A New Key to Wild Flowers 1851532854, 9781851532858
This is an original key for the naming of flowers, trees, grasses, sedges, rushes and ferns in the British Isles. No exp
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English Pages [288] Year 2004
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B ringing Environ ment al U n d e r s t a n d i n g To A l l
A new key to wild flowers By John Hayward Illustrated by Michael Hickey
4^ A IDGAP ^
Aids to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants
rs
This user-friendly, original key provides an easy route to the accurate naming of flowers, trees, grasses, sedges, rushes and ferns in the British Isles. No expert botanical knowledge is expected and with a little practice the key can quickly be mastered. This handy book is not a descriptive flora, but it is intended for students of all ages, and for all who like to know the names of flowers but who are discouraged by more sophisticated, wordy floras. The key has its origins in courses run by the author where a simple field key was required. Subsequent testing through the A ID G A P (Aids to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants) organisation further refined the key as a working tool for field and bench use. In this revised edition the plant names have been brought in line with those used in Stace's New Flora of the British Isles. The Field Studies Council administers the AIDG AP project which developed and tested this key. Publication was through formal co operation between AIDG AP and the Cambridge University Press. When the book went out of print in 2003 the Syndicate of the Press of the University of Cambridge kindly granted permission for this reprint.
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A new key to wild flowers By John Hayward Illustrated by Michael Hickey
Revised edition
Originally published by Cambridge University Press in 1995. This reprint is published with the permission of the Syndicate of the Press of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England. © Cambridge University Press 1987, 1995 First published 1987 Reprinted 1988, 1992, 1994 Revised Edition 1995
Reprinted by the Field Studies Council, 2004 Field Studies Council, Preston Montford, Shrewsbury, SY4 1HW
Bringing E nvironmental Unde rstand ing To A ll
ISBN-10:1 85153 285 4 ISBN-13: 978 1 85153 285 8 Occasional Publication 90
C ontents
v How to use the key 1 General notes 3 The parts of a plant 6 Terms used for describing leaves and fruits Glossary 8 Abbreviations 13 First key 14 Keys to families 17 Key to species 56 Simplified keys 251 Index to plant names 263 Index to families 277 P reface
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These keys were started when I used to run Field Centre Courses on Wild Flowers for amateurs. I wanted to introduce keys to those who were keen to name their finds but had never got beyond the stage of looking at illustrations (preferably coloured ones). The full keys of those days, Bentham and Hooker, and later 'C.T. & W.', were much too technical and long, and entirely unsuitable for carrying in the pocket. So I would introduce the Course by handing out to each stu dent a dozen different species of 'yellow-Dandelion-like-flowers' and a key (The Simplified one on page 260) in order to establish that once the method was understood and a few terms explained any of the very similar-looking flowers could be identified. The other Simplified Keys were produced at daily intervals. They were much in demand and even brought back by students returning the following year. . . and so, like Topsy, the book 'just growed'. I should like to acknowledge the patience and forbearance that I have received from the publishers, the willingness to draw and redraw that the artist, Michael Hickey, has shown, and the practical help that I have been given bythe AIDCAP Organization, particularly from Dr Anne Bebbington who has used, perused and tested the keys at Field Study Centres and made suggestions aimed at improving the convenience, accuracy and 'user friendliness' of the whole work. It must not be expected that keys set out like these, with a minimum of words and illustrations, will provide an answer on every occasion - plants are too variable. But it should be only very rarely that the correct name cannot be found. Read the pages'How to use the key carefully and then the ‘General notes' before beginning.
>_/
How TO USE THE KEY
The principle on which the key works is as follows: To identify a plant start at the top of the left-hand column and read downwards until the first true statement is reached (true that is of the plant in question); keeping opposite the frame in which this state ment appears move into the second column and read down the state ments there; if necessary repeat the process in the third column. The name required will then be found in the last column.
Example The steps in identifying a Primrose, were it necessary, would be as follows: Turn to the FIRST KEY on page 14. Under the heading FLOWERING PLANTS the first statement 'Plants w. woody stems' is not true; the next statement 'Aquatic plants' is not true either; nor is the next; and so on, until the statement 'FIs. w. distinct sepals & petals' is reached. This is true so move across to column 3. The first statement there 'petals joined to each other at least at base' is true because the five petal lobes all spring from a common tube. Turn now, as indicated in the last column, to PART N on page 47. Check the heading of this page and then work down column one as before. A quick glance at each statement in turn will show that the first true one is 'Lvs. radical only'. Move into column 2. A count of the stamens in one flower will show that there are five. Move into column 3. A count of the styles (one only) will give the family name PRIMULACEAE page 150. Check the information under the family name on this page and proceed as before. There are only two statements to be read in the first column and two in the second before reaching the name of the plant Primula vulgaris.
Of course if it was known that the plant being examined belonged to the PRIMULACEAE a start could have been made straight away by using the INDEX TO FAMILIES at the very end of the book and then turning to page 150.
Remember 1 The plant diagrams on pages 6 and 7, the glossary on pages 8-12, and the list of abbreviations on page 13 explain how botanical terms are used in this book. 2 The statements in each column must be read in strict order from the top. The key will not work otherwise. 3 Some large families have been split into sections. The key to sections must also be taken in order. 4 In cases of doubt it will not usually matter whether any state ment is regarded as true or not. The key will work whichever conclusion is made. Allowance has been made for normal variation in such things as colour, size, hairiness, etc. Some plants will therefore appear in two or even three different places in the name column. 5 If the family to which a plant belongs is known there is no need to work through the whole key. A start can be made on the appropriate family page by using the INDEX TO FAMILIES at the very end of the book. 6 The index (whether family, genus or English name) always indicates the page on which the appropriate key begins.
G eneral notes
Aggregate species Occasionally a plant in the key has the abbreviation (agg.) after the Latin name. This means that the name either covers an aggregate of two or more species, scarcely dis tinguishable from each other, or else includes a number of micro species grouped under one name. The following aggregate species in particular include a fairly large number of microspecies: Alchemilla vulgaris, Euphrasia officinalis, Hieracium murorum, Rubus fruticosus. Aquatic plants
Because many aquatics are so often found with out flowers a key has been included (PART G) to deal with water plants solely on a vegetative basis; though it may only be possible to identify a non-flowering aquatic to a genus and not to a species. Remember that variation in the depth or movement of the water may cause equal variation in the growth form of the plants.
Collecting for identification In order to identify a plant it is usually essential to examine several different parts. If identification can only be done at home it will be necessary to take a radical leaf, one or two stem leaves, a flower and a fruit (or perhaps a spray of flowers or fruit). This should be sufficient, and except for some tiny annuals it should never be necessary to uproot a plant in order to identify it. The 'Code of Conduct for the Conservation of Wild Plants' adopted by a number of conservation groups offers sound advice. Perhaps the most important is, 'It is illegal for anyone, without permission of the owner or occupier, to uproot any wild plant'. English names Many plants, especially those without showy flowers, have never acquired a common English name. On the other hand there are many widespread or well-loved plants which have all too many. In this book the name given to every plant is that recom mended by The Botanical Society of the British Isles in English Names of Wild Flowers by Dony, Perring and Rob.
Equipment A hand lens, between x4 and x10 magnification, will be a great help when using a few parts of the key. Also useful are a pair of forceps and a needle mounted in a handle. A rule will be found on the back cover. Using a hand lens
Hold the lens close to the eye and in a good light move the specimen towards the lens.
Hybrids In a number of genera cross-pollination between differ ent species occurs commonly or sporadically. If the hybrid offspring re-cross or back-cross with the parent generation then a widely vary ing assortment of plants may be found. It has not been possible to include very many of these hybrids in the key. The following genera are specially liable to hybridization and variation: Dactylorhiza Mentha Salix Epilobium Potamogeton Viola Festuca Rosa Latin names Every plant has a Latin name consisting of two words. The first (the genus) may be likened to a surname, and the sec ond (the species) to a descriptive or nickname. The names used in these keys are those used in Excursion Flora of the British Isles 1981 (which in turn follows the nomenclature of Flora Europaea. Measurements If the key does not state in which direction a flower or leaf is to be measured, then it is intended that the largest measurement should be taken. Non-flowering plants These fall into two categories: (1) Plants which do not flower but reproduce by spores (e.g. Ferns). For these see PART A page 17. (2) Plants whose flowers are temporarily absent. Among these many trees and aquatics are fully keyed out using vegetative characters only.
Rarities Great rarities and extremely local plants do not find a place on the keys. These omissions represent only a tiny fraction of our flora, and are seldom found by chance. Plants which only grow in Ireland are also omitted. A number of plants are marked with an asterisk (*). This means that the species is comparatively rare, or very limited in distribution, or is probably a garden escape. Simplified keys A few common groups of plants attract more than their fair share of neglect because they are thought to be difficult to identify. Special Simplified Keys on pages 251 to 262 have been pro vided for these groups to encourge the beginner to tackle them. They include common Ferns, Cow Parsleys, Dandelion-like flowers, Deadnettles and Docks. For further identification For more advanced work and comprehensiveness the following manuals are standard reference works: Flora of the British Isles Clapham, Tutin & Warburg, Cambridge University Press. Excursion Flora Clapham, Tutin & Warburg, Cambridge University Press. New Flora o f the British Isles by C liv e Stace, Cambridge University Press. For difficult groups with full keys and illustrations the following Handbooks are outstanding: Sedges B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 1 Umbellifers B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 2 Docks & Knotweeds B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 3 Willows & Poplars B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 4 Crucifers B.S.B.I. Handbook No. 6 Grasses C. E. Hubbard, Penguin.
6
The parts of a plant
Inflorescence
A flower in detail The petals collectively form the corolla. The sepals collectively form the calyx. Together they form the perianth. Where the parts of the perianth all resemble each other (i.e. they are not distinguishable as petals and sepals) they are called perianth segments, abbreviated in the key to per. seg.
O
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O
O
O
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Catkin Compound
Deciduous
a spike of tiny flowers. It may be erect or hanging divided into a number of leaflets. A compound leaf is distinguished from a stem with small leaves because here there are no axillary buds.
bare of leaves in the winter
Decurrent
running down the edge of a stalk
Dioecious
bearing male and female flowers (i.e. stamens & stigmas) on separate plants
Entire
without any teeth or indentations along the edge
Floret
one of the tiny flowers that make up the head of a daisy, thistle, grass, etc.
Free Gland Glaucous
not joined to each other, even at the base a tiny shiny globule, sometimes on the end of a hair; found on stems, leaves, sepals etc. bluish green
9
10 Inflorescence Internode
the whole arrangement of flowers on a plant, or sometimes (on trees) a spray of flowers the part of a stem between two nodes
ligule Ligule
part of a grass or sedge leaf
Mealy
covered with a fine, soft, whitish powder
Node
the point on astern at which a leaf arises, often marked by a ridge round the stem
Pappus
the tuft of hairs on thistle seeds etc., like a parachute
Pinnate
used of a leaf whose leaflets are arranged in opposite pairs
^0 ^ 0
*§0 once pinnate
O
O
O
O
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O
twice pinnate
>)
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()
o
o
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Radical Rhizome
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3
rising from the base of a stem an underground stem
Simple
used of a leaf etc. which has no leaflets or large indentations
Solitary
only one on each stem
Spike
an arrangement of flowers set close to the stem, either upright or drooping
Spore
minute reproductive body, one-celled, non-sexual, produced by ferns, horsetails, etc. (These groups do not produce seeds)
Stipule
a small leaflet at the base of a leaf stalk
Striate
used of a stem marked with lines but not grooves or ridges
Succulent Terminal Umbel
spike
thick and fleshy at the end of a stem rangement of stalks radiating like the spokes of an umbrella (See also an arran: _ page 125)
11
12 United Wing Zygomorphic
used of sepals or petals joined to each other even if only at their base a thin border to a seed or along the angle or a stem not radially symmetrical, e.g. flowers of Pea, Orchid, Deadnettle
winged stem
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O
O
(
zygomorphic
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Abbreviations agg. aggregate approx, approximately consid. considerably conspic. conspicuous fl.,fls. flower, flowers fr. fruit hd., hds. head, heads
inflor, inflorescence If. leaf Ifless, Iflet, Ify leafless, leaflet, leafy Ivs. leaves mt. mountain per. segs perianth segments
si. slightly sp'let spikelet succ. succulent usu. usually v. very w. with
w'out without N. North S. South E. East W. West * uncom mon or garden escape
13
14
Fi rst Key
For meaning of terms see pages 6 to 12. For abbreviations see page 13.
Part/page
Non-flowering plants which reproduce by spores (minute non-sexual bodies)
Club mosses
Flowering plants and conifers
herbs, shrubs, trees
Plants w. woody stems (trees, shrubs and undershrubs)
b
tree w. a trunk [a], in leaf
B/18
shrub, undershrub, or woody climber, [b, c], in leaf
C/21
tree or shrub [a, b, c] with fls. appearing before Ivs.
D/26
shrub
c undershrub
f
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fls. white or coloured usu. above water
E/27
fls. greenish or brownish
F/29
without flowers
G/31
Ivs. narrow or grass-like or stem-like, or absent; length more than 4 times width
)/)
Ivs. otherwise
H/35
1^37
15
16 Many white or coloured fls. or petals packed into one or more tight heads resembling a single flower, e.g. Daisy, Clover, Thistle
K/41
Flowers zygomorphic
L/43
FIs. w. sepals or petals but not both, or sepals may resemble petals
M/45
FIs. w. distinct sepals & petals
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thorny bush; fs. about 4 mm, greenish; petals4
fr. berry-like, green to black
RHAMNACEAE
102
If. teeth sharp, sometimes in 2 sizes
Ivs. lanceolate; inflor, dense, pink
ROSACEAE
110
fls. in drooping catkins
CORYLACEAE
138
plant up to 1 m high
ERICACEAE
146
BETULACEAE
138
fls. globular to bell-shaped; fr. a berry Ivs. broad, up to 15 mm If. buds w. onlyl scale
catkins ereen/yellow opening w. or after ivs.
SALICACEAE
140
If. buds w. sev. scales; twigs reddish
catkins reddish (usu. opening before Ivs.)
MYRICACEAE
137
fls. w. 4 sepals, no petals, 8 stamens
THYMELAEACEAE
120
corolla5-lobed; stamens 10
ERICACEAE
146
Fls. yellow zygomorphic, pea type
Ivs. small, narrowly lanceolate
FABACEAE
103
Buds hairy, w'out scales; f r. berry-like
f r. green to red to black
RHAMNACEAE
102
SALICACEAE
140
ROSACEAE
110
ERICACEAE
146
Lvs. dark, glossy, evergreen
shrub or small tree
Budsw. only one covering scale Lvs. w. stipules
fls. white/pink; stamens over 12
Fls. globular, pinkish
sepals & petals both present
moors & bogs, mostly in N.
25
>
26 EMPETRACEAE
149
MYRICACEAE
137
petals 4
ERICACEAE
146
petals 5
SOLANACEAE
158
Plants w. coloured fls., or berries
moorland plants
ERICACEAE
146
Plants w. greenish fls. or fr.
maritime plants
CHENOPODIACEAE
perianth 6-lobed, stamens 0 or 3
moor & mt. plants; fr. black
Lvs. aromatic; fls. in short catkins FIs. pink/purplew. protruding stamens
Part D
93
Trees and shrubs whose flowers appear before their leaves
Fls. white w. more than 12 stamens Usu. thorny shrubs; fls. greenish, about 5 mm in small clusters
stamens 0 or 4
Fls. in dangling catkins
some catkins woody, ovoid, erect
coastal
110
ELAEAGNACEAE
120
BETULACEAE
138
If. buds fat, blunt
large shrub
CORYLACEAE
138
If. buds pointed, often narrow, w. onlyl scale
tree
SALICACEAE
140
OLEACEAE
152
MYRICACEAE
137
Buds black, in pairs Fls. in erect catkins; shrub or small tree
ROSACEAE
aromatic shrub; catkins reddish; stamens 0 or 4
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catkins green or yellow
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If. buds w. only 1 outer scale
y
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SALICACEAE
140
ULMACEAE
137
ALISMATACEAE
195
HYDROCHARITACEAE
1%
sepals, petals & stamens 5
MENYANTHACEAE
154
sepals 4-6; petals & stamens over 12
NYMPHAEACEAE
Large tree
Part E
)i y )
Aquatic plants with aerial white or coloured flowers
Floating Ivs. round or oval, or elliptical, hardly iobed
fls.w. 3 petals
,vs-
elliptical
0y
floating plant w. round Ivs.
FIs. in umbels, which may be minute (only 5 mm across)
fls. w. 3 petals
Ivs. 3-angled; plant over 40 cm
BUTOMACEAE
1%
Ivs. w. fiat blade; plant up to 20 cm
ALISMATACEAE
195
APIACEAE
125
fls. lilac
PRIMULACEAE
150
fls. yellow, showy
LENTI BU LARI ACEAE
165
fls. small, in a spike
HALORACACEAE
122
HYDROCHARITACEAE
1%
fls. w. 5 petals Lvs. in whorls of 3 to 5
Ivs. v. finely divided
T
Ivs. small, in3's
72
27
>
28 fls. showy, purple
LYTHRACEAE
119
MENYANTHACEAE
154
FIs. yellow
LENTI BU LARI ACEAE
165
fls. blue/lilac
LOBELIACEAE
174
POLYCONACEAE
133
plant floating, not rooted
HYDROCHARITACEAE
1%
tiny creeping plant
ELATINACEAE
plant upright or floating & rooted
ALISMATACEAE
195
BRASSICACEAE
75
Lvs. w. 3 Iflets. FIs. zygomorphic
FIs. under5 mm, pink/green In a spike FIs. w. 3 petals
FIs. w. 4 sepals and 6 stamens FIs. w. 5 petals or 5 large yellow sepals
1
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87
stamens 4
tiny creeping plant
SCRO PH U LARI ACEAE
159
stamens 5
lvs. l in e a r ^ / in a rosette
CAMPANULACEAE
173
fls. white
APIACEAE
125
fls. lilac
PRIMULACEAE
150
fls. yellow; petals w. a fringe
MENYANTHACEAE
154
O
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I
)
)
>
>
>
>
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)
stamens more than 12
FIs. red/purplew. 6 petals
Part F
>
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fls. 4-6 cm across, yellow; Ivs. 10-30 cm, oval/rou nd
NYMPHAEACEAE
72
fls. white
RANUNCULACEAE
68
stamens 12
LYTHRACEAE
119
Aquatic plants with small greenish or brownish flowers either aerial or submerged
FIs. in flat cluster on grass-like stem
marine plants below high tide level
ZOSTERACEAE
198
Lvs. in whorls
spores produced in a brownish terminal cone
EQUISETACEAE
57
fls. floating on slender stalks
HYDROCHARITACEAE
196
whole plant submerged
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
72
Ivs. linear, 6-12 in a whorl [a]
HIPPURIDACEAE
123
Ivs. pinnate,4-5inawhorl [b]
HALORAGACEAE
122
spike projecting from side of stem
ARACEAE
216
spike upright, terminal
TYPHACEAE
218
fr. hardly stalked, in If. axils
ZAIMNICHELLIACEAE
202
RUPPIACEAE
201
'fr, FIs. tightly packed in a large cylindrical spike
Lvs. v. fine, all submerged or floating
fr. in simple umbel on a long stalk
in coastal ponds and ditches
29
30 fls. in short spike
FIs. in globular or starry heads
fls. w. 4 sepals; Ivs. w. stipules
POTAMOGETONACEAE
198
fls. in sedge-like spike
CYPERACEAE
219
S PARG AN IACEAE
218
POLYGONACEAE
133 217
Ivs. linear
Large dock-like plant All Ivs. submerged and/or floating
tiny surface plants; roots hanging or absent
floating fronds under 10 mm
LEMNACEAE
Ivs. lin ea r^/ in a basal tuft
4 sepals; 6 stamens
BRASSICACEAE
fls. in spikes on stalks
POTAMOGETONACEAE
198
fls. not stalked, axiHairy
CALLITRICHACEAE
123
Lf. veins branching
POLYGONACEAE
133
FIs. w. 6 sepals
JUNCACEAE
206
CYPERACEAE
219
grasses
POACEAE
230
sedges
CYPERACEAE
219
Stems hollow Ivs. linear
Ivs. w. saw-edge keel
/
Ivs. mostly flat; stem w. nodes
Other plants ^ w. linear leaves f
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75
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Part G
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Aquatic plants without flowers
Note: Towards the end of this part of the key are a number of plants (of different families) which cannot easily be keyed out on vegetative characters alone. It is worth searchinjg carefully for the flowers or fruit (often very inconspicuous) as the plants can then more easily be placeain their correct family by using Parts E or F of the key. Plant grass-like, below high-tide level
Ivs. linear
ZOSTERACEAE
198
Plants floating at surface, not rooted to the bottom
Ivs. lanceolaite, stiff, toothed, 15-50 cm
HYDROCHARITACEAE
1%
Ivs. rounded, about 3 cm across
HYDROCHARITACEAE
1%
Ivs. about 1mm, overlapping along branched stem
stem rises above surface
plant up to 12 mm across, usu. oval or lobed Plants w. broad Ivs. (ovate or round) which float on surface, but no aerial leaves
AZOLLACEAE
65
LEMNACEAE
217 154
Ivs. roundish, cordate, not lobed
Ivs. 3-10 cm across
MENYANTHACEAE
0
Ivs. 10-30cm across
NYMPHAEACEAE
72
If. outline round, 1-3 cm across, usu. lobed
finely divided submerged Ivs. sometimes present
RANUNCULACEAE
68
CALLITRICHACEAE
123
POLYGONACEAE
133
POTAMOGETONACEAE
198
Ivs. up to 3 cm, upperonesina rosette Ivs. w. only one long vein Ivs. w. stipules
floating Ivs. 5-15 cm long
31
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00
ALISMATACEAE
195
ALISMATACEAE
195
Ivs. w. 3 Iflets.
MENYANTHACEAE
154
Ivs. in whorls, finely pinnate [a]
HALORAGACEAE
122 125
If. base tapering or almost cordate Stems w. lobed or pinnate Ivs. rising above the surface
32
upper Ivs. w. 2 pointed lobes at base
Ivs. pinnate
Iflets toothed, pointed
APIACEAE
0
Iflets only bluntly indented
BRASSICACEAE
75
ALISMATACEAE
195
stem jointed, hollow
EQUISETACEAE
57
Ivs. flat, S linear ^
HIPPURIDACEAE
123
Stems rising above surface w. linear aeriallvs.
stem hollow w. nodes
POACEAE
230
/
Ivs. 3-angled
Ivs. all basal, X-section triangular
BUTOMACEAE
196
Ivs. with conspic. veins; X-section triangular
SPARGANIACEAE
218
Ivs. keeled to flat; fl. stem often triangular
CYPERACEAE
219
plant1-2.5mhigh
TYPHACEAE
218
a
Lvs. ovate w. entire margins, aerial Aerial Ivs. in whorls, narrow
Ivs. flat, opposite
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3
3
3
3
Stem rising above surface, Ifless Lvs. submerged, forked
3-
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3
3
3
inflor, a brown spike
pinnate or finely small bladders usu. present among some lvs.
a
3'
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CYPERACEAE
219
LENTI BU LARI ACEAE
165
lvs. in whorls, clearly pinnate
lvs. up to 4.5 cm long [a]
HALORACACEAE
122
# &
lvs. 5-10 cm long
PRIMULACEAE
150
APIACEAE
125
lvs. alternate pinnate w. narrow segments lvs. in whorls, forked, toothed, stiff
tip of plant often tassel-like
lvs. variously and finely divided Lvs. lanceolate, stiff, clearly toothed
CERATOPHYLLACEAE
72
RANUNCULACEAE
68
HYDROCHARITACEAE
196
Lvs. in whorls, all submerged
whorls of 6-12 linear I v s . ^ / '
HIPPURIDACEAE
123
'sJL?
whorls of 3 oblong lvs.
HYDROCHARITACEAE
1%
Small creeping mud plant
lvs. in pairs
term. lvs. in a rosette; no stipules
CALL ITRICH ACEAE
123
lvs. w. tiny (about 2 mm) stipules; uncommon
ELATINACEAE
sometimes forms a turf underwater
lvs. often Vi cylindrical
PLANTAGINACEAE
young lvs. w. coiled tip
creeping plant
MARSILEACEAE
Plants w. a small rooted tuft of linear lvs. 2-20 cm long See NOTE on page 31
87 172 65
33
>
34 cross veins clearly visible near If. base
inN .& W .
ISOETACEAE
57
Ivs. w. 2 interior tubes
in N. & W.
LOBELIACEAE
174
Ivs. cylindrical
in acid water of N. & W.
BRASSICACEAE
75
SPARC AN IACEAE
218
Lower Ivs. semi-cylindrical or 3-angled Lvs. linear, mostly floating See NOTE on page 31
inflor, globular, mostly sessile
SPARCANIACEAE
218
/
inflor, a small long-stalked spike
CYPERACEAE
219
Lvs. mostly submerged See NOTE on page 31
Ivs. well over 6 mm wide
POTAMOGETONACEAE
198
If. tip notched
CALLITRICH ACEAE
123
If. tip finely pointed
ZANNICHELLIACEAE
202
POTAMOGETONACEAE
198
Ivs. mostly opposite
lvs. usu.w. a stipule
Other plants w. fine or linear Ivs. /r
in brackish water
inflor, a tiny umbel
RUPPI ACEAE
201
in fresh water
inflor, a small spike
CYPERACEAE
219
POTAMOGETONACEAE
198
)
)
>
Part H
)
)
>
3
>
>
>
)
>
Land plants with small greenish or brownish flowers and narrow leaves typically more than 4 times as long as wide
Fresh stems w. sticky, milky juice
)
')
>
J/ j
EUPHORBIACEAE
131
stem Ifless; fls. in a spike
PLANTAG1NACEAE
172
Ivs. greyish/woolly on at least one side
ASTERACEAE
179
stamens 2-6
BRASSICACEAE
75
Lvs. in whorls round the stem
EQUISETACEAE
57
Plant w. onion smell
LILIACEAE
202
fls. w. stalks and 6 perianth segments
JUNCAGINACEAE
197
fls. notstalked; sepals 4
PLANTAG INACE AE
172
Lower Ivs. once or twice pinnate
*
Seaside plants w. succulent leaves
Inflor, in spikes; stamens 12 or more Lvs. greyish, downy, but not grasslike
Ivs. ail radical, linear S fls. in a spike
Ivs. various
CHENOPODIACEAE
93
petals variously lobed
RESEDACEAE
83
ASTERACEAE
179
35
36 Petals and/or sepals in 4's
Petals and/or sepals in 5's
Ivs. opposite
^
Ivs. all radical
} ^m-L
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Ivs. opp.
stigmas 3; Scottish mts.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
87
T
fr. enclosed by 2 bracts
CHENOPODIACEAE
93
Ivs. linear, 5-15 mm long ^
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
87
RANUNCULACEAE
68
creeping plant; 3 bracts below ea. fl.
in calcareous grassland
}
124
SANTALACEAE
plants of shingle or saltmarsh
CHENOPODIACEAE
fls. 1-3 in cluster w. narrow bracts beneath
APIACEAE
125
fl. spike dense, oblique; Ivs. stout, crinkled
ARACEAE
216
fls. in a long, narrow erect spike
JUNCACINACEAE
197
JUNCACEAE
206
fls. in clusters, or inflor, loose
1
stamens 3 or 6
Ivs. succulent, or stiff and up to 4 cm
maritime plants
CHENOPODIACEAE
Stem hollow, w. distinct nodes, ^ Ivs. linear ^
Ivs. w. a toothed keel
CYPERACEAE
O
)
)
)
172
PLANTACINACEAE
sepals & petals present
6 sepals per fl.
87
)
>
>
)
)
)
)
)
>
93
93 219
")
)
' )
O
)
)
)
)
)
)
Stem. usu. solid; nodes ^ not distinct; Ivs. linear ^
Part J
)
)
>
>
i
)
)
)
>
>
)
>
grasses; stamens and stigmas 1-3
stem cross-section round or elliptical
POACEAE
230
stamens & stigmas 2-3; sedges and similar
stem round or elliptical or triangular
CYPERACEAE
219
Plants with small greenish or minute flowers, and leaves that are not long and narrow (typically length less than 4 times width) URTICACEAE
136
ASTERACEAE
179
ROSACEAE
110
FABACEAE
103
calyx and fr. 3-lobed
POLYGONACEAE
133
Ivs. shiny; fr. a berry
DIOSCOREACEAE
210
spiral tendrils opposite Ivs.
CUCURBITACEAE
130
Ivs. opposite ^
CANNABACEAE
136
Ivs. in whorls of 4-6 ^
RUBIACEAE
174
fls. at base of club
ARACEAE
216
Stinging plant FI. hd. like a daisy w'out rays
Ivs. finely dissected
Lvs. 3-lobed, clover-like
fls. actinomorphic, 5 sepals and 5 or 0 tiny petals
on Northern hills only
fls. zygomorphic, of Pea type Climbing, twining, or scrambling plant
Club-like spike inside a leafy sheath
Ivs. alternate, heart-shaped or 3-lobed
37
>
38 Obvious milky juice in fresh stems Few or no Ivs. on fl. stem
Ivs. round, joined to stalk by centre
creeping plant of damp places
a
131
APIACEAE
125
CHENOPODIACEAE
succulent plant of tidal mud
C
EUPHORBIACEAE
93
fls. in 5's at top of stem, greenish [a]
terminal fl. w. 4 petals, others w. 5
ADOXACEAE
Ivs. once or twice pinnate
Ivs. twice pinnate; stamens v. prominent
RANUNCULACEAE
If. lobes broad, toothed
ROSACEAE
110
If. lobes linear
PLANTAGINACEAE
172
Ivs. palmate
ROSACEAE
110
Ivs. kidneyshaped
POLVGONACEAE
133
bog plant, usu. aquatic
POTAMOGETONACEAE
198
Ivs. all radical
PLANTAGINACEAE
172
Ivs. opposite ^
EUPHORBIACEAE
131 177
t
$
inflor, a long-stalked spike
FIs. in 5's at top of stem
Ivs. & Iflets usu. 3-lobed
ADOXACEAE
V. low creepi ng plant on m ud or damp walls or marshes
Ivs. lobed to pinnate
BRASSICACEAE
177 68
75
>
)
)
>
)
)
FIs. in umbels
>
)
)
>
>
)
y
)
>
y
y
CALLITRICHACEAE
123
Ivs. up to 6 mm across; calyx 4-lobed
URTICACEAE
136
Ivs. up to 2 cm; fls. in ones
SCROPHU LARI ACEAE
159
Ivs. mostly 2-5 cm, joined to stalk at centre
APIACEAE
125
Ivs. broad
ROSACEAE
110
APIACEAE
125
Ivs. opposite, linear to ovate
¥ /
Ivs. alternate, almost round
4 sepals or petals per fI.
)
0 o
5 sepals or petals per fl.
CHENOPODI ACEAE
Seaside plant, either shrubby or prickly
93
PRIMULACEAE
150
SCROPHULARIACEAE
159
3 sepals per fl.
EUPHORBIACEAE
131
sepals 3-toothed; stamens 4
LINACEAE
i 97
fr. enclosed by 2 bracts
CHENOPODIACEAE
93
Ivs. stalked, ovate; A seeds black, visible v
CHENOPODI ACEAE
93
calyx 6 or 12 toothed
LYTHRACEAE
Lf. bordered w. thin black line beneath
under 5 cm tall
Lvs. opposite
corolla w. 2 large and 3 small lobes
T
fls. purplish brown
119
39
>
40 Ivs. simple, margins entire
usu. in dry, open places
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
Ivs. rounded, w. shallow lobes
usu. in damp, shady places
SAXIFRAGACEAE
petals lobed, yellowish; Ivs. pinnate, wavy
RESEDACEAE
Fr. 3-sided
3 small and/or 3 large sepals
Docks, etc.
POLYGONACEAE
133
8-10 stamens per fl.
low creeping plant of damp shady places
Ivs. roundish w. shallow lobes
SAXIFRAGACEAE
117
Plant forming a low dense mat
Ivs. almost round, up to 6 mm
usu. on walls
URTICACEAE
136
Lvs. greyish, woolly or mealy on at least one surface
fls. in yellowish brown clusters
ASTERACEAE
179
AMARANTHACEAE
93
fls. in dusters or small spikes
CHENOPODIACEAE
93 75
lower Ivs. lobed to pinnate
BRASSICACEAE
Lvs. once to 3 times pinnate
inflor, a long-stalked knob
ROSACEAE
)
)
110
stamens more than 12, large
RANUNCULACEAE
68
2-6 stamens per fl.
BRASSICACEAE
75
Lvs. roundish, lobed and/or toothed
}
83
fl. spikes dense, mixed w. many bristles
Strongly smelling plants
inflor, looser
)
117
Inflor, a robust spike; stamens more than 10, showy
fls. greenish, in spikes
)
87
110
ROSACEAE
■ )
)
)
'
)
'
)
)
)
)
- )
>
)
)
; >
)
3
)
)
>
>
3
>
)
Lvs. lanceolate, margins entire; 1 style; 4 stamens
stem & perianth reddish
Other plants w. small greenish fls.
fls. usu. in small clusters
Part K
)
>
)
)
)
usu. on walls
)
)
>
URTICACEAE CHENOPODIACEAE
>
)
136 93
Flowers usually tiny, but packed together into a round or oblong head which may be quite showy, e.g. Thistle, Daisy, Clover, etc.
Climbing plant w'out green lvs.
stems usu. red
Plantw. onion smell Lvs. v. succ., 3-angled
onS.W. cliffs
Lvs. opposite
stems 4-angled; stamens 4; fr. of 4 nutlets
t
fl. hds. Daisy-like w. white or yellow rays
FI. hd. obviously like a Daisy, Dandelion, orTnistle
fls. often lilac; lvs. often scented
CONVOLVULACEAE
157
LILIACEAE
202
AIZOACEAE
93
LAMIACEAE
166
ASTERACEAE
179
lvs. w. 3 large Iflets.
usu. 50-120cm high; fls. pink/purple
ASTERACEAE
179
fls. dark purple w. large white bracts
moors in N.
CORNACEAE
124
petals bluish to lilac
4 stamens per fI.
DIPSACACEAE
178
2 stamens per fI.
VALERIANACEAE
177
lvs. spiny like Holly, in coastal sand
APIACEAE
125
each floret w. 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens
41
>
42 Ivs. not spiny; fl. head on a long stalk
CAMPANULACEAE
173
ASTERACEAE
179
FABACEAE
103
PLUMBAGINACEAE
149
ROSACEAE
110
FABACEAE
103
Ivs. large, rounded, toothed
ASTERACEAE
179
If. margins entire; stamens usu. 8
POLYGONACEAE
133
APIACEAE
125
ASTERACEAE
179
ROSACEAE
110
no sepals at base of each separate floret
/k °P
Each tiny fl. of the Pea type
Ivs. pinnate, or w. 3 Iflets ^
Each fl.w. 5 styles
fls. pink or purplish blue
Clovers, etc.
Inflor, maroon; each fl.w 4 sepals & 4 stamens Fls.white/pink
lvs.3-lobed, TU clover-like nr Ivs. simple; fl. hds. in a spike
fls. in an umbel; Ivs. lobed or compound fls. like whitish 5-petalled daisies in broad compact inflor.
1
Ivs. compound; stem woolly
Inflor, a greenish sphere, longstalked
Ivs. pinnate
Each fl. w. 5 free stamens
petals blue, long, narrow
style often longer than petals
CAMPANULACEAE
173
Other plants w. small white/ coloured fls. packed into a single head
anthers joined in a column
1 style branching into 2 above
ASTERACEAE
179
APIACEAE
125
}
)
2 styles per fl.; inflor, in umbel
>
)
1 )
)
)
)
»
>
>
)
>
>
^
)
)
>
)
)
>
)
)
>
)
)
)
)
)
>
)
)
fls. w. either 4 stigmas or 8 stamens
CRASSULACEAE
115
fl. heads tightly packed w. tiny fls.
ASTERACEAE
179
OROBANCHACEAE
164
ORCHIDACEAE
211
P a r t L Land plants with zygomorphic flowers Brownish plants w'out green Ivs.
each fl. w. 4 stamens and a 2-lobed stigma
lower corolla lip 3-lobed
perianth 6-lobed Lvs. w. 3 to many distinct Iflets
stamens more than 12 (easily seen)
fls. white oryellow; petals small, lobed
RESEDACEAE
83
fls. 25 mm or more
RANUNCULACEAE
68 159
corolla w. a hood and broad 3-lobed lip
SCROPHULARIACEAE
sepals 2, free, up to 6 mm
FUMARIACEAE
sepals 5, usu. joined to calyx tube
FABACEAE
103
Sepals 2; fl. w. a spur; stamens joined together
BALSAMI NACEAE
100
Fls. w. 1 stamen
VALERI ANACEAE
177
Stamens 0 or 2 (or apparently 2) or6
74
petals 4, of unequal size, blue or pink
Ivs. opposite ^
SCROPHULARIACEAE
159
fls. solitary on a long stalk; ivs. all radical
bog plants
LENTI BULARIACEAE
165
43
)
44 stem w. brownish scales but no normal Ivs.
ORCHIDACEAE
211
Ivs. divided into small lobes
FUMARI ACEAE
74
If. veins parallel
ORCHIDACEAE
211
If. veins branching
LAMIACEAE
166
IRIDACEAE
210
VERBENACEAE
165
4 nutlets visible; use lens to see inside ripe calyx [a]
LAMIACEAE
166
fr. a capsule
SCROPHULARI ACEAE
159
2 sepals; fl. w. a spur; stamens joined together
BALSAM IN ACEAE
100
3 stamens fls. 4 mm across, lilac, in narrow spikes
4 stamens ylK ,tfp
M TO r
a
5 stamens (which may be joined together) , \7 aY v V /r
)
J
)
■}
fls. only slightly zygomorphic
fl. stalk usu. much longer than fl.
fls. in ones
VIOLACEAE
fls. short-stalked
1 stigma; 4 nutlets visible in ripe calyx [b]
BORAGINACEAE
154
2 or 3 stigmas
CAMPANULACEAE
173
b
)
>
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
84
>
3
>
)
) ) ) > ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) : > )
8 stamens
*
Stamens more than 12, easily seen
Stamens 10, lying within keel of lower petal
Part M
usu. over50 cm high; petals4
fls. 2-3 cm, only slightly zygomorphic
ONAGRACEAE
small, dainty plant w. simple Ivs.
fls. under 1 cm [a]
POLYGALACEAE
85
petals small, lobed, white or yellow
RESEDACEAE
83
petals few and large
RANUNCULACEAE
68
calyx w. 5 teeth; fI. of Pea type
FABACEAE
120
103
Land plants with actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) flowers and a single perianth, i.e. either sepals or petals but not both
FIs. in umbels
Stamens 3 or 0
Stamens 6
3 )
petals & stamens 5
APIACEAE
125 202
petals & stamens 6
plant smells of onion
LILACEAE
corolla 5-lobed
tiny compact Scottish plant; fls. green
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
style long, 3-lobed, fls. pink to lilac
VALERIANACEAE
177
stem twining w. / \ cordate Ivs. L jJ
fls. greenish yellow
DIOSCOREACEAE
210
Ivs. linear, over 10 cm
fls. yellow, orange, blue, or purple
IRIDACEAE
210
^
sepals 4; petals 0
BRASSICACEAE
87
75
45
46 POLYCONACEAE
133
stem twining / \ w. cordate Ivs.
DIOSCOREACEAE
210
plant smells of onion
LILIACEAE
202
ovary below corolla e.g. Daffodil, Snowdrop
AMARYLLIDACEAE
209
ovary inside corolla
LILIACEAE
202
VALE RIANACE AE
177
petals 5, pink/white
POLYCONACEAE
133
sepals 4, greenish yellow
SAXIFRAGACEAE
117
petals 4; sepals 2 which fall when 11, opens
PAPAVERACEAE
73
petals 5 or more
RANUNCULACEAE
68
petals 5, pink/white perianth segments 6
Stamen 1 only; corolla w. long tube Stamens 8
Stamens more than 12
Lvs. in whorls
RUBIACEAE
174
T Styles 2 or 3
)
}
)
O
Ivs. opposite J Y
)
)
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
87
fls. yellowish; Ivs. linearw'out stipules
/
APIACEAE
125
fls. green/white/pink; Ivs. w. stipules
stipules often tubular
POLYCONACEAE
133
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
>
3
>
)
FIs. in tight brownish hds.
ROSACEAE
110
FIs. w'out stalks, pink, in If. axils
tvs. ovate, up to A 12 mm, usu. opposite ' y
in salty places
PRIMULACEAE
150
FIs. shortly stalked, greenish white
Ivs. linear, up to 15 mm, in ones ^
in calcareous grassland
SANTALACEAE
124
Part N
Land plants with actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) flowers, sepals, and united petals
Stamens more than 15, springing from top of a tube
petals joined to base of tube
MALVACEAE
97
Sepals almost nil; (beware small bracts at fl. base)
Ivs. in whorls
RUBIACEAE
174
Ivs. opposite; stamens 0,1, or 3
VALERIANACEAE
177
Ivs. alternate; stem and perianth reddish
URTICACEAE
136
CONVOLVULACEAE
157
Sepals 2 or 3
T
sepals really 5, hidden behind 2 large bracts
climbing plant
PORTU LACACEAE
sepals 2; Ivs. simple, up to 3 cm (not counting stalk) Ivs. variously lobed Ivs. linear Sepals 4
Ivs. in whorls
fls. greenish, 5 in a head
92
ADOXACEAE
177
IRIDACEAE
210
RUBIACEAE
174
SCROPHULARIACEAE
159
T stamens 2; corolla 4-lobed
47
48 stamens 4 or 5
tiny creeping plant, on mud
SCROPHULARIACEAE
159
If. margins entire
CENTIANACEAE
153
Ivs. variously lobed
VERBENACEAE
165
Lvs. succ., rounded
stamens 10
CRASSULACEAE
115
Lvs. w. 3 Iflets
usu. aquatic
MENYANTHACEAE
154
Lvs. in whorls
fls. white or yellow
PRIMULACEAE
150
T
fls. lilac
RUBIACEAE
174
Lvs. radical only
stamens 4; fls. under 3 mm across
growing on wet mud
SCROPHULARIACEAE
159
*m r
stamens 5
5 fine styles
PLUMBAGINACEAE
149
onlyl style
PRIMULACEAE
150
AMARYLLIDACEAE
209
stamens 6 Lvs. opposite
¥
}
)
)
)
)
)
Ivs. shining, evergreen; margins entire
fls. blue, 25-50 mm across
APOCYNACEAE
152
stem 4-sided; fls. in whorls; stamens 2 or 4
fls. lilac or white
LAMIACEAE
166
stamens 5; fls. white to pink
fls. in small clusters; corolla w. long tube
CENTIANACEAE
153
)
)
)
)
)
}
}
)
>
)
)
>
)
)
3
)
3 3 3 3
) ) ) ) ) fls. white, in large inflor.; or pink in pairs
Climbing, scramblingor creeping plant
)
3 ) 3
CAPRI FOLIACEAE
176
stamens 4; corolla 5-lobed
VERBENACEAE
165
stamens alternate w. petals [a]
GENTIANACEAE
153
stamens opposite petals [b]
PRIMULACEAE
150
tiny creeping plant; fls. under 3 mm, lvs. rounded
SCROPHULARIACEAE
159
CUCURBITACEAE
130
fls. white to pink
COIMVOLVULACEAE
157
fls. purple
SOLANACEAE
158
fls. blue
CAMPANULACEAE
173
POLEMON IACEAE
154
PLUMBAGINACEAE
149
most stamens obviously hairy
SCROPHULARIACEAE
159
4 nutlets to be seen inside calyx [c]
BORAGINACEAE
154
fls. yellow/green; lvs. palmately lobed
Lvs. pinnate Lvs. all radical
w L
& Lvs. alternate
49
)
50
Part O
)
)
long style w. 2 or 3 stigmas
CAMPANULACEAE
173
stem Ivs. simple, stalkless; corolla up to 3 mm, white or pink
PRIMULACEAE
150
corolla usu. 5-lobed, purple, white or cream
SOLANACEAE
158
Plants with white or coloured actinomorphic (radially symmetrical) flowers. Sepals and free petals both present. 41
Inflor, of many fIs. florets, or petals in a compact head
See PART K
Els. like tiny Dandelions w. 5-12 petals (florets)
ASTERACEAE Section 3
185
ASTERACEAE
179
10 stamens, 5 w. anther & 5 (often bract-like) without
GERANIACEAE
98
5 stamens only
APIACEAE
125
petals 3
ALISMATACEAE
195
Lvs. covered w. long red glands
bog plants
DROSERACEAE
119
Sepals 2
stamens more than 12
PAPAVERACEAE
73
stamens 2
ONAGRACEAE
120
stamens 3 or 5
PORTU LACACEAE
FIs. like whitish orpinkish Daisies, w. 5 broad petals (florets)
Ivs. compound; stem woolly
FIs. in umbels
petals 5
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
92
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Sepals & petals 3 each
Over 15 stamens
)
)
)
)
)
stamens 6 or more; waterside plants
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
87
small creeping plant w. opposite Ivs.
ELATI NACEAE
Ivs. radical, linear, 3-angled
BUTOMACEAE
1%
Ivs. w. a flat blade
ALISMATACEAE
195
stamens 3; Ivs. in pairs
tiny plant of bare ground
CRASSULACEAE
115
5 fertile and many barren stamens
only 1 stem If., the rest radical
PARNASSIACEAE
118
Ivs. opposite
2 small and 3 large sepals
CISTACEAE
86
y
stamens in 3 or 5 bundles; no stipules
CLUSIACEAE
85
Ivs. w. stipules
ROSACEAE RESEDACEAE
petals under 5 mm, lobed; fls. in a spike Ivs. w. stipules
Ivs. w. 3 three-toothed Iflets Ivs. variously lobed or linear
110 83
stamens free to their base
ROSACEAE
stamens branching from a long tube
MALVACEAE
97
RANUNCULACEAE
68
no stipules Petals yellow, under 5 mm, often shrunken or missing
)
Northern hills only
ROSACEAE RANUNCULACEAE
110
110 68
51
)
52 6 stamens (sometimes 4 long & 2 short)
Ivs. mostly in a whorl just below fls.
PRIMULACEAE
150
Ivs. radical
AMARYLLIDACEAE
209
Ivs. in pairs
CENTIANACEAE
153
petals 4
BRASSICACEAE
75
petals 5
FRANKENIACEAE
87
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
87
plant w'out green Ivs.
MONOTROPACEAE
148
stigmas 2; Ivs. edged w. bristles
SAXIFRAGACEAE
117
stigmas 3
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
stigmas 4 or 5
CRASSULACEAE
115
TRILLIACEAE
205
petals white; stigmas 2; If. lobes narrow
SAXIFRAGACEAE
117
Iflets broad, heart-shaped
OXALIDACEAE
100
fls. purplish or purple-veined
GERANIACEAE
petals 3 or 6
Petals 5, deeply deft, looking like 10 Ivs. succulent, not lobed
Stamens twice as many as petals Note: some stamens may not have anthers
Ivs. 4, in a whorl; ^ sepals & petals 4 each ^ jg lvs.w.3lflets
Ivs. lobed, or divided, w. stipules
)
1
}
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
}
)
)
}
87
98
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Ivs. opposite or whorled
Ivs. radical or alternate
Climbing plant
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
ROSACEAE
110
stigmas2; fr.2-lobed; Ivs. edged w. oristles
SAXIFRAGACEAE
117
fr. length over 10 times width; Ivs usu. lightly toothed [a]
ONAGRACEAE
120
stamens in 3 bundles; fls. yellow
CLUSIACEAE
85
fr. a short capsule
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
87
fr. over 25 mm long [a]
ONAGRACEAE
120
petals bent back; fr. a berry
ERICACEAE
146
fls. white in a simple spike
PYROLACEAE
148
Ivs. palmately lobed X >
GERANIACEAE
inflor, various
SAXIFRAGACEAE
117
CUCURBITACEAE
130
fls.yellow/green
CARYOPHYLLACEAE fls. up to 5 mm across, in tiny umbels
)
fls. yellow or white
No stamens Lvs. round, attached at centre to stalk
)
creeping marsh plant
APIACEAE
98
87 125
53
)
54 fls. purple, showy
LYTHRACEAE
119
fls. yellow
PRIMULACEAE
150
Lvs. linear lanceolate in 1 or more whorls
5 styles
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
S
5-9 sepals & petals
PRIMULACEAE
Lvs. opposite
fls. yellow, red, or pink
Plant of wet places, over 60 cm high
fls. blue; lvs. ovate
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
4 or 5 sepals & petals
PRIMULACEAE
150
6-8 sepals & petals
GENTIANACEAE
153
PRIMULACEAE
150
A v
^
)
}
}
)
87
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
87
LINACEAE
97
petals shorter or hardly longer than sepals
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
87
petals 5, longer than sepals
LINACEAE
97
fls. w. 5 fertile and many barren stamens
PARNASSIACEAE
118
fls. in a compact ihflor. pink or purple
PLUMBAGINACEAE
149
each sepal 3-toothed
T
150
lvs. up to 25 mm, linear w. stipules S
lvs. hairy
Lvs. alternate and/or radical
87
sepals & petals 4
)
-
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
stamens 2,4 or 6
BRASSICACEAE
stamens 10 or more
ROSACEAE
110
fls. blue; Ivs. linear
LINACEAE
97
sepals & petals 5
PRIMULACEAE
150
stamens 6
BRASSICACEAE
75
stamens 4
PRIMULACEAE
150
Ivs. pinnate f. oA»
sepals & petals 4
75
55
)
56
Key to species LYCOPODIACEAE and SELAGINELLACEAE
Clubmosses
Plants are often like a stiff robust moss. Leaves numerous, small, usually overlapping [a]. Spore capsules in terminal cones [b] or at leaf bases [c].
Stems usu. erect, not creeping
lvs. toothed [d]
Selaginella selaginoides Lesser Clubmoss
d lvs. not toothed [e] Lvs. w. hair points [f]
r
Huperzia selago Fir Clubmoss Lycopodium clavatum Stag's-horn Clubmoss
spore cones long-stalked
Lvs. pressed to stem in 4 ranks
Diphasiastrum alpinum Alpine Clubmoss
Lower lvs. not A overlapping, ovate Lvs. & cone-scales usu. toothed
stems appear constricted at intervals
Lf. margins entire
lowland heaths
)
garden escape
Selaginella kraussiana Kraus' Clubmoss
Scotland & N. England
Lycopodium annotinum* Interrupted Clubmoss Lycopodiella inundata* Marsh Clubmoss
:>
)
)
)
)
)
)
ISOETACEAE
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
Quillwort
An aquatic tufted plant of still water with tubular leaves.
Lvs. stiff, 8-20 cm
EQUISETACEAE
in N. & W.
Horsetails
Isoetes lacustris* Quillwort Key to barren and fruiting plants
Plants without true leaves, having jointed, sometimes grooved, partly hollow stems, and sometimes also whorls of similar more slender stems. The spores are borne in brownish terminal cones, which in some species appear earlier in the year than the green stems. Do not confuse Horsetails with the Mare's-tail on p. 123. head in fruit stem
Fr. stems brownish; green stems absent
sheaths w. 20 or more teeth
spore cone 4-8 cm long
Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail
sheaths w. 6-12 teeth
Stem w'out whorls of branches
Equisetum telmateia Great Horsetail
sheaths w. 3-6 teeth
green branches usu. appearing
Equisetum sylvaticum Wood Horsetail
central hollow 16 of stem diam.
spore cone 5-7 mm
Equisetum variegatum* Variegated Horsetail
central hollow ^ of stem diam.
spore 10-20 mm
Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail
57
58 Equisetum sylvaticum Wood Horsetail
Stem branches again branched Stems v. finely or hardly ribbed
usu. in mud or water
Equisetum fluviatile Water horsetail
Lowest internode of branches shorter than stem sheath
stem w. 4-8 grooves
Equisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail
Lowest internode of branches longer than stem sheath
stem w. 6-18 grooves
Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail
stems green, smooth,
)
)
Equisetum telmateia Great Horsetail
stems dirty white; branches numerous
i
i
>
)
hollow
'>
)
)
>
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>
>
)
)
OSMUNDACEAE
)
)
J
J
Royal Fern Family
A large fern whose spores are clustered in a loose spike rising above the leaves. Lvs. x2 pinnate, pale green
usu. 50-200 cm high
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE
in marshy/woody places
Osmunda regalis* Royal Fern
Filmy-ferns
Small fern-like plants with thin translucent leaves. The spore cases are in a small pouch (indusium) among the leaves. leaflet
Lflets slightly bent back; indusium entire
mainly in N.andW .
Hymenophyllum wilsonii Wilson's Filmy-fern
Indusium toothed
in W. and also The Weald
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense Tunbridge Filmy-fern
59
)
60
FERN FAMILIES ADIANTACEAE, ASPLENIACEAE, BLECHNACEAE, DENNSTAEDTIACEAE, DRYOPTERIDACEAE, POLYPODIACEAE, THELYPTERIDACEAE, WOODSIACEAE. The great majority of ferns bear their spores on the backs of the fronds. It To aid identification all the ferns have been included in the key on is essential to examine a not too ripe reproductive frond in order to page 61, though a few of them will be found in other families and keys as identify some of the more difficult species. well. There is a simplified key to 18 common ferns on page 252.
Special terms used in the fern key on page 61 Frond a whole fern leaf (and all its leaflets) rising from the root. Pinna a leaflet springing from the main stalk, it may be subdivided into smaller leaflets called pinnules. Pinnule a subdivision, or lobe, of a pinna. Sorus a patch of spore cases, usually on the back of the frond. Indusium the cover over a sorus (best seen when young before it shrivels or falls off).
indusium attached at its edge
>
o
■ ;>
>
()
o
)
part of pinnule of Bracken
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
)
}
)
)
See also SIMPLIFIED KEY on p. 252. A free-floating aquatic
see page 65 Fronds strap-shaped w. sori in lines [a]
Frond pinnate or deeply lobed
Azolla filiculoides Water Fern Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart's-tongue
usu. only one frond [b]; spore cases in a spike
see page 65
Ophioglossum vulgatum Aader's-tongue
pinnae fan-shaped; spore cases on a spike
see page 65
Botrychium lunaria Moon wort
pinnae sharply toothed [c]
mt. plant
Polvstichum lonchitis* Holly Fern
pinnae entire
sori approx, round [d]
Polypodium vulgare Polypody
sori only on fronds w. v. narrow lobes [e]
Blechnum spicant Hard Fern
fronds covered beneath w. brown scales [f]
Ceterach officinarum Rustyback
stalk green
N. or W. especially on limestone
Asplenium viride Green Spleenwort
stalk almost black
common wall plant [g]
Asplenium trichomanes Maidenhair Spleenwort
stalk brown; fronds tough
on sea cliffs [h]
Asplenium marinum Sea Spleenwort
q p
61
)
62 Sori along inrolled edge of pinnae see page 60
pinnae fan-shaped, on fine stalks
f 8L in tufts up to 15 cm high
N.&W . only
Sori almost cover back of pinnae
Pteridium aquilinum Bracken
If. edges rolled back over sori [b]
N. & W. only
Cryptogramma crispa Parsley Fern
lowest pinna the longest
usu. under 12 cm, dull green; pinnae fan-shaped [c]
Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue
10-50 cm; bright green
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Black Spleenwort
near the sea
Asplenium obovatum Lanceolate Spleenwort
see page 59
Osmunda regalis* Royal Fern
lowest pinna not the longest
Sori in spikes above the fronds Under 10 cm high; pinnae translucent; indusium a 2-lipped capsule
i
)
o
O
O
Cryptogramma crispa Parsley Fern
30-200 cm high; fronds arise singly, not in tufts [a]
bracken growth
)
Adiantum capillus-veneris* Maidenhair Fern
O
pinnae slightly bent back; indusium entire
O
O
■ ')
Hymenophyllum wilsonii Wilson's Filmy-fern
o
o
>
f
)
>
>
)
)
}
)
indusium toothed
Sori approx, oblong or curved, never round
Fronds solitary, not in tufts
inner edge of indusium curved [a]
30-100 cm high
Athyrium filix-femina Lady-fern
lowest pinna the longest
usu. under 12 cm, dull green; prinnae fan-shaped; sorus shape
Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue
frond 10-50 cm, bright green; sorus [c]
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Black Spleenwort
lowest pinna not the longest
near the sea
Asplenium obovatum Lanceolate Spleenwort
fronds mostly 3 times pinnate
pinnules w. pale margin on back; v. common
Pteridiumaquilinum Bracken
frond and stalk glandular; on limestone
Gymnocarpium robertianum* Limestone Fern
frond glabrous
Gymnocarpium dryopteris Oak Fern
no indusium
Phegopteris connectilis Beech Fern
lowest pinnae bent downwards marsh plant up to 120 cm Indusium under 1 mm or absent
Thelypteris palustris Marsh Fern
pinnules hardly toothed
sori form neat border round pinnules
Oreopteris limbosperma Lemon-scented Fern
pinnules well toothed
Scottish mts. only
Athyrium distentifolium* Alpine Lady-fern
63
)
64 Indusium attached at its centre; pinnules sharply toothed ^,0
Indusium ovate, pointed
/, y/ b
Frond x3 pinnate, oralmost so
Q> a
'
b
Delicate fern up to 40 cm
frond rigid; about 15 pinnules on longest pinna
Pofystichum aculeatum Hard Shield-fern
frond soft; up to 20 pinnules on a jinna
Polystichum seti ferum Soft Shield-fern
frond delicate, up to 40 cm
Cystopteris fragilis Brittle Bladder-fern
ower stalk scales w. dark stripe
Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler-fern
ndusium w. many glands round edge [a]
lowest pinnule on lowest pinna curved
ndusium entire w'out glands [b]
Dryopteris carthusiana Narrow Buckler-fern
ndusium ovate, pointed,whitish
Cystopteris fragilis Brittle Bladder-fern
u Iv y
\ \
Oreopteris limbosperma Lemon-scented Fern
Sori in neat border round pinnules
Frond fragrant, w. many glands
indusium also glandular
Main stem v. scaly
pinnae stalks w. blackish patch at base on back
Indusium kidney-shaped U
O O
Dryopteris aemula* Hay-scented Buckler-fern
) O O O O
Dryopteris filix-mas Male-fern
> ) ') o o o o
i
(.
MARSILEACEAE
Pillwort Family A creeping aquatic with fine, cylindrical leaves, which are coiled when young.
Lvs. usu.3-15cm [a]
AZOLLACEAE
spores in pill-like clusters
Pilutaria globuli fera* Pillwort
in or by acid water
Water Ferns
Small floating plants, often growing in a dense mass, rising above the surface, with hanging rootlets. Lvs. about 1 mm, overlapping [b]
often turns red in Autumn
OPHIOGLOSSACEAE
in Stillwater
Azolla filiculoides* Water Fern
Adder's-tongue Family
J\
Small ferns with a single leaf up to 20 cm and a reproductive spike rising above it.
/
^ 5$ ^ c
- y r
Lf. ovate, entire [c]
in dry grassy places or rock ledges
Ophioglossum vulgatum Adder's-tongue
Lf. pinnate; Iflets fan-shaped [d]
usu. in damp grassy places
Botrychium lunaria Moonwort
65
66
CONIFERAE As well as the native species of conifers those commonly planted for forestry are included. The latter are marked t. Except for the Larches ail are evergreen. PINACEAE CUPRESSACEAE Abies Chamaecyparis Juniperus Larix Picea Thuja Pinus Pseudotsuga Tsuga
TAXACEAE Taxus
Lvs. under 5 mm, scale-like
b
c
seaside shrub; fls. small, pink, in spikes
(not a conifer)
TAMARICACEAE page 86
topmost shoot droops; lvs. parsley-scented
cone scales do not overlap [b]
Chamaecyparis lawsonianai Lawson's Cypress
lvs. pineapple-scented
cone scales overlap [c]
Thuja plicatai Western Red Cedar
Lvs. over 8 cm, in bundles of 3
Pinus radiataf Monterey Pine
Lvs. about 1 cm, in whorls of 3 [a]
shrub; fr. purple, juicy
Lvs. in bundles of 2
lvs. mostly under 10 cm
Juniperus communis Juniper
lvs. 10-20 cm
)
o
o
lvs. bluish; upper bark orange
Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine
lvs. dark green; on moors in N. & W.
Pinus contortai LodgepolePine
cone shiny, 10-15 cm; in S. only
Pinus pinasteri Maritime Pine
cone 5-10 cm
Pinus nigrai Corsican Pine
)
)
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o
)
Most lvs. in clusters of 20 or so on v. short stalks; deciduous
)
y
>
tips of cone scales upright [a]
lvs. bright green
Larix deciduai European Larch
tips of cone scales curl out & down
lvs. blue-green
Larix kaempferii Japanese Larch
c Lf. scars round, flat; cones erect
Lf. scars like bumps ' ^ ,l
Lvs. dark green
lvs. 4-sided, all green
cone 12-15 cm
Picea abiesi Norway Spruce
lvs. flat, keeled, stiff, dark above, pale below
cone 5-8 cm
Picea sitchensisi Sitka Spruce
If. sprays flattish
Abies grandisi Giant Fir
lvs. curved, bluish
Abies procerai Noble Fir
topmost shoot droops
)
>
Larix x marschlinsii Hybrid Larch
cone scales curl out but not down Woody If. bases remain like pegs after lvs. fall [c]
)
lvs. of various lengths; cone 2-3 cm
Tsuga heterophyllai Western Hemlock-spruce
cones w. 3-forked bracts [d] cones 5-8 cm
Pseudotsuga menziesiii Douglas Fir
seed surrounded by red fleshy cup when ripe
Taxus baccata Yew
67
68
RANUNCULACEAE
Buttercup family
Plants with a variety of form and colour. The flowers have more than 12 stamens (except Myosurus) and the fruit is often composed of a number of distinct parts. Sepals and/or petals are often in 5's.
Leaves are alternate (except Clematis), often lobed, and do not bear stipules. Similar-looking flowers (i.e. with many stamens) may belong to the Rose fam ily-on p. 110 St John's Wort family - on p. 85.
Woody climber w. creamy flowers
Ivs. opposite, pinnate, Iflets, well spaced
only 4 sepals (which look like petals)
Clematis vitalba Traveller's-joy
Ea. fl. w. 5 tubular petals & 5 spurs FIs. scarlet; Ivs. finely dissected
calcareous soil
FIs. blue/violet/purple
fls. zygomorphic w. large hood
S.W. (except for introductions)
Aconitum nape!Ius* Monk's-hood
perianth w. 6 segments
in calcareous turf
Pulsatilla vulgaris* Pasqueflower
Lvs. linear in a rosette
petals up to 5 mm, greenish yellow; fr. spike up to 7 cm
up to 12 cm tall; may look like a Plantain
Myosurus minimus Mousetail
Stamens longer than the 4 sepals; Ivs. twice or more . y * *
up to 15 cm tall; fls. in simple loose spike
mts. in N.
Thalictrum alpinum Alpine Meadow-rue
pinna,e
stamens mostly erect
Thalictrum flavum Common Meadow-rue
stamens drooping
Thalictrum minus Lesser Meadow-rue
T o o
Aquilegia vulgaris Columbine
> O O O O
o
o
o
o
o
o
')
O
O
>)
) O O
Raphanus raphanistrum ssp. raphanistrum Wild Radish
> —
) •)
>
fls. 18 mm or more across, white or purple
>
>
>
>
>
If. margins entire [a] on sea cliffs inS.
Matthiola incana* Hoary Stock
Ivs. toothed [b]
Hesperis matronalis Dame's-violet
upper Ivs. w. auricles [c]
Arabis glabra* Tower Mustard
no auricles to upper Ivs [d]
Cardaminopsis petraea! Northern Rock-cress
all Ivs. hairy [e]
Arabis hirsuta Hairy Rock-cress
upper Ivs. almost hairless w. auricles [c]
Arabis glabra* TowerMustard
upper Ivs. toothed clasping stem
fls. about 15 mm across
Arabis caucasica* Garden Arabis
upper Ivs. entire If]
fls. about 3 mm across
Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress
lower Ivs. deeply lobed to pinnate
pods erect, close to stem
All Ivs. linear, entire
Only 1 seed in each pod-half
>
3
Lobularia maritima Sweet AI ison
outer petals much larger than inner ones
Chilterns; fr. [g]
Iberis amara* Wild Candytuft
fls. about 3 mm across; fr. winged at top
style longer than wing tips; anthers violet; fr. [h]
Lepidium heterophyllum Smith's Pepperwort
style much shorter; anthers yellow; fr. [i]
Lepidium campestre Field Pepperwort
fr[j]
Lepidium draba Hoary Cress
fls. 5-6 mm across; fr. not winged
81
82 Radical lvs. w. long stalks
upper lvs. ivy-shaped w. short stalks la]
maritime Q m
Ilf
Cochlearia danica Danish Scurvygrass
a
radical lvs. w. cordate bases [b]
/ b /c
Cochlearia officinalis Common Scurvygrass
radical lvs. w. tapering bases [c]
in saltmarshes
Fr. flat, round, w. a notched wing
Cochlearia anglica English Scurvygrass Thlaspi arvense Field Penny-cress
V
n North
Fr. twisted
Draba incana* Hoary Whitlowgrass Draba muralis* Wall Whitlowgrass
Fr. straight
CRUCI FERAE
Section 4 Flowers pale lilac to purple
Fr. jointed like a string of beads [d]
petals purple-veined
Lvs. long, entire, downy
on sea cliffs in S.
Upper lvs. stalked, ivy-shaped [e]
maritime
...
Cochlearia danica Danish Scurvygrass
9
O
O
:)
o
O
O
O
Lychnis flos-cuculi Ragged-Robin
»
)
O
>
>
)
>
>
Petals pink, spotted, w. toothed edges
Sepals joined at base into a tube
>
>
>
>
>
J
>
>
>
>
fls. 8 -1 2 mm across, usu. in clusters
Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink
fls. about 18 mm, usu. in ones
Dianthus deltoides* Maiden Pink
styles 2
>
fls. pink
Saponaria officinalis Soapwort
fls. white
Silene latifolia White Campion
petals lobed about V^-way, red [a]
Silene dioica Red Campion
petals only notched, red [b]; Ivs. narrowly lanceolate
Lychnis viscaria* Sticky Catchfly
mt. plant under 1 0 cm high; fls. pink; petal [c]
Silene acaulis Moss Campion
fls. 3-4 mm across; petals narrow, entire [d]
Silene otites* Spanish Catchfly
stamens protrude well beyond corolla tube; petal [e]
Silene nutans Nottingham Catchfly
fls. white; petal [f]
Silene latifolia White Campion
fls. red; petal [a]
Silene dioica Red Campion
compact mt. plant under 10 cm high
fls. usu. pink; Ivs. edged w. bristles; petal [c]
Silene acaulis Moss Campion
lip of petals lobed to Vi-way or more /X
fls. pinkish, opening at night; petal [g]
Silene noctiflora Night-flowering Catchfly
whole plant sticky/hairy; petal [e]
Silene nutans Nottingham Catchfly
styles 5
petals
J* a
b/W
///
/
W
styles 0 / ^ u petals
c !W
d
/ /
/W
f)/ i
^
« p
e
f
8
P
r
>
89
>
90
4 sepals, petals & styles
petals notched
fls. mostly in ones or twos; ripe capsule teeth recurved [a + d ]
Silene uniflora Sea Campion
fls. in loose clusters; capsule teeth usu. erect
Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion
calyx w. 25-30 vei ns
Silene conica*
(fl. parts occasionally in 5's)
Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear
petals obtuse ^ Petal margins quite entire
Moenchia erecta Upright Chickweed
Ivs. ovate, succulent, up to 8 seeds in a capsule
on dunes & shingle
Honekenya peploides Sea Sandwort
styles 5
petals twice length of sepals
Sagina nodosa Knotted Pearl wort
petals about equal to sepals
Sagina subulata Heath Pearlwort
petals longer than sepals
Minuartia verna Spring Sandwort
petals shorter than sepals
Minuartia hybrida Fine-leavea Sandwort
Ivs. linear
Ivs. 3-veined, over 10 mm long
«> o
> i)
>
Moehringia trinervia Three-nerved Sandwort
)
r)
O
*)
i )
o
o
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
)
>
)
>
)
>
capsule straight-sided
>
>
»
y
>
Arenaria serpyllifolia ssp. leptoclados Slender Sandwort
1 capsule convex at base
Petals cleft almost to base
Myosoton aquaticum Water Chickweed
styles 5 petals twice as long as sepals
Stellaria nemorum Wood Stitchwort
10 stamens
Stellaria neglecta Greater Chickweed
3-8 stamens
Stellaria media Common Chickweed
fls. 18 mm or more across
(petals more usu. lobed about Vi-way) v. common
Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort
fls. 12 mm or more; petals much longer than sepals
uncommon marsh plant
Stellaria palustris Marsh Stitchwort
fls. smaller; petals not much longer than sepals
common
Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort
plant 15-60 cm high; Ivs. 4 cm or more
v. common
Stellaria holostea Greater Stitchwort
plant up to 10 cm
mts. in Scotland
Cerastium cerastoides* Starwort Mouse-ear
lower Ivs. stalked
i
Styles 3
§
Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leavea Sandwort
91
>
92 Petals nearly twice length of calyx; fls. mostly in ones y
If. hairs long, white, dense
on mts.
Cerastium alpinum Alpine Mouse-ear
If. hairs short, white, dense
escaped garden plant
Cerastium tomentosum Snow-in-Summer
plant hairy but not densely so fls. in compact clusters; Ivs. often pale
Stamens 10 c&QQfa
Cerastium arvense Field Mouse-ear glands among hairs in upper parts
fls. in loose clusters
T Upper Ivs. w. transparent tips or edges; 5 stamens & styles
Sepals, petals, styles, stamens in 4'sor5's
PORTULACEAE
Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear
these Ivs. nearly ^transparent [a]
petals shorter than sepals
Cerastium semidecandrum Little Mouse-ear
only margins of these Ivs. transparent
petals about equal to sepals; calcareous places in S.
Cerastium pumilum* Dwarf Mouse-ear
upper Ivs. green
Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear
Purslane Family Now in PO RTU LACACEAE
A small easily distinguished family whose (British) flowers have 2 sepals and 5 petals. Stamens may be 3 or 5, and stigmas 3. The leaves are opposite and untoothed.
Radical Ivs. long-stalked; onlyl pair of stem Ivs.
Lvs. in pairs, spoon-shaped
o O O
> ')
f)
stem Ivs. fused to form a cup beneath inflor.
fls. white, under 10 mm across
Claytonia perfoliata Springbeauty
stem Ivs. distinct, unstalked
fls. pink or white, 15-20 mm across; petals notched
Claytonia sibirica Pink Purslane
fls. white, about3 mm across; stamens 3
low, straggling plant of wet places
Montia fontana Blinks
)
)
)
)
>
ACERACEAE
)
)
>
}
)
>
>
)
)
)
)
)
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Maple Family
Trees or shrubs with opposite, pal mate ly-lobed leaves. The clustered flowers are vellowish-green and have 5 sepals, 5 petals and 8 stamens. The winged fruit is propeller-like
Lvs. downy below, 4-7 cm across [a]
twigs downy
milkyjuiceinlf. stalk
Acer campestre Field Maple
Lvs. almost glabrous, 5-16 cm across
lvs. often shining; If. lobes w. a few large teeth [b]
milky juice in If. stalk
Acer platanoides Norway Maple
If. lobes irregularly toothed [c]
no milky juice
Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore
fr. a 'conker' [Sweet Chestnut is on p. 139]
Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-Chestnut
HIPPOCASTANACEAE
Horse-chestnut Family
A large tree with opposite palmate leaves. Each inflorescence is a cluster of creamy white flowers. Lvs. w. 5-7 distinct Iflets.
fls. white, yellow-spotted
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AQUI FOLIACEAE Most Ivs. spiny
Holly Family
fls. white w. 4 petals
CELASTRACEAE
An evergreen tree or shrub. Deciduous (male & female flowers on different trees). The flowers have 4 petals and 4 stamens (male) or none (female). Only the female plants will bear berries. f r. a red berry
Hex aquifolium Holly
fr. 4-lobed, orange and pink
Euonymus europaeus Spindle
Ivs. opposite, shiny, up to 25 mm
Buxus sempervirens Box
Spindle Family
A deciduous shrub bearing greenish flowers and brightly coloured fruit.
Lvs. opposite, w. fine ^ teeth; twigs green ^
BUXACEAE
petals and stamens 4
Box Family
Male and female flowers are separate, but on the same plant. Evergreen shrub or tree, only native on chalk or limestone. FIs. greenish white, without petals
RHAMNACEAE
stamens 4 or none
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Buckthorns
b
Deciduous shrubs or small trees with greenish flowers and fleshy (berry-like) fruit.
Jm
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Lvs. finely toothed; petals 4; stamens 4 or none [a]
fr. turns from green to black
thorny shrub on calcareous soils
Rhamnus cathartica Buckthorn
Lf. margins entire; fls. w. 5 petals lb]
fr. turns from green to red to black
not thorny; on acid soils
Frangula alnus Alder Buckthorn
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FABACEAE (PAPILIONACEAE)
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Pea Family
A large family, all (in Britain) having typical Pea-type flowers [a], which may be quite obvious, or [as in many Clovers) small and packed into tight heads [b]. Each flower has 5 sepals, 5 petals and 10 stamens. The leaves are usually pinnate [c] or trifoliolate [d] and may bear leaf-like stipules [e]. stipule
c
^ d leaf and leaflet arrangements
Shrubby perennials w. woody stems
Section 1 page 103
Flowers yellow to dark cream (but not white, or creamy/dirty white)
Section 2 page 104
Leaves pinnate, with 2 or more pairs of leaflets (not counting the stipules at the base)
Section 3 page 106
Other plants, including most of the clovers
Section 4 page 108
FABACEAE FIs. pink; a low shrub
Section I Shrubby plants usu. spiny; stem hairs in 2 rows
Ononis spinosa Spiny Restharrow
notusu. spiny; stem hairy ail round
Ononis repens Common Restharrow
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104 Plant spiny
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if a. bract at least 2 mm wide b. bract under 1 mm wide
FIs. blue/purple Lvs. pinnate; 3-6 Iflets. each side
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spines and lvs. differ from each other
Genista anglica Petty Whin
bract at fl. base wider than stem [a]
may flower from Nov. to July
Utexeuropaeus Corse
spines stiff; standard over 12 mm; bract [b]
mostly in W. half of Br. Is.; fls. July to Nov.
Ulexgallii Western Corse
spines weak; standard under bract [b]
mostly in S.E.; fls. July to Nov.
Ulex minor Dwarf Go rse
12 mm;
by Scottish rivers
Lupinus nootkatensis* Nootka Lupin
fIs. yellow
Coiutea arborescens* Bladder-senna near coast mainly in S.
fls. yellow or white
Lvs. palmate Some lvs. trifoliotate; usu. 1 -2 m high
Lupinus arboreus* Tree Lupin Cytisus scoparius Broom
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Genista tinctoria Dyer's Greenweed
All lvs. simple; plant up to 70 cm
FABACEAE Section 2 Herbs with yellow or creamy yellow flowers Most lvs. pinnate w. 3 or more pairs of Iflets. ^
f
If. stalk longer than inflor.
fls. greenish-cream
Astragalus giycyphyltos WildLiquorice
fls. in ones, pale yellow
lvs. w. tendrils
Vicia lutea Yellow-vetch
fls. in dense heads; sepals woolly
Anthyilis vulneraria Kidney Vetch
5-8 fls. in a loose head
Hippocrepis comosa Horseshoe Vetch
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Plant w. tendrils
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stipule
Lflet. margins quite entire
ripe pods brown, glabrous
Melilotus officinalis Ribbed Melilot
fls. about 5 mm; all petals equal
ripe pods black, downy
Melilotus altissimus Tall Melilot
fl. head compact, ovoid w. many fls.
fls. pale yellow
Trifolium ochroleuchon Sulphur Clover
fls. 25 mm, in ones
inS.
Tetragonolobus maritimus* Dragon's-teeth
calyx teeth spreading in bud
plant usu. hairy; 4-10 fls. in a head
Lotus pedunculatus Greater Bird's-foot-trefoil
fls. about 10 mm, 1-4 in a head
Lotus glaber Narrow-leaved Bi rd's-foot-trefoil
pod up to 12 mm; S.W. coasts
Lotus subbiflorus* Hairy Bird's-foot-trefoil
pod over 18 mm; 1-2 fls. in a head; S. only
Lotus angustissimus* Slender Bi rd's-foot-trefoi I
fls. about 15 mm
usu. hairless; common
Lotus corniculatus Common Bird's-foot-trefoil
stipules toothed [b] see next page
over8 fls. in a head; pod not spiny
Medicago lupulina Black Medick
Iflets. narrowly lanceolate, usu. hairless
Midrib of lflet. ends w. tiny point [b]see next page
Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling
fls. about5 mm; keel si. shorter than wings [c]
flower form
wing bent back
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Melilotus indicus Small Melilot
fls. 2-3 mm; standard longer than wings
FIs. in long spikes
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Lathyrus aphaca Yellow Vetchling
stipules v. broad [a]; Iflets. absent
Iflets. lanceolate; some tendrils forked [b]
standard
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plant hairy; fls. about 8 mm, 1-4 in head
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a f I. head about 5 mm; pods spiny [a]
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Ivs. often blotched; stipules coarsely toothed
Medicago arabica Spotted Medick
Ivs. not blotched; stipule teeth v. fine
Medicago polymorpha Toothea Medick
plant downy
Medicago minima Bur Medick
fl. head up to 25 mm; pods not spiny
Medicago sativa ssp. falcata Sickle Medick
FI. head about 20 mm; pale yellow
fls. about 15 mm
Trifolium ochroleucon Sulphur Clover
FI. head creamy yellow, 10-20 mm, on Ifless stem
fls. 8-10 mm
Trifolium repens White Clover Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil
About 40 fIs. in a head
2-6 fls. in a head
standard notched at tip [c]
Trifolium micranthum Slender Trefoil
Usu.8-20 fls. in a head
standard not notched [d]
Trifolium dubium Lesser Trefoil
FABACEAE
Section 3 Herbs with pinnate leaves and white/pink/blue/purple flowers fls. 3-4 mm, up to 6 in a cluster
Lf. stalk ends w. a terminal Iflet, not a tendril or point
fls. white w. red veins
Onobrychis viciifolia Sainfoin
fls. pink w. darker veins, in a spike
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Ornithopus perpusillus Bird's-foot
stem & Ivs. downy
fls. violet
Astragalus danicus Purple Milk-vetch
fls. cream/green
Ivs. longer than inflor.; Iflets large
Astragalus glycyphyttos Wild Liquorice
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10-20 fls. in a spherical head
fls. pink/purple/white
Securigera varia Crown Vetch
inflor, oblong
fls. white/lilac
Galega officinalis Goafs-rue
If. stalks in end in sharp point, not a tendril
fls. red to blue
Lathyrus iinifolius Bitter Vetch
fls. 2-6 in a cluster; Ivs.w. 10-16 Iflets
fls. purple; v. common
Vicia sepium Bush Vetch
fls. in ones or twos; Ivs.w. 2-4 Iflets
standard purplish blue, wings white
Vicia bithynica* Bithynian Vetch
fls.5-15 inaduster; Ivs. w. 6-10 Iflets
fls. purple; shingle plant
Lathyrus japonicus* Sea Pea
fls. 2-0 in a cluster; Ivs. w. 4-6 Iflets
fls. pale purple; marsh plant
Lathyrus palustris * Marsh Pea
No tendril or If. at end of If. stalk
Ivs.w. 12-20 Iflets
fls. white, tinged purple; in W. & N.
Vicia orobus Wood Bitter-vetch
10-30 bluish fls. in long inflors.
usu. a hedgerow climber
Fls. whitish purple to pale yellow
fls. pale yellow, usu. in ones
fls. about 20 mm
Vicia lutea Yellow-vetch
fls. tiny up to 6 together
fl. about 4 mm
Vicia hirsuta HairyTare
Stem winged or clearly angled
Fls. 2-coloured, white & blue/ purple
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Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch
fls. 1 or 2 together; 1-3 pairs of iflets
Vicia bithynica* Bithynian Vetch
6-8 fls. in inflor.; 6-10 pairs of Iflets
Vicia sylvatica Wood Vetch
5-15 fls. in inflor.; 3-4 pairs of Iflets
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on shingle
Lathyrus japonicus* Sea Pea
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1or2 fls. together; usu.4seedsin apod
Vicia tetrasperma Smooth Tare
up to4 fls. together; 5-6 seeds in apod
Vicia parviflora Slender Tare
FIs. 5-8 mm, in ones
lvs. w. 1-3 pairs Iflets; pods hairless
Vida parviflora* Spring Vetch
FIs. 10-30 mm, in ones or twos
the more robust plants are usu. cultivated varieties
Vicia sativa Common Vetch
2-6 fls. in a cluster
fls. bluish purple
Vicia sepium Bush Vetch
Inflor, of 1-4 blue fls. on long stalk
FABACEAE
Section 4 Other plants
Lvs. grass-like
fls. red, in ones or twos
Lathyrus nissoiia Grass Vetch ling
Lvs. w. only 2 Iflets and a tendril; fls. pink
fls. 20-30 mm; A lvs. ovate 'y '
Lathyrus latifolius Broad-leaved Everlasting-pea
fls. about 16 mm Iflets linear/lanceoiate Lvs. palmate
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Lathyrus sylvestris Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea
by Scottish rivers
Lupinus nootkatensis Nootka Lupin Melilotus albus White Meli lot
Fls. white, in spikes 2-5 cm long
Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Lucerne
Plant30-60cm high; inflor, loose
fls. bluish purple
Fls. white/pink, up to 6 in ahead
|>odJonger than calyx; 1-3 fls. in a
Trifolium ornithopodioides B ird's-foot Clover
pods bury themselves in the ground
Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover
Iflet
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FI. heads up to 10 mm on v. short stalks
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petals twice as long as calyx teeth
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Ivs. downy; fls. white flushed w. pink
Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover
Ivs. hairless; fls. pale purple
Trifolium glomeratum ClusteredClover
Ivs. & calyx hairy
fls. white
Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover
Ivs. & calyx hairless; fls. close to ground
fls. white; mainly S. & E. coasts
Trifolium suffocatum* Suffocated Clover
Sepals v. hairy, longer than petals
Trifolium arvense Hare's-foot Clover
FIs. crimson
Trifolium incarnatum Crimson Clover
FI. heads on Ifless stalks rising from creeping runner
Ivs. usu. w. white blotches; fls. usu. whitish fls. pink; pods enclosed by calyx
FI. heads stalkless; often in If. axils
fls. white, flushed w. pink
Standard much longer than calyx
calyx white w. green points
fr. head strawberry-like
Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry Clover Trifolium striatum Knotted Clover
fls. pink/white; ail fl. heads axillary
Trifolium hybridum Alsike Clover
fls. purple; fl. heads terminal
Trifolium medium Zigzag Clover
one pair of Ivs. v. close to fl. head
calyx usu. downy
Trifolium pratense Red Clover
calyx hairless; inflor, stalk w'out Ivs.
fls. reddish purple
Trifolium medium Zigzag Clover
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FIs. pink, up to 7 mm
insaltmarshes
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Trifolium repens White Clover
^ standard calyx
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Trifolium squamosum Sea Clover
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ROSACEAE
Rose Family
A large family containing plants of very varied appearance. The flowers normally have 5 sepals ana petals and more than 10 stamens. Leaves are usually alternate, with stipules.
Other families which have many-stamened flowers are: RANUNCULACEAE p. 68 (Buttercup family) GUTTIFERAE p. 85 (St John's-worts) - but these have opposite leaves.
Trees, shrubs, or woody scramblers
Section 1 page 110
Flowers with yellow petals
Section 2 page 112
Other plants
Section 3 page 114
ROSACEAE
Section
1 Trees, shrubs and woody scramblers
FIs. appear before Ivs, in early Spring
a thorny shrub
fls. white; fr. black
Prunus spinosa Blackthorn
Evergreen shrub w. small, dark Ivs. (up to 3 cm)
upright plant; Ivs. 2-3 cm
garden escape
Cotoneaster simonsii Himalayan Cotoneaster
prostrate plant; Ivs. u p to l cm
garden escape
Cotoneaster integrifolius Small-leaved Cotoneaster
fr. soft & juicy
stem w. many tiny prickles, fr. red
Rubus idaeus Raspberry
fr. w. up to 5 segments, and whitish 'bloonv; sepals upturned
Rubus caesius Dewberry
very variable
Rubus fruticosus (agg.) Bramble
fls. cream; fr. black
Rosa pimpineftifolia Burnet Rose
Scrambling, prickly plants (Roses & Brambles)
stem densely prickly; all sepals entire
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Stigmas of Roses
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stigmas on top of one long style [a]
fls. always white; sepals w. few or small lobes [d]
Rosaarvensis Field-rose
Ivs. v. glandular beneath
prickles hooked
Rosa rubiginosa (agg.) Sweet Briar
stigmas united on a short style [b]
some sepals w. long lobes [e]
Rosastylosa Short-styled Field-rose
stigmas free [c]
Ivs. downy both sides; petals deep pink
Rosa tomentosa (agg.) Harsh Downy-rose
Ivs. hairless above; prickles well curved
Rosa canina (agg.) Dog Rose
M
Stems upright, usu. unbranched
prickles tiny & many
Rubus idaeus Raspberry
Bush w. small pink fls. in dense heads
Ivs. w'out stipules
Spirea salicifolia Bridewort
Treew. pinnate Ivs.
fls. in large clusters
Sorbus aucuparia Rowan
Lvs. lobed or doubly toothed
thorny
fls. w. 1 style
Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn
2 or 3 styles
Crataegus laevigata Midland Hawthorn
ivs. v. white beneath; usu. over
fr. red; If. as [f]
Sorbus aria agg. Common Whitebeam
Ivs. grey beneath
fr. red; If. as [g]
Sorbus intermedia Swedish Whitebeam
fr. orange/brown; If. as [h]
Sorbus latifolia agg.* Broad-leaved Whitebeam
If. as [i]
Sorbus torminalis Wild Service-tree
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older Ivs. green both sides
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petals about 5 mm long
Prunus padus Bird Cherry
petals 15 mm or more
young Ivs. copper-coloured
anthers purple
fls. w. 5 styles
Amelanchier lamarckii* Juneberry Pyrus pyraster Wild Pear
anthers yellow
calyx & older Ivs. hairless beneath
Malus sylvestris Crab Apple
calyx & older Ivs. downy beneath Cultivated Apple FIs. 2-6 in a cluster w. If.-like scales at base of inflor.
Fls. solitary, or up to 3 in a cluster
Ivs. pale green, dull, downy beneath
usu. a tree; If. stalks have 2 red knobs (glands)
Prunus avium Wild Cherry
Ivs. dark green, shiny, often hairless beneath
usu. a shrub
Prunus cerasus Dwarf Cherry
Ivs. & twigs usu. dull, often downy fr. yellow or red
Prunus cerasifera Cherry Plum
fr. w. long grooves
outer hooks on fr. spread forward [a]
Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony
fr. hardly grooved; Ivs. w. many glands beneath
outer hooks on fr. spread backward [b]
Agrimonia procera Fragrant Agrimony
Ivs. & twigs often glossy
ROSACEAE
Prunus domestica Wild Plum
Section 2 Herbs with yellow flowers
Inflor, a tall tapering spike
bp P Radical Ivs. pinnate w. larger end Iflet; fr. hooked
fls. erect; calyx green
Geum urbanum Wood Avens
fls. nodding; calyx purple
Geum rivale Water Avens
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Lvs. pinnate, often silvery beneath Jer
Potentilla anserina Silverweed
Lvs. white beneath, dark green above
Potentilla argentea Hoary Cinquefoil
FIs. mostly w. 4 petals
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lvs. mostly stalked w. 3 Iflets
Potentilla anglica Trailing Tormenti I
lvs. mostly stalkless w. 5 Iflets
Potentilla erecta Tormentil
Erect stiff plant; fls. 20-25 mm
petals notched
Potentilla recta* Sulphur Cinquefoil
Creeping plant w. solitary fls. and stalked lvs.
petals 5, v. narrow; Iflets in 3's usu. 3-toothed
Petals longer than sepals
Fls. in compact clusters; y petals lanceolate Jy
small compact plant of highlands in N.
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Sibbaldia procumbens Sibbaldia
most lvs. w. 5 Iflets; most fls. w. 5 petals
Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinquefoil
Iflets 3,4 or 5; petals4 or 5
Potentilla anglica TrailingTormentil
fls. 15-25 mm, often orange spotted
alpine in calcareous grassland
Potentilla crantzii* Alpine Cinquefoil
fls. 10-15 mm across
in calcareous grassland
Potentilla neumanniana Spring Cinquefoil
compact plant about 2 cm high
highlands in N.
Sibbaldia procumbens Sibbaldia
Lvs. w. 3 Iflets and 2 stipules
Potentilla norvegica* Ternate-leaved Cinquefoil
Lower lvs. w. 5 Iflets & 2 stipules
Potentilla intermedia Russian Cinquefoil
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ROSACEAE
Section 3 Other plants
FIs. packed tightly into a long-stalked knob; Ivs. pinnate
T
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low creeping plant; Ivs. w. 3-4 prs. Iflets
fr. spiny
Acaena novae-zelandiae* Pirri-pirri-bur
4 stamens to each fl.; sepals maroon
Sanguisorba officinalis Great Burnet
stamens numerous; sepals green
robust specimens may be cultivated escapes
Sanguisorba minor Salad Burnet
FIs. green in clusters, or sometimes single
sepals5; Iflets in 3's, usu. 3-toothed [a]
small plant of highlands in N.
Sibbaldia procumbens Sibbaldia
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fl. clusters small, stalkless, among Ivs. [b]
Aphanes arvensis Parsley-piert
Ivs. w. long lobes, silvery beneath [c]
Alchemilla alpina Alpine Laidy's-mantle
Ivs. broad, green both sides
Alchemilla vulgaris (agg.) Lady's-mantle
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Potentilla palustris Marsh Cinquefoil
Petals orange/pink
Geum rivale Water Avens
Lvs. pinnate
Lvs. not divided into Iflets
plant60-120cm high; fls. usu. 5-petalled
Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet
plant up to 80 cm; 6 petals per fl.
Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort
petals 8; If. shape [d]
Dryas octopetala* Mountain Avens
mt. plant
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petals 5; If. shape [a]
mountain moors; fr. red to orange
Rubus chamaemorus Cloudberry
Ivs. w. 3 Iflets
fr. red
Rubus saxatilis Stone Bramble
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Petals lanceolate ^
Fragariaananassa Garden Strawberry
FIs. 20-35 mm Petals lightly notched, / ^ V -^ well spaced f - 1
end tooth of Iflet much shorter than its neighbours
Potentilla sterilis Barren Strawberry
Petals rounded
end tooth of Iflet not shorter than its neighbours
Fragaria vesca Wild Strawberry
CRASSU LACEAE
Stonecrop Family
Flowers with 3,4 or 5 sepals and petals and 0 ,3 ,8 or 10 stamens. All except Umbilicus have free petals.
\ The leaves are simple, more or less succulent, and have no stipules.
FI. parts in 3's
tiny plant of bare ground
Crassula tillaea* Mossy Stonecrop
Corolla tubular
Ivs. round, w. rounded teeth; fls. cream
Umbilicus rupestris Nave Iwort C
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mountain plant
Sedum rosea Roseroot
Lvs. flat, toothed; fls. pink/red
lvs. alternate
Sedum telephium Orpine
lvs. opposite ^
garden escape
Sedum spurium* Caucasian Stonecrop
Petals pink; lvs. glandular
in North only
Sedum villosum Hairy Stonecrop
Petals white
lvs. mostly opposite; ^ almost downy ^
Sedum dasyphyllum Thick-leaved Stonecrop
lvs. 3-5 mm; fls. about 12 mm
inflor, usu. w. 2 main branches
Sedum anglicum English Stonecrop
lvs. 6-12 mm; fls. 6-9 mm
inflor, w. several main branches
Sedum album White Stonecrop
Lvs. 3-5 mm, blunt; fls. yellow
Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop
Lower lvs. on fl. stem upright; fls. yellow
lvs. w. flat upper surface
dead lvs. persist on sterile shoots
Sedum forsterianum Rock Stonecrop
Lower lvs. on fl. stem spreading; fls. yellow
lvs. w. rounded upper surface
dead lvs. fall from sterile shoots
Sedum rupestre Reflexed Stonecrop
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SAXIFRAGACEAE
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Saxifrages
Flowers on the genus Saxifraga have 5 sepals and petals and 10 stamens, while those of Chrysosplenium have 4 (sometimes 5) sepals, no petals and 8 (sometimes 10) stamens. The fruit is 2-lobed. The leaves are simple, but may be lobed or toothed FIs. yellowish green w'out petals; sepals usu. 4; stamens 8
/£v
in wet shady places
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stem lvs. rounded, opposite [b]
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium Opp.-leaved Golden-Saxifrage
jvs alternate
Chrysosplenium alternifolium Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage
FIs. purple
Northern and mt. plant
Saxifraga oppositifolia Purple Saxifrage
FIs. yellow
on Northern mts.
Saxifraga aizoides Yellow Saxifrage
Lvs. ovate in a basal rosette ^
calyx bent right down in fl. &fr.
mt. districts; petals white; If. shape [b]
Saxifraga stellaris Starry Saxifrage
fl. stems downy; inflor, usu. compact
on Northern mts.; petals white; If. shape [a]
Saxifraga nivalis* AlpineSaxifrage
Many creeping shoots w. linear lvs.
hill districts; petals white / s /
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Saxifraga hypnoides Mossy baxifrage
stem lvs. Petals about 3 mm, white; lvs. 3-lobed
Petals over 10 mm; white; lower lvs. rounded
J0 Jk
on dry, sandy ground and wall tops
Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved Saxifrage
If shape [a]
Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage
,vs-
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PARNASSIACEAE
Crass of Parnassus
Only one species. The petals are white with green veins. There are 5 sepals, petals and fertile stamens, but many barren stamen>like glands within the flower. The radical leaves are cordate and long-stalked. Now included in SAXIFRAGACEAE Only one If. (not stalked) on each f I. stem
in wet places
GROSSULARIACEAE
Parnassia palustris Grass-of-Parnassus
Gooseberry Family
Shrubs with alternate, palmately lobed leaves,
f
The clustered greenish flowers have 5 sepals, petals and stamens, and 2 stigmas. The fruit is an edible berry.
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Plant spiny
fr. green
FIs. w. stamens or stigmas but not both
fr. red
Lvs. aromatic
fr. black
Ribes nigrum Blackcurrant
Lvs. not aromatic
fr. red
Ribes rubrum (agg.) Red Currant
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Ribes uva-crispa Gooseberry on limestone
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Ribes alpinum Mountain Currant
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DROSERACEAE
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Sundews
Insectivorous plants of wet heath and bog. The small white flowers (about 5 mm across), with 5-8 petals and sepals are produced in a spike rising from a rosette of leaves which are covered with red glands (long hairs with a sticky globule on the end).
Lvs. round, in a flat rosette
Drosera rotundifolia Round-leaved Sundew
Lf. blades narrow, tapering, up to
lvs. usu. erect
Drosera anelica Great Sundew Drosera intermedia Oblong-leaved Sundew
Lf. blade oval, about 1 cm
LYTHRACEAE
Purple-loosestrife Family
Two very different plants are included in the family. The flowers usually have 6 (or no) petals and 6 or 12 stamens. The stems are often 4-angled.
y in S .; If. shape [e] on next page cuneate base ^
Epilobium lanceolatum Spear-leaved Willowherb
stem w. 2 faint ridges
usu. under 10cm; Ivs. 1-2 cm, pale green [a]
Epilobium anagallidifolium Alpine Willownerb
taller plant; Ivs. up to 4 cm, dark green [b]
Epilobium alsinifolium Chickweed Willowherb
stem w'out ridges; ^ Ivs. narrowly lanceolate y
If. shape [g] on next page
Epilobium palustre Marsh Willowherb
fls. white/pale pink
If. shape [e] on next page
Epilobium roseum Pale Willowherb
121
122 Stems w'out lines or ridges
Ivs. usu. opposite, narrow
If. shape [g]
Epilobium palustre Marsh Willowherb
Many spreading and glandular stem hairs
2 or 4 raised lines on stem
If. shape [d]
Epilobium ciliatum American Willowherb
Stem w. 4 raised lines
some glandular hairs on calyx base
Ivs. dull w. small teeth; If. shape [d]
Epiloboium obscurum Short-fruited Willowherb
calyx w'out glands; Ivs. shiny, well toothed
If. shapes [f] + [g]
Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked Willowherb leaf shapes
y HALORAGACEAE
g
NOTE: teeth omitted
Water-milfoils
Submerged aquatics with feathery leaves. The tiny green/yellow/red flowers are arranged in spikes usually rising above the surface. The upper flowers usually have 8 stamens, the lower ones 4 stigmas.
fl. spike
Lvs. much longer than internodes, usu. 5 to a whorl
fl. bracts pinnate, as long as fls.
fls. in whorls
Myriophyllum verticillatum Whorlea Water-milfoil
Lvs. usu. 3-4 to a whorl
upper fIs. 1 or 2 to a whorl
Ivs. w. up to 18 segments altogether
Myriophyllum alternifolium Alternate Water-milfoil
fls. usu. 4 to a whorl
all but lowest fl. bracts entire
Myriophyllum spicatum Spiked Water-milfoil
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HIPPURIDACEAE
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Mare's-tail
An aquatic plant with whorls of entire, linear leaves. The tiny greenish flowers are close to the stem. This plant should not be confused with the Horsetails on p. 57.
Lvs. 6-12 to a whorl
Hippuris vulgaris Mare's-tail
CALLITRICHACEAE
Water-starworts
Plants growing in water or on wet mud. The leaves are opposite and entire varying in shape from linear to nearly round; they may be submerged, floating or aerial, and vary in shape according to position and habitat. The minute flowers are in the leaf axils. NOTE: The species are difficult to determine without ripe fruit, so this should be searched for. a few wider lvs. at stem tips
fr. keeled, but not winged
Caliitriche hamulata Intermediate Water-starwort
lvs. all linear, all submerged
fr. w. 4 wings; in N. & W.
Caliitriche hermaphroditica Autumnal Water-starwort
Fr. lobes distinctly winged & grooved
most lvs. broad about 1 0 x 7 mm
v. common
Caliitriche stagnalis Common Water-starwort
Fr. lobed but not winged
lower lvs. often linear
Lvs. mostly or all linear, about 2 mm wide, up to 25 mm long j
Various-leave^Water-starwo rt
123
3
124
VISCACEAE
Mistletoe
A semi-parasitic woody evergreen, growing most often on deciduous trees, especially apple, poplar and lime. Lvs. oblong, in terminal pairs; fls. tiny, greenish, in small clusters
SANTALACEAE
in fl. Feb.-May
fr. a white berry
Viscum album Mistletoe
Bastard-toadflax
A low creeping plant with alternate leaves and tiny star-like flowers in loose spikes. Sepals and stamens usually 5, petals absent.
FIs. 3-4 mm, green & white, each w. 3 bracts
CORNACEAE
lvs. linear ^
in calcareous turf
Thesium humifusum* Bastard-toadflax
Dogwood Family
The flowers have sepals, petals and stamens in 4's. The leaves are untoothed and opposite.
(
FIs. about2 mm, purple, in tight cluster, surrounded by 4 white bracts
up to 20 cm tall
moors in Scotland and N. England
Cornus suecica Dwarf Cornel
Shrub, often w. dark red twigs
fls. white; berries black
in scrub, often on calcareous soil
Cornus sanguinea Dogwood
■) O
O
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ARALIACEAE i»y An evergreen woody climber, with dark-green variably-shaped leaves. FIs. yellow/green, late in year
fr. a black berry
APIACEAE (UMBELLIFERAE)
Hedera helix Ivy
Umbellifers Carrot Family
Nearly all the plants of this family bear their flowers in a characteristic umbel. Each flower has 5 petals, 5 stamens and 2 stigmas. The calyx has either 5 small teeth or none at all. At the base of each main umbel there may be bracts, and at the base of the secondary umbels there may be bracteoles (see diagram). The leaves are normally alternate and may be repeatedly divided into pinnate lobes (see diagram) The 2 -lobed fruits are very often helpful for identification. There is a Simplified Key to common white umbellifers on page 255. The B.S.B.I. handbook Umbellifers of the British Isles contains comprehensive keys, illustrations and descriptions.
Lvs. round, attached at centre to stalk
low, creeping marsh plant; umbels minute
Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh Pennywort
125
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126 FIs. greenish-yellow
Ivs. v. succulent w. linear lobes [a]
on maritime rocks
Crithmum maritimum Rock Samphire
Ivs. simple; inflor, slender
near coast
Bupleurum tenuissimum* Slender Hare's-ear
Ivs. v. finely divided lb] or [c]
aromatic; If. segments almost hair-fine [b]
Foeniculum vulgare Fennel
If. segments flattened [c]
Silaum silaus Pepper-saxifrage
smelling of celery; Iflets broad, shiny [a]
Apium graveolens Wild Celery
stem hollow; Ivs. usu. once pinnate [e]
Pastinaca sativa Wild Parsnip
stem solid; Ivs. usu. twice pinnate
PetroseUnum crispum Garden Parsley
Iflets mostly in 3's; ripe fr. black
Smyrnium olusatrum Alexanders
plant v. aromatic NB: Pastinaca can cause skin reactions
l i f e
Ivs. up to 30 cm, glossy, w. broad, toothed, segments If. segments linear/lanceolate [c] Lvs. w. strong spines
fls. blue
Radical Ivs. palmatelylobed Lower aerial Ivs. once pinnate (Iflets may be deeply toothed) N.B. Ignore submerged Ivs. if plant is aquatic.
petal margins entire
Silaum silaus Pepper-saxifrage on maritime sands
Eryngium maritimum Sea-holly
woodland plant
Sanicula europaea Sanicle
submerged Ivs. v. finely dissected
Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort
bracteoles present
Apium noditlorum Fool's Water-cress
nobracteoles; smells of celery
Apium graveolens Wild Celery
1 >) o o o o o o o o o
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
y
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y
umbel of 3-6 rays of irregular length
usu. growing in water
outer petals much larger than inner ft ^
U
some Ivs. twice pinnate; no bracts
c
\SBB \
all Ivs. once pinnate; no bracts
Purple spots on stem
Fr. bristly
V
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M
y
y
y
y
smells of parsley; bracts see [a]
Petroselinum segetum Corn Parsley
smell unpleasant; bracts see [b]
Sison amomum Stone Parsley
umbels terminal
Sium latifolium G reat Water-parsn ip
umbels [c] opposite If. or in If. axil
Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip
umbels 30 cm or more across; often 3 m high
Heracleum mantegazzianum Giant Hogweed
50-200 cm high
Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed
stem tough, downy
Pimpinella saxifraga Burnet-saxifrage
stem hairless, brittle
Pimpinella major Greater Burnet-saxifrage
stem rough, upto l m
Chaerophyllum temulum Rough Chervil
stem smooth, up to 2 m
Conium maculatum Hemlock
bracts many, divided into long segments
Daucus carota Wild Carrot
umbels almost stalkless
Torilis nodosa Knotted Hedge-parsley
bracts 4-12
y
fr. w. hooked spines [d]
y
Torilis japonica Upright Hedge-parsley
127
y
128 bracts 0 or 1
f r. rounded at top [a]; stem solid
Torilis arvensis Spreading Hedge-parsley
fr. beaked [b]; stem hollow
Anthriscus caucalis Bur Parsley
a
Fr. slender, 3-7 cm long
rays 1-3; bracts 0 or 1; bracteoles about 5
Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd's-needle
Outer bracteoles turned down in 3's Stem partly suffused with purple
Aethusa cynapium Fool's Parsley Ivs. twice trifoliate, glossy
up to 90 cm high; on northern coasts
Ligusticum scoticum Scots Lovage
^
infl. July-Sep.; up to 2 m high
Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica
Ivs. almost 3 times pinnate
infl. March-June
Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley
Ivs. fine, in whorls [c]
inN.& W .
Carum verticillatum Whorled Caraway
Ivs. twice pinnate; Iflets broad
Stem solid
JF A 'jf - T M X fruits
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If. as above
f)
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Humulustupulus Hop
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ULMACEAE
eims
Trees whose leaves are asymmetrical at their base [a] & [b]. The flowers appear as tufts of reddish stamens in February or March, well before the leaves are out. The fruit is a winged disc up to 2 cm across. A number of minor species and hybrids also occur. Most Ivs. 4-10 cm, w. 8-14 pairs of veins
Ivs. rough above [a] Lvs. smooth above
Lvs. 8-16 cm w. 15-20 pairs of veins [b]
MYRICACEAE
Ulmus procera English Elm v. variable tree
trunk usu. divides low down
Ulmus minor Small-leaved Elm Ulmusglabra Wych Elm
Bog Myrtle
A deciduous shrup up to 2 m tall, with reddish twigs and alternate leaves which are aromatic if crushed. The male and female red-tinged catkins are usually on separate plants.
FIs. reddish, often appearing before the Ivs.
PLATANACEAE
Ivs. yellow-dotted, aromatic
moors, bogs
female
Myricagale Bog Myrtle
Plane Family
A large tree with flaky bark. The flowers & fruit are in long-stalked spherical clusters.
Lvs. alternate, lobed and/or sharply toothed
see also diag. on p. 101
137
138
BETULACEAE
Birch Family
Trees and shrubs, bearing catkins, of which the male are drooping and longer than the female. The fruiting catkins have many small 3-lobed (Betula) or 5-lobed (Alnus) scales. The leaves are alternate. Catkins in fl. before Ivs. appear, but small
bark brown; Ivs. rounded [a]
Cone-like female catkins persist for many months
bark grey, smooth; Ivs. pointed
common in wet places
Alnus glutionosa Alder Alnus incana* Grey Alder
Low shrub w. rounded Ivs. [b]
Scottish moors
Betula nana* Dwarf Birch
Trunk white above, black & fissured below
twigs smooth; Ivs. w. large & small teeth [c]
Betulapendula Silver Birch
Tru n k grey/brown
twigs downy; If. teeth mostly same size [d]
Betula pubescens Downy Birch
CORYLACEAE
Hazel Family Now in BETULACEAE
Trees or shrubs, bearing catkins. In Hornbeam both male and female catkins dangle. In Hazel only the male catkins (Lamb's-tails) dangle; the female flowers look like tiny buds with 2 red styles. The leaves are toothed and alternate.
J\ Y JrT 1 !
7
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J\ \ V t J t \ V ir J
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Catkins yellow, opening before Ivs.; If. snape [e]
young Ivs. downy below; twigs w. reddish hairs
fr. a nut
Corylus avellana Hazel
Catkins greenish, opening w. Ivs.; If. shape [f]
only veins hairy below; twigs downy
fr. w. 3-lobed wing [g]
Carpinus betulus Hornbeam
fls. all alike; ripe fr. black
Ivs. ovate, toothed [a]; calcareous soil
Viburnum lantana Wayfaring-tree
b
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ADOXACEAE
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Moschatel
An inconspicuous little plant with an unusual arrangement of 5 flowers on the end of a stem. The top flower has 4 petals and the others 5. The radical leaves are well lobed, often into 3's and then 3's again.
FIs. greenish, 5 in a head
VALERIANACEAE
up to 10 cm high
woods and mt. ledges
Adoxa moschateflina Moschatel
Valerian Family
Plants with clusters of small flowers, pinkish in Valeriana, pale lilac-blue in Valerianella. The funnel-shaped flowers have a 5-iobed corolla and 3 stamens (only 1 stamen in Red Valerian, and none in female flowers of Marsh Valerian). The calyx is no more than a rim beneath the corolla. The leaves are in pairs. NOTE: Ripe fruit are needed to name the species of Valerianella.
Valerianella fruit
cross-section of fruit h
Stamen 1 ; corolla w. a spur at its base [b]
fls. red, pink, or white
Centranthus ruber Red Valerian
177
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178 Some Ivs. pinnate
fls. w. 3 stamens and a style [c] on previous page
usu. 30-120cm high
Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian
male fls. w. 3 stamens; female w. no stamens
up to 30 cm high [a] on previous page
Valeriana dioica Marsh Valerian
up to 150 cm high
Valeriana pyrenaica* Pyrenean Valerian
1 style,
Lvs. ovate or cordate, toothed
A /\ v L^J
Tip of fr. bears minute cup (calyx)
fr. w. 3 cells [e] on previous page
Valerianella rimosa* Broad-fruited Cornsalad
fr. w. 1 cell & 2 ribs [f] on previous page
Valerianella dentata Narrow-fruited Cornsalad
Fr. approx, spherical to triangular, compressed
fr. [g]; fl. [a] both on previous page
Fr. longer than wide, grooved down one side
fr. [h] on previous page
DI PSACACEAE
the commonest Valerianella [a]
Valerianella locusta Common Cornsalad Valerianella carinata* Keeled-fruited Cornsalad
Teasel and Scabious
Bluish or white flowers arranged in compact heads. Each floret, which may be 4- or 5-lobed, has 4 protruding stamens. The leaves are opposite. There are similar-looking flowers in the Campanulaceae (p. 173) but these have alternate leaves ^ and stamens that are inside the corolla. Y Stems stout, prickly; fl. heads w. spiny bracts
Corollaw.4lobes
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fls. purple; fl. head 3-8cm long
fl. head always erect [a]
Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel
fls. white; head spherical about 2 cm diameter
fl. head at first drooping [b]
Dipsacus pilosus Small Teasel
stem Ivs. deeply lobed
fl. head bracts broad, in 2 rows [c]
Knautiaarvensis Field Scabious
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stem Ivs. hardly lobed
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damp places
ASTERACEAE (COMPOSITAE)
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Succisa pratensis Devil's-bit Scabious
fl. head bracts narrow [d] on dry calcareous places previous page; Ivs. w. narrow lobes
Corolla 5-lobed
)
Scabiosa coiumbaria Small Scabious
Daisy Family
A very large family whose tiny flowers (florets) are typically massed into compact heads. Each floret may be tubular [oj as in the central disc of a Daisy, or may bear a flat lobe [e] as in the Daisy's outer white rays. In some species both types of floret are present (e.g. Daisy), in others there may be only the flat-lobed type (e.g. Dandelion), or only the tubular ones (e.g. Thistles). In a few species the florets may be small in number or loosely arranged. The 5 stamens are all joined together to form a sleeve round the style and are not very obvious. The style is often longer than the corolla tube and has 2 stigmas. Beneath each head of florets there are often sepal-like bracts. The fruit is one-seeded and may bear a pappus [f and g]. There are similar flowers (blue or white ones) in two other families: Teasels and Scabious have 4 separate and protruding stamens to each floret (page 178) Sheep's-bit and Rampion (page 173).
d pappus
U all florets flat
ray floret
floret with flat lobe
tubular floret
feathery pappus i/t
disc floret inner bracts
space between florets receptacle
Daisy type
scales between florets
- outer bracts Ragwort
outer bracts
Dandelion
a
beak
inner bracts
b
c
fruits
f
Each fl. head like a daisy, w. yellow centre and white rays [a]
Section 1 page 181
Each fl. head w. compact daisy-like centre and yellow rays [b]
Section 2 page 182
g
179
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180 FIs. entirely yellow/orange; all florets flat like those of dandelion [c] on previous page See also the Simplified Key on page 260
Section 3 page 185
Lvs. prickly, like a thistle; fls. usually purple
Section 4 page 189
FIs. in small greenish, green/brown, green/yellow, or yellowish clusters; no ray florets; fl. heads up to about
Section 5 page 190
Other plants
Section 6 page 192
6 mm diameter
ASTERACEAE Section 1 Flowers like Daisy
List of genera (Some genera may appear in more than one section) 2
3
4
5
6
Ragwort
Dandelion
Thistle
Groundsel
Others
Arnoseris Crepis Hieracium Hypochaeris Lactuca Lapsana Leontodon Mycelis Picris Pilosella Sonchus Taraxacum Tragopogon Tussilago
Carduus Carlina Centaurea Cirsium Onopordum Silybum
Artemisia Filago Gnaphalium Matricaria Senecio Seriphidium Tanacetum Xanthi um
Achillea Anaphalis Antennaria Arctium Aster Bidens Centaurea Cichorium Cirsium Conyza Erigeron Eupatorium Inula Matricaria Petasites Saussurea Senecio Serratula Tanacetum Tragopogon
185 (simplified key on p. 260)
189
190
192
Chrysanthemum Achillea Doronicum Antennaria Inula Anthem is Pulicaria Beilis Chamaemelum Senecio Chrysanthemum Solidago Conyza Tephroseris Erigeron Tussilago Galinsoga Leucantnemum Matricaria Tri pleu rosper m um
Page 181
182
O O O O l ) O
Inula helenium Elecampane Chrysanthemum segetum Corn Marigold
dry calcareous places If. andfI. head [a]
Inula conyzae Ploughman's-spikenard Senecio vulgaris Groundsel
greyish-yellow/green plant usu. over 30 cm fl. head [c]
Senecio sylvaticus Heath Groundsel
smaller plant
Senecio vulgaris var. radiata Rayed Groundsel
outer fl. head bracts nearly Vi length of inner [d]
v. sticky, glandular and foetid
Senecio viscosus Sticky Groundsel
marsh plant w. large lobe at If. end [e]
fl. heads2.5-3 cm across; ray florets 3-toothed
Senecio aquaticus Marsh Ragwort
ray florets 3-toothed; fl. hds. 15-25 mm across
outer fl. hd. bracts about Vi as long as inner; If. [f]
Senecio erucifolius Hoary Ragwort
outer f I. hd. bracts less than Vi as longas inner
Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort
lvs. hairless, variously lobed
Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort
ray florets notched or nearly entire fife
)
fl. heads1.5-3cm; lvs oblong, wrinkled clasping stem
no ray florets at all [b]
¥ Id
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Doronicum pardalianches Leopard's-bane
fl. head bracts w. black tips, outer onesv. short
I
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fl. heads 4-6 cm across; upper lvs. ovate; clasping stem
lvs. bluish, green, lobed, rather fleshy Ray florets none or few or under 5 mm
>
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183
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184 FI. head bracts in one row, all equal [a] FI. head bracts in 2 rows, outer smaller than inner
Ivs. long & pointed w. small teeth [b]
in calcareous grassland
Tephroseris integrifolia Field Fleawort
in wet places
Senecio fluviatilis* Broad-leaved Ragwort
usu. some Ivs. lobed [c]
Senecio squalidus Oxford Ragwort
Ray florets spreading [d]
Solidago virgaurea Golden rod
Ray florets short, almost erect [e]
in wet places
Pulicaria vulgaris* Small Fleabane
e
Tephroseris integrifolia
y
Senecio fluviatilis
Seneciosqualidus
o o o o o o (
Solidago virgaurea
Pulicaria vulgaris
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ASTERACEAE sections Flower heads entirely yellow/orange. All florets flat like a Dandelion Hawkweeds (Hieracium) and Dandelions (Taraxacum) produce seed without the need for pollination, and so give rise to a very large number of microspecies, which cannot be considered here. ^ See also the Simplified Key and drawings on page 260.
ull>l 11,1,11
’ ^
floretscale between florets
fr. w. pappus
inner bracts — outer bracts
Stems unbranched w. many scales but notruelvs.
fls. appear before Ivs.
Tussilago farfara Colt's-foot Pilosella aurantiacum Fox-and-Cubs
FIs. orange/brown All Ivs. grasslike
fl. hd. bracts longer than florets
Tragopogon pratensis Goat's-beara
Lvs. usu. w. obvious spots
Ivs. pimply & bristly
Picris echioides Bristly Oxtongue
pappus feathery; scales between florets [a]
Hypochaeris maculata* Spotted Car's-ear
pappus simple; no scales among florets [b]
(includes many micro-species)
Hieracium spp. Hawkweed
185
3
186 Fi. head solitary on unbranched stem
stem hollow throughout w. milky juice
stem swollen & hollow just below fl. head
Ivs. simple w. long hairs [a]
Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear Hawkweed
Ivs. mostly toothed (includes many micro-species)
Taraxacum spp. Dandelion
fl. head 7-11 mm across; no pappus on fr. fl. hd. [b]
Arnoseris minima* Lamb's Succory
fl. hd. 25-40 mm across; fr. w. pappus [c,d]
Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear Hawkweed
Ivs. whitish beneath w. lone hairs [a] small bracts on stem
J T J
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stem stout, rough, hairy; fl. hd. 25-40 mm across [c, d]
Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit
scales between florets [e]; Ivs. hairy
Hypochaeris radicata Cat's-ear (stunted)
scales between florets; inner & Hypochaeris giabra outer fr. differ [f]; Ivs almost hairless Smooth Cat's-ear
r
Ivs. w. deep & narrow lobes fr. Ig]
Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit
fl. hd. 1 2 -2 0 mm; outer florets w'out pappus [hj
outer petals grey/violet beneath
Leontodon saxatilis Lesser Hawkbit
fl. hd. 25-40 mm across
outer petals orange beneath [c] ; fr [d]
Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit
o
o
>
Stems v. bristly
Stem Ifless but bearing tiny bracts
V Ilf w
ft
F *
f
fl. hd. w. 3-5 broad outer bracts [a]
Ivs. w. pimples; fr. w. long beak
outer fl. hd. bracts narrow, spreading [b]
fr. not
Picris hieracioides Hawkweed Oxtongue
narrow scales between florets; fr. w. pappus [c]
Ivs. usu. hairy
Hypochaeris radicata Cat's-ear
Ivs. almost hairless; petals hardly longer than bracts
Hypochaeris glabra Smooth Cat's-ear
no pappus on fr.
stem swollen in upper part [e]
Arnoseris minima* Lamb's Succory
Ivs. usu. deeply & narrowly lobed
fr. w. pappus [d]
Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit
*
/
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Picris echioides Bristly Oxtongue
No pappus on fr.
usu. tall, slender, well branched
Lapsana communis Nipplewort
Usu. only 5 ray florets per head
stem w. milky juice; fr. hardly beaked
Mycelis muralis Wall Lettuce
Stems w. copious milky juice
upper Ivs. linear, w'out spines [g]
Lactuca saligna* Least Lettuce
Ivs. ovate, margins enti re w'out spines
Lactuca sativa Garden Lettuce
stem bracts w. pointed auricles [h]; fr. ribbed [f]
Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce
stem bracts rounded, appressed [i]; fr. almost smooth
Lactuca virosa Great Lettuce
187
188
Pappus pale brownish (not white)
f
fl. hd. 4-5 cm diameter
buds hairy, w. sticky yellow glands [a]; If. base [b]
Sonchus arvensis Perennial Sow-thistle
stem Ivs. w. rounded but toothed auricles [c]
Ivs. shiny
Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle
stem Ivs. w. pointed auricles [d]
Ivs. dark green, dull
Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle
fl. hd. bracts in 1 row w. a few small outer ones [e]
fls. orange/yellow
Crepis paludosa Marsh Hawk's-beard
fl. hd. bracts in 2 or more rows [f]
(includes many micro-species)
Hieracium spp. Hawkweed
fr. w. long beak [g]; stem purplish below
outer fl. hd. bracts spreading; fls. May-July
Crepis vesicaria Beaked Hawk's-beard
Ivs. hardly toothed [i]
northern hills
Crepis mollis* Northern Hawk's-beard
inner fl. hd. bracts downy inside
robust, hairy plant
Crepis biennis Rough Hawk's-beard
lower Ivs, w. well-spaced teeth; upper Ivs. linear; fr. [h]
usu. a slender plant; common; fls. June-Sep.
Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawk's-beard
most Ivs. lanceolate toothed, w. long auricles
wet places in N. & Midlands
Crepis paludosa Marsh Hawk's-beard
V
Pappus white
>
11
m
T
T h W 1
>
{
O
O
O
)
o
o
o
o
ASTERACEAE
Section 4 Thistle-like plants, normally with purple flowers
Lvs. w. conspicuous white veins
40-120 cm high
Ring of straw-coloured bracts below fls.
10-60 cm high
Fl. heads usu. solitary or well j separated Jr
fl.hd.at ground level
1 J 1r a
J| F r b
Silybum marianum Milk Thistle calcareous grassland & dunes
Carlina vulgaris Carline Thistle Cirsium acaute Dwarf Thistle
stem lvs. deeply lobed and spiny
fl. hd. 3-5 cm diameter, often drooping
Carduus nutans Musk Thistle
lvs. glabrous above, downy beneath; stem grooved
hardly spiny at all; N. of the Thames only [a]
Cirsium heterophyilum Melancholy Thistle
lvs. hairy, green above, white beneath [b]
plant not very spiny
Cirsium dissectum Meadow Thistle Carduus nutans Musk Thistle
Fl. heads drooping; 3-5 cm diameter The species following are normally branched but poor specimens may have only one head of flowers.
^
Fl. hd. w. spreading spines, 2-2.5 cm long
all lvs. narrow or w. narrow lobes y
Lvs. woolly on both sides
stem w. continuous spiny wings
Pappus hairs feathery (each hair is again long-haired)
[Examine with a lens when dry]
upper lvs. usu. have a few teeth; fls. purplish pink
Centaurea calcitrapa* Red Star-thistle Onopordum acanthium Cotton Thistle
fl. hd. v. large, woolly beneath [e]; calcaeroussoil
Cirsium eriophorum Woolly Thistle
fI. hds. 3-5 cm diameter [c] up to 3 in a cluster
Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle
fl. hds. smaller [d] in more crowded clusters
Cirsium palustre Marsh Tnistle
189
190 fls. pale purple, fragrant as [d] on previous page
Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle
FI. hds. cylindrical w. lanceolate bracts
usu. pale purple or pinkish
Carduus tenuittorus Slender Thistle
FI. hds. oval/spherical w. linear bracts
fls. dark purple
Carduus crispus Welted Thistle
ASTERACEAE
Section 5 Flowers in small green/brown or green/yellow clusters without ray florets
Flower heads up to about 6 mm in diameter. For similar flowers with larger heads or a loose inflorescence see Section 6 p. 192. Some species appear in both sections. Plant w. long 3-forked spines
hds. in fr. about 10 mm
Xanthium spinosum Spiny Cocklebur
FI. hds. yellow w. a few small rays
lvs. grey-green
Senecio sylvaticus Heath Groundsel
Lvs. many-lobed, mostly aromatic
fl. hd. conical, hollow; like a Mayweed w'out rays [a]
5-30cm high; lvs. pineapplescented If. at [a]
Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed
usu. under45cm high; fl.hd. cylindrical, yellow [b]
If. at [b]
Senecio vulgaris Groundsel
lvs. dark green above, whitish below; 60-120 cm high
in fl. July-Sep. inflor. & If. at [c]
Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort
in fl. Oct.-Nov., S.E. England
Artemisia verlotiorum Chinese Mugwort
#
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,
a
w
o o o o O O O O O O O ') O O O O o o
end If. segments 2-3 mm wide
Artemisia absinthium Wormwood
end If. segments about 1 mm wide; maritime
Seriphidium maritimum Sea Wormwood
Ivs. pinnate, sharply toothed [a]
aromatic
Tanacetum vulgare Tansy
terminal clusters w. only 1 -2 overtopping Ivs.
fl. bracts red-tipped
Filago lutescens* Red-tipped Cudweed
fl. hds. within each cluster flat-topped [b]
common [b]
Gnaphalium uliginosum Marsh Cudweed
Ivs. silky both sides; aromatic; f Is. yellowish
a Terminal fl. clusters overtopped bylvs. .
fl. hds. within each cluster ovoid Stems unbranched
plant up to about 12 cm
Filago pyramidata* Broad-leaved Cudweed Scottish mts. only
plant erect, 8-60 cm FI. hds. in clusters near ends of branches
Gnaphalium supinum Dwarf Cudweed Gnaphalium sylvaticum Heath Cudweed
fl. hds. up to 6 in a cluster
Filago minima Small Cudweed
fl. hds. usu. 10 or more in a cluster [c]
Filago vulgaris Common Cudweed
191
192
ASTERACEAE
Section 6 Various types of flower head, including many purplish ones without prickly leaves, yellowish ones without ray florets, and a few others
FIs. bright blue
fl. hds. terminal
Ivs. linear/lanceolate, y lower ones w. narrow lobes y
Centaurea cyanus* Cornflower
lower Ivs. w. broad terminal lobe; fls. lilac/blue
Cicerbita macrophylla* Common Blue Sow-thistle
fl. hds. at intervals up the stem FIs. creamy or white
M
Xi
* b
a
Ivs. finely divided, aromatic
inflor, at first sight like an umbel; occasionally pink
Achillea millefolium Yarrow
Ivs. linear/lanceloate toothed y
ray florets broad, toothed [a]
Achillea ptarmica Sneezewort
im d. *r x&s*
I
Conyza canadensis Canadian Fleabane
inflor, long, loose [b] small plant w. rosette of Ivs.
W IM f T .
Cichorium intybus Chicory
FI. stem stout, hollow, w. lanceolate scales
Antennaria dioica Mountain Everlasting
fl. hds. in an umbel [c]
in fl. Dec.-March, almond-scented id]
Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope
bractsonfl.steminrolled
Petasites albus White Butterbur
stem bracts large, If.-like, overlapping
garden escape
Petasites japonicus* Giant Butterbur
inflor, a mass of small clusters
fls. usu. appear before Ivs., in Spring
Petasites hybridus Butterbur
In fl. Dec.-March, almond* scented [d]
O
)
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)
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Petasites fragrans Winter Heliotrope
o
o
■>
O
■ ')
o
o
o
o
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Lvs. sheathing, grass-like; fls. purple
Tragopogon porrifolius* Salsify lvs. simple, entire, woolly beneath, 6-1 Ocm
inflor, terminal, 6 - 1 0 cm high
Anaphatis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting
lvs. finely divided, green pineapple-scenteaia]
5-30 cm high
Matricaria discoidea Pineappleweed
lvs. pinnate, sharply toothed, v. aromatic [b]
30-100 cm high
Tanacetum vulgare Tansy
lower lvs. 3-lobed & toothed tc]
in wet places
Bidens tripartita Trifid Bur-marigold
lvs. lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, toothed ^ ^
inflor, in spikes of tiny yellow clusters
Sotidago canadensis Canadian Goldenrod
fl. hds. 15-25 mm across; in wet places
Bidens cernua Nodding Bur-marigold
fl.hds. up to 12 mm across [d]; in dry places
Inula conyzae Ploughman's-spikenard
in saltmarshes
Aster tripolium (rayless form) Sea Aster
lvs. succ. linear-lanceolate hairless [e]
Senecio vulgaris Groundsel
fl. hds. 4-5 mm diameter [f]
Stem lvs. entire, linear-lanceolate
' fls. purplish [g]
insaltmarshes If. [e]
Aster tripolium Sea Aster
small plant w. lvs. woolly beneath
fls. white/pink; fl. hds. in an umbel [il
Antennaria dioica Mountain Everlasting
lvs. hairy up to 7.5 cm; ray fl. pale purple
[hi
Erigeron acer Blue Fleabane
193
194 FI. hds. purple, surrounded by stiff hooks
FI. hds. grouped in large clusters [d, e] on next page
fl. hd. stalks usu. over4cm; If. stalks solid
fr. hd. usu. over 35 mm across
Arctium lappa Greater Burdock
fl. hd. stalks usu. under4cm; If. stalks hollow
fr. hd. 15-35 mm across
Arctium minus Lesser Burdock
fls. pale to dark reddish mauve
usu. 50-120 cm high, in moist places
Eupatorium cannabium Hemp-agrimony
[f] on next page
Serratula tinctoria Saw-wort
fl. hds. usu. solitary
N. of the Thames only [a]
Cirsium heterophyllum Melancholy Thistle
fl. hds. in a small cluster
mts. in the N.
Saussurea alpina Alpine Saw-wort
Lvs. pinnate, sharply saw-toothed Lvs. lanceolate, woolly beneath
Petals rise from a hard globular knob
b
upper lvs. lobed
Centaurea scabiosa Greater Knapweed
fl. hd. bracts edged w. long fine teeth [b]
Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed
fl. hd. bracts w. short blunt teeth [c]
Centaurea jacea* Brown Knapweed
stemw. milky juice; Ivs.w. only 1 pair of lobes
Cicerbita macrophylla* Common Blue Sow-thistle
c
fl. hd. bracts FI. hds. lilac/blue, about 3 cm diameter
O O O O O o O !) ') O O O ■> O O >) O O O
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ALISMATACEAE
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Water-plantain Family
Aquatic or waterside plants with flowers having 3 sepals and petals. There are 6 stamens (except in Arrowhead which may have many or none).
Aerial Ivs. 3-lobed, arrow-shaped
male fls. w. 9 or more stamens, female fIs. w. none
Floating Ivs. elliptical; plant up to about 50 cm
If. base cordate; fls. in whorls
fls. usu. solitary
submerged Ivs. linear f
Sagittaria sagittifoiia Arrowhead Damasonium alisma* Starfruit
Luronium natans* Floating Water-plantain
195
196 FIs. In an umbel; up to 20 cm high 2 0-100
cm high
Ivs. narrowly ^ lanceolate ^ .
jj
b
BUTOMACEAE
Baldellia ranunculoides Lesser Water-plantain
If-tapers gradually to base
style inserted near top of fr. [a]
Alisma lanceolatum Narrow-leaved Water-plantain
If. base almost cordate
style inserted about Vi-way down fr. [b]
Alisma plantago-aquatica Water-plantain
Flowering-rush
A tall aquatic or waterside plant whose flowers have 3 sepals and petals and 6-9 stamens. The leaves are all radical, linear, and 3 - a n g le d .^ ^ FIs. 25-30 mm, pink, in an umbel [c]
up to 150 cm high
HYDROCHARITACEAE
Butomus umbellatus Flowering-rush
Frogbit Family
Aquatic plants whose flowers have 3 sepals and petals. Male ana female flowers are on separate plants, the females solitiary, the males 1 to 3 together, with 9 to 12 stamens. Both sexes may also bear staminodes (like stamens without anthers).
Lvs. stiff, toothed, in a rosette [e]
fls. 3-4 cm across; petals white w. spot
Lvs. in whorls of 3 [g] Lvs. broad, floating [f]
in calcareous districts
Stratiotes abides* Water-soldier
rarely flowers
Elodea canadensis Canadian Waterweed
fls. about 2 cm across, white [d]
- j| |
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O
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Frogbit
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JUNCACINACEAE
)
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Arrowgrasses
The small greenish flowers are in narrow spikes, the flower parts being arranged in 3's or 6 's. These are marsh plants with linear leaves. The similar looking plantains have 4 long-stalked stamens to each flower (see page 172).
Fr. cylindrical/tapering
in saltmarshes
Triglochin maritimum SeaArrowgrass
in freshwater marshes
Triglochin palustre Marsh Arrowgrass
197
>
198
ZOSTERACEAE
Eelgrasses
The only British flowering plants that grow in the sea, below high-tide level. The grass-like leaves are rooted in the sea bed in muddy places. The flowers have either 1 stamen or 2 stigmas and are to be found in flat clusters fairly low down on the stems
Lvs. 20-50 cm long, 5-10 mm wide [a]
fl. stem usu. branches
grows below low-tide level
Zostera marina* Eelgrass
Lvs. 15-30cm long, about2 mm wide
older Ivs. w. notched tip
exposed at low tide
Zostera angustifolia* Narrow-leaved Eelgrass
Lvs. mostly under 12 cm long under 1 mm wide
older Ivs. w. notched tip
exposed at low tide
Zostera noltei* Dwarf Eelgrass
POTAMOGETONACEAE
Pondweeds
Aquatic plants of fresh and brackish water. The inflorescence is a spike of small greenish flowers, often rising above the surface. The flower parts are all in 4's. The leaves are very variable, depending greatly on the depth, speed and composition of the water, and usually have stipules at their base. This variability, together with frequent hybridization, make this a difficult genus. Because flowers and fruit are often absent this key relies almost entirely on leaf characters. NOTE: Barren plants of the genera Ruppia (see page 201) and Zannichellia (page 202) are similar to the narrow leaved Potamogetons.
inflor, becomes an umbel in fr.
only in coastal brackish pools
If. sheath w. whitish edges [b]
O O «) } o O O ') O
Ivs. dark green, mostly up to 2 mm wide
'">
RUPPIACEAE p. 201 Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed
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3
3
Ivs. yellowish green, thread-like up to 1 mm wide
fr. whorls well spaced; in N.
Potamogeton filiformis* Slender-leaved Pondweed
Lvs. in pairs, lanceolate up to 25 mm long [a]
Croenlandia densa Opposite-leaved Pondweed
Older Ivs. frilly, toothed [b]
Potamogeton crispus Curled Pondweea
Floating Ivs. ovate w. long stalk
submerged Ivs. 1-3 mm wide floatinglvs. [c] submerged Ivs. narrowly lanceolate
Potamogeton natans Broadleaved Pondweed submerged Ivs. net-veined [el; only in S.
Potamogeton nodosus* Loddon Pondweed
submerged Ivs. stalkless, wavy [f]
zrammeus* Various-leaved Pondweed
all Ivs. long-stalked, submerged ones narrower than floating [c]
Potamogeton polygonifolius Bog Pondweed
stalks often longer than Ivs. [c]
in boggy places or acid water
Potamogeton polygonifolius Bog Pondweed
stalks shorter than Ivs [d]
in calcareous water
Potamogeton coloratus Fen Pondweed
199
200 Lvs. broad, blunt, clasping the stem [e]
lvs. 2 -6 cm long, oval [e]
Lvs. 10 mm or more wide
stipules 2 -keeled [d]
a
Lvs. 3-12 mm wide, wavy, sessile, w. 7-11 veins
Stems much flattened Lvs. thread-like, usu. 1-veined [h]
If. stalks, v. short; no floating lvs. [c]
lvs. reddish w. tapered base [a] lvs. green, stalkless, w. rounded base [b]
Lvs. linear, 2-4 mm wide, w. S 5 main veins /
Potamogeton perfoliatus Perfoliate Pondweed Potamogeton lucens Shining Pondweed Potamogeton alpinus Red Pondweed no floating lvs.
Potamogetonpraelongus Long-stalked Pondweed
sometimes w. wider ovate floating lvs.
Potamogeton gramineus* Various-leaved Pondweed
stem flattened, keeled; stipules blunt [f]
Potamogeton compressus* Grass-wrack Pondweed
stipules acute [g]
Potamogeton friesii Flat-staiked Pondweed
usu. in calcareous water
If.
Potamogeton acutifolius* Sharp-leaved Pondweed
Ivs. up to 1 mm wide and 4 cm long [h]
Potamogeton trichoides* Hairlike Pondweed
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Lvs. 0.5-4 mm wide; usu. 1 or 3 veins
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stipules 12-30 mm long, open to base [a]
If. tip rounded w. tiny point
Potamogeton obtusifolius Blunt-leaved Pondweed
young stipules tubular at base [b]
midrib of older lvs. not bordered w. pale band
Potamogeton pusillus Lesser Pondweed
stipules 3-10 mm long, open to base
lvs. up to 2 mm wide
Potamogeton berchtoldii Small Pondweed
)
>
b f
!
Lvs. 3-veined, under 0.5 mm wide
RUPPIACEAE
young stipules tubular at base [b]
Potamogeton pusillus Lesser Pondweed
Tasselweed
Submerged aauatics of brackish coastal water. The very slender leaves (about 0.5 mm wide) have a sheath at their base [c]. The minute flowers are in an umbel, the stalk of which lengthens considerably in fruit [d]. The slender-leaved Pondweeds (p. 201) and Horned Pondweed (p. 202) are similar in leaf but have very different inflorescences.
Fruiting umbel attached to a spirally twisted stalk 8 cm or more long
Ruppia cirrhosa* Spiral Tasselweed
Fruiting umbel attached to a stalk up to c. 6 cm long; If. apex acute
Ruppia maritima Bealced Tasselweed
201
>
202
ZANNICHELLIACEAE
Horned Pondweed
A fine-leaved submerged aquatic, with stipules at the leaf bases. The flowers are minute, in clusters in the leaf axils. The slender-leaved Pondweeds (p. 201) and Tasselweed (p. 201) are similar in leaf but have very different inflorescences.
' Lvs. usu. opposite, 0.5-2 mm wide; fr. like minute cucumbers in clusters of 2-6
LILACEAE
f
Zannichellia palustris Horned Pondweed
Lily Family
Flowers and inflorescences of varied form and colour. The perianth of 6 segments may be petal- or sepal-like, with the segments free or united. There are 6 stamens, except in the male flowers of Butcher's-broom, which have 3. Some of the Alliums have tiny bulbs (bulbils) instead of or mixed with the flowers.
//y
jj[ b AM
f
I
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Dark spiny-lv'd shrub
fls. finy, either male or female; fr. a red berry
fls. in early Spring / h i /M
Ruscus aculeatus Butcher's-broom
Plantw. onion smell; fls. in ahead, often mixed w. tiny bulbils
fls. white
Ivs. Iinear keeled [a] inflor, [b]
Allium triquetrum* Three-cornered Leek
Ivs. lanceolate [d] inflor, [c]
Allium ursinum Ramsons
common
Allium vineale Wild Onion
inflor, w. tiny bubils but no fls. [e]
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inflor, w. bracts much longer than thefl.hd. stamens protrude; fls. usu. mixed w. bubils [a]
)
common
3
Allium vineale Wild Onion
Ivs. hollow; fls. purplish
Allium schoenoprasum* Chives
Ivs. flat [b]; fls. purplish
Allium scorodoprasum* Sand Leek
Well-branched; Ivs. / small, soft, linear ^
fl. greenish
fr. a red berry
Asparagus officinalis Wild Asparagus
FIs. yellowish to greenish-white; Ivs. radical, linear
fls. long-stalked, in an umbel
only 1 radical If. 15-40 cm long
Gagea lutea* Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem
stigma 3-lobed
radical Ivs. in tuft, up to 4 cm [cl; hills in N.
Tofieldia pusilla* Scottish Asphodel
stigma single; stamens hairy
in wet acid places
Narthecium ossifragum Bog Asphodel
FIs. 2.5 cm or more across, purplish
3
Allium oleraceum* Field Garlic
b
i
3
no Ivs. at fl. time (Aug.-Oct.)
Colchicum autumnale* Meadow Saffron
petals bent back; stamens protrude
Lilium martagon* Martagon Lily
one fl. to a stem
Fritillaria meleagris* Fritillary
203
3
204 FIs. blue to purplish; Ivs. linear
/ fj f c
¥
Lvs. all or nearly all radical; fls. whitish ^
fls. purplish, July to Sep.
mostly along S.W. coasts, in short grass
Scilla autumnalis* Autumn Squill
fls. deep blue, egg-shaped, in dense head
mostly in E. Anglia and Oxon.
Muscari neglectum * Grape-hyacinth
fl. stem20-50cm; fls. drooping
widespread
Hyacinthoides non-scripta Bluebell
under 15 cm high [a]
W. & N. coasts in fl. April-June
Scilla verna Spring Squill
fls. bell-like, drooping in one sided spike
Ivs. lanceolate; y f in woods
Convallaria majalis Lily-of-the-valley
fis. tiny w. 3-lobed bracts fls. & Ivs. [b]
hills in the N.
Tofieldia pusilla* Scottish Asphodel
grassy places
Ornithogalum angustifolium* Star-of-Bethlehem
7\ petals green-striped, 15-20 mm \ long [c]
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Polygonatum odoratum* Angular Solomon's-seal Poiygonatum multiflorum Solomon's-seal
TRILLIACEAE
Herb-Paris now included in LILIACEAE
A plant with one flower on an upright stem. There are 4 sepals and petals, both green, and 8 stamens.
Lvs. in a whorl of 4 just below fl.
fr. a black berry
in woods on calcareous soil
Paris quadrifolia* Herb-Paris
205
)
>
206
J U N CACEAE
Rushes and Woodrushes
The 3 sepals and 3 petals of Rush flowers are normally indistinguishable from each other and are all called perianth segments (per. seg.) see also page 6 . There are almost always 6 stamens and 3 stigmas to each flower. The fruit is a capsule, containing either 3 or many seeds. Leaves are linear and may be flat, channelled or tubular.
o M
y W
f(W |p
lower
Lvs. flat, grasslike, edged with fine hairs, never tubular; capsule contains 3 seeds
Section 1 (Luzula) p. 000
Lvs. tubular or channelled, round or elliptical in section, hairless; capsule contains many seeds
Section 2 (Juncus) p. 000
JUNCAEAE
Section
1
FIs. in ones (each on a stalk)
Luzula
Woodrushes
inflor. & fr. erect or one-sided
Luzula forsteri Southern Woodrush
inflor. &fr. spreading and/or
Luzula pilosa Hairy Woodrush
Plant30-80cm high; lvs. over 6 mm wide
i
)
fruit
Luzula sylvatica Great Woodrush
Inflor, a short drooping spike
in N. & mts.
Anthers at least twice as long as filaments [a]
up to about 15 cm high
Anthers about equal to filaments
20-40 cm high
)
■ )
)
Luzula spicata Spiked Woodrush ^ I— — —
a
stamen
b
stamen
Luzula campestris Field Woodrush Luzula multiflora Heath Woodrush
y
>> )>>>>> JUNCACEAE
Section
Lvs. & stems all alike; inflor, at sideofsitem
2
Juncus
> > )> )> > 333
(Rushes)
lvs. hollow w. many cross-joints
(pull If. between fingers to feel joints) [f]
stems v. fine, up to 30 cm; inflor. Vi-way down
“W
Juncus filiformis* Thread Rush
u p to l m; fr. hardly longer than per. seg. [a]
Juncus maritimus Sea Rush
up to 1.5 m; ripefr. much longer than per. seg. [b]
Juncus acutus* Sharp Rush
stem below inflor, smooth, glossy [c]
Juncus effusus Soft Rush
inflor, compact; stem w. about 40 fine ridges [d]
Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush
inflor, loose; stem w. under 20 ridges [e]
Juncus inflexus Hard Rush
creeping plant
in N.
Juncus balticus* Baltic Rush
usu. over40cm high; lvs. w. cross joints (pull If. between fingers)
per. seg. obtuse, pale to mid brown H r. [f]
Juncus subnoduiosus Blunt-flowered Rush
per. seg. finely pointed, mid brown; fr. w. long tapered point [g]
Juncus acutiflorus Sharp-flowered Rush
per. seg. dark brown, acute; fr. abruptly tapered [h]
Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush
stiff maritime plant w. spinetipped stems
tufted plant
Lvs. hollow like a flattened tube
Juncus subnoduiosus Blunt-flowered Rush
X ill V y^7 IIP N ig i
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208
Lvs. all radical or almost so
each stem w. only one cluster of fls.
northern hills [b]
Juncus triglumis Three-flowered Rush
plant w. few to many fl. clusters; If. joints faint
inflor, often contains small plantlets [a]
Juncus bulbosus Bulbous Rush
bracts much longer than inflor
[c]
Juncus tenuis Slender Rush
bracts shorter than inflor
[d]
Juncus squarrosus Heath Rush
[e]
Juncus bufonius Toad Rush
[c]
Juncus tenuis Slender Rush
fl. stems well branched to down
Per. seg. pale green/buff
way
Ify. bracts much longer than inflor.
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Bracts v. much longer than compact inflor, [f] on previous page
10-30 cm high
Scottish highlands
Juncus trifidus Three-leaved Rush
Per. seg. dark brown; bracts shorter than inflor, [g] on previous page
fr. hardly longer than per. seg.
saltmarshes
Juncus gerardii Saltmarsh Rush
Per. seg. light brown; bract longer than inflor, [h] on previous page
fr. clearly longer than per. seg. nJpJ ' / 1
mostly in calcareous meadows
Juncus compressus Round-fruited Rush
AMARYLLIDACEAE
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Daffodil Family now included in LILIACEAE
The flower parts are in 6 's or 2 sets of 3. The flower buds are enclosed in a sheath. The long, narrow leaves spring from the plant base.
Narcissus pseudonarcissus Wild Daffodil
FIs. yellow FIs. white
onlyl fl. to a stem
fls. Feb.-April
Galanthus nivalis Snowdrop
fls. 2 or more to a cluster
fls. April-May
Leucojum aestivum* Summer Snowflake
209
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210
IRIDACEAE
Iris Family
Flowers with 6 perianth segments, sometimes arranged in 2 sets of 3. There are 3 stamens, and 3 styles which may be large enough to resemble petals The leaves are long and narrow.
Petals orange, all similar
Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora* Montbretia
Petals blue, all similar [a]
stamens fused to style
Sisyrhinchium bermudiana* Blue-eyed-grass
Petals yellow, in 2 sets of 3
styles (w. stigmas) resemble petals
Irispseudacorus Yellow Iris
Petals purple in 2 sets of 3
styles (w. stigmas) resemble petals
iris foetidissima Stinking Iris
DIOSCOREACEAE
Black Bryony
A climbing, twining plant with heart-shaped leaves. Each flower has 6 perianth segments containing either 6 stamens or 3 stigmas. Male and female flowers are on separate plants.
FIs. greenish yellow4-5 mm across [b]
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fr. a berry, green to orange to red, poisonous
(
Tamus communis Black Bryony
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Orchid Family
A family with a fascinating variety of flower form. The inflorescence is a simple spike, whose flowers have 3 sepals and 3 petals usually all coloured. The lower petal forms a lip, sometimes of extraordinary shape, and may also be elongated into a spur at the back. The single anther is split into two pollen masses called pollinia, which may be carried away by an insect. There is a small bract at the base of each flower. Leaves are always simple and untoothed, with parallel veins. NOTE: Because orchids do not produce flowers every year and because the time needed to produce the first flower spixe from seed may be anything from 5 to 15 years no whole flowering spike should ever be picked. Similar-looking flowers may be found in these families: MONOTROPACEAE p. 148 but these flowers have 4-5 sepals and equal petals. SCROPHULARIACEAE p. 159 but these have 4 or 5 stalked stamens, and net-veined leaves. OROBANCHACEAE p. 164 but the flowers have 4 stamens and a 2-lipped, 5-lobed corolla. LABIATAE p. 166 but these have 4-angled stems and opposite leaves. Plant without normal Ivs., only yellowish brown scales on stem
Usu. only 2 Ivs. in an almost opposite pair; sometimes much smaller stem Ivs. present pollinia
lower corolla (ip long, w. 2 spreading lobes
in shady woods (compare Monotropa p. 148)
Neottia nidus-avis Bird's-nest Orchid
lower lip w. 1 large & 2 small lobes [a]
in N.only
Corallorhiza trifida* Coral root Orchid
[a]
fls. whitish w. a long thin spur [b]
pollinia parallel [d], fls. 11-18 mm across
Platanthera bifolia Lesser Butterfly-orchid
[b]
polloma not parall©! [6 ]^ fls. 18-23 mm across
Platanthera chlorantha Creater Butterfly-orchid
lower corolla lip 2 -lobed [c]; Ivs. ovate A,
V
6 -2 0
fls.
cm high, w. 6 -1 2 red-tinged
20-60cm high; fls. yellow/green, many [c]
Listera cordata* Lesser Twayblade Listera ovata Common Twayblade
[c]
211
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212
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p
lvs. about 1 cm long, usu. w. tiny buds at tip
usu. grows among Sphagnum; fls. yellow-green [a]
Hammarbya paludosa* Bog Orchid
[a]
lower lip 3-lobed, yellow-green
calcareous grassland [b]
Herminium monorchis* Musk Orchid
[b]
lip broad, often bent upwards, yellow-green
fens & dune slacks [c]
Liparis loeselii* Fen Orchid
[c]
|
Lvs. about 1 cm long, usu. w. tiny buds at tip
3 -1 2
cm high, usually among Sphagnum [a]
fls.yellow/green
Hammarbya paludosa* Bog Orchid
[a]
FIs. white, arranged in a spiral; plant up to 25 cm
lvs. w. clear cross-veins; stem partly creeping
pinewoods in N. and Norfolk tl. [d]
Goodyera repens Creeping Lady's-tresses
[d]
stem upright; lower lip w. fringed margin [e]
grassy places, mostly in S.
Spiranthes spiralis Autumn Lady's-tresses
[e]
Himantoglossum hircinum Lizard Orchid
if]
Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyram iaal Orchid
ig]
FIs. greenish; mid lobe of lip 3-5 cm long [f]
mostly in S.E.
Spur v. slender, about 12 mm long; fls. pinkish
spike dense, conical
calcareous grassland
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spike cylindrical; sweet-scented Lower lip w. 4 narrow lobes, yellowish [b]
lobes like a man's arms & legs
Mid lobe of lower lip brown, downy
sepals green
Cymnadenia conopsea Fragrant Orchid Aceras anthropophorum* Man Orchid lip about as wide as long w. central notch [c]
[b] [c]
Ophrys insectifera* Fly Orchid
[e]
sepals pink [d]
Ophrys apifera Bee Orchid
[d]
lower lip 3-toothed; mostly in Wales & N.
Pseudorchis albida* Small-white Orchid
[fl
lower lip distinctly lobed [e]
FIs. 2 -3 mm, greenish white, w. 2-3 mm spur [fl
Ophrys sphegodes* Early Spider-orchid
[a]
213
214 Spur about 2 mm; uppercorolla lobes hooded
Fls.w. spurt
fls. green, tinged red/brown
lip w. 2 large & 1 small lobe [a]
Coeloglossum viride Frog Orchid
[a]
lip 4-lobed [b], white, spotted
sepals at first maroon
Orchis ustulata* Burnt Orchid
[b]
all perianth segments except lip form a hood
sepals green-veined; lips purplish [cl
Orchis morio Green-winged Orchid
[cl
lip pink w. 2 narrow & 2 broad lobes [d];S.E.
Orchis purpurea* Lady Orchid
[d]
Orchis mascula Early-purple Orchid
[e]
lip w. 3 well separated lobes [h]
Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted-orchid
[hi
If. spots v. small; fls. deep red/ purple; lower lip [i]
Dactylorhiza purpurella* Northern Marsh-orchid
(il
fls. pink to white, spotted; lower lip [j]
Dactylorhiza maculata Heath Spotted-orchid
[jl
Ivs. yellow-green, not spotted, erect
stem v. hollow; If. tip hooded [f]
Dactylorhiza incarnata Early Marsh-orchid
[fl
corolla lip w. fine dots & lines [gl
mostly in S.& E.
Dactylorhiza praetermissa Southern Marsh-orchid
[gl
lip dark red/purple w. heavier markings [i]
N.&W .
Dactylorhiza purpurella* Northern Marsh-orchid
[•]
spur at least as lone as ovary, often curved up [e] Ivs. usu. spotted; stem solid or almost so
h
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tPlants of the Genus Dactylorhiza, besides providing some of our commonest Orchids, also show considerable variation and hybridize freely.
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FIs. pure white, or cream, erect; plant 15-60 cm high
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bracts mostly longer than fls.; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate
Cephalanthera damasonium White Helleborine
bracts much shorter than fls.; Ivs. lanceolate
Cephaianthera longifolia Narrow-leaved Helleborine
Lower lip 3-lobed, yellow-green [d]
calcareous grass in S.
Herminium monorchis* Musk Orchid
[d]
FIs. purplish brown & white, veined
lipw. frilly sides [e]
marsh plant
Epipactis palustris Marsh Helleborine
[e]
Stem downy near top
Ivs. in 2 rows; fls. dark red [a]
on limestone
Epipactis atrorubens* uark-red Helleborine
[a]
end of lip usu. turned under; stem often purplish
Ivs. lanceolate; plants often in clusters; fls. pale green/pink [b]
Epipactis purpurata Violet Helleborine
[b]
Ivs. ovate; plants 1-3 together; fls. green to purple [c]
Epipactis helleborine Broad-leaved Helleborine
Ivs. in 2 rows; lip greenish, spreading [f]
fls. yellow/green
Epipactis leptochila* Narrow-lipped Helleborine
[fl
Ivs. in 2 rows; fls. drooping [g]
fls. pale green/pink
Epipactis phyllanthes* Green-flowered Helleborine
tgl
J
vV a
Stem hairless near top
b
[C ]
215
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216
ARACEAE
Lords-and-Ladies Family
Plants with tiny greenish flowers arranged closely in a spike. In Lords-and-ladies the flowers are hidden inside the sneath below the hooded club, but appear as red berries the Autumn.
Waterside plant stout linear Ivs.
v
FI. spike inside & protruding from a Ify. sheath
)
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fl. spike dense, oblique; sepals 6
If. has wrinkled edge [a], sweet-scented if crushed
Acorus calamus* Sweet-flag
top of spike yellow; Ivs. w. pale midrib
Ivs. appear by Dec.; near S. coasts
Arum italicum* Italian Lords-and-ladies
top of spike usu. purple [b]; Ivs. w. dark midrib
Ivs. appear in Spring
Arum maculatum Lords-and-ladies
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LEMNACEAE
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Duckweeds
Small to minute floating aquatics often carpeting the surface, and usually with hanging roots. Flowers are hardly ever seen. Stem and leaf and not differentiated so the whole plant (except the roots) is properly called a thallus. Two other similar-sized plants may be associated with the Duckweeds: the two liverworts whose floating forms are illustrated here.
Riccia fluitans
Ricciocarpus natans
Minute egg-shaped rootless plant
inS.
Wolffiaarrhiza* Rootless Duckweed
[a]
Lemna trisulca Ivy-leaved Duckweed
thallus swollen below, 3-5 mm across
[c]
Lemna gibba Fat Duckweed
thallus flat, up to 4 mm across
[d]
Lemna minor Common Duckweed
5-8 mm across
[bl
Spirodela polyrhiza Greater Duckweed
thallus up to 1 mm across
Thalli stalked or branched, translucent Only one rootlet to each thallus
v*d
Several rootlets to each thallus
217
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218
SPARGAN1ACEAE
Bur-reeds
Aquatic plants with flowers in green globular heads, spiky when in fruit. The male heads are above the female. The leaves are linear and may be upright or floating.
Lvs. 2-6 mm wide
n
Lvs. wider, usu. erect, 3-sided
TYPHACEAE
usu. only one male head
If. sheaths flat
Sparganium natans* Least Bur-reed
usu. several male heads
If. sheaths inflated [a]
Sparganium angustifolium* Floating Bur-reed
lvs. keeled near base
Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed
inflor, branched; fl. heads sessile
Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed
inflor, not branched; somefl. hds. stalked
Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed
Bulrushes
Tall, erect waterside plants. The inflorescence is a large dense spike, brown when ripe. The male part is above the female.
/
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Lvs. 10-18 mm wide
male spike touches top of female spike
Typha latifolia Bulrush (Reedmace)
Lvs. usu. under 5 mm wide
male spikes separated from female spike
Typha angustifolia Lesser Bulrush
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CYPERACEAE
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Sedge Family
Sedges have grass-like leaves but solid stems (except Cladium) which are often 3-sided and do not have any cross-joints. There is a ligule where the leaf joins the stem. The flowers are arrangea in brown/green spikes which may be cylindrical, ovoid, or spherical, upright or drooping. A spike may consist of one or more spikelets. Each spikelet contains several to many glumes (tiny bracts) behind which are the flowers. The flowers may be male (with 2-3 stamens), female (with 2-3 stigmas) or both. The measurements for female spikes are for ripe fruiting ones. For identification fruiting plants are often more useful tnan flowering ones. A larger number of uncommon species than usual has been omitted from the genus Carex (true sedges). The fifty species most likely to be found have been keyed out.
male flower and glume
female flower and glume
Flowers hermaphrodite (i.e. each glume contains both stamens and stigmas) [h]; inflor, as [a] [e] [g]
Section 1 page 220 Various genera
Plant w. only one spike of flowers [b]
Section 2 page 223 Carex
Upper (male) spikes obvious different from lower (female) ones; [f]
Section 3 page 224 Carex
Plant w. several spikes, or spikelets, all similar in appearance; [c] & [d]
Section 4 page 228 Carex
219
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220
CYPERACEAE sectioni Each glume contains stamens & stigmas [a]
Stem hollow; Ivs. saw-edged w. spine at tip
70-300 cm high
common in E. Anglia & W. I reland; rare elsewhere
Cladium mariscus Great Fen-sedge
Fr. head like cotton wool
only 1 spike per stem
moors & bogs
Eriophorum vaginatum Ha re's-tail Cottongrass
Ivs. flat; spike stalk rough
in fens, not acid bogs
Eriphorum latifolium Broad-leaved Cottongrass
Ivs. grooved; spike stal ks smooth
in acid boggy places
Eriophorum angustifolium Common Cottongrass
spike consists of a fat cluster of spikelets
inflor, blackish [b]
One terminal spike only
water plant w. branched Ify stem
Schoenus nigricans Black Bog-rush Eleogiton fluitans Floating Club-rush
stem w. 1-3 conspicuous inflated veined sheaths
spike infr. like tuft of cottonwool
Eriophorum vaginatum Hare's-tail Cottongrass
top sheath on stem w. a minute If. or bract
a few minute bristles round seed; common; densely tufted [c]
Trichophorum cespitosum Deergrass
delicate plant usu. under 15 cm [d]
Isolepis cernua Slender Club-rush
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lowest glume at least Vi length of spike __^
stem 4-angled; spike 3-4 mm; poolsides etc.
Eleocharis acicularis Needle Spike-rush
stem not angled; spike 5-7 mm; damp peaty places
Eleocharis quinqueflora Few-flowered Spike-rush
tufted plant; 3 stigmas per fl. [a]
Inflor, w. several long flat or keeled Ify. bracts
[a] Eleocharis multicaulis Many-stalked Spike-rush
lowest glume almost encircles spike [b]
uncommon marsh plant; 2 stigmas Eleocharis uniglumis perfl. [b] Slender Spike-rush
lowest glume about Vi encircles spike
common in pools; 2 stigmas per fl.
spikes flattened
50-100 cm high up to 20 cm high; on mud; inS. only
Eleocharispalustris Common Spike-rush [c] Cyperus longus* Galingale Cyperus fuscus* Brown Galingale
Bolboschoenus maritimus spikelets 1 0 -2 0 mm long; stem [d,f] Sea Club-rush snarply angled
Ivs. w. rough edges glumes
spikelets about 4 mm, in a large, loose inflor.
Scirpus sylvaticus [g] Wood Club-rush
spike stalks smooth; Ivs. grooved
in acid boggy places
[e] Eriophorum angustifolium Common Cottongrass
spike stalks rough; Ivs. flat
in fens, not acid bogs
Eriophorum latifolium Broad-leaved Cottongrass
221
222
Spikelets in 2 opposite rows, in a , flat terminal spike
Ivs. flat, keeled; inflor of 1 0 -1 2 spikelets [c]
[c] Blysmus compressus Flat-sedge
Ivs. w. in rolled edges; up to 8 spikelets in inflor. Rigid tufted plant w. blackish inflor.
spikelets in an ovoid hd. /O w. a long bract ^
Stems Ify; inflor, terminal
bracts longer than the dark brown inflor.
Slender plant, usu. under 20 cm
Blysmus rufus Saltmarsh Flat-sedge [a] Schoenus nigricans Black Bog-rush mainly in S.W.
inflor, whitish or pale brown
[d] Rhynchospora alba White Beak-sedge
bract much longer than inflor, [e]
[e] Isolepis setacea Bristle Club-rush
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[b] Isolepis cernua Slender Club-rush
mostly near sea
bract hardly or not longer than inflor, [b] Tall usu. aquatic plant, 1-3 m high
Rhynchospora fusca* Brown Beak-sedge
glumes covered w. dots; usu. 2 stigmas
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani Grey Club-rush
glumes smooth; usu. 3 stigmas
Schoenoplectus lacustris Common Club-rush
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CYPERACEAE
Section 2 Stems with only one flower spike. Each glume with either stamens or stigmas, but not both.
male fl.
female fl.
Section 4 page 228
Spike contains several short; close spikelets Spike male at top, female below
Spike entirely male or entirely female
fls. w. 2 stigmas
wet places, neutral & calcareous
[a] Carex pulicaris Flea Sedge
fls.w. 3 stigmas
in N. only; in acid bogs
[b] Carex pauciflora Few-flowered Sedge
wet places, calcareous
[c] Carex dioica Dioecious Sedge
223
224
CYPERACEAE sections
Female fls. w. 2 stigmas; glumes usually blackish male
lowest bract shorter than inflor.; Carex bigelowii mt. plant [a] Stiff Sedge
usu.onlyl male spike
male
1 -2
male spikes
2-4 male spikes
common, variable; often over 30 cm high
Carex nigra [b] Common Sedge
Ivs. up to 3 mm wide
[c] Carex nigra Common Sedge
lowest bract as long as inflor.
[d] Carex acuta Slender Tufted-sedge
lowest bract much shorter than inflor.
Carex elata [e] Tufted-sedge
stem bluntly angled; by water in mt. districts
Carex aquatilis [f] Water Sedge
stem sharply angled ’j
Ii:
iL
1
[d&g] Carex acuta Slender Tufted-sedge
00
3
. male spike
Male and female spikes obviously different
13 ( 3 ' 3 >3 Q •3 ' 3 ' 3 ' 3 ' 3
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Fr. hairy or downy
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Carex hirta Hairy Sedge
If. sheaths w. long hairs
male
usu. 2-3 male spikes: female ones well-spaced
male spike v. thin; female ones almost round
50-120 cm high; fr. densely hairy
Carex lasiocarpa [a] Slender Sage
10-40cm high; glaucus; fr. minutely downy
Carex flacca [b] Glaucous Sedge
10-30 cm high heathlands etc.
Carex pilulifera W Pill Sedge fr. [d] Carex caryophyflea Spring-sedge
usu. under 15 cm; in dry grassland [d]
Usu. 2 or more male spikes f fr. + " fglumes \
4-6 male spikes
by water edge
Ivs. bluish, 2-4 mm wide; fr. blunt tej
10-40 cm high
[el Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge
stem sharply angled even near . base; Iiguleacute /\
Ivs. 4-5 mm wide; fr. clearly longer than glume
[f] Carex vesicaria Bladder-sedge
Ivs. 7-10 mm wide; fr. hardly longer than glume
Carex acutiformis [g] Lesser Pond-sedge
ligule rounded
[hi Carex rostrata Bottle Sedge
male glumes pale brown; fr. acutely pointed [h]
Carex riparia Greater Pond-sedge
225
226 Female spikes 5-16 cm long, drooping
tall plant of shady places, 60-150 cm high
Female spikes usu. drooping, 2-5 cm long
stem w. v. sharp, rough angles fr. [a]
by water
[a] Carex pseudocyperus Cyperus Sedge
female spikes loose, 3-4 mm wide fr. [b]
woodlands
[b] Carex sylvatica Wood-sedge
Ivs. & female spikes 5-10 mm wide fr. [cl
marshy places
[c] Carex laevigata Smooth-stalked Sedge
stem sharply angled, rough; Ivs. si. hairy below
male spike almost hidden by female spikes
[d] Carex pallescens Pale Sedge
male spike stalked
20-50 cm high; most ripe fr. bent [h] Carex viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha down; calcareous soils Long-stalked Yellow-sedge
Most female spikes clustered near top of stem
Carex pendula Pendulous Sedge
J J r male
female
20-40cm high; bracts v. long, narrow usu. 5-15 cm high
{
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10 -2 0 cm
high; on acid soils
saltmarshes
[e] Carex viridula ssp. oedocarpa Common Yellow-sedge
ff] Carex extensa Long-bracted Sedge [g] Carex viridula ssp. viridula Small-fruited Yellow-sedge
o o O O O «) ') ■) O O O
'.)
Carex disticha [c] Brown Sedge
spikelets in a close head [f]; tufted plant
spikelets pale brown
[f] Carex ovatis Oval Sedge
fr. ribbed; Ivs. pale green
spikelets green; stems sharply angled
Carex curta [b] White Sedge
top spikelet all male
sand dunes, etc.
[d] Carex arenaria Sand Sedge
male spikelets usu. in middle of inflor.
spi ke 2-7 cm; meadows
[c] Carex disticha Brown Sedge
spike 1-3 cm; lowest bract longer tnan inflor, [g]
coastal pastures
[g] Carex divisa Divided Sedge
/ '
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A creeping, not tufted, plant
O
a creeping sedge of damp meadows
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POACEAE (GRAMINEAE)
Key to Sections
NOTE: The diagrams referred to are all on the previous page. Ligule consists only of a ring of hairs
Inflor, a single spike which may be cylindrical or flat or 1 -sided; spikelets almost stalkless, on main stem or on tightly packed branchlets [a—f] Beware of an inflorescence which is closed up and looks like a spike
Inflor, open or loose or spreading or drooping [g—hi
Sectioni page232
spike approximately cylindrical; spikelets set all round stem [a, b]
spikelets long-awned or spike whiskery [b]
Section 2 page 233
spike not whiskered [a]
Section 3 page 235
spikel-sided; stem visible at back [c-d]
Section 4 page 236
spikelets alternate on opposite sides of stem [e-f]
Section 5 page 237
florets w. an obvious awn usu. 3 mm or more long (k-l]
awn rises from or near tip of lemma tk)
Section 6 page 240
awn rises Vi-way or more down back of lemma [I]
Section 7 page 242
spikelets w. only 1 or 2 florets inside the glumes
Section 8 page 244
spikelets usu w. 3-10florets [i]
Section 9 page 247
231
232
2-3 m high; Ivs. 10-20 mm wide
in wet places or shallow water
Phragmites australis Common Reed
Inflor, of 3-5 spikes in a terminal umbel [b]
sandy places, usu. near the sea
Cynodon dactylon* Bermuda-grass
Inflor, a tight spike w. many long bristles [cj In saltmarshes; spikes erect [d]; spikeletsw .1 floret
Setaria viridis* Green Bristle-grass inflor. 12-40 cm long of 3-6 spikes
anthers 8-13 mm [a + d]
Spartina anglica Common Cord-grass
anthers 5-8 mm
Spartina x townsendii Townsend's Cord-grass Spartina maritima Small Cord-grass
inflor. 4-10 cm long of 2-3 spikes
/ V
)
O
Inflor, w. under 10 spikelets
10-40 cm high ligule [e]
heathlands
Danthonia decumbens Heath-grass
Spikelets often purplish; stem swollen in Autumn
often forms tussocks 30-120 cm high; ligule [f]
damp heaths etc.
Molinia caerulea Purple Moor-grass
O
> O
(
O
()
o
)
o
(
')
O
O
O
O
Glumes shortly awned; lemmas notawned spike [a]
Glumes and lemmas all awned spike [b]
plumes fringed w. stiff sti hairs
6 -1 0
spike usu. 6-15 cm long and mm wide [a]
Phleum pratense Timothy
spike 1-6 cm long, and 3-5 mm wide
Phleum bertolonii Smaller Cat's-tail
2 awned lemmas to each spikelet
If. sheath often hairy near top [e]
Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass
lemmas short, broad, blunt, w. short awn
ligule long, toothed [d]; near sea in S.
Polypogon monspeliensis* AnnualBeard-grass
spike w. large seeds in 6 rows
relic of cultivation
Hordeum vulgare Six-rowed Barley
Hordeum murinum glumes of middle spikelet hairfringed [b, g] Wall Barley Hordeum marinum upper If. sheath inflated; coastal, often in saltmarshes M Sea Barley Hordeum secalinum middle spikelet much the largest; meadows [»l Meadow Barley stem downy below; woods
[f] Hordelymus europaeus* Wood Barley
233
234 Lf. sheath w. ring of hairs round top [a]
spike loose; 2 awns to each spikelet
Stems w. bulbs at base Stems sharply bent at lower nodes
Under 15 cm high
saltmarshes
Atopecurus buibosus* Bulbous Foxtail
flumes clearly joined to each other
in arable land
Atopecurus myosuroides Black-grass
glumes almost free from each other
in wet places
Atopecurus geniculatus Marsh Foxtail
spike loose, up to 5 cm long
sandy places
Aira praecox Early Hair-grass
meadows, etc.; v. common
Atopecurus pratensis Meadow Foxtail
in arable land
Atopecurus myosuroides Black-grass
Spike 5-10 mm wide; ligule v. short [c] phimes clearly joined to each other
Spike 3 -6 mm wide
O
'>
t}
)
O
O
Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass
O
(
)
o
o
o
o
)
3
GRAMINAE
3
3
3
Section 3 Inflorescence a single more or less cylindrical spike, not whiskery.
Spikelets not or hardly awned, set all round the stem.
Tall grass w. spikes mostly over 8 cm long
Glumes fringed w. stiff spreading hairs
stout plant of sand dunes
ligules long, narrow [c]
Ammophila arenaria Marram
ligulev. short [d]
Leymus arenarius Lyme-grass
glumes fringed w. stiff hairs
cultivated and naturalized glumes [f]
Phieum pratense Timothy
on sand dunes; usu. under16cm high [a]
glumes tapered to a point [e]
Phieum arenarium Sand Cat's-tail
spike 6-15 cm long and 6-10 mm wide
glumes w. v. short awns; cultivated and naturalized [f]
Phieum pratense Timothy
spike 1 -6 cm long and 3-5 mm wide
glumes w. v. short awns; native; grassland
Phieum bertolonii Smaller Cat's-tail
one glume much longer than the other
If. sheath w. ring of hairs round top Igl
Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass
glumes about equal
spikelets often silvery; Ivs. v. narrow; ligule [h]
Aira praecox Early Mair-grass
235
236 Lvs. fine, usu. hairy
usu. in dry grassland
Ligu le extremely short
1■
Koeleria macrantha Crested Hair-grass in N. only
&
Sesleria caerulea Blue Moor-grass
vT a casual
Spike often conical [a]
-------Spike narrowly cylindrical
POACEAE
a
in wet places; ripe anthers orange
Section 4
Phalaris canariensis Canary-grass Alopecurus aequalis* Orange Foxtail
Inflorescence a one-sided spike b
Lemmas long-awned, giving spike a whiskery appearance
iigule 3-10 mm long, triangular
inflor, short, broad [b]
Cynosurus echinatus* Rough Dog's-tail
g,umes
smaller glumes at least1h as long as other lc]
common
Vulpia bromoides Squirreltail Fescue
one glume awned, 3 mm or more, other almost nil [d]
sand dunes
Vulpia fasciculata* Dune Fescue
J k//h w
J
M
A
/n
i l l
/H
smaller glume at least other [e]
Vaas long as
smaller glume minute [f]; plant often purplish Spikelets fat, often drooping; 2-3 fl'd Spike dense, almost cylindrical
----------------
Vulpia myuros Rat’s-tail Fescue sand dunes
Vulpia ciliata Bearded Fescue
shady places, usu. on limestone
Melica nutans* Mountain Melick Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog's-tail
o o o o o O O O •') o o o o o o o o
)
J
J
)
)
Spikelets w. 3 or more florets
Jr
40-
/ ' / Spikelets w. one floret
POACEAE
)
J
>
)
spikelets in 2 rows, mostly stalkless; spike [a]
coastal
Catapodium marinum Sea Fern-grass
glumes blunt, containing 3-5 florets
inflor, usu. spreading; saltmarshes, etc.
Puccinellia rupestris* Stiff Saltmarsn-grass
glumes acute, containing 3-10 florets inflor [b]
dry places
Catapodium rigidum Fern-grass
Ivs. v. fine; in dense tufts
moorlands, etc.
Nardus stricta Mat-grass
Section 5 Inflorescence a single spike. Spikelets arranged alternately or in alternate clusters on opposite sides of the stem.
Inflor, dense w. lone awns; spikelets in 3's, middle one often fatter than the others
glumes clearly arranged in 6 rows; relic of cultivation
2 rows of glumes fat, 4 rows thin
Hordeum distichon Two-rowed Barley
all 6 rows fat w. seeds
Hordeum vulgare Six-rowed Barley
glumes of middle spikelet hairfringed
common; spike shape [c]
Hordeum murinum Wall-Barley
upper If. sheath inflated
saltmarshes; spike shape [d]
Hordeum marinum Sea Barley
middle spikelet much the largest
meadows; [d] spike shape [el
Hordeum secalinum Meadow Barley
stem downy below [f]
woods
Hordelymus europaeus* Wood Barley
237
>
238 spikelets w. narrow edge to stem [a]; onlyl glume awn at least as long as lemma; plant downy [b]
Brachypodium sylvaticum False Brome
awn shorter than lemma; plant mostly hairless [d]
Brachypodium pinnatum Tor-grass
Ivs. w. in rolled edges
maritime plant, often bluish grey
Elytrigia atherica Sea Couch
awn often longer than lemma
glumes narrow, tapered; nodes may be finely hairy [c]
Elymus caninus Bearded Couch
glumes & lemmas broad; relic of cultivation
Triticum aestivum Wheat
awn usu. shorter than lemma [e]
common weed; stem and nodes hairless
Elytrigia repens Common Couch
stems usu. curved and under 1 0 cm high
S. & E. coasts
Parapholis incurva Curved Hard-grass
stems usu. straight and over 15 cm high [f]
coastal
Parapholis strigosa Hard-grass
usu. 8 or more florets to each spikelet[a]
Spikev. narrow; spikeietw.
1 floret
Lolium multiflorum Italian Rye-grass
O O O O O o O O O ' ) O O ()
O
')
o
O
O
o
coastal; ligule [e]
Catapodium marinum Sea Fern-grass
spikelets usu. in pairs; spike usu. over 15 cm
robust bluish sand dune plant
Leymus arenarius Lyme-grass
creeping, often prostrate; in sand dunes
If. ribs minutely downy spikelet [a]; ligule [b]
Elytrigia juncea Sand Couch
Ivs. w. inrolled edges & prominent ribs
saltmarshes & sand dunes ligule & auricles [c]
Elytrigia atherica Sea Couch
glumes lanceolate
common weed [f] ligule & auricles [d]
Elytrigia repens Common Couch
glumes & lemmas broad, oblong
relic of cultivation
Tricticum aestivum Wheat
ligule [f]
Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass
Usu. under 20 cm high Spikelets broadside to the stem
auricles at If. base Mostly spikelets w. 1 glume
e
f
239
240
POACEAE
Inflor, w. many stout 1-sided spikes
Spikelets w. 1 or 2 florets
I
lemmas
11 i
1
c
A
/
/
/
o
V
Ivs. rough; v. common la]
Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot
spikelets arranged in spikes; no ligules
late flowering casual
Echinochloa crus-galli* Cockspur
2 florets per spikelet, 1 awned, 1 not
stem only hairy at nodes; awn protruding; lemma [c]
Holcus mollis Creeping Soft-grass
If. sheaths softly hairy; awn does not protrude [a]
Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog
inflor, spreading; lemma [e]
Apera spica-venti Loose Silky-bent
inflor, narrow; mostly in E.
Apera interrupta* Dense Silky-bent
woods
Festuca heterophylla* Various-leaved Fescue
1 floret w.
long-awned lemma per spikelet [e]
/ •
Basal Ivs. either tightly rolled or v. fine
)
spikelets crowded in ovoid clusters; ligules present
O
stem Ivs. flat, 2-4 mm wide
O
O O O O t) o
o
o
)
}
If. sheath split to its base
ligule w. small auricle [a]
Festuca brevipila Hard Fescue
If. sheath closed like a tube when young
v. common; ligule [b]
Festuca rubra Red Fescue
Nodes purple; plant hairless
awn longer than lemma
3laces inflof fb] on p. 240
Festuca gigantea Giant Fescue
Lower glume w. 1 nerve, upper w. 3 nerves; both narrowly acute
awn shorter than lemma
branches long, drooping; sheaths long haired [fl
Bromopsis ramosa Hairy-brome
ligules
241
242 Glumes & lemmas narrowly lanceolate
spikelets drooping, 7-9 cm, including awns
Lower If. sheaths hardly hairy
inflor, often drooping to one side
Spikelets downy; ligule hairy
some spikelets longer than their stalks spikelets mostly longer than their stalks
spikelets 18-28 mm, on long stalks spikelets 12-16 mm
POACEAE
Anisantha diandra* Great Brome
awns 3-6 cm long
Bromus secalinus* Rye Brome inflor, usu. erect [a] tip of grain visible inside lemma inflor, [c]
Bromus hordeaceus agg. Soft-brome Bromus lepidus Slender Soft-brome
grain not visible; mflor. [a]
Bromus hordeaceus agg. Soft-brome
inflor, drooping when ripe [b]
Bromus commutatus Meadow Brome
inflor, erect
Bromus racemosus Smooth Brome
Section 7 Inflorescence loose or loosely clustered or spreading. Lemmas with an awn which arises from the back of the lemma (often about half-way down) not from the tip.
Each spikeletw. only 1 awn
o
O
O
O
O
spikelet contains 2 lemmas, one awn less
O
)
o
•>
spikelets 17-20 mm long; relic of cultivation
Avena sativa Oat
spikelet 7-10 mm long; v. common; lemma & awn [d]
Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass
>
>
O
o
O
)
i
Ivs. v. fine, bristle-like
in dense tufts; on heaths in S. & W. only
Agrostis curtisii Bristle Bent
Ivs. fine but flat
widespread
Agrostis canina Velvet Bent
Spikelet w. 1 long & 1 short awn
longer awned lemma [a]
Lvs. edged w. ti ny sharp teeth
often in large tussocks, 30-200 cm nigh
Spikeletsw. awns up to 7 mm long
Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass damp places
Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass
inflor, compact, almost spike-like
sandy places; in fl. April-May
Aira praecox Early Hair-grass
inflor, loose, silvery [c]
sandy places
Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass
ivs. bristle-fine; spikelets 2-awned
Ivs .flat; spi kelets w. 2-4 awns; ligule up to 2 mm [d]
inflor, branches often wavy; 25-100 cm high
Deschampsia flexuosa Wavy Hair-grass
10-30 cm high; inflor, silvery [c]
Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass
inflor. yellowi sh green
Trisetum flavescens Yellow Oat-grass
243
244 Awn 25 mm or more long
lemmas w. tuft of hairs at the base [a]
lemmas / 1 a
Avena fatua
only lowest lemma has a basal scar
Avena sterilis Winter Wild-oat
lemma tipped w. bristles 3 mm or more long [b]
Avena strigosa Bristle Oat
lemma only toothed at tip; cultivated
Avena sativa Oat
spikelets over 15 mm long
lemma & awn [b] ligule [c]
Avena strigosa Bristle Oat
spikelets 5-7 mm long, often yellowish
iigulev. short [d]
Trisetum flavescens Yellow Oat-grass
>
lemmas w'out basal tuft of hairs
Mr b
//; ^ fi i ±
all lemmas w. an oval scar at base inside [a]
lemmas tippe d w. i Jr i f
f ’t
W ild-oat
Ir Lowest If. sheath hairy; spikelets w. 2-3 awns
Heiictotrichon pubescens Downy Oat-grass
Lf. sheaths almost hairless; spi kelets w. 3-6 awn s
Heiictotrichon pratense Meadow Oat-grass
POACEAE
Section 8 Inflorescence loose or loosely clustered or spreading. Spikelets containing 1 or 2 lemmas not obviously awned, but a close look (use a lens) may reveal a fine or a short awn.
Spikelets arranged in spikes; no ligules
o
(
Echinochloa crus-galli* Cockspur
a late flowering casual
o
e
(
o
(
O
O
O
O
O
Spikelets w. 2 florets
each lemma w. v. fine awn from near base [b]
large tufted plant, 50-200 cm of damp places; Ivs. v. rough
Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass
1 lemma w. tiny often curved awn
v. common
Holcus lanatus Ybrksh ire-fog
inflor, branches in clusters of 3 or more A ] &
lemmas v. blunt, much longer than glumes [c, f]
Catabrosa aquatica Whorl-grass
ligule shorter than its diameter [d]; sheaths smooth; spikelet [g]
Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass
ligule long [e]; If. sheaths rough
Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass
at tip [b]
Zfl r r J
Y '
nWZ ]r*
branches often in 2 's [h]; spikelets few, broad Spikelets w. many silky hairs surrounding the lemmas
Spikelets in dense heavy clusters [I] Lemmas much longer than the broad glumes [m]
Melica uniflora Wood Melick
Ivs. downy on upper side; ligule 2-5 mm long [i]
spikelet hairs a little longer than lemma
Calamagrostis canescens Purple Small-reed
Ivs. hairless above; ligule 4-12 mm long [j]
spikelet hairs about twice as long as lemma [k]
Calamagrostis epigejos Wood Small-reed
60-120cm high; Ivs. mostly 8-14 mm wide
wet places
Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass
wet places
Catabrosa aquatica Whorl-grass
245
246 Glumes w. 3 or 5 nerves
Ligule longer than its width [c, d]
Ligule v. short [e]
Ii
> O
i
inflor, branches in clusters of 3 or more
ligule longer than its width; Ivs. 5-10 mm wide inflor, [a]
Milium effusum Wood Millet
ligule v. short; Ivs. 2-3 mm wide
Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass
branches often in 2 's [b]
spikelets few, broad, brownish
Melica uniflora Wood Melick
inflor closes up after flowering
spreads by horizontal leafy stems aboveground; ligule [c]
Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent
inflor, remains open
spreads by underground stems ligule [d]
Agrostis gigantea Black Bent
inflor, often brownish to purplish
Agrostis capillaris Common Bent
) O o
}
POACEAE
)
Section 9
I
Inflorescence loose or loosely clustered or spreading. Spikelets with 3 or more florets.
Catabrosa aquatica Whorl-grass
glumes & lemmas blunt; in wet places glume
Lw lemma
tufts of tiny Ivs. grow from spikes [d]
mts.
Festuca vivipara Viviparous Fescue
ligule v. short [e]
inflor, delicate, often nodding; shady places; spikelet [a]
Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass
inflor, usu. erect or spreading
Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass
ligule long e.g. [f]
inflor, branches 1-2 together, 5-30 cm high
Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass
If. sheaths slightly rough; common; Poa trivialis ligule [f] Rough Meadow-grass If. sheaths smooth; 30-150 cm high; wet places Spikelets about as wide as long, hanging down in 1's [b]
glumes & lemmas v. blunt
Poa palustris* Swamp Meadow-grass Brizamedia Quaking-grass
247
248 Spikelets packed in dense ovoid clusters; [c] on previous page
iiguie long; lemmas bristle-topped
stout, rough, tufted
Dactylis glomerata Cock's-foot
glumes blunt w. 3-5 lemmas [c]
saltmarshes, etc.
Puccinellia rupestris* Stiff Saltmarsn-grass
glumes acute w. up to 10 lemmas to]
up to 20 cm high, in dry places [a]
Catapodium rigidum Fern-grass
c
Basal Ivs. v. fine, almost bristle-like
tufts of tiny Ivs. grow from spikelets [d]; mts.
Festuca vivipara Viviparous Fescue
lemma acute but not awned [h]
Festuca filiformis Fine-leaved Sheep's Fescue
young If. sheaths closed almost to top [i]
Festuca rubra Red Fescue
all If. sheaths split almost to base [j]; spikelet [e]
Festuca ovina Sheep's-fescue
ligule acute [gl; stems w. bulb-like base
coastal sands in S. & E.
Poabulbosa* Bulbous Meadow-grass
ligule blunt; spikelet [f]
dry grassland
Poa angustifolia Narrow-leaved Meadow-grass
Ligule extremely short; lemma acute or w. fine awn
spikelets
inflor. g ligute
o
o
o
o
(
o
o
o
•>
o
>
}
>
Most spikelets 12 mm or more long
)
>
>
I
shorter branches w. only 1 or 2 spikelets
Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue
shorter branches w. 3 or more spikelets
Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue
tip of lemma clearly 3-toothed [cl; spikelet [b]
10-45 cm high
Glyceria declinata Small Sweet-grass
If. sheath minutely rough
lower branches of inflor. 2-5 together; ligule [e]
Glyceria notata Plicate Sweet-grass
inflor, branches 1-3 together
Glyceria x pedicellata Hybrid Sweet-grass
inflor, branches in 1 's or 2 's; ligule [d]
Glyceria fluitans Floating Sweet-grass
lower branches in 2 's or 3 's
Glyceria x pedicellata Hybrid Sweet-grass
lemma midrib reaches tip [f]; branches 2-4 together
PuccineUia fasciculata* Borrer's Saltmarsh-grass
inflor, branches up to 3 together lemma [g]
PuccineUia maritima Common Saltmarsh-grass
inflor, branches bent down after flowering; lemma [h]
PuccineUia distans Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass
under 30 cm high; v. common weed
ligule [i]
Poaannua Annual Meadow-grass
lemma acute w. 3 or 5 nerves
lemmas 5-nerved [m]; If. basew. auricles [j]
Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue
lemmas 3-nerved [n]; ligule [k]; in shady places
Festuca altissima* Wood Fescue
60-200 cm high in or by freshwater
Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass
ligule v. short; auricles at If. base [aj; inflor, branches in 2 's
If. sheath smooth
Lemmas convex but not keeled on the back
>
saltmarsh plants; lemmas obtuse
f lemmas
lemma obtuse; ligule w. a central point [I]; lemma [o]
249
250 Ligule much shorter than its diameter, lemmas keeled
Lemmas keeled
top If. usu. longer than its sheath
inflor, delicate, often nodding; shady places
Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass
top If. usu. shorter than its sheath; ligule [a]
inflor, usu. erect or spreading
Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow-grass
stems much flattened; usu. 20-40 cm high
dry places;
Poa compressa Flattened Meadow-grass
stem cross-section
'■ >
«)
1)
o
O
1>
spikelets usu. bear tufts of tiny Ivs. lb]
mts.
Poaalpina* Alpine Meadow-grass
If. sheaths slightly rough; 20-60 cm high
inflor, branches in clusters of 3-7 ligule [d]
Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass
5-30 cm high
inflor, branches 1 or 2 together [c]; ligule [e]
Poaannua Annual Meadow-grass
30-150 cm high
wet places
Poa palustris* Swamp Meadow-grass
)
O
•)
o
>
>
)
*
>
>
>
>
I
Simplified keys The following simplified keys are provided to the common plants of large groups which are often difficult to identify. 18 common Ferns 18 common white Umbellifers (like Cow Parsley) 25 common Labiates (Deadnettle type of flower) 15 common yellow Composites (Dandelion-like flowers) 5 common Docks
page 252 page 255 page 257 page 260 page 262
Docks
251
>
252
Simplified key to 18 common ferns The full key with further drawings is on page 60.
] pinnule
SPECIAL TERMS USED FOR FERNS Frond a whole fern leaf (and all its leaflets) Pinna a leaflet springing from the main stem Pinnule a subdivision, orlobe, of a pinna Sorus a patch of spore cases, usually on the back of the frond Indusium the cover over a sorus, best seen when young, as it may shrivel and fall off. pinna frond twice pinnate
pinna frond 3 times pinnate
k .
b -rz ri
a pinnule with sori indusium
indusium
attached at its centre
attached at its edge
Bracken
Phyllitis scolopendrium
Hart's-tongue
fronds covered underneath w. brown scales [d]
Ceterach officinarum
Rustyback
sori distinct, more or less circular [e]
Polypodium vulgare
Polypody
Frond simple [a]
)
o
»
> O
')
)
>
)
>
>
>
>
}
}
>
}
)
)
>
>
}
)
>
>
frond lobes entire [a]
Blechnum spicant
Hard Fern
stem black [b]
Asplenium trichomanes
Maidenhair Spleenwort
stem brownish; fronds tough [c]
Aspleni um marinum
SeaSpleenwort
Fronds (30-180 cm high) rise singly from ground, not in tufts [c] on page 252
sori form faint edging to pinnules [b] on page 252
Pteridium aquilinum
Bracken
Young sori oblong or sausage shaped ftfl a/ViV
indusium curved [du plant 30-100 cm high
Athyrium filix-femina
Lady-fern
usu. under 12 cm, dull green; Iflets fan shaped [f]
Asplenium ruta-muraria
Wall-rue
1 0 -1 0
cm, bright green; indusium [e]
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum
Black Spleenwort
frond rigid; about 15 lobes on longest pinna
Polystichum aculeatum
Hard Shield-fern
frond soft; up to 20 lobes on a pinna
Polystichum seti ferum
Soft Shield-fern
delicate fern up to 40 cm high
Cystopteris fragilis
Brittle Bladder-fern
f
c
m
w
^
>
Y V r^ frond
Indusium attached by its centre
pkJ ■ Indusium ovate, pointed
/
yf j
253
>
>
254 Sori in neat border round pinnules
Frond almost 3 times pinnate
> o
>
Oreopteris limbosperma
Lemon-scented Fern
stem scales w. dark centre [a] indusium [b]
Dryopteris dilatata
Broad Buckler-fern
indusium w'out glands [c]
Droyopteris carthusiana
Narrow Buckler-fern
> O
)
)
9
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
}
>
j'
>
>
>
>
>
Simplified key to 18 common white umbellifers For the full key to UMBELLIFERAE (APIACEAE) and further drawings refer to page 125. Leaves i once pinnate ii twice pinnate iii three times pinnate Radical Ivs.
258 Calyx w. only 2 lips; fls. usu.in
fls. pink/purple; usu. under 15 cm high
Scutellaria minor
Lesser Skullcap
fls. blue; up to 50 cm high; calyx [a]
Scutellaria galericulata
Common Skullcap
calyx w. 5 almost equal teeth
Origanum vulgare
Wild Marjoram
stem under fl. head hairy on 2 opposite sides
Thymus polytrichus
Wild Thyme
fl. stems hairy along edges
Thymus pulegioides
Large Thyme
corolla hooded; fls. in a terminal head
Prunella vulgaris
Selfheal
Clinopodium vulgare
Wild Basil
fls. on axillary stalks, not on main stem; calyx [d ]
Clinopodium ascendens
Common Calamint
calyx w. swollen base [d]
Clinopodium acinus
Basil Thyme
Creeping plant w. rounded Ivs.
fls. 2-4 together
Glechoma hederacea
Ground-ivy
Lower corolla lip 2-lobed
upper Ivs. rounded, Vi-joined in pairs
Lamium amplexicaule
Henbit Dead-nettle
Ivs. stalked, ovate cordate fl. [e]
Lamium purpureum
Red Dead-nettle
Stachys officinalis
Betony
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At least 2 stamens longer than upper corolla lip
Calyx w. 3 short and 2 much longer teeth ^^
wi\ f #
Jjjl r
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Most fls. packed in 1 terminal head
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* fls. in dense whorls w. many bracts; calyx [c]
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FIs. 12-18mm; plant30-80cm high
FIs. 6 -8 mm
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smell strong; corolla dark purple
Stachys sylvatica
Hedge Woundwort
smell strong; corolla pale purple
Ballota nigra
Black Horehound
smell faint; Ivs. almost stalkless
Stachys palustris
Marsh Woundwort
stigma longer than corolla
Origanum vulgare
Wild Marjoram
stigma inside corolla hood [a]
Stachys arvensis
Field Woundwort
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Simplified key to 15 yellow compositae Dandelion type For the full key to these yellow COMPOSITAE (ASTERACEAE) and further drawings refer to pages 179 and 185.
FI. head bracts longer than florets Stem unbranched
Lvs. w. pimples
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Tragopogon pratensis
Goat's-beard
stem holloww. milky juice fr.Ia]
Taraxacum spp.
Dandelion
v. long white hairs on lvs. fr.[c]
PiloseJIa officinarum
Mouse-ear Hawkweed
fl. head 1 2 -2 0 cm; outer florets w'out pappus
Leontodon saxatilis
Lesser Hawkbit
fl. head 25-40 mm across fr.[b]
Leontodon hispidus
Rough Hawkbit
fr. [dl
Picris echioides
Bristly Oxtongue
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Fr. w'out any pappus No stem Ivs. but several bracts below f I. head
Copious milky juice in fresh stems
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Lapsana commuhis
Nipplewort
scales among florets [d]
Hypochaeris radicata
Cat's-ear
fl. head tapered below [a]; Ivs. usu. narrowly lobed
Leontodon autumnalis
Autumn Hawkbit
buds v. hairy [b]; fl. head 4-5 cm across; f r. [c]
Sonchus arvensis
Perennial Sow-thistle
Ivs. shiny w. rounded toothed auricles [g]
Sonchus asper
Prickly Sow-thistle
Ivs. dark, dull w. pointed auricles [h]
Sonchus oleraceus
Smooth Sow-thistle
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bud
Fl. head bracts in 2 sets, 1 long short [e]
1
Pappus pale brown [f] fr. [f]
in fl. March-July; fr. w. long beak [i]
Crepis vesicaria
Beaked Hawk's-beard
in fl. June-Sep.; fr. not beaked [jl
Crepis capillaris
Smooth Hawk's-beard
fl. head similar to [k]
Hieracium spp.
Hawkweed
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Simplified key to 5 common docks For the full key to Docks (POLYGONACEAE) and further diagrams refer to page 133.
Fr. segments distinctly toothed; teeth over 1 mm
|fi ^ Fr. segments usu. 4 mm or more
—
Fr. segments about 3 mm
branches spread widely; If. blade up to 10 cm [el; fr. [a]
Rumex pulcher
Fiddle Dock
fl. clusters dense; If. blade up to 25 cm fr. [b]
Rumex obtusifolius
Broad-leaved Dock
f I. clusters dense; Ivs. v. wavy edges [f]
Rumex crispus
Curled Dock
fr. w. 3 warts [cl
Rumex conglomeratus
Clustered Dock
fr. w. 1 wart [d]
Rumex sanguineus
Wood Dock
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Index to plant names The number refers to the page on which the appropriate key begins. the second part of the name. The only exceptions to this are that the When a second page is given this refers to a Simplified Key. words 'Common, Wild, Greater, Lesser, Small' are not indexed. When a plant has an English name consisting of two words both words The order is strictly alphabetical, no notice being taken of commas, are indexed. Thus flowers with a two-part name may be found under such hyphens, or spaces between words, headings as 'Water, Wood, Sea, White, Yellow, Hairy', as well as under
Abies 66 Acaena 110 Acer 101 Aceras 211 Achillea 179 Aconite 68 Aconitum 68 Acorus 216 Actaea 68 Adder's-tongue 65 Adiantum 60 Adonis 68 Adoxa 177 Aegopodi um 125,255 Aesculus 101 Aethusa 125,255 Agrimonia 110 Agrimony 110 Agrimony, Hemp 179 Agrostis 230 Aira 230 Ajuga 166,257 Alchemilla 110 Alder 138 Alder Buckthorn 102 Alexanders 125 Alisma 195
Alison 75 Alkanet 154 Alliaria 75 Allium 202 Allseed 97 Almond Willow 140 Alnus 138 Alopecurus 230 Alpine Bearberry 146 Alpine Bistort 133 Alpine Cinquefoil 110 Alpine Clubmoss 56 Alpine Lady-fern 60 Alpine Lady's-mantle 110 Alpine Meadow-grass 230 Alpine Meadow-rue 68 Alpine Mouse-ear 87 Alpine Penny-cress 75 Alpine Saw-wort 179 Alpine Saxifrage 117 Alpine Speedwell 159 Alpine Willow-herb 120 Alsike Clover 103 Alternate-leaved Goldensaxifrage 117 Alternate Water-milfoil 122 Althaea 97 Amaranth 93
Amaranthus 93 Amelanchier 110 American Willow-herb 120 American Winter-cress 75 Ammophila 230 Amphibious Bistort 133 Anacamptis 211 Anagallis 150 Anaphalis 178 Anchusa 154 Andromeda 146 Anemone 68 Angelica 125,255 Anisantha 230 Angular Solomon's-seal 202 Annual Beard-grass 230 Annual Knawel 87 Annual Meadow-grass 230 Annual Mercury 131 Annual Pearl wort 87 Annual Sea-blite 93 Annual Wall-rocket 75 Antennaria 87 Anthemis 179 Anthoxanthum 230 Anth riscus 125,255 Anthyllis 103 Antirrhinum 159
Apera 230 Aphanes 110 Apium 125,255 Apple 110 Apple Mint 166 Aquitegia 68 Arabidopsis 75 Arabis 75 Archangel 166,257 Arctium 179 Arctostaphylos 146 Arenaria 87 Armeria 149 Armoracia 75 Arnoseris 179 Arrhenatherum 230 Arrowhead 195 Artemisia 179 Arum 216 Ash 152 Asparagus 202 Aspen 140 Asperula 174 Asphodel 202 Asplenium 60,252 Aster 179 Astragalus 103 Athyrium 60,252
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264 Atriplex 93 Atropa 158 Autumnal Water-starwort 123 Autumn Gentian 153 Autumn Hawkbit 179,260 Autumn Lady's-tresses 211 Autumn Squill 202 Avena 230 Avens 110 Awlwort 75 Azalea 146 Azolla 65
Beauty, Sleeping 100 Bed straw 174 Beech 139 Beech Fern 60 Bee Orchid 211 Beet 93 Bellflower 173 Bell Heather 146 Beilis 179 Bennet (Avens) 110 Bent 230 Berberis 71 Bermuda-grass 230 Berula 125,255 Beta 93 Betonv 166,257 Betonica 166 Betula 138 Bidens 179 Bilberry 146 Bindweed 157 Bindweed, Black- 133 Birch 138 Bird Cherry 110 Bird's-eye Primrose 150 Bird's-foot 103 B ird's-foot Clover 103 Bird's-foot-trefoil 103 Bird's-nest Orchid 211 Bird's-nest, Yellow 148 Bistort 133 Bithynian Vetch 103 Biting Stonecrop 115 Bitter-cress 75 Bittersweet 158 Bitter Vetch 103 Bitter-vetch, Wood 103 Black Bent 230 Black-bindweed 133 Black Bog-rush 219 Black Bryony 210 Blackcurrant 118
Babington's Orache 93 Baldenia 195 Ballota 166,257 Balm 166 Balm-leaved Figwort 159 Balm-of-Gilead 140 Balsam 100 Baltic Rush 206 Baneberry 68 Barbarea 75 Barberry 71 Barley 230 Barren Brome 230 Barren Strawberry 110 Bartsia 159 Basil 166,257 Basil Thyme 166,257 Bastard Balm 166 Bastard Cabbage 75 Bastard Toadflax 124 Bay Willow 140 Beaked Hawk's-beard 179,260 Beaked Tassel weed 201 Beak-sedge 219 Beam 1l0 Bearberry 146 Bearded Couch 230 Bearded Fescue 230 Beard-grass 230
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Black-grass 230 Black Horehound 166,257 Black Medick 103 Black Mustard 75 Black Nightshade 158 Black Poplar 140 Black Spleenwort 60,252 Blackstonia 153 Blackthorn 110 Bladder Campion 176 Bladder-fern 60,252 Bladder-sedge 219 Bladder-senna 103 Bladderwort 165 Blechnum 60,252 Blinks 92 Blood-drop-emlets 159 Bloody Crane's-bill 98 Bluebell 202 Blue-eyed-grass 230 Blue Fleabane 179 Blue Moor-grass 230 Blue Sow-thistle 179 Blue Water-speedwell 159 Blunt-flowered Rush 206 Blunt-leaved Pond weed 198 Blysmus 219 Bog Asphodel 202 Bogbean 154 Bog Bilberry 146 Bog Myrtle 137 Bog Orchid 211 Bog Pimpernel 150 Bog Pondweed 198 Bog Rosemary 146 Bog-rush 219 Bog-sedge 219 Bog Stitcnwort 87 Bolboschoenus 219 Borage 154 Borago 154 Borrer's Saltmarsh-grass 230
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Bottle Sedge 219 Botrychium 65 Box 102 Brachypodium 230 Bracken 60,252 Brackish Water-crowfoot 68 Bramble 110 Branched Bur-reed 218 Brassica 75 Briar 110 Bridewort 110 Bristle Bent 230 Bristle Club-rush 219 Bristle-grass 230 Bristle Oat 230 Bristly Oxtongue 179,260 Brittle Bladder-fern 60,252 Briza 230 Broad Buckler-fern 60,252 Broad-fruited Cornsalad 177 Broad-leaved Cotton-grass 219 Broad-leaved Cudweed 179 Broad-leaved Dock 133,262 Broad-leaved Everlasting-pea 103 Broad-leaved Helleborine 211 Broad-leaved Pondweed 198 Broad-leaved Ragwort 179 Broad-leaved Spurge 131 Broad-leaved Whitebeam 110 Broad-leaved Willowherb 120 Brome 230 Bromopsis 230 Bromus 230 Brooklime 159 Brookweed 150 Broom 103 Broom, Butcher's 202 Broomrape 164 Brown Beak-sedge 219 Brown Bent 230 Brown Galingale 219 Brown Knapweed 179
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Brown-leaved Watercress 75 Brown Sedge 219 Bryonia 130 Bryony, Black 210 Bryony, White 130 Buckler-fern 60,252 Buck's-horn Plantain 172 Buckthorn 102 Buckthorn, Sea 120 Buckwheat 133 Buddleja 151 Bugle 166,257 Bugloss 154 Bulbous Buttercup 68 Bulbous Foxtail 230 Bulbous Meadow-grass 230 Bulbous Rush 206 Bulrush 218 Bunias 75 Bunium 125 Bupleurum 125 Bur Chervil 125 Burdock 179 Bur-marigold 179 BurMedick 103 Burnet 110 Burnet Rose 110 Burnet-saxifrage 125,255 Burnt Orchid 211 Bur Parsley 125 Bur, Pirri-pirri 110 Bur-reed 218 Bush Vetch 103 Bushy Mint 166 Butcner's-broom 202 Butomus 196 Butterbur 179 Buttercup 68 Butterfly-bush 151 Butterfly-orchid 211 Butterwort 165 Buxus 102
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Cabbage 75 Cakile 75 Calamagrostis 230 Calamint 166,257 Calamintha 166,257 Calfitriche 123 Calluna 146 Caltha 68 Calystegia 157 Campanula 173 Campion 87 Canadian Fleabane 179 Canadian Coldenrod 179 Canadian Waterweed 196 Canary-grass 230 Candytuft 75 Caper Spurge 131 Capsella 75 Caraway 125 Cardamine 75 Carduus 179 Carex 219 Carlina 179 Carline Thistle 179 Carnation Sedge 219 Carpinus 138 Carpobrotus 93 Carrot 125,255 Carum 125 Castanea 139 Catabrosa 230 Catapodium 230 Catcnfly 87 Cat-mint 166 Cat's-ear 179,260 Cat's-tail 230 Caucasian Stonecrop 115 Cedar, Western red 66 Celandine, Greater 73 Celandine, Lesser 68 Celery 125 Celery-leaved Buttercup 68
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Centaurea 179 Centaurium 153 Centaury 153 Centranthus 177 Cephalanthera 211 Cerastium 87 Ceratocapnos 74 Ceratophyllum 72 Ceterach 60,252 Chaerophvllum 125,255 Chaenorrninum 159 Chaffweed 150 Chalk Milkwort 85 Chamaecyparis 66 Chamaemelum 179 Chamerion 120 Chamomile 179 Changing Forget-me-not 154 Charlock 75 Cheiranthus 75 Chelidonum 73 Chenopodium 93 Cherleria 87 Cherry 110 Cherry Plum 110 Chervil 125,255 Chestnut, Horse 101 Chestnut, Sweet 139 Chickweed 87 Chickweed Willowherb 120 Chickweed Wintergreen 148 Chicory 179 Chiltern Gentian 153 China Teaplant 158 Chinese Mugwort 179 Chives 202 Chrysanthemum 179 Chrysosplenium 117 Cicely 125,255 Cicendia 153 Cicerbita 179 Cichorium 179
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Cicuta 125 Cinquefoil 110 Circaea 120 Cirsium 179 Cladium 219 Clary 166,257 Claytonia 92 Cleavers 174 Clematis 68 Climbing Corydalis 74 Clinopodium 166,257 Cloudberry 110 Clover 103 Clubmoss 56 Club-rush 219 Clustered Bellflower 173 Clustered Clover 103 Clustered Dock 133,262 Cochlearia 75 Cocklebur 179 Cock's-foot 230 Cockspur 230 Coeloglossum 211 Coincya 75 Colchicum 202 Colt's-foot 230 Columbine 68 Colutea 103 Comfrey 154 Compact Rush 206 Conifers 66 Conium 125,255 Conopodium 125,255 Convallaria 202 Convolvulus 157 Conyza 179 Copse-bindweed 133 CoraUorhiza 211 Coral root 75 Coral root Orchid 211 Cord-grass 230 Corky-fruited Water-dropwort 125
265
266 Corn Buttercup 68 Corn Chamomile 179 Corn Cleavers 174 Cornel 124 Cornflower 179 Cornish Heath 146 Cornish Moneywort 159 Corn Marigold 179 Corn Mint 166 Corn Parsley 125 Cornsalad 177 Corn Spurrey 87 Cornus 124 Coronopus 75 Corsican Pine 66 Corydalis 74 Corylus 138 Cotoneaster 110 Cotton-grass 219 Cotton Thistle 179 Couch 230 Cowbane 125 Cowberry 146 Cow Parsley 125,255 Cowslip 150 Cow-wheat 159 Crab Apple 110 Crack Willow 140 Crambe 75 Cranberry 146 Crane's-bill 98 Crassula 115 Crataegus 110 Creeping Bellflower 173 Creeping Bent 230 Creeping Buttercup 68 Creeping Cinquefoil 110 Creeping Forget-me-not 154 Creeping Jenny 150 Creeping Lady's-tresses 211 Creeping Thistle 179 Creeping Water Forget-me-not 154
Creeping Willow 140 Creeping Yellow-cress 75 Crepis 179,260 Cress 75 Crested Cow-wheat 159 Crested Dog's-tail 230 Crested Hair-grass 230 Crimson Clover 103 Crithmum 125 Crocosmia 210 Cross-leaved Heath 146 Crosswort 174 Crowberry 146 Crowfoot 68 Crow Garlic (see Onion) Crown Vetch 103 Cruciata 174 Cryptogramma 60 Cuckooflower 75 Cuckoo Pint 216 Cudweed 179 Curled Dock 133,262 Curled Pondweed 198 Currant 118 Curved Hard-grass 230 Cuscuta 157 Cut-leaved Crane's-bill 98 Cut-leaved Deadnettle 166 Cut-leaved Selfheal 166 Cymbalaria 159 Cynodon 230 Cynogiossum 154 Cynosurus 230 Cyperus 219 Cyperus Sedge 219 Cyphel 87 Cypress, Lawson's 66 Cypress Spurge 131 Cystopteris 60,252 Cytisus 103 Dactylis 230
Dactylorhiza 211 Daffodil 209 Daisy 179 Damasonium 195 Dame's-violet 75 Dandelion 179,260 Danish Scurvygrass 75 Danthonia 230 Daphne 120 Dark-leaved Willow 140 Dark Mullein 159 Dark-red Helleborine 211 Datura 158 Daucus 125,255 Deadly Nightshade 158 Dead-nettle 166,257 Deergrass 219 Dense-flowered Fumitory 74 Dense Silky-bent 230 Deptford Pink 87 Deschampsia 230 Descurainia 75 Devil's-bit Scabious 178 Dewberry 110 Dianthus 87 Digitalis 159 Dioecious Sedge 219 Diphasiastrum 56 Diplotaxis 75 Dipsacus 178 Distant Sedge 219 Dittander 75 Divided Sedge 219 Dock 133,262 Dodder 157 Dog Rose 110 Dog's Mercury 131 Dog's-tail 230 Dog-violet 84 Dogwood 124 Doronicum 179 Dorset Heath 146
Douglas Fir 66 Dove's-foot Crane's-bill 98 Downy Birch 138 Downy Oat-grass 230 Downy Rose 110 Downy Willow 140 Draba 75 Dragon's-teeth 103 Dropwort 110 Dropwort, Water- 125,255 Drosera 119 Dryas 110 Dryopteris 60,252 Duckweed 217 Duke of Argyll's Teaplant 158 Dune Fescue 230 Dusky Crane's-bill 98 Dwarf Birch 138 Dwarf Cornel 124 Dwarf Cudweed 179 Dwarf Eelgrass 198 Dwarf Elder 176 Dwarf Corse 103 Dwarf Mallow 97 Dwarf Mouse-ear 87 Dwarf Spurge 131 Dwarf Thistle 179 Dwarf Willow 140 Dyer's Greenweed 103 Eared Willow 140 Early Dog-violet 84 Early Forget-me-not 154 Early Gentian 153 Early Hair-erass 230 Early Marsn-orchid 211 Early-purple Orchid 211 Early Spiaer-orchid 211 Earth-nut 125 Eastern Rocket 75 Echinochloa 230 Echium 154
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Eelgrass 198 Elatine 87 Elder 176 Elder, Ground 125,255 Elecampane 179 Eleocharis 219 Eleogiton 219 Elm 137 Elodea 1 % Elym us 230 Elytrigia 230 Empetrum 149 Enchanter's-nightshade 120 Endymion 202 English Elm 137 English Scurvygrass 75 English Stonecrop 115 Epilobium 120 Epipactis 211 Equisetum 57 Eranthis 68 Erica 146 Erige ron 179 Eriophorum 219 Erodi um 98 Erophila 75 Eryngium 125 Erysimum 75 Euonymus 102 Eupatorium 179 Euphorbia 131 Euphrasia 159 European Larch 66 Evening-primrose 120 Evergreen Oak 139 Everlasting 179 Everlasting-pea 103 Eyebright 159 Fagopyrum 133 Fagus 139 Fairy Flax 97
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Fallopia 133 False Brome 230 False Fox-sedge 219 False Oat-grass 230 False Oxlip 150 Fan-leavea Water-crowfoot 68 Fat Duckweed 217 Fathen 93 Fen Bedstraw 174 Fennel 125 Fennel Pondweed 198 Fen Orchid 211 Fen Pondweed 198 Fen-sedge 219 Ferns 60, 252 Fern-grass 230 Fescue 230 Festuca 230 Feverfew 179 Few-flowered Fumitory 74 Few-flowered Sedge 219 Few-flowered Spike-rush 219 Fiddle Dock 133,262 Field Bindweed 157 Field Fleawort 179 Field Forget-me-not 154 Field Garlic 202 Field Gentian 153 Field Cromwell 154 Field Horsetail 57 Field Madder 174 Field Maple 101 Field Mouse-ear 87 Field Pansy 84 Field Penny-cress 75 Field Pepperwort 75 Field Rose 110 Field Scabious 78 Field-speedwell 159 Field Woodrush 206 Field Woundwort 166,257 Fig-leaved Goosefoot 93
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Figwort 159 FiTago 179 Filipendula 110 Filmy-fern 59 Fine-leaved Fumitory 74 Fine-leaved Sandwort 87 Fine-leaved Sheep's-fescue 230 Fine-leaved Water-dropwort 125 Fingered Speedwell 159 Fir 66 Fir Clubmoss 56 Flag 210 Flat-sedge 219 Flat-stalked Pondweed 198 Flattened Meadow-grass 230 Flax 97 Fleabane 179 Flea Sedge 219 Fleawort 179 Flixweed 75 Floating Bur-reed 218 Floating Club-rush 219 Floating Sweet-grass 230 Floating Water-plantain 195 Flowermg-rush 196 Fluellin 159 Fly Orchid 211 Fodder Burnet 110 Foeniculum 125 Fool's Parsley 125,255 Fool's Water-cress 125,255 Forget-me-not 154 Fox-and-cubs 179 Foxglove 159 Fox-sedge 219 Foxtail 230 Fragaria 110 Fragrant Agrimony 110 Fragrant Evening-primrose 120 Fragrant Orchia 211 Frangula 102 Franxenia 87
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Fraxinus 152 Fringed Water-lily 154 Fritillaria 202 Fritillary 202 Frogbit 196 Frog Orchid 211 Frosted Orache 93 Fuchsia 120 Fumaria 74 Fumitory 74 Gagea 202 Gafanthus 209 Galega 103 Galeopsis 166,257 Galingale 219 Galinsoga 179 Galium 174 Gallant Soldier 179 Garden Arabis 75 Garden Cress 75 Garden Lettuce 179 Garden Parsley 125 Garden Privet 152 Garden Strawberry 110 Garlic 202 Garlic Mustard 75 Gaultheria 146 Genista 103 Gentian 153 Gentiana 153 Gentianella 153 Geranium 98 Germander Speedwell 159 Geum 110 Giant Bellflower 173 Giant Butterbur 179 Giant Fescue 230 Giant Fir 66 Giant Hogweed 125 Giant Knotweed 133 Gipsywort 166,257
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268 Glasswort 93 Glaucium 73 Glaucous Sedge 219 Glaux 150 Glechoma 166,257 Globeflower 68 Glyceria 230 Goat's-beard 179,260 Gnaphalium 179 Goat's-rue 103 Goat Willow 140 Golden Dock 133 Golden rod 179 Golden Samphire 179 Golden-saxifrage 117 Goldilocks 68 Good King Henry 93 Goodyera 211 Gooseberry 118 Goosefoot 93 Gorse 103 Grape Hyacinth 202 Grape, Oregon- 71 Grass 230 Grass-leaved Orache 93 Grass-of-Parnassus 118 Grass Vetchling 103 Grass-wrack Pondweed 198 Green Alkanet 154 Green Bristle-grass 230 Green Field-speedwell 159 Green Figwort 159 Green-flowered Helleborine
Grey Goosefoot 93 Grey Poplar 140 Grey Sedge 219 Grey Willow 140 Groenlandia 198 Gromwell 154 Ground-elder 125,255 Ground-ivy 166,257 Ground-pine 166 Groundsel 179 Guelder-rose 176 Gymnadenia 211 Gymnocarpium 60 Hair-grass 230 Hair-fike Pondweed 198 Hairy Bird's-foot-trefoil 103 Hairy Bitter-cress 75 Hairy-brome 230 Hairy Buttercup 68 Hairy Rock-cress 75 Hairy Sedge 219 Hairy St jonn's-wort 85 Hairy Stonecrop 115 Hairy Tare 103 Hairy Violet 84 Hairy Woodrush 206 Halimione 93 Hammarbya 211 Hard Fern 60,252 Hard Fescue 230 Hard-grass 230 Hard Rush 206 Hard Shield-fern 60,252 Harebell 173 Hare's-ear 125 Hare's-foot Clover 103 Hare's-tail Cottongrass 219 Harsh Downy-rose 110 Hart's-tongue 60,252 Hawkbit 179,260 Hawk's-beard 179,260
211
Green Hellebore 68 Green-ribbed Sedge 219 Green Spleen wort 60 Greenweed 103 Green-winged Orchid 211 Grey Alder 138 Grey Club-rush 219 Grey Field-speedwell 159
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Hawkweed 179,260 Hawkweed Oxtongue 179 Hawthorn 110 Hay-scented Buckler-fern 60 Hazel 138 Heath 146 Heath Bedstraw 174 Heath Cudweed 179 Heath Dog-violet 84 Heather 146 Heath-grass 230 Heath Groundsel 179 Heath Milkwort 85 Heath Pearlwort 87 Heath Rush 206 Heath Speedwell 159 Heath Spotted-orchid 211 Heath Violet 84 Heath Woodrush 206 Hedera 125 Hedge Bedstraw 174 Hedge Bindweed 157 Hedge Mustard 75 Hedge-parsley 125,255 Hedgerow Crane's-bill 98 Hedge Woundwort 166,257 Helianthemum 86 Helictotrichon 230 Heliotrope 179 Hellebore 68 Helleborine 211 Helleborus 68 Helxine 136 Hemlock 125,255 Hemlock Water-dropwort 125, 255 Hemlock, Western 66 Hemp-agrimony 179 Hemp-nettle 166,257 Henbane 158 Henbit Dead-nettle 166,257 Henry, Good King 93
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Heracleum 125,255 Herb-Paris 205 Herb-Robert 98 Herminium 211 Hesperis 75 Hieracium 179,260 Himalayan Cotoneaster 110 Himantoglossum 211 Hippocrepis 103 Hippophae 120 Hippuris 123 Hirschfeldia 75 Hoary Cinquefoil 110 Hoary Cress 75 Hoary Mustard 75 Hoary Plantain 172 Hoary Ragwort 179 Hoary Stock 75 Hoary Whitlowgrass 75 Hoary Willowherb 120 Hogweed 125,255 HoTcus 230 Holly 119 Holly Fern 60 Holly, Sea 125 Honckenya 87 Honeysuckle 176 Hop 136 Hop Trefoil 103 Hordelymus 230 Hordeum 230 Horehound 166,257 Hornbeam 138 Horned Pondweed 198 Horned-poppy 73 Hornungia 75 Hornwort 72 Horse-chestnut 101 Horse-radish 75 Horseshoe Vetch 103 Horsetail 57 Hottentot-fig 93
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Hottonia 150 Hound's-tongue 154 Humulus 136 Huperzia 56 Hutchinsia 75 Hyacinth 202 Hyacinthoides 202 Hybrid Black-poplar 140 Hybrid Larch 66 Hybrid Sweet-grass 230 Hydrocharis 196 Hydrocotyle 125 Hymenophyllum 59 Hyoscyamus 158 Hypericum 85 Hypochaeris 179,260 Iberis 75 Ilex 119 Impatiens 100 Imperforate St John's-wort 85 Indian Balsam 100 Intermediate Bladderwort 165 Intermediate Cinquefoil 110 Intermediate Water-starwort 123 Intermediate Wintergreen 148 Interrupted Clubmoss 56 Inula 179 Iris 210 Isle of Man Cabbage 75 Isoetes 57 Isolepis 219 Italian Lords-and-Ladies 216 Italian Poplar 140 Italian Rye-grass 230 Ivy 125 Ivy Broomrape 164 Ivy, Ground 166, 257 Ivy-leaved Bellflower 173 Ivy-leaved Crowfoot 68 Ivy-leaved Duckweed 217 Ivy-leaved Speedwell 159
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Ivy-leaved Toadflax 159 Jacob's Ladder 154 Japanese Knotweed 133 Japanese Larch 66 Jasione 173 Jenny, Creeping 150 Jointed Rush 206 Juncus 206 Juneberry 110 Juniper 66 Juniperus 66 Kale, Sea 75 Keeled-fruited Cornsalad 177 Kickxia 159 Kidney Vetch 103 King Henry 93 Knapweed 179 Knapweed Broomrape 164 Knautia 178 Knawel 87 Knotgrass 133 Knotted Clover 103 Knotted Hedge-parsley 125 Knotted Pearlwort 87 Knotweed 133 Koeleria 230 Kraus' Clubmoss 56 Lactuca 179 Ladder, Jacob's 154 Lady-fern 60,252 Lady Orchid 211 Lady's Bedstraw 174 Lady's-mantle 110 Lady's-tresses 211 Lamb's Succory 179 Lamiastrum 166,257 Lamium 166,257 Lanceolate Spleenwort 60 Lapsana 179,260
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Larch 66 Large Apple-mint 166 Large Bindweed 157 Large Bitter-cress 75 Large-flowered Eveningprimrose 120 Large-flowered Hemp-nettle 166 Large-leaved Lime 96 Large Thyme 166,257 Larix 66 Lathraea 164 Lathyrus 103 Lavatera 97 Lavender, Sea 149 Lawson's Cypress 66 Lax-flowered Sea-lavender 149 Leafy-fruited Nightshade 158 Leafy Spurge 131 Least Bur-reed 218 Least Lettuce 179 Least Willow 140 Leek 202 Legousia 173 Lemna 217 Lemon-scented Fern 60,252 Leon todon 179,260 Leonurus 166 Leopard's-bane 179 Lepidium 75 Lettuce 179 Leucanthemum 179 Leucorchis 211 Leymus 230 Ligusticum 125 Ligustrum 152 Lilac 152 Lilium 202 Lily 202 Lily, Fringed Water 154 Lily-of-the-valley 202 Lime 96 Limestone Fern 60
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Limonium 149 Limosella 159 Linaria 159 Linnaea 176 Linum 97 Liparis 211 Liquorice 103 Listera 211 Lithospermum 154 Little Mouse-ear 87 Little-Robin 98 Littorella 172 Lizard Orchid 211 Lobelia 174 Lobularia 75 Loddon Pondweed 198 Lodgepole Pine 66 Loiseleura 146 Lolium 230 Lombardy Poplar 140 London Plane 137 Long-bracted Sedge 219 Long-headed Poppy 73 Long-spiked Glasswort 93 Long-stalked Crane's-bill 98 Long-stalked Pondweed 198 Long-stalked Yellow-sedge 219 Lontcera 176 Looking Glass, Venus's- 173 Loose Silky-bent 230 Loosestrife, Purple 119 Loosestrife, Yellow 150 Lords-and-Ladies 216 Lotus 103 Lousewort 159 Lovage 125 Lucerne 103 Lungwort 154 Lupm 103 Lupinus 103 Luronium 195 Luzula 206
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270 Lychnis 87 Lydum 158 Lycopodiella 56 Lycopodium 56 Lycopus 166,257 Lyme-grass 230 Lysimachia 150 Lythrum 119 Madder 174 Mahonia 71 Maidenhair Fern 60 Maidenhair Spleenwort 60, 252 Maiden Pink 87 Male-fern 60,252 Mallow 97 Malus 110 Malva 97 Man Orchid 211 Mantle, Lady's 110 Many-seeded Coosefoot 93 Many-stalked Spike-rush 219 Maple 101 Maple-leaved Coosefoot 93 Mare's-tail 123 Marigold, Corn 179 Marigold, Marsh 68 Maritime Pine 66 Marjoram 166,257 Marrubium 166 Mars h Arrowgrass 197 Marsh-bedstraw 174 Marsh Cinquefoil 110 Marsh Clubmoss 56 Marsh Cudweed 179 Marsh Dock 133 Marsh Fern 60 Marsh Foxtail 230 Marsh Gentian 153 Marsh Hawk's-beard 179 Marsh Helleborine 211 Marsh Horsetail 57
Marsh Lousewort 159 Marsh-mallow 97 Marsh-marigold 68 Marsh-orchid 211 Marsh Pea 103 Marsh Pennywort 125 Marsh Ragwort 179 Marsh Speedwell 159 Marsh Stitchwort 87 Marsh St John's-wort 85 Marsh Thistle 179 Marsh Valerian 177 Marsh Violet 84 Marsh Willowherb 120 Marshwort 125 Marsh Woundwort 166,257 Marsh Yellow-cress 75 Martagon Lily 202 Masterwort 125 Mat-grass 230 Matricaria 179 Matthioia 75 Mayweed 179 Meadow Barley 230 Meadow Brome 230 Meadow Buttercup 68 Meadow Clary 166 Meadow Crane's-bill 98 Meadow Fescue 230 Meadow Foxtail 230 Meadow-grass 230 Meadow Oat-grass 230 Meadow-rue 68 Meadow Saffron 202 Meadow Saxifrage 117 Meadowsweet 110 Meadow Thistle 179 Meadow Vetchling 103 Meconopsis 73 Medicago 103 Medick 103 Medium-flowered Winter-cress 75
Meiampyrum 159 Melancholy Thistle 179 Melica 230 Melick 230 Melilot 103 Melilotus 103 Melissa 166 Melittis 166 Mentha 166 Menyanthes 154 Mercurialis 131 Mercury 131 Mertensia 154 Meum 125 Midland Hawthorn 110 Mignonette 83 Milium 230 Milk-parsley 125 Milk Thistle 179 Milk-vetch 103 Milkwort 85 Millet 230 Mimulus 159 Mind-your-own-business Mint 166 Minuartia 87 Misopates 159 Mistletoe 124 Moehringia 87 Moenchia 87 Molinia 230 Moneywort 159 Monkeyflower 159 Monk's-hood 68 Monk's-rhubarb 133 Monotropa 148 Montbretia 210 Monterey Pine 66 Montia 92 Moonwort 65 Moor-grass 230 Moschatel 177
136
Moss Campion 87 Mossy Saxifrage 117 Mossy Stonecrop 115 Motherwort 166 Moth Mullein 159 Mountain Avens 110 Mountain Currant 118 Mountain Everlasting 179 Mountain Melick 230 Mountain Pansy 84 Mountain Sorrel 133 Mouse-ear 87 Mouse-ear Hawkweed 179,260 Mousetail 68 Mudwort 159 Mugwort 179 Mullein 159 Muscari 202 Musk 159 Musk Mallow 97 Musk Orchid 211 Musk Stork's-bill 98 Musk Thistle 179 Mustard 75 Mycelis 179 Myosotis 154 Myosoton 87 Myosurus 68 Myrica 137 Myriophyllum 122 Myrrhis 125,255 Myrtle 137 Narcissus 209 Nardus 230 Narrow Buckler-fern 60,252 Narrow-fruited Cornsalad 177 Narrow-fruited Watercress 75 Narrow-leaved Bird's-foot trefoil 103 Narrow-leaved Bitter-cress 75 Narrow-leaved Eel-grass 198
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Narrow-leaved Everlasting-pea 103 Narrow-leaved Helleborine 211 Narrow-leaved Lungwort 154 Narrow-leaved Meadow-grass 230 Narrow-leaved Pepperwort 75 Narrow-leaved Water-plantain 195 Narrow-leaved Water-dropwort 125 Narrow-lipped Helleborine 211
Narthecium 202 Navelwort 115 Needle, Shepherd's 125 Needle Spike-rush 219 Neottia 211 Nepeta 166 Nettle 136 Nettle-leaved Bellflower 173 Nettle-leaved Coosefoot 93 New Zealand Willowherb 120 Night-flowering Catchfly 87 Nightshade 158 Nightshade, Enchanter's 120 Nipplewort 179,260 Noble Fir 66 Nodding Bur-marigold 179 Nootka Lupin 103 Northern Bedstraw 174 Northern Dock 133 Northern Hawk's-beard 179 Northern Marsh-orchid 211 Northern Rock-cress 75 Norway Maple 101 Norway Spruce 66 Norwegian Cinquefoil 110 Nottingham Catchfly 87 Nuphar 72 Nymphaea 72 Nymphoides 154
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Oak 139 Oak Fern 60 Oak-leaved Goosefoot 93 Oat 230 Oat-grass 230 Oblong-leaved Sundew 119 Odontites 159 Oenanthe 125,255 Oenothera 120 One-flowered Glasswort 93 Onion 202 Onobrychis 103 Ononis 103 Onorpordum 179 Ophioglossum 65 Ophrys 211 Opium Poppy 73 Opposite-leaved GoldenSaxigrage 117 Opposite-leaved Pondweed 198 Orache 93 Orange Balsam 100 Orange Foxtail 230 Orchid 211 Orchis 211 Oregon-grape 71 Oreopteris 60,252 Origanum 166,257 Ornithogalum 202 Ornithopus 103 Orobanche 164 Orpine 115 Orthiiia 148 Osier 140 Osmunda 59 Oval Sedge 219 Oxalis 100 Oxeye Daisy 179 Oxford Ragwort 179 Oxlip 150 Oxtongue 179,260 Oxyria 133
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Oysterplant 154 Pale Butterwort 165 Pale Dog-violet 84 Pale Flax 97 Pale Forget-me-not 154 Pale Pink-sorrel 100 Pale Persicary 133 Pale Sedge 219 Pale St Jonn's-wort 85 Pale Toadflax 159 Pale Willowherb 120 Pansy 84 Papaver 73 Parapholis 230 Parentucellia 159 Parietaria 136 Paris 205 Parnassia 118 Parsley 125,255 Parsley Fern 60 Parsley-piert 110 Parsley Water-dropwort 125 Parsnip 125 Parsnip, Water 125, 255 Pasqueflower 68 Pastinaca 125 Patience Dock 133 Pea 103 Pear 110 Pearlwort 87 Pearly Everlasting 179 Pedicularis 159 Pedunculate Oak 139 Pellitory* ^f-the-wall 136 Pencilled Crane's-bill 98 Pendulous Sedge 219 Penny-cress 75 Pennyroyal 166 Pennywort, Marsh 125 Pentagbttis 154 Peplis (Lythrum) 119
)
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Peppermint 166 Pepper-saxifrage 125 Pepper, Water 133 Pepperwort 75 Perennial Flax 97 Perennial Glasswort 93 Perennial Rye-grass 230 Perennial Sow-thistle 179,260 Perennial Wall-rocket 75 Perfoliate Pondweed 198 Perforate St John's-wort 85 Periwinkle 152 Persicaria 133 Petasites 179 Petroselinum 125 Petty Spurge 131 Petty Whin 103 Peucedanum 125 Phalaris 230 Phegopteris 60 Phleum 230 Phragmites 230 Phyllitis 60,252 Phyteuma 173 Picea 66 Picris 179,260 Pignut 125,255 Pin Sedge 219 Pillwort 65 Pilosella 179,185,186,260 Pilularia 65 Pimpernel 150 Pimpinella 125,255 Pine 66 Pineappleweed 179 Pine, Ground 166 Pinguicula 165 Pink 87 Pink-sorrel 100 Pink Purslane 92 Pink Water-speedwell 159 Pinus 66
271
272 Pirri-pirri-bur 110 Plane 137 Plantago 172 Plantain 172 Plantain, Water 195 Platanthera 211 Platanus 137 Plicate Sweet-grass 230 Ploughman's-spikenard 179 Plum 110 Poa 230 Polemonium 154 Polygala 85 Pofygonatum 202 Polygonum 133 Polypodium 60,252 Polypody 60,252 Polypogon 230 Pofystichum 60,252 Pond-sedge 219 Pondweed 198 Pondweed, Horned 202 Poplar 140 Poppy 73 Populus 140 Portland Spurge 131 Potamogeton 198 Potentilfa 110 Poterium 110 Prickly Lettuce 179 Prickly Poppy 73 Prickly Sedge 219 Prickly Sow-thistle 179,260 Primrose 150 Primrose, Evening 120 Primula 150 Privet 152 Procumbent Pearlwort 87 Procumbent Yellow-sorrel 100 Prunella 166,257 Prunus 110 Pseudofumaria 74
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Pseudorchis 211 Pseudotsuga 66 Pteridium 60,252 Puccinellia 230 Pulicaria 179 Pulmonaria 154 Pulsatilla 68 Purple Glasswort 93 Purple Cromwell 154 Purple-loosestrife 119 Purple Milk-vetch 103 Purple Moor-grass 230 Purple Ramping-fumitory 74 Pu rple Saxifrage 117 Purple Small-reed 230 Purple Toadflax 159 Purple Willow 140 Purslane, Pink 92 Purslane, Sea 93 Purslane, Water 119 Pyramidal Orchid 211 Pyrenean Valerian 177 Pyrola 148 Pyrus 110 Quaking-grass 230 Quercus 139 Quillwort 57 Radiola 97 Radish 75 Ragged-robin 87 Ragwort 179 Ramping-fumitory 74 Rampion 173 Ramsons 202 Ranunculus 68 Rape 75 Raphanus 75 Rapistrum 75 Raspberry 110
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Rat's-tail Fescue 230 Rattle 159 Rayed Groundsel 179 Ray's Knotgrass 133 Red Bartsia 159 Red-berried Elder 176 Red Campion 87 Red Cedar, Western 66 Red Clover 103 Red Currant 118 Red Dead-nettle 166,257 Red Fescue 230 Red Goosefoot 93 Red Hemp-nettle 166,257 Red Pondweed 198 Redshank 133 Red Star-thistle 179 Red-tipped Cudweed 179 Red Valerian 177 Reed 230 Reed Canary-grass 230 Reed mace 218 Reed Sweet-grass 230 Reflexed Saltmarsh-grass 230 Reflexed Stonecrop 115 Remote Sedge 219 Reseda 83 Restharrow 103 Rhamnus 102 Rhinanthus 159 Rhododendron 146 Rhubarb, Monk's 133 Russian Cinquefoil 110 Rhynchospora 219 Ribbed Melilot 103 Ribes 118 Ribwort Plantain 172 Rigid Hornwort 72 River Water-crowfoot 68 River Water-dropwort 125 Robert, Herb 98 Robin, Ragged 87
Rock-cress 75 Rocket 75 Rock-rose 86 Rock Samphire 125 Rock Sea-lavender 149 Rock Sea-spurrey 87 Rock Stonecrop 115 Rod, Golden 179 Rootless Duckweed 217 Rorippa 75 Rosa 110 Rose 110 Rosebay Willowherb 120 Rose, Guelder 176 Rosemaiy, Bog 146 Rose-of-Sharon 85 Roseroot 115 Rough Chervil 125,255 Rough Clover 103 Rough Dog's-tail 230 Rough Hawkbit 179, 260 Rough Hawk's-beard 179 Rough Meadow-grass 230 Rough Poppy 73 Round-fruited Rush 206 Round-headed Rampion 173 Round-leaved Crane's-bill 98 Round-leaved Crowfoot 68 Round-leaved Fluellen 159 Round-leaved Mint 166 Round-leaved Sundew 119 Round-leaved Wintergreen 148 Rowan 110 Royal Fern 59 Rubia 174 Rubus 110 Rue, Goat's 103 Rue-leaved Saxifrage 117 Rue, Meadow 68 Rue, Wall 60,252 Rumex 133,262 Ruppia 201
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Ruscus 202 Rush 206 Rush, Flowering 196 Russian Comfrey 154 Rustyback 60,252 Rye Brome 230 Rye-grass 230 Saffron 202 Sage 166,257 Sagina 87 Sagittaria 195 Sainfoin 103 Salad Burnet 110 Salicornia 93 Salix 140 Salsify 179 Salsola 93 Saltmarsh Flat-sedge 219 Saltmarsh-grass 230 Saltmarsh Rush 206 Saltwort 93 Salvia 166,257 Sambucus 176 Samolus 150 Samphire, Golden 179 Samphire, Rock 125 Sana Catchfly 87 Sand Cat's-tail 230 Sand Couch 230 Sand Leek 202 Sand Sedge 219 Sand Spurrey 87 Sandwort 87 Sanguisorba 110 Sanicle 125,255 Sanicula 125,255 Saponaria 87 Sarcocomia 93 Sarothamnus 103 Saussurea 179 Saw-wort 179
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Saxifraga 117 Saxifrage 117 Saxifrage, Burnet 125,255 Saxifrage, Pepper 125 Scabiosa 178 Scabious 178 Scaly Male-fern 60,252 Scandix 125 Scarlet Pimpernel 150 Scented Mayweed 179 Scentless Mayweed 179 Schoenoplectus 219 Schoenus 219 Scilla 202 Scirpus 219 Scleranthus 87 Scots Lovage 125 Scots Pine 66 Scottish Asphodel 202 Scottish Primrose 150 Scrophularia 159 Scurvygrass 75 Scutellaria 166,257 Sea Arrow-grass 197 Sea Aster 179 Sea Barley 230 Sea Beet 93 Sea Bindweed 157 Sea-blite 93 Sea-buckthorn 120 Sea Campion 87 Sea Clover 103 Sea Club-rush 219 Sea Fern-grass 230 Sea-heath 87 Sea-holly 125 Sea-kale 75 Sea-lavender 149 Sea Mayweed 179 Sea-milkwort 150 Sea Mouse-ear 87 Seaside Orache 93
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Sea Pea 103 Sea Pearlwort 87 Sea Plantain 172 Sea-purslane 93 Sea Radish 75 Sea Rocket 75 Sea Rush 206 Sea Sandwort 87 Seaside Centaury 153 Sea Spleenwort 60,252 Sea-spurrey 87 Sea Stork's-bill 98 Sea Spurge 131 Sea Wormwood 179 Securigera 103 Sedge 219 Sedum 115 Selaginella 56 Selfheal 166,257 Senecio 179 Seriphidium 179 Serrated Wintergreen 148 Serratula 179 Service-tree 110 Sesleria 230 Sessile Oak 139 Setaria 230 Shaggy Soldier 179 Shaffon 146 Sharp-flowered Rush 206 Sharp-leaved Flueilin 159 Sharp-leaved Pondweed 198 Sharp Rush 206 Sheep's-bit 173 Sheep's Sorrel 133 Shepherd's Cress 75 Shepherd's Needle 125 Shepherd's-purse 75 Sherardia 174 Shield-fern 60,252 Shining Crane's-bill 98 Shining Pondweed 198
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Shoreweed 172 Short-fruited Willowherb 120 Short-grained Brome 230 Short-styled Field-rose 110 Shrubby Sea-blite 93 Sibbaldia 110 Sibthorpia 159 Sickle Medick 103 Silaum 125 Silene 87 Silky-bent 230 Silver Birch 138 Silver Hair-grass 230 Silver Ragwort 179 Silverweed 110 Silybum 179 Sinapis 75 Sison 125,255 Sisymbrium 75 Sisvrhinchium 210 Sitka Spruce 66 Si urn 125 Six-rowed Barley 230 Six-stamened Waterwort 87 Skullcap 166,257 Slender Bedstraw 174 Slender Bird's-foot-trefoil 103 Slender Club-rush 219 Slender Hare's-ear 125 Slender Rush 206 Slender Sandwort 87 Slender Sedge 219 Slender Soft-brome 230 Slender Spike-rush 219 Slender Speedwell 159 Slender St John's-wort 85 Slender Tare 103 Slender Thistle 179 Slender Trefoil 103 Slender Tufted-sedge 219 Small-flowered Buttercup 68 Small-flowered Catchfly 87
273
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274 Small-flowered Crane's-bill 98 Small-flowered Evening-primrose
120
Small-fruited Yellow-sedge 219 Small-leaved Cotoneaster 110 Small-leaved Elm 137 Small-leaved Lime % Small-reed 230 Small-white Orchid 211 Smith's Pepperwort 75 Smooth Brome 230 Smooth Cat's-ear 179 Smooth Hawk's-beard 179,260 Smooth Meadow-grass 230 Smooth Sow-thistle 179,260 Smooth-stalked Sedge 219 Smooth Tare 103 Smyrnium 125 Snapdragon 159 Sneezewort 179 Snowberry 176 Snowdrop 209 Snowflake 209 Snow-in-Summer 87 Soapwort 87 Soft Brome 230 Soft-grass 230 Soft Hornwort 72 Soft Rush 206 Soft Shield-fern 60,252 Solanum 158 Soldier 179 Soldier, Water 1% Soleirolia 136 Solidago 179 Solomon's-seal 202 Sonchus 179,260 Sorrel 133 Sorrel, Sheep's 133 Sorrel, Wood 100 Southern Marsh-orchid 211 Southern Woodrush 206
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Sow-thistle 179,260 Spanish Catchfly 87 Sparganium 218 Spartina 230 Spear-leaved Orache 93 Spear-leaved Willowherb 120 Spearmint 166 Spear Thistle 179 Spearwort 68 Speedwell 159 Spergula 87 Spergularia 87 Spider-orchid 211 Spignel 125 Spiked Sedge 219 Spiked Speedwell 159 Spiked Water-milfoil 122 Spiked Woodrush 206 Spikenard 179 Spike-rush 219 Spindle 102 Spi ny Cocklebu r 179 Spiny Restharrow 103 Spiraea 110 Spiral Tasselweed 201 Spiranthes 211 Spirodela 217 Spleen wort 60,252 Spotted Cat's-ear 179 Spotted Dead-nettle 166 Spotted Medick 103 Spotted-orchid 211 Spreading Hedge-parsley 125 Springbeauty 92 Spring Cinauefoil 110 Spring Sanawort 87 Spring-sedge 219 Spring Squill 202 Spring Vetch 103 Spruce 66 Spurge 131 Spurge-laurel 120
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Spurrey 87 Square-stalked St John's-wort 85 Square-stalked Willowherb 120 Squill 202 Squinancywort 174 Squirreltail Fescue 230 Stachys 166,257 Stag's-horn Clubmoss 56 Stanfruit 195 Star-of-Bethlehem 202 Starry Saxifrage 117 Star Sedge 219 Star-thistle 179 Starwort Mouse-ear 87 Starwort, Water 123 Stellaria 87 Steppe Cabbage 75 Sticky Catchfly 87 Sticky Groundsel 179 Sticky Mouse-ear 87 Stiff Saltmarsh-grass 230 Stiff Sedge 219 Stinking Chamomile 179 Stinking Goosefoot 93 Stinking Hellebore 68 Stinking Iris 210 Stinkweed 75 Stitchwort 87 St John's-wort 85 Stock 75 Stone Bramble 110 Stonecrop 115 Stone Parsley 125,255 Stork's-bill 98 Stratiotes 1% Strawberry 110 Strawberry Clover 103 Suaeda 93 Subterranean Clover 103 Subularia 75 Succisa 178 Succory 179
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Suffocated Clover 103 Sulphur Cinquefoil 110 Sulphur Clover 103 Summer Snowflake 209 Sundew 119 Sun Spurge 131 Swamp Meadow-grass 230 Swedish Whitebeam 110 Sweet Alison 75 Sweet Briar 110 Sweet Chestnut 139 Sweet Cicely 125,255 Sweet-flag 216 Sweet-grass 230 Sweet-vernal-grass 230 Sweet Violet 84 Swine-cress 75 Sycamore 101 Symphoricarpos 176 Symphytum 154 Syringa 152 Tall Fescue 230 Tall Melilot 103 Tall Mint 166 Tall Ramping-fumitory 74 Tall Rocket 75 Tamarisk 86 Tamarix 86 Tamus 210 Tanacetum 179 Tansy 179 Taraxacum 179,260 Tare 103 Tasselweed 201 Tasteless Water-pepper 133 Taxus 66 Tawny Sedge 219 Tea-leaved Willow 140 Teaplant 158 Teasel 178 Teesdalia 75
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Tephroseris 179 Ternate-leaved Cinquefoil 110 Tetragonolobus 103 Teucrium 166,257 Thale Cress 75 Thalictrum 68 Thelypteris 60 Thesium 124 Thick-leaved Stonecrop 115 Thistle 179 Thlaspi 75 Thorn-apple 158 Thread-leaved Water-crowfoot 68 Thread Rush 206 Three-cornered Leek 202 Three-flowered Rush 206 Three-leaved Rush 206 Three-lobed Crowfoot 68 Three-nerved Sandwort 87 Thrift 149 Thuja 66 Thyme 166,257 Thyme-leaved Sandwort 87 Thyme-leaved Speedwell 159 Thymus 166,257 Tilia 96 Timothy 230 Toadflax 159 Toadflax, Bastard 124 Toad Rush 206 Tofieldia 202 Toothed Medick 103 Toothwort 164 Tor-grass 230 Torilis 125,255 Tormentil 110 Touch-me-not Balsam 100 Tower Mustard 75 Townsend's Cord-grass 230 Tragopogon 179,260 Trailing Azalea 146
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Trailing St John's-wort 85 Trailing Tormentil 110 Traveller's-joy 68 Treacle Mustard 75 Tree Lupin 103 Tree-mallow 97 Trefoil 103 Tresses, Lady's 211 Trichophorum 219 Trientalis 150 Trifid Bur-marigold 179 Trifolium 103 Triglochin 197 Tripleurospermum 179 Trisetum 230 Triticum 230 Trollius 68 Tsuga 66 Tuberous Comfrey 154 Tubular Water-dropwort 125 Tufted Forget-me-not 154 Tufted Hairgrass 230 Tufted Loosestrife 150 Tufted-sedge 219 Tufted Vetch 103 Tumbling Mustard 75 Tunbridge Filmy-fern 59 Turkey Oak 139 Turnip 75 Tussilago 179 Tutsan 85 Twayblade 211 Twiggy Mullein 159 Twinflower 176 Two-rowed Barley 230 Typha 218 Ulex 103 Ulmus 137 Umbilicus 115 Unbranched Bur-reed 218 Upland Enchanter's-nightshade 120
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Upright Brome 230 Upright Chickweed 87 Upright Hedge-parsley 125,255 Upright Yellow-sorrel 100 Urtica 136 Utricularia 165 Vaccinium 146 Valerian 177 Valerianella 177 Variegated Horsetail 57 Various-leaved Fescue 230 Various-leaved Pondweed 198 Various-leaved Water-starwort 123 Velvet Bent 230 Venus's-looking-glass 173 Verbascum 159 Verbena 165 Vernal-grass 230 Veronica 159 Vervain 165 Vetch 103 Vetchling 103 Viburnum 176 Vicia 103 Vinca 152 Viola 84 Violet 84 Violet, Dame's 75 Violet Helleborine 211 Violet, Water 150 Viper's-bugloss 154 Viscum 124 Viviparous Fescue 230 Vulpia 230 Wahlenbergia 173 Wall Barley 230 Wall Bedstraw 174 Wallflower 75 Wallflower Cabbage 75
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Wall Lettuce 179 Wall-rocket 75 Wall-rue 60,252 Wall Speedwell 159 Wall Whitlow-grass 75 Warty Cabbage 75 Water Avens 110 Wate r Chickweed 87 Water-cress 75 Water-cress, Fool's 125,255 Water Crowfoot 68 Water Dock 133 Water-dropwort 125,255 Water Fern 65 Water Figwort 159 Water Forget-me-not 154 Water Horsetail 57 Water-lily 72 Water-lily, Fringed 154 Water Lobelia 174 Water-milfoil 122 Water mint 166 Water-parsnip 125,255 Water-pepper 133 Water-plantain 195 Water-purslane 119 Water hedge 219 Water-solaier 1% Water-speedwell 159 Water-starwort 123 Water-violet 150 Waterweed 1% Waterwort 87 Wavy Bitter-cress 75 Wavy Hair-grass 230 Wavy St John's-wort 85 Wayfari ng-tree 176 Weasel's-snout 159 Weld 85 Welsh Poppy 73 Welted Thistle 179 Western Gorse 103
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276 Western Hemlock 66 Western Red Cedar 66 Wheat 230 Whin 103 White Beak-sedge 219 Whitebeam 110 White Bryony 130 White Butterbur 179 White Campion 87 White Clover 103 White Comfrey 154 White Dead-nettle 166,257 White Helleborine 211 White Horehound 166 White Melilot 103 White Mignonette 83 White Mullein 159 White Mustard 75 White Poplar 140 White Ramping-fumitory 74 White Stonecrop 115 White Water-lily 72 White Willow 140 Whitlowgrass 75 WhorlecTCaraway 125
Whorled Mint 166 Whorled Water-milfoil 122 Whorl-grass 230 Whortle-leaved Willow 140 Willow 140 Willowherb 120 Wilson's Filmy-fern 59 Winter Aconite 68 Winter-cress 75 Wintergreen 148 Wintergreen, Chickweed 150 Winter Heliotrope 179 Winter Wild-oat 230 Wolffia 217 Wood Anemone 68 Wood Avens 110 Wood Barley 230 Wood Bitter-vetch 103 Wood Chickweed 87 Wood Club-rush 219 Wood Crane's-bill 98 Wood Dock 133,262 Wood Fescue 230 Wood Forget-me-not 154 Wood Horsetail 57
Wood Meadow-grass 230 Wood Melick 230 Wood Millet 230 Woodruff 174 Woodrush 206 Wood Sage 166,257 Wood-sedge 219 Wood Smafl-reed 230 Wood-sorrel 100 Wood Speedwell 159 Wood Spurge 131 Wood Stitchwort 87 Wood Vetch 103 Woolly Thistle 179 Wormwood 179 Woundwort 166,257 WychElm 137 Xanthium 179 Yarrow 179 Yellow Archangel 166,257 Yellow Bartsia 159 Yellow Bird's-nest 148
Yellow Centaury 153 Yellow Corydalis 74 Yellow-cress 75 Yellow Figwort 159 Yellow Horned-poppy 73 Yellow Iris 210 Yellow Loosestrife 150 Yellow Oat-grass 230 Yellow Pimpernel 150 Yellow Rattle 159 Yellow Saxifrage 117 Yellow-sedge 219 Yel low Stonecrop 115 Yellow Trefoil 103 Yellow-vetch 103 Yellow Vetchling 103 Yellow Water-lily 72 Yellow-wort 153 Yew 66 Yorkshire-fog 230 Zannichellia 202 Zigzag Clover 103 Zostera 198
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Index to families ACERACEAE 101 ADIANTACEAE 60 ADOXACEAE 177 AIZOACEAE 93 ALISMATACEAE 195 AMARANTHACEAE 93 AMARYLLIDACEAE 209 APIACEAE 125 APOCYNACEAE 152 AQUI FOLIACEAE 102 ARACEAE 216 ARALIACEAE 125 ASPLENIACEAE 60 ASTERACEAE 179 AZOLLACEAE 65 BALSAM IN AC EAE 100 BERBERI DACEAE 71 BETULACEAE 138 BLECHNACEAE 60 BORAGINACEAE 154 BRASSICACEAE 75 BUDDLEJACEAE 151 BUTOMACEAE 196 BUXACEAE 102 CALLITRICHACEAE 123 CAMPANULACEAE 173 CANNABACEAE 136 CAPRI FOLIACEAE 176 CARYOPHYLLACEAE 87 CELASTRACEAE 102 CERATOPHYLLACEAE 72
CHENOPODIACEAE 93 CISTACEAE 86 CLUSIACEAE 85 COMPOSITAE 179,260 CONIFERAE 66 CONVOLVULACEAE 157 CORNACEAE 124 CORYLACEAE 138 CRASSULACEAE 115 CRUCIFERAE 75 CUCURBITACEAE 130 CUPRESSACEAE 66 CYPERACEAE 219 DENNSTAEDTIACEAE 60 DIOSCOREACEAE 210 DIPSACACEAE 178 DROSERACEAE 119 DRYOPTERIDACEAE 60 ELAEAGNACEAE 120 ELATINACEAE 87 EMPETRACEAE 149 EQUISETACEAE 57 ERICACEAE 146 EUPHORBIACEAE 131 FABACEAE 103 FAGACEAE 139 FERNS 60,252 FRANKENIACEAE 87 FUMARIACEAE 74
GENTIANACEAE 153 GERANIACEAE 98 GRAMINEAE 230 GROSSULARIACEAE 118 GUTTI FERAE 85 HALORAGACEAE 122 HIPPOCASTANACEAE 101 HIPPURI DACEAE 123 HYDROCHARITACEAE 196 HYMENOPHYLLACEAE 59 HYPERICACEAE 85 IRl DACEAE 210 ISOETACEAE 57
MONOTROPACEAE MYRICACEAE 137 NYMPHAEACEAE
148
72
OLEACEAE 152 ONAGRACEAE 120 O PH IOG LOSS AC EAE 65 ORCHIDACEAE 211 OROBANCHACEAE 164 OSMUNDACEAE 59 OXALI DACEAE 100
LABIATAE 166,257 LAMIACEAE 166 LEGUMINOSAE 103 LEMNACEAE 217 LENTI BU LARI ACEAE 165 LILIACEAE 202 LINACEAE 97 LOBELI ACEAE 174 LYCOPODIACEAE 56 LYTHRACEAE 119
PAPAVERACEAE 73 PAPILIONACEAE 103 PARN ASS IACEAE 118 PINACEAE 66 PLANTAG IN ACEAE 172 PLATANACEAE 137 PLUMBAGINACEAE 149 POACEAE 230 POLEMON IACEAE 154 POLYGALACEAE 85 POLYGONACEAE 133,262 POLYPODIACEAE 60 PORTULACACEAE 92 POTAMOGETONACEAE 198 PRIMULACEAE 150 PYROLACEAE 148
MALVACEAE 97 MARSI LEACEAE 65 MENYANTHACEAE 154
RANUNCULACEAE 68 RESEDACEAE 83 RHAMNACEAE 102
JUNCACEAE 206 JUNCAGINACEAE 197
277
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278 ROSACEAE 110 RUBIACEAE 174 RUPPIACEAE 201 SALICACEAE 140 SANTALACEAE 124 SAXIFRAGACEAE 117 SCROPHULARIACEAE 159 SELAGINELLACEAE 56
)
SOLANACEAE 158 SPARGANIACEAE 218 TAMARICACEAE 86 TAXACEAE 66 THELYPTERIDACEAE 60 THYMELAEACEAE 120 TILIACEAE % TRILLIACEAE 205
TYPHACEAE 218
VISCACEAE
ULMACEAE 137 UMBELLIFERAE 125,255 URTICACEAE 136
WOODSIACEAE 60 ZANNICHELLIACEAE 202 ZOSTERACEAE 198
VALERI AN ACEAE 177 VERBENACEAE 165 VIOLACEAE 84
)
124
Simplified Keys 251
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T h e Project A
I D
G
A
P
The accurate identification of specimens is a fundamental part of most forms of biological fieldwork. Although the “popular” groups, such as butterflies, moths, birds and wild flowers, are well-served by numerous aids to A I D G A P is supported by the F ie ld Studies Council, Lin n e a n Society o f London
identification, other groups are often neglected. The principal objectives of the AIDGAP project are to identify those groups for which the difficulty in identification is due to the absence of a simple and accurate key rather
and the Royal
than being due to insuperable taxonomic problems and,
Entomological Society.
subsequently, to produce simple, well-written aids to identification. These aids avoid obscure terminology, are
FSC
clearly illustrated and need not be restricted to traditional methods of presentation. For example, the AIDGAP keys
Bring in g En v i r o n m e n t a l U n d e r s t a n d i n g To A l l
to willows and grasses have used multi-access tabular and punched-card formats. A significant feature of all the keys is the extent to which they are “tested” before final publication. In addition to routine editing and refereeing by acknowledged experts, the keys are subjected to extensive field tests. Several hundred copies of a preliminary draft - the “test” version - are sent to potential users: school and university staff; students; amateur naturalists; research workers; and others involved in surveys who need to identify organisms in groups outside their own sphere of interest. The authors are asked to amend the keys in the light of feedback from these “testers” before final publication.
IDGAP
A id s to Identification in Difficult G roups of Anim als and Plants
A
The success of any project such as this depends on feedback from the public. M ost people who have experience of fieldwork are aware of “gaps” in the literature but unless these are communicated to the
F ield Studies Council S-eston M on fo r d , Shrewsbury Shropshire SY4 1H W Telephone: 0845 3454012 F ax: 01143 852101 e-m ail: piblications@field-sm dies-counal.org 0 S \vwtv.field-studies-council.org
project co-ordinator, AIDGAP can do little to help alleviate the situation. Anyone wishing to contribute identification aids, or to suggest possible subjects for future projects, should contact the co-ordinator at the address alongside. Projects need not be confined to the biological field; AIDGAP would be equally interested in geological, palaeontological and geographical subjects.
SA;...-
A new key to wild flowers This user-friendly, original key provides an easy route to the accurate naming of flowers, trees, grasses, sedges, rushes and ferns in the British Isles. No expert botanical knowledge is expected and with a little practice the key can quickly be mastered. This handy book is not a descriptive flora, but it is intended for students of all ages, and for all who like to know the names of flowers but who are discouraged by more sophisticated, wordy floras. The key has its origins in courses run by the author where a simple field key was required. Subsequent testing through the AIDGAP (Aids to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants) organisation further refined the key as a working tool for field and bench use. In this revised edition the plant names have been brought in line with those used in Stace's New Flora o f the
4 Tjk
AIDGAP
Aids to Identification in Difficult Groups of Animals and Plants
^
Brin g ing En v iro n m en tal Un d e r s t a n d i n g T o A ll
FSC Publications
*'
Preston Montford Montford Bridge, Shrewsbury Shropshire SY4 1HW Telephone: 0845 345 4072 www.fieId-studies-council.org
British Isles. Cover illustration by Rebecca Farley.
I SBN 978-1-85153-285-8
9781851532858
Occasional Publication 90. © Field Studies Council 2003. ISBN-10:1 85153 285 4. ISBN-13: 978 1 85153 285 8.
9 78
85 1
3285