A course syllabus in art metal work

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A COURSE SYLLABUS IN ART METAL WORK

L

A P ro je c t P re s e n te d to th e F a c u lty o f th e School o f E d u c a tio n The U n iv e r s ity o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a

I n P a r t i a l F u lf ill m e n t o f th e R equirem ents f o r th e D egree M aster o f S cien ce i n E d u c a tio n

by James F . N ih a rt A ugust 4 , 1950

UMI Number: EP46496

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This project report, written under the direction of the candidate’s adviser and a p p r o v e d by him, has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M a s t e r of Science in Education.

Date

.........................

Adviser

Dean

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER

PAGE

LIST OF DRAWINGS.............................................................

iv

LIST OF PICTURES..................................................................................

v

PREFACE............................................................................................................

vl

HOW TO USE THIS SYLLABUS.................................................................v i i l PART I .

HOW TO MAKE ART METAL PROJECTS

1.

HOW TO MAKE A COPPER ASH TRAY.....................................................

2

2.

HOWTO MAKE A BRASS WALL PLANTER................................................

8

3.

HOW TO MAKE AN ALUMINUM FLOWER BOWL....................................

13

4.

HOW TO MAKE A RECTANGULAR BRASS PLANTER..........................

19

5.

HOW TO MAKE AN ALUMINUM CANDY TRAY.........................................

25

6.

HOWTO MAKE A COASTER S E T .............................................................

31

7.

HOW TO MAKE AN INDIVIDUAL SERVING TRAY...............................

38

8.

HOW TO MAKE AN ALUMINUM PICTURE FRAME...............................

44

9.

HOW TO MAKE A COPPER LAMP PLANTER...........................................

50

10.

HOW TO MAKE AN ALUMINUM LEAF TRAY.........................................

57

11 .

HOWTO MAKE A COPPER JEWEL BOX.....................................................

63

12.

HOWTO MAKE A LARGE ALUMINUM SERVING TRAY......................

72

PART I I .

HOW TO DO ART METAL PROCESSES

13.

HOW TO SELECT AND BUY METAL..........................................................

82

14.

HOW TO LAY OUT A PROJECT FROM A DRAWING...........................

87

15.

, HOW TO CUT METAL......................................................................................

92

ill CHAPTER

PAGE

1 6.

HOWTO SINK A TRAY..............................

95

17.

HOWTO RAISE A BOWL........................................

98

1 8.

HOWTO BEND AND CURVE METAL...............................................................102

19.

HOWTO SOFTEN METAL BY ANNEALING................................................106

20.

HOWTO RAISE METAL BY DAPPING......................................................... 109

21.

HOWTO DECORATE METAL BY PLANISHING..........................................112

22 .

HOWTO ETCH A DESIGN IN METAL...........................................................115

23 .

HOWTO MAKE LINESIN METAL BY CHASING......................................... 120

2 4.

HOWTO FLUTE A METAL BOWL OR TRAY...............................................123

25.

HOWTO DRILL HOLES IN METAL.............................................................. 125

2 6.

HOWTO JOIN METAL WITH RIVETS.........................................................128

2 7.

HOWTO JOIN METAL WITH SOLDER.........................................................131

2 8.

HOW TO FINISH METAL SURFACES..........................................................13^

BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................'.

. . .

138

iv LIST OF DRAWINGS DRAWING

PAGE

1.

Copper Ash T r a y ................................................................................. . .

4

2.

B ra ss W all P l a n t e r ....................................................................................

10

3.

Aluminum Flow er Bowl.........................................

15

4.

R e c ta n g u la r B rass P l a n t e r ..........................

21

5*

Aluminum Candy T r a y ...................................................................

27

6.

C o a ste r S e t ...................................................................................................

33

7.

I n d iv id u a l S erv in g T r a y ...............................................

40

8.

Aluminum P ic tu r e Fram e.........................................................................

46

9.

Copper Lamp P l a n t e r ..............................................................................

52

10.

Aluminum L eaf T ray .

59

11.

Copper Jew el Box........................................................................................

65

12.

Large Aluminum S e rv in g Tray

..........................................

74

13.

D esign f o r S e rv in g Tray

................................

77

....................................

V LIST OF PICTURES PICTURE

PAGE

A*

Copper Ash T r a y ........................................

. .

B.

B rass Wall P l a n t e r .......................................

C.

Aluminum Flow er Bowl.......................................................................................14

D*

R e c ta n g u la r B rass P l a n t e r ..................................................................

20

E.

Aluminum Candy T r a y .......................................................

26

F.

C o a ste r S e t

32

G.

I n d iv id u a l S erv in g Tray

H.

Aluminum P ic tu r e Fram e.................................................

45

I.

Copper Lamp P l a n t e r .......................................................

51

J*

Aluminum L eaf Tray

58

K.

Copper Jew el Box..........................................................................................

L.

Large Aluminum S e rv in g T r a y .....................................................................73

..................................

3

9

........................................................................39

..................................

64

vi PREFACE The p u rpose o f t h i s c o u rse s y lla b u s i s

to f u r n is h

s tu d e n ts d oing a r t m e ta l work w ith advanced m a te r ia l i n t h i s c re a tiv e f i e l d .

W ith th e w e a lth o f e x c e l l e n t w r i t t e n m a te r­

i a l on b a s ic p ro c e s s e s and sim p le b eg in n e rs* p r o j e c t s a u th o r f e e l s

th e

t h a t th e r e i s a need f o r p r o j e c t s o f th e more

advanced and am b itio u s ty p e . A rt m e ta l work i s one o f th e m ost i n t e r e s t i n g , c r e a ­ t i v e and u s e f u l o f th e m etal w orking f i e l d s .

I t o ffe rs a

chance f o r c r e a t i v e d e s ig n , th e le a r n in g o f u s e f u l to o l p ro c e s s e s and an o p p o r tu n ity to make a t t r a c t i v e and u s e f u l a rtic le s

f o r th e home.

Equipment and to o ls can be im p ro v ised

i f n o t a v a i l a b l e and th e m a te r ia l to c o n s tr u c t th e a r t m eta l p r o j e c t s i s in e x p e n s iv e . The m a te r ia l p re s e n te d in t h i s s y lla b u s has c o n s t i t u ­ te d th e a u t h o r fs 3 rd and 4 th se m e ste r advanced a r t m etal work f o r s u p e r io r s t u d e n t s , w ith in th e framework o f a ju n io r h ig h sc h o o l g e n e r a l m e tal shop program .

I t i s f e l t t h a t t h i s ad ­

vanced work would be s u i t a b l e f o r more m ature s tu d e n ts in s e n io r h ig h sc h o o l i n d u s t r i a l a r t s

c la s s e s .

Because o f t h i s

a d a p t a b i l i t y f o r second ary s c h o o ls , th e m a te r ia l i n t h i s s y lla b u s sh o u ld be d e s i r a b l e f o r use by i n d u s t r i a l a r t s s tu d e n ts a t te a c h e r t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s . S tu d e n ts ta k in g i n d u s t r i a l a r t s

c la s s e s a r e v i t a l l y

i n t e r e s t e d i n making som ething u s e f u l , a t t r a c t i v e , a r t i s t i c ,

v ii and c h a lle n g in g to t h e i r a b i l i t y .

The te a c h e r sh o u ld c a p i­

t a l i z e on t h i s im m ediate i n t e r e s t w ith a le a r n in g v e h ic le in th e form o f p r o j e c t s t h a t s a t i s f y

th e s tu d e n ts * o b je c tiv e s

a s w e ll as th e te a c h e r* s o b je c tiv e s based on sound e d u c a tio n ­ a l p h ilo s o p h y .

The p r o j e c t s f o r t h i s s y lla b u s were chosen

w ith th e s e p r i n c i p l e s i n mind and w ith an eye to th e d e s i r ­ a b i l i t y o f a v a r i e t y o f m a t e r i a l s , p r o c e s s e s , and u se s in v o lv e d . The a u th o r w ishes to thank Mr. C a rl W irth s , o u ts ta n d ­ in g te a c h e r o f m etal work i n th e Los Angeles c i t y sch o o l sy ste m , now r e t i r e d and te a c h in g p a r t tim e a t S a n ta B arb ara C o lle g e .

He has g iv e n i n s p i r a t i o n , e n th u sia sm , and t r a i n i n g

to la r g e numbers o f m e tal shop te a c h e rs i n t h i s a r e a .

Many o f

th e p r o j e c t s p re s e n te d i n t h i s s y lla b u s were made u nder h is e x c e l l e n t s u p e r v is io n .

James F . N ih a r t

v iii HOW TO USE THIS SYLLABUS T his s y lla b u s i s d iv id e d in to p ro c e sse s*

two p a r t s , p r o j e c t s and

The f i r s t p a r t , p r o j e c t s , g iv e s the s te p s n e c e s ­

s a ry to c o n s tr u c t th e p r o j e c t s and draw ings g iv in g th e n e c e s s a ry in fo rm a tio n needed in making them.

The second

p a r t , p r o c e s s e s , g iv e s th e d e t a i l e d in fo rm a tio n n e c e s s a ry to perform th e p ro c e s s e s used i n making th e p r o j e c t s .

Only

p ro c e s s e s t h a t a r e needed f o r th e s e p r o j e c t s a r e in c lu d e d ; however th ey co v er th e im p o rta n t and most o f t e n used a r t m eta l p r o c e s s e s .

The p r o j e c t s and p r o c e s s e s have been

a rra n g e d i n th e o r d e r o f t h e i r d i f f i c u l t y and u se r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t i s assumed t h a t t h i s s y lla b u s w i l l be used i n c o n ju n c tio n w ith a c la s s i n a r t m e ta l w ork.

D em on stratio ns

o f p ro c e s s e s and e x p la n a tio n s o f p ro c e d u re s must be in c lu d e d i n th e c la s s c u r r i c u l a to supplem ent th e w r i t t e n m a te r ia l p re s e n te d h e r e .

Those s tu d e n ts more a d a p ta b le and g i f t e d

can work ahead u s in g th e s y lla b u s a s a g u id e .

The te a c h e r

can u se the s y lla b u s to e n ric h h i s te a c h in g w ith good e v a lu ­ a tio n .

In any e v e n t th e key to th e e f f e c t i v e use o f t h i s

m a te r ia l i n th e c la s s w i l l be th e te a c h e r .

He m ust g u id e

and d i r e c t th e s tu d e n ts i n t h e i r le a r n in g a c t i v i t i e s .

To

the s tu d e n t w ith a b a s ic t r a i n i n g i n a r t m etal and a b i l i t y in th is

type o f w ork, th e s y lla b u s sh o u ld g iv e i n s p i r a t i o n

and d i r e c t i o n f o r more am b itio u s and advanced work e i t h e r i n o r o u t o f th e c la ssro o m .

1

PART I .

HOW TO MAKE ART METAL PROJECTS

2 CHAPTER 1 HOW TO MAKE A COPPER ASH TRAY A,

MOTIVATION:

Rewards you w i l l r e c e iv e i f you s u c c e s s f u lly

com plete th e a s h t r a y * 1.

A USEFUL GIFT:

A much a p p r e c ia te d a r t i c l e f o r your

home t h a t can he g iv e n as a g i f t . 2.

(See P ic tu r e A.)

MONEY SAVING: Save th e money I t would c o s t to buy an a sh t r a y o f s i m i l a r q u a l i t y .

3.

EASIER WORK ONFUTURE PROJECTS:

You l e a r n b a s ic

p ro c e s s e s t h a t w i l l e n ab le you to do

more advanced

p ro je c ts . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s to make the copper

a sh t r a y . 1.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t m a te r ia l f o r th e a sh t r a y .

Choose th e m etal a c c o rd in g to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (See Drawing 1 .)

b. 2.

3.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e o f m etal w ith deep s c r a t c h e s .

PLANISHING:

How to d e c o ra te th e s u r f a c e o f th e m e ta l.

a.

P la n is h th e m etal a l l o v e r.

b.

Anneal th e m e ta l.

c.

S tr a ig h te n th e m etal so t h a t I t i s f l a t .

SINKING:

How to s in k th e a s h t r a y .

a.

Square up th e m etal to th e c o r r e c t s i z e .

b.

Bevel th e edges to remove th e b u r r s •

c.

Lay o u t th e gu ide l i n e s f o r s in k in g .

3

PICTURE A COPPER ASH TRAY

y

'''

v £

SW E A T SOLDER

T 3".

f

I

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Ja I• 2*

C4//W/T TO P t T IN A SH T R A Y

T

DETAIL A MATERIAL. .OES" B R A S S

D R A W IN G 1

COPPER ASH SCALE— HALF J I Z E

TRAY

M A T E R / A L .04-0"CO PPER

d.

S ink th e t r a y .

CUTTING AND RAISING:

How to shape and c u t th e tr a y

to th e f i n i s h e d s i z e . a.

Lay o u t f o r th e b e v e l c u ts on each c o rn e r o f th e tra y .

b.

Cut th e c o rn e rs o f th e t r a y .

c.

Lay o u t th e r a i s e d s e c tio n s t h a t w i l l

h o ld the

c ig a re tte s . d.

R a is e th e s e c tio n s f o r th e c i g a r e t t e s by th e dapping p r o c e s s .

e. 5.

S tr a ig h te n th e bottom o f th e t r a y .

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

How to la y o u t and c u t th e

h o ld e rs f o r th e c i g a r e t t e s .

6.

a.

Lay o u t th e h o ld e rs on m a te r ia l as s p e c i f i e d .

b.

Cut th e m a te r ia l to th e c o r r e c t s i z e .

BENDING:

How to bend th e h o ld e r s to sh a p e .

a.

Anneal th e m etal I f i t i s n e c e s s a r y .

b.

Bend th e m etal o v e r a n e e d le s ta k e to th e shape shown i n th e draw ing.

7.

SOLDERING: a.

How to jo i n th e h o ld e r s to th e t r a y .

T in each h o ld e r and th e tr a y where th ey a r e to be jo in e d .

b. 8.

Sweat s o ld e r th e p ie c e s to g e th e r .

FINISHING: ash tr a y .

How to f i n i s h th e m e ta l s u rf a c e s o f th e

6 a.

B uff th e f r o n t o f th e a sh tr a y to a h ig h p o l i s h .

b.

P o lis h th e sunken p o r t i o n w ith s t e e l wool i f

th e

b u ffin g wheel c a n ! t re a c h i t .

9*

c.

Clean th e a sh t r a y w ith la c q u e r t h in n e r .

d.

Lacquer th e tr a y a l l o v e r .

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n Hobbs 184-186, 190-192, 213-218;

K ro n q u ist 5 8 -5 9 , 7 8 -7 9 , 98-99; C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Smith (a ) 5 0 , 54.

Try th e s e su g g este d id e a s f o r

d e s ig n in g and making an a sh t r a y . 1.

Make an a s h tr a y o u t o f a n o th e r m a te r ia l such as aluminum o r b r a s s .

2.

D esign and make your own a sh t r a y .

3.

Make an a sh tr a y w ith a h o ld e r f o r c i g a r e t t e s and m atches in c lu d e d .

D.

EVALUATION:

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your copper

ash t r a y . 1.

RATING SCALE:

R a te your a s h tr a y on th e s e ite m s .

a.

( ) Edges p o lis h e d and f r e e from b u r r s .

b.

( ) A ll t r a c e s o f s o ld e r removed.

c.

( ) Ash tr a y b u ffe d a l l o v e r to a h ig h p o l i s h .

d.

( ) Bottom o f th e a sh t r a y f l a t .

e.

( ) Sunken p o r tio n o f th e tr a y even and ro u n d .

f.

( ) A ll d i r t and b u f f in g compound removed.

g. (

( ) L acquered a l l o v e r. ) To t a l .

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to improve th e

a c cu ra cy o f e v a lu a tio n o f your a s h t r a y . a.

Use a s c a l e , on edg e, f o r a c c u r a te m easurem ent.

b.

Use a b lu e p r i n t o f th e p r o j e c t to check

th e

a c cu ra c y o f c o n s tr u c tio n . c.

Check f l a t s u r f a c e s w ith th e s u r f a c e p l a t e o r th e back edge o f a s q u a re .

d.

Check d e p th and shape o f s in k in g w ith a te m p la te .

8

CHAPTER 2 HOW TO MAKE A BRASS WALL PLANTER A.

MOTIVATION:

Rewards you v i l l r e c e iv e I f you s u c c e s s f u lly

com plete th e v a i l p l a n t e r . 1.

WALL DECORATION:

You can use t h i s p l a n t e r to d e c o r­

a t e th e w a ll o f your room. 2.

(See P ic tu r e B .)

EASIER WORK ON FUTURE PROJECTS:

In making th e w a ll

p l a n t e r you l e a r n h a s ic s h e e t m etal p ro c e s s e s used to make l a r g e r and more d i f f i c u l t p r o j e c t s . 3.

MAKE MONEY:

The s u c c e s s f u l co m p letio n o f t h i s p l a n t ­

e r w i l l make i t p o s s ib le to s e l l i t f o r money t h a t can be used f o r many p u rp o s e s . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s

to make th e w a ll

p la n te r. 1.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t m a te r ia l f o r the p l a n t e r .

Choose th e m etal a c c o rd in g to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (See Drawing 2 .)

2.

b.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e o f m e ta l w ith deep s c r a t c h e s .

c.

Be s u re th e temper o f th e m e ta l

LAYOUT AND CUTTING:

How to la y

is

c o rre c t.

o u t and c u t th e m etal

f o r th e p l a n t e r . a.

Lay o u t th e f r o n t p i e c e , back and bottom p ie c e , arrow e n d s, and arrow on th e s e le c te d m e ta l.

b.

Cut o u t th e s e p i e c e s .

c.

Cut to le n g th th e m etal f o r

th e arrow

9

PICTURE B BRASS WALL PLANTER

10 M o re: s w e a t so ld er. A R R O W E N D S TO A R R O W

S E E J>ETAiL A

± J ) /A . X / S ' 3 * A S S

TT Hr"

\\

1

r< r

i 4

■ ijr ^ M jr A

F R O N T V IE W

6 SOLD ER ALL •T O /N T S ,r

TOP VIEW OF P L A N T E R LMOUT

DRAWING t B R A S S WALL P L A N TE R S C A L E ~ O NE TH IRD

M A T E R I A L .0 2 S " B R A S S

"

/£ “

11 3*

BENDING: a.

How to bend th e m eta l f o r th e w a ll p l a n t e r .

Bend th e back and bottom p ie c e to th e c o r r e c t a n g le .

b.

Bend th e f r o n t p ie c e to f i t th e back and bottom p ie c e .

4.

c.

Bend th e arrow ends to th e c o r r e c t a n g le .

d.

Bend arrow as s p e c i f ie d i n th e d raw in g .

SOLDERING: a.

How to jo i n th e p a r t s o f th e p l a n t e r .

S o ld e r th e f r o n t p ie c e to th e back and bottom p ie c e .

5.

b.

Sweat s o ld e r th e arrow ends to th e arro w .

c.

S o ld e r th e arrow to th e back o f th e p l a n t e r .

FINISHING:

How to f i n i s h th e w a ll p l a n t e r .

a.

B u ff th e f r o n t p ie c e to a h ig h p o l i s h .

b.

P o lis h th e arrow and th e arrow ends w ith s t e e l wool •

6.

c.

C lean th e p l a n t e r w ith la c q u e r t h i n n e r .

d.

L acquer th e p l a n t e r a l l o v e r .

e.

W aterproo f th e in s i d e o f th e p l a n t e r .

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

C.

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n B ick 111-119;

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Hobbs 249-250.

Try th e s e su g g e ste d id e a s f o r

d e s ig n in g and making a w a ll p l a n t e r . 1.

Make a p l a n t e r o u t o f p la n is h e d copper o r p e w te r.

2.

Use the same id e a b u t make a p l a n t e r t h a t i s b ig g e r .

12 3* D.

D esign and make your own p l a n t e r .

EVALUATION:

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your w a ll

p la n te r. 1.

RATING SCALE:

R ate your w a ll p l a n t e r on th e s e ite m s .

Give z ero p o in ts f o r p o o r, 1 p o in t f o r good, and 2 p o in ts f o r e x c e l l e n t . a.

( )

A ll t r a c e s o f s o ld e r t h a t w i l l show, removed.

b.

( )

Arrow mounted i n th e m iddle o f th e p l a n t e r and w ith p ro p e r b a la n c e .

2.

c.

( )

A ll j o i n t s le a k p r o o f .

d.

( )

A ll d i r t and b u f f in g compound rem oved.

e.

( )

P la n te r b u ffe d a l l o v er to a h ig h p o l i s h .

f.

C )

P l a n t e r la c q u e re d a l l o v e r.

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to improve th e

a c cu ra c y o f e v a lu a tio n o f your w a ll p l a n t e r . a.

Use a b l u e p r i n t o f th e p r o j e c t to check th e a c c u ra c y o f c o n s tr u c tio n .

b.

Use a s c a l e , on e d g e , f o r a c c u r a te

m easurem ent.

c.

Check f o r le a k a g e i n th e j o i n t s by t e s t i n g w ith w a te r.

d.

Check th e shape o f th e arrow w ith a te m p la te .

e.

Use a sq u a re to t e s t r i g h t a n g le s .

13 CHAPTER 3 HOW TO MAKE AN ALUMINUM FLOWER BOWL A*

MOTIVATION;

Rewards you w i l l r e c e iv e i f you s u c c e s s f u lly

com plete th e f l o v e r bow l. 1.

A USEFUL PROJECT:

T his howl w i l l add g r e a t b eau ty

to your home and a handy c o n ta in e r f o r flo w e rs o r fru it. 2.

(See P ic tu r e C.)

EASIER WORK ON FUTURE PROJECTS:

Once you l e a r n th e

p ro c e s s e s used to make a bowl th en you can make many d i f f e r e n t s i z e s and shapes o f bow ls. A.

MONEY SAVING:

To buy a bowl o f t h i s type would c o s t

you s e v e r a l tim es a s much th an i f you made i t y o u r­ s e lf. B.

MOTIVATION:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s

to make th e flo w e r

bow l. 1.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t m a te r ia l f o r th e bow l.

Choose th e m e ta l a c c o rd in g to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (See Drawing 3 .)

2.

b.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e o f m e ta l w ith deep s c r a t c h e s .

c.

Be s u re

th e a l l o y and tem per i s

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

c o rre c t.

How to la y o u t and c u t th e

m eta l p r e p a r a to r y to r a i s i n g . a.

Lay o u t

th e o u ts id e d ia m e te r o f th e bowl b la n k .

b.

Cut o u t

th e m e ta l on th e l i n e .

PICTURE 0 ALUMINUM FLOWER BOWL

15

DIVIDE ED&E INTO JS E Q U A L DIVISIONS

FLUTE FRO M O U T S ID E

MOTE : S T A R T BOWL FROM A /2* D /A . . PIECE OF M ETA L

V /\ //£

X

DRAW ING 3 ALUMINUM FLOWER BOWL • S C A L E - O N E THIRD

M A T E R I A L . 064" S O

AL.

c.

B evel edges to remove b u r r s and s h a rp edges*

RAISING: a*

How to r a i s e

th e bow l.

Lay o u t c i r c l e s on th e m e ta l a s g u id e l i n e s f o r ra is in g .

b.

R a is e th e m e tal to form th e bow l.

c.

Anneal th e m e ta l.

PLANISHING:

How to d e c o ra te th e s u r f a c e o f th e

m e ta l. a.

P la n n is h th e bowl a l l o v e r .

b.

Anneal th e m etal o f th e bow l.

RAISING AND CUTTING:

How to form th e b ottom , and

l e v e l th e bow l. a.

Lay o u t th e d ia m e te r f o r th e bottom o f th e bow l.

b.

Form a s te p on th e bottom o f th e bowl as i n d i ­ c a te d i n th e d raw ing .

c.

Lay o u t th e trim l i n e on th e to p o f th e bowl to make i t l e v e l .

d.

Cut th e m e ta l on th e trim l i n e .

e.

B evel th e edges to remove b u r r s and s h a rp e d g e s.

BENDING: a.

How to bend th e edge o f th e bow l.

Bend o r f l a r e o u t th e edge o f th e bowl a s shown i n th e d raw in g .

b.

Anneal th e me t a l o f th e bow l.

LAY OUT AND CUTTING: edge o f th e b ow l.

How to la y o u t and c u t th e

a.

D iv id e th e edge o f th e bowl i n to

th e r e q u ir e d

number o f e q u al d i v i s i o n s . b.

Lay o u t f o r th e n o tc h e s .

c.

Cut o u t th e n o tc h e s .

d.

B evel th e edges o f th e n o tc h e s to remove b u r r s and sh a rp e d g e s .

8.

FLUTING: a.

How to f l u t e

Lay o u t l i n e s

th e bow l.

from th e c e n te r

o f th e bowl

to th e

n o tc h e s on th e edge. b.

F lu te th e bowl on th e s e l i n e s as shown i n th e d ra w in g .

9.

FINISHING:

How to f i n i s h th e bow l.

a.

B u ff th e o u ts id e o f th e bowl to a h ig h p o l i s h .

b.

B u ff a s much o f th e i n s i d e o f th e bowl a s can be done.

10.

c.

P o lis h th e i n s i d e o f th e bowl w ith s t e e l w ool.

d.

C lean th e bowl w ith la c q u e r t h i n n e r .

e.

W aterp ro o f th e i n s i d e o f th e bow l.

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n B ick 2 9 - 3 8 ; , Hobbs 233-235;

K ro n q u ist

5 6 -5 7 , 6 2 -6 3 , 6 8 - 6 9 , 7 ^ -7 5 , 8 6 - 8 7 , 1 0 8 - 1 9 0 , 1 2 0 - 1 2 1 , 124-125, 13^-135; C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Sm ith (A) 52. Try th e s e su g g e ste d id e a s f o r

d e s ig n in g and making a bow l. 1.

Make a bowl o u t o f d i f f e r e n t m a te r i a l such as copper

18 or b ra ss.

D.

2.

Make a sh a llo w bowl s i m i l a r to a d i s h .

3.

D esign and make your own bowl

EVALUATION:

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your flo w e r

bow l. 1.

RATING SCALE:

R ate your flo w e r bowl on th e s e ite m s .

Give z ero p o in ts f o r p o o r, 1 p o i n t f o r good, and 2 p o in ts f o r e x c e l l e n t . a.

( )

Edges p o lis h e d and f r e e from n ic k s and b u rrs.

b.

( ) B uffed a l l o v e r to a h ig h p o l i s h .

c.

( ) Bottom o f bowl f l a t .

d.

( ) F lu te d s e c ti o n s s t r a i g h t and

e. f. ( 2.

( )

ev en .

A ll d i r t and b u f f in g compound removed.

( ) I n s id e o f th e bowl p o lis h e d . ) To t a l .

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to improve

th e a c cu ra c y o f e v a lu a tio n o f your bow l. a.

Use a b l u e p r i n t o f th e p r o j e c t to check th e a c c u ra c y o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .

b.

Use a s c a l e , on

ed g e, f o r a c c u r a te m easurem ent.

c.

Check th e even ess o f h e ig h t w ith a

d.

T e s t th e bottom f o r f l a t n e s s on a s u r f a c e gauge.

e.

Check th e shape

s u r f a c e gauge.

o f th e bowl w ith a te m p la te .

19 CHAPTER k HOW TO MAKE A RECTANGULAR BRASS PLANTER A,

MOTIVATION:

Rewards you w i l l r e c e iv e i f you s u c c e s s f u lly

com plete th e r e c ta n g u la r p l a n t e r . 1.

A USEFUL PROJECT:

T his p l a n t e r w i l l d e c o ra te th e

window s i l l o r m antel o f your home. (See P ic tu r e D.) 2.

MONEY:

T his p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t i s i n g r e a t demand

and you can s e l l i t f o r many tim es th e c o s t o f th e m a te ria l. 3*

AN ATTRACTIVE GIFT:

The p l a n t e r makes an a t t r a c t i v e

g i f t f o r C h ristm as o r a b ir th d a y . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s

to make th e r e c ­

ta n g u la r p l a n t e r . 1.

SELECTION:

How to s e l e c t th e m a te r ia l f o r the

p la n te r. a.

Choose th e m etal a c c o rd in g to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (See Drawing 5*)

b. 2.

Be s u re th e a l l o y

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

and tem per

is c o rre c t.

How to la y o u t and

c u t th e

m eta l f o r th e p l a n t e r . a.

Lay o u t on th e m etal th e p ie c e f o r th e s id e s and bo tto m .

b.

Cut o u t th e bottom and s id e s p i e c e .

c.

Lay o u t th e m etal

d.

Cut o u t th e end p ie c e s .

f o r th e e n d s.

20

03

PICTURE D RECTANGULAR

brass planter

21

END

PIECE : S E E

DETAIL

A

—A 12

3W E

V IE W

VE N D PIECE DETAIL A BUND

?0*

SECTION A-A

J E C r i O M

0 -B ( L A Y O U T )

I

r DRAWING- 4RECTANGULAR B R A S S P L A N T E R SCALE

O N E t Hi ft D.

M ATERIAL

. 0 2 5 ”' & R A S S

©.

Lay o u t f o r th e base p i e c e s ,

f.

Cut o u t th e b ase p ie c e s .

BENDING:

How to bend th e m e ta l p ie c e s o f th e

p la n te r. a.

F old th e hem on th e

to p o f th e s i d e s .

b.

Bend th e bottom and s id e s p ie c e to th e

co rrec t

a n g le . c.

F old th e hem on th e to p o f th e end p i e c e s .

d.

Bend the end p ie c e s to th e c o r r e c t a n g l e s .

e.

Be s u re you check each bend on th e end

p ie c e s

to a s s u r e a good f i t . f.

Fold th e hem on th e

g.

Bend th e b a se p ie c e s to th e c o r r e c t a n g le .

SOLDERING:

base p i e c e s .

How to j o i n th e p ie c e s o f th e p l a n t e r

w ith s o l d e r . a.

S o ld e r th e ends i n th e p l a n t e r .

b.

Don*t l e t s o ld e r ru n on th e o u ts id e o f th e p la n te r.

c.

S o ld e r th e b ase p ie c e s t o g e t h e r .

d.

S o ld e r th e b a se on th e bottom o f th e p l a n t e r .

FINISHING:

How to f i n i s h your p l a n t e r .

a.

B u ff th e p l a n t e r a l l o v er to a h ig h p o l i s h .

b.

Be c a r e f u l n o t to c a tc h an edge i n th e b u f f in g wheel o r i t w i l l be thrown on th e f l o o r .

c.

C lean th e p l a n t e r w ith la c q u e r t h i n n e r .

23

6.

d.

Lacquer your p l a n t e r a l l o v e r .

e.

W aterproof th e I n s id e o f th e p l a n t e r .

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

C.

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n B ick 111-119;

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Hobbs 249-252.

Try th e s e su g g e ste d id e a s f o r

d e s ig n in g and making a p l a n t e r .

D.

1.

Make a p l a n t e r o u t o f some o th e r m e ta l.

2.

Make a l a r g e r p l a n t e r f o r b ig g e r p l a n t s .

3*

D esign and make your own t r a y .

EVALUATION: 1.

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your p l a n t e r ,

RATING SCALE: a.

)

R ate your p l a n t e r on th e s e Ite m s .

B uffed a l l o v e r to a h ig h p o l i s h .

b.

A ll tr a c e s o f s o ld e r removed.

c.

A ll s o ld e re d j o i n t s le a k p r o o f .

d.

Base o f th e p l a n t e r mounted s t r a i g h t and sq u are. A ll d i r t and b u f f in g compound removed.

e. f

.

P l a n t e r la c q u e re d a l l o v e r . I n s id e o f th e p l a n t e r p a in te d w ith w a te r­

8*

p ro o f p a i n t . ( 2.

)

T o ta l.

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to improve th e

a c c u ra c y o f e v a lu a tio n o f your p l a n t e r , a.

Use a b l u e p r i n t o f th e p r o j e c t to check th e a c c u ra c y o f c o n s tr u c tio n .

24 b.

U3 e a s c a l e , on ed g e , f o r a c c u r a te m easurem ent.

c.

T e s t f o r le a k a g e i n th e s o ld e re d j o i n t s w ith w a te r .

d.

Check r i g h t a n g le s w ith a s q u a re .

e.

Check th e f l a t n e s s o f th e bottom on a s u r f a c e p la te .

25 CHAPTER 5 HOW TO MAKE AN ALUMINUM CANDY TRAY A.

MOTIVATION:

Rewards

you

w i l l r e c e iv e i f you s u c c e s s f u lly

com plete th e candy t r a y * 1.

A USEFUL PROJECT:

With th e c o m p letio n o f t h i s t r a y

you w i l l have a tr a y to s e rv e candy and sandw iches a t home. 2.

(See P ic tu r e E .)

SATISFACTION OF YOUR OWN DESIGN:

P la c e a d e s ig n o r

i n i t i a l o f your own c h o ic e o r d e s ig n i n th e c e n te r o f th e t r a y . B.

DIRECTIONS:

F ollow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s to make th e candy

tra y . 1.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t m a te r ia l f o r th e t r a y .

Choose th e m etal a c c o rd in g to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (See Drawing 5*)

2.

b.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e o f m e ta l w ith deep s c r a t c h e s .

c.

Be s u r e th e a l l o y and tem per a r e c o r r e c t .

ETCHING: a.

How to e tc h a d e s ig n i n th e t r a y .

P o lis h th e t r a y where th e e tc h e d d e s ig n w i l l be w ith s t e e l wool to remove o x id e .

b.

Lay o u t i n c e n te r o f th e t r a y a c i r c l e

to be o u t­

s id e edge o f th e e tc h e d d e s ig n . c.

S e le c t a d e s ig n and t r a n s f e r i t th e t r a y .

to th e c e n te r o f

PICTURE E ALUMINUM CANDY TRAY

*

27

D M D E E D G E U JT J 16 EQUAL D IV I S IO N S

R A I S E EACH DIVISIOH ^ F R O M T O P S ID E

GUIDE L I N E FLUFE

60

p l a n is h

all

over

ETCH DESIGN I N H IS A R E A

7

DRAWING 5 A L U M IN U M SCALE — O N E THIRD

CANDY TR A Y M A T E R IA L

.064-" S O

AL.

d.

P a in t in the d e s ig n on th e m e tal w ith a c id r e ­ s is ta n t p a in t.

e.

E tc h th e d e s ig n i n th e t r a y .

f.

Remove th e p a i n t from th e t r a y .

PLANISHING: a.

How to d e c o r a te th e s u r f a c e o f th e m e ta l.

P la n is h from th e o u ts id e edge o f th e e tc h e d d e s ig n .

b.

Anneal th e t r a y .

c.

S tr a ig h te n th e tr a y so t h a t i t i s

SINKING:

fla t.

How to s in k th e t r a y .

a.

Lay o u t th e o u ts id e d ia m e te r o f th e t r a y .

b.

Cut o u t th e t r a y on t h i s l i n e .

c.

Bevel th e edges o f th e tr a y to remove b u r r s and sh a rp e d g e s .

d.

Lay o u t g u id e l i n e s f o r s in k in g .

e.

Sink th e t r a y .

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

How to la y o u t and c u t th e

tra y . a.

D iv id e th e o u ts id e edge o f th e t r a y in to

th e

r e q u ir e d number o f e q u al d i v i s i o n s . b.

Lay o u t th e r a d iu s l i n e s from c e n te r o f t r a y to th e d i v i s i o n s on th e o u ts id e ed g e.

c.

Lay o u t f o r th e n o tc h e s i n th e edge o f th e t r a y .

d.

Cut o u t th e n o tc h e s .

e.

B evel th e edges o f th e n o tc h e s to remove b u r r s

29 and sh a rp e d g e s . 6.

FLUTING AND RAISING:

How to shape th e o u ts id e b o r ­

d e r o f the t r a y . a.

F l u t e th e tr a y a s shown i n th e d raw in g .

b.

R a is e each d iv id e d s e c t i o n s l i g h t l y as shown i n th e draw ing .

c. 7*

S tr a ig h te n t r a y so i t i s even and f l a t .

FINISHING:

How to f i n i s h th e t r a y .

a.

B u ff th e f r o n t o f th e t r a y to a h ig h l u s t e r .

b.

Don*t d e s tr o y th e e tc h e d d e s ig n by o v e rd o in g th e b u f f in g .

8.

c.

P o lis h th e back o f th e tr a y w ith s t e e l w ool.

d.

C lean th e tr a y w ith la c q u e r t h in n e r .

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

Read th e s e books f o r more in fo rm a tio n BIck 127-128;

Hobbs 193”195;

K ro n q u ist

6 2 - 6 3 , 7 0 -7 1 , 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 , 1 0 6 - 1 0 7 , 148-149, 114-115;

Los A ngeles 119; C. ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Smith (A) 52-53* Try th e s e su g g e ste d id e a s f o r

d e s ig n in g and making a t r a y .

D.

1.

Change th e d e s ig n fo r th e c e n te r o f a t r a y .

2.

Make a tr a y from a d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l .

3.

D esign and make your own t r a y .

EVALUATION:

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your candy

tra y . 1.

RATING SCALE:

R ate your t r a y on th e s e ite m s .

Give

z ero p o in ts f o r p o o r, 1 p o in t f o r good, and 2 p o in ts f o r e x c e lle n t* a.

( )

A ll edges b u ffe d and f r e e from b u r r s .

b*

( )

Sunken p o r t i o n o f t r a y even i n d e p th and shape *

c.

( )

Bottom o f th e tr a y f l a t *

d*

( )

B uffed a l l o v er to a h ig h p o l i s h .

e.

( )

A ll d i r t and b u f f in g compound removed*

(

)

T o ta l.

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to improve the

a c c u ra c y o f e v a lu a tio n o f your t r a y . a.

Use a b l u e p r i n t o f th e p r o j e c t to check the a c cu ra c y o f c o n s t r u c ti o n .

b.

Use a s c a l e , on e d g e, f o r a c c u r a te m easurem ent.

c.

T e s t th e f l a t n e s s o f th e bottom w ith a s u r fa c e g a u g e«

d.

Check th e d e p th and shape o f s in k in g w ith a tem pla te

31 CHAPTER 6 HOW TO MAKE A COASTER SET A*

MOTIVATION:

Rewards you w i l l r e c e iv e i f you s u c c e s s f u l l y

com plete th e c o a s te r s e t . 1.

A USEFUL PROJECT:

With t h i s c o a s te r s e t you can

p r e v e n t rin g e d f u r n i t u r e r e s u l t i n g from wet g la s s e s s e t down on i t * 2.

(See Drawing F .)

SATISFACTION OF YOUR OWN DESIGN:

P la c e a d e s ig n o r

i n i t i a l o f your own c h o ic e o r d e s ig n I n th e c e n te r o f th e c o a s t e r s . 3.

EASIER WORK ON FUTURE PROJECTS:

You w i l l l e a r n e t c h ­

in g which w i l l he u s e f u l l a t e r in p u t t i n g i n t r i c a t e and b e a u t i f u l d e sig n s In l a r g e t r a y s . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s to make th e c o a s te r

s e t. 1.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t m a te r ia l f o r th e t r a y .

Choose th e m e tal a c c o rd in g to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (See Drawing 6 .)

2.

b.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e o f m eta l w ith deep s c r a t c h e s .

c.

Be s u re the a l l o y and tem per i s

ETCHING: a.

c o rre c t.

How to e tc h th e d e s ig n i n th e c o a s t e r .

P o lis h th e m e ta l where th e e tc h e d d e s ig n w i l l be w ith s t e e l wool to remove th e o x id e .

b.

Lay o u t on th e m e tal a c i r c l e edge o f th e e tc h e d d e s ig n .

to be th e o u ts id e

32

PICTURE F COASTER SET

33 'P L A N ISH

ALL

OVER

BEND

OH D O T T E D

LINE

ETCH D E S I G N I N T H I S

AREA%

? \ S l m^ ^jj s e e

R ivers-^ 3

P

D ETAIL A

PLANISH

i-

3"

& IrfL(5, 8 5 ; Sm ith (A) 125-128.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e su g g e ste d id e a s f o r

d e s ig n in g and making a c o a s t e r s e t .

D.

1.

Make a s e t w ith your own d e s ig n i n th e c e n t e r .

2.

Make a c o a s te r s e t o u t o f d i f f e r e n t m e ta l.

3.

D esign and make your own c o a s te r s e t .

EVALUATION:

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your c o a s te r

s e t. 1.

RATING SCALE: a.

( ) A ll edges b u ffe d and f r e e from b u r r s .

b.

( ) C o a ste rs f l a t and ev en .

c.

( ) The s e t h o ld e r s i t s

d.

( ) B uffed a l l o v e r to a h ig h p o l i s h .

e.

( ) R iv e ts t i g h t and w e ll form ed.

f.

( ) A ll d i r t and b u f f in g compound removed.

( 2.

R a te your c o a s te r s e t on th e s e ite m s .

)

f l a t on i t s

fe e t.

T o ta l.

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to improve th e

a c cu ra c y o f e v a lu a tio n o f your c o a s te r s e t . a.

Use a b l u e p r i n t o f th e p r o j e c t to check th e a c cu ra c y o f c o n s tr u c tio n .

b.

Use a s c a l e , on ed g e, f o r a c c u r a te m easurem ent.

T e s t f l a t n e s s o f bottom w ith a s u r f a c e p l a t e T e s t th e ev en ess o f h e ig h t o f c o a s te r s w ith s u r f a c e gauge* Check th e c o a s te r shape w ith a te m p la te .

38 CHAPTER 7 HOW TO MAKE AN INDIVIDUAL SERVING TRAY A.

MOTIVATION:

Rewards you w i l l r e c e iv e I f you s u c c e s s ­

f u l l y com plete th e s e r v in g t r a y . 1.

A USEFUL PROJECT:

You can u se t h i s

tr a y e i t h e r f o r

a sm a ll s e r v in g tr a y o r w ith s e v e r a l o f them u se one each to s e rv e your g u e s ts w ith a g la s s and c o o k ie s . (See P ic tu r e G.) 2.

SATISFACTION OF YOUR OWN DESIGN:

P la c e a d e s ig n o r

i n i t i a l o f your c h o ic e o r d e s ig n i n th e c e n te r o f th e t r a y • 3.

EASIER WORK ON FUTURE PROJECTS:

T his tr a y g iv e s you

e x p e rie n c e i n bending and r i v e t i n g which a r e n e c e s ­ s a ry to make many o th e r p r o j e c t s o f u se and b e a u ty . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s

to make th e s e r v in g

tra y . 1.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t m a te r ia l f o r th e t r a y .

Choose th e m e ta l a c c o rd in g to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (See Drawing 7 .)

b.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e o f m e ta l w ith deep s c r a t c h e s .

c.

Be s u re th e a l l o y and tem per o f th e m eta l i s c o rre c t.

2.

ETCHING: a.

How to e tc h a d e s ig n i n th e t r a y .

P o lis h th e tr a y where th e e tc h e d d e s ig n w i l l be w ith s t e e l wool to remove th e o x id e .

39

PICTURE G INDIVIDUAL SERVING TRAY

40

t rCH D E S i& N IN TH IS A R E A

M I L L THREE £ HOLES

R.M. AL.. RIVETS

P L A N IS H A L L OVER

S E E D ETAIL A

\ [L_

-Jl

\

DETAIL A / HANDLE LAY O U T / .0 4 0 " COPPER /

\ \

^

i

\

SE C T IO N A - A |*a— 2.u

------

5*

/ *

— -'■J f1 -------- -

DRAWING 7 INDIVIDUAL SERVING TRAY S C A L £ — H A LF S IZ E

M A T E R IA L .

.0 6 0 “ S O

AL.

t1 pJL

J

b.

Lay o u t i n th e t r a y a c i r c l e

to be th e o u ts id e o f

th e t r a y . c.

S e le c t a d e s ig n and t r a n s f e r i t

to th e c e n te r o f

th e t r a y . d.

P a in t i n th e d e s ig n on th e m etal w ith a c id r e ­ s is ta n t p a in t.

e.

E tc h th e d e s ig n i n th e t r a y .

f.

Remove th e p a i n t from th e t r a y .

PLANISHING: a.

How to d e c o r a te th e m eta l o f your t r a y .

P la n is h from the o u ts id e edge

o f th e e tc h e d d e ­

s ig n to th e edge o f th e t r a y . b.

Anneal th e t r a y .

c.

P la n is h th e m e ta l f o r th e h a n d le s a l l o v e r .

d.

Anneal th e h a n d le s .

e.

C lean th e h a n d le s i n a p ic k le s o l u t i o n .

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

How to la y o u t and c u t th e tr a y

and h a n d le s to s i z e . a.

Square th e t r a y to th e o v e r a l l s i z e g iv e n i n th e d ra w in g .

b.

Lay o u t f o r n o tc h e s i n each c o r n e r.

c.

Cut o u t th e n o tc h e s .

d.

B evel edges to remove b u r r s and s h a rp e d g e s.

e.

Lay o u t o v e r a l l s i z e o f each h a n d le .

f .

Cut o u t th e h a n d le s .

BENDING:

How to bend th e t r a y and h a n d le s .

k2

a.

Bend up th e s id e s o f th e t r a y to th e a n g le shown i n th e d raw in g .

b. 6.

Bend th e h a n d le s to shape shown i n d raw in g .

RIVETING: a.

How to j o in th e h a n d le s to th e t r a y .

Lay o u t f o r th e h o le s to be d r i l l e d

in th e

h a n d le s . b.

D r i l l th e h o le s i n th e h a n d le s .

c.

Lay o u t f o r th e c e n te r h o le in each end

o f th e

tra y . d.

D r i l l th e c e n te r h o le la y e d o u t .

e.

R iv e t th e h a n d le s to th e tr a y th ro u g h c e n te r h o le s .

f.

L ine d r i l l th e o th e r h o l e s , u s in g th e h o le s in th e h a n d le a s a g u id e .

g. 7.

R iv e t th e re m a in in g h o l e s .

FINISHING: a.

How to f i n i s h your t r a y .

B u ff th e f r o n t and s id e s o f th e tr a y and th e h a n d le s to a h ig h p o l i s h .

b.

P o lis h th e back o f th e t r a y w ith s t e e l w ool.

c.

C lean th e t r a y and h a n d le s w ith la c q u e r t h in n e r .

d. 8.

L acquer th e h a n d le s .

REFERENCES: and id e a s : 158-159;

C.

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n Hobbs 193“ 195;

K ro n q u is t 95“9 6 , 122-123,

Smith (A) 51*

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e su g g e ste d id e a s f o r

43 d e s ig n in g and making a s e r v in g t r a y . 1*

Make a s e t o f th e s e tr a y s w ith your own d e s ig n e tc h e d in th e m id d le .

D.

2.

Make th e t r a y o r h a n d le s o u t o f some d i f f e r e n t m e ta l.

3.

D esign and make your own in d iv id u a l s e r v in g t r a y .

EVALUATION;

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your s e r v in g

tra y . 1.

RATING SCALE:

R ate your s e r v in g t r a y on th e s e ite m s .

Give zero p o in ts f o r p o o r, 1 p o in t f o r good, and 2 p o in ts f o r e x c e l l e n t . a.

( ) A ll edges b u ffe d and f r e e from b u r r s .

b.

( ) Bottom o f th e tr a y f l a t .

c.

( ) B uffed a l l o v e r to a h ig h p o l i s h .

d.

( ) R iv e ts o f h a n d le s t i g h t .

e.

( ) A ll d i r t and b u f f in g compound removed.

f.

( ) H andles la c q u e re d a l l o v e r.

( 2.

)

To t a l .

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to improve th e

a c c u ra c y o f e v a lu a tio n o f your s e r v in g t r a y . a.

Use a b l u e p r i n t o f th e p r o j e c t to check a c c u ra c y o f c o n s tr u c tio n .

b.

Use a s c a l e , on e d g e , f o r a c c u r a te m easurem ent.

c.

Check r i g h t a n g le s w ith a s q u a re .

d.

T e s t f l a t n e s s o f bottom on a s u r f a c e p l a t e .

e.

Check shape o f h a n d le s w ith a te m p la te .

44 CHAPTER 8 HOW TO MAKE AN ALUMINUM PICTURE FRAME A#

MOTIVATION:

Rewards you w i l l r e c e iv e i f you s u c c e s s f u lly

com plete th e p i c t u r e fra m e * 1.

A USEFUL PROJECT:

Mount your b e s t g i r l ’s p i c t u r e in

t h i s fram e o r g iv e i t

to h e r w ith your p i c t u r e i n i t *

(See P i c t u r e H .) 2.

MONEY SAVING:

Save th e money i t would c o s t you to

buy o ne. 3.

EASIER WORK ON FUTURE PROJECTS:

You w i l l l e a r n ad ­

vanced p ro c e s s e s needed to make o th e r p r o j e c t s . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s

to make th e p i c t u r e

fra m e . 1.

SELECTION:

How to s e l e c t th e m e ta l f o r th e p i c t u r e

fra m e . a.

Choose th e m e ta l a c c o rd in g to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (See Drawing 8 .)

2.

b.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e o f m e ta l w ith deep s c r a t c h e s .

c.

Be s u re th e a llo w and tem per i s

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

c o rr e c t*

How to la y o u t and c u t th e

m eta l f o r th e p i c t u r e fram e. a.

Lay o u t on th e m etal th e s i z e and shape o f th e fra m e .

b.

Lay o u t and d r i l l h o le s in th e c o rn e rs o f th e c e n te r p a r t t h a t i s

to be c u t o u t .

45

PIC T U R E H ALUMINUM PIC T U R E FRAME

46

OPEN HEM

PLACE £

X 8 'x ( 0



P L A T E G LASS

D R A W IN G 5 ALUMINUM P IC T U R E S C A L E ~ O N E THIRTY.

M A T E R IA L

FRAME .0 6 4 - " S O A L .

c.

Cut o u t th e c e n te r o f th e fram e.

d.

Cut th e o u ts id e o f th e fram e to s i z e .

ETCHING:

How to e tc h th e d e s ig n i n th e p i c t u r e

frame • a.

P o lis h th e m e ta l where th e e tc h e d d e s ig n w i l l be w ith s t e e l wool to remove th e o x id e .

b.

hay o u t on th e m e ta l th e b o rd e rs o f th e o u ts id e edge o f th e e tc h e d d e s ig n .

c.

S e l e c t th e d e s ig n and t r a n s f e r i t

to p o s i t i o n

on th e m e ta l o f th e fram e. d.

P a in t i n th e d e s ig n on th e m e ta l w ith a c id r e ­ s is ta n t p a in t.

e.

E tc h th e d e s ig n i n th e m eta l o f th e fram e.

f.

Remove th e p a i n t from th e m e ta l.

BENDING:

How to bend th e hems and bottom on th e

p i c t u r e fram e. a.

Bend th e hems on th e frame a s shown i n th e d ra w in g •

b.

Bend th e bottom s e c t i o n o f th e fram e to th e c o r r e c t a n g le as in d ic a te d i n th e d raw in g .

FINISHING:

How to f i n i s h th e m e ta l s u r f a c e s o f th e

p i c t u r e fra m e . a.

B u ff th e fram e a l l o v e r to a h ig h p o l i s h .

b.

C lean th e frame o f a l l d i r t and b u f f in g compound w ith la c q u e r t h i n n e r .

ASSEMBLY:

How to p la c e th e p i c t u r e and g la s s f r o n t

48 i n th e p i c t u r e fram e. a.

Buy a t h i n p ie c e o f g la s s s u i t a b l e f o r i n s e r t i n g i n th e fram e.

b.

Mount th e p i c t u r e on a p ie c e o f c ard b o ard and i n s e r t i n th e back o f th e g l a s s .

7.

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

C.

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo r m a tio n Hobbs 209-212.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e su g g e ste d id e a s f o r

d e s ig n in g and making a p i c t u r e fra m e .

D.

1.

Make a d oub le p i c t u r e frame f o r two p i c t u r e s .

2.

Make th e frame w ith your own e tc h e d d e s ig n .

3.

D esign and make your own p i c t u r e fram e.

EVALUATION:

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your -p ictu re

fra m e . 1.

RATING SCALE:

R ate your p i c t u r e frame on th e s e item s

Give zero p o in ts f o r p o o r, 1 p o in t f o r good, and 2 p o in ts f o r e x c e l l e n t . a.

()

A ll edges b u ffe d and

b.

()

The back o f th e fram e f l a t .

c.

()

B uffed a l l o v er to a

h ig h p o l i s h .

d.

()

A ll d i r t and b u f f in g

compound removed.

( 2.

f r e e from b u r r s .

) To t a l .

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to Improve th e

a c c u ra c y o f e v a lu a tio n o f your p i c t u r e fram e. a.

( )

Use a b l u e p r i n t o f th e

p r o j e c t to check th e

a c c u ra c y o f c o n s tr u c tio n . Use a s c a l e , on ed g e , f o r a c c u r a te measurement Check r i g h t a n g le s w ith a s q u a r e . T e s t f l a t n e s s o f fram e on a s u r f a c e p l a t e .

50 CHAPTER 9 HOW TO MAKE A COPPER LAMP PLANTER A# MOTIVATION;

Rewards you w i l l r e c e iv e i f you

s u c c e s s fu lly

com plete th e lamp p l a n t e r . 1.

A USEFUL PROJECT:

Use t h i s lamp to a d o rn your room

a t home, re a d by i t 2.

MONEY SAVING:

to o .

(See P ic tu r e I . )

Save a t l e a s t th r e e tim es th e c o s t o f

one bought i n a s t o r e . 3.

AN ATTRACTIVE GIFT:

I d e a l as a C hristm as o r b ir th d a y

p r e s e n t f o r th e p a r e n t s . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s to make

th e lamp

p la n te r. 1.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t m a t e r ia l f o r the lam p.

Choose th e m e ta l a c c o rd in g to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . (See Drawing 9*)

b. 2.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e o f m etal w ith deep

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

How to la y o u t

s c ra tc h e s .

and c u t th e m eta l

f o r th e lam p. a.

Lay o u t th e o u ts id e d ia m e te r o f the bowl and base b la n k .

b.

Cut o u t

th e bowl and th e b a s e .

c.

Lay o u t

th e le n g th to be c u t f o r

and s t e e l p ip e . d.

Cut th e tub e and p ip e to le n g th .

e.

Bevel th e ends o f th e p i p e .

th e copper tube

PIC T U R E I COPPER LAMP PLANTER

52

± ST E E L PIPE ! O j LONGTHREADED ON BOTH ends; i n s t a l b a h jo SOCKET, CORD^PLUG-

,

J- COPPER P IP E

and

sh ad e

/O" LONG-

M AK E B O W L P L A N T E R FROM S ’ D/A. PIECE

SOLDER P IP E TO BO W L

PLANISH A L L OVER

WRINKLE E D G E O F BOW L DRILL

M AKE B A S E F R O M 6 "D /A . P IE C E £ p tP E

NUT

D R I L L £ H O L E IN BOWL A N D B A S E

DRAWING 9 COPPER L A M P P L A N T E R S C A L E ~ ONE TMiRjD~MATE-RtAL

.0 4 -0 ” C O P P E R .

f.

F i l e th e ends o f th e tu b e s q u a r e , t e s t i n g

the

a n g le w ith a s q u a r e . RAISING:

How to r a i s e

th e bowl and th e b ase o f th e

lam p. a.

Lay o u t th e g u id e c i r c l e s on th e bowl and b ase b la n k .

b.

R a is e the bowl to shape shown in th e draw ing .

c.

Anneal th e bow l.

d.

Form a s te p In th e bottom

o f th e bowl a s shown

in th e d raw in g . e.

R a ise th e b a s e .

f.

Anneal th e b a s e .

g.

Form a s te p In th e b a s e .

h.

W rinkle th e edge o f th e b ase and bowl as shown* i n th e d raw in g .

PLANISHING:

How to d e c o r a te th e m etal s u r f a c e s o f

th e b ase and bow l. a.

P la n is h th e b a s e .

b.

Anneal th e b a s e .

c.

P la n is h th e bow l,

d•

Anneal the bow l.

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

How to la y

o u t and tr im

th e

bow l. a.

Lay o u t on th e bowl f o r trim m ing to make i t l e v e l and e v e n .

54 b. 6.

Cut th e bowl on th e tr im l i n e .

BENDING:

How to bend th e edges o f th e b ase and

bow l. a.

C o n tra c t th e edge o f th e bowl a s shown i n th e d raw in g .

b.

W rinkle th e edge o f th e bowl a s shown i n th e d ra w in g .

c.

Bend up th e edge o f th e base as shown i n th e d ra w in g .

7.

DRILLING:

How to d r i l l th e h o le s i n th e b ase and

bow l. a.

Lay o u t f o r th e h o le s to be d r i l l e d .

b.

D r i l l th e h o le s i n th e base and bow l.

8.

THREADING: How to th re a d the s t e e l p ip e . a.

B evel th e ends o f th e p ip e .

b.

Thread th e ends to s p e c i f i c a t i o n s i n th e d raw in g .

c.

Use a c u t t i n g o i l when c u t t i n g th e th r e a d s .

9.

SOLDERING: How to jo i n th e copper tub e to a.

Assemble th e b a s e , bow l, tub e and p ip e and screw th e lamp

b.

th e bow l.

so ck et in p la c e .

Draw th e assem bled lamp t i g h t l y

to g e th e r by

t ig h te n in g th e n u t on th e bottom a s shown i n th e d ra w in g . c. 10.

S o ld e r th e tu be to th e bowl from th e to p s i d e . FINISHING: How to f i n i s h th e lam p.

55

11.

a.

B u ff th e b a s e , bowl and tube to a h ig h p o l i s h .

b.

Clean a l l exposed p a r t s w ith la c q u e r t h in n e r .

c.

Iiacquer th e exposed c o p p e r.

d.

W aterp ro o f th e i n s i d e o f th e bowl.

REFERENCES: and i d e a s :

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n B ick 139-148;

Hobbs 230-232;

Sm ith (A)

55C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e s u g g e ste d id e a s f o r

d e s ig n in g and making a lamp p l a n t e r .

D.

1.

Make a lamp p l a n t e r o u t o f some d i f f e r e n t m e ta l.

2.

Make a lamp p l a n t e r w ith a r e c t a n g u la r p l a n t h o l d e r .

3*

D esig n and make your own lamp p l a n t e r .

EVALUATION:

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your lamp

p la n te r* 1.

RATING SCALE: a.

( ) Lamp b ase f l a t .

b.

( ) Lamp column mounted s t r a i g h t .

c.

( ) P l a n t e r bowl round and even.

d.

( ) B uffed a l l o v e r to a h ig h p o l i s h .

e.

( ) A ll d i r t and b u f f in g compound

f.

( ) L acquered a l l o v e r .

( 2.

R ate your lamp p l a n t e r on th e s e ite m s .

)

removed.

To t a l .

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to improve th e

a c c u ra c y o f e v a lu a tio n o f your lamp p l a n t e r , a.

Use a b l u e p r i n t o f th e p r o j e c t to check a c c u ra c y

o f c o n s tru c tio n . Use a s c a l e , on ed g e, f o r a c c u r a te m easurem ent. T e s t f l a t n e s s o f lamp base on a s u r f a c e p l a t e . Check h e ig h t o f p l a n t e r edge w ith a s u r f a c e gauge. Check th e shape o f th e base and bowl w ith te m p la te s

57 CHAPTER 10 HOW TO MAKE AN ALUMINUM LEAP TRAY A.

MOTIVATION:

R eyards you w i l l r e c e iv e I f you s u c c e s s f u l l y

com plete th e l e a f t r a y . 1.

A USEFUL PROJECT:

Use t h i s sm all d e c o r a tiv e t r a y to

s e rv e n ic k n ac k s a t home* 2.

(See P i c tu r e J . )

EASIER WORK ON FUTURE PROJECTS:

You w i l l l e a r n p r o ­

c e s s e s t h a t a r e used i n making advanced p r o j e c t s . B.

DIRECTIONS: 1.

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s

SELECTION: a.

to make th e l e a f t r a y .

How to s e l e c t m a te r ia l f o r th e t r a y .

Choose th e m etal a c c o rd in g to th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s * (See Drawing 1 0 .)

2.

b.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e

c*

Be s u re

o f m e ta l w ith deep s c r a tc h e s *

th e a llo y and tem per i s c o r r e c t .

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

How to la y o u t and c u t th e

h a n d le and th e t r a y . a.

Lay o u t th e shape o f th e t r a y b la n k as shown i n th e d raw in g .

3.

b.

Cut o u t th e tr a y b la n k .

c.

Lay o u t

th e le n g th o f th e h a n d le .

d.

Cut th e

h an d le to th e le n g th r e q u ir e d .

PLANISHING:

How to d e c o r a te th e m etal s u r f a c e s o f

th e t r a y . a.

P la n is h th e tr a y b la n k a l l o v e r.

b.

Anneal th e tr a y b la n k .

58

PICTURE J ALUMINUM LEAP TRAY

59

DO TTED LINE A S SHOWN / N S E C T I O N A —A

v

SECTION A -A

A—

S E E HANDLE. DETAIL A 1

A----

PLAN/SH

DRILL Z HOLES

B E N D TO APPR.OX* SHAPE

FLATTED

D E T A IL A M A T E R IA L ■ £ ' D ! A . x 7 “

JO A L .

DRAWING- 10 ALUMINUM LEAF T R A Y S C A L E -H A L F S H E

M A T E R IA L

.0 6 4 -“S O

AL

c.

S tr a ig h te n i t so t h a t i t i s f l a t .

d.

P la n is h th e h a n d le a l l o v e r .

e.

Anneal th e h a n d le .

BENDING:

How to bend th e tr a y and h a n d le to th e

d e s ir e d sh a p e . a.

Bend th e edges o f th e tr a y down o v e r a wood form .

b.

A nneal th e t r a y when n e c e s s a r y .

c.

Don*t l e t th e edges w rin k le w ith o u t s t r a i g h t e n i n g b e fo r e th e w rin k le s become p erm anent.

d.

Hammer o u t th e end o f th e h a n d le to shape shown i n th e d raw in g .

e.

Bend th e h a n d le to s h a p e •

CHASING:

How to chase th e d e c o r a tiv e l i n e s i n th e

tra y . a.

Lay o u t where th e l i n e s w i l l be c h a se d .

b.

Chase th e l i n e s i n th e t r a y .

c.

S tr a ig h te n th e t r a y so t h a t i t w i l l s i t f l a t .

RIVETING:

How to j o i n th e h a n d le to th e t r a y .

a.

Lay o u t f o r th e h o le s to be d r i l l e d

in th e h a n d le

b.

D r i l l h o le s i n th e h a n d le .

c.

Lay o u t one h o le on th e t r a y .

d.

C o u n te rsin k th e h o le i n th e back o f th e t r a y .

e.

R iv e t th e h a n d le to th e t r a y th ro u g h th e m atching h o le making th e r i v e t head form ed, f lu s h w ith th e bottom o f th e t r a y .

61 f.

L in e d r i l l th e rem ain in g h o le u s in g th e h o le i n th e h a n d le a s a g u id e .

g.

C o u n te rsin k th e h o le i n th e hack o f th e t r a y .

h.

R iv e t th ro u g h th e re m ain in g h o l e , making th e r i v e t head form ed, f l u s h w ith th e bottom o f th e tra y .

7.

8.

FINISHING:

How to f i n i s h

th e t r a y .

a.

B u ff th e tr a y and h a n d le to a h ig h p o l i s h .

b.

H ig h lig h t th e tr a y w ith f i n e s t e e l w ool.

c.

P o lis h th e back o f th e tr a y w ith s t e e l w ool.

d.

C lean th e tr a y w ith la c q u e r t h i n n e r .

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n B ick 127-128;

Hobbs 193-195;

K ro n q u ist

169.

C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e su g g e s te d id e a s f o r

d e s ig n in g and making a l e a f t r a y .

D.

1.

Make a l e a f t r a y o f l a r g e r d im e n sio n s.

2.

Make th e h a n d le o f a d i f f e r e n t m e ta l.

3.

D esign and make a l e a f t r a y o f your own.

EVALUATION: 1.

Use th e s e methods to e v a lu a te your l e a f t r a y .

RATING SCALE:

R ate your l e a f t r a y on th e s e ite m s .

Give z ero p o in ts f o r p o o r, 1 p o i n t f o r good, and 2 p o in ts f o r e x c e l l e n t . a.

( )

A ll edges b u ffe d and f r e e from b u r r s .

b.

( )

B u ffed a l l o v e r and h i g h l ig h te d w ith s t e e l w ool.

c.

()

R iv e ts h o ld in g h a n d le t i g h t .

d.

()

Bottom o f tr a y f l a t .

e.

()

A ll d i r t and h u f f in g compound removed.

(

)

T o ta l.

PRECISION DEVICES:

Use th e s e d e v ic e s to improve th e

a c c u ra c y o f e v a lu a tio n o f your l e a f t r a y . a.

Use a b l u e p r i n t o f th e p r o j e c t to check f o r a c c u ra c y o f c o n s t r u c t i o n .

b.

Use a s c a l e , on e d g e , f o r a c c u r a te m easurem ent.

c.

T e s t f l a t n e s s o f bottom on a s u r f a c e p l a t e .

d.

Check th e shape o f th e h a n d le w ith a te m p la te .

63 CHAPTER 11 HOW TO MAKE A COPPER JEWEL BOX A.

MOTIVATION;

Rewards

y o u

w i l l r e c e iv e I f you

s u c c e s s f u lly

com plete th e jew el b o x . 1*

A USEFUL GIFT:

Your g i r l f r i e n d , w ife o r m other w i l l

lo v e t h i s a t t r a c t i v e box f o r h e r jew els t h a t adds b e a u ty to h e r v a n ity ta b le * 2.

DECORATION FOR YOUR HOME:

(See P ic tu r e K.) P u t t h i s box on d i s p l a y ,

p la c e i t on th e ta b l e o f th e f r o n t room and l i s t e n to your f r ie n d s adm ire and p r a i s e i t . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s

to make

th e jew el

box. 1.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t m a t e r i a l f o r th e box.

Choose m etal a c c o rd in g to th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . ( See Drawing 1 1 .)

2.

b.

Avoid g e t t i n g a p ie c e o f m e ta l w ith deep s c r a t c h e s .

c.

Be s u re th e temper and a l l o y i s

LAY OUT AND CUTTING:

c o rre c t.

How to la y o u t and c u t th e m etal

f o r th e box. a.

Lay o u t th e bottom o f th e box.

b.

Cut o u t th e b o tto m , sq u a rin g i t i n th e s h e a r s .

c.

Lay o u t p ie c e f o r th e s id e s a llo w in g e x tr a m a te r ia l f o r trim m ing a f t e r p la n is h in g .

d.

Cut o u t th e s id e p ie c e .

e.

Lay o u t th e p ie c e f o r th e to p , a llo w in g e x tr a

64

PIC T U R E K COPPER JEW EL BOX

65

I N I T I A L OF YOUfK CHOICE. .0 4 0 " BRASS

PLAN/SH ALL OVER

/& k

HtNQE PIN

) \ --yv ' 4P\

Bend and curve p ie c e s o f s c r a p m e ta l i n a l l

th e ways

you have l e a r n e d to d o . 2.

S e le c t a p r o je c t in th is sy lla b u s

th a t re q u ire s

bending and make i t . 3.

D esign a sim p le p r o j e c t t h a t r e q u i r e s

th e bending o f

m e ta l and make i t . D.

EVALUATION;

T e s t y o u r k n o w le d g e

o f how to

bend and

cu rv e

m e ta l.

1.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e an X i n th e c o r r e c t space f o r t r u e

or fa ls e . a.

T ( )

F ( ) You sh o u ld bend heavy rod s to c k

i n th e

bar fo ld e r. b.

( ) ( )

I t i s p e r m is s a b le to curve s h e e t m etal over a s ta k e .

c.

( )

( ) The b e s t way to make l a r g e bends i n s h e e t m e ta l i s

2.

BEST ANSWER:

i n th e b r a k e .

P la c e th e number o f the b e s t answ er i n

th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

( )

The b e s t machine to u s e f o r c u rv in g s h e e t m e ta l i s

th e :

( 3 ) S ta k e . b.

( )

( l ) B rak e.

(2) Bar f o l d e r .

(4) Forming r o l l s .

I t i s c o r r e c t to f o l d hems i n th e : fo ld e r.

(2) Forming r o l l s .

(l)

( 3 ) B rake.

Bar

(4) Squaring rolls. You should hend heavy bar stock: on Brake.

(2) Stake.

Forming rolls .

(3 ) Bar folder.

106 CHAPTER 19 HOW TO SOFTEN METAL BY ANNEALING A.

MOTIVATION:

A d v a n ta g e s

o f k n o w in g how to

so fte n

m e ta l

by a n n e a lin g .

1.

ECONOMY OF MATERIAL:

Metal may c r a c k a f t e r s u f f i c i e n t

work h a r d e n i n g , a n n e a lin g p r e v e n ts 2.

ECONOMY OF TIME:

th is.

Work h a rd en ed m e ta l I s d i f f i c u l t to

shape u n t i l a n n e a l e d . B.

DIRECTIONS: 1.

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s

ALUMINUM:

to a n n e a l m e t a l .

How to a n n e a l aluminum.

a.

Hold th e p i e c e o f aluminum w ith tongs o r

b.

Hold th e m etal o v er an open fla m e .

c.

H eat th e m e ta l t i l l

it

i s h o t enough to

p lie rs.

s c o rc h a

p i e c e o f p in e wood. d.

Be c a r e f u l I n h e a t i n g rod o r b a r aluminum as i t d i s s i p a t e s h e a t more slo w ly th a n s h e e t aluminum and may m e lt q u i t e e a s i l y .

e.

2.

C ool th e m e ta l

COPPER AND BRASS:

in

w a te r.

How to a n n e a l copper and

brass.

a.

Hold th e m e ta l w ith a p a i r o f tongs o r p l i e r s .

b.

Hold th e m e ta l o v e r an open fla m e .

c.

H eat i t

d.

Cool I n w a t e r .

e.

C lean th e m e ta l i n a n i t r i c a c i d p i c k l e

till

I t t u r n s a d u l l g re y c o l o r .

of 5 p a r ts w a te r, 1 p a r t n i t r i c a c id .

so lu tio n

3*

PEWTER:

a.

How t o

a n n e a l p e w te r.

P la c e the m e ta l I n a pan o r tu b o f w a te r t h a t has re a c h e d th e b o i l i n g p o i n t .

b.

Let i t

s ta y

in

th e

w a te r

fo r

a

few m i n u t e s .

c.

Withdraw i t from th e w a te r and cool i t

in a i r or

co ld w a te r . 4.

R EFE R EN C ES: and

102; C.

id e a s:

R ead B ic k

th e se

19-20;

books

fo r

added

K r o n q u i s t 6 -7 ;

in fo rm a tio n Los A n g e le s

L u d w i g 268.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e s u g g e s te d a ssig n m e n ts

to a i d you i n a n n e a l in g m e t a l . 1.

P l a n i s h p i e c e s o f s c r a p aluminum and copper th e n a n n e a l them.

2.

D esign a sim p le p r o j e c t t h a t r e q u i r e s a n n e a l i n g o f m e ta l and make i t .

3.

S e le c t a p r o je c t in th is sy llab u s

th a t re q u ire s an­

n e a l i n g and make i t . D.

EVALUATION: 1.

T e s t your knowledge o f how to a n n e a l m e t a l .

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e an X i n th e c o r r e c t space f o r tr u e

or f a ls e . a.

T F ( ) ( )

To a n n e a l aluminum you should h e a t to a d a rk c o l o r .

b.

( ) ( )

You should co o l aluminum and copper i n w a te r a f t e r

a n n e a lin g .

c.

( ) ( )

I t i s p e r m is s a b le to c le a n c o p p e r, a f t e r a n n e a l i n g , i n an a c i d p i c k l e s o l u t i o n .

BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e b e s t answ er i n

th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

( )

The m e ta l a n n e a le d by h e a t i n g t i l l sc o rc h a p ie c e o f p in e wood i s : (2) B r a s s .

b.

( )

(3) P e w te r.

(1) P u r p le c o l o r .

( )

Copper.

sh o u ld h e a t i t

(2) Dark g rey

(3) Red c o l o r . (4) Yellow c.

(l)

(4) Aluminum.

When a n n e a l i n g copper you a:

i t w ill

c o lo r.

c o lo r.

The m etal t h a t i s a n n e a le d by p l a c i n g i t b o i l i n g w a te r i s : (3)

Aluminum.

(l)

P e w te r.

(4) Copper.

to

in

(2) B r a s s .

109 CHAPTER 20 HOW TO RAISE METAL BY DAPPING A.

M OTIVATION:

A d v a n ta g e s

o f k n o w in g how t o

ra ise

m e ta l by

d a p p in g .

1.

A USEFUL PROCESS TO KNOW:

A handy p r o c e s s to know when

you want to make a sp h e re o r a shape f o r a p r o j e c t th a t is 2.

too sm a ll to sink*

A VARIETY OF PROJECTS FOR YOU TO DO:

Knowing t h i s

p r o c e s s you can make d i f f e r e n t d e c o r a t i v e appendages f o r p r o j e c t s such a s th e jew el box i n c h a p te r 1 1 . B.

D IR E C T I O N S :

F o llo w

th e se

d ire c tio n s

to

ra ise

m e t a l by

d a p p in g .

1.

TOOLS: a.

How to make th e dapping t o o l s .

Make th e d a p ping t o o l from a p ie c e o f t o o l s t e e l , such as d r i l l r o d , to th e shape d e s i r e d .

b.

Make

th e d app in g d i e from a cake o f l e a d .

c.

Form th e c a v i t y i n the l e a d cake w ith th e dapping to o l.

2.

DAPPING: a.

How to r a i s e m e ta l by d a p p in g .

P la c e the p ie c e o f m etal to be formed on the draw ing d i e .

b.

Form th e m e ta l to th e shape o f th e c a v i t y by d riv in g i t

3*

REFERENCES: and i d e a s :

i n w ith th e dapping t o o l .

Read th e s e books f o r added i n f o r m a ti o n Bick 3 8 ;

Los Angeles 106; Smith (B) 14-15*

110 C.

A C T IV IT Y ASSIGNMENTS:

T ry

th e se

su g g e ste d

a ss ig n m e n ts

to a i d you I n r a i s i n g m e ta l by d a p p in g . 1.

Dap a sm a ll h a l f hem isphere from a p ie c e o f s c r a p m e ta l.

2.

S e l e c t a p r o j e c t from t h i s s y l l a b u s t h a t r e q u i r e s dap pin g and make i t .

3.

D esign a sm a ll p r o j e c t t h a t r e q u i r e s dapping and make it.

D.

EVALUATION:

T e s t your knowledge o f how to r a i s e m e ta l by

d a p p in g . 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e an X i n th e c o r r e c t space f o r t r u e

or f a ls e . a.

T F ( ) ( )

You sh o uld u se a dapp ing d i e and t o o l when r a i s i n g sm a ll p ie c e s o f m e t a l.

b.

( ) ( )

The c a v i t y i n th e d i e sh o u ld be made w ith a d r i l l ,

c-

( ) ( )

The b e s t m a t e r i a l to make th e d i e o u t of is lead .

2.

BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e b e s t answ er i n

th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

( )

Make th e c a v i t y i n th e d i e w ith a : Hammer.

(2) F i l e .

Dapping t o o l . b.

( )

Form th e

(3) Dapping d i e .

(l) (k)

(5 ) D rill.

m a t e r i a l to be r a i s e d by p l a c i n g

i t on th e :

( l ) Dapping d i e .

(2) Bench.

I ll

( 3 ) Dapping tool.

c.

( )

(4) Stake.

The best material to make a dapping tool out of is: (4) B r a s s .

(l) Wood.

(2 ) Lead.

(3) Steel.

112 CHAPTER 21 HOW TO DECORATE METAL BY PLANISHING A,

MOTIVATION: 1.

A dvantages o f knowing how to p l a n i s h m e ta l*

YOUR PROJECT WILL LOOK BETTER:

This p ro c e ss w i l l

e n r ic h th e s u r f a c e s o f th e m e ta l, making your p r o j e c t more a t t r a c t i v e . 2.

VARIETY OP PROJECTS FOR YOU TO DO:

Almost a l l a r t

m e ta l p r o j e c t s u se th e p la n is h in g p ro c e ss to d e c o r a te m e ta l so i f you know how you can make many d i f f e r e n t p ro je c ts . B.

DIRECTIONS: 1.

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s

FLAT SURFACES: a.

to -plan ish m e ta l.

How to p la n is h f l a t m etal s u r f a c e s .

P la c e th e m e ta l to he p la n is h e d on a sm ooth, s te a d y m etal s u r f a c e such as a s ta k e o r a n v i l .

b.

Use a smooth f a c e d , s l i g h t l y

convex hammer.

c.

S t r i k e th e m etal w ith th e smooth f a c e o f th e hammer.

d.

S t r i k e w ith th e same f o r c e and rhythm .

e.

H it In th e c e n te r o f th e hammer.

f.

Avoid h i t t i n g i n th e same p la c e tw ic e .

g.

Make th e marks round i n sh a p e .

h.

Anneal th e m e ta l and s t r a i g h t e n i t a f t e r p l a n i s h ­ in g .

2.

CURVED SURFACES: a.

How to p l a n i s h curved m e ta l s u r f a c e s

P la c e m etal on a rounded dome s t a k e .

b.

Make s u re th e p a r t you w i l l s t r i k e w ith th e hammer i s a g a i n s t th e s t a k e .

3.

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

C.

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n Aluminum (A) 14;

152;

K ro n q u ist 16-17;

269;

Sm ith (B) 23.

A C T IV IT Y ASSIGNM ENTS: to

a id

you in

T ry

p la n ish in g

B ick 6 3 - 6 8 ;

Los A ngeles 102;

th e se

su g g e ste d

Hobbs 151Ludwig 2 6 7 -

a ssig n m e n ts

m e ta l.

1.

P la n is h p ie c e s o f s c ra p m e ta l.

2.

S e le c t a p r o j e c t from th e s y lla b u s t h a t r e q u ir e s p la n is h in g and make i t .

3.

Draw on a p ie c e o f p a p e r how p l a n is h in g marks shou ld lo o k .

D.

EVALUATION:

T e s t y o u r k n o w le d g e o f how to

d e c o ra te

m e ta l

by p l a n i s h i n g .

1.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e an X i n th e c o r r e c t sp ace f o r tr u e

or fa ls e . a.

T F ( ) ( )

I t i s b e s t to u se a sm ooth, f l a t ,

s te a d y

s u r f a c e to p la n is h o n . b.

( ) ( )

I t i s p e rm is s a b le to make th e p la n is h marks d i f f e r e n t i n shape and s i z e .

c.

( ) ( )

You sh o u ld a n n e a l m e ta l a f t e r p la n is h in g it.

2.

BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e b e s t answ er in

th e p a r e n t h e s i s •

114 a.

( ) P la n is h m e ta l w ith a : m er.

B a ll p e in ham­

(2) S i l v e r s m i t h ’s hammer.

f a c e hammer. b.

(l)

( 3 ) Smooth

(4) M a lle t.

( ) P la n is h curv ed s u r f a c e s on a : (2) F l a t s t a k e .

(1) A n v il.

( 3 ) S u rfa c e p l a t e .

(4)

Round dome s t a k e . c.

( ) You sh o u ld a n n e a l m e ta l a f t e r p la n is h in g b ecau se i t i s :

(l)

(3 ) Work h a rd e n e d .

S o ft.

(2) D is c o lo r e d .

(4) Crooked.

115 CHAPTER 22 HOW TO ETCH A DESIGN IN METAL A,

MOTIVATION:

A dvantages o f knowing how to e tc h d e sig n s I n

m e ta l. 1.

A GOOD JOB ON YOUR PROJECT:

Knowing how to e tc h a

d e s ig n p r o p e r ly w i l l make your p r o j e c t a t t r a c t i v e and w orth th e tim e and e f f o r t t h a t went i n to i t . 2.

MANY DESIGNS AVAILABLE FOR YOU TO USE:

You can p u t

any d e s ig n in th e m e ta l t h a t you w ish , i f you can e tc h . 3.

ECONOMY OF TIME AND MATERIAL:

E tc h in g c o r r e c t l y w i l l

g iv e you a good joh which means a sa v in g o f tim e and m a te ria l. B. DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s when e tc h in g a d e s ig n

i n me t a l . 1.

LAY OUT:

How to la y o u t and t r a n s f e r th e d e s ig n to

th e m e ta l. a.

Remove th e o x id e from th e m e ta l t h a t i s

to be

e tc h e d w ith s t e e l w ool. b.

Draw th e d e s ig n on a p ie c e o f t r a c i n g p a p e r.

c.

P la c e th e p a p e r i n p o s i t i o n on th e m e ta l.

d.

S l i p a p ie c e o f carbon p a p e r betw een d e s ig n and th e m e ta l.

e.

A tta c h th e d e s ig n to th e m e ta l w ith s c o tc h ta p e .

f.

Draw o v er th e d e s ig n h e a v ily w ith a s h a rp p e n c i l .

PAINTING:

How to p a i n t i n a d e s ig n on m e ta l to "be

e tc h e d . a.

P re p a re th e b la c k a sp h a ltu m a c id r e s i s t a n t p a i n t to be used by th in n in g i t w ith t u r p e n tin e so t h a t i t w i l l flow e a s i l y .

b.

P a in t i n th e d e s ig n w ith b la c k asp h a ltu m u s in g a sm all c a m e l1s h a i r b r u s h .

c.

Use l o t s o f p a i n t and flow i t o u t o v e r th e l i n e s l e f t by th e carb on p a p e r so t h a t th e l i n e s a r e c o v e red .

d.

R e p a ir ru n s and smudges by w iping them o u t w ith a r a g , d ry in g th e t a r , and p o li s h in g th e p la c e s w ith s t e e l wool and th e n r e p a i n t i n g .

e.

P a in t th e m e ta l a l l o v e r from th e d e s ig n edge o u t to th e edge o f th e m e ta l and th e n th e b a c k s id e .

f.

Dry th e p a i n t by h e a tin g th e m e ta l o v e r a flam e .

g.

Don’ t p u t th e m e tal in to th e f i r e o r i t may c a tc h on f i r e .

h.

P a tc h any weak s p o ts o r h o le s in th e p a i n t w ith m elted p a r a f f i n .

ETCHING: a.

How to e tc h a d e s ig n in to

th e m e ta l.

E tc h aluminum w ith a s o l u t i o n o f h a l f h y d ro c h lo r ic a c i d , h a l f w a te r.

b.

E tc h copper w ith a s o l u t i o n o f h a l f n i t r i c a c i d ,

h a l f w a te r. e.

Mix th e s o l u t i o n by a d d in g th e a c id to th e w a te r , n o t w a te r to a c i d .

d.

Wash your s k in w ith w a te r i f a c id g e ts on i t .

e.

P la c e th e m etal i n an a c id ta n k i f a v a i l a b l e , w ith a b o u t an in c h deep a c id s o l u t i o n .

f.

I f an a c id ta n k i s n o t a v a i l a b l e , b u i ld a w a ll o u t o f p a r a f f i n b lo c k s around th e d e s ig n and pour th e a c id s o l u t i o n in to

g.

th e c o n ta in e r .

Don*t a llo w th e e tc h in g s o l u t i o n to g e t too h o t o r i t w i l l m e lt th e t a r s p o i l i n g th e e t c h .

h.

Remove th e m e tal and wash w ith c o ld w ater i f m etal g e ts

i.

th e

too h o t .

Check th e p ro g re s s o f th e e tc h by ru n n in g your f i n g e r o v er th e d e s ig n ; when a sh a rp edge can be f e l t i t i s deep enough.

j.

Remove th e t r a y from th e s o l u t i o n i f

th e e tc h i s

com pleted and wash i n c o ld w a te r . k.

H eat th e m e ta l to s o f t e n th e b la c k asp h a ltu m .

1.

Wipe th e b la c k asp h a ltu m o f f w ith k ero se n e and a rsg •

REFERENCES: and id e a s : 48 -49;

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n B ick 6 2-6 3;

Hobbs 153”154;

Eos A ngeles 97~98;

K ro n q u ist

Sm ith (B) 40 -4 1 .

118 C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e su g g e ste d a ssig n m e n ts to

aid you In etching a design in metal. 1.

E tc h a sim p le d e s ig n i n a p ie c e o f s c ra p m e ta l.

2.

S e le c t a p r o j e c t from t h i s s y lla b u s t h a t r e q u ir e s e tc h in g and make i t .

3.

D esign a sim p le p r o j e c t w ith an e tc h e d d e s ig n and make i t .

D.

EVALUATION: in

1.

T e s t y o u r k n o w le d g e o f how to

e tc h

a d e sip c n

m e ta l.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e an X i n the c o r r e c t space f o r tr u e

or fa ls e . T

a.

(

F

) ( ) I t i s b e s t to u se b la c k a sp h altu m as an a c id r e s i s t a n t p a i n t .

b.

(

) ( ) You sh o u ld e tc h m e ta l w ith an e x tre m ely h o t , a c id s o l u t i o n .

c.

(

) ( ) The c o r r e c t a c id used i n e tc h in g copper i s h y d r o c h lo r ic a c i d .

2.

BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e b e s t answ er in

th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

( )

Remove a sp h altu m from m e ta l w ith : L a c q u e r. t h i n n e r .

(2) K ero sen e.

(l) ( 3 ) W ater.

(4) A cid. b.

( )

P atch weak s p o ts in th e p a i n t w ith :

Paraffin.

(2)

Bees wax.

Potassium sulphide.

(3) Paint.

(l)

(4 )

Etch aluminum with: Sulphuric acid.

(1) Nitric acid.

(3) Hydrochloric acid.

Potassium sulphide.

120 CHAPTER 23 HOW TO MAKE LINES IN METAL BY CHASING A.

MOTIVATION:

A dvantages o f knowing how to chase l i n e s

in

m e ta l * 1.

A VALUABLE PROCESS:

A t t r a c t i v e l i n e s and d e s ig n s

can be p la c e d i n m e ta l u s in g t h i s p r o c e s s . 2.

A VARIETY OF PROJECTS FOR YOU TO DO:

You can make

th e l e a f tr a y o r th e jew el box i n c h a p te rs 10 and 11 i f you know how to c h a s e . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s when c h a sin g l i n e s

i n m e ta l. 1.

SELECTION:

How to s e l e c t th e to o ls and equipm ent f o r

c h a s in g . a.

Use a

c h a s in g hammer to h i t th e c h a sin g t o o l .

b.

Choose a c h a sin g to o l f o r th e job to be done.

c.

Make your own to o ls from d r i l l rod i f no c h a sin g t o o ls a r e a v a i l a b l e .

d.

Chase

a s t r a i g h t l i n e w ith a s t r a i g h t c h a sin g

to o l. e. 2.

Chase a curved l i n e w ith a curved c h a sin g t o o l .

LAY OUT:

How to la y o u t g u id e l i n e s f o r c h a sin g

l i n e s i n m e t a l• a.

Lay o u t f i r s t I n p e n c i l , on th e m e ta l, th e l i n e s to be c h a se d , as shown i n th e draw ing o f th e p ro je c t.

121 b.

S c rib e t h i s g u id e l i n e i n th e m e ta l a f t e r making su re th e p e n c i l l i n e s a r e c o r r e c t .



CHASING: a.

How to chase a l i n e i n m e ta l.

Clamp th e m e ta l to be chased to a s o l i d , f l a t su rfa c e .

b.

P la c e th e c h a sin g t o o l on th e g u id e l i n e and t i l t i t s l i g h t l y away from you.

c.

S tr i k e th e c h a s in g to o l r a p i d l y w ith th e c h a sin g hammer and slo w ly draw th e to o l tow ard y o u r s e l f .

d.

Chase th e l i n e

till

i t i s a d e q u a te ly deep and

s tra ig h t. e.

S tr a ig h te n th e m e ta l so t h a t i t i s

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

fla t.

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n B ick 57“6 l ;

K ro n q u is t 3 8 -^ 7 ;

Los A ngeles

107-108; Ludwig 269-270; Sm ith (B) 11-13 • C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e se s u g g e ste d a ssig n m e n ts to

a i d you i n c h a s in g l i n e s i n m e ta l. 1.

Chase l i n e s i n a p ie c e o f s c ra p m e ta l.

2.

S e l e c t a p r o j e c t from t h i s s y lla b u s t h a t r e q u ir e s c h a sin g and make i t .

3.

D.

D esign a sim p le p r o j e c t w ith chased l i n e s and make i t .

EVALUATION:

T e s t your knowledge o f how to chase l i n e s i n

m e ta l. 1.

TRUE-FALSE: or fa ls e .

P la c e an X i n th e c o r r e c t sp ace f o r t r u e

T a.

F

( ) ( )

I t i s b e s t to s c r i b e th e g u id e l i n e s

fo r

c h a sin g in th e m e ta l. b.

() ( )

You sh o u ld make

c h a sin g to o ls o u t o f m ild

s te e l• c.

() ( )

You sh o u ld t i l t

th e c h a sin g t o o l s l i g h t l y

when c h a sin g a l i n e . BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e c o r r e c t answ er

i n th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

( )

I t i s b e s t to s t r i k e th e hammer: H e a v ily .

b.

()

the c h a sin g to o l w ith

(1) R a p id ly .

When c h a s in g , th e to o l sh o u ld be moved: (2 )

(3) Toward y o u r s e l f . ()

(3)

(4) L i g h t l y .

Away from y o u r s e l f .

c.

(2) S low ly .

Make a c h a sin g to o l (2) B r a s s .

(l)

In e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n .

(4) Back and f o r t h . out o f:

( 3 ) L ead.

(1) M ild s t e e l .

(4) D r i l l ro d .

123 CHAPTER 24 HOW TO FLUTE A METAL BOWL OR TRAY A.

MOTIVATION: 1.

A dvantages o f knowing how to f l u t e m e ta l.

A VARIETY OF PROJECTS FOR YOU TO DO:

Many p r o j e c t s

in v o lv e th e u se o f t h i s p ro c e s s and m a ste ry o f i t q u a l i f i e s you to make them. 2.

DECORATIVE EFFECT FOR YOUR PROJECT:

Your p r o j e c t

can he made more a t t r a c t i v e w ith th e u se o f t h i s p r o ­ c e ss o f f l u t i n g . B.

DIRECTIONS: 1.

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s when f l u t i n g m e ta l.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t to o ls f o r f l u t i n g .

Make a wood form w ith th e shape o f th e f l u t i n g groove and th e co n to u r o f th e job b e in g f l u t e d .

b.

Make a f l u t i n g t o o l o u t o f a p ie c e o f s t e e l , p o lis h i t s

c. 2.

Use a m a lle t to h i t th e f l u t i n g

FLUTING: a.

end and round i t s l i g h t l y . to o l.

How to f l u t e m e ta l.

Lay o u t i n p e n c i l g u id e l i n e s on th e m e ta l as shown i n th e draw ing o f th e p r o j e c t .

b.

Clamp th e wool form i n a v i s e .

c.

P la c e th e m e ta l i n p o s i t i o n on th e wood form .

d.

P la c e th e f l u t i n g to o l on the g uid e l i n e s .

e.

S t r i k e th e f l u t i n g

to o l w ith a m a ll e t and d r iv e

th e m e ta l down I n to th e wood form .

124 f.

Move th e f l u t i n g to o l back and f o r t h f l u t i n g

th e

m e ta l as r e q u ir e d . 3.

REFERENCES: and id e a s : 270;

C.

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n B ick 33~3^;

Los A ngeles 108;

Ludwig

Sm ith (B) 24.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e su g g e ste d assig n m e n ts

to a i d you i n f l u t i n g bowls and t r a y s . 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e an X i n th e c o r r e c t space f o r tr u e

or fa ls e . a.

T ( )

F ( ) You

sh o u ld make th e f l u t i n g to o l o u t o f

wood. b.

( )

( ) It

i s b e s t to draw g u id e l i n e s f o r f l u t ­

in g w ith a p e n c i l . c.

( )

( ) F or

b e s t r e s u l t s u se a m a lle t to h i t th e

f lu tin g to o l. 2.

BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e b e s t answ er in

th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

(

) The

e a s i e s t and b e s t m a t e r i a l to make

f l u t i n g form o u t o f i s : Wood. b.

(

) The

( )Lay

(4)

(2)

P la s te r o f p a r is .

f l u t i n g t o o l sh o u ld be made from :

S te e l. c.

( 3 ) L ead.

(1) S t e e l .

out

(2) Wood.

( 3 ) L ead.

( 3 ) T em plate.

(1)

(4) Aluminum.

th e f l u t i n g form u s in g a :

(2) P i c t u r e .

a

(1) S c a le .

(4) S q u are.

125 CHAPTER 25 HOW TO DRILL HOLES IN METAL A.

MOTIVATION:

A dvantages o f

knowing how to d r i l l h o le s In

m e ta l. 1.

A VARIETY OP PROJECTS FOR YOU TO DO:

To r i v e t you

m ust know how to d r i l l and many p r o j e c t s have r i v e t e d

2.

h a n d le s t h a t a r e w orth

making by you#

ECONOMY OF MATERIALS:

Knowing

how to d r i l l a s s u r e s

you o f a good job and no w asted m a te r ia l# B#

DIRECTIONS:

F ollow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s when d r i l l i n g h o le s

i n m e ta l . 1.

LAY OUT: a.

How to la y o u t f o r th e h o le s to be d r i l l e d .

Lay o u t th e c e n te r o f where th e h o le I s to b e , by draw ing c e n te r l i n e s as shown in th e draw ing o f th e p r o j e c t .

b.

Punch a mark where th e l i n e s i n t e r s e c t , w ith a c e n te r punch.

2.

SELECTION: a.

How to s e l e c t th e c o r r e c t s i z e d r i l l .

F ind th e s i z e d r i l l

to be used by c h eck in g th e

s i z e o f th e h o le in d i c a te d on th e draw ing o f th e p ro je c t. b.

T e s t th e s i z e o f th e d r i l l you have p ic k e d by in s e rtin g i t

c.

i n a d r i l l gauge and ch eck in g i t .

Mount th e d r i l l i n a 3 jaw chuck o f a hand d r i l l , e l e c t r i c hand d r i l l , o r d r i l l p r e s s t h a t i s most

126 c o n v e n ie n t to u s e . 3.

DRILLING: a.

How to d r i l l a h o le i n m e ta l.

Clamp th e work to be d r i l l e d i n a d r i l l v is e o r i f a l a r g e p ie c e and th e h o le d r i l l e d i s s m a ll, h o ld i n your h an d .

b.

Make s u re th e d r i l l s t a r t s

in to

th e c e n te r punch

m ark. c.

Check to be s u re th e d r i l l d o e s n ft wander away from th e c e n te r o f h o le w h ile d r i l l i n g .

d.

F i l e o r c u t th e b u r r o u t o f th e o th e r s id e o f th e h o le a f t e r th e d r i l l b re a k s th ro u g h .

e.

Don*t u se l u b r i c a n t o r c o o la n t on s o f t m e ta ls when d r i l l i n g .

4.

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n Berg 3 9 -^ 7 ;

Ludwig 163-190; C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

B ick 69;

Drago 6 5 - 6 7 ;

T u s tis o n 5 ^ -6 1 . Try th e s e s u g g e s te d assig n m en ts

to a id you i n d r i l l i n g h o le s i n m e ta l. 1.

Lay o u t and d r i l l h o le s in p ie c e s o f s c ra p m e ta l.

2.

S e l e c t a p r o j e c t i n t h i s s y lla b u s t h a t r e q u ir e s d r i l l i n g and make i t .

3.

D esign a sim p le p r o j e c t w ith h o le s

to be d r i l l e d and

make i t . D.

EVALUATION: i n m e ta l.

T e s t your knowledge o f how to d r i l l h o le s

TRUE-FALSE:

P lac e an X i n th e c o r r e c t space f o r tr u e

o r f a ls e * a.

T ()

F ( )

You sh o u ld make a mark f o r th e d r i l l to s t a r t i n , w ith a s c r a t c h aw l.

b. ( )

( )

I t is

c o r r e c t to mount a d r i l l i n a 3

jaw chuck. c.

()

( )

I t is

c o r r e c t to u se l u b r i c a t i n g o i l

when d r i l l i n g s o f t m e ta l. BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e b e s t answ er i n

th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

( )

The b e s t way to check th e s i z e o f a d r i l l i s w ith a : g aug e.

b.

()

(4) ()

(2) C a lip e r .

(3) D r i l l ,

(4) W ire g au g e.

Mark th e c e n te r o f th e h o le w ith a : P e n c il.

c.

(1) S c a le .

(2) S c r a tc h a w l.

(1)

(3) D r i l l g au g e.

C e n te r punch.

Remove th e b u r r from a d r i l l e d h o le w ith a : (1)

D r i l l chuck.

punch.

(4) K n if e .

(2) F i l e .

(3) C e n te r

128 CHAPTER 26 HOW TO JOIN METAL WITH RIVETS A.

MOTIVATION:

A dvantages o f knowing how to r i v e t m e ta ls

to g e th e r* 1.

PROJECTS WITH HANDLES:

You can make th e p r o j e c t s

t h a t r e q u i r e r i v e t i n g i f you know t h i s p r o c e s s . 2.

CONVENIENCE OF JOINING METALS:

R iv e tin g i s an easy

way to j o i n m e ta ls t o g e th e r and you w i l l need to know it B.

to do many o f th e a r t m e tal p r o j e c t s I n t h i s manual

DIRECTIONS: 1.

F ollo w th e s e d i r e c t i o n s when r i v e t i n g .

LAY OUT AND DRILLING:

How to la y o u t and d r i l l f o r

th e r i v e t s . a.

Lay o u t where th e h o le s f o r th e r i v e t s a r e to he d rille d .

b.

Don’ t la y o u t more th a n one h o le on one o f th e p ie c e s to be r i v e t e d , i f more th a n one r i v e t i s to be u s e d .

c.

D r i l l th e h o le s to th e d ia m e te r s i z e o f th e r i v e t as shown i n th e draw ings o f th e p r o j e c t .

d.

R iv e t th e p r o j e c t th ro u g h one h o l e .

e.

D r i l l th e o th e r h o le s i n th e one p ie c e u s in g th e h o le s i n th e m e ta l b e in g r i v e t e d a s g u id e s .

2.

RIVETING: a.

How to r i v e t m e ta l p ie c e s

to g e th e r.

S e l e c t th e c o r r e c t s i z e r i v e t w ith th e c o r r e c t shape r i v e t h e a d .

129 b.

I n s e r t th e r i v e t i n th e h o l e .

e.

Cut o f f th e r i v e t shank i f n e c e s s a ry to b r in g i t s le n g th p r o tr u d in g down to a p p ro x im a te ly 2 tim es th e d ia m e te r o f th e r i v e t .

d.

Make s u re p ie c e s o f m e ta l b e in g r i v e t e d a r e

tig h t

to g e th e r. e.

Back up th e head o f th e r i v e t w ith a bucking b a r o r o th e r s u i t a b l e b a c k in g .

f .

Form th e head o f th e r i v e t w ith a b a l l p e in

ham­

mer u s in g th e b a l l p e in en d . 3*

REFERENCES: and id e a s : 7 O-7 I ;

233; C.

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n Aluminum (A) 5“34;

Hobbs 121-126;

Berg 112-114;

Los A ngeles 107;

B ick

Ludwig 231-

T u s tis o n 6 2 -6 6 .

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e s u g g e s te d assig n m e n ts

to a i d you i n r i v e t i n g m e ta ls t o g e t h e r . 1.

R iv e t p ie c e s o f s c ra p to g e th e r w ith r i v e t s .

2.

S e l e c t a p r o j e c t i n t h i s s y lla b u s t h a t r e q u ir e s r i v e t i n g and make i t .

3.

D esign a sim p le p r o j e c t t h a t r e q u i r e s r i v e t i n g and make i t .

D.

EVALUATION:

T e s t your knowledge o f how to r i v e t m e ta ls

to g e th e r. 1.

TRUE-FALSE: or fa ls e .

P la c e a n X in th e c o r r e c t space f o r tru e

T a.

(

P )( )

I t i s b e s t to d r i l l a l l h o le s a t once where s e v e r a l have to be d r i l l e d f o r riv e tin g .

b.

(

)( )

You sh o u ld u se a b a l l p e in hammer to form th e head o f th e r i v e t .

c.

(

)( )

The r i v e t allo w an ce f o r th e head to be formed i s 3 tim es th e d ia m e te r o f th e riv e t.

BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e b e s t answ er in

th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

( )

Bach up th e head o f th e r i v e t when r i v e t i n g w ith a : (3) V is e .

b.

( )

(1) B a ll p e in hammer. (4) Bucking b a r .

The r i v e t head allo w an ce f o r th e to be formed i s : o f th e r i v e t . (3)

(2) M a lle t.

r i v e t head

(1) 2 tim es th e d ia m e te r

(2) The le n g th o f th e r i v e t .

Shape o f th e r i v e t .

(4) D iam eter o f th e

h o le • c.

( )

The b e s t way to form th e head o f a r i v e t i s w ith a : m er.

( l ) M a lle t.

(2) Smooth fa c e d ham­

(3) Bumping hammer.

hammer.

(4) B a ll p e in

131 CHAPTER 27 HOW TO JOIN METAL WITH SOLDER A.

MOTIVATION:

A dvantages o f knowing how to s o ld e r m e ta ls

to g e th e r* 1.

A VARIETY OF PROJECTS FOR YOU TO MAKE:

Many p r o j e c t s

r e q u i r e s o ld e r in g m e ta ls to g e th e r and in o r d e r to do i t you w i l l have to know how. 2.

INVISIBLE JOINTS ON YOUR PROJECTS:

You can make

j o i n t s i n m e ta l t h a t do n o t show by s o ld e r in g th e m e ta l t o g e t h e r . 3*

B.

ECONOMY OF TIME: C o r r e c t s o ld e r in g sav es tim e and t e f f o r t i n f i n i s h i n g th e p r o j e c t .

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s when s o ld e r in g

m e ta ls t o g e t h e r . 1.

SOFT SOLDERING:

How to j o i n copper and b ra s s t o g e t h e r ,

w ith s o f t s o l d e r . a.

H eat th e s o ld e r in g copper i n th e s o ld e r in g fu rn a c e •

b.

C lean th e s o ld e r in g copper and t i n i t .

c.

P la c e f lu x on th e m e ta l where i t

is

to be

s o ld e r e d . d.

P la c e p ie c e s o f s o f t s o l d e r on th e m e ta l.

e.

M elt th e s o ld e r on to th e j o i n t w ith th e s o l d e r ­ in g c o p p e r.

132 2.

SWEAT SOLDERING:

How to j o i n copper and b r a s s

to ­

g e th e r w ith s o f t s o l d e r by sw eat s o l d e r i n g . a.

P la c e f lu x on th e p ie c e s o f m e tal to be s o ld e r e d .

b.

P la c e p ie c e o f s o l d e r on each p ie c e o f m e ta l to be s o ld e re d t o g e t h e r .

c.

M elt s o ld e r on each p ie c e w ith a s o ld e r in g c o p p e r.

d.

Wipe m olten s o ld e r o f f w ith s t e e l w ool.

e.

P la c e p ie c e s o f m e ta l to g e th e r and s o ld e r w ith h e a t from an open flam e t i l l jo in s

3.

th e s o ld e r m e lts and

th e m e ta l t o g e t h e r .

HARD SOLDERING:

How to j o i n copper to g e th e r w ith

h a rd s o l d e r . a.

F i t th e j o i n t to be s o ld e re d c a r e f u l l y so t h a t a l l p a r t s o f th e j o i n t to u c h .

b.

P ut h a rd s o ld e r f l u x on th e j o i n t .

c.

P la c e sm a ll p ie c e s o f h a rd s o ld e r on th e j o i n t .

d.

H eat th e j o i n t w ith a w eld in g to r c h flam e t i l l th e s o ld e r m e lts and ru n s in to

e. 4.

Cool th e work i n w a te r .

REFERENCES: and id e a s :

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo r m a tio n Berg 122-126;

K ro n q u is t 2 2 -2 3 , 2 6 -3 3 ; 275-279; C.

th e j o i n t .

B ick 7 1 - 8 5 ;

Drago 2 9-32 ;

Los A ngeles 104-106;

Ludwig

Sm ith (B) 33-39*

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

Try th e s e s u g g e ste d a ssig n m e n ts

to a i d you i n s o ld e r in g m e ta ls t o g e t h e r .

133 1#

S o ld e r to g e th e r p ie c e s o f s c ra p m e ta l,

2.

S e l e c t a p r o j e c t i n t h i s s y lla b u s t h a t r e q u ir e s s o ld e r in g and make i t .

3.

D esign a sim p le p r o j e c t t h a t h as s o ld e r in g and make it.

D.

EVALUATION:

T e s t your knowledge o f how to s o ld e r m e ta ls

to g e th e r • 1.

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e an X in th e c o r r e c t sp ace f o r tr u e

or fa ls e . a.

T F ( ) ( )

You sh o u ld u se a s o ld e r in g copper to m e lt s o f t s o l d e r .

b.

( ) ( )

B efo re u s in g th e copper you sh o u ld t i n

e.

( ) ( )

I t is

it

c o r r e c t to m e lt h a rd s o ld e r w ith

a s o ld e r in g c o p p e r. 2.

BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e c o r r e c t answ er

in th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

( ) B e fo re sw eat s o ld e r in g two p ie c e s o f m e ta l to g e th e r you m ust: C lean them.

b.

(1) P o lis h them.

( 3 ) T in them.

( ) M elt h a rd s o ld e r w ith a : (2) S o ld e rin g c o p p e r. fla m e .

c.

(4) H eat them.

(1) W elding

to rc h .

( 3 ) S o ld e rin g f u r n a c e ,

(4) Blow p ip e fla m e .

( ) To make th e s o ld e r s t i c k (1) F lu x . s o ld e r.

(2)

(2) T in .

to th e m etal u s e :

( 3 ) H e a t.

(4) Sweat

134 CHAPTER 28 HOW TO FINISH METAL SURFACES A# MOTIVATION:A dvantages o f knowing how to

f i n i s h m etal

su rfa c es. 1.

2.

A GOOD LOOKING PROJECT: You

can p ro p e r ly

p r o j e c t so t h a t I t w i l l lo o k

i t s b e s t.

f i n i s h your

NO TARNISH ON YOUR PROJECT:A com pleted p r o j e c t

can

be f in is h e d to p re v e n t d i s c o l o r a t i o n by o x id a tio n . B.

DIRECTIONS:

Follow th e s e d i r e c t i o n s when f i n i s h i n g m etal

su rfa c es. 1.

BUFFING:

How to p o l i s h m e ta l by b u f f in g .

a.

Use

a c l o t h b u f f in g wheel on a b u f f in g m o to r.

b.

Use

b u f f in g compound on th e wheel a s a p o lis h in g

a g e n t, u s in g e i t h e r a f i n e o r c o a rse g rad e depend­ in g on th e f i n i s h d e s i r e d . c.

P re s s th e work to be b u ffe d on th e bottom h a l f o f th e r e v o lv in g c lo th w h eel.

d.

Don*t c a tc h an edge o f th e work in th e wheel o r i t may be thrown on th e f l o o r .

e. 2.

B u ff t i l l

STEEL WOOL:

th e s a t i s f a c t o r y p o l i s h i s h a d . How to f i n i s h m e ta ls w ith s t e e l w ool.

a.

B u ff o u t a l l n ic k s and s c r a tc h e s on th e w ork.

b.

P o lis h th e work w ith a f i n e g rad e o f s t e e l w ool, h i g h l i g h t i n g th e s u r f a c e o f th e m etal i f i t has been p la n is h e d .

LIVER OF SULPHUR:

How to c o lo r copper w ith l i v e r o f

s u lp h u r (P o ta ssiu m s u l p h i d e ) . a.

P o lis h th e copper w ith a f i n e g rad e o f s t e e l w ool.

b.

Don*t to u ch th e copper w ith your h a n d s.

c.

D isso lv e a sm a ll amount o f l i v e r o f s u lp h u r i n a h a l f g a llo n o f w a te r.

d.

Dip th e copper in t o th e s o l u t i o n t i l l

th e d e s ir e d

c o lo r show s. e.

F lu s h th e copper w ith w a te r .

d.

Dry th e m e ta l o v e r an open fla m e .

e.

L acquer th e c o p p e r.

HEATING:

How to c o lo r copper w ith h e a t .

a.

P o lis h th e copper w ith s t e e l w ool.

b.

Donf t to u ch th e copper w ith your h a n d s.

c.

Hold th e copper w ith tongs o r p l i e r s o v e r a flam e and h e a t .

d.

H eat e v e n ly a l l o v e r t i l l

th e f i r s t s e t o f c o lo r s

i s p a s t and th e s i l v e r y o r d u l l g rey i s re a c h e d . e.

C ontinue h e a tin g t i l l

f.

L acquer th e c o p p e r.

LACQUERING:

th e d e s ir e d c o lo r i s re a c h e d .

How to p re s e rv e th e b r i g h t o r c o lo re d

f i n i s h o f m e ta l. a.

Warm th e work to be la c q u e re d s l i g h t l y .

b.

P re p a re a f r e e flo w in g amount o f c l e a r la c q u e r , th in n in g i t w ith la c q u e r th in n e r i f n e c e s s a r y .

c. 6.

7.

B rush o r s p ra y th e la c q u e r on th e work.

WATERFROOFING:

How to w a te rp ro o f a bowl o r p l a n t e r .

a.

P a in t th e in s id e o f bowls w ith a m arine la c q u e r .

b.

P a in t th e in s i d e o f p l a n t e r s w ith b la c k asp h a ltu m

REFERENCES: and id e a s : 139-161;

Read th e s e books f o r added in fo rm a tio n Aluminum (A) 1 -4 5 ;

K ro n q u is t 190-193;

Ludwig 337-343; C.

ACTIVITY ASSIGNMENTS:

B ick 9 0 -9 7 ;

Hobbs

Los A ngeles 109-111;

Sm ith (A) 3 8 - 3 9 , 4 7 -4 9 . Try th e s e su g g e ste d

assig n m en ts

to a id you i n f i n i s h i n g m e ta l s u r f a c e s . 1.

Take s e v e r a l p ie c e s o f s c ra p m e ta l and g iv e them an a p p r o p r ia te f i n i s h .

2.

S e l e c t a p r o j e c t i n t h i s s y lla b u s t h a t r e q u ir e s f i n i s h i n g th e m e ta l s u r f a c e s and make i t .

3*

D esign a sim p le p r o j e c t t h a t r e q u i r e s m eta l f i n i s h ­ in g and make i t .

D.

EVALUATION: 1.

T e s t y our knowledge o f how to

TRUE-FALSE:

P la c e an X i n th e c o r r e c t

f i n i s h m e ta ls . space f o r tr u e

or fa ls e . a.

T F ( ) ( ) You sh o u ld p o l i s h copper w ith s t e e l

wool

b e fo re c o lo r in g . b.

( ) ( ) I t is

c o r r e c t to b u f f on th e to p o f

th e

b u f f in g w heel. c.

( ) ( ) To p re s e rv e a f i n i s h from o x id iz in g sh o u ld h e a t c o lo r i t .

you

BEST ANSWER:

P la c e th e number o f th e c o r r e c t answ er

i n th e p a r e n t h e s i s . a.

()

W aterp ro o f th e in s id e o f a bowl w ith : L acq u er.

(2) A sphaltum .

( 3 ) H e a t.

(l) (4)

F lu x . b.

()

To c o lo r c o p p e r, d ip i t i n a s o l u t i o n o f w a te r an d : s u lp h u r .

c.

()

(1) P o ta ssiu m . ( 3 ) S u lp h id e .

(2) L iv e r o f

(4) F lu x .

The p a r t o f th e wheel you sh o u ld u se to b u f f on i s

th e :

(1) B ottom .

(2) Back.

(4) S id e .

UNIVERSITY OP SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

( 3 ) Top.

138

BIBLIOGRAPHY

139 REFERENCES 1.

Aluminum Company o f A m erica, F in is h e s f o r Aluminum. P i t t s b u r g h , P a .:

Aluminum Company o f A m erica, 1936.

C ite d as Aluminum ( A) . 2.

Aluminum Company o f A m erica, R iv e tin g Aluminum.

P itts ­

b u rg h , P a .:

C ite d

Aluminum Company o f A m erica, 1937*

as Aluminum ( B ) . 3.

B e rg , Deward, and B r i s t o l Wing, E s s e n t i a l s o f M e ta Iv o rk in g . P e r o r i a , 1 1 1 .:

Manual A rts P r e s s , 193^ •

B Ic k , A. F . , A r t i s t i c M etalw ork.

New York:

The Bruce

P u b lis h in g Company, 19^0. 5.

DRAGO, Q. W., and Howard 0 . R eed, G en eral Shoo M etalw ork. Boom ington, 1 1 1 .:

McKnight and M cKnight, P u b lis h e r s ,

1947. 6.

Hobbs, Douglas B ., Aluminum.

M ilwaukee:

The Bruce Pub­

l i s h i n g Company, 1938* 7*

K ro n q u is t, Emis F . , A rt M etalw ork.

New York:

McGraw-

H i l l Book Company, I n c . 19^2. 8.

Los A ngeles C ity School D i s t r i c t , G en eral M etal Handbook. Los A ng eles:

Los A ngeles C ity School D i s t r i c t .

C ite d as Los A n g e le s.

No d a t e .

140 9.

Ludwig, Oswald A ., M etalwork Technology and P r a c t i c e . B loom ington, IL L .:

McKnight and McKnight, P u b lis h e r s .

1943. 10.

S m ith, R o b e rt E . , U n its i n S h e e t M etal Work. K ansas:

W ic h ita ,

McCormick-Mathers P u b lis h in g Company, 1939*

C ite d a s Smith ( A) • 11.

S m ith , R o b e rt E . , U n its i n E tc h in g . S p in n in g . R a is in g and T o o lin g M e ta l.

B loom ington, 1 1 1 .:

P u b lis h e r s , 1939* 1 2.

McKnight and McKnight,

C ite d as Sm ith (B) .

T u s tis o n , F . E . , and Ray F . K ran zu sch , M etalwork E ssen­ tia ls .

New York:

The Bruce P u b lis h in g Company, 1936.