsells: Core: 7.5YR 8/4. 12

Straight-sided cup MS 4255 Fig. 2; Pl. 2 H 7; diam. rim 8.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Complete straight-sided cup with a slightly concave profile, small flat string-cut base, thin wall, oval mouth; burned. Vertical handle, oval in section, extends from rim to mid-body. Black paint on interior with two pendent curving white bands from rim. Black band under rim on exterior; black paint on top of handle suggests that the top of the cup was dipped in paint. Burnish preserved on handle top. Fine clay: overfired, brittle; brown in color with black core; buff slip on exterior(?). Date: MM IIB–IIIA on shape. Commentary: Similar to shape from Lasithi, Pendlebury et al., 1935–1936: fig. 13:7, 10; MM III. Idem, 1937–1938a: fig. 13:10. Walberg 1987:29, fig. 30: 203 is closest in shape, Classical and Post-Kamares. Idem, 1983: pl. 16:230, phase 3 or 4, MM IIA–MM III. Fairly close in profile to Popham et al., 1984: pl. 142:9, MM III–LM IA. For motif see Walberg 1987: fig. 45:23, p.-61, Early Kamares. Pendent arcs occur in east Crete

24

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

at a variety of sites: Hall 1904–05:xxvii:12; Seager 1912: fig. 19:1; idem, 1916: pl. xiii:1; Betancourt and Silverman 1991: fig. 19:561, 564, LM I (for interior white pendent loop). Van Effenterre 1948: pl. I:022 with interior pendent loops, described as Middle Minoan. Inclusions: Chalky white of varied size (probably limestone), gold mica. Munsell: Surface: 10YR 5/2; paint: 5YR 4/2. 13

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 2; Pl. 2 MPH 4; diam. rim ca. 9 cm. Shape and treatment: Rim sherd of cylindrical cup preserving upper concave profile. Wide black band along interior rim. Decoration on exterior black paint consists of reddish brown petaloid loop pattern and thin diagonal band in this paint rising to rim. These loops enclose white tear-drop shaped stroke. White band along rim. Clay: fine hard pale brown. Date: MM II–MM IIIA, probably MM II. Commentary: Walberg 1987 illustrates shapes with almost same rim diameter in cylindrical cup category: fig. 30:201, 205, pp. 28–29; these can be as early as Early Kamares or Classical. Idem, 1983: pl. 15:188, p.-33, phase 3, cylindrical cup with similar diameter, is Classical Kamares. In text, p. 19, the shape is mentioned as belonging to phase 2 (MM IA/IIB). Petaloid loops enclosing white areas are Classical Kamares: Walberg 1987: fig. 43:12:8, 9. Motif is something like idem, 1983: pl. 41:12 (i) 2, yet these have only two outer lines forming petaloid loop and are in white paint; p. 48, dated to phases 1 and 3; latter is more probable. Inclusions: Biotite mica (gold). Munsell: Clay: 10YR 8/3. Bibliography: Similar to a cup illustrated by Hall 1914:116, fig. 66b, described on p. 115. See Herakleion 6672, cat. no. 15, below. 14 2

Straight-sided cup Herakleion 6670 Fig. 3; Pl.

H 5.4; diam. rim 8.9–9.1; diam. base 8.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Mended cylindrical cup with small portion at top of strap handle restored. Half of interior below rim painted in black wash. Brownpainted decoration on exterior appears to be painted over thin brown-orange wash paint, but decoration in brown is probably all that remains of fugitive white overpaint (yet there is no trace of white paint except in the internal petals, where traces of white and red paint are preserved [alternating]). Thin black band at rim and base on exterior. Identical motif on base, again in dark paint on thin uneven wash, and no trace of white overpaint preserved. Clay: very fine pink; burnished. Date: MM IIB–MM IIIA. Commentary: Probably Classical Kamares, although may be Post-Kamares. For cup shape see Walberg

1987: fig. 30:201; p. 28: Classical. Also for shape Betancourt 1985: fig. 65: upper right, MM II. The motif is similar to an antithetic J-spiral in Walberg 1987: fig. 36: 3:6, 10 (Classical Kamares), enclosing a pictorialized motif: fig. 48:25:i:1, 11.11 is more elaborate and PostKamares in date, p. 69. The motif was described by Hall as “heartshapes.” Inclusions: Very few chalky yellow-white. Munsell: Clay: 5YR 7/4–7/6. Bibliography: Hall 1914:115, no. 2, from area 36, upper settlement. 15

Sherd Herakleion 6672 Fig. 3; Pl. 2 H 5.9; diam. base 8.9 cm. Shape and treatment: Straight-sided cup; one-fifth of wall preserved, two-thirds of base. Wide interior band below rim of black paint. On exterior, loop decoration in dark paint (probably all that remains of fugitive white paint) with teardrop-shaped white center, and elaborate loop decoration in fugitive white on bottom. No trace on wall of white paint except for center of loop. Base paint is dark reddish brown to red. Clay: similar to no. 6670 (cat. no. 14); same workshop; burnished. Date: MM IIA–IIIA. Commentary: For shape and decoration see cat. no. 14, Herakleion 6670, above. Labeled: “Beneath wall of room 36”; card in vase says “room VI” (in Greek). Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 66b, identified as from beneath wall of room 36, p. 115. 16

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 4; Pl. 2 MPD 5.5; est. diam. rim 11 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving rim and upper body of semiglobular cup. Flaky, matt, brown-black painted interior and exterior; white rim band on interior. Exterior decoration consists of two white bands at top and base of rim enclosing wavy line and two curved strokes or arcs below. Clay: very fine hard pinkish buff. Date: MM II–IIIA. Commentary: For shape Betancourt 1990: fig. 21: 371, MM IIB; the lip of this example is rounder and the body profile has a broader, smoother curve. Walberg 1987: fig. 30:196; this deep cup type is PostKamares, p. 30. The shape may be earlier, although the lip is not as pronounced: Andreou 1978: fig. 12:6, p. 84, Mochlos House D-Vasilike House B, MM IA–IIA. The simple wavy line on the lip is Early Kamares, p. 60. Inclusions: Biotite mica (gold). Munsells: Clay core: 7.5YR 8/2. 17

Sherd Herakleion 6671 Fig. 4; Pl. 2 H 6.5; base 3.6; diam. rim ca. 10 cm. Shape and treatment: Semiglobular cup, two-thirds preserved, mended from five sherds. Reddish brown paint

Pottery Catalogue

25

on exterior and interior. Exterior has white-painted tangential spirals with teardrop shapes or leaves attached to diagonals between spirals. White-painted cross on base. Clay: very fine, light reddish yellow to orange, burnished. Date: MM IIB–IIIA. Commentary: For profile (but thicker wall) see Betancourt 1983: fig. 7:29, p. 19, MM III–LM IA; Betancourt and Silverman 1991: fig. 13:479, p. 35, MM III or fig. 20:577, p. 53, LM I. For somewhat similar Sspiral motif, Walberg 1987: fig. 37:5:iii:3, 4, 10, p. 51, all Classical Kamares. Also idem, 1983: pl. 29, 2(v)2, J-spiral, phase 3, p. 38, Classical Kamares. Inclusions: Soft white, small reddish brown. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/6. Clay is similar to Herakleion cat. nos. 6670, 6672, cat. nos. 14, 15. Bibliography: Hall, 1914:116, fig. 66a, room 36, beneath wall in upper settlement.

MPD 3.3 cm.; clay strips, 1 cm. across Shape and treatment: Sherd from vessel with ovoid shape, possibly a rhyton base. Interior profile egg-shaped with hole (at top of drawing), somewhat angular, punched through vessel from interior. Exterior painted black. Two narrow plastic bands of clay, placed side by side, are located on the side of the vessel and extend to the punched opening. These are decorated with narrow bands of white. Clay: fine gray paste; interior surface light gray. Closely spaced throwing marks visible near interior hole. Exterior surface light yellowish gray. Date: MM III(?). Commentary: For possible shape, Betancourt 1985: fig. 80:a, b. Inclusions: Dark, small, hard grits. Munsells: Clay core: 2.5Y 7/2. Labeled: In pencil on base: V,I.

18

20

Three nonjoining sherds Herakleion Fig. 4; Pl. 3 (1) MPD 6.8; (2) MPD 8.5; (3) MPD 10.3 cm. Shape and treatment: Three nonjoining sherds (one illustrated). Based on fabric, two at least and possibly third from one vessel. Two sherds possibly from a carinated shape: kantharos(?) or goblet(?) The largest sherd is preserved almost to the rim with a convex/concave profile from carination to rim. Paint consists of orange wash, painted in wavy bands with brush across surface (imitating stone?). Unpainted interior. Clay: interior soft reddish yellow, highly burnished exterior. Date: MM II–IIIA. Commentary: The convex/concave profile with carination is similar to carinated kantharos, although these Vrokastro sherds lack interior paint or treatment expected in an open vessel. Treatment is similar to “featherwork” or “featherwave” ware of Pyrgos, Malia, and Knossos; see Catling 1978:75, fig. 16, p. 76, period III; Knappett 1997:306. Levi 1976: pl. 134 n, r, Festos Ib. For open shape see Andreou 1978: fig. 14:16, MM IIA–IIIA, pp. 93–97, Vasilike, House A-Zakros Group, although his example has a painted interior. See also Demargne et al., 1953: pl. LIC; van Effenterre 1963: pl. XLIV:7882. One sherd identical in fabric, thickness and paint was recovered on transect on the north slope of Vrokastro (cat. no. 1380):U. 4:2:2A:100–110 m.; box 75; sack 20. See vol. 3. This may be from the same vessel; it has similar limestone/calcareous inclusions. Inclusions: Large inclusions popped out of surface on exterior of two sherds; none visible on the third. Occasional soft white calcareous and some fine gold mica. Munsells: 7.5YR 8/6. Label: II, 1, lowest level. 19

Sherd

Herakleion

Fig. 4; Pl. 3

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 4 MPD 6.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from semiglobular cup preserving small portion of thin, pointed, everted rim. Monochrome interior of brown, streaky paint; thickened paint on interior rim. Exterior has a solid band on the rim and below a crude spiral (possibly running right) with a thick diagonal band to left, and leaf(?) to left of band. Slightly burnished, but rough surface. Date: LM I, possibly LM IB. Commentary: For sharpness of profile Betancourt 1983: fig. 21:284, LM I; Watrous 1992: fig. 17:257, LM IB. For motif, Betancourt and Silverman 1991: figs. 23: 612, 26; 635, spirals run right in LM IB; idem, 1985: fig. 103:i. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; slip: 10YR 8/4.

Late Minoan III Period 21

Miniature jug Herakleion Fig. 4; Pl. 3 H to spout 6.1; diam. belly 5.5 cm. Shape and treatment: A small jug or pitcher with spout and handle broken off and squat, depressed shape. Vertical handle is oval in section and extends from shoulder to rim. Flat base. Black paint on neck and handle. Vertical strokes on shoulder, eight horizontal strokes below. Slipped and burnished. Date: LM IIIA–IIIB (early); probably IIIA. Commentary: Kanta 1980: fig. 33:5, Nipidhitos, p. 74, LM IIIA:1; fig. 64:2:4795, p. 140, Kalo Chorio, Goulas burial (AC3), LM IIIA:2–IIIB. See also the Vrokastro Survey Project: Bronze Age catalogue, vol. 3, cat. no. 1100, GN2B:1. Inclusions: Small subangular red-brown. Munsells: Paint: 10R 5/6; clay: 5YR 7/6; slip: 5YR 6/6. 22

Sherd

Herakleion

Fig. 4; Pl. 3

26

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

MPD 5.4 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd with a globular convex profile near rim, probably a cup. Interior is painted a monochrome reddish brown. Decoration on exterior consists of two reserved areas filled with arcs or semicircles of three thin bands, a reserved band above located near or under the rim, and a small reserved arc pendent below the rim band. There may be a motif located between the arcs. Clay: highly burnished pink slipped surface with buff core. Interior surface worn. Date: LM IIIB–IIIC (early). Commentary: The shape itself could be earlier than LM IIIC; see Watrous 1992: fig. 61:1648, LM IIIB:1, p. 95; very thin-walled, globular shape, inward turning to rim. For alternating arcs, without dark ground; idem, fig. 45:1210, IIIA:2–IIIB cup. Motif could be later; see Furumark I 1972: fig. 58:43 (IIIC:1), possibly derivative of papyrus motif; Sackett and Popham 1965: fig. 8: o, p. 291, described as semicircle, but without the black field, LM IIIC. For arcs, see Mook 1993: fig. 62: P1.53, on a stirrup jar, IIIC–LG (this from fill). Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 8/4. 23

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 5; Pl. 3 MPH 6; est. diam. rim 10 cm. Shape and treatment: Two joining sherds of a thinwalled, small bowl or cup with an interior reserved band below the rim and red-brown paint above and below. Between thick bands on exterior, one at the rim, is a shell chain or floral motif. Clay: fine, orangered, slipped and well-burnished surface. Date: LM IIIC early (or stylistically late IIIB). Commentary: This is a common motif for the period: Popham 1965:330, 340, fig. 8:50, LM IIIC; Sackett and Popham 1965:287, 291, fig. 8k, shell or flower. LM IIIC early (p. 282 for discussion of date of site). Furumark I 1972:293, fig. 45:18:156, IIIC:1. It may be that the motif is combined with earlier version (LM-IIIA:2) of a bivalve shell: Furumark I 1972:315, fig. 53. For a bowl with reserved band on interior below rim band, Sackett and Popham 1965:287, fig. 8a; Popham 1965: fig. 6:28, 36. Interior reserve band under rim also seen in phase 1 LM IIIC pottery from the Kastro; Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 8:1; a bivalve shell is illustrated in fig. 8:24, phase 1. In terms of the profile, see ibid., fig. 8:16. These bowls have straight walls and outturned rims and are phase 1 as well. Mook 1993:145, n. 9 for comment on date of double outline of bivalve and motif is illustrated in fig. 84:P2.18:IIIB:2–IIIC, but this is more stylized version. Note that the small diameter is appropriate for a cup according to B. Hallager 2000:137 (10–13 cm.), yet the Chania cups are generally not as elaborately decorated (her pl. 34). The thin vertical wall of the Vrokastro example is somewhat similar to B. Hallager pl. 34:84–1317, but the Vrokastro vase has a thinner, longer, slightly more everted rim. Her cup pl. 34:70-P 0255, p. 52, does have a shell chain motif and

is probably early IIIC. Inclusions: Calcareous. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/8. Labeled: 41, 42. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614; Kanta 1980: fig. 50:2. 24

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 5 MPD 4.5; diam. rim ca. 8–9 cm. Shape and treatment: Rim sherd of cup with slightly thickened rim on interior and a slight concave-convex profile below rim on exterior. Monochrome red paint inside. A thick band appears on the exterior rim, with floral/vegetative(?) decoration below. Slipped and burnished surface. Date: LM IIIB late–IIIC early(?). Commentary: For shape see Sackett and Popham 1965: fig. 9h. Also Mook 1993: fig. 120:P3.13, cup with blob decoration, from LM IIIC–PG fill; similar shape but thicker wall. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/4; slip: 10YR 8/2. 25

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 5; Pl. 3 MPD 6.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd of deep bowl with fairly straight wall preserving stub of horizontal handle, round in section, below rim. The thin, pointed rim is slightly everted. Interior painted monochrome red except for reserved band just below rim. Exterior decoration consists of a schematic floral or shell motif painted in thin lines, between one rim band above, two bands below. Clay: soft buff-pink, lacking the hard, burnished surface of deep bowl cat. no. 23 with a similar motif. Date: LM IIIC (early–middle?). Commentary: Motif same as above; also Sackett and Popham 1965: fig. 8k (early LM IIIC); profile similar to fig. 9h and fig. 8a, but these have a thicker wall and more everted rims. See also Popham 1965:p. 323, figs. 4: 14; 5:21, LM IIIC (this profile is straighter); and Mook 1993: fig. 84:P2.18, LM IIIB:2–IIIC (motif). Also Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 25:87, phase 2; shape fig. 18:78, phase 2, or fig. 8:13, phase 1. Rethemiotakis 1997: fig. 27g, h; this motif belongs to his phase 2, middle LM IIIC. Mook 1993:147–148, describes straight-walled deep bowls as early LM IIIC; later IIIC rims are more sharply everted. Somewhat similar rim and profile on a Chania bowl, B. Hallager 2000: fig. 36:70-P0214, p. 52, IIIB:2/early IIIC, with a vertical alternating shell chain. The reserved band at the rim is typical for the LM IIIC period. Inclusions: Soft white, gold mica, hard angular white to gray, probably quartz or feldspar. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4. Labeled: 42. 26

Sherd

Herakleion

Fig. 5; Pl. 3

Pottery Catalogue

MPD 5.3 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving portion of rim and wall of a deep bowl; stance uncertain. Slightly outcurving rim and slight convex profile. Interior monochrome red with broad reserved band at the rim. Exterior has an isolated motif of four-pronged star or cross enclosed by a wavy line, forming a lozenge shape. Clay: hard buff. Date: LM IIIC (early). Commentary: The profile is similar to Popham 1965:325, fig. 5:25, also fig. 8:54. Similar motifs have a range of dates: Rizza and Scrinari 1968: fig. 5:11, from Subminoan room 2, p. 6, also p. 10, fig. 13:4, Subminoan room 5. These are skyphoi with later dates, but one motif has a solid outline, with no interior decoration, and the other has a dot fill, not a solid four-pronged star. The motif appears at Karphi in outline, fringed by dots; Seiradaki 1960: fig. 22h. The most similar motif in Furumark I 1972: fig. 71:73, is LM IIIC:1, p. 411, an outlined lozenge shape with a central cross and four small squares at the corners. Inclusions: Medium-sized white; smaller gray, gold mica, granodiorite. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3. Labeled: Location 40. 27

Three joining sherds Herakleion Fig. 5; Pl. 3 MPD 4.1 (largest sherd); 12.7 cm. joined Shape and treatment: Three joining sherds of deep bowl with rim thickened on the interior and fairly erect wall. Slipped. Monochrome reddish brown painted interior. Decoration on the exterior consists of parts of three fish preserved between two horizontal bands. Fish alternate, head up and down, framing a motif similar to button-hook spiral. Clay: hard burnished pink to orange surface, pitted. Date: LM IIIC early. Commentary: For button-hook spiral: Popham 1965:326–327, fig. 6:2830 and Cadogan 1967: fig. 7:3; closest motif for fish is Karphi, two kissing fish with similar scale/arc pattern on body: Seiradaki 1960: fig.-21m, p. 30, Open Style, described here as rare representational motif for the site. See also Kanta 1980: fig. 17:7, fig. 19:8 from Amnisos, although this example has different interior decoration, it too is on a bowl and has an almost upright fish depicted as feeding. Her date is LM IIIB late, pp. 38–39. These fish slightly more complex internally than the Vrokastro or Karphi examples. There are also examples of fish diving to feed off the bottom in Cypriote vase painting, although no exact parallels exist for the shape of the fish or their interior decoration: Vermeule and Karageorghis 1982:105, with rows of identical fish appearing in friezes with blank background, also mainland, p. 118, and Tarsus, Ugarit, p. 167. For vase shape see Mook 1993: fig. 82:P2.1, LM IIIC:1, p. 148. Inward curve from rim to foot is similar to B. Hallager 2000:

27

pl. 35:70-P098, whereas the rim is closer to her pl. 36: 76 P 0026. Also Popham 1965: fig. 5:27, p. 325, LM IIIB–C. Inclusions: Large, soft white. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929: fig. 614, p. 553, joined two sherds but not the rim sherd; Kanta 1980: fig. 50:3. 28

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 5; Pl. 3 MPD 6 cm.; est. diam. rim 11 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd of small bowl or cup preserving small portion of straight wall and simple rim. Three bands of red paint on interior, one at rim, two near base. Two bands on burnished exterior, one directly below rim, with irregular, shaky tangent spiral decoration between. Spirals run to the right. Clay: hard pink buff, pitted surface. Date: LM IIIC. Commentary: Mook 1993: fig. 146:P4.1, LM IIIC, p. 152 or fig. 148:P4.31, late LM IIIC; these are both deep bowls, P4.31 with a rim diameter of 14 cm. Both have monochrome interiors. Fairly similar profile is illustrated in Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 18; 73, monochrome cup of phase 2. This is another sherd that might not belong to the earliest phase of IIIC, but is not late in the period. Also similar in rim, curve of wall, but not in carination to small LM IIIC bowl illustrated by B. Hallager 2000: pl. 35:70–P 0219. Painted bands on the interior are more common in the Chania cups than in the deep bowls (her pls. 34–37). For motif, Popham 1965:328, fig. 6:31, 330, LM IIIC, although the tangent is almost straight. Interior banding (at rim, and two bands toward base) is seen in a conical kylix from Kastelli Pediada, IIIC, phase 1 (Rethemiotakis 1997: fig. 10m) and a phase 2 bowl from the same site, idem, fig. 23e. Inclusions: Small-medium soft white, quartz/ feldspar, mica. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4. Labeled: I 15. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929: fig. 614, p. 553; Kanta 1980: fig. 50:3. 29

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 5; Pl. 3 MPD 10.1; est. diam. rim 11 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving portion of everted small rim and body of straight-sided, dipped cup (blobs on exterior from rim). Reddish brown paint. Clay: hard pink. Date: LM IIIC (probably early). Commentary: Dipping as a technique is not easily dated and occurs in many different periods; it can be seen on a LM IIIA:1 cup from Palaikastro, Dawkins 1902–1903: fig. 14:2, p. 315. Also Popham et al., 1984:162, n. 36, blob or dipped decoration on LM

28

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

II cup, p. 162, pl. 120a, 2nd row, 129b, also seen on LM IIIC kylikes at Palaikastro, Sackett and Popham 1965:283, and fig. 15:P22; known at Knossos in SM times; blob cups are also discussed Popham et al., 1984:162 and the technique is seen in the Geometric period: Coldstream 1972:67. Also B. Hallager 2000:137 for dipped IIIC Chania cups. The range of dates given by Popham for blob technique is LM II–SM, and it may be more frequent in SM; 1992:61, n. 13 and idem, 1984:162. Later pottery continues this technique, see Brock 1957: Tomb L, no. 281, 291, pl. 21. For this technique from LM IIIA, see also Mook 1993:154 and Kanta 1980:163, 259, for blob decoration on LM IIIAtransitional to IIIB pottery. For shape see Karphi, Seiradaki 1960:21–22, fig. 14:1, 3. Also Mook and Coulson 1997; fig. 8:17, 25, phase 1; latter has thicker wall and rim is more rounded. This shape is not as common as the flaring-walled cup from the Kastro. For straight wall but more outturned rim see Cadogan 1967: fig. 2:4 (LM IIIC Kephala tholos). Also B. Hallager 2000: pl. 34:84 P-1317 (for profile); this cup is decorated, not dipped. Inclusions: Gold mica, granodiorite. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4. Labeled: I 20. 30

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 5; Pl. 3 Est. rim diam. ca. 13 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving rim and part of wall of probable conical kylix (small). Body has slight convex, concave profile. Rim tapers to tip, only slightly outturned. No paint or slip preserved, but well burnished. Clay: very hard, red; core dark pink. Date: LM IIIC (early). Commentary: The profile is slightly deeper than Mook 1993: fig. 82:P2.7, LM IIIC (this has a diameter of 14 cm.), and Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 8:1, phase 1; also from Vrokastro, Hall 1914: fig. 49i, dated by Kanta to early IIIC; 1980:133, n. 1. The examples illustrated by Hall 1914 and Mook and Coulson 1997 have a more carinated shape. Inclusions: Possibly small, angular, reddish brown, occasional gold mica and blown calcareous. Munsells: Clay: 2.5YR 6/6. Labeled: II, 1. 31

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 6; Pl. 4 MPD 6.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Rather flat, thin body sherd from bowl or, more probably, kylix, with monochrome red interior. Exterior decorated with derivative of palm motif having central vertical staff of two lines flanked by loops. Volutes or streamers, the outer ones filled with short strokes, on either side, springing from top of the shaft. Clay: surface burnished, but soft. Date: LM IIIC (early).

Commentary: For motif on kylix(?), see Kanta 1980: fig. 90:5, Chania, mentioned p. 221. Instead of central double line or staff flanked by loops, this has a row of circles with a central dot. Kanta provides neither date nor shape in her description of pottery from the town; it may be a kylix with the stem broken off. Vaguely similar to motif of opposed volutes on krater from Karphi, which has no central stem: Seiradaki 1960:36, fig. 26. Furumark I 1972: fig. 57:48, all dated to LM IIIB/IIIC:1. Popham et al., 1984: pl. 181e; motif has LM IIIB prototypes. Inclusions: Fine gold mica. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/6. Labeled: I 15. Bibliography: Kanta 1980:133, fig. 50:2. 32

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 6; Pl. 4 MPD 5.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Convex body sherd of bowl with a brown monochrome-painted interior and a slipped and well-burnished exterior, possibly a deep bowl. Exterior decoration consists of narrow bands at the bottom of the sherd, thick band above, and whorl shells(?) above band. Exterior paint lustrous brown. Clay: reddish-yellow. Date: LM IIIC (early–middle?). Commentary: Depictions of whorl shells are generally earlier in date and they are vertical and parallel. For earlier examples of the motif, Furumark I 1972: 311, fig. 51, 24f, LM IIIA:1. Possibly similar to another Vrokastro sherd illustrated by Kanta 1980: fig.-51:9, LM IIIC and fig. 137:7636 (Episkopi), p. 149, LM IIIB; this motif is horizontal, and strokes across the shell are from edge to edge. For a middle LM IIIC example on a bowl that is somewhat similar: Rethemiotakis 1997: fig. 34c. This motif runs in both directions from central circle. Inclusions: Occasional hard dark grits, blown calcareous. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 6/6–5/6. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929: 553, fig. 614. 33

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 6; Pl. 4 MPD 6.6 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd from possible bowl wall with slightly convex outer surface, more curvature toward base of sherd. Red-painted band along top edge; four parallel thin lines extend down from this band to the right in two gentle curves. At the right edge traces of small spiral(?) that may be attached to the top of another group of descending parallel strokes (i.e., multiple-stem spiral), or it may be part of a central motif flanked by the curved 4-line band. Clay: soft surface, reddish yellow. Date: LM IIIC. Commentary: The motif may be a multiple-stem

Pottery Catalogue

spiral. Furumark I 1972:299, fig. 37:35, 52; it begins in IIIA:2 late. Also Popham 1965:338–339, fig 8:56; Popham described Cretan examples of this motif as LM IIIB, possibly continuing into IIIC. LM IIIB examples on cups and kylikes are illustrated by Popham 1970:199, fig. 2:20, 21 and Kanta 1980, Episkopi, fig.-31:1, cup, no. 17196; Amnisos, fig. 18:6; Phoinikia, kylix, fig. 142:2. Bands of wavy lines occur flanking a motif on a kylix from Kavousi: Day, Coulson, and Gesell 1986: fig. 7:10, LM IIIC; Prokopiou 1997: fig.-18b; fig. 20b (multiple stemmed spiral), from the deepest IIIC (middle?) level 6 Sybritos Amariou. If the band flanks a central motif, it is as Kanta 1997: fig. 4: 11, p. 106 (LM IIIC from Syme Viannou). Inclusions: Small black, gray, gold mica, soft white. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/6. Labeled: II A– or [unreadable]. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614; Kanta 1980:133, fig. 50:10. 34

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 6; Pl. 4 MPD 6.5; est. diam. rim ca. 10 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd of closed shape, possibly globular necked jar or jug, preserving portion of chipped erect rim, with rib below it, and shoulder. Slipped and burnished exterior. Band of red paint below rim and above rib; blobs of paint on rib. Isolated stemmed or tailed spiral decoration descends from rim, with possible fragment of same motif below. Clay: fine, hard, pale brown. Date: LM IIIC (early). Commentary: For a simple version of the isolated tailed spiral motif, see Sackett and Popham 1965: fig. 9w. Also Furumark I 1972: fig. 63:7 or 25, stemmed spiral LM IIIB–C:1. The elaborate spiral stem is possibly derived from a rosette motif placed at the center of a spiral in black paint; Popham 1970: pl. 28a, c (palace style). Coarse-ware jars with ribbed necks are seen at Karphi: Seiradaki 1960: pl. 1c; and pl. 5a in smaller jars with incised decoration. Spirals with similar fringed tails occur on krater from the Kastro; Gesell, Day, Coulson 1995: fig. 13:1 (phase 1, LM IIIC). Inclusions: Occasional soft white, gold mica, soft red. Surface has very small pits. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/4. Labeled: II I H. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614. 35

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 6; Pl. 4 MPD 7 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd of possible krater with painted interior. The sherd has little curvature. Motif on exterior is a painted vertical arc, flanked by debased octopus or squid(?) on right and two thin vertical strokes on left. Farther left, two thin lines define another arc, with area of solid paint beyond this.

29

Paint: red-brown. Clay: soft buff surface, probably not slipped. Date: LM IIIC (early–middle?). Commentary: The motif has LM IIIB predecessors: Popham 1970: fig. 3:40, p. 199, and pl. 48c. For the motif see Kastri, Palaikastro, paneled design: Sackett and Popham 1965:287, 291, fig. 8m, q. Frequently found below rim of deep bowls. Somewhat similar to Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 8:23, phase 1, except that this is solid arc (perhaps one of pair) that is outlined, without the subsidiary ornament, or fig. 30:106, phase 1 or 2, except that vertical arc consists of three thin lines. Also Rethemiotakis 1997: fig. 34a; a triglyph with two symmetrical solid arcs, from his phase 2, middle IIIC. Other examples are from Karphi, Seiradaki 1960:33, figs. 23, 26, related here to the Fringed Style. An antecedent may be Furumark’s wavy border motif, 1972: fig. 69:65, p. 397; the latest examples are dated to LH IIIB and they are symmetrical. This sherd may not belong to the earliest phases of IIIC at Vrokastro. Inclusions: Soft white, calcareous. Munsells: Clay surface: 7.5YR 7/4. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929, 553, fig. 614. 36

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 6; Pl. 4 MPD 11 cm. Shape and treatment: Two joining sherds of globular open vessel with red-brown painted monochrome interior. Slipped and highly burnished surface. Painted, six-petaled rosette outlined with four bands; this rosette placed in tongue-shaped reserved area. At top of sherd, two thin bands flanked by row of small dots. Paint on exterior is also red-brown. Clay: hard fired; core of vessel wall consists of layers of color: buff near surface, then reddish, then green to black at core. The surface is pink. Date: LM IIIC (early–middle?). Commentary: The motif is similar to one on a Fringe Style krater from Karphi and a Close Style octopus stirrup jar: Seiradaki 1960: fig. 26b; Popham 1965:329, fig. 8:59, also p. 332, described as early LM IIIC and similar to one example Vasilike. Kanta illustrates this sherd, fig. 50:7; see p. 133 for her early LM IIIC date. Furumark I 1972:281–284, fig. 40:30, LM IIIC:1e; p. 284 (LM IIIC:1). Motif continues in Crete from IIIB to IIIC. Furumark describes the motif as usually an auxiliary ornament on the mainland. The globular shape suggests a closed vessel, such as a stirrup jar, and the motif is appropriate for such a shape, but the interior is painted. Inclusions: White chalky to 2 mm. Munsells: Surface: 5YR 7/4. Bibliography: Kanta 1980: fig. 50:7; Levi 1927–1929: 553, fig. 614. 37

Sherd Herakleion MPD 8.1 cm.

Fig. 6; Pl. 4

30

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

Shape and treatment: Body sherd of open vessel, a possible krater, with fairly straight profile and monochrome red-painted interior. Spiral or tricurved streamer on exterior developed from solid band of paint on left and on right by curved lines framing small blobs of paint (billets). Clay: soft, fine pink. Date: LM IIIC (middle?). Commentary: The motif may form part of antithetic spiral, Popham 1965:321–322, fig. 4:10, although no examples published here have billets, nor are the spirals outlined with other concentric lines, nor is the spiral formed on its inner side by a thick band. Filling is identified by Popham with advanced LM IIIC (p. 321), thus the blobs or billets may indicate a more advanced date within the IIIC period. The motif may be related to the stemmed spiral, illustrated by Furumark I 1972: fig. 63:20 (IIIC:1 late), or, less probably, the tricurved arch, fig. 68:34–36 (IIIC:1), although none of these IIIC examples have billets. A spiral and billets can be seen on a dump sherd from the Kastro, Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 32:144 (could belong to phase 1 or 2, see p. 357). Inclusions: A few small to large chalky white inclusions. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/4; paint: 10R 5/8–4/8. Labeled: II 10. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614; Kanta 1980: fig. 50:5 (she has reversed the position of the sherd). 38

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 6; Pl. 4 MPD 6.9 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd preserving portion of open vessel, probably krater. Simple rounded rim, and projects slightly to exterior. Reddish brown monochrome painted interior. Diagonal bands of paint across rim top, horizontal band below rim on exterior with pendent triangle in the form of a scale pattern, “grape cluster,” or rock motif. Portions of two curved motifs preserved, one on left formed of double lines outlining solidly painted curve, one on right formed of double lines framing short interior diagonal strokes, outlined by row of dots. Clay: hard light brown with slightly orange tone. Date: LM IIIC (middle–late?). Commentary: For pendent grape or rock motif from rim: Hall 1914: fig. 49i, p. 92, on early LM IIIC kylix (as identified by Kanta 1980:133) and Kanta 1980: fig.-90:9, on a bowl rim from Chania. Furumark I 1972:343, fig. 57:42 22, triangular patch IIIB–IIIC:1. Dotted outlines framing parallel bands or stripes of paint occur in the Fringe Style; see Seiradaki 1960: fig.-22c,d; g,h. For shape, a fairly straight wall and slightly outturned rim, see ibid., 23, figs. 15:1, 16:3. The parallels in shape and dotted outline may indicate a date later than early IIIC, even though pendent rockwork is identified on an early kylix from Vrokastro. Somewhat similar rim

on krater from the Kastro, Palaikastro, Sackett and Popham 1965: fig. 13:KP 31, House K (Karphi is also cited as a parallel for shape by the authors, p. 299). Another parallel for rim and banding from Warren 1982–83: fig. 43, LM IIIC krater. Inclusions: Occasional soft white, pitted surface; dark, hard, rounded grits; FW–MC. Munsells: Clay surface: 7.5YR 6/4. Labeled: I 18. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614. 39

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 6; Pl. 4 MPD 15.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Krater wall with painted black monochrome interior. Stub of a horizontal handle preserved. Horizontal band above and below blackpainted handle. Below handle vertical volute decoration above narrow horizontal band. Trace of another, V-shaped motif to left. Clay: hard-fired; reddish yellow to brown-orange surface; burnished. Date: LM IIIC (middle–late?). Commentary: For motif, see a pattern of Fringe Style volutes used on kraters, Karphi: Seiradaki 1960:35, fig. 25d. Popham et al., 1984: pl. 114e, may be a forerunner of this type of motif. See also Watrous 1992: fig. 67:1900 for LM IIIA:2–IIIB example (kylix) with upright volute. Inclusions: Hard, round dark grits to 1 mm., gold mica, gray-white, probably quartz/feldspar. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 6/6. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:555, fig. 615; Kanta 1980: fig. 51:1. 40

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 7; Pl. 4 MPD 4.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Convex body sherd from small closed vessel, probably a small jug, from shoulder (shoulder diameter ca. 10 cm.). (Curve of band in relationship to motif indicates this is not a stirrup jar.) Decoration consists of three reddish brown bands with central band the wider one, and pendent from outer band below, a fringed, possibly floral(?) motif with three thin curved lines to right, V-shaped line over outer one, and a fringed diagonal band to the left. Clay: hard; surface burned gray. Date: LM IIIC (middle?). Commentary: For spike-fringe decoration, there are two stirrup jars, Kanta 1980: fig. 117:6, from Kritsa; fig. 118:1819, from Tourtouloi. Inclusions: Soft white, gold mica. Munsells: 10YR 7/1. Labeled: 29. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929: fig. 614, p. 553. 41

Sherd Herakleion MPD 5.9 cm.

Fig. 7; Pl. 4

Pottery Catalogue

Shape and treatment: Sherd from body of closed vessel. The wall thickness varies from 2 to 7 mm., with two layers of clay appearing at edge of sherd. Thus it may show join, from the shoulder of a stirrup jar or small jar approaching a spout. Reddish brown paint. Clay: fine buff, soft. Date: LM IIIC (early?). Commentary: A somewhat similar motif is listed under “other patterns” by Popham 1965:341, pl. 83c. This appears to be related to a spiral pattern filled with vertical lines, which descends and ascends from alternating borders. Rethemiotakis 1997: fig. 28n (phase 2; this may be similar but does not appear to have the same “tail”). May also be related to Furumark I 1972: fig. 47: 19:47, 48 (LM IIIC:1 early), tongue-shaped antithetical, yet this single motif does not appear paired and is oriented differently. Inclusions: Gold mica, soft white. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3; paint: 2.5YR 5/6–4/6. Labeled: 29. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614; Kanta 1980: fig. 50:1; she reverses orientation of the sherd. 42

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 7; Pl. 4 MPD 7.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from globular vessel, probably closed, with strong convex curvature; stirrup jar(?) Exterior decoration consists of stroke on slight diagonal, in thin reddish brown, ending in a curl, with a horizontal band below and two narrow diagonal bands to left. Clay: hard yellow, exterior burnished, interior soft. Date: LM IIIC (early?). Commentary: Motif possibly derived from tongue or stem pattern, Furumark I 1972:299, fig. 47:19 (none of these are solidly painted). Inclusions: Fairly large inclusions, 2–3 mm., angular gray, probably quartz, gold mica, possibly blown calcareous from pitted surface. Munsells: Clay surface: 10YR 8/6; paint: 2.5YR 5/3– 4/4. Labeled: II 2. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614; Kanta 1980: fig. 50:2. 43

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 7; Pl. 5 MPH 6.6; diam. spout 3.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Two sherds that join forming shoulder and spout of probable stirrup jar. Spout was made separately and joined to vase, as can be seen in section (see Sackett and Popham 1965:284). (The late feature of an airhole is not present in the preserved fragment of shoulder.) Hatched arcs or leaf-shaped areas on shoulder in black paint; band at base of spout and rim. Clay: hard burnished pink to pale brown. Date: LM IIIC (early?). Commentary: Ladder motif at Karphi: Seiradaki

31

1960:31. Also for motif Sackett and Popham 1965:295, 299, fig. 15:KP24, LM IIIC stirrup jar shoulder with arc- or leaf-shaped areas filled with short parallel strokes. J. Moody suggested west Crete (Apokoronou?) as the possible origin of the vessel with this type of temper. Inclusions: Trace of mica, short white fiber (shell?). Probably not local (see above). Munsells: Clay core: 7.5YR 7/4; exterior surface: 10YR 8/4. Labeled: II. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614; Kanta 1980: fig. 50:8. 44

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 7; Pl. 5 MPD 4.3; est. diam. rim 12 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd preserving small portion of rim, body of probable conical kylix. Paint on interior is monochrome reddish brown, with blobs of paint on the rim top, two bands below the rim on exterior. A diagonal “ladder” motif below leads up to band under rim, with trace of another motif to right. Third horizontal band on carination. Clay: buff. Date: LM IIIC (early). Commentary: For kylix, Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 8:1, phase 1. Also Popham 1965: fig. 7:47, p. 320 (more marked carination seen in late IIIB–IIIC); 328, p. 339 Inclusions: Large white chalky, calcareous. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4. Labeled: I 1. 45

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 7; Pl. 5 MPD 5.6 cm. Shape and treatment: One body sherd of open shape with black-painted interior. Plastic projection on interior toward bottom of sherd. Decoration consists of black-painted pendent arcs from what appears to be curved border; it is possible that the sherd is upside down as drawn. Clay: hard pink. Date: LM III, probably IIIC. Commentary: For motif, see Sackett and Popham, 1965:287, fig. 8o, and 295, fig. 15:P27; Popham 1965:325, fig. 5:25, 27, pl. 82a. Furumark I 1972:345, fig. 58:34, IIIC:1–2, p. 348. Three sets of arcs rise from horizontal. See also Seiradaki 1960:30, fig. 21c, d, Open Style, Karphi; Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 18:45, phase 2; 30: 117, phase 2; fig. 37:150, phase 3. It continues into Subminoan: Rizza and Scrinari 1968:6, fig. 5:3, room 2. And motif occurs in earlier periods; Popham et al., 1984: pl. 107c, top row, 2d from right; pl. 126c, bottom left: LM IIIB date. Both have similar pendent semicircles. Inclusions: Small to medium chalky white. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/4; paint. 46

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 7; Pl. 5 MPD 7.3 cm. Shape and treatment: One body sherd of large ves-

32

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

sel, possibly a jar, with an erect or flat profile. Decoration in red paint on slip; burnished exterior surface. The motif is a derivative of a papyrus or bivalve shell (festoon pattern), possibly pendent, and consists of three bands, outer thicker, forming V-shaped area that encloses short curved strokes. These appear pendent from thin band. Clay: hard reddish yellow. Date: LM IIIA–C (probably IIIC, early–middle). Commentary: Similar motif occurs on stirrup jar shoulders, Kanta 1980: fig. 139:1, Herakleion no. 9947, from Stamnioi, p. 54, placed in LM IIIA/IIIB. Also Kanta, 81, fig. 49:8, no. 17138, Tepheli, LM IIIA:2; these are not pendent, but oriented to the side. Pendent motif, on jar from Khamalevri, Rethymnon, LM IIIA:1, p. 127; Andreadaki-Vlasaki, Papadopoulou 1997: fig. 37:15232. Strokes on interior of this example are more numerous, flatter and longer. Also Popham 1967:346, fig. 5:13, for another LM IIIA example. For possible LM IIIC example, see Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 30:107, phase 1–2. The latter does not have the heavier outer band and undulating frame. Context suggests LM IIIC date, but the motif can be earlier. Could be related to Popham 1965: fig. 8:57, alternating arcs, p. 331, derived from LM IIIA, continues to IIIC. Inclusions: Soft red; white and black (granodiorite). This is local fabric. Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 7/6; paint: 10R 5/8. Labeled: 29. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614; Kanta 1980: fig. 51:7. Kanta orients the sherd with the thicker wall at the top. 47

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 7; Pl. 5 MPD 7 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd with little curvature from probable krater, with red-painted interior and exterior. Exterior decoration consists of arcade or derivative of papyrus(?) motif on clay ground, outlined with two bands, divided vertically up center by line flanked by dots. Surrounding area painted; this may be thick band around motif or solid paint. Clay: pink, soft. Date: LM IIIC (middle–late?). Commentary: This may be related to the papyrus motif illustrated by Furumark I 1972:261, fig. 33:14, 15, LM IIIB–IIIC:1, but these are not as elongated and the dots on one occur on the exterior, not along the central vertical band. Furumark’s shapes for such a motif include pithos, straight-sided jar, krater, deep bowl. For dots outlying motifs on late LM IIIC kraters at Karphi, Seiradaki 1960: fig. 26. Inclusions: Small red-brown; white, chalky (calcareous). Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; paint: 10R 5/6–4/8. Labeled: 32D. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:553, fig. 614; Kanta 1980:133, fig. 50:5. 48

Sherd

Herakleion

Fig. 7

MPD 9.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Fragment from near base of large vessel, possibly a pithoid jar, with slightly concave exterior wall. Sherd wall thickens on the interior toward base. Motif consists of two outlined joined arcs, outlined with four thin bands, with central vertical row of dots. These two joined arcs are located above two rows of small loops. Date: LM IIIC (middle–late?). Commentary: This may be a late variant of the unstemmed papyrus (as above); see Furumark I 1972:261, fig. 33:10, IIIC:1, unstemmed papyrus derivative with dot outline, or solid shape around two outlined arcs. This motif lacks interior line of dots. For rows of joined semicircles, ibid., 343, fig. 57:4, 17, IIIB–IIIC:1. Furumark’s isolated semicircles, p. 345, fig. 43d,e are IIIC:1. This is probably not a large rosette, as there should be a third petal visible on the left. Some arcs or loops on sherds from Karphi are outlined in multiple bands, but these are isolated motifs and, as such, not comparable; Seiradaki 1960: fig. 21c, d, j. Sackett and Popham 1965:8o. See also cat. no. 47. Labeled: I I5. Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 49h. 49

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 7; Pl. 5 MPD 9.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from large bowl, with slight convex, concave shape and thin walls. Monochrome red interior; exterior motif may be related to fringed tricurved streamer. Possibly top of a small quatrefoil below. Clay: reddish yellow, hard. Date: LM IIIC (mid–late?). Commentary: Kanta 1980:133, provides IIIC date. For an unfringed triangular area beside a vertical hatched panel, see Kanta 1980: fig. 5:5, Tylissos. Furumark I 1972:345, fig. 58:39, paneled arc with no fringe, IIIC:1. Seiradaki, Karphi, 1960:30, fig. 21g, 22b, these not fringed. Pattern on Karphi tankard is similar with outline but not fringed. Similar as well to a large solidly painted double axe, not fringed, on a LM IIIC krater; see Warren 1982–1983: fig. 43. Inclusions: Surface pitted, chalky white, granodiorite, mica (local). Munsells: 7.5YR 7/6. Labeled: V 12. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929: fig. 614, p. 553; Kanta 1980: fig. 51:7.

Late Minoan III Through Subminoan or Later 50

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 8; Pl. 5 MPD 7.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd probably from upper belly of thick-walled krater. Monochrome-painted interior; exterior has three horizontal bands and pen-

Pottery Catalogue

dent from this area a large reserved crescent-shaped arc filled with thin vertical strokes and one line of dots in center. Strokes within crescent on left are on slight diagonal. The area enclosing the arc appears solidly painted. Paint is red on the exterior and black on the interior. Clay: reddish yellow surface, burnished. Date: LM IIIC (late?) or SM (SM = transitional or overlapping the PG/EPG of central Crete). Commentary: Possibly Close Style. For pendent concentric arcs and dots, Karphi, Seiradaki 1960: fig. 22c. Mook 1993: fig. 152:P4.71, “vegetal” motif, pp. 49, 146, either IIIC–PG by stratum or IIIB:2 by motif. May be reversed but similar except that thin internal strokes are wavy. Probably related to broad arc on Close Style bowl in idem., fig. 148:P4.35, LM IIIC–PG, p. 159, n. 62. Large areas outlined forming arcs from rim and bands below belly seen on kraters from Vronda, LM IIIC; Gesell, Day, Coulson 1995: fig. 7:1. Inclusions: Angular gray, one piece hard angular red-brown, granodiorite, gold mica (local). Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/6. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929: fig. 614, p. 553. 51

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 8; Pl. 5 MPD 5.9 cm. Shape and treatment: One body sherd possibly from large coarse-ware jar. Interior is unpainted; exterior motif is one of concentric arcs in alternating directions, with solidly painted central arc. Paint brownblack. Clay: hard fired, with a yellow surface. Date: LM IIIC (late?). Commentary: Furumark I 1972:345, motif 44:10, LH IIIC:1; Popham 1965: fig. 8:57, 58; p. 331; these alternate but there is no central solidly painted arc; LM IIIC motif. Inclusions: Pebble-like, gray hard, probably quartz/ feldspar, to 3 mm. popped out of surface; MC–CW. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/6. Labeled: 22. 52

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 8; Pl. 5 MPD 9.4; est. diam. rim 13 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving portion of rim and wall of a dipped bowl or kylix with red paint. Rim is pointed and slightly thickened on interior, concave on exterior. Body is carinated near midwall, and slightly concave on exterior above the carination. Clay: soft reddish yellow. Date: LM IIIC (late)–SM. Commentary: If a kylix, it is not as carinated nor is the lip as everted as the deep profile of an early phase 1 kylix from the Kastro, Kavousi; Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 8:1. The Kastro example does not have as pointed a rim. Interior of the Vrokastro example is not painted. Another similar profile can be found in a cup, of SM/EPG date; Coldstream 1972: fig. 2:A25, pp. 69–70. Diameter of this vessel is also 13 cm. Cari-

33

nated profile is called SM, p. 76. Dipped or blob decoration has a wide chronological range; see catalogued examples above. Also for shape, Warren 1982–1983: fig. 60a,b; p. 76, SM bell cups. Inclusions: Large chalky white, granodiorite (local). Munsells: Surface: 5YR 7/6. Labeled: V. 53

Kylix MS 4888 Fig. 8; Pl. 5 H 12.9; diam. rim 9.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Mended from six fragments, one handle restored in plaster and approximately one-third of rim. The small kylix is conical, rim slightly offset, two strap handles from rim exterior to midpoint in bowl. Slight bulge, midstem. Small, round foot, interior of foot slightly undercut. Decoration on foot and stem consists of two broad bands, alternating with four narrow bands. Bands or short stripes on handle to edges, which are painted. Motif extending down from lip is lozenge-shaped net pattern, or lozenge with cross-hatched interior, symmetrical curved lines above, and below the lozenge is framed by broad curved band ending in fringe on either side. Two narrow bands flank this broad one; these extend up to handles and are antithetic curved streamers. Cup interior monochrome painted; small band on rim exterior. Paint: black, rubbed off leaving shadow. Clay: very fine, pale creamy gray core, slightly browner surface. Date: LM IIIC (late). Commentary: There are two examples on display in Herakleion; cat. 1912. For date, Betancourt 1985: 186–187, SM; Desborough 1952:262, SM; 266. Desborough regards this tomb, CT 5, as one of the earlier in the sequence. For shape, Seiradaki 1960:26, fig. 18:2; this shape has flatter foot and deeper bowl (second half IIIC). The Karphi kylix is fairly close, except for the foot, but a much larger shape. Also Gesell 1990: fig. 4:10, 11, p. 324 and Hallager 1997: fig. 35. For motif, Brock 1957:171, motif 4v, pendant, SM–EPG; pendants, crosshatched, motif 4b, p. 171, not after MG. Popham 1965:323, figs. 12–14; motif of tricurved streamer lasts into SM (p. 330), also p. 320, swollen stem and triangular profile indicates a date later than IIIC. L. Day (pers. comm.) compares motif with Gesell, Day, Coulson 1988:282, pl. 74a, LM IIIC. Inclusions: Few inclusions visible. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3; slip: 7.5YR 8/2; paint: 7.5YR 4/2. Location: CT 5. Bibliography: This example is probably Hall 1914: 150–151, fig. 89a; banding does not correspond to similar kylix, 89c, nos. 5, 6. Betancourt 1985: fig. 133, pp. 186–187. 54

Sherd

Herakleion

Fig. 8; Pl. 5

34

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

MPD 12; max. th. 1.5 cm. Shape and treatment: One body fragment of large vessel, probable pithoid jar; thickness of sherd varies from bottom(?) to top. Black-painted loops on upper portion of sherd touch thin-painted horizontal band below. Lower body is divided into two parts by thin vertical band of paint, enclosing incised tangential spirals. Clay: hard orange core, rough reddish yellow surface. Date: LM IIIC (late)–PG. Commentary: For motif, Rizza and Scrinari 1968:9, fig. 10:6, a SM sherd from room 4, with polyp decoration. This sherd is unusual for incised decoration. Also Tsipopoulou 1997: fig. 18c, LM III; octopus decoration. Loop decoration can be as late as the E–MPG: Coldstream 1972:71, no. 5, and pl. 18:5. For incised spirals, Furumark I 1972:357, fig. 60:54, IIIA:2–IIIC:1 early. Furumark also illustrates tangential spirals of PG date: p. 357, fig. 46, connected with two lines. Incised tangential spirals on pithoi from Vrokastro were recovered by Hall 1914:91, fig. 48 upper right. Simple irregular loops, Brock 1957: motif 13j, can be as late as LG or Or, p. 181. Tangential spirals, however, are not in this repertoire. Inclusions: Unusually large pieces of biotite mica (gold), quartz/feldspar, black and white (granodiorite); local. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/6. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929:555, fig. 615. 55

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 8; Pl. 5 MPD 4.9 cm. Shape and treatment: One slightly convex body sherd, possibly closed vessel. On exterior, two bands above preserved in reddish brown paint, motif below in double line may be degenerate running spiral or simple curl, and another band below. Clay: very worn reddish yellow Date: LM III–Geometric. Commentary: Parallels one LM IIIB stirrup jar from Episkopi, Kristos, Pediada, with a motif Kanta 1980: fig. 115:13:17202, p. 67, describes as running spiral of an early returning or meander type, popular in LM I, continues in IIIB. For similar late example but not as tightly curled, see pyxis illustrated by Brock 1957: Tomb TFT (PGB–EO), pl. 44:656. Inclusions: Dense, angular red-brown, possibly phyllite or siltstone; MC–CW. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/6. Labeled: 41. 56

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 8; Pl. 5 MPD 7.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd with convex profile, possibly from belly of large bowl or jar (interior is not painted). On exterior in red paint is a crescent

or scale pattern above and two horizontal bands preserved below. Clay: soft reddish yellow buff, possibly lighter buff slip. Date: LM IIIC (late) to MG(?). Commentary: This motif has a broad chronological range: Kanta 1980: fig. 140:6, from Sklavoi, Pharmakokephalo, Siteia area, a LM IIIA–B cemetery; also fig. 53:1, Milatos, on shoulder of stirrup jar, p. 126; she calls these joining semicircles, LM IIIB/C, a common motif on stirrup jar shoulders in this period. Ibid., 1980:140:6, on a piriform jar from Episkopi, fig. 140:6. Rock or scale pattern with central dot: Seiradaki 1960: fig. 22j, k; Betancourt 1985: fig. 119g, LM IIIA. Furumark I 1972:343, fig. 57:19, 20, space filling net, LM IIIB/IIIC:1. His scale pattern is much earlier, fig. 70:7, LM IIB/IIIA:2, p. 402. Later examples include Brock 1957:178, pattern 10r, MG on pithoi. Inclusions: Large soft white (blown), and gold mica. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/6; paint: 10R 5/6–4/8. Labeled: II, 1, followed by:  [?] [?] [?] [?] 57

Stirrup jar Herakleion Fig. 9; Pl. 6 H 13.5; max. diam. 12.3 cm. Shape and treatment: Complete stirrup jar with knob on false spout, globular body, raised conical foot, trimmed underneath, and air hole at base of false spout. Handles monochrome, spiral on false spout, bands on spout. Shoulder decoration consists of four zones enclosed by crescents framing zigzags, crosshatched triangles, and upright straight strokes. Stacked cross-hatched and solid triangles occur behind false spout. On body, two broad bands are framed by two narrow bands. Paint: Black. Clay: very fine, slipped. Date: LM IIIC (late)–SM. Commentary: For chronology of tomb, Desborough 1952:263, LM IIIC; Furumark 1944:228, LM IIIC:2, fig. 6:117, p. 31. For shape, Brock 1957: Tomb , pl. 3:15 (SM), p. 9, and p. 152; Kanta 1980: fig. 33:9, Kera, LM IIIC, p. 71, close in body shape and decoration extends to midbelly. For triangular motif, Furumark I 1972: fig. 68:61A:4, not fringed, LM IIIC:1 and stacked zigzags, fig. 67:61:5, LM IIIC:1. The progression for stirrup jar shape is from globular with small conical foot (SM), to later ovoid, with higher foot (PG), and latest stirrup jar at Knossos is PGA. The knob on top becomes smaller, disk more concave. Decoration is from curvilinear to rectilinear in time, and Brock’s example may be slightly later than these other examples as it is more rectilinear and simple (pl. 132:9, Tomb  stirrup jar decoration on shoulder). Because the Vrokastro examples are largely intact, it is impossible to determine whether the false spout is solid or hollow, a feature important in dating; B. Hallager 2000:144, n. 68. The Vrokastro false spouts do appear to be thrown with the body of the vessel, however, and may thus be hollow. It is also interesting to note that in some in-

Pottery Catalogue

stances on the Vrokastro stirrup jars, just one band encircles the handles and spouts (this common in IIIB), rather than a separate band painted around each feature; this is indicative of a LM IIIC date: B. Hallager 2000:144, and Kanta 1980:257. Inclusions: Calcareous(?) (pitting), also quartz/ feldspar, gold mica. Munsells: Clay surface: 10YR 7/4; paint: 10YR 3/1– 2/2. Location: Chavga (north-south ravine to east of summit). Labeled: Possibly “” on base. Bibliography: Hall 1914:132, pl. xxvii:1, Chavga, pithos burial. 58

Stirrup jar Herakleion Fig. 9; Pl. 6 H 13.2 cm. from false spout to foot; diam. belly 11.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Complete stirrup jar with globular to biconical body, conical raised foot, flat disk on false spout. Banding on handles, one band around middle of spout and another at base of spout. Decoration on shoulder consists of two cross-hatched lozenges on either side of spout; behind false spout, two solidly painted fringed arcs above crescents filled with short horizontal strokes and dot at corner, resembling fish, and below, triangles filled with vertical strokes. One wide band on belly framed by narrow bands and two narrow bands below. Paint: light brown to black. Clay: pink-buff. Date: LM IIIC (late)–SM. Commentary: Tomb date: Desborough 1952:265, SM; Furumark 1944:228, SM. Kanta 1980:176, suggests a date very late in IIIC for the three Kopranes tombs, CT 5–7. For shape, Furumark I 1972: fig. 6:176, 177; LM IIIC:1–2. For motif, Kanta 1980: pl. 53:4–5, no. 688, Milatos; a stirrup jar with four arcs filled with “fish” crescents framing triangular area below. This shape is more globular, less biconical than the Vrokastro example. Described, p. 125, as an “. . . early example in the series of IIIC fringed style stirrup jars . . .” Kanta also illustrates two more stirrup jars with similar motifs, one from Kera, fig. 121:4, p. 71, LM IIIC, and one from Kritsa, fig. 121:7, no. 152, p. 138. She describes the decoration, semicircles filled with lines, as common in LM IIIC, and cites other examples. Shape is also fairly close to Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 84:20 (SM), except that the spout of this example is larger in proportion to the body; also fig. 117:121.3 for shape and arrangement of shoulder decoration; this example has tall knob (SM). Inclusions: Angular hard white-gray, soft white (blown). Munsell: Clay: 5YR 7/3; slip: 7.5 YR 8/3–10YR 8/3. Labeled: Kopranes I. Location: CT 5. Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 89h, 151, no. 191 (she

35

describes it as corresponding in shape to her fig. 89e). Her illustrated example is described as having an airhole, and appears to have a much larger crosshatched panel on the front, but in other respects (shape, banding) her illustration accords with this vase in the Herakleion collection. 59

Stirrup jar Herakleion Fig. 10; Pl. 6 H to spout top 20.5; diam. base 9.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Large stirrup jar mended from many parts; one-fifth missing. Flat base, globularbiconical body, flat false spout. Painted spiral on top of false spout, with descending bands on both sides of handles and a reserved center. Black band on interior spout; spout exterior painted. Band at base of spout, and false spout. Shoulder decoration flanking spout consists of parallel curved bands forming triangular pattern. Behind false spout is a net pattern framed within a long, thin band; spirals or curls descend from this net. Two bands flank shoulder decoration on upper body and one broad band is on the lower body, one band on foot. Paint: worn black. Clay: slightly burnished, tan-brown. Date: LM IIIC (late)–SM; probably IIIC late. Commentary: This stirrup jar differs from the usual shape recovered from the site in size and lack of a raised foot. For biconical shape, Furumark I 1972:177, fig. 6:177, except that this example has a raised foot; also similar in body shape to Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 123:1, 2 (SM), except that these also have raised feet. Inclusions: Blown white (calcareous?), black grits. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3; paint: 7.5YR N4/–N3. Labeled: Ko I (probably one of three tombs found late in the excavation, on the lower slopes of Kopranes, west of Vrokastro; Hall 1914:149). These tombs were probably numbered according to excavation sequence and toponym, and renumbered for the final publication. Location: CT 5. Bibliography: Hall 1914:149–150, fig. 89i. 60

Stirrup jar Herakleion Fig. 11; Pl. 7 H to false spout 13.6; diam. belly 11.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Stirrup jar with biconical body and one handle missing. Closer to a carinated body shape than other examples from the site. Tall false spout and conical foot, trimmed underneath. Air hole on shoulder behind false spout. Decoration consists of two bands on body, just above belly; lower body painted monochrome; shoulder has linear decoration, groups of thin lines radiating from spouts to bands below, sometimes opposed. One wide wavy band encircles base of both spouts. Top of false spout painted with reserve area in center and thin stripe down center of handle. Spout painted on interior. Paint: Red. Clay:

36

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

slightly burnished surface; buff to pink. Date: LM IIIC (late)–SM. Commentary: For shape, Furumark I 1972: fig. 6: 177, LM IIIC:2 and 383, fig. 67: motif 61, nos. 17, 18, LM IIIC:1 late. Also Kanta 1980: fig. 78:4–5, no. 1099, Palaikastro, p. 192, advanced LM IIIC; this has similar shape but longer spout, and linear decoration forming triangles. Body shape also somewhat similar to Coldstream and Catling, et al., 1996: fig. 73; 2.2 (SM); also fig. 84:20 (SM). This is slightly more carinated than the other small Close Style stirrup jar from this tomb decorated with crescents and fish, yet the scant linear decoration is much simpler, and suggests this vase might be later. Inclusions: Soft white, granodiorite (local). Munsells: 7.5YR 8/4. Labeled: Kopranes I[?] on base. Location: CT 5. Bibliography: Hall 1914:151, no. 8, fig. 89e. She illustrates lower body as painted.

Subminoan Through Protogeometric 61

Stirrup jar MS 4796 Fig. 11; Pl. 7 H 14.7; max. diam. 10.9 cm. Shape and treatment: Stirrup jar with round body, chipped spout and tall false spout, otherwise complete. Globular body with raised conical foot, trimmed underneath. False spout has concave surface with prominent bump. Air hole on shoulder between spouts. Spouts and handles banded. Black-painted top of false spout with central reserved circle and the spout top and interior are painted. Shoulder decoration consists of triangular areas filled with cross-hatching or opposed groups of parallel lines. Curved crescents behind false spout are fringed. Below shoulder, wide band framed by two narrow bands above and below. Wide band below belly and on foot. Paint: black to reddish brown. Clay: buff to reddish yellow; more yellow than red. Yellow slip. Date: SM/EPG. Commentary: Desborough 1952:262, SM. Furumark I 1972:391, fig. 68:61A:4, motif of crosshatched triangle, IIIC:1. For shape, see Brock 1957: pl. 3:15 (SM); pl. 18:245 (developed PG). SM vase illustrated by Brock is closer in shape. For shape also Coldstream and Catling et al., vol. 3, 1996: fig. 112:112.3, SM, but motifs on shoulder (see Introduction) can be EPG or later. Inclusions: Orange-red-brown (possibly phyllite); small-to-medium white chalky (2–3 mm.); gray; gold mica. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; paint: 2.5YR N3/–4/4. Slip is more yellow than clay. Labeled: Tholos I. Location: CT 7.

Bibliography: Hall 1914:153–154, no. 2; fig. 93, lower left. 62

Stirrup jar Herakleion Fig. 11; Pl. 7 H 13.1; max. diam. 10 cm. Shape and treatment: Stirrup jar with round body, cracked on one side from fire. Chipped high small conical foot, trimmed underneath; otherwise intact. Low bump in center of slightly concave false spout, which has a central painted circle, and paint around the edge. Small air hole at base of false spout (at the back, not between false spout and spout). The top of the spout is painted and horizontal bands occur on the handles, spout. Handle bases are framed by two bands, and shoulder decoration consists of diagonal lines or horizontal strokes framed in roughly triangular areas. Four horizontal bands occur on the upper body; one on lower belly. Burnished. Date: SM/EPG. Commentary: For shape see Kanta 1980: fig. 83:8–9, Axos, p. 201, SM. Decoration consists of triangular areas filled with straight strokes. Also for shape and decoration, Brock 1957: pl. 7:75, Tomb VI, SM. Inclusions: Gold mica, occasional large limestone; red-brown subangular, probably phyllite. Munsells: Clay: 2.5Y 8/3. Labeled: K I (this may indicate Kopranes I), or perhaps the second numeral was worn off; the other pots labeled Kopranes I come from CT 5 and this stirrup jar does not accord with the ones Hall illustrated 1914: fig. 89 from CT 5. It is also not the stirrup jar Hall illustrates (p. 152, fig. 92, lower left, no. 4) from CT 6. The jar illustrated in fig. 93, lower left, from CT 7, is somewhat similar in shape and decoration. Location: CT 7(?). 63

Stirrup jar Herakleion Fig. 12; Pl. 8 H 13.6; max. diam. 10.9 cm. Shape and treatment: Most of spout chipped and part of base; stirrup jar otherwise intact. Shape globular/ biconical with raised conical foot. False spout has central knob, air hole at base. Bands on handles, spout, spiral on top of false spout. Shoulder decoration consists of four triangular areas filled with opposed lines; these frame crescent or leaf-shaped areas that frame handles and spout. The leaf-shaped area behind the false spout is filled with short strokes. On body, wide band just above belly, two thin bands above and below; band on foot. Paint: pinkish brown or light brown to red; clay is pinkish cream. Date: SM/EPG or slightly later. Commentary: Desborough 1952:262, SM; Brock 1957: for groups of lines, p. 132:13, from tomb , SM. Framing elements of Vrokastro stirrup jar are more curvilinear. For globular shape with similar foot, see Boardman 1960: pl. 37:VIII.5, EPG–MPG; this slightly

Pottery Catalogue

more rounded, less biconical; also pl. 38:IV:4, SM– EPG; this is closer in shape with bands on handles, hatched triangles on shoulder. Inclusions: Chalky white to 3 mm. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; slip: 7.5YR 7/3; paint: 10R 6/4–4/6. Label: Kopranes 3. Location: CT 7. Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 93: lower right, p. 153, no. 2. 64

Small kalathos Herakleion 6660 Fig. 12; Pl. 8 H 8.2; diam. rim 13 cm. Shape and treatment: Kalathos with rim chipped, otherwise complete. Small cup on rim. Flat base; body flares out slightly to flat simple ledge rim that projects slightly to exterior, with incised triangles on rim. Just below midpoint of body are four horizontal grooves. Vertical handle, oval in section, opposite cup on rim. Clay: very coarse red-orange. Date: LM IIIC (late)–SM. Commentary: Desborough 1952:262, describes vase as SM, similar to examples from Dreros and Liliana. For cup on rim, see Brock 1957: Tomb VI, early PG, p. 13, pl. 7:59. The Fortetsa shape, although it has flaring walls, is called a straight-sided jar. Also Brock 1957: pl. 78:1429, Tomb P, dated EPGA, pp. 161–162; this is painted and has two vertical handles to rim. Both Fortetsa examples have higher bodies. The vertical handles of the Vrokastro vase are seen on the straightsided jars from Fortetsa, but not generally on the kalathos shape. Karphi: Seiradaki 1960:11, 12, fig. 7:6; this shape in coarse red clay has raised ribs, but also handles placed on rim top. The Vrokastro kalathos is within the height range given for Karphi examples, 8–12 cm. For other kalathoi with cups on rims, see Day, Coulson and Gesell 1986:381, n. 62. Inclusions: Occasional sand-sized, gray angular, dense gold and silver mica; large mica-schists (phyllite). Size range: to 3–4 mm. Not local. For fabric see clay tripod, cat. no. 206. Munsells: Clay: 2.5YR 6/6. Label: “town,” on pot interior. Location: Upper settlement, room 24 (this is actually a path through the settlement just east of the large structure 16–17; figurines were found in the southern end of room 17, and in rooms 25–27; Hayden 1991: fig. 2). This halo of figurines around room 17 may indicate a shrine in this room. Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 57b, p. 103, 110, upper stratum. 65

Kalathos Herakleion Fig. 12; Pl. 8 H 15.8; diam. rim 27.7–30; diam. base 10 cm. Shape and treatment: Large mended kalathos; onefifth restored. Slight exterior molding around flat

37

base. Flaring walls to ledge rim, small horizontal plastic rib on exterior below rim. Horizontal handles round in section placed below rim, with attached upright round plastic segment extending from mid-handle to rim (this broken off). Interior and possibly exterior monochrome, although Hall’s drawing indicates exterior is banded; band over handles. Paint: black. Clay: very worn, surface pink; medium coarse. Date: LM IIIC (late)–EPG. Commentary: For shape see Furumark I 1972:53, fig. 15:291, although the sides of this deep kalathos are more concave. See also Brock 1957: pl. 5:36, Tomb VI, SM–EPG and pl. 11:162, Tomb XI, PG. The handles are lower on the body on these two examples. Inclusions: Gray-black. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3. Core is a deeper pink. Location: CT 6. Bibliography: Hall 1914:152, fig. 92, CT 6. 66

Kalathos or deep basin MS 4913 Fig. 13; Pl. 8 MPD 10.5 (largest sherd); diam. rim ca. 25.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Approximately 33 sherds preserving rim and most of body of kalathos or deep basin, minus base. The surface is burned. Three joining sherds preserve part of decoration on exterior. Horizontal handles, round in section (stubs preserved), are set just below rim. Ledge rim separated from body of vase by rib, concave area between rib and rim. Rim rises erect from flaring body, so that a lid might have rested against inner wall of vessel. Interior monochrome painted. Thin bands across top of ledge rim. Exterior has broad band of paint on rim, band on top of handle. Decoration below rim consists of groups of opposed diagonal lines, outer ones fringed. Linear motif is similar to that on several SM stirrup jars from the corbel-vaulted tombs. Sherds from near base preserve five thin horizontal bands. Paint: reddish brown. Clay: very soft, powdery reddish clay where burnish has rubbed off. Date: SM/EPG. Commentary: For shape, Brock 1957: pl. 5:36, tomb VI, p. 162; kalathoi with a deep shape are early, experimental. This Fortetsa tomb is classed, along with its pottery, as EPG on p. 142 (EPGA). The rim of the Vrokastro vase seems to be closer to basin shape rather than kalathos, at Karphi; Seiradaki 1960: fig. 5:3. In depth of shape and erect rim over flaring body, close to shape described as skyphos, EPG, Boardman 1960:134, 136, fig. 4:V15. This is a smaller shape, however. See also a deep basin or kalathos from the settlement, cat. no. 162, for similar rim and profile, although its decoration may indicate a later date. Inclusions: Pitted where large inclusions popped out; trace of gold mica, subangular soft-orange; very poorly fired; FW. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/6; paint: 2.5YR 6/6–5/6; slip: 7.5YR 6/4.

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Reports on the Vrokastro Area

Location: CT 1. Bibliography: This vase is Hall 1914:131, no. 24; it is-described as having good buff clay, with painted decoration consisting of groups of vertical and slanting lines, outermost fringed. She describes the rim as indicating the vase had a cover. This catalogued vessel is poorly fired, however. Its condition and quality do not accord with Hall’s description of “. . . good buff clay . . .” 67

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 13; Pl. 9 MPD 5.2; diam. ca. 29 cm. Shape and treatment: Rim fragment of a krater with monochrome black interior. Rim has rounded top, outturned to point. Black band on rim exterior above alternating series of arcs forming shell pattern. Clay: hard yellow surface, possibly slipped. Date: LM IIIC (late). Commentary: For rim see Mook 1993: fig. 129:P3.90, SPG (SPG = end of PG–LG) krater, slightly flatter rim; also somewhat similar krater rim, Prokopiou 1997: fig. 18c, level 5 (LM IIIC late?), and the krater rims from the Kastro dump are fairly close; see Mook and Coulson 1997: fig. 32:141, etc. and Seiradaki 1960: fig. 16:3. The motif (see previous entry, cat. no. 51) can be as early in Crete as LM IIIA/B and continues to LM IIIC. Clay, paint, and firing suggest late IIIC or later date. Inclusions: Hard angular gray (probably quartz/ feldspar), granodiorite, gold mica. Local. Munsells: Clay core: 10YR 7/6; paint: 10YR 3/1– 4/3. Labeled: 21 . Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929: fig. 614. 68

Sherd MS 6022 Fig. 13; Pl. 9 MPD 10; diam. rim 24 cm. Shape and treatment: One rim sherd preserving round, slightly everted rim and upper portion of body of straight-walled krater. Interior painted monochrome; exterior band on rim; below band a row of pendent loops above double axe motif with crosshatched stacked triangles? to right. Shiny black paint. Clay: reddish brown core; slight yellow-orange tint to exterior slip, hard fired. Surface wiped. Date: LM IIIC (late within this period) to SM, but probably IIIC late. Commentary: For motifs, Brock 1957:185, motif 18b for loop decoration, dated to SM or EPG. Seiradaki 1960:24, 30, figs. 16:3, fig. 21g; this example is IIIC. Also Popham 1992: pl. 44:1; 45a, double axe, two outlines and loop decoration occurs on SM cup. Furumark I 1972: fig. 58, p. 344, motif 40 is IIIC:1 (late). Several late IIIC parallels exist at Karphi (pers. comm., L. Day). Sherds of this vase were found in the Herakleion collection.

Inclusions: Small black, purplish brown. Munsells: Surface 7.5YR 6/6; core 10R 4/6; paint: 7.5YR N2/; slip: 7.5YR 7/4–6/4. 69

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 13; Pl. 9 Diam. rim 14 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving small outturned ledge rim and flaring, straight wall of probable small kalathos. Interior is painted monochrome blackbrown. Exterior has a possible band at rim, and vertical panel of cross-hatched lozenges flanked by sun-motifs (circle with central dot and radiating strokes). Date: EPG–PG(?). Commentary: For sun motif, but better drawn, see Boardman 1960:133, 138, fig. 6:V,1, EPG. Brock 1957: motif 5h, p. 172, stacked cross-hatched lozenges, MPG–LPG. There is a similar basin profile from Karphi, Seiradaki 1960:8, fig. 5:11; this is LM IIIC late (date supplied by L. Day); diameter of this vase is 20 cm. Inclusions: Soft white, gold mica, hard angular gray. Munsells: Clay surface: 7.5YR 6/6. 70

Amphora Herakleion 6645 Fig. 14; Pl. 9 H 41; diam. base 16.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Large amphora mended from many parts; neck and rim restored; one-fifth of belly restored; one handle restored. Biconical body widest at belly, two vertical handles, round in section, from shoulder to rim; rim outturned. Painted scroll on shoulder below neck; paint swirls extending from top of handle to base. Three narrow bands on upper body, one at midbody and one above base. Date: EPG–MPG. Commentary: Shape is slightly smaller and squatter than Coldstream 1963: fig. 11:III:1, Tomb III, neckhandled amphora MPG. Three bands below shoulder, two on lower belly, and scored handle. For similar shape in hydria, but less squat, and handle decoration, idem, 1972: fig. 1:A1, SM; this has curled stroke on handle. Also shape is close to Boardman 1960: pl. 32:IV:1, MPG(?). A shoulder-handled amphora from Knossos of SM date has a somewhat similar profile, with a more flaring neck; Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 83:11, and a more simple reversed spiral or S pattern on the shoulder; fig. 101:12, of a more ovoid neck-handled amphoriskos, SM–EPG. Inclusions: Large gold mica, hard white-gray angular, soft subangular to round blown white, small granodiorite (coarse ware). Munsells: Clay: Munsell 7.5YR 7/4; paint: 5YR 7/4– 6/4. Bibliography: Similar to Hall 1914:112–113, fig. 64, room 26, upper settlement; both vases probably from the same workshop.

Pottery Catalogue

71

Large hydria or jar Herakleion Fig. 14; Pl. 9 MPH 34 cm. Shape and treatment: Four large joining sherds preserving approximately three-quarters of profile of large ovoid hydria or jar. Fifth sherd nonjoining. Band of black paint on rim exterior; below, five horizontal bands, two thick framing three thin. Two superimposed sets of pendent brackets descend from these bands, formed by two curvilinear loops or wavy bands that bifurcate from one stem. Below the second tassel are three more bands. Fifth sherd preserves end of one curvilinear line or tassel. Clay: buff and fairly fine for such a large vessel. Date: EPG–MPG. Commentary: For shape, Coldstream 1972:66; form established at Knossos from PG; fig. 1:A1, squat with lumpy surface may be as early as SM; later PG examples are slimmer, more ovoid, so the Vrokastro example may be fairly early in the series. See also Coldstream 1960:159–160, 163, nos. 14; pl. 42, MPG(?). These hydriae are early in his series. For bracket and smaller but similar shape in a globular jug, see Coldstream 1972:68, fig. 1:C7, EPG, and Mook 1993: fig. 94:P2.66, figs. 167–168; probably PG (p. 269). Coldstream identifies this motif as a development of the tassel ornament of the LM IIIC period (see Popham 1984:74; Coldstream 1992:80; Popham 1992:64, n. 34; Furumark I 1972: motif 72:78, LM IIIC). The bracket or tassel motif is a common ornament for this shape for many centuries, and probably was in use as early as LM IIIC. Also Brock 1957:179, motif 11j, LPG–PGB, and Rizza and Scrinari 1968:36, fig. 57: far right, from Zone II west side, p. 40, dated SM. Inclusions: White, soft (calcareous). Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3; paint: 10YR 3/1. 72

Jar/large pyxis MS 6039 Fig. 15; Pl. 10 MPH 30; diam. rim 25 cm. Shape and treatment: Large-necked jar or large pyxis mended from 11 fragments to form an almost complete profile; base missing. Handles are not preserved. Painted monochrome interior with a rounded, slightly offset rim slanting to interior. Rounded belly, profile contracting to base. Exterior decoration consists of broad band below rim above three narrow bands framing decorative panel of triglyphs with two thin vertical strokes flanked by fringed arcs (right) and fringed vertical (left). Largefringed arc frames vertical edge of panel and descends below it, and three thin horizontal bands enclose the decorative panel base. Below a wide reserved area three thin horizontals are placed over a broad band and thin band; large arc that frames the panel descends to this level. Three thin bands near the base. Paint is streaky black to dark reddish brown; slip(?) very pale brown. Exterior well burnished and hard fired. Date: EPG(?) or later in PG.

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Commentary: The triglyph of fringed vertical lines is illustrated in Brock 1957:195, motif 19a,b, and is PG. Motif similar to Herakleion no. 6717 (cat. no. 73), below, and possibly to sherd from town that Hall illustrates in fig. 50a, p. 94, that Desborough describes as related to the Late Minoan or Submycenaean tradition (1952:262). The vertical crescent, unfringed, is much earlier; Rethemiotakis 1997: fig. 34a (LM IIIC); Borgna 1997: fig. 6:1–2 (LM IIIB). It appears on bowls and kraters. Mook 1993 illustrates a krater of similar dimensions, but the rim is not close, and it is not closely dated: fig. 96:P2.84. Coldstream 1992:80 discusses a deep krater shape that is like a cauldron, decorated with PGB motifs. This vase, however, is quite dissimilar, with a much lower body, an upright rim, and no spool/reel handles. Many SM/PG vases from the Vrokastro tombs are similar in that they are thin-walled, very well-levigated, high-quality vessels. Considering this context, the vase may be well into PG. Inclusions: Very tiny orange-tan subangular, these appear soft; a little quartz/feldspar, with a trace of gold mica, small to large blown chalky white calcareous. Very fine for such a large vessel; local(?) clay. Munsells: Surface exterior: 2.5YR 5/6–3/4, core: 5YR 4/4; slip: 7.5YR 7/4–6/4; core: 5YR 4/4. Location: CT 1(?); Hall illustrates a more complete example (cat. no. 73), H 6717 (below) from this tomb. 73

Krater or cauldron Herakleion 6717 Fig. 15; Pl. 10 H 27.7; diam. rim 22.4 cm./22.8–27.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Large krater mended from many pieces with an irregular oval mouth. Vessel has low, offset, trimmed foot and slightly undercut base. Vessel is globular with vertical handles, round in section, rising from upper belly to join the center of spool/dowel/reel handles set just below the rim. Lip is inset slightly, possibly for a lid. Monochrome painted interior; exterior decoration consists of black band on rim, two thin bands below over a panel at handle level. The panel has triglyph arrangement of fringed arcs to right of two thin vertical bands; third vertical, to left, is fringed. The panel is framed below by two thin black bands followed by a wide band. Narrow band on the lower belly; narrow band on the foot. Paint: light brown to reddish brown. Clay: similar to Herakleion 6723 chalice, cat. no. 113 (Hall 1914: pl. 25); very fine, yellow/tan. Date: EPG(?) or later in PG. Commentary: Same clay body as series of smaller bowls of similar shape (MS 4908A,B, MS 4909, cat. nos. 74, 75), possibly forming set placed in this tomb. For fringed triglyphs, Brock 1957:185, motif 19a,b, PG. Desborough 1952:264–265 for date of tomb. For fringed arc, see Boardman 1960: fig. 7, pl. 33:VIII.15, where

40

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

motif on belly-handled amphora is dated to EPG. This vessel dated by shape, p. 142, and further discussion of motifs in this article occurs on pp. 144–145, n. 15. The shape is difficult to parallel in published examples; globular body and undercut foot are similar to smaller pyxides or jars; these are usually later in PG. Inclusions: Gold mica, soft red, soft white, orangebrown; very fine, also see chalice, Herakleion 6723; cat. no. 113. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/2; paint: 2.5YR 5/3–4/4. Location: CT 1. Bibliography: Hall 1914:128, no. 7, fig. 76. 74

Bowl MS 4908A Fig. 16; Pl. 10 H 10.7; diam. rim 12 cm. Shape and treatment: Bowl mended from many pieces; incomplete; approximately one-third of body and rim missing. Spalled surface. Globular body (cauldron-shaped) with slightly inset lip. Spool or dowel handles, shaped with tool, set horizontally below the rim with a vertical handle, round in section, extending from the middle of the spool to the belly of the bowl. Tool used to trim foot underneath; disk base. Stains above belly might be traces of black bands. Possibly painted on interior. Trace of black paint on slip under handle. Clay: burnished, light pink, thick slip, and burnish preserved on slip. Fabric is clean, fine. Thin-walled, well-thrown, possibly part of set (see MS 4808B, 4909). Date: EPG(?) or later in PG. Commentary: Desborough 1952:265, SM in character for the tomb, but not necessarily these pots. Somewhat similar shape, but not as globular, and ring base, on MPG bowl from Tomb J, Knossos; Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 65:11. Similar foot in fig. 73:1.10 bowl, but this is EO; most feet trimmed in this manner are LG–EO, but shape is so similar to krater with fringed arcs (cat. no. 73) it must be SM or PG (L. Day, pers. comm., points out that the handles, base and rim of this vessel are not in the SM tradition). Inclusions: Blown chalky white; small soft subangular flat tan-orange; some gray angular; tiny gold mica; FW. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; slip: 7.5YR 8/3–7/3. Location: CT 1. Bibliography: Similar in shape to krater, CT 1 (cat. no. 73), Herakleion 6717, above; Hall 1914: fig. 76, p. 128; she probably mentions this bowl on p. 132 as from CT 1; part of set with MS 4908B (no. 75) and MS 4909 (no. 77), all cauldron-shaped. 75

Bowl MS 4908B Fig. 16; Pl. 10 H 9; diam. rim 9.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Globular bowl on disk foot, cauldron-shaped, mended from many fragments; onefourth restored. Slightly smaller than 4908A; shape similar to Herakleion 6717. Probable traces of bands

of black paint on exterior; thin vertical bands? under one handle visible; possibly interior monochrome painted. Well-thrown as 4908A and same potter for these and MS 4902A. Clay: highly burnished; pink, somewhat soft. Local clay; very fine piece. Date: EPG(?) or later in PG. Commentary: See cat. nos. 73, 74 above. On smaller bowls below (cat. nos. 76, 77), only the dowel part of the handle was applied. This series in shape appears to be unique to the site. Inclusions: Small blown chalky white, small soft tanpink, some gold mica; FW. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 8/4; probably slipped: 7.5YR 7/4. Location: Slip of paper inside bowl says CT 1. Bibliography: Hall 1914 probably mentions this bowl on p. 132; this and two other similar bowls, one small, are from CT 1, Karakovilia, and may be made as a set for the tomb. 76

Small bowl Herakleion Fig. 16; Pl. 10 H 5.5; diam. rim 6.4 cm.; th. wall 3 mm. Shape and treatment: Small globular bowl with pointed base, cauldron-shaped, rim slopes inward to mouth and is vertical on interior. Spool or dowel handles placed just under rim. Handles trimmed with tool. Thin walled. Clay: hard, pink to greenish buff. Burnished; pink slip. Surface pitted; this is same type of clay used for similar shapes from the tomb. Very fine clay and shape. Date: EPG(?) or later in PG. Commentary: This appears in shape and especially in treatment of rim and dowel handle to be a small version of Herakleion 6717; cat. no. 73. Clay is fine and similar to this large vessel. These smaller cups may be part of set, made for the tomb. Inclusions: Gold mica, soft red, soft white, orangebrown. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 8/3. Location: CT 1. Bibliography: Hall 1914:131–132, nos. 30–32. 77

Small bowl MS 4909 Fig. 16; Pl. 10 H 5.1; diam. rim 5.9 cm. Shape and treatment: Small bowl, cauldron-shaped, mended from ca. 10 pieces, one-third restored. Description same as above, cat. no. 76, although this vessel has trimmed, pointed base and the spool or dowel handle is placed under the inturned rim. Exterior highly burnished and trimmed with tool. As with some of the vessels from these tombs, the clay is quite soft under the burnish. Possibly painted black-red on the exterior and trace of brown worn paint on interior. Very fine piece, and possibly part of set placed in CT 1 (see MS 4908A, 4908B [nos. 74, 75], above). Date: EPG(?) or later in PG, as above.

Pottery Catalogue

Commentary: As above. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; slip: 7.5YR 8/3–7/3. Location: CT 1. Bibliography: Similar in shape to krater, CT 1, Herakleion 6717, above; Hall 1914: fig. 76, p. 128; she probably mentions this bowl on p. 132 as from CT 1; part of set with MS 4908B (cat. no. 75) and MS 4909 (cat. no. 77), all cauldron-shaped. 78

Jar/pyxis(?) MS 4901 Fig. 17; Pl. 11 H 34.5; diam. oval rim 20.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Necked jar or pyxis(?) mended from many pieces. Vessel has a slightly spreading, conical foot, trimmed underneath. Body is almost biconical, slightly depressed, and neck is nearly vertical. Ledge rim tapers down slightly to the outside. Two vertical strap handles extend from rim to shoulder. Interior neck painted, many paint splatters on interior body. On exterior, neck painted and horizontal strokes on handles flanked by two vertical bands. Decorative panel on shoulder consists of triglyphs of five thin vertical lines flanked by two on the outside with fringes. Five narrow horizontal bands below decorative panel, two very thin bands on lower belly over wider band near foot; band on foot. Reddish brown to black paint. Clay is hard-fired reddish yellow. Slip: pale gray-brown. Date: SM/EPG or later (see cat. nos. 105, 106 from the same tomb). Commentary: For decoration, Brock 1957:185, motif 19a, PG. Desborough 1952:265, describes fringed panels as going with covered bowls, as Vrokastro, Hall 1914: pl. xxii:1 and 2, also from CT 1. Vrokastro vase is quite similar in shape to one illustrated by Desborough 1952: pl. 32:XI, 9b. This is published in Brock 1957:20, pl. 11:164, and called a krateriskos; it is 20 cm. high. This is a rare shape at Knossos; Brock compares the vase with slightly more globular pyxis from Vrokastro, pl. xxxii:1, 2 (cat. nos. 105, 106). An amphoriskos with narrower body and simple straight rim from Knossos is also fairly close; this has horizontal handles on shoulder; Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 141:114, EPG (H 17.3 cm.). Paint splattered on interior is PG; Coldstream 1992:81, 84. Inclusions: Pitted surface caused by inclusions which are 3 mm. and larger and chalky white in color; angular gray; also smaller black, reddish brown (all of these may be phyllite), and purplish brown. Munsells: Clay: 2.5YR 6/4–6/6; gray core; paint: 5–R 5/3–4/3. Location: CT 1. Bibliography: Hall 1914:128, no. 8, 129, fig. 77. Described as found containing burned bones together with an unpublished amphora in buff clay that is mentioned on p. 131, no. 26.

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79

Sherd Herakleion Fig. 17; Pl. 11 MPD 9; est. diam. 20 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving section of rim and upper body of bell(?) krater. The profile is convex/concave, with the rim flaring out from a globular body. The interior is painted monochrome black. On the exterior there is a black band under the rim and below a possible double axe or butterfly motif, with thin vertical band to right and trace of another motif to left. Clay: buff. Date: SM or later. Commentary: Shape and motif, Popham 1992: 61–62, pl. 44, SM. Vrokastro krater has a slightly more convex, concave profile. Inclusions: Gold mica, fine quartz. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 6/6. 80

Small krater or skyphos Herakleion Fig. 17; Pl. 11 H 15.6; diam. rim 12.2–13.7 cm. Shape and treatment: Small footed krater (vases of similar shape and size are also identified as skyphoi), mended from many pieces on raised, restored foot. Vessel has an oval mouth and two horizontal handles, round in section, on shoulder. Simple rim is slightly outturned. Interior is monochrome, and the exterior decoration consists of a rim band, a panel of groups of vertical strokes (five or six) and four horizontal bands on the belly below the shoulder; lowest band is thicker. Stroke of paint occurs over handles. Paint: thin light reddish brown, exterior. Interior brown-black. Clay: thin walled and well levigated, fine pink-buff. Date: EPG (or later in PG?). Commentary: Close in shape to Popham 1992: pl. 43: 14, although this SM krater is slightly more elongated and smaller. Close in shape to a smaller bell skyphos, Coldstream 1968: fig. 2:A18 (SM vase from Fortetsa, with triglyph); this is only 8.4 cm. high. For shape Brock 1957: pl. 21:303, Tomb L, p. 31, PG (late?), except again, this is more elongated shape (bell). More rounded shape illustrated in Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 72:106, LPG; this vase is dipped, which is a common treatment. Triglyph decoration in Brock generally has fringes: tomb Theta, pl. 8:117, p. 16, PG. The Vrokastro examples are typically more rounded and have a stronger S-profile than the Knossian bell skyphos. A broader shape illustrated by Coldstream 1992: pl. 512, is 15.7 cm. high and called a high-footed skyphos, p. 68, though other smaller similar shapes have been called kraters (see Popham 1992: pl. 43). Inclusions: Blown soft white; subangular redbrown. Munsells: Clay surface: 7.5YR 8/2–3; paint: 2.5YR 5/3. Location: Probably from CT 1, Hall 1914:129. Bibliography: Hall 1914:129: nos. 12–17. These are

42

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

described by Hall as small bowls, similar to her fig. 78, p. 130. Decoration on these bowls consists of horizontal and vertical bands; interiors are monochrome. 81

Small krater or skyphos MS 4902A Fig. 18; Pl. 11 MPH 15.1; diam. rim 13.7 cm. Shape and treatment: Small krater mended from many fragments; the raised foot is missing and one handle restored. The vessel is light and well thrown. Walls rise fairly steeply from a small foot, with horizontal handles, round in section, placed above the belly; profile here is slightly concave before wall flares to tall, slightly everted rim. Shoulder is more pronounced (shape is rounded like a pyxis) than most forms at Vrokastro, which have a round belly. The interior is monochrome; on the exterior a wide black rim band occurs above a panel of triglyphs formed of vertical strokes, this framed at the base by three thin and one thick band. The handles are painted chalky red-brown. Clay: Fairly well burnished; fine creamy pink to buff; core light orange. Slipped. These vases may be part of set with small krateriskoi from the same tomb (MS 4798A, etc.). Date: EPG (or later in PG?). Commentary: This tomb group is described by Desborough as within the SM tradition, Desborough 1952:264. For another example of similar vase, see the previous catalogued example. This vessel, however, is a more globular shape with a more pronounced shoulder (see Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 66: L2, MPG–LPG and Brock 1957: pl. 35:529). Also for shape, although not as pronounced a shoulder, ibid., fig. 89:6, SM/EPG. Rim fairly close to Mook 1993: fig. 138:P3.177, PG, but this profile is flatter, with a less pronounced shoulder. For a smaller, somewhat similar version of the shape (krateriskos), see Boardman 1960: 136, fig. 4:IV.3 (H of this vessel 11.7 cm., SM–MPG; p.-132). Brock 1957: the motif is similar to 1a, a series of verticals (three) in a panel; these are primarily EPG–MG. Inclusions: Blown chalky; small black; FW. Munsells: Clay interior: 5YR 7/6; paint: red-black 10R 5/6–5/8; slip: 7.5YR 7/3. Location: From CT 1, nos. 12–17, p. 129, Hall 1914. Bibliography: Hall 1914:129, nos. 12–17. 82

Small krater or skyphos MS 4902B Fig. 18; Pl. 11 H 16.3; diam. oval rim 13.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Small krater/skyphos mended from many fragments with a small conical raised foot, trimmed underneath. Vase is light and well thrown; thin-walled. Walls rise fairly steeply to the belly, and horizontal handles, round in section, are placed above. Profile above the belly is concave, turning out gently

to simple rim; mouth is oval. Profile is less curved and more like central Cretan bell form. Interior is monochrome and on the exterior a narrow band is placed at the rim, framing a wide panel of triglyphs composed of groups of vertical lines; below are three narrow bands above a wide band. Bands or stripes of paint occur on the handles. Paint: cherry-red to brown; bright orange-red on interior of vessel. Clay: slightly burnished; creamy buff. Surface slipped slightly lighter shade. Date: EPG (or later in PG?). Commentary: Desborough 1952: SM tradition for tomb. For shape and treatment see MS 4902A, cat. no. 81. Also for shape: Seiradaki 1960:21, fig. 14:8, although Vrokastro example has more pronounced shoulder; Karphi vase would be late IIIC, possibly to SM. For rim, Mook 1993: fig. 95:P2.78, p. 174, EPG skyphos. Inclusions: Blown white chalky, small black; FW. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/3; paint interior: 2.5YR 6/8, exterior: 2.5YR 5/6 to 10R 4/6; slip: 7.5YR 7/4–7/6. Location: CT 1 (as above). Bibliography: Hall 1914:129, one of nos. 12–17?, fig.-78. 83

Footed bowl or skyphos Herakleion Fig. 18 H 13.8; diam. rim 12.3 cm. Shape and treatment: Skyphos mended from many fragments, at least one-third restored. Thin-walled. The vessel has a raised foot, and the wall rises to the shoulder or upper belly, with concave profile above under a slightly everted, pointed rim. Two horizontal handles, round in section, placed on the shoulder. The vessel has been dipped with a monochrome interior and paint on upper exterior body. Paint is generally thin brown-black. Clay: worn; very well levigated. Date: EPG(?) or later in PG. Commentary: Profile similar to the decorated series illustrated above, although this example has been dipped and is more globular/round than the larger decorated examples, which are higher, more elongated. In terms of the foot and shape, it is very close to Coldstream 1992: pl. 51: GA2, which is LPG, except that the Knossos example has a thicker wall and rim flares out a little more. This is described, p. 68, as a high-footed skyphos with two horizontal grooves below rim. The height of this example is 15.7 cm. Mook 1993 illustrates several vases with somewhat similar feet and rims, e.g., fig. 95:P2.78, EPG, p. 174; she calls this a slimmer version of the bell skyphos; fig. 131: P3.116, SPG, with slightly higher shoulder; fig. 150: P4.47, PG; this has a higher, more delicate foot, and thicker rim. The Vrokastro example is closest to this last vase illustrated by Mook, but again has a more pronounced shoulder, a higher, slimmer foot, and is thinner walled. These vases usually fall within the PG range. For a slightly earlier example, see Brock 1957: pl. 3:11, Tomb , SM, p. 8. Inclusions: Few white; blown.

Pottery Catalogue

Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3–7/4, but more yellow. Location: Probably from CT 1, p. 130, no. 18. Bibliography: Hall 1914:130, no. 18. 84

Skyphos Herakleion Fig. 19; Pl. 12 MPH 11.5; diam. rim 12.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Skyphos or bowl with the lower body missing. The wall is thin for the size of the vessel. Body is round/globular, with a horizontal handle, round in section, placed above belly. Wall profile below rim is concave and flares to a simple rim. Interior is monochrome, and exterior decoration consists of a wide band on the belly, three narrow bands above, and a panel decoration of triglyphs composed of four narrow verticals; triglyphs are widely spaced. Handles are painted over with a black stripe that extends down the body. Paint is worn and varies from brown to black. Clay: very fine, light cream color with pink interior. Slip cream-tan to pinkish. Date: EPG(?) or later in PG. Commentary: See cat. nos. 80–83, above. Inclusions: Small blown calcareous and fine gold mica. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/2; slip: 10YR 8/2–8/3. Location: CT 1. Bibliography: This is probably one of nos. 12–17, Hall 1914:129. 85

Trefoil pitcher Herakleion Fig. 19; Pl. 12 H 18; diam. base 4.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Mended trefoil pitcher with flat base and rounded, somewhat depressed body; thick walled; worn surface. Handle, oval in section, extends from shoulder to rim. Decoration consists of horizontal band on belly; panel of short opposed diagonal lines between thin vertical strokes under spout. Thick band at base of neck. Clay: pale yellow to green in color; worn black paint. Date: SM/EPG(?). Commentary: For shape, somewhat similar to Coldstream 1963: fig. 8:6, EPG, but Vrokastro example is more depressed. A close parallel in round and depressed shape is published in Brock 1957: pl. 8:119, from PG tomb Theta, p. 16; this example has groups of vertical strokes from rim. Also close in neck, spout, and handle, to pl. 6:69, Tomb VI, SM–EPG, p. 11; but this has conical foot. Inclusions: Subangular black; MC. Munsells: Clay: 2.5Y 7/3. Location: CT 4. Bibliography: Hall 1914:145, 146, fig. 86e. Another unpainted jug, of the same 18 cm. height, was found in this tomb and contained bones. 86

Small pitcher Herakleion Fig. 19; Pl. 12 MPH 10; max. diam. 6.9 cm.

43

Shape and treatment: Small pitcher with one broken vertical handle and broken mouth. Shape is globularbiconical, with a deeply undercut, conical foot. Dipped body. Black paint on interior neck. Date: PG (early?). Commentary: For a squatter version of shape see Kanta 1980: fig. 33:1, p. 90, miniature jug, Ampelouzos, LM IIIC–PG; Brock 1957: pl. 6:69, pp. 11, 142; Tomb VI; raised base and body shape similar; handle is not as high. According to Brock this tomb produces EPG (p.-142). Somewhat similar to a small oinochoe from Tomb 40, illustrated by Coldstream and Catling et al. fig. 83:18, SM. Body shape of Knossos vase is similar, and so is placement of handle, but the foot is lower and body is wider. This too is dipped, with upper half monochrome. Body is also similar to a MPG oinochoe from tomb 65, ibid., fig. 102:11, but the vase has compass-drawn semicircles and is probably slightly later. It is also similar in foot and body shape to a small late stirrup jar from CT 4, Hall 1914: fig. 86c. Inclusions: Small soft white (limestone), small gray, gold and silver mica. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4–7/6. Labeled: Kopranes Tholos II. This label would indicate that the small vase comes from one of the three tombs Hall excavated on the lower western slopes of Kopranes. Her second tomb is CT 6. 87

Small jug Herakleion Fig. 19; Pl. 12 H 12.2; max. diam. 7.8 cm. Shape and treatment: One-handled small jug with upper neck and rim broken. Thick walled and poorly thrown. Biconical body on conical foot, undercut. Thick vertical handle from shoulder to rim, square in section. Decoration consists of horizontal band on neck, two hatched triangles on shoulder linked by zigzag. Wavy vertical band on handle. Two horizontal bands on body below shoulder and band on foot. Date: EPG? (or slightly later in PG). Commentary: Published by Hall 1914, as found in CT 7, p. 154, no. 3. Desborough 1952:262, SM tomb. For shape, which is early, Brock 1957: pl. 7:76, Tomb VI, p. 11, 142: EPG. However, hatched triangles, Brock, motif 4l: p. 171, are mainly LPG; zigzag could be EPG (p. 170, motif 3a). Curl of paint on handle paralleled in Coldstream 1972: fig. 1:A1, SM–PG hydria. For an earlier jug with biconical, almost carinated shape and hatched triangle, Kanta 1980: fig. 34:6:1652, p. 97 (Phaistos), advanced LM IIIC. This may indicate that this shape with hatched triangle could be early in PG, in accord with a SM date for the tomb overall. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; slip: 7.5YR 8/4. Labeled: Kopranes Tholos III. Hall’s label refers to the fact that this was the third of three tombs found on the lower western slopes of Kopranes; Hall 1914:149. Location: CT 7. Bibliography: Hall 1914:154, fig. 93.

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Reports on the Vrokastro Area

88

Two-handled pyxis/jar Herakleion Fig. 20 H 11.6; diam. rim 10.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Carinated pyxis or small jar mended from many fragments. Flat, string-cut base, carination occurs at midbelly and two round horizontal handles at carination. Rim is straight and slightly everted. Vessel is thin-walled and well thrown. Decoration consists of band at base, one above followed by wavy band at carination, and a band at the base of the neck and at the rim. Paint: gray-black. Vase is similar in fabric and paint to small pyxis from CT 3, Hall 1914: pl. xxvii:2 (the motif and shape of this vessel suggest a later date, however). Date: SM/EPG(?). Commentary: Wavy line motif in Brock 1957:174, motif 8a, SM–PGB. For shape, Coldstream 1963:37, pl. 11c: Tomb II: 4ap and fig. 8. This is lidded and described as pyxis or jar, dated SM–EPG. The shape is an outgrowth of a straight-sided LM III jar and the form is not found at Knossos after EPG. The carination on this vessel is at shoulder level, as are the handles. The shape could be related to a taller, necked vase in Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 103:23, E–MPG, described as straight-sided pyxis (Tomb 100); also fig. 129:61, same date. The main difference is that these examples have the carination higher, below the shoulder, and the shape is taller, and more closed. For a similar decorative treatment on belly and somewhat similar shape (this, however, on a cone-shaped foot), see Tsipopoulou 1983:84, fig. 3:7303, PG. Inclusions: Black-gray grits, possibly granodiorite; fairly pure clay. Munsells: Clay surface: 7.5YR 7/2–7/4. Location: CT 3(?); Hall 1914:142, describes a bowl with two horizontal handles and two horizontal bands, with waved line, but on the shoulder, so her description may not apply to this vessel. 89

Amphoriskos or pyxis Herakleion Fig. 20 H (preserved at top of handle) 13.2; diam. base 4.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Small globular amphoriskos mended from many parts; one handle preserved; rim not preserved. Globular shape on a raised, trimmed, undercut conical foot with two horizontal round handles on shoulder. Shape contracts to neck; Hall’s drawing (fig. 86d) indicates erect, tall, slightly flaring rim rising from shoulder. Decoration consists of three bands on belly, thick zigzag on shoulder and band? above. A band of black paint occurs on the handles. Clay: fine yellow buff. Date: Probably EPG. Commentary: For similar shape, but taller vessel, Brock 1957: pl. 6:60, pp. 13, 142; EPG krateriskos. L. Day (pers. comm.) described this vase as a typical shape from the Vronda tholos tombs (SM–G). Hall calls shape a krater, p. 145. For motif, Brock 1957:170, 3a,

EPG or MG. Shape defined by Desborough 1952:263, who says it does not survive PG, p. 239. Inclusions: Soft white, fine ware. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3–7/3. Location: CT 4. Bibliography: Hall 1914:145–146, no. 3; fig. 86d. 90

Small footed cup or skyphos MS 4798A Fig. 20; Pl. 12 H 6.7; diam. rim 6 cm. Shape and treatment: Small cup with thin walls and an articulated foot with a slight torus molding, trimmed underneath. Globular/round squat body with very pronounced S-profile, unusual vertical strap handles extend from upper belly to rim, which is slightly outturned. The cup was dipped; brown paint covers two-thirds of exterior and all of interior. Foot carefully trimmed. Clay: pinkish white-buff, burnished on the paint; slipped. Date: EPG or slightly later(?). Commentary: Desborough 1952:263, describes the tomb as within the SM tradition. For somewhat similar shape, Brock 1957: Tomb , pl. 3:2, p. 161, SM, also pl. 3:12; this is a feeding cup, but close in squat shape; p. 162, and both vessels are identified as SM–PG. A much later miniature high-footed skyphos illustrated in Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 76:29 is close in body shape but not foot, however, and is MG, and the high-rooted foot could go later (Mook 1993: 174). This shape replaces the conical cup; Popham, 1992:62. It is probably early, but its shape of strong curves is local and this is probably PG. Inclusions: Small white, subangular brown-black, gold mica. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/2–8/3; paint: 5YR 4/3 at darkest to 5/4; slip: 7.5YR 7/3–7/4. Location: From catalogue card, CT 5. Bibliography: Probably mentioned by Hall 1914: 151, no. 10, from CT 5. She compares it with her fig. 79, p. 131; fig. 79 illustrates one of four intact cups from CT 1, is actually more elongated and could be later, if shape development in this part of the island is from globular to ovoid/elongated. These small cups were also recovered from CT 3, p. 142, no. 9, with a stirrup jar (33 cups from CT 1, 2 cups from CT 3, and 3 from CT 5 as mentioned in Hall’s text). Note, however, Hall also claims that cups of this shape were found in the bone enclosures, p. 177, which mean they continue to be produced in the 9th c. B.C. 91

Small footed skyphos MS 4798B Fig. 20; Pl. 12 H 8.9; diam. rim 6.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Small skyphos mended from six pieces; one handle and small portion of body missing. More ovoid in shape and elongated than MS 4798A. Lip slightly outturned. Horizontal handles, round in section, set above belly. Trimmed foot, concave under-

Pottery Catalogue

neath. Brown-to-black worn paint covering two-thirds of exterior and painted band on interior rim. Clay: buff, slightly pink interior. Burnished under paint. Date: EPG or slightly later. Commentary: For date of tomb, see Desborough 1952:263. For shape, see Boardman 1960:130, fig. 4: I.15, SM–MPG, and pl. 34:I.13 for an even closer shape; this date is derived from Brock. A more elongated version, Coldstream 1972:70, 72, fig. 2:B24, EPG. Brock 1957: pl. 6:85, Tomb VI, p. 11, before PG; pl. 17:208–210, pp. 24, 161, PG. Coldstream 1963:37, fig. 8:II:7, EPG (bell skyphos). Also Mook 1993: fig. 171:P10.2, PG skyphos. Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 66:L3, MPG. The closest example, however, for lip and belly is Coldstream 1972: fig. 2:B24, p. 72, EPG. This shape is therefore probably EPG, or perhaps somewhat later. Inclusions: Black specks on surface; FW. Munsells: Clay exterior: 7.5YR 8/3–8/4, interior: 5YR 7/4–7/6; paint: 2.5YR 4/2–5YR 3/2; slip: 7.5YR 7/4. Location: CT 5 (from catalogue card). Bibliography: Hall 1914:151. 92

Small footed skyphos MS 4798C Fig. 20; Pl. 12 H 7.6; diam. rim (oval) 6.1 cm. Shape and treatment: Small skyphos, burned and mended from four sherds. The vessel has a rounded body, low belly, with a small raised, trimmed foot, concave underneath. Horizontal handles, round in section, are placed above the belly. Slightly deeper shape than MS 4798A (cat. no. 90). The vessel is dipped, with a monochrome interior and two-thirds of upper vessel painted red-brown to black. Clay: light gray (burned). Slipped as well, with traces of good burnish. Date: EPG–MPG. Commentary: The tomb is described as SM by Desborough 1952:263 and Furumark 1944:228. See Seiradaki 1960:21, fig. 14:2 for cup shape that is close approximation from Karphi, except foot is larger, lower. Also Brock 1957: Tomb , pl. 3:2, 11, SM; this is decorated with quirks. Two others fairly close, both dated based on the Fortetsa cemetery material; Boardman 1960: fig. 4:IV:3, p. 132, SM/MPG; Coldstream 1972:71, fig. 2:A18, MPG bell krater. Similar clay fabric suggests same workshop for all of these cups from Vrokastro. Inclusions: Possible limestone; a few small brown. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/2; paint: 7.5YR 4/2–5YR 4/2; slip: 7.5YR 7/4. Location: Catalogue card indicates CT 5. Bibliography: Hall 1914:151, no. 10. 93 13

Small footed skyphos Herakleion Fig. 20; Pl. H 8.1; diam. rim 6.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Small footed skyphos with one

45

handle preserved, round in section, on shoulder. Raised conical foot, trimmed underneath, higher and more deeply undercut than three previous examples. The vessel is dipped, with brown-black paint on interior and exterior. Clay: well levigated, pinkish. Date: EPG or later. Commentary: For shape, Warren 1981–1982: fig. 64, pp. 81, 86, SM; this has more articulated rim and the SM reserved interior band, but proportions are similar; Vrokastro example could be slightly later. Coldstream 1968: fig. 2:A18, SM; this example with a slightly lower foot, smoother transition to rim. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 8/2; paint: 5YR 5/3–4/3. Bibliography: Possibly from CT 1, Hall 1914:130: 19–22; see MS 4798A, or from CT 3, p. 142, no. 9. 94

Bowl or lid MS 4795 Fig. 20; Pl. 13 H 8.8; diam. rim 17.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Intact except for chipped rim and foot. Articulated foot, trimmed underneath and slightly concave, trimmed on surface. Wide, low body with thick walls flares out to near carination, then rises almost vertically to simple rim. Lower body tool trimmed; deep throwing marks on interior. Faint redbrown staining on the surface indicates paint, traces of red-black paint at base; possibly dipped(?); burnished on paint. Clay: pink or salmon color, darker color (brown) where surface is worn away. Date: PG(?). Commentary: Date of tomb contents: Desborough 1952:263, a little later than SM. Raised feet somewhat similar to this found in abundance at a late IIIC site within the Vrokastro survey area, at KK2 (Xivouni). This might actually be a lid; a similar shape (but not as carinated) was published by Brock 1957: pl. 156, no. 752, Tomb F, PGB–O. A jar containing a cremation was also found in this tomb. Inclusions: Large tan-brown subangular (probably phyllite) 1–2 mm., large blown chalky white, subangular gray, some gold mica; MC fabric. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3–7/4; paint: 2.5YR 5/6. Location: CT 4. Bibliography: Hall 1914:146, pl. 86g. She suggests, p. 145, it is modeled after stone vases. 95

Cup Herakleion Fig. 21; Pl. 13 H 10.1; diam. rim 10.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Large mended cup with conical trimmed foot, undercut. S-shaped profile with slightly everted, simple, rather flat rim. Vertical handle is thin oval in section and attached to the exterior rim and upper belly. Pronounced wheel marks on interior and exterior. Cup has a painted black monochrome interior and on exterior a wide band at rim over groups of diagonal strokes painted over a rough zigzag. Below this decorative panel are four painted horizon-

46

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

tal bands (incised and painted) framing three zones of short incised diagonal strokes or dots. Lower body may have been painted as well; burnished in some places on exterior. Clay: fine, powdery. Date: EPG(?). Commentary: Similar profile, without the raised foot, in a cup almost 8 cm. high, in Coldstream 1972: 69–70, fig. 2:A26, EPG. Coldstream does say that this form is not known at Fortetsa until LPG, and is there classified as no. 166, B(i). Some of the bell cups from tomb , however, look somewhat similar; Brock 1957:8, pl. 3:10, 16, except that they appear to have a straighter profile. Incision may be LM IIIC and later device. For decorative incision on Karphi pitcher, IIIC late, Seiradaki 1960:15, fig. 9:10. Cups illustrated in Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 83:19, 124:17, are not as deep and are SM–PG. This may be related to what is probably a later cup from the Kastro; Mook 1993: fig. 107:P2.161, from a SPG–O stratum. This Kastro example is more strongly articulated between neck and shoulder, and foot is trimmed but not conical. It is still close in body shape and size. Inclusions: Very small soft white; subangular reddish brown. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3; paint: 10YR 3/1–2/1. Location: Hall 1914:142: no. 7, reports incised decoration of lines and dots on the shoulder below a painted zigzag on a bowl with two vertical handles from CT 3. This cup is the only vase that approaches her description. 96

Bird askos MS 4899 Fig. 21; Pl. 13 L. 17; H 6.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Bird askos mended from approximately 10 sherds; one-third of body restored. The vessel has a spout instead of a bird’s head, with a slight bulge at base of the spout. Air hole at base of neck. Peg feet and handle on back (round in section) oriented on vase’s length. Preserved decoration consists of two thin bands on both sides, lengthwise, upper one curves up and acts as frame for diagonal stripes, possibly indicating wings, descending from back to lower band. Two possible thin bands flank the handle and extend lengthwise along the upper back to bands around tail. Black paint visible on the handle top and within the spout. Entire vase scraped and trimmed with a tool. Paint: black-brown. Clay: very pale brown; fine ware. Pitted surface but few inclusions are visible. Date: SM. Commentary: More paint was preserved when Hall drew the shape; see 1914: fig. 92, p. 152. Kanta 1980: 176, compares this askos with one from Chamaizi no. 1433, and Karphi; CT 6 she compares with LM IIIC material from the Atsipades cemetery. For shape at Karphi, Seiradaki 1960:27, fig. 20, M11; this SM example is fairly close, although slightly less elongated. Kastro: Coulson, Day, Gesell 1983: fig. 4:5, pl. 76c,

identified as SM, has ring foot, but is similar in shape. Desborough 1972:117 points out that the earlier 11th century (SM) bird askoi always have a spout, instead of a head, which developed in PG. Inclusions: Small- to medium-sized black and a few blown soft white. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3; paint: 7.5 N3/–4/2. Location: CT 2 or CT 6. Bibliography: Hall mentions a bird vase found in CT 2, 1914:140, no. 2, which she compares with one from CT 6. This could be this vase, because the second bird askos illustrated as coming from CT 6 appears from her illustration, fig. 92, p. 152, to be a shorter, plumper vase. This second bird vase from CT 6 was not located within the Herakleion Museum collection. 97

Bird askos Herakleion 6726 Fig. 21; Pl. 13 L. 18.5; H at handle 9.1; W. 6 cm. Shape and treatment: One-third restored in plaster, neck and two front feet restored. Handle placed on back oriented along length of vase is round in section. Decoration from the bottom of the vase consists of two thin wavy lines or bands framing area painted black from front to rear; another two bands above framing small, wing-shaped area under handle. This area decorated with zigzag pattern and framed above by two thin lines. Bands extend full length of body from front to tail. Handle painted. Paint: brown, chipped. Clay: light tan to pink. From Hall’s illustration (1914: fig. 92), more zigzags located under tail have worn away, and bands along back wrap around tail. Date: SM. Commentary: See MS 4899 (cat. no. 96). See Coulson, Day, and Gesell 1983: fig. 4:5, p. 399, SM. Inclusions: Long, narrow inclusions, brown or redorange in color. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; paint: 7.5YR 4/2. Location: CT 6. Bibliography: Hall:152, fig. 92:1, no. 2. 98

Askos Herakleion Fig. 21; Pl. 13 H (to top of body) 7.8; max diam. 10 cm. Shape and treatment: Globular to biconical askos on raised undercut conical foot. Handle, oval in section, on back, and one long spout with traces of paint on interior. The vessel is light (thin-walled) and well thrown. Decoration on illustrated side consists of strokes across handle and on spout. Vertical bands on upper shoulder between two horizontal bands. Three horizontal bands below on body; probably made by the same potter as the bird askoi, above. Paint: worn brown. Clay is similar to bird askoi; fine ware. Date: SM. Commentary: If this vase was made by the same potter as cat nos. 96, 97, then it must be SM in date, and the tomb is early in the Vrokastro sequence accord-

Pottery Catalogue

ing to Desborough 1952:263 and Kanta 1980:176. See Coulson, Day, and Gesell 1983: fig. 4:V4, for a similarly shaped askos dated to SM. The spout is similar in shape to the more elongated spouts on the stirrup jars, for example, cat. no. 61, CT 7, and body shape is quite similar to Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 84:20 (a stirrup jar), which is SM. This vessel was made by a potter accustomed to throwing stirrup jars. Inclusions: Small soft red-brown. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/3; paint: 10YR 5/3. Labeled: 9 TouTous Tholos III Kop. Location: CT 6. Bibliography: Hall 1914:153, no. 5, fig. 92:5. Corbelled tombs 5 and 6 were located on the lower western slopes of Kopranes, and the label indicates findspot. 99

Flask MS 4797A Fig. 21; Pl. 14 H 22; diam. 18; th. 11.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Flask mended from many fragments with rim chipped; one vertical strap handle, oval in section, from shoulder to rim. Two parallel bumps on opposite shoulder. Symmetry from side to side suggests two sections thrown and joined. Flask is oval in section. Decoration consists of four reddish brown concentric circles, three wavy lines on neck; one is white paint. Band on handle continues down as wavy band around circumference. Worn traces of concentric circles remain on opposite side, and spout interior painted. Paint: reddish brown; slightly burnished. Date: SM/PG. Commentary: Date of tomb is mentioned by Desborough 1952:263, SM. This shape in PG times may partially take the place of the stirrup jar and seems to have been used at Vrokastro primarily in burials. One from Vronda with a larger, unsymmetrical body and concentric circles on one side is dated SM: Coulson, Day, Gesell 1983:397–398, n. 22, fig. 4:2; this Vrokastro vase is cited for comparison. The vase could be handmade, as the surface with the better-preserved paint is uneven and bumpy, but symmetry of flask shown in section suggests that two sides were probably thrown separately and joined. Inclusions: Large white to 2–3 mm.; angular small red-brown, small gray, fine silver to gold mica; some plant impressions on surface; MC. Munsells: Clay core: 7.5YR 6/4; paint: 2.5YR 4/3– 5YR 4/4; slip: 7.5YR 7/6–7/4. Labeled: (on shoulder in pencil): Kopranes: Tomb I(?). Location: As published: CT 5. Bibliography: Hall 1914:149, no. 2, 150, fig. 89g. 100 Flask MS 4797B Fig. 21; Pl. 14 H 28; diam. 21; th. 10.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Flask intact except for chipped rim; appears burned. Handle nearly square in sec-

47

tion. Worn gray-brown slip(?); possible traces of black paint near base. Flatter side handmade(?) and convex side thrown, tool trimmed and thick-walled, and worn trace of raised dimple in center of thrown side. Clay: reddish brown, gray core; appears darker and coarser than most flasks from site, close to cooking fabric. This is the crudest of the flasks from the site. Date: SM/PG. Commentary: Desborough 1952:263: date for the tomb is SM–PG. Inclusions: Hard white to gray, much gold mica, shiny pink to red-brown flat angular (probably phyllite); possibly some plant temper; CW. Not local. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 5/6–5YR 5/4–5/6. Location: CT 3 (this is identified on catalogue card as from CT 5, but the dimension and clay match Hall’s description of a flask from this tomb). Bibliography: Hall 1914:141, no. 3, no illustration, from CT 3. 101 Flask MS 4907 Fig. 22; Pl. 14 H 42; diam. 35 cm. Shape and treatment: Flask mended from many sherds; one handle missing. Two sides thrown, then joined, and surface trimmed (on wheel) to form central knob. Paint worn and decoration consists of reddish brown concentric rings, the widest flanked on both sides by two sets of narrow bands. Six narrow concentric circles on center of flask. Wavy line around circumference extends from handle and two bands on neck, one on rim. Paint dark brown; clay: slightly burnished, buff, fired hard; slipped. Date: SM/PG. Commentary: Desborough 1952:264–266, dates tomb generally to SM–PG. For SM date for this type of lentoid flask, see Coulson, Day, Gesell 1983:397–398, n. 22, fig. 4:2. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/4–7.5YR 7/4; slip: 10YR 8/4; paint: 7.5YR 5/4. Inclusions: Very pitted surface suggests blown chalky white (calcareous), flat angular reddish brown to black 1–2 mm in size (phyllite?), gold mica; MC. Probably not local. Location: CT 1 (findspot from catalogue card). Bibliography: Hall 1914:131, one of nos. 27–28, not illustrated. 102 Flask Herakleion Fig. 22 H 28.5; diam. 26; th. 18.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Flask mended from many pieces. The vessel was probably thrown in two halves and joined at edge; profile rises to central point in center of flask. Two handles, round in section, rising from shoulder to lip. Decoration consists of round central painted disk framed by seven bands, a broader one located near the edge. A painted band on handles

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Reports on the Vrokastro Area

continues around the edge of the flask. Clay: slightly burnished surface. Date: SM/PG. Commentary: See cat. no. 101 above. Inclusions: Large gray to red-brown subangular to 3 mm., probably phyllite; MC. Probably not local. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3–7/4. Labeled: ; possibly read Kopranes, which would indicate the vase was found in a tomb on the north-facing slopes west of the Vrokastro summit. 103 Flask Herakleion 6715 Fig. 23; Pl. 14 H 46; diam. 37; th. 28 cm. Shape and treatment: Large flask mended from many pieces with one handle restored; strap handles extend from shoulder (upper body) to neck. The rim is outturned; the two sides of the body were thrown and joined, and each side rises to central projection. Decoration on one side consists of central disk surrounded by thin and thick bands, compass-drawn. The reverse has a central circle surrounded by a thick band, then one thin outer band? Neck and mouth monochrome red, with fringe decoration at base of neck. Band over handles extends around circumference of flask. Clay surface is worn and slightly burnished. Date: SM/PG. Commentary: See cat. no. 101 above. Inclusions: Blown soft white, gold mica; MC. Munsells: Surface: 10YR 8/3–8/4. Commentary: SM/PG. Location: Findspot is probably CT 1, Hall 1914: fig. 75; pp. 126, 131. This is one of three flasks found in the tomb that are of similar size to the example Hall illustrates in fig. 75. Bibliography: Similar to Hall 1914:126–127, fig. 75 in the painted fringed neck. 104 Krater Herakleion Fig. 23; Pl. 15 H 20.6; diam. rim 21–21.7; diam. base 8.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Krater mended from many pieces, one-sixth restored, including most of base. Small conical raised foot, tool trimmed underneath; body rises to carination at mid-belly, concave above to slightly outturned, almost flat rim. Low horizontal rib under rim on exterior, below a slightly concave area. Horizontal handles round in section placed on carination. A broad band of paint occurs on interior rim and there are deliberate? splashes of paint below. Exterior decoration consists of band at base, broad band on belly, and two thin bands above, the highest framing a shoulder metope area decorated with parallel strokes forming a triangle (diminishing chevrons), the apex of which points to the center of the vessel. This is framed by three thin vertical strokes on the left, and a curved element attached to upper portion of these vertical strokes is filled with short strokes. Decoration

on opposite side consists of two narrow panels filled with cross-hatching and stacked chevrons. Date: SM/EPG or later(?). Commentary: Desborough 1952:262, identifies this shape stylistically with SM. Chronology for the motifs is later; Brock 1957:170, motif 2u, a panel of hatched lines, Or (these are polychrome pithoi, however); motif 2s is cross-hatched triglyph, also Geometric (p. 169); 171, motif 4i, diminishing chevrons with apex at top is generally PGB. Rim is somewhat similar in small rib to Coldstream 1972:74–75, fig. 5:C18, PG krater rim, where ridge below rim dates sherd to MPG or later; splattered interiors also occur in EPG and later; no. 17, p. 74. Sharp carinations, however, are generally found on Geometric cups: ibid., 1972:95–96, fig. 15:G100, LG or EO and Brock 1957: pl. 58:886, p. 167, Or. Inclusions: Soft white, brown subangular. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/3–7/4. Location: Child burial, inhumation, on north slope of mountain, ca. 100 m. below lower settlement area in cave-like recess. Bibliography: Hall 1914:117–118, pl. xxix:2.

Protogeometric Through Geometric 105 Lidded pyxis or jar Herakleion Fig. 24; Pl. 15 H 20; diam. rim ca. 11.4–12.6; diam. base 6 cm. Shape and treatment: Large covered jar or ovoid pyxis on raised, trimmed, undercut conical foot. Mended from many pieces; upper body two-thirds preserved. Foot possibly separately thrown. Shoulder slopes in gently to straight simple rim; raised molding under rim on exterior to hold lid in place. Broad band at base of vessel, four thin horizontal bands across lower belly, three decorated panels above consisting of solid pendent triangles flanking a middle row of St. Andrew’s crosses (double-axe motif). These three panels separated by thin lines (two below, three above). Broad interior band at rim. Vertical strap handles framed by two vertical lines filled with short strokes, paint on sides of vessel under handles. Fitting thrown lid has simple conical shape and vertical rim. Two holes on opposite sides of rim for attachment (probably to handles), eight compass-drawn bands on top and central disk. Paint: red to light brown. Clay: slightly burnished surface. Date: PG–LPG(?). Commentary: For similar fabric and decoration see footed bowl or chalice Herakleion 6723 (cat. no. 113). These two possibly by the same hand. Desborough 1952:265, links solid pendants to the motifs on the cylindrical pyxis from the same tomb; for this see Hall 1914: pl. xxx. Brock 1957:171, motif 4a, pendent triangle, not after MG. Most of the globular pyxides illustrated in The Knossos North Cemetery volume with solidly painted pendent triangles are LPG or later. Brock 1957:2f, MG;

Pottery Catalogue

this is very late date for St. Andrew’s crosses separated by vertical lines. Shape is not that different from Brock, krateriskos in pl. 11:164, Tomb XI, p. 20, with a tall neck and rim turns out. Brock compares this to these Vrokastro covered vases, Hall 1914: xxxii: 1, 2, which he calls “allied shapes at later period” and identifies Tomb XI as mainly EPG or later, p. 142. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3; paint: 2.5YR 6/4–6/6. Labeled: Circled g in pencil on base. Location: CT 1. Bibliography: Hall 1914:128, pl. xxxii:1. 106 Lidded pyxis or jar Herakleion Fig. 24; Pl. 16 H 19.8; rim diam. 11.3; base diam. 6.1 cm. Shape and treatment: Large globular pyxis or lidded jar on raised, trimmed, undercut conical foot. Two vertical strap handles from belly to just below rim, mended from many sherds; part of one handle missing. One-fifth of body restored in plaster. Very thin walls; well thrown. Rim on exterior is upright, ridge below rim protrudes slightly to hold lid that fit over the rim. Decoration consists of painted foot to bottom of vessel, four bands on belly. Shoulder decoration consists of vertical strokes, some fringed, and others enclosing short diagonal strokes. Line of horizontal small V-shaped strokes is placed between vertical framing lines or triglyphs. Band above at rim, and broad band below rim on interior. Handles are ribbed or banded. Simple lid that accompanies vessel decorated with concentric bands. Paint: thin red-brown. Date: PG–LPG(?). Commentary: Conical foot of this type is PG; Mook 1993: fig. 121:P3.25; 150:P4.47. Motif 2c, diagonals used as triglyph, in Brock 1957:169, is PGB, but fringed vertical suggests an earlier date, from EPG on, his p.-168 (see MS 4901, cat. no. 78). Desborough 1952:265, calls this a covered bowl and compares decoration to PG krater/cauldron from same tomb, Hall 1914:128, fig. 76, Herakleion 6717, cat. no. 74. He also compares an early pyxis shape from Knossos and Liliana (he describes material from this site as SM), p. 242, pl. 32: XI, 9b. This Knossos pyxis, in turn, is rather like Hall’s fig. 77 from this tomb. This Vrokastro lidded pyxis is a more graceful shape, with a more complex decorative scheme. Except for rim and handles, this vase is close to a much smaller bell skyphos from Knossos North Cemetery, Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 126:49, SM–EPG. Shape suggests development out of EPG; stylistically it can still be termed SM (and as to how long fringed decoration may continue to be used at this site—probably well into the 9th c. B.C.). Inclusions: Blown soft white. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/2–7/3–7/4; paint: 2.5YR 5/3–4/4. Labeled: G on base, circled, in pencil. Location: CT 1. Bibliography: Hall 1914:127–128, no. 5, pl. xxxii:

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right, with lid. 107 Hydria Herakleion Fig. 25; Pl. 16 H 20–20.7; diam. rim 5 cm. Shape and treatment: Small hydria mended from many pieces; handle restored. Flat base, round, somewhat depressed body, thick walls. Two horizontal handles on belly and one vertical from shoulder to upper neck, round in section. Decoration consists of one band at base, three bands on lower body and black band on horizontal handles. Band below shoulder decoration that consists of motifs framed in triangle: at center, two small monochrome lozenges framed by four thin lines; another broader band near outer edge of triangle, filled with short strokes. Five thin bands above at base of neck; band on rim exterior and interior. Vertical handle painted black and twisted (not perpendicular to body). Paint: reddish brown to black. Clay: very worn; pink core, pink-buff surface. Date: EPG–LPG/PGB, possibly more late in this period than early. Commentary: This is an example in which motif could be later than the body shape. For globular and depressed profile in an amphora of similar shape, Brock 1957:146, pl. 7:84, 70, Tomb VI, PGA (this is more ovoid). His motif 4ak, with two cross-hatched lozenges in triangle, is EPG–PGB. Mook 1993: fig. 158: P7.48, baggy and globular shape (p. 183), EPG, yet this example has a much more pronounced shoulder, and ovoid shape. Coldstream 1968:235, suggests that the tomb is PGB, based on the chronology of central Crete. Munsells: Core: 5YR 8/4–7/4; surface: 10YR 8/2; paint: 2.5YR 5/3–2.5. Location: BE 6. Bibliography: Hall 1914:164, fig. 99b. 108 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 25; Pl. 16 H 9.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd curves to form a badly distorted cone shape. May be from neck of closed vessel, or base; possible waster. Interior unpainted; exterior decoration consists of four or five groups of vertical black-painted bands, narrowing at one end, enclosing horizontal lines (a ladder motif). A possible horizontal line occurs across the narrowest part of cone. Date: EPG–PGB(?). Commentary: For motif Coldstream 1972:69, pl. 14:6, bell krater rim with ladder motif on exterior from rim, EPG. Brock 1957: motif 1n, 168, PGB or LO; this is horizontal hatching within vertical bars in a horizontal band; these are not tapered. Mook 1993:215, mentions a horizontal ladder pattern that is LG in date. Labeled: I 13 (this probably from settlement).

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Reports on the Vrokastro Area

109 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 25; Pl. 16 MPD 8; diam. rim 10 cm. Shape and treatment: Simple, straight rim and upper wall of small carinated bowl or skyphos. Part of spool or lug handle on carination. Two thin black bands painted on interior, one at rim and one at carination. Exterior decoration on rim consists of broad and narrow band above a compass-drawn semicircle pendent from thin horizontal band extending from handle. The half circle consists of four rings around a central dot. Clay: buff. Date: LPG–SPG. Commentary: Brock 1957:178, motif 10b; dates for pendent semicircles are LPG–PGB. For shape see skyphos from Tomb L, pl. 21:299 (i) PG late; also tomb X, pl. 35:525, PG; tomb P, no. 1539, PG, p. 165. Most similar shapes illustrated by Brock have handles on carination, but not dowel handles. Profile does approach an MG skyphos from Attica, but rim is different and the shape is not as carinated; see Coldstream 1960:161, fig. 4:20. Handles like those on the bowls from CT 1 (MS 4909, etc.). Inclusions: Medium to large chalky white; a few hard angular gray. FW–MC. Munsells: Clay surface: 10YR 8/3; paint: 10YR 4/1– 2/1. 110 Pyxis Herakleion Fig. 25; Pl. 16 H 13.2; diam. rim 11.1 cm. Shape and treatment: Small pyxis, chipped; base slightly undercut, globular body, horizontal round handles on shoulder, and outturned rim pierced with two holes for lid attachment. Well thrown. Decoration consists of band on base, three thin bands above followed by thick band below shoulder panel. This is filled with five lozenges; central is filled with checkerboard pattern, two outer crosshatched and fringed. Thick black band above panel. Opposite side of vase not decorated. Black paint on handles. Mended knobbed lid, pierced with two holes, with painted concentric bands; four thin white bands may be white overpaint. Paint: crackled gray-black. Date: PG–LPG or later (PGB). Commentary: For small globular shape, Brock 1957:165, pl. 26:369, Tomb OD and pl. 45:643, Tomb TFT; primarily PGA. Also Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 142:134, LPG; fairly good parallel for shape, but with less developed shoulder, also fig. 120:24, PGB–EG; fig. 120:66; this example is EG. Similar motifs in ibid., fig. 142:122, LPG, but these are in triangles on shoulder, not lozenges. There are globular bowls with similar profiles; Coldstream 1992: pl. 51:GB38, LPG–PGB. For motifs, Brock 1957:5o, 5n, 5q, PG. Desborough 1952:264, generally dates tomb to PGB period, and compares motifs to Payne 1927–1928: 270, figs. 25, 32.

Inclusions: Brown-black grits (MC). Munsells: Clay: 2.5YR 6/6–8; paint: 2.5YR N4. Labeled: Circled g, and M Y 2 (Greek). Location: CT 3. Bibliography: Hall 1914: pl. xxvii:2, p. 142; from CT 3. She compares vase to example from Hogarth’s Tomb 6 at Knossos; 1899–1900:84, fig. 26. 111 Oinochoe Herakleion Fig. 26; Pl. 17 H 10.8; max. diam. 8.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Small carinated biconical trefoilmouthed oinochoe. Intact but surface worn; stringcut slightly raised base, chipped, and painted underneath. Handle, oval in section, extends from neck to shoulder. Handle is decorated with horizontal strokes; neck has three widely spaced thin bands. Shoulder has series of thin curved strokes or bands surrounded by area of solid wash, similar to the way a stirrup jar shoulder might be treated. Thin horizontal band of black below, and bottom of vessel monochrome black. Thick walls, not well thrown. Interior near rim painted black. Clay: fine. Date: PG (early?). Commentary: Biconical shape exists from Postpalatial times; illustrated by Kanta 1980: fig. 128:1, p. 110, LM IIIA, Kalokhoraphitis. The small jugs Brock illustrates that are carinated are generally Orientalizing. The trefoil oinochoes illustrated in Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 83:18, SM, are deeper, have higher handles, with conical feet and are dipped (see cat. nos. 86, 87, above). Some similar jug shapes in PG vessels from Knossos: Catling 1978:17, fig. 37. None of these have the crisp carination, however, and most are decorated with triangles on shoulder. Inclusions: Small limestone, smaller gray-black; fairly well levigated. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/4. Labeled: M Y 2 (Greek). 112 Trefoil pitcher Herakleion 6728 Fig. 26; Pl. 17 H 11.2; diam. belly 7.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Small complete trefoil pitcher with globular belly and flat, string-cut base; base is scraped with tool. Crudely made, heavy vase. Thick handle, oval/square in section, from shoulder to lip. Three thin bands on lip and below are upper frame for zigzag area on neck; three bands below, with middle the widest. Pattern on belly of double outlined triangles filled with three lozenges, alternating painted and reserved. Thin horizontal line at base of triangles, thicker band below on lower belly. Thick band on foot. Paint: black. Clay: hard-fired with yellow tinge. Date: PGB–EG. Commentary: Coldstream 1968:235, dates tomb to PGB. For shape Brock 1957: Tomb IV, pl. 17:237, p. 156,

Pottery Catalogue

dated to PGA; this is a broader shape with less transition between neck and belly, but similar thick handle. Tomb II, pl. 61:1033, body is more ovoid but decoration is similar: PGA/PGB, p. 156. Motif 4t is solidly painted triangles, PGB–MG, p. 157. Similar shape in Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 136:38, PGB– EG. More elongated shape in Aghios Ioannis example Boardman 1960:136, fig. 4:V.8, MPG. Inclusions: Large calcareous to 3 mm., small black subangular to 1 mm. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 6/6. Location: BE 6, Room 2. Bibliography: Hall 1914:164, fig. 99a. 113 Stemmed bowl or chalice Herakleion 6723 Fig. 26; Pl.-17 H 17.2; diam. rim 13.9 cm. Shape and treatment: Body one-fourth restored, including handles (drawn by Hall as round in section, with central prong, or remnant of stirrup handle?, remaining). Hollow pedestalled foot supports round bowl, handles on widest part of belly. Profile turns in to flat rim that slants inward. Foot thrown separately, attached. Monochrome-painted interior. On the exterior, the foot has solid triangles, two thick bands above, on foot and on base of bowl. On body, one thick band flanked by three thin above and below. Solidly painted small linked lozenges between two thin bands below rim band. Preserved portion to handles painted. Lightly burnished. Paint: reddish to light reddish brown. Clay: very fine light tan/cream. Date: PG–LPG. Commentary: Desborough 1952:265, put this tomb in the SM tradition and described this shape as without parallel. For solid lozenge chain, Brock 1957:172, 5a, LPG–PGB. A slightly smaller vase, described as a miniature pedestalled krater, from Knossos, has a higher more elegant foot; the bowl shape is similar but has a deep, more pointed bottom; it is late, MG; this has stirrup handles. Almost all examples of stemmed kraters are later; this Vrokastro shape may be an ancestor. For example, Hutchinson and Boardman 1954: pl. 21:20; Khanniale Tekke, somewhat similar shape, although more elegant, decoration panel of stacked zigzags, 800– 770 B.C. See also Lembessi 1970: pl. 403a, krateriskos, Mastamba, p. 277, ht. is 19, not far from this shape, but handle has central piece attaching horizontal member to rim, compared with Brock 1957: pl. 44:671, LG period, with leaf decoration. Also note similarity of rim (and clay) to cauldron-shaped vessels, large and small, from this tomb, nos. 73–77. These have been dated earlier in PG, but may be contemporary. Inclusions: Small red-brown, gold mica, small blow holes for calcareous. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/2; slip: 10YR 8/3. Location: CT 1, no. 9. Labeled: Y on base.

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Bibliography: Hall 1914:128–129, no. 9, pl. xxv:2. 114 Flask Herakleion Fig. 26; Pl. 17 MPH 10.5 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd from handmade flask preserving one side and part of short columnar neck to rim. Interior ledge at base of neck may be for stopper. Flask is thin, fairly flat shape in section. Decoration consists of black band on neck and outer wall of flask solidly painted, with three thin, inner, concentric rings and part of triangular or star pattern preserved in center of flask. Points of star are filled with smaller triangles. Four concentric lines are preserved on the opposite side. Paint: thick black. Clay: reddish. Date: LPG or later. Commentary: One example with similar shape, wider neck, triangles surrounding decorated circle: Hood and Boardman 1961:73, fig. 8:7.17; 74, 78, n. 16, fig. 7, LPG–PGB. Parallel for this Knossos shape occurs at Adromyloi; Droop 1905–1906:45, fig. 22 bottom, p.-55. One flask illustrated in Brock 1957:34, 162, pl. 21: 312, is probably LPG–PGB in date. The majority of these motifs involve triangles arranged around concentric circles; the Vrokastro flask reverses this arrangement. The Cypriote shapes also have longer necks and the star pattern is often solidly painted (Karageorghis 1975:60). This device, however, may have a Cretan as well as Cypriote ancestry; two earlier examples (LM IIIA:1–2) published in Tzedakis 1971:367, pl. 64e, g, have a cross motif with the quadrants filled with concentric triangles; these shapes are globular. Inclusions: Hard angular gray, gold mica. Munsells: Clay: 2.5YR 6/6 (on interior). 115 Two-handled bowl Herakleion 6664 Fig. 26; Pl. 17 H 10.8; diam. rim 12.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Two-handled bowl, mended, with one handle restored. Flat base, profile flares out to a point that is almost a carination, which occurs close to the base, about one-third of the distance to the rim; profile slightly convex above this to erect, simple rim. Horizontal round handles set low, just over carination. Interior: band on rim, one just above carination, one just above the base. Exterior decoration consists of band on rim; decorative panel below is framed in thin black bands, two above, four below reserved panel of crosshatched lozenges. Brown paint, chipped. Clay: very pale brown. Date: PG–MG(?). Commentary: For hatched lozenges: Brock 1957: 172, motif 5j, mostly PG. Coldstream 1968: this motif appears in EG–MG. No exact parallels for odd shape. A plain skyphos with a reserved rim from Knossos Tomb 104 is not as deep, but has the near carination and simple rim, and low horizontal handles set just above the carination; Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig.

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Reports on the Vrokastro Area

105:117. This is LG–EO and is probably a later vase than the Vrokastro example. Hatched lozenges are illustrated as Geometric in Coldstream 1992: pl. 70:32, 33, p. 77; these are LG skyphoi. Inclusions: Soft white to 2 mm. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3–8/4; paint: 5YR 4/3. Location: Upper settlement. Bibliography: Hall 1914:106, fig. 60e; not discussed. 116 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 27; Pl. 17 H 2.9; diam. base 6.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Conical raised base from cup, monochrome interior. Black-painted “X” on underside of base, which is undercut with central nipple or projection. Date: PG–LPG or PGB. Commentary: The central knob or nipple occurs as early as SM in Popham 1992:62, pl. 43:12. Also Boardman 1960:136, fig. 4:I.15, SM–MPG. Brock 1957:162; bases on kalathoi are described as having Maltese crosses from PGB on. Chronological range in Mook 1993:173, n. 110, for this feature is PG–SPG. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/3–8/4; paint: 7.5YR N3/ N2. Labeled: V on base in pencil. 117 Hydria Herakleion Fig. 27; Pl. 18 PH 22 (2 joining sherds); diam. base 7.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Hydria with neck broken off and part of vertical handle missing. Rim not preserved. Flat base, ovoid body, two horizontal round handles placed low on belly and a vertical strap handle attached at shoulder and neck. Vase possibly had a round mouth. Decoration consists of band under and over horizontal handles, and band on handle. Band on body below horizontal handles, and two bands above. Motif above this on belly to shoulder consists of accumbent triangles framing decorative elements: central triangle hatched, with a framing band filled with short diagonal strokes. Three thin bands at base of neck; large zigzag on upper neck with thin horizontal stroke across center. Traces of paint on vertical handle. Paint: worn black. Clay: very pale buff. Date: LPG to EG. Commentary: Compared by Hall to vase (1914: fig.-99b) from a bone enclosure, which is dated by Coldstream 1968:257 to PGB. Brock 1957: motif 3t for hatched double outline triangles; hatched accumbent triangles, motif, 4l, LPG, p. 171. Shape fairly close to hydria from Knossos with incised foliate bands, this broader; Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 64: 137, PGB–EG. Also for shape, Tsipopoulou 1983:86, fig. 4:7289, PGB. Inclusions: Large blown white to 5 mm., small black (MC–CW). Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3–8/4; paint: 10YR 4/1–

3/1. Labeled: g in pencil, circled, on base. Location: Lower settlement, Hall 1914:117, no. 4. Bibliography: Hall 1914: pl. xxvii:3, settlement. 118 Hydria Herakleion Fig. 27 PH 16.8; diam. base 7.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Small hydria one-third to onehalf restored in plaster. Flat, rough base, squat ovoid shape; rim not preserved but possibly erect, round mouth. Two horizontal round handles located on belly, one preserved; one large vertical handle rising from shoulder to rim or near rim, not preserved. Low molding at base of neck. Preserved decoration consists of band at base, band below handle. Trace of paint on neck and shoulder. Paint: black, worn. Clay: worn. Fairly well levigated, but very heavy (thick-walled) vessel. Date: LPG–EG. Commentary: For similar but generally more ovoid shapes, Coldstream 1972:68, fig. 1:A1, SM–PG; Brock 1957:147, pl. 49:761, Tomb F (this is a jug and late) or pl. 61:1033, Tomb II; LPGA–EG pitcher. Inclusions: Black grits, some holes indicating blown limestone. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3/74, slightly more yellow. Bibliography: This may be the hydria Hall mentions as coming from CT 3; this vase is 17.1 cm. high and is described as having bands on shoulder and foot; however the clay was described as brown in color; Hall 1914:142. 119 Krater Herakleion 6718 Fig. 27; Pl. 18 H 32.5; diam. rim at widest 32.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Krater mended from many pieces with very worn surface. Two horizontal handles, round in section, on upper body. Trimmed foot, flat underneath, with molding on exterior. Rim flares out slightly, but is fairly erect. Decoration consists of possible band under interior rim. On exterior, rim band, two narrow bands below, and large zigzag on upper body filled with checkerboard pattern. Below panel, three horizontal bands; central one thick. A fourth band may have been painted on the foot. Paint: Black. Clay: light yellow to pale brown. Date: LPG–EG. Commentary: For zigzag decoration, Brock 1957: 170, motif 3p, dated LPG–PGB; this motif is crosshatched but not a checkerboard. For checks, motif 1v, p. 169, LPG–MG. The only shape illustrated by Brock which is close is Tomb V, pl. 16:221, although this krater is taller and slimmer, and has straighter rim. It is classified as a bell krater, which Brock described as disappearing at the end of the PG period. For motif, Coldstream 1968:239, EG. For similar trimmed foot, Mook 1993: fig. 64:P1.71, NW 1, level

Pottery Catalogue

2, broadly dated, LM IIIC–LG. A large krater from Knossos, which is PGB, has a somewhat similar rim and checked rectangles; Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 69:N2; pithos with checked zigzag, fig. 113:104.119, EG. Inclusions: Large white soft; some smaller gray to white pebbles up to 4–5 mm.; gold mica (CW). Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3; paint: 10YR 3/1–3/2. Location: BE 12, Room 1. Bibliography: Hall 1914:168, fig. 101: no. 1. 120 Small necked jar Herakleion Fig. 28; Pl. 18 H 24.3; diam. rim 15.5–16 cm. Shape and treatment: Necked jar with thick walls, heavy. Ovoid body, flat base, horizontal handles on shoulder, round in section, short vertical neck rising to simple, almost flat rim. One handle preserved decorated with vertical black band. Interior neck painted with broad black band and a wide band on the exterior extends from rim to base of neck. Below is a compassdrawn nine-ring circle around a central dot and hole for compass. A thick horizontal band frames the circle below, and another band is placed around the base of the vessel. Paint: flaky black, possibly slipped. Clay: buff. Date: PG–LPG–PGB. Commentary: For shape, Brock 1957:147; Brock’s necked pithos Type A does not survive beyond EG; Brock describes this shape, and says some examples are more like kraters. Also pl. 44:655, Tomb TFT, p. 161; this shape is described by Brock as small krater with S profile, under “D” related to his type A, but with wider flat base or low ring foot. Taller but similar shape is illustrated by Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 69:O37, LPG. Inclusions: Hard gray angular, soft chalky, subangular brown (MC). Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; core: 5YR 6/4–5YR 7/6. 121 Belly-handled amphora MS 4905 Fig. 28; Pl. 18 MPH 48.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Belly-handled amphora with neck missing, handles broken off. Over one-half restored. Basically ovoid in shape, with double handles joined at center. Much of exterior monochrome painted. Panel of scales or crescents (rising up) between handles on belly: above, three rows of crescents with interior concentric lines; below, four rows of crescents, probably reserved, on a dark ground. Below panel, belly to base almost monochrome except for two thin reserved(?) bands, the third directly under the decorative panel white painted. Paint: reddish brown. Slipped. Clay: pink, very pure for such a large vessel. Date: PGB–EG, probably Geometric. Commentary: Brock 1957:178, scale motif 10t,

53

pithos from Tomb TFT 32:EG. For similar shape, but more ovoid, ibid., 140, pl. 10:165, Tomb XI, they are PGA (EPG), pp. 142, 146. Closer in shape and with double handles, ibid., 146, pl. 19:301, Tomb L, dated to PGA and PGB. There is also a four-handled pithos from Tomb L:424, pl. 32, very close in shape of body; it is EG, p. 148. Also Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 58:14; this is a belly-handled amphora, PGB. Coldstream 1968:239: describes this group, figs. 101–103, from BE 12, as EG, not PGB, with shapes being copied from Attica and survivals of decorative motifs from PGB. L. Day (pers. comm.) believes cat. nos. 121, 122 are Geometric. Sherds belonging to opposite side (not drawn) are in storage, Mediterranean Section. Inclusions: Chalky white visible, flat subangular orange, small bits of brown. Munsells: Clay interior: 7.5YR 7/4–7/6; slip: 5YR 8/2; paint: 2.5YR 4/3. Location: BE 12: room 1. Bibliography: Hall 1914:168–169, fig. 102. 122 Belly-handled amphora MS 4904 Fig. 29; Pl. 19 MPH 44; diam. foot 17 cm. Shape and treatment: Belly-handled amphora with one-third of body missing and neck broken off; part of rim and neck preserved. See cat. no. 121, MS 4905 for description of shape. Body and interior neck covered with thick white-yellow slip. Three broad bands on vessel below the decorative panel on the shoulder, alternating with thin reserved bands. Decorative panel on upper shoulder consists of pairs of thin concentric circles, consisting of 9 rings with central compass-hole visible. Small rectangular to square billets in outer band. Two horizontal bands of brown paint placed over this panel, flanked by thin bands. Most of neck and rim covered with monochrome paint except for thin reserved band at base of neck, possibly one at top if this vase is the same one illustrated by Hall 1914: fig.-102 right, p. 169. Slipped and burnished. Date: PGB–EG, probably Geometric. Commentary: See cat. no. 121. Inclusions: Voids, probably limestone; claystone to siltstone (flesh-colored inclusions), gold mica; MC. Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 7/3; slip: 7.5YR 7/6–6/4; paint: 5YR 4/2. Location: BE 12. Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 102b. 123 Belly-handled amphora MS 6003 Fig. 30; Pl. 19 H 46; diam. base (partially restored) 17.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Amphora half restored; base and neck missing. Ovoid shape, with a probable flat base. Double handles on belly (now broken off); central section of handle mounted on crescent-shaped lug. Decoration from base upward consists of broad brown band on foot, and above broad reserve band,

54

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

five thin bands, a thick band, seven thin bands, and decorative panel above, this at upper belly. This consists of central zone of zigzags, flanked by thinner zone of stacked lozenges, divided internally into four smaller lozenges, two of these with crosshatched interiors. The outer panel contains a ten-band compassdrawn circle. There is a wide band above zonal decoration; above this four thin bands and a band 1 cm. thick. Possible cable? or curvilinear decoration at base of neck, this is filled with vertical lines. Paint: brown. Clay: light tan. Worn surface. Date: PGB–EG. Commentary: For motifs, Brock 1957:170, motif 3j, panel of stacked zigzags on pithoi, dating to EG and later. One-half of the crosshatched lozenges, motif 4ak, are dated later than PGB. Coldstream (pers. comm.) supplied a date of PGB for this vessel. Concentric full circle, Brock 1957:175, motif 9a, nine or ten-fold, EPG–LPG. For curvilinear motif (possibly a broken cable), see Coldstream 1992: pl. 68:14, PGB–EG or pl. 69:24, upper right, hatched loops, EG? For parallels for shape, see previous entry. Inclusions: Angular, up to 4 mm., gray or black or brown; these probably phyllite; MC. Munsells: Clay surface: 10YR 7/3; slip: 10YR 6/3– 5/3; paint: 5YR 4/2–3/2. Bibliography: Unpublished, but somewhat similar in shape to Hall 1914:100, fig. 54. 124 Neck-handled amphora Herakleion Fig. 30 PH 24.8; diam. base 9 cm. Shape and treatment: Neck-handled amphora, somewhat globular shape, mended from many parts; onehalf missing, including rim and one handle. Slightly raised, trimmed and undercut base. Handles rise from shoulder to neck. Preserved decoration includes band on base, three thin horizontal bands at midbelly flanked by two broad bands above and below. Concentric half-circles on shoulder (at least three rings or more), trace of band above on lower neck. Handles have short horizontal strokes framed by vertical bands. Much of the decoration noted by Hall on the upper body is no longer visible: Hall’s drawing shows five-band concentric circles with central billet placed above a thin horizontal band. Some of these concentric half circles are separated by vertical wavy lines. Above this, Hall’s illustration shows a band on lower neck, three horizontal wavy bands above, and two bands above this. Paint is light reddish brown. Clay: very soft and worn surface. Date: PG–LPG. Commentary: Clay and paint is similar to jug with twisted handle, MS 4915 (cat. no. 129). Desborough 1952:264, describes vase as within Geometric tradition, but resembling the Attic tradition, not Knossian. Close in body shape to footless amphora, Brock 1957:146, pl. 14:205, Tomb BLT, dated PGA.

Inclusions: Much gold mica, some soft white. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/4; paint: 5YR 6/4. Labeled: Circle in pencil on base; letter unreadable; possibly g as with other vases from this tomb. Location: CT 1. Bibliography: Hall 1914: pl. xxxiii. 125 Scuttle-Lamp MS 4581 Fig. 30; Pl. 19 L 16.5; max. H 7 cm. Shape and treatment: Scuttle restored from six encrusted sherds. Turned-down handle, round in section, with two knobs on either side just before attachment to body. Flat base with flaring sides to simple rim; body pushed inward where handle attached. No slip or paint traces. Clay: soft reddish yellow. Date: LM IIIC–PG. Commentary: For shape, but with slightly raised foot, see Kanta 1980: fig. 20:11, no. 2571, p. 45, LM IIIA:2 (from Artsa). See also Mook 1993: fig. 63:P1.60; fig. 65:P1.75; fig. 75:P1.126 (LG) and fig. 127:P3.73, PG. Most of Mook’s examples have turned-down handles with a similar shape, but thicker walled and more depressed. Inclusions: Phyllite: large purplish brown to brickred or brown (some flat, angular, or round), 1–3 mm. long; MC–CW. Not local. Munsells: Clay surface: 5YR 6/6. 126 Tripod vessel/kernos Herakleion 6722 Fig. 31; Pl. 20 MPH 13.9; diam. of rims ca. 7 cm. Shape and treatment: Tripod vessel or kernos composed of three small bowls attached by small strip of clay, one leg and one handle missing. Each bowl or cup has one tripod leg and one vertical handle, round in section, extending from lip to belly of bowl. Each leg has thumb print at the top, almost lozenge-shaped in section. Simple rounded rims slightly offset. Parts of exterior burned. Handmade. Clay: coarse red-orange. Date: LPG–PGB, possibly to EG(?). Commentary: Desborough 1952:264 believes this tomb is “. . . probably rather later than . . . previous tombs,” that is CT 5–7, described, p. 263, as SM. A similar vase is cited by Hall, Hogarth 1899–1900:84, fig. 26, right, tholos 6. Also Hutchinson and Boardman 1954: pl. 26:109, PGB or later; this shape is three joined cups-on four feet, described as one-handled mugs, p.-226. The cups are somewhat similar in shape to small mugs like Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig.-60:68, PG–EG, although this has a higher neck; fig. 102:9, coarse tripod jug, PG–EG, also with a much higher neck. Inclusions: Dense mixed quartz/feldspar, white, brown, yellow; occasional gold mica; CW. This is an Early Iron Age fabric recognized at other contemporary sites in the survey area; see vol. 3. Munsells: Clay: 2.5YR 5/6–4/6. Location: CT 4, no. 4.

Pottery Catalogue

Bibliography: Hall 1914:146, pl. 86f, no. 4. 127 Oinochoe MS 4794 Fig. 31; Pl. 20 H 21.3; diam. belly 14.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Oinochoe, complete except for chip from trefoil spout; clay is stained and encrusted. Ovoid to round body, cylindrical neck and disk foot, tool trimmed underneath. Thin band at base where neck joins shoulder and on rim, exterior and interior. Painted bands on handle and some possible decoration on neck. Panel on shoulder consists of compassdrawn circles (five concentric rings). Lower part of concentric circles are painted over by a worn band. Foot and lower body solidly painted, except for three thin bands of white overpaint. Paint: black-brown, worn. Clay: fine ware, buff to brown or pink. Vase heavy and hard fired; probably burned. Date: LPG–EG, probably EG. Commentary: Desborough 1952:264 suggests this may be later than PG, because of its narrow neck and decoration. He dates CT 3 to PGB. See also Brock 1957: Tomb X, pl. 28:443, and Tomb II, pl. 60:1045, PGA–MG, p. 154, but this shape is slightly more ovoid. For semicircles above line, ibid., p. 178, motif 10a, LPG–PGB. Slightly rounder shape in Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 78:8, PGB. Inclusions: Subangular gray, gold mica; FW. Munsells: Clay surface: 5YR 6/3–5/3; paint: 5YR 3/1. Labeled: On bottom: “g” (encircled); “MX2.” Location: Although MX2 could mean Mazikhortia 2, the vase was published as found in CT 3, Karakovilia. Bibliography: Hall 1914:141, no. 2, pl. xxvii:4. 128 Kalathos Herakleion 6725 Fig. 32; Pl. 20 H 8.6; diam. rim 24 cm. Shape and treatment: Mended kalathos with flat, string-cut base, flaring, slightly convex wall to flat ledge rim. Two horizontal handles, round in section, below rim, each painted monochrome black with streak from handle base to body of pot. Band of black paint on rim exterior and interior, strokes of black paint on rim top. Interior has two horizontal painted bands, one at midbody, one over base. The exterior has two pendent compass-drawn concentric half circles from rim band, possibly area of solid paint below. Paint: black and very worn. Possible yellow slip. Date: LPG–PGB (or later?). Commentary: Desborough 1952:262, describes this vase as survival of PG type, and the context is PGB–G (BE 6). Coldstream 1968:235–236, more specifically dates group to PGB period, and says the kalathos may still have been used as a lid for the necked pithos found in the tomb, Hall 1914:163. For pendent concentric circles, Brock 1957:178, motif 10b, LPG–PGB, and pl. 61:1018, Tomb II, LPG. Earlier kalathoi are higher or deeper and often painted inside (see cat. nos. 65, 66,

55

above). Also Brock 1957: Tomb OD, p.-162, pl. 24:358, is a deeper shape with more bands, but has pendent semicircles and is PGB. In PGB, the interior is decorated with bands; in mature Geometric the handles and flat rim disappear. For pendent semicircles, Mook 1993: fig. 166:P8.24, SPG (this on the Kastro specifies the period from the end of PG to LG). Also, for shape and pendent semicircles on kalathos lid, Coldstream 1992:76, pl. 58:GH 8, LPG–PGB. This has a straighter wall under rim, and might be slightly earlier than the Vrokastro vase. Inclusions: Blown soft chalky and black inclusions, some rather large; MC. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/6; slip(?): 10YR 8/6–7/6; paint: 10YR 4/1–3/1. Location: BE 6. Bibliography: Hall 1914:164, pl. 99d. 129 Oinochoe MS 4915 Fig. 32; Pl. 20 H 29.5 cm; diam. belly 18.7 cm. Shape and treatment: Oinochoe mended from many fragments, with one-sixth of lower body missing. Long, narrow neck, globular body, flat base, and twisted handle formed of four separate round strips of clay, extending from rim to upper shoulder. Spout formed from clay attached to round mouth, and neck separately thrown and attached to belly of vase. Trace of thick, crackled reddish brown paint on body, and trace of burnish preserved under paint. Clay: very soft, worn, burned; pale brown. Date: PGB–EG(?). Commentary: Brock 1957: Tomb X, pl. 29:500; this oinochoe is trefoil, but with long neck, globular body, and raised foot, p. 50; this tomb is PGB through LG. Citations for shape on p. 50. Jugs with twisted handles, Tomb X, 430, are not similar in shape and are PGA, B. Compare shape of smaller aryballos with globular body and narrow neck, Tomb OD, no. 356, p. 157, PGB–EG. Somewhat similar shape from Kourtes, placed on ring foot: Mariani 1901: pl. 8:7; 9:11. Shape is close to Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 58: 31, PGB–EG. This vase was described by Hall as “...only partially baked...” and covered with reddish paint. The poor firing suggests it may have been made for the burial. These fragile vases disintegrate after the burnish is destroyed. Inclusions: Few small chalky white, gold mica, flat subangular orange-brown. Clay similar to amphora, cat. no. 124, above. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3; paint: 5YR 5/4–4/3. Bibliography: Described but not illustrated by Hall 1914:130, no. 23, from CT 1. 130 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 32 MPD 10.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving upper portion of body of possible krater, but interior is not

56

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

painted. Slight thickening in the wall at the top on the exterior and interior may indicate approach to rim. Parts of three vertical panels preserved, separated by groups of three thin vertical lines. Motif consists of groups of short parallel strokes set in different directions. Paint: black, worn. Clay: coarse, light brown. Date: LPG or later(?). Commentary: Decoration of alternating hatched triangles in Brock 1957: motif 3ac, 170–171, on a hydria, is dated to LPG–PGB. A good parallel for decorative motif in Coldstream 1960:161, 168, fig. 13:18. This bowl is from the lower deposit, which is called PG in character (p. 163). Also Payne 1927–1928: fig. 3:26: PG; Coldstream 1992:68, pl. 60:12, LPG–PGB; Mook’s (1993) range for groups of opposed lines is broader, pp. 159, 225, fig. 89:P2.45 (LM IIIC); fig. 73:P.1.117 (LG). She describes diagonal hatching as being common in Knossian PGB, p. 203, but it has a long history, and is seen in LM IIIC; this after Kanta 1980:139. Inclusions: Large white (calcareous). Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/2–6/4; paint: 7.5 N4/–N3. Labeled: GI interior, I 19 on exterior. Bibliography: Hall, 1914:94, fig. 50j. 131 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 32; Pl. 20 MPD 7.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Rim fragment from small krater. Slightly globular or convex profile, turning in slightly to the rim, which is rounded on exterior. Rim band on interior and on exterior, this above three thin horizontal bands. In panel below, two crosshatched triangles flank a thin vertical line, with bases of triangles to line. Three thin horizontal bands preserved below. Paint: red. Clay: light brown. Date: LPG–EG(?). Commentary: Most crosshatched triangles in Brock 1957: motif 4l, p. 171, are LPG, but none are similarly oriented; four crosshatched triangles in a panel are dated, p. 169, to LG. It could also be interpreted as a butterfly motif; see Mook 1993: fig. 140:P3.190, p.-226, in Eteocretan style. The shape belongs to SM–PG tradition at site (see the larger krater Herakleion 6039, cat. no. 72, above; rim is more developed but body profile is similar). This motif also occurs on jar from BE 5, Hall 1914:162, fig. 98. Inclusions: Occasional hard angular, red-brown (probably phyllite); medium to large brown and black inclusions; MC. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/4; paint: 10R 5/6–4/8. Labeled: I 15[?]; this suggests it is probably from the upper settlement. 132 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 32; Pl. 20 MPD 9.3 cm. Shape and treatment: A convex body sherd of a probable krater with a painted monochrome interior. Exterior decoration in worn black paint is in three panels:

left, a framed cross motif of six radiating spokes, each spoke composed of three lines. To right, three vertical lines, flanking the panel (right) of stacked lozenges filled with vertical lines. Three vertical lines separate this from motif partly preserved in the far right panel. Trace of two thin horizontal lines below, framing the edge of decorative panel. Clay: cream slip, pinkish brown clay, worn black paint. Date: LPG or later. Commentary: Crossed diagonals in Brock 1957:169, can be as early as PGB, but are generally later. Crosshatched lozenges (motif 5h, 172) are MPG–LPG. For metopes with crosses, Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 138:104, MPG on a skyphos. Inclusions: White, soft (calcareous). Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/3–6/4; slip: 7.5YR 8/2; paint: 7.5YR N3/–N2/. Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 50j(?). 133 Sherd MS 4793.1  4793.3 Fig. 33; Pl. 21 MS 4793.1: MPD 11.5; est. diam. rim 30; MS 4793.3: MPD 17 cm. Shape and treatment: Two joining sherds preserving portion of rim and upper body of large bell krater. Ledge rim, rectangular in section, tilts down slightly to exterior; a horizontal plastic rib below rim on exterior, and the unglazed interior has deep throwing marks. The band on the exterior rim is continued across the top of the rim and forms a band on the interior. Exterior decoration consists of a black band under rim to rib; below, part of concentric compass-drawn circles (six) with billet or cross-shaped motif on interior. This is flanked on the left by a narrow field of diagonal strokes, and the interior vertical framing band is connected to the base of the concentric circle. The exterior framing element to left consists of crossed diagonals enclosing irregularly spaced small dots. Paint is worn brown, spalled. Date: LPG–PGB. Commentary: There are many examples from Knossos of this shape; Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 57:5, 19; fig. 59:1, usually with a flatter shoulder, and dated MPG–LPG. Compass-drawn circles with billets are a common motif. The vertical panel that curves under the circle also occurs on ibid., fig. 80: 28.9, necked pithos, dated PGB. See also Brock 1957: motif 2h, frieze of X’s separated by verticals and dots, PGB, p. 169. Also filled center of compass-drawn circle with two-line cross, although his example does have a central square (motif 9ao, p. 177): PGB. Brock comments that the ridge under the rim is a late feature of bell krater, p. 161, see nos. 317, 428, 1467 and 1487. Inclusions: Round to subangular orange-red-browntan (up to 3 mm.; probably phyllite); gold mica; subangular gray; also blown chalky white up to 3 mm. and angular to subangular hard white-gray; plant temper impressions on surface (MC). Not local?

Pottery Catalogue

Munsells: Clay core: 2.5YR 6/6–5/6; surface 7.5YR 6/6; paint: 5YR 4/2, but was probably originally black; slip: 7.5YR 7/4–7/6. 134 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 33; Pl. 21 MPD 11 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd probably from body of large jar, with marked throwing rings on interior. Sloppy decoration consists of a panel on left side of sherd divided into horizontal rows of hatched triangles and double zigzags. To the right, stacked lozenges with central dot, and hand-drawn, concentric circle, with hatched double outline. At its center is outlined solid circle. Clay: yellow-orange, with lighter slip; soft, slightly burnished surface. Date: LPG–PGB(?). Commentary: Most similar motifs in Brock 1957:3b, 5j, 5v, 10j, 10i, are within the MG–LG range. There is no parallel for hatching of full circle, only for arc, and one of these is PGB. A sherd from a bell krater dated to PGB has concentric circles by a central panel subdivided into compartments filled with crosshatching and dots, reminiscent in layout of this piece; see Coldstream 1972:74, pl. 18:13. For PG stacked crosshatched lozenges see Coldstream 1992: 68, pl. 61:42 and 70, pl. 62:1, PGB–EG; and 76, pl. 68:2, LPG–PGB, for a hatched oval area, with double outline. Inclusions: Gold mica, occasional subangular red, and granodiorite (FW–MC). Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/6–6/6; slip: 7.5YR 7/3– 7/4. 135 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 33; Pl. 21 MPD 19.3 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd from body of large krater. Interior painted monochrome; exterior decorated with panel of three lozenges enclosing two crosshatched, smaller lozenges, flanked by panels of diagonal lines. Thin band below, over wavy line. Bottom of sherd painted, sloppily applied and dark brown. Slipped. Clay: fired hard, tan clay. Date: PGB or later. Commentary: For motif, Brock 1957:172, motif 4ak (P77[i]), later than PGB. This is an aryballos, however. Inclusions: Densely tempered with angular quartz/ feldspar and granodiorite (up to 3 mm); CW. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 5/6; paint: 7.5YR 5/3–4/3. 136 Sherd MS 4793.11 Fig. 33; Pl. 21 MPD 9.7 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from large shape, closed(?). The motif is an alternating compass-drawn, six-band concentric half circle below and above a thin horizontal band, these concentric half-circles prob-

57

ably drawn with multiple compass. The edge of the decorative panel on the left consists of three thin vertical bands. Smoothed surface. Paint: reddish brown. Clay: soft, sandy fabric. Date: PGB. Commentary: For the motif see Brock 1957:10c, p.-179, on a necked pithos, PGB (pl. 28:448). Desborough 1952: pl. 37:34, from Aetos. Inclusions: Numerous subangular, soft red-brown flecks to 2 mm.; tiny gold mica; FW–MC. This claystone(?) inclusion occurs in other sherds, but not exclusively. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/6; paint: 5YR 5/3–5/4. 137 Sherd MS 4793.6 Fig. 33; Pl. 21 MPD 13.3 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from body of a large shape, possibly a jar. The interior is splashed with drops of paint with deep throwing rings. On the exterior are compass-drawn concentric circles composed of three double lines filled with dots or short strokes. This motif is framed by three vertical lines to left and at least three horizontal, below. Trace of another motif occurs to left outside this frame. The paint is brownblack. Clay has a light reddish brown surface, which appears wiped, and is very hard fired. Date: LPG–EG (or later, to Or?). Commentary: Brock’s (1957) only example of a similar motif 9u, p. 176, comes from a polychrome pithos and is dated EO. The date provided by Coldstream, however (pers. comm.) is PGB. See also Rochetti 1974– 1975:215, fig. 61:55, from room P; although much material is described as PG, this motif is not specifically dated, and comes from above a level identified as PG. Rochetti, fig. 99:38 has dots in inner double circle, and motif 9o (white on dark) is cited in Brock 1957:241, in catalogue, p. 176, as PGB. Concentric circle motif on pithos from Vronda, see Gesell, Coulson, Day 1991: pl. 59d, p. 154, which is placed in the LG period (based on circles, which are considered Or). L. Day (pers. comm.) still places this assemblage in the Geometric period, but earlier than LG. Inclusions: Gold mica; gray subangular, probably quartz/feldspar; large blown chalky white to 2 mm.; red-brown subangular (phyllite?); MC. Munsells: Clay surface: 7.5YR 5/3; paint: 5YR 5/3– 4/3 to black. 138 Sherd MS 4793.7 Fig. 34; Pl. 21 MPD 14.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from just under rim of a bell krater or jar with low ridge below rim preserved. Profile fairly flat. Black band on exterior rim and six concentric compass-drawn circles below with inner fill of four overlapping concentric compass-drawn circles (three preserved on sherd). Multiple compass may have

58

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

been used. The paint is a thin brown to thick black. Clay: fairly well levigated and well thrown for such a large shape, with a hard surface; orange/brown, with core slightly reddish to brown. Slip is pale yellow-white. Date: PGB or later. Commentary: For the motif there is no exact parallel in Brock 1957, although circles with filled centers (pp. 176–177) are generally PG–PGB. For straightness or shallowness of profile, see Coldstream 1972:77, fig.-5: C47, PG; also Coldstream 1960:161, fig. 3:15, LPG/ PGB bell krater. Inclusions: Subangular red-brown and flat gray, including one large soft piece of mudstone(?); and white chalky; tiny gold mica; FW–MC. Munsells: Surface: 10YR 7/4; core: 2.5YR 5/6; slip: 7.5YR 7/3; paint: 5YR 5/4–4/4. 139 Sherd MS 4793.2 Fig. 34; Pl. 22 MPD 17 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd from the wall of a large bell krater(?) or amphora; deep throwing marks on interior and lumpy surface on exterior. Exterior decoration consists of a rectangular panel with rows of solidly painted lozenges separated by horizontal bands, framed above by three bands with large zigzag or triangles above this, composed of three lines. Fragments of decorative motifs on two other sides of lozenge panel are a possible hatched meander and superimposed squares or rectangles with double or triple outlines in black. Dots of paint occur on the interior. Paint brown-black, crackled, and clay is has a reddish yellow slip and an orange-brown core. Date: PGB–G. Commentary: For decorative motifs, Brock 1957: 172–173, motif 5al, a panel of black and white lozenges, not an exact parallel, solid lozenge chain: LPG/PGB; this entire group is LPG–PGB; also motif 3s is of doubly outlined, reversed triangles; not dated. L. Day (pers. comm.) observed that the motif to left (hatched meander?) would indicate a Geometric date for this sherd. Inclusions: Subangular flat tan-red (siltstone?); blown chalky white to 5 mm.; gold mica (probably local); MC. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 6/4; paint: 5YR 4/4; slip: 7.5YR 7/3. Labeled: 30. 140 Sherd MS 4793.4 Fig. 34; Pl. 22 MPD 11.3 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd of large bell krater or possible amphora. Dots of paint have been splashed on interior. The exterior has a vertical row of stacked lozenges framed by three thin vertical lines on both sides. Fragments of another motif (checkerboard?) occur on right. The paint is red-brown. Clay: very hard

fired surface, smoothed to slightly burnished. Date: LPG–MG, probably PGB. Commentary: Checkerboard motif Brock 1957:169, motif 1v, is LPG–MG. Also motif 5b, stacked lozenge triglyph, p. 172, LPG–PGB. Coldstream: PGB (Pers. comm.). Inclusions: Small chalky white, small gray-black subangular to 2 mm., possible granodiorite, but very small. Inclusions protrude from surface. Munsells: Surface: 5YR 6/4–6/6; core: 5YR 7/6; paint: 2.5YR 5/4–4/3; FW–MC. Labeled: I 13 (this indicates sherd is probably from upper settlement). Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 50e(?). 141 Sherd MS 6023 Fig. 34; Pl. 22 MPD 9.8; th. 1.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving upper portion of krater with tip of gently outturned rim broken off and low exterior rib below. Black painted interior; on exterior, a wide black band on and below rim covers the rib. Deep throwing marks on interior. Parts of three pendent concentric half circles (seven bands in the two best preserved) below the rim band. Concentric semicircles are varied in thickness and distance and not made with multiple compass. A horizontal band below appears to frame this decorative zone on the upper belly. Paint is thin crackled brown on interior, black on exterior, chipped and faded. The clay is hard-fired light brown. Burnished exterior. Date: LPG–PGB. Commentary: Payne identified pendent circles as PG: 1927–1928: fig. 32:22. For alternating concentric circles above and below horizontal, see motif 10c, Brock 1957:178, PGB, on necked pithos; on an oinochoe the motif is MG. For shape see Coldstream 1960: fig. 3:15, pp. 160, 161, LPG/PGB bell krater with a slightly more prominent rim and splattered interior. Inclusions:-Large chalky white; quartz/feldspar; dark brown-gray; gold mica; small angular gray pebbles; 1 piece granodiorite (local clay); MC–CW. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3; paint: 5YR 4/1–4/2. Labeled: II, 3. 142 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 34; Pl. 22 MPD 7.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Thin-walled sherd from globular vessel, bowl or small pyxis(?). Burned surface; decoration consists of two thin horizontal bands at base of sherd with a wide band above, then three thin bands below a row of double-outlined lozenges filled with short diagonal strokes. Clay: well levigated and burnished; paint brown to black. Date: LPG or later. Commentary: Motif in Brock 1957:172, motif 5k, solid lozenge chains are LPG–PGB; crosshatched they

Pottery Catalogue

are generally PG. Outlined lozenges, as these are, are generally later. Inclusions: Occasional soft white. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 6/3. 143 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 35; Pl. 22 MPD 10.1 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd of closed globular/ round shape; possible pyxis, thick walled and not well made. Orange paint on exterior; in reserved band, across belly, a retorted spiral. A corner of another reserved area is preserved above this, filled with thin horizontal bands. Clay: worn reddish yellow. Date: LPG–G(?). Commentary: Running spiral on small krater, but not as curled, dated to PGB–EG in Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 63:121; another example on an EG kalathos lid, fig. 70:5, but again not as curled. Shape could be something like ibid., fig. 72:98, an 18-cm. high PGB pyxis. The retorted spiral continues to Orientalizing: ibid., fig. 73:1.5. Inclusions: Unusual coarse fabric; mostly large, angular inclusions; pieces are long and thin as well as oval and the color varies from black-gray to browngray. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/6; burned interior surface: 7.5YR 6/8. 144 Sherd MS 4793.22 Fig. 35; Pl. 22 MPD 9.2 cm. Shape and treatment: Thin-walled body sherd from the belly of an open vessel, probable bowl. A black band occurs on interior near belly. Exterior panel preserves a section of an outlined hatched zigzag. Below, a line of pendent dogtooth triangles above a thin black band with a trace of a thicker band or solid painted area below this. Paint: reddish brown. Clay: rather soft, powdery, bumpy surface. Fairly well levigated and possibly slipped. Smoothed interior, exterior, with throwing marks visible on interior. Date: LPG/PGB–EG. Commentary: Brock 1957:171, solid pendants, motif 4t, PGB–MG (these are accumbent and pendent from a band). Coldstream (pers. comm.): PGB/EG. Inclusions: Small limestone, gold mica, small flat orange-tan, soft FW–MC. Munsells: Clay surface: 10YR 7/4; core: 10YR 7/1; paint: 2.5YR 5/4 to red, 10R 5/6. Labeled: V 38. 145 Flask Herakleion 6668 Fig. 35; Pl. 22 H 13; diam. 11.4; th. 7.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Small flask with chipped rim; one handle, oval in section, attached to rim. Two sides may have been thrown and fitted together, both rise to central knob; vase is asymmetrical in profile. Traces

59

of two concentric circles in black paint around central disk; along outside edge and on handle traces of black paint. Clay: pinkish orange. Date: LPG–G(?). Commentary: Similar in shape to Hall 1914:102–103, fig. 57e, Room 11, no. 4; this example from the settlement is unpainted, and appears to have a round smooth surface (no central projection). Coldstream 1968:258, cites Hall’s illustration as a shape directly influenced from central Crete in LG; he describes this shape as an aryballos, however. At 1:6 the diameter of Hall’s fig. 57e is ca. 12 cm., close to the diameter of this vessel. It should be pointed out that the decoration and central bump is similar to many of the SM– PG flasks found in the corbel-vaulted tombs, thus the date of this vase may be slightly earlier. Inclusions: Subangular brown to 3 mm. (MC). Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/4–6. 146 Small flask Herakleion Fig. 35; Pl. 23 H 13.5; max. diam. 9.1 cm. Shape and treatment: Flask thrown in two halves; one side missing. Slight rise on preserved side to central knob; fairly flat oval profile. Hole punched through neck into interior. Vase has one vertical handle, oval in section, with slight projection to exterior at base. The handle rises from shoulder to upper neck and it is banded. There are two thick black painted strokes on neck; three concentric bands on body around central black disk. Date: LPG–G. Commentary: A lekythos from Knossos has the same type of mouth and neck and is dated EG; Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 136:63. This has the longer neck seen in Cypriote flasks. Inclusions: Hard angular gray (quartz/feldspar), small gray-black. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/6–6/6; paint: 7.5YR N3/–N2. Location: CT 5. Bibliography: Hall 1914:149–150, fig. 89f. Hall compares it, p. 149, with the large flask with concentric circles from same tomb in clay and slip, although it is broader in profile. Kanta 1980:176, mentions that concentric circles on flasks are a common treatment in the Mycenaean world and the Levant. 147 Hydria Herakleion Fig. 35; Pl. 23 H 13.9; diam. belly 9.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Hydria with round, spreading mouth and two horizontal handles on globular belly, one vertical handle from upper neck to shoulder. Stringcut base. Part of neck and spout missing; one horizontal handle missing; all handles are round in section. Articulated foot, shaped with tool, flat underneath. Neck interior is painted, with thin band at lip on exterior. Possibly a white painted band below this. Solidly painted

60

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

pendent triangles below, then two thin bands above another row of solid pendent triangles. At base of neck, thin band above shoulder decoration of triangle outlined with three lines and filled with two crosshatched lozenges. Below this panel one thin band, a row of pendent triangles, three more thin bands, double outlined pendent triangles on belly with crosshatched interiors, and 12 thin bands below on belly to foot. Horizontal handles solidly painted; vertical has stacked triangles on back. Paint: brown to black, thick and flaky. Clay: yellowish, pale. Date: PGB–EG. Commentary: Brock 1957:171, motifs 4t for pendent triangles and the date range is PGB–MG; 4b is crosshatched and MG; 4p has solid lozenge decoration and is LPG, PGB, p. 171; and 4ak is accumbent triangle filled with two crosshatched lozenges, later than PGB (p. 172). The only shape that is similar in Brock is an aryballos (H 12 cm.), which is dated to PGB–MG, p.-157, Tomb OD, pl. 26:356. A hydria in Coldstream 1970:90, pl. 26:45, G45, of PGB–EG date is compared with this Vrokastro hydria. Inclusions: Blown soft white to 3 mm. (MC). Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/3; paint: 10YR 3/1–5/3. Labeled: On base: , . Location: BE 12: room 4. Bibliography: Hall 1914:169–170, fig. 103. She describes it as of coarse clay. 148 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 35 MPD 5.3; est diam. rim 12 cm. Shape and treatment: Probable small skyphos rim, out-turned, dipped. Date: PG–LG, probably LG. Commentary: Mook 1993: fig. 138:P3.177, PG–LG, and 214; fig. 139:P3.180, LG. Condition: White deposit on exterior. Munsells: Clay core: 7.5YR 8/6. Labeled: I 13. 149 Sherd MS 4793.10 Fig. 36; Pl. 23 MPD 9.9 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving shoulder of straight-sided jar. The motif on the body consists of a battlement meander with dotted interior; thin bands above, with the base of V-shaped filled(?) motif preserved on the upper edge of the sherd. Paint: reddish brown to black where thick. Clay core slightly more pink than surface. Very hard fired, slipped and burnished exterior. Date: EG–MG. Commentary: For shape see Coldstream 1968:255, 256, 243. This shape disappears after EG, and becomes more attenuated after PGB; the decoration is later restricted to the top half of vase. Coldstream adds that the dotted meander is MG, but gave this shape an EG

date when he visited the collection in 1982. Inclusions: Large blown chalky white to 2 mm., a few, very small silver-gold mica; subangular brown lumpy; flat soft? tan; possibly quartz/feldspar; MC. Munsells: Clay surface: 10YR 6/3; core: 2.5YR 5/4– 5/6; slip: 7.5YR 6/4–6/6. Labeled: I 13. 150 Sherd MS 4793.12 Fig. 36; Pl. 23 MPD 9.1 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from the shoulder, base of neck, and body of a straight-sided jar. The shoulder is decorated with thin bands and below there is a row of dot-filled lozenges. Below this zone four thin bands and one thick occur. Paint: red/brown to black where thick. Clay: well-fired, light pinkish tan; slip is a pale cream. Same workshop as MS 4793.10. Date: EG or slightly later. Commentary: Coldstream 1968:243: dotted lozenge chain is MG, however; as with cat. no. 149, shape is EG. Motif may be related to dotted diagonal net, ibid., p. 260 and Mook 1993:225. For profile at shoulder Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 69:N9, EG. Inclusions: Possibly some plant temper embedded in the surface; also small chalky white; quartz or feldspar; numerous flat, angular reddish orange to 2-mm.; gold mica; and large blown limestone; FW–MC. Munsells: Clay surface: 5YR 7/4; core: 2.5YR 6/4; paint: 2.5YR 4/2–5/4; slip: 7.5YR 7/2. Labeled: I 11. 151 Sherd MS 4793.14 Fig. 36; Pl. 23 MPD 7.8; est. diam. rim 12 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd preserving portion of rim and upper body of a skyphos or bowl. The rim is upright with slightly rounded tip. The interior is monochrome painted; on the exterior, two bands occur below the rim with a panel below of brush strokes in groups of three, pendent from upper band and raised from a no-longer-extant lower band. Clay: hard fired, slipped and smoothed to burnished on interior and exterior. Light reddish brown surface and slipped. Paint is crackled and spalled. Date: EG–MG. Commentary: Brock 1957: motif 1p, opposed teeth on hydria, are single, not grouped in three’s, and his date LPG or LG, p. 168. Coldstream (pers. comm.) notes this is an unusual decoration. For similar rim, Mook 1993: fig. 66:P1.81, cup or bowl, NW 1, Level 4, with broad dates from findspot, PG–O. Inclusions: Chalky white in pitted surface; there are more calcareous inclusions in this sherd than other Vrokastro fabrics; plant temper(?); tiny mica; MC. Probably not local fabric. Munsells: Clay: 2.5YR 6/4; slip: 5YR 7/4–6/4; paint interior: 5YR 4/2–3/3; exterior: 5YR 5/4.

Pottery Catalogue

Geometric Through Orientalizing 152 Sherd MS 4793.17 Fig. 36; Pl. 23 MPD 7.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving rim and section of body of skyphos with deep profile, or a small krater. Rim tip is pointed and slightly outturned and barely preserved. Interior rim has a broad black band and there is one on interior belly. On exterior solid black paint frames a panel with two black bands above area of alternating hatched triangles, and thinner black bands (four preserved) below. Paint: brown; slipped. Date: EG–MG. Commentary: Brock 1957:171, motif 3ac, hatched triangles on hydria, his date for alternating hatching is LPG–PGB. Coldstream (pers. comm.): EG(?)/MG. The motif also appears in Mook 1993:207, fig. 153: P5.7, SPG. She illustrates a slightly more everted rim, broadly dated by findspot, fig. 115:P2.212, SPG–O. Inclusions: Two pebble-sized holes in surface; large chalky white to 2 mm.; gold mica; small flat tan; MC. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/4–8/6; paint: 5YR 4/3–3/3; slip: 7.5YR 7/3–7/6. 153 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 36; Pl. 23 MPD 4.2; th. 4 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd from center of flask(?). Unpainted interior with plastic spiral of clay indicating center of thrown side. Paint brown to black; decoration in white-yellow paint. Clay: reddish yellow. Date: MG or later(?). Commentary: For dotted meander, Coldstream 1968:243: MG. For side of flask divided into four quadrants, Hood and Boardman 1961:73, 74, fig. 7, PGB. White overpaint is generally associated with LG and Orientalizing, but the technique occurs in MG at Knossos, and there is one example of EG date (Brock 1957:188). At the Kastro, Kavousi, it does not occur until LG; Mook 1993:233, ns. 290–292. It might be expected that white overpaint was in use slightly earlier at Vrokastro, which has stronger contacts with central Crete; Coldstream 1968:258. Inclusions: Dark angular, hard grits; and granodiorite (2 mm. or less). Local. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/6; paint: 7.5YR 4/2–N3. Labeled: I 1. 154 Bowl MS 4895 Fig. 36; Pl. 23 H 7.1; diam. rim 9.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Bowl or small skyphos restored from 20 sherds; one-sixth plaster. Vase is burned; both horizontal strap handles are broken off and were attached at the greatest diameter. Slightly concave, undercut base; body spreads out to belly and then

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contracts to unarticulated rim with downward, inward slope. Decoration on interior consists of rim band and black band near bottom of bowl. On exterior there is a band on rim and one over a panel zone of plain meander hooks framed by two more thin bands below. Two more horizontal bands on belly and one on the base. Paint: brown-black; vessel is slipped. Good burnish preserved in some areas, especially base. The vessel is heavy and poorly thrown. Date: EG–MG. Commentary: Brock 1957:174, hatched meander hook, motif 7f, EG, MG. Low shape is similar to Coldstream 1972: fig. 7:23, MG, except this has an articulated rim; simple rim is seen on bowl, ibid., fig. 7:F16. Inclusions: Soft white can be large and is dominant; small to large red-brown; some gold mica. Same as cat. no. 156 (MC). Munsells: Clay surface: 2.5YR 6/4; paint: 5YR 2.5/ 1–3/2; slip: 5YR 7/4. 155 Skyphos Herakleion 6647 Fig. 36; Pl. 23 H 10.5; diam. rim 13 cm. Shape and treatment: Skyphos partially restored in plaster. Flat base; profile tapers outward gradually to round belly/shoulder, concave curve above ends in a nearly vertical, pointed lip. Horizontal round handles placed on belly. There are two thick bands on the interior: one on the rim and the other near the base. Decoration on the exterior consists of a broad band on the rim over a panel with a lozenge chain, filled with vertical strokes, just above the belly. This is vertically framed in black near the handle; three thin bands occur below the lozenge zone, within the decorative panel, and two thicker bands on and just above the base. Hatched pendent triangles are the zonal decoration of the reverse. Paint: Purplish black. Clay: probably slipped; fine light tan, slightly pitted. Date: EG–MG or earlier. Commentary: For shape (but more depressed), Brock 1957: pl. 73:1006, Tomb II, skyphos, LG, p. 165. It is also close to pl. 24:366, Tomb OD; this shape is probably PGB. A slightly more shallow skyphos is illustrated by Coldstream 1972:82, fig. 7:D28, MG–early LG. For motif Brock 1957:171, 4b, hatched pendant, MG; Coldstream 1968:241, hatched lozenges, EG–MG. Inclusions: Many blown soft white to 3 mm.; MC. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/6; paint: 7.5YR N3/–N2; slip: 7.5YR 8/2. Location: Upper settlement, room 13. Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 60a, pp. 106 and 107– 108. 156 Skyphos MS 4903 Fig. 37; Pl. 24 H 10.3; diam. rim 14.3–14.8; diam. belly 16.5 cm.

62

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

Shape and treatment: Mended skyphos, one-fifth restored in plaster. The base is flat below a wall that curves to a high round belly where horizontal handles are located. Profile above is concave to an almost vertical rim, only slightly everted. Rim circumference is oval; vessel is thin-walled and well thrown. Three bands were painted on interior: at rim, on the belly, and near base. On exterior below rim band is a panel of lozenges enclosing central dot, with three bands above and five below, one band at the base. Handles are painted. Paint: reddish brown to black; burnished over paint and good burnish preserved on base. Clay: slipped creamy tan, surface and core pinkish tan. See MS 4895 for similar fabric. Date: MG–LG. Commentary: For shape see Brock 1957:165–166, Tomb P2, pl. 58:919, 920 (skyphoi); no. 919, LG–EO, with panel of chevrons, and this has a black interior except for the reserved line at rim. Also Coldstream 1972:82, 87, fig. 7:F23, end of MG–LG (this example is Corinthian). Coldstream 1960:166, fig. 9:52, G skyphos, a little blunter at rim top. Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 105:63, 95, 107; these skyphoi are more shallow and all are MG (late). For decoration, Brock 1957:173, motif 5v, MG–EO. Mook 1993:225, fig. 62: P1.54 (LG; this is a lozenge net); Coldstream 1968:241, 245, 258; lozenge chains are EG–MG and later. Inclusions: A few large, blown chalky white to 5-mm., fat subangular orange-tan, small black, some mica (FW). Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/3; paint: 7.5YR N3/–3/2; slip: 7.5YR 7/3. Location: Probably settlement (see Hall 1914:118, fig. 68c, lower settlement, for similar vase). 157 Sherd MS 4793.18 Fig. 37; Pl. 24 MPD 10.4; est diam. rim 18–19 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving upright simple rim, slightly everted, and part of upper body of skyphos with wide mouth and broader, more depressed shape than previous examples. A thin black band occurs on the rim interior. A thicker black band painted on the exterior rim above two thin bands framing the top of a panel with hatched lozenges. Clay: hard surface, tan to orange. Date: MG–LG. Commentary: See Brock 1957:172, for lozenge chains that are LG. All of his examples are crosshatched or plain. Motif 5r is plain outlined chain, dated LG–EO on pithoi. This rim is similar to cup rim illustrated by Mook 1993: fig. 115:P2.210, LG. Rather similar to kotyle rim she illustrates, with a diameter of 18 cm., fig. 154:P7.6, but this is from a PG context. This kind of shoulder seen on skyphos from Knossos, Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 131:98, EG. Inclusions: Gold mica; tiny flat red-orange; some chalky white to 1 mm; FW–MC. Similar to fabric of cat.

nos. 149–151, and possibly 193. Munsells: Surface: 5YR 7/4–7/6; core: 2.5YR 5/6; paint: 5YR 4/4–3/4; slip: 5YR 7/4–6/4. 158 Sherd MS 4793.20 Fig. 37; Pl. 24 MPD 9.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Worn sherd preserving portion of rim and upper body of large kantharos. The rim is erect with painted strokes on top(?). The interior is painted monochrome black. On the exterior, an edge of the decorative panel consists, top to bottom, of thin horizontal bands over hatched lozenges; three bands above panel of two stacked birds (duck and longnecked bird) on left, flanking an area to the right of vertical bands enclosing zigzags; three thin horizontal bands preserved below. The birds have solid outlines and an interior fill of diagonals. The panel is flanked on the left by two sets of three verticals enclosing panel of stacked zigzags. The paint is semi-lustrous black on interior to gray-orange in patches on exterior. Clay: smoothed interior, somewhat powdery surface, light tan. Small areas preserved on exterior of good burnish. Date: Probably LG IA. Commentary: Coldstream (pers. comm.) identifies this vase as Attic, LG IA or perhaps LG II. See Brock 1957:122, motif 5k (lozenges), LG. Coldstream 1968: 243: zigzag panels and lozenge chains occur from MG on. One bird on pithos from Knossos with two heads, has parallel strokes on interior; Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 85:40.45, LG/EO; also birds treated in this manner in ibid., fig. 110, fig. 113, LG. Inclusions: Small black. Munsells: Clay core: 2.5YR 6/6; paint: 5YR 2.5/ 1–2.5/2 to 5YR 4/2–6/6. Labeled: II 12 (probably the settlement). 159 Pedestalled krater Herakleion 6716 Fig. 37; Pl. 24 MPH 38.3; diam. rim ca. 20 cm. Shape and treatment: Pedestalled krater with most of foot restored and one-third of the body. Interior is plaster-filled so wall thickness is difficult to calculate. The krater has incised horizontal grooves on the foot. Round/globular body and horizontal (stirrup) handles, round in section, placed above the belly and attached by a strap to rim. The rim is erect, slightly everted; top is almost flat. Interior is monochrome painted, and the rim top is decorated with bands or strokes that are either continuous or painted in groups ca. 7 cm. apart. Horizontal bands are painted on the vertical strap handles and on horizontal handle as well. Thin band on rim. The panel decoration lies between the handles and consists in part of a centrally placed hatched meander below a black horizontal band. This is separated from a series of vertical strokes below by three thin horizontal

Pottery Catalogue

bands. Framing the meander edge is a vertical band of lozenges and triple vertical zigzags, the two motifs separated by three thin vertical bands. Three narrow bands frame the panel below. The entire decorative panel lies in an area painted monochrome black. Below are broad black bands alternating with three groups of three thin reserved bands to the stemmed foot, which is black painted except for three thin reserved bands. Paint: Black. Clay: fine pink, and is probably not local. The shape was identified by Coldstream (see below) as Attic or Atticizing. Date: MG II. Commentary: Coldstream 1968:258, n. 3, describes the vessel as an Attic MG II import to the site; on pp.-167, 169, it is listed as an import to Crete from the Cyclades or Euboea. It does correspond in the presence of stirrup handles, a central meander, and simple offset lip, to his Attic MG II; 1968: pl. 5f. In idem, 1977:102, it is called “Atticizing” MG II. In any case, this vase from Vrokastro represents the spread of the Attic MG style, either directly or by way of Euboea or the Cyclades. For the meander, see Brock 1957:174, motif 7e, which is broadly dated, EG–EO. There is a krater of somewhat similar shape, with stirrup handles, dated to EG by Coldstream 1968: pl. 52d, pp. 239–240; he calls it a copy of Attic Type II, p. 18, but the Vrokastro example does differ from his Type II in that the foot is not as splaying. Also Coldstream 1992:71, no. 6, pl. 53, compares this Knossian MG example with the Vrokastro vase. A few examples of large Attic, Argive, and local kraters (possibly not stemmed) and other large shapes have recently been published from Chania: M. Andreadaki-Vlasaki 1997: pl. 113:70-P 0249 (this the closest in rim, although not decoration) and pl. 110:82-P 1184, 71-P 0783. These indicate contact with the mainland, either direct or indirect, at the far western end of the island. For a similar shape, with slightly more everted rim, Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 122:134.25, MG–LG, p. 175; not identified as import. Also idem, fig. 137:285.153, p. 248, a more elaborately decorated MG II krater, possibly Attic. Inclusions: A few soft white (FW). Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3–7/4; paint: 7.5YR N3/– N2. Location: Possibly Karakovilia ridge, or just south of ridge. Bibliography: Hall 1914:173, fig. 106: building adjacent to bone enclosures. 160 Amphora MS 6004 Fig. 38; Pl. 25 H 0.69; diam. belly 0.36 cm. Shape and treatment: Large belly-handled amphora mended from many fragments, partially restored in plaster. Flat base, ovoid body. Double handles with central stem on widest part of belly. Cylindrical neck, slightly flaring rim. Well thrown. Neck solidly painted with three narrow reserved bands on upper shoulder;

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handles banded. Decorative panel lies between the handles on upper belly, set off by two framing lines on top and bottom. Within panel on best-preserved side three zones of decoration: tangential, double compassdrawn circles above and below a zone of St. Andrew’s crosses (butterfly decoration, two broad motifs flanking a narrow one, this oriented vertically). Lower body monochrome black except for three closely spaced thin reserved bands. Decorative panel on reverse side: two zones of cable or interlocked band decoration above and below a narrower panel of zigzags. Wheelthrown neck added separately. Slip varies from burned orange to tan-pink. Paint is streaky black. Clay: reddish orange to brown core. Light orange surface; vase may have been burned. Date: LPG–MG (probably MG, based on decoration). Commentary: For shape, Coldstream 1968:240 and n. 7 (EG). Hood and Boardman 1961:72, pl. 9:3. This is a similar shape, dated to LPG on motif distribution. This example has a slightly wider neck, a rim more flaring and larger than MS 6004. For shape in Brock, Tomb L, pl. 19:301 (PGA–PGB), yet decoration covers much more of body, and Fortetsa examples with double handles are dated PGA and PGB, p. 146. This shape is Brock’s type C, and Brock says this provides a “sequel” to earlier examples, mostly of PGA date. The motifs on the Vrokastro vase could be PGB–MG and later. In Hood and Boardman 1961: fig. 6:10, is an oinochoe with cable and zigzag: PGB, p. 73. Motifs (St. Andrews’s crosses) in Brock 1957:169, combined, 2f, 2g:2f on pithos from Tomb X, pl. 30:52, is MG. Double circles linked by tangents, LG–EO, motif 9ah, p. 176. A thicker, denser cable with double outline is illustrated in motif 11z, and is PGB, p. 179. Coldstream 1968:258, n. 2, describes the decoration on a vase of similar shape as PGB, but the shape is Attic. The shape is also close to his Cycladic MG, pl. 34m, but this has raised foot. Coldstream suggested a MG date for MS 6004 when he reviewed the collection in 1982 (also idem, 1992:82, n. 27, for Attic origin), but the shape is introduced in EG to Crete (idem, 1968:240). The vase is also bilingual. Inclusions: Large white (3–4 mm.), probably limestone, and small black; MC. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 5/4; paint: 5YR 4/1. Bibliography: Unpublished; for shape see Hall 1914: 100, fig. 54, upper stratum room 6 and p. 169, fig. 102, amphoras from BE 12 for similar shape and handle. The introduction of this Attic belly-handled shape to Crete is dated by Coldstream 1968:240, n. 7, to EG. 161 Straight-sided jar Herakleion 6724 Fig. 39; Pl. 25 H 18; H to preserved handle 19.5; diam. belly 15.5-cm. Shape and treatment: Straight-sided jar with one han-

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Reports on the Vrokastro Area

dle missing; mended. Two thin bands on short neck with panel on upper body of crosshatched butterfly or double axe motif (quatrefoil panels) on either side of two vertical bands enclosing dots. Two thin horizontal bands below, above a thicker band that merges with black-painted area that encloses decorative panel. Below this, one thin painted band at midbody. Painted band around base. Probable band up over handle. Paint splatter inside. Paint: reddish brown; clay: light tan. Date: MG–LG. Commentary: Coldstream 1968:256, crosshatched triangles are LG/EO. Brock 1957:169, quatrefoils motif 2f, narrow triangles, solidly painted, MG; motif 2l, hatched panels, LG. A similar shape is called a pithos by Brock 1957:148, Tomb F, pl. 47:779, 770:EG; these shapes are similar but have more rounded, convex profiles. Coldstream 1968:255–256: discusses development of the shape in southern Crete. The later examples of shape are extremely elongated and have shoulders going up to cylindrical necks. For paint splattered on PG and G interiors, see Coldstream 1992:81, 84. Inclusions: Small red-brown, a few large white soft. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3–8/4; paint: 5YR 5/6. Location: BE 5 (with one room). Bibliography: Hall 1914:162, fig. 98. 162 Deep basin or kalathos Herakleion Fig. 39 MPD 18; diam. rim 26 cm. Shape and treatment: Two sherds preserving portion of rim and one handle of straight-sided deep basin. Wall rises to a flat rim that projects slightly on exterior and interior. Small concavity below rim on exterior that separates rim from lower body. Handles horizontal, round in section, set just below the rim, with another joining round strip of clay rising from the middle of the horizontal handle to the rim. Wide band on interior rim, and compass-drawn circle preserved below with two rings (dot-filled) and central dot. Four bands on exterior; wide one on the rim, and three narrow bands below. Zigzag pattern painted on rim top encloses a central dot. Black paint. Date: PG(?) or MG–LG(?). Commentary: This may be another example of early shape with a later motif. For a similar rim, see the deep kalathos from CT 1, cat. no. 66, which has been dated to SM/PG because of its shape and decoration. The deep shape could be as early as LM IIIC late, transitional to PG, but interior motif of concentric circles enclosing dots is generally dated to LG–O. Handle type is known from MG–LG, Hood and Boardman 1961:72, fig. 5:7. Dot motif between two strokes forming triangle, Brock 1957:170, motif 3y, LPG–PGB. In terms of shape, a more flaring walled, deep example is published by Brock 1957: tomb XI, pl. 11:162, PG. Closer in shape is straight-sided jar, pl. 78:1429, Tomb P, pp. 124, 162, EPGA. Brock illustrates double circles with dots (motif 9z, p. 176) on aryballoi that are LO.

The vase probably belongs to the Geometric period. Inclusions: Hard gray, gold mica, red-brown. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/4; paint: 10YR 3/1–2/1. Labeled: I 3. 163 Straight-sided jar Herakleion 6665 Fig. 39; Pl. 26 H 15.5; diam. rim interior 8.4; diam. belly 13.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Intact straight-sided jar with handles, oval to cylindrical in section, placed on shoulder and almost vertical. Rounded rim slopes out to near-carination on shoulder, body tapers inward to flat foot. The vessel is asymmetrical. Possibly slipped. Decoration from top consists of three bands just under neck, dots between lowest two, followed by thin band above hooked meander panel on upper half of body. The meander has a dot fill. Two thin bands below panel, and entire panel area enclosed in streaky black paint to midbody. Thin black band below painted area. Thin interior rim band and splashes of paint below. Clay: fine pinkish cream. Date: MG–LG I. Commentary: For shape, see Coldstream 1968:255; as shape progresses from PGB it becomes more attenuated; p. 256: decoration becomes restricted later to top half of vase; pl. 56, also p. 243: dotted meander is MG. This Vrokastro example lacks the attenuated shape of the latest period of development, but motif is MG, so it probably belongs to the Middle period, or possibly early LG. Examples of this shape are also south Cretan; at the end of its development shoulder disappears. Slightly more developed shoulder, but handles similarly placed, on Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 122:134.74, EG. This vessel is 30 cm. high, and is called a straight-sided pithos. Inclusions: Gold mica, soft white, small to 2 mm. (MC). Munsells: 7.5YR 7/3–7/4; paint: 2.5YR 6/6. Labeled:  9. Location: Upper settlement, room 26. Bibliography: Hall 1914:106, 111, fig. 60c. 164 Neck-handled amphora Herakleion 6715 Fig. 40; Pl. 26 H (restored) 72.5; (preserved) 63.5; diam. base 18; diam. belly 37 cm. Shape and treatment: Large neck-handled amphora. Body mended from many pieces; neck restored; rim missing. Flat base, wide and fairly low belly, more biconical than ovoid in shape, with strap handles from shoulder to midneck. Decoration consists of broad band at base; six clusters of thin bands above, alternating with five thicker bands. Decorated metopes surrounded by a black ground on shoulder and neck, both sides. The shoulder metope is framed by two thin bands on the

Pottery Catalogue

sides and filled with alternating rows of zigzags and dots separated by two thin bands. The opposite side has a worn metope with large central hatched battlement meander. This metope is framed at its base by dots in thin horizontal panel; on the top is a row of accumbent triangles, with double outline, below a horizontal panel filled with dots. Sides of the metope are framed by diagonal strokes (right) and stacked triangles or chevrons and diagonal strokes (left). Motif preserved on one side of the neck consists of hatched meander hook arranged vertically; hatching is reversed at one angle. Handles are decorated with stacked St. Andrew’s cross, framed in boxes separated by three horizontal strokes. Paint: gray. Clay: smoothed surface, probably slipped, with a more yellow color than the clay surface. Date: MG–LG. Commentary: Two neck-handled amphorae illustrated by Brock are close in shape, but more ovoid: Brock 1957:146, pl. 55:880, LG; pl. 106:1500, LG or later. The stacked St. Andrew’s crosses, motif 21g, p. 186, are LG; battlement meanders, motif 7b, p. 174, are mostly LG; bands of dots are Or on aryballoi, motif 9ck, p. 178. Coldstream 1968:243, n. 6, discusses the appearance of this neck-handled shape in Crete in MG, not necessarily by way of Knossos. Inclusions: Blown white. Munsells: Clay surface: 7.5YR 7/3–5; slip is more yellow; paint: 7.5YR 5/3–4. Location: Lower settlement, probably room 56, this based on her photograph of the room where the vase was found, pl. xxiii. Also Hayden 1983: figs. 7, 8, and Plan 2. Bibliography: Hall 1914: pl. xxviii. 165 Amphora Herakleion 6719 Fig. 41; Pl. 27 H 32.7; diam. rim 14.5 cm.; diam. lid 10 cm. Shape and treatment: Complete amphora with undercut foot and an ovoid, plump body rising to cylindrical neck, and everted, rounded rim. Two horizontal handles on shoulder, round in section. Rim band on interior. Exterior decoration on the neck consists of broad band below rim, two thin bands, then row of tangential dots with possible added white overpaint circle in center. Below, two thin bands, one broad, and shoulder and upper body decoration of hatched battlement meander without sidesteps. A vertical band of zigzags frames the meander panel. Broad band below panel and lower third of vase probably monochrome painted (although Hall illustrates the vase with three bands here). The lid is a simple convex shape with central decoration of two opposed hatched triangles encircled by three bands, then zone of chevrons and two more bands. The edge of the lid is pierced by one small hole for hanging or attachment. Paint: worn gray-black to red. Clay: fine fabric, light tan. Date: LG. Commentary: This might be a burial jar but the only

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bones mentioned by Hall were placed in a cup found above the jar; 1914:159–160. Coldstream 1968:258, n.-5, LG; Coldstream says this shape is made under the influence of direct contact with Athens; it is not known at Knossos. No truly comparable shape with these motifs was published in the recent North Cemetery volumes, although the Euboean amphoriskos illustrated in fig. 142:285.124 comes the closest in shape; it is a LPG amphora with a more developed, conical foot, vertical shoulder-to-neck handles, and a more concave shoulder. For motifs, Brock 1957:174, zigzag in triglyph: LG; meander motif 7b, primarily LG; p. 179, motif 11r, spirals, MG. Inclusions: White, chalky, and large tan-brown. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/4–7/6. Location: BE 3. Bibliography: Hall 1914:159–160, fig. 96. 166 Skyphos Herakleion Fig. 41 H 13; diam. rim 16.4; diam. base 7.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Large skyphos one-half preserved and mended. Vessel has a flat base and a rounded body that slopes in gently to the top of the shoulder; the rim is slightly everted and not articulated. Two horizontal handles, round in section, are placed high on the belly. Interior is banded at the rim and near the base. On exterior, two thin bands occur below the rim band. These thin bands frame a panel of crossed lines forming a lozenge-net pattern filled with central dots. This zone is framed at base by two thin bands. A thick and thin band are placed on the belly, and one band is painted at the base. Paint: red-brown. Date: LG. Commentary: For net lozenge, Brock 1957:173, motif 5aq, EO. Also Mook 1993: fig. 62:P1.54, LG, for lozenge net. Close in shape to LG krater, Coldstream 1972:79, fig. 6. The typical LG skyphos shape is lower, broader than this; this Vrokastro shape is almost that of a small krater (Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 141:89, SPG; Coldstream 1992: pl. 56:GE11, LG). Inclusions: Gray, white soft, and red-brown subangular. Munsells:-Clay surface: 7.5YR 8/3; paint: 2.5YR 5/6–4/6. Location: Lower settlement, excavated in 1912. Bibliography: Hall 1914:116–118, fig. 68c. 167 Small skyphos Herakleion Fig. 41; Pl. 27 H 7.5; diam. rim 7.9; diam. belly 10.9 cm. Shape and treatment: Small necked skyphos mended from many sherds with straight, upright neck, spreading squat body, flat base. Two horizontal handles, round in section, on belly. Interior and exterior of upright neck painted brown-black. Below, on exterior, vertical, slightly curved strokes on belly and three horizontal bands below. Streaks and splashes of paint

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Reports on the Vrokastro Area

on interior. Date: PG–MG/LG(?). Commentary: For slightly similar shape, Coldstream 1972:81, fig. 7:23, skyphos, MG. This shape is more constricted at the neck, with a more prominent shoulder, than most LG skyphoi (see Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 96:162). The Vrokastro vase also has a taller, more erect rim than the pyxis shape illustrated by Mook 1993: fig. 139:P3.183, PG–LG, with paint on exterior and interior rim. Motif 8c in Brock 1957:175 consists of vertical, wavy lines, somewhat similar to the straighter lines on this vase; date range is LPG–O. Desborough 1952:263, says about this tomb that it was perhaps “rather later” than CT 5, 6, 7, and was in use for a long period of time. Inclusions: Large white soft. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/6; paint: 10YR 3/1–2/1. Labeled: “A I. I 6. NH ” Location: CT 4. Bibliography: Hall 1914:146, fig. 86b. 168 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 41; Pl. 27 MPD 5.8; diam. rim 17 cm. Shape and treatment: Skyphos with slight outturned rim, which is slightly thickened and pointed at the tip. Monochrome painted interior. Decoration on the exterior consists of two horizontal bands at base of rim, three vertical bands preserved flanking panel of chevrons. Paint: red, thick. Date: MG–LG. Commentary: For chevron decoration, Coldstream 1960:168, fig. 13:101, Geometric. Ibid., fig. 9:52, 63, for similar rim, though body not as plump, in a skyphos and cup. These two catalogued sherds, 167 and 168, look like a LG skyphos in Brock 1957:166, pl. 58:920, Tomb P2. Also fairly close to everted rims in Mook 1993: fig. 66:P1.81, cup or bowl, PG–O, and fig. 138: P3.177, 178. Inclusions: Red-brown, gold mica. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/6; paint: 7.5YR N2. Labeled: I 15 (probably from the settlement). 169 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 42; Pl. 27 MPD 7.4; diam. rim 15 cm. Shape and treatment: Skyphos with rather bulbous, outturning rim that ends in point, above concave, convex profile. Monochrome painted interior. On exterior, two thin bands occur on the rim, with three vertical strokes below preserving the end of a decorative panel. Two zones of chevrons within the panel are separated by two thin horizontal bands. The toprow chevrons are more fully formed, more curvilinear. Paint: black, flaking. Date: MG–LG. Commentary: Same as above, cat. no. 168. Mook 1993: fig. 89:P2.49, LG, same chevron motif with hori-

zontal “S” stroke. Chevrons between vertical strokes, ibid., fig. 115:P2.209, LG, on a skyphos. This rim is rather bulbous for many skyphoi. Inclusions: Angular hard gray-white; FW–MC. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/4; paint: 10YR 3/1–2/1. 170 Skyphos MS 4898 Fig. 42; Pl. 27 H 10; rim diam. 12.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Skyphos or bowl with deep body, one-fifth restored; horizontal handles, oval in section, missing. Rough. irregular string-cut base and interior has dimple at base; strong throwing marks on interior. Lower part of vase tool-trimmed, and concave base tool-trimmed. Round body; straight, everted, pointed rim, and very thin-walled. Rim band on interior; most of interior painted except for reserved area between rim and belly. On exterior, thin horizontal band at top and base of rim. Below this, a decorative panel of chevrons or quirks above belly; this is in the handle zone and framed by a series of vertical strokes. Paint: red to reddish brown, thick opaque. Clay: very pale brown, slipped surface, and burnish occurs on the paint, though much of the surface still rough. Date: Probably LG. Commentary: Parallels for shape include skyphoi and large cups; Brock 1957:165, pl. 58:919, LG. For rim, see also Mook 1993: fig. 138:P3.170, SPG cup, fig.-107:P2.159, LG. This is classed as a cup, but a good parallel for the rim and shape, with the same diameter as the Vrokastro vessel. Also Coldstream 1972:83, fig. 8:E2, LG; cup with a diameter of 14.5 cm., one handle with a profile close to this Vrokastro skyphos. For motif, Brock 1957:179, 11q, v, MG–EO. The flatter and more elongated chevrons are LG; the chevrons on the Vrokastro vessel are more vertical, and attached on bottom. Good parallel in Hazzidakis et al., 1963: pl. L: F, Tomb near Aghia Pelagia; body is lower, squatter, neck is higher. Compared on p. 125, n. 1, with example published in Payne 1927–1928:273, fig. 33:27, 31, LG (very late). Inclusions: Chalky white; full of flat subangular tan; some gold mica; MC. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 6/4; paint: 10R 5/8–2.5YR 3/3; slip: 5YR 7/4. Location: Lower settlement. Bibliography: Hall 1914:116, 118, no. 1: fig. 68b. 171 Sherd MS 4793.23 Fig. 42; Pl. 27 MPD 7.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd from bowl or skyphos with monochrome painted interior. Exterior decorative panel preserves two rows of quirks. Top of panel enclosed by three thin horizontal bands, rows of quirks separated by two bands, edge of panel on left framed by three vertical bands. Paint: black/gray,

Pottery Catalogue

crackled; darker paint on interior. Clay has a pale brown surface, well burnished, slipped. Date: Probably LG. Commentary: Elongated or S-shaped chevron/quirk seen in Brock 1957: motif 11q, p. 179, is dated according to shape, and the chronological range is EG–LG. Mook 1993: fig. 140:P3.191, this broadly dated by context; also, p. 226: the horizontal S-motif for zones of ornament in Eteocretan Geometric is common in eastern Crete until LG, and is especially favored in neck decoration; she cites Coldstream 1968:260. Inclusions: Chalky white, small to medium; smaller angular brick-red grits; and unusual for size, gray/ black or charcoal colored inclusions. MC. Munsells: Clay core: 5YR 6/4; interior paint: 7.5YR N4; slip: 7.5YR 7/4. Bibliography: Hall 1914: fig. 51g. 172 Skyphos MS 4897 Fig. 42; Pl. 27 H 11.3; diam. rim ca. 14.7–15.3 cm. Shape and treatment: Skyphos mended from several pieces; one-third restored. Flat foot, profile rises in outward curve to widest part of belly where two horizontal handles, round in section, are attached. The profile continues in a convex curve inward to under the round rim, which is short and flares out slightly. Interior has three bands: on rim, belly, and near the base. On the exterior there is a rim band above a panel of stacked diagonal strokes framed by two vertical lines. This zone is framed by two thin lines top and bottom. Three more bands were placed on belly and one at base. Paint: brown-black. Not well thrown. Clay: slightly smoothed under paint, slight burnish preserved on paint. Base also preserves trace of thick waxy burnish. Core clay is gray, pale brown surface, possibly slipped (slight yellow tone). Date: LG. Commentary: For shape, Brock 1957:165, pl. 58:874, Tomb P2, LG–EO. Coldstream 1972:95, 96, fig. 15: G95, MG skyphos, with vestigial rim, almost a kotyle, so this shape does correspond; described as a little later than Brock, pl. 27:396, LG skyphos (this is squatter, not nearly as deep as the Vrokastro shape). For motif, Coldstream 1968:260:MG II Attic influence for rectilinear ornament in low-based skyphos of Eteocretan style, i.e., LG in Crete. Brock 1957:186, motif 21e, EO (this however is handle ornament). In a triglyph, however, this motif is dated PGB, p. 169: motif 2c. Diagonal hatching in Mook 1993: fig. 139:P3.181, is dated to LG. Inclusions: Small to medium subangular black-gray and chalky white, flat tan to reddish brown, gold mica (MC). Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/4; paint: 10YR 3/1–7.5YR 5/4 or darker. Location: Lower settlement. Bibliography: Hall 1914:117, 119, fig. 69.

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173 Cup Herakleion Fig. 42; Pl. 28 H 7; diam. rim 6.5; diam. belly 8.3; diam. base 3.1 cm. Shape and treatment: Small cup with flat base and convex/concave profile, turning in at shoulder and rising to slightly everted, straight lip. Strap handle is attached to the inside lip and belly. Interior is painted monochrome black. On exterior a thin horizontal band occurs at rim over a row of zigzags between two thin bands, followed by a zone of chevrons between two thin bands. This decorative zone in black paint is on a broad band of thin red-orange paint. The bottom half of cup is painted black. Cup is burned. Unslipped, very rough surface. Date: Probably LG. Commentary: The shape is slightly odd for a LG cup; it is wider through the belly than most cups of this date; see Mook 1993: fig. 59:P1.24; this is fairly close, but with a higher shoulder, p. 217, called a standard LG–EO shape, and has a 14 cm. diam. rim, which is much wider than the Vrokastro example; and fig. 116: P2.216 is a LG cup with a lower belly and undercut foot, but proportionally not as wide as the Vrokastro example. Also Coldstream 1972:83, 85, 86, fig. 8:E4, F17, LG–EO. For motifs see Brock 1957:179, cable, motif 11q, EG–MG; motif 11w, PGB. Zigzag, motif 3a, p. 170, date range on cups is SM, O, EG. Brock’s cups also have a red varnish, pl. 103:1379, Tomb P, p. 119, mouth is 10 cm. This class dated to mature G. Also Gesell, Day, Coulson 1995: fig. 6:3, but again with higher shoulder. Actually closer in profile to a very small skyphos from Knossos, which is LG–EO, Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 112:107.202. Inclusions: Soft white or calcareous up to 2 mm., subangular gray-black to 1 mm. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3–7/4; red paint: 5Y 4/1; black: 7.5YR N2. Bibliography:-This is probably the cup Hall describes as from a house on Karakovilia, located directly opposite CT 1; 1914:118–119. 174 Sherd MS 4793.19 Fig. 42; Pl. 28 MPD 12; est. diam. rim 18.5–21 cm. Shape and treatment: Everted rim sherd of a small krater with rounded tip. Thin-walled vessel. Broad, worn interior and exterior rim band. Below the exterior band are the tops of diagonal strokes preserved in two groups of three. Paint: black, worn. Clay: hard fired, brittle; vase burned. Slipped. Date: LG. Commentary: For decoration, see Brock 1957:169, motif 2a, with groups of diagonal strokes dated to SM. For continuous strokes, however, motif 2b, p. 169, is dated Or. A similar rim from a possible krater is illustrated by Mook 1993: fig. 60:P1.44, with a wide chronological range based on findspot, LM IIIC–O; a skyphos

68

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

rim is also close, fig. 153:P5.2, LG. Coldstream: LG (pers. comm.). Inclusions: Few white chalky; tiny mica; quartz/ feldspar; and subangular tan; FW–MC. Munsells: Clay core: 5YR 5/3; slip: 7.5YR 7/3; paint: 7.5YR N4. 175 Sherd MS 4793.21 Fig. 42; Pl. 28 MPD 6.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving upper wall of open shape, possible krater. Interior painted monochrome black. On exterior, below wide black band, is a panel of black vertical bands, with a reserved threequarter compass-drawn(?) circle on right. Four thin bands are preserved below. Paint on exterior: dark brown faded to reddish brown. Clay: pink. Fairly fine, possibly not local clay. Date: LG or earlier. Commentary: For vertical strokes or hatching in Mook 1993: fig. 157:P.7.35, PG–LG, NW 7, level 3b. Brock 1957:168, motifs 1a, 1b, EPG–MG. Inclusions: Small blown chalky white, tiny mica; FW–MC. Munsells: Clay core: 5YR 7/4–7/6; paint ext.: 5YR 4/2, paint int.: 7.5YR 4/2; slip: 5YR 7/4. Same clay as 4793.15, etc. (cat. no. 193, below). 176 Sherd MS 4793.16 Fig. 42; Pl. 28 MPD 6.25 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd preserving convex/concave profile of rim and upper body of cup or skyphos. The rim is rounded and slightly outturned. Monochrome painted interior; exterior decoration consists of two thin black bands on rim above a panel of two thin horizontal rows of closely spaced vertical bands. Two vertical bands form the edge of the panel, and below, three thin horizontal bands are preserved. Paint: faded black; surface burnished, slipped. Softer surface (not well fired) than other catalogued sherds of this date. Unusual fabric, and very light weight. Date: LG(?). Commentary: For decoration, Brock 1957: motif 1e, p. 168, “bars,” LG. For slightly flatter profile, Mook 1993: fig. 66:P1.81, NW 1, level 4, PG–Or. Inclusions: Probable limestone; unusual subangular brown/black to 1–2 mm. in a pitted surface. These inclusions or holes are rustlike in appearance and it may be that the inclusion (round) burned out; MC. Not local? Munsells: Clay core: 7.5YR 7/4; surface: 10YR 7/3; paint interior: 7.5YR 4/2, exterior: 7.5YR 4/3–3/4; slip: 7.5YR 7/4–6/4. 177 Sherd MS 4793.9 Fig. 43; Pl. 28 MPD 11.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd of krater preserving

upper portion of belly. Beginning of handle base at lower left of sherd. The interior is black painted and smoothed with fine throwing marks. On exterior, part of decorative panel preserves two rows of quirks or chevrons at the top, separated by thin bands, above a four- or five-band, compass-drawn concentric circle (the four bands may enclose billets or another decorative element). The panel is framed on the top and side by paint with an unpainted area above. Paint: dark gray to black. Clay: light tan, highly burnished surface that is slipped. Very hard fired. Date: LG or slightly earlier. Commentary: LG date provided by Coldstream (pers. comm.). For quirk see MS 4793.8 (cat. no. 178). Inclusions: Medium-sized blown white chalky to 1-mm., small black; thin white strands that may be bits of shell; quartz/feldspar; FW–MC. Not local. Munsells: Clay surface: 5YR 6/6–6/8 (slightly more red); core: 5YR 6/4–5/4; paint: 2.5YR N4. 178 Sherd MS 4793.8 Fig. 43; Pl. 28 MPD 11.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from upper shoulder of amphora(?). Lack of throwing rings and lumpy surface indicate that the vessel is probably handmade. Very worn interior. On exterior, two rows of quirks between bands above, separated by three thin bands from a panel decoration with a double zigzag line, filled with vertical strokes. The paint is dark brown and flaky, chalky, crackled. Clay: relatively soft fabric, burnished surface, which is reddish yellow and slipped. Lumpy surface smoothed in part with fingers; no interior throwing marks. Date: MG–LG. Commentary: For motif see Brock 1957:179, motif 11u, v, although these are more vertically oriented and are LG–EO. Brock’s hatched zigzags (motifs 3o, 3t) are not filled with vertical strokes, but dated to LG– EO, p. 170. Chevrons on EG lid: Coldstream 1972:89, pl. 25:25, but these are generally later (LG) in eastern Crete. Inclusions: Many subangular to long thin pieces that are gray-brown to 2 mm., and blown chalky white, tiny gold mica; MC. Quite different in fabric from 4793.1–7; these dense gray-brown inclusions up to 20-per square cm., so probably not local, and different from the standard fabric for these large shapes in this period. Munsells: Clay core: 5YR 6/4–5/4; paint: 7.5YR 4/3; slip: 7.5YR 7/4–6/4. Labeled: II 4. 179 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 43; Pl. 28 MPD 10.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd, possibly from the

Pottery Catalogue

shoulder of a large jar. Three thin reserved horizontal bands occur at the base of the sherd, and a band of curved, enclosed, hatched decoration is above. Very rough surface; black paint. Clay: overfired, greentinged surface. Date: PG–LG. Commentary: Range for the motif is broad. Brock 1957:179, motif 11m, PGB, is close except that the alternate loops are hatched. The unhatched motif continues into MG: Coldstream 1992: fig. 54:GD23, but curvilinear hatched motifs also occur in PG: pl. 68:14. Hatched cable ornament is EG: Coldstream 1972:89, pl. 28:18. Pendent wave pattern, hatched, is EG at Knossos; see Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig.-136:59(B). Inclusions: Gray, subangular phyllite(?) to 4 mm. Munsells: Clay: N 6/–5Y 6/1; paint: 2.5Y N3. 180 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 43; Pl. 28 MPD 6.6 cm. Shape and treatment: One body sherd from possible jar. In worn black paint, a band above, and compassdrawn semicircles pendent from it of two lines enclosing dots (with a central dot). Below this a line of quirks above another row of semicircles rising from band. Clay: fairly pure buff clay. Date: LG(?). Commentary: For motifs see Brock 1957: motif 11q and (small concentric circle with dots) 9z, p. 176, LO, but shape is an aryballos. The date range for chevron is anywhere from EG–LG, on pithos shape, p. 179 (pithoi, oinochoai, small jug, lids). Also Coldstream 1968:260 for discussion of motifs. Mook’s date for opposed semicircles is SPG, see 1993: fig. 66:P1.79, and she dates one example with chevrons to LG, p. 226: fig. 89:P.2.49; also fig. 115:P2.209, LG. Inclusions: Gold mica, hard gray angular (quartz/ feldspar?), granodiorite; local. Labeled: I 15. Bibliography: Levi 1927–1929: fig. 615, p. 555. 181 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 43 MPD 7.4 cm. Shape and treatment: This is a fairly flat sherd with monochrome interior from a large krater. On exterior, two horses depicted over horizontal band. Preserved are tail and hindquarters of one to right, chest and legs of horse to left; hooves are spreading and triangular. Possible import. Date: LG I. Commentary: Coldstream 1968:241; bumps used in depicting anatomical details in horses are EG, angles occur in LG. Coldstream 1972:93–94, pl. 27:84, deer depicted with spreading foot, early LG. Munsells: Clay: 2.5Y 7/2–7/3; slip: 2.5Y 8/3–10YR 8/3; paint: 2.5Y N2.

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Bibliography: The centaur(?) on sherd, Hall 1914: fig. 53f, is similarly depicted. 182 Tray Herakleion 6650 Fig. 43; Pl. 28 H (to handle) 8; diam. rim 23.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Tray with probable basket handle, rising above rim, broken off. Flat base, sides taper out slightly to flat rim. Interior: painted band around the bottom and a wide band extends up to handle on both sides. Rim top has triangular decoration, some triangles solidly painted, but not all of these alternating with reserved triangle. Exterior decoration consists of three narrow bands below rim and hatched meander pattern in a panel below. This is framed by three thin horizontal lines below. Under the base there are two painted concentric bands on two small plastic concentric ribs. Thrown on fairly fast wheel, but thick and crude. Paint: black. Clay: light tan, possibly slipped. Date: MG–LG. Commentary: For shape, Brock 1957:165, pl. 5:74, 90, Tomb VI. These trays range in date from PG to O, although all of his examples are plain underneath. Also close in shape to cooking trays; Mook 1993: fig. 123: P3.55, from IIIC–PG fill. For motif, Brock 1957:174, motif 7e, hatched meander, EG or LG. Coldstream 1968:243, first appearance of hatched meander or meander hook is PGB/EG. For basket handles on trays (which are PG) see Coldstream 1992:81. Inclusions: Large white to 2 mm., brown, some gold mica. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/2–8/3. Location: Upper settlement, room 20. Bibliography: Hall 1914:106, 109, fig. 60d. 183 Tray or basin Herakleion Fig. 44; Pl. 29 H 4.8; diam. rim 19 cm. Shape and treatment: Basin or tray with short flaring sides and rim top that slopes to interior. Exterior decoration consists of a band near the rim above a dotted meander pattern. Below this three thin horizontal bands frame a row of dots. Extant decoration on base consists of hatched area and zigzag(?) above. Clay: well burnished; tool-marks visible. Date: MG–LG. Commentary: Tilted rim is found in cooking-ware basin illustrated by Mook 1993: fig. 105:P2.145, LG. Dotted meander motif is MG or later: Coldstream 1968:243. Inclusions: Gold mica, subangular red to black (shale or phyllite), hard gray, blown soft white (MC). Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 8/4; core: 5YR 6/6. Labeled: IB.

Late Geometric Through Orientalizing

70

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

184 Pyxis(?) Herakleion Fig. 44; Pl. 29 Diam. base 12 cm. Shape and treatment: Base and lower body of pyxis or bowl with globular body and mend hole in wall. Vase interior has two broad horizontal black bands with the mend hole between. Three concentric grooves occur in the flat exterior base with traces of black paint in these grooves. Five thin black bands occur on the lower body, surmounted by panel of tangential circles with large central dot. Five horizontal bands preserved above. Clay: hard, burnished, pink-orange surface. Date: LG–EO. Commentary: Grooves in base underneath are described as a feature of LG, on a jug from Knossos; Coldstream and Sackett 1978:51, no. 13, fig. 6:13. For motif, multiple horizontal bands are LG: Mook 1993: fig. 115:P2.209; fig. 116:P2.222. Brock 1957:179, motif-11r, solid tangential circles, MG. Freehand tangential circles with central dot are identified by Coldstream 1973a:20 as Early Orientalizing. Inclusions: Subangular red, gold mica, granodiorite (local clay). Munsells: Clay: 5YR 6/6. Label on base: I 11-14. 185 Tray MS 4896C (nonjoining E?) Fig. 44; Pl. 29 C: H 6.7; diam., 15 cm.; E: MPD 4.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Two fragments from a small tray or basin, one preserving complete profile; another nonjoining sherd preserving a portion of rim and upper body. Wall flares out slightly with a gentle convex profile. Flat-topped, slightly articulated rim. Two mend holes occur in the larger sherd (in wall and base); one in the smaller. Sherd C has a small groove marking the base of the rim on the exterior, and two horizontal grooves below belly, exterior, about 1 cm. apart. Clay: surface gray. Scraped, waxy burnished interior and exterior surface; probably thrown. Date: LG–O(?). Commentary: For similar clay and workmanship, see MS 4896A, B, D, cat. no. 186, below. Inclusions: Medium white, probably limestone, subangular red-brown; FW. Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 7/4, core slightly more reddish: 5YR 7/6–6/6. Sherd E has slightly paler surface color. 186 Sherds MS 4896A, B, D Fig. 44; Pl. 29 A: MPD 9.4; H 7.5; B: int. diam. rim 20 cm. Shape and treatment: Three joining sherds preserving part of base and complete profile of small tray with slightly flaring walls and outturned ledge rim with trimmed, crescent-shaped “reflex” handles, pierced by two holes. Body and base have mend holes (three in the base, five in the side wall). Clay surface has slightly

reduced appearance. Possible worn slip; core reddish brown. Burnished exterior and interior; the exterior is tool trimmed. Date: LG–O. Commentary: Recorded on card as being found with MS 4895, cat. no. 154, vase with meander on shoulder. In the Philadelphia collection are also two small sherds of light yellowish clay with light gray slip, also burnished, but fabric and slip unlike the two examples discussed here. Possibly a late local(?) workshop. These trays with reflex handles are also a very common find in the LG–O period, from the Vronda burials (pers. comm., L. Day; date suggested by M. Mook, pers. comm.). These are usually burnished with pierced handles. Coldstream’s suggested date is LO. Inclusions: Small blown chalky and perhaps black; one subangular red; some plant/chaff impressions on surface; a few gold mica. A: medium to large inclusions popped out of surface, due to burnishing. Munsells: Clay surface: 7.5YR 7/3; core: 2.5YR 6/4; slip: 7.5YR 8/3. 187 Cup Herakleion 6648 Fig. 45; Pl. 29 H 10.2; diam. rim 10.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Cup intact except for chipped rim. Trimmed raised foot, round body, with everted straight rim. Strap handle attached to midbelly and upper belly. Interior rim painted. Exterior decorated with one narrow and one thick band on rim. Panel below on belly consists of groups of vertical wavy and straight lines. Six bands below, thin bands alternating with thick. Black paint. Clay: very fine, light tan; no inclusions visible. Creamy slip. Date: LG–O. Commentary: Combination of straight and wavy lines occurs on Coldstream 1972: pl. 23:23, LG. A somewhat similar cup shape, with more acute angle between rim and body and a more pronounced shoulder, in Brock 1957:166–167, pl. 73:939, 1025; LG–O. These examples have a stronger demarcation between rim and body with flat base and the handle location for all these cups is rim to body. Others with tall, late rims are illustrated in ibid., pl. 103:1547, 1198. Orientalizing cups have a higher rim, similar to the Vrokastro example, but a more convex shoulder and lower body: see Mook 1993: fig. 107:P2.161. Also fairly close in shape to Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig.-138:21, LO, although this also has a more pronounced shoulder, and handle is from shoulder to rim; size is also similar. Vertically wavy line, Brock 1957: motif 8c, p. 175, LG–EO. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 8/3; paint: 10YR 2/1; slip: 2.5Y 8/2. Labeled: X 47. Location: Settlement, room 12. Bibliography: Hall 1914:106, fig. 60b.

Pottery Catalogue

188 Jar MS 4914 Fig. 45; Pl. 29 H 16.5; diam. base 7.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Small jar with gently curving sides, ovoid to globular. The vase has been mended from many pieces and is very thin-walled fine ware. The shoulder curves in to rim that is inset for lid. High-looped handles, round in section, attached near lip rise sharply above rim. Vase tapers to undercut foot with round torus molding around exterior and slightly undercut, concave base. Underside of foot is decorated with thick concentric circle in brown paint. On the lower body, three thick bands of gray-brown paint are flanked by thin bands. On shoulder, panel of vertical leaf-shaped motifs filled with diagonal lines. Bands of paint on handles. Trace of good burnish remains on surface, and vessel was probably burned. Date: LG–EO. Commentary: For motif see Brock 1957: motif 12f, LG–EO, p. 180. Shape similar to small pyxis from Tomb P, Knossos, no. pl. 106:1537 or small squat “plump” pithos/jar, pl. 39:608, Tomb VIII. Probably related to the neckless ovoid pithos that develops in the Geometric period; see Coldstream 1968:240, pl. 52a. Inclusions: Tiny soft white (blow holes), tiny and not frequent gold mica. Munsells: Clay core: 7.5YR 7/3–7/4; slip: 7.5YR 6/3; paint: 7.5YR 4/3 (slightly paler). 189 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 45; Pl. 29 MPD 5.6; diam. rim ca. 7 cm. Shape and treatment: Pointed rim and part of wall of straight-sided cup with slight bevel up to rim on interior. Monochrome painted interior with reserve band at rim and exterior has band of diagonal strokes between two thin bands above, three below. On belly one thin horizontal band preserved. Clay: buff, surface somewhat soft, possibly smoothed. Date: EO(?). Commentary: Shape is simple; more convex profile but similar motifs (decorated with linear, horizontal lines, chevrons) in Coldstream et al. 1981:154, 155, fig.-7:83. Brock 1957:169, motif 2b, continuous diagonals, Or. (Possibly comparable to banded cup sherds recovered through survey from Nisi Pandeleimon [NP1], a coastal promontory directly below Vrokastro). Kotyles frequently have reserved bands on interior and thin bands on exterior: Coldstream 1968: pl. 19j-l and Coldstream 1972:87, nos. 24–26, pl. 23. The Vrokastro sherd does not have the solidly painted lower body seen in most kotyles, decorated in the Corinthian LG or Protocorinthian fashion; Mook 1993:231. A few kotyles are not painted, however: Brock 1957:166, pl. 74:944. Inclusions: Fine occasional dark grits. Munsells: 10YR 7/4; paint: 10YR 2/1. Labeled: I 13.

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Bibliography: Hall 1914: similar cups possibly recovered from BE 12: room 2, 7 sherds from cups decorated with horizontal bands, compared to Kourtes; Taramelli 1901: pl. 9:17. 190 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 45; Pl. 29 MPD 10.9 cm. Shape and treatment: One body sherd, possibly preserving portion of upper body or shoulder of closed shape, jar or pithos. Slightly concave/convex profile. The upper part of the sherd is decorated with two narrow bands with inner row of dots. Below, stacked volutes. Clay: worn, coarse, tan in color. Date: EO/O. Commentary: Brock 1957: volutes, motifs 16ai, 16aj, 16ak, etc., pp. 183, 184; these are EO–O. This Vrokastro example is more schematic, geometric than his curvilinear, outlined examples. Inclusions: Large inclusions, dark brown (MC– CW). Labeled: I 13. 191 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 46; Pl. 30 MPD 9.7 cm. Shape and treatment: Chipped ledge rim of large jar with outturned rim, triangular in section. Below on exterior, three short vertical lines with attached diagonal. Lower right diagonal may end in a small curl. Below this a row of tangential, compass-drawn circles of two concentric bands with central dot. These circles are located between two thick bands. Panel below consists of narrow crosshatched triangles. Date: LG–O. Commentary: Running spiral seen in Theran pottery, Coldstream 1968: pl. 40c-e; Brock 1957:176, motif 9ah, LG–EO; hatched triangle 4l, 171, mainly LPG. Inclusions: Much gold mica, granodiorite. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 6/8; paint: slip: 7.5YR 7/6. Labeled: V[?]. 192 Sherd MS 4793.5 Fig. 46; Pl. 30 MPD 9.5; th. 1.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd of large krater. Monochrome black-painted interior, exterior has a chain of small, tangential, compass-drawn concentric circles with four thick horizontal black bands below. Thickly slipped in light gray; shiny interior black paint. Clay: the surface is smoothed, and on the interior the burnish is over the paint. The vessel appears reduced or burned, with rather pinkish gray core, gray greenish surface. This fabric is not local, and could be Theran. Date: LG–EO. Commentary: For motif, Brock 1957:176, motif 9ah, LG/EO. Brock’s circles do not have central dot. Inclusions: Much small white, tiny gold mica, subangular gray; MC. Pitted with tiny holes.

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Reports on the Vrokastro Area

Munsells: Clay surface: 2.5Y 6/8; clay core: 5YR 5/6–5/3; paint (ext.): 10YR 4/1–3/1, (int.): 10YR 3/2; slip: 10YR 7/2. 193 Sherd MS 4793.15 Fig. 46; Pl. 30 MPD 12.6; est diam. rim 20 cm. Shape and treatment: One sherd preserving portion of rim and upper body of thin-walled krater. Erect tall rim that is everted at tip, with a small ridge below on exterior. Interior painted monochrome with reserved band, or more probably white overpaint, on interior rim. Exterior decoration consists of four thin bands on rim, with panel of small, compass-drawn, concentric double circles below. Three thin horizontal bands preserved below this panel. Paint: faded red-brown. Clay: fairly hard fired, yellow surface; trace of good burnish on exterior. Date: LG–EO. Commentary: Most examples decorated with small two-ring concentric circles in Brock 1957 are EO, p. 176. See also Coldstream 1972:90, no. 49:LG. For similar krater rim, ibid., fig. 14:F11, p. 85; the thickening of the outer circle does not occur before LG, continues into EO. See also Coldstream 1968:252 for date of this motif. For reserved rim on interior, Mook 1993: fig. 153:P5.2, LG. Inclusions: Small to large chalky white; tiny gold mica and small lumpy gray (FW–MC). Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/6 with pinker tone; core: 5YR 6/4; slip: 7.5YR 7/6; paint: 5YR 3/3 at darkest to 5YR 5/4. 194 Sherd MS 4793.24 Fig. 46; Pl. 30 MPD 4.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Body sherd of cup or small skyphos preserving portion of upper body. On exterior a small rib exists at the base of a flaring rim. Profile is concave/convex. Interior and exterior monochrome painted with a thin horizontal line of white overpaint at rim base on exterior. Below, a small, compass-drawn circle of three bands in white. Clay: hard surface, reddish yellow. Paint: red/orange on interior; flaked brick-red to brown exterior. Date: LG–EO. Commentary: Brock 1957:175, motif 9j, double circles, LG–O, on many shapes, including skyphos, P2 9 (iv), pl. 58:874. The low rib occurs below the rim of Orientalizing cups; Coldstream and Sackett 1978: fig.-1:17. A close parallel for shape occurs in Coldstream 1972: fig. 8:F20, LG and Coldstream and Catling et al., 1996: fig. 70:26, LG. Inclusions: Unusually small, white chalky. Munsells: Clay: 10R 5/6; paint interior: 10R 5/6; exterior: 2.5YR 4/6; white: 7.5YR 8/3. Bibliography: Possibly published by Hall 1914: fig.-51a, p. 95 (from the town).

195 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 46 MPD 5.7; est diam. rim 10 cm. Shape and treatment: Rim and portion of cup with everted, pointed rim over round shoulder. Monochrome painted interior; on exterior, thin horizontal band of white overpaint at base of rim, and pendent from a third band at handle level is part of compass-drawn semicircle with two rings and central circle. Paint: faded black. Clay: buff surface, gray core, and overfired. Date: LG–EO. Commentary: Fairly close to LG cup profile in Mook 1993: fig. 155:P7.10 and fig. 107:P2.157, NW2, Level 8, SPG–O. Inclusions: Small white and yellow. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 8/4. Labeled: I 15. 196 Sherd MS 4793.13 Fig. 46; Pl. 30 MPD 8.7 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from neck of probable lekythos; irregular rim and bumpy surface may indicate movement to spout. The rim is outturned and has a horizontal rib below. There is an exterior and interior rim band of black paint. Below the exterior band is a framed, long-necked bird, with a banded wing raised, a banded neck, and a solidly painted body. Clay: hard fired, pale yellow-gray slip. Exterior burnished, interior smoothed. Date: LG–EO. Commentary: The bird motifs in Brock 1957:121, are not close. Tomb P, motif 17o, no. 1402(i), pl. 87i, p. 184: labeled EO, others labeled LG with reserved line around body. Birds with raised wings are MG or later: Coldstream 1968:224. Birds with outlines heads, dot for eye and crosshatched within outlined bodies occur at Knossos; Coldstream and Catling et al. 1996: fig. 72:79, LG; another example in white on dark occurs on a lid, with a similar body shape to the Vrokastro bird and a raised wing, fig. 95:134, LG; parallel lines fill the body and wing of a bird, this from Tomb 126: fig. 117:1, LG. Inclusions: Small subangular gray-black and redbrown; very few pebble-sized blown chalky; tiny silver, gold mica; FW. Possibly not local. Munsells: Clay core: 7.5YR 7/4; paint: 10YR 4/ 1–3/1; slip: 10YR 8/3–7/3; FW. Labeled: I 22. 197 Lid Herakleion 6667 Fig. 46; Pl. 30 H 3.7; diam. 17.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Pithos lid with plastic wavy line around edge; chipped knob has the same crenellated treatment at edge. Trace of burning around edge. Clay: pinkish gray to a light reddish brown. Date: G. Commentary: Most of the lids with knobs and mold-

Pottery Catalogue

ings in Brock 1957:163, are G. Inclusions: Angular to subangular pink phyllite to 5-mm. Gray to white hard to 4 mm. (CW). Munsells: Clay: 5YR 6/2–6/3. 198 Lid Herakleion 6999 Fig. 46; Pl. 30 H 4; diam. 11.1 cm. Shape and treatment: Ribbed lid (12 ribs), possibly from small pyxis, radiating from knob handle to rim, which is slightly offset. Hole in knob extends through to interior. Clay: red, friable, similar to kalathos with cup on rim, cat. no. 64. Date: G(?). Commentary: Seiradaki 1960:27, fig. 19:1, but ribs (rope decoration) here are concentric. Most of the lids with knobs and moldings in Brock 1957:163, are-G. Inclusions: Calcareous; much small mica (gold and silver); occasional very dark micaceous stones (schists?); occasional hard gray; quartz/feldspar; CW. Munsells: Surface: 5YR 6/3. 199 Lid Herakleion 6674 Fig. 47; Pl. 30 H 6; diam. 31.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Large lid with central knob, which is painted black, with the top reserved. Four arcs painted on lid top, touching rim edge. Solid band of paint on rim edge. Date: LG(?). Commentary: Fabric suggests that this is Early Iron Age, probably G, rather than Minoan, as Hall suggested (p. 103). Phyllite(?) fired this color is common in early Greek fabrics, with abundant OrientalizingArchaic parallels from the Meseleroi Valley (see vol. 2, settlement history of the Orientalizing-Hellenistic periods, and pottery catalogue, vol. 3). Inclusions: Large oval to angular gray-black; limestone, possibly granodiorite; CW. Munsells: Clay: 5YR 7/6–6/4; slip: 7.5YR 7/3. Labeled: Kastron. Bibliography: Hall 1914:103, fig. 57c, upper settlement. She describes lid as Minoan. 200 Alabastron Herakleion Fig. 47; Pl. 30 MPH 3.5 cm. Shape and treatment: Shoulder of alabastron with base of handle preserved. Ovoid to globular body. Shoulder motif of linked volutes enclosing central dot. Three thin bands below enclosed by two thicker, and below that, three bands preserved. Paint: brown-black. Clay: light brown; fairly well levigated, no inclusions visible; a few pits suggest limestone. Date: EO. Commentary: The shape is closest to a vase type called Creto-Cypriote, but most have a ridge at midneck where the handle is attached. Hall’s example does not, but is

73

very similar to this LG–EO shape: Brock 1957:158–159, Tomb TFT, pl. 45:694; Tomb P2, pl. 59:861; Tomb II, pl. 71:1048. For motif also Coldstream 1973b: pl. 15:3. Munsells: Surface: 10YR 7/3–6/3. Location: BE 4: room 3. Bibliography: Hall 1914:160, 161, fig. 97a, illustrated with cylindrical neck preserved, handle attached at midneck. She suggests smaller vases, such as this one, may have been used to close or cap the larger jars. 201 Aryballos or small lekythos Herakleion Fig. 47; Pl. 31 MPH 11; diam. 6.6 cm. Shape and treatment: Burned aryballos or lekythos (shape identified by L. Day, pers. comm.), broken into 9 pieces. Handle missing and foot restored. Handle stub is thin oval in section. Three thin concentric bands on rim interior; exterior neck painted solid black with thin horizontal band at base of neck and concentric circles in four bands on belly. Two groups of thin horizontal bands below, five bands upper, four lower, with the thicker bands on the outside. One thin band preserved above foot. Date: LG–EO. Inclusions: Limestone, well levigated; local clay. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 7/4. Location: Possibly BE 4. Bibliography: Similar to Hall 1914:160, fig. 97b. 202 Aryballos Herakleion Fig. 47; Pl. 31 H 7.6; diam. belly 6.5; diam. base 2.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Aryballos with broken strap handle. Slightly undercut base, round body, handle from shoulder to spreading, simple, round rim. Decoration consists of broad band at base, nine bands above, two thickest at belly. The shoulder has a small compass-drawn circle with central cross and a hatched triangle under spout, framed by two lines. Date: LG. Commentary: For cross in circle, see Mook 1993: fig.-118:P2.231. Also on Eteocretan LG lid, fig. 174: P11.89. Thin bands are also LG, Mook 1993:214. Brock 1957:171, motif 4l or 4m, hatched triangle, PG–MG, on oinochoe and aryballoi primarily LG. Inclusions: Soft white. Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/3. 203 Aryballos Herakleion Fig. 47 H 8.9; to handle 9.1; diam. belly 7.4 cm. Shape and treatment: Burned aryballos broken into two pieces after mending; many nonjoining fragments. Handle from belly to rim is oval in section. Round body, flat base. Black paint on handle and on exterior, neck to shoulder, and on interior neck. Crosshatched triangle on shoulder; three thin horizontal bands below, bottom of vase painted monochrome black.

74

Reports on the Vrokastro Area

Date: LG–EO. Commentary: For motif and shape, Brock 1957:158, pl. 96:1528, Tomb P; LG–O. Inclusions: Blown white, very large for size of vase; MC. Munsells: Clay: 10YR 6/4; paint: 10YR 2/1. Labeled: BE 4. Bibliography: Close to Hall 1914:160: fig. 97c. 204 Sherd Herakleion Fig. 47; Pl. 31 Diam. belly 6.3 cm. Shape and treatment: Sherd from aryballos preserves part of shoulder to belly. Ring of paint around base of neck and parts of four concentric double circles preserved on shoulder, with six horizontal thin bands below. Very thin-walled. Date: LG–EO. Commentary: Many examples of these small vessels were found, especially in BE 4, Hall 1914:160. For shape, Brock 1957:68–69, Tomb F, pl. 49:734, 738, 750; LG– EO. Bibliography: Hall 1914, similar example from CT 2, p. 118, fig. 68a. 205 Aryballos Herakleion Fig. 47; Pl. 31 H to top of handle 9.3; max. diam. 7.8 cm. Shape and treatment: Small broken aryballos mended from many pieces; bottom third missing. Vertical handle from belly to rim round in section. Handle painted black and two bands on rim top. Neck painted black; two small concentric circles preserved on shoulder of two bands. Slipped and burnished on slip. Two groups of four bands below, and five bands at base. Date: LG–EO. Inclusions: Small blown white, probably limestone. Munsells: Surface: 7.5YR 7/6; paint: 10YR 3/1. 206 Tripod Herakleion Fig. 48; Pl. 31 H 34; vertical leg width 6; diam. top 32 cm. Shape and treatment: This is a large fine-ware tripod at least one-half restored in plaster. The legs and struts are made of strips of clay, rectangular in section. The tripod upper surface or disk is framed by a clay border that extends down 4 cm.from the upper surface. What therefore appears to be a solid disk of clay forming the upper surface has a hollow underside, thus reducing the weight on the legs. One horizontal strut or bar extends at mid-leg around the tripod, with two struts above and below extending at a diagonal to this hori-

zontal bar. Three small holes are preserved on one vertical strut below the horizontal bar; these may have been placed less to protect the strut in firing than for hanging decoration (Hall interpreted them as mend holes; they look as if they were pierced before firing, however). The rosette decoration illustrated by Hall on the tripod top (fig. 105) is no longer visible, but the legs are solidly painted in gray-black paint, the top is painted underneath and along the edges of the disk. Clay: very soft for such a large object. Date: LG–O(?). Commentary: Construction of vases with flat slabs of clay is seen in G openwork vases. Location: Found in relationship to a well-built, oneroom structure Hall associated with the bone enclosures; this building may have been a shrine. It was not relocated through intensive survey of the area, and may have been west and north of a sheepfold (Map 2) that is located south of the peak of Vrokastro (see vol. 2, settlement history of the LM IIIC–Geometric periods and vol. 3, figs. 7, 53). Inclusions: Large subangular gray (probably phyllite), like pithos fabric; CW. Munsells: Surface: 10YR 7/3. Bibliography: Hall 1914:170–171, no. 1; fig. 105. 207 Neck-handled Herakleion 7664 Fig. 48; Pl. 31 amphora H (restored) 63; diam. rim 13.2; diam. base 14 cm. Shape and treatment: Large late ovoid and elongated Panathenaic(?) amphora with long strap handles from shoulder to neck. Base broken off and mended. Simple, round mouth, ledge rim. Vase is placed on a tall, hollow, conical foot with two plastic ribs, foot thrown separately and attached. Monochrome(?) blackpainted exterior. Clay: very hard fired. Date: 2nd c. B.C.(?). Commentary: Rim is close to the 2nd c. Panathenaic amphora rim; see Edwards 1957: pl. 83:19, 35, although this raised foot, separately thrown, is not paralleled in the few examples Edwards illustrates. This vase is obviously not contemporary with the settlement on the summit, and its condition suggests that it was recovered from a Hellenistic tomb near the site. It is labeled in pencil by Hall. Inclusions: Small brown(?). Munsells: Clay: 7.5YR 7/6–6/6; paint: 7.5YR N2. Labeled: “Vrokastro” in pencil on exterior.

Tables

Table 1. Vrokastro Pottery Concordance

Cat no.

Location Cat. no.

Object

Date

Findspot/Label

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

H 26406 H H H H 6691 H H H H H H MS 4255 H H 6670 H 6672 H H 6671 H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Small jug Sherd jar Sherd jar? Sherd jar Pitcher Sherd jar Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherd cup Sherds Sherd rhyton? Sherd cup Minature jug Sherd cup Sherd bowl/cup Sherd cup Sherd bowl Sherd bowl Sherds bowl Sherd bowl Sherd cup Sherd kylix?

MM IA–II EM III?–MM II MM IIA–III? MM IIB–IIIA MM II–III MM II MM II MM II–IIIA MM II–IIIA MM II–IIIA MM II–IIIA MM IIB–IIIA MM II–IIIA MM IIB–IIIA MM IIA–IIIA MM II–IIIA MM IIB–IIIA MM II–III MM III? LM I or IB? LM IIIA/B LM IIIB(l)–IIIC LM IIIB(l)–IIIC LM IIIB(l)–IIIC LM IIIC (e–m?) LM IIIC(e) LM IIIC(e) LM IIIC LM IIIC(e?) LM IIIC(e?)

KK: Vrokastro? I 15: US? I3: US? I2: US? lower level, 27: US? lowest level II 1:US? lowest level II 1: US? II 4: US?

II 1 V1 41,42: US? 42: US? 40: US? I 15: US? I20: US? II 1: US? (Continued)

Table 1 (continued)

Cat no.

Location Cat. no.

Object

Date

Findspot/Label

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H MS 4888 H H H H H H H MS 4796 H H H 6660 H MS 4913 H MS 6022 H H 6645 H H H 6717 MS 4908A MS 4908B H MS 4909 MS 4901 H H MS 4902A MS 4902B

Sherd kylix Sherd bowl Sherd bowl Sherd jar? Sherd krater? Sherd open Sherd krater? Sherd open Sherd krater Sherd closed Sherd closed Sherd strp? Sherd strp jar Sherd kylix? Sherd open Sherd jar? Sherd krater? Sherd jar Sherd bowl Sherd krater? Sherd jar Sherd bowl Kylix Sherd jar? Sherd closed Sherd bowl/jar Sherd strp jar Strp jar Strp jar Strp jar Strp jar Strp jar Strp jar Kalathos Kalathos Kalathos/basin Sherd krater Sherd krater Sherd kalathos Amphora Jar Jar/pyxis Krater Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Jar Sherd krater? Krater/skyphos Krater/skyphos Krater/skyphos

LM IIIC(e) LM IIIC(e–m) LM IIIC LM IIIC(e) LM IIIC(e–m?) LM IIIC(e–m?) LM IIIC(m?) LM IIIC (m–l?) LM IIIC(m–l) LM IIIC(m?) LM IIIC(e?) LM IIIC(e?) LM IIIC(e?) LM IIIC(e?) LM IIIC? LM IIIC? (e–m?) LM IIIC(m–l?) LM IIIC(m–l?) LM IIIC(m–l?) LM IIIC(l)–SM LM IIIC(l) LM IIIC(l)–SM LM IIIC(l) LM IIIC(l)–PG LM III–G LM IIIC(l)–MG? LM IIIC(l)–SM LM IIIC(l)–SM LM IIIC(l)–SM LM IIIC(l)–SM SM/EPG SM/EPG SM/EPG LM IIIC(l)–SM LM IIIC(l)–EPG SM/EPG LM IIIC(l) LM IIIC(l)–SM EPG–PG? EPG–MPG EPG–MPG EPG?/PG EPG/PG EPG/PG EPG/PG EPG/PG EPG/PG SM/EPG SM EPG/PG EPG/PG EPG/PG

I 15: US? II A II, I H: US? II 10: US? I 18: US? 29: US? 29: US? II 2: US? II: US? I, 1: US? 29: US? 32D: US? I 15: US? V 12 22: US? V CT 5 41 II, 1  [?]  CT 5 Ko1CT 5 CT 5 CT 7 (Tholos 1) CT 6?K I CT 7Kopranes 3 Room 24, US CT 6 CT 1 21 : US?

CT 1? CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1? CT 1 CT 1

Table 1 (continued)

Cat no.

Location Cat. no.

Object

Date

Findspot/Label

83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134

H H H H H H H MS 4798A MS 4798B MS 4798C H MS 4795 H MS 4899 H 6726 H MS 4797A MS 4797B MS 4907 H H 6715 H H H H H H H H H 6728 H 6723 H H 6664 H H H H 6718 H MS 4905 MS 4904 MS 6003 H MS 4581 H 6722 MS 4794 H 6725 MS 4915 H H H MS 4793.1  3 H

Skyphos Skyphos Pitcher Pitcher Jug Pyxis/jar Amphoriskos/pyxis Cup/skyphos Skyphos Skyphos Skyphos Bowl/lid Cup Askos Askos Askos Flask Flask Flask Flask Flask Krater Pyxis/jar Pyxis/jar Hydria Sherd closed Sherd bowl Pyxis Oinochoe Pitcher Stemmed bowl Flask Bowl Sherd cup Hydria Hydria Krater Jar Amphora Amphora Amphora Amphora Lamp Tripod kernos Oinochoe Kalathos Oinochoe Sherd krater? Sherd krater Sherd krater? Sherd krater Sherd jar

EPG/PG EPG/PG SM/EPG? EPG? EPG? SM/EPG? SM/EPG EPG/PG EPG/PG EPG–MPG EPG PG? EPG? SM SM LM IIIC(l)–SM SM/PG SM/PG SM/PG SM/PG SM/PG SM/EPG? PG–LPG? PG–LPG? EPG–LPG EPG–PGB? LPG–SPG PG–LPG–PGB EPG? PGB–EG PG–LPG LPG PG–MG? PG–LPG or PGB LPG–EG LPG–EG LPG–EG PG–LPG–PGB PGB–EG PGB–EG PGB–EG PG–LPG LM IIIC–PG LPG–PGB–EG? LPG–EG LPG–PGB PGB–EG? LPG LPG–EG? LPG LPG–PGB LPG–PGB?

CT 1? CT 1 CT 4 CT 6 (Kopranes II) CT 7 (Kopranes III) CT 3? CT 4 CT 5 CT 5 CT 5 CT 1 or 3? CT 4 CT 3? CT 2 or 6 CT 6 CT 5 CT 3 CT 1  (Kopranes?) CT 1? burial N slope VK CT 1 CT 1

gMY2 MY2 BE 6: room 2 CT 1 US V: US? LS BE 12: room 1 BE 12: room 1 BE 12 CT 1 CT 4 CT 3 BE 6 CT 1 G I, I 19: US? I 15[?]: US?

(Continued)

Table 1 (continued)

Cat no.

Location Cat. no.

Object

Date

135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186

H MS 4793.11 MS 4793.6 MS 4793.7 MS 4793.2 MS 4793.4 MS 6023 H H MS 4793.22 H 6668 H H H MS 4793.10 MS 4793.12 MS 4793.14 MS 4793.17 H MS 4895 H 6647 MS 4903 MS 4793.18 MS 4793.20 H 6716 MS 6004 H 6724 H H 6665 H 6715 H 6719 H H H H MS 4898 MS 4793.23 MS 4897 H MS 4793.19 MS 4793.21 MS 4793.16 MS 4793.9 MS 4793.8 H H H H 6650 H H MS 4896C MS 4896A,B,D

Sherd krater Sherd closed? Sherd jar? Sherd krater/jar Sherd krater Sherd krater/amphora Sherd krater Sherd bowl? Pyxis? Sherd open Flask Flask Hydria Sherd skyphos Sherd jar Sherd jar Sherd skyphos Sherd skyphos Sherd flask? Bowl Skyphos Skyphos Sherd skyphos Sherd kantharos Stemmed krater Amphora Jar Kalathos/basin Jar Amphora Amphora Skyphos Skyphos Sherd skyphos Sherd skyphos Sherd skyphos Sherd skyphos Sherd skyphos Cup Sherd krater Sherd open Sherd skyphos/cup Sherd krater Sherd amphora? Sherd jar? Sherd jar? Sherd krater Tray Tray/basin Pyxis? Tray Sherds tray

PGB PGB LPG–EG or Or? PGB LPG–PGB LPG–MG LPG–PGB LPG LPG–G? LPG/PGB–EG LPG–G? LPG–G PGB–EG PG–LG EG–MG EG EG–MG EG–MG MG? EG–MG EG–MG MG–LG MG–LG LG IA MG II LPG–MG MG–LG PG? or MG–LG? MG–LG I MG–LG LG LG PG–MG/LG? MG–LG MG–LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG? LG MG–LG PG–LG LG? LG I MG–LG MG–LG LG–EO LG–O LG–O

Findspot/Label

30: US? I 13: US? II 3: US? V 38: US? CT 5 BE 12: room 4 I 13: US? I 13: US? I 11: US I 1: US? US: room 13 Settlement? II 12: US? Karakovilia shrine BE 5 I 3: US? US: room 9 (9) LS: room 56? BE 3 LS CT 4 (A I) I 15: US? LS LS

II 4: US? I 15: US? US: room 20 I B: US? I 11  14: US?

Table 1 (continued)

Cat no.

Location Cat. no.

Object

Date

Findspot/Label

187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207

H 6648 MS 4914 H H H MS 4793.5 MS 4793.15 MS 4793.24 H MS 4793.13 H 6667 H 6999 H 6674 H H H H H H H H 7664

Cup Jar Sherd cup Sherd jar? Sherd jar Sherd krater Sherd krater Sherd skyphos Sherd cup Sherd lekythos? Lid Lid Lid Alabastron Aryballos Aryballos Aryballos Sherd aryballos Sherd aryballos Tripod Amphora

O–LO LG–EO EO? EO/O LG/O LG–EO LG–EO LG–EO LG–EO LG–EO G G? LG? EO LG–EO LG LG–EO LG–EO LG–EO LG–Or 2nd c. B.C.?

US: room 12 (X47)

--or earlier --or later BE--bone enclosure CT--corbel-vaulted chamber tomb (E or e)--early H--Herakleion Museum (L or l)--late LSlower settlement, Vrokastro

I 13: US? I 13: US? V[?] Settlement? I 15: US I 22: US? Kastron (US) BE 4: room 3 BE 4?

“Vrokastro” in pencil on base of vase

(M or m)middle MSMediterranean section, University of Pennsylvania Museum SMSubminoan SPGSubprotogeometric strpstirrup jar USupper settlement, Vrokastro

Table 2. Vrokastro Vases and Sherds Not Catalogued* Hall 1914:

91, fig. 48, pithoi from town 92, fig. 49, sherds from town 94, fig. 50a–i, sherds from town 95, fig. 51b–f, h–k, sherds from town 96, fig. 52, sherds from town 98, fig. 53, sherds from town 100, fig. 54, amphora, room 6 103, fig. 57d, lamp, town 107, fig. 61, krater, room 12 117, fig. 67, askos, room 36 143, fig. 84, amphora, CT 3 146, fig. 86a, c, kalathos and stirrup jar, CT 4 152, fig. 92, lower left stirrup jar, CT 6 pls. xxvi, xxx, xxxi: pyxis, room 22; CT 1 pyxis; CT 1 kalathoi

*not located in Herakleion Museum, or unavailable for

Table 3. Findspots of Vrokastro Vases and Sherds Cat. No.

Bone Enclosures

Cat. No.

Chamber Tombs

112 119 121 122 128 147 161 165 200 201

BE 6: room 2 BE 12: room 1 BE 12: room 1 BE 12 BE 6 BE 12: room 4 BE 5 BE 3 BE 4: room 3 BE 4?

65 86 87 61 63

CT 6 CT 6 CT 7 CT 7 CT 7

Cat. No.

Chamber Tombs

66 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 81 82 83 84 101 103 105 106 113 129 93 96 88 95 100 127 89 85 94 126 167 90 91 92 53 58 59 60 99 146 98 62

CT 1 CT 1? CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1? CT 1 CT 1 CT 1? CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 CT 1 or 3? CT 2 or 6 CT 3? CT 3? CT 3 CT 3 CT 4 CT 4 CT 4 CT 4 CT 4 CT 5 CT 5 CT 5 CT 5 CT 5 CT 5 CT 5 CT 5 CT 5 CT 6 CT 6?

Other burials 104 ment; Cat. No.

burial N slope VK Settlement (USUpper SettleLSLower Settlement)

64 115 117 155 163 164 166 170 172 182 187

Room 24, US US LS US: room 13 US: room 9 (9) LS: room 56? LS LS LS US: room 20 US: room 12

Cat. No.

Possibly from the Settlement

1

KK: Vrokastro?

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 22 25 26 29 30 31 33 34 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 46

I 15: US? I3: US? I2: US? lower level, 27 lowest level II 1: US? lowest level II 1: US? II 4: US? V1 41, 42: US? 42: US? 40: US? I20: US? II 1: US? I 15: US? II A– II, I H: US? II 10: US? I 18: US? 29: US? 29: US? II 2: US? II: US? I, 1: US? 29: US?

(Continued)

Table 3 (continued) 47

32D: US?

153

I 1: US?

Cat. No.

Possibly from the Settlement

Cat. No.

Possibly from the Settlement

48 49 51 52 55 67 116 130 131 139 140 141 144

I 15: US? V 12 22: US? V 41 21 : US? V: US? G I, I 19: US? I 15[?]: US? 30: US? I 13: US? II 3: US V 38

148 149 150

I 13: US? I 13: US? I 11: US

156 158 162 168 178 180 183 184 189 190 191 194 195 196 199 159

Settlement? II 12: US? I 3: US? I 15: US? II 4: US? I 15: US? I B: US? I 11  14: US? I 13: US? I 13: US? V[?] Settlement? I 15: US I 22: US? Kastron (probably US) Karakovilia shrine

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Map

Map 1. Isthmus of Hierapetra area, showing the location of the Early Iron Age settlements of Vrokastro, Kastro and Vronda, Kavousi, Katalimata, and Khalasmenos

Map 2. Vrokastro area, showing the settlement and tombs excavated by Edith Hall

Plan Plan 1.

Excavated upper settlement area, Vrokastro.

Plan 2.

Excavated lower settlement area, Vrokastro.

Figures

FIGURE 1

1

2

3

4

5 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 2

7 6

8

9

10

11

13 12 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 3

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15 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

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FIGURE 4

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18

17

19 20

22

21 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

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FIGURE 5

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26 25

28

27

30

29 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

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FIGURE 6

31 32

33

35

34

37 36

38

39 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

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FIGURE 7

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42

41

44

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48 49 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

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FIGURE 8

51

50

52

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54

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56 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 9

57

58 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 10

59 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profile of clay vase.

FIGURE 11

60 61

62 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

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FIGURE 12

64

63

65 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

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FIGURE 13

66

67

68

69 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 14

70 1:4

71 1:4 Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 15

72 1:4

73 1:4 Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 16

74

75

76

77 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 17

79

78

80 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

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FIGURE 18

81

82

83 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 19

84

85

86

87 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 20

88 89

90

91

93

92

94 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 21

96

95

97 98

99 1:4

100 1:4 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 22

101 1:4

102 1:4 Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 23

103 1:4

104 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

Profiles of clay vases.

Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

105

106

FIGURE 24

FIGURE 25

108

109

107

110 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 26

111

112

113

115

114 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 27

116

117

118

119 1:4 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 28

120 1:4

121 1:4 Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 29

122 1:4 Profile of clay vase.

FIGURE 30

124 1:4

123 1:4

125 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 31

126

127 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 32

128

130 129 1:4

132 131 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 33

134 133 1:4

135

136

137 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of sherds.

FIGURE 34

138

140

139

142 141 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of sherds.

FIGURE 35

144 143

146 145

148

147 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 36

150

149

152

151

153 154

155 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 37

156

157

158

159 1:4 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 38

160 1:4 Profile of clay vase.

FIGURE 39

161

162

163 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profile of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 40

164 1:4 Profile of clay vase.

FIGURE 41

167

168

165 1:4

166 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherd.

FIGURE 42

169

170 171

172

173

174

176 175 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 43

178 177

180

179

181

182 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vase and sherds.

FIGURE 44

183

184

185

186 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases.

FIGURE 45

189 187

188

190 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 46

191 192

194 193

195

196

198 1:4

197 1:4 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of sherds.

FIGURE 47

200 199 1:4

201

202

203

204 205 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Profiles of clay vases and sherds.

FIGURE 48

206 1:4

207 1:6 Profiles of clay vases.

Plates

PLATE 1

1

2

3

4

5 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 2

9

8

7 6

10

13

12

15

14

16

17 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 3

19

18

22 23

21

26 25

27

28

30 29 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 4

31 32

33 34

35 37

36

40

38

39

42

41 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 5

44

45 46

43

47

51

50

49

52

53 54

55

56 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 6

58

57

59 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

PLATE 7

60

62

61 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

PLATE 8

64

63

65

Au: The art that suppose to come at right side is missing. Pls. supply.

66 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 9

67

69

68

70 1:4

71 1:1 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 10

1:4

72

1:4

73

75

1:4

76

74 77 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 11

79

78

80

81

82 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 12

84

85

86

87

90 92 91 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 13

93 94

95

96

97

98 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 14

99 1:4

100 1:4

101 1:4

103 1:4 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

PLATE 15

104

105 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

PLATE 16

108

106

109

110 107 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 17

tl : 4 111

113

112

115

116

114 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 18

119 1:4

117

120 1:4

121 1:4

Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

PLATE 19

122 1:4

125

123 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

1:4

PLATE 20

126

127

128

131

132

129 1:4

Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

PLATE 21

133

134

136 135

137

138 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay sherds.

PLATE 22

140

139

141

142

144

143

145 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 23

147

146

151 150

149

153 154

152

155 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 24

156

157 158

159 1:4

Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 25

)

161 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

PLATE 26

163

164 1:4

Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

PLATE 27

167

168

165 1:4

169

171

170

172 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 28

174 173

175

176

177

178 179

182 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases.

180

PLATE 29

183 184

185

186 187

189

190

188 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 30

191 193 192

194 196 197

198 1:4

199 1:4

200 Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

PLATE 31

201

204

202

205

206 1:4

207 1:6

Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated

Clay vases and sherds.

Index

ac umbe nt tria ngle, 52, 59, 64 added white, 10, 14, 17, n . 147; 21, 22, 24, 50, 61, 65 , 72· see also white overpaint ghia Pelagia, 66 Aghio loanni . , 5, 60 ghio ikolao , 1 airhole , tirru p j ars, 8, 31, 34, 35, 36, 46 alabastro n, 13, 73 Am igth ali, 1, , 10 Am ni os, 27 amphora, 11 , 38, 65; belly-ha nd led , 12, 17, n . 151; 53, 63; neck-ha ndled , 10, 11 , 54, 64, 65; Pa na the naic, 74; houlde r-handled , 3 amphori ko , 8, 41, 44,65 Aphe ndi Ch ristos Valley, 15, n. 65; 16, n . 89 a rc motif, 29, 31, 32; concentric, 32; frin ged , 39, 40; 01id, 29 Archai period, 14 arc hitecture, Vro ka tro, 1-2 rgive, 63 aryballos, 11 , n . 162; 13, 60, 65, 6 , 73, 74 a ko ,3, 5, 7, 14, 46, n . 1, 13 the n , 65 Atsipade , 7 Attic, 50, 53, 54, 62; imports, 62, 63; tyle, 10, 12, 13, 1 , 53, 67, n. 185, 1 6 banquet a t to mb, 17, n . 131 basin , 37, 63, 69 BE 4, 73 BE 5, 56, 64

BE 6, 12, 49, 51 BE 12, 12, 52,53, 63, 71 bell cup, 6 bell skyp ho , 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, ns. 74, 0; 4 1, 42; ee also kypho bilingual, 63 bille t, 10, 30, 56 bi rd asko , 7, 11 , 12, 46; ee alsoasko bird moti f, 62, 72 bivalve hell motif, 31 blob decoratio n, 26, 27; see also dipped decoratio n bo ne e nc10 ure , 2, 11- 13; ee al 0 BE bo ne : burned , 8, 16, n . 107; 41; cattle, 11 Boyd , H arrie t, 1, 4 bowl, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 40, 42, 51, 69; carina ted , 51; deep, 2&-28; temmed , 51 building plan , Vro kastro e ttlement, 2 building techn ique , rokastro e ttle me nt,2 burial gifts , 4 burial jar, 65 burial location , 2 burnish, 14, 21,23, 24,25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40,42, 44, 51, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 66, 67, 6 , 69, 70, 71 , 72, 74 butterfl y motif, 9, 41, 56, 63; see also do uble axe motif butto n-hook pi ral motif, 27; see also piral cable motif, 13, 54 cauld ro n , 10, 17, n. 141; 39, 40, 49, 51 ce ntral Crete, 6, 9, 13, 49, 59, 61

Index

halic ,5 1 ha maizi, 6, 46; n . 13, 47 hania, 4, 5, n. 47; 46; P It ry imported from , 3] char oal, havga, roka tro, 3; burial , 3, 6, ] 0, 35; tirrup j ar from , 35 ch ckerboard motif, I] , 50, 52, 5 he rt as pottery te mper, 20 ch vro n motif, 6, 22, 23, 4 ,62,64,65,66,67,6 , 71 child burial , 3, 4 chronology, rokaslro, 2, 3, 13 cir Ie and dot motif, 57, 64 cir I ,compas drawn, 9, 10, 13,43,49,53,55,56,57 636 , 69, 71 , 72, 73

coarse ware , , 11 , 17, n . 109; 20, 21, 29, 32, 33, 37, 3 ,47,54,57,5 ,59, 7 1 mpas -drawn , 9, 10, II , 13 I n. 192' 43, 49, 53, 56' ee also ir Ie, ompas -drawn on e ntric circle, I I , n . 162; 13, n . 192; 47, 53, 57, 59, 70 ooking ve I , 5 orbel-vaull d hamber tomb , rokastro, 2, 6-12; 10, II , 15, n. 57; I , n . I 0; 19, n. 195; 45, 47, 49, 50,5 1; 2, 11 ,44; , 10-11 ,44,46, 47,50,52, 55; 4,,43, 44 ,54; 5,6,7,44,45,47; 6, 6, 7, 11 ,46,47: chronology of, 7; 7, 7 , n. 7; 43' P riod ofu e of tomb , 2 orinlhian , 62, 71 r ma tion ,al rokastro, 6, 15, n. 65; , n. 107; 12, ] , n . 172; 45; al Olou , 15- 16, n . 65; in jal ,45; P rc nLag of burial , 15, n. 65 cr e nl motif, 36, 39, 53 cro motif, 51,56 up , 9, n. 132; 12, n. 16 ; 25, 44, 70, 72; carinaled , 22; lindrical, 23, 24; dipp d , 7, 9, 17, n . 137; 44; footed or ste mm d , 6, 7, , 9,44, 45; e miglobular, 24, 25; traighl- ided , 22, 23, 24, 71 curl m tif on handl , . ee also ha ndl clade , conLa ts with , ] 2, I , n . 194; 63 prus, onLacts with , 17, n . 141; 19, n . 195; 27, 51 dedication , tomb, ] 0 deep bowl , 26, 27, 2 ; ee also bowl dipp d or blob dec ration , 7, 17, n. 137; 23, 27, 33, 42 , 43, 44,45 double axe motif, 9, 13, 32, 3 ,41, 4 , 63 do ubl I lriple vase ,8,54; ee also tripod vase dowel handle, 10, 17,39, 40; ee also ha ndl : pool, r el Drero ,37 drinking v el , 4

175

Epi ko pi , 27, 2 ,34 Eleocr Lan ryle, I , n. 191 ; 56, 66, 67 Eubo a, onLa ts Wilh , J 7, n. ] 4 ] ; I , n . ] 95; 63, 65 excavation , rokaso'o, 1,5, n . 59 fa l pOUl, tirrup jar, 34, 35 feathe n vav \var, 5, 15, n . 3 ; 25 fibula , 1 , n. 162 figurines, rokaslro 2, 37 fi sh motif 6, see also ki ' ing fi h motif fl a ks, 6, 10, 11 , n . 154 155;47,4,51,59,6 1; priol ,6,59; globular 6; le ntoid, 6, 47; manufactur , I I , 46, 47, 51 fl oral mOlif, 26, 30 Fortetsa, 5, 17, n . 120; 37 45,63 frin g d d oration 9, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37 39, 41 , 4 ,49 Fringed ryl ,29, 30 oulas, Kalo horio, 25 'granodiorite,' definition of, 5, 20 grape clusler motif, 30; ee also r k mo tif Hall , Edith H., 1, n. I ; 5, 6, 8, 11 , ] 3, 14 37,44,50,52, 54,55,60,65,73 handle: bask l, 69; curl of paint n, 3 ,43; dowel/ pool/re I, ] 0, ] 7, n . 14 ] ; 39, 40, 49; lug, 49, 53; refl x, 70; lirrup, 51, 62, 63; twi l d , 49, 55 handmade, , 22,47,54 Herakleion Mu e um 011 cti n, 5, 16 n. 7; 20,46 hi rarch , ocial,4 hor e motif, 69 h dria, 3 ,39, 49,52,55, 61 impo rts, 13; lti 13; clade , 13' axian , ] 3; Theran , 13, 7] in i d de oration, 14,29,34,37,45,46 inhumation , rokastr, 3, 10; P r e n Lage of burial , 15, n. 65 inhumatio n , children 3,4 ; ee also child burial iron,4,16, n . I04; I , n. 162;seealsofi bula I thmu of Hierap tra, 1,3,4 I tron , ] 3 j ar, I , n . ] 79; 4 ,49, 70, 71; bridge- pouted , 21, 22; n ck d , 41 , 53; pith id , 32, 33; traight- ided, 13, 44, 60, 64 j welry, 4 jug, 6, 43, 55; bridge- pUled , 20 kala tho , 7, ,37,3 ,52,55, 72; d open-work, , 9, 17, n . 120

p, ,37, 63;

176

Kamare tyle, 3' Early Kamare , 20, 22, 23, 24; la sical Kamare , 20, 21 22, 23, 24; Po t-Kamare , 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ka ngaroo bird motif, 1 , n . 184; see also bird motif kantharo , 25, 62 Karakovilia, 1,2, 10, ll , 13, 18, n. 1 0; 55 Karphi , 5, J 5, n .29,47; 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 42 45, 46 Ka tri , Palaikastro, 29, 30 K