A history of Kalamazoo, Michigan

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A HISTORY OF KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN

A The si a Presented to the Faculty of the Department of History The University of Southern California

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts

by Mary Jane Ross September 1942

UMI Number: EP59523

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T h is thesis, w r itte n by

____ ____ _________Vi

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Pf.i'd.___

und er the di re c ti o n o f h 2 l : . F a c u l t y Co mmitte e, a n d a p p r o v e d by a l l its m e m b e r s , has been presented to and accepted by the C o u n c i l on Grad uate S tu d y and Research in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l ­ m e n t o f th e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r the d e g re e o f

Dean

Secretary D a te ...

........ f.IVI.III)

4

PREFACE Til© present study is an attempt to tell the story of Kalamazoo in such a fashion as to be interesting and instruc­ tive at the same time*

There has been much written on the

city, but it has never been collected in any logical or or­ ganized form* Having always lived in Kalamazoo, I have felt a keen interest in the city.

The events of the past, that have gone

into the making of the city, have appealed to me as being important to a real understanding of the conditions in the community today. Kalamazoo is located in Kalamazoo County in the south­ western part of the lower peninsula of the State of Michigan. The city is typical of many American cities of the Middle West.

Nothing of vital importance in world history has oc­

curred there.

But like hundreds of other cities, Kalamazoo

has grown and developed along lines that have made it a part of the heart and core of American civilization. The topic is so big that it has been necessary to limit the study to those facts that have had a definite bear­ ing ~on the city today, and to omit those interesting facts and stories that were important in their time but left no imprint on the succeeding generations.

It is with regret

that many such items were not included. It has been my aim to start at the time of the first

settlement and to trace the development down to the present day.

The early settlers were busy for several years estab­

lishing their homes in the wilderness, and it was not until 1843 that the village was incorporated.

An act of incorpora­

tion had been passed'earlier by the legislature, but the villagers had disregarded it.

After 1843 industries began to

flourish, schools and colleges were established, and the community grew into a thriving town.

Kalamazoo was incor­

porated as a city in 1884, and continued to expand and develop. In 1918, the government of the city was changed to the citymanager plan. Information for the study was found in many places. The Kalamazoo Gazette had the most material to offer.

The

paper was first published in the city as early as 1834 and contains an almost complete story of the community.

Fortun­

ately the Kalamazoo Public Library has an almost complete file of the paper.

Reminiscences of early settlers were found

in various places and were used. were helpful. material.

County and state histories

Village and city records were used for official .

The name Kalamazoo is known to people the world over due to the combination of sounds in the word.

Few people,

however, know much about the city or the personalities that have made it.

It is m y hope that this study may help to clear

up any misconceptions that have persisted in the minds of the

V

readers* I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to Doctor Owen 0. Coy for his patient help and guidance in the preparation of this study.

I also wish to thank

Doctor John Cooper and Doctor Francis Bowman for their as­ sistance and suggestions.

The Kalamazoo Public Library staff

‘ w as very kind in letting me use the material that they have and.offered much worth-while help.

Especially do I wish to

thank Miss Jeanne Griffin of the library staff.

To the many

others who have aided in one way or another, I .am truly grateful. Mary Jane Ross

TABLE OP CONTENTS PAGE F R O N T I S P I E C E ........................................... PREFACE

ii

................................................

iii

CHAPTER I.

PIONEER DAYS

...................................

French and English background Early trading posts First settlers

II.

. . . . . . . .

1

. • • • • • • • • • • • •

2

.......................

Village of Bronson

3

..........................

DEVELOPMENT OF GOVERNMENT Village government

. . . . . . . . . . .

..........................

UTILITIES AND TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES

• •

. . . .

Police protection

40 • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .........

Playgrounds and parks Health department

41 •

• • • • • • • • •

............

. . • • • • • • ..........

Transportation ......... IV.

32 40

Water supply

Fire protection

23 27

Change to city-manager type of government

City Light Plant

10 23

Kalamazoo becomes a city in 1884

III.

1

42 48 53 54

• • • • • • • * . . •

55

DEVELOPMENT OF I N D U S T R Y ........................

62

Various manufacturing concerns

. • • • • • •

62

vii CHAPTER

PAGE Department s t o r e s .............................

V.

COMMON SCHOOLS AND THE LIBRARY

. 78

..................... 81

Public s c h o o l s ..................... Parochial schools

. . . . . . ................

95

INSTITUTIONS OP HIGHER L E A R N I N G .................... 100 Kalamazoo C o l l e g e ....................... Western Michigan College of Education

VII.

. 92

. . • ................. • • . • •

Public library VI.

81

100

......... 118

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL D E V E L O P M E N T ................... 130 Music

............

131

Civic players and the civic auditorium • • • . • 136 Art

• • • • .

Newspapers • • • • • ..............

139 141

C l u b s ............................. . ............. 147 VIII.

CONCLUSION

.....................................153

Federal and state leaders from Kalamazoo . . . . Dutch settlers

153

........................... 155

Lincoln fs visit Chamber of Commerce

......................... 157 ................... 158

B I B L I O G R A P H Y ..........

160

APPENDICES

167

Appendix A Appendix B

............ . . . . . . . .

• • • • • •

.......................

Appendix C Appendix D

• • • • • • • • • . .

.........

168 171

. . • • •

175

. . . . . .

177

LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS AND CHART

PAGE Down Town Kalamazoo

. .

............................

ii

Chart of City Government

............................

38

Map of Village Plat Kalamazoo's City Hall

. . .

......................

178

........................

179

Kalamazoo's Main Street in 1865 The Upjohn Company

• # * • • • » « « •

Kalamazoo Public Library Civic Auditorium

.•.. 180 .........

. • ........................

..............................

Birds-eye View of Down Town Kalamazoo

* • • • • • * .

.

181 182 183 184

CHAPTER I PIONEER DAYS Tho story leading from the first permanent white settlement in Michigan made at Sault Ste. Marie in 1668 to the known records of Kalamazoo is a long one.

The French, as

the first white people to travel over the land, left no records of explorations in the region.

They did, however,

establish Fort St. Joseph on the river of the same name about fifty miles to the west; and Cadillac founded the now famous City of Detroit, 143 miles east of Kalamazoo, in 1701. With the fall of New France in 1763, the British gained control, but they made little progress In the Great Lakes region other than the garrisoning of a few forts.

The old

trail followed by the soldiers between the posts passed through the wilderness that is now the populous area of Kalamazoo County.

By the Treaty of Paris, 1783, the region south of,

and between the Great Lakes became territory of the new United States.

England was slow to give up her hold on the forts in

this area and often encouraged the Indians to attack any at­ tempted settlement.

General Anthony Wayne, at the Battle of

Fallen Timbers in 1794, won a great victory over the Indians and the following year negotiated the Treaty of Greenville which removed that particular menace to settlement.

England,

at first, refused to accept the treaty as valid, holding that

it conflicted with the British American treaty signed thirteen years earlier*

John Jay soon proved satisfactorily that there

was no interdependence between the two treaties, and the British at last gave way.and the territory became in fact a part of the United States*

In 1805, by act of Congress,

Michigan became a separate territory with Detroit as the seat of government and William Hull, a former army officer, as governor* Because it was the meeting place of many Indian trails and one of the best fords of the Kalamazoo River, the loca­ tion of Kalamazoo was not a spot to be overlooked by the am­ bitious trader of the early days.

As early as 1795 two traders

built a post on the hill overlooking the river where Riverside Cemetery is now situated*

Among the more famous traders who

located near the same spot was an old Frenchman, Numaville, who being unable to read or write kept his accounts by a com­ plicated system of hieroglyphics of his own design.

Rix

Robinson, Gurdon S. Hubbard, and two Frenchmen named Recollect and Lephart were others that carried on a trade with the Indians.

The last-named trader kept the post after the settle­

ment at Bronson, now Kalamazoo, was established. The trading huts, according to Robinson, were built of small round logs, usually of oak. and twenty feet long.

They were seven feet high

Goods for the post were either carried

overland from Detroit on pack horses or, as was more common,

wore carried by boat from Detroit to the west coast of Michigan and then up the river on eight-ton barges or batteaux. The goods exchanged for the furs of the Indians were ammuni­ tion, tobacco, blankets, clothing, beads, hats,or caps,

steel

traps, spears, hooks, a few boots and shoes, and whiskey. It was not until after the War of 1812 that the Indians and traders in the interior of the territory gave way to the pioneer and the settler.

Several reasons may be given for

this; the numerous still unfriendly Indians, the unprogressive character of the early French settlers in other sections, the partial geographical isolation of the region, the adverse reports of the government surveyors sent to survey the land, and the fact that there were no roads to the interior.

The

Treaty of Ghent and the appointment of a new governor, the wise and far-sighted Lewis Cass, saw the territory, especially the interior of it, raised to a new importance.

Settlement

was turned toward the region by the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825.

The canal offered an easy access to the land and

gave settlers a cheaper way to market their produce.

The whole

aspect of the territory changed within the next few years. The population grew from 31,000 in 1830 to 212,000 in 1840 in spite of the crisis of 1837 and the great debt of the state.^

Frederick J. Turner* Frontier in American History,

226.

Most of the settlers in Michigan came from the old stony New England states and the- hilly, much cultivated areas of eastern New York.

The French and English in Canada also

helped swell the number, and in 1850 the state had nearly four hundred thousand inhabitants, most of whom lived in the south-

2 ern half.__

Many of the early pioneers stopped at Detroit and

in the eastern part of the territory, but soon they began to follow the river valleys westward and built their villages along the

numerous waterways.

The first stories to reach the East of the fertile soil and general desirability of the region now called Kalamazoo County came from a white man captured near Detroit during the War of 1812.

He was held near Indian Fields, south

east of the present City of Kalamazoo, but soon escaped to New Yorh where he told of the rich fertile area he had seen and the possibilities of it for cultivation . 3 The water power of the Kalamazoo River and the fertile land along its banks was a great attraction to the pioneer. The many Indian trails proved important factors in determining the location of centers.

The Washtenaw Trail, the principal

one through the region, followed a course westward from Ann Arbor along the Kalamazoo River.

P 3

At various intervals other

Turner, Frontier in American History. 227. E. E. Labadie, Brief History of Kalamazoo. 1.

trails branched off.

The settlement at Bronson was located

at the place where several local trails converged, chiefly from the nearby prairies. roads of the county. in 1829.

These trails became the first

The Territorial Hoad was authorized

It was also known as the St. Joseph's Road for the

Indian trail through the Kalamazoo Valley whose line it followed approximately.

The commission, which laid out its

course in 1830, expressed its supposed importance for settle­ ment.

The road had little effect, however, on settlement,

rather was the road laid through proposed sites for settlement or because of natural advantages, such as fords, water power, or soil fertility.

The river, more than the road, determined 4 the location of permanent settlements. Most of the first settlers in Kalamazoo County had . made many stops along the way.

Often those from Hew England

stopped in Hew York, those from Kentucky and Tennessee had often started from Virginia, while many coming from Ohio, Indiana, or Illinois were originally from Pennsylvania and Maryland.

In many instances these settlers named their new

homes for those they had left.

In 1830, Virginia Corners

was established on Prairie Honde by settlers from Kentucky, and Gene'ssee Prairie was largely settled by people from

4 George Puller, editor, Michigan Centennial History. I, 156.

New York.^ The early pioneer, starting for a new home in the West, took as many of his personal belongings as he could load on his wagon.

If he came from the East and -had traveled

by boat to Detroit, as many did, it was necessary to transfer all his belongings from the boat to a wagon.

Occasionally

'horses were used to pull the wagons, but oxen were the common means of power, sometimes one, sometimes three being used. The wagons were piled high with furniture, large articles on the bottom and small packages and household paraphernalia stuck on top, or wherever they would hold. in front, or on top of the load.

The family rode

Oftentimes cows, or other

farm animals, were led by being tied to the wagon in the rear or driven beside it by the older children. The first white man to make his home on land now within the confines of the present City of Kalamazoo was Titus Bronson. He was born at Breakneck Hill, Connecticut, November 27, 1788, where he attended the common schools.

In 1821, at the age of

twenty-two he traveled westward and settled at Talmadge, Ohio. After’a two-year stay there, he located at Ann Arbor, Michigan Territory, but this community held him only a short time before he decided to return to Connecticut.

In 1827, he married

Sally Richardson at Middlebury, Connecticut, and the young

® Puller, Michigan Centennial History. I, 156.

couple started west immediately, stopping first in Ohio and moving on to Michigan Territory in 1829•

After a short visit

in Ann Arbor they started westward along the planned route of the Territorial Hoad. site of Kalamazoo.

June 1829 saw Bronson on the present

He soon built a crude log cabin near the

present corner of Water and Church Streets.

Within the next

years Bronson, with his. brother-in-law, Stephen Richardson, laid out the first village plot of Bronson which provided sites for a school, for churches, for a park and a jail.** Titus Bronson has been described as being not practical or successful in business.

He not only disliked civilization

but would have nothing to do with speculators, land sharks, or politicians that followed in the steps of the pioneer.

Judging

from the descriptions of him written by his contemporaries he was a thin, dark man with a perpetual grin.

He had a quick,

abrupt way of talking, often repeating a word or phrase two or more times in succession.

The general impression is that

he was a.man of strict integrity, of strong prejudices and perhaps bigotry.

Henry Little, a neighbor of Bronson, has

written the following description of him:

7

He was eccentric in many things, but a man of noble impulses, generous to a fault as long as he had any thing to give; scrupulously honest and upright himself, he could have no patience with dishonesty or meanness in any form. Strictly temperate and outspoken in denunciation

F. Ford Rowe, Kalamazoo. The Debt Free City. 120.

7

Kalamazoo, Gazette. Library Files,[n.d.].

8 of those who used liquor or tobacco* His denunciations of politicians as a class was by no means flattering to them, as he took no pains to conceal his disgust of their dishonesty and sharp practices, and I have the im­ pression that this had not a little to do with changing the name from Bronson to Kalamazoo. He was a fast talker and .knew a great deal about many things. He read many books, had a good memory, and in talking gave his opinions without stint and maintained them without fear or flinch­ ing. He was slovenly in general adjustment of his dress and general appearances. Although he pretended to shave his face usually showed like stubble land at harvest time. He walked by fits and starts, wo^lld sometimes stop sud­ denly, take off his coat and start on a run, and ere he had gone far would stop and put on his coat again. Titus Bronson was a natural frontiersman. He belonged to the advanced Leatherstocking grade of civilization and loved ,ways of frontier life better than town life. Aunt Sally, as his wife was known to her friends, was from all accounts, a quick woman inclined to dictate*

The

story is told that one day when she was especially emphatic about some household problem her husband "took off his panta--Q

loons and said ftake fem, take feml 111 Bronson, a typical pathfinder, did not like to be over­ taken by civilization,

so in 1836, more settlers having in­

vaded his paradise, he moved his family farther west settling near Hock Island, Illinois.^ time into Iowa*

Later he moved again, this

Before leaving Kalamazoo, however, he sold

his holdings and those of his brother-in-law, that he had

® Jesse Turner, "Reminiscences of Kalamazoo , Pioneer and Historical Collection, XVIII, 607.

11

Michigan

9 The change of the name of the village from Bronson to Kalamazoo and the money he received from the sale of his land may also have influenced his leaving.

purchased earlier, for $12,000.

These holdings consisted of

land which is now in the center of the city, including Bronson Park, the courthouse square and the adjoining square of churches. -Among other early settlers was William Harris, who in 1830 built a cabin near the present corner of Westnedge and Water Streets on a trail leading to Grand Prairie.

In this

same year Colonel Huston established the first store in the neighborhood on the northeast corner of vdiat is now Michigan Avenue and Rose Street, then an Indian trail.

The store was

equipped to meet the needs of the settlers, as Lephert's trading post across the river was stocked principally for Indian trade.

f,The Commercial Center," as Huston 1 s store was

called, contained a miscellaneous stock that included small quantities of salt-pork, bacon, molasses, pins, shoe leather, calico, and a small selection of crockery and groceries.

10

At the time the store was opened, about 1831, it was the only frame building in the community. The names of Elisha Hall, William Mead, and Nathan Harrison should be listed among the more important of the early settlers.

They helped Bronson survey the vicinity and

1 0 A. D. P. Van Buren, "Some Beginnings in Kalamazoo," Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collection, XVIII, 605.

E. L. Brown, "Address,” Michigan Pioneer and Histori cal Collection, XVIII, 554.

10 lay out the village plot* Life in the village of Bronson was typical of life in other frontier settlements of the period.

The plain food,

crude homes, and simple pleasures, combined with the hard work and the spirit of cooperativeness that existed in pioneer settlements, made up the everyday life of the people* The early settlers built in true pioneer style.

The

first cabins of Bronson and Harris have been described as being built of logs laid flat on the ground piled high enough to allow the inhabitants to stand upright under their shed roofs.

This roof was made of poles covered with marsh grass.

The floors of the cabins were of packed earth.

The entrance

and windows, if there were any, were covered with blankets. Usually the fire for cooking was made outside, and only in cold weather did the settlers take the fire in, the smoke es­ caping through a hole cut in the roof.

The furniture was of

a very primitive sort, three-legged stools, tables of split bass wood, beds made of logs inserted in the walls with elm or basswood bark for a mattress.

A few tin plates and pans,

iron spoons and forks completed the furnishings.^ Kalamazoo, however, was never much of a log cabin settlement.

The early saw mills, established along the river,

David Fisher and Frank Little (editors), Compendium of Kalamazoo County. 37-48.

11 provided cut lumber enough to meet all requirements, and soon more substantial houses were built.

13

Usually the homes

followed the same design, being eighteen by twenty-two

1859.3 N o

s t o r y

o f

K a l a m a z o o

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i n

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1846, a n d t h e

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Kalamazoo, Gazette, October 18, 1925.

^ Ibid., January 24, 1937.

c e n t u r i e s

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t o

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156 Lake Michigan,

Others soon followed and settled in Grand

Haven the same year, in Grand Rapids in 1843, in Kalamazoo in 1850, and in Muskigon two years later.

Dutch Immigrant

Aid Societies were formed in manny communities to aid the coming of others. Not the first Dutch, but the first company of Dutch to come to Kalamazoo, consisted of twenty-nine people under the leadership of Paulus den Bleyker.

They left Holland

August 14, and reached New York September 20, 1850.

After

four days spent in attending to necessary business, they started for Michigan where business firms had advised them to settle.

They reached Kalamazoo October 1, 1850, having

spent six days on the way.

The entire company went to a

hotel where they were stricken with an illness. thought it to be cholera.

Some people

Several of the party died, and

the citizens of Kalamazoo at once became afraid of them. The group was removed to hastily constructed buildings on the outskirts of the village where others of the party died. Paulus den Bleyker soon bought land, both in and outside of the town, for he came with money enough to estab­ lish himself and to help the others of his party to get located.

He purchased Governor Ransom’s home on Lovell

Street and the land that went with it, as far as the present Reed Street.

He soon plotted some of the land and sold

157

lt> T h e s e p e o p l e

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^ P a u l u s d e n B l e y k e r , L e t t e r 4 V r i e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n ! ^

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b e

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t h a n

w h o

m e n t i o n e d

K a l a m a z o o b u t

m a n y t h e

t o

s t a b i l i t y .

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n a t i o n a l i t i e s

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m a k e

D u t c h

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o t h e r

p r o v e d

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C a n a d i a n s ,

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t o

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A s i d e

h a v e

o f

a l l

K a l a m a z o o

l i t t l e

u n b i a s e d

s p a c e

a c c o u n t

( t r a n s l a t e d

G o v e r n m e n t , P o p u l a t i o n — P o p u l a t i o n , 1 6 t h C e n s u s

G a z e t t e

b y

o f

H a r r y

2 n d S e r i e s , o f U n i t e d

158 h i s

s p e e c h . K a l a m a z o o

C h a m b e r a l i v e

o f

a n d . i t s

t h e

T h e b r i n g

o f

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t h e

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i n

1 9 1 S

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T h e f o r i n

s u c h 1 9 1 7 ,

a

a s

1 9 1 5 1 9 1 2

t h e H a r r y

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g r o u p

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o f

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t h e

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o f

D .

i n d u s t r i a l

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t h e

i m -

p r o g r e s s

m e e t i n g s

o f

t h e

t h e

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t h e

t h e

E n v e l o p e

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m a n y

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t h e

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a n a l y z e d

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e a r l y

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c h a n g e d

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p a s t

i n

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t h e

P r e s s

t h e

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i n

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T h i s

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i n

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i n

1 9 2 5 .

6 Kalamazoo, Gazette, August 29, 1856.

r e s p o n s i b l e n e a r

1 9 2 4 , D u r i n g

K a l a m a z o o a n d t h e

t h e

159 latter part of 1934 and the first few weeks of 1935 the Chamber worked hard to prevent its closing of Western Michigan College of Education.

The organization started activities

with the Board of Education in 1936 to modernize vocational • courses to fit actual job situations within the city.

During

1940 and 1941 the Chamber of Commerce was very active locating new industries and relocating old ones due to the pressure of the new war activities.?

The present secretary, Earl Weber,

was appointed in 1922. Kalamazoo is a growing city, rich in the past and firm in her hope for the future.

The city has played an im­

portant role in the growth and development of the state and Union, and as such the study of her history is vital to any study of the state or Union.

^ Earl Weber, Account of Kalamazoo Chamber of Commerce.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES A.

BOOKS

Brown, E. Lakin, Autobiographlcal Notes* Michigan, 1906. Brown1s Kalamazoo Directory*

Schoolcraft,

Kalamazoo, 1871.

Hoffman, Charles F., Winter in the W est*

New York, 1835.

Kalamazoo Civic Auditorium Association, Kalamazoo Civic Auditorium. Kalamazoo, [n*d.]. Kalamazoo College, Dedication of the Wells Hall Mural. Kalamazoo, 1942. Kalamazoo Gazette, Market Facts on Kalamazoo, Michigan, for 1942* Kalamazoo, 1942. Thomas, J. M., Kalamazoo County Directory. B.

Kalamazoo, 1868.

MANUSCRIPTS

den Bleyker, Paulus,, Letter, translated by Henry De Vries of the University of Michigan. Kalamazoo, [n.d.]. Paulus den Bleyker wrote this letter shortly after his arrival in Kalamazoo. A copy in the possession of Miss Mary den Bleyker was read in the preparation of this study. Receipt Given to Herr Captain John Edwards, translated by-Henry De Vries of the University of Michigan, [n.p., n.d.]. This receipt was in a letter given to Messers L. Henson and Company, Amsterdam. A copy of this is also in the possession of Miss Mary den Bleyker. Draper, Blanche, Western Michigan College Today. Manuscript account obtained in an interview June 14, 1942 Palmer, Mary E., Art in Kalamazoo. Manuscript account obtained in an interview June 18, 1942

162 Snow, Leta, Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra. Manuscript obtained in an interview June 5, 1942. C.

OFFICIAL RECORDS AND REPORTS

Kalamazoo, City of, Annual Report.

Kalamazoo, 1942.

_______Fire Department, Annual Report, for 1 9 4 1 . This report was written by J. Frank Van Atta, Chief of the Kalamazoo Fire Department. , "Journal of the City of Kalamazoo," XXIII, XXVII. , Police Department, Annual Report for 1941. This report was written by Ralph Chapman, Chief ofthe Kalamazoo Police Department• _______ , Superintendent of Schools, Monthly Report. Kalamazoo, November, 1941. _______ , "Village Records," I, IV, VII. United States Government, Population. 2nd Series. Character­ istics of the Population. Sixteenth Census of United States, 1940. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 1942. D.

ARTICLES

Brown, E. Lakin, "Address," Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections. XVIII, 554. Carver, Norman, "From the Record^,"Kalamazoo Civic Players. Kalamazoo, 1938. Clark, Elizabeth McFalls, "Accent on Activities," Kalamazoo Civic Players. Kalamazoo, 1938. George, Sarah Marcia Wadhams, "Random Recollections of f01d Union1 Building," The Delphian, Kalamazoo High School, Kalamazoo, 1909. This issue of the high school publication was printed in connection with the school*s semicentennial celebration and includes articles written by alumni. Gibbs, Mary V., "Glimpses of Early Michigan Life," Magazine of American History, 1890, XXIV, 457.

163 McDuffee, Alice Louise, ffA Prologue to Progress,” Kalamazoo Civic Players, Kalamazoo, 1938, McNair, Kush, M.D., ’’Medical Practice in Horse and Buggy Days,” Michigan History Magazine, 24:436, 1940, Stewart', Mrs. William H., ’’Reminiscences, ” Kalamazoo Gazette, Kalamazoo Public Library Piles, n.d. Stone, Lucinda Hinsdale, News.

’’Early Kalamaz o o ,

.Kalamaz oo Daily

Turner, Jesse, ’’Reminisconces of Kalamazoo,” (written by W. H. Woodhams), Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collec­ tions, XVIII, 534. Upjohn, Lawrence N., History of the Up john Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan. Writen for the American Pharma­ ceutical Association, June 12, 1934. Van Buren, A. D. P., ’’Some Beginnings in Kalamazoo,” Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, XVIII, 605. Wattles, Florence Smith, ’’Our Public Library,” Kalamazoo High School, Kalamazoo, 1909. E.

The Delphian,

NEWSPAPERS

Kalamazoo, The Kalamazoo Gazette, January 23, 1837 to June 15, 1942. Passim. . The Kalamazoo Telegraph. February 2 2,1884. , The Michigan Statesman, September 10, 1935 to January 16, 1837. Passim. _________ Public Library Files, Newspaper Clippings. cases no dates are included. Passim. F.

In some

LETTER

Griffin, Jeanne, Letter on the Kalamazoo Public Library, July 3, 1942.

164 SECONDARY MATERIAL A.

BOOKS

Anonymous, Kalamazoo Centennial Program (June 19-20) and An Historical Review, IQ29-1929. Kalamazoo, 1929, _______ , Kalamazoo Fire Department♦ Cooley, Thomas McIntyre, Michigan.

Kalamazoo, 1900. New York: 1906.

Doney, Russell, School Building Survey and Program for Kalamazoo. Michigan. Kalamazoo, 1936. Everts and Abbott (editors), History of Kalamazoo County. Michigan. Philadelphia, 1880. Fisher, David, and Frank Little (editors), Compendium of History of Kalamazoo County. Michigan. Chicago, 1906. Foote, Mrs. George E. History of the Ladiesf Library Association. Kalamazoo, 1941. Fuller, George Newton (editor), Historic Michigan, n.p., n.d. . Michigan Centennial History. 5 vols.; Chicago, 1939. Goodsell, Charles T., and Willis F. Dunbar, Centennial History of Kalamazoo College. Kalamazoo, 1933. Kalamazoo, Department of Research, Your City and Its Government. Kalamazoo, n.d. A pamphlet giving a twenty-year story of city manager government in Kalamazoo, 1918-1939. _ _ _ /

Village of, Plat Book. I.

Knause, James 0., History of Western State Teachers1 College. 1904-1929. Kalamazoo, 1929. Labadie, E. E., Brief History of Kalamaz:oo. Kalamazoo, 1931. Lazelere, Claude S., The Story of Michigan.

Lansing, 1928.

Lewis, J. (editor), Lincoln1s Kalamazoo Address Against Extending Slavery. Detroit, 1941.

165 MacCarthy, Joseph P., Tribute to Mr. and M r s . Allen Potter. Kalamazoo, 1910. MacDonald, Austin, American City Government and Administra­ tion. Third edition; New York; 1941. Moore, Charles, History of Michigan.

Chicago, 1915.

Michigan Writers1 P r o j e c t t ■Michigan.

New York, 1940.

Pound, Arthur, Detroit— Dynamic City.

New York, 1940.

Howe, P. Ford, Kalamazoo. A Debt Free City.

Kalamazoo, 1939.

Turner, Frederick J . t Frontier in American History. 1921.

New York,

Utley, Henry Munson, and Byron Cutchen, Michigan as a Province, Territory* and State. 4 vols.; New York, 1906. Weissert, Charles A. (editor), Account of Kalamazoo County, n.p., n.d. B.

ARTICLES

Barnes, M. C., "President Kendall Brooks, D.D.," Michigan History Magazine, 16;200, 1932. Burns, J. Davidson, “Some Men of the School Board,0 The Delphian, *17, Kalamazoo High School, Kalamazoo, 1909. Corstange, Evelyn, "Century Club Traces Its Origin to Wor l d 1s Fair,11 The Kalamazoo Gazette, January 24, 1937. Doubleday, Douglas, "For Debt Service: Nothing,11 National Municipal Review, 27:72, 1938. Hill, Arthur, "Romance of a Railway," Michigan History Magazine. 23:53, 1939. Kline, John, "The History of Kalamazoo Celery," Michigan Muck Farmers* Association, Report, 10th Annual Conven­ tion, February 3, 1928.

Lewis, Foster, "Kalamazoo Music," Kalamazoo Gazette, January 24, 1937.

166 Lutes, D. T., "Simple Epicure: Southern Michigan," Atlantic Monthly, 165:363, 1936. Lyon, Timothy T., "Kalamazoo County,” Michigan Horticultural Society, Report, 18817, 263. Fuller, George N . , "Settlement of Michigan Tex*ritory," Mississippi Valley Historical Society, Review, 11:25, 1915. Pomeroy, Alice G., "Catalogues of the Kalamazoo Public Schools," The Delphian, Kalamazoo High School, Kalamazoo, 1906, 85. Van Meer, Leo, "Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal," Michigan History Magazine, 16:225, 1932. C.

UNPUBLISHED REPORTS

Anderson, Harley, "Account of Kalamazoo Public Schools.” Weber, Earl,

"Account of the Kalamazoo Chamber of Commerce." D.

NEWSPAPER

Kalamazoo, The Kalamazoo Gazette, January 24, 1937

AFPENDICES

APPENDIX A

VILLAGE PRESIDENTS Year

President

Born

Died

Birthplace

1843

Hosea B. Huston

1808

1849

Vermont

1833

Luther H. Trask

1807

1888

Massachusetts

1845

Elkanah S. Walter

1788

1852

Virginia

1846

Elkanah S. Walter

17

88

1852

Virginia

1847

Abraham Edwards

1781

1860

Hew York

1848

David S. Walbridge

1802

1868

Vermont

1849

Isaac Moffatt

----

1881

New York

1850

Isaac Moffatt

----

1881

Hew York

1851

Isaac Moffatt

----

1881

New York

1852

Jeremiah P. Woodbury

1805

1887

Massachusetts

1853

Francis L. Denison

1813

1892

Vermont

1854

Israel Kellogg

1798

1880

New York

1855

David S. Walbridge

1802

1868

Vermont

1856

Henry Gilbert

1810

1898

New York

1857

Hezekiah G. Wells

1812

1885

Ohio

1858

Hezekiah G. Wells

1812

1885

Ohio

1859

Allen Potter

1818

1885

New York

1860

Stephen S. Cobb

1821.

1891

Vermont

1861

Lathan Hull

1812

1878

Connecticut

1862

Israel Kellogg

1798

1880

New York

1863

Allen Potter

1818

1885

New York

1864

Hezekiah G. Wells

1812

1885

Ohio

170 VILLAGE PRESIDENTS (continued) Year

President

Born

Died

Birthplace

1865

Hezekiah G. Wells

1812

1885

Ohio

1866

Frederick W. Curtenius

1806

1883

New York

1867

Hezekiah G. Wells

1812

1885

Ohio

1868

John W. Breese

1819

1890

New York

1869

Nathaniel A. Balch

1808

1894

Vermont

1870

Allen Potter

1818

1885

New York

1871

Foster Pratt

1823

1898

New York

1872

Allen Potter

1818

1885

New York

1873

Dwight May

1822

1880

Massachusetts

1874

Dwight May

1822

1880

Massachusetts

1875

John Dudgeon

1821

1891

Ireland

1876

John Breese

1819

1890

New York

1877

Frederick W. Curtenius

1806

1883

New York

1878

Frederick W. Curtenius

1806

1883

N e w York

1879

Abraham T. Metcalf

1831

1916

New York

1880

Peyton Ranney

1826

1889

Vermont

1881

Peyton Ranney

1826

1889

Vermont

1882

Charles S. Dayton

1832

1895

Connecticut

1883

Edwin W. De Yoe

1835

1923

New York

APPENDIX B

MAYORS OF KALAMAZOO Years

Mayors

Born

Died

Birthplace

1884

Allan Potter

1818

3.885

New York

1885

Edwin W. De Yoe

1835

1923

New York

1886

Peyton Ranney

1826

1889

Vermont

1887

Peyton Ranney

1826

1889

Vermont

1888

Otto .Ihling

1846

1936

Germany

1889

Otto Ihling

1846

1936

Germany

1890

W. E. Hill

1835

1897

New York

1891

Frederick Bush

1838

1892

England

1892

W. E. Hill

1835

1897

New York

1893

James W. Osborn

1843

1914

New York

1894

James W. Osborn

1843

1914

New York

1893

Otto Ihling

1846

1936

Germany

1896

James Monroe

1819

1899

New York

1897 ~ A. M. Sterns

1843

1912

New York

1898

A. M. Sterns

1843

1912

New York

1899

G. W. Howard

1846

1906

Cass County Michigan

1900

Alfred A. Mills

1853

1923

England

1901

Alfred A. Mills

1853

1923

England

1902

E. S. Rankin

1861

1924

Illinois

1903

Samuel Folz

1859

1924

Hillsdale, Michigan

1904

James 1ft. Osborn

1843

1914

New York

173 MAYORS OF KALAMAZOO (continued) Years

Mayors

Born

Died

Birthplace

1869

1920

Kent County, Michigan

1905

Walter Taylor

1906

William Thompson

1918

Kentucky

1907

William Thompson

1918

Kentucky

1908

Frank Milham

1864

1921

Kalamazoo Co.

1909

Frank Milham

1864

1921

Kalamazoo Co.

1910

Charles H. Farrell

1873

Living Saginaw, Michigan

1911

Charles H. Farrell

1873

Living Saginaw, Michigan

1912

Charles B. Hays

1862

Living Kalamazoo

1913

Alfred B. Connable

1871

Living Jackson, Michigan

.1914

Alfred B. Connable

1871

Living Jackson, .Michigan

1915

James B. Balch

1868

Living Allegan County, .Michigan

1916

James B. Balch

1868

Living Allegan County, Michigan

1917

James B. Balch

1868

Living Allegan County, Michigan

1918

William E. Upjohn

1853

1932

1919

Albert J. Todd

1881

Living Nottawa, Michigan

1920

Albert J. Todd

1881

Living Nottawa, Michigan

1921

Cornelius Verburg

1858

1923

Kalamazoo

1922

Cornelius Verburg

I858

1923

Kalamazoo

Kalamazoo Co.

174 MAYORS OF KALAMAZOO (continued) Years

Mayors

Born

Died

Birthplace Kalamazoo

1923

Cornelius Verburg

1858

1923

1 9 2 4

George W. Taylor

1875

Living Pennsylvania

1925

George W. Taylor

1875

Living Pennsylvania

1926

Ernest A* Balch

1867

1928

Kalamazoo Co

1927

Ernest A, Balch

1867

1928

Kalamazoo Co

1928

Edward M. Kennedy

1870

1935

Sturgis, Michigan

1929

S. Rudolph Light

1877

Living Pennsylvania

1930

S. Rudolph Light

1877

Living Pennsylvania

1931

Lewis C. Wright

1870

Living No. Adams, Michigan

1932

Lewis C. Wright

1870

Living No. Adams, Michigan

1933

William Shakespeare, Jr.

1869

Living Kalamazoo

1934

William Shakespeare, Jr.

1869

Living Kalamazoo

1935

William Shakespeare, Jr.

1869

Living Kalamazoo

1936

Paul H. Todd

1887

Living Kalamazoo

1937

Paul H. Todd

1887

Living Kalamazoo

1938

A. L. Blakeslee

1891

Living St. Louis, Missouri

1939

A, L. Blakeslee

1892

Living St. Louis, Missouri

1940

Frank McAllister

1889

Living Kalamazoo

1941

Frank McAllister

1889

Living Kalamazoo

1942

Lou Collins

1891

Living Grand Rapids

APPENDIX C

PAPER MILLS IN KALAMAZOO RIVER VALLEY Place

Date

Kalamazoo Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1867

B. F. Lyon Paper Company

Plaihwell

1872

Bardeen Paper Company

0 stego

1887

Michigan Paper Company

Plainwell

1887

Eddy Paper Company

Three Rivers

1890

Watervliet Paper Company

Watervliet

1892

Bryant Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1895

King Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1901

Lee Paper Company

Vicksburg

1901

Eddy Paper Company

White Pigeon

1902

Standard Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1905

Otsego Coated Paper Company

Otsego

1905

Wolverine Paper Company

Otsego

1905

Monarch Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1906

Mac-Sim-Bar Paper Company

Otsego

1906

Western Board and Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1908

Kalamazoo Vegetable Parchment Company

Kalamazoo

1909

Hawthorne Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1915

Rex Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1915

Sutherland Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1917

Bradford Paper Company

Kalamazoo

1924

Otsego Falls Paper Company

Otsego

1935

Mills

APPENDIX D

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