नेपाली - नेवा:भाषा शब्दावली 9789937255974

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नेपाली - नेवा:भाषा शब्दावली
 9789937255974

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g]kfnL – g]jfMefiff zAbfjnL

Rjld

afns[i0f xnjfO{

x]dGt – a]h'gf lkygf g]=;+= !!## -lj=;+= @)^(_

lksfs – x]dGt–a]h'gf lkygf av'+axfM, on -nlntk'/_

;k"mof xfdf – Rjld Gxfkf+v'l; lkygf d" – !))÷– ISBN : 978-9937-2-55974

yfs" 86\; lk|lG6Ë xfp; lkG5]+, on . kmf]g M %%@$$() E-mail : [email protected]

Nepali - Nepalbhasha Sabdabali A comprehensive Word Book of Nepali and Nepalbhasha By Balkrishna Halwai, Dharan

:j= df+ Gx'5]dfof

:j= ltl/ nIdLb]jL

;dk{0f Gxo\bF So+ano\ ca" db'Dx ofsM sfo\ lhtM df+ ca"of lgu'ln+ s' Sjlagf dfof ddtf+ t'tL r'Osf lbODx lhld ddtfdoL k/dk"Ho :j= df+ Gx'If]dfofof r/0f sdno\ j Yj ;km" Rjo]t dbo]w'+sfg+ s't\s'to\ofDx, Go]o\u' j;Gt hLjg ofqfof ;+u|fdof ;xof]4f :g]xdoL snfM :j= nIdLb]jLof d'no\ ;dk{0f

-s_

;dk{0f ;ft jif{ k'Ubf lktfljxLg PSnf] 5f]/f] dnfO{ afa' cfdf b'a}sf] ef/ af]sL dfof ddtfn] x'sf{O{ v'§f 6]sfpg] d]/L ddtfdoL k/dk"Ho :j= d'dfHo" Gx'If]dfofsf] r/0f sdndf / of] k':ts n]Vg d/0ff]k/fGt klg s'ts'Tofpg] krf; jif{ hLjg ofqfsf] ;+u|fddf ;xof]4f :g]xdoL d]/L kTgL :j= nIdLb]jLsf] sfvdf ;dk{0f

-u_

NEPAL BHASHA ACADEMY

@ g+= j8f, Gofdfl;df, lsk" -sLlt{k'/_

dGt'gf æg]jfM emL, g]jfM x] h'OÆ Yj vM emL;+ YjsfjofRjgfu' ;M . cn] Yj x] ;Mof lnw+;f dfnfj+ jg]ano\ emL;+ yMlkGt æg]jfMÆ h'Ot cyjf æg]jfMÆ wfo]s]t yMlklgu' df+efiff (Mother Language) Dx;Ls] dfMu' h'n, ;o]s]dfMu' h'n . 5fo\wfM;flg yMlklgu' hftLo k'Vof}{nL df+efiff Dxd;LsfM, Nxfo]d;n wfM;f emL;+ emLu' lglDt+ tMw+u' cGofo ofo]u' h'O . df+efiff x] dGt ls, df+efiff w}u' x] Djfnls emLlk+ oSsf] ;DkGg h'n wfM;f+ df+efiffof cefjo\ yMlklgu' Dx;Lsf (Identity) x] db'lk+, xfMgfMx] db'lk+ y]+ h'ofRjg]dfnL . y'hf]u' x] lnw+;fo\ k"jf{~rn sf]zL c~rnof ef]hk'/ -xfn w/fg_ lgjf;L df+efiffof 5Dx cgGo ;]js h'ofbLDx df+efiff k|]dL b"/bzL{Dx efh' afns[i0f xnjfOh'+ df+efiff dNxfOlk+, d;Mlk+ g]jfM aGw'hglklgu' nfuL g]kfnL efiffof dfWod+ g]jfM efiff ;o]s]u' æg]kfnL – g]jfMefiff zAbfjnLÆ ;k"m Rjoflbn . jf:tjo\ y'u' ;k"m df+efiffof dfWod+ g+ g]kfnL efiff ;o]s]t pln x] dxTjk"0f{ h"u' b' . efiff zf:qof b[li6sf]0f+ hf y'u' ;k"mof yMu' x] ljz]iftf vg]bofRj+u' h'n . pls+ y'u' ;k"m ;sn Ajldlklgu' nfuL g+ plQs+ x] k7gLo j ;+u|x0fLo h"u' b' . y'hf]u' clts+ pkof]uLl;4 h"u' ;k"m RjofbLDx efh' afns[i0f xnjfOh'oft oSj oSj ;'efo\ .

g]=;+= !!## Gx"bF

– ;Todf]xg hf]zL rfG;n/

-ª_

lksfMkfv]+ @)!) ;fnkfv]+ k"jf{~rn sf]zL c~rn r}gk'/ lgjf;L df+efiffof 5Dx cgGo ;]js j k|]dLh"Dx n]kml6g]G6 efh' nf]sdfg >]i7h'+ RjofbLu' g]kfnL efiffof dfWod+ g]jfM efiff ;o]s]u' æg]kfn efiffof TjfyMÆ gf+u' ;k"m lkbg] w'+s"u' vM . y'u' ;k'mlt+ g]kfn efiffof Vono\ 5u" Gx"u' hfu/0f xofAo"u' h'n . cfM y'lsofu' x] qmdo\ df+efiffof 5Dx cgGo ;]js tyf k|]dLh"Dx efh' afns[i0f xnjfO{ -sf]zL c~rn w/fg lgjf;L_ h'+ RjofbLu' y'u' æg]kfnL – g]jfMefiff zAbfjnLÆ ;k"m g+ lhld;+ lksfo] vg . y'sL Rjldof yMu' x] 7]6 zAb j pRrf/0fof ljz]iftf b'YofgfRj+u' b', cy] x] Jofs/0fof lgod g+ . pls+ y'sL k|rlnt Jofs/0fof lgodsy+ ug+ ug+ 5'+ lje]b vg]bof Rjg]k'm . t/, :jlgun+ lkg] jgfRj+lk+ g]jfM aGw'hglkG;+ ;+/If0f ofgfM k|rngo\ xoftMu' g]kfn efiffof zAbfjnL emLu' d+sfMu' df}lns eflifs ;Dkbf vM . pls+ Rjld efh'ofu' RjGXofMu' s'tM k|z+;gLo h"u' b' .

-r_

lhu' vF lh+ Yj g]kfnL – g]jfMefiff zAbfjnL ;km" Rjo]u' Hof @)^$ ;fnof >L k~rdLof ;fOto\ lhld snf do\h' :j= nIdL b]jL xnjfOoftM :jf:Yof]krf/of nflu+ w/fg gu/o\ Rj+u' BPKIHS c:ktfno\ tof lh s'?jf RjgfRjgfu' Ono\ GXofsfu' h'n . g]kfn efiffof vFUjM ;o\s] dfl:t jMlklg lglt+ yhfu' zAbfjnL ;km"of vfFrf] lh æemLu' ;dfhÆ w/fgof Gxo\bF ts gfoMof sfo{sfno\ Uj;fUjofu' æg]kfn efiff k|lzIf0f tflndÆ tofjno\ lhtM jfMrfMu' h'n . :jlguMlkg] g]kfM b]oo\ f yLyL lhNnf gu/, uf+, j al:tO RjgfRj+lk+ g]jfM ;d'bfog+ yLyL x'lg+ afWotfjz yMu' df+efo\ Nxfo]u' Ajg]u' Tjtfo+sl' n+ k|foM NjMd+s] w's + u" ' b' . #)÷$) bF Rjo\ Yo+lk pKjn+ g]jfMt;]+ g]kfn efiff+ NxfMu' vF y' cno\ aR5L afkf g]kfnL vFUjM NjfsM 5\ofgfM yMyMu' 5]Fo\ b'g] j ylylt gfk+ vFNxfaNxf ofM, d]u' yf;o\Rj+lk+ g]jfM j yu'x] 5Ø]F b'g] Rj+lk #)÷$) bF Sjo\ oflk+ NXofDxt j drfvfrft gfk+ g]kfn efiff+ vF Nxfo]u' TofSso\ TjMt] w'+s"u' b' . yy] Sjygf jg wfM;f sf7df08", kf6g, eStk'/ :jlguMlkg] g]kfn efiff NxfOlk+ hf 5v] x] to]g' y'Osf sfOlk+ ts+ n'Os] yfs'O . t/ ;do w]r'n] w'+s'u' b' . !)$ bF of /f0ffzf;g sfn lnkf @))& ;fn+ lg;]+ km's hfto\ Ajn+u' hftLo k'ghf{u/0fof b'g] :jlgun+ lkg]Rj+lk+ g]jfMt g+ yMu' Dx;Lsf GXoyg]u' Hofo\ b'g] nfMu' b' . Yjx] k'rno\ b'g] nfMDx lh k"jL{ g]kfn ef]hk'/ lhNnfof lrlsrfw+u' uf+ 6S;f/of 5Dx ufdf] h'ofM g+ efiff y]+ hfMu' b'Uo+u' Vono\ Rj;f GXofsfu' h'n . b\j+u' oSj bo]km' jx] b\jk+ lnkfof nflu+ nFh'jf h'ofM lhtM vMu' nFo\ GXoflsO w}u' en;f sfofu' h'n . yhfMu' zAb ;Fu|x jf zAbfjnL ;km" u'ln lkb+u' b' cfkfnfs+ ;km'ltO g]kfnefiff -g]jfM vFUjM_ Gxfkfnfs tof tMu' b' . g]jfM efo\x] dy"lk+t j l;s+ g]kfnL vFUjM Gxfkf+ tofM jofu' g]jfM efiffof ?kfGt/of vFUjM lnkf to]ano\ cem ck'Os j ofsg g]jfM v+UjM n'Os] kmOnfls w}u' lhu' ;f]r kfo\l5 vM÷dv" Sj -5_

l5g]u' efnf Aj+ldlk+t nMNxfgfu' b' . cfkfn+ 5\onf–anfo\ 5\on] dfMu' v+UjM NoofM NoofM g]kfnL v+UjMoftM g]jfM ?kfGt/0f ofgfu' b' . eMrf v+UjMof w's" ;km'lt+ cfkfl;tM Hof rno\ ofo]tM hs;f+ Hofnuo\ h'ofM Ao";f lhtM yDx+ tMw+u' k'?iffy{ ofgfu' efkfM h"jlgu' h'n . lnkto\ Yj lhu' s'tMoft lkyg]u' efnf sof xf};nf laoflbODx cltsg+ xg]jxMDx ;+:s[ltljb\ efiff/Tg j g]jfM ;d'bfoof w'; F Lyf+ g]kfnefiff cfsfb]ldof rfG;n/ efh' ;Todf]xg hf]zLh'oftM s[t1tf b]5fgfu' h'n . Yj ;k"m lkyg]u' Hof ofgf yMu' df+ efo\ k|lt df]x SogfbLlk+ æx]dGt–a]hg' fÆ Tok"of dËn sfdgf ofgf . Yj v+UjM ;+ux| ;km"oftM sDKo"6/ yf;fo\ yfofJo"lk+ sfo\rf efh' e/ts'df/ tfd|sf/ j ;'ldt >]i7oft b'g'un+lg;]+ ;'efo\ b]5fgfu' h'n . ;'efo\ . g]=;+= !!##

– afns[i0f xnjfO{

-h_

d]/f] s'/f d}n] of] g]kfnL – g]jfMefiff zAbfjnL k':ts n]Vg] sfd @)^$ ;fnsf] >Lk~rdLsf] d'x"t{df d]/L kTgL nIdLb]jLnfO{ :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu w/fg gu/sf] BPKIHS c:ktfndf s'?jf a;]sf] a]nf z'ef/De u/]sf] lyPF . g]kfnefiff hfGg rfxg]x?sf nflu o:tf zAbfjnL k':tssf] vfFrf] d æemLu' ;dfhÆ w/fgsf] ;ftjif{ ;Dd cWoIf sfndf ;~rfng u/]sf] æg]kfnefiff k|lzIf0f tflndÆ sf] a]nf dxz"; ePsf] xf] . pkTosfaflx/ /fHosf] ljleGg gu/, ufpF / j:tLdf a;]sf g]jf/ ;d'bfon] ljleGg sf/0fjz cfˆgf] dft[efiff af]Ng, k9\g 5f8]sfn] k|foM lal;{ ;s]sf 5g\ . !)$ jif{sf] /f0ffzf;g sfn kl5 @))& ;fnb]lv ;a} hft–hflt ;d'bfodf cfPsf] hftLo k'ghf{u/0fleq pkTosfaflx/sf g]jf/x? klg cfˆgf] klxrfg k|bz{g ug]{ sfo{ leq kg{ cfpF5 . o;} ;d"x leqsf] d k"jL{ g]kfn ef]hk'/ lhNnfsf] 6S;f/ ahf/df hGd]sf] Pp6f ufpFn]n] efiff h:tf] uxg If]qdf snd rnfpg] hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5' . e"n y'k|} ePsf xf]nfg\ ToxL e"n kl5sf] nflu d]/f] ky k|bz{s eO{ ;'wfg{ ;s'Fnf eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . w]/h;f] rng rNtLdf k|of]u x'g] zAbx? 5fgL 5fgL g]kfnL zAbnfO{ g]jf/ efiffsf zAbdf ?kfGt/0f u/]sf] 5' . yf]/} zAbx?sf] e08f/n] w]/n } fO{ sfd rnfpgnfO{ dfq pkof]uL eO{ lbPdf klg dnfO{ 7"nf] k'?iffy{ u/]sf] cg'e"lt x'g]5 . d]/f] of] k|yd k|of;nfO{ k|sfzg ul/lbg] cleef/f lnO{ xf};nf lbg'x'g] clt cfb/0fLo ;+:s[ltljb\, efiff/Tg / g]jf/ ;d'bfosf ;v'jfsf vDaf?kL efh' ;Todf]xg hf]zLHo" k|lt gtd:ts eO{ s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' . clg of] k':ts k|sfzg ul/lbg] g]jf/ efiffk|lt df]x b]vfpg] o'un hf]8L æx]dGt – a]h'gfÆsf] dËn sfdgf ub{5' . cGtdf of] zAbfjnL k'l:tsfnfO{ sDKo"6/ lk|G6 ul/lbg] elthf efh' e/s'df/ tfd|fsf/ / ;'ldt >]i7nfO{ klg cfTdLo ;fw'jfb . – afns[i0f xnjfO{

- em _

ljifo ;"rL ÷ wnM NofM !_ @_ #_ $_ %_ ^_ &_ *_ (_ !)_ !!_ !@_ !#_ !$_ !%_

ljifo 3/;+u ;DalGwt zAb÷5]F j 5]Fo\ Hjn+ efG;fdf rnfOg] ;fdu|L÷e't'nL 5\onLu' Hjn+ k"hfsf ;fdu|L÷k'hfHjn+ 3/df rnfOg] ;fdu|L÷5]Fo\ 5\on]u' Hjn+ klx/g -j;M_ zf/Ll/s cj:yf -p;fFo\_ cj:yf k|fs[lts ;+1f zAbx? vfBj:t'sf] gfd÷g;fTj;f vFUjM d/d;nf÷d:nf ljljw vfg]lkpg] vfB j:t'sf] gfd ;fu ;AhL÷jfpFrf kmnk"mn÷l; ld7fO{ -g]jfM eiffdf dfq_ cnu cnu a]nfdf vfg] vfgkLgsf] gfd -yLyL Ono\ go]u' g;fTj;fof vFUjM_ !^_ gftf uf]tfsf zAb÷yMlylt !&_ c+uk|To+u÷DxAj vFUjM !*_ k+IfL÷em+uM !(_ hgfj/÷hGt' @)_ sL6 kt+u÷lsO @!_ jg:klt @@_ ?vkft -l;df_ @#_ ;+1f -gf+_÷;fdflhs zAbx? @$_ lbzf jf]ws zAbx? @%_ ;do af]ws zAbx? af/, ltly, dlxgfsf] gfd÷af, ltly, nf of gf+ @^_ af/sf] gfd÷af/of gf+

kfgf ! @ @ # $ % % % ^ & & * ( ( !) !) !! !$ !$ !% !^ !^ !& !( @) @)

@&_ @*_ @(_ #)_ #!_ #@_ ##_ #$_ #%_ #^_ #&_ #*_ #(_ $)_ $!_ $@_ $#_ $$_ $%_ $^_ $&_ $*_ $(_ %)_

ltlysf] gfd÷ltlyof gf+ dlxgfsf] gfd÷nfof gf+ dlxgfsf] gfdfjnL÷!@ nfof gf+ wnM ;do sfn÷O{ c+s÷NofM lbgsf] ulGt ug]{ dlxgf ulGt ug]{ jif{sf] ulGt ug]{ lqmof jf sfd a'emfpg] zAb -Verb_ -Hof YjLu' vFUjM_ ;j{gfd -Pronoun_ ljz]if0f -Adjective_ cj:yf – :jefj ?k /+u :jfb -;jfM_ Joj;fo -nhufM_ yk ljz]if0f -Adjective_ lqmofljz]if0f -Adjective_ cJoo÷;+of]hs -Conjunction_ zAb :jfo\ vFUjM gfdof]uL -Preposition_ zAb g]kfn efiffsf s]xL df}lns ljz]iftf …nufpg'Ú zAbsf] g]kfnefiffsf leGg zAbx? g]kfnefiffsf s]xL zAbx?sf] k5fl8 lj;u{ -M_ nufpFbf leGg} cy{ a'emfpF5 g]kfnefiffdf s'g} j:t'sf] ulGt ubf{ j:t'sf] cfsf/k|sf/cg';f/ a]Unf a]Un} zAbsf k|sf/ x'G5 h'g;'s} hLjwf/Lsf] ulGt ubf{ …DxÚ k|Too nfUb5 g]kfnefiffsf zAb lgdf{0f cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] 5, hf] c? efiffdf lj/n} kfOG5÷ wft'df k|Too nufP/ ;+1f aGg] zAbx? 5g\ g]kfnefiffdf b'a} lnËdf lqmofkbsf] Ps} ?k x'G5

@) @) @) @! @! @# @# @# @# #) #! #@ #@ ## ## #$ #$ #% #% #^ #^ #& #& #&

%!_ %@_

g]kfnefiffdf b'a} jrgdf lqmofkbsf] Ps} ?k x'G5 ¥x:j / bL3{ O{sf/ psf/n] leGg} cy{ a'emfpg] s]xL zAbx? %#_ g]kfnefiffdf rGb|ljGb' / cg':jf/n] ubf{ pxL zAbsf] cy{df km/s kfb{5 %$_ g]kfnefiffdf Ps} zAbsf] w]/} cy{ nfUg] zAbx? klg 5g\ %%_ Ps cIf/Lo zAb -5uM cfvM vFUjM_ %^_ lqmof÷of;'÷Verb leGgf leGg} sfn -Tense_ df lqmofsf] ?k %&_ cf1fy{s zAb jgfpg] ljlw %*_ ;sd{s lqmofnfO{ csd{s agfpg] ljlw (Positive, Negative) %(_ g]kfnefiffdf b'a} jrg -Number_ / lnË -Gender_ df lqmof -Verb_ zAbsf] Ps} ?k x'G5, h:tf] ^)_ lnË -hft_ -Gender_ k'lnË / :qLlnË hgfpg] zAbx? ^!_ g]kfnefiffdf Psjrg -Singular_ zAbnfO{ jx'jrg -Plural_ jgfpg] ljlw ^@_ ;j{gfd zAbnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ ljlw tflnsf -Pronoun_ ^#_ zAbdf ljelSt nufP/ jfSodf k|of]u

#& #* #* #( #( $@ $# $# $$ $$ $% $^ $&

3/;+u ;DalGwt zAbx? -5\o] F j 5]oFHjn+_

g]kfnL 3/ 5fgf Wf'/L a'Oun e'OFtnf a}7s ÷klxnf]tnf bf];|f] tnf sf]7f efG;fsf]7f e08f/sf]7f ´'k8L Kff}jf÷;tn uh'/ d"n9f]sf ;+3f/ d"n9f]sf cufl8sf] :yn cfFug sf};L sf]7]jf/L k]6L v'8lsnf] s'gf kfOvfgf 3'¥Øfg÷/5\ofg e'OF Kfvf{n leQf÷ufx|f] wf/f 9n ÷gfnL Ef¥ofª sf]tfn 9Ls

}

g]jfMefiff+ 5\o] F kln÷KjnM kfvf a'OuM 5]ln rf]t÷a}7s dft+ sf]yf e't" w's" an ;tM uh" d"n'vf lkvn'vf cf+u|f sMl; SoAj= kmM TjfyM s'+ rMla ;fMufM aF kMvfM c+uM lxlt wM :jfg] sf]tfM lwO

g]kfnL Ef¥ofªsf] 7f8f] /]lnª Ef¥ofª 5f]Kg] 3f]K6f cfUnf] 9f]sf kNnf ´\ofn cfFvL´\ofn ;+o'St ´\ofn l5:s]gL÷r's'n r's'n vf]Ng] 808L r's'n vf]Ng] Kjfn tfnf ef]6]tfNrf ;fFrf] ;fFrf]sf] ´'Kkf Vff]kf n'uf ´'08ofpFg 6fFu]sf] 8f]/L rf]s vftfalx axfn cu]gf 6x/f 8'F8÷kgfnf] vDaf u'dh lr/k6 blng lgbfn atf;L sfg]{; s7jf/ 6'F8fn Rff}s6 d"nb]jtf 3/

}

( 1 )

g]jfMefiff+ :jfg]afM tMvf÷sf]k' vjM÷Sj+] n'vf vfkfM ´\ofM ltls´\ofM ;F´\ofM r's" x]FTjf M÷Sj]+Þ Sj]+ÞKjf Tff dfMtfM tfMrfM tfMrfMKjfFo\ Ujfv M c+o\u' r's÷ggL alx axfM clu+dy kmNrf÷kflt wf]F÷sf]wf]+ yfF ef]vfÞ sf]nfk" Wfln+ lggf÷lgbf+ Dx't'kf} sfg]{; aFl; tf]gfl;+ lvrfvf] cfu+5]+F

g]kfnL b]jtf 3/ dlGb/ 5fk|f] Tfuf/f] e¥ofË 5]psf] af/

g]jfMefiff+ lbuL b]uM ldvf lanfuM ehk+h

efG;fdf rnfpFg] ;fdfu|Lx? -e't'nL 5\o]lnu' Hjn+_ efG5f yfn srf}/f÷a6'sf Kn]6 Ef8" t;nf ufu|L v's'/L r'n];L crfgf] lrD6f lasf]{ efF8f efF8fs'F8f af:s]6 s'rf] v/]6f] gfª\nf] rfNgL 8f8" kGo" yd{; aQL nf]xf]/f] l;nf}6f ;f]t] ÷9'+u|f]

e't" b]df÷e" afrf{ l/sfkL s;f}/L t:nf 3M÷wMk r'kL s'FO{ TjfsM lrDtf k';f yn ynan wls t'lkm Rjflkm xf;fM rflnFrf wjÞM r+trf÷k~o"rf Sjflk+ dt Njx+drf Njx+df y"rf

g]kfnL g]jfMefiff+ w'+jÞf k+My"rf v/fgL gf} r'Nxf] e't" cu]gf] cf}rf Ogf/ t+" cf]bfg cf]Bf+ kL/f TjfsM ;nfO{ b]l;nL gfKg] s'?jf TjfMrf s?jÞf s?jfÞ cDvf]/f cDVj/f aflN6g aflN6+ /S;L afF8g] efF8f] clGt kfgL /fVg] 7"nf] efF8f] tfFkm wfg /fVg] 7fFp s" l9sL s'lt hfFtf] 3M cf]vnL puM Eout EouM r'n];L s'OFrf ;'O/f] gt'rf e§f cu M lrDgL s'FuM bfp/f l;F cfuf] ld sf]Onf x]+Ujf e'a|f] a'n'ld k"hf ;fdfu|Lx? -k'hfHjn+ _ k"hf yfnL k"heM rf]vf] kfgL /fVg] efF8f gLnM yn rGbg vf]/L sfoaM hFf8 /fVg] efF8f] wfNrf /S;L /fVg] efF8f] YofSrf HjfnfGxfo\sF GxfFo\sMd" ( 2 )

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( 3 )

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sf]bf]sf] /f]6L c08f b'w bxL df]xL lrgL ( 7 )

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cfn' kf5}+rf t's+rf dLrf]rf VjfÞvM r;' knM ;f]a;f]

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( 9 )

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( 10 )

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kmfo]u' Goo]u' s'Ou' nfo]u' Nx]o]u' SjxfFjg]u' kmfo]s]u' NXjo]u' xfn]u' lro]u' vfo]u' rf;'o]u' lko]u' Gofo]u' Dx'o]u' Noo]u' vFNxfo]u' rfo]u' kfn]u' tfo]u' lsOu' bfo]u' s'n]u' jfo\u' go]u' lDxt]u' lDxts]u' Sjfo]u' Dx'o]u' s'ts]u' s'ts]u'

g]kfnL vGofpg' vK6\ofpg' vf]Sg' vsfg'{ vf]:g' v'jfpg' vf]Ng' vf]Hg' v]/ kmfNg' v'Drg' v:g' lvof kg'{ v]b\g' v]b]/ e]6fpg' u ug'{ -sfd_ ug'{ -s'/f_ u/fpg' uGg' ufpg' -uLt_ ufnL ug'{ ufF:g' -kft_ ufF:g' -cGo_ luHofpg' uf8\g' -vfN8f]df_ ufF7f] kfg'{ uf8g' -vfFjf]_ uGxfpg' 3 3:g' -t]n_ 3Rrf8g' 3'Dg' 3'dfpg' 3f]Sg' 3f]K6\ofpg' ( 24 )

g]jfMefiff+ Kj+s]u'÷wf]vg]u' Btg]u' d';'to]u' v}kmfo]u' nfSo]u' gs]u' rfos]u' dfn]u' l;lt+5\jo]u' so]s'g]u' s't'+jg]u' vt+go]u' lnOu' lnnfs]u' ofo]u' Nxfo]u' ofs]u' Nofvfo]u' Do]xfn]u' Gjfo]u'÷AjMljOu' ;'Ou' :jfo\]u' nfo\a'Ou' y'g]u' uyMlro]u' t:jfs]u' gMjo]u' a'Ou'÷a'n]u' £jfo]u' rfMx'n]u' rfMx's]u' Ajg]u' ef]k's]u'

g]kfnL 3f]Rg' 3f]6\g' 3';fpg' l3;fg'{ 3fd nfUg' 36\g' 3';fg{' r rNg' rnfpg' r9\g' r9fpg' rkfpg' rDsg' r/fpg' rfVg' rf6\g' rfn kfpg' rfNg' lrGg' lrNg' lrnfpg' lrKng' lrofpg' lrg'{ lrDng' lr:ofpg' r':g' r'x'g' r'8fNg' rf]Kg' rf]g'{ RofTg' RofKg'

g]jfMefiff+ ;'Ou' Rjn]u' b'5\jo]u' n'o]u' lgefMTjo]u' kfMh'o]u' :jMrfs]u' ;g]u' ;+s]u' uo]u' 5fo]u' Gx\o]u' lyo]u' ‰jo]u' g+:jo]u' ˆoo]u' rfo]u' rfn]ofo]u' Dxl;u' Gofo]u' rf;'O{u' r'n'O{u' ;'knf :jo]u' kmfo]u' ldvfltl;u' VjfFps]u' r';]ofou' Hjo]u' RjMk'mo]u' y'g]u' v'Ou' v'o]u' sfs]u'

g]kfnL 5 5g'{ 5Sofpg' 5fGg' 5fGg' 5fDg' l5Ng' l5gfpg' l5/fpg' l5kfpg' 5'g' 5'jfpg' 5]Sg' 5f]8\g' 5f]Kg' 5f]/fpg' 5\ofKg' 5'6\ofpg' -emu8f_ 5'6\g' 5'6fpg' h hufpg'÷p7fpg' hnfpg' hdfpg' hfg' lhTg' lhofpg' lhpFg' lh:Sofpg' hf]Vg' hf]ufpg' hDdf x'g' h'g'{ hDg' hf]Tg' hf]g'{ ( 25 )

g]jfMefiff+ x\jn]u' nfo]u' rfn]ofo]u' Noo]u' jfn]u' Kjn]u' TjfNxfo]u'÷RjMk'mO{u' b'5\j]u' ;'r's]u' lyO{u' lyO{s]u' kg]u' TjMt]u' TjMk'o]u' Kjn]u' 5\jfs]u' l5+s]u' afo\u' -cfk;df_ kmfo\u' yg]u' pO{u'÷Rofs]u' Vjo]s]u' jg]u' Tofs]u' Djfs]u' Djfo]u' VofMofo]u' nFg]u' DxMrfo]s]u' d'g]u' r"nfo]u' Vjo]u' hf]toMofo]u' :jfo]u'

g]kfnL em emfg'{ emg'{ emlD6g' emlD6g' emkfg'{ emu8f ug'{ lemSg' e'mSofpg' e'm08ofpg' e'mlDdg' ´d\´dfpg' 6 6fNg' 6+fug' 6f:g' 6fFl;g' l6Kg' -k'mn_ l6Kg' -kmn_ 6]Sg' 6f]Sg' 7 7Ug' 78\ofpg' 7'Ug' 7]Ng' 7]; nufpg' 7f]Sg' 8 8/fpg' 89\g' 89\g' -sk8f_ 89\g' -ksjfg_ 8sfg'{ 89fpg'

g]jfMefiff+ xfo]s]u' xfo]u' 5f]ko\ofo]u' xo\Ssfo]u' Gjfo]u' Njfo]u' lnsfo]u' nfou' vfou' KjlRrg]u' O{;'Ou' ks]{u' vfou' lts]u' Koo\k'g]u' Yjo\u' vfo\u' r'Ou' jf+Gofou' Sjfou' tM:jfs]u' Gofou' £jfou' n'kmLFxfo]u' tfou' Uofo\u' Rofo]u' emg]u' Sjo]u' wsfto]u' Rofs]u'÷Sjo]s]u'

g]kfnL 8'Ag' 8'jfpg' 8fSg' 8:g' 9 9Ng' 9fNg' 9fSg' 9f]Sg' 9'Gd'lgg' 9'6\ofpg' 9f]Ng' 9Ng' t tg'{ -vf]nf_ ttfpg' tfTg' tfg'{ -ksjfg_ tfKg' -cfuf]_ tfKg' -3fd_ tfGg' tf5\g' ltg'{ lt/fpg' t'xfFpg' tl;{g' t;f{pg' y y'kfg'{ yKg' lyRg' yfxfkfpg' ys{g' yGsfpg' yfSg'

( 26 )

g]jfMefiff+ b'g]u' y'g]u' Ajg]u'÷;Tou' Gofo]u' sf]bo]u' sf]yn]u' TjMk'Ou' efuLofo]u' O{tMldtMslgu' 5\ofo]u'÷gr's]u' Kj+s]u' sf]bo]u' l5Ou' Sjfs]u' Sjfo]u' k's]u' s'g]u' kfo]u' ;fn]u' Kjn]u' k'n]u' k'Os]u' Sjyn]u' Uofo]u' Vofo]u' d'g]u' ln;fto]u' Sjltn]u' ;Ls]u' Yjo]u' :jyg]u' Tofg'Ou', Golnu'

g]kfnL yfDg' y'Gg' b bu'g'{ bjfpg' lbg' lbgnufpg' b]Vg' b]vfpg' b'Vg' b'vfpg' w ws]Ng' wkfpg' wldNofpg' w'g' -n'uf_ w'g' -s'g} rLh_ w'Nofpg' g glhlsg' gfRg' gfKg' lgkmGg' lgNg' lgrf]g'{ lgbfpg' lgefpg' lgsfNg' -rLh_ lgNg' lgsfNg' -s;}nfO{_ lgl:sg' -sf]xL_ lgvGg' lgwf]ug'{ g'xfpg' lgx'/g'

g]jfMefiff+ eflko]u' s'g]u' Ajf+jg]u' Ton]u' ljo]u'÷ljOu' laOs]u' vg]u' Sog]u'÷v+s]u' :ofrfo]u' :ofs]u' £jÞfo]u' Vofo]u' a'n's]u' lxOu' l;n]u' gRr's]u' ;lts]u' Kofv+Nx'Ou' bfo]u' xfo]u' 3'6s]u' tLl;Ou' GXojo]s]u' :ofo]u' lnsfo]u' g'g]u'÷3'6s]u' lk5\jo]u' lkxfFjg]u' ˆofo]u' SjMl5g]u' df]Nx'o]u' Sj5'o]u'

g]kfnL gf£g' lgDTofpg' k k9\g' k9fpg' kUng' kufNg' ksfpg' -eft_ k:g' k8\sg' kv{g' kvf{pg' k:sg' -eft_ k7fpg' kfNg' kfSg' k5fg'{ k6ofpg' lkpg' lknfpg' lk:g' lk6\g' k'5\g' k]Ng' kf]Ng' -tftf]n]_ kf]Ng' -s'g} rLh cfuf]df_ kf]Vg' kf]Tg' -e'O{_ kf]Tg' -k'5g'_ k|of]u ug'{ k'¥ofpg' k]z ug'{ kG5fpg' kIfdf nfUg' k|bfg ug'{ ( 27 )

g]jfMefiff+ xfrf+ufo]u' Ajg]u' Ajg]u' Aj+s]u' gfo]u' gfo\s]u' YjLu' b'xfFjg]u' d'o]u' lko]u' lkOs]u' tfo]u' laof5\j]u' nlxu' a'Ou' y;Mkfo]s]u' nYofo]u' Tjg]u' Tj+s]u' Son]u'÷lgOu' bfo]u' x'o]u' Son]u' k'Ou' 5'Ou' jfs]u' loOu', On]u' Dx'Ou' 5\on]n' Yo+s]u' b]5fo]u' l5+s]u' k+Rjg]u' nMNxfo]u'

g]kfnL k|bz{g ug'{ -kvf{n_ gf£g' km kmsfpg' kmlsg' kms{g' kmsf{pg' kmsf{pg' kmfNg' kmnfpg' kmNg' -k'mn_ k'm6fpg' k'm6fpg' -;'kf/L_ k'm6\g' k'm:sg' lkmhfpg' k}mnfpg' k'mSg' k'msfNg' k]mg'{ k'msfpg' kmNg' -kmn_ kmNg' -lgkmGg'_ a a:g' a;fpg' agfpg' akmfpg' aNg' afNg' a6'Ng' ahfpg' af‰g' afF8\g' afFWg'

g]jfMefiff+ GXoMAjo]u' kvfMk'n]u' Xo]s]u' x]o]u' lnkmM:jo]u' lntM5\jo]u' lntMljOu' jf+5o]u÷' xfs'ltg]u' Xjo]s]u' Xjo]u' tM5\ofo]u' tfo]u', t5\ofo]u' tMHofo]u' Aog]u' lvg]u' rMs+s]u' k'Ou' Tjo]u' lxn]u' ˆog]u' ;o]u' xfo]u' kmo\t'Ou' km\ot's]u' bo]s]u' xfo]u' Rofo]u' Rofs]u' d'g]u' yfo]u' Njfo]u' Og]u' rLO{u'

g]kfnL lj;{g' la/fpg' la;fpg' lanfpg' -nf]k x'g'_ a'Gg' a'‰g' a'emfpg' af]Sg' af]sfpg' afFWg' lj;{g' la/fpg' la;fpg' lanfpg' -nf]k x'g'_ a'Gg' a'‰g' a'emfpg' af]Sg' af]sfpg' ljSg' af}nfpg' aGb ug'{ a]g'{ la‰g' -sfF8f_ la5f]8 x'g' laufg'{ af6g' -s]z_ af]Ng' af]nfpg' a]Rg' a9fg'{ lj:kmf]6 x'g' e eGg' egfpg'

( 28 )

g]jfMefiff+ NjMdg]u' å+s]u' lbs]u' Gxg]u' yfo\u' y'Ou' y'Os]u' s'laOu' s'las]u' rLOu' NjMdg]u' å+s]u' lbs]u' Gxg]u' yfo]u' y'Ou' y'Os]u' s'ljOu' s'ljs]u' r'Ou' j]Frfo]u' tLOu' lgn]u' -sy+_ so]u' afo]u' :o]ªs]u' Kofo]u' g+jfo]u'÷g+t'Ou' ;MltOu' ldOu' k'o]u' d'o]u' wfo]u'÷sg]u' wfo]s]u'

g]kfnL eg'{ efUg' efFRg' eTsg' eTsfpg' leHg' lehfpg' -n'uf_ e'Ng' e'Sg' e'6g' lehfpg' -u]8fu'8L_ le8fpg' leg{' e]6\g' e]nf x'g' ef]sfpg' e'Nofpg' e]§fpg' leq\ofpg' d dg'{ dfg'{ dfUg' dgk/fpg' dgkg'{ dlSsg' dfGg' ld;fpg' df‰g' ldnfpg' df:g' d'5g' -uLnf]_ d'5g' -crf/_ d]6\g' d'Tg'

g]jfMefiff+ bfo]u' lj:o"Fjg]u' TjMy'n]u' b'g]u' y'g]u'÷kLu' Kofo]u' Kofs]u' NjMdg]u' po]u' ;LOu' ˆjo]u' r"nfs]u'÷Njfs]u' Kofo]u' gfknfo]u' d'g]u' goMlkTofo]u' Xoo]s]u' NjLOs]u' b'rfo]s]u' l;Ou' :ofou' ˆjg]u' oo]s]u' oo]u' rg]u' xg]u' NjfsM5\ofo]u' l;n]u' ldno\ofo]u' l;wo]s]u' Gxfo]u' jfn]u' Dx'Ou' Rjkmfo\u'

g]kfnL d'Sofpg' d'v afpg' d'v6fNg' df]nug'{ d]l6g' o oTg ug'{ of]hgf ug'{ ofrgf ug'{ / /Rg' /dfpg' /Gylgg' /lQg' /fVg' /vfpg' /;fpg' l/;fpg' ¿g' /f]Sg' /f]lsg' /f]Kg' n n8\g' n8fpg' nufpg' -n'uf_ nfUg' Nofpg' nfg' nftn] xfGg' lng' n'Sg' n'sfpg' n'5\g' n]Vg'

( 29 )

g]jfMefiff+ Rjfo]u' jf+vfo]u' Dx't'KjfMtLu' d"ofo]u' Gxlgu' s'tMofo]u' Uj;fMofo]u' Ifdfˆjg]u' lrg]u' no]tfo]u' OtMdLtMsg]u' e]n]a'Ou' to]u' tos]u' Hjo]u' tFrfo]u' Vjo]u' kg]u' lbs]u' kLOu' UjTo'Ou', bo]u' a:jfo]u' k'g]u', lkmOu' nfOu' xo]u' o+s]u' Ko+s]u' sfo]u' ;'Kon]u' ;'r's]u' nfSo]u' Rjo]u'

g]kfnL n]vfpg' nf]kfg'{ j j;fg'{ jsNg' ; ;dfTg' ;Dofpg' ;hfpg' ;Demg' ;Demfpg' ;lNsg' -cfuf]_ ;Sg' -sfd ug{_ ;Sg' -sfd u/L_ ;fFWg' ;f6\g' ;f6\g' -k};f_ ;xfotf ug'{ ;'Gg' ;'gfpg' ;'Tg' ;'tfpg' ;'Dkg' ;'D;'dfpg' ;'Nemfpg' ;'sfpg' ;'Sg' ;]nfpg' ;f]Wg' :jfb lng' ;fFRg' ;f]‰ofpg' ;kfg'{ l;Sg' l;sfpg' l;pg'

g]jfMefiff+ Rjs]u' NjfKkfgs]u' Nx\o]u' Nx\jo]u', kf]ª\s]u' Hjg]u' kfMn'Os]u' Ajo]u' n'd+s]u' y'Os]u' Ujfo]u' k}mu' l;wo]s]u' jfn]u' lxn]u' Uoo]u' UjfMnLofo]u' Gog]u' Go+s]u'÷sg]u' b]g]u' Yog]u' nMNxfo]u' lkt'lkOu' tMKo+s]u' kfo]u' uFlgu' Vjfps]u' Gog]u' ;afMsfo]u' No+sfto]u' tMKo+s]u' le+s]u' ;o]s]u' :og]u' ;'Ou'

g]kfnL l;WofFpg' l;nfpg' l;+ufg'{ x x6fpg' x/fpg' xsfg'{ xF;fpg' xQfl/g' xfF:g' xfFSg' xfGg' xfdkmfNg' lxsf{pg' lx+8\g' lxF8fpg' x'Tofpg' x'Ng' x]g'{ x'gnfUg' xf]Dg' xUg'

lrOs]u' t+So]u' xMSo]u' Gx\oLs]u' xyfo]u' GXoLn]u' AjfSs]u' so]s]u' SjMafo]u' d'Os]u'÷bfo]u' Gof;Ljg]u' Gofl;s]u' xfs'ltg]u' b'5\jo]u' :jo]u' h'OTo+u' SjMkmfo]u' lvkmfo\u'

;j{gfd (Pronoun) d xfdL tF÷ltdL tkfO{ xh'/ p pgLx¿ pxfF sf] s] s;n]

lh lhkL+ 5 5÷l5SkL+,l5:s/ 5nkf]n j OkL+ josM÷j;kf]n ;' + 5' ;'gf+

( 30 )

g]jfMefiff+ SjMrfo]s]u' ;'Os]u' 5fo\kfo\ofo]u'

g]kfnL s;nfO{ s:tf] sf];Fu oxfF ToxfF sxfF÷stf s;/L cfˆgf] csf{sf] of] logLx¿ Tof] ltgLx¿ hf] h:tf] To:tf] otfptL o;/L ;a}

g]jfMefiff+ ;'oft uHofu' ;'ofSo] yg cg ug+ uy]ofgf yMu' Do]lklgu' Yj y'kL+ j OkL+ ;'gf+ uy]vM cy] pv]–y'v] yy]ofgf+ ;sn]+

ljz]if0f (Adjective) cj:yf – :jefj /dfOnf] g/dfOnf] ;'xfpFbf] ;'lsnf] rlDsnf] wfl/nf] km/flsnf] ;kmf l56f] 9Lnf] w]/} yf]/} clnslt

GXofOk' DxfOk' NjMu' ;'Rr'u" yLOu" gM u" rSs+u" ;'Rr':o] ofsg a'n'+x' cfkfM eltOrf eRrf÷eltrf

g]kfnL

g]jfMefiff+

l;+uf] pHofnf]÷pHh/ cFWof/f] hf8f] udL{ leh]sf] ;'s]sf] c;n sd;n nf]enfUbf] ptfpnf] l3gnfUbf] cw{ ;'s]sf] 89]sf] abdf; /xnkxn*

5Ujn+ t'o"÷rs+ lvpF Vjf+u"÷lrs' tf+gu' Kofu' u+u" le+u" dle+u" oOk':o] pKjMDx 3Rofk':;] Gxu+u' SjMu" Wjf/M÷cf3f]÷{ GjfvF kmfk"m÷x'ofFk'mofF ÷NoFk'mNoF kxM j]+ p+O{ v'Tof+ UjfHoM VjfFo\ sf+ ofn" 5ofsM kfsM ;'s" k'm:n"+ v"+VjfM cKkfVjfM xf/f+ e'o"VjfM

kg* af}nfxf* af}x'nL* nFu8f] d"v{ alx/f] cGwf] 8]9f] ljlkm/] nf6f] rfp/] a]uf/L rf]/d'v] Wofa|] 5'Rrf] s'O/] * ljljw ;+1f ( 31 )

g]kfnL

g]jfMefiff+

g]kfnL

g]jfMefiff+

a]l;WbL k'8\sf] k'8\sL s'/f}6] s'k|f] /fd|f] g/fd|f] xFl;nf] l/;fxf a]Zof lxl; k/]sf] lxl; gk/]sf] r'Rrf] cN5L ;':t h8\ofFxf kmf];|f] grflxbf] hyfefjL h]kfof]÷h:tf] t:tf] tyfgfd ;kmf ;'U3/ l3gnfUbf] ePe/sf] k]mb g 6'Kkf] PSsfl; ps';d's';

cf3f]{ afuM e't"rf vF;'jf RjfTyf afFnf afFdnf lGxn]VjfM t+sfnL nvfjÞtL lxl;b'Dx lxl;db'Dx Rjf+d'u' lw+uf÷c:oDx ;'kL+ co\nfu'n' k'm:n" DjfMd? nfNnfy] GXofNnfu' nfSsf]kfSsf] oRr';]÷lkr';] 3Rofk':o] bofbSj RjMKjM cfsfemfsf+ jfyfjfyf

gLnf] sn]hL u'nfaL 3"/ d}nf] qmLdsn/ df;/+u uf]/f] ;'Gtn]/+u

jr" :o]+nf -/+u _ u'nfkmL vLpF ;f£oM/+u dfo\/+u e'o" ;+qf;L/+u

?k – /+u ;]tf] sfnf] /ftf] kx]+nf] xl/of]

t'o' xfs' X\of+u' Dxf;" jf+u"

:jfb–-;jf_ dL7f] gld7f] u'lnof] cldnf] tLtf] 6/f]{ b'wfn' kL/f] vNnf] clgnf] g"g rsf]{ tftf] rL;f] 89]sf] dgtftf] kfs]sf] gkfs]sf] ;+Unf] wldnf] :jflbnf] 6'qmf s'x]sf] tLvf] :jfb

;fMu' d;fMu' rfs' kfFu' vfo' kmfs' dfs' kfn' Gofn' Gofn' lrgf]u' SjfMu' Vjf+u' SjMu' n'd'wfMu' a'pu' sRo' or\r"u' a'n'u' ;fOVjfMu' s'Rrf WjuLp ltSs':o]

( 32 )

g]kfnL Joj;fo -nhufM_ ;'gsf] sfd ug]{ rfFbLsf] sfd ug]{ tfdf, lktn sfd ug]{ sfF;f sfd ug]{ kmnfdsf] sfd ug]{ 9nf}6sf] sfd ug]{ 9'+uf df6f]sf] sfd ug]{ sf7sf] sfd ug]{ /+usf] sfd ug]{ ?jfsf] sfd ug]{ 8f]nL af]Sg] sfd ug]{ ef]hdf r"nf]df ksfpg] sfd ug]{ ef]hdf afF8\g] sfd ug{] n'uf l;pg] k"hf sfd ug]{ h"tf l;pg] b}lgs Hofnfdf sfd ug]{ gf]s/ s]z sf6\g] h]7f]kfsf] sfG5f] ljx] h'/fpg] df;' j]Rg] kmf]xf]/ ˆofSg] ;fx'sf] v]tL ug]{ v]twgL 5fnfsf] afhf agfpg] ;'8]gL d]xt/ lrqsf/ uf]7fnf e08f/L

}

}

g]jfMefiff+ n"+sMdL jMsMdL tdf] s;fM gsMdL÷sp ysMdL 8sMdL l;+sMdL l5kf w'Gof 3tL{ e't';'jf enL+ ;'OsfM u'dfh" ;fsL{ HofdL RoM gp ysfnL SjsfnL ndL gfo kf] Dxo\ tnl;+ s'n" ;ldgL, clh RofdvnM k'+ ;fe'mjf el/+

g]kfnL duGt] t]nL a]kf/L UjfNgL df]xL hUufwgL gk+';s kfn] ufOg]

g]jfMefiff+ kmf]lu+ lrs+a~hf a~hf ;fk"gL Dxo\ tnl;+ vf]hf lkjf ufof]

yk ljz]if0f (Adjective) 7"nf] tMuM ;fgf] lruM nfdf] tfMxfsM 5f]6f] lrxfsM cUnf] tM´fM xf]rf lr´f df]6f] NXjDx b'Anf] u+l;Dx xn'sf] of+u' u?Ëf] ‰oft'u' ;f]´f] tKo+u' afËf] rfMt'u' s:;]sf] Sjft'u' ulx/f] uf+j+u' ;fFu'/f] lrOAofu' km/flsnf] tMAofu' v;|f] 5\ofsMu' lrNnf] lkRr'u' alnof] aNnfMu' b'Anf] -b'a{n_ u+l; -aMdnfMu'_ afSnf] Vjft'u' kftnf] ;fn'u' 8Nnf] Ujf/f uf]nf] rfsnf ( 33 )

g]kfnL r]K6f] vFlbnf] kmf];|f] el/nf] lqmofljz]if0f clxn] cl3 e/v/ cfh ef]ln lxhf] cl:t Pslbg kl5 9Lnf] l56f] rfF8f] lj:tf/} /fd|/L g/fd|/L xf]lzof/;Fu ‰jf§ x'l/{P/ cQflnP/ a]:;/L g/d rfnn] h'?Ss r"k nfu]/ ?g] u/L ;kmf ;+u a'‰g] u/L tftf] u/L lr;f] u/L u?Ëf] u/L xn'sf] u/L

g]jfMefiff+ kltdlt b'Uo+u' km:n'+ b'?+u' (Adverb)

cfM GxfrM gsltlg yf}+ + sg] lDxuM DxLOu s+M; lnafSs GXoYofs ofSg÷ofsg a'n'x'F÷tLhs af+nfs af+dnfs xf]zof;]+ sfRrfSs xfrfM xfrfM ef/f–ef/fM tM;s+ gfO{+s ‰jfQ ;'d'+Ss VjoMs oRr'Ss Wjfy'Os n'd'Ss VjfpFs ‰oft's ofpFs

g]kfnL v'?Ss h;f] t;f] Ps}rf]6L 7LSs ljTyfdf uf]Ko hxfF kfof] ToxfF h] kfof] Tof] h;f] t;f] hNnfO{ kfof] ToNnfO{ hfg] hlt hfg] a'e]m ;Dd ;s] ;Dd PSsfl; a]sf/df 7Ug ;Dd a]:;l/ u/]sf] u¥o} ;ls{g] u/L 3f]K6L g]K6L 3f]K6\ofO{ g]K6\ofO{ x:ofªkm:ofª nyflnª l3Rg ;Dd ug{ ;Dd vfg ;Dd cAoo÷;+of]hs :jfo" vFUjM t/ / x'g t gq clg ( 34 )

g]jfMefiff+ ;'?Ss cy]yy] 5Ty'+ kfo\l5 Djfs+ b";fxf GxfNnfyfo\ £jb'u' yy] cy] j}tM Yj}tM ;My] :o'y] l;SjtfSj kml5d\kmQn] cfsfemfsf df;f+Djf;f] Rjfo\kmSj dflbSs ofSjkfSj XjMXjMk'Os 3f]+3f]+ :ofgf ef]ef]:ofgf k]mk]mRofgf ÷ef/fef/f EofNn÷Eofnf+ Nj:o'O{ kmSj ofo\kmSj go\kmSj

(Conjunction)

co\g+ j vo\tMhf dv';f cn]

g]kfnL To;f]eP o;/L klg To;kl5 ePklg tfklg lsgeg] cyjf k]ml/ nfO{ olb df To;f] ;Fu kl5 eP klg o;f] eP To;f] eP o;f] ePklg To;f] ePklg h;/L ePklg h;n] klg s;}n] klg ta ;Dd ha ;Dd h:tf] eGbf gu/] ;Dd ;Dd b'a} geP dfq

g]jfMefiff+ co;f y'sy+ g+ cn] co;f+÷;f+ co;f 5fo\wfM;f af xfSg+ oft ;v] b'g] cYo] gfk+ w'+sf ;f+ yy]vM;f cy]vM;f yy]vM;f+ cy]vM;f+ GXofy]+ ofgf;f+ GXofd]l;g+ ;'gfg+ ogts ugts y]+ l;a] doftNn] ts÷tNn] lgQf+ dv';f+ hs

gfdof]uL (Preposition) b]lv÷af6 lg;]+ ;Dd tSs

g]kfnL

g]jfMefiff+

åf/f tk{m eP/ leq aflx/ ePsf] -u'0f_ cfk;df÷k/:k/ 5]pdf÷;Fu} afx]s eGbf

kfv]+ l/v]÷kfv] h'ofM b'g] lkg] b'Dx bYjL gfk+ l;a] :ofF

g]kfn efiffsf s]xL df}lns ljz]iftf ‘nufpg'’ zAbsf] g]kfn efiffsf leGg zAbx? 6f]kL nufpg' t'k'nL k'Ou' 6Lsf nufpg' l;gM ltOu' ufhn nufpg' chM pOu' cf}+7L nufpg' c+u" GXofo\u' 38L nufpg' 38L Kofo\u' n'uf nufpg' j;M k'g]u' u+hL nufpg' u+hL lkmOu' sf]6 nufpg' sf]6 lkmOu' k6'sf nufpg' hgL lro\u' kfp8/ nufpg' kfp8/ a'n]u' t]n nufpg' lrs+ a'Ou' nfsf+ GXofo\u' h'Qf nufpg' 6fO{ nufpg' 6fO{ lro\u' ;f8L nufpg' kl;{ l;o\u' dfnf nufpg' dfM Sjvfo\u' kfln; nufpg' kfln; to\u' /+u nufpg' /+u kfo\u' ;fa'g nufpg' ;fAj+ yfo\u' 6f+v nufpg' 6f+v 5'Ou' af/ nufpg' af/ lrOu' k'mn nufpg' :jf+5'Ou' r's'n nufpg' vjM Ujo\u' t'gf] nufpg' k't' lrOu' ( 35 )

g]kfnL cjL/ nufpg' df];f] nufpg' 9f]sf nufpg' uxgf nufpg'

g]jfMefiff+ cjL/ to]u' xfsM On]u' vfkf ltOu' lt;f+ ltOu'

g]kfnL

g]kfnefiffsf s]xL zAbx?sf] k5fl8 lj;u{ -M_ nufpFbf leGg} cy{ a'emfpF5 . ;f -ufO{_ ;fM -dn÷dL7f]_ vf -s'v'/f_ vfM -l;;f_ of -n:;f_ ofM -hfqf_ uf -asf]{_ ufM -vfN8f]_ rf -df6f]_ rfM -d'Gb|L_ 5f -r9fp_ 5fM -;f¥xf]_ bf -s'6_ bfM -af];f]_

g]jfMefiff+

wf -eg_ wfM -9f]ns_ km -yfk_ kmM -k]6L 3/sf]_ uM-vf]/,cfuf]sf] e§L_ u -r9_ jf -wfg_ jfM -k/]sf] kfgL_ 3f -eL/_ 3fM -3fp_ slg -cfFvf gb]Vg] cfOdfO{_ sMlg -ds}_ sl; -df6fsf] efF8f_ sMl; -sf};L_ tMvf -e¥ofª 5f]Kg] vfkf_ tMvfM-ynyn]df;'_ hf -eft_ hfM -prfO{_ ttf -lbbL_ tMtf -w]/} k|sf/_ O{tf -blIf0f lbzf_ OtfM -k"hfdf afNg] aQL_ kf -sf7sf] Ps Hofjn_ kfM -le/fnf]_ Aof -rf}8fO{_ AofM -j]n÷ljjfx_ AjF -vfgfsf] efu_ AjM -ufnL÷s'd_

g]kfn efiffdf s'g} j:t'sf] ulGt ubf{ j:t'sf] cfsf/ k|sf/cg';f/ a]Unf a]Un} zAbsf k|sf/ x'G5 . -nfDrf] ;'l/nf]_ Pp6f snd 5k" Rj;f -uf]nf]_ Pp6f ;'Gtnf 5uM ;+qf;L -r]K6f]_ b'O{6f la:s'6 lgkfM lj:s'6 -hLj_ tLghgf dfG5] :jDx dg" tLgj6f Njf+u :j ˆj nAaF -k|sf/_ rf/ k|sf/sf k'mn Kotf :jfF÷ Kofly :jfF -hf]/_ 5 hf]/ h'Qf v'HjM nfsfF -dfnf_ ;ft dfnf Gxo\dfM df tLgj6f wf/f :j¥xf lx6L rf/j6f ?v KoDxf l;df cf7j6f aQL RofKjfM dt Psd"7f kfn'+u 5Dx' knM÷5y' knM kfFrj6f 3/ Gofvf 5] F bz lbg lemGx' gf}j6f l6sf u'Ktf l;gM cf7j6f ;]n RofrfM ;]n rf/j6f cIf/ Ko+uM cfvM ( 36 )

h'g;'s} hLjwf/Lsf] ulGt ubf{ æDxÆ k|Too nfUb5 M 5Dx dg" Ps hgf dfG5] k]Dx ;f rf/j6f ufO{ :jDx av"+ tLgj6f k/]jf lgDx vf b'O{j6f s'v/' f v'Dx l; 5j6f h'd|f RofDx dfsM cf7j6f afFb/ Gxo\Dx lvrf ;ftj6f s's'/ g]kfnefiffsf zAb lgdf{0f cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] 5, hf] c? efiffdf lj/n} kfOG5 . wft'df k|Too nufP/ ;+1f aGg] zAbx? 5g\ . lqmof wft' + k|Too ;+1f s'Ou' = cf]9\g' s' + ;f s';f = 5ftf a'Ou' = 3:g'' a' + ;f a';f = t]n -3:g]_ go]u' = vfg' g + ;f g;f = cfxf/f -vfBj:t'_ Rjo\u' = n]Vg' Rj + ;f Rj;f = snd k\mjg]u' = dfUg' k\mj + ;f k\mj;f = ykgL nfo\u' = cf]5\ofpg' nf + ;f nf;f = cf]5\ofg x'Ou' = k'5\g' x' + ;f x';f = ?dfn 5'Ou' = -g"g_ xfNg' 5'' + ;f 5';f = g"g ltOu' = nufpg' -uxgf_ lt + ;f lt;f = uxgf g]kfn efiffdf b'a} lnËdf lqmofkbsf] Ps} ?k x'G5 . g]kfnL ln· uf]ljGb uLt ufpF5 . k'lnË /flwsf uLt ufpFl5g\ :qLlnË ;fgefOn] cfFk vfof] k'lnË ;fgd}+ofn] ;'Gtfnf vfOg\ :qLlnË sfOrf :s"n hfG5 k'lnË d}+ofrf :s"n hflG5g\ :qLlnË

g]jfMefif+ uf]ljGb+ Do] xfln /flwsf+ Do] xfln ;fgefOrf+ cF gn ;fgd}rf+ ;Gqf;L gn sfOrf :s"n jgL d}+rf :s"n jgL

g]kfn efiffdf b'a} jrgdf lqmofkbsf] Ps} ?k x'G5 . g]kfnL jrg HofdL sfd u5{ Psjrg HofdLx? sfd u5{g\ ax'jrg d ;a]/} p7\5' Psjrg xfdL ;a]/} p75f}+ ax'jrg p k9\5 Psjrg pgLx? k9\5g\ ax'jrg

g]jfMefiff+ HofdL Hof ofO HofdLto\;+ Hof ofO lh ;'yGxfkg+ bg] lhlk+ ;'yGxfkg+ bg] j+ AjgL pld;+ AjgL

( 37 )

¥x:j / bL3{ O{sf/ psf/n] leGg} cy{ a'emfpg] s]xL zAbx? g]jfMefiff+ g]kfnL g]jfMefiff+ ¥x:j bL3{ lem b; emL ld cfuf] dL lh d hL lt emf]n tL l; kmn÷h'd|f ;L lkm afn'jf kmL ls sfF6L÷lsNnf sL lk gfn kL lDxuM lxhf] DxLu s' ef/L s" t' pv" t"+ h' hf]/÷b'O{j6f h" Gx' lbgsf] uGtL Gx" e' yfn e" k' nufp÷lt/ k" k'm ;S5' k"m g]kfnefiffdf rGb|ljGb' g]jfMefiff+ vF sF cF uF tF bF nF kF

/ cg':jf/n] ubf{ pxL g]kfnL s'/f ;'gfp÷sfnf] df6f] xf] /f]s yk p7÷jif{ hf]v÷af6f] 5]s

g]kfnL xfdL d]yL lh/f sf]7L d}g kqf] sL/f $) cl:t wfg /fVg] 7fpF Ogf/ h"jf gofF ufF;÷hf]8gL k'jfFnf] bfpgL

zAbsf] cy{df km/s kfb{5 . g]jfMefiff+ g]kfnL v+ b]V5 s+ sfF8f c+ cfFk u+ 306f t+ l/;÷psfnf] b+ ;:tf]÷8fF7 n+ nj]bf÷rf]nf] k+ afF;

( 38 )

g]kfnefiffdf Ps} zAbsf] w]/} cy{ nfUg] zAbx? klg 5g\ . g]jfMefiff+ g]kfnL jf bfFt÷wfg÷k/]sf] kfgL÷cfpm rf df6f]÷/ft÷rSsf ;' sf] Ldfg\_ doh' ldhF -k'?if_ ld;f af÷Ajf -afa'_ dfF eftM -nf]Ug]_ snfM kfh' -dfdf_ dn]

(Verb)

gof

-vfPF ÷ vfof}+_ Ajlg -k9\5 ÷ k9\5f}_ -k9\5g\ ÷ k9\l5g\_

rf]no\ ;f dLv"F÷dfvf DXofo\ chL

@_ b'j} lnË a'lemg] zAb cufl8 æaf÷y'Æ yKbf k'lnË / ædfÆ yKbf :qLlnË x'G5 . af;n -3f]8f_ df;n y'Do] -/fFuf]_ dfDo] afx]F -xfF; efn]_ dfx]F aflvrf -s's'/_ dflvrf aflsl;-efn] xfQL_ dflsl; afw'F -efn] af3_ dfw'F #_ k]zf, y/ / afl;Gbf a'emfpg] zAbsf] k5fl8 ægLÆ yk] :qL lnË aG5 . pbfo\ -pbf;_ pbfogL ;'Aaf ;'AafgL÷;'Aj]gL xnjfO{ xnjfOgL dGqL dGqLgL÷dGqfgL wgs'6] wgs'6]gL g]jf g]jfgL ;fx' ;fx'gL wf]aL wf]ljgL afx'g afx'ggL d:of{ d:of{gL g]kfnefiffdf Psjrg (Singular) zAbnfO{ ax'jrg (Plural) agfpg] ljlw ! ;j{gfd (Pronoun) zAbsf] clGtddf ælk+Æ cIf/ ykL lbP ax'jrg x'G5 h:t} M

Ps jrg k|yd k'?if (First person)

låtLo k'?if (Second person)

t[tLo k'?if (Third person)

(Singular)

ax'jrg

(Plural)

lh -d_

lhlk+ -xfdL_

5÷l5÷5nkf]n -ltdL÷tkfO{÷xh'/_

l5lk+÷5lk+÷5nkf]nlk+ ltdLx?÷tkfO{x?÷xh'/x? Olk+÷jo\slk+÷j;kf]nlk+ pgLx?÷jxfF{x?÷jxfFxh'/x?

j÷jo\s÷j;kf]n -p÷oxfF÷jxfFxh'/_

@ cGo ;a} zAbsf] clGtddf ætÆ cIf/ yKbf ax'jrg aG5 . h:t} Psjrg jx'arg dg" -dflg;_ dg"t -dflg;x?_ dfsM -afFb/_ dfsMt -afFb/x?_ v'F - rf]/_ v'Ft -rf]/x?_ Rjld -n]vs_ Rjldt -n]vsx? ld;f -cfOdfO{_ ld;ft -cfOdfO{x?_

( 45 )

( 46 )

of]

Yj

j Olk+ jo\s jo\slk+

p Third pgLx? Person pxfF pxfFx?

lh lhlk+

5 l5lk+ 5lslk+ 5lk+ 5nkf]n 5nkf]nlk+

d xfdL

tF÷ltld ltdLx? + Second tkfO{÷tkfO{x? Person tkfO{÷tkfO{x? xh"/ xh"/x?

First Person

sf]÷sf

Yj+

j+ Old;+ jo\sn+ jo\slk+;+

5+ l5lk+;+ l5slk;+ 5lk+;+ 5nkf]n+ 5nkf]nlk+;+

lh+ lhld;+

Yjofu'

jofu' Oldu' jo\sofu' jo\slklgu'

5+u" l5d" l5slklgu' 5lklgu' 5nkf]nofu' 5nkf]nlk+u'

lhu' lhldu'

h:t}M– d}n] d]/f]

n]

;j{gfd zAbnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ ljlw tflnsf (Pronoun) d+sfM gf+ 5on]u' wnM

Yjoft

joft Oldt jo\soft jo\slk+t

5+t l5ldt l5slk+t 5lk+t 5nkf]noft 5nkf]nlklgt

lht lhldt

dnfO{

nfO{

Yjofkfv]+

jofkfv]+ Olk+kfv]+ joskfv]+ joslk+kfv]+

5+u'kfv]+ l5d'kfv]+ l5skfv]+ 5lk+kfv]+ 5nkf]nkfv]+ 5nkf]nlk+kfv]+

lhu'kfv]+ lhldu'kfv]+

daf6÷db]lv

af6÷b]lv

Yjofs]

jofs] Olds] josofs] joslk+s]

5+s] l5lds] l5slk+s] 5lk+s] 5nkf]ns] 5nkf]nlk+s]

lhs] lhlds]

d;+u

;+u

Yjofyfo\

jofyfo\ Oldyfo\ josyfo\ joslk+yfo\

5+yfo\ l5ldyfo\ l5slk+yfo\ 5lk+yfo\ 5nkf]nyfo\ 5nkf]nlk+yfo\

lhyfo\ lhldyfo\

dsfxfF

df÷sfxfF

( 47 )

clGtd cIf/dfly - + _ lz/laGb' /fVg] ælg;]+Æ

b]lv÷af6 ! @

;+u

sf]

n] n] nfO{

g]jfMefiff+ stf{sf] clGtd cIf/df lz/ljGb' /fVg] - + _ Æ Æ æ;FÆ yKg] Æ Æ ætMÆ yKg] Æ Æ oftM yKg] Æ Æ æu'Æ Æ Æ æofu'Æ Æ Æ æofÆ Æ Æ æs]o\Æ Æ Æ æofs]Æ

g]kfnL

ljelQm

jfSo

;flaqL kf]v/fb]lv cfO{g\ . cfFvfaf6 cfz' cfof] . gfgL dflyaf6 v:of]

g]kfnL sfhLrfn] u/]sf] sfd xfdLn] hfg]sf] s'/f tkfO{nfO{ ufgf ;'gfpF5' ef]u]Gb|nfO{ klg Nofpgf];\ d]/f]÷ltd|f]÷pgsf] 3/ oxL 5 of] snd e'jgsf] xf] /fdsf] efO{ zq'£g klg xf] ltdL ;+u slt k};f 5< xl/;+u u'Rrf 5 .

zAbdf ljelQm nufP/ jfSodf k|of]u

;flaqL kf]v/f+ jn ldvf+ Vjlj xfn drf Rj+lg;] s't'+jn

g]jfMefiff+ sfhLrf+ ofMu' Hof lhld;F :o"u' vF l5tM Do] Go]+s] ef]u]Gb|oftM g+ xoflb;“ lhu'÷5+u'÷a}u' 5}F yg b' Yj Rj;f e'jgofu' vM /fdof lshf zq'£g g+ vM 5+s]o\ u'ln w]af b' < xl/ofs] Nxj+ufnL b' .

( 48 )

:ofF l;s+ l;jo\

æo\Æ æOÆ

df

eGbf

g]jfMefiff+ ælg+lt+Æ

g]kfnL nflu

ljelQm



;fGrf eGbf dfGrf cUnf] of] eGbf Tof] alnof] ltdL eGbf d hfGb5'

nIdLbfO sf]7fdf x'g'x'G5 . kf]v/Ldf kfgL 5 .

g]kfnL p b]zsf] nflu d/]/ uof] d ltd|f] nflu cfO{ lbpFnf

jfSo

;fGrf :ofF dfGrf tM emfM Yj l;s+ j aM nf 5 l;jo\ lh ;M

nIdLbfO sf]yfo\ lbO k'v'lnO nM b' .

g]jfMefiff+ j b]zof lg+lt+ l;gfjg lh 5+u'lglt+ jofaL