A First Introduction to Husserl's Phenomenology

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A First In trod uction to Husserl's Phenomenology by JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS, PH.D. /,

DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY PRESS Editions E. Nauwelaerts, Louvain

A First Introduction to

Husserl's Phenomenology

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Edmund Husserl's Phe1l011le1zological Psychology. Study. 358 pages. Price: $7.95.

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A Historico-Critical

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Marthz Heidegger. A First Illtroducti01z to His Philosophy.

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S. FRINGS-Max Scbeler. A Concise bztroduction i11to tbe JV orld of a Great T hi1'lker. 223 pages. Price: $6.50.

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J. KOREN-Research ill Pbilosophy. A Bibliographical 11ltroducti01z to Philosophy mzd a Few Suggestio1lS for Dissertatio1lS.

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PREFACE In principle this book delivers the text which constituted the background for a series of lectures I gave on several different occasions. My audiences each time were made up of graduate students in philosophy and psychology. The content and framework of this book has been determined partly by the character of those audiences. The purpose of these lectures was to give the students a first introduction to HusserI's phenomenology in which, as far as HusserI himself is concerned, nothing was presupposed. In lieu of discussing the insights of the most important commentators, I have tried here to allow Husserl to explain again his own ideas. And as the main intention of my lectures was to present only an introduction to HusserI's thought, I did not dwell on special phenomenological analyses concerning such topics as the 'world', nature, space, time, man, language, the human body, and so on, because I felt that ~n an introduction the question of what phenomenology itself is must occupy the central place. It was for this reason that I tried to describe the genesis of HusserI's phenomenology and to explain the most important aspects of its content and method, both of which, otherwise, are essentially correlated. But although it is true that one of the intentions of this study is to describe the development which HusserI underwent in regard to his own view on phenomenology, since 1906 especially, the stress in the different chapters is placed nonetheless on the doctrinal and methodological aspects of HusserI's thought. This is why I have felt free not to respect the chronological order of Husseri's works in a strict way. Each chapter deals with one or another aspect which in HusserI's own view is essential to his phenomenological philosophy. In addition to the most relevant historical remarks, each chapter contains a paraphrasis or brief summary of a few sections of one of Russerl's own publications, followed by certain surveying, critical, and concluding remarks inasfar as these appeared to be in keeping with the main intention of this study. The reason I have chosen to adhere rather closely to Husserl's own text in the body of each chapter lies in the fact that HusserI uses an analyzi.ng and describing style. Although it is true that one can v

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FIRST INTRODuCTION TO HUSSERL'S PHENOMENOLOGY

easily give a brief survey of the results of an analysis, the analyses and des~riptions themselves, which generally are more important than the isolated results, cannot be maintained in their richness except by 'repeating' them in one way or another. Furthermore as it is well-known that Husserl's style of writing makes a literal translation very difficult, if 110t sometimes even impossible,l I have for the most part given prefet;,ence to summaries or to a free paraphrasis rather than to a literal translation. Only in crucial sentences have I followed Husserl's text as closely as possible, but even then I have tried to strip Husserl's overcrowded sentences of all non-vital elements. It will be obvious that in composing these summaries and paraphrases I have employed also the existing translations of Gibson, Cairns, Lauer, Alston, and Nakhnikian. As far as terminology is concerned I have generally followed the list of phenomenological terms proposed by Spiegelberg in the second volume of The Phenomenological AIove111,ent. Grateful acknowledgment must therefore be made to the following publishers for their permission to use the translations of Husserl's works in the sense indicated: Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Netherlands; Harper & Row, Publishers, New York; and The Macmillan Company, New York. This book does not deliver a complete pictur·e of HusserI's work. For a first introduction, however, this fact should not inspire serious objections, for it does give a relatively clear and concise overall picture of the most essential themes and topics of Husserl's phenomenological philosophy. Neither is this sltudy original; it does not offer new ideas concerning Husserl's philosophy. I have tried only to help the reader to become conversant with the major topics of Huss·erl's phenomenology and the extensive literature on the subject. That is why I wish also explicirtly to acknowledge that I have used throughout the book the excellent commentaries of Fink, Landgrebe, Biemel, De \Vaelhens, Van Breda, Ricoeur, Gurwitsch, and Diemer to which I have nevertheless seldom explicitly referred as they are not yet available in English. Also lowe very much to the wo~ks of Spiegelberg, Farber, and Lauer, whose .1. Quentin Lauer, ed., .Edmund Httsserl: Phenomenology and the Crisis of Ph~losoPhy. Translated WIth an Introduction by Quentin Lauer (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), p. 1. VI

PREFACE

publications I have quoted many times in the histo,rical sections of tillS study. I am deeply indebted to Father Henry J. Koren, S. T. D., who worked extensively with the first draft of this book and later gave his painstaking attention to its final draft. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania December 15, 1965 JOSEPH J. KOCKELMANS

Vl1

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE ................................................ .

1

T ABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................

IV

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................... " . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vll

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IX

CHAPTER ONE: THE ORIGIN OF HUSSERL'S PHENOMENOLOGY 1. Phenomenology as a Descriptive Psychology ........ 2. Phenomenology as a Critique of Pure Reason ........

1

CHAPTER TWO: 'PHILOSOPHY AS RIGOROUS SCIENCE' ..... 1. Rigor and Radicalism in Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Philosophy as a Rigorous Science.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Husserl's Criticism of Naturalism ................•. 4. The Question of the Radical Departure in HusserI's later Philosophy ................................. a. Husserl's Rejection of Cartesianism .. . . . . . . . . . . b. Radicalism as the Leading Idea in 'Cartesian Meditations' and 'Crisis' ..................... c. On the Meaning of 'Radicalism' in Philosophy .. CHAPTER THREE : FACT AND ESSENCE ...... . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Phenomenology as the Study of the General Essence of Consciousness ................................... 2. Fact and Essence ........................... . . . . . 3. Regional Ontologies and Phenomenology . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER FOUR: EVIDENCE .......................... 1. Naturalistic Misconceptions ....................... 2. The Existence and our Knowledge of Essences. . . . . . 3. The Principle of all Principles ..................... 4. The Theory of Evidence ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX

1 19 35 35

43 53

62 63 66

72 77 77 84 99 106

107 110 116 119

TABLE OF CONTENTS

133 133 143 157

CHAPTER FIVE: PHENOMENOLOGICAL REDUCTION . . . . . . . . 1. Necessity of a Phenomenological Reduction.. ..... 2. Consciousness and Reality ........................ 3. Absolute Consciousness as Theme of Phenomenology. . 4. The DOdrinal Content of the Transcendental-Phenomenological Reduction ..............................

164

CHAPTER SIX: INTENTIONALITY ...................... 1. Intentionality in the 'Logical Investigations' .. . . . . . . . . 2. Intentionality as the Main Theme of Phenomenology.. 3. Static Description ·of Intentionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Dynamic Description of Intentionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Intentional Analysis ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

169 169 172 185 191 195

CHAPTER SEVEN: CONSTITUTION ......... ........... 1. Historical Introduction ........................... 2. Constitutional Problems ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Development of the Constitutional Problems Regarding the Transcendental Ego Itself. Transcendental Idealism

201 201 207

CHAPTER EIGHT: INTERSUBJECTIVITY ................. 1. The Problem of Intersubjectivity. First Attempt at a Solution ........................................ 2. The Sp~ere. o.f Transcendental Being as Monadological IntersubJectlvlty .................................

225

CHAPTER NINE: TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE LIFE-WORLD ..................................... 1. Signification of Husserl's Last Publication .......... 2. The \Vorld as Phenomenological Theme ............ 3. The Life-World in Husserl's 'Crisis' ....... . . . . . . . .. CHAPTER TEN: PHENOMENOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY . . . . .. 1. The Genesis of the Idea of a Phenomenolgical Psychology 2. Phenomenological Psychology. Its Relation to Empirical Psychology and Phenomenological Philosophy .. 3. Phenomenological Psychology in 'Crisis' ............ 4. Conclusion ......................................

x

213

225 230 250 250 259 267 281 282 293 306 311

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FIRST INTRODUCTION TO HUSSERL'S PHENOMENOLOGY

CHAPTER ELEVEN: REALISM OR IDEALISM? . . . . . . . . . . . .

315

1. Phenomenology as All-embracing Philosophy. Its Final Meaning. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2. Idealistic Interpretation of Husserl's Phenomenology .. 3. The Interpretation of 1Ierleau-Ponty and De Waelhens 4. Survey and Conclusion ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

315 322 341 348

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .

356

INDEX OF NAMES ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

361

INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

363

X.I

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS References to Husserl's publications are all to the German edition of his works as indicated in this list. However, references have also been made to translations wherever that was possible. The translations used are listed below. References to tra.!1slations are always put between brackets. Phil. d. Arithm.

Philosophie der Arithmetik. Psychologische 1,md logische Untersl.£chungen. Erster Band (Halle a.S.:

C.E.M. Pfeffer, 1891). L. U.

Logische Untersuc/'tuf,'tgen, 3 vols. (Halle a.S.: Max

Niemeyer, 1921-1922). Die Idee

Die Idee der Phiinomenologie. Funf Vorlesungen

(1907). Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Walter Biemel, Husserliana, Band II (Tbe Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1950). The Idea of Phenomenology. Trans. William P. Alston and George N akhnikian. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1964). Phil. str. W.

"Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft", Logos, 1 (1910-1911) 289-341. "Philosphyas Rigorous Science", in Quentin Lauer, Edmund H'ttsserl: Phef,'tOmenology aud the Cr·isis of Philosophy (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), pp. 69-147. See also: Cross Currents, 6 (1956), pp.

228-246, 324-344. Ideen Ideen I

I deen zu ei1'ler reinen Phiinomenologie und phiinomenologischen Philosophie. Erstes Buch: Allge1,11.ei'tte Einfiillr't111g in die rehf,e Plziin01:nenologie. Herausgegeben von Walter

Biemel, Hl1sserliana, Band III (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1950). Ideas. General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology.

Trans. W. R. Boyce Gibson (New York: Collier Books, 1962). Ideen II

Zweites B,!uh.: Phiiuomenologische Untersuchungen zur Kon,st'ttut'ton. Herausgegeben von ~\larley Biemel,

Husserhana, Band IV Nijhoff, 1952). xu

(The Hague: Martinus

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FIRST INTRODUCTION TO HUSSERL'S PHENOMENOLOGY

Ideen III

Drittes Buch: Die Phanomenologie und die Fundamente der Wissenschaften. Herausgegeben von Marley Biemel, Husserliana, Band V (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1952).

Erste Philos.

Erste Philosophie. Erster Teil: Kritische Ideengeschicllte (1923-1924). Herausgegeben von Rudolf Boehm, Husserliana, Band VII (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1956). Zweiter Teil: Theorie der phiinomenologischen Redu/~tion (1923-1924). Herausgegeben von Rudolf Boehm, Husserliana, Band VIII (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959).

Phan. Psych.

P hiinomenologische P sychologie (1925). Herausgegeben von Walter Biemel, Husserliana, Band IX (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962).

Phenomenology

"Phenomenology", in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th edition. London, 1927, vol. 17, col. 699-702.

F. tr. L.

Formale und transzendentale Logik. Vers'Llch e~ner Kritill der logischen Vernunft (Halle a.S.: Max Niemeyer, 1929).

Cart. Med.

Cartenianische M editationen und Pariser Vortriige. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Prof. S. Strasser, Husserliana, Band I (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1950) . Cartesian Meditations. An Introduction to Phenomenology. Trans. Dorion Cairns (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1960).

Krisis

Die Krisis der europaischen Wissensch,aften und die transzendentale Phiino1'1'~enoiogie. Eine Einleitung in die phiinomenoiogis.che Philosophie. Herausgegeben von Walter Biemel, Husserliana, Band VI (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1954).

Erf. u. Urt.

Erfahrung 1,tnd Urteil. Untersuchungen zur Genealogie der Logik Redigiert und herausgegeben von Ludwig Landgrebe, (Hamburg: Claassen, 1954). xiii

INTRODUCTION Bio grapbical Notes Prossnitz, Moravia is the birthplace of Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl. He was born on April 8, 1859 when Moravia was part of the Austrian Empire. It had previously been under Hapsburg rule and later became part of the Czechoslovakian republic, but its situation at the time of Husserl's birth makes him an Austrian. Husserl finished his elementary education at the age of ten and went to Vienna to enter secondary school. He completed his studies at the Realgymnasi'Um there and at the Staatsgymnasium in Olmiitz, and then entered college. \\Then he arrived at the University of Leipzig in 1876 he was without much promise, for his scholastic record at Olmiitz had not been outstanding. With the exception of mathematios and physics for which he showed considerable enthusiasm, he had little interest in his courses. Husserl did study astronomy along with mathematics and physics at Leipzig from 1876 to 1878. During this time he was also attending lectures in philosophy given by Wilhelm Wundt, but even this prominent phychologist and philosopher could not stimulate his interest in the study of philosophy. In 1878 Husserl left Leipzig and went to Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin. In Berlin he met three of the leading mathematicians of the era: Kronecker, Kummer and Weierstrass who taught him a rigorous and disciplined way of thinking. The influence of these three Ischolars led Husserl to develop a keen interest in the philosophy of mathematics. Weierstrass and Kronecker claimed tha:t the concept of space is not the last foundation of mathematics, but that the concept of integral numbers is basic to this science. While pondering such problems as these Husserl was beginning also to feel a profound interest in philosophy as such. The lectures of Friedrich Paulsen contributed greatly to this interest. Paulsen recognized Hussert's reflective capacity and sought to channel his thinking in ways which were later to prove productive of revolutionary insights. In 1881 Husserl transferred to the University of Vienna to finish his mathematical studies although he had become more and more inxv

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FIRST INTRODUCTION TO HUSSERL'S PHENOMENOLOGY

terested in philosophy. He received his degree of doctor of philosophy in 1883, having studied under Konigsberger and written a dissertation entitled Beitriige sur Theorie der Variationsrechnung (Contributions to the Theory of the Calculus of Variations). In 1883 Hussed was summoned to BerIin by Weierstrass to work as the latter's assistant. He accepted the call although he would have preferred to stay in Vienna to study philosophy. When subsequently Weierstrass became ill and unable to lecture, Husserl returned to Vienna to continue his philosophical studies, having decided definitely by this time to dedicate himself entirely to the cause of philosophy. For the next two years he attended the lectures of Franz Brentano. Husserl was impressed by the way in which Brentano presented the philosophy of Hume and Mill, and especially by his lectures on psychology, ethics. and logic. HUSIserl is indebted to Brentano for his thinking on the subject of intentionality, although from the very beginning there was some disagreement between the two on this topic. In the years which followed Brentano directed HusserI in the study of Bolzano's Wissenschaftslehre (Doctrine of Science), the importance of which became clear to Husserl after he later studied Lotze's Logic. In addition to being impressed by Bolzano as introduced to him by Brentano, HusserI was particularly struck by the way in which Brentano himself linked philosophy and science. Brentano held that philosophy above all must be 'scientific', which HusserI understood as meaning that all philosophers must recognize the necessity of rigorous metl10ds of investigation. Whereas Paulsen and Wundt had emphasized the biological sciences when dealing with the relationship between science and philosophy, Brentano stressed psychology and logic in this context. Seeing the fact that Husserl, under the influence of Mill, more or less identified psychology with philosophy, it is understandable why he became interested in investigations into the function of 'philosophy', taken as a 'strict and rigorous science', in the realm of logic. In 1886 Brentano advised Husserl to go to the University of Halle as Stumpf's assistant in order to obtain a thorough grounding in psychology. One year later HusserI was made a Privatdosent under Stumpf and became a member of the philosophy faculty at Halle. Here in 1891 XVI

Il'{TRODUCTION

he published his Philosophy of Arithmetic. Influenced by Frege's critique of this book as well as by certain other factors, Husserl abandoned the psychologism of his first work in later publications. In Part One of his Logical Investigations, viz., Prolegomena to Pure Logic, he explicitly rejected all forms of psychologism in logic. This work was well received by many of the great schola·rs of the time and definitely established Husserl as a philosopher. Husserl went to Gottingen as "extraordinarius professor" of philosophy in 1901 and remained there until 1916. During this period he wrote extensively, including Lectures on Phenomenology, The Idea of Pheno'menology. the famous Logos article entitled Philosophy as a Rigorous Science, and the first part of his Ideas; of these writings only the two latter were published. These works reflect the influence of Descartes and Kant on Husserl's thinking. In 1916 Husserl was called to Freiburg as a full professor. There he completed the last two parts of Ideas, his First Philosophy, Phenomenological Psychology, and Formal and Transcendental Logic, the last of which was the only book published during his lifetime. Husserl stayed at Freiburg until 1929 when he applied for superannuation. Thereafter and until 1937 he worked feverishly on several major works from which he later published only the Cartesian Meditations and the first part of Crisis. Husserl, originally of the Jewish faith, converted to Lutheranism in 1886. He is said to have been sympathetic to Catholicism toward the end of his life, but did not convert a second time. He died in 1938 after a long and painful struggle with pleurisy.l 1. See for these bibliographical notes in general, Andrew D. Osborn, The Philosophy of Edmtmd Husserl in Its DevelopmeMt from His Mathematical Interest to His First Conception of Phenomenology in 'Logical Investigations' (New York: International Press, 1934). Marvin Farber, The Foundation of Phmomrnology. Edmfmd H1tsserl and the Qftest for a Rigorous Science of Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1940). E. Pari Welch, The Philosophy of Edmllnd Russerl. The Origin and De'l'elop1'11ent of Ris Phenomenology. (New York: Octagon Books, Inc., 1965). Herbert Spiegelberg, The Phenomenological M 0'l'C111.e1ft. A Historical Introducti01f. 2 vols. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1960), vol. I, pp. 73-163. Edmlmd Husserl. 1859-1959. Recueil comemoratif

publie a l'occasion du Centenaire de la naissance du Philosophie, H. L. Van Breda et J. Taminiaux ed. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959). XVll

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FIRST INTROlJUCTlON TO HUSSERL'S PHENOMENOLOGY

The HlIsserl Archives 2 In 1938 Herman L. Van Breda, O.F.M., went to Freiburg in Breisgau to prepare his doctoral dissertation on the phenomenology of Husserlo There he learned that the Nazis were undoubtedly intending to destroy HusserI's manuscripts. After consultation with Husserl's widow, Mrs. Malvina Husserl, he began immediately to take the necessary measures to safeguard the extremely valuable collection. After many difficulties and various detours via Berlin and Brussels, the manuscripts finally arrived in Louvain, Belgium. Presently the HusserI Archives contain not only Husserl's manuscripts, but also his philosophical library, his letters and numerous rewriting.s in longhand of manuscripts previously written in shorthand. Among the ,some 8,000 ,yorks kept at Louvain there are many reprints dedicated to Husserl by several renowned philosophers. One can find annotations made by Husserl himself in the margins of many of these books and essays. One of the most remarkable items in this .philosophical collection is a copy of the first edition of Sein und Zeit by Heidegger containing a lengthy hand-written dedication by its author to his master. TIns copy, too, is full of marginal philosophical remarks by HusserI j they gradually reveal his disappointment in noticing how his beloved pupil grew further and further away from him. After having read the book he wrote on the title page: "Amicus Plato, magis arnica veritas". Almost all of the unpublished manuscripts which HusserI left behind at his death have been stored at Louvain; they comprise about 40,000 pages in 8 0 , practically all of which were written in the Gabelberg shorthand system. These manuscripts have proven to be of inestimable value for the understanding of HusserI's philosophical evolution, for they contain the result of his philosophical explorations in his later and still fruitful years. Study .of his latest manuscripts has brought to light the 2. ~ee for the fo~lowing H. ~. Van Breda, "Le sauvetage de l'heritage husserhcn et la .~ondat·on des Arc111ves-Husserl", Husserl ct fa Pc,11see modcrne. Actes du dec:uxl~n:e, Colloque I!1ternational de;. Phcn0meno!ogie. Krefeld, 1-3 novembre, 19_,~, edlte;.. par les :,o:ns de H. L. '\ an Breda et J. Taminiaux (The Hague: Martmus N1Jhoff, 19;,9), pp. 1-77. See also Joseph J Kockelmans Bdmu11d Husserl. Ben inlcidir.g tot zijn fel~o11le,'tologie (The H~gue: Lannoo: 1963), pp. 14-16. XVlll

INTRODUCTION

fact that his unpublished works are probably in a sense even more important than the books which HusserI himself published. In addition to an extensive collection of letters and diaries, the Archives contain also about 7,000 pages of longhand transcriptions of original shorthand HusserI texts; his assistants Edith Stein, Ludwig Landgrebe, and Eugen Fink are responsible for this work. Most of these pages have been scrutinized, annotated and sometimes even reworked by HusserI. As early as 1916 Edith Stein had started a systematic transcription which was later c.ontinued by Fink and Landgrebe. MUltiple transcriptions exist for some of the lecture series and books; these make it possible to decipher Husserl's handwriting with greater ease and to test the accuracy of the copyists. In 1939 the most difficult job in this regard still remained to be done. In 1935 at Freiburg, Fink and Landgrebe undertook a first classification of the shorthand manuscripts following a system which Husserl had checked and endorsed. This system was made still more complete at Louvain. Subsequently all manuscripts were grouped in packages of approximately 80 pages each. Since 1939 various scholars have been engaged in the systematic deciphering of Husserl's writings with the intention of preparing the most important texts for publication. In 1939 Fink and Landgrebe came to Louvain to start the transcription of still unstudied manuscripts. From 1942 until 1947 Professor Strasser continued this labor of patience and endurance; from 1945 on Walter and Marley Biemel oooperated in this work for more than ten years, and since 1951 Rudolph Boehm has been carrying the lion's share. During this time more than 60% of the manuscripts have been typed in five-fold. Cards are made from the transcribed texts and these provide a chronological and systematic survey of HusserI's work. Transcriptions and cards are forwarded to the four cooperating centers in Paris, Buffalo, Cologne and Freiburg; in these locations the texts are studied further and, in consultation with Louvain, prepared for publication. As a preparation for the publication of Russerl's complete philosophical works, a basic text is selected at first which is then complemented and illustrated by additional smaller texts. Eleven volumes with XIX

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FIRST INTRODUCTION TO HUSSERL'S PHENOMENOLOGY

a total of about 5,000 pages have already been published in the HusserIiana series which is being published with the purpose of providing a surveyable and systematically ordered whole of the complete philosophical work which Husserl left behind. A supplement to these publications has existed since 1950. It is called Phaenomenologica and consists of philosophical studies by scholars who think along phenomenological lines. Within the span of three years, nine works of this latter series have been published; in 1965 this series comprised nineteen volumes. The administration of the HusserI Archives anticipates that it will take another fifteen years for the transcription, scientific elaboration and, insofar as possible, the publication of all the manuscripts which HusserI has left us. In connection with the Husserl movement and stimulated by the active director of the HusserI Archives, Father Herman Leo Van Breda, three international congresses have been held thus far, namely, at Brussels in 1951, at Krefeld, Germany in 1956 and at Royaumont, near Paris, in 1957. The proceedings of these congresses have been published each time in book form. Since then additional conferences have been held in Bologna and Mexico City.

Periodizations of Husserl's Developme11t A number of suggestions have been proposed in connection with the periodizations of Husserl's philosophical development. Eugen Fink, Husserl's assistant in Freiburg, is responsible for the most familiar of these. He divides the development of HusserI's phenomenology into three stages which correspond to his years in IIalle, Gottingen and Freiburg as private teacher, "e..,,