A grammar of the Tulu language

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e,

),

Dr. Lepsius in his B.

m,

n,

C.

5.

There are 25

nants, viz:

o,

which

is

sounded

ah.

Of Consonants.

classified

and 9

unclassified Conso-

2 Classified Consonants.

3 7.

with

a.

59 inherent

the Consonants

vowel

B.

Consonants.

a

e?a

ka

53 ka

9

sokha

50D

Xga

ACga

?sgi

na

ni

85^ ca

elci

$3t> cha

e3 chi

e^ja

83 ji

na

&fja

ta

63

83D

fcrata,

1

dha

kha

a)

khi

?^gi

ni

26

sookhu

sojs>khu

so^khri

X^gu

Xoagu

X^gri

nu

s^> nu

8?^ nri

2?

sf^ci

&3ocu

Scpjhi

5cppjhi

cCpojhu c(pjs>jhu

&3ti

K^ti

W^tu

63jstu

ft^dhi

^odhu

^jsdhu

^d'hri

flni

f^^ni

raonu

fojanu

rs^nri

&

3? ti

^ tu

qi^ thi

, yri

8

ri

sp rl

^J ru

>vi

S)^vi

^/vu

?>^ si

^o su

& si

&^si

Tvosu

rojssu

Sshi

So phi

5oohu

Sojshu

rf

8^

bha

irfj

ma

~z$

pa

js

odi ya

cdjai

d ra

CD ra

sDva 'sD

sa

To

sa

KTS sa

Cc

ha

ess

ha

S

si

>

*

di

rfj

du

yu

jl

nu

yu

^vu

^^ nri

bn

5 06

2o o

so ei

J ou

o

am

ah

?

jth6 ^^thou do

HJSrO (SJdro) khasi (khasa),

prasne,

question

z3Je>$$ (23J5$cSe>) bodhane, advice.

(pure) Canarese:

hottekichchi,

&&

Sanscrit:

=^o"> dudu

O ie4udu

There are 5 declensions or modes of forming the by adding the above-mentioned affixes,

cases of substantives

varying principally according to the termination of words in their crude form. They are therefore conveniently

termed

a.,

declension in e

sion in srou;


rta

life.

of

life.

jivogu, to

life-

life.

jivada, to

life.

life.

life!

life.

,

life

13

Substantive ending in

esa.

wdo, amma, a mistress.

Plural.

mistresses.

u,

,

of mistresses.

siic^^o^rf ammanakulegu,

to mistresses.

mistresses. S&jjratfo^ctf ammanakulenu,

aminanakuledu, in mistresses.

&x$e>tfoc dOj.cSeJTfos?^

ammanakuledudu, from, by or through mistresses.

XcSD^OS?^ ammanakuleda, to mistresses. le,

mistresses!

(with the soft consonants). Plural lu, lives.

jivole, of lives.

jivolegu, to lives.

jivolenu, lives.

3f

jlvoledu, in lives.

W jlvoledudui from, by t3^53^c^

jivoleda, to lives.

le,

lives!

or through lives.

I486.

EXAMPLE.

3RD

Crude form: dod

&.,

mara,

a tree

Singular. 1.

Norn.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

4.

Accus.

maronu, a

5.

Local.

marotu, in a tree.

6.

Allot.

marodudu, from, by or through a

7.

Comm.

marata, to a tree,

8.

Vocat.

mara,

mara, a tree. marata, of a tree.

S^o maroku,

to

a tree, tree,

tree,

tree!

37. IST

i.

II.

Declension:

Personal nouns

Crude form:

EXAMPLE.

Singular. 1.

Norn.

2.

Gen

pravadi, a prophet, a

pravadi, of a prophet,

3.

>#.

4.

Accus.

pravadinu, a prophet;

5.

Local.

pravadidu, in a prophet.

6.

Ablat.

7.

Comm.

ida, to

8.

Focctf.

pravadiye,

pravadigu, to a prophet,

f pravadidudu, from, by or through a prophet. a prophet, prophet!

15

(with the hard consonants).

Plural marokulu, trees. marokule, of trees.

marokulegu, to trees. marokulenu, trees. in trees.

marokuledu, *

marokuledudu, from, by or through

trees.

marokuleda, to trees. marokule,

trees!

Substantive ending in a

pra^adi,

e.

a prophet. Plural.

pravadilu, prophets. pravadile, of prophets. pravadilegij, to prophets. c

pravadilenu, prophets. pravadiledu, in prophets.

pravadiledudu,

f,-

m, by or through prophets.

pravadileda, to prophets. pravadile,

prophets!

16

Crude form:

naramani,

1.

Nora.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

naramanyagu, to a man.

4.

Accus.

naramanyami, a man.

a man.

naramani, a man. >

naramanya, of a man.

5. Locat.

5*

naramanyadu,

6.

^Wai.

tf

naramanyadudu, from, by or through a man.

7.

Comm.

i

8.

Vocat.

man.

naramanyada, to a man.

naramanya

38. 2ND

2.

in a

man!

EXAMPLE.

Impersonal nouns

a.,

Crude form:

Singular.

meji, a table,

1.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

4. Accus.

mejida, of a table,

mejigu, to a table, mejinu, a table,

5.

Locat.

mejida, in a table.

G.

,4Wa*.

mejidudu, from, through or by a table,

7.

Comm.

8.

Focatf.

mejida, to a table, mejiye,

table!

Plural

naramanyeru, men. naramanyere, of men.

f naramanyeregu, 5

s

to

men.

naramanyerenu, men. naramanyeredu, in men.

*

naramanyeredudu, from, by or through men. naramanyereda, to men.

naramanyere,

meji,

men!

a table (with soft consonants). Plural,

mejilu, tables, mejile, of tables,

mejilegu, to tables, mejilenu, tables, mejiledii, in tables.

^

mejiledudu, from, through or

mejileda, to tables, mejile,

tables!

by

tables,

18 39. SRD

.,

1.

Nom.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

EXAMPLE. Crude form:

tfoo torn,

kuri, a sheep,

knrita, of a sheep,

kuriku, to a sheep,

4. Accus.

kurinu, a sheep,

5. Local.

kuritu, in a sheep.

6.

^Za.

kuridudu, from,

7.

Comm.

kurita, to a sheep,

8.

Focaf.

by

or through a sheep,

sheep!

kuriye,

40.

IST

HI.

Declension:

Personal noun

Crude form:

EXAMPLE. i.

Singular. rfodo guru, a priest,

guru, of a priest,

2.

a sheep

3.

guruku, to a priest,

4. Accus.

gurunu,

a priest,

5.

Local.

gurutu, in a priest.

6.

^Wa.

gurududu, from, by or through a priest,

7.

Comm.

guruta, to a priest,

8.

Focatf.

guro,

rtadosS^ guruve,

priest!

19

(with hard consonants).

Plural. kurikulu, sheep.

^oO^OS? kurikule, of sheep. kurikulegu, to sheep. kurikulenu, sheep. kurikuledu, in sheep. S*

kurikuledudu, from, by or through sheep. kurikuleda, to sheep. e,

sheep!

Substantive ending in

guru,

en) u,

a priest. Plural. gurukulu, priests.

rtado^OS? gurukule, of priests.

gurukulegu, to priests, gurukulenu, priests, gurukuledu, in priests. y-aO^CS* gurukuledudu, from,

by or through

gurukuleda, to priests, gurukule,

priests!

priests,

20 41.

2.

1.

Norn.

2.

Gen.

3.

Dat.

4.

Accus.

5.

Locat.

6. Ablat.

1.

Comm.

8.

Vocat.

SND

EXAMPLE.

Impersonal nouns

a.,

Crude form:

21

bolpu,

light (with soft consonants).

Plural.

bolpulu, lights, bolpule, of lights,

bolpulegu, to lights, bolpulenu, lights,

bolpuledu, in lights.

bolpuledudu, from, by or through lights, bolpuleda, to lights, bolpuje,

lights!

(with hard consonants). Plural.

u, flowers,

pukule, of flowers. *

i*

pukulegu, to flowers. pukulenu, flowers. pukuledu, in flowers.

4

pukuledudu, from, by or through flowers, pukuleda, to flowers,

pukule,

flowers!

22 43.

IV. Declension:

EXAMPLE-

IST

i.

Personal noun

Crude form:

1.

Norn.

kartave, a lord.

2.

Gen.

kartava, of a lord.

3.

Dat.

kartavagu, to a lord.

4.

Accus.

kartavanii, a lord.

5.

Locat.

kartavadu, in a lord.

6.

ABlat.

kartavadudu, from, by or through a lord.

7.

Comm,

8.

Vocat.

kartavada, to a lord.

^FS3e)

lord!

kartava,

44. 2ND 2.

EXAMPLE.

Impersonal nouns

a.,

Crude form:

Singular. 1.

bele,

work,

beleda, of

2.

work,

belegu, to work.

3. *

belenu, work,

4.

Accus.

5.

Locat.

beledu, in work,

6.

^Wa^.

beledudu, from, by or through work.

7.

Comm.

8.

Focaf.

a,

bele,

to

work,

work!

23

Substantive ending in

kartave,

AQ.

a lord.

Plural *

kartaveru, lords, kartavere, of lords,

kartaveregu, to lords, kartaverenu, lords, kartaveredu, in lords. *

kartaveredudu, from, by or through lords, kartavereda, to lords, lords!

kartavere,

bele,

work. Plural

belelu,

e,

works. of works,

belelegu, to works, belelenu, works, beleledu, in works.

beleledudu, from, beleleda, to

belele,

works,

works!

by or through works,

24 SRD

EXAMPLE.

&.,

1.

1.

2.

Gen.

3.

4. 5.

Locat.

6.

JWa.

7.

Comm.

8.

Focaf.

Crude form: =5^=$

kudike,

a fox.

(with a peculiar plural form "o

imply

kadapudu, to

nadapu,

send" (here the

different meanings); ^STOF

tarpa,

cause to bring.

Reflexive or middle form

is

formed by adding

stem of the imperfect tense of the Active

wonn, to the

or Causative; as: do^^rao maltonu, to see

^srao tuvonu, to

"^3^

cause to cross (a river) or cause

for

make

tjofo

oneself;

for

^^

oneself; ^J5 3o5>&&ozi

3e>
rt

1 S

I

3

f

"

S s

'I

*

IS

^

r

I IS

S H IS

3 o

>=

6 d

3 3

T3>

-3

J=

80

S. .6 rs '

O

^d

P.

J2 rS

G

t>

CT}?

J

cJ

-

10 +^ y,

-I-!

rQ 10

97 -J

)

|jj

%

-[wj

|y

"TO

(Q

Q

? undu nltiya, is this c5e>?

uudu

totana, is

cra^danna

monly placed as:

y

this

after the

viodo Jjs^y

righteousness?

a garden?

eo6jsrl^,

do^Os)?

thou make?

shall I

(^"3^ dane+c3e> na), denotes doubt,

SAioCta o3os>^e)

pinaye, I

:

;

yon make?

did

particle denoting affirmation.

denote question or interrogation as

e? a, era na, ia e,

maltara,

an emphatic

(-gsoi) lye)

dda,

PARTICLES.

4.

come?

and

is

com-

word with the interrogative particle;

C3"3^"S>

tijdsf ^)^o3j undu yeddena danna yanu

do not know whether

it is

right or not.

and, also, even.

a,

III. 1.

Chapter:

PART: SYNTAX.

On the

Structure of Sentences.

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

A

102.

sentence

is

a complete thought expressed in

words. 103.

Every sentence

cate; as: t9d?oj w^osS, the

sea

is

consists of a Subject

king rules; ^de/

and a Predi-

si>3 ydoo^o, the

large.

The

104. ,

Predicate asserts what the Subject does; as:

the king rules;

or

what it

is; as: 15

114

Rama

is

or

king;

how it

is; as:

^zizf rfod ^doodo, the sea is

large.

The verb must agree with

105.

number and person;

as:

1st Person

,

2nd

Singular.

made.

I

them sawest

3rd ,

,

1st

the

,

3rd

3

55

,

Exceptions

The

hand ,

2nd

106.

the girl plays.

Person

Plural.

1.

subject in gender,

its

turns.

we made.

you speak. s ,

the boys do.

the cows feed.

to this rule are the following:

honorific pronoun of the

third person

is

fre-

quently construed with the predicate in the second person; as: ^=3^0 doejso"", o3j^^ doSjskb ^^^)doo3, you are a great

man,

treat

me

When

2.

kindly.

the subject expresses a

number

of inanimate

regularly put in the singular number even though the subject has the plural form; as: ud ^oo^o

things, the verb

s^Oo^ 3.

s^osi}, a great

When

are followed a..

is

When

many

houses were burnt.

a sentence contains several nominatives which

by one verb only, the

rule

is

as follows:

there are several nominatives in the singular

number, the verb must be put in the plural form; as doriejs 20 la^', father and son came. &.,

When

as:

wd^

there are several nominatives of different gen-

ders the verb must agree with the last one; as: e^ejs

e3d?3oejs>

W^D*, the elephant, the king, and the queen came.

115

two or more personal pronouns, the first person has the precedence of the second and third, and the second has the precedence of the third, whereIf the subject consists of

c.,

as the verb

is

and he came;

put in the plural; oiJSc^ae)

When

as:

-^as wa^,

and thou came.

I

the nominative

soi>a) zo^tf, thou

-gssjs

a personal pronoun, it is often omitted, the person being implied by the form of the verb; as: ^^33, (I) go; sdo^ou, do it (thou). 107.

is

In the same way, in certain sentences the verb is omitted; as: ^dsira^^ w^(enio^o), man has a soul; sJ&tfrf do 108.

3tfo (enio^o),

ed

men

birds have wings; rfosldrf

3

(w^jodo), the wick-

will receive punishment.

USES OF THE INFLECTED VERBAL FORMS. A.

109.

i.

Present Tense.

The present

tense chiefly denotes an action,

passing at the time in which s3,

it is

mentioned;

as:

aira^ kck

1 read; otosesf eorfo^osS, I live. It is

2.

used to express determination with regard to a

future action; as: tjo3o

eo^d

3.

o&e)c3*

eosSr, I (shall

*$

s^sS,

if

he come(s)

In vivid narration

the past tense; as: sSrc^, wrlrt cdrac3

ff

w

surely)

it

is

?o^ooi>ci>

come tomorrow;

I (shall) go.

frequently used instead of s

&>rirloz33 &tfo s>or(^J3rforb !

w^)^o ero^, at that time the Coorgs

came

w to

si

Mangalore, then

I

was

there.

B.

110. rally; as:

Past Tense.

The Imperfect describes enicsptf do^, we took our meal; i.

he went to church.

Sometimes

it

past events genee^srsoaSjsrb s^o3o,

expresses certainty with 15*

116 regard to an action that ejtfosk

take place immediately;

is to

as:

so^oS they (have come=) do come immediately.

The

Perfect represents an action as entirely comor as pleted; as: 'aeg^ &w^ (zoodo^), I have left the house; 2.

prior to a former action; as:

when 3.

I

came

to the house,

rf

wo3o o^^J,

3ookfo,?3ri

he was gone.

The Pluperfect expresses

already completed;

expresses probability; as:

they are likely in the room;

jo3o todosS,

he

will probably come. 2.

The

future perfect sometimes expresses priority of an

action with regard to a future action, sometimes doubt with

regard to a past action;

he comes, I

I shall

as:

53 cd)

have done

tOe|prl

c&rs^ dosp^d^, s

it;

o3ys$

it

Iq^ckA,

when

may be

have laughed. 3.

The

negative form of the future tense

is

often used to

express resolution or emphasis; as: o&s)^ do^o3o,I shall never do it; wo3j 3JS>oi>, he will never say it; ZO^F zodosf it will not ,

rain.

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. person of the Imperative mood is to an action; as: c&rscS* used to express intent with regard O X 112.

i.

The

first

'

r,

let

me

see (I will see); j$5& oq^q$F?>

sktfo^rl,

let

us pray.

117

The second person

2.

as:

mandments;

The

a.

-ds

third person (do^c^, it is

erodes*,

come yon.

eos3,

^fcrfcsf, sodc^, etc.) is

rather

also used imperatively; as:

shall or sk^cs*, they

23$s3

used to order, or give com-

sj^y, go thou; ^o^o

an optative, though

w

is

may do

that work;

they be (or do) well.

may

The form

urgency or necessity of an action; as: ^o^o ^6jsdo, you must come; o, do give us a present. 4.

sjo&^ci),

^o^do,

etc.

signifies

USES OF THE AUXILIARY VERBS. 113.

w&$,

to

become,

The

to be.

(neuter) of the future tense (ws,

very generally used in answer

third person singular

become or be)

will

it

is

a command, or to the expression of a wish; as: s^okSrf s^rfo S3D ^JSoci) 200, go to the

bazar and bring some well!

The

rice;

to

w^

(it

will take place=), very

third person of the Imperative

assent; as: esozi^ y^cs*, be

it so,

or

may

is it

used to express

become

so.

(Its

use as a Conjunction will be treated hereafter.) 114.

voo&>,

to be.

presses continuancy as: Ldjsrao

Added to

an action;

as:

action; as:

the past gerund,

s^o^c/

115.

^^6

the present gerund,

en^,, I

ero^,

I

oJ

it

,

cannot do

(it). v '

ex-

an action;

in the habit

Added

to the in-

or readiness with regard to

am

about

to go.

&co' he

it

denotes completion

have done.

denotes inability; as: oira^ ^^s36 $.3

to,

am reading, or I am

finitive, it signifies intention

an

to

or habit with regard

I en>o^d (or ew^,),

of reading. of

of,

Added

ao

,

to

I

in do&J^O, etc.)

cannot go.

118 SUPPLEMENTAL VERBS.

To

express a continued action, a final verb added to the gerund of the reflexive verb; as: 116.

is

socf^JSrso W)o3) o^o, the fish is living iiithe water; rao

s^sS,

go reading; wo3o

1

o^ri

do&%es)j

he comes

tJsSr,

singing.

117.

used

to

Frequently the past gerund with a final verb is represent an action in its successive steps of com-

and put it away; tso3o ^s^cs* (or 3^} spo3o, he lost the way and went on, or he went astray; e^o^o titft? ^loO*, they came drunk; pletion; as:

esoh(5*

,

cS^cs* srocs*^, take off the coat,

he died.

THE VERBAL FORMS.

(VOICES.)

In the active form the subject appears as acting; as: esd?oo w^osS, the king rules. 118.

1

1

The causative form represents the

9.

ing another to act; as: isSs^aoSj),

the father

The

120.

used

when

vantage;

had

reflexive

the subject

as:

$55^^

o&e)^

fcooto

is

subject as caus-

t&ritf sjs-^osodod sSsj^oi^or

his son called

form

itself

(or

by

his servant.

middle voice)

doing something

is

generally own ad-

for its

Wr^c^ rfo&olfcozi, I acquired property

for myself. 2.

Chapter: Of the Complemental Parts of Speech.

121.

When

the verb

by

itself

does not suffice to

convey the entire meaning of some action, it requires be completed in one or more of the following ways: i.

By an

object; as: ssdrfo

the empire; agaJradtf feated the French.

Oe>sBJ3oci)

^jo^Era^o^

w^osS, the

zli^sraoi),

to

king rules

William de-

119

By words

2.

etc.; as:

manner, cause,

Time

a.,

wo3j ^JS^zS w4,,he

wck#, he is

TsW erofj,

came yesterday;

t?c&>

W3o^

ri

since a long time; a^js^o dojsz3

ill

he eats thrice a day.

Place

6.,

that express circumstances of time, place,

live at

oiracs* s&orttfjscfczk S3)?o s&tf^sS, I

lore; tf^o* &oWe>c&>rs* ^js^o^o, the ship sails for

ws* do&^eo^o

she

2o^n ^, -r

Bombay;

came from Mercara.

c.,

Manner

d.,

Instrumentor cause

^og^

Manga-

saDdood), the horse runs swiftly.

fi)??o

ycrfj^ ^j^Ttf ^Oo3o

him with a sword; oira^ zod^do

I die of

?3^,

s ,

they killed

hunger;

3tn>

6

^, the eye has been made for seeing; he acted from anger; & rUi^zi ^oco5 ^ ,

the wall

is

made

mud.

of

USES OF THE COMPLEMENTAL CASES. Nominative Case.

122.

i.

The nominative

case

commonly

and precedes the verb; as: jS^sStf >7#oa*, the army was victorious.

subject

2.

It

is

also used to express the 5

D ,

,

they

esoc^c^

srsJooi),

God spoke;

factative object; as:

made him Hng;

God makes

represents the

c^sStf

5

sjs^^6^

sinners righteous people;

^^DDS^O^^, the queen adopted her

as her daughter. Dative Case.

123. to

dative case

which the action

the poor; rf

The

p^o

^^okrf fear

God.

is

is

used:

i.

directed; as:

tooa 3Jra, CO O

To express the w^d^rf

admonish the

object

JS^F, give to

evil-doer:

120

To denote

2.

man

),

possession or authority; as:

has a soul;

ts^^d

e3d?oort>

eniodo,

the king has

God is almighty. ridrs^ra eworio, denote intention or purpose; as: oi> tp^rf s

c^s36r\

power;

To

3.

he was

sitting for alms;

3\>,

went for milk.

fytfrf s^odi**, she