A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with its Language, Literature, and Contents, Including the Biblical Theology 9781463226640

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Dictionary of the Bible

Gorgias Historical Dictionaries

22

The difficulty of locating historical dictionaries has long been a source of frustration for scholars. Gorgias Press seeks to address this difficulty by the introduction of a series of historic dictionaries. The Gorgias Historical Dictionaries series makes available classic sources at affordable prices.

A Dictionary of the Bible

Dealing with its Language, Literature, and Contents, Including the Biblical Theology

Volume 5 Edited by

James Hastings With the Assistance of

John A. Selbie

l gorgias press 2010

Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2010 by Gorgias Press LLC Originally published in 1898-1909 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.

2010

1

ISBN 978-1-61719-218-0

ISSN 1935-3189 Reprinted from the 1898-1909 New York edition.

Printed in the United States of America

PKEFACE —

THIS E X T R A VOLUME

•

—

of the DICTIONARY OF THE B I B L E contains thirty-seven Articles,

six Indexes, and four Maps.

A word will be sufficient on each of these parts of its

Contents. I.

THE

ARTICLES

Those who hare kept in touch with the study of the Bible in recent years will understand why it has been found necessary to prepare an Extra Volume.

Dis-

coveries have been made which have an important bearing on the interpretation of both the Old Testament and the New.

I t is enough to name the three articles

which stand first in the alphabetical list given b e l o w — A G R A P I I A , APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS, and CODE OF HAMMURABI.

A

Dictionary of the Bible cannot ignore such discoveries.

But they do not form part of the Contents of the Bible ; nor do they deal directly with its Language or its Literature ; so that they are not likely to be looked for in the alphabetical order of words in the Dictionary.

The best way seemed to be to

gather them into an Extra Volume. Other articles will be found in this volume, for reasons which will be readily understood and appreciated.

Some of them, like the article on the Sermon on the

Mount, with which the volume opens, might have taken their place in the alphabetical order of the Dictionary.

But they have not usually been so included, and

it was felt that the Extra Volume would give more prominence to their special character and importance. II.

THE

INDEXES

The Indexes have been prepared with great care.

They are full, and yet it

will be found that every item in them has been carefully selected and described. The INDEX OF T E X T S contains all the passages of Scripture upon which there is any note of consequence in the Dictionary; and, again, the most important notes are

vi

PREFACE

distinguished by their authors' names.

Further, it sometimes happens that a text

is quoted in support or illustration of some argument : when such a quotation throws significant light upon the text itself, it is included in the Index. The INDEX OF S U B J E C T S contains the titles of all the articles in the Dictionary, including the E x t r a Volume.

I t also refers to a great many other topics which

are dealt with in the course of the work.

When the subject of an article comes up

for treatment in other places, and a reference is made to these places, then the reference in the Index is always to the article itself.

first

Thus—ITHAMAR, ii. 5 1 9 a ; i. 6 b ;

ii. 1 2 3 a ; iv. 89 b -—the second volume is mentioned before the first because in it falls the article under its own title ; there is also some account of Ithamar in the article on Abiathar in vol. i. p. 6 b , as well as in the other places noted. is of some length the name of the author is given.

When the article

His name is not repeated under

the same heading, so that references without a name attached are to be ascribed to the first author mentioned. The cross-references Index itself. ' Apoc.':

in the Index of Subjects are always to other parts of the

Words which occur only in the Apocrypha are marked ' Ap.' or

as Dabria (Ap.). III.

THE

MAPS

The m a p s are intended to illustrate the articles on EOADS AND TRAVEL.

These

articles will be of great service to the student of either Testament, and the maps will add to the value of the articles.

But they have been prepared so as to be complete

maps of the countries they cover, the Eoads which are marked on them additional to the information which such maps usually contain.

oeing

They have been

prepared under the direct supervision of Professor Buhl (for the Old Testament) and Professor liamsay (for the New), who have spared no pains to make them accurate and up to date. And now the work on this Dictionary of the Bible is at an end.

The Editor

has been assisted by the same friends as before and with the same readiness, and he heartily thanks them all.

He is also grateful for the way in which the four volumes

already published have been received.

AUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN THE EXTRA VOLUME

BARTLET, P r o f e s s o r J . VEENON BEBB, P r i n c i p a l LLEWELLYN J .

M.

BENNETT, P r o f e s s o r W . H . BLOMFIELD, R e a r - A d m i r a l R . M .

BUHL, Professor FR AN TS DRUMMOND, P r i n c i p a l J . FAIRWEATHER, Rev. W . . FARNELL, D r . L. R.

GARVIE, P r o f e s s o r A . E . . HARRIS, D r . J . RENDEL . JASTROW, P r o f e s s o r MORRIS M

»)

>>

JOHNS, R e v . C. H . W .

.

KAUTZSCH, P r o f e s s o r E M I L KENYON, D r . F . G. .

KÖNIG, P r o f e s s o r E D .

LUPTON, D r . J . H .

.

MCCUKDY, P r o f e s s o r J . F . MENZIES, P r o f e s s o r ALLAN MURRAY, D r . J . O. F.

RAMSAY*, Professor W . M.

REDPATII, D r . H .

A.

ROPES, P r o f e s s o r J . SCHECHTER, D r . S.

HARDY .

SCHÜRER, P r o f e s s o r E . SCOTT, P r o f e s s o r H . M . STANTON, P r o f e s s o r V . H . STENNING, JOHN F .

TASKER, P r o f e s s o r J . G. THACKERAY, H . ST. J O H N TURNER, CUTHBERT H . VOTAW, P r o f e s s o r CLYDE W . .

WIEDEMANN, P r o f e s s o r A .

Didaclie. C o n t i n e n t a l Versions. Wages. Ships a n d Boats. N e w T e s t a m e n t Times. Roads a n d T r a v e l in t h e Old T e s t a m e n t . Philo. Development of Doctrine in t h e Apocryphal Period W o r s h i p of Apollo. Revelation. Sibylline Oracles. Races of t h e Old T e s t a m e n t . Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. Code of I J a m m u r a b i . Religion of Israel. Papyri. Samaritan I'entateudi. Style of Scripture. Symbols a n d Symbolical Actions. E n g l i s h Versions. Semites. Gospel according to t h e Hebrews. T e x t u a l Criticism of t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t . N u m b e r s , Hours, Years, a n d D a t e s . Religion of Greece and Asia Minor. Roads a n d Travel in t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t . Concordances. Agrapha. Talmud. Diaspora. Trinity. Theocracy. Diatessaron. A p o c r y p h a l Gospels. Josephus. Greek P a t r i s t i c C o m m e n t a r i e s on the Pauline Epistles. Sermon on t h e M o u n t . Religion of E g y p t .

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES IN THE EXTRA VOLUME

Page.

Author's Name.

Title of Article. J.

HARDY

ROPES,

Ph.D.,

Professor

of

New

343

AGRAPHA

420

APOCRYPHAL GOSPELS

.

.

.

.

Rev. J . G. TASKER, Professor of Biblical Literature and Exegesis in Handswortli College, Birmingham.

584

CODE OF H A M M U R A B I

.

.

.

.

Rev. C. H. W . JOHNS, M . A . , Lecturer in Assyriology, and Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge.

531

CONCORDANCES

402

CONTINENTAL

272

D E V E L O P M E N T OF D O C T R I N E APOCRYPHAL PERIOD

Testament Criticism and Exegesis in Harvard University.

R e v . HENRY A . REDPATH, M . A . , D . L i t t . , R e c t o r

of St. Dunstan's in the E a s t , London, and Grinfield Lecturer on the Septuagint in the University of Oxford.

Rev. LLEWELLYN

VERSIONS

J.

M.

BEBB, M.A.,

Principal

of St. David's College, Lampeter; formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford.

IN

THE

R e v . W . FAIRWEATIIER, M . A . , K i r k c a l d y .

DIASPORA

E . SCIIÜRER, Ph.D., Professor of Theology in the University of Göttingen.

451

DIATESSARON

JOHN F . STENNING, M . A . , F e l l o w and L e c t u r e r

438

DIDACHE .

JAMES

484

G R E E K P A T R I S T I C COMMENTARIES THE PAULINE EPISTLES

91

in Hebrew and Theology, Wadham Oxford. VERNON

BARTLET,

M.A.,

College,

D.D.,

Pro-

fessor of Church History in Mansfield College, Oxford.

ON

C U T H B E R T HAMILTON T U R N E R , M . A . , F e l l o w o f

Magdalen College, Oxford.

338

H E B R E W S ( G O S P E L ACCORDING TO THE)

R e v . ALLAN MENZIES, D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of Church

461

JOSEPHUS

HENRY ST. JOHN THACKERAY, M . A . ,

45

N E W TESTAMENT

History in the University of St. Andrews.

Examiner

in the Board of Education ; formerly Divinity Lecturer in Selwyn College, Cambridge.

TIMES

FRANTS BUHL, P h . D . , Professor of Semitic Languages in the University of Copenhagen. ix

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES

X

Page.

T i t l e of Article.

Author's Name.

473

NUMBERS, HOURS, YEARS, AND D A T E S

W . M. RAMSAY, D . C . L . , L L . D . , L i t t . D . , Professor of H u m a n i t y in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Aberdeen ; H o n o r a r y Fellow of E x e t e r a n d Lincoln Colleges, Oxford.

352

PAPYRI

FREDERIC G . KENYON, M . A . , D . L i t t . , P h . D . ,

197 72

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

PHILO

of

t h e D e p a r t m e n t of M a n u s c r i p t s in t h e British M u s e u m ; l a t e Fellow of M a g d a l e n College, Oxford.

R e v . JAMES DRUMMOND, M . A . ,

LL.D.,

Litt.D.,

P r i n c i p a l of M a n c h e s t e r College, Oxford.

R A C E S OF T H E O L D T E S T A M E N T

MORRIS JASTRO W, j u n r . , P h . D . , Professor of Semitic L a n g u a g e s in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n sylvania, P h i l a d e l p h i a .

.

531

R E L I G I O N OF BABYLONIA AND A S S Y R I A

Professor JASTROW.

176

R E L I G I O N OF E G Y P T

K A R L A L F R E D W I E D E M A N N , P h . D . , P r o f e s s o r of

109

R E L I G I O N OF G R E E C E AND A S I A M I N O R

Professor W .

612

R E L I G I O N OF I S R A E L

E. KAUTZSCH, P h . D . , Professor of Theology in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Halle.

321

REVELATION

368

ROADS AND TRAVEL (in

OT)

Professor BUHL. TIMES).

375

R O A D S AND T R A V E L ( i n

NT)

Professor W .

M . RAMSAY.

ED.

Ph.D.,

68

SAMARITAN

83

SEMITES

1

359

66

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

(See preceding article).

E g y p t o l o g y in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Bonn. M . RAMSAY.

etc.).

Rev.

ALFRED

ERNEST

(See a r t .

GARVIE,

NUMBERS,

M.A.,

D.D.,

Professor of t h e Philosophy of T h e i s m H a c k n e y a n d N e w Colleges, London.

etc.).

PENTATEUCH

SERMON ON T H E

KÖNIG,

Testament Bonn.

(See

Exegesis

art.

D.D.,

in

NEW

TESTAMENT

(See a r t .

NUMBERS,

Professor

the

in

of

University

Old

of

J . FREDERIC MCCURDY, P h . D . , L L . D . , Professor of O r i e n t a l L a n g u a g e s in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto. MOUNT

CLYDE W E B E R

VOTAW, M . A . , P h . D . ,

Assistant

Professor of N e w T e s t a m e n t L i t e r a t u r e in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago.

R e a r - A d m i r a l R. M . BLOMFIELD, C.M.G., Controller - General of P o r t s a n d Lighthouses.

S H I P S AND B O A T S

S I B Y L L I N E ORACLES

.

.

.

.

J . RENDEL HARRIS, M . A . , L i t t . D . , P r i n c i p a l a n d

156

S T Y L E OF S C R I P T U R E

.

.

.

.

P r o f e s s o r E D . KÖNIG. PENTATEUCH).

169

SYMBOLS AND SYMBOLICAL A C T I O N S

.

Professor ED. article).

57

208

KÖNIG.

(See

art.

(Author

SAMARITAN

of

preceding

S. SCHECHTER, M . A . , L i t t . D . , P r e s i d e n t of t h e F a c u l t y of t h e J e w i s h Theological S e m i n a r y of America, New York.

TALMUD

T E X T U A L CRITICISM (of

L e c t u r e r , S e t t l e m e n t for Social a n d Religious S t u d y , W o o d b r o o k e ; l a t e Fellow a n d L i b r a r i a n of Clare College, Cambridge.

NT)

Rev. J . 0 . F . MURRAY, M . A . , D . D . , l a t e Fellow of E m m a n u e l College, C a m b r i d g e ; W a r d e n of St. A u g u s t i n e ' s College, C a n t e r bury.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES Page.

Title of Article.

337

THEOCRACY

.

308

TRINITY

236

VERSIONS (ENGLISH)

357

WAGES

143

"WORSHIP OF A P O L L O

.

.

.

Author's Name.

.

.

•

Rev.

VINCENT

HENRY

STANTON,

M.A.,

D.D.,

•

R e v . HUGH M . SCOTT, D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of E c c l e s i -

Fellow of Trinity College, and Ely Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge.

astical History in Seminary.

the Chicago

Theological

J . H . LUPTON, D.D., formerly Surmastcr of St. Paul's School, London. .

.

.

.

•

•

R e v . W M . HENRY BENNETT, M . A . , L i t t . D . , D . D . ,

•

.

LEWIS RICHARD FARNELL, M . A . , L i t t . D . , F e l l o w

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in Hackney and New Colleges, L o n d o n ; sometime Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. and Senior Tutor, E x e t e r College, Oxford.

MAPS AND INDEXES I1ST THE EXTRA VOLUME —

•

—

MAPS . Frontispiece following p. 368 „ 384 .. 400

I . R O A D SYSTEM OF P A L E S T I N E I I . T H E ANCIENT

EAST

I I I . C H I E F R O U T E S OF T H E R O M A N

EMPIRE

I V . A S I A M I N O R ABOUT A . D . 5 0

INDEXES I . AUTHORS AND THEIR ARTICLES I I . SUBJECTS

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

V . ILLUSTRATIONS VL

MAPS

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

. .

. .

.

. .

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

. .

.

.

I I I . S C R I P T U R E T E X T S A N D OTHER R E F E R E N C E S I V . H E B R E W AND G R E E K T E R M S

.

.

737 745

.

891

.

.

.

919

.

.

933

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES Page.

Title of Article.

337

THEOCRACY

.

308

TRINITY

236

VERSIONS (ENGLISH)

357

WAGES

143

"WORSHIP OF A P O L L O

.

.

.

Author's Name.

.

.

•

Rev.

VINCENT

HENRY

STANTON,

M.A.,

D.D.,

•

R e v . HUGH M . SCOTT, D . D . , P r o f e s s o r of E c c l e s i -

Fellow of Trinity College, and Ely Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge.

astical History in Seminary.

the Chicago

Theological

J . H . LUPTON, D.D., formerly Surmastcr of St. Paul's School, London. .

.

.

.

•

•

R e v . W M . HENRY BENNETT, M . A . , L i t t . D . , D . D . ,

•

.

LEWIS RICHARD FARNELL, M . A . , L i t t . D . , F e l l o w

Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in Hackney and New Colleges, L o n d o n ; sometime Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. and Senior Tutor, E x e t e r College, Oxford.

MAPS AND INDEXES I1ST THE EXTRA VOLUME —

•

—

MAPS . Frontispiece following p. 368 „ 384 .. 400

I . R O A D SYSTEM OF P A L E S T I N E I I . T H E ANCIENT

EAST

I I I . C H I E F R O U T E S OF T H E R O M A N

EMPIRE

I V . A S I A M I N O R ABOUT A . D . 5 0

INDEXES I . AUTHORS AND THEIR ARTICLES I I . SUBJECTS

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

V . ILLUSTRATIONS VL

MAPS

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

. .

. .

.

. .

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

. .

.

.

.

. .

.

.

I I I . S C R I P T U R E T E X T S A N D OTHER R E F E R E N C E S I V . H E B R E W AND G R E E K T E R M S

.

.

737 745

.

891

.

.

.

919

.

.

933

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS • I.

GENERAL

Alex. — Alexandrian. Apoc. = Apocalypse. Apocr. = Apocrypha. Aq. = Aquila. Arab. =Arabic. Aram. = Aramaic. Assyr. — Assyrian. Bab. — Babylonian. c. = circa, about. Can. = Canaanite. cf. = compare, ct. = contrast. D = Deuteronomist. E = Elohist. edd. = editions or editor». Egyp- = Egyptian. Eng. = English. Eth. = Ethiopic. f. = and following verse or p a g e : as Ac 1034'- 2Sff ft'. = and following verses or pages : as Mt il Gr. = Greek. H = Law of Holiness. Heb. = Hebrew. Hel. = Hellenistic. Hex. =Hexateuch. Isr. = Israelite. J = Jahwist. J " = Jehovah. Jerus. = Jerusalem. Jos. = Josephus.

II.

L X X = Septuaginfc. MSS = Manuscripts. MT = Massoretic Text. IL =note. N T = New Testament. Onk. =Onkelos. OT = Old Testament. P = Priestly Narrative. Pal. = Palestine, Palestinian. Pent. = Pentateuch. Pers. = Persian. Phil. = Philistine. Phcen. = Phoenician. Pr. Bk. = Prayer Book. R = Redactor. Bom. = Roman. Sam. = Samaritan. Sem. = Semitic. Sept. = Septuagint. Sin. = Sinai tic. Symm. = Symmachua. Syr. = Syriac. T'alm. = Talmud. Targ. = Targum. Theod. = Theodotion. TR = Textus Receptus. tr. = translate or translation. VSS — Versions. Yulg. = Vulgate. W H = Westcott and Hort's text.

B O O K S OF THE

Old Testament. Ca = Canticles. Gn = Genesis. Is = Isaiah. Ex = Exodus. J e r = Jeremiah. Lv = Leviticus. La = Lamentations. Nu = Numbers. Ezk = Ezekiel. Dt = Deuteronomy. Dn = Daniel. Jos = Joshua. Hos = Hosea. J g = Judges. J l = Joel. Ru = Ruth. 1 S, 2 S = 1 and 2 Samuel. Am = Amos. 1 K, 2 K = 1 and 2 Kings. Ob = Obadiah. 1 Ch, 2 Ch = 1 and 2 Jon = Jonah. Mic = Micah. Chronicles. Nah = Nab um. Ezr = Ezra. Hab = H a b a k k u k . Neh = Nehemiah. Zeph = Zcphaniah. Est = Esther. Hag = Haggai. Job. Zec = Zechariah. Ps = Psalms. Mal-Malachi. Pr — Proverbs. Ec = Ecclesiastes. Apocrypha. 1 Es, 2 E s = l and 2 To = Tobit. Esdras. J t h = Judith.

BIBLE

Ad. Est = Additions to Esther. Wis = Wisdom. Sir = Sirach or Ecclesiasticus. Bar = Baruch. Three = Song of the Three Children.

Sus = Susanna. the Bel = Bel and Dragon. Pr. Man = Prayer of Manasses. 1 Mac, 2 Mac = 1 and 2 Maccabees.

New Testament. 1 Th, 2 Th = 1 and 2 Mt = Matthew. Thessalonians. Mk = Mark. 1 Ti, 2 Ti = 1 and 2 Lk = Luke. Timothy. J n = John. Tit = Titus. Ac = Acts. Philem = Philemon. Ro = Romans. 1 Co, 2 Co = 1 and 2 He — Hebrews. J a = James. Corinthians. 1 P, 2 P = 1 and 2 Peter. Gal = Galatians. 1 J n , 2 J n , 3 J n = l , 2, Eph = Ephesians. and 3 John. P h = Philippians. Jude. Col = Colossians. Rev=Revelation. Xll

LIST OF

ABBREVIATIONS

xiii

I I I . ENGLISH VERSIONS Wye. = Wyclif's Bible (NT c. 1380, OT c. 1382, Purvey's Revision c. 1388). Tiad. = Tindale's N T 1526 and 1534, Pent. 1530. Cov. = Coverdale's Bible 1535. Matt, or Rog. = Matthew's (i.e. prob. Rogers') Bible 1537. Cran, or Great = Cranmer's ' G r e a t ' Bible 1539. Tav. = Taverner's Bible 1539. Gen. = Geneva NT 1557, Bible 1560.

B i s h . = Bishops' Bible 1568. Tom. = Tomson's N T 1576. Rhem. = Rhemish NT 1582. Dou. = Douay OT 1609. A V = Authorized Version 1611. A V m = Authorized Version margin. R V = Revised Version N T 1881, OT 1885. R V m = Revised Version margin. E V —Auth. and Rev. Versions.

I V . FOR THE LITERATURE AHT— Ancient Hebrew Tradition. AJSL = American Journal of Sem. Lang, and Literature. A JTh = American Journal of Theology. A T = Altes Testament. ÜZ = Banipton Lecture. BM = British Museum. BRP=Biblical Researches in Palestine. GIG = Corpus Inscriptionum Groecarum. CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. CIS=Corpus Inscriptionum Seiniticarum. C0T= Cuneiform Inscriptions and the OT. DB = Dictionary of the Bible. EHH= Early History of the Hebrews. GAP— Geographie des alten Paliistina. GGA = Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen. GGN= Nachrichten der königl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Güttingen. GJV= Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes. G VI— Geschichte des Volkes Israel. HCM= Higher Criticism and the Monuments. üT-E^Historia Ecclesiastica. Ii Gill = Historical Geog. of Holy Land. Iff— History of Israel. IIJP—History of the Jewish People. HPM = History, Prophecy, and the Monuments. HPN= Hebrew Proper Names. U G — Israelitische und Jüdische Geschichte. JBL = Journal of Biblical Literature. JDTK — Jahrbücher für deutsche Theologie. J Q I l — Jewish Quarterly Review. J11AS=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. JBL = Jewish Religious Life after the Exile. JThSt = Journal of Theological Studies. KAT= Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Test. KGF= Keilinschriften u. Geschichtsforschung. KIB = Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek. LCBl = Literarisches Centraiblatt. £ 0 T = I n t r o d . to the Literature of the Old Test.

NHWB = Neuhebräisches Wörterbuch. NTZG = Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte. ON= Otiuin Norvicense. OP = Origin of the Psalter. OTJC= The Old Test, in the Jewish Church. PB — Polychrome Bible. PEF= Palestine Exploration Fund. PEFSt = Lk 63=° ; and (7ri TT)V ApipLOV. 27 Kai KaTthis saying is of the gnomic type, so that it may have been épijiev 0 Trorafiùs, vai evtiùs Ka' é/3-q -ri Ppox>) fl^dav oi repeated on various occasions by Jesus. Consequently one is avvéneaev, Kai è'j évero rà inclined to say that the portion of the Sermon common to iroTapioi Kai €7rvc vaav ol Matthew and Luke is not found in Mark. And of the matter in &ve/J.0L « a i irpoaèKoipav Ty prjyp.a TrfS oîkLas èKeiv7]s Matthew's Sermon which is found in Luke outside of the Sermon, p.éya. or not found in Luke at all, Mark has parallels perhaps for five oiKÎa èKeivy, Kai ëircaev, Kai verses,—the three just indicated, and the two named in the rj iTTwais aÙTrjs fie711X77. following footnote,—so that the Second Gospel scarcely knows of this teaching material which the First and Third Gospels make so prominent. Similarly compare M t 544-45 = Lk 635, Mt 71- Sil == L k

5 Except, perhaps, Mt 5®.S0 = Mk 9 « . 47, Mt 6 » - l » = Mk l l 2 ' . I t is worth observing that three passages of the Matthew Sermon have parallels within the First Gospel itself : Mt 5s9-30 = Mt 188- 9, Mt 583 = Mt 199, Mt 718 = Mt 1233. || The Greek text here used is that of Westcott and Hort.

lias odv Haris ÙKOvei tovs \6yovs [toùtovs] 24

47 IIâs

637, Mt i"'- 17 = Lk 643- 44 ; and also Mt 515 = Lk ll 33 , Mt 518 = Lk 1617, M t a25- 26 = Lk 1253-59, Mt 619"21 = L k 1233Mt 625"33 = Lk 1222"31. In some passages the wording of Matthew is so

SERMON

OX THE

MOUNT

SERMON

ON THE MOUNT

5

believe t h a t these very Greek words of our Gospels came directly from Jesus' lips; y e t historical investigation shows that t h e y are but a translation from the original utterances. While t h e theories of Reach, Marshall, Dalman, Blass, E. A. L k 62"-21. M t 53- 4- 8 . Abbott, and others as t o a primitive Aramaic or Hebrew Gospel are uncertain, it is clear t h a t t h e Memorabilia of Jesus were 20 3 MaKapioi oi tttcoxol, 6tl Ma/capiot oi irroixoi TCJ originally and for some years in t h e Aramaic language. The 'q ßaaikeia Aramaic vocabulary, syntax, and influence can everywhere be irvevfjLaTL, öri avTuiv éariv v/j.€Tépa éijTiv TOv 8eoD. seen through the Greek of t h e Gospels, like t h e earlier t e x t in •i] ßacriXeia tüv ovpavQv, 4 /mxapiot oi irevOovvret, otl 21b /MKápioi oi K\aiovres vvv, a palimpsest manuscript. (2) Jesus' more important teachings were marked and rememai/rol irapaKX-qd^aovTai. OTi 7eAá(Tere. bered from the time they were spoken. It is not too much to [J.aiíÓ.pLOl Ol ir€LvCjPT£S Kai fiaKápioi oi ircivGivTesvvv, suppose t h a t l i e impressed certain teachings—not their form, but their substance—upon Ilis disciples. From day to day, dup&VTes Tijv SiKaiocrvvqv, STL xopTacr8r¡ae tov éiri- time. The teaching of the Rabbis in Jesus' day was entirely oral OVfTLOV ovtrtov —only their sacred hooks, the Old Testament, might be written ; therefore t h e pupils of the Rabbis heard and memorized their Sos tjixív (rfjfiepov dídoi' rifxiv TO Kad' r¡fxépav' 12 teaching. Out of this custom arose a special qualification for, 4 Kai &